THE
                              POETIC EDDA

                     TRANSLATED FROM THE ICELANDIC
                     WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES


                                   BY
                          HENRY ADAMS BELLOWS


                           TWO VOLUMES IN ONE


                                NEW YORK
                  THE AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN FOUNDATION

                        LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD
                        OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

                                  1923








    This series of Scandinavian Classics is published by The American-
    Scandinavian Foundation in the belief that greater familiarity with
    the chief literary monuments of the North will help Americans to a
    better understanding of Scandinavians, and thus serve to stimulate
    their sympathetic coöperation to good ends.








                       To George Lyman Kittredge








                         SCANDINAVIAN CLASSICS
                          VOLUMES XXI AND XXII

                            THE POETIC EDDA








                      ESTABLISHED BY NIELS POULSON

    THIS VOLUME IS ENDOWED IN PART BY CHARLES S. PETERSON OF CHICAGO








CONTENTS [1]


    General Introduction                        xi

    Lays of the Gods

        Voluspo                                  1
        Hovamol                                 28
        Vafthruthnismol                         68
        Grimnismol                              84
        Skirnismol                             107
        Harbarthsljoth                         121
        Hymiskvitha                            138
        Lokasenna                              151
        Thrymskvitha                           174
        Alvissmol                              183
        Baldrs Draumar                         195
        Rigsthula                              201
        Hyndluljoth                            217
        Svipdagsmol                            234

    Lays of the Heroes

        Völundarkvitha                         252
        Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar            269
        Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I             290
        Helgakvitha Hundingsbana II            309
        Fra Dautha Sinfjotla                   332
        Gripisspo                              337
        Reginsmol                              356
        Fafnismol                              370
        Sigrdrifumol                           386
        Brot af Sigurtharkvithu                402
        Guthrunarkvitha I                      411
        Sigurtharkvitha en Skamma              420
        Helreith Brynhildar                    442
        Drap Niflunga                          447
        Guthrunarkvitha II, en Forna           450
        Guthrunarkvitha III                    465
        Oddrunargratr                          469
        Atlakvitha en Grönlenzka               480
        Atlamol en Grönlenzku                  499
        Guthrunarhvot                          536
        Hamthesmol                             545




NOTE

[1] For the phonetic spellings of the proper names see the Pronouncing
Index.








ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


The General Introduction mentions many of the scholars to whose work
this translation owes a special debt. Particular reference, however,
should here be made to the late William Henry Schofield, Professor of
Comparative Literature in Harvard University and President of The
American-Scandinavian Foundation, under whose guidance this translation
was begun; to Henry Goddard Leach, for many years Secretary of The
American-Scandinavian Foundation, and to William Witherle Lawrence,
Professor of English in Columbia University and Chairman of the
Foundation’s Committee on Publications, for their assistance with the
manuscript and the proofs; and to Hanna Astrup Larsen, the Foundation’s
literary secretary, for her efficient management of the complex details
of publication.








GENERAL INTRODUCTION


There is scarcely any literary work of great importance which has been
less readily available for the general reader, or even for the serious
student of literature, than the Poetic Edda. Translations have been far
from numerous, and only in Germany has the complete work of translation
been done in the full light of recent scholarship. In English the only
versions were long the conspicuously inadequate one made by Thorpe, and
published about half a century ago, and the unsatisfactory prose
translations in Vigfusson and Powell’s Corpus Poeticum Boreale,
reprinted in the Norrœna collection. An excellent translation of the
poems dealing with the gods, in verse and with critical and explanatory
notes, made by Olive Bray, was, however, published by the Viking Club
of London in 1908. In French there exist only partial translations,
chief among them being those made by Bergmann many years ago. Among the
seven or eight German versions, those by the Brothers Grimm and by Karl
Simrock, which had considerable historical importance because of their
influence on nineteenth century German literature and art, and
particularly on the work of Richard Wagner, have been largely
superseded by Hugo Gering’s admirable translation, published in 1892,
and by the recent two-volume rendering by Genzmer, with excellent notes
by Andreas Heusler, 1914–1920. There are competent translations in both
Norwegian and Swedish. The lack of any complete and adequately
annotated English rendering in metrical form, based on a critical text,
and profiting by the cumulative labors of such scholars as Mogk,
Vigfusson, Finnur Jonsson, Grundtvig, Bugge, Gislason, Hildebrand,
Lüning, Sweet, Niedner, Ettmüller, Müllenhoff, Edzardi, B. M. Olsen,
Sievers, Sijmons, Detter, Heinzel, Falk, Neckel, Heusler, and Gering,
has kept this extraordinary work practically out of the reach of those
who have had neither time nor inclination to master the intricacies of
the original Old Norse.

On the importance of the material contained in the Poetic Edda it is
here needless to dwell at any length. We have inherited the Germanic
traditions in our very speech, and the Poetic Edda is the original
storehouse of Germanic mythology. It is, indeed, in many ways the
greatest literary monument preserved to us out of the antiquity of the
kindred races which we call Germanic. Moreover, it has a literary value
altogether apart from its historical significance. The mythological
poems include, in the Voluspo, one of the vastest conceptions of the
creation and ultimate destruction of the world ever crystallized in
literary form; in parts of the Hovamol, a collection of wise counsels
that can bear comparison with most of the Biblical Book of Proverbs; in
the Lokasenna, a comedy none the less full of vivid characterization
because its humor is often broad; and in the Thrymskvitha, one of the
finest ballads in the world. The hero poems give us, in its oldest and
most vivid extant form, the story of Sigurth, Brynhild, and Atli, the
Norse parallel to the German Nibelungenlied. The Poetic Edda is not
only of great interest to the student of antiquity; it is a collection
including some of the most remarkable poems which have been preserved
to us from the period before the pen and the printing-press replaced
the poet-singer and oral tradition. It is above all else the desire to
make better known the dramatic force, the vivid and often tremendous
imagery, and the superb conceptions embodied in these poems which has
called forth the present translation.




WHAT IS THE POETIC EDDA?

Even if the poems of the so-called Edda were not so significant and
intrinsically so valuable, the long series of scholarly struggles which
have been going on over them for the better part of three centuries
would in itself give them a peculiar interest. Their history is
strangely mysterious. We do not know who composed them, or when or
where they were composed; we are by no means sure who collected them or
when he did so; finally, we are not absolutely certain as to what an
“Edda” is, and the best guess at the meaning of the word renders its
application to this collection of poems more or less misleading.

A brief review of the chief facts in the history of the Poetic Edda
will explain why this uncertainty has persisted. Preserved in various
manuscripts of the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries is a prose
work consisting of a very extensive collection of mythological stories,
an explanation of the important figures and tropes of Norse poetic
diction,—the poetry of the Icelandic and Norwegian skalds was
appallingly complex in this respect,—and a treatise on metrics. This
work, clearly a handbook for poets, was commonly known as the “Edda” of
Snorri Sturluson, for at the head of the copy of it in the Uppsalabok,
a manuscript written presumably some fifty or sixty years after
Snorri’s death, which was in 1241, we find: “This book is called Edda,
which Snorri Sturluson composed.” This work, well known as the Prose
Edda, Snorri’s Edda or the Younger Edda, has recently been made
available to readers of English in the admirable translation by Arthur
G. Brodeur, published by the American-Scandinavian Foundation in 1916.

Icelandic tradition, however, persisted in ascribing either this Edda
or one resembling it to Snorri’s much earlier compatriot, Sæmund the
Wise (1056–1133). When, early in the seventeenth century, the learned
Arngrimur Jonsson proved to everyone’s satisfaction that Snorri and
nobody else must have been responsible for the work in question, the
next thing to determine was what, if anything, Sæmund had done of the
same kind. The nature of Snorri’s book gave a clue. In the mythological
stories related a number of poems were quoted, and as these and other
poems were to all appearances Snorri’s chief sources of information, it
was assumed that Sæmund must have written or compiled a verse
Edda—whatever an “Edda” might be—on which Snorri’s work was largely
based.

So matters stood when, in 1643, Brynjolfur Sveinsson, Bishop of
Skalholt, discovered a manuscript, clearly written as early as 1300,
containing twenty-nine poems, complete or fragmentary, and some of them
with the very lines and stanzas used by Snorri. Great was the joy of
the scholars, for here, of course, must be at least a part of the
long-sought Edda of Sæmund the Wise. Thus the good bishop promptly
labeled his find, and as Sæmund’s Edda, the Elder Edda or the Poetic
Edda it has been known to this day.

This precious manuscript, now in the Royal Library in Copenhagen, and
known as the Codex Regius (R2365), has been the basis for all published
editions of the Eddic poems. A few poems of similar character found
elsewhere have subsequently been added to the collection, until now
most editions include, as in this translation, a total of thirty-four.
A shorter manuscript now in the Arnamagnæan collection in Copenhagen
(AM748), contains fragmentary or complete versions of six of the poems
in the Codex Regius, and one other, Baldrs Draumar, not found in that
collection. Four other poems (Rigsthula, Hyndluljoth, Grougaldr and
Fjolsvinnsmol, the last two here combined under the title of
Svipdagsmol), from various manuscripts, so closely resemble in
subject-matter and style the poems in the Codex Regius that they have
been included by most editors in the collection. Finally, Snorri’s Edda
contains one complete poem, the Grottasongr, which many editors have
added to the poetic collection; it is, however, not included in this
translation, as an admirable English version of it is available in Mr.
Brodeur’s rendering of Snorri’s work.

From all this it is evident that the Poetic Edda, as we now know it, is
no definite and plainly limited work, but rather a more or less
haphazard collection of separate poems, dealing either with Norse
mythology or with hero-cycles unrelated to the traditional history of
greater Scandinavia or Iceland. How many other similar poems, now lost,
may have existed in such collections as were current in Iceland in the
later twelfth and thirteenth centuries we cannot know, though it is
evident that some poems of this type are missing. We can say only that
thirty-four poems have been preserved, twenty-nine of them in a single
manuscript collection, which differ considerably in subject-matter and
style from all the rest of extant Old Norse poetry, and these we group
together as the Poetic Edda.

But what does the word “Edda” mean? Various guesses have been made. An
early assumption was that the word somehow meant “Poetics,” which
fitted Snorri’s treatise to a nicety, but which, in addition to the
lack of philological evidence to support this interpretation, could by
no stretch of scholarly subtlety be made appropriate to the collection
of poems. Jacob Grimm ingeniously identified the word with the word
“edda” used in one of the poems, the Rigsthula, where, rather
conjecturally, it means “great-grandmother.” The word exists in this
sense nowhere else in Norse literature, and Grimm’s suggestion of
“Tales of a Grandmother,” though at one time it found wide acceptance,
was grotesquely inappropriate to either the prose or the verse work.

At last Eirikr Magnusson hit on what appears the likeliest solution of
the puzzle: that “Edda” is simply the genitive form of the proper name
“Oddi.” Oddi was a settlement in the southwest of Iceland, certainly
the home of Snorri Sturluson for many years, and, traditionally at
least, also the home of Sæmund the Wise. That Snorri’s work should have
been called “The Book of Oddi” is altogether reasonable, for such a
method of naming books was common—witness the “Book of the Flat Island”
and other early manuscripts. That Sæmund may also have written or
compiled another “Oddi-Book” is perfectly possible, and that tradition
should have said he did so is entirely natural.

It is, however, an open question whether or not Sæmund had anything to
do with making the collection, or any part of it, now known as the
Poetic Edda, for of course the seventeenth-century assignment of the
work to him is negligible. We can say only that he may have made some
such compilation, for he was a diligent student of Icelandic tradition
and history, and was famed throughout the North for his learning. But
otherwise no trace of his works survives, and as he was educated in
Paris, it is probable that he wrote rather in Latin than in the
vernacular.

All that is reasonably certain is that by the middle or last of the
twelfth century there existed in Iceland one or more written
collections of Old Norse mythological and heroic poems, that the Codex
Regius, a copy made a hundred years or so later, represents at least a
considerable part of one of these, and that the collection of
thirty-four poems which we now know as the Poetic or Elder Edda is
practically all that has come down to us of Old Norse poetry of this
type. Anything more is largely guesswork, and both the name of the
compiler and the meaning of the title “Edda” are conjectural.




THE ORIGIN OF THE EDDIC POEMS

There is even less agreement about the birthplace, authorship and date
of the Eddic poems themselves than about the nature of the existing
collection. Clearly the poems were the work of many different men,
living in different periods; clearly, too, most of them existed in oral
tradition for generations before they were first committed to writing.
In general the mythological poems are strongly heathen in character,
and as Christianity became generally accepted throughout Norway and
Iceland early in the eleventh century, it is altogether likely that
most of the poems dealing with the Norse gods antedate the year 1000.
On the other hand, Hoffory, Finnur Jonsson and others have shown pretty
conclusively from linguistic evidence that these poems cannot have
assumed anything like their present form before the ninth century. As
for the poems belonging to the hero cycles, one or two of them appear
to be as late as 1100, but most of them clearly belong to the hundred
years following 950. It is a fairly safe guess that the years between
900 and 1050 saw the majority of the Eddic poems put into shape, but it
must be remembered that many changes took place during the long
subsequent period of oral transmission, and also that many of the
legends, both mythological and heroic, on which the poems were based,
certainly existed in Norway, and quite possibly in verse form, long
before the year 900. In considering such poems it is essential to
forget the present mode of composition, whereby a poet at once fixes
his thought and his style by means of writing, and to remember that for
at least two centuries, and possibly much longer, the correct
transmission of many of the Eddic poems depended solely on accurate
hearing and retentive memory.

As to the origin of the legends on which the poems are based, the whole
question, at least so far as the stories of the gods are concerned, is
much too complex for discussion here. How much of the actual narrative
material of the mythological lays is properly to be called Scandinavian
is a matter for students of comparative mythology to guess at. The
tales underlying the heroic lays are clearly of foreign origin: the
Helgi story comes from Denmark, and that of Völund from Germany, as
also the great mass of traditions centering around Sigurth (Siegfried),
Brynhild, the sons of Gjuki, Atli (Attila), and Jormunrek (Ermanarich).
The introductory notes to the various poems deal with the more
important of these questions of origin.

Of the men who composed these poems,—“wrote” is obviously the wrong
word,—we know absolutely nothing, save that some of them must have been
literary artists with a high degree of conscious skill. The Eddic poems
are “folk-poetry,”—whatever that may be,—only in the sense that some of
them strongly reflect racial feelings and beliefs; they are anything
but crude or primitive in workmanship, and they show that not only the
poets themselves, but also many of their hearers, must have made a
careful study of the art of poetry.

Where the poems were composed is almost equally uncertain. The claims
of Norway have been extensively advanced, but the great literary
activity of Iceland after the settlement of the island by Norwegian
emigrants late in the ninth century makes the theory of an Icelandic
source for most of the poems plausible. The two Atli lays, with what
authority we do not know, bear in the Codex Regius the superscription
“the Greenland poem,” and internal evidence indicates that this
statement is correct. Certainly in one poem, the Rigsthula, and
probably in several others, there are marks of Celtic influence. During
a considerable part of the ninth and tenth centuries, Scandinavians
were active in Ireland and in most of the western islands inhabited by
branches of the Celtic race. Some scholars claim nearly all the Eddic
poems for these “Western Isles,” in sharp distinction from Iceland;
their arguments are commented on in the introductory note to the
Rigsthula. However, as Iceland early came to be the true center of this
Scandinavian island world, it may be said that most of the evidence
concerning the birthplace of the Eddic poems in anything like their
present form points in that direction, and certainly it was in Iceland
that they were chiefly preserved.




THE EDDA AND OLD NORSE LITERATURE

Within the proper limits of an introduction it would be impossible to
give any adequate summary of the history and literature with which the
Eddic poems are indissolubly connected, but a mere mention of a few of
the salient facts may be of some service to those who are unfamiliar
with the subject. Old Norse literature covers approximately the period
between 850 and 1300. During the first part of that period occurred the
great wanderings of the Scandinavian peoples, and particularly the
Norwegians. A convenient date to remember is that of the sea-fight of
Hafrsfjord, 872, when Harald the Fair-Haired broke the power of the
independent Norwegian nobles, and made himself overlord of nearly all
the country. Many of the defeated nobles fled overseas, where inviting
refuges had been found for them by earlier wanderers and
plunder-seeking raiders. This was the time of the inroads of the
dreaded Northmen in France, and in 885 Hrolf Gangr (Rollo) laid siege
to Paris itself. Many Norwegians went to Ireland, where their
compatriots had already built Dublin, and where they remained in
control of most of the island till Brian Boru shattered their power at
the battle of Clontarf in 1014.

Of all the migrations, however, the most important were those to
Iceland. Here grew up an active civilization, fostered by absolute
independence and by remoteness from the wars which wracked Norway, yet
kept from degenerating into provincialism by the roving life of the
people, which brought them constantly in contact with the culture of
the South. Christianity, introduced throughout the Norse world about
the year 1000, brought with it the stability of learning, and the
Icelanders became not only the makers but also the students and
recorders of history.

The years between 875 and 1100 were the great spontaneous period of
oral literature. Most of the military and political leaders were also
poets, and they composed a mass of lyric poetry concerning the
authorship of which we know a good deal, and much of which has been
preserved. Narrative prose also flourished, for the Icelander had a
passion for story-telling and story-hearing. After 1100 came the day of
the writers. These sagamen collected the material that for generations
had passed from mouth to mouth, and gave it permanent form in writing.
The greatest bulk of what we now have of Old Norse literature,—and the
published part of it makes a formidable library,—originated thus in the
earlier period before the introduction of writing, and was put into
final shape by the scholars, most of them Icelanders, of the hundred
years following 1150.

After 1250 came a rapid and tragic decline. Iceland lost its
independence, becoming a Norwegian province. Later Norway too fell
under alien rule, a Swede ascending the Norwegian throne in 1320.
Pestilence and famine laid waste the whole North; volcanic disturbances
worked havoc in Iceland. Literature did not quite die, but it fell upon
evil days; for the vigorous native narratives and heroic poems of the
older period were substituted translations of French romances. The
poets wrote mostly doggerel; the prose writers were devoid of national
or racial inspiration.

The mass of literature thus collected and written down largely between
1150 and 1250 may be roughly divided into four groups. The greatest in
volume is made up of the sagas: narratives mainly in prose, ranging all
the way from authentic history of the Norwegian kings and the early
Icelandic settlements to fairy-tales. Embodied in the sagas is found
the material composing the second group: the skaldic poetry, a vast
collection of songs of praise, triumph, love, lamentation, and so on,
almost uniformly characterized by an appalling complexity of figurative
language. There is no absolute line to be drawn between the poetry of
the skalds and the poems of the Edda, which we may call the third
group; but in addition to the remarkable artificiality of style which
marks the skaldic poetry, and which is seldom found in the poems of the
Edda, the skalds dealt almost exclusively with their own emotions,
whereas the Eddic poems are quite impersonal. Finally, there is the
fourth group, made up of didactic works, religious and legal treatises,
and so on, studies which originated chiefly in the later period of
learned activity.




PRESERVATION OF THE EDDIC POEMS

Most of the poems of the Poetic Edda have unquestionably reached us in
rather bad shape. During the long period of oral transmission they
suffered all sorts of interpolations, omissions and changes, and some
of them, as they now stand, are a bewildering hodge-podge of
little-related fragments. To some extent the diligent twelfth century
compiler to whom we owe the Codex Regius—Sæmund or another—was himself
doubtless responsible for the patchwork process, often supplemented by
narrative prose notes of his own; but in the days before written
records existed, it was easy to lose stanzas and longer passages from
their context, and equally easy to interpolate them where they did not
by any means belong. Some few of the poems, however, appear to be
virtually complete and unified as we now have them.

Under such circumstances it is clear that the establishment of a
satisfactory text is a matter of the utmost difficulty. As the basis
for this translation I have used the text prepared by Karl Hildebrand
(1876) and revised by Hugo Gering (1904). Textual emendation has,
however, been so extensive in every edition of the Edda, and has
depended so much on the theories of the editor, that I have also made
extensive use of many other editions, notably those by Finnur Jonsson,
Neckel, Sijmons, and Detter and Heinzel, together with numerous
commentaries. The condition of the text in both the principal codices
is such that no great reliance can be placed on the accuracy of the
copyists, and frequently two editions will differ fundamentally as to
their readings of a given passage or even of an entire poem. For this
reason, and because guesswork necessarily plays so large a part in any
edition or translation of the Eddic poems, I have risked overloading
the pages with textual notes in order to show, as nearly as possible,
the exact state of the original together with all the more significant
emendations. I have done this particularly in the case of
transpositions, many of which appear absolutely necessary, and in the
indication of passages which appear to be interpolations.




THE VERSE-FORMS OF THE EDDIC POEMS

The many problems connected with the verse-forms found in the Eddic
poems have been analyzed in great detail by Sievers, Neckel, and
others. The three verse-forms exemplified in the poems need only a
brief comment here, however, in order to make clear the method used in
this translation. All of these forms group the lines normally in
four-line stanzas. In the so-called Fornyrthislag (“Old Verse”), for
convenience sometimes referred to in the notes as four-four measure,
these lines have all the same structure, each line being sharply
divided by a cæsural pause into two half-lines, and each half-line
having two accented syllables and two (sometimes three) unaccented
ones. The two half-lines forming a complete line are bound together by
the alliteration, or more properly initial-rhyme, of three (or two) of
the accented syllables. The following is an example of the
Fornyrthislag stanza, the accented syllables being in italics:


    Vreiþr vas Vingþórr,   |   es vaknaþi
    ok síns hamars   |   of saknaþi;
    skegg nam hrista,   |   skǫr nam dýja,
    réþ Jarþar burr   |   umb at þreifask.


In the second form, the Ljothahattr (“Song Measure”), the first and
third line of each stanza are as just described, but the second and
fourth are shorter, have no cæsural pause, have three accented
syllables, and regularly two initial-rhymed accented syllables, for
which reason I have occasionally referred to Ljothahattr as four-three
measure. The following is an example:


    Ar skal rísa   |   sás annars vill
            fé eþa fjǫr hafa;
    liggjandi ulfr   |   sjaldan láer of getr
            né sofandi maþr sigr.


In the third and least commonly used form, the Malahattr (“Speech
Measure”), a younger verse-form than either of the other two, each line
of the four-line stanza is divided into two half-lines by a cæsural
pause, each half-line having two accented syllables and three
(sometimes four) unaccented ones; the initial rhyme is as in the
Fornyrthislag. The following is an example:


    Horsk vas húsfreyja,   |   hugþi at mannviti,
    lag heyrþi orþa,   |   hvat á laun máeltu;
    þá vas vant vitri,   |   vildi þeim hjalpa:
    skyldu of sáe sigla,   |   en sjǫlf né kvamskat.


A poem in Fornyrthislag is normally entitled -kvitha (Thrymskvitha,
Guthrunarkvitha, etc.), which for convenience I have rendered as “lay,”
while a poem in Ljothahattr is entitled -mol (Grimnismol, Skirnismol,
etc.), which I have rendered as “ballad.” It is difficult to find any
distinction other than metrical between the two terms, although it is
clear that one originally existed.

Variations frequently appear in all three kinds of verse, and these I
have attempted to indicate through the rhythm of the translation. In
order to preserve so far as possible the effect of the Eddic verse, I
have adhered, in making the English version, to certain of the
fundamental rules governing the Norse line and stanza formations. The
number of lines to each stanza conforms to what seems the best guess as
to the original, and I have consistently retained the number of
accented syllables. In translating from a highly inflected language
into one depending largely on the use of subsidiary words, it has,
however, been necessary to employ considerable freedom as to the number
of unaccented syllables in a line. The initial-rhyme is generally
confined to two accented syllables in each line. As in the original,
all initial vowels are allowed to rhyme interchangeably, but I have
disregarded the rule which lets certain groups of consonants rhyme only
with themselves (e.g., I have allowed initial s or st to rhyme with sk
or sl). In general, I have sought to preserve the effect of the
original form whenever possible without an undue sacrifice of accuracy.
For purposes of comparison, the translations of the three stanzas just
given are here included:

Fornyrthislag:


    Wild was Vingthor   |   when he awoke,
    And when his mighty   |   hammer he missed;
    He shook his beard,   |   his hair was bristling,
    To groping set   |   the son of Jorth.


Ljothahattr:


    He must early go forth   |   who fain the blood
      Or the goods of another would get;
    The wolf that lies idle   |   shall win little meat,
      Or the sleeping man success.


Malahattr:


    Wise was the woman,   |   she fain would use wisdom,
    She saw well what meant   |   all they said in secret;
    From her heart it was hid   |   how help she might render,
    The sea they should sail,   |   while herself she should go not.




PROPER NAMES

The forms in which the proper names appear in this translation will
undoubtedly perplex and annoy those who have become accustomed to one
or another of the current methods of anglicising old Norse names. The
nominative ending -r it has seemed best to omit after consonants,
although it has been retained after vowels; in Baldr the final -r is a
part of the stem and is of course retained. I have rendered the Norse þ
by “th” throughout, instead of spasmodically by “d,” as in many texts:
e.g., Othin instead of Odin. For the Norse ø I have used its
equivalent, “ö,” e.g., Völund; for the ǫ I have used “o” and not “a,”
e.g., Voluspo, not Valuspa or Voluspa. To avoid confusion with accents
the long vowel marks of the Icelandic are consistently omitted, as
likewise in modern Icelandic proper names. The index at the end of the
book indicates the pronunciation in each case.




CONCLUSION

That this translation may be of some value to those who can read the
poems of the Edda in the original language I earnestly hope. Still more
do I wish that it may lead a few who hitherto have given little thought
to the Old Norse language and literature to master the tongue for
themselves. But far above either of these I place the hope that this
English version may give to some, who have known little of the ancient
traditions of what is after all their own race, a clearer insight into
the glories of that extraordinary past, and that I may through this
medium be able to bring to others a small part of the delight which I
myself have found in the poems of the Poetic Edda.








PART I

THE POETIC EDDA


VOLUME I

LAYS OF THE GODS








VOLUSPO

THE WISE-WOMAN’S PROPHECY


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

At the beginning of the collection in the Codex Regius stands the
Voluspo, the most famous and important, as it is likewise the most
debated, of all the Eddic poems. Another version of it is found in a
huge miscellaneous compilation of about the year 1300, the Hauksbok,
and many stanzas are included in the Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson.
The order of the stanzas in the Hauksbok version differs materially
from that in the Codex Regius, and in the published editions many
experiments have been attempted in further rearrangements. On the
whole, however, and allowing for certain interpolations, the order of
the stanzas in the Codex Regius seems more logical than any of the
wholesale “improvements” which have been undertaken.

The general plan of the Voluspo is fairly clear. Othin, chief of the
gods, always conscious of impending disaster and eager for knowledge,
calls on a certain “Volva,” or wise-woman, presumably bidding her rise
from the grave. She first tells him of the past, of the creation of the
world, the beginning of years, the origin of the dwarfs (at this point
there is a clearly interpolated catalogue of dwarfs’ names, stanzas
10–16), of the first man and woman, of the world-ash Yggdrasil, and of
the first war, between the gods and the Vanir, or, in Anglicized form,
the Wanes. Then, in stanzas 27–29, as a further proof of her wisdom,
she discloses some of Othin’s own secrets and the details of his search
for knowledge. Rewarded by Othin for what she has thus far told (stanza
30), she then turns to the real prophesy, the disclosure of the final
destruction of the gods. This final battle, in which fire and flood
overwhelm heaven and earth as the gods fight with their enemies, is the
great fact in Norse mythology; the phrase describing it, ragna rök,
“the fate of the gods,” has become familiar, by confusion with the word
rökkr, “twilight,” in the German Götterdämmerung. The wise-woman tells
of the Valkyries who bring the slain warriors to support Othin and the
other gods in the battle, of the slaying of Baldr, best and fairest of
the gods, through the wiles of Loki, of the enemies of the gods, of the
summons to battle on both sides, and of the mighty struggle, till Othin
is slain, and “fire leaps high about heaven itself” (stanzas 31–58).
But this is not all. A new and beautiful world is to rise on the ruins
of the old; Baldr comes back, and “fields unsowed bear ripened fruit”
(stanzas 59–66).

This final passage, in particular, has caused wide differences of
opinion as to the date and character of the poem. That the poet was
heathen and not Christian seems almost beyond dispute; there is an
intensity and vividness in almost every stanza which no archaizing
Christian could possibly have achieved. On the other hand, the
evidences of Christian influence are sufficiently striking to outweigh
the arguments of Finnur Jonsson, Müllenhoff and others who maintain
that the Voluspo is purely a product of heathendom. The roving Norsemen
of the tenth century, very few of whom had as yet accepted
Christianity, were nevertheless in close contact with Celtic races
which had already been converted, and in many ways the Celtic influence
was strongly felt. It seems likely, then, that the Voluspo was the work
of a poet living chiefly in Iceland, though possibly in the “Western
Isles,” in the middle of the tenth century, a vigorous believer in the
old gods, and yet with an imagination active enough to be touched by
the vague tales of a different religion emanating from his neighbor
Celts.

How much the poem was altered during the two hundred years between its
composition and its first being committed to writing is largely a
matter of guesswork, but, allowing for such an obvious interpolation as
the catalogue of dwarfs, and for occasional lesser errors, it seems
quite needless to assume such great changes as many editors do. The
poem was certainly not composed to tell a story with which its early
hearers were quite familiar; the lack of continuity which baffles
modern readers presumably did not trouble them in the least. It is, in
effect, a series of gigantic pictures, put into words with a directness
and sureness which bespeak the poet of genius. It is only after the
reader, with the help of the many notes, has familiarized himself with
the names and incidents involved that he can begin to understand the
effect which this magnificent poem must have produced on those who not
only understood but believed it.





1.  Hearing I ask   |   from the holy races,
    From Heimdall’s sons,   |   both high and low;
    Thou wilt, Valfather,   |   that well I relate
    Old tales I remember   |   of men long ago.

2.  I remember yet   |   the giants of yore,
    Who gave me bread   |   in the days gone by;
    Nine worlds I knew,   |   the nine in the tree
    With mighty roots   |   beneath the mold.

3.  Of old was the age   |   when Ymir lived;
    Sea nor cool waves   |   nor sand there were;
    Earth had not been,   |   nor heaven above,
    But a yawning gap,   |   and grass nowhere.

4.  Then Bur’s sons lifted   |   the level land,
    Mithgarth the mighty   |   there they made;
    The sun from the south   |   warmed the stones of earth,
    And green was the ground   |   with growing leeks.

5.  The sun, the sister   |   of the moon, from the south
    Her right hand cast   |   over heaven’s rim;
    No knowledge she had   |   where her home should be,
    The moon knew not   |   what might was his,
    The stars knew not   |   where their stations were.

6.  Then sought the gods   |   their assembly-seats,
    The holy ones,   |   and council held;
    Names then gave they   |   to noon and twilight,
    Morning they named,   |   and the waning moon,
    Night and evening,   |   the years to number.

7.  At Ithavoll met   |   the mighty gods,
    Shrines and temples   |   they timbered high;
    Forges they set,   |   and they smithied ore,
    Tongs they wrought,   |   and tools they fashioned.

8.  In their dwellings at peace   |   they played at tables,
    Of gold no lack   |   did the gods then know,—
    Till thither came up   |   giant-maids three,
    Huge of might,   |   out of Jotunheim.

9.  Then sought the gods   |   their assembly-seats,
    The holy ones,   |   and council held,
    To find who should raise   |   the race of dwarfs
    Out of Brimir’s blood   |   and the legs of Blain.

10. There was Motsognir   |   the mightiest made
    Of all the dwarfs,   |   and Durin next;
    Many a likeness   |   of men they made,
    The dwarfs in the earth,   |   as Durin said.

11. Nyi and Nithi,   |   Northri and Suthri,
    Austri and Vestri,   |   Althjof, Dvalin,
    Nar and Nain,   |   Niping, Dain,
    Bifur, Bofur,   |   Bombur, Nori,
    An and Onar,   |   Ai, Mjothvitnir.

12. Vigg and Gandalf,   |   Vindalf, Thrain,
    Thekk and Thorin,   |   Thror, Vit and Lit,
    Nyr and Nyrath,—   |   now have I told—
    Regin and Rathsvith—   |   the list aright.

13. Fili, Kili,   |   Fundin, Nali,
    Heptifili,   |   Hannar, Sviur,
    Frar, Hornbori,   |   Fræg and Loni,
    Aurvang, Jari,   |   Eikinskjaldi.

14. The race of the dwarfs   |   in Dvalin’s throng
    Down to Lofar   |   the list must I tell;
    The rocks they left,   |   and through wet lands
    They sought a home   |   in the fields of sand.

15. There were Draupnir   |   and Dolgthrasir,
    Hor, Haugspori,   |   Hlevang, Gloin,
    Dori, Ori,   |   Duf, Andvari,
    Skirfir, Virfir,   |   Skafith, Ai.

16. Alf and Yngvi,   |   Eikinskjaldi,
    Fjalar and Frosti,   |   Fith and Ginnar;
    So for all time   |   shall the tale be known,
    The list of all   |   the forbears of Lofar.

17. Then from the throng   |   did three come forth,
    From the home of the gods,   |   the mighty and gracious;
    Two without fate   |   on the land they found,
    Ask and Embla,   |   empty of might.

18. Soul they had not,   |   sense they had not,
    Heat nor motion,   |   nor goodly hue;
    Soul gave Othin,   |   sense gave Hönir,
    Heat gave Lothur   |   and goodly hue.

19. An ash I know,   |   Yggdrasil its name,
    With water white   |   is the great tree wet;
    Thence come the dews   |   that fall in the dales,
    Green by Urth’s well   |   does it ever grow.

20. Thence come the maidens   |   mighty in wisdom,
    Three from the dwelling   |   down ’neath the tree;
    Urth is one named,   |   Verthandi the next,—
    On the wood they scored,—   |   and Skuld the third.
    Laws they made there,   |   and life allotted
    To the sons of men,   |   and set their fates.

21. The war I remember,   |   the first in the world,
    When the gods with spears   |   had smitten Gollveig,
    And in the hall   |   of Hor had burned her,—
    Three times burned,   |   and three times born,
    Oft and again,   |   yet ever she lives.

22. Heith they named her   |   who sought their home,
    The wide-seeing witch,   |   in magic wise;
    Minds she bewitched   |   that were moved by her magic,
    To evil women   |   a joy she was.

23. On the host his spear   |   did Othin hurl,
    Then in the world   |   did war first come;
    The wall that girdled   |   the gods was broken,
    And the field by the warlike   |   Wanes was trodden.

24. Then sought the gods   |   their assembly-seats,
    The holy ones,   |   and council held,
    Whether the gods   |   should tribute give,
    Or to all alike   |   should worship belong.

25. Then sought the gods   |   their assembly-seats,
    The holy ones,   |   and council held,
    To find who with venom   |   the air had filled,
    Or had given Oth’s bride   |   to the giants’ brood.

26. In swelling rage   |   then rose up Thor,—
    Seldom he sits   |   when he such things hears,—
    And the oaths were broken,   |   the words and bonds,
    The mighty pledges   |   between them made.

27. I know of the horn   |   of Heimdall, hidden
    Under the high-reaching   |   holy tree;
    On it there pours   |   from Valfather’s pledge
    A mighty stream:   |   would you know yet more?

28. Alone I sat   |   when the Old One sought me,
    The terror of gods,   |   and gazed in mine eyes:
    “What hast thou to ask?   |   why comest thou hither?
    Othin, I know   |   where thine eye is hidden.”

29. I know where Othin’s   |   eye is hidden,
    Deep in the wide-famed   |   well of Mimir;
    Mead from the pledge   |   of Othin each morn
    Does Mimir drink:   |   would you know yet more?

30. Necklaces had I   |   and rings from Heerfather,
    Wise was my speech   |   and my magic wisdom;
    .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
    Widely I saw   |   over all the worlds.

31. On all sides saw I   |   Valkyries assemble,
    Ready to ride   |   to the ranks of the gods;
    Skuld bore the shield,   |   and Skogul rode next,
    Guth, Hild, Gondul,   |   and Geirskogul.
    Of Herjan’s maidens   |   the list have ye heard,
    Valkyries ready   |   to ride o’er the earth.

32. I saw for Baldr,   |   the bleeding god,
    The son of Othin,   |   his destiny set:
    Famous and fair   |   in the lofty fields,
    Full grown in strength   |   the mistletoe stood.

33. From the branch which seemed   |   so slender and fair
    Came a harmful shaft   |   that Hoth should hurl;
    But the brother of Baldr   |   was born ere long,
    And one night old   |   fought Othin’s son.

34. His hands he washed not,   |   his hair he combed not,
    Till he bore to the bale-blaze   |   Baldr’s foe.
    But in Fensalir   |   did Frigg weep sore
    For Valhall’s need:   |   would you know yet more?

35. One did I see   |   in the wet woods bound,
    A lover of ill,   |   and to Loki like;
    By his side does Sigyn   |   sit, nor is glad
    To see her mate:   |   would you know yet more?

36. From the east there pours   |   through poisoned vales
    With swords and daggers   |   the river Slith.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

37. Northward a hall   |   in Nithavellir
    Of gold there rose   |   for Sindri’s race;
    And in Okolnir   |   another stood,
    Where the giant Brimir   |   his beer-hall had.

38. A hall I saw,   |   far from the sun,
    On Nastrond it stands,   |   and the doors face north;
    Venom drops   |   through the smoke-vent down,
    For around the walls   |   do serpents wind.

39. I saw there wading   |   through rivers wild
    Treacherous men   |   and murderers too,
    And workers of ill   |   with the wives of men;
    There Nithhogg sucked   |   the blood of the slain,
    And the wolf tore men;   |   would you know yet more?

40. The giantess old   |   in Ironwood sat,
    In the east, and bore   |   the brood of Fenrir;
    Among these one   |   in monster’s guise
    Was soon to steal   |   the sun from the sky.

41. There feeds he full   |   on the flesh of the dead,
    And the home of the gods   |   he reddens with gore;
    Dark grows the sun,   |   and in summer soon
    Come mighty storms:   |   would you know yet more?

42. On a hill there sat,   |   and smote on his harp,
    Eggther the joyous,   |   the giants’ warder;
    Above him the cock   |   in the bird-wood crowed,
    Fair and red   |   did Fjalar stand.

43. Then to the gods   |   crowed Gollinkambi,
    He wakes the heroes   |   in Othin’s hall;
    And beneath the earth   |   does another crow,
    The rust-red bird   |   at the bars of Hel.

44. Now Garm howls loud   |   before Gnipahellir,
    The fetters will burst,   |   and the wolf run free;
    Much do I know,   |   and more can see
    Of the fate of the gods,   |   the mighty in fight.

45. Brothers shall fight   |   and fell each other,
    And sisters’ sons   |   shall kinship stain;
    Hard is it on earth,   |   with mighty whoredom;
    Axe-time, sword-time,   |   shields are sundered,
    Wind-time, wolf-time,   |   ere the world falls;
    Nor ever shall men   |   each other spare.

46. Fast move the sons   |   of Mim, and fate
    Is heard in the note   |   of the Gjallarhorn;
    Loud blows Heimdall,   |   the horn is aloft,
    In fear quake all   |   who on Hel-roads are.

47. Yggdrasil shakes,   |   and shiver on high
    The ancient limbs,   |   and the giant is loose;
    To the head of Mim   |   does Othin give heed,
    But the kinsman of Surt   |   shall slay him soon.

48. How fare the gods?   |   how fare the elves?
    All Jotunheim groans,   |   the gods are at council;
    Loud roar the dwarfs   |   by the doors of stone,
    The masters of the rocks:   |   would you know yet more?

49. Now Garm howls loud   |   before Gnipahellir,
    The fetters will burst,   |   and the wolf run free;
    Much do I know,   |   and more can see
    Of the fate of the gods,   |   the mighty in fight.

50. From the east comes Hrym   |   with shield held high;
    In giant-wrath   |   does the serpent writhe;
    O’er the waves he twists,   |   and the tawny eagle
    Gnaws corpses screaming;   |   Naglfar is loose.

51. O’er the sea from the north   |   there sails a ship
    With the people of Hel,   |   at the helm stands Loki;
    After the wolf   |   do wild men follow,
    And with them the brother   |   of Byleist goes.

52. Surt fares from the south   |   with the scourge of branches,
    The sun of the battle-gods   |   shone from his sword;
    The crags are sundered,   |   the giant-women sink,
    The dead throng Hel-way,   |   and heaven is cloven.

53. Now comes to Hlin   |   yet another hurt,
    When Othin fares   |   to fight with the wolf,
    And Beli’s fair slayer   |   seeks out Surt,
    For there must fall   |   the joy of Frigg.

54. Then comes Sigfather’s   |   mighty son,
    Vithar, to fight   |   with the foaming wolf;
    In the giant’s son   |   does he thrust his sword
    Full to the heart:   |   his father is avenged.

55. Hither there comes   |   the son of Hlothyn,
    The bright snake gapes   |   to heaven above;
    .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
    Against the serpent   |   goes Othin’s son.

56. In anger smites   |   the warder of earth,—
    Forth from their homes   |   must all men flee;—
    Nine paces fares   |   the son of Fjorgyn,
    And, slain by the serpent,   |   fearless he sinks.

57. The sun turns black,   |   earth sinks in the sea,
    The hot stars down   |   from heaven are whirled;
    Fierce grows the steam   |   and the life-feeding flame,
    Till fire leaps high   |   about heaven itself.

58. Now Garm howls loud   |   before Gnipahellir,
    The fetters will burst,   |   and the wolf run free;
    Much do I know,   |   and more can see
    Of the fate of the gods,   |   the mighty in fight.

59. Now do I see   |   the earth anew
    Rise all green   |   from the waves again;
    The cataracts fall,   |   and the eagle flies,
    And fish he catches   |   beneath the cliffs.

60. The gods in Ithavoll   |   meet together,
    Of the terrible girdler   |   of earth they talk,
    And the mighty past   |   they call to mind,
    And the ancient runes   |   of the Ruler of Gods.

61. In wondrous beauty   |   once again
    Shall the golden tables   |   stand mid the grass,
    Which the gods had owned   |   in the days of old,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

62. Then fields unsowed   |   bear ripened fruit,
    All ills grow better,   |   and Baldr comes back;
    Baldr and Hoth dwell   |   in Hropt’s battle-hall,
    And the mighty gods:   |   would you know yet more?

63. Then Hönir wins   |   the prophetic wand,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    And the sons of the brothers   |   of Tveggi abide
    In Vindheim now:   |   would you know yet more?

64. More fair than the sun,   |   a hall I see,
    Roofed with gold,   |   on Gimle it stands;
    There shall the righteous   |   rulers dwell,
    And happiness ever   |   there shall they have.

65. There comes on high,   |   all power to hold,
    A mighty lord,   |   all lands he rules.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

66. From below the dragon   |   dark comes forth,
    Nithhogg flying   |   from Nithafjoll;
    The bodies of men   |   on his wings he bears,
    The serpent bright:   |   but now must I sink.








NOTES


1. A few editors, following Bugge, in an effort to clarify the poem,
place stanzas 22, 28 and 30 before stanzas 1–20, but the arrangement in
both manuscripts, followed here, seems logical. In stanza 1 the Volva,
or wise-woman, called upon by Othin, answers him and demands a hearing.
Evidently she belongs to the race of the giants (cf. stanza 2), and
thus speaks to Othin unwillingly, being compelled to do so by his magic
power. Holy: omitted in Regius; the phrase “holy races” probably means
little more than mankind in general. Heimdall: the watchman of the
gods; cf. stanza 46 and note. Why mankind should be referred to as
Heimdall’s sons is uncertain, and the phrase has caused much
perplexity. Heimdall seems to have had various attributes, and in the
Rigsthula, wherein a certain Rig appears as the ancestor of the three
great classes of men, a fourteenth century annotator identifies Rig
with Heimdall, on what authority we do not know, for the Rig of the
poem seems much more like Othin (cf. Rigsthula, introductory prose and
note). Valfather (“Father of the Slain”): Othin, chief of the gods, so
called because the slain warriors were brought to him at Valhall (“Hall
of the Slain”) by the Valkyries (“Choosers of the Slain”).

2. Nine worlds: the worlds of the gods (Asgarth), of the Wanes
(Vanaheim, cf. stanza 21 and note), of the elves (Alfheim), of men
(Mithgarth), of the giants (Jotunheim), of fire (Muspellsheim, cf.
stanza 47 and note), of the dark elves (Svartalfaheim), of the dead
(Niflheim), and presumably of the dwarfs (perhaps Nithavellir, cf.
stanza 37 and note, but the ninth world is uncertain). The tree: the
world-ash Yggdrasil, symbolizing the universe; cf. Grimnismol, 29–35
and notes, wherein Yggdrasil is described at length.

3. Ymir: the giant out of whose body the gods made the world; cf.
Vafthruthnismol, 21. In this stanza as quoted in Snorri’s Edda the
first line runs: “Of old was the age   |   ere aught there was.”
Yawning gap: this phrase, “Ginnunga-gap,” is sometimes used as a proper
name.

4. Bur’s sons: Othin, Vili, and Ve. Of Bur we know only that his wife
was Bestla, daughter of Bolthorn; cf. Hovamol, 141. Vili and Ve are
mentioned by name in the Eddic poems only in Lokasenna, 26. Mithgarth
(“Middle Dwelling”): the world of men. Leeks: the leek was often used
as the symbol of fine growth (cf. Guthrunarkvitha I, 17), and it was
also supposed to have magic power (cf. Sigrdrifumol, 7).

5. Various editors have regarded this stanza as interpolated; Hoffory
thinks it describes the northern summer night in which the sun does not
set. Lines 3–5 are quoted by Snorri. In the manuscripts line 4 follows
line 5. Regarding the sun and moon as daughter and son of Mundilferi,
cf. Vafthruthnismol, 23 and note, and Grimnismol, 37 and note.

6. Possibly an interpolation, but there seems no strong reason for
assuming this. Lines 1–2 are identical with lines 1–2 of stanza 9, and
line 2 may have been inserted here from that later stanza.

7. Ithavoll (“Field of Deeds”?): mentioned only here and in stanza 60
as the meeting-place of the gods; it appears in no other connection.

8. Tables: the exact nature of this game, and whether it more closely
resembled chess or checkers, has been made the subject of a 400-page
treatise, Willard Fiske’s “Chess in Iceland.” Giant-maids: perhaps the
three great Norns, corresponding to the three fates; cf. stanza 20 and
note. Possibly, however, something has been lost after this stanza, and
the missing passage, replaced by the catalogue of the dwarfs (stanzas
9–16), may have explained the “giant-maids” otherwise than as Norns. In
Vafthruthnismol, 49, the Norns (this time “three throngs” instead of
simply “three”) are spoken of as giant-maidens; Fafnismol, 13,
indicates the existence of many lesser Norns, belonging to various
races. Jotunheim: the world of the giants.

9. Here apparently begins the interpolated catalogue of the dwarfs,
running through stanza 16; possibly, however, the interpolated section
does not begin before stanza 11. Snorri quotes practically the entire
section, the names appearing in a somewhat changed order. Brimir and
Blain: nothing is known of these two giants, and it has been suggested
that both are names for Ymir (cf. stanza 3). Brimir, however, appears
in stanza 37 in connection with the home of the dwarfs. Some editors
treat the words as common rather than proper nouns, Brimir meaning “the
bloody moisture” and Blain being of uncertain significance.

10. Very few of the dwarfs named in this and the following stanzas are
mentioned elsewhere. It is not clear why Durin should have been singled
out as authority for the list. The occasional repetitions suggest that
not all the stanzas of the catalogue came from the same source. Most of
the names presumably had some definite significance, as Northri,
Suthri, Austri, and Vestri (“North,” “South,” “East,” and “West”),
Althjof (“Mighty Thief”), Mjothvitnir (“Mead-Wolf”), Gandalf (“Magic
Elf”), Vindalf (“Wind Elf”), Rathsvith (“Swift in Counsel”),
Eikinskjaldi (“Oak Shield”), etc., but in many cases the
interpretations are sheer guesswork.

12. The order of the lines in this and the succeeding four stanzas
varies greatly in the manuscripts and editions, and the names likewise
appear in many forms. Regin: probably not identical with Regin the son
of Hreithmar, who plays an important part in the Reginsmol and
Fafnismol, but cf. note on Reginsmol, introductory prose.

14. Dvalin: in Hovamol, 144, Dvalin seems to have given magic runes to
the dwarfs, probably accounting for their skill in craftsmanship, while
in Fafnismol, 13, he is mentioned as the father of some of the lesser
Norns. The story that some of the dwarfs left the rocks and mountains
to find a new home on the sands is mentioned, but unexplained, in
Snorri’s Edda; of Lofar we know only that he was descended from these
wanderers.

15. Andvari: this dwarf appears prominently in the Reginsmol, which
tells how the god Loki treacherously robbed him of his wealth; the
curse which he laid on his treasure brought about the deaths of
Sigurth, Gunnar, Atli, and many others.

17. Here the poem resumes its course after the interpolated section.
Probably, however, something has been lost, for there is no apparent
connection between the three giant-maids of stanza 8 and the three
gods, Othin, Hönir and Lothur, who in stanza 17 go forth to create man
and woman. The word “three” in stanzas 8 and 17 very likely confused
some early reciter, or perhaps the compiler himself. Ask and Embla: ash
and elm; Snorri gives them simply as the names of the first man and
woman, but says that the gods made this pair out of trees.

18. Hönir: little is known of this god, save that he occasionally
appears in the poems in company with Othin and Loki, and that he
survives the destruction, assuming in the new age the gift of prophesy
(cf. stanza 63). He was given by the gods as a hostage to the Wanes
after their war, in exchange for Njorth (cf. stanza 21 and note).
Lothur: apparently an older name for Loki, the treacherous but
ingenious son of Laufey, whose divinity Snorri regards as somewhat
doubtful. He was adopted by Othin, who subsequently had good reason to
regret it. Loki probably represents the blending of two originally
distinct figures, one of them an old fire-god, hence his gift of heat
to the newly created pair.

19. Yggdrasil: cf. stanza 2 and note, and Grimnismol, 29–35 and notes.
Urth (“The Past”): one of the three great Norns. The world-ash is kept
green by being sprinkled with the marvelous healing water from her
well.

20. The maidens: the three Norns; possibly this stanza should follow
stanza 8. Dwelling: Regius has “sæ” (sea) instead of “sal” (hall,
home), and many editors have followed this reading, although Snorri’s
prose paraphrase indicates “sal.” Urth, Verthandi and Skuld: “Past,”
“Present” and “Future.” Wood, etc.: the magic signs (runes) controlling
the destinies of men were cut on pieces of wood. Lines 3–4 are probably
interpolations from some other account of the Norns.

21. This follows stanza 20 in Regius; in the Hauksbok version stanzas
25, 26, 27, 40 and 41 come between stanzas 20 and 21. Editors have
attempted all sorts of rearrangements. The war: the first war was that
between the gods and the Wanes. The cult of the Wanes (Vanir) seems to
have originated among the seafaring folk of the Baltic and the southern
shores of the North Sea, and to have spread thence into Norway in
opposition to the worship of the older gods; hence the “war.” Finally
the two types of divinities were worshipped in common; hence the treaty
which ended the war with the exchange of hostages. Chief among the
Wanes were Njorth and his children, Freyr and Freyja, all of whom
became conspicuous among the gods. Beyond this we know little of the
Wanes, who seem originally to have been water-deities. I remember: the
manuscripts have “she remembers,” but the Volva is apparently still
speaking of her own memories, as in stanza 2. Gollveig (“Gold-Might”):
apparently the first of the Wanes to come among the gods, her
ill-treatment being the immediate cause of the war. Müllenhoff
maintains that Gollveig is another name for Freyja. Lines 5–6, one or
both of them probably interpolated, seem to symbolize the refining of
gold by fire. Hor (“The High One”): Othin.

22. Heith (“Shining One”?): a name often applied to wise-women and
prophetesses. The application of this stanza to Gollveig is far from
clear, though the reference may be to the magic and destructive power
of gold. It is also possible that the stanza is an interpolation. Bugge
maintains that it applies to the Volva who is reciting the poem, and
makes it the opening stanza, following it with stanzas 28 and 30, and
then going on with stanzas 1 ff. The text of line 2 is obscure, and has
been variously emended.

23. This stanza and stanza 24 have been transposed from the order in
the manuscripts, for the former describes the battle and the victory of
the Wanes, after which the gods took council, debating whether to pay
tribute to the victors, or to admit them, as was finally done, to equal
rights of worship.

25. Possibly, as Finn Magnusen long ago suggested, there is something
lost after stanza 24, but it was not the custom of the Eddic poets to
supply transitions which their hearers could generally be counted on to
understand. The story referred to in stanzas 25–26 (both quoted by
Snorri) is that of the rebuilding of Asgarth after its destruction by
the Wanes. The gods employed a giant as builder, who demanded as his
reward the sun and moon, and the goddess Freyja for his wife. The gods,
terrified by the rapid progress of the work, forced Loki, who had
advised the bargain, to delay the giant by a trick, so that the work
was not finished in the stipulated time (cf. Grimnismol, 44, note). The
enraged giant then threatened the gods, whereupon Thor slew him. Oth’s
bride: Freyja; of Oth little is known beyond the fact that Snorri
refers to him as a man who “went away on long journeys.”

26. Thor: the thunder-god, son of Othin and Jorth (Earth); cf.
particularly Harbarthsljoth and Thrymskvitha, passim. Oaths, etc.: the
gods, by violating their oaths to the giant who rebuilt Asgarth,
aroused the undying hatred of the giants’ race, and thus the giants
were among their enemies in the final battle.

27. Here the Volva turns from her memories of the past to a statement
of some of Othin’s own secrets in his eternal search for knowledge
(stanzas 27–29). Bugge puts this stanza after stanza 29. The horn of
Heimdall: the Gjallarhorn (“Shrieking Horn”), with which Heimdall,
watchman of the gods, will summon them to the last battle. Till that
time the horn is buried under Yggdrasil. Valfather’s pledge: Othin’s
eye (the sun?), which he gave to the water-spirit Mimir (or Mim) in
exchange for the latter’s wisdom. It appears here and in stanza 29 as a
drinking-vessel, from which Mimir drinks the magic mead, and from which
he pours water on the ash Yggdrasil. Othin’s sacrifice of his eye in
order to gain knowledge of his final doom is one of the series of
disasters leading up to the destruction of the gods. There were several
differing versions of the story of Othin’s relations with Mimir;
another one, quite incompatible with this, appears in stanza 47. In the
manuscripts I know and I see appear as “she knows” and “she sees” (cf.
note on 21).

28. The Hauksbok version omits all of stanzas 28–34, stanza 27 being
there followed by stanzas 40 and 41. Regius indicates stanzas 28 and 29
as a single stanza. Bugge puts stanza 28 after stanza 22, as the second
stanza of his reconstructed poem. The Volva here addresses Othin
directly, intimating that, although he has not told her, she knows why
he has come to her, and what he has already suffered in his search for
knowledge regarding his doom. Her reiterated “would you know yet more?”
seems to mean: “I have proved my wisdom by telling of the past and of
your own secrets; is it your will that I tell likewise of the fate in
store for you?” The Old One: Othin.

29. The first line, not in either manuscript, is a conjectural
emendation based on Snorri’s paraphrase. Bugge puts this stanza after
stanza 20.

30. This is apparently the transitional stanza, in which the Volva,
rewarded by Othin for her knowledge of the past (stanzas 1–29), is
induced to proceed with her real prophecy (stanzas 31–66). Some editors
turn the stanza into the third person, making it a narrative link.
Bugge, on the other hand, puts it after stanza 28 as the third stanza
of the poem. No lacuna is indicated in the manuscripts, and editors
have attempted various emendations. Heerfather (“Father of the Host”):
Othin.

31. Valkyries: these “Choosers of the Slain” (cf. stanza 1, note) bring
the bravest warriors killed in battle to Valhall, in order to
re-enforce the gods for their final struggle. They are also called
“Wish-Maidens,” as the fulfillers of Othin’s wishes. The conception of
the supernatural warrior-maiden was presumably brought to Scandinavia
in very early times from the South-Germanic races, and later it was
interwoven with the likewise South-Germanic tradition of the
swan-maiden. A third complication developed when the originally quite
human women of the hero-legends were endowed with the qualities of both
Valkyries and swan-maidens, as in the cases of Brynhild (cf. Gripisspo,
introductory note), Svava (cf. Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar, prose after
stanza 5 and note) and Sigrun (cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 17 and
note). The list of names here given may be an interpolation; a quite
different list is given in Grimnismol, 36. Ranks of the gods: some
editors regard the word thus translated as a specific place name.
Herjan (“Leader of Hosts”): Othin. It is worth noting that the name
Hild (“Warrior”) is the basis of Bryn-hild (“Warrior in Mail-Coat”).

32. Baldr: The death of Baldr, the son of Othin and Frigg, was the
first of the great disasters to the gods. The story is fully told by
Snorri. Frigg had demanded of all created things, saving only the
mistletoe, which she thought too weak to be worth troubling about, an
oath that they would not harm Baldr. Thus it came to be a sport for the
gods to hurl weapons at Baldr, who, of course, was totally unharmed
thereby. Loki, the trouble-maker, brought the mistletoe to Baldr’s
blind brother, Hoth, and guided his hand in hurling the twig. Baldr was
slain, and grief came upon all the gods. Cf. Baldrs Draumar.

33. The lines in this and the following stanza have been combined in
various ways by editors, lacunæ having been freely conjectured, but the
manuscript version seems clear enough. The brother of Baldr: Vali, whom
Othin begot expressly to avenge Baldr’s death. The day after his birth
he fought and slew Hoth.

34. Frigg: Othin’s wife. Some scholars have regarded her as a solar
myth, calling her the sun-goddess, and pointing out that her home in
Fensalir (“the sea-halls”) symbolizes the daily setting of the sun
beneath the ocean horizon.

35. The translation here follows the Regius version. The Hauksbok has
the same final two lines, but in place of the first pair has, “I know
that Vali   |   his brother gnawed, / With his bowels then   |   was
Loki bound.” Many editors have followed this version of the whole
stanza or have included these two lines, often marking them as
doubtful, with the four from Regius. After the murder of Baldr, the
gods took Loki and bound him to a rock with the bowels of his son
Narfi, who had just been torn to pieces by Loki’s other son, Vali. A
serpent was fastened above Loki’s head, and the venom fell upon his
face. Loki’s wife, Sigyn, sat by him with a basin to catch the venom,
but whenever the basin was full, and she went away to empty it, then
the venom fell on Loki again, till the earth shook with his struggles.
“And there he lies bound till the end.” Cf. Lokasenna, concluding
prose.

36. Stanzas 36–39 describe the homes of the enemies of the gods: the
giants (36), the dwarfs (37), and the dead in the land of the goddess
Hel (38–39). The Hauksbok version omits stanzas 36 and 37. Regius
unites 36 with 37, but most editors have assumed a lacuna. Slith (“the
Fearful”): a river in the giants’ home. The “swords and daggers” may
represent the icy cold.

37. Nithavellir (“the Dark Fields”): a home of the dwarfs. Perhaps the
word should be “Nithafjoll” (“the Dark Crags”). Sindri: the great
worker in gold among the dwarfs. Okolnir (“the Not Cold”): possibly a
volcano. Brimir: the giant (possibly Ymir) out of whose blood,
according to stanza 9, the dwarfs were made; the name here appears to
mean simply the leader of the dwarfs.

38. Stanzas 38 and 39 follow stanza 43 in the Hauksbok version. Snorri
quotes stanzas 38, 39, 40 and 41, though not consecutively. Nastrond
(“Corpse-Strand”): the land of the dead, ruled by the goddess Hel. Here
the wicked undergo tortures. Smoke-vent: the phrase gives a picture of
the Icelandic house, with its opening in the roof serving instead of a
chimney.

39. The stanza is almost certainly in corrupt form. The third line is
presumably an interpolation, and is lacking in most of the late paper
manuscripts. Some editors, however, have called lines 1–3 the remains
of a full stanza, with the fourth line lacking, and lines 4–5 the
remains of another. The stanza depicts the torments of the two worst
classes of criminals known to Old Norse morality—oath-breakers and
murderers. Nithhogg (“the Dread Biter”): the dragon that lies beneath
the ash Yggdrasil and gnaws at its roots, thus symbolizing the
destructive elements in the universe; cf. Grimnismol, 32, 35. The wolf:
presumably the wolf Fenrir, one of the children of Loki and the
giantess Angrbotha (the others being Mithgarthsorm and the goddess
Hel), who was chained by the gods with the marvelous chain Gleipnir,
fashioned by a dwarf “out of six things: the noise of a cat’s step, the
beards of women, the roots of mountains, the nerves of bears, the
breath of fishes, and the spittle of birds.” The chaining of Fenrir
cost the god Tyr his right hand; cf. stanza 44.

40. The Hauksbok version inserts after stanza 39 the refrain-stanza
(44), and puts stanzas 40 and 41 between 27 and 21. With this stanza
begins the account of the final struggle itself. The giantess: her name
is nowhere stated, and the only other reference to Ironwood is in
Grimnismol, 39, in this same connection. The children of this giantess
and the wolf Fenrir are the wolves Skoll and Hati, the first of whom
steals the sun, the second the moon. Some scholars naturally see here
an eclipse-myth.

41. In the third line many editors omit the comma after “sun,” and put
one after “soon,” making the two lines run: “Dark grows the sun   |
in summer soon, / Mighty storms—” etc. Either phenomenon in summer
would be sufficiently striking.

42. In the Hauksbok version stanzas 42 and 43 stand between stanzas 44
and 38. Eggther: this giant, who seems to be the watchman of the
giants, as Heimdall is that of the gods and Surt of the dwellers in the
fire-world, is not mentioned elsewhere in the poems. Fjalar, the cock
whose crowing wakes the giants for the final struggle.

43. Gollinkambi (“Gold-Comb”): the cock who wakes the gods and heroes,
as Fjalar does the giants. The rust-red bird: the name of this bird,
who wakes the people of Hel’s domain, is nowhere stated.

44. This is a refrain-stanza. In Regius it appears in full only at this
point, but is repeated in abbreviated form before stanzas 50 and 59. In
the Hauksbok version the full stanza comes first between stanzas 35 and
42, then, in abbreviated form, it occurs four times: before stanzas 45,
50, 55, and 59. In the Hauksbok line 3 runs: “Farther I see   |   and
more can say.” Garm: the dog who guards the gates of Hel’s kingdom; cf.
Baldrs Draumar, 2 ff, and Grimnismol, 44. Gnipahellir (“the
Cliff-Cave”): the entrance to the world of the dead. The wolf: Fenrir;
cf. stanza 39 and note.

45. From this point on through stanza 57 the poem is quoted by Snorri,
stanza 49 alone being omitted. There has been much discussion as to the
status of stanza 45. Lines 4 and 5 look like an interpolation. After
line 5 the Hauksbok has a line running: “The world resounds,   |   the
witch is flying.” Editors have arranged these seven lines in various
ways, with lacunæ freely indicated. Sisters’ sons: in all Germanic
countries the relations between uncle and nephew were felt to be
particularly close.

46. Regius combines the first three lines of this stanza with lines 3,
2, and 1 of stanza 47 as a single stanza. Line 4, not found in Regius,
is introduced from the Hauksbok version, where it follows line 2 of
stanza 47. The sons of Mim: the spirits of the water. On Mim (or Mimir)
cf. stanza 27 and note. Gjallarhorn: the “Shrieking Horn” with which
Heimdall, the watchman of the gods, calls them to the last battle.

47. In Regius lines 3, 2, and 1, in that order, follow stanza 46
without separation. Line 4 is not found in Regius, but is introduced
from the Hauksbok version. Yggdrasil: cf. stanza 19 and note, and
Grimnismol, 29–35. The giant: Fenrir. The head of Mim: various myths
were current about Mimir. This stanza refers to the story that he was
sent by the gods with Hönir as a hostage to the Wanes after their war
(cf. stanza 21 and note), and that the Wanes cut off his head and
returned it to the gods. Othin embalmed the head, and by magic gave it
the power of speech, thus making Mimir’s noted wisdom always available.
Of course this story does not fit with that underlying the references
to Mimir in stanzas 27 and 29. The kinsman of Surt: the wolf Fenrir,
who slays Othin in the final struggle; cf. stanza 53. Surt is the giant
who rules the fire-world, Muspellsheim; cf. stanza 52.

48. This stanza in Regius follows stanza 51; in the Hauksbok it stands,
as here, after 47. Jotunheim: the land of the giants.

49. Identical with stanza 44. In the manuscripts it is here
abbreviated.

50. Hrym: the leader of the giants, who comes as the helmsman of the
ship Naglfar (line 4). The serpent: Mithgarthsorm, one of the children
of Loki and Angrbotha (cf. stanza 39, note). The serpent was cast into
the sea, where he completely encircles the land; cf. especially
Hymiskvitha, passim. The eagle: the giant Hræsvelg, who sits at the
edge of heaven in the form of an eagle, and makes the winds with his
wings; cf. Vafthruthnismol, 37, and Skirnismol, 27. Naglfar: the ship
which was made out of dead men’s nails to carry the giants to battle.

51. North: a guess; the manuscripts have “east,” but there seems to be
a confusion with stanza 50, line 1. People of Hel: the manuscripts have
“people of Muspell,” but these came over the bridge Bifrost (the
rainbow), which broke beneath them, whereas the people of Hel came in a
ship steered by Loki. The wolf: Fenrir. The brother of Byleist: Loki.
Of Byleist (or Byleipt) no more is known.

52. Surt: the ruler of the fire-world. The scourge of branches: fire.
This is one of the relatively rare instances in the Eddic poems of the
type of poetic diction which characterizes the skaldic verse.

53. Hlin: apparently another name for Frigg, Othin’s wife. After losing
her son Baldr, she is fated now to see Othin slain by the wolf Fenrir.
Beli’s slayer: the god Freyr, who killed the giant Beli with his fist;
cf. Skirnismol, 16 and note. On Freyr, who belonged to the race of the
Wanes, and was the brother of Freyja, see especially Skirnismol,
passim. The joy of Frigg: Othin.

54. As quoted by Snorri the first line of this stanza runs: “Fares
Othin’s son   |   to fight with the wolf.” Sigfather (“Father of
Victory”): Othin. His son, Vithar, is the silent god, famed chiefly for
his great shield, and his strength, which is little less than Thor’s.
He survives the destruction. The giant’s son: Fenrir.

55. This and the following stanza are clearly in bad shape. In Regius
only lines 1 and 4 are found, combined with stanza 56 as a single
stanza. Line 1 does not appear in the Hauksbok version, the stanza
there beginning with line 2. Snorri, in quoting these two stanzas,
omits 55, 2–4, and 56, 3, making a single stanza out of 55, 1, and 56,
4, 2, 1, in that order. Moreover, the Hauksbok manuscript at this point
is practically illegible. The lacuna (line 3) is, of course, purely
conjectural, and all sorts of arrangements of the lines have been
attempted by editors. Hlothyn: another name for Jorth (“Earth”), Thor’s
mother; his father was Othin. The snake: Mithgarthsorm; cf. stanza 5c
and note. Othin’s son: Thor. The fourth line in Regius reads “against
the wolf,” but if this line refers to Thor at all, and not to Vithar,
the Hauksbok reading, “serpent,” is correct.

56. The warder of earth: Thor. The son of Fjorgyn: again Thor, who,
after slaying the serpent, is overcome by his venomous breath, and
dies. Fjorgyn appears in both a masculine and a feminine form. In the
masculine it is a name for Othin; in the feminine, as here and in
Harbarthsljoth, 56, it apparently refers to Jorth.

57. With this stanza ends the account of the destruction.

58. Again the refrain-stanza (cf. stanza 44 and note), abbreviated in
both manuscripts, as in the case of stanza 49. It is probably misplaced
here.

59. Here begins the description of the new world which is to rise out
of the wreck of the old one. It is on this passage that a few critics
have sought to base their argument that the poem is later than the
introduction of Christianity (circa 1000), but this theory has never
seemed convincing (cf. introductory note).

60. The third line of this stanza is not found in Regius. Ithavoll: cf.
stanza 7 and note. The girdler of earth: Mithgarthsorm, who, lying in
the sea, surrounded the land. The Ruler of Gods: Othin. The runes were
both magic signs, generally carved on wood, and sung or spoken charms.

61. The Hauksbok version of the first two lines runs:


    “The gods shall find there,   |   wondrous fair,
    The golden tables   |   amid the grass.”


No lacuna (line 4) is indicated in the manuscripts. Golden tables: cf.
stanza 8 and note.

62. Baldr: cf. stanza 32 and note. Baldr and his brother, Hoth, who
unwittingly slew him at Loki’s instigation, return together, their
union being a symbol of the new age of peace. Hropt: another name for
Othin. His “battle-hall” is Valhall.

63. No lacuna (line 2) indicated in the manuscripts. Hönir: cf. stanza
18 and note. In this new age he has the gift of foretelling the future.
Tveggi (“The Twofold”): another name for Othin. His brothers are Vili
and Ve (cf. Lokasenna, 26, and note). Little is known of them, and
nothing, beyond this reference, of their sons. Vindheim (“Home of the
Wind”): heaven.

64. This stanza is quoted by Snorri. Gimle: Snorri makes this the name
of the hall itself, while here it appears to refer to a mountain on
which the hall stands. It is the home of the happy, as opposed to
another hall, not here mentioned, for the dead. Snorri’s description of
this second hall is based on Voluspo, 38, which he quotes, and perhaps
that stanza properly belongs after 64.

65. This stanza is not found in Regius, and is probably spurious. No
lacuna is indicated in the Hauksbok version, but late paper manuscripts
add two lines, running:


    “Rule he orders,   |   and rights he fixes,
    Laws he ordains   |   that ever shall live.”


The name of this new ruler is nowhere given, and of course the
suggestion of Christianity is unavoidable. It is not certain, however,
that even this stanza refers to Christianity, and if it does, it may
have been interpolated long after the rest of the poem was composed.

66. This stanza, which fits so badly with the preceding ones, may well
have been interpolated. It has been suggested that the dragon, making a
last attempt to rise, is destroyed, this event marking the end of evil
in the world. But in both manuscripts the final half-line does not
refer to the dragon, but, as the gender shows, to the Volva herself,
who sinks into the earth; a sort of conclusion to the entire prophecy.
Presumably the stanza (barring the last half-line, which was probably
intended as the conclusion of the poem) belongs somewhere in the
description of the great struggle. Nithhogg: the dragon at the roots of
Yggdrasil; cf. stanza 39 and note. Nithafjoll (“the Dark Crags”);
nowhere else mentioned. Must I: the manuscripts have “must she.”








HOVAMOL

THE BALLAD OF THE HIGH ONE


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

This poem follows the Voluspo in the Codex Regius, but is preserved in
no other manuscript. The first stanza is quoted by Snorri, and two
lines of stanza 84 appear in one of the sagas.

In its present shape it involves the critic of the text in more puzzles
than any other of the Eddic poems. Without going in detail into the
various theories, what happened seems to have been somewhat as follows.
There existed from very early times a collection of proverbs and wise
counsels, which were attributed to Othin just as the Biblical proverbs
were to Solomon. This collection, which presumably was always elastic
in extent, was known as “The High One’s Words,” and forms the basis of
the present poem. To it, however, were added other poems and fragments
dealing with wisdom which seemed by their nature to imply that the
speaker was Othin. Thus a catalogue of runes, or charms, was tacked on,
and also a set of proverbs, differing essentially in form from those
comprising the main collection. Here and there bits of verse more
nearly narrative crept in; and of course the loose structure of the
poem made it easy for any reciter to insert new stanzas almost at will.
This curious miscellany is what we now have as the Hovamol.

Five separate elements are pretty clearly recognizable: (1) the Hovamol
proper (stanzas 1–80), a collection of proverbs and counsels for the
conduct of life; (2) the Loddfafnismol (stanzas 111–138), a collection
somewhat similar to the first, but specifically addressed to a certain
Loddfafnir; (3) the Ljothatal (stanzas 147–165), a collection of
charms; (4) the love-story of Othin and Billing’s daughter (stanzas
96–102), with an introductory dissertation on the faithlessness of
women in general (stanzas 81–95), which probably crept into the poem
first, and then pulled the story, as an apt illustration, after it; (5)
the story of how Othin got the mead of poetry—the draught which gave
him the gift of tongues—from the maiden Gunnloth (stanzas 103–110).
There is also a brief passage (stanzas 139–146) telling how Othin won
the runes, this passage being a natural introduction to the Ljothatal,
and doubtless brought into the poem for that reason.

It is idle to discuss the authorship or date of such a series of
accretions as this. Parts of it are doubtless among the oldest relics
of ancient Germanic poetry; parts of it may have originated at a
relatively late period. Probably, however, most of its component
elements go pretty far back, although we have no way of telling how or
when they first became associated.

It seems all but meaningless to talk about “interpolations” in a poem
which has developed almost solely through the process of piecing
together originally unrelated odds and ends. The notes, therefore, make
only such suggestions as are needed to keep the main divisions of the
poem distinct.

Few gnomic collections in the world’s literary history present sounder
wisdom more tersely expressed than the Hovamol. Like the Book of
Proverbs it occasionally rises to lofty heights of poetry. If it
presents the worldly wisdom of a violent race, it also shows noble
ideals of loyalty, truth, and unfaltering courage.





1.  Within the gates   |   ere a man shall go,
      (Full warily let him watch,)
      Full long let him look about him;
    For little he knows   |   where a foe may lurk,
      And sit in the seats within.

2.  Hail to the giver!   |   a guest has come;
      Where shall the stranger sit?
    Swift shall he be   |   who with swords shall try
      The proof of his might to make.

3.  Fire he needs   |   who with frozen knees
      Has come from the cold without;
    Food and clothes   |   must the farer have,
      The man from the mountains come.

4.  Water and towels   |   and welcoming speech
      Should he find who comes to the feast;
    If renown he would get,   |   and again be greeted,
      Wisely and well must he act.

5.  Wits must he have   |   who wanders wide,
      But all is easy at home;
    At the witless man   |   the wise shall wink
      When among such men he sits.

6.  A man shall not boast   |   of his keenness of mind,
      But keep it close in his breast;
    To the silent and wise   |   does ill come seldom
      When he goes as guest to a house;
    (For a faster friend   |   one never finds
      Than wisdom tried and true.)

7.  The knowing guest   |   who goes to the feast,
      In silent attention sits;
    With his ears he hears,   |   with his eyes he watches,
      Thus wary are wise men all.

8.  Happy the one   |   who wins for himself
      Favor and praises fair;
    Less safe by far   |   is the wisdom found
      That is hid in another’s heart.

9.  Happy the man   |   who has while he lives
      Wisdom and praise as well,
    For evil counsel   |   a man full oft
      Has from another’s heart.

10. A better burden   |   may no man bear
      For wanderings wide than wisdom;
    It is better than wealth   |   on unknown ways,
      And in grief a refuge it gives.

11. A better burden   |   may no man bear
      For wanderings wide than wisdom;
    Worse food for the journey   |   he brings not afield
      Than an over-drinking of ale.

12. Less good there lies   |   than most believe
      In ale for mortal men;
    For the more he drinks   |   the less does man
      Of his mind the mastery hold.

13. Over beer the bird   |   of forgetfulness broods,
      And steals the minds of men;
    With the heron’s feathers   |   fettered I lay
      And in Gunnloth’s house was held.

14. Drunk I was,   |   I was dead-drunk,
      When with Fjalar wise I was;
    ’Tis the best of drinking   |   if back one brings
      His wisdom with him home.

15. The son of a king   |   shall be silent and wise,
      And bold in battle as well;
    Bravely and gladly   |   a man shall go,
      Till the day of his death is come.

16. The sluggard believes   |   he shall live forever,
      If the fight he faces not;
    But age shall not grant him   |   the gift of peace,
      Though spears may spare his life.

17. The fool is agape   |   when he comes to the feast,
      He stammers or else is still;
    But soon if he gets   |   a drink is it seen
      What the mind of the man is like.

18. He alone is aware   |   who has wandered wide,
      And far abroad has fared,
    How great a mind   |   is guided by him
      That wealth of wisdom has.

19. Shun not the mead,   |   but drink in measure;
      Speak to the point or be still;
    For rudeness none   |   shall rightly blame thee
      If soon thy bed thou seekest.

20. The greedy man,   |   if his mind be vague,
      Will eat till sick he is;
    The vulgar man,   |   when among the wise,
      To scorn by his belly is brought.

21. The herds know well   |   when home they shall fare,
      And then from the grass they go;
    But the foolish man   |   his belly’s measure
      Shall never know aright.

22. A paltry man   |   and poor of mind
      At all things ever mocks;
    For never he knows,   |   what he ought to know,
      That he is not free from faults.

23. The witless man   |   is awake all night,
      Thinking of many things;
    Care-worn he is   |   when the morning comes,
      And his woe is just as it was.

24. The foolish man   |   for friends all those
      Who laugh at him will hold;
    When among the wise   |   he marks it not
      Though hatred of him they speak.

25. The foolish man   |   for friends all those
      Who laugh at him will hold;
    But the truth when he comes   |   to the council he learns,
      That few in his favor will speak.

26. An ignorant man   |   thinks that all he knows,
      When he sits by himself in a corner;
    But never what answer   |   to make he knows,
      When others with questions come.

27. A witless man,   |   when he meets with men,
      Had best in silence abide;
    For no one shall find   |   that nothing he knows,
      If his mouth is not open too much.
    (But a man knows not,   |   if nothing he knows,
      When his mouth has been open too much.)

28. Wise shall he seem   |   who well can question,
      And also answer well;
    Nought is concealed   |   that men may say
      Among the sons of men.

29. Often he speaks   |   who never is still
      With words that win no faith;
    The babbling tongue,   |   if a bridle it find not,
      Oft for itself sings ill.

30. In mockery no one   |   a man shall hold,
      Although he fare to the feast;
    Wise seems one oft,   |   if nought he is asked,
      And safely he sits dry-skinned.

31. Wise a guest holds it   |   to take to his heels,
      When mock of another he makes;
    But little he knows   |   who laughs at the feast,
      Though he mocks in the midst of his foes.

32. Friendly of mind   |   are many men,
      Till feasting they mock at their friends;
    To mankind a bane   |   must it ever be
      When guests together strive.

33. Oft should one make   |   an early meal,
      Nor fasting come to the feast;
    Else he sits and chews   |   as if he would choke,
      And little is able to ask.

34. Crooked and far   |   is the road to a foe,
      Though his house on the highway be;
    But wide and straight   |   is the way to a friend,
      Though far away he fare.

35. Forth shall one go,   |   nor stay as a guest
      In a single spot forever;
    Love becomes loathing   |   if long one sits
      By the hearth in another’s home.

36. Better a house,   |   though a hut it be,
      A man is master at home;
    A pair of goats   |   and a patched-up roof
      Are better far than begging.

37. Better a house,   |   though a hut it be,
      A man is master at home;
    His heart is bleeding   |   who needs must beg
      When food he fain would have.

38. Away from his arms   |   in the open field
      A man should fare not a foot;
    For never he knows   |   when the need for a spear
      Shall arise on the distant road.

39. If wealth a man   |   has won for himself,
      Let him never suffer in need;
    Oft he saves for a foe   |   what he plans for a friend,
      For much goes worse than we wish.

40. None so free with gifts   |   or food have I found
      That gladly he took not a gift,
    Nor one who so widely   |   scattered his wealth
      That of recompense hatred he had.

41. Friends shall gladden each other   |   with arms and garments,
      As each for himself can see;
    Gift-givers’ friendships   |   are longest found,
      If fair their fates may be.

42. To his friend a man   |   a friend shall prove,
      And gifts with gifts requite;
    But men shall mocking   |   with mockery answer,
      And fraud with falsehood meet.

43. To his friend a man   |   a friend shall prove,
      To him and the friend of his friend;
    But never a man   |   shall friendship make
      With one of his foeman’s friends.

44. If a friend thou hast   |   whom thou fully wilt trust,
      And good from him wouldst get,
    Thy thoughts with his mingle,   |   and gifts shalt thou make,
      And fare to find him oft.

45. If another thou hast   |   whom thou hardly wilt trust,
      Yet good from him wouldst get,
    Thou shalt speak him fair,   |   but falsely think,
      And fraud with falsehood requite.

46. So is it with him   |   whom thou hardly wilt trust,
      And whose mind thou mayst not know;
    Laugh with him mayst thou,   |   but speak not thy mind,
      Like gifts to his shalt thou give.

47. Young was I once,   |   and wandered alone,
      And nought of the road I knew;
    Rich did I feel   |   when a comrade I found,
      For man is man’s delight.

48. The lives of the brave   |   and noble are best,
      Sorrows they seldom feed;
    But the coward fear   |   of all things feels,
      And not gladly the niggard gives.

49. My garments once   |   in a field I gave
      To a pair of carven poles;
    Heroes they seemed   |   when clothes they had,
      But the naked man is nought.

50. On the hillside drear   |   the fir-tree dies,
      All bootless its needles and bark;
    It is like a man   |   whom no one loves,—
      Why should his life be long?

51. Hotter than fire   |   between false friends
      Does friendship five days burn;
    When the sixth day comes   |   the fire cools,
      And ended is all the love.

52. No great thing needs   |   a man to give,
      Oft little will purchase praise;
    With half a loaf   |   and a half-filled cup
      A friend full fast I made.

53. A little sand   |   has a little sea,
      And small are the minds of men;
    Though all men are not   |   equal in wisdom,
      Yet half-wise only are all.

54. A measure of wisdom   |   each man shall have,
      But never too much let him know;
    The fairest lives   |   do those men live
      Whose wisdom wide has grown.

55. A measure of wisdom   |   each man shall have,
      But never too much let him know;
    For the wise man’s heart   |   is seldom happy,
      If wisdom too great he has won.

56. A measure of wisdom   |   each man shall have,
      But never too much let him know;
    Let no man the fate   |   before him see,
      For so is he freest from sorrow.

57. A brand from a brand   |   is kindled and burned,
      And fire from fire begotten;
    And man by his speech   |   is known to men,
      And the stupid by their stillness.

58. He must early go forth   |   who fain the blood
      Or the goods of another would get;
    The wolf that lies idle   |   shall win little meat,
      Or the sleeping man success.

59. He must early go forth   |   whose workers are few,
      Himself his work to seek;
    Much remains undone   |   for the morning-sleeper,
      For the swift is wealth half won.

60. Of seasoned shingles   |   and strips of bark
      For the thatch let one know his need,
    And how much of wood   |   he must have for a month,
      Or in half a year he will use.

61. Washed and fed   |   to the council fare,
      But care not too much for thy clothes;
    Let none be ashamed   |   of his shoes and hose,
      Less still of the steed he rides,
      (Though poor be the horse he has.)

62. When the eagle comes   |   to the ancient sea,
      He snaps and hangs his head;
    So is a man   |   in the midst of a throng,
      Who few to speak for him finds.

63. To question and answer   |   must all be ready
      Who wish to be known as wise;
    Tell one thy thoughts,   |   but beware of two,—
      All know what is known to three.

64. The man who is prudent   |   a measured use
      Of the might he has will make;
    He finds when among   |   the brave he fares
      That the boldest he may not be.

65. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Oft for the words   |   that to others one speaks
      He will get but an evil gift.

66. Too early to many   |   a meeting I came,
      And some too late have I sought;
    The beer was all drunk,   |   or not yet brewed;
      Little the loathed man finds.

67. To their homes men would bid me   |   hither and yon,
      If at meal-time I needed no meat,
    Or would hang two hams   |   in my true friend’s house,
      Where only one I had eaten.

68. Fire for men   |   is the fairest gift,
      And power to see the sun;
    Health as well,   |   if a man may have it,
      And a life not stained with sin.

69. All wretched is no man,   |   though never so sick;
      Some from their sons have joy,
    Some win it from kinsmen,   |   and some from their wealth,
      And some from worthy works.

70. It is better to live   |   than to lie a corpse,
      The live man catches the cow;
    I saw flames rise   |   for the rich man’s pyre,
      And before his door he lay dead.

71. The lame rides a horse,   |   the handless is herdsman,
      The deaf in battle is bold;
    The blind man is better   |   than one that is burned,
      No good can come of a corpse.

72. A son is better,   |   though late he be born,
      And his father to death have fared;
    Memory-stones   |   seldom stand by the road
      Save when kinsman honors his kin.

73. Two make a battle,   |   the tongue slays the head;
    In each furry coat   |   a fist I look for.

74. He welcomes the night   |   whose fare is enough.
      (Short are the yards of a ship,)
      Uneasy are autumn nights;
    Full oft does the weather   |   change in a week,
      And more in a month’s time.

75. A man knows not,   |   if nothing he knows,
    That gold oft apes begets;
    One man is wealthy   |   and one is poor,
    Yet scorn for him none should know.

76. Among Fitjung’s sons   |   saw I well-stocked folds,—
    Now bear they the beggar’s staff;
    Wealth is as swift   |   as a winking eye,
      Of friends the falsest it is.

77. Cattle die,   |   and kinsmen die,
      And so one dies one’s self;
    But a noble name   |   will never die,
      If good renown one gets.

78. Cattle die,   |   and kinsmen die,
      And so one dies one’s self;
    One thing I know   |   that never dies,
      The fame of a dead man’s deeds.

79. Certain is that   |   which is sought from runes,
      That the gods so great have made,
      And the Master-Poet painted;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
      .  .  .  .  . of the race of gods:
      Silence is safest and best.

80. An unwise man,   |   if a maiden’s love
      Or wealth he chances to win,
    His pride will wax,   |   but his wisdom never,
      Straight forward he fares in conceit.

        *    *    *    *    *    *

81. Give praise to the day at evening,   |   to a woman on her pyre,
    To a weapon which is tried,   |   to a maid at wedlock,
    To ice when it is crossed,   |   to ale that is drunk.

82. When the gale blows hew wood,   |   in fair winds seek the water;
    Sport with maidens at dusk,   |   for day’s eyes are many;
    From the ship seek swiftness,   |   from the shield protection,
    Cuts from the sword,   |   from the maiden kisses.

83. By the fire drink ale,   |   over ice go on skates;
    Buy a steed that is lean,   |   and a sword when tarnished,
    The horse at home fatten,   |   the hound in thy dwelling.

        *    *    *    *    *    *

84. A man shall trust not   |   the oath of a maid,
      Nor the word a woman speaks;
    For their hearts on a whirling   |   wheel were fashioned,
      And fickle their breasts were formed.

        *    *    *    *    *    *

85. In a breaking bow   |   or a burning flame,
    A ravening wolf   |   or a croaking raven,
    In a grunting boar,   |   a tree with roots broken,
    In billowy seas   |   or a bubbling kettle,

86. In a flying arrow   |   or falling waters,
    In ice new formed   |   or the serpent’s folds,
    In a bride’s bed-speech   |   or a broken sword,
    In the sport of bears   |   or in sons of kings,

87. In a calf that is sick   |   or a stubborn thrall,
    A flattering witch   |   or a foe new slain.

88. In a brother’s slayer,   |   if thou meet him abroad,
    In a half-burned house,   |   in a horse full swift—
    One leg is hurt   |   and the horse is useless—
    None had ever such faith   |   as to trust in them all.

        *    *    *    *    *    *

89. Hope not too surely   |   for early harvest,
      Nor trust too soon in thy son;
    The field needs good weather,   |   the son needs wisdom,
      And oft is either denied.

        *    *    *    *    *    *

90. The love of women   |   fickle of will
    Is like starting o’er ice   |   with a steed unshod,
    A two-year-old restive   |   and little tamed,
    Or steering a rudderless   |   ship in a storm,
    Or, lame, hunting reindeer   |   on slippery rocks.

        *    *    *    *    *    *

91. Clear now will I speak,   |   for I know them both,
      Men false to women are found;
    When fairest we speak,   |   then falsest we think,
      Against wisdom we work with deceit.

92. Soft words shall he speak   |   and wealth shall he offer
      Who longs for a maiden’s love,
    And the beauty praise   |   of the maiden bright;
      He wins whose wooing is best.

93. Fault for loving   |   let no man find
      Ever with any other;
    Oft the wise are fettered,   |   where fools go free,
      By beauty that breeds desire.

94. Fault with another   |   let no man find
      For what touches many a man;
    Wise men oft   |   into witless fools
      Are made by mighty love.

95. The head alone knows   |   what dwells near the heart,
      A man knows his mind alone;
    No sickness is worse   |   to one who is wise
      Than to lack the longed-for joy.

96. This found I myself,   |   when I sat in the reeds,
      And long my love awaited;
    As my life the maiden   |   wise I loved,
      Yet her I never had.

97. Billing’s daughter   |   I found on her bed,
      In slumber bright as the sun;
    Empty appeared   |   an earl’s estate
      Without that form so fair.

98. “Othin, again   |   at evening come,
      If a woman thou wouldst win;
    Evil it were   |   if others than we
      Should know of such a sin.”

99. Away I hastened,   |   hoping for joy,
      And careless of counsel wise;
    Well I believed   |   that soon I should win
      Measureless joy with the maid.

100. So came I next   |   when night it was,
      The warriors all were awake;
    With burning lights   |   and waving brands
      I learned my luckless way.

101. At morning then,   |   when once more I came,
      And all were sleeping still,
    A dog I found   |   in the fair one’s place,
      Bound there upon her bed.

102. Many fair maids,   |   if a man but tries them,
      False to a lover are found;
    That did I learn   |   when I longed to gain
      With wiles the maiden wise;
    Foul scorn was my meed   |   from the crafty maid,
      And nought from the woman I won.

        *    *    *    *    *    *

103. Though glad at home,   |   and merry with guests,
      A man shall be wary and wise;
    The sage and shrewd,   |   wide wisdom seeking,
      Must see that his speech be fair;
    A fool is he named   |   who nought can say,
      For such is the way of the witless.

104. I found the old giant,   |   now back have I fared,
      Small gain from silence I got;
    Full many a word,   |   my will to get,
      I spoke in Suttung’s hall.

105. The mouth of Rati   |   made room for my passage,
      And space in the stone he gnawed;
    Above and below   |   the giants’ paths lay,
      So rashly I risked my head.

106. Gunnloth gave   |   on a golden stool
      A drink of the marvelous mead;
    A harsh reward   |   did I let her have
      For her heroic heart,
      And her spirit troubled sore.

107. The well-earned beauty   |   well I enjoyed,
      Little the wise man lacks;
    So Othrörir now   |   has up been brought
      To the midst of the men of earth.

108. Hardly, methinks,   |   would I home have come,
      And left the giants’ land,
    Had not Gunnloth helped me,   |   the maiden good,
      Whose arms about me had been.

109. The day that followed,   |   the frost-giants came,
       Some word of Hor to win,
      (And into the hall of Hor;)
    Of Bolverk they asked,   |   were he back midst the gods,
      Or had Suttung slain him there?

110. On his ring swore Othin   |   the oath, methinks;
      Who now his troth shall trust?
    Suttung’s betrayal   |   he sought with drink,
      And Gunnloth to grief he left.

        *    *    *    *    *    *

111. It is time to chant   |   from the chanter’s stool;
      By the wells of Urth I was,
    I saw and was silent,   |   I saw and thought,
      And heard the speech of Hor.
    (Of runes heard I words,   |   nor were counsels wanting,
      At the hall of Hor,
      In the hall of Hor;
      Such was the speech I heard.)

112. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    Rise not at night,   |   save if news thou seekest,
      Or fain to the outhouse wouldst fare.

113. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    Beware of sleep   |   on a witch’s bosom,
      Nor let her limbs ensnare thee.

114. Such is her might   |   that thou hast no mind
      For the council or meeting of men;
    Meat thou hatest,   |   joy thou hast not,
      And sadly to slumber thou farest.

115. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    Seek never to win   |   the wife of another,
      Or long for her secret love.

116. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    If o’er mountains or gulfs   |   thou fain wouldst go,
      Look well to thy food for the way.

117. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    An evil man   |   thou must not let
      Bring aught of ill to thee;
    For an evil man   |   will never make
      Reward for a worthy thought.

118. I saw a man   |   who was wounded sore
      By an evil woman’s word;
    A lying tongue   |   his death-blow launched,
      And no word of truth there was.

119. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    If a friend thou hast   |   whom thou fully wilt trust,
      Then fare to find him oft;
    For brambles grow   |   and waving grass
      On the rarely trodden road.

120. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    A good man find   |   to hold in friendship,
     And give heed to his healing charms.

121. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    Be never the first   |   to break with thy friend
      The bond that holds you both;
    Care eats the heart   |   if thou canst not speak
      To another all thy thought.

122. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    Exchange of words   |   with a witless ape
     Thou must not ever make.

123. For never thou mayst   |   from an evil man
      A good requital get;
    But a good man oft   |   the greatest love
      Through words of praise will win thee.

124. Mingled is love   |   when a man can speak
      To another all his thought;
    Nought is so bad   |   as false to be,
      No friend speaks only fair.

125. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    With a worse man speak not   |   three words in dispute,
      Ill fares the better oft
      When the worse man wields a sword.

126. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    A shoemaker be,   |   or a maker of shafts,
      For only thy single self;
    If the shoe is ill made,   |   or the shaft prove false,
      Then evil of thee men think.

127. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    If evil thou knowest,   |   as evil proclaim it,
      And make no friendship with foes.

128. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    In evil never   |   joy shalt thou know,
      But glad the good shall make thee.

129. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    Look not up   |   when the battle is on,—
    (Like madmen the sons   |   of men become,—)
      Lest men bewitch thy wits.

130. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    If thou fain wouldst win   |   a woman’s love,
      And gladness get from her,
    Fair be thy promise   |   and well fulfilled;
      None loathes what good he gets.

131. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    I bid thee be wary,   |   but be not fearful;
    (Beware most with ale   |   or another’s wife,
    And third beware   |   lest a thief outwit thee.)

132. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    Scorn or mocking   |   ne’er shalt thou make
      Of a guest or a journey-goer.

133. Oft scarcely he knows   |   who sits in the house
      What kind is the man who comes;
    None so good is found   |   that faults he has not,
      Nor so wicked that nought he is worth.

134. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    Scorn not ever   |   the gray-haired singer,
      Oft do the old speak good;
    (Oft from shrivelled skin   |   come skillful counsels,
      Though it hang with the hides,
      And flap with the pelts,
      And is blown with the bellies.)

135. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    Curse not thy guest,   |   nor show him thy gate,
      Deal well with a man in want.

136. Strong is the beam   |   that raised must be
      To give an entrance to all;
    Give it a ring,   |   or grim will be
      The wish it would work on thee.

137. I rede thee, Loddfafnir!   |   and hear thou my rede,—
      Profit thou hast if thou hearest,
      Great thy gain if thou learnest:
    When ale thou drinkest,   |   seek might of earth,
    (For earth cures drink,   |   and fire cures ills,
    The oak cures tightness,   |   the ear cures magic,
    Rye cures rupture,   |   the moon cures rage,
    Grass cures the scab,   |   and runes the sword-cut;)
      The field absorbs the flood.

138. Now are Hor’s words   |   spoken in the hall,
      Kind for the kindred of men,
      Cursed for the kindred of giants:
    Hail to the speaker,   |   and to him who learns!
      Profit be his who has them!
      Hail to them who hearken

        *    *    *    *    *    *

139. I ween that I hung   |   on the windy tree,
      Hung there for nights full nine;
    With the spear I was wounded,   |   and offered I was
      To Othin, myself to myself,
    On the tree that none   |   may ever know
      What root beneath it runs.

140. None made me happy   |   with loaf or horn,
      And there below I looked;
    I took up the runes,   |   shrieking I took them,
      And forthwith back I fell.

141. Nine mighty songs   |   I got from the son
      Of Bolthorn, Bestla’s father;
    And a drink I got   |   of the goodly mead
      Poured out from Othrörir.

142. Then began I to thrive,   |   and wisdom to get,
      I grew and well I was;
    Each word led me on   |   to another word,
      Each deed to another deed.

143. Runes shalt thou find,   |   and fateful signs,
      That the king of singers colored,
      And the mighty gods have made;
    Full strong the signs,   |   full mighty the signs
      That the ruler of gods doth write.

144. Othin for the gods,   |   Dain for the elves,
      And Dvalin for the dwarfs,
    Alsvith for giants   |   and all mankind,
      And some myself I wrote.

145. Knowest how one shall write,   |   knowest how one shall rede?
    Knowest how one shall tint,   |   knowest how one makes trial?
    Knowest how one shall ask,   |   knowest how one shall offer?
    Knowest how one shall send,   |   knowest how one shall sacrifice?

146. Better no prayer   |   than too big an offering,
      By thy getting measure thy gift;
    Better is none   |   than too big a sacrifice,
      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    So Thund of old wrote   |   ere man’s race began,
    Where he rose on high   |   when home he came.

        *    *    *    *    *    *

147. The songs I know   |   that king’s wives know not,
      Nor men that are sons of men;
    The first is called help,   |   and help it can bring thee
      In sorrow and pain and sickness.

148. A second I know,   |   that men shall need
      Who leechcraft long to use;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

149. A third I know,   |   if great is my need
      Of fetters to hold my foe;
    Blunt do I make   |   mine enemy’s blade,
      Nor bites his sword or staff.

150. A fourth I know,   |   if men shall fasten
      Bonds on my bended legs;
    So great is the charm   |   that forth I may go,
      The fetters spring from my feet,
      Broken the bonds from my hands.

151. A fifth I know,   |   if I see from afar
      An arrow fly ’gainst the folk;
    It flies not so swift   |   that I stop it not,
      If ever my eyes behold it.

152. A sixth I know,   |   if harm one seeks
      With a sapling’s roots to send me;
    The hero himself   |   who wreaks his hate
      Shall taste the ill ere I.

153. A seventh I know,   |   if I see in flames
      The hall o’er my comrades’ heads;
    It burns not so wide   |   that I will not quench it,
      I know that song to sing.

154. An eighth I know,   |   that is to all
      Of greatest good to learn;
    When hatred grows   |   among heroes’ sons,
      I soon can set it right.

155. A ninth I know,   |   if need there comes
      To shelter my ship on the flood;
    The wind I calm   |   upon the waves,
      And the sea I put to sleep.

156. A tenth I know,   |   what time I see
      House-riders flying on high;
    So can I work   |   that wildly they go,
      Showing their true shapes,
      Hence to their own homes.

157. An eleventh I know,   |   if needs I must lead
      To the fight my long-loved friends;
    I sing in the shields,   |   and in strength they go
      Whole to the field of fight,
      Whole from the field of fight,
      And whole they come thence home.

158. A twelfth I know,   |   if high on a tree
      I see a hanged man swing;
    So do I write   |   and color the runes
      That forth he fares,
      And to me talks.

159. A thirteenth I know,   |   if a thane full young
      With water I sprinkle well;
    He shall not fall,   |   though he fares mid the host,
      Nor sink beneath the swords.

160. A fourteenth I know,   |   if fain I would name
      To men the mighty gods;
    All know I well   |   of the gods and elves,—
      Few be the fools know this.

161. A fifteenth I know,   |   that before the doors
      Of Delling sang Thjothrörir the dwarf;
    Might he sang for the gods,   |   and glory for elves,
      And wisdom for Hroptatyr wise.

162. A sixteenth I know,   |   if I seek delight
      To win from a maiden wise;
    The mind I turn   |   of the white-armed maid,
      And thus change all her thoughts.

163. A seventeenth I know,   |   so that seldom shall go
      A maiden young from me;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

164. Long these songs   |   thou shalt, Loddfafnir,
      Seek in vain to sing;
    Yet good it were   |   if thou mightest get them,
      Well, if thou wouldst them learn,
      Help, if thou hadst them.

165. An eighteenth I know,   |   that ne’er will I tell
      To maiden or wife of man,—
    The best is what none   |   but one’s self doth know,
      So comes the end of the songs,—
    Save only to her   |   in whose arms I lie,
      Or who else my sister is.








NOTES


1. This stanza is quoted by Snorri, the second line being omitted in
most of the Prose Edda manuscripts.

2. Probably the first and second lines had originally nothing to do
with the third and fourth, the last two not referring to host or guest,
but to the general danger of backing one’s views with the sword.

6. Lines 5 and 6 appear to have been added to the stanza.

12. Some editors have combined this stanza in various ways with the
last two lines of stanza 11, as in the manuscript the first two lines
of the latter are abbreviated, and, if they belong there at all, are
presumably identical with the first two lines of stanza 10.

13. The heron: the bird of forgetfulness, referred to in line 1.
Gunnloth: the daughter of the giant Suttung, from whom Othin won the
mead of poetry. For this episode see stanzas 104–110.

14. Fjalar: apparently another name for Suttung. This stanza, and
probably 13, seem to have been inserted as illustrative.

25. The first two lines are abbreviated in the manuscript, but are
doubtless identical with the first two lines of stanza 24.

27. The last two lines were probably added as a commentary on lines 3
and 4.

36. The manuscript has “little” in place of “a hut” in line 1, but this
involves an error in the initial-rhymes, and the emendation has been
generally accepted.

37. Lines 1 and 2 are abbreviated in the manuscript, but are doubtless
identical with the first two lines of stanza 36.

39. In the manuscript this stanza follows stanza 40.

40. The key-word in line 3 is missing in the manuscript, but editors
have agreed in inserting a word meaning “generous.”

41. In line 3 the manuscript adds “givers again” to “gift-givers.”

55–56. The first pairs of lines are abbreviated in the manuscript.

61. The fifth line is probably a spurious addition.

62. This stanza follows stanza 63 in the manuscript, but there are
marks therein indicating the transposition.

65. The manuscript indicates no lacuna (lines 1 and 2). Many editors
have filled out the stanza with two lines from late paper manuscripts,
the passage running:


    “A man must be watchful   |   and wary as well,
      And fearful of trusting a friend.”


70. The manuscript has “and a worthy life” in place of “than to lie a
corpse” in line 1, but Rask suggested the emendation as early as 1818,
and most editors have followed him.

73–74. These seven lines are obviously a jumble. The two lines of
stanza 73 not only appear out of place, but the verse-form is unlike
that of the surrounding stanzas. In 74, the second line is clearly
interpolated, and line 1 has little enough connection with lines 3, 4
and 5. It looks as though some compiler (or copyist) had inserted here
various odds and ends for which he could find no better place.

75. The word “gold” in line 2 is more or less conjectural, the
manuscript being obscure. The reading in line 4 is also doubtful.

76. In the manuscript this stanza follows 78, the order being: 77, 78,
76, 80, 79, 81. Fitjung (“the Nourisher”): Earth.

79. This stanza is certainly in bad shape, and probably out of place
here. Its reference to runes as magic signs suggests that it properly
belongs in some list of charms like the Ljothatal (stanzas 147–165).
The stanza-form is so irregular as to show either that something has
been lost or that there have been interpolations. The manuscript
indicates no lacuna; Gering fills out the assumed gap as follows:


    “Certain is that   |   which is sought from runes,
      The runes—,” etc.


81. With this stanza the verse-form, as indicated in the translation,
abruptly changes to Malahattr. What has happened seems to have been
something like this. Stanza 80 introduces the idea of man’s love for
woman. Consequently some reciter or compiler (or possibly even a
copyist) took occasion to insert at this point certain stanzas
concerning the ways of women. Thus stanza 80 would account for the
introduction of stanzas 81 and 82, which, in turn, apparently drew
stanza 83 in with them. Stanza 84 suggests the fickleness of women, and
is immediately followed—again with a change of verse-form—by a list of
things equally untrustworthy (stanzas 85–90). Then, after a few more
stanzas on love in the regular measure of the Hovamol (stanzas 91–95),
is introduced, by way of illustration, Othin’s story of his adventure
with Billing’s daughter (stanzas 96–102). Some such process of growth,
whatever its specific stages may have been, must be assumed to account
for the curious chaos of the whole passage from stanza 81 to stanza
102.

84. Lines 3 and 4 are quoted in the Fostbræthrasaga.

85. Stanzas 85–88 and 90 are in Fornyrthislag, and clearly come from a
different source from the rest of the Hovamol.

87. The stanza is doubtless incomplete. Some editors add from a late
paper manuscript two lines running:


    “In a light, clear sky   |   or a laughing throng,
    In the howl of a dog   |   or a harlot’s grief.”


88. This stanza follows stanza 89 in the manuscript. Many editors have
changed the order, for while stanza 89 is pretty clearly an
interpolation wherever it stands, it seriously interferes with the
sense if it breaks in between 87 and 88.

96. Here begins the passage (stanzas 96–102) illustrating the falseness
of woman by the story of Othin’s unsuccessful love-affair with
Billing’s daughter. Of this person we know nothing beyond what is here
told, but the story needs little comment.

102. Rask adds at the beginning of this stanza two lines from a late
paper manuscript, running:


    “Few are so good   |   that false they are never
      To cheat the mind of a man.”


He makes these two lines plus lines 1 and 2 a full stanza, and lines 3,
4, 5, and 6 a second stanza.

103. With this stanza the subject changes abruptly, and apparently the
virtues of fair speech, mentioned in the last three lines, account for
the introduction, from what source cannot be known, of the story of
Othin and the mead of song (stanzas 104–110).

104. The giant Suttung (“the old giant”) possessed the magic mead, a
draught of which conferred the gift of poetry. Othin, desiring to
obtain it, changed himself into a snake, bored his way through a
mountain into Suttung’s home, made love to the giant’s daughter,
Gunnloth, and by her connivance drank up all the mead. Then he flew
away in the form of an eagle, leaving Gunnloth to her fate. While with
Suttung he assumed the name of Bolverk (“the Evil-Doer”).

105. Rati (“the Traveller”): the gimlet with which Othin bored through
the mountain to reach Suttung’s home.

106. Probably either the fourth or the fifth line is a spurious
addition.

107. Othrörir: here the name of the magic mead itself, whereas in
stanza 141 it is the name of the vessel containing it. Othin had no
intention of bestowing any of the precious mead upon men, but as he was
flying over the earth, hotly pursued by Suttung, he spilled some of it
out of his mouth, and in this way mankind also won the gift of poetry.

109. Hor: Othin (“the High One”). The frost-giants, Suttung’s kinsmen,
appear not to have suspected Othin of being identical with Bolverk,
possibly because the oath referred to in stanza 110 was an oath made by
Othin to Suttung that there was no such person as Bolverk among the
gods. The giants, of course, fail to get from Othin the information
they seek concerning Bolverk, but Othin is keenly conscious of having
violated the most sacred of oaths, that sworn on his ring.

111. With this stanza begins the Loddfafnismol (stanzas 111–138).
Loddfafnir is apparently a wandering singer, who, from his “chanter’s
stool,” recites the verses which he claims to have received from Othin.
Wells of Urth: cf. Voluspo, 19 and note. Urth (“the Past”) is one of
the three Norns. This stanza is apparently in corrupt form, and editors
have tried many experiments with it, both in rejecting lines as
spurious and in rearranging the words and punctuation. It looks rather
as though the first four lines formed a complete stanza, and the last
four had crept in later. The phrase translated “the speech of Hor” is
“Hova mol,” later used as the title for the entire poem.

112. Lines 1–3 are the formula, repeated (abbreviated in the
manuscript) in most of the stanzas, with which Othin prefaces his
counsels to Loddfafnir, and throughout this section, except in stanzas
111 and 138, Loddfafnir represents himself as simply quoting Othin’s
words. The material is closely analogous to that contained in the first
eighty stanzas of the poem. In some cases (e.g., stanzas 117, 119, 121,
126 and 130) the formula precedes a full four-line stanza instead of
two (or three) lines.

129. Line 5 is apparently interpolated.

131. Lines 5–6 probably were inserted from a different poem.

133. Many editors reject the last two lines of this stanza as spurious,
putting the first two lines at the end of the preceding stanza. Others,
attaching lines 3 and 4 to stanza 132, insert as the first two lines of
stanza 133 two lines from a late paper manuscript, running:


    “Evil and good   |   do men’s sons ever
      Mingled bear in their breasts.”


134. Presumably the last four lines have been added to this stanza, for
the parallelism in the last three makes it probable that they belong
together. The wrinkled skin of the old man is compared with the dried
skins and bellies of animals kept for various purposes hanging in an
Icelandic house.

136. This stanza suggests the dangers of too much hospitality. The beam
(bolt) which is ever being raised to admit guests becomes weak thereby.
It needs a ring to help it in keeping the door closed, and without the
ability at times to ward off guests a man becomes the victim of his own
generosity.

137. The list of “household remedies” in this stanza is doubtless
interpolated. Their nature needs no comment here.

138. In the manuscript this stanza comes at the end of the entire poem,
following stanza 165. Most recent editors have followed Müllenhoff in
shifting it to this position, as it appears to conclude the passage
introduced by the somewhat similar stanza III.

139. With this stanza begins the most confusing part of the Hovamol:
the group of eight stanzas leading up to the Ljothatal, or list of
charms. Certain paper manuscripts have before this stanza a title:
“Othin’s Tale of the Runes.” Apparently stanzas 139, 140 and 142 are
fragments of an account of how Othin obtained the runes; 141 is
erroneously inserted from some version of the magic mead story (cf.
stanzas 104–110); and stanzas 143, 144, 145, and 146 are from
miscellaneous sources, all, however, dealing with the general subject
of runes. With stanza 147 a clearly continuous passage begins once
more. The windy tree: the ash Yggdrasil (literally “the Horse of
Othin,” so called because of this story), on which Othin, in order to
win the magic runes, hanged himself as an offering to himself, and
wounded himself with his own spear. Lines 5 and 6 have presumably been
borrowed from Svipdagsmol, 30.

141. This stanza, interrupting as it does the account of Othin’s
winning the runes, appears to be an interpolation. The meaning of the
stanza is most obscure. Bolthorn was Othin’s grandfather, and Bestla
his mother. We do not know the name of the uncle here mentioned, but it
has been suggested that this son of Bolthorn was Mimir (cf. Voluspo, 27
and note, and 47 and note). In any case, the nine magic songs which he
learned from his uncle seem to have enabled him to win the magic mead
(cf. stanzas 104–110). Concerning Othrörir, here used as the name of
the vessel containing the mead, cf. stanza 107 and note.

143. This and the following stanza belong together, and in many
editions appear as a single stanza. They presumably come from some lost
poem on the authorship of the runes. Lines 2 and 3 follow line 4 in the
manuscript; the transposition was suggested by Bugge. The king of
singers: Othin. The magic signs (runes) were commonly carved in wood,
then colored red.

144. Dain and Dvalin: dwarfs; cf. Voluspo, 14, and note. Dain, however,
may here be one of the elves rather than the dwarf of that name. The
two names also appear together in Grimnismol, 33, where they are
applied to two of the four harts that nibble at the topmost twigs of
Yggdrasil. Alsvith (“the All-Wise”) appears nowhere else as a giant’s
name. Myself: Othin. We have no further information concerning the list
of those who wrote the runes for the various races, and these four
lines seem like a confusion of names in the rather hazy mind of some
reciter.

145. This Malahattr stanza appears to be a regular religious formula,
concerned less with the runes which one “writes” and “tints” (cf.
stanza 79) than with the prayers which one “asks” and the sacrifices
which one “offers” and “sends.” Its origin is wholly uncertain, but it
is clearly an interpolation here. In the manuscript the phrase
“knowest?” is abbreviated after the first line.

146. This stanza as translated here follows the manuscript reading,
except in assuming a gap between lines 3 and 5. In Vigfusson and
Powell’s Corpus Poeticum Boreale the first three lines have somehow
been expanded into eight. The last two lines are almost certainly
misplaced; Bugge suggests that they belong at the end of stanza 144.
Thund: another name for Othin. When home he came: presumably after
obtaining the runes as described in stanzas 139 and 140.

147. With this stanza begins the Ljothatal, or list of charms. The
magic songs themselves are not given, but in each case the peculiar
application of the charm is explained. The passage, which is certainly
approximately complete as far as it goes, runs to the end of the poem.
In the manuscript and in most editions line 4 falls into two
half-lines, running:


    “In sickness and pain   |   and every sorrow.”


148. Second, etc., appear in the manuscript as Roman numerals. The
manuscript indicates no gap after line 2.

152. The sending of a root with runes written thereon was an excellent
way of causing death. So died the Icelandic hero Grettir the Strong.

156. House-riders: witches, who ride by night on the roofs of houses,
generally in the form of wild beasts. Possibly one of the last two
lines is spurious.

157. The last line looks like an unwarranted addition, and line 4 may
likewise be spurious.

158. Lines 4–5 are probably expanded from a single line.

159. The sprinkling of a child with water was an established custom
long before Christianity brought its conception of baptism.

161. This stanza, according to Müllenhoff, was the original conclusion
of the poem, the phrase “a fifteenth” being inserted only after stanzas
162–165 had crept in. Delling: a seldom mentioned god who married Not
(Night). Their son was Dag (Day). Thjothrörir: not mentioned elsewhere.
Hroptatyr: Othin.

163. Some editors have combined these two lines with stanza 164. Others
have assumed that the gap follows the first half-line, making “so
that—from me” the end of the stanza.

164. This stanza is almost certainly an interpolation, and seems to
have been introduced after the list of charms and the Loddfafnismol
(stanzas 111–138) were combined in a single poem, for there is no other
apparent excuse for the reference to Loddfafnir at this point. The
words “if thou mightest get them” are a conjectural emendation.

165. This stanza is almost totally obscure. The third and fourth lines
look like interpolations.









VAFTHRUTHNISMOL

THE BALLAD OF VAFTHRUTHNIR


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Vafthruthnismol follows the Hovamol in the Codex Regius. From
stanza 20 on it is also included in the Arnamagnæan Codex, the first
part evidently having appeared on a leaf now lost. Snorri quotes eight
stanzas of it in the Prose Edda, and in his prose text closely
paraphrases many others.

The poem is wholly in dialogue form except for a single narrative
stanza (stanza 5). After a brief introductory discussion between Othin
and his wife, Frigg, concerning the reputed wisdom of the giant
Vafthruthnir, Othin, always in quest of wisdom, seeks out the giant,
calling himself Gagnrath. The giant immediately insists that they shall
demonstrate which is the wiser of the two, and propounds four questions
(stanzas 11, 13, 15, and 17), each of which Othin answers. It is then
the god’s turn to ask, and he begins with a series of twelve numbered
questions regarding the origins and past history of life. These
Vafthruthnir answers, and Othin asks five more questions, this time
referring to what is to follow the destruction of the gods, the last
one asking the name of his own slayer. Again Vafthruthnir answers, and
Othin finally propounds the unanswerable question: “What spake Othin
himself in the ears of his son, ere in the bale-fire he burned?”
Vafthruthnir, recognizing his questioner as Othin himself, admits his
inferiority in wisdom, and so the contest ends.

The whole poem is essentially encyclopædic in character, and thus was
particularly useful to Snorri in his preparation of the Prose Edda. The
encyclopædic poem with a slight narrative outline seems to have been
exceedingly popular; the Grimnismol and the much later Alvissmol
represent different phases of the same type. The Vafthruthnismol and
Grimnismol together, indeed, constitute a fairly complete dictionary of
Norse mythology. There has been much discussion as to the probable date
of the Vafthruthnismol, but it appears to belong to about the same
period as the Voluspo: in other words, the middle of the tenth century.
While there may be a few interpolated passages in the poem as we now
have it, it is clearly a united whole, and evidently in relatively good
condition.





Othin spake:


1.  “Counsel me, Frigg,   |   for I long to fare,
      And Vafthruthnir fain would find;
    In wisdom old   |   with the giant wise
      Myself would I seek to match.”


Frigg spake:


2.  “Heerfather here   |   at home would I keep,
      Where the gods together dwell;
    Amid all the giants   |   an equal in might
      To Vafthruthnir know I none.”


Othin spake:


3.  “Much have I fared,   |   much have I found,
      Much have I got from the gods;
    And fain would I know   |   how Vafthruthnir now
      Lives in his lofty hall.”


Frigg spake:


4.  “Safe mayst thou go,   |   safe come again,
      And safe be the way thou wendest!
    Father of men,   |   let thy mind be keen
      When speech with the giant thou seekest.”

5.  The wisdom then   |   of the giant wise
      Forth did he fare to try;
    He found the hall   |   of the father of Im,
      And in forthwith went Ygg.


Othin spake:


6.  “Vafthruthnir, hail!   |   to thy hall am I come,
      For thyself I fain would see;
    And first would I ask   |   if wise thou art,
      Or, giant, all wisdom hast won.”


Vafthruthnir spake:


7.  “Who is the man   |   that speaks to me,
      Here in my lofty hall?
    Forth from our dwelling   |   thou never shalt fare,
      Unless wiser than I thou art.”


Othin spake:


8.  “Gagnrath they call me,   |   and thirsty I come
      From a journey hard to thy hall;
    Welcome I look for,   |   for long have I fared,
      And gentle greeting, giant.”


Vafthruthnir spake:


9.  “Why standest thou there   |   on the floor whilst thou
    speakest?
      A seat shalt thou have in my hall;
    Then soon shall we know   |   whose knowledge is more,
      The guest’s or the sage’s gray.”


Othin spake:


10. “If a poor man reaches   |   the home of the rich,
      Let him wisely speak or be still;
    For to him who speaks   |   with the hard of heart
      Will chattering ever work ill.”


Vafthruthnir spake:


11. “Speak forth now, Gagnrath,   |   if there from the floor
      Thou wouldst thy wisdom make known:
    What name has the steed   |   that each morn anew
      The day for mankind doth draw?”


Othin spake:


12. “Skinfaxi is he,   |   the steed who for men
      The glittering day doth draw;
    The best of horses   |   to heroes he seems,
      And brightly his mane doth burn.”


Vafthruthnir spake:


13. “Speak forth now, Gagnrath,   |   if there from the floor
      Thou wouldst thy wisdom make known:
    What name has the steed   |   that from East anew
      Brings night for the noble gods?”


Othin spake:


14. “Hrimfaxi name they   |   the steed that anew
      Brings night for the noble gods;
    Each morning foam   |   from his bit there falls,
      And thence come the dews in the dales.”


Vafthruthnir spake:


15. “Speak forth now, Gagnrath,   |   if there from the floor
      Thou wouldst thy wisdom make known:
    What name has the river   |   that ’twixt the realms
      Of the gods and the giants goes?”


Othin spake:


16. “Ifing is the river   |   that ’twixt the realms
      Of the gods and the giants goes;
    For all time ever   |   open it flows,
      No ice on the river there is.”


Vafthruthnir spake:


17. “Speak forth now, Gagnrath,   |   if there from the floor
      Thou wouldst thy wisdom make known:
    What name has the field   |   where in fight shall meet
      Surt and the gracious gods?”


Othin spake:


18. “Vigrith is the field   |   where in fight shall meet
      Surt and the gracious gods;
    A hundred miles   |   each way does it measure,
      And so are its boundaries set.”


Vafthruthnir spake:


19. “Wise art thou, guest!   |   To my bench shalt thou go,
      In our seats let us speak together;
    Here in the hall   |   our heads, O guest,
      hall we wager our wisdom upon.”


Othin spake:


20. “First answer me well,   |   if thy wisdom avails,
      And thou knowest it, Vafthruthnir, now:
    In earliest time   |   whence came the earth,
      Or the sky, thou giant sage?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


21. “Out of Ymir’s flesh   |   was fashioned the earth,
      And the mountains were made of his bones;
    The sky from the frost-cold   |   giant’s skull,
      And the ocean out of his blood.”


Othin spake:


22. “Next answer me well,   |   if thy wisdom avails,
      And thou knowest it, Vafthruthnir, now:
    Whence came the moon,   |   o’er the world of men
      That fares, and the flaming sun?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


23. “Mundilferi is he   |   who begat the moon,
      And fathered the flaming sun;
    The round of heaven   |   each day they run,
      To tell the time for men.”


Othin spake:


24. “Third answer me well,   |   if wise thou art called,
      If thou knowest it, Vafthruthnir, now:
    Whence came the day,   |   o’er mankind that fares,
      Or night with the narrowing moon?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


25. “The father of day   |   is Delling called,
      And the night was begotten by Nor;
    Full moon and old   |   by the gods were fashioned,
      To tell the time for men.”


Othin spake:


26. “Fourth answer me well,   |   if wise thou art called,
      If thou knowest it, Vafthruthnir, now:
    Whence did winter come,   |   or the summer warm,
      First with the gracious gods?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


27. “Vindsval he was   |   who was winter’s father,
      And Svosuth summer begat;”
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


Othin spake:


28. “Fifth answer me well,   |   if wise thou art called,
      If thou knowest it, Vafthruthnir, now:
    What giant first   |   was fashioned of old,
      And the eldest of Ymir’s kin?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


29. “Winters unmeasured   |   ere earth was made
      Was the birth of Bergelmir;
    Thruthgelmir’s son   |   was the giant strong,
      And Aurgelmir’s grandson of old.”


Othin spake:


30. “Sixth answer me well,   |   if wise thou art called,
      If thou knowest it, Vafthruthnir, now:
    Whence did Aurgelmir come   |   with the giants’ kin,
      Long since, thou giant sage?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


31. “Down from Elivagar   |   did venom drop,
      And waxed till a giant it was;
    And thence arose   |   our giants’ race,
      And thus so fierce are we found.”


Othin spake:


32. “Seventh answer me well,   |   if wise thou art called,
      If thou knowest it, Vafthruthnir, now:
    How begat he children,   |   the giant grim,
      Who never a giantess knew?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


33. “They say ’neath the arms   |   of the giant of ice
      Grew man-child and maid together;
    And foot with foot   |   did the wise one fashion
      A son that six heads bore.”


Othin spake:


34. “Eighth answer me well,   |   if wise thou art called,
      If thou knowest it, Vafthruthnir, now:
    What farthest back   |   dost thou bear in mind?
      For wide is thy wisdom, giant!”


Vafthruthnir spake:


35. “Winters unmeasured   |   ere earth was made
      Was the birth of Bergelmir;
    This first knew I well,   |   when the giant wise
      In a boat of old was borne.”


Othin spake:


36. “Ninth answer me well,   |   if wise thou art called,
      If thou knowest it, Vafthruthnir, now:
    Whence comes the wind   |   that fares o’er the waves
      Yet never itself is seen?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


37. “In an eagle’s guise   |   at the end of heaven
      Hræsvelg sits, they say;
    And from his wings   |   does the wind come forth
      To move o’er the world of men.”


Othin spake:


38. “Tenth answer me now,   |   if thou knowest all
      The fate that is fixed for the gods:
    Whence came up Njorth   |   to the kin of the gods,—
    (Rich in temples   |   and shrines he rules,—)
      Though of gods he was never begot?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


39. “In the home of the Wanes   |   did the wise ones create him,
      And gave him as pledge to the gods;
    At the fall of the world   |   shall he fare once more
      Home to the Wanes so wise.”


Othin spake:


40. “Eleventh answer me well,   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
        .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    What men .  .  .  .  .  .   |   in .  .  .  .  .  . home
      Each day to fight go forth?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


41. “The heroes all   |   in Othin’s hall
      Each day to fight go forth;
    They fell each other,   |   and fare from the fight
      All healed full soon to sit.”


Othin spake:


42. “Twelfth answer me now   |   how all thou knowest
      Of the fate that is fixed for the gods;
    Of the runes of the gods   |   and the giants’ race
      The truth indeed dost thou tell,
      (And wide is thy wisdom, giant!)”


Vafthruthnir spake:


43. “Of the runes of the gods   |   and the giants’ race
      The truth indeed can I tell,
      (For to every world have I won;)
    To nine worlds came I,   |   to Niflhel beneath,
      The home where dead men dwell.”


Othin spake:


44. “Much have I fared,   |   much have I found,
      Much have I got of the gods:
    What shall live of mankind   |   when at last there comes
      The mighty winter to men?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


45. “In Hoddmimir’s wood   |   shall hide themselves
    Lif and Lifthrasir then;
    The morning dews   |   for meat shall they have,
      Such food shall men then find.”


Othin spake:


46. “Much have I fared,   |   much have I found,
      Much have I got of the gods:
    Whence comes the sun   |   to the smooth sky back,
      When Fenrir has snatched it forth?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


47. “A daughter bright   |   Alfrothul bears
      Ere Fenrir snatches her forth;
    Her mother’s paths   |   shall the maiden tread
      When the gods to death have gone.”


Othin spake:


48. “Much have I fared,   |   much have I found,
      Much have I got of the gods:
    What maidens are they,   |   so wise of mind,
      That forth o’er the sea shall fare?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


49. “O’er Mogthrasir’s hill   |   shall the maidens pass,
      And three are their throngs that come;
    They all shall protect   |   the dwellers on earth,
      Though they come of the giants’ kin.”


Othin spake:


50. “Much have I fared,   |   much have I found,
      Much have I got of the gods:
    Who then shall rule   |   the realm of the gods,
      When the fires of Surt have sunk?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


51. “In the gods’ home Vithar   |   and Vali shall dwell,
      When the fires of Surt have sunk;
    Mothi and Magni   |   shall Mjollnir have
      When Vingnir falls in fight.”


Othin spake:


52. “Much have I fared,   |   much have I found,
      Much have I got of the gods:
    What shall bring the doom   |   of death to Othin,
      When the gods to destruction go?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


53. “The wolf shall fell   |   the father of men,
      And this shall Vithar avenge;
    The terrible jaws   |   shall he tear apart,
      And so the wolf shall he slay.”


Othin spake:


54. “Much have I fared,   |   much have I found,
      Much have I got from the gods:
    What spake Othin himself   |   in the ears of his son,
      Ere in the bale-fire he burned?”


Vafthruthnir spake:


55. “No man can tell   |   what in olden time
      Thou spak’st in the ears of thy son;
    With fated mouth   |   the fall of the gods
      And mine olden tales have I told;
    With Othin in knowledge   |   now have I striven,
      And ever the wiser thou art.”








NOTES


1. The phrases “Othin spake,” “Frigg spake,” etc., appear in
abbreviated form in both manuscripts. Frigg: Othin’s wife; cf. Voluspo,
34 and note. Vafthruthnir (“the Mighty in Riddles”): nothing is known
of this giant beyond what is told in this poem.

2. Heerfather (“Father of the Host”): Othin.

5. This single narrative stanza is presumably a later interpolation.
Im: the name appears to be corrupt, but we know nothing of any son of
Vafthruthnir. Ygg (“the Terrible”): Othin.

8. Gagnrath (“the Gain-Counsellor”): Othin on his travels always
assumes a name other than his own.

10. This stanza sounds very much like many of those in the first part
of the Hovamol, and may have been introduced here from some such
source.

12. Skinfaxi: “Shining-Mane.”

13. Here, and in general throughout the poem, the two-line introductory
formulæ are abbreviated in the manuscripts.

14. Hrimfaxi: “Frosty-Mane.”

16. Ifing: there is no other reference to this river, which never
freezes, so that the giants cannot cross it.

17. Surt: the ruler of the fire-world (Muspellsheim), who comes to
attack the gods in the last battle; cf. Voluspo, 52.

18. Vigrith: “the Field of Battle.” Snorri quotes this stanza. A
hundred miles: a general phrase for a vast distance.

19. With this stanza Vafthruthnir, sufficiently impressed with his
guest’s wisdom to invite him to share his own seat, resigns the
questioning to Othin.

20. The fragmentary version of this poem in the Arnamagnæan Codex
begins in the middle of the first line of this stanza.

21. Ymir: the giant out of whose body the gods made the world; cf.
Voluspo, 3 and note.

22. In this and in Othin’s following questions, both manuscripts
replace the words “next,” “third,” “fourth,” etc., by Roman numerals.

23. Mundilferi (“the Turner”?): known only as the father of Mani (the
Moon) and Sol (the Sun). Note that, curiously enough, Mani is the boy
and Sol the girl. According to Snorri, Sol drove the horses of the sun,
and Mani those of the moon, for the gods, indignant that they should
have been given such imposing names, took them from their father to
perform these tasks. Cf. Grimnismol, 37.

25. Delling (“the Dayspring”? Probably another form of the name,
Dogling, meaning “Son of the Dew” is more correct): the husband of Not
(Night); their son was Dag (Day); cf. Hovamol, 161. Nor: Snorri calls
the father of Night Norvi or Narfi, and puts him among the giants.
Lines 3–4: cf. Voluspo, 6.

27. Neither the Regius nor the Arnamagnæan Codex indicates a lacuna.
Most editors have filled out the stanza with two lines from late paper
manuscripts: “And both of these   |   shall ever be, / Till the gods to
destruction go.” Bugge ingeniously paraphrases Snorri’s prose:
“Vindsval’s father   |   was Vosuth called, / And rough is all his
race.” Vindsval: “the Wind-Cold,” also called Vindljoni, “the
Wind-Man.” Svosuth: “the Gentle.”

28. Ymir’s kin: the giants.

29. Bergelmir: when the gods slew Ymir in order to make the world out
of his body, so much blood flowed from him that all the frost-giants
were drowned except Bergelmir and his wife, who escaped in a boat; cf.
stanza 35. Of Thruthgelmir (“the Mightily Burning”) we know nothing,
but Aurgelmir was the frost-giants’ name for Ymir himself. Thus Ymir
was the first of the giants, and so Othin’s question is answered.

31. Snorri quotes this stanza, and the last two lines are taken from
his version, as both of the manuscripts omit them. Elivagar (“Stormy
Waves”): Mogk suggests that this river may have been the Milky Way. At
any rate, the venom carried in its waters froze into ice-banks over
Ginnunga-gap (the “yawning gap” referred to in Voluspo, 3), and then
dripped down to make the giant Ymir.

33. Snorri gives, without materially elaborating on it, the same
account of how Ymir’s son and daughter were born under his left arm,
and how his feet together created a son. That this offspring should
have had six heads is nothing out of the ordinary, for various giants
had more than the normal number, and Hymir’s mother is credited with a
little matter of nine hundred heads; cf. Hymiskvitha, 8. Of the career
of Ymir’s six-headed son we know nothing; he may have been the
Thruthgelmir of stanza 29.

35. Snorri quotes this stanza. Bergelmir: on him and his boat cf.
stanza 29 and note.

37. Snorri quotes this stanza. Hræsvelg (“the Corpse-Eater”): on this
giant in eagle’s form cf. Voluspo, 50, and Skirnismol, 27.

38. With this stanza the question-formula changes, and Othin’s
questions from this point on concern more or less directly the great
final struggle. Line 4 is presumably spurious. Njorth: on Njorth and
the Wanes, who gave him as a hostage to the gods at the end of their
war, cf. Voluspo, 21 and note.

40. In both manuscripts, apparently through the carelessness of some
older copyist, stanzas 40 and 41 are run together: “Eleventh answer me
well, what men in the home mightily battle each day? They fell each
other, and fare from the fight all healed full soon to sit.” Luckily
Snorri quotes stanza 41 in full, and the translation is from his
version. Stanza 40 should probably run something like this: “Eleventh
answer me well,   |   if thou knowest all / The fate that is fixed for
the gods: / What men are they   |   who in Othin’s home / Each day to
fight go forth?”

41. The heroes: those brought to Valhall by the Valkyries. After the
day’s fighting they are healed of their wounds and all feast together.

43. Nine worlds: cf. Voluspo, 2. Niflhel: “Dark-Hell.”

44. The mighty winter: Before the final destruction three winters
follow one another with no intervening summers.

45. Snorri quotes this stanza. Hoddmimir’s wood: probably this is the
ash-tree Yggdrasil, which is sometimes referred to as “Mimir’s Tree,”
because Mimir waters it from his well; cf. Voluspo, 27 and note, and
Svipdagsmol, 30 and note. Hoddmimir is presumably another name for
Mimir. Lif (“Life”) and Lifthrasir (“Sturdy of Life”?): nothing further
is known of this pair, from whom the new race of men is to spring.

46. Fenrir: there appears to be a confusion between the wolf Fenrir
(cf. Voluspo, 39 and note) and his son, the wolf Skoll, who steals the
sun (cf. Voluspo, 40 and note).

47. Snorri quotes this stanza. Alfrothul (“the Elf-Beam”): the sun.

49. Mogthrasir (“Desiring Sons”): not mentioned elsewhere in the Eddic
poems, or by Snorri. The maidens: apparently Norns, like the
“giant-maids” in Voluspo, 8. These Norns, however, are kindly to men.

50. Surt: cf. Voluspo, 52 and note.

51. Vithar: a son of Othin, who slays the wolf Fenrir; cf. Voluspo, 54
and note. Vali: the son whom Othin begot to avenge Baldr’s death; cf.
Voluspo, 33 and note. Mothi (“Wrath”) and Magni (“Might”): the sons of
the god Thor, who after his death inherit his famous hammer, Mjollnir.
Concerning this hammer cf. especially Thrymskvitha, passim. Vingnir
(“the Hurler”): Thor. Concerning his death cf. Voluspo, 56. This stanza
is quoted by Snorri.

53. The wolf: Fenrir; cf. Voluspo, 53 and 54.

54. His son: Baldr. Bugge changes lines 3–4 to run: “What did Othin
speak   |   in the ear of Baldr, / When to the bale-fire they bore
him?” For Baldr’s death cf. Voluspo, 32 and note. The question is, of
course, unanswerable save by Othin himself, and so the giant at last
recognizes his guest.

55. Fated: in stanza 19 Vafthruthnir was rash enough to wager his head
against his guest’s on the outcome of the contest of wisdom, so he
knows that his defeat means his death.








GRIMNISMOL

THE BALLAD OF GRIMNIR


INTRODUCTORY NOTE


The Grimnismol follows the Vafthruthnismol in the Codex Regius and is
also found complete in the Arnamagnæan Codex, where also it follows the
Vafthruthnismol. Snorri quotes over twenty of its stanzas.

Like the preceding poem, the Grimnismol is largely encyclopædic in
nature, and consists chiefly of proper names, the last forty-seven
stanzas containing no less than two hundred and twenty-five of these.
It is not, however, in dialogue form. As Müllenhoff pointed out, there
is underneath the catalogue of mythological names a consecutive and
thoroughly dramatic story. Othin, concealed under the name of Grimnir,
is through an error tortured by King Geirröth. Bound between two
blazing fires, he begins to display his wisdom for the benefit of the
king’s little son, Agnar, who has been kind to him. Gradually he works
up to the great final moment, when he declares his true name, or rather
names, to the terrified Geirröth, and the latter falls on his sword and
is killed.

For much of this story we do not have to depend on guesswork, for in
both manuscripts the poem itself is preceded by a prose narrative of
considerable length, and concluded by a brief prose statement of the
manner of Geirröth’s death. These prose notes, of which there are many
in the Eddic manuscripts, are of considerable interest to the student
of early literary forms. Presumably they were written by the compiler
to whom we owe the Eddic collection, who felt that the poems needed
such annotation in order to be clear. Linguistic evidence shows that
they were written in the twelfth or thirteenth century, for they
preserve none of the older word-forms which help us to date many of the
poems two or three hundred years earlier.

Without discussing in detail the problems suggested by these prose
passages, it is worth noting, first, that the Eddic poems contain
relatively few stanzas of truly narrative verse; and second, that all
of them are based on narratives which must have been more or less
familiar to the hearers of the poems. In other words, the poems seldom
aimed to tell stories, although most of them followed a narrative
sequence of ideas. The stories themselves appear to have lived in oral
prose tradition, just as in the case of the sagas; and the prose notes
of the manuscripts, in so far as they contain material not simply drawn
from the poems themselves, are relics of this tradition. The early
Norse poets rarely conceived verse as a suitable means for direct
story-telling, and in some of the poems even the simplest action is
told in prose “links” between dialogue stanzas.

The applications of this fact, which has been too often overlooked, are
almost limitless, for it suggests a still unwritten chapter in the
history of ballad poetry and the so-called “popular” epic. It implies
that narrative among early peoples may frequently have had a period of
prose existence before it was made into verse, and thus puts, for
example, a long series of transitional stages before such a poem as the
Iliad. In any case, the prose notes accompanying the Eddic poems prove
that in addition to the poems themselves there existed in the twelfth
century a considerable amount of narrative tradition, presumably in
prose form, on which these notes were based by the compiler.

Interpolations in such a poem as the Grimnismol could have been made
easily enough, and many stanzas have undoubtedly crept in from other
poems, but the beginning and end of the poem are clearly marked, and
presumably it has come down to us with the same essential outline it
had when it was composed, probably in the first half of the tenth
century.





King Hrauthung had two sons: one was called Agnar, and the other
Geirröth. Agnar was ten winters old, and Geirröth eight. Once they both
rowed in a boat with their fishing-gear to catch little fish; and the
wind drove them out into the sea. In the darkness of the night they
were wrecked on the shore; and going up, they found a poor peasant,
with whom they stayed through the winter. The housewife took care of
Agnar, and the peasant cared for Geirröth, and taught him wisdom. In
the spring the peasant gave him a boat; and when the couple led them to
the shore, the peasant spoke secretly with Geirröth. They had a fair
wind, and came to their father’s landing-place. Geirröth was forward in
the boat; he leaped up on land, but pushed out the boat and said, “Go
thou now where evil may have thee!” The boat drifted out to sea.
Geirröth, however, went up to the house, and was well received, but his
father was dead. Then Geirröth was made king, and became a renowned
man.

Othin and Frigg sat in Hlithskjolf and looked over all the worlds.
Othin said: “Seest thou Agnar, thy fosterling, how he begets children
with a giantess in the cave? But Geirröth, my fosterling, is a king,
and now rules over his land.” Frigg said: “He is so miserly that he
tortures his guests if he thinks that too many of them come to him.”
Othin replied that this was the greatest of lies; and they made a wager
about this matter. Frigg sent her maid-servant, Fulla, to Geirröth. She
bade the king beware lest a magician who was come thither to his land
should bewitch him, and told this sign concerning him, that no dog was
so fierce as to leap at him. Now it was a very great slander that King
Geirröth was not hospitable; but nevertheless he had them take the man
whom the dogs would not attack. He wore a dark-blue mantle and called
himself Grimnir, but said no more about himself, though he was
questioned. The king had him tortured to make him speak, and set him
between two fires, and he sat there eight nights. King Geirröth had a
son ten winters old, and called Agnar after his father’s brother. Agnar
went to Grimnir, and gave him a full horn to drink from, and said that
the king did ill in letting him be tormented without cause. Grimnir
drank from the horn; the fire had come so near that the mantle burned
on Grimnir’s back. He spake:


1.  Hot art thou, fire!   |   too fierce by far;
      Get ye now gone, ye flames!
    The mantle is burnt,   |   though I bear it aloft,
      And the fire scorches the fur.

2.  ’Twixt the fires now   |   eight nights have I sat,
      And no man brought meat to me,
    Save Agnar alone,   |   and alone shall rule
      Geirröth’s son o’er the Goths.

3.  Hail to thee, Agnar!   |   for hailed thou art
      By the voice of Veratyr;
    For a single drink   |   shalt thou never receive
      A greater gift as reward.

4.  The land is holy   |   that lies hard by
      The gods and the elves together;
    And Thor shall ever   |   in Thruthheim dwell,
      Till the gods to destruction go.

5.  Ydalir call they   |   the place where Ull
      A hall for himself hath set;
    And Alfheim the gods   |   to Freyr once gave
      As a tooth-gift in ancient times.

6.  A third home is there,   |   with silver thatched
      By the hands of the gracious gods:
    Valaskjolf is it,   |   in days of old
      Set by a god for himself.

7.  Sökkvabekk is the fourth,   |   where cool waves flow,
      And amid their murmur it stands;
    There daily do Othin   |   and Saga drink
      In gladness from cups of gold.

8.  The fifth is Glathsheim,   |   and gold-bright there
      Stands Valhall stretching wide;
    And there does Othin   |   each day choose
      The men who have fallen in fight.

9.  Easy is it to know   |   for him who to Othin
      Comes and beholds the hall;
    Its rafters are spears,   |   with shields is it roofed,
      On its benches are breastplates strewn.

10. Easy is it to know   |   for him who to Othin
      Comes and beholds the hall;
    There hangs a wolf   |   by the western door,
      And o’er it an eagle hovers.

11. The sixth is Thrymheim,   |   where Thjazi dwelt,
      The giant of marvelous might;
    Now Skathi abides,   |   the god’s fair bride,
      In the home that her father had.

12. The seventh is Breithablik;   |   Baldr has there
      For himself a dwelling set,
    In the land I know   |   that lies so fair,
      And from evil fate is free.

13. Himinbjorg is the eighth,   |   and Heimdall there
      O’er men holds sway, it is said;
    In his well-built house   |   does the warder of heaven
      The good mead gladly drink.

14. The ninth is Folkvang,   |   where Freyja decrees
      Who shall have seats in the hall;
    The half of the dead   |   each day does she choose,
      And half does Othin have.

15. The tenth is Glitnir;   |   its pillars are gold,
      And its roof with silver is set;
    There most of his days   |   does Forseti dwell,
      And sets all strife at end.

16. The eleventh is Noatun;   |   there has Njorth
      For himself a dwelling set;
    The sinless ruler   |   of men there sits
      In his temple timbered high.

17. Filled with growing trees   |   and high-standing grass
      Is Vithi, Vithar’s land;
    But there did the son   |   from his steed leap down,
      When his father he fain would avenge.

18. In Eldhrimnir   |   Andhrimnir cooks
      Sæhrimnir’s seething flesh,—
    The best of food,   |   but few men know
      On what fare the warriors feast.

19. Freki and Geri   |   does Heerfather feed,
      The far-famed fighter of old:
    But on wine alone   |   does the weapon-decked god,
      Othin, forever live.

20. O’er Mithgarth Hugin   |   and Munin both
      Each day set forth to fly;
    For Hugin I fear   |   lest he come not home,
      But for Munin my care is more.

21. Loud roars Thund,   |   and Thjothvitnir’s fish
      Joyously fares in the flood;
    Hard does it seem   |   to the host of the slain
      To wade the torrent wild.

22. There Valgrind stands,   |   the sacred gate,
      And behind are the holy doors;
    Old is the gate,   |   but few there are
      Who can tell how it tightly is locked.

23. Five hundred doors   |   and forty there are,
      I ween, in Valhall’s walls;
    Eight hundred fighters   |   through one door fare
      When to war with the wolf they go.

24. Five hundred rooms   |   and forty there are
      I ween, in Bilskirnir built;
    Of all the homes   |   whose roofs I beheld,
      My son’s the greatest meseemed.

25. Heithrun is the goat   |   who stands by Heerfather’s hall,
      And the branches of Lærath she bites;
    The pitcher she fills   |   with the fair, clear mead,
      Ne’er fails the foaming drink.

26. Eikthyrnir is the hart   |   who stands by Heerfather’s hall
      And the branches of Lærath he bites;
    From his horns a stream   |   into Hvergelmir drops,
      Thence all the rivers run.

27. Sith and Vith,   |   Sækin and Ækin,
    Svol and Fimbulthul,   |   Gunnthro and Fjorm,
      Rin and Rinnandi,
    Gipul and Gopul,   |   Gomul and Geirvimul,
      That flow through the fields of the gods;
    Thyn and Vin,   |   Thol and Hol,
      Groth and Gunnthorin.

28. Vino is one,   |   Vegsvin another,
      And Thjothnuma a third;
    Nyt and Not,   |   Non and Hron,
    Slith and Hrith,   |   Sylg and Ylg,
    Vith and Von,   |   Vond and Strond,
    Gjol and Leipt,   |   that go among men,
      And hence they fall to Hel.

29. Kormt and Ormt   |   and the Kerlaugs twain
      Shall Thor each day wade through,
    (When dooms to give   |   he forth shall go
      To the ash-tree Yggdrasil;)
    For heaven’s bridge   |   burns all in flame,
      And the sacred waters seethe.

30. Glath and Gyllir,   |   Gler and Skeithbrimir,
      Silfrintopp and Sinir,
    Gisl and Falhofnir,   |   Golltopp and Lettfeti,
      On these steeds the gods shall go
    When dooms to give   |   each day they ride
      To the ash-tree Yggdrasil.

31. Three roots there are   |   that three ways run
      ’Neath the ash-tree Yggdrasil;
    ’Neath the first lives Hel,   |   ’neath the second the
    frost-giants,
      ’Neath the last are the lands of men.

32. Ratatosk is the squirrel   |   who there shall run
      On the ash-tree Yggdrasil;
    From above the words   |   of the eagle he bears,
      And tells them to Nithhogg beneath.

33. Four harts there are,   |   that the highest twigs
    Nibble with necks bent back;
    Dain and Dvalin,   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
      Duneyr and Dyrathror.

34. More serpents there are   |   beneath the ash
      Than an unwise ape would think;
    Goin and Moin,   |   Grafvitnir’s sons,
      Grabak and Grafvolluth,
    Ofnir and Svafnir   |   shall ever, methinks,
      Gnaw at the twigs of the tree.

35. Yggdrasil’s ash   |   great evil suffers,
      Far more than men do know;
    The hart bites its top,   |   its trunk is rotting,
      And Nithhogg gnaws beneath.

36. Hrist and Mist   |   bring the horn at my will,
      Skeggjold and Skogul;
    Hild and Thruth,   |   Hlokk and Herfjotur,
      Gol and Geironul,
    Randgrith and Rathgrith   |   and Reginleif
      Beer to the warriors bring.

37. Arvak and Alsvith   |   up shall drag
      Weary the weight of the sun;
    But an iron cool   |   have the kindly gods
      Of yore set under their yokes.

38. In front of the sun   |   does Svalin stand,
      The shield for the shining god;
    Mountains and sea   |   would be set in flames
      If it fell from before the sun.

39. Skoll is the wolf   |   that to Ironwood
      Follows the glittering god,
    And the son of Hrothvitnir,   |   Hati, awaits
      The burning bride of heaven.

40. Out of Ymir’s flesh   |   was fashioned the earth,
      And the ocean out of his blood;
    Of his bones the hills,   |   of his hair the trees,
      Of his skull the heavens high.

41. Mithgarth the gods   |   from his eyebrows made,
      And set for the sons of men;
    And out of his brain   |   the baleful clouds
      They made to move on high.

42. His the favor of Ull   |   and of all the gods
      Who first in the flames will reach;
    For the house can be seen   |   by the sons of the gods
      If the kettle aside were cast.

43. In days of old   |   did Ivaldi’s sons
      Skithblathnir fashion fair,
    The best of ships   |   for the bright god Freyr,
      The noble son of Njorth.

44. The best of trees   |   must Yggdrasil be,
      Skithblathnir best of boats;
    Of all the gods   |   is Othin the greatest,
      And Sleipnir the best of steeds;
    Bilrost of bridges,   |   Bragi of skalds,
    Hobrok of hawks,   |   and Garm of hounds.

45. To the race of the gods   |   my face have I raised,
      And the wished-for aid have I waked;
    For to all the gods   |   has the message gone
      That sit in Ægir’s seats,
      That drink within Ægir’s doors.

46. Grim is my name,   |   Gangleri am I,
      Herjan and Hjalmberi,
    Thekk and Thrithi,   |   Thuth and Uth,
      Helblindi and Hor;

47. Sath and Svipal   |   and Sanngetal,
      Herteit and Hnikar,
    Bileyg, Baleyg,   |   Bolverk, Fjolnir,
    Grim and Grimnir,   |   Glapsvith, Fjolsvith.

48. Sithhott, Sithskegg,   |   Sigfather, Hnikuth,
    Allfather, Valfather,   |   Atrith, Farmatyr:
    A single name   |   have I never had
      Since first among men I fared.

49. Grimnir they call me   |   in Geirröth’s hall,
      With Asmund Jalk am I;
    Kjalar I was   |   when I went in a sledge,
      At the council Thror am I called,
      As Vithur I fare to the fight;
    Oski, Biflindi,   |   Jafnhor and Omi,
      Gondlir and Harbarth midst gods.

50. I deceived the giant   |   Sokkmimir old
      As Svithur and Svithrir of yore;
    Of Mithvitnir’s son   |   the slayer I was
      When the famed one found his doom.

51. Drunk art thou, Geirröth,   |   too much didst thou drink,
      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Much hast thou lost,   |   for help no more
      From me or my heroes thou hast.

52. Small heed didst thou take   |   to all that I told,
      And false were the words of thy friends;
    For now the sword   |   of my friend I see,
      That waits all wet with blood.

53. Thy sword-pierced body   |   shall Ygg have soon,
      For thy life is ended at last;
    The maids are hostile;   |   now Othin behold!
      Now come to me if thou canst!

54. Now am I Othin,   |   Ygg was I once,
      Ere that did they call me Thund;
    Vak and Skilfing,   |   Vofuth and Hroptatyr,
      Gaut and Jalk midst the gods;
    Ofnir and Svafnir,   |   and all, methinks,
      Are names for none but me.


King Geirröth sat and had his sword on his knee, half drawn from its
sheath. But when he heard that Othin was come thither, then he rose up
and sought to take Othin from the fire. The sword slipped from his
hand, and fell with the hilt down. The king stumbled and fell forward,
and the sword pierced him through, and slew him. Then Othin vanished,
but Agnar long ruled there as king.








NOTES


Prose. The texts of the two manuscripts differ in many minor details.
Hrauthung: this mythical king is not mentioned elsewhere. Geirröth: the
manuscripts spell his name in various ways. Frigg: Othin’s wife. She
and Othin nearly always disagreed in some such way as the one outlined
in this story. Hlithskjolf (“Gate-Shelf”): Othin’s watch-tower in
heaven, whence he can overlook all the nine worlds; cf. Skirnismol,
introductory prose. Grimnir: “the Hooded One.”

2. In the original lines 2 and 4 are both too long for the meter, and
thus the true form of the stanza is doubtful. For line 4 both
manuscripts have “the land of the Goths” instead of simply “the Goths.”
The word “Goths” apparently was applied indiscriminately to any
South-Germanic people, including the Burgundians as well as the actual
Goths, and thus here has no specific application; cf. Gripisspo, 35 and
note.

3. Veratyr (“Lord of Men”): Othin. The “gift” which Agnar receives is
Othin’s mythological lore.

4. Thruthheim (“the Place of Might”): the place where Thor, the
strongest of the gods, has his hall, Bilskirnir, described in stanza
24.

5. Ydalir (“Yew-Dales”): the home of Ull, the archer among the gods, a
son of Thor’s wife, Sif, by another marriage. The wood of the yew-tree
was used for bows in the North just as it was long afterwards in
England. Alfheim: the home of the elves. Freyr: cf. Skirnismol,
introductory prose and note. Tooth-gift: the custom of making a present
to a child when it cuts its first tooth is, according to Vigfusson,
still in vogue in Iceland.

6. Valaskjolf (“the Shelf of the Slain”): Othin’s home, in which is his
watch-tower, Hlithskjolf. Gering identifies this with Valhall, and as
that is mentioned in stanza 8, he believes stanza 6 to be an
interpolation.

7. Sökkvabekk (“the Sinking Stream”): of this spot and of Saga, who is
said to live there, little is known. Saga may be an hypostasis of
Frigg, but Snorri calls her a distinct goddess, and the name suggests
some relation to history or story-telling.

8. Glathsheim (“the Place of Joy”): Othin’s home, the greatest and most
beautiful hall in the world. Valhall (“Hall of the Slain”): cf.
Voluspo, 31 and note. Valhall is not only the hall whither the slain
heroes are brought by the Valkyries, but also a favorite home of Othin.

10. The opening formula is abbreviated in both manuscripts. A wolf:
probably the wolf and the eagle were carved figures above the door.

11. Thrymheim (“the Home of Clamor”): on this mountain the giant Thjazi
built his home. The god, or rather Wane, Njorth (cf. Voluspo, 21, note)
married Thjazi’s daughter, Skathi. She wished to live in her father’s
hall among the mountains, while Njorth loved his home, Noatun, by the
sea. They agreed to compromise by spending nine nights at Thrymheim and
then three at Noatun, but neither could endure the surroundings of the
other’s home, so Skathi returned to Thrymheim, while Njorth stayed at
Noatun. Snorri quotes stanzas 11–15.

12. Breithablik (“Wide-Shining”): the house in heaven, free from
everything unclean, in which Baldr (cf. Voluspo, 32, note), the fairest
and best of the gods, lived.

13. Himinbjorg (“Heaven’s Cliffs”): the dwelling at the end of the
bridge Bifrost (the rainbow), where Heimdall (cf. Voluspo, 27) keeps
watch against the coming of the giants. In this stanza the two
functions of Heimdall—as father of mankind (cf. Voluspo, 1 and note,
and Rigsthula, introductory prose and note) and as warder of the
gods—seem both to be mentioned, but the second line in the manuscripts
is apparently in bad shape, and in the editions is more or less
conjectural.

14. Folkvang (“Field of the Folk”): here is situated Freyja’s hall,
Sessrymnir (“Rich in Seats”). Freyja, the sister of Freyr, is the
fairest of the goddesses, and the most kindly disposed to mankind,
especially to lovers. Half of the dead: Mogk has made it clear that
Freyja represents a confusion between two originally distinct
divinities: the wife of Othin (Frigg) and the northern goddess of love.
This passage appears to have in mind her attributes as Othin’s wife.
Snorri has this same confusion, but there is no reason why the Freyja
who was Freyr’s sister should share the slain with Othin.

15. Glitnir (“the Shining”): the home of Forseti, a god of whom we know
nothing beyond what Snorri tells us: “Forseti is the son of Baldr and
Nanna, daughter of Nep. All those who come to him with hard cases to
settle go away satisfied; he is the best judge among gods and men.”

16. Noatun (“Ships’-Haven”): the home of Njorth, who calms the waves;
cf. stanza 11 and Voluspo, 21.

17. Vithi: this land is not mentioned elsewhere. Vithar avenged his
father, Othin, by slaying the wolf Fenrir.

18. Stanzas 18–20 appear also in Snorri’s Edda. Very possibly they are
an interpolation here. Eldhrimnir (“Sooty with Fire”): the great kettle
in Valhall, wherein the gods’ cook, Andhrimnir (“The Sooty-Faced”)
daily cooks the flesh of the boar Sæhrimnir (“The Blackened”). His
flesh suffices for all the heroes there gathered, and each evening he
becomes whole again, to be cooked the next morning.

19. Freki (“The Greedy”) and Geri (“The Ravenous”): the two wolves who
sit by Othin’s side at the feast, and to whom he gives all the food set
before him, since wine is food and drink alike for him. Heerfather:
Othin.

20. Mithgarth (“The Middle Home”): the earth. Hugin (“Thought”) and
Munin (“Memory”): the two ravens who sit on Othin’s shoulders, and fly
forth daily to bring him news of the world.

21. Thund (“The Swollen” or “The Roaring”): the river surrounding
Valhall. Thjothvitnir’s fish: presumably the sun, which was caught by
the wolf Skoll (cf. Voluspo, 40), Thjothvitnir meaning “the mighty
wolf.” Such a phrase, characteristic of all Skaldic poetry, is rather
rare in the Edda. The last two lines refer to the attack on Valhall by
the people of Hel; cf. Voluspo, 51.

22. Valgrind (“The Death-Gate”): the outer gate of Valhall; cf.
Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 68 and note.

23. This and the following stanza stand in reversed order in Regius.
Snorri quotes stanza 23 as a proof of the vast size of Valhall. The
last two lines refer to the final battle with Fenrir and the other
enemies.

24. This stanza is almost certainly an interpolation, brought in
through a confusion of the first two lines with those of stanza 23. Its
description of Thor’s house, Bilskirnir (cf. stanza 4 and note) has
nothing to do with that of Valhall. Snorri quotes the stanza in his
account of Thor.

25. The first line in the original is, as indicated in the translation,
too long, and various attempts to amend it have been made. Heithrun:
the she-goat who lives on the twigs of the tree Lærath (presumably the
ash Yggdrasil), and daily gives mead which, like the boar’s flesh,
suffices for all the heroes in Valhall. In Snorri’s Edda Gangleri
foolishly asks whether the heroes drink water, whereto Har replies, “Do
you imagine that Othin invites kings and earls and other noble men, and
then gives them water to drink?”

26. Eikthyrnir (“The Oak-Thorned,” i.e., with antlers, “thorns,” like
an oak): this animal presumably represents the clouds. The first line,
like that of stanza 25, is too long in the original. Lærath: cf. stanza
25, note. Hvergelmir: according to Snorri, this spring, “the
Cauldron-Roaring,” was in the midst of Niflheim, the world of darkness
and the dead, beneath the third root of the ash Yggdrasil. Snorri gives
a list of the rivers flowing thence nearly identical with the one in
the poem.

27. The entire passage from stanza 27 through stanza 35 is confused.
The whole thing may well be an interpolation. Bugge calls stanzas 27–30
an interpolation, and editors who have accepted the passage as a whole
have rejected various lines. The spelling of the names of the rivers
varies greatly in the manuscripts and editions. It is needless here to
point out the many attempted emendations of this list. For a passage
presenting similar problems, cf. Voluspo, 10–16. Snorri virtually
quotes stanzas 27–28 in his prose, though not consecutively. The name
Rin, in line 3, is identical with that for the River Rhine which
appears frequently in the hero poems, but the similarity is doubtless
purely accidental.

28. Slith may possibly be the same river as that mentioned in Voluspo,
36, as flowing through the giants’ land. Leipt: in Helgakvitha
Hundingsbana II, 29, this river is mentioned as one by which a solemn
oath is sworn, and Gering points the parallel to the significance of
the Styx among the Greeks. The other rivers here named are not
mentioned elsewhere in the poems.

29. This stanza looks as though it originally had had nothing to do
with the two preceding it. Snorri quotes it in his description of the
three roots of Yggdrasil, and the three springs beneath them. “The
third root of the ash stands in heaven and beneath this root is a
spring which is very holy, and is called Urth’s well.” (Cf. Voluspo,
19) “There the gods have their judgment-seat, and thither they ride
each day over Bifrost, which is also called the Gods’ Bridge.” Thor has
to go on foot in the last days of the destruction, when the bridge is
burning. Another interpretation, however, is that when Thor leaves the
heavens (i.e., when a thunder-storm is over) the rainbow-bridge becomes
hot in the sun. Nothing more is known of the rivers named in this
stanza. Lines 3–4 are almost certainly interpolated from stanza 30.

30. This stanza, again possibly an interpolation, is closely
paraphrased by Snorri following the passage quoted in the previous
note. Glath (“Joyous”): identified in the Skaldskaparmal with Skinfaxi,
the horse of day; cf. Vafthruthnismol, 12. Gyllir: “Golden.” Gler:
“Shining.” Skeithbrimir: “Swift-Going.” Silfrintopp: “Silver-Topped.”
Sinir: “Sinewy.” Gisl: the meaning is doubtful; Gering suggests
“Gleaming.” Falhofnir: “Hollow-Hoofed.” Golltopp (“Gold-Topped”): this
horse belonged to Heimdall (cf. Voluspo, 1 and 46). It is noteworthy
that gold was one of the attributes of Heimdall’s belongings, and,
because his teeth were of gold, he was also called Gullintanni
(“Gold-Toothed”). Lettfeti: “Light-Feet.” Othin’s eight-footed horse,
Sleipnir, is not mentioned in this list.

31. The first of these roots is the one referred to in stanza 26; the
second in stanza 29 (cf. notes). Of the third root there is nothing
noteworthy recorded. After this stanza it is more than possible that
one has been lost, paraphrased in the prose of Snorri’s Edda thus: “An
eagle sits in the branches of the ash-tree, and he is very wise; and
between his eyes sits the hawk who is called Vethrfolnir.”

32. Ratatosk (“The Swift-Tusked”): concerning this squirrel, the Prose
Edda has to add only that he runs up and down the tree conveying the
abusive language of the eagle (see note on stanza 31) and the dragon
Nithhogg (cf. Voluspo, 39 and note) to each other. The hypothesis that
Ratatosk “represents the undying hatred between the sustaining and the
destroying elements—the gods and the giants,” seems a trifle
far-fetched.

33. Stanzas 33–34 may well be interpolated, and are certainly in bad
shape in the Mss. Bugge points out that they are probably of later
origin than those surrounding them. Snorri closely paraphrases stanza
33, but without elaboration, and nothing further is known of the four
harts. It may be guessed, however, that they are a late multiplication
of the single hart mentioned in stanza 26, just as the list of dragons
in stanza 34 seems to have been expanded out of Nithhogg, the only
authentic dragon under the root of the ash. Highest twigs: a guess; the
Mss. words are baffling. Something has apparently been lost from lines
3–4, but there is no clue as to its nature.

34. Cf. note on previous stanza. Nothing further is known of any of the
serpents here listed, and the meanings of many of the names are
conjectural. Snorri quotes this stanza. Editors have altered it in
various ways in an attempt to regularize the meter. Goin and Moin:
meaning obscure. Grafvitnir: “The Gnawing Wolf.” Grabak: “Gray-Back.”
Grafvolluth: “The Field-Gnawer.” Ofnir and Svafnir (“The Bewilderer”
and “The Sleep-Bringer”): it is noteworthy that in stanza 54 Othin
gives himself these two names.

35. Snorri quotes this stanza, which concludes the passage, beginning
with stanza 25, describing Yggdrasil. If we assume that stanzas 27–34
are later interpolations—possibly excepting 32—this section of the poem
reads clearly enough.

36. Snorri quotes this list of the Valkyries, concerning whom cf.
Voluspo, 31 and note, where a different list of names is given. Hrist:
“Shaker.” Mist: “Mist.” Skeggjold: “Ax-Time.” Skogul: “Raging” (?).
Hild: “Warrior.” Thruth: “Might.” Hlokk: “Shrieking.” Herfjotur:
“Host-Fetter.” Gol: “Screaming.” Geironul: “Spear-Bearer.” Randgrith:
“Shield-Bearer.” Rathgrith: Gering guesses “Plan-Destroyer.” Reginleif:
“Gods’-Kin.” Manuscripts and editions vary greatly in the spelling of
these names, and hence in their significance.

37. Müllenhoff suspects stanzas 37–41 to have been interpolated, and
Edzardi thinks they may have come from the Vafthruthnismol. Snorri
closely paraphrases stanzas 37–39, and quotes 40–41. Arvak (“Early
Waker”) and Alsvith (“All-Swift”): the horses of the sun, named also in
Sigrdrifumol, 15. According to Snorri: “There was a man called
Mundilfari, who had two children; they were so fair and lovely that he
called his son Mani and his daughter Sol. The gods were angry at this
presumption, and took the children and set them up in heaven; and they
bade Sol drive the horses that drew the car of the sun which the gods
had made to light the world from the sparks which flew out of
Muspellsheim. The horses were called Alsvith and Arvak, and under their
yokes the gods set two bellows to cool them, and in some songs these
are called ‘the cold iron.’”

38. Svalin (“The Cooling”): the only other reference to this shield is
in Sigrdrifumol, 15.

39. Skoll and Hati: the wolves that devour respectively the sun and
moon. The latter is the son of Hrothvitnir (“The Mighty Wolf,” i.e.
Fenrir); cf. Voluspo, 40, and Vafthruthnismol, 46–47, in which Fenrir
appears as the thief. Ironwood: a conjectural emendation of an obscure
phrase; cf. Voluspo, 40.

40. This and the following stanza are quoted by Snorri. They seem to
have come from a different source from the others of this poem; Edzardi
suggests an older version of the Vafthruthnismol. This stanza is
closely parallel to Vafthruthnismol, 21, which see, as also Voluspo, 3.
Snorri, following this account, has a few details to add. The stones
were made out of Ymir’s teeth and such of his bones as were broken.
Mithgarth was a mountain-wall made out of Ymir’s eyebrows, and set
around the earth because of the enmity of the giants.

42. With this stanza Othin gets back to his immediate situation, bound
as he is between two fires. He calls down a blessing on the man who
will reach into the fire and pull aside the great kettle which, in
Icelandic houses, hung directly under the smoke-vent in the roof, and
thus kept any one above from looking down into the interior. On Ull,
the archer-god, cf. stanza 5 and note. He is specified here apparently
for no better reason than that his name fits the initial-rhyme.

43. This and the following stanza are certainly interpolated, for they
have nothing to do with the context, and stanza 45 continues the
dramatic conclusion of the poem begun in stanza 42. This stanza is
quoted by Snorri. Ivaldi (“The Mighty”): he is known only as the father
of the craftsmen-dwarfs who made not only the ship Skithblathnir, but
also Othin’s spear Gungnir, and the golden hair for Thor’s wife, Sif,
after Loki had maliciously cut her own hair off. Skithblathnir: this
ship (“Wooden-Bladed”) always had a fair wind, whenever the sail was
set; it could be folded up at will and put in the pocket. Freyr:
concerning him and his father, see Voluspo, 21, note, and Skirnismol,
introductory prose and note.

44. Snorri quotes this stanza. Like stanza 43 an almost certain
interpolation, it was probably drawn in by the reference to
Skithblathnir in the stanza interpolated earlier. It is presumably in
faulty condition. One Ms. has after the fifth line half of a
sixth,—“Brimir of swords.” Yggdrasil: cf. stanzas 25–35. Skithblathnir:
cf. stanza 43, note. Sleipnir: Othin’s eight-legged horse, one of
Loki’s numerous progeny, borne by him to the stallion Svathilfari. This
stallion belonged to the giant who built a fortress for the gods, and
came so near to finishing it, with Svathilfari’s aid, as to make the
gods fear he would win his promised reward—Freyja and the sun and moon.
To delay the work, Loki turned himself into a mare, whereupon the
stallion ran away, and the giant failed to complete his task within the
stipulated time. Bilrost: probably another form of Bifrost (which
Snorri has in his version of the stanza), on which cf. stanza 29.
Bragi: the god of poetry. He is one of the later figures among the
gods, and is mentioned only three times in the poems of the Edda. In
Snorri’s Edda, however, he is of great importance. His wife is Ithun,
goddess of youth. Perhaps the Norwegian skald Bragi Boddason, the
oldest recorded skaldic poet, had been traditionally apotheosized as
early as the tenth century. Hobrok: nothing further is known of him.
Garm: cf. Voluspo, 44.

45. With this stanza the narrative current of the poem is resumed.
Ægir: the sea-god; cf. Lokasenna, introductory prose.

46. Concerning the condition of stanzas 46–50, quoted by Snorri,
nothing definite can be said. Lines and entire stanzas of this
“catalogue” sort undoubtedly came and went with great freedom all
through the period of oral transmission. Many of the names are not
mentioned elsewhere, and often their significance is sheer guesswork.
As in nearly every episode Othin appeared in disguise, the number of
his names was necessarily almost limitless. Grim: “The Hooded.”
Gangleri: “The Wanderer.” Herjan: “The Ruler.” Hjalmberi: “The
Helmet-Bearer.” Thekk: “The Much-Loved.” Thrithi: “The Third” (in
Snorri’s Edda the stories are all told in the form of answers to
questions, the speakers being Har, Jafnhar and Thrithi. Just what this
tripartite form of Othin signifies has been the source of endless
debate. Probably this line is late enough to betray the somewhat
muddled influence of early Christianity.) Thuth and Uth: both names
defy guesswork. Helblindi: “Hel-Blinder” (two manuscripts have
Herblindi—“Host-Blinder”). Hor: “The High One.”

47. Sath: “The Truthful.” Svipal: “The Changing.” Sanngetal: “The
Truth-Teller.” Herteit: “Glad of the Host.” Hnikar: “The Overthrower.”
Bileyg: “The Shifty-Eyed.” Baleyg: “The Flaming-Eyed.” Bolverk: “Doer
of Ill” (cf. Hovamol, 104 and note). Fjolnir: “The Many-Shaped.”
Grimnir: “The Hooded.” Glapsvith: “Swift in Deceit.” Fjolsvith: “Wide
of Wisdom.”

48. Sithhott: “With Broad Hat.” Sithskegg: “Long-Bearded.” Sigfather:
“Father of Victory.” Hnikuth: “Overthrower.” Valfather: “Father of the
Slain.” Atrith: “The Rider.” Farmatyr: “Helper of Cargoes” (i.e., god
of sailors).

49. Nothing is known of Asmund, of Othin’s appearance as Jalk, or of
the occasion when he “went in a sledge” as Kjalar (“Ruler of Keels”?).
Thror and Vithur are also of uncertain meaning. Oski: “God of Wishes.”
Biflindi: the manuscripts vary widely in the form of this name.
Jafnhor: “Equally High” (cf. note on stanza 46). Omi: “The Shouter.”
Gondlir: “Wand-Bearer.” Harbarth: “Graybeard” (cf. Harbarthsljoth,
introduction).

50. Nothing further is known of the episode here mentioned. Sokkmimir
is presumably Mithvitnir’s son. Snorri quotes the names Svithur and
Svithrir, but omits all the remainder of the stanza.

51. Again the poem returns to the direct action, Othin addressing the
terrified Geirröth. The manuscripts show no lacuna. Some editors supply
a second line from paper manuscripts: “Greatly by me art beguiled.”

53. Ygg: Othin (“The Terrible”). The maids: the three Norns.

54. Possibly out of place, and probably more or less corrupt. Thund:
“The Thunderer.” Vak: “The Wakeful.” Skilfing: “The Shaker.” Vofuth:
“The Wanderer.” Hroptatyr: “Crier of the Gods.” Gaut: “Father.” Ofnir
and Svafnir: cf. stanza 34.








SKIRNISMOL

THE BALLAD OF SKIRNIR


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Skirnismol is found complete in the Codex Regius, and through
stanza 27 in the Arnamagnæan Codex. Snorri quotes the concluding
stanza. In Regius the poem is entitled “For Scirnis” (“Skirnir’s
Journey”).

The Skirnismol differs sharply from the poems preceding it, in that it
has a distinctly ballad quality. As a matter of fact, however, its
verse is altogether dialogue, the narrative being supplied in the prose
“links,” concerning which cf. introductory note to the Grimnismol. The
dramatic effectiveness and vivid characterization of the poem seem to
connect it with the Thrymskvitha, and the two may possibly have been
put into their present form by the same man. Bugge’s guess that the
Skirnismol was the work of the author of the Lokasenna is also
possible, though it has less to support it.

Critics have generally agreed in dating the poem as we now have it as
early as the first half of the tenth century; Finnur Jonsson puts it as
early as 900, and claims it, as usual, for Norway. Doubtless it was
current in Norway, in one form or another, before the first Icelandic
settlements, but his argument that the thistle (stanza 31) is not an
Icelandic plant has little weight, for such curse-formulas must have
traveled freely from place to place. In view of the evidence pointing
to a western origin for many or all of the Eddic poems, Jonsson’s
reiterated “Digtet er sikkert norsk og ikke islandsk” is somewhat
exasperating. Wherever the Skirnismol was composed, it has been
preserved in exceptionally good condition, and seems to be practically
devoid of interpolations or lacunæ.





Freyr, the son of Njorth, had sat one day in Hlithskjolf, and looked
over all the worlds. He looked into Jotunheim, and saw there a fair
maiden, as she went from her father’s house to her bower. Forthwith he
felt a mighty love-sickness. Skirnir was the name of Freyr’s servant;
Njorth bade him ask speech of Freyr. He said:


1.  “Go now, Skirnir!   |   and seek to gain
      Speech from my son;
    And answer to win,   |   for whom the wise one
      Is mightily moved.”


Skirnir spake:


2.  “Ill words do I now   |   await from thy son,
      If I seek to get speech with him,
    And answer to win,   |   for whom the wise one
      Is mightily moved.”


Skirnir spake:


3.  “Speak prithee, Freyr,   |   foremost of the gods,
      For now I fain would know;
    Why sittest thou here   |   in the wide halls,
      Days long, my prince, alone?”


Freyr spake:


4.  “How shall I tell thee,   |   thou hero young,
      Of all my grief so great?
    Though every day   |   the elfbeam dawns,
      It lights my longing never.”


Skirnir spake:


5.  “Thy longings, methinks,   |   are not so large
      That thou mayst not tell them to me;
    Since in days of yore   |   we were young together,
      We two might each other trust.”


Freyr spake:


6.  “From Gymir’s house   |   I beheld go forth
      A maiden dear to me;
    Her arms glittered,   |   and from their gleam
      Shone all the sea and sky.

7.  “To me more dear   |   than in days of old
      Was ever maiden to man;
    But no one of gods   |   or elves will grant
      That we both together should be.”


Skirnir spake:


8.  “Then give me the horse   |   that goes through the dark
      And magic flickering flames;
    And the sword as well   |   that fights of itself
      Against the giants grim.”


Freyr spake:


9.  “The horse will I give thee   |   that goes through the dark
      And magic flickering flames,
    And the sword as well   |   that will fight of itself
      If a worthy hero wields it.”


Skirnir spake to the horse:


10. “Dark is it without,   |   and I deem it time
      To fare through the wild fells,
      (To fare through the giants’ fastness;)
    We shall both come back,   |   or us both together
      The terrible giant will take.”


Skirnir rode into Jotunheim to Gymir’s house. There were fierce dogs
bound before the gate of the fence which was around Gerth’s hall. He
rode to where a herdsman sat on a hill, and said:


11. “Tell me, herdsman,   |   sitting on the hill,
      And watching all the ways,
    How may I win   |   a word with the maid
      Past the hounds of Gymir here?”


The herdsman spake:


12. “Art thou doomed to die   |   or already dead,
      Thou horseman that ridest hither?
    Barred from speech   |   shalt thou ever be
      With Gymir’s daughter good.”


Skirnir spake:


13. “Boldness is better   |   than plaints can be
      For him whose feet must fare;
    To a destined day   |   has mine age been doomed,
      And my life’s span thereto laid.”


Gerth spake:


14. “What noise is that   |   which now so loud
      I hear within our house?
    The ground shakes,   |   and the home of Gymir
      Around me trembles too.”


The Serving-Maid spake:


15. “One stands without   |   who has leapt from his steed,
      And lets his horse loose to graze;”
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


Gerth spake:


16. “Bid the man come in,   |   and drink good mead
      Here within our hall;
    Though this I fear,   |   that there without
      My brother’s slayer stands.

17. “Art thou of the elves   |   or the offspring of gods,
      Or of the wise Wanes?
    How camst thou alone   |   through the leaping flame
      Thus to behold our home?”


Skirnir spake:


18. “I am not of the elves,   |   nor the offspring of gods,
      Nor of the wise Wanes;
    Though I came alone   |   through the leaping flame
      Thus to behold thy home.

19. “Eleven apples,   |   all of gold,
      Here will I give thee, Gerth,
    To buy thy troth   |   that Freyr shall be
      Deemed to be dearest to you.”


Gerth spake:


20. “I will not take   |   at any man’s wish
      These eleven apples ever;
    Nor shall Freyr and I   |   one dwelling find
      So long as we two live.”


Skirnir spake:


21. “Then do I bring thee   |   the ring that was burned
      Of old with Othin’s son;
    From it do eight   |   of like weight fall
      On every ninth night.”


Gerth spake:


22. “The ring I wish not,   |   though burned it was
      Of old with Othin’s son;
    In Gymir’s home   |   is no lack of gold
      In the wealth my father wields.”


Skirnir spake:


23. “Seest thou, maiden,   |   this keen, bright sword
      That I hold here in my hand?
    Thy head from thy neck   |   shall I straightway hew,
      If thou wilt not do my will.”


Gerth spake:


24. “For no man’s sake   |   will I ever suffer
      To be thus moved by might;
    But gladly, methinks,   |   will Gymir seek
      To fight if he finds thee here.”


Skirnir spake:


25. “Seest thou, maiden,   |   this keen, bright sword
      That I hold here in my hand?
    Before its blade   |   the old giant bends,—
      Thy father is doomed to die.

26. “I strike thee, maid,   |   with my magic staff,
      To tame thee to work my will;
    There shalt thou go   |   where never again
      The sons of men shall see thee.

27. “On the eagle’s hill   |   shalt thou ever sit,
      And gaze on the gates of Hel;
    More loathsome to thee   |   than the light-hued snake
      To men, shall thy meat become.

28. “Fearful to see,   |   if thou comest forth,
      Hrimnir will stand and stare,
      (Men will marvel at thee;)
    More famed shalt thou grow   |   than the watchman of the gods!
      Peer forth, then, from thy prison.

29. “Rage and longing,   |   fetters and wrath,
      Tears and torment are thine;
    Where thou sittest down   |   my doom is on thee
      Of heavy heart
      And double dole.

30. “In the giants’ home   |   shall vile things harm thee
      Each day with evil deeds;
    Grief shalt thou get   |   instead of gladness,
      And sorrow to suffer with tears.

31. “With three-headed giants   |   thou shalt dwell ever,
      Or never know a husband;
    (Let longing grip thee,   |   let wasting waste thee,—)
    Be like to the thistle   |   that in the loft
      Was cast and there was crushed.

32. “I go to the wood,   |   and to the wet forest,
      To win a magic wand;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
      I won a magic wand.

33. “Othin grows angry,   |   angered is the best of the gods,
      Freyr shall be thy foe,
    Most evil maid,   |   who the magic wrath
      Of gods hast got for thyself.

34. “Give heed, frost-rulers,   |   hear it, giants,
      Sons of Suttung,
      And gods, ye too,
    How I forbid   |   and how I ban
      The meeting of men with the maid,
      (The joy of men with the maid.)

35. “Hrimgrimnir is he,   |   the giant who shall have thee
      In the depth by the doors of Hel;
    To the frost-giants’ halls   |   each day shalt thou fare,
      Crawling and craving in vain,
      (Crawling and having no hope.)

36. “Base wretches there   |   by the root of the tree
      Will hold for thee horns of filth;
    A fairer drink   |   shalt thou never find,
      Maid, to meet thy wish,
      (Maid, to meet my wish.)

37. “I write thee a charm   |   and three runes therewith,
      Longing and madness and lust;
    But what I have writ   |   I may yet unwrite
      If I find a need therefor.”


Gerth spake:


38. “Find welcome rather,   |   and with it take
      The frost-cup filled with mead;
    Though I did not believe   |   that I should so love
      Ever one of the Wanes.”


Skirnir spake:


39. “My tidings all   |   must I truly learn
      Ere homeward hence I ride:
    How soon thou wilt   |   with the mighty son
      Of Njorth a meeting make.”


Gerth spake:


40. “Barri there is,   |   which we both know well,
      A forest fair and still;
    And nine nights hence   |   to the son of Njorth
      Will Gerth there grant delight.”


Then Skirnir rode home. Freyr stood without, and spoke to him, and
asked for tidings:


41. “Tell me, Skirnir,   |   ere thou take off the saddle,
      Or farest forward a step:
    What hast thou done   |   in the giants’ dwelling
      To make glad thee or me?”


Skirnir spake:


42. “Barri there is,   |   which we both know well,
      A forest fair and still;
    And nine nights hence   |   to the son of Njorth
      Will Gerth there grant delight.”


Freyr spake:


43. “Long is one night,   |   longer are two;
      How then shall I bear three?
    Often to me   |   has a month seemed less
      Than now half a night of desire.”








NOTES


Prose. Freyr: concerning his father, Njorth, and the race of the Wanes
in general, cf. Voluspo, 21 and note. Snorri thus describes Njorth’s
family: “Njorth begat two children in Noatun; the son was named Freyr,
and the daughter Freyja; they were fair of aspect and mighty. Freyr is
the noblest of the gods; he rules over rain and sunshine, and therewith
the fruitfulness of the earth; it is well to call upon him for plenty
and welfare, for he rules over wealth for mankind. Freyja is the
noblest of the goddesses. When she rides to the fight, she has one-half
of the slain, and Othin has half. When she goes on a journey, she
drives her two cats, and sits in a cart. Love-songs please her well,
and it is good to call on her in love-matters.” Hlithskjolf: Othin’s
watch-tower; cf. Grimnismol, introductory prose. He said: both
manuscripts have “Then Skathi said:” (Skathi was Njorth’s wife), but
Bugge’s emendation, based on Snorri’s version, is doubtless correct.

1. My son: both manuscripts, and many editors, have “our son,” which,
of course, goes with the introduction of Skathi in the prose. As the
stanza is clearly addressed to Skirnir, the change of pronouns seems
justified. The same confusion occurs in stanza 2, where Skirnir in the
manuscripts is made to speak of Freyr as “your son” (plural). The
plural pronoun in the original involves a metrical error, which is
corrected by the emendation.

4. Elfbeam: the sun, so called because its rays were fatal to elves and
dwarfs; cf. Alvissmol, 35.

6. Gymir: a mountain-giant, husband of Aurbotha, and father of Gerth,
fairest among women. This is all Snorri tells of him in his paraphrase
of the story.

7. Snorri’s paraphrase of the poem is sufficiently close so that his
addition of another sentence to Freyr’s speech makes it probable that a
stanza has dropped out between 7 and 8. This has been tentatively
reconstructed, thus: “Hither to me   |   shalt thou bring the maid, /
And home shalt thou lead her here, / If her father wills it   |   or
wills it not, / And good reward shalt thou get.” Finn Magnusen detected
the probable omission of a stanza here as early as 1821.

8. The sword: Freyr’s gift of his sword to Skirnir eventually proves
fatal, for at the last battle, when Freyr is attacked by Beli, whom he
kills bare-handed, and later when the fire-demon, Surt, slays him in
turn, he is weaponless; cf. Voluspo, 53 and note. Against the giants
grim: the condition of this line makes it seem like an error in
copying, and it is possible that it should be identical with the fourth
line of the next stanza.

10. Some editors reject line 3 as spurious.

12. Line 2 is in neither manuscript, and no gap is indicated. I have
followed Grundtvig’s conjectural emendation.

13. This stanza is almost exactly like many in the first part of the
Hovamol, and may well have been a separate proverb. After this stanza
the scene shifts to the interior of the house.

15. No gap indicated in either manuscript. Bugge and Niedner have
attempted emendations, while Hildebrand suggests that the last two
lines of stanza 14 are spurious, 14, 1–2, and 15 thus forming a single
stanza, which seems doubtful.

16. Brother’s slayer: perhaps the brother is Beli, slain by Freyr; the
only other references are in Voluspo, 53, and in Snorri’s paraphrase of
the Skirnismol, which merely says that Freyr’s gift of his sword to
Skirnir “was the reason why he was weaponless when he met Beli, and he
killed him bare-handed.” Skirnir himself seems never to have killed
anybody.

17. Wise Wanes: cf. Voluspo, 21 and note.

18. The Arnamagnæan Codex omits this stanza.

19. Apples: the apple was the symbol of fruitfulness, and also of
eternal youth. According to Snorri, the goddess Ithun had charge of the
apples which the gods ate whenever they felt themselves growing old.

21. Ring: the ring Draupnir (“Dropper”) was made by the dwarfs for
Othin, who laid it on Baldr’s pyre when the latter’s corpse was burned
(cf. Voluspo, 32 and note, and Baldrs Draumar). Baldr, however, sent
the ring back to Othin from hell. How Freyr obtained it is nowhere
stated. Andvari’s ring (Andvaranaut) had a similar power of creating
gold; cf. Reginsmol, prose after stanza 4 and note. Lines 3 and 4 of
this stanza, and the first two of stanza 22, are missing in the
Arnamagnæan Codex.

25. The first two lines are abbreviated in both manuscripts.

26. With this stanza, bribes and threats having failed, Skirnir begins
a curse which, by the power of his magic staff, is to fall on Gerth if
she refuses Freyr.

27. Eagle’s hill: the hill at the end of heaven, and consequently
overlooking hell, where the giant Hræsvelg sits “in an eagle’s guise,”
and makes the winds with his wings; cf. Vafthruthnismol, 37, also
Voluspo, 50. The second line is faulty in both manuscripts;
Hildebrand’s emendation corrects the error, but omits an effective
touch; the manuscript line may be rendered “And look and hanker for
hell.” The Arnamagnæan Codex breaks off with the fourth line of this
stanza.

28. Hrimnir: a frost-giant, mentioned elsewhere only in Hyndluljoth,
33. Line 3 is probably spurious. Watchman of the gods: Heimdall; cf.
Voluspo, 46.

29. Three nouns of doubtful meaning, which I have rendered rage,
longing, and heart respectively, make the precise force of this stanza
obscure. Niedner and Sijmons mark the entire stanza as interpolated,
and Jonsson rejects line 5.

30. In Regius and in nearly all the editions the first two lines of
this stanza are followed by lines 3–5 of stanza 35. I have followed
Niedner, Sijmons, and Gering. The two words here translated vile things
are obscure; Gering renders the phrase simply “Kobolde.”

31. The confusion noted as to the preceding stanza, and a metrical
error in the third line, have led to various rearrangements and
emendations; line 3 certainly looks like an interpolation. Three-headed
giants: concerning giants with numerous heads, cf. Vafthruthnismol, 33,
and Hymiskvitha, 8.

32. No gap indicated in the manuscript; Niedner makes the line here
given as 4 the first half of line 3, and fills out the stanza thus:
“with which I will tame you, / Maid, to work my will.” The whole stanza
seems to be either interpolated or out of place; it would fit better
after stanza 25.

33. Jonsson marks this stanza as interpolated. The word translated most
evil is another case of guesswork.

34. Most editors reject line 3 as spurious, and some also reject line
6. Lines 2 and 3 may have been expanded out of a single line running
approximately “Ye gods and Suttung’s sons.” Suttung: concerning this
giant cf. Hovamol, 104 and note.

35. Most editors combine lines 1–2 with stanza 36 (either with the
first two lines thereof or the whole stanza), as lines 3–5 stand in the
manuscript after line 2 of stanza 30. Hrimgrimnir (“The
Frost-Shrouded”): a giant not elsewhere mentioned. Line 5, as a
repetition of line 4, is probably a later addition.

36. For the combination of this stanza with the preceding one, cf. note
on stanza 35. The scribe clearly did not consider that the stanza began
with line 1, as the first word thereof in the manuscript does not begin
with a capital letter and has no period before it. The first word of
line 3, however, is so marked. Line 5 may well be spurious.

37. Again the scribe seems to have been uncertain as to the stanza
divisions. This time the first line is preceded by a period, but begins
with a small letter. Many editors have made line 2 into two half-lines.
A charm: literally, the rune Thurs (þ); the runic letters all had magic
attributes; cf. Sigrdrifumol, 6–7 and notes.

40. Barri: “The Leafy.”

42. Abbreviated to initial letters in the manuscript.

43. The superscription is lacking in Regius. Snorri quotes this one
stanza in his prose paraphrase, Gylfaginning, chapter 37. The two
versions are substantially the same, except that Snorri makes the first
line read, “Long is one night,   |   long is the second.”








HARBARTHSLJOTH

THE POEM OF HARBARTH


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Harbarthsljoth is found complete in the Codex Regius, where it
follows the Skirnismol, and from the fourth line of stanza 19 to the
end of the poem in the Arnamagnæan Codex, of which it occupies the
first page and a half.

The poem differs sharply from those which precede it in the Codex
Regius, both in metrical form and in spirit. It is, indeed, the most
nearly formless of all the Eddic poems. The normal metre is the
Malahattr (cf. Introduction, where an example is given). The name of
this verse-form means “in the manner of conversation,” and the
Harbarthsljoth’s verse fully justifies the term. The Atli poems
exemplify the conventional use of Malahattr, but in the Harbarthsljoth
the form is used with extraordinary freedom, and other metrical forms
are frequently employed. A few of the speeches of which the poem is
composed cannot be twisted into any known Old Norse metre, and appear
to be simply prose.

How far this confusion is due to interpolations and faulty transmission
of the original poem is uncertain. Finnur Jonsson has attempted a
wholesale purification of the poem, but his arbitrary condemnation of
words, lines, and entire stanzas as spurious is quite unjustified by
any positive evidence. I have accepted Mogk’s theory that the author
was “a first-rate psychologist, but a poor poet,” and have translated
the poem as it stands in the manuscripts. I have preserved the metrical
confusion of the original by keeping throughout so far as possible to
the metres found in the poem; if the rhythm of the translation is often
hard to catch, the difficulty is no less with the original Norse.

The poem is simply a contest of abuse, such as the early Norwegian and
Icelander delighted in, the opposing figures being Thor and Othin, the
latter appearing in the disguise of the ferryman Harbarth. Such
billingsgate lent itself readily to changes, interpolations and
omissions, and it is little wonder that the poem is chaotic. It
consists mainly of boasting and of references, often luckily obscure,
to disreputable events in the life of one or the other of the
disputants. Some editors have sought to read a complex symbolism into
it, particularly by representing it as a contest between the noble or
warrior class (Othin) and the peasant (Thor). But it seems a pity to
take such a vigorous piece of broad farce too seriously.

Verse-form, substance, and certain linguistic peculiarities, notably
the suffixed articles, point to a relatively late date (eleventh
century) for the poem in its present form. Probably it had its origin
in the early days, but its colloquial nature and its vulgarity made it
readily susceptible to changes.

Owing to the chaotic state of the text, and the fact that none of the
editors or commentators have succeeded in improving it much, I have not
in this case attempted to give all the important emendations and
suggestions. The stanza-divisions are largely arbitrary.





Thor was on his way back from a journey in the East, and came to a
sound; on the other side of the sound was a ferryman with a boat. Thor
called out:


1.  “Who is the fellow yonder,   |   on the farther shore of the
    sound?”


The ferryman spake:


2.  “What kind of a peasant is yon,   |   that calls o’er the bay?”


Thor spake:


3.  “Ferry me over the sound;   |   I will feed thee therefor in the
    morning;
    A basket I have on my back,   |   and food therein, none better;
    At leisure I ate,   |   ere the house I left,
    Of herrings and porridge,   |   so plenty I had.”


The ferryman spake:


4.  “Of thy morning feats art thou proud,   |   but the future thou
    knowest not wholly;
    Doleful thine home-coming is:   |   thy mother, methinks, is dead.”


Thor spake:


5.  “Now hast thou said   |   what to each must seem
    The mightiest grief,   |   that my mother is dead.”


The ferryman spake:


6.  “Three good dwellings,   |   methinks, thou hast not;
    Barefoot thou standest,   |   and wearest a beggar’s dress;
    Not even hose dost thou have.”


Thor spake:


7.  “Steer thou hither the boat;   |   the landing here shall I show
    thee;
    But whose the craft   |   that thou keepest on the shore?”


The ferryman spake:


8.  “Hildolf is he   |   who bade me have it,
    A hero wise;   |   his home is at Rathsey’s sound.
    He bade me no robbers to steer,   |   nor stealers of steeds,
    But worthy men,   |   and those whom well do I know.
    Say now thy name,   |   if over the sound thou wilt fare.”


Thor spake:


9.  “My name indeed shall I tell,   |   though in danger I am,
    And all my race;   |   I am Othin’s son,
    Meili’s brother,   |   and Magni’s father,
    The strong one of the gods;   |   with Thor now speech canst thou
    get.
    And now would I know   |   what name thou hast.”


The ferryman spake:


10. “Harbarth am I,   |   and seldom I hide my name.”


Thor spake:


11. “Why shouldst thou hide thy name,   |   if quarrel thou hast
    not?”


Harbarth spake:


12. “And though I had a quarrel,   |   from such as thou art
    Yet none the less   |   my life would I guard,
    Unless I be doomed to die.”


Thor spake:


13. “Great trouble, methinks,   |   would it be to come to thee,
    To wade the waters across,   |   and wet my middle;
    Weakling, well shall I pay   |   thy mocking words,
    If across the sound I come.”


Harbarth spake:


14. “Here shall I stand   |   and await thee here;
    Thou hast found since Hrungnir died   |   no fiercer man.”


Thor spake:


15. “Fain art thou to tell   |   how with Hrungnir I fought,
    The haughty giant,   |   whose head of stone was made;
    And yet I felled him,   |   and stretched him before me.
    What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”


Harbarth spake:


16. “Five full winters   |   with Fjolvar was I,
    And dwelt in the isle   |   that is Algrön called;
    There could we fight,   |   and fell the slain,
    Much could we seek,   |   and maids could master.”


Thor spake:


17. “How won ye success with your women?”


Harbarth spake:


18. “Lively women we had,   |   if they wise for us were;
    Wise were the women we had,   |   if they kind for us were;
    For ropes of sand   |   they would seek to wind,
    And the bottom to dig   |   from the deepest dale.
    Wiser than all   |   in counsel I was,
    And there I slept   |   by the sisters seven,
    And joy full great   |   did I get from each.
    What, Thor, didst thou the while?”


Thor spake:


19. “Thjazi I felled,   |   the giant fierce,
    And I hurled the eyes   |   of Alvaldi’s son
    To the heavens hot above;
    Of my deeds the mightiest   |   marks are these,
    That all men since can see.
    What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”


Harbarth spake:


20. “Much love-craft I wrought   |   with them who ride by night,
    When I stole them by stealth from their husbands;
    A giant hard   |   was Hlebarth, methinks:
    His wand he gave me as gift,
    And I stole his wits away.”


Thor spake:


21. “Thou didst repay good gifts with evil mind.”


Harbarth spake:


22. “The oak must have   |   what it shaves from another;
    In such things each for himself.
    What, Thor, didst thou the while?”


Thor spake:


23. “Eastward I fared,   |   of the giants I felled
    Their ill-working women   |   who went to the mountain;
    And large were the giants’ throng   |   if all were
    alive;
    No men would there be   |   in Mithgarth more.
    What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”


Harbarth spake:


24. “In Valland I was,   |   and wars I raised,
    Princes I angered,   |   and peace brought never;
    The noble who fall   |   in the fight hath Othin,
    And Thor hath the race of the thralls.”


Thor spake:


25. “Unequal gifts   |   of men wouldst thou give to the gods,
    If might too much thou shouldst have.”


Harbarth spake:


26. “Thor has might enough,   |   but never a heart;
    For cowardly fear   |   in a glove wast thou fain to crawl,
    And there forgot thou wast Thor;
    Afraid there thou wast,   |   thy fear was such,
    To fart or sneeze   |   lest Fjalar should hear.”


Thor spake:


27. “Thou womanish Harbarth,   |   to hell would I smite thee
    straight,
    Could mine arm reach over the sound.”


Harbarth spake:


28. “Wherefore reach over the sound,   |   since strife we have
    none?
    What, Thor, didst thou do then?”


Thor spake:


29. “Eastward I was,   |   and the river I guarded well,
    Where the sons of Svarang   |   sought me there;
    Stones did they hurl;   |   small joy did they have of winning;
    Before me there   |   to ask for peace did they fare.
    What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”


Harbarth spake:


30. “Eastward I was,   |   and spake with a certain one,
    I played with the linen-white maid,   |   and met her by stealth;
    I gladdened the gold-decked one,   |   and she granted me joy.”


Thor spake:


31. “Full fair was thy woman-finding.”


Harbarth spake:


32. “Thy help did I need then, Thor,   |   to hold the white maid
    fast.”


Thor spake:


33. “Gladly, had I been there,   |   my help to thee had been
    given.”


Harbarth spake:


34. “I might have trusted thee then,   |   didst thou not betray
    thy troth.”


Thor spake:


35. “No heel-biter am I, in truth,   |   like an old leather shoe
    in spring.”


Harbarth spake:


36. “What, Thor, didst thou the while?”


Thor spake:


37. “In Hlesey the brides   |   of the Berserkers slew I;
    Most evil they were,   |   and all they betrayed.”


Harbarth spake:


38. “Shame didst thou win,   |   that women thou slewest, Thor.”


Thor spake:


39. “She-wolves they were like,   |   and women but little;
    My ship, which well   |   I had trimmed, did they shake;
    With clubs of iron they threatened,   |   and Thjalfi they drove
    off.
    What, Harbarth, didst thou the while?”


Harbarth spake:


40. “In the host I was   |   that hither fared,
    The banners to raise,   |   and the spear to redden.”


Thor spake:


41. “Wilt thou now say   |   that hatred thou soughtest to bring
    us?”


Harbarth spake:


42. “A ring for thy hand   |   shall make all right for thee,
    As the judge decides   |   who sets us two at peace.”


Thor spake:


43. “Where foundest thou   |   so foul and scornful a speech?
    More foul a speech   |   I never before have heard.”


Harbarth spake:


44. “I learned it from men,   |   the men so old,
    Who dwell in the hills of home.”


Thor spake:


45. “A name full good   |   to heaps of stones thou givest
    When thou callest them hills of home.”


Harbarth spake:


46. “Of such things speak I so.”


Thor spake:


47. “Ill for thee comes   |   thy keenness of tongue,
    If the water I choose to wade;
    Louder, I ween,   |   than a wolf thou cryest,
    If a blow of my hammer thou hast.”


Harbarth spake:


48. “Sif has a lover at home,   |   and him shouldst thou meet;
    More fitting it were   |   on him to put forth thy strength.”


Thor spake:


49. “Thy tongue still makes thee say   |   what seems most ill to
    me,
    Thou witless man! Thou liest, I ween.”


Harbarth spake:


50. “Truth do I speak,   |   but slow on thy way thou art;
    Far hadst thou gone   |   if now in the boat thou hadst fared.”


Thor spake:


51. “Thou womanish Harbarth!   |   here hast thou held me too
    long.”


Harbarth spake:


52. “I thought not ever   |   that Asathor would be hindered
    By a ferryman thus from faring.”


Thor spake:


53. “One counsel I bring thee now:   |   row hither thy boat;
    No more of scoffing;   |   set Magni’s father across.”


Harbarth spake:


54. “From the sound go hence;   |   the passage thou hast not.”


Thor spake:


55. “The way now show me,   |   since thou takest me not o’er the
    water.”


Harbarth spake:


56. “To refuse it is little,   |   to fare it is long;
    A while to the stock,   |   and a while to the stone;
    Then the road to thy left,   |   till Verland thou reachest;
    And there shall Fjorgyn   |   her son Thor find,
    And the road of her children   |   she shows him to Othin’s realm.”


Thor spake:


57. “May I come so far in a day?”


Harbarth spake:


58. “With toil and trouble perchance,
    While the sun still shines,   |   or so I think.”


Thor spake:


59. “Short now shall be our speech,   |   for thou speakest in
    mockery only;
    The passage thou gavest me not   |   I shall pay thee if ever we
    meet.”


Harbarth spake:


60. “Get hence where every evil thing shall have thee!”








NOTES


Prose. Harbarth (“Gray-Beard”): Othin. On the nature of the prose notes
found in the manuscripts, cf. Grimnismol, introduction. Thor: the
journeys of the thunder-god were almost as numerous as those of Othin;
cf. Thrymskvitha and Hymiskvitha. Like the Robin Hood of the British
ballads, Thor was often temporarily worsted, but always managed to come
out ahead in the end. His “Journey in the East” is presumably the
famous episode, related in full by Snorri, in the course of which he
encountered the giant Skrymir, and in the house of Utgartha-Loki lifted
the cat which turned out to be Mithgarthsorm. The Hymiskvitha relates a
further incident of this journey.

2. The superscriptions to the speeches are badly confused in the
manuscripts, but editors have agreed fairly well as to where they
belong.

3. From the fact that in Regius line 3 begins with a capital letter, it
is possible that lines 3–4 constitute the ferryman’s reply, with
something lost before stanza 4.

4. Thy mother: Jorth (Earth).

5. Some editors assume a lacuna after this stanza.

6. Three good dwellings: this has been generally assumed to mean three
separate establishments, but it may refer simply to the three parts of
a single farm, the dwelling proper, the cattle-barn and the storehouse;
i.e., Thor is not even a respectable peasant.

8. Hildolf (“slaughtering wolf”): not elsewhere mentioned in the Edda.
Rathsey (“Isle of Counsel”): likewise not mentioned elsewhere.

9. In danger: Thor is “sekr,” i.e., without the protection of any law,
so long as he is in the territory of his enemies, the giants. Meili: a
practically unknown son of Othin, mentioned here only in the Edda.
Magni: son of Thor and the giantess Jarnsaxa; after Thor’s fight with
Hrungnir (cf. stanza 14, note) Magni, though but three days old, was
the only one of the gods strong enough to lift the dead giant’s foot
from Thor’s neck. After rescuing his father, Magni said to him: “There
would have been little trouble, father, had I but come sooner; I think
I should have sent this giant to hell with my fist if I had met him
first.” Magni and his brother, Mothi, inherit Thor’s hammer.

12. This stanza is hopelessly confused as to form, but none of the
editorial rearrangements have materially altered the meaning. Doomed to
die: the word “feigr” occurs constantly in the Old Norse poems and
sagas; the idea of an inevitable but unknown fate seems to have been
practically universal throughout the pre-Christian period. On the
concealment of names from enemies, cf. Fafnismol, prose after stanza 1.

13. This stanza, like the preceding one, is peculiarly chaotic in the
manuscript, and has been variously emended.

14. Hrungnir: this giant rashly wagered his head that his horse,
Gullfaxi, was swifter than Othin’s Sleipnir. In the race, which
Hrungnir lost, he managed to dash uninvited into the home of the gods,
where he became very drunk. Thor ejected him, and accepted his
challenge to a duel. Hrungnir, terrified, had a helper made for him in
the form of a dummy giant nine miles high and three miles broad.
Hrungnir himself had a three-horned heart of stone and a head of stone;
his shield was of stone and his weapon was a grindstone. But Thjalfi,
Thor’s servant, told him the god would attack him out of the ground,
wherefore Hrungnir laid down his shield and stood on it. The hammer
Mjollnir shattered both the grindstone and Hrungnir’s head, but part of
the grindstone knocked Thor down, and the giant fell with his foot on
Thor’s neck (cf. note on stanza 9). Meanwhile Thjalfi dispatched the
dummy giant without trouble.

16. Fjolvar: not elsewhere mentioned in the poems; perhaps the father
of the “seven sisters” referred to in stanza 18. Algrön “The
All-Green”: not mentioned elsewhere in the Edda.

17. Thor is always eager for stories of this sort; cf. stanzas 31 and
33.

18. Lines 1–2 are obscure, but apparently Harbarth means that the women
were wise to give in to him cheerfully, resistance to his power being
as impossible as (lines 3–4) making ropes of sand or digging the
bottoms out of the valleys. Nothing further is known of these unlucky
“seven sisters.”

19. Thjazi: this giant, by a trick, secured possession of the goddess
Ithun and her apples (cf. Skirnismol, 19, note), and carried her off
into Jotunheim. Loki, through whose fault she had been betrayed, was
sent after her by the gods. He went in Freyja’s “hawk’s-dress” (cf.
Thrymskvitha, 3), turned Ithun into a nut, and flew back with her.
Thjazi, in the shape of an eagle, gave chase. But the gods kindled a
fire which burnt the eagle’s wings, and then they killed him. Snorri’s
prose version does not attribute this feat particularly to Thor.
Thjazi’s daughter was Skathi, whom the gods permitted to marry Njorth
as a recompense for her father’s death. Alvaldi: of him we know only
that he was the father of Thjazi, Ithi and Gang, who divided his
wealth, each taking a mouthful of gold. The name is variously spelled.
It is not known which stars were called “Thjazi’s Eyes.” In the middle
of line 4 begins the fragmentary version of the poem found in the
Arnamagnæan Codex.

20. Riders by night: witches, who were supposed to ride on wolves in
the dark. Nothing further is known of this adventure.

22. The oak, etc.: this proverb is found elsewhere (e.g., Grettissaga)
in approximately the same words. Its force is much like our “to the
victor belong the spoils.”

23. Thor killed no women of the giants’ race on the “journey to the
East” so fully described by Snorri, his great giant-killing adventure
being the one narrated in the Thrymskvitha.

24. Valland: this mythical place (“Land of Slaughter”) is elsewhere
mentioned, but not further characterized; cf. prose introduction to
Völundarkvitha, and Helreith Brynhildar, 2. On the bringing of slain
heroes to Othin, cf. Voluspo, 31 and note, and, for a somewhat
different version, Grimnismol, 14. Nowhere else is it indicated that
Thor has an asylum for dead peasants.

26. The reference here is to one of the most familiar episodes in
Thor’s eastward journey. He and his companions came to a house in the
forest, and went in to spend the night. Being disturbed by an
earthquake and a terrific noise, they all crawled into a smaller room
opening from the main one. In the morning, however, they discovered
that the earthquake had been occasioned by the giant Skrymir’s lying
down near them, and the noise by his snoring. The house in which they
had taken refuge was his glove, the smaller room being the thumb.
Skrymir was in fact Utgartha-Loki himself. That he is in this stanza
called Fjalar (the name occurs also in Hovamol, 14) is probably due to
a confusion of the names by which Utgartha-Loki went. Loki taunts Thor
with this adventure in Lokasenna, 60 and 62, line 3 of this stanza
being perhaps interpolated from Lokasenna, 60, 4.

29. The river: probably Ifing, which flows between the land of the gods
and that of the giants; cf. Vafthruthnismol, 16. Sons of Svarang:
presumably the giants; Svarang is not elsewhere mentioned in the poems,
nor is there any other account of Thor’s defense of the passage.

30. Othin’s adventures of this sort were too numerous to make it
possible to identify this particular person. By stealth: so the
Arnamagnæan Codex; Regius, followed by several editors, has “long
meeting with her.”

35. Heel-biter: this effective parallel to our “back-biter” is not
found elsewhere in Old Norse.

37. Hlesey: “the Island of the Sea-God” (Hler = Ægir), identified with
the Danish island Läsö, in the Kattegat. It appears again, much out of
place, in Oddrunargratr, 28. Berserkers: originally men who could turn
themselves into bears, hence the name, “bear-shirts”; cf. the werewolf
or loupgarou. Later the name was applied to men who at times became
seized with a madness for bloodshed; cf. Hyndluljoth, 23 and note. The
women here mentioned are obviously of the earlier type.

39. Thjalfi: Thor’s servant; cf. note on stanza 14.

40. To what expedition this refers is unknown, but apparently Othin
speaks of himself as allied to the foes of the gods.

41. Hatred: so Regius; the other manuscript has, apparently,
“sickness.”

42. Just what Othin means, or why his words should so have enraged
Thor, is not evident, though he may imply that Thor is open to bribery.
Perhaps a passage has dropped out before stanza 43.

44. Othin refers to the dead, from whom he seeks information through
his magic power.

48. Sif: Thor’s wife, the lover being presumably Loki; cf. Lokasenna,
54.

52. Asathor: Thor goes by various names in the poems: e.g., Vingthor,
Vingnir, Hlorrithi. Asathor means “Thor of the Gods.”

53. Magni: Thor’s son; cf. stanza 9 and note.

56. Line 2: the phrases mean simply “a long way”; cf. “over stock and
stone.” Verland: the “Land of Men” to which Thor must come from the
land of the giants. The Arnamagnæan Codex has “Valland” (cf. stanza 24
and note), but this is obviously an error. Fjorgyn: a feminine form of
the same name, which belongs to Othin (cf. Voluspo, 56 and note); here
it evidently means Jorth (Earth), Thor’s mother. The road: the rainbow
bridge, Bifrost; cf. Grimnismol, 29 and note.

58. Line 2: so Regius; the other manuscript has “ere sunrise.”

60. The Arnamagnæan Codex clearly indicates Harbarth as the speaker of
this line, but Regius has no superscription, and begins the line with a
small letter not preceded by a period, thereby assigning it to Thor.








HYMISKVITHA

THE LAY OF HYMIR


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Hymiskvitha is found complete in both manuscripts; in Regius it
follows the Harbarthsljoth, while in the Arnamagnæan Codex it comes
after the Grimnismol. Snorri does not quote it, although he tells the
main story involved.

The poem is a distinctly inferior piece of work, obviously based on
various narrative fragments, awkwardly pieced together. Some critics,
Jessen and Edzardi for instance, have maintained that the compiler had
before him three distinct poems, which he simply put together; others,
like Finnur Jonsson and Mogk, think that the author made a new poem of
his own on the basis of earlier poems, now lost. It seems probable that
he took a lot of odds and ends of material concerning Thor, whether in
prose or in verse, and worked them together in a perfunctory way,
without much caring how well they fitted. His chief aim was probably to
impress the credulous imaginations of hearers greedy for wonders.

The poem is almost certainly one of the latest of those dealing with
the gods, though Finnur Jonsson, in order to support his theory of a
Norwegian origin, has to date it relatively early. If, as seems
probable, it was produced in Iceland, the chances are that it was
composed in the first half of the eleventh century. Jessen, rather
recklessly, goes so far as to put it two hundred years later. In any
case, it belongs to a period of literary decadence,—the great days of
Eddic poetry would never have permitted the nine hundred headed person
found in Hymir’s home—and to one in which the usual forms of diction in
mythological poetry had yielded somewhat to the verbal subtleties of
skaldic verse.

While the skaldic poetry properly falls outside the limits of this
book, it is necessary here to say a word about it. There is preserved,
in the sagas and elsewhere, a very considerable body of lyric poetry,
the authorship of each poem being nearly always definitely stated,
whether correctly or otherwise. This type of poetry is marked by an
extraordinary complexity of diction, with a peculiarly difficult
vocabulary of its own. It was to explain some of the “kennings” which
composed this special vocabulary that Snorri wrote one of the sections
of the Prose Edda. As an illustration, in a single stanza of one poem
in the Egilssaga, a sword is called “the halo of the helm,” “the
wound-hoe,” “the blood-snake” (possibly; no one is sure what the
compound word means) and “the ice of the girdle,” while men appear in
the same stanza as “Othin’s ash-trees,” and battle is spoken of as “the
iron game.” One of the eight lines has defied translation completely.

Skaldic diction made relatively few inroads into the earlier Eddic
poems, but in the Hymiskvitha these circumlocutions are fairly
numerous. This sets the poem somewhat apart from the rest of the
mythological collection. Only the vigor of the two main stories—Thor’s
expedition after Hymir’s kettle and the fishing trip in which he caught
Mithgarthsorm—saves it from complete mediocrity.





1.  Of old the gods   |   made feast together,
    And drink they sought   |   ere sated they were;
    Twigs they shook,   |   and blood they tried:
    Rich fare in Ægir’s   |   hall they found.

2.  The mountain-dweller   |   sat merry as boyhood,
    But soon like a blinded   |   man he seemed;
    The son of Ygg   |   gazed in his eyes:
    “For the gods a feast   |   shalt thou forthwith get.”

3.  The word-wielder toil   |   for the giant worked,
    And so revenge   |   on the gods he sought;
    He bade Sif’s mate   |   the kettle bring:
    “Therein for ye all   |   much ale shall I brew.”

4.  The far-famed ones   |   could find it not,
    And the holy gods   |   could get it nowhere;
    Till in truthful wise   |   did Tyr speak forth,
    And helpful counsel   |   to Hlorrithi gave.

5.  “There dwells to the east   |   of Elivagar
    Hymir the wise   |   at the end of heaven;
    A kettle my father   |   fierce doth own,
    A mighty vessel   |   a mile in depth.”


Thor spake:


6.  “May we win, dost thou think,   |   this whirler of water?”


Tyr spake:


    “Aye, friend, we can,   |   if cunning we are.”

7.  Forward that day   |   with speed they fared,
    From Asgarth came they   |   to Egil’s home;
    The goats with horns   |   bedecked he guarded;
    Then they sped to the hall   |   where Hymir dwelt.

8.  The youth found his grandam,   |   that greatly he loathed,
    And full nine hundred   |   heads she had;
    But the other fair   |   with gold came forth,
    And the bright-browed one   |   brought beer to her son.

9.  “Kinsman of giants,   |   beneath the kettle
    Will I set ye both,   |   ye heroes bold;
    For many a time   |   my dear-loved mate
    To guests is wrathful   |   and grim of mind.”

10. Late to his home   |   the misshapen Hymir,
    The giant harsh,   |   from his hunting came;
    The icicles rattled   |   as in he came,
    For the fellow’s chin-forest   |   frozen was.

11. “Hail to thee, Hymir!   |   good thoughts mayst thou have;
    Here has thy son   |   to thine hall now come;
    (For him have we waited,   |   his way was long;)
    And with him fares   |   the foeman of Hroth,
    The friend of mankind,   |   and Veur they call him.

12. “See where under   |   the gable they sit!
    Behind the beam   |   do they hide themselves.”
    The beam at the glance   |   of the giant broke,
    And the mighty pillar   |   in pieces fell.

13. Eight fell from the ledge,   |   and one alone,
    The hard-hammered kettle,   |   of all was whole;
    Forth came they then,   |   and his foes he sought,
    The giant old,   |   and held with his eyes.

14. Much sorrow his heart   |   foretold when he saw
    The giantess’ foeman   |   come forth on the floor;
    Then of the steers   |   did they bring in three;
    Their flesh to boil   |   did the giant bid.

15. By a head was each   |   the shorter hewed,
    And the beasts to the fire   |   straight they bore;
    The husband of Sif,   |   ere to sleep he went,
    Alone two oxen   |   of Hymir’s ate.

16. To the comrade hoary   |   of Hrungnir then
    Did Hlorrithi’s meal   |   full mighty seem;
    “Next time at eve   |   we three must eat
    The food we have   |   as the hunting’s spoil.”

17. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Fain to row on the sea   |   was Veur, he said,
    If the giant bold   |   would give him bait.


Hymir spake:


18. “Go to the herd,   |   if thou hast it in mind,
    Thou slayer of giants,   |   thy bait to seek;
    For there thou soon   |   mayst find, methinks,
    Bait from the oxen   |   easy to get.”

19. Swift to the wood   |   the hero went,
    Till before him an ox   |   all black he found;
    From the beast the slayer   |   of giants broke
    The fortress high   |   of his double horns.


Hymir spake:


20. “Thy works, methinks,   |   are worse by far,
    Thou steerer of ships,   |   than when still thou sittest.”
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

21. The lord of the goats   |   bade the ape-begotten
    Farther to steer   |   the steed of the rollers;
    But the giant said   |   that his will, forsooth,
    Longer to row   |   was little enough.

22. Two whales on his hook   |   did the mighty Hymir
    Soon pull up   |   on a single cast;
    In the stern the kinsman   |   of Othin sat,
    And Veur with cunning   |   his cast prepared.

23. The warder of men,   |   the worm’s destroyer,
    Fixed on his hook   |   the head of the ox;
    There gaped at the bait   |   the foe of the gods,
    The girdler of all   |   the earth beneath.

24. The venomous serpent   |   swiftly up
    To the boat did Thor,   |   the bold one, pull;
    With his hammer the loathly   |   hill of the hair
    Of the brother of Fenrir   |   he smote from above.

25. The monsters roared,   |   and the rocks resounded,
    And all the earth   |   so old was shaken;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Then sank the fish   |   in the sea forthwith.

26. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Joyless as back   |   they rowed was the giant;
    Speechless did Hymir   |   sit at the oars,
    With the rudder he sought   |   a second wind.


Hymir spake:


27. “The half of our toil   |   wilt thou have with me,
    And now make fast   |   our goat of the flood;
    Or home wilt thou bear   |   the whales to the house,
    Across the gorge   |   of the wooded glen?”

28. Hlorrithi stood   |   and the stem he gripped,
    And the sea-horse with water   |   awash he lifted;
    Oars and bailer   |   and all he bore
    With the surf-swine home   |   to the giant’s house.

29. His might the giant   |   again would match,
    For stubborn he was,   |   with the strength of Thor;
    None truly strong,   |   though stoutly he rowed,
    Would he call save one   |   who could break the cup.

30. Hlorrithi then,   |   when the cup he held,
    Struck with the glass   |   the pillars of stone;
    As he sat the posts   |   in pieces he shattered,
    Yet the glass to Hymir   |   whole they brought.

31. But the loved one fair   |   of the giant found
    A counsel true,   |   and told her thought:
    “Smite the skull of Hymir,   |   heavy with food,
    For harder it is   |   than ever was glass.”

32. The goats’ mighty ruler   |   then rose on his knee,
    And with all the strength   |   of a god he struck;
    Whole was the fellow’s   |   helmet-stem,
    But shattered the wine-cup   |   rounded was.


Hymir spake:


33. “Fair is the treasure   |   that from me is gone,
    Since now the cup   |   on my knees lies shattered;”
    So spake the giant:   |   “No more can I say
    In days to be,   |   ‘Thou art brewed, mine ale.’

34. “Enough shall it be   |   if out ye can bring
    Forth from our house   |   the kettle here.”
    Tyr then twice   |   to move it tried,
    But before him the kettle   |   twice stood fast.

35. The father of Mothi   |   the rim seized firm,
    And before it stood   |   on the floor below;
    Up on his head   |   Sif’s husband raised it,
    And about his heels   |   the handles clattered.

36. Not long had they fared,   |   ere backwards looked
    The son of Othin,   |   once more to see;
    From their caves in the east   |   beheld he coming
    With Hymir the throng   |   of the many-headed.

37. He stood and cast   |   from his back the kettle,
    And Mjollnir, the lover   |   of murder, he wielded;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    So all the whales   |   of the waste he slew.

38. Not long had they fared   |   ere one there lay
    Of Hlorrithi’s goats   |   half-dead on the ground;
    In his leg the pole-horse   |   there was lame;
    The deed the evil   |   Loki had done.

39. But ye all have heard,—   |   for of them who have
    The tales of the gods,   |   who better can tell?—
    What prize he won   |   from the wilderness-dweller,
    Who both his children   |   gave him to boot.

40. The mighty one came   |   to the council of gods,
    And the kettle he had   |   that Hymir’s was;
    So gladly their ale   |   the gods could drink
    In Ægir’s hall   |   at the autumn-time.








NOTES


1. Twigs: Vigfusson comments at some length on “the rite practised in
the heathen age of inquiring into the future by dipping bunches of
chips or twigs into the blood (of sacrifices) and shaking them.” But
the two operations may have been separate, the twigs being simply
“divining-rods” marked with runes. In either case, the gods were
seeking information by magic as to where they could find plenty to
drink. Ægir: a giant who is also the god of the sea; little is known of
him outside of what is told here and in the introductory prose to the
Lokasenna, though Snorri has a brief account of him, giving his home as
Hlesey (Läsö, cf. Harbarthsljoth, 37). Grimnismol, 45, has a reference
to this same feast.

2. Mountain-dweller: the giant (Ægir). Line 2: the principal word in
the original has defied interpretation, and any translation of the line
must be largely guesswork. Ygg: Othin; his son is Thor. Some editors
assume a gap after this stanza.

3. Word-wielder: Thor. The giant: Ægir. Sif: Thor’s wife; cf.
Harbarthsljoth, 48. The kettle: Ægir’s kettle is possibly the sea
itself.

4. Tyr: the god of battle; his two great achievements were thrusting
his hand into the mouth of the wolf Fenrir so that the gods might bind
him, whereby he lost his hand (cf. Voluspo, 39, note), and his fight
with the hound Garm in the last battle, in which they kill each other.
Hlorrithi: Thor.

5. Elivagar (“Stormy Waves”): possibly the Milky Way; cf.
Vafthruthnismol, 31, note. Hymir: this giant figures only in this
episode. It is not clear why Tyr, who is elsewhere spoken of as a son
of Othin, should here call Hymir his father. Finnur Jonsson, in an
attempt to get round this difficulty, deliberately changed the word
“father” to “grandfather,” but this does not help greatly.

6. Neither manuscript has any superscriptions, but most editors have
supplied them as above. From this point through stanza 11 the editors
have varied considerably in grouping the lines into stanzas. The
manuscripts indicate the third lines of stanzas 7, 8, 9, and 10 as
beginning stanzas, but this makes more complications than the present
arrangement. It is possible that, as Sijmons suggests, two lines have
been lost after stanza 6.

7. Egil: possibly, though by no means certainly, the father of Thor’s
servant, Thjalfi, for, according to Snorri, Thor’s first stop on this
journey was at the house of a peasant whose children, Thjalfi and
Roskva, he took into his service; cf. stanza 38, note. The Arnamagnæan
Codex has “Ægir” instead of “Egil,” but, aside from the fact that Thor
had just left Ægir’s house, the sea-god can hardly have been spoken of
as a goat-herd.

8. The youth: Tyr, whose extraordinary grandmother is Hymir’s mother.
We know nothing further of her, or of the other, who is Hymir’s wife
and Tyr’s mother. It may be guessed, however, that she belonged rather
to the race of the gods than to that of the giants.

11. Two or three editors give this stanza a superscription (“The
concubine spake,” “The daughter spake”). Line 3 is commonly regarded as
spurious. The foeman of Hroth: of course this means Thor, but nothing
is known of any enemy of his by this name. Several editors have sought
to make a single word meaning “the famous enemy” out of the phrase.
Concerning Thor as the friend of man, particularly of the peasant
class, cf. introduction to Harbarthsljoth. Veur: another name, of
uncertain meaning, for Thor.

13. Eight: the giant’s glance, besides breaking the beam, knocks down
all the kettles with such violence that all but the one under which
Thor and Tyr are hiding are broken.

14. Hymir’s wrath does not permit him to ignore the duties of a host to
his guests, always strongly insisted on.

15. Thor’s appetite figures elsewhere; cf. Thrymskvitha, 24.

16. The comrade of Hrungnir: Hymir, presumably simply because both are
giants; cf. Harbarthsljoth, 14 and note.

17. The manuscripts indicate no lacuna, and many editors unite stanza
17 with lines 1 and 2 of 18. Sijmons and Gering assume a gap after
these two lines, but it seems more probable that the missing passage,
if any, belonged before them, supplying the connection with the
previous stanza.

18. The manuscripts have no superscription. Many editors combine lines
3 and 4 with lines 1 and 2 of stanza 19. In Snorri’s extended
paraphrase of the story, Hymir declines to go fishing with Thor on the
ground that the latter is too small a person to be worth bothering
about. “You would freeze,” he says, “if you stayed out in mid-ocean as
long as I generally do.” Bait (line 4): the word literally means
“chaff,” hence any small bits; Hymir means that Thor should collect
dung for bait.

19. Many editors combine lines 3 and 4 with stanza 20. Fortress, etc.:
the ox’s head; cf. introductory note concerning the diction of this
poem. Several editors assume a lacuna after stanza 19, but this seems
unnecessary.

20. The manuscripts have no superscription. Steerer of ships: probably
merely a reference to Thor’s intention to go fishing. The lacuna after
stanza 20 is assumed by most editors.

21. Lord of the goats: Thor, because of his goat-drawn chariot.
Ape-begotten: Hymir; the word “api,” rare until relatively late times
in its literal sense, is fairly common with the meaning of “fool.”
Giants were generally assumed to be stupid. Steed of the rollers: a
ship, because boats were pulled up on shore by means of rollers.

23. Warder of men: Thor; cf. stanza 11. Worm’s destroyer: likewise
Thor, who in the last battle slays, and is slain by, Mithgarthsorm; cf.
Voluspo, 56. The foe of the gods: Mithgarthsorm, who lies in the sea,
and surrounds the whole earth.

24. Hill of the hair: head,—a thoroughly characteristic skaldic phrase.
Brother of Fenrir: Mithgarthsorm was, like the wolf Fenrir and the
goddess Hel, born to Loki and the giantess Angrbotha (cf. Voluspo, 39
and note), and I have translated this line accordingly; but the word
used in the text has been guessed as meaning almost anything from
“comrade” to “enemy.”

25. No gap is indicated in the manuscripts, but that a line or more has
been lost is highly probable. In Snorri’s version, Thor pulls so hard
on the line that he drives both his feet through the flooring of the
boat, and stands on bottom. When he pulls the serpent up, Hymir cuts
the line with his bait-knife, which explains the serpent’s escape.
Thor, in a rage, knocks Hymir overboard with his hammer, and then wades
ashore. The lines of stanzas 25 and 26 have been variously grouped.

26. No gap is indicated in the manuscripts, but line 2 begins with a
small letter. A second wind: another direction, i.e., he put about for
the shore.

27. No superscription in the manuscripts. In its place Bugge supplies a
line—“These words spake Hymir,   |   the giant wise.” The manuscripts
reverse the order of lines 2 and 3, and in both of them line 4 stands
after stanza 28. Goat of the flood: boat.

28. Sea-horse: boat. Surf-swine: the whales.

29. Snorri says nothing of this episode of Hymir’s cup. The glass which
cannot be broken appears in the folklore of various races.

31. The loved one: Hymir’s wife and Tyr’s mother; cf. stanza 8 and
note. The idea that a giant’s skull is harder than stone or anything
else is characteristic of the later Norse folk-stories, and in one of
the so-called “mythical sagas” we find a giant actually named
Hard-Skull.

32. Helmet-stem: head.

33. The manuscripts have no superscription. Line 4 in the manuscripts
is somewhat obscure, and Bugge, followed by some editors, suggests a
reading which may be rendered (beginning with the second half of line
3): “No more can I speak / Ever again   |   as I spoke of old.”

35. The father of Mothi and Sif’s husband: Thor.

36. The many-headed: The giants, although rarely designated as a race
in this way, sometimes had two or more heads; cf. stanza 8, Skirnismol,
31 and Vafthruthnismol, 33. Hymir’s mother is, however, the only
many-headed giant actually to appear in the action of the poems, and it
is safe to assume that the tradition as a whole belongs to the period
of Norse folk-tales of the märchen order.

37. No gap is indicated in the manuscripts. Some editors put the
missing line as 2, some as 3, and some, leaving the present three lines
together, add a fourth, and metrically incorrect, one from late paper
manuscripts: “Who with Hymir   |   followed after.” Whales of the
waste: giants.

38. According to Snorri, when Thor set out with Loki (not Tyr) for the
giants’ land, he stopped first at a peasant’s house (cf. stanza 7 and
note). There he proceeded to cook his own goats for supper. The
peasant’s son, Thjalfi, eager to get at the marrow, split one of the
leg-bones with his knife. The next morning, when Thor was ready to
proceed with his journey, he called the goats to life again, but one of
them proved irretrievably lame. His wrath led the peasant to give him
both his children as servants (cf. stanza 39). Snorri does not indicate
that Loki was in any way to blame.

39. This deliberate introduction of the story-teller is exceedingly
rare in the older poetry.

40. The translation of the last two lines is mostly guesswork, as the
word rendered “gods” is uncertain, and the one rendered “at the
autumn-time” is quite obscure.








LOKASENNA

LOKI’S WRANGLING


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Lokasenna is found only in Regius, where it follows the
Hymiskvitha; Snorri quotes four lines of it, grouped together as a
single stanza.

The poem is one of the most vigorous of the entire collection, and
seems to have been preserved in exceptionally good condition. The
exchange or contest of insults was dear to the Norse heart, and the
Lokasenna consists chiefly of Loki’s taunts to the assembled gods and
goddesses, and their largely ineffectual attempts to talk back to him.
The author was evidently well versed in mythological lore, and the poem
is full of references to incidents not elsewhere recorded. As to its
date and origin there is the usual dispute, but the latter part of the
tenth century and Iceland seem the best guesses.

The prose notes are long and of unusual interest. The introductory one
links the poem closely to the Hymiskvitha, much as the Reginsmol,
Fafnismol and Sigrdrifumol are linked together; the others fill in the
narrative gaps in the dialogue—very like stage directions,—and provide
a conclusion by relating Loki’s punishment, which, presumably, is here
connected with the wrong incident. It is likely that often when the
poem was recited during the two centuries or so before it was committed
to writing, the speaker inserted some such explanatory comments, and
the compiler of the collection followed this example by adding such
explanations as he thought necessary. The Lokasenna is certainly much
older than the Hymiskvitha, the connection between them being purely
one of subject-matter; and the twelfth-century compiler evidently knew
a good deal less about mythology than the author whose work he was
annotating.





Ægir, who was also called Gymir, had prepared ale for the gods, after
he had got the mighty kettle, as now has been told. To this feast came
Othin and Frigg, his wife. Thor came not, as he was on a journey in the
East. Sif, Thor’s wife, was there, and Bragi with Ithun, his wife. Tyr,
who had but one hand, was there; the wolf Fenrir had bitten off his
other hand when they had bound him. There were Njorth and Skathi his
wife, Freyr and Freyja, and Vithar, the son of Othin. Loki was there,
and Freyr’s servants Byggvir and Beyla. Many were there of the gods and
elves.

Ægir had two serving-men, Fimafeng and Eldir. Glittering gold they had
in place of firelight; the ale came in of itself; and great was the
peace. The guests praised much the ability of Ægir’s serving-men. Loki
might not endure that, and he slew Fimafeng. Then the gods shook their
shields and howled at Loki and drove him away to the forest, and
thereafter set to drinking again. Loki turned back, and outside he met
Eldir. Loki spoke to him:


1.  “Speak now, Eldir,   |   for not one step
      Farther shalt thou fare;
    What ale-talk here   |   do they have within,
      The sons of the glorious gods?”


Eldir spake:


2.  “Of their weapons they talk,   |   and their might in war,
      The sons of the glorious gods;
    From the gods and elves   |   who are gathered here
      No friend in words shalt thou find.”


Loki spake:


3.  “In shall I go   |   into Ægir’s hall,
      For the feast I fain would see;
    Bale and hatred   |   I bring to the gods,
      And their mead with venom I mix.”


Eldir spake:


4.  “If in thou goest   |   to Ægir’s hall,
      And fain the feast wouldst see,
    And with slander and spite   |   wouldst sprinkle the gods,
      Think well lest they wipe it on thee.”


Loki spake:


5.  “Bethink thee, Eldir,   |   if thou and I
      Shall strive with spiteful speech;
    Richer I grow   |   in ready words
      If thou speakest too much to me.”


Then Loki went into the hall, but when they who were there saw who had
entered, they were all silent.

Loki spake:


6.  “Thirsty I come   |   into this thine hall,
      I, Lopt, from a journey long,
    To ask of the gods   |   that one should give
      Fair mead for a drink to me.

7.  “Why sit ye silent,   |   swollen with pride,
      Ye gods, and no answer give?
    At your feast a place   |   and a seat prepare me,
      Or bid me forth to fare.”


Bragi spake:


8.  “A place and a seat   |   will the gods prepare
      No more in their midst for thee;
    For the gods know well   |   what men they wish
      To find at their mighty feasts.”


Loki spake:


9.  “Remember, Othin,   |   in olden days
      That we both our blood have mixed;
    Then didst thou promise   |   no ale to pour,
      Unless it were brought for us both.”


Othin spake:


10. “Stand forth then, Vithar,   |   and let the wolf’s father
      Find a seat at our feast;
    Lest evil should Loki   |   speak aloud
      Here within Ægir’s hall.”


Then Vithar arose and poured drink for Loki; but before he drank he
spoke to the gods:


11. “Hail to you, gods!   |   ye goddesses, hail!
      Hail to the holy throng!
    Save for the god   |   who yonder sits,
      Bragi there on the bench.”


Bragi spake:


12. “A horse and a sword   |   from my hoard will I give,
      And a ring gives Bragi to boot,
    That hatred thou makst not   |   among the gods;
      So rouse not the great ones to wrath.”


Loki spake:


13. “In horses and rings   |   thou shalt never be rich,
      Bragi, but both shalt thou lack;
    Of the gods and elves   |   here together met
      Least brave in battle art thou,
      (And shyest thou art of the shot.)”


Bragi spake:


14. “Now were I without   |   as I am within,
      And here in Ægir’s hall,
    Thine head would I bear   |   in mine hands away,
      And pay thee the price of thy lies.”


Loki spake:


15. “In thy seat art thou bold,   |   not so are thy deeds,
      Bragi, adorner of benches!
    Go out and fight   |   if angered thou feelest,
      No hero such forethought has.”


Ithun spake:


16. “Well, prithee, Bragi,   |   his kinship weigh,
      Since chosen as wish-son he was;
    And speak not to Loki   |   such words of spite
      Here within Ægir’s hall.”


Loki spake:


17. “Be silent, Ithun!   |   thou art, I say,
      Of women most lustful in love,
    Since thou thy washed-bright   |   arms didst wind
      About thy brother’s slayer.”


Ithun spake:


18. “To Loki I speak not   |   with spiteful words
      Here within Ægir’s hall;
    And Bragi I calm,   |   who is hot with beer,
      For I wish not that fierce they should fight.”


Gefjun spake:


19. “Why, ye gods twain,   |   with bitter tongues
      Raise hate among us here?
    Loki is famed   |   for his mockery foul,
      And the dwellers in heaven he hates.”


Loki spake:


20. “Be silent, Gefjun!   |   for now shall I say
      Who led thee to evil life;
    The boy so fair   |   gave a necklace bright,
      And about him thy leg was laid.”


Othin spake:


21. “Mad art thou, Loki,   |   and little of wit,
      The wrath of Gefjun to rouse;
    For the fate that is set   |   for all she sees,
      Even as I, methinks.”


Loki spake:


22. “Be silent, Othin!   |   not justly thou settest
      The fate of the fight among men;
    Oft gavst thou to him   |   who deserved not the gift,
      To the baser, the battle’s prize.”


Othin spake:


23. “Though I gave to him   |   who deserved not the gift,
      To the baser, the battle’s prize;
    Winters eight   |   wast thou under the earth,
      Milking the cows as a maid,
      (Ay, and babes didst thou bear;
      Unmanly thy soul must seem.)”


Loki spake:


24. “They say that with spells   |   in Samsey once
      Like witches with charms didst thou work;
    And in witch’s guise   |   among men didst thou go;
      Unmanly thy soul must seem.”


Frigg spake:


25. “Of the deeds ye two   |   of old have done
      Ye should make no speech among men;
    Whate’er ye have done   |   in days gone by,
      Old tales should ne’er be told.”


Loki spake:


26. “Be silent, Frigg!   |   thou art Fjorgyn’s wife,
      But ever lustful in love;
    For Vili and Ve,   |   thou wife of Vithrir,
      Both in thy bosom have lain.”


Frigg spake:


27. “If a son like Baldr   |   were by me now,
      Here within Ægir’s hall,
    From the sons of the gods   |   thou shouldst go not forth
      Till thy fierceness in fight were tried.”


Loki spake:


28. “Thou wilt then, Frigg,   |   that further I tell
      Of the ill that now I know;
    Mine is the blame   |   that Baldr no more
      Thou seest ride home to the hall.”


Freyja spake:


29. “Mad art thou, Loki,   |   that known thou makest
      The wrong and shame thou hast wrought;
    The fate of all   |   does Frigg know well,
      Though herself she says it not.”


Loki spake:


30. “Be silent, Freyja!   |   for fully I know thee,
      Sinless thou art not thyself;
    Of the gods and elves   |   who are gathered here,
      Each one as thy lover has lain.”


Freyja spake:


31. “False is thy tongue,   |   and soon shalt thou find
      That it sings thee an evil song;
    The gods are wroth,   |   and the goddesses all,
      And in grief shalt thou homeward go.”


Loki spake:


32. “Be silent, Freyja!   |   thou foulest witch,
      And steeped full sore in sin;
    In the arms of thy brother   |   the bright gods caught thee
      When Freyja her wind set free.”


Njorth spake:


33. “Small ill does it work   |   though a woman may have
      A lord or a lover or both;
    But a wonder it is   |   that this womanish god
      Comes hither, though babes he has borne.”


Loki spake:


34. “Be silent, Njorth;   |   thou wast eastward sent,
      To the gods as a hostage given;
    And the daughters of Hymir   |   their privy had
      When use did they make of thy mouth.”


Njorth spake:


35. “Great was my gain,   |   though long was I gone,
      To the gods as a hostage given;
    The son did I have   |   whom no man hates,
      And foremost of gods is found.”


Loki spake:


36. “Give heed now, Njorth,   |   nor boast too high,
      No longer I hold it hid;
    With thy sister hadst thou   |   so fair a son,
      Thus hadst thou no worse a hope.”


Tyr spake:


37. “Of the heroes brave   |   is Freyr the best
      Here in the home of the gods;
    He harms not maids   |   nor the wives of men,
      And the bound from their fetters he frees.”


Loki spake:


38. “Be silent, Tyr!   |   for between two men
      Friendship thou ne’er couldst fashion;
    Fain would I tell   |   how Fenrir once
      Thy right hand rent from thee.”


Tyr spake:


39. “My hand do I lack,   |   but Hrothvitnir thou,
      And the loss brings longing to both;
    Ill fares the wolf   |   who shall ever await
      In fetters the fall of the gods.”


Loki spake:


40. “Be silent, Tyr!   |   for a son with me
      Thy wife once chanced to win;
    Not a penny, methinks,   |   wast thou paid for the wrong,
      Nor wast righted an inch, poor wretch.”


Freyr spake:


41. “By the mouth of the river   |   the wolf remains
      Till the gods to destruction go;
    Thou too shalt soon,   |   if thy tongue is not stilled,
      Be fettered, thou forger of ill.”


Loki spake:


42. “The daughter of Gymir   |   with gold didst thou buy,
      And sold thy sword to boot;
    But when Muspell’s sons   |   through Myrkwood ride,
      Thou shalt weaponless wait, poor wretch.”


Byggvir spake:


43. “Had I birth so famous   |   as Ingunar-Freyr,
      And sat in so lofty a seat,
    I would crush to marrow   |   this croaker of ill,
      And beat all his body to bits.”


Loki spake:


44. “What little creature   |   goes crawling there,
      Snuffling and snapping about?
    At Freyr’s ears ever   |   wilt thou be found,
      Or muttering hard at the mill.”


Byggvir spake:


45. “Byggvir my name,   |   and nimble am I,
      As gods and men do grant;
    And here am I proud   |   that the children of Hropt
      Together all drink ale.”


Loki spake:


46. “Be silent, Byggvir!   |   thou never couldst set
      Their shares of the meat for men;
    Hid in straw on the floor,   |   they found thee not
      When heroes were fain to fight.”


Heimdall spake:


47. “Drunk art thou, Loki,   |   and mad are thy deeds,
      Why, Loki, leavst thou this not?
    For drink beyond measure   |   will lead all men
      No thought of their tongues to take.”


Loki spake:


48. “Be silent, Heimdall!   |   in days long since
      Was an evil fate for thee fixed;
    With back held stiff   |   must thou ever stand,
      As warder of heaven to watch.”


Skathi spake:


49. “Light art thou, Loki,   |   but longer thou mayst not
      In freedom flourish thy tail;
    On the rocks the gods bind thee   |   with bowels torn
      Forth from thy frost-cold son.”


Loki spake:


50. “Though on rocks the gods bind me   |   with bowels torn
      Forth from my frost-cold son,
    I was first and last   |   at the deadly fight
      There where Thjazi we caught.”


Skathi spake:


51. “Wert thou first and last   |   at the deadly fight
      There where Thjazi was caught,
    From my dwellings and fields   |   shall ever come forth
      A counsel cold for thee.”


Loki spake:


52. “More lightly thou spakest   |   with Laufey’s son,
      When thou badst me come to thy bed;
    Such things must be known   |   if now we two
      Shall seek our sins to tell.”


Then Sif came forward and poured mead for Loki in a crystal cup, and
said:


53. “Hail to thee, Loki,   |   and take thou here
      The crystal cup of old mead;
    For me at least,   |   alone of the gods,
      Blameless thou knowest to be.”


He took the horn, and drank therefrom:


54. “Alone thou wert   |   if truly thou wouldst
      All men so shyly shun;
    But one do I know   |   full well, methinks,
      Who had thee from Hlorrithi’s arms,—
      (Loki the crafty in lies.)”


Beyla spake:


55. “The mountains shake,   |   and surely I think
      From his home comes Hlorrithi now;
    He will silence the man   |   who is slandering here
      Together both gods and men.”


Loki spake:


56. “Be silent, Beyla!   |   thou art Byggvir’s wife,
      And deep art thou steeped in sin;
    A greater shame   |   to the gods came ne’er,
      Befouled thou art with thy filth.”


Then came Thor forth, and spake:


57. “Unmanly one, cease,   |   or the mighty hammer,
      Mjollnir, shall close thy mouth;
    Thy shoulder-cliff   |   shall I cleave from thy neck,
      And so shall thy life be lost.”


Loki spake:


58. “Lo, in has come   |   the son of Earth:
      Why threaten so loudly, Thor?
    Less fierce thou shalt go   |   to fight with the wolf
      When he swallows Sigfather up.”


Thor spake:


59. “Unmanly one, cease,   |   or the mighty hammer,
      Mjollnir, shall close thy mouth;
    I shall hurl thee up   |   and out in the East,
      Where men shall see thee no more.”


Loki spake:


60. “That thou hast fared   |   on the East-road forth
      To men shouldst thou say no more;
    In the thumb of a glove   |   didst thou hide, thou great one,
      And there forgot thou wast Thor.”


Thor spake:


61. “Unmanly one, cease,   |   or the mighty hammer,
      Mjollnir, shall close thy mouth;
    My right hand shall smite thee   |   with Hrungnir’s slayer,
      Till all thy bones are broken.”


Loki spake:


62. “A long time still   |   do I think to live,
      Though thou threatenest thus with thy hammer;
    Rough seemed the straps   |   of Skrymir’s wallet,
      When thy meat thou mightest not get,
      (And faint from hunger didst feel.)”


Thor spake:


63. “Unmanly one, cease,   |   or the mighty hammer,
      Mjollnir, shall close thy mouth;
    The slayer of Hrungnir   |   shall send thee to hell,
      And down to the gate of death.”


Loki spake:


64. “I have said to the gods   |   and the sons of the gods
      The things that whetted my thoughts;
    But before thee alone   |   do I now go forth,
      For thou fightest well, I ween.

65. “Ale hast thou brewed,   |   but, Ægir, now
      Such feasts shalt thou make no more;
    O’er all that thou hast   |   which is here within
      Shall play the flickering flames,
      (And thy back shall be burnt with fire.)”


And after that Loki hid himself in Franang’s waterfall in the guise of
a salmon, and there the gods took him. He was bound with the bowels of
his son Vali, but his son Narfi was changed to a wolf. Skathi took a
poison-snake and fastened it up over Loki’s face, and the poison
dropped thereon. Sigyn, Loki’s wife, sat there and held a shell under
the poison, but when the shell was full she bore away the poison, and
meanwhile the poison dropped on Loki. Then he struggled so hard that
the whole earth shook therewith; and now that is called an earthquake.








NOTES


Prose. Ægir: the sea-god; Snorri gives Hler as another of his names,
but he is not elsewhere called Gymir, which is the name of the giant,
Gerth’s father, in the Skirnismol. On Ægir cf. Grimnismol, 45, and
Hymiskvitha, 1. Frigg: though Othin’s wife is often mentioned, she
plays only a minor part in the Eddic poems; cf. Voluspo, 34,
Vafthruthnismol, 1, and Grimnismol, introductory prose. Thor: the
compiler is apparently a trifle confused as to Thor’s movements; the
“journey in the East” here mentioned cannot be the one described in the
Hymiskvitha, nor yet the one narrated by Snorri, as Loki was with Thor
throughout that expedition. He probably means no more than that Thor
was off killing giants. Sif: concerning Thor’s wife the chief incident
is that Loki cut off her hair, and, at the command of the wrathful
Thor, was compelled to have the dwarfs fashion her a new supply of hair
out of gold; cf. Harbarthsljoth, 48. Bragi: the god of poetry; cf.
Grimnismol, 44 and note. Ithun: the goddess of youth; cf. note on
Skirnismol, 19. Ithun is not mentioned by name in any other of the
Eddic poems, but Snorri tells in detail how the giant Thjazi stole her
and her apples, explaining the reference in Harbarthsljoth, 19 (q. v.).
Tyr: the god of battle; cf. Hymiskvitha, 4, and (concerning his
dealings with the wolf Fenrir) Voluspo, 39, note. Njorth: the chief of
the Wanes, and father of Freyr and Freyja; cf. (concerning the whole
family) Skirnismol, introductory prose and note, also Voluspo, 21 and
note. Skathi: Njorth’s wife was the daughter of the giant Thjazi; cf.
Harbarthsljoth, 19, note, and Grimnismol, 11. Vithar: the silent god,
the son of Othin who avenged his father by slaying the wolf Fenrir; cf.
Voluspo, 54, Vafthruthnismol, 51, and Grimnismol, 17. Loki: the
mischief-making fire-god; in addition to the many references to his
career in the Lokasenna, cf. particularly Voluspo, 32 and 35, and
notes. Byggvir and Beyla: not mentioned elsewhere in the poems; Freyr’s
conspicuous servant is Skirnir, hero of the Skirnismol. Fimafeng (“The
Swift Handler”) and Eldir (“The Man of the Fire”): mentioned only in
connection with this incident. Glittering gold: Ægir’s use of gold to
light his hall, which was often thought of as under the sea, was
responsible for the phrase “flame of the flood,” and sundry kindred
phrases, meaning “gold.”

6. Lopt: like Lothur (cf. Voluspo, 18) another name for Loki; cf.
Hyndluljoth, 43, and Svipdagsmol, 42.

7. In the manuscript this stanza begins with a small letter, and
Heinzel unites it with stanza 6.

8. Bragi: cf. note on introductory prose. Why Loki taunts him with
cowardice (stanzas 11–13–15) is not clear, for poetry, of which Bragi
was the patron, was generally associated in the Norse mind with
peculiar valor, and most of the skaldic poets were likewise noted
fighters.

9. There exists no account of any incident in which Othin and Loki thus
swore blood-brotherhood, but they were so often allied in enterprises
that the idea is wholly reasonable. The common process of “mingling
blood” was carried out quite literally, and the promise of which Loki
speaks is characteristic of those which, in the sagas, often
accompanied the ceremony; cf. Brot af Sigurtharkvithu, 18 and note.

10. In stanzas 10–31 the manuscript has nothing to indicate the
identity of the several speakers, but these are uniformly clear enough
through the context. Vithar: cf. note on introductory prose. The wolf’s
father: Loki; cf. Voluspo, 39 and note.

13. Sijmons makes one line of lines 4–5 by cutting out a part of each;
Finnur Jonsson rejects 5 as spurious.

14. The text of line 4 is somewhat obscure, and has been variously
emended, one often adopted suggestion making the line read, “Little is
that for thy lies.”

15. Adorner of benches: this epithet presumably implies that Bragi is
not only slothful, but also effeminate, for a very similar word, “pride
of the benches,” means a bride.

16. Ithun: Bragi’s wife; cf. note on introductory prose. The goddesses
who, finding that their husbands are getting the worst of it, take up
the cudgels with Loki, all find themselves confronted with undeniable
facts in their own careers; cf. stanzas 26 (Frigg), 52 (Skathi) and 54
(Sif). Gefjun and Freyja are silenced in similar fashion. Wish-son:
adopted son; Loki was the son of the giant Farbauti and the giantess
Laufey, and hence was not of the race of the gods, but had been
virtually adopted by Othin, who subsequently had good reason to regret
it.

17. We do not even know who Ithun’s brother was, much less who slew
him.

19. Gefjun: a goddess, not elsewhere mentioned in the poems, who,
according to Snorri, was served by the women who died maidens. Beyond
this nothing is known of her. Lines 3–4 in the manuscript are puzzling,
and have been freely emended.

20. Nothing is known of the incident here mentioned. There is a good
deal of confusion as to various of the gods and goddesses, and it has
been suggested that Gefjun is really Frigg under another name, with a
little of Freyja—whose attributes were frequently confused with
Frigg’s—thrown in. Certainly Othin’s answer (stanza 21, lines 3–4) fits
Frigg perfectly, for she shared his knowledge of the future, whereas it
has no relation to anything known of Gefjun. As for the necklace (line
3), it may be the Brisings’ necklace, which appears in the Thrymskvitha
as Freyja’s, but which, in some mythological writings, is assigned to
Frigg.

21. Snorri quotes line 1; cf. note on stanza 29.

23. There is no other reference to Loki’s having spent eight years
underground, or to his cow-milking. On one occasion, however, he did
bear offspring. A giant had undertaken to build the gods a fortress,
his reward being Freyja and the sun and moon, provided the work was
done by a given time. His sole helper was his horse, Svathilfari. The
work being nearly done, and the gods fearing to lose Freyja and the sun
and moon, Loki turned himself into a mare, and so effectually
distracted Svathilfari from his task that shortly afterwards Loki gave
birth to Othin’s eight-legged horse, Sleipnir. In such contests of
abuse a man was not infrequently taunted with having borne children;
cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 39–45. One or two of the last three
lines may be spurious.

24. Samsey: perhaps the Danish island of Samsö. Othin was the god of
magic, but there is no other reference to his ever having disguised
himself as a witch.

25. Frigg: Othin’s wife; cf. note to introductory prose.

26. Fjorgyn: Othin; cf. Voluspo, 56 and note. Vili and Ve: Othin’s
brothers, who appear merely as, with Othin, the sons of Bur and Bestla;
cf. Voluspo, 4. The Ynglingasaga says that, during one of Othin’s
protracted absences, his two brothers took Frigg as their mistress.
Vithrir: another name for Othin.

27. On the death of Baldr, slain through Loki’s cunning by the blind
Hoth, cf. Voluspo, 32 and note.

29. Freyja: daughter of Njorth and sister of Freyr; cf. note on
introductory prose. Snorri, in speaking of Frigg’s knowledge of the
future, makes a stanza out of Lokasenna, 21, 1; 47, 2; 29, 3–4, thus:
“Mad art thou, Loki,   |   and little of wit, / Why, Loki, leavst thou
this not? / The fate of all   |   does Frigg know well, / Though
herself she says it not.”

30. According to Snorri, Freyja was a model of fidelity to her husband,
Oth.

32. Before each of stanzas 32–42 the manuscript indicates the speaker,
through the initial letter of the name written in the margin. Thy
brother: Freyr; there is no other indication that such a relation
existed between these two, but they themselves were the product of such
a union; cf. stanza 36 and note.

33. Njorth: father of Freyr and Freyja, and given by the Wanes as a
hostage, in exchange for Hönir, at the close of the first war; cf.
Voluspo, 21 and note, also Skirnismol, introductory prose and note.
Babes: cf. stanza 23 and note. Bugge suggests that this clause may have
been a late insertion.

34. Daughters of Hymir: we have no clue to who these were, though Hymir
is doubtless the frost-giant of the Hymiskvitha (q.v.). Loki’s point is
that Njorth is not a god, but the product of an inferior race (the
Wanes).

35. The son: Freyr.

36. Thy sister: the Ynglingasaga supports this story of Njorth’s having
had two children by his sister before he came among the gods. Snorri,
on the other hand, specifically says that Freyr and Freyja were born
after Njorth came to the gods.

37. Tyr: the god of battle; cf. notes on Hymiskvitha, 4, and Voluspo,
39. Freyr; concerning his noble qualities cf. Skirnismol, introductory
prose and note.

38. Snorri mentions Tyr’s incompetence as a peacemaker. Fenrir: the
wolf, Loki’s son; cf. Voluspo, 39.

39. Hrothvitnir (“The Mighty Wolf”): Fenrir, who awaits in chains the
final battle and death at the hands of Vithar. The manuscript has a
metrical error in line 3, which has led to various emendations, all
with much the same meaning.

40. Thy wife: there is no other reference to Tyr’s wife, nor do we know
who was the son in question.

41. The mouth of the river: according to Snorri, the chained Fenrir
“roars horribly, and the slaver runs from his mouth, and makes the
river called Vam; he lies there till the doom of the gods.” Freyr’s
threat is actually carried out; cf. concluding prose.

42. The daughter of Gymir: Gerth, heroine of the Skirnismol, which
gives the details of Freyr’s loss of his sword. Muspell’s sons: the
name Muspell is not used elsewhere in the poems; Snorri uses it
frequently, but only in this same phrase, “Muspell’s sons.” They are
the dwellers in the fire-world, Muspellsheim, led by Surt against the
gods in the last battle; cf. Voluspo, 47 and 52 and notes. Myrkwood:
here the dark forest bounding the fire-world; in the Atlakvitha (stanza
3) the name is used of another boundary forest.

43. Byggvir: one of Freyr’s two servants; cf. introductory prose.
Ingunar-Freyr: the name is not used elsewhere in the poems, or by
Snorri; it may be the genitive of a woman’s name, Ingun, the unknown
sister of Njorth who was Freyr’s mother (cf. stanza 36), or a
corruption of the name Ingw, used for Freyr (Fro) in old German
mythology.

44. Beginning with this stanza, the names of the speakers are lacking
in the manuscript. The mill: i.e., at slaves’ tasks.

45. Nothing further is known of either Byggvir’s swiftness or his
cowardice. Hropt: Othin.

47. Heimdall: besides being the watchman of the gods (cf. Voluspo, 27),
he appears also as the god of light (cf. Thrymskvitha, 14), and
possibly also as a complex cultural deity in the Rigsthula. He was a
son of Othin, born of nine sisters; cf. Hyndluljoth, 37–40. In the last
battle he and Loki slay one another. Line 2 is quoted by Snorri; cf.
stanza 29, note.

49. Skathi: the wife of Njorth, and daughter of the giant Thjazi,
concerning whose death cf. Harbarthsljoth, 19, note. Bowels, etc.:
according to the prose note at the end of the Lokasenna, the gods bound
Loki with the bowels of his son Vali, and changed his other son, Narfi,
into a wolf. Snorri turns the story about, Vali being the wolf, who
tears his brother to pieces, the gods then using Narfi’s intestines to
bind Loki. Narfi—and presumably Vali—were the sons of Loki and his
wife, Sigyn. They appear only in this episode, though Narfi (or Nari)
is named by Snorri in his list of Loki’s children. Cf. concluding
prose, and note.

52. Laufey’s son: Loki; not much is known of his parents beyond their
names. His father was the giant Farbauti, his mother Laufey, sometimes
called Nal. There is an elaborate but far-fetched hypothesis explaining
these three on the basis of a nature-myth. There is no other reference
to such a relation between Skathi and Loki as he here suggests.

53. Sif: Thor’s wife; cf. Harbarthsljoth, 48, where her infidelity is
again mentioned. The manuscript omits the proper name from the
preceding prose, and a few editors have, obviously in error, attributed
the speech to Beyla.

54. Hlorrithi: Thor. Line 5 is probably spurious.

55. Beyla: Freyr’s servant, wife of Byggvir; cf. introductory prose and
note.

57. Mjollnir: concerning Thor’s famous hammer see particularly
Thrymskvitha, 1 and note. Shoulder-cliff: head; concerning the use of
such diction in the Edda, cf. introductory note to Hymiskvitha. The
manuscript indicates line 3 as the beginning of a stanza, but this is
apparently a scribal error.

58. Son of Earth: Thor, son of Othin and Jorth (Earth). The manuscript
omits the word “son,” but all editors have agreed in supplying it. The
wolf: Fenrir, Loki’s son, who slays Othin (Sigfather: “Father of
Victory”) in the final battle. Thor, according to Snorri and to the
Voluspo, 56, fights with Mithgarthsorm and not with Fenrir, who is
killed by Vithar.

59. Lines 1–2 are abbreviated in the manuscript, as also in stanzas 61
and 63.

60. Loki’s taunt that Thor hid in the thumb of Skrymir’s glove is
similar to that of Othin, Harbarthsljoth, 26, in the note to which the
story is outlined. Line 4 is identical with line 3 of Harbarthsljoth,
26.

61. Hrungnir’s slayer: the hammer; the story of how Thor slew this
stone-headed giant is indicated in Harbarthsljoth, 14–15, and outlined
in the note to stanza 14 of that poem.

62. On the day following the adventure of the glove, Thor, Loki and
Thor’s servants proceed on their way in company with Skrymir, who puts
all their food in his wallet. At evening Skrymir goes to sleep, and
Thor tries to get at the food, but cannot loosen the straps of the
wallet. In a rage he smites Skrymir three times on the head with his
hammer, but the giant—who, it subsequently appears, deftly dodges the
blows—is totally undisturbed. Line 5 may well be spurious.

65. The flames: the fire that consumes the world on the last day; cf.
Voluspo, 57. Line 5 may be spurious.

Prose: Snorri tells the same story, with minor differences, but makes
it the consequence of Loki’s part in the slaying of Baldr, which
undoubtedly represents the correct tradition. The compiler of the poems
either was confused or thought the incident was useful as indicating
what finally happened to Loki. Possibly he did not mean to imply that
Loki’s fate was brought upon him by his abuse of the gods, but simply
tried to round out the story. Franang: “Gleaming Water.” Vali and
Narfi: cf. stanza 49 and note. Sigyn: cf. Voluspo, 35, the only other
place where she is mentioned in the poems. Snorri omits the naive note
about earthquakes, his narrative ending with the words, “And there he
lies till the destruction of the gods.”








THRYMSKVITHA

THE LAY OF THRYM


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Thrymskvitha is found only in the Codex Regius, where it follows
the Lokasenna. Snorri does not quote from it, nor, rather oddly, does
the story occur in the Prose Edda.

Artistically the Thrymskvitha is one of the best, as it is, next to the
Voluspo, the most famous, of the entire collection. It has, indeed,
been called “the finest ballad in the world,” and not without some
reason. Its swift, vigorous action, the sharpness of its
characterization and the humor of the central situation combine to make
it one of the most vivid short narrative poems ever composed. Of course
we know nothing specific of its author, but there can be no question
that he was a poet of extraordinary ability. The poem assumed its
present form, most critics agree, somewhere about 900, and thus it is
one of the oldest in the collection. It has been suggested, on the
basis of stylistic similarity, that its author may also have composed
the Skirnismol, and possibly Baldrs Draumar. There is also some
resemblance between the Thrymskvitha and the Lokasenna (note, in this
connection, Bugge’s suggestion that the Skirnismol and the Lokasenna
may have been by the same man), and it is not impossible that all four
poems have a single authorship.

The Thrymskvitha has been preserved in excellent condition, without any
serious gaps or interpolations. In striking contrast to many of the
poems, it contains no prose narrative links, the story being told in
narrative verse—a rare phenomenon in the poems of the Edda.





1.  Wild was Vingthor   |   when he awoke,
      And when his mighty   |   hammer he missed;
    He shook his beard,   |   his hair was bristling,
    As the son of Jorth   |   about him sought.

2.  Hear now the speech   |   that first he spake:
    “Harken, Loki,   |   and heed my words,
    Nowhere on earth   |   is it known to man,
    Nor in heaven above:   |   our hammer is stolen.”

3.  To the dwelling fair   |   of Freyja went they,
    Hear now the speech   |   that first he spake:
    “Wilt thou, Freyja,   |   thy feather-dress lend me,
    That so my hammer   |   I may seek?”


Freyja spake:


4.  “Thine should it be   |   though of silver bright,
    And I would give it   |   though ’twere of gold.”
    Then Loki flew,   |   and the feather-dress whirred,
    Till he left behind him   |   the home of the gods,
    And reached at last   |   the realm of the giants.

5.  Thrym sat on a mound,   |   the giants’ master,
    Leashes of gold   |   he laid for his dogs,
    And stroked and smoothed   |   the manes of his steeds.


Thrym spake:


6.  “How fare the gods,   |   how fare the elves?
    Why comst thou alone   |   to the giants’ land?”


Loki spake:


    “Ill fare the gods,   |   ill fare the elves!
    Hast thou hidden   |   Hlorrithi’s hammer?”


Thrym spake:


7.  “I have hidden   |   Hlorrithi’s hammer,
    Eight miles down   |   deep in the earth;
    And back again   |   shall no man bring it
    If Freyja I win not   |   to be my wife.”

8.  Then Loki flew,   |   and the feather-dress whirred,
    Till he left behind him   |   the home of the giants,
    And reached at last   |   the realm of the gods.
    There in the courtyard   |   Thor he met:
    Hear now the speech   |   that first he spake:

9.  “Hast thou found tidings   |   as well as trouble?
    Thy news in the air   |   shalt thou utter now;
    Oft doth the sitter   |   his story forget,
    And lies he speaks   |   who lays himself down.”


Loki spake:


10. “Trouble I have,   |   and tidings as well:
    Thrym, king of the giants,   |   keeps thy hammer,
    And back again   |   shall no man bring it
    If Freyja he wins not   |   to be his wife.”

11. Freyja the fair   |   then went they to find;
    Hear now the speech   |   that first he spake:
    “Bind on, Freyja,   |   the bridal veil,
    For we two must haste   |   to the giants’ home.”

12. Wrathful was Freyja,   |   and fiercely she snorted,
    And the dwelling great   |   of the gods was shaken,
    And burst was the mighty   |   Brisings’ necklace:
    “Most lustful indeed   |   should I look to all
    If I journeyed with thee   |   to the giants’ home.”

13. Then were the gods   |   together met,
    And the goddesses came   |   and council held,
    And the far-famed ones   |   a plan would find,
    How they might Hlorrithi’s   |   hammer win.

14. Then Heimdall spake,   |   whitest of the gods,
    Like the Wanes he knew   |   the future well:
    “Bind we on Thor   |   the bridal veil,
    Let him bear the mighty   |   Brisings’ necklace;

15. “Keys around him   |   let there rattle,
    And down to his knees   |   hang woman’s dress;
    With gems full broad   |   upon his breast,
    And a pretty cap   |   to crown his head.”

16. Then Thor the mighty   |   his answer made:
    “Me would the gods   |   unmanly call
    If I let bind   |   the bridal veil.”

17. Then Loki spake,   |   the son of Laufey:
    “Be silent, Thor,   |   and speak not thus;
    Else will the giants   |   in Asgarth dwell
    If thy hammer is brought not   |   home to thee.”

18. Then bound they on Thor   |   the bridal veil,
    And next the mighty   |   Brisings’ necklace.

19. Keys around him   |   let they rattle,
    And down to his knees   |   hung woman’s dress;
    With gems full broad   |   upon his breast,
    And a pretty cap   |   to crown his head.

20. Then Loki spake,   |   the son of Laufey:
    “As thy maid-servant thither   |   I go with thee;
    We two shall haste   |   to the giants’ home.”

21. Then home the goats   |   to the hall were driven,
    They wrenched at the halters,   |   swift were they to
    run;
    The mountains burst,   |   earth burned with fire,
    And Othin’s son   |   sought Jotunheim.

22. Then loud spake Thrym,   |   the giants’ leader:
    “Bestir ye, giants,   |   put straw on the benches;
    Now Freyja they bring   |   to be my bride,
    The daughter of Njorth   |   out of Noatun.

23. “Gold-horned cattle   |   go to my stables,
    Jet-black oxen,   |   the giant’s joy;
    Many my gems,   |   and many my jewels,
    Freyja alone   |   did I lack, methinks.”

24. Early it was   |   to evening come,
    And forth was borne   |   the beer for the giants;
    Thor alone ate an ox,   |   and eight salmon,
    All the dainties as well   |   that were set for the
    women;
    And drank Sif’s mate   |   three tuns of mead.

25. Then loud spake Thrym,   |   the giants’ leader:
    “Who ever saw bride   |   more keenly bite?
    I ne’er saw bride   |   with a broader bite,
    Nor a maiden who drank   |   more mead than this!”

26. Hard by there sat   |   the serving-maid wise,
    So well she answered   |   the giant’s words:
    “From food has Freyja   |   eight nights fasted,
    So hot was her longing   |   for Jotunheim.”

27. Thrym looked ’neath the veil,   |   for he longed to kiss,
    But back he leaped   |   the length of the hall:
    “Why are so fearful   |   the eyes of Freyja?
    Fire, methinks,   |   from her eyes burns forth.”

28. Hard by there sat   |   the serving-maid wise,
    So well she answered   |   the giant’s words:
    “No sleep has Freyja   |   for eight nights found,
    So hot was her longing   |   for Jotunheim.”

29. Soon came the giant’s   |   luckless sister,
    Who feared not to ask   |   the bridal fee:
    “From thy hands the rings   |   of red gold take,
    If thou wouldst win   |   my willing love,
    (My willing love   |   and welcome glad.)”

30. Then loud spake Thrym,   |   the giants’ leader:
    “Bring in the hammer   |   to hallow the bride;
    On the maiden’s knees   |   let Mjollnir lie,
    That us both the hand   |   of Vor may bless.”

31. The heart in the breast   |   of Hlorrithi laughed
    When the hard-souled one   |   his hammer beheld;
    First Thrym, the king   |   of the giants, he killed,
    Then all the folk   |   of the giants he felled.

32. The giant’s sister   |   old he slew,
    She who had begged   |   the bridal fee;
    A stroke she got   |   in the shilling’s stead.
    And for many rings   |   the might of the hammer.

33. And so his hammer   |   got Othin’s son.








NOTES


1. Vingthor (“Thor the Hurler”): another name for Thor, equivalent to
Vingnir (Vafthruthnismol, 51). Concerning Thor and his hammer,
Mjollnir, cf. Hymiskvitha, Lokasenna, and Harbarthsljoth, passim.
Jorth: Earth, Thor’s mother, Othin being his father.

2. Loki: cf. Lokasenna, passim.

3. Freyja: Njorth’s daughter, and sister of Freyr; cf. Lokasenna,
introductory prose and note, also Skirnismol, introductory prose.
Freyja’s house was Sessrymnir (“Rich in Seats”) built in Folkvang
(“Field of the Folk”); cf. Grimnismol, 14. Feather-dress: this flying
equipment of Freyja’s is also used in the story of Thjazi, wherein Loki
again borrows the “hawk’s dress” of Freyja, this time to rescue Ithun;
cf. Harbarthsljoth, 19 and note.

4. The manuscript and most editions have lines 1–2 in inverse order.
Several editors assume a lacuna before line 1, making a stanza out of
the two conjectural lines (Bugge actually supplies them) and lines 1–2
of stanza 4. Thus they either make a separate stanza out of lines 3–5
or unite them in a six-line stanza with 5. The manuscript punctuation
and capitalization—not wholly trustworthy guides—indicate the stanza
divisions as in this translation.

5. Thrym: a frost-giant. Gering declares that this story of the theft
of Thor’s hammer symbolizes the fact that thunderstorms rarely occur in
winter.

6. Line 1: cf. Voluspo, 48, 1. The manuscript does not indicate Loki as
the speaker of lines 3–4. Hlorrithi: Thor.

7. No superscription in the manuscript. Vigfusson made up and inserted
lines like “Then spake Loki   |   the son of Laufey” whenever he
thought they would be useful.

9. The manuscript marks line 2, instead of line 1, as the beginning of
a stanza, which has caused editors some confusion in grouping the lines
of stanzas 8 and 9.

10. No superscription in the manuscript.

12. Many editors have rejected either line 2 or line 3. Vigfusson
inserts one of his own lines before line 4. Brisings’ necklace: a
marvelous necklace fashioned by the dwarfs, here called Brisings (i.e.,
“Twiners”); cf. Lokasenna, 20 and note.

13. Lines 1–3 are identical with Baldrs Draumar, 1, 1–3.

14. Heimdall: the phrase “whitest of the gods” suggests that Heimdall
was the god of light as well as being the watchman. His wisdom was
probably connected with his sleepless watching over all the worlds; cf.
Lokasenna, 47 and note. On the Wanes cf. Voluspo, 21 and note. They are
not elsewhere spoken of as peculiarly gifted with knowledge of future
events.

16. Possibly a line has been lost from this stanza.

17. Laufey: Loki’s mother, cf. Lokasenna, 52 and note.

18–19. The manuscript abbreviates all six lines, giving only the
initial letters of the words. The stanza division is thus arbitrary;
some editors have made one stanza of the six lines, others have
combined the last two lines of stanza 19 with stanza 20. It is possible
that a couple of lines have been lost.

21. Goats: Thor’s wagon was always drawn by goats; cf. Hymiskvitha, 38
and note. Jotunheim: the world of the giants.

22. Njorth: cf. Voluspo, 21, and Grimnismol, 11 and 16. Noatun
(“Ships’-Haven”): Njorth’s home, where his wife, Skathi, found it
impossible to stay; cf. Grimnismol, 11 and note.

24. Grundtvig thinks this is all that is left of two stanzas describing
Thor’s supper. Some editors reject line 4. In line 3 the manuscript has
“he,” the reference being, of course, to Thor, on whose appetite cf.
Hymiskvitha, 15. Sif: Thor’s wife; cf. Lokasenna, note to introductory
prose and stanza 53.

27. For clearness I have inserted Thrym’s name in place of the pronoun
of the original. Fire: the noun is lacking in the manuscript; most
editors have inserted it, however, following a late paper manuscript.

28. In the manuscript the whole stanza is abbreviated to initial
letters, except for “sleep,” “Freyja,” and “found.”

29. Luckless: so the manuscript, but many editors have altered the word
“arma” to “aldna,” meaning “old,” to correspond with line 1 of stanza
32. Line 5 may well be spurious.

30. Hallow: just what this means is not clear, but there are references
to other kinds of consecration, though not of a bride, with the “sign
of the hammer.” According to Vigfusson, “the hammer was the holy sign
with the heathens, answering to the cross of the Christians.” In
Snorri’s story of Thor’s resuscitation of his cooked goat (cf.
Hymiskvitha, 38, note) the god “hallows” the goat with his hammer. One
of the oldest runic signs, supposed to have magic power, was named
Thor’s-hammer. Vor: the goddess of vows, particularly between men and
women; Snorri lists a number of little-known goddesses similar to Vor,
all of them apparently little more than names for Frigg.

33. Some editors reject this line, which, from a dramatic standpoint,
is certainly a pity. In the manuscript it begins with a capital letter,
like the opening of a new stanza.








ALVISSMOL

THE BALLAD OF ALVIS


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

No better summary of the Alvissmol can be given than Gering’s statement
that “it is a versified chapter from the skaldic Poetics.” The
narrative skeleton, contained solely in stanzas 1–8 and in 35, is of
the slightest; the dwarf Alvis, desirous of marrying Thor’s daughter,
is compelled by the god to answer a number of questions to test his
knowledge. That all his answers are quite satisfactory makes no
difference whatever to the outcome. The questions and answers differ
radically from those of the Vafthruthnismol. Instead of being
essentially mythological, they all concern synonyms. Thor asks what the
earth, the sky, the moon, and so on, are called “in each of all the
worlds,” but there is no apparent significance in the fact that the
gods call the earth one thing and the giants call it another; the
answers are simply strings of poetic circumlocutions, or “kennings.”
Concerning the use of these “kennings” in skaldic poetry, cf.
introductory note to the Hymiskvitha.

Mogk is presumably right in dating the poem as late as the twelfth
century, assigning it to the period of “the Icelandic renaissance of
skaldic poetry.” It appears to have been the work of a man skilled in
poetic construction,—Thor’s questions, for instance, are neatly
balanced in pairs,—and fully familiar with the intricacies of skaldic
diction, but distinctly weak in his mythology. In other words, it is
learned rather than spontaneous poetry. Finnur Jonsson’s attempt to
make it a tenth century Norwegian poem baffles logic. Vigfusson is
pretty sure the poem shows marked traces of Celtic influence, which is
by no means incompatible with Mogk’s theory (cf. introductory note to
the Rigsthula).

The poem is found only in Regius, where it follows the Thrymskvitha.
Snorri quotes stanzas 20 and 30, the manuscripts of the Prose Edda
giving the name of the poem as Alvissmol, Alsvinnsmol or Olvismol. It
is apparently in excellent condition, without serious errors of
transmission, although interpolations or omissions in such a poem might
have been made so easily as to defy detection.

The translation of the many synonyms presents, of course, unusual
difficulties, particularly as many of the Norse words can be properly
rendered in English only by more or less extended phrases. I have kept
to the original meanings as closely as I could without utterly
destroying the metrical structure.





Alvis spake:


1.  “Now shall the bride   |   my benches adorn,
      And homeward haste forthwith;
    Eager for wedlock   |   to all shall I seem,
      Nor at home shall they rob me of rest.”


Thor spake:


2.  “What, pray, art thou?   |   Why so pale round the nose?
      By the dead hast thou lain of late?
    To a giant like   |   dost thou look, methinks;
      Thou wast not born for the bride.”


Alvis spake:


3.  “Alvis am I,   |   and under the earth
      My home ’neath the rocks I have;
    With the wagon-guider   |   a word do I seek;
      Let the gods their bond not break.”


Thor spake:


4.  “Break it shall I,   |   for over the bride
      Her father has foremost right;
    At home was I not   |   when the promise thou hadst,
      And I give her alone of the gods.”


Alvis spake:


5.  “What hero claims   |   such right to hold
      O’er the bride that shines so bright?
    Not many will know thee,   |   thou wandering man!
      Who was bought with rings to bear thee?”


Thor spake:


6.  “Vingthor, the wanderer   |   wide, am I,
      And I am Sithgrani’s son;
    Against my will   |   shalt thou get the maid,
      And win the marriage word.”


Alvis spake:


7.  “Thy good-will now   |   shall I quickly get,
      And win the marriage word;
    I long to have,   |   and I would not lack,
      This snow-white maid for mine.”


Thor spake:


8.  “The love of the maid   |   I may not keep thee
      From winning, thou guest so wise,
    If of every world   |   thou canst tell me all
      That now I wish to know.

9.  “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the earth,   |   that lies before all,
      In each and every world?”


Alvis spake:


10. “‘Earth’ to men, ‘Field’   |   to the gods it is,
      ‘The Ways’ is it called by the Wanes;
    ‘Ever Green’ by the giants,   |   ‘The Grower’ by elves,
      ‘The Moist’ by the holy ones high.”


Thor spake:


11. “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the heaven,   |   beheld of the high one,
      In each and every world?”


Alvis spake:


12. “‘Heaven’ men call it,   |   ‘The Height’ the gods,
      The Wanes ‘The Weaver of Winds’;
    Giants ‘The Up-World,’   |   elves ‘The Fair-Roof,’
      The dwarfs ‘The Dripping Hall.’”


Thor spake:


13. “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the moon,   |   that men behold,
      In each and every world?”


Alvis spake:


14. “‘Moon’ with men, ‘Flame’   |   the gods among,
      ‘The Wheel’ in the house of hell;
    ‘The Goer’ the giants,   |   ‘The Gleamer’ the dwarfs,
      The elves ‘The Teller of Time.’”


Thor spake:


15. “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the sun,   |   that all men see,
      In each and every world?”


Alvis spake:


16. “Men call it ‘Sun,’   |   gods ‘Orb of the Sun,’
      ‘The Deceiver of Dvalin’ the dwarfs;
    The giants ‘The Ever-Bright,’   |   elves ‘Fair Wheel,’
      ‘All-Glowing’ the sons of the gods.”


Thor spake:


17. “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the clouds,   |   that keep the rains,
      In each and every world?”


Alvis spake:


18. “‘Clouds’ men name them,   |   ‘Rain-Hope’ gods call them,
      The Wanes call them ‘Kites of the Wind’;
    ‘Water-Hope’ giants,   |   ‘Weather-Might’ elves,
      ‘The Helmet of Secrets’ in hell.”


Thor spake:


19. “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the wind,   |   that widest fares,
      In each and every world?”


Alvis spake:


20. “‘Wind’ do men call it,   |   the gods ‘The Waverer,’
      ‘The Neigher’ the holy ones high;
    ‘The Wailer’ the giants,   |   ‘Roaring Wender’ the elves,
      In hell ‘The Blustering Blast.’”


Thor spake:


21. “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the calm,   |   that quiet lies,
      In each and every world?”


Alvis spake:


22. “‘Calm’ men call it,   |   ‘The Quiet’ the gods,
      The Wanes ‘The Hush of the Winds’;
    ‘The Sultry’ the giants,   |   elves ‘Day’s Stillness,’
      The dwarfs ‘The Shelter of Day.’”


Thor spake:


23. “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the sea,   |   whereon men sail,
      In each and every world?”


Alvis spake:


24. “‘Sea’ men call it,   |   gods ‘The Smooth-Lying,’
      ‘The Wave’ is it called by the Wanes;
    ‘Eel-Home’ the giants,   |   ‘Drink-Stuff’ the elves,
      For the dwarfs its name is ‘The Deep.’”


Thor spake:


25. “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the fire,   |   that flames for men,
      In each of all the worlds?”


Alvis spake:


26. “‘Fire’ men call it,   |   and ‘Flame’ the gods,
      By the Wanes is it ‘Wildfire’ called;
    ‘The Biter’ by giants,   |   ‘The Burner’ by dwarfs,
      ‘The Swift’ in the house of hell.”


Thor spake:


27. “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the wood,   |   that grows for mankind,
      In each and every world?”


Alvis spake:


28. “Men call it ‘The Wood,’   |   gods ‘The Mane of the Field,’
      ‘Seaweed of Hills’ in hell;
    ‘Flame-Food’ the giants,   |   ‘Fair-Limbed’ the elves,
      ‘The Wand’ is it called by the Wanes.”


Thor spake:


29. “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the night,   |   the daughter of Nor,
      In each and every world?”


Alvis spake:


30. “‘Night’ men call it,   |   ‘Darkness’ gods name it,
      ‘The Hood’ the holy ones high;
    The giants ‘The Lightless,’   |   the elves ‘Sleep’s Joy,’
      The dwarfs ‘The Weaver of Dreams.’”


Thor spake:


31. “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the seed,   |   that is sown by men,
      In each and every world?”


Alvis spake:


32. “Men call it ‘Grain,’   |   and ‘Corn’ the gods,
      ‘Growth’ in the world of the Wanes;
    ‘The Eaten’ by giants,   |   ‘Drink-Stuff’ by elves,
      In hell ‘The Slender Stem.’”


Thor spake:


33. “Answer me, Alvis!   |   thou knowest all,
      Dwarf, of the doom of men:
    What call they the ale,   |   that is quaffed of men,
      In each and every world?”


Alvis spake:


34. “‘Ale’ among men,   |   ‘Beer’ the gods among,
      In the world of the Wanes ‘The Foaming’;
    ‘Bright Draught’ with giants,   |   ‘Mead’ with dwellers in hell,
      ‘The Feast-Draught’ with Suttung’s sons.”


Thor spake:


35. “In a single breast   |   I never have seen
      More wealth of wisdom old;
    But with treacherous wiles   |   must I now betray thee:
      The day has caught thee, dwarf!
      (Now the sun shines here in the hall.)”








NOTES


1. Alvis (“All-Knowing”): a dwarf, not elsewhere mentioned. The
manuscript nowhere indicates the speakers’ names. The bride in question
is Thor’s daughter; Thruth (“Might”) is the only daughter of his whose
name is recorded, and she does not appear elsewhere in the poems. Her
mother was Sif, Thor’s wife, whereas the god’s sons were born of a
giantess. Benches: cf. Lokasenna, 15 and note.

2. The dwarfs, living beyond the reach of the sun, which was fatal to
them (cf. stanzas 16 and 35), were necessarily pale. Line 3 is, of
course, ironical.

3. Wagon-guider: Thor, who travels habitually on his goat-drawn wagon.
Bugge changes “Vagna vers” to “Vapna verþs,” rendering the line “I am
come to seek   |   the cost of the weapons.” In either case, Alvis does
not as yet recognize Thor.

4. Apparently the gods promised Thor’s daughter in marriage to Alvis
during her father’s absence, perhaps as a reward for some craftsmanship
of his (cf. Bugge’s suggestion as to stanza 3). The text of line 4 is
most uncertain.

5. Hero: ironically spoken; Alvis takes Thor for a tramp, the god’s
uncouth appearance often leading to such mistakes; cf. Harbarthsljoth,
6. Line 4 is a trifle uncertain; some editors alter the wording to read
“What worthless woman bore thee?”

6. Vingthor (“Thor the Hurler”): cf. Thrymskvitha, 1. Sithgrani
(“Long-Beard”): Othin.

8. Every world: concerning the nine worlds, cf. Voluspo, 2 and note.
Many editors follow this stanza with one spoken by Alvis, found in late
paper manuscripts, as follows: “Ask then, Vingthor,   |   since eager
thou art / The lore of the dwarf to learn; / Oft have I fared   |   in
the nine worlds all, / And wide is my wisdom of each.”

10. Men, etc.: nothing could more clearly indicate the author’s
mythological inaccuracy than his confusion of the inhabitants of the
nine worlds. Men (dwellers in Mithgarth) appear in each of Alvis’s
thirteen answers; so do the gods (Asgarth) and the giants (Jotunheim).
The elves (Alfheim) appear in eleven answers, the Wanes (Vanaheim) in
nine, and the dwarfs (who occupied no special world, unless one
identifies them with the dark elves of Svartalfaheim) in seven. The
dwellers “in hell” appear in six stanzas; the phrase probably refers to
the world of the dead, though Mogk thinks it may mean the dwarfs. In
stanzas where the gods are already listed appear names elsewhere
applied only to them,—“holy ones,” “sons of the gods” and “high
ones,”—as if these names meant beings of a separate race. “Men” appears
twice in the same stanza, and so do the giants, if one assumes that
they are “the sons of Suttung.” Altogether it is useless to pay much
attention to the mythology of Alvis’s replies.

11. Lines 1, 2, and 4 of Thor’s questions are regularly abbreviated in
the manuscript. Beheld, etc.: the word in the manuscript is almost
certainly an error, and all kinds of guesses have been made to rectify
it. All that can be said is that it means “beheld of” or “known to”
somebody.

14. Flame: a doubtful word; Vigfusson suggests that it properly means a
“mock sun.” Wheel: the manuscript adds the adjective “whirling,” to the
destruction of the metre; cf. Hovamol, 84, 3.

16. Deceiver of Dvalin: Dvalin was one of the foremost dwarfs; cf.
Voluspo, 14, Fafnismol, 13, and Hovamol, 144. The sun “deceives” him
because, like the other dwarfs living underground, he cannot live in
its light, and always fears lest sunrise may catch him unaware. The
sun’s rays have power to turn the dwarfs into stone, and the giantess
Hrimgerth meets a similar fate (cf. Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar, 30).
Alvis suffers in the same way; cf. stanza 35.

20. Snorri quotes this stanza in the Skaldskaparmal. Waverer: the word
is uncertain, the Prose Edda manuscripts giving it in various forms.
Blustering Blast: two Prose Edda manuscripts give a totally different
word, meaning “The Pounder.”

22. Hush, etc.: the manuscript, by inserting an additional letter,
makes the word practically identical with that translated “Kite” in
stanza 18. Most editors have agreed as to the emendation.

24. Drink-Stuff: Gering translates the word thus; I doubt it, but can
suggest nothing better.

26. Wildfire: the word may mean any one of various things, including
“Wave,” which is not unlikely.

28. In hell: the word simply means “men,” and it is only a guess,
though a generally accepted one, that here it refers to the dead.

29. Nor: presumably the giant whom Snorri calls Norvi or Narfi, father
of Not (Night) and grandfather of Dag (Day). Cf. Vafthruthnismol, 25.

30. Snorri quotes this stanza in the Skaldskaparmal. The various Prose
Edda manuscripts differ considerably in naming the gods, the giants,
etc. Lightless: some manuscripts have “The Unsorrowing.”

32. Grain: the two words translated “grain” and “corn” apparently both
meant primarily barley, and thence grain in general, the first being
the commoner term of the two. Drink-Stuff: the word is identical with
the one used, and commented on, in stanza 24, and again I have followed
Gering’s interpretation for want of a better one. If his guess is
correct, the reference here is evidently to grain as the material from
which beer and other drinks are brewed.

34. Suttung’s sons: these ought to be the giants, but the giants are
specifically mentioned in line 3. The phrase “Suttung’s sons” occurs in
Skirnismol, 34, clearly meaning the giants. Concerning Suttung as the
possessor of the mead of poetry, cf. Hovamol, 104.

35. Concerning the inability of the dwarfs to endure sunlight, which
turns them into stone, cf. stanza 16 and note. Line 5 may be spurious.








BALDRS DRAUMAR

BALDR’S DREAMS


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

Baldrs Draumar is found only in the Arnamagnæan Codex, where it follows
the Harbarthsljoth fragment. It is preserved in various late paper
manuscripts, with the title Vegtamskvitha (The Lay of Vegtam), which
has been used by some editors.

The poem, which contains but fourteen stanzas, has apparently been
preserved in excellent condition. Its subject-matter and style link it
closely with the Voluspo. Four of the five lines of stanza 11 appear,
almost without change, in the Voluspo, 32–33, and the entire poem is
simply an elaboration of the episode outlined in those and the
preceding stanzas. It has been suggested that Baldrs Draumar and the
Voluspo may have been by the same author. There is also enough
similarity in style between Baldrs Draumar and the Thrymskvitha (note
especially the opening stanza) to give color to Vigfusson’s guess that
these two poems had a common authorship. In any case, Baldrs Draumar
presumably assumed its present form not later than the first half of
the tenth century.

Whether the Volva (wise-woman) of the poem is identical with the
speaker in the Voluspo is purely a matter for conjecture. Nothing
definitely opposes such a supposition. As in the longer poem she
foretells the fall of the gods, so in this case she prophesies the
first incident of that fall, the death of Baldr. Here she is called up
from the dead by Othin, anxious to know the meaning of Baldr’s evil
dreams; in the Voluspo it is likewise intimated that the Volva has
risen from the grave.

The poem, like most of the others in the collection, is essentially
dramatic rather than narrative, summarizing a story which was doubtless
familiar to every one who heard the poem recited.





1.  Once were the gods   |   together met,
    And the goddesses came   |   and council held,
    And the far-famed ones   |   the truth would find,
    Why baleful dreams   |   to Baldr had come.

2.  Then Othin rose,   |   the enchanter old,
    And the saddle he laid   |   on Sleipnir’s back;
    Thence rode he down   |   to Niflhel deep,
    And the hound he met   |   that came from hell.

3.  Bloody he was   |   on his breast before,
    At the father of magic   |   he howled from afar;
    Forward rode Othin,   |   the earth resounded
    Till the house so high   |   of Hel he reached.

4.  Then Othin rode   |   to the eastern door,
    There, he knew well,   |   was the wise-woman’s grave;
    Magic he spoke   |   and mighty charms,
    Till spell-bound she rose,   |   and in death she spoke:

5.  “What is the man,   |   to me unknown,
    That has made me travel   |   the troublous road?
    I was snowed on with snow,   |   and smitten with rain,
    And drenched with dew;   |   long was I dead.”


Othin spake:


6.  “Vegtam my name,   |   I am Valtam’s son;
    Speak thou of hell,   |   for of heaven I know:
    For whom are the benches   |   bright with rings,
    And the platforms gay   |   bedecked with gold?”


The Wise-Woman spake:


7.  “Here for Baldr   |   the mead is brewed,
    The shining drink,   |   and a shield lies o’er it;
    But their hope is gone   |   from the mighty gods.
    Unwilling I spake,   |   and now would be still.”


Othin spake:


8.  “Wise-woman, cease not!   |   I seek from thee
    All to know   |   that I fain would ask:
    Who shall the bane   |   of Baldr become,
    And steal the life   |   from Othin’s son?”


The Wise-Woman spake:


9.  “Hoth thither bears   |   the far-famed branch,
    He shall the bane   |   of Baldr become,
    And steal the life   |   from Othin’s son.
    Unwilling I spake,   |   and now would be still.”


Othin spake:


10. “Wise-woman, cease not!   |   I seek from thee
    All to know   |   that I fain would ask:
    Who shall vengeance win   |   for the evil work,
    Or bring to the flames   |   the slayer of Baldr?”


The Wise-Woman spake:


11. “Rind bears Vali   |   in Vestrsalir,
    And one night old   |   fights Othin’s son;
    His hands he shall wash not,   |   his hair he shall comb not,
    Till the slayer of Baldr   |   he brings to the flames.
    Unwilling I spake,   |   and now would be still.”


Othin spake:


12. “Wise-woman, cease not!   |   I seek from thee
    All to know   |   that I fain would ask:
    What maidens are they   |   who then shall weep,
    And toss to the sky   |   the yards of the sails?”


The Wise-Woman spake:


13. “Vegtam thou art not,   |   as erstwhile I thought;
    Othin thou art,   |   the enchanter old.”


Othin spake:


    “No wise-woman art thou,   |   nor wisdom hast;
    Of giants three   |   the mother art thou.”


The Wise-Woman spake:


14. “Home ride, Othin,   |   be ever proud;
    For no one of men   |   shall seek me more
    Till Loki wanders   |   loose from his bonds,
    And to the last strife   |   the destroyers come.”








NOTES


1. Lines 1–3 are identical with Thrymskvitha, 13, 1–3. Baldr:
concerning this best and noblest of the gods, the son of Othin and
Frigg, who comes again among the survivors after the final battle, cf.
Voluspo, 32 and 62, and notes. He is almost never mentioned anywhere
except in connection with the story of his death, though Snorri has one
short passage praising his virtue and beauty. After stanza 1 two old
editions, and one later one, insert four stanzas from late paper
manuscripts.

2. Sleipnir: Othin’s eight-legged horse, the son of Loki and the
stallion Svathilfari; cf. Lokasenna, 23, and Grimnismol, 44, and notes.
Niflhel: the murky (“nifl”) dwelling of Hel, goddess of the dead. The
hound: Garm; cf. Voluspo, 44.

3. Father of magic: Othin appears constantly as the god of magic. Hel:
offspring of Loki and the giantess Angrbotha, as were the wolf Fenrir
and Mithgarthsorm. She ruled the world of the unhappy dead, either
those who had led evil lives or, according to another tradition, those
who had not died in battle. The manuscript marks line 3 as the
beginning of a stanza, and thus the editions vary in their grouping of
the lines of this and the succeeding stanzas.

6. The manuscript has no superscriptions indicating the speakers.
Vegtam (“The Wanderer”): Othin, as usual, conceals his identity,
calling himself the son of Valtam (“The Fighter”). In this instance he
has unusual need to do so, for as the wise-woman belongs apparently to
the race of the giants, she would be unwilling to answer a god’s
questions. Heaven: the word used includes all the upper worlds, in
contrast to hell. Benches, etc.: the adornment of the benches and
raised platforms, or elevated parts of the house, was a regular part of
the preparation for a feast of welcome. The text of the two last lines
is somewhat uncertain.

7. Grundtvig, followed by Edzardi, thinks a line has been lost between
lines 3 and 4.

9. Concerning the blind Hoth, who, at Loki’s instigation, cast the
fatal mistletoe at Baldr, cf. Voluspo, 32–33 and notes. In the
manuscript the last line is abbreviated, as also in stanza 11.

10. In the manuscript lines 1–2 are abbreviated, as also in stanza 12.

11. Rind: mentioned by Snorri as one of the goddesses. Concerning her
son Vali, begotten by Othin for the express purpose of avenging Baldr’s
death, and his slaying of Hoth the day after his birth, cf. Voluspo,
33–34, where the lines of this stanza appear practically verbatim.
Vestrsalir (“The Western Hall”): not elsewhere mentioned in the poems.

12. The manuscript marks the third line as the beginning of a stanza;
something may have been lost. Lines 3–4 are thoroughly obscure.
According to Bugge the maidens who are to weep for Baldr are the
daughters of the sea-god Ægir, the waves, whose grief will be so
tempestuous that they will toss the ships up to the very sky. “Yards of
the sails” is a doubtfully accurate rendering; the two words, at any
rate in later Norse nautical speech, meant respectively the “tack” and
the “sheet” of the square sail.

13. Possibly two separate stanzas. Enchanter: the meaning of the
original word is most uncertain.

14. Concerning Loki’s escape and his relation to the destruction of the
gods, cf. Voluspo, 35 and 51, and notes. While the wise-woman probably
means only that she will never speak again till the end of the world,
it has been suggested, and is certainly possible, that she intends to
give Loki her counsel, thus revenging herself on Othin.








RIGSTHULA

THE SONG OF RIG


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Rigsthula is found in neither of the principal codices. The only
manuscript containing it is the so-called Codex Wormanius, a manuscript
of Snorri’s Prose Edda. The poem appears on the last sheet of this
manuscript, which unluckily is incomplete, and thus the end of the poem
is lacking. In the Codex Wormanius itself the poem has no title, but a
fragmentary parchment included with it calls the poem the Rigsthula.
Some late paper manuscripts give it the title of Rigsmol.

The Rigsthula is essentially unlike anything else which editors have
agreed to include in the so-called Edda. It is a definitely cultural
poem, explaining, on a mythological basis, the origin of the different
castes of early society: the thralls, the peasants, and the warriors.
From the warriors, finally, springs one who is destined to become a
king, and thus the whole poem is a song in praise of the royal estate.
This fact in itself would suffice to indicate that the Rigsthula was
not composed in Iceland, where for centuries kings were regarded with
profound disapproval.

Not only does the Rigsthula praise royalty, but it has many of the
earmarks of a poem composed in praise of a particular king. The
manuscript breaks off at a most exasperating point, just as the
connection between the mythical “Young Kon” (Konr ungr, konungr,
“king”; but cf. stanza 44, note) and the monarch in question is about
to be established. Owing to the character of the Norse settlements in
Iceland, Ireland, and the western islands generally, search for a
specific king leads back to either Norway or Denmark; despite the
arguments advanced by Edzardi, Vigfusson, Powell, and others, it seems
most improbable that such a poem should have been produced elsewhere
than on the Continent, the region where Scandinavian royalty most
flourished. Finnur Jonsson’s claim for Norway, with Harald the
Fair-Haired as the probable king in question, is much less impressive
than Mogk’s ingenious demonstration that the poem was in all
probability composed in Denmark, in honor of either Gorm the Old or
Harald Blue-Tooth. His proof is based chiefly on the evidence provided
by stanza 49, and is summarized in the note to that stanza.

The poet, however, was certainly not a Dane, but probably a wandering
Norse singer, who may have had a dozen homes, and who clearly had spent
much time in some part of the western island world chiefly inhabited by
Celts. The extent of Celtic influence on the Eddic poems in general is
a matter of sharp dispute. Powell, for example, claims almost all the
poems for the “Western Isles,” and attributes nearly all their good
qualities to Celtic influence. Without here attempting to enter into
the details of the argument, it may be said that the weight of
authoritative opinion, while clearly recognizing the marks of Celtic
influence in the poems, is against this view; contact between the
roving Norsemen of Norway and Iceland and the Celts of Ireland and the
“Western Isles,” and particularly the Orkneys, was so extensive as to
make the presumption of an actual Celtic home for the poems seem quite
unnecessary.

In the case of the Rigsthula the poet unquestionably had not only
picked up bits of the Celtic speech (the name Rig itself is almost
certainly of Celtic origin, and there are various other Celtic words
employed), but also had caught something of the Celtic literary spirit.
This explains the cultural nature of the poem, quite foreign to Norse
poetry in general. On the other hand, the style as a whole is
vigorously Norse, and thus the explanation that the poem was composed
by an itinerant Norse poet who had lived for some time in the Celtic
islands, and who was on a visit to the court of a Danish king, fits the
ascertainable facts exceedingly well. As Christianity was introduced
into Denmark around 960, the Rigsthula is not likely to have been
composed much after that date, and probably belongs to the first half
of the tenth century. Gorm the Old died about the year 935, and was
succeeded by Harald Blue-Tooth, who died about 985.

The fourteenth (or late thirteenth) century annotator identifies Rig
with Heimdall, but there is nothing in the poem itself, and very little
anywhere else, to warrant this, and it seems likely that the poet had
Othin, and not Heimdall, in mind, his purpose being to trace the origin
of the royal estate to the chief of the gods. The evidence bearing on
this identification is briefly summed up in the note on the
introductory prose passage, but the question involves complex and
baffling problems in mythology, and from very early times the status of
Heimdall was unquestionably confusing to the Norse mind.





They tell in old stories that one of the gods, whose name was Heimdall,
went on his way along a certain seashore, and came to a dwelling, where
he called himself Rig. According to these stories is the following
poem:


1.  Men say there went   |   by ways so green
    Of old the god,   |   the aged and wise,
    Mighty and strong   |   did Rig go striding.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

2.  Forward he went   |   on the midmost way,
    He came to a dwelling,   |   a door on its posts;
    In did he fare,   |   on the floor was a fire,
    Two hoary ones   |   by the hearth there sat,
    Ai and Edda,   |   in olden dress.

3.  Rig knew well   |   wise words to speak,
    Soon in the midst   |   of the room he sat,
    And on either side   |   the others were.

4.  A loaf of bread   |   did Edda bring,
    Heavy and thick   |   and swollen with husks;
    Forth on the table   |   she set the fare,
    And broth for the meal   |   in a bowl there was.
    (Calf’s flesh boiled   |   was the best of the dainties.)

5.  Rig knew well   |   wise words to speak,
    Thence did he rise,   |   made ready to sleep;
    Soon in the bed   |   himself did he lay,
    And on either side   |   the others were.

6.  Thus was he there   |   for three nights long,
    Then forward he went   |   on the midmost way,
    And so nine months   |   were soon passed by.

7.  A son bore Edda,   |   with water they sprinkled him,
    With a cloth his hair   |   so black they covered;
    Thræll they named him,   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

8.  The skin was wrinkled   |   and rough on his hands,
    Knotted his knuckles,   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Thick his fingers,   |   and ugly his face,
    Twisted his back,   |   and big his heels.

9.  He began to grow,   |   and to gain in strength,
    Soon of his might   |   good use he made;
    With bast he bound,   |   and burdens carried,
    Home bore faggots   |   the whole day long.

10. One came to their home,   |   crooked her legs,
    Stained were her feet,   |   and sunburned her arms,
    Flat was her nose;   |   her name was Thir.

11. Soon in the midst   |   of the room she sat,
    By her side there sat   |   the son of the house;
    They whispered both,   |   and the bed made ready,
    Thræll and Thir,   |   till the day was through.

12. Children they had,   |   they lived and were happy,
    Fjosnir and Klur   |   they were called, methinks,
    Hreim and Kleggi,   |   Kefsir, Fulnir,
    Drumb, Digraldi,   |   Drott and Leggjaldi,
    Lut and Hosvir;   |   the house they cared for,
    Ground they dunged,   |   and swine they guarded,
    Goats they tended,   |   and turf they dug.

13. Daughters had they,   |   Drumba and Kumba,
    Ökkvinkalfa,   |   Arinnefja,
    Ysja and Ambott,   |   Eikintjasna,
    Totrughypja   |   and Tronubeina;
    And thence has risen   |   the race of thralls.

14. Forward went Rig,   |   his road was straight,
    To a hall he came,   |   and a door there hung;
    In did he fare,   |   on the floor was a fire:
    Afi and Amma   |   owned the house.

15. There sat the twain,   |   and worked at their tasks:
    The man hewed wood   |   for the weaver’s beam;
    His beard was trimmed,   |   o’er his brow a curl,
    His clothes fitted close;   |   in the corner a chest.

16. The woman sat   |   and the distaff wielded,
    At the weaving with arms   |   outstretched she worked;
    On her head was a band,   |   on her breast a smock;
    On her shoulders a kerchief   |   with clasps there was.

17. Rig knew well   |   wise words to speak,
    Soon in the midst   |   of the room he sat,
    And on either side   |   the others were.

18. Then took Amma   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    The vessels full   |   with the fare she set,
    Calf’s flesh boiled   |   was the best of the dainties.

19. Rig knew well   |   wise words to speak,
    He rose from the board,   |   made ready to sleep;
    Soon in the bed   |   himself did he lay,
    And on either side   |   the others were.

20. Thus was he there   |   for three nights long,
    Then forward he went   |   on the midmost way,
    And so nine months   |   were soon passed by.

21. A son bore Amma,   |   with water they sprinkled him,
    Karl they named him;   |   in a cloth she wrapped him,
    He was ruddy of face,   |   and flashing his eyes.

22. He began to grow,   |   and to gain in strength,
    Oxen he ruled,   |   and plows made ready,
    Houses he built,   |   and barns he fashioned,
    Carts he made,   |   and the plow he managed.

23. Home did they bring   |   the bride for Karl,
    In goatskins clad,   |   and keys she bore;
    Snör was her name,   |   ’neath the veil she sat;
    A home they made ready,   |   and rings exchanged,
    The bed they decked,   |   and a dwelling made.

24. Sons they had,   |   they lived and were happy:
    Hal and Dreng,   |   Holth, Thegn and Smith,
    Breith and Bondi,   |   Bundinskeggi,
    Bui and Boddi,   |   Brattskegg and Segg.

25. Daughters they had,   |   and their names are here:
    Snot, Bruth, Svanni,   |   Svarri, Sprakki,
    Fljoth, Sprund and Vif,   |   Feima, Ristil:
    And thence has risen   |   the yeomen’s race.

26. Thence went Rig,   |   his road was straight,
    A hall he saw,   |   the doors faced south;
    The portal stood wide,   |   on the posts was a ring,
    Then in he fared;   |   the floor was strewn.

27. Within two gazed   |   in each other’s eyes,
    Fathir and Mothir,   |   and played with their fingers;
    There sat the house-lord,   |   wound strings for the bow,
    Shafts he fashioned,   |   and bows he shaped.

28. The lady sat,   |   at her arms she looked,
    She smoothed the cloth,   |   and fitted the sleeves;
    Gay was her cap,   |   on her breast were clasps,
    Broad was her train,   |   of blue was her gown,
    Her brows were bright,   |   her breast was shining,
    Whiter her neck   |   than new-fallen snow.

29. Rig knew well   |   wise words to speak,
    Soon in the midst   |   of the room he sat,
    And on either side   |   the others were.

30. Then Mothir brought   |   a broidered cloth,
    Of linen bright,   |   and the board she covered;
    And then she took   |   the loaves so thin,
    And laid them, white   |   from the wheat, on the cloth.

31. Then forth she brought   |   the vessels full,
    With silver covered,   |   and set before them,
    Meat all browned,   |   and well-cooked birds;
    In the pitcher was wine,   |   of plate were the cups,
    So drank they and talked   |   till the day was gone.

32. Rig knew well   |   wise words to speak,
    Soon did he rise,   |   made ready to sleep;
    So in the bed   |   himself did he lay,
    And on either side   |   the others were.

33. Thus was he there   |   for three nights long,
    Then forward he went   |   on the midmost way,
    And so nine months   |   were soon passed by.

34. A son had Mothir,   |   in silk they wrapped him,
    With water they sprinkled him,   |   Jarl he was;
    Blond was his hair,   |   and bright his cheeks,
    Grim as a snake’s   |   were his glowing eyes.

35. To grow in the house   |   did Jarl begin,
    Shields he brandished,   |   and bow-strings wound,
    Bows he shot,   |   and shafts he fashioned,
    Arrows he loosened,   |   and lances wielded,
    Horses he rode,   |   and hounds unleashed,
    Swords he handled,   |   and sounds he swam.

36. Straight from the grove   |   came striding Rig,
    Rig came striding,   |   and runes he taught him;
    By his name he called him,   |   as son he claimed him,
    And bade him hold   |   his heritage wide,
    His heritage wide,   |   the ancient homes.

37. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Forward he rode   |   through the forest dark,
    O’er the frosty crags,   |   till a hall he found.

38. His spear he shook,   |   his shield he brandished,
    His horse he spurred,   |   with his sword he hewed;
    Wars he raised,   |   and reddened the field,
    Warriors slew he,   |   and land he won.

39. Eighteen halls   |   ere long did he hold,
    Wealth did he get,   |   and gave to all,
    Stones and jewels   |   and slim-flanked steeds,
    Rings he offered,   |   and arm-rings shared.

40. His messengers went   |   by the ways so wet,
    And came to the hall   |   where Hersir dwelt;
    His daughter was fair   |   and slender-fingered,
    Erna the wise   |   the maiden was.

41. Her hand they sought,   |   and home they brought her,
    Wedded to Jarl   |   the veil she wore;
    Together they dwelt,   |   their joy was great,
    Children they had,   |   and happy they lived.

42. Bur was the eldest,   |   and Barn the next,
    Joth and Athal,   |   Arfi, Mog,
    Nith and Svein,   |   soon they began—
    Sun and Nithjung—   |   to play and swim;
    Kund was one,   |   and the youngest Kon.

43. Soon grew up   |   the sons of Jarl,
    Beasts they tamed,   |   and bucklers rounded,
    Shafts they fashioned,   |   and spears they shook.

44. But Kon the Young   |   learned runes to use,
    Runes everlasting,   |   the runes of life;
    Soon could he well   |   the warriors shield,
    Dull the swordblade,   |   and still the seas.

45. Bird-chatter learned he,   |   flames could he lessen,
    Minds could quiet,   |   and sorrows calm;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    The might and strength   |   of twice four men.

46. With Rig-Jarl soon   |   the runes he shared,
    More crafty he was,   |   and greater his wisdom;
    The right he sought,   |   and soon he won it,
    Rig to be called,   |   and runes to know.

47. Young Kon rode forth   |   through forest and grove,
    Shafts let loose,   |   and birds he lured;
    There spake a crow   |   on a bough that sat:
    “Why lurest thou, Kon,   |   the birds to come?

48. “’Twere better forth   |   on thy steed to fare,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   and the host to slay.

49. “The halls of Dan   |   and Danp are noble,
    Greater their wealth   |   than thou hast gained;
    Good are they   |   at guiding the keel,
    Trying of weapons, and giving of wounds.”








NOTES


Prose. It would be interesting to know how much the annotator meant by
the phrase old stories. Was he familiar with the tradition in forms
other than that of the poem? If so, his introductory note was scanty,
for, outside of identifying Rig as Heimdall, he provides no information
not found in the poem. Probably he meant simply to refer to the poem
itself as a relic of antiquity, and the identification of Rig as
Heimdall may well have been an attempt at constructive criticism of his
own. The note was presumably written somewhere about 1300, or even
later, and there is no reason for crediting the annotator with any
considerable knowledge of mythology. There is little to favor the
identification of Rig with Heimdall, the watchman of the gods, beyond a
few rather vague passages in the other poems. Thus in Voluspo, 1, the
Volva asks hearing “from Heimdall’s sons both high and low”; in
Grimnismol, 13, there is a very doubtful line which may mean that
Heimdall “o’er men holds sway, it is said,” and in “the Short Voluspo”
(Hyndluljoth, 40) he is called “the kinsman of men.” On the other hand,
everything in the Rigsthula, including the phrase “the aged and wise”
in stanza 1, and the references to runes in stanzas 36, 44, and 46,
fits Othin exceedingly well. It seems probable that the annotator was
wrong, and that Rig is Othin, and not Heimdall. Rig: almost certainly
based on the Old Irish word for “king,” “ri” or “rig.”

1. No gap is indicated, but editors have generally assumed one. Some
editors, however, add line 1 of stanza 2 to stanza 1.

2. Most editions make line 5 a part of the stanza, as here, but some
indicate it as the sole remnant of one or more stanzas descriptive of
Ai and Edda, just as Afi and Amma, Fathir and Mothir, are later
described. Ai and Edda: Great-Grandfather and Great-Grandmother; the
latter name was responsible for Jakob Grimm’s famous guess at the
meaning of the word “Edda” as applied to the whole collection (cf.
Introduction).

3. A line may have been lost from this stanza.

4. Line 5 has generally been rejected as spurious.

5. The manuscript has lines 1–2 in inverse order, but marks the word
“Rig” as the beginning of a stanza.

6. The manuscript does not indicate that these lines form a separate
stanza, and as only one line and a fragment of another are left of
stanza 7, the editions have grouped the lines in all sorts of ways,
with, of course, various conjectures as to where lines may have been
lost.

7. After line 1 the manuscript has only four words: “cloth,” “black,”
“named,” and “Thræll.” No gap is anywhere indicated. Editors have
pieced out the passage in various ways. Water, etc.: concerning the
custom of sprinkling water on children, which long antedated the
introduction of Christianity, cf. Hovamol, 159 and note. Black: dark
hair, among the blond Scandinavians, was the mark of a foreigner, hence
of a slave. Thræll: Thrall or Slave.

8. In the manuscript line 1 of stanza 9 stands before stanza 8, neither
line being capitalized as the beginning of a stanza. I have followed
Bugge’s rearrangement. The manuscript indicates no gap in line 2, but
nearly all editors have assumed one, Grundtvig supplying “and rough his
nails.”

9. The manuscript marks line 2 as the beginning of a stanza.

10. A line may well have dropped out, but the manuscript is too
uncertain as to the stanza-divisions to make any guess safe. Crooked:
the word in the original is obscure. Stained: literally, “water was on
her soles.” Thir: “Serving-Woman.”

12. There is some confusion as to the arrangement of the lines and
division into stanzas of 12 and 13. The names mean: Fjosnir,
“Cattle-Man”; Klur, “The Coarse”; Hreim, “The Shouter”; Kleggi, “The
Horse-Fly”; Kefsir, “Concubine-Keeper”; Fulnir, “The Stinking”; Drumb,
“The Log”; Digraldi, “The Fat”; Drott, “The Sluggard”; Leggjaldi, “The
Big-Legged”; Lut, “The Bent”; Hosvir, “The Grey.”

13. The names mean: Drumba, “The Log”; Kumba, “The Stumpy”;
Ökkvinkalfa, “Fat-Legged”; Arinnefja, “Homely-Nosed”; Ysja, “The
Noisy”; Ambott, “The Servant”; Eikintjasna, “The Oaken Peg” (?);
Totrughypja, “Clothed in Rags”; Tronubeina, “Crane-Legged.”

14. In the manuscript line 4 stands after line 4 of stanza 16, but
several editors have rearranged the lines, as here. Afi and Amma:
Grandfather and Grandmother.

15. There is considerable confusion among the editors as to where this
stanza begins and ends.

16. The manuscript marks line 3 as the beginning of a stanza.

17. The manuscript jumps from stanza 17, line 1, to stanza 19, line 2.
Bugge points out that the copyist’s eye was presumably led astray by
the fact that 17, 1, and 19, 1, were identical. Lines 2–3 of 17 are
supplied from stanzas 3 and 29.

18. I have followed Bugge’s conjectural construction of the missing
stanza, taking lines 2 and 3 from stanzas 31 and 4.

19. The manuscript marks line 2 as the beginning of a stanza.

20. The manuscript omits line 2, supplied by analogy with stanza 6.

21. Most editors assume a lacuna, after either line 2 or line 3.
Sijmons assumes, on the analogy of stanza 8, that a complete stanza
describing Karl (“Yeoman”) has been lost between stanzas 21 and 22.

22. No line indicated in the manuscript as beginning a stanza. Cart:
the word in the original, “kartr,” is one of the clear signs of the
Celtic influence noted in the introduction.

23. Bring: the word literally means “drove in a wagon”—a mark of the
bride’s social status. Snör: “Daughter-in-Law.” Bugge, followed by
several editors, maintains that line 4 was wrongly interpolated here
from a missing stanza describing the marriage of Kon.

24. No line indicated in the manuscript as beginning a stanza. The
names mean: Hal, “Man”; Dreng, “The Strong”; Holth, “The Holder of
Land”; Thegn, “Freeman”; Smith, “Craftsman”; Breith, “The
Broad-Shouldered”; Bondi, “Yeoman”; Bundinskeggi, “With Beard Bound”
(i.e., not allowed to hang unkempt); Bui, “Dwelling-Owner”; Boddi,
“Farm-Holder”; Brattskegg, “With Beard Carried High”; Segg, “Man.”

25. No line indicated in the manuscript as beginning a stanza. The
names mean: Snot, “Worthy Woman”; Bruth, “Bride”; Svanni, “The
Slender”; Svarri, “The Proud”; Sprakki, “The Fair”; Fljoth, “Woman”
(?); Sprund, “The Proud”; Vif, “Wife”; Feima, “The Bashful”; Ristil,
“The Graceful.”

26. Many editors make a stanza out of line 4 and lines 1–2 of the
following stanza. Strewn: with fresh straw in preparation for a feast;
cf. Thrymskvitha, 22.

27. Fathir and Mothir: Father and Mother. Perhaps lines 3–4 should form
a stanza with 28, 1–2.

28. Bugge thinks lines 5–6, like 23, 4, got in here from the lost
stanzas describing Kon’s bride and his marriage.

31. The manuscript of lines 1–3 is obviously defective, as there are
too many words for two lines, and not enough for the full three. The
meaning, however, is clearly very much as indicated in the translation.
Gering’s emendation, which I have followed, consists simply in shifting
“set before them” from the first line to the second—where the
manuscript has no verb,—and supplying the verb “brought” in line 1. The
various editions contain all sorts of suggestions.

32. The manuscript begins both line 1 and line 2 with a capital
preceded by a period, which has led to all sorts of strange
stanza-combinations and guesses at lost lines in the various editions.
The confusion includes stanza 33, wherein no line is marked in the
manuscript as beginning a stanza.

34. Jarl: “Nobly-Born.”

35. Various lines have been regarded as interpolations, 3 and 6 being
most often thus rejected.

36. Lines 1, 2, and 5 all begin with capitals preceded by periods, a
fact which, taken in conjunction with the obviously defective state of
the following stanza, has led to all sorts of conjectural emendations.
The exact significance of Rig’s giving his own name to Jarl (cf. stanza
46), and thus recognizing him, potentially at least, as a king, depends
on the conditions under which the poem was composed (cf. Introductory
Note). The whole stanza, particularly the reference to the teaching of
magic (runes), fits Othin far better than Heimdall.

37. Something—one or two lines, or a longer passage—has clearly been
lost, describing the beginning of Jarl’s journey. Yet many editors,
relying on the manuscript punctuation, make 37 and 38 into a single
stanza.

39. The manuscript marks both lines 1 and 2 as beginning stanzas.

40. Hersir: “Lord”; the hersir was, in the early days before the
establishment of a kingdom in Norway, the local chief, and hence the
highest recognized authority. During and after the time of Harald the
Fair-Haired the name lost something of its distinction, the hersir
coming to take rank below the jarl. Erna: “The Capable.”

42. The names mean: Bur, “Son”; Barn, “Child”; Joth, “Child”; Athal,
“Offspring”; Arfi, “Heir”; Mog, “Son”; Nith, “Descendant”; Svein,
“Boy”; Sun, “Son”; Nithjung, “Descendant”; Kund, “Kinsman”; Kon, “Son”
(of noble birth). Concerning the use made of this last name, see note
on stanza 44. It is curious that there is no list of the daughters of
Jarl and Erna, and accordingly Vigfusson inserts here the names listed
in stanza 25. Grundtvig rearranges the lines of stanzas 42 and 43.

44. The manuscript indicates no line as beginning a stanza. Kon the
Young: a remarkable bit of fanciful etymology; the phrase is “Konr
ungr,” which could readily be contracted into “Konungr,” the regular
word meaning “king.” The “kon” part is actually not far out, but the
second syllable of “konungr” has nothing to do with “ungr” meaning
“young.” Runes: a long list of just such magic charms, dulling
swordblades, quenching flames, and so on, is given in Hovamol, 147–163.

45. The manuscript indicates no line as beginning a stanza. Minds:
possibly “seas,” the word being doubtful. Most editors assume the gap
as indicated.

46. The manuscript indicates no line as beginning a stanza. Rig-Jarl:
Kon’s father; cf. stanza 36.

47. This stanza has often been combined with 48, either as a whole or
in part. Crow: birds frequently play the part of mentor in Norse
literature; cf., for example, Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 5, and
Fafnismol, 32.

48. This fragment is not indicated as a separate stanza in the
manuscript. Perhaps half a line has disappeared, or, as seems more
likely, the gap includes two lines and a half. Sijmons actually
constructs these lines, largely on the basis of stanzas 35 and 38.
Bugge fills in the half-line lacuna as indicated above with “The sword
to wield.”

49. Dan and Danp: These names are largely responsible for the theory
that the Rigsthula was composed in Denmark. According to the Latin
epitome of the Skjöldungasaga by Arngrimur Jonsson, “Rig (Rigus) was a
man not the least among the great ones of his time. He married the
daughter of a certain Danp, lord of Danpsted, whose name was Dana; and
later, having won the royal title for his province, left as his heir
his son by Dana, called Dan or Danum, all of whose subjects were called
Danes.” This may or may not be conclusive, and it is a great pity that
the manuscript breaks off abruptly at this stanza.








HYNDLULJOTH

THE POEM OF HYNDLA


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Hyndluljoth is found in neither of the great manuscripts of the
Poetic Edda, but is included in the so-called Flateyjarbok (Book of the
Flat Island), an enormous compilation made somewhere about 1400. The
lateness of this manuscript would of itself be enough to cast a doubt
upon the condition in which the poem has been preserved, and there can
be no question that what we have of it is in very poor shape. It is, in
fact, two separate poems, or parts of them, clumsily put together. The
longer one, the Poem of Hyndla proper, is chiefly a collection of
names, not strictly mythological but belonging to the semi-historical
hero-sagas of Norse tradition. The wise-woman, Hyndla, being asked by
Freyja to trace the ancestry of her favorite, Ottar, for the purpose of
deciding a wager, gives a complex genealogy including many of the
heroes who appear in the popular sagas handed down from days long
before the Icelandic settlements. The poet was learned, but without
enthusiasm; it is not likely that he composed the Hyndluljoth much
before the twelfth century, though the material of which it is
compounded must have been very much older. Although the genealogies are
essentially continental, the poem seems rather like a product of the
archæological period of Iceland.

Inserted bodily in the Hyndluljoth proper is a fragment of fifty-one
lines, taken from a poem of which, by a curious chance, we know the
name. Snorri quotes one stanza of it, calling it “the short Voluspo.”
The fragment preserved gives, of course, no indication of the length of
the original poem, but it shows that it was a late and very inferior
imitation of the great Voluspo. Like the Hyndluljoth proper, it
apparently comes from the twelfth century; but there is nothing
whatever to indicate that the two poems were the work of the same man,
or were ever connected in any way until some blundering copyist mixed
them up. Certainly the connection did not exist in the middle of the
thirteenth century, when Snorri quoted “the short Voluspo.”

Neither poem is of any great value, either as mythology or as poetry.
The author of “the short Voluspo” seems, indeed, to have been more or
less confused as to his facts; and both poets were too late to feel
anything of the enthusiasm of the earlier school. The names of Hyndla’s
heroes, of course, suggest an unlimited number of stories, but as most
of these have no direct relation to the poems of the Edda, I have
limited the notes to a mere record of who the persons mentioned were,
and the saga-groups in which they appeared.





Freyja spake:


1.  “Maiden, awake!   |   wake thee, my friend,
    My sister Hyndla,   |   in thy hollow cave!
    Already comes darkness,   |   and ride must we
    To Valhall to seek   |   the sacred hall.

2.  “The favor of Heerfather   |   seek we to find,
    To his followers gold   |   he gladly gives;
    To Hermoth gave he   |   helm and mail-coat,
    And to Sigmund he gave   |   a sword as gift.

3.  “Triumph to some,   |   and treasure to others,
    To many wisdom   |   and skill in words,
    Fair winds to the sailor,   |   to the singer his art,
    And a manly heart   |   to many a hero.

4.  “Thor shall I honor,   |   and this shall I ask,
    That his favor true   |   mayst thou ever find;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Though little the brides   |   of the giants he loves.

5.  “From the stall now one   |   of thy wolves lead forth,
    And along with my boar   |   shalt thou let him run;
    For slow my boar goes   |   on the road of the gods,
    And I would not weary   |   my worthy steed.”


Hyndla spake:


6.  “Falsely thou askest me,   |   Freyja, to go,
    For so in the glance   |   of thine eyes I see;
    On the way of the slain   |   thy lover goes with thee,
    Ottar the young,   |   the son of Instein.”


Freyja spake:


7.  “Wild dreams, methinks,   |   are thine when thou
    sayest
    My lover is with me   |   on the way of the slain;
    There shines the boar   |   with bristles of gold,
    Hildisvini,   |   he who was made
    By Dain and Nabbi,   |   the cunning dwarfs.

8.  “Now let us down   |   from our saddles leap,
    And talk of the race   |   of the heroes twain;
    The men who were born   |   of the gods above,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .


9.  “A wager have made   |   in the foreign metal
    Ottar the young   |   and Angantyr;
    We must guard, for the hero   |   young to have,
    His father’s wealth,   |   the fruits of his race.

10. “For me a shrine   |   of stones he made,—
    And now to glass   |   the rock has grown;—
    Oft with the blood   |   of beasts was it red;
    In the goddesses ever   |   did Ottar trust.

11. “Tell to me now   |   the ancient names,
    And the races of all   |   that were born of old:
    Who are of the Skjoldungs,   |   who of the Skilfings,
    Who of the Othlings,   |   who of the Ylfings,
    Who are the free-born,   |   who are the high-born,
    The noblest of men   |   that in Mithgarth dwell?”


Hyndla spake:


12. “Thou art, Ottar,   |   the son of Instein,
    And Instein the son   |   of Alf the Old,
    Alf of Ulf,   |   Ulf of Sæfari,
    And Sæfari’s father   |   was Svan the Red.

13. “Thy mother, bright   |   with bracelets fair,
    Hight, methinks,   |   the priestess Hledis;
    Frothi her father,   |   and Friaut her mother;—
    Her race of the mightiest   |   men must seem.

14. “Of old the noblest   |   of all was Ali,
    Before him Halfdan,   |   foremost of Skjoldungs;
    Famed were the battles   |   the hero fought,
    To the corners of heaven   |   his deeds were carried.

15. “Strengthened by Eymund,   |   the strongest of men,
    Sigtrygg he slew   |   with the ice-cold sword;
    His bride was Almveig,   |   the best of women,
    And eighteen boys   |   did Almveig bear him.

16. “Hence come the Skjoldungs,   |   hence the Skilfings,
    Hence the Othlings,   |   hence the Ynglings,
    Hence come the free-born,   |   hence the high-born,
    The noblest of men   |   that in Mithgarth dwell:
    And all are thy kinsmen,   |   Ottar, thou fool!

17. “Hildigun then   |   her mother hight,
    The daughter of Svava   |   and Sækonung;
    And all are thy kinsmen,   |   Ottar, thou fool!
    It is much to know,—   |   wilt thou hear yet more?

18. “The mate of Dag   |   was a mother of heroes,
    Thora, who bore him   |   the bravest of fighters,
    Frathmar and Gyrth   |   and the Frekis twain,
    Am and Jofurmar,   |   Alf the Old;
    It is much to know,—   |   wilt thou hear yet more?

19. “Her husband was Ketil,   |   the heir of Klypp,
    He was of thy mother   |   the mother’s-father;
    Before the days   |   of Kari was Frothi,
    And born of Hild   |   was Hoalf then.

20. “Next was Nanna,   |   daughter of Nokkvi,
    Thy father’s kinsman   |   her son became;
    Old is the line,   |   and longer still,
    And all are thy kinsmen,   |   Ottar, thou fool!

21. “Isolf and Osolf,   |   the sons of Olmoth,
    Whose wife was Skurhild,   |   the daughter of Skekkil,
    Count them among   |   the heroes mighty,
    And all are thy kinsmen,   |   Ottar, thou fool!

22. “Gunnar the Bulwark,   |   Grim the Hardy,
    Thorir the Iron-shield,   |   Ulf the Gaper,
    Brodd and Hörvir   |   both did I know;
    In the household they were   |   of Hrolf the Old.

23. “Hervarth, Hjorvarth,   |   Hrani, Angantyr,
    Bui and Brami,   |   Barri and Reifnir,
    Tind and Tyrfing,   |   the Haddings twain,—
    And all are thy kinsmen,   |   Ottar, thou fool!

24. “Eastward in Bolm   |   were born of old
    The sons of Arngrim   |   and Eyfura;
    With berserk-tumult   |   and baleful deed
    Like fire o’er land   |   and sea they fared,—
    And all are thy kinsmen,   |   Ottar, thou fool!

25. “The sons of Jormunrek   |   all of yore
    To the gods in death   |   were as offerings given;
    He was kinsman of Sigurth,—   |   hear well what I say,—
    The foe of hosts,   |   and Fafnir’s slayer.

26. “From Volsung’s seed   |   was the hero sprung,
    And Hjordis was born   |   of Hrauthung’s race,
    And Eylimi   |   from the Othlings came,—
    And all are thy kinsmen,   |   Ottar, thou fool!

27. “Gunnar and Hogni,   |   the heirs of Gjuki,
    And Guthrun as well,   |   who their sister was;
    But Gotthorm was not   |   of Gjuki’s race,
    Although the brother   |   of both he was:
    And all are thy kinsmen,   |   Ottar, thou fool!

28. “Of Hvethna’s sons   |   was Haki the best,
    And Hjorvarth the father   |   of Hvethna was;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

29. “Harald Battle-tooth   |   of Auth was born,
    Hrörek the Ring-giver   |   her husband was;
    Auth the Deep-minded   |   was Ivar’s daughter,
    But Rathbarth the father   |   of Randver was:
    And all are thy kinsmen,   |   Ottar, thou fool!”





FRAGMENT OF “THE SHORT VOLUSPO”


30. Eleven in number   |   the gods were known,
    When Baldr o’er the hill   |   of death was bowed;
    And this to avenge   |   was Vali swift,
    When his brother’s slayer   |   soon he slew.

31. The father of Baldr   |   was the heir of Bur,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

32. Freyr’s wife was Gerth,   |   the daughter of Gymir,
    Of the giants’ brood,   |   and Aurbotha bore her;
    To these as well   |   was Thjazi kin,
    The dark-loving giant;   |   his daughter was Skathi.

33. Much have I told thee,   |   and further will tell;
    There is much that I know;—   |   wilt thou hear
    yet more?

34. Heith and Hrossthjof,   |   the children of Hrimnir.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

35. The sybils arose   |   from Vitholf’s race,
    From Vilmeith all   |   the seers are,
    And the workers of charms   |   are Svarthofthi’s children,
    And from Ymir sprang   |   the giants all.

36. Much have I told thee,   |   and further will tell;
    There is much that I know;—   |   wilt thou hear yet more?

37. One there was born   |   in the bygone days,
    Of the race of the gods,   |   and great was his might;
    Nine giant women,   |   at the world’s edge,
    Once bore the man   |   so mighty in arms.

38. Gjolp there bore him,   |   Greip there bore him,
    Eistla bore him,   |   and Eyrgjafa,
    Ulfrun bore him,   |   and Angeyja,
    Imth and Atla,   |   and Jarnsaxa.

39. Strong was he made   |   with the strength of earth,
    With the ice-cold sea,   |   and the blood of swine.

40. One there was born,   |   the best of all,
    And strong was he made   |   with the strength of earth;
    The proudest is called   |   the kinsman of men
    Of the rulers all   |   throughout the world.

41. Much have I told thee,   |   and further will tell;
    There is much that I know;—   |   wilt thou hear yet more?

42. The wolf did Loki   |   with Angrbotha win,
    And Sleipnir bore he   |   to Svathilfari;
    The worst of marvels   |   seemed the one
    That sprang from the brother   |   of Byleist then.

43. A heart ate Loki,—   |   in the embers it lay,
    And half-cooked found he   |   the woman’s heart;—
    With child from the woman   |   Lopt soon was,
    And thence among men   |   came the monsters all.

44. The sea, storm-driven,   |   seeks heaven itself,
    O’er the earth it flows,   |   the air grows sterile;
    Then follow the snows   |   and the furious winds,
    For the gods are doomed,   |   and the end is death.

45. Then comes another,   |   a greater than all,
    Though never I dare   |   his name to speak;
    Few are they now   |   that farther can see
    Than the moment when Othin   |   shall meet the wolf.





Freyja spake:


46. “To my boar now bring   |   the memory-beer,
    So that all thy words,   |   that well thou hast spoken,
    The third morn hence   |   he may hold in mind,
    When their races Ottar   |   and Angantyr tell.”


Hyndla spake:


47. “Hence shalt thou fare,   |   for fain would I sleep,
    From me thou gettest   |   few favors good;
    My noble one, out   |   in the night thou leapest
    As Heithrun goes   |   the goats among.

48. “To Oth didst thou run,   |   who loved thee ever,
    And many under   |   thy apron have crawled;
    My noble one, out   |   in the night thou leapest,
    As Heithrun goes   |   the goats among.”


Freyja spake:


49. “Around the giantess   |   flames shall I raise,
    So that forth unburned   |   thou mayst not fare.”


Hyndla spake:


50. “Flames I see burning,   |   the earth is on fire,
    And each for his life   |   the price must lose;
    Bring then to Ottar   |   the draught of beer,
    Of venom full   |   for an evil fate.”


Freyja spake:


51. “Thine evil words   |   shall work no ill,
    Though, giantess, bitter   |   thy baleful threats;
    A drink full fair   |   shall Ottar find,
    If of all the gods   |   the favor I get.”








NOTES


1. Freyja: The names of the speakers do not appear in the manuscripts.
On Freyja cf. Voluspo, 21 and note; Skirnismol, introductory prose and
note; Lokasenna, introductory prose and note. As stanzas 9–10 show,
Ottar has made a wager of his entire inheritance with Angantyr
regarding the relative loftiness of their ancestry, and by rich
offerings (Hyndla hints at less commendable methods) has induced Freyja
to assist him in establishing his genealogy. Freyja, having turned
Ottar for purposes of disguise into a boar, calls on the giantess
Hyndla (“She-Dog”) to aid her. Hyndla does not appear elsewhere in the
poems.

2. Heerfather: Othin; cf. Voluspo, 30. Hermoth: mentioned in the Prose
Edda as a son of Othin who is sent to Hel to ask for the return of the
slain Baldr. Sigmund: according to the Volsungasaga Sigmund was the son
of Volsung, and hence Othin’s great-great-grandson (note that Wagner
eliminates all the intervening generations by the simple expedient of
using Volsung’s name as one of Othin’s many appellations). Sigmund
alone was able to draw from the tree the sword which a mysterious
stranger (Othin, of course) had thrust into it (compare the first act
of Wagner’s Die Walküre).

3. Sijmons suggests that this stanza may be an interpolation.

4. No lacuna after line 2 is indicated in the manuscript. Editors have
attempted various experiments in rearranging this and the following
stanza.

5. Some editors, following Simrock, assign this whole stanza to Hyndla;
others assign to her lines 3–4. Giving the entire stanza to Freyja
makes better sense than any other arrangement, but is dependent on
changing the manuscript’s “thy” in line 3 to “my,” as suggested by
Bugge. The boar on which Freyja rides (“my worthy steed”) is, of
course, Ottar.

6. Hyndla detects Ottar, and accuses Freyja of having her lover with
her. Unless Ottar is identical with Oth (cf. Voluspo, 25 and note),
which seems most unlikely, there is no other reference to this love
affair. The way of the slain: the road to Valhall.

7. Various experiments have been made in condensing the stanza into
four lines, or in combining it with stanza 8. Hildisvini
(“Battle-Swine”): perhaps Freyja refers to the boar with golden
bristles given, according to Snorri, to her brother Freyr by the
dwarfs. Dain: a dwarf; cf. Voluspo, 11. Nabbi: a dwarf nowhere else
mentioned.

8. The first line is obviously corrupt in the manuscript, and has been
variously emended. The general assumption is that in the interval
between stanzas 7 and 8 Freyja and Hyndla have arrived at Valhall. No
lacuna is indicated in the manuscript.

9. Foreign metal: gold. The word valr, meaning “foreign,” and akin to
“Welsh,” is interesting in this connection, and some editors interpret
it frankly as “Celtic,” i.e., Irish.

10. To glass: i.e., the constant fires on the altar have fused the
stone into glass. Glass beads, etc., were of very early use, though the
use of glass for windows probably did not begin in Iceland much before
1200.

11. Possibly two stanzas, or perhaps one with interpolations. The
manuscript omits the first half of line 4, here filled out from stanza
16, line 2. Skjoldungs: the descendants of Skjold, a mythical king who
was Othin’s son and the ancestor of the Danish kings; cf. Snorri’s
Edda, Skaldskaparmal, 43. Skilfings: mentioned by Snorri as descendants
of King Skelfir, a mythical ruler in “the East.” In Grimnismol, 54, the
name Skilfing appears as one of Othin’s many appellations. Othlings:
Snorri derives this race from Authi, the son of Halfdan the Old (cf.
stanza 14). Ylfings: some editors have changed this to “Ynglings,” as
in stanza 16, referring to the descendants of Yng or Yngvi, another son
of Halfdan, but the reference may be to the same mythical family to
which Helgi Hundingsbane belonged (cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 5).

12. Instein: mentioned in the Halfssaga as one of the warriors of King
Half of Horthaland (the so-called Halfsrekkar). The others mentioned in
this stanza appear in one of the later mythical accounts of the
settlement of Norway.

14. Stanzas 14–16 are clearly interpolated, as Friaut (stanza 13, line
3) is the daughter of Hildigun (stanza 17, line 1). Halfdan the Old, a
mythical king of Denmark, called by Snorri “the most famous of all
kings,” of whom it was foretold that “for three hundred years there
should be no woman and no man in his line who was not of great repute.”
After the slaying of Sigtrygg he married Almveig (or Alvig), daughter
of King Eymund of Holmgarth (i.e., Russia), who bore him eighteen sons,
nine at one birth. These nine were all slain, but the other nine were
traditionally the ancestors of the most famous families in Northern
hero lore.

16. Compare stanza 11. All or part of this stanza may be interpolated.

17. Hildigun (or Hildiguth): with this the poem returns to Ottar’s
direct ancestry, Hildigun being Friaut’s mother. Line 4: cf. the
refrain-line in the Voluspo (stanzas 27, 29, etc.).

18. Another interpolation, as Ketil (stanza 19, line 1) is the husband
of Hildigun (stanza 17). Dag: one of Halfdan’s sons, and ancestor of
the Döglings. Line 5 may be a late addition.

19. Ketil: the semi-mythical Ketil Hortha-Kari, from whom various
Icelandic families traced their descent. Hoalf: probably King Half of
Horthaland, hero of the Halfssaga, and son of Hjorleif and Hild (cf.
stanza 12, note).

20. Nanna: the manuscript has “Manna.” Of Nanna and her father, Nokkvi,
we know nothing, but apparently Nanna’s son married a sister of
Instein, Ottar’s father.

21. Olmoth: one of the sons of Ketil Hortha-Kari. Line 4: here, and
generally hereafter when it appears in the poem, this refrain-line is
abbreviated in the manuscript to the word “all.”

22. An isolated stanza, which some editors place after stanza 24,
others combining lines 1–2 with the fragmentary stanza 23. In the
manuscript lines 3–4 stand after stanza 24, where they fail to connect
clearly with anything. Hrolf the Old: probably King Hrolf Gautreksson
of Gautland, in the saga relating to whom (Fornaldar sögur III, 57 ff.)
appear the names of Thorir the Iron-shield and Grim Thorkelsson.

23. Stanzas 23 and 24 name the twelve Berserkers, the sons of Arngrim
and Eyfura, the story of whom is told in the Hervararsaga and the
Orvar-Oddssaga. Saxo Grammaticus tells of the battle between them and
Hjalmar and Orvar-Odd. Line 1 does not appear in the manuscript, but is
added from the list of names given in the sagas. The Berserkers were
wild warriors, distinguished above all by the fits of frenzy to which
they were subject in battle; during these fits they howled like wild
beasts, foamed at the mouth, and gnawed the iron rims of their shields.
At such times they were proof against steel or fire, but when the fever
abated they were weak. The etymology of the word berserk is disputed;
probably, however, it means “bear-shirt.”

24. The manuscript omits the first half of line 1, here supplied from
the Orvar-Oddssaga. Bolm: probably the island of Bolmsö, in the Swedish
province of Småland. In the manuscript and in most editions stanza 24
is followed by lines 3–4 of stanza 22. Some editors reject line 5 as
spurious.

25. In the manuscript line 1 stands after line 4 of stanza 29. Probably
a stanza enumerating Jormunrek’s sons has been lost. Many editors
combine lines 3–4 of stanza 22 and lines 2–4 of stanza 25 into one
stanza. Jormunrek: the historical Ermanarich, king of the Goths, who
died about 376. According to Norse tradition, in which Jormunrek played
a large part, he slew his own sons (cf. Guthrunarhvot and Hamthesmol).
In the saga Jormunrek married Sigurth’s daughter, Svanhild. Stanzas
25–27 connect Ottar’s descent with the whole
Volsung-Sigurth-Jormunrek-Gjuki genealogy. The story of Sigurth is the
basis for most of the heroic poems of the Edda, of the famous
Volsungasaga, and, in Germany, of the Nibelungenlied. On his battle
with the dragon Fafnir cf. Fafnismol.

26. Volsung: Sigurth’s grandfather and Othin’s great-grandson. Hjordis:
daughter of King Eylimi, wife of Sigmund and mother of Sigurth.
Othlings: cf. stanza 11.

27. Gunnar, Hogni, and Guthrun: the three children of the Burgundian
king Gjuki and his wife Grimhild (Kriemhild); Guthrun was Sigurth’s
wife. Gotthorm, the third brother, who killed Sigurth at Brynhild’s
behest, was Grimhild’s son, and thus a step-son of Gjuki. These four
play an important part in the heroic cycle of Eddic poems. Cf.
Gripisspo, introductory note.

28. In the manuscript and in many editions these two lines stand
between stanzas 33 and 34. The change here made follows Bugge. The
manuscript indicates no gap between stanzas 27 and 29. Hvethna: wife of
King Halfdan of Denmark.

29. The manuscript and many editions include line 1 of stanza 25 after
line 4 of stanza 29. The story of Harald Battle-tooth is told in detail
by Saxo Grammaticus. Harald’s father was Hrörek, king of Denmark; his
mother was Auth, daughter of Ivar, king of Sweden. After Ivar had
treacherously destroyed Hrörek, Auth fled with Harald to Russia, where
she married King Rathbarth. Harald’s warlike career in Norway, and his
death on the Bravalla-field at the hands of his nephew, Sigurth Ring,
son of Randver and grandson of Rathbarth and Auth, were favorite saga
themes.

30. At this point begins the fragmentary and interpolated “short
Voluspo” identified by Snorri. The manuscript gives no indication of
the break in the poem’s continuity. Eleven: there are various
references to the “twelve” gods (including Baldr); Snorri
(Gylfaginning, 20–33) lists the following twelve in addition to Othin:
Thor, Baldr, Njorth, Freyr, Tyr, Bragi, Heimdall, Hoth, Vithar, Vali,
Ull and Forseti; he adds Loki as of doubtful divinity. Baldr and Vali:
cf. Voluspo, 32–33.

31. The fragmentary stanzas 31–34 have been regrouped in various ways,
and with many conjectures as to omissions, none of which are indicated
in the manuscript. The order here is as in the manuscript, except that
lines 1–2 of stanza 28 have been transposed from after line 2 of stanza
33. Bur’s heir: Othin; cf. Voluspo, 4.

32. Freyr, Gerth, Gymir: cf. Skirnismol. Aurbotha: a giantess, mother
of Gerth. Thjazi and Skathi: cf. Lokasenna, 49, and Harbarthsljoth, 19.

33. Cf. Voluspo, 44 and 27.

34. Heith (“Witch”) and Hrossthjof (“Horse-thief”): the only other
reference to the giant Hrimnir (Skirnismol, 28) makes no mention of his
children.

35. This stanza is quoted by Snorri (Gylfaginning, 5). Of Vitholf
(“Forest Wolf”), Vilmeith (“Wish-Tree”) and Svarthofthi (“Black Head”)
nothing further is known. Ymir: cf. Voluspo, 3.

37. According to Snorri (Gylfaginning, 27) Heimdall was the son of
Othin and of nine sisters. As Heimdall was the watchman of the gods,
this has given rise to much “solar myth” discussion. The names of his
nine giantess mothers are frequently said to denote attributes of the
sea.

38. The names of Heimdall’s mothers may be rendered “Yelper,” “Griper,”
“Foamer,” “Sand-Strewer,” “She-Wolf,” “Sorrow-Whelmer,” “Dusk,” “Fury,”
and “Iron-Sword.”

39. It has been suggested that these lines were interpolated from
Guthrunarkvitha II, 22. Some editors add the refrain of stanza 36.
Swine’s blood: to Heimdall’s strength drawn from earth and sea was
added that derived from sacrifice.

40. In the manuscript this stanza stands after stanza 44. Regarding
Heimdall’s kinship to the three great classes of men, cf. Rigsthula,
introductory note, wherein the apparent confusion of his attributes
with those of Othin is discussed.

42. Probably a lacuna before this stanza. Regarding the wolf Fenrir,
born of Loki and the giantess Angrbotha, cf. Voluspo, 39 and note.
Sleipnir: Othin’s eight-legged horse, born of the stallion Svathilfari
and of Loki in the guise of a mare (cf. Grimnismol, 44). The worst:
doubtless referring to Mithgarthsorm, another child of Loki. The
brother of Byleist: Loki; cf. Voluspo, 51.

43. Nothing further is known of the myth here referred to, wherein Loki
(Lopt) eats the cooked heart of a woman and thus himself gives birth to
a monster. The reference is not likely to be to the serpent, as,
according to Snorri (Gylfaginning, 34), the wolf, the serpent, and Hel
were all the children of Loki and Angrbotha.

44. Probably an omission, perhaps of considerable length, before this
stanza. For the description of the destruction of the world, cf.
Voluspo, 57.

45. Cf. Voluspo, 65, where the possible reference to Christianity is
noted. With this stanza the fragmentary “short Voluspo” ends, and the
dialogue between Freyja and Hyndla continues.

46. Freyja now admits the identity of her boar as Ottar, who with the
help of the “memory-beer” is to recall the entire genealogy he has just
heard, and thus win his wager with Angantyr.

47. Heithrun: the she-goat that stands by Valhall (cf. Grimnismol, 25),
the name being here used simply of she-goats in general, in caustic
comment on Freyja’s morals. Of these Loki entertained a similar view;
cf. Lokasenna, 30.

48. Oth: cf. stanza 6 and note, and Voluspo, 25 and note. Lines 3–4,
abbreviated in the manuscript, are very likely repeated here by
mistake.

49. The manuscript repeats once again lines 3–4 of stanza 47 as the
last two lines of this stanza. It seems probable that two lines have
been lost, to the effect that Freyja will burn the giantess alive “If
swiftly now   |   thou dost not seek, / And hither bring   |   the
memory-beer.”








SVIPDAGSMOL

THE BALLAD OF SVIPDAG


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The two poems, Grougaldr (Groa’s Spell) and Fjolsvinnsmol (the Ballad
of Fjolsvith), which many editors have, very wisely, united under the
single title of Svipdagsmol, are found only in paper manuscripts, none
of them antedating the seventeenth century. Everything points to a
relatively late origin for the poems: their extensive use of “kennings”
or poetical circumlocutions, their romantic spirit, quite foreign to
the character of the unquestionably older poems, the absence of any
reference to them in the earlier documents, the frequent errors in
mythology, and, finally, the fact that the poems appear to have been
preserved in unusually good condition. Whether or not a connecting link
of narrative verse joining the two parts has been lost is an open
question; on the whole it seems likely that the story was sufficiently
well known so that the reciter of the poem (or poems) merely filled in
the gap with a brief prose summary in pretty much his own words. The
general relationship between dialogue and narrative in the Eddic poems
is discussed in the introductory note to the Grimnismol, in connection
with the use of prose links.

The love story of Svipdag and Mengloth is not referred to elsewhere in
the Poetic Edda, nor does Snorri mention it; however, Groa, who here
appears as Svipdag’s mother, is spoken of by Snorri as a wise woman,
the wife of Orvandil, who helps Thor with her magic charms. On the
other hand, the essence of the story, the hero’s winning of a bride
ringed about by flames, is strongly suggestive of parts of the
Sigurth-Brynhild traditions. Whether or not it is to be regarded as a
nature or solar myth depends entirely on one’s view of the whole “solar
myth” school of criticism, not so highly esteemed today as formerly;
such an interpretation is certainly not necessary to explain what is,
under any circumstances, a very charming romance told, in the main,
with dramatic effectiveness.

In later years the story of Svipdag and Mengloth became popular
throughout the North, and was made the subject of many Danish and
Swedish as well as Norwegian ballads. These have greatly assisted in
the reconstruction of the outlines of the narrative surrounding the
dialogue poems here given.





I. GROUGALDR

GROA’S SPELL


Svipdag spake:


1.  “Wake thee, Groa!   |   wake, mother good!
      At the doors of the dead I call thee;
    Thy son, bethink thee,   |   thou badst to seek
      Thy help at the hill of death.”


Groa spake:


2.  “What evil vexes   |   mine only son,
      What baleful fate hast thou found,
    That thou callest thy mother,   |   who lies in the mould,
      And the world of the living has left?”


Svipdag spake:


3.  “The woman false   |   whom my father embraced
      Has brought me a baleful game;
    For she bade me go forth   |   where none may fare,
      And Mengloth the maid to seek.”


Groa spake:


4.  “Long is the way,   |   long must thou wander,
      But long is love as well;
    Thou mayst find, perchance,   |   what thou fain wouldst have,
      If the fates their favor will give.”


Svipdag spake:


5.  “Charms full good   |   then chant to me, mother,
      And seek thy son to guard;
    For death do I fear   |   on the way I shall fare,
      And in years am I young, methinks.”


Groa spake:


6.  “Then first I will chant thee   |   the charm oft-tried,
      That Rani taught to Rind;
    From the shoulder whate’er   |   mislikes thee shake,
      For helper thyself shalt thou have.

7.  “Then next I will chant thee,   |   if needs thou must travel,
      And wander a purposeless way:
    The bolts of Urth   |   shall on every side
      Be thy guards on the road thou goest.

8.  “Then third I will chant thee,   |   if threatening streams
      The danger of death shall bring:
    Yet to Hel shall turn   |   both Horn and Ruth,
      And before thee the waters shall fail.

9.  “Then fourth I will chant thee,   |   if come thy foes
      On the gallows-way against thee:
    Into thine hands   |   shall their hearts be given,
      And peace shall the warriors wish.

10. “Then fifth I will chant thee,   |   if fetters perchance
      Shall bind thy bending limbs:
    O’er thy thighs do I chant   |   a loosening-charm,
      And the lock is burst from the limbs,
      And the fetters fall from the feet.

11. “Then sixth I will chant thee,   |   if storms on the sea
      Have might unknown to man:
    Yet never shall wind   |   or wave do harm,
      And calm is the course of thy boat.

12. “Then seventh I chant thee,   |   if frost shall seek
      To kill thee on lofty crags:
    The fatal cold   |   shall not grip thy flesh,
      And whole thy body shall be.

13. “Then eighth will I chant thee,   |   if ever by night
      Thou shalt wander on murky ways:
    Yet never the curse   |   of a Christian woman
      From the dead shall do thee harm.

14. “Then ninth will I chant thee,   |   if needs thou must strive
      With a warlike giant in words:
    Thy heart good store   |   of wit shall have,
      And thy mouth of words full wise.

15. “Now fare on the way   |   where danger waits,
      Let evils not lessen thy love!
    I have stood at the door   |   of the earth-fixed stones,
      The while I chanted thee charms.

16. “Bear hence, my son,   |   what thy mother hath said,
      And let it live in thy breast;
    Thine ever shall be   |   the best of fortune,
      So long as my words shall last.”





II. FJOLSVINNSMOL

THE LAY OF FJOLSVITH


17. Before the house   |   he beheld one coming
      To the home of the giants high.


Svipdag spake:


    “What giant is here,   |   in front of the house,
      And around him fires are flaming?”


Fjolsvith spake:


18. “What seekest thou here?   |   for what is thy search?
      What, friendless one, fain wouldst thou know?
    By the ways so wet   |   must thou wander hence,
      For, weakling, no home hast thou here.”


Svipdag spake:


19. “What giant is here,   |   in front of the house,
      To the wayfarer welcome denying?”


Fjolsvith spake:


    “Greeting full fair   |   thou never shalt find,
      So hence shalt thou get thee home.

20. “Fjolsvith am I,   |   and wise am I found,
      But miserly am I with meat;
    Thou never shalt enter   |   within the house,—
      Go forth like a wolf on thy way!”


Svipdag spake:


21. “Few from the joy   |   of their eyes will go forth,
      When the sight of their loves they seek;
    Full bright are the gates   |   of the golden hall,
      And a home shall I here enjoy.”


Fjolsvith spake:


22. “Tell me now, fellow,   |   what father thou hast,
      And the kindred of whom thou camst.”


Svipdag spake:


    “Vindkald am I,   |   and Varkald’s son,
      And Fjolkald his father was.

23. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    Who is it that holds   |   and has for his own
      The rule of the hall so rich?”


Fjolsvith spake:


24. “Mengloth is she,   |   her mother bore her
      To the son of Svafrthorin;
    She is it that holds   |   and has for her own
      The rule of the hall so rich.”


Svipdag spake:


25. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    What call they the gate?   |   for among the gods
      Ne’er saw man so grim a sight.”


Fjolsvith spake:


26. “Thrymgjol they call it;   |   ’twas made by the three,
      The sons of Solblindi;
    And fast as a fetter   |   the farer it holds,
      Whoever shall lift the latch.”


Svipdag spake:


27. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    What call they the house?   |   for no man beheld
      ‘Mongst the gods so grim a sight.”


Fjolsvith spake:


28. “Gastropnir is it,   |   of old I made it
      From the limbs of Leirbrimir;
    I braced it so strongly   |   that fast it shall stand
      So long as the world shall last.”


Svipdag spake:


29. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    What call they the tree   |   that casts abroad
      Its limbs o’er every land?”


Fjolsvith spake:


30. “Mimameith its name,   |   and no man knows
      What root beneath it runs;
    And few can guess   |   what shall fell the tree,
      For fire nor iron shall fell it.”


Svipdag spake:


31. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    What grows from the seed   |   of the tree so great,
      That fire nor iron shall fell?”


Fjolsvith spake:


32. “Women, sick   |   with child, shall seek
      Its fruit to the flames to bear;
    Then out shall come   |   what within was hid,
      And so is it mighty with men.”


Svipdag spake:


33. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    What cock is he   |   on the highest bough,
      That glitters all with gold?”


Fjolsvith spake:


34. “Vithofnir his name,   |   and now he shines
      Like lightning on Mimameith’s limbs;
    And great is the trouble   |   with which he grieves
      Both Surt and Sinmora.”


Svipdag spake:


35. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    What call they the hounds,   |   that before the house
      So fierce and angry are?”


Fjolsvith spake:


36. “Gif call they one,   |   and Geri the other,
      If now the truth thou wouldst know;
    Great they are,   |   and their might will grow,
      Till the gods to death are doomed.”


Svipdag spake:


37. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    May no man hope   |   the house to enter,
      While the hungry hounds are sleeping?”


Fjolsvith spake:


38. “Together they sleep not,   |   for so was it fixed
      When the guard to them was given;
    One sleeps by night,   |   the next by day,
      So no man may enter ever.”


Svipdag spake:


39. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    Is there no meat   |   that men may give them,
     And leap within while they eat?”


Fjolsvith spake:


40. “Two wing-joints there be   |   in Vithofnir’s body,
      If now the truth thou wouldst know;
    That alone is the meat   |   that men may give them,
      And leap within while they eat.”


Svipdag spake:


41. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    What weapon can send   |   Vithofnir to seek
      The house of Hel below?”


Fjolsvith spake:


42. “Lævatein is there,   |   that Lopt with runes
      Once made by the doors of death;
    In Lægjarn’s chest   |   by Sinmora lies it,
      And nine locks fasten it firm.”


Svipdag spake:


43. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    May a man come thence   |   who thither goes,
      And tries the sword to take?”


Fjolsvith spake:


44. “Thence may he come   |   who thither goes,
      And tries the sword to take,
    If with him he carries   |   what few can win,
      To give to the goddess of gold.”


Svipdag spake:


45. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    What treasure is there   |   that men may take
      To rejoice the giantess pale?”


Fjolsvith spake:


46. “The sickle bright   |   in thy wallet bear,
      Mid Vithofnir’s feathers found;
    To Sinmora give it,   |   and then shall she grant
      That the weapon by thee be won.”


Svipdag spake:


47. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    What call they the hall,   |   encompassed here
      With flickering magic flames?”


Fjolsvith spake:


48. “Lyr is it called,   |   and long it shall
      On the tip of a spear-point tremble;
    Of the noble house   |   mankind has heard,
      But more has it never known.”


Svipdag spake:


49. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    What one of the gods   |   has made so great
      The hall I behold within?”


Fjolsvith spake:


50. “Uni and Iri,   |   Bari and Jari,
      Var and Vegdrasil,
    Dori and Ori,   |   Delling, and there
      Was Loki, the fear of the folk.”


Svipdag spake:


51. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    What call they the mountain   |   on which the maid
      Is lying so lovely to see?”


Fjolsvith spake:


52. “Lyfjaberg is it,   |   and long shall it be
      A joy to the sick and the sore;
    For well shall grow   |   each woman who climbs it,
      Though sick full long she has lain.”


Svipdag spake:


53. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    What maidens are they   |   that at Mengloth’s knees
      Are sitting so gladly together?”


Fjolsvith spake:


54. “Hlif is one named,   |   Hlifthrasa another,
      Thjothvara call they the third;
    Bjort and Bleik,   |   Blith and Frith,
      Eir and Aurbotha.”


Svipdag spake:


55. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    Aid bring they to all   |   who offerings give,
      If need be found therefor?”


Fjolsvith spake:


56. “Soon aid they all   |   who offerings give
      On the holy altars high;
    And if danger they see   |   for the sons of men,
      Then each from ill do they guard.”


Svipdag spake:


57. “Now answer me, Fjolsvith,   |   the question I ask,
      For now the truth would I know:
    Lives there the man   |   who in Mengloth’s arms
      So fair may seek to sleep?”


Fjolsvith spake:


58. “No man there is   |   who in Mengloth’s arms
      So fair may seek to sleep,
    Save Svipdag alone,   |   for the sun-bright maid
      Is destined his bride to be.”


Svipdag spake:


59. “Fling back the gates!   |   make the gateway wide!
      Here mayst thou Svipdag see!
    Hence get thee to find   |   if gladness soon
      Mengloth to me will give.”


Fjolsvith spake:


60. “Hearken, Mengloth,   |   a man is come;
      Go thou the guest to see!
    The hounds are fawning,   |   the house bursts open,—
      Svipdag, methinks, is there.”


Mengloth spake:


61. “On the gallows high   |   shall hungry ravens
      Soon thine eyes pluck out,
    If thou liest in saying   |   that here at last
      The hero is come to my hall.

62. “Whence camest thou hither?   |   how camest thou here?
      What name do thy kinsmen call thee?
    Thy race and thy name   |   as a sign must I know,
      That thy bride I am destined to be.”


Svipdag spake:


63. “Svipdag am I,   |   and Solbjart’s son;
      Thence came I by wind-cold ways;
    With the words of Urth   |   shall no man war,
      Though unearned her gifts be given.”


Mengloth spake:


64. “Welcome thou art,   |   for long have I waited;
      The welcoming kiss shalt thou win!
    For two who love   |   is the longed-for meeting
      The greatest gladness of all.

65. “Long have I sat   |   on Lyfjaberg here,
      Awaiting thee day by day;
    And now I have   |   what I ever hoped,
      For here thou art come to my hall.

66. “Alike we yearned;   |   I longed for thee,
      And thou for my love hast longed;
    But now henceforth   |   together we know
      Our lives to the end we shall live.”








NOTES


1. Svipdag (“Swift Day”): the names of the speakers are lacking in the
manuscripts.

3. The woman: Svipdag’s stepmother, who is responsible for his search
for Mengloth (“Necklace-Glad”). This name has suggested that Mengloth
is really Frigg, possessor of the famous Brisings’ necklace, or else
Freyja (cf. Lokasenna, 20, note).

6. For this catalogue of charms (stanzas 6–14) cf. the Ljothatal
(Hovamol, 147–165). Rani and Rind: the manuscripts have these words in
inverse relation; I have followed Neckel’s emendation. Rind was the
giantess who became the mother of Vali, Othin’s son, the one-night-old
avenger of Baldr (cf. Voluspo, 33–34, and Baldrs Draumar, 11 and note).
Rani is presumably Othin, who, according to a skaldic poem, won Rind by
magic.

7. Urth: one of the three Norns, or Fates; cf. Voluspo, 20.

8. Horn and Ruth: these two rivers, here used merely to symbolize all
dangerous streams, are not included in the catalogue of rivers given in
Grimnismol, 27–29, for which reason some editors have changed the names
to Hron and Hrith.

10. This stanza is a close parallel to Hovamol, 150, and the fifth line
may well be an interpolation from line 4 of that stanza.

13. A dead Christian woman: this passage has distressed many editors,
who have sought to emend the text so as to make it mean simply “a dead
witch.” The fact seems to be, however, that this particular charm was
composed at a time when Christians were regarded by all conservative
pagans as emissaries of darkness. A dead woman’s curse would naturally
be more potent, whether she was Christian or otherwise, than a living
one’s. Presumably this charm is much older than the poem in which it
here stands.

16. At this point Groa’s song ends, and Svipdag, thus fortified, goes
to seek Mengloth. All the link that is needed between the poems is
approximately this: “Then Svipdag searched long for Mengloth, and at
last he came to a great house set all about with flames. And before the
house there was a giant.”

17. Most editors have here begun a new series of stanza numbers, but if
the Grougaldr and the Fjolsvinnsmol are to be considered as a single
poem, it seems more reasonable to continue the stanza numbers
consecutively. Bugge thinks a stanza has been lost before 17, including
Fjolsvith’s name, so that the “he” in line 1 might have something to
refer to. However, just such a prose link as I have suggested in the
note on stanza 16 would serve the purpose. Editors have suggested
various rearrangements in the lines of stanzas 17–19. The substance,
however, is clear enough. The giant Fjolsvith (“Much-Wise”), the warder
of the house in which Mengloth dwells, sees Svipdag coming and stops
him with the customary threats. The assignment of the speeches in
stanzas 17–20, in the absence of any indications in the manuscripts, is
more or less guesswork.

22. Vindkald (“Wind-Cold”), Varkald (“Cold of Early Spring”) and
Fjolkald (“Much Cold”): Svipdag apparently seeks to persuade Fjolsvith
that he belongs to the frost giants.

24. Svafrthorin: who he was, or what his name means, or who his son
was, are all unknown.

26. Thrymgjol (“Loud-Clanging”): this gate, like the gate of the dead,
shuts so fast as to trap those who attempt to use it (cf.
Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 68 and note). It was made by the dwarfs,
sons of Solblindi (“Sun-Blinded”), the traditional craftsmen, who could
not endure the light of day.

28. Gastropnir: “Guest-Crusher.” Leirbrimir’s (“Clay-Giant’s”) limbs: a
poetic circumlocution for “clay”; cf. the description of the making of
earth from the body of the giant Ymir, Vafthruthnismol, 21.

30. Mimameith (“Mimir’s Tree”): the ash Yggdrasil, that overshadows the
whole world. The well of Mimir was situated at its base; cf. Voluspo,
27–29.

32. Gering suggests that two stanzas have been lost between stanzas 15
and 16, but the giant’s answer fits the question quite well enough. The
fruit of Yggdrasil, when cooked, is here assumed to have the power of
assuring safe childbirth.

34. Vithofnir (“Tree-Snake”): apparently identical with either the cock
Gollinkambi (cf. Voluspo, 43) or Fjalar (cf. Voluspo, 42), the former
of which wakes the gods to battle, and the latter the giants. Surt: the
giant mentioned in Voluspo, 52, as ruler of the fire-world; here used
to represent the giants in general, who are constantly in terror of the
cock’s eternal watchfulness. Sinmora: presumably Surt’s wife, the
giantess who possesses the weapon by which alone the cock Vithofnir may
be slain.

35. The last two lines have been variously emended.

36. Gif and Geri: both names signify “Greedy.” The first part of line 3
is conjectural; the manuscripts indicate the word “eleven,” which
clearly fails to make sense.

42. Lævatein (“Wounding Wand”): the manuscripts differ as to the form
of this name. The suggestion that the reference is to the mistletoe
with which Baldr was killed seems hardly reasonable. Lopt: Loki.
Lægjarn (“Lover of Ill”): Loki; cf. Voluspo, 35, where the term appears
as an adjective applied to Loki. This is Falk’s emendation for the
manuscripts’ “Sægjarn,” meaning “Sea Lover.” Sinmora: cf. stanza 34.

44. Goddess of gold: poetic circumlocution for “woman,” here meaning
Sinmora.

46. Sickle: i.e., tail feather. With this the circle of impossibilities
is completed. To get past the dogs, they must be fed with the
wing-joints of the cock Vithofnir; the cock can be killed only with the
sword in Sinmora’s possession, and Sinmora will give up the sword only
in return for the tail feather of the cock.

48. Lyr (“Heat-Holding”): just what the spear-point reference means is
not altogether clear. Presumably it refers to the way in which the
glowing brightness of the lofty hall makes it seem to quiver and turn
in the air, but the tradition, never baffled by physical laws, may have
actually balanced the whole building on a single point to add to the
difficulties of entrance.

50. Loki, the one god named, was the builder of the hall, with the aid
of the nine dwarfs. Jari, Dori, and Ori appear in the Voluspo catalogue
of the dwarfs (stanzas 13 and 15); Delling appears in Hovamol, 161, and
Vafthruthnismol, 25, in the latter case, however, the name quite
possibly referring to some one else. The other dwarfs’ names do not
appear elsewhere. The manuscripts differ as to the forms of many of
these names.

52. Lyfjaberg (“Hill of Healing”): the manuscripts vary as to this
name; I have followed Bugge’s suggestion. This stanza implies that
Mengloth is a goddess of healing, and hence, perhaps, an hypostasis of
Frigg, as already intimated by her name (cf. stanza 3, note). In stanza
54 Eir appears as one of Mengloth’s handmaidens, and Eir, according to
Snorri (Gylfaginning, 35) is herself the Norse Hygeia. Compare this
stanza with stanza 32.

54. The manuscripts and editions show many variations in these names.
They may be approximately rendered thus: Helper, Help-Breather,
Folk-Guardian, Shining, White, Blithe, Peaceful, Kindly (?), and
Gold-Giver.

55. One of the manuscripts omits stanzas 55 and 56.

56. The first line is based on a conjectural emendation.

63. Solbjart (“Sun-Bright”): not elsewhere mentioned. The words of
Urth: i.e., the decrees of fate; cf. stanza 7.

65. Lyfjaberg cf. stanza 52 and note.








PART II

THE POETIC EDDA


VOLUME II

LAYS OF THE HEROES








VÖLUNDARKVITHA

THE LAY OF VÖLUND


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

Between the Thrymskvitha and the Alvissmol in the Codex Regius stands
the Völundarkvitha. It was also included in the Arnamagnæan Codex, but
unluckily it begins at the very end of the fragment which has been
preserved, and thus only a few lines of the opening prose remain. This
is doubly regrettable because the text in Regius is unquestionably in
very bad shape, and the other manuscript would doubtless have been of
great assistance in the reconstruction of the poem.

There has been a vast amount written regarding the Weland tradition as
a whole, discussing particularly the relations between the
Völundarkvitha and the Weland passage in Deor’s Lament. There can be
little question that the story came to the North from Saxon regions,
along with many of the other early hero tales. In stanza 16 the Rhine
is specifically mentioned as the home of treasure; and the presence of
the story in Anglo-Saxon poetry probably as early as the first part of
the eighth century proves beyond a doubt that the legend cannot have
been a native product of Scandinavia. In one form or another, however,
the legend or the smith persisted for centuries throughout all the
Teutonic lands, and the name of Wayland Smith is familiar to all
readers of Walter Scott, and even of Rudyard Kipling’s tales of
England.

In what form this story reached the North is uncertain. Sundry striking
parallels between the diction of the Völundarkvitha and that of the
Weland passage in Deor’s Lament make it distinctly probable that a
Saxon song on this subject had found its way to Scandinavia or Iceland.
But the prose introduction to the poem mentions the “old sagas” in
which Völund was celebrated, and in the Thithrekssaga we have definite
evidence of the existence of such prose narrative in the form of the
Velentssaga (Velent, Völund, Weland, and Wayland all being, of course,
identical), which gives a long story for which the Völundarkvitha can
have supplied relatively little, if any, of the material. It is
probable, then, that Weland stories were current in both prose and
verse in Scandinavia as early as the latter part of the ninth century.

Once let a figure become popular in oral tradition, and the number and
variety of the incidents connected with his name will increase very
rapidly. Doubtless there were scores of Weland stories current in the
eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries, many of them with very little if
any traditional authority. The main one, however, the story of the
laming of the smith by King Nithuth (or by some other enemy) and of
Weland’s terrible revenge, forms the basis of the Völundarkvitha. To
this, by way of introduction, has been added the story of Völund and
the swan-maiden, who, to make things even more complex, is likewise
said to be a Valkyrie. Some critics maintain that these two sections
were originally two distinct poems, merely strung together by the
compiler with the help of narrative prose links; but the poem as a
whole has a kind of dramatic unity which suggests rather that an early
poet—for linguistically the poem belongs among the oldest of the Eddic
collection—used two distinct legends, whether in prose or verse, as the
basis for the composition of a new and homogeneous poem.

The swan-maiden story appears, of course, in many places quite distinct
from the Weland tradition, and, in another form, became one of the most
popular of German folk-tales. Like the story of Weland, however, it is
of German rather than Scandinavian origin, and the identification of
the swan-maidens as Valkyries, which may have taken place before the
legend reached the North, may, on the other hand, have been simply an
attempt to connect southern tradition with figures well known in
northern mythology.

The Völundarkvitha is full of prose narrative links, including an
introduction. The nature of such prose links has already been discussed
in the introductory note to the Grimnismol; the Völundarkvitha is a
striking illustration of the way in which the function of the earlier
Eddic verse was limited chiefly to dialogue or description, the
narrative outline being provided, if at all, in prose. This prose was
put in by each reciter according to his fancy and knowledge, and his
estimate of his hearers’ need for such explanations; some of it, as in
this instance, eventually found its way into the written record.

The manuscript of the Völundarkvitha is in such bad shape, and the
conjectural emendations have been so numerous, that in the notes I have
attempted to record only the most important of them.





There was a king in Sweden named Nithuth. He had two sons and one
daughter; her name was Bothvild. There were three brothers, sons of a
king of the Finns: one was called Slagfith, another Egil, the third
Völund. They went on snowshoes and hunted wild beasts. They came into
Ulfdalir and there they built themselves a house; there was a lake
there which is called Ulfsjar. Early one morning they found on the
shore of the lake three women, who were spinning flax. Near them were
their swan-garments, for they were Valkyries. Two of them were
daughters of King Hlothver, Hlathguth the Swan-White and Hervor the
All-Wise, and the third was Olrun, daughter of Kjar from Valland. These
did they bring home to their hall with them. Egil took Olrun, and
Slagfith Swan-White, and Völund All-Wise. There they dwelt seven
winters; but then they flew away to find battles, and came back no
more. Then Egil set forth on his snowshoes to follow Olrun, and
Slagfith followed Swan-White, but Völund stayed in Ulfdalir. He was a
most skillful man, as men know from old tales. King Nithuth had him
taken by force, as the poem here tells.


1.  Maids from the south   |   through Myrkwood flew,
    Fair and young,   |   their fate to follow;
    On the shore of the sea   |   to rest them they sat,
    The maids of the south,   |   and flax they spun.

2.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Hlathguth and Hervor,   |   Hlothver’s children,
    And Olrun the Wise   |   Kjar’s daughter was.

3.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    One in her arms   |   took Egil then
    To her bosom white,   |   the woman fair.

4.  Swan-White second,—   |   swan-feathers she wore,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    And her arms the third   |   of the sisters threw
    Next round Völund’s   |   neck so white.

5.  There did they sit   |   for seven winters,
    In the eighth at last   |   came their longing again,
    (And in the ninth   |   did need divide them).
    The maidens yearned   |   for the murky wood,
    The fair young maids,   |   their fate to follow.

6.  Völund home   |   from his hunting came,
    From a weary way,   |   the weather-wise bowman,
    Slagfith and Egil   |   the hall found empty,
    Out and in went they,   |   everywhere seeking.

7.  East fared Egil   |   after Olrun,
    And Slagfith south   |   to seek for Swan-White;
    Völund alone   |   in Ulfdalir lay,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

8.  Red gold he fashioned   |   with fairest gems,
    And rings he strung   |   on ropes of bast;
    So for his wife   |   he waited long,
    If the fair one home   |   might come to him.

9.  This Nithuth learned,   |   the lord of the Njars,
    That Völund alone   |   in Ulfdalir lay;
    By night went his men,   |   their mail-coats were studded,
    Their shields in the waning   |   moonlight shone.

10. From their saddles the gable   |   wall they sought,
    And in they went   |   at the end of the hall;
    Rings they saw there   |   on ropes of bast,
    Seven hundred   |   the hero had.

11. Off they took them,   |   but all they left
    Save one alone   |   which they bore away.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

12. Völund home   |   from his hunting came,
    From a weary way,   |   the weather-wise bowman;
    A brown bear’s flesh   |   would he roast with fire;
    Soon the wood so dry   |   was burning well,
    (The wind-dried wood   |   that Völund’s was).

13. On the bearskin he rested,   |   and counted the rings,
    The master of elves,   |   but one he missed;
    That Hlothver’s daughter   |   had it he thought,
    And the all-wise maid   |   had come once more.

14. So long he sat   |   that he fell asleep,
    His waking empty   |   of gladness was;
    Heavy chains   |   he saw on his hands,
    And fetters bound   |   his feet together.


Völund spake:


15. “What men are they   |   who thus have laid
    Ropes of bast   |   to bind me now?”

    Then Nithuth called,   |   the lord of the Njars:
    “How gottest thou, Völund,   |   greatest of elves,
    These treasures of ours   |   in Ulfdalir?”


Völund spake:


16. “The gold was not   |   on Grani’s way,
    Far, methinks, is our realm   |   from the hills of the Rhine;
    I mind me that treasures   |   more we had
    When happy together   |   at home we were.”

17. Without stood the wife   |   of Nithuth wise,
    And in she came   |   from the end of the hall;
    On the floor she stood,   |   and softly spoke:
    “Not kind does he look   |   who comes from the wood.”


King Nithuth gave to his daughter Bothvild the gold ring that he had
taken from the bast rope in Völund’s house, and he himself wore the
sword that Völund had had. The queen spake:


18. “The glow of his eyes   |   is like gleaming snakes,
    His teeth he gnashes   |   if now is shown
    The sword, or Bothvild’s   |   ring he sees;
    Let them straightway cut   |   his sinews of strength,
    And set him then   |   in Sævarstath.”


So was it done: the sinews in his knee-joints were cut, and he was set
in an island which was near the mainland, and was called Sævarstath.
There he smithied for the king all kinds of precious things. No man
dared to go to him, save only the king himself. Völund spake:


19. “At Nithuth’s girdle   |   gleams the sword
    That I sharpened keen   |   with cunningest craft,
    (And hardened the steel   |   with highest skill;)
    The bright blade far   |   forever is borne,
    (Nor back shall I see it   |   borne to my smithy;)
    Now Bothvild gets   |   the golden ring
    (That was once my bride’s,—   |   ne’er well shall it be.)”

20. He sat, nor slept,   |   and smote with his hammer,
    Fast for Nithuth   |   wonders he fashioned;
    Two boys did go   |   in his door to gaze,
    Nithuth’s sons,   |   into Sævarstath.

21. They came to the chest,   |   and they craved the keys,
    The evil was open   |   when in they looked;
    To the boys it seemed   |   that gems they saw,
    Gold in plenty   |   and precious stones.


Völund spake:


22. “Come ye alone,   |   the next day come,
    Gold to you both   |   shall then be given;
    Tell not the maids   |   or the men of the hall,
    To no one say   |   that me you have sought.”

23. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Early did brother   |   to brother call:
    “Swift let us go   |   the rings to see.”

24. They came to the chest,   |   and they craved the keys,
    The evil was open   |   when in they looked;
    He smote off their heads,   |   and their feet he hid
    Under the sooty   |   straps of the bellows.

25. Their skulls, once hid   |   by their hair, he took,
    Set them in silver   |   and sent them to Nithuth;
    Gems full fair   |   from their eyes he fashioned,
    To Nithuth’s wife   |   so wise he gave them.

26. And from the teeth   |   of the twain he wrought
    A brooch for the breast,   |   to Bothvild he sent it;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

27. Bothvild then   |   of her ring did boast,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .    |   “The ring I have broken,
    I dare not say it   |   save to thee.”


Völund spake:


28. “I shall weld the break   |   in the gold so well
    That fairer than ever   |   thy father shall find it,
    And better much   |   thy mother shall think it,
    And thou no worse   |   than ever it was.”

29. Beer he brought,   |   he was better in cunning,
    Until in her seat   |   full soon she slept.


Völund spake:


    “Now vengeance I have   |   for all my hurts,
    Save one alone,   |   on the evil woman.”

30. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Quoth Völund: “Would   |   that well were the sinews
    Maimed in my feet   |   by Nithuth’s men.”

31. Laughing Völund   |   rose aloft,
    Weeping Bothvild   |   went from the isle,
    For her lover’s flight   |   and her father’s wrath.

32. Without stood the wife   |   of Nithuth wise,
    And in she came   |   from the end of the hall;
    But he by the wall   |   in weariness sat:
    “Wakest thou, Nithuth,   |   lord of the Njars?”


Nithuth spake:


33. “Always I wake,   |   and ever joyless,
    Little I sleep   |   since my sons were slain;
    Cold is my head,   |   cold was thy counsel,
    One thing, with Völund   |   to speak, I wish.

34. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    “Answer me, Völund,   |   greatest of elves,
    What happed with my boys   |   that hale once were?”


Völund spake:


35. “First shalt thou all   |   the oaths now swear,
    By the rail of ship,   |   and the rim of shield,
    By the shoulder of steed,   |   and the edge of sword,
    That to Völund’s wife   |   thou wilt work no ill,
    Nor yet my bride   |   to her death wilt bring,
    Though a wife I should have   |   that well thou knowest,
    And a child I should have   |   within thy hall.

36. “Seek the smithy   |   that thou didst set,
    Thou shalt find the bellows   |   sprinkled with blood;
    I smote off the heads   |   of both thy sons,
    And their feet ’neath the sooty   |   straps I hid.

37. “Their skulls, once hid   |   by their hair, I took,
    Set them in silver   |   and sent them to Nithuth;
    Gems full fair   |   from their eyes I fashioned,
    To Nithuth’s wife   |   so wise I gave them.

38. “And from the teeth   |   of the twain I wrought
    A brooch for the breast,   |   to Bothvild I gave it;
    Now big with child   |   does Bothvild go,
    The only daughter   |   ye two had ever.”


Nithuth spake:


39. “Never spakest thou word   |   that worse could hurt me,
    Nor that made me, Völund,   |   more bitter for vengeance;
    There is no man so high   |   from thy horse to take thee,
    Or so doughty an archer   |   as down to shoot thee,
    While high in the clouds   |   thy course thou takest.”

40. Laughing Völund   |   rose aloft,
    But left in sadness   |   Nithuth sat.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

41. Then spake Nithuth,   |   lord of the Njars:
    “Rise up, Thakkrath,   |   best of my thralls,
    Bid Bothvild come,   |   the bright-browed maid,
    Bedecked so fair,   |   with her father to speak.”

42. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    “Is it true, Bothvild,   |   that which was told me;
    Once in the isle   |   with Völund wert thou?”


Bothvild spake:


43. “True is it, Nithuth,   |   that which was told thee,
    Once in the isle   |   with Völund was I,
    An hour of lust,   |   alas it should be!
    Nought was my might   |   with such a man,
    Nor from his strength   |   could I save myself.”








NOTES


Prose. Nithuth (“Bitter Hater”): here identified as a king of Sweden,
is in the poem (stanzas 9, 15 and 32) called lord of the Njars, which
may refer to the people of the Swedish district of Nerike. In any case,
the scene of the story has moved from Saxon lands into the Northeast.
The first and last sentences of the introduction refer to the second
part of the poem; the rest of it concerns the swan-maidens episode.
Bothvild (“Warlike Maid”): Völund’s victim in the latter part of the
poem. King of the Finns: this notion, clearly later than the poem,
which calls Völund an elf, may perhaps be ascribed to the annotator who
composed the prose introduction. The Finns, meaning the dwellers in
Lapland, were generally credited with magic powers. Egil appears in the
Thithrekssaga as Völund’s brother, but Slagfith is not elsewhere
mentioned. Ulfdalir (“Wolf-Dale”), Ulfsjar (“Wolf-Sea”), Valland
(“Slaughter-Land”): mythical places without historical identification.
Valkyries: cf. Voluspo, 31 and note; there is nothing in the poem to
identify the three swan-maidens as Valkyries except one obscure word in
line 2 of stanza 1 and again in line 5 of stanza 5, which may mean, as
Gering translates it, “helmed,” or else “fair and wise.” I suspect that
the annotator, anxious to give the Saxon legend as much northern local
color as possible, was mistaken in his mythology, and that the poet
never conceived of his swan-maidens as Valkyries at all. However, this
identification of swan-maidens with Valkyries was not uncommon; cf.
Helreith Brynhildar, 7. The three maidens’ names, Hlathguth, Hervor,
and Olrun, do not appear in the lists of Valkyries. King Hlothver: this
name suggests the southern origin of the story, as it is the northern
form of Ludwig; the name appears again in Guthrunarkvitha II, 26, and
that of Kjar is found in Atlakvitha, 7, both of these poems being based
on German stories. It is worth noting that the composer of this
introductory note seems to have had little or no information beyond
what was actually contained in the poem as it has come down to us; he
refers to the “old stories” about Völund, but either he was unfamiliar
with them in detail or else he thought it needless to make use of them.
His note simply puts in clear and connected form what the verse tells
somewhat obscurely; his only additions are making Nithuth a king of
Sweden and Völund’s father a king of the Finns, supplying the name
Ulfsjar for the lake, identifying the swan-maidens as Valkyries, and
giving Kjar a home in Valland.

1. The manuscript indicates line 3 as the beginning of a stanza; two
lines may have been lost before or after lines 1–2, and two more, or
even six, with the additional stanza describing the theft of the
swan-garments, after line 4. Myrkwood: a stock name for a magic, dark
forest; cf. Lokasenna, 42.

2. In the manuscript these two lines stand after stanza 16; editors
have tried to fit them into various places, but the prose indicates
that they belong here, with a gap assumed.

3. In the manuscript these two lines follow stanza 1, with no gap
indicated, and the first line marked as the beginning of a stanza. Many
editors have combined them with stanza 4.

4. No lacuna indicated in the manuscript; one editor fills the stanza
out with a second line running: “Then to her breast Slagfith embraced.”

5. Line 3 looks like an interpolation, but line 5, identical with line
2 of stanza 1, may be the superfluous one.

6. The phrase “Völund home from a weary way” is an emendation of
Bugge’s, accepted by many editors. Some of those who do not include it
reject line 4, and combine the remainder of the stanza with all or part
of stanza 7.

7. The manuscript marks the second, and not the first, line as the
beginning of a stanza. Some editors combine lines 2–3 with all or part
of stanza 8. No gap is indicated in the manuscript, but many editors
have assumed one, some of them accepting Bugge’s suggested “Till back
the maiden   |   bright should come.”

8. No line in this stanza is indicated in the manuscript as beginning a
new stanza; editors have tried all sorts of experiments in regrouping
the lines into stanzas with those of stanzas 7 and 9. In line 3 the
word long is sheer guesswork, as the line in the manuscript contains a
metrical error.

9. Some editors combine the first two lines with parts of stanza 8, and
the last two with the first half of stanza 10. Njars: there has been
much, and inconclusive, discussion as to what this name means; probably
it applies to a semi-mythical people somewhere vaguely in “the East.”

10. Some editors combine lines 3–4 with the fragmentary stanza 11.

11. No gap indicated in the manuscript; some editors combine these
lines with lines 3–4 of stanza 10, while others combine them with the
first two lines of stanza 12. The one ring which Nithuth’s men steal is
given to Bothvild, and proves the cause of her undoing.

12. The manuscript indicates line 3, and not line 1, as the beginning
of a stanza, which has given rise to a large amount of conjectural
rearrangement. Line 2 of the original is identical with the phrase
added by Bugge in stanza 6. Line 5 may be spurious, or lines 4–5 may
have been expanded out of a single line running “The wind-dried wood
|   for Völund burned well.”

13. Elves: the poem here identifies Völund as belonging to the race of
the elves. Hlothver’s daughter: Hervor; many editors treat the
adjective “all-wise” here as a proper name.

15. In this poem the manuscript indicates the speakers. Some editors
make lines 1–2 into a separate stanza, linking lines 3–5 (or 4–5) with
stanza 16. Line 3 is very possibly spurious, a mere expansion of
“Nithuth spake.” Nithuth, of course, has come with his men to capture
Völund, and now charges him with having stolen his treasure.

16. The manuscript definitely assigns this stanza to Völund, but many
editors give the first two lines to Nithuth. In the manuscript stanza
16 is followed by the two lines of stanza 2, and many editions make of
lines 3–4 of stanza 16 and stanza 2 a single speech by Völund. Grani’s
way: Grani was Sigurth’s horse, on which he rode to slay Fafnir and win
Andvari’s hoard; this and the reference to the Rhine as the home of
wealth betray the southern source of the story. If lines 1–2 belong to
Völund, they mean that Nithuth got his wealth in the Rhine country, and
that Völund’s hoard has nothing to do with it; if the speaker is
Nithuth, they mean that Völund presumably has not killed a dragon, and
that he is far from the wealth of the Rhine, so that he must have
stolen his treasure from Nithuth himself.

17. Line 1 is lacking in the manuscript, lines 2–4 following
immediately after the two lines here given as stanza 2. Line 1,
borrowed from line 1 of stanza 32, is placed here by many editors,
following Bugge’s suggestion. Certainly it is Nithuth’s wife who utters
line 4. Who comes from the wood: Völund, noted as a hunter. Gering
assumes that with the entrance of Nithuth’s wife the scene has changed
from Völund’s house to Nithuth’s, but I cannot see that this is
necessary.

Prose. The annotator inserted this note rather clumsily in the midst of
the speech of Nithuth’s wife.

18. In the manuscript lines 2–3 stand before line 1; many editors have
made the transposition here indicated. Some editors reject line 3 as
spurious. Sævarstath: “Sea-Stead.”

19. This stanza is obviously in bad shape. Vigfusson makes two stanzas
of it by adding a first line: “Then did Völund speak,   |   sagest of
elves.” Editors have rejected various lines, and some have regrouped
the last lines with the first two of stanza 20. The elimination of the
passages in parenthesis produces a four-line stanza which is metrically
correct, but it has little more than guesswork to support it.

20. The editions vary radically in combining the lines of this stanza
with those of stanzas 19 and 21, particularly as the manuscript
indicates the third line as the beginning of a stanza. The meaning,
however, remains unchanged.

21. Several editions make one stanza out of lines 3–4 of stanza 20 and
lines 1–2 of stanza 21, and another out of the next four lines. The
evil was open: i.e., the gold in the chest was destined to be their
undoing.

22. The manuscript indicates line 3 as the beginning of a stanza, and
several editors have adopted this grouping. In the Thithrekssaga Völund
sends the boys away with instructions not to come back until just after
a fall of snow, and then to approach his dwelling walking backward. The
boys do this, and when, after he has killed them, Völund is questioned
regarding them, he points to the tracks in the snow as evidence that
they had left his house.

23. No gap indicated in the manuscript. Some editors assume it, as
here; some group the lines with lines 3–4 of stanza 22, and some with
lines 1–2 of stanza 24.

24. Some editions begin a new stanza with line 3.

25. The manuscript indicates line 3 as the beginning of a stanza, and
many editors have adopted this grouping.

26. These two lines have been grouped in various ways, either with
lines 3–4 of stanza 25 or with the fragmentary stanza 27. No gap is
indicated in the manuscript, but the loss of something is so obvious
that practically all editors have noted it, although they have differed
as to the number of lines lost.

27. No gap indicated in the manuscript; the line and a half might be
filled out (partly with the aid of late paper manuscripts) thus: “But
soon it broke,   |   and swiftly to Völund / She bore it and said—”

29. The manuscript does not name Völund as the speaker before line 3;
Vigfusson again inserts his convenient line, “Then Völund spake,   |
sagest of elves.” A few editions combine lines 3–4 with the two lines
of stanza 30.

30. No gap indicated in the manuscript; some editors combine the two
lines with lines 3–4 of stanza 29, and many with the three lines of
stanza 31.

31. Something has probably been lost before this stanza, explaining how
Völund made himself wings, as otherwise, owing to his lameness, he
could not leave the island. The Thithrekssaga tells the story of how
Völund’s brother, Egil, shot birds and gave him the feathers, out of
which he made a feather-garment. This break in the narrative
illustrates the lack of knowledge apparently possessed by the compiler
who was responsible for the prose notes; had he known the story told in
the Thithrekssaga, it is hardly conceivable that he would have failed
to indicate the necessary connecting link at this point. Some editors
reject line 3 as spurious. The manuscript does not indicate any lacuna.

32. The manuscript indicates line 4 as the beginning of a stanza, and
many editors have followed this arrangement.

33. The manuscript does not name the speaker. It indicates line 3 as
the beginning of a new stanza. Vigfusson adds before line 1, “Then
spake Nithuth,   |   lord of the Njars.”

34. No gap indicated in the manuscript, but it seems clear that
something has been lost. Some editors combine these two lines with
lines 3–4 of stanza 33. Völund is now flying over Nithuth’s hall.

35. The manuscript does not name the speaker; Vigfusson again makes two
full stanzas with the line, “Then did Völund speak,   |   sagest of
elves.” Some editors begin a new stanza with line 4, while others
reject as interpolations lines 2–3 or 5–7. Völund’s wife: the reference
is to Bothvild, as Völund wishes to have his vengeance fall more
heavily on her father than on her.

36. Lines 3–4 are nearly identical with lines 3–4 of stanza 24.

37. Identical, except for the pronouns, with stanza 25.

38. Lines 1–2: cf. stanza 26.

39. The manuscript does not name the speaker. Either line 4 or line 5
may be an interpolation; two editions reject lines 3–5, combining lines
1–2 with stanza 40. In the Thithrekssaga Nithuth actually compels Egil,
Völund’s brother, to shoot at Völund. The latter has concealed a
bladder full of blood under his left arm, and when his brother’s arrow
pierces this, Nithuth assumes that his enemy has been killed. This
episode likewise appears among the scenes from Völund’s career rudely
carved on an ancient casket of ivory, bearing an Anglo-Saxon
inscription in runic letters, which has been preserved.

40. Line 1: cf. stanza 31. The manuscript indicates no lacuna.

41. The first line is a conjectural addition. Thakkrath is probably the
northern form of the Middle High German name Dancrat.

42. The manuscript indicates no gap, but indicates line 3 as the
beginning of a stanza; Vigfusson’s added “Then Nithuth spake,   |
lord of the Njars” seems plausible enough.

43. The manuscript does not name the speaker. Different editors have
rejected one or another of the last three lines, and as the manuscript
indicates line 4 as the beginning of a new stanza, the loss of two or
three lines has likewise been suggested. According to the
Thithrekssaga, the son of Völund and Bothvild was Vithga, or Witege,
one of the heroes of Dietrich of Bern.








HELGAKVITHA HJORVARTHSSONAR

THE LAY OF HELGI THE SON OF HJORVARTH


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The three Helgi lays, all found in the Codex Regius, have been the
subjects of a vast amount of discussion, in spite of which many of the
facts regarding them are still very far from settled. It is, indeed,
scarcely possible to make any unqualified statement regarding these
three poems for which a flat contradiction cannot be found in the
writings of some scholar of distinction. The origin of the Helgi
tradition, its connection with that of Sigurth, the authorship, date
and home of the poems, the degree to which they have been altered from
their original forms, the status of the composer of the copious prose
notes: these and many other allied questions have been and probably
always will be matters of dispute among students of the Edda’s history.

Without attempting to enter into the discussion in detail, certain
theories should be noted. Helgi appears originally to have been a
Danish popular hero, the son of King Halfdan. Saxo Grammaticus has a
good deal to say about him in that capacity, and it has been pointed
out that many of the place names in the Helgi lays can be pretty
clearly identified with parts of Denmark and neighboring stretches of
the Baltic. The Danish Helgi, according to Saxo, was famed as the
conqueror of Hunding and Hothbrodd, the latter as the result of a naval
expedition at the head of a considerable fleet.

From Denmark the story appears to have spread northward into Norway and
westward into the Norse settlements among the islands. Not many of its
original features remained, and new ones were added here and there,
particularly with regard to Helgi’s love affair with Sigrun. The
victories over Hunding and Hothbrodd, however, were generally retained,
and out of material relating to these two fights, and to the
Helgi-Sigrun story, were fashioned the two lays of Helgi Hundingsbane.

How the Helgi legend became involved with that of the Volsungs is an
open question. Both stories travelled from the South, and presumably
about the same time, so it is not unnatural that some confusion should
have arisen. At no time, however, was the connection particularly close
so far as the actual episodes of the two stories were concerned. In the
two lays of Helgi Hundingsbane the relationship is established only by
the statement that Helgi was the son of Sigmund and Borghild; Sigurth
is not mentioned, and in the lay of Helgi the son of Hjorvarth there is
no connection at all. On the other hand, Helgi does not appear in any
of the Eddic poems dealing directly with the Volsung stories, although
in one passage of doubtful authenticity (cf. Reginsmol, introductory
note) his traditional enemy, Hunding, does, represented by his sons. In
the Volsungasaga the story of Helgi, including the fights with Hunding
and Hothbrodd and the love affair with Sigrun, is told in chapters 8
and 9 without otherwise affecting the course of the narrative. Here, as
in the Helgi lays, Helgi is the son of Sigmund Volsungsson and
Borghild; Sigurth, on the other hand, is the son of Sigmund and
Hjordis, the latter being the daughter of King Eylimi. Still another
son, who complicates both stories somewhat, is Sinfjotli, son of
Sigmund and his own sister, Signy. Sinfjotli appears in both of the
Helgi Hundingsbane lays and in the Volsungasaga, but not in any of the
Eddic poems belonging to the Volsung cycle (cf. Fra Dautha Sinfjotla
and note).

There is a certain amount of resemblance between the story of Helgi and
Sigrun and that of Sigurth and Brynhild, particularly as the annotator
responsible for the prose notes insists that Sigrun was a Valkyrie.
Whether this resemblance was the cause of bringing the two stories
together, or whether the identification of Helgi as Sigmund’s son
resulted in alterations of the love story in the Helgi poems, cannot be
determined.

The first of the three Helgi poems, the lay of Helgi the son of
Hjorvarth, is a somewhat distant cousin of the other two. The Helgi in
question is apparently the same traditional figure, and he leads a
naval expedition, but he is not the son of Sigmund, there is no
connection with the Volsung cycle, and his wife is Svava, not Sigrun.
At the same time, the points of general resemblance with the two Helgi
Hundingsbane lays are such as to indicate a common origin, provided one
goes far enough back. The annotator brings the stories together by the
naive expedient of having Helgi “born again,” and not once only, but
twice.

The first Helgi lay is manifestly in bad shape, and includes at least
two distinct poems, differentiated not only by subject-matter but by
metrical form. Although the question is debatable, the longer of these
poems (stanzas 1–11 and 31–43) seems in turn to have been compounded
out of fragments of two or more Helgi poems. The first five stanzas are
a dialogue between a bird and Atli, one of Hjorvarth’s followers,
concerning the winning of Sigrlin, who is destined to be Hjorvarth’s
wife and Helgi’s mother. Stanzas 6–11 are a dialogue between Helgi and
a Valkyrie (the accompanying prose so calls her, and identifies her as
Svava, but there is nothing in the verse to prove this). Stanzas 12–30
form a fairly consecutive unit, in which Atli, on guard over Helgi’s
ship, has a vigorous argument with a giantess, Hrimgerth, whence this
section has sometimes been called the Hrimgertharmol (Lay of
Hrimgerth). The last section, stanzas 31–43, is again fairly
consecutive, and tells of the death of Helgi following the rash oath of
his brother, Hethin, to win Svava for himself.

Parts I, II, and IV may all have come from the same poem or they may
not; it is quite impossible to tell surely. All of them are generally
dated by commentators not later than the first half of the tenth
century, whereas the Hrimgertharmol (section III) is placed
considerably later. When and by whom these fragments were pieced
together is another vexed question, and this involves a consideration
of the prose notes and links, of which the Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar
has a larger amount than any other poem in the Edda. These prose links
contain practically all the narrative, the verse being almost
exclusively dialogue. Whoever composed them seems to have been
consciously trying to bring his chaotic verse material into some
semblance of unity, but he did his work pretty clumsily, with manifest
blunders and contradictions. Bugge has advanced the theory that these
prose passages are to be regarded as an original and necessary part of
the work, but this hardly squares with the evidence.

It seems probable, rather, that as the Helgi tradition spread from its
native Denmark through the Norse regions of the North and West, and
became gradually interwoven, although not in essentials, with the other
great hero cycle from the South, that of the Volsungs, a considerable
number of poems dealing with Helgi were composed, at different times
and in different places, reflecting varied forms of the story. Many
generations afterwards, when Iceland’s literary period had arrived,
some zealous scribe committed to writing such poems or fragments of
poems as he knew, piecing them together and annotating them on the
basis of information which had reached him through other channels. The
prose notes to Helgakvitha Hundingsbana II frankly admit this patchwork
process: a section of four stanzas (13–16) is introduced with the
phrase, “as is said in the Old Volsung Lay”; the final prose note cites
an incident “told in the Karuljoth (Lay of Kara),” and a two-line
speech is quoted “as it was written before in the Helgakvitha.”



The whole problem of the origin, character and home of the Helgi poems
has been discussed in great detail by Bugge in his Helge-Digtene i den
Ældre Edda, Deres Hjem og Forbindelser, which, as translated by W. H.
Schofield under the title The Home of the Eddic Poems, is available for
readers of English. This study is exceedingly valuable, if not in all
respects convincing. The whole matter is so complex and so important in
the history of Old Norse literature, and any intelligent reading of the
Helgi poems is so dependent on an understanding of the conditions under
which they have come down to us, that I have here discussed the
question more extensively than the scope of a mere introductory note to
a single poem would warrant.





(I)

OF HJORVARTH AND SIGRLIN


Hjorvarth was the name of a king, who had four wives: one was called
Alfhild, and their son was named Hethin; the second was called Særeith,
and their son was named Humlung; the third was called Sinrjoth, and
their son was named Hymling. King Hjorvarth had made a great vow to
have as wife whatsoever woman he knew was fairest. He learned that King
Svafnir had a daughter fairer than all others, whose name was Sigrlin.
Ithmund was the name of one of his jarls; he had a son called Atli, who
went to woo Sigrlin on behalf of the king. He dwelt the winter long
with King Svafnir. There was a jarl called Franmar, Sigrlin’s
foster-father; his daughter was named Alof. The jarl told him that the
maiden’s hand was denied, and Atli went home. Atli, the jarl’s son,
stood one day in a certain wood; a bird sat in the branches up over
him, and it had heard that his men called Hjorvarth’s wives the fairest
of women. The bird twittered, and Atli hearkened to what it spoke. It
said:


1.  “Sawest thou Sigrlin,   |   Svafnir’s daughter,
    The fairest maid   |   in her home-land found?
    Though Hjorvarth’s wives   |   by men are held
    Goodly to see   |   in Glasir’s wood.”


Atli spake:


2.  “Now with Atli,   |   Ithmund’s son,
    Wilt thou say more,   |   thou bird so wise?”


The bird spake:


    “I may if the prince   |   an offering makes,
    And I have what I will   |   from the house of the king.”


Atli spake:


3.  “Choose not Hjorvarth,   |   nor sons of his,
    Nor the wives so fair   |   of the famous chief;
    Ask not the brides   |   that the prince’s are;
    Fair let us deal   |   in friendly wise.”


The bird spake:


4.  “A fane will I ask,   |   and altars many,
    Gold-horned cattle   |   the prince shall give me,
    If Sigrlin yet   |   shall sleep in his arms,
    Or free of will   |   the hero shall follow.”


This was before Atli went on his journey; but when he came home, and
the king asked his tidings, he said:


5.  “Trouble we had,   |   but tidings none,
    Our horses failed   |   in the mountains high,
    The waters of Sæmorn   |   we needs must wade;
    Svafnir’s daughter,   |   with rings bedecked,
    She whom we sought,   |   was still denied us.”


The king bade that they should go another time, and he went with them
himself. But when they came up on the mountain, they saw Svavaland
burning and mighty dust-clouds from many steeds. The king rode from the
mountain forward into the land, and made a night’s stay hard by a
stream. Atli kept watch and went over the stream; he found there a
house. A great bird sat on the housetop to guard it, but he was asleep.
Atli hurled his spear at the bird and slew it, and in the house he
found Sigrlin the king’s daughter and Alof the jarl’s daughter, and he
brought them both thence with him. Jarl Franmar had changed himself
into the likeness of an eagle, and guarded them from the enemy host by
magic. Hrothmar was the name of a king, a wooer of Sigrlin; he slew the
king of Svavaland and had plundered and burned his land. King Hjorvarth
took Sigrlin, and Atli took Alof.





(II)

Hjorvarth and Sigrlin had a son, mighty and of noble stature; he was a
silent man, and no name stuck fast to him. He sat on a hill, and saw
nine Valkyries riding; one of them was the fairest of all. She spake:


6.  “Late wilt thou, Helgi,   |   have hoard of rings,
    Thou battle-tree fierce,   |   or of shining fields,—
    The eagle screams soon,—   |   if never thou speakest,
    Though, hero, hard   |   thy heart may cry.”


Helgi spake:


7.  “What gift shall I have   |   with Helgi’s name,
    Glorious maid,   |   for the giving is thine?
    All thy words   |   shall I think on well,
    But I want them not   |   if I win not thee.”


The Valkyrie spake:


8.  “Swords I know lying   |   in Sigarsholm,
    Fifty there are   |   save only four;
    One there is   |   that is best of all,
    The shield-destroyer,   |   with gold it shines.

9.  “In the hilt is fame,   |   in the haft is courage,
    In the point is fear,   |   for its owner’s foes;
    On the blade there lies   |   a blood-flecked snake,
    And a serpent’s tail   |   round the flat is twisted.”


Eylimi was the name of a king, whose daughter was Svava; she was a
Valkyrie, and rode air and sea. She gave Helgi this name, and shielded
him oft thereafter in battle. Helgi spake:


10. “Hjorvarth, king,   |   unwholesome thy counsels,
    Though famed thou art   |   in leading the folk,
    Letting fire the homes   |   of heroes eat,
    Who evil deed   |   had never done thee.

11. “Yet Hrothmar still   |   the hoard doth hold,
    The wealth that once   |   our kinsmen wielded;
    Full seldom care   |   the king disturbs,
    Heir to dead men   |   he deems himself.”


Hjorvarth answered that he would give Helgi a following if he fain
would avenge his mother’s father. Then Helgi got the sword that Svava
had told him of. So he went, and Atli with him, and they slew Hrothmar,
and they did many great deeds.





(III)

He slew the giant Hati, whom he found sitting on a certain mountain.
Helgi and Atli lay with their ships in Hatafjord. Atli kept watch
during the first part of the night. Hrimgerth, Hati’s daughter, spake:


12. “Who are the heroes   |   in Hatafjord?
      The ships are covered with shields;
    Bravely ye look,   |   and little ye fear,
      The name of the king would I know.”


Atli spake:


13. “Helgi his name,   |   and never thou mayst
      Harm to the hero bring;
    With iron is fitted   |   the prince’s fleet,
      Nor can witches work us ill.”


Hrimgerth spake:


14. “Who now, thou mighty   |   man, art thou?
      By what name art thou known to men?
    He trusts thee well,   |   the prince who wills
      That thou stand at the stem of his ship.”


Atli spake:


15. “Atli am I,   |   and ill shalt thou find me,
      Great hate for witches I have;
    Oft have I been   |   in the dripping bows,
      And to dusk-riders death have brought.

16. “Corpse-hungry giantess,   |   how art thou called?
      Say, witch, who thy father was!
    Nine miles deeper   |   down mayst thou sink,
      And a tree grow tall on thy bosom.”


Hrimgerth spake:


17. “Hrimgerth am I,   |   my father was Hati,
      Of giants the most in might;
    Many a woman   |   he won from her home,
      Ere Helgi hewed him down.”


Atli spake:


18. “Witch, in front   |   of the ship thou wast,
      And lay before the fjord;
    To Ron wouldst have given   |   the ruler’s men,
      If a spear had not stuck in thy flesh.”


Hrimgerth spake:


19. “Dull art thou, Atli,   |   thou dreamest, methinks,
      The lids lie over thine eyes;
    By the leader’s ships   |   my mother lay,
      Hlothvarth’s sons on the sea I slew.

20. “Thou wouldst neigh, Atli,   |   but gelded thou art,
      See, Hrimgerth hoists her tail;
    In thy hinder end   |   is thy heart, methinks,
      Though thy speech is a stallion’s cry.”


Atli spake:


21. “A stallion I seem   |   if thou seekest to try me,
      And I leap to land from the sea;
    I shall smite thee to bits,   |   if so I will,
      And heavy sinks Hrimgerth’s tail.”


Hrimgerth spake:


22. “Go ashore then, Atli,   |   if sure of thy might,
      Let us come to Varin’s cove;
    Straight shall thy rounded   |   ribs be made
      If thou comest within my claws.”


Atli spake:


23. “I will not go   |   till the warriors wake,
      Again their chief to guard;
    I should wonder not,   |   foul witch, if up
      From beneath our keel thou shouldst come.”


Hrimgerth spake:


24. “Awake now, Helgi,   |   and Hrimgerth requite,
      That Hati to death thou didst hew;
    If a single night   |   she can sleep by the prince,
      Then requited are all her ills.”


Helgi spake:


25. “’Tis Lothin shall have thee,—   |   thou’rt loathsome to men,—
      His home in Tholley he has;
    Of the wild-dwellers worst   |   is the giant wise,
      He is meet as a mate for thee.”


Hrimgerth spake:


26. “More thou lovest her   |   who scanned the harbor,
      Last night among the men;
    (The gold-decked maid   |   bore magic, methinks,
      When the land from the sea she sought,
      And fast she kept your fleet;)
    She alone is to blame   |   that I may not bring
      Death to the monarch’s men.”


Helgi spake:


27. “Hrimgerth, mark,   |   if thy hurts I requite,
      Tell now the truth to the king;
    Was there one who the ships   |   of the warrior warded,
      Or did many together go?”


Hrimgerth spake:


28. “Thrice nine there were,   |   but one rode first,
      A helmed maid white of hue;
    Their horses quivered,   |   there came from their manes
      Dew in the dales so deep,
      (Hail on the woods so high,
      Thence men their harvest have,
      But ill was the sight I saw.)”


Atli spake:


29. “Look eastward, Hrimgerth,   |   for Helgi has struck thee
      Down with the runes of death;
    Safe in harbor floats   |   the prince’s fleet,
      And safe are the monarch’s men.”


Helgi spake:


30. “It is day, Hrimgerth,   |   for Atli held thee
      Till now thy life thou must lose;
    As a harbor mark   |   men shall mock at thee,
      Where in stone thou shalt ever stand.”





(IV)

King Helgi was a mighty warrior. He came to King Eylimi and sought the
hand of his daughter, Svava. Then Helgi and Svava exchanged vows, and
greatly they loved each other. Svava was at home with her father, while
Helgi was in the field; Svava was still a Valkyrie as before.

Hethin was at home with his father, King Hjorvarth, in Norway. Hethin
was coming home alone from the forest one Yule-eve, and found a
troll-woman; she rode on a wolf, and had snakes in place of a bridle.
She asked Hethin for his company. “Nay,” said he. She said, “Thou shalt
pay for this at the king’s toast.” That evening the great vows were
taken; the sacred boar was brought in, the men laid their hands
thereon, and took their vows at the king’s toast. Hethin vowed that he
would have Svava, Eylimi’s daughter, the beloved of his brother Helgi;
then such great grief seized him that he went forth on wild paths
southward over the land, and found Helgi, his brother. Helgi said:


31. “Welcome, Hethin!   |   what hast thou to tell
    Of tidings new   |   that from Norway come?
    Wherefore didst leave   |   thy land, O prince,
    And fared alone   |   to find us here?”


Hethin spake:


32. “A deed more evil   |   I have done
    Than, brother mine,   |   thou e’er canst mend;
    For I have chosen   |   the child of the king,
    Thy bride, for mine   |   at the monarch’s toast.”


Helgi spake:


33. “Grieve not, Hethin,   |   for true shall hold
    The words we both   |   by the beer have sworn;
    To the isle a warrior   |   wills that I go,
    (There shall I come   |   the third night hence;)
    And doubtful must be   |   my coming back,
    (So may all be well,   |   if fate so wills.)”


Hethin spake:


34. “Thou saidst once, Helgi,   |   that Hethin was
    A friend full good,   |   and gifts didst give him;
    More seemly it were   |   thy sword to redden,
    Than friendship thus   |   to thy foe to give.”


Helgi spoke thus because he foresaw his death, for his
following-spirits had met Hethin when he saw the woman riding on the
wolf. Alf was the name of a king, the son of Hrothmar, who had marked
out a battle-place with Helgi at Sigarsvoll after a stay of three
nights. Then Helgi spake:


35. “On a wolf there rode,   |   when dusk it was,
    A woman who fain   |   would have him follow;
    Well she knew   |   that now would fall
    Sigrlin’s son   |   at Sigarsvoll.”


There was a great battle, and there Helgi got a mortal wound.


36. Sigar riding   |   did Helgi send
    To seek out Eylimi’s   |   only daughter:
    “Bid her swiftly   |   ready to be,
    If her lover   |   alive she would find.”


Sigar spake:


37. “Hither now   |   has Helgi sent me,
    With thee, Svava,   |   thyself to speak;
    The hero said   |   he fain would see thee
    Ere life the nobly   |   born should leave.”


Svava spake:


38. “What chanced with Helgi,   |   Hjorvarth’s son?
    Hard to me   |   is harm now come;
    If the sea smote him,   |   or sword bit him,
    Ill shall I bring   |   to all his foes.”


Sigar spake:


39. “In the morn he fell   |   at Frekastein,
    The king who was noblest   |   beneath the sun;
    Alf has the joy   |   of victory all,
    Though need therefor   |   is never his.”


Helgi spake:


40. “Hail to thee, Svava!   |   thy sorrow rule,
    Our meeting last   |   in life is this;
    Hard the wounds   |   of the hero bleed,
    And close to my heart   |   the sword has come.

41. “I bid thee, Svava,—   |   weep not, bride,—
    If thou wilt hearken   |   to these my words,
    The bed for Hethin   |   have thou ready,
    And yield thy love   |   to the hero young.”


Svava spake:


42. “A vow I had   |   in my dear-loved home,
    When Helgi sought   |   with rings to have me,
    That not of my will,   |   if the warrior died,
    Would I fold in my arms   |   a man unfamed.”


Hethin spake:


43. “Kiss me, Svava,   |   I come not back,
    Rogheim to see,   |   or Rothulsfjoll,
    Till vengeance I have   |   for the son of Hjorvarth,
    The king who was noblest   |   beneath the sun.”


Of Helgi and Svava it is said that they were born again.








NOTES


Prose: In the manuscript the sub-title, “Of Hjorvarth and Sigrlin,”
stands as the title for the whole poem, though it clearly applies only
to the first five stanzas. Most editions employ the title here given.
Hjorvarth: the name is a not uncommon one; there are two men of that
name mentioned in the mythical-heroic genealogies of the Hyndluljoth
(stanzas 23 and 28), and Hjorvarth appears in Helgakvitha Hundingsbana
I (stanza 14) and II (prose after stanza 12) as a son of Hunding. This
particular Hjorvarth is called by the annotator, but not directly so in
the verse, a king of Norway. The name means “Sword-Guardian.” Four
wives: polygamy, while very infrequent, appears occasionally in the
Norse sagas. Alfhild: “Elf-Warrior.” Hethin: “Fur-Clothed” (?).
Særeith: “Sea-Rider.” Sinrjoth: “Ever-Red.” The fourth wife, not here
named, may be Sigrlin. It has been suggested that Særeith and Sinrjoth
may be northern and southern forms of the same name, as also Humlung
and Hymling, their sons. Svafnir: the annotator calls him king of
Svavaland, apparently a place on the mainland which could be reached
from Norway either by land or by sea. Sigrlin: “The Conquering
Serpent.” Atli: Norse form of the Gothic Attila (Etzel). Alof: perhaps
a feminine form of Olaf. A bird: compare the counsel given by the birds
to Sigurth after the slaying of Fafnir (Fafnismol, stanzas 32–38). This
is one of the many curious resemblances between the Helgi and the
Sigurth stories.

1. Glasir’s wood: Snorri in the Skaldskaparmal quotes a half stanza to
the effect that “Glasir stands with golden leaves before Othin’s hall,”
and calls it “the fairest wood among gods and men.” The phrase as used
here seems to mean little.

4. The bird’s demands would indicate that it is in reality one of the
gods. Gold-horned cattle: cf. Thrymskvitha, 23. There are other
references to gilding the horns of cattle, particularly for sacrificial
purposes.

Prose. The annotator contradicts himself here, as he had already stated
that Atli was on his way home.

5. Possibly the remains of two stanzas, or perhaps a line has been
added. Sæmorn: this river is nowhere else mentioned.

Prose. Sigrlin and Alof, protected by the latter’s father, Franmar,
have fled before the ravaging army of Sigrlin’s rejected suitor,
Hrothmar. The beginning of a new section (II) is indicated in the
manuscript only by the unusually large capital letter with which
“Hjorvarth” begins. No name, etc.: this probably means that Helgi had
always been so silent that he would answer to no name, with the result
that he had none. Valkyries: cf. Voluspo, 31 and note. The annotator
insists here and in the prose after stanza 9 that Svava was a Valkyrie,
but there is nothing in the verse to prove it, or, indeed, to identify
the Svava of the last section of the poem with the person who gave
Helgi his name. In the Volsungasaga Sigmund himself names his son
Helgi, and gives him a sword, following Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I.

6. Battle-tree: poetic phrase for “warrior.” Shining fields: the words
in the manuscript may form a proper name, Rothulsvoll, having this
meaning.

7. Gift: not only was it customary to give gifts with the naming of a
child, but the practice frequently obtained when a permanent epithet
was added to the name of an adult.

8. Sigarsholm (“Isle of Sigar”): a place not identified, but probably
related to the Sigarsvoll where Helgi was slain (stanza 35).

9. The sword is carved with magic runes and with snakes. Fame: the
original word is uncertain.

Prose. Eylimi: this name is another link with the Sigurth story, as it
is likewise the name of the father of Sigurth’s mother, Hjordis.

10. With this stanza begins a new episode, that of Helgi’s victory over
King Hrothmar, who had killed his mother’s father (cf. prose after
stanza 5). It has been suggested, in consequence, that stanzas 10–11
may be a separate fragment. The verse tells nothing of the battle,
merely giving Helgi’s reproaches to his father for having left
Svafnir’s death and the burning of Svavaland unavenged.

Prose. The manuscript does not indicate any break, but the episode
which forms the basis of the Hrimgertharmol (stanzas 12–30) clearly
begins with the slaying of the giant Hati (“The Hateful”). Hatafjord:
“Hati’s Fjord.” Hrimgerth: “Frost-Shrouded” (?).

13. Iron: the keels of Norse ships were sometimes fitted with iron
“shoes” at bow and stern, but it is not certain that this practice much
antedated the year 1000, and thus this line has raised some question as
to the antiquity of this stanza, if not of the entire Hrimgertharmol,
which may have been composed as late as the eleventh century.

15. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker. The pun on “Atli” and
“atall” (meaning “ill”) is untranslatable.

17. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker.

18. From this point to the end the manuscript does not indicate the
speakers. Ron: wife of the sea-god Ægir, who draws drowning men into
the sea with her net. There is no other reference to the wounding of
Hrimgerth.

19. Apparently both Hrimgerth and her mother, Hati’s wife, had sought
to destroy Helgi’s ships, and had actually killed some of his
companions, the sons of Hlothvarth, concerning whom nothing more is
known. Many editors assume that a stanza containing a speech by Atli
has been lost after stanza 19.

20. Apparently Hrimgerth has assumed the form of a mare.

22. Varin’s cove: the name of Varin appears twice in place names in
Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I (stanzas 27 and 39). The sagas mention a
mythical King Varin who lived at Skorustrond in Rogaland (Norway).

25. Of the giant Lothin (“The Shaggy”) and his home in Tholley (“Pine
Island”) nothing is known. Cf. Skirnismol, 35.

26. Something is clearly wrong with this stanza, and the manuscript
indicates line 6 as the beginning of a new one. Perhaps a line (between
lines 4 and 5) has been lost, or perhaps the lines in parenthesis are
interpolations. Hrimgerth here refers to Svava, or to the protectress
with whom the annotator has identified her, as having saved Helgi and
his ships from the vengeance of the giantesses. In the original line 1
includes Helgi’s name, which makes it metrically incorrect.

28. Again something is clearly wrong, and the last three lines look
like interpolations, though some editors have tried to reconstruct two
full stanzas. The passage suggests the identification of the Valkyries
with the clouds.

29. Some editions give this speech to Helgi. Eastward: Atli and Helgi
have held Hrimgerth in talk till sunrise, and the sun’s rays turn her
into stone. But dwarfs rather than giants were the victims of sunlight;
cf. Alvissmol, stanzas 16 and 35.

30. Most editions give this stanza to Atli. With this the
Hrimgertharmol ends, and after the next prose passage the meter reverts
to that of the earlier sections.

Prose. The manuscript does not indicate a new section of the poem.
Eylimi: cf. note on prose after stanza 9. Valkyrie: here, as before,
the annotator has apparently nothing but his own imagination on which
to base his statement. Svava in the ensuing stanzas certainly does not
behave like a Valkyrie. Norway: the annotator doubtless based this
statement on the reference to Norway in line 2 of stanza 31. Yule-eve:
the Yule feast, marking the new year, was a great event in the heathen
North. It was a time of feasting and merrymaking, vows (“New Year’s
resolutions”), ghosts and witches; the spirits had their greatest power
on Yule-eve. The king’s toast: vows made at the passing of the king’s
cup at the Yule feast were particularly sacred. Sacred boar: a boar
consecrated to Freyr, an integral part of the Yule rites. Hethin’s vow,
which is, of course, the vengeance of the troll-woman, is too sacred to
be broken, but he immediately realizes the horror of his oath.

31. From Norway: Bugge uses this phrase as evidence that the poem was
composed in one of the Icelandic settlements of the western islands,
but as the annotator himself seems to have thought that Hethin came to
Helgi by land (“on wild paths southward”), this argument does not
appear to have much weight.

32. The second line is conjectural; a line has clearly been lost from
this stanza, and various emendations have been suggested.

33. Perhaps this is the remnant of two stanzas, or perhaps two lines
(probably the ones in parenthesis) have been interpolated. The isle:
duels were commonly fought on islands, probably to guard against
treacherous interference, whence the usual name for a duel was
“isle-going.” A duel was generally fought three days after the
challenge. Reckoning the lapse of time by nights instead of days was a
common practice throughout the German and Scandinavian peoples.

Prose. Some editors place all or part of this prose passage after
stanza 35. Following-spirits: the “fylgja” was a female guardian spirit
whose appearance generally betokened death. The belief was common
throughout the North, and has come down to recent times in Scottish and
Irish folk-lore. Individuals and sometimes whole families had these
following-spirits, but it was most unusual for a person to have more
than one of them. Alf: son of the Hrothmar who killed Helgi’s
grandfather, and who was in turn later killed by Helgi. Sigarsvoll
(“Sigar’s Field”): cf. stanza 8 and note; the Sigar in question may be
the man who appears as Helgi’s messenger in stanzas 36–39.

36. Sigar (“The Victorious”): cf. the foregoing note.

39. Frekastein (“Wolf-Crag”): the name appears several times in the
Helgi lays applied to battlefields; cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 46
and 55, and II, 18 and 24. Need: i.e., Alf deserves no credit for the
victory, which was due to the troll-woman’s magic.

41. One or two editors ascribe this stanza to Hethin.

43. A few editions make the extraordinary blunder of ascribing this
speech to the dying Helgi. The point, of course, is that Hethin will
satisfy Svava’s vow by becoming famous as the slayer of Alf. Rogheim
(“Home of Battle”) and Rothulsfjoll (“Sun-Mountain”): nowhere else
mentioned; Hethin means simply that he will not come back to Svava till
he has won fame.

Prose. Regarding this extraordinary bit see the prose note at the end
of Helgakvitha Hundingsbana II. Gering thinks the reborn Helgi
Hjorvarthsson was Helgi Hundingsbane, while Svava, according to the
annotator himself, became Sigrun. The point seems to be simply that
there were so many Helgi stories current, and the hero died in so many
irreconcilable ways, that tradition had to have him born over again,
not once only but several times, to accommodate his many deaths, and to
avoid splitting him up into several Helgis. Needless to say, the poems
themselves know nothing of this rebirth, and we owe the suggestion
entirely to the annotator, who probably got it from current tradition.








HELGAKVITHA HUNDINGSBANA I

THE FIRST LAY OF HELGI HUNDINGSBANE


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The general subject of the Helgi lays is considered in the introduction
to Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar, and it is needless here to repeat the
statements there made. The first lay of Helgi Hundingsbane is
unquestionably one of the latest of the Eddic poems, and was composed
probably not earlier than the second quarter of the eleventh century.
It presents several unusual characteristics. For one thing, it is among
the few essentially narrative poems in the whole collection, telling a
consecutive story in verse, and, except for the abusive dialogue
between Sinfjotli and Gothmund, which clearly was based on another and
older poem, it does so with relatively little use of dialogue. It is,
in fact, a ballad, and in the main an exceedingly vigorous one. The
annotator, who added his prose narrative notes so freely in the other
Helgi poems, here found nothing to do. The available evidence indicates
that narrative verse was a relatively late development in Old Norse
poetry, and it is significant that most of the poems which consist
chiefly, not of dialogue, but of narrative stanzas, such as the first
Helgi Hundingsbane lay and the two Atli lays, can safely be dated, on
the basis of other evidence, after the year 1000.

The first Helgi Hundingsbane lay is again differentiated from most of
the Eddic poems by the character of its language. It is full of those
verbal intricacies which were the delight of the Norse skalds, and
which made Snorri’s dictionary of poetic phrases an absolute necessity.
Many of these I have paraphrased in the translation; some I have
simplified or wholly avoided. A single line will serve to indicate the
character of this form of complex diction (stanza 56, line 4): “And the
horse of the giantess   |   raven’s-food had.” This means simply that
wolves (giantesses habitually rode on wolves) ate the bodies of the
dead.

Except for its intricacies of diction, and the possible loss of a
stanza here and there, the poem is comparatively simple. The story
belongs in all its essentials to the Helgi tradition, with the Volsung
cycle brought in only to the extent of making Helgi the son of Sigmund,
and in the introduction of Sinfjotli, son of Sigmund and his sister
Signy, in a passage which has little or nothing to do with the course
of the narrative, and which looks like an expansion of a passage from
some older poem, perhaps from the “old Volsung lay” to which the
annotator of the second Helgi Hundingsbane lay refers (prose after
stanza 12). There are many proper names, some of which betray the
confusion caused by the blending of the two sets of traditions; for
example, Helgi appears indiscriminately as an Ylfing (which presumably
he was before the Volsung story became involved) and as a Volsung.
Granmar and his sons are called Hniflungs (Nibelungen) in stanza 50,
though they seem to have had no connection with this race. The place
names have aroused much debate as to the localization of the action,
but while some of them probably reflect actual places, there is so much
geographical confusion, and such a profusion of names which are almost
certainly mythical, that it is hard to believe that the poet had any
definite locations in mind.





1.  In olden days,   |   when eagles screamed,
    And holy streams   |   from heaven’s crags fell,
    Was Helgi then,   |   the hero-hearted,
    Borghild’s son,   |   in Bralund born.

2.  ’Twas night in the dwelling,   |   and Norns there came,
    Who shaped the life   |   of the lofty one;
    They bade him most famed   |   of fighters all
    And best of princes   |   ever to be.

3.  Mightily wove they   |   the web of fate,
    While Bralund’s towns   |   were trembling all;
    And there the golden   |   threads they wove,
    And in the moon’s hall   |   fast they made them.

4.  East and west   |   the ends they hid,
    In the middle the hero   |   should have his land;
    And Neri’s kinswoman   |   northward cast
    A chain, and bade it   |   firm ever to be.

5.  Once sorrow had   |   the Ylfings’ son,
    And grief the bride   |   who the loved one had borne.
        *    *    *    *    *    *
    Quoth raven to raven,   |   on treetop resting,
    Seeking for food,   |   “There is something I know.

6.  “In mail-coat stands   |   the son of Sigmund,
    A half-day old;   |   now day is here;
    His eyes flash sharp   |   as the heroes’ are,
    He is friend of the wolves;   |   full glad are we.”

7.  The warrior throng   |   a ruler thought him,
    Good times, they said,   |   mankind should see;
    The king himself   |   from battle-press came,
    To give the prince   |   a leek full proud.

8.  Helgi he named him,   |   and Hringstathir gave him,
    Solfjoll, Snæfjoll,   |   and Sigarsvoll,
    Hringstoth, Hotun,   |   and Himinvangar,
    And a blood-snake bedecked   |   to Sinfjotli’s brother.

9.  Mighty he grew   |   in the midst of his friends,
    The fair-born elm,   |   in fortune’s glow;
    To his comrades gold   |   he gladly gave,
    The hero spared not   |   the blood-flecked hoard.

10. Short time for war   |   the chieftain waited,
    When fifteen winters   |   old he was;
    Hunding he slew,   |   the hardy wight
    Who long had ruled   |   o’er lands and men.

11. Of Sigmund’s son   |   then next they sought
    Hoard and rings,   |   the sons of Hunding;
    They bade the prince   |   requital pay
    For booty stolen   |   and father slain.

12. The prince let not   |   their prayers avail,
    Nor gold for their dead   |   did the kinsmen get;
    Waiting, he said,   |   was a mighty storm
    Of lances gray   |   and Othin’s grimness.

13. The warriors forth   |   to the battle went,
    The field they chose   |   at Logafjoll;
    Frothi’s peace   |   midst foes they broke,
    Through the isle went hungrily   |   Vithrir’s hounds.

14. The king then sat,   |   when he had slain
    Eyjolf and Alf,   |   ’neath the eagle-stone;
    Hjorvarth and Hovarth,   |   Hunding’s sons,
    The kin of the spear-wielder,   |   all had he killed.

15. Then glittered light   |   from Logafjoll,
    And from the light   |   the flashes leaped;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

16. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    High under helms   |   on heaven’s field;
    Their byrnies all   |   with blood were red,
    And from their spears   |   the sparks flew forth.

17. Early then   |   in wolf-wood asked
    The mighty king   |   of the southern maid,
    If with the hero   |   home would she
    Come that night;   |   the weapons clashed.

18. Down from her horse   |   sprang Hogni’s daughter,—
    The shields were still,—   |   and spake to the hero:
    “Other tasks   |   are ours, methinks,
    Than drinking beer   |   with the breaker of rings.

19. “My father has pledged   |   his daughter fair
    As bride to Granmar’s   |   son so grim;
    But, Helgi, I   |   once Hothbrodd called
    As fine a king   |   as the son of a cat.

20. “Yet the hero will come   |   a few nights hence,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Unless thou dost bid him   |   the battle-ground seek,
    Or takest the maid   |   from the warrior mighty.”


Helgi spake:


21. “Fear him not,   |   though Isung he felled,
    First must our courage   |   keen be tried,
    Before unwilling   |   thou fare with the knave;
    Weapons will clash,   |   if to death I come not.”

22. Messengers sent   |   the mighty one then,
    By land and by sea,   |   a host to seek,
    Store of wealth   |   of the water’s gleam,
    And men to summon,   |   and sons of men.

23. “Bid them straightway   |   seek the ships,
    And off Brandey   |   ready to be!”
    There the chief waited   |   till thither were come
    Men by hundreds   |   from Hethinsey.

24. Soon off Stafnsnes   |   stood the ships,
    Fair they glided   |   and gay with gold;
    Then Helgi spake   |   to Hjorleif asking:
    “Hast thou counted   |   the gallant host?”

25. The young king answered   |   the other then:
    “Long were it to tell   |   from Tronueyr
    The long-stemmed ships   |   with warriors laden
    That come from without   |   into Orvasund.

26. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    “There are hundreds twelve   |   of trusty men,
    But in Hotun lies   |   the host of the king,
    Greater by half;   |   I have hope of battle.”

27. The ship’s-tents soon   |   the chieftain struck,
    And waked the throng   |   of warriors all;
    (The heroes the red   |   of dawn beheld;)
    And on the masts   |   the gallant men
    Made fast the sails   |   in Varinsfjord.

28. There was beat of oars   |   and clash of iron,
    Shield smote shield   |   as the ships’-folk rowed;
    Swiftly went   |   the warrior-laden
    Fleet of the ruler   |   forth from the land.

29. So did it sound,   |   when together the sisters
    Of Kolga struck   |   with the keels full long,
    As if cliffs were broken   |   with beating surf,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

30. Helgi bade higher   |   hoist the sails,
    Nor did the ships’-folk   |   shun the waves,
    Though dreadfully   |   did Ægir’s daughters
    Seek the steeds   |   of the sea to sink.

31. But from above   |   did Sigrun brave
    Aid the men   |   and all their faring;
    Mightily came   |   from the claws of Ron
    The leader’s sea-beast   |   off Gnipalund.

32. At evening there   |   in Unavagar
    Floated the fleet   |   bedecked full fair;
    But they who saw   |   from Svarin’s hill,
    Bitter at heart   |   the host beheld.

33. Then Gothmund asked,   |   goodly of birth,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    “Who is the monarch   |   who guides the host,
    And to the land   |   the warriors leads?”

34. Sinfjotli answered,   |   and up on an oar
    Raised a shield all red   |   with golden rim;
    A sea-sentry was he,   |   skilled to speak,
    And in words with princes   |   well to strive.

35. “Say tonight   |   when you feed the swine,
    And send your bitches   |   to seek their swill,
    That out of the East   |   have the Ylfings come,
    Greedy for battle,   |   to Gnipalund.

36. “There will Hothbrodd   |   Helgi find,
    In the midst of the fleet,   |   and flight he scorns;
    Often has he   |   the eagles gorged,
    Whilst thou at the quern   |   wert slave-girls kissing.”


Gothmund spake:


37. “Hero, the ancient   |   sayings heed,
    And bring not lies   |   to the nobly born.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

38. “Thou hast eaten   |   the entrails of wolves,
    And of thy brothers   |   the slayer been;
    Oft wounds to suck   |   thy cold mouth sought,
    And loathed in rocky   |   dens didst lurk.”


Sinfjotli spake:


39. “A witch in Varin’s   |   isle thou wast,
    A woman false,   |   and lies didst fashion;
    Of the mail-clad heroes   |   thou wouldst have
    No other, thou saidst,   |   save Sinfjotli only.

40. “A Valkyrie wast thou,   |   loathly witch,
    Evil and base,   |   in Allfather’s home;
    The warriors all   |   must ever fight,
    Woman subtle,   |   for sake of thee.

41. “.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Nine did we   |   in Sogunes
    Of wolf-cubs have;   |   I their father was.”


Gothmund spake:


42. “Thou didst not father   |   Fenrir’s-wolves,
    Though older thou art   |   than all I know;
    For they gelded thee   |   in Gnipalund,
    The giant-women   |   at Thorsnes once.

43. “Under houses the stepson   |   of Siggeir lay,
    Fain of the wolf’s cry   |   out in the woods;
    Evil came then   |   all to thy hands,
    When thy brothers’   |   breasts thou didst redden,
    Fame didst thou win   |   for foulest deeds.

44. “In Bravoll wast thou   |   Grani’s bride,
    Golden-bitted   |   and ready to gallop;
    I rode thee many   |   a mile, and down
    Didst sink, thou giantess,   |   under the saddle.”


Sinfjotli spake:


45. “A brainless fellow   |   didst seem to be,
    When once for Gollnir   |   goats didst milk,
    And another time   |   when as Imth’s daughter
    In rags thou wentest;   |   wilt longer wrangle?”


Gothmund spake:


46. “Sooner would I   |   at Frekastein
    Feed the ravens   |   with flesh of thine
    Than send your bitches   |   to seek their swill,
    Or feed the swine;   |   may the fiends take you!”


Helgi spake:


47. “Better, Sinfjotli,   |   thee ’twould beseem
    Battle to give   |   and eagles to gladden,
    Than vain and empty   |   words to utter,
    Though ring-breakers oft   |   in speech do wrangle.

48. “Good I find not   |   the sons of Granmar,
    But for heroes ’tis seemly   |   the truth to speak;
    At Moinsheimar   |   proved the men
    That hearts for the wielding   |   of swords they had.”

49. Mightily then   |   they made to run
    Sviputh and Sveggjuth   |   to Solheimar;
    (By dewy dales   |   and chasms dark,
    Mist’s horse shook   |   where the men went by;)
    The king they found   |   at his courtyard gate,
    And told him the foeman   |   fierce was come.

50. Forth stood Hothbrodd,   |   helmed for battle,
    Watched the riding   |   of his warriors;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    “Why are the Hniflungs   |   white with fear?”


Gothmund spake:


51. “Swift keels lie   |   hard by the land,
    (Mast-ring harts   |   and mighty yards,
    Wealth of shields   |   and well-planed oars;)
    The king’s fair host,   |   the Ylfings haughty;
    Fifteen bands   |   to land have fared,
    But out in Sogn   |   are seven thousand.

52. “At anchor lying   |   off Gnipalund
    Are fire-beasts black,   |   all fitted with gold;
    There wait most   |   of the foeman’s men,
    Nor will Helgi long   |   the battle delay.”


Hothbrodd spake:


53. “Bid the horses run   |   to the Reginthing,
    Melnir and Mylnir   |   to Myrkwood now,
    (And Sporvitnir   |   to Sparinsheith;)
    Let no man seek   |   henceforth to sit
    Who the flame of wounds   |   knows well to wield.

54. “Summon Hogni,   |   the sons of Hring,
    Atli and Yngvi   |   and Alf the Old;
    Glad they are   |   of battle ever;
    Against the Volsungs   |   let us go.”

55. Swift as a storm   |   there smote together
    The flashing blades   |   at Frekastein;
    Ever was Helgi,   |   Hunding’s slayer,
    First in the throng   |   where warriors fought;
    (Fierce in battle,   |   slow to fly,
    Hard the heart   |   of the hero was.)

56. From heaven there came   |   the maidens helmed,—
    The weapon-clang grew,—   |   who watched o’er the king;
    Spake Sigrun fair,—   |   the wound-givers flew,
    And the horse of the giantess   |   raven’s-food had:—

57. “Hail to thee, hero!   |   full happy with men,
    Offspring of Yngvi,   |   shalt ever live,
    For thou the fearless   |   foe hast slain
    Who to many the dread   |   of death had brought.

58. “Warrior, well   |   for thyself hast won
    Red rings bright   |   and the noble bride;
    Both now, warrior,   |   thine shall be,
    Hogni’s daughter   |   and Hringstathir,
    Wealth and triumph;   |   the battle wanes.”








NOTES


1. The manuscript contains the superscription: “Here begins the lay of
Helgi Hundingsbane and h. (Hothbrodd?) The lay of the Volsungs.”
Eagles, etc.: the screaming of eagles and water pouring from heaven
were portents of the birth of a hero. Borghild: Sigmund’s first wife;
Bralund was her home, not Sigmund’s.

2. Norns: cf. Voluspo, 20 and note. Here it is the Norns who preside
over Helgi’s early destiny, and not a Valkyrie, as in Helgakvitha
Hjorvarthssonar.

3. Line 2 is largely guesswork, the manuscript being obscure. Moon’s
hall: the sky.

4. East, etc.: the Norns give Helgi fame in the East, West, and North;
in the North his renown is particularly to endure. This suggests that
the poet was aware of the spread of the Helgi story over many lands.
Neri’s kinswoman: evidently one of the Norns, but nothing further is
known of Neri, and the word may not be a proper name at all.

5. The manuscript indicates no gap, but it looks as though something
had been lost after line 2. Ylfings’ son: Sigmund is evidently meant,
though calling him an Ylfing (cf. Hyndluljoth, 11 and note) is a
manifest error. Helgi, in the tradition as it came from Denmark, was
undoubtedly an Ylfing, and the poet, in order to combine the two
legends, has to treat the Ylfings and Volsungs as if they were the same
family.

6. Sigmund: the chief link between the Helgi and Sigurth stories. He
was the son of Volsung, great-grandson of Othin. His children by his
first wife, Borghild, were Helgi and Hamund (belonging to the Helgi
cycle); his son by his second wife, Hjordis, was Sigurth. An incestuous
connection with his sister, Signy (cf. Wagner’s Siegmund and Sieglinde)
resulted in the birth of Sinfjotli (cf. Fra Dautha Sinfjotla and note).

7. The king: Sigmund, who gives his son a symbol of the lands which he
bestows on him. Regarding the leek, cf. Voluspo, 4; Guthrunarkvitha I,
17, and Sigrdrifumol, 7.

8. Hringstathir (“Ring-Stead”): quite possibly the historical Ringsted,
long a possession of the Danish kings, and thus a relic of the old
Helgi tradition. Hringstoth may be another form of the same name.
Solfjoll (“Sun-Mountain”) and Snæfjoll (“Snow-Mountain”) are fictitious
names. Regarding Sigarsvoll cf. Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar, stanzas 8
and 35. Saxo mentions a Danish king named Sigar, and the frequency with
which the name appears in the Helgi poems may be taken as a
reminiscence of Denmark. Hotun (“High Place”): possibly the village of
Tune in Seeland. Himinvangar (“Heaven’s Field”): an imaginary place.
Blood-snake: a sword. Sinfjotli: cf. note on stanza 6.

9. Elm: a not uncommon word for “man.” Blood-flecked: i.e., won in
battle.

10. Fifteen: until early in the eleventh century a Norwegian or
Icelandic boy became “of age” at twelve, and Maurer cites this passage
as added proof of the poem’s lateness. Hunding: the annotator
(introductory prose to Helgakvitha Hundingsbana II) calls him king of
Hundland, which shows no great originality. Saxo mentions a Hunding who
was a Saxon king ruling in Jutland, probably the origin of Helgi’s
traditional foe.

12. Storm, etc.: war.

13. Logafjoll (“Flame-Mountain”): a mythical name. Frothi: a:
traditional king of Denmark, whose peaceful reign was so famous that
“Frothi’s peace” became a by-word for peace of any kind. Vithrir’s
hounds: wolves; Vithrir is Othin, and his hounds are the wolves Freki
and Geri.

14. In this poem Helgi kills all the sons of Hunding, but in the poems
of the Sigurth cycle, and the prose notes attached thereto, Sigmund and
his father-in-law, Eylimi, are killed by Hunding’s sons, on whom
Sigurth subsequently takes vengeance (cf. Fra Dautha Sinfjotla and
Regïnsmol).

15. No gap indicated in the manuscript, but almost certainly something
has been lost mentioning more specifically the coming of the Valkyries.
The lightning which accompanies them suggests again their
identification with the clouds (cf. Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar, 28).

16. Some editions fill out the first line: “He saw there mighty maidens
riding.” The manuscript indicates line 4 as the beginning of a new
stanza.

17. Wolf-wood: dark forest; the original word is not altogether clear.
Southern: this variety of Valkyrie, like the swan-maidens of the
Völundarkvitha, was clearly regarded as of southern (i.e., German)
origin. Here again there is a confusion of traditions; the Valkyries of
the Voluspo were as essentially Norse as any part of the older
mythology. I doubt if a poet much earlier than the author of the first
Helgi Hundingsbane lay would have made his Sigrun, daughter of Hogni, a
Valkyrie. It is to be noted that the same complication appears in the
Sigurth story, where the undoubted Valkyrie, Brynhild-Sigrdrifa (the
latter name is really only an epithet) is hopelessly mixed up with the
quite human Brynhild, daughter of Buthli.

18. Breaker of rings: generous prince, because the breaking of rings
was the customary form of distributing gold.

19. Granmar: the annotator gives an account of him and his family in
the prose following stanza 12 of Helgakvitha Hundingsbana II.

20. No gap indicated in the manuscript; some editors combine the stanza
with the fragmentary stanza 21, and others fill in with “And home will
carry   |   Hogni’s daughter.”

21. The manuscript has only lines 1 and 4 with the word “first” of line
2, and does not indicate Helgi as the speaker. The Volsungasaga, which
follows this poem pretty closely, expands Helgi’s speech, and lines 2–3
are conjectural versifications of the saga’s prose. Isung: nothing is
known of him beyond the fact, here indicated, that Hothbrodd killed
him.

22. Water’s gleam: gold.

23. Brandey (“Brand-Isle”): not mentioned elsewhere. Hethinsey
(“Hethin’s Isle”): possibly the island of Hiddensee, east of Rügen.

24. Stafnsnes (“Steersman’s Cape”): an unidentifiable promontory. Fair:
a guess, as the adjective in the manuscript is obscure. Hjorleif does
not appear elsewhere, and seems to be simply one of Helgi’s
lieutenants.

25. Tronueyr: “Crane-Strand.” Long-stemmed: literally “long-headed,” as
the high, curving stem of a Norse ship was often carved to represent a
head and neck. Orvasund: almost certainly the Danish Öresund, off
Seeland. Such bits of geography as this followed Helgi persistently.

26. No gap indicated in the manuscript. Hotun: cf. stanza 8 and note.

27. Line 3 seems to have been interpolated from line 4 of Helgakvitha
Hundingsbana II, 42. Ship’s-tents: the awnings spread over the deck to
shelter the crews from sun and rain when the ships were at anchor.
Varinsfjord: cf. Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar, 22 and note.

28. The manuscript indicates line 3 as the beginning of a new stanza,
and some editions follow this arrangement, making lines 1–2 a separate
stanza.

29. The manuscript indicates no gap, and some editions combine the
stanza with lines 3–4 of stanza 28. Sisters of Kolga: the waves, Kolga
(“The Gold”) being one of the daughters of the sea-god, Ægir. As the
Volsungasaga says, “Now there was a great storm.”

30. Helgi demonstrates his courage, whatever one may think of his
seamanship. Ægir’s daughters: the waves; cf. stanza 29 and note.

31. Sigrun here appears again as a Valkyrie. Ron: Ægir’s wife; cf.
Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar, 18 and note. Sea-beast: ship. Gnipalund:
“Crag-Wood.”

32. Unavagar: “Friendly Waves.” Svarin’s hill: the hill where Granmar
had his dwelling.

33. Here begins the long dialogue between Gothmund, one of Granmar’s
sons, and Sinfjotli, Helgi’s half-brother. Two lines (stanza 33, lines
3–4) are quoted by the annotator in the prose note following stanza 16
of the second Helgi Hundingsbane lay, and the dialogue, in much
abbreviated form, together with Helgi’s admonition to Sinfjotli to
cease talking, is closely paralleled in stanzas 22–27 of that poem. It
has been suggested that this whole passage (stanzas 33–48) is an
interpolation, perhaps from “the Old Volsung lay.” This may be, but it
seems more probable that the poet used an older poem simply as the
basis for this passage, borrowing a little but making up a great deal
more. The manuscript indicates no gap in stanza 33.

34. Sinfjotli: cf. note on stanza 6. Red: raising a red shield was the
signal for war.

35. Ylfings: cf. stanza 5 and note.

36. Quern: turning the hand mill was, throughout antiquity, the task of
slaves.

37. The manuscript does not name the speakers in this dialogue. No gap
indicated in the manuscript, and editors have attempted various
combinations of stanzas 37 and 38.

38. Wolves: the Volsungasaga tells that Sigmund and Sinfjotli lived in
the woods for a time as werewolves. Brothers: Sinfjotli killed the two
sons of his mother, Signy, and her husband, Siggeir, as part of the
vengeance wreaked on Siggeir for the treacherous murder of Sigmund’s
father, Volsung, and nine of his brothers (cf. Fra Dautha Sinfjotla and
note). The manuscript marks line 3 as the beginning of a new stanza.

39. Varin’s isle: cf. stanza 27 and note, and Helgakvitha
Hjorvarthssonar, 22. Reproaching a man with having been a woman and
borne children was not uncommon.

40. This stanza may be an interpolation in the dialogue passage.
Allfather: Othin. We have no information regarding Gothmund’s career,
but it looks as though Sinfjotli were drawing solely on his imagination
for his taunts, whereas Gothmund’s insults have a basis in Sinfjotli’s
previous life.

41. No gap indicated in the manuscript; some editors combine the two
lines with stanza 40, some regard them as the first instead of the last
lines of a separate stanza, and some assume the lacuna here indicated.
Sogunes (“Saga’s Cape”): of the goddess Saga little is known; cf.
Grimnismol, 7.

42. Fenrir’s-wolves: wolves in general. Thorsnes: “Thor’s Cape.”

43. The phrase “under houses,” which follows the manuscript, may be an
error for “in wolf-caves.” Line 3 (or 4) may be an interpolation. The
manuscript indicates line 5 as the beginning of a new stanza. Siggeir:
cf. stanza 38, note.

44. Several editions assign this stanza to Sinfjotli instead of to
Gothmund. Bravoll (“Field of the Brow”): not elsewhere mentioned in the
poems. Grani: Sigurth’s horse (cf. Völundarkvitha, 16 and note);
Gothmund means that Sinfjotli had turned into a mare, after the fashion
of Loki (cf. Grimnismol, 44, note). The meaning of line 4 in the
original is uncertain.

45. A few editions give this stanza to Gothmund. Gollnir: possibly a
giant. Imth: nothing is known of him or his daughter.

46. A few editions give this stanza to Sinfjotli. Frekastein: cf.
Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar, 39 and note. A stanza may have been lost
after stanza 46, parallel to stanza 25 of the second Helgi Hundingsbane
lay.

47. Ring-breakers: cf. stanza 18 and note.

48. Moinsheimar: a battlefield of which nothing is known, where,
however, the sons of Granmar appear to have fought bravely.

49. Here the scene shifts to the shore among Hothbrodd’s followers.
Sviputh and Sveggjuth (“Swift” and “Lithe”): horses’ names. Mist’s
horse: the Valkyrie’s name is the same as the English word “mist,” and
the “horse” on which the mist rides is the earth. The two lines in
parenthesis may be interpolated, or line 5 may begin a new stanza, as
the manuscript indicates.

50. No gap indicated in the manuscript. Hniflungs: cf. introductory
note.

51. Lines 2–3 may be interpolated, or a new stanza may begin, as the
manuscript indicates, with line 5. Many editors combine lines 5–6 with
all or part of stanza 52. Possibly Gothmund is not the speaker.
Mast-ring harts: ships, so called from the ring attaching the yard to
the mast. Ylfings: cf. stanza 5 and note. Sogn: this name, which
actually belongs in western Norway, seems to have been used here with
no particular significance.

52. The manuscript indicates line 3 as beginning a new stanza; some
editors combine lines 3–4 with all or part of stanza 53, while others
assume the loss of two lines following line 4. Fire-beasts: dragons,
i.e., ships. The Norse ships of war, as distinguished from merchant
vessels, were often called dragons because of their shape and the
carving of their stems.

53. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker, and a few editors
assume the loss of one or two lines embodying the phrase “Hothbrodd
spake.” In the manuscript line 3, which many editors have suspected of
being spurious, stands before line 2. Possibly lines 4–5 are the
remains of a separate stanza. Reginthing (“The Great Council”):
apparently the council-place for the whole country, as distinct from
the local council, or “herathsthing.” Melnir (“Bit-Bearer”), Mylnir
(“The Biter”) and Sporvitnir (“Spur-Wolf”): horses’ names. Myrkwood: a
not uncommon name for a dark forest; cf. Lokasenna, 42, and Atlakvitha,
3. Sparinsheith (“Sparin’s Heath”): nothing more is known of Sparin or
his heath. Flame of wounds: sword.

54. Hogni: the father of Sigrun; cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana II, 18.
Of Hring and his sons nothing further is known. Volsungs: here for the
first time the poet gives Helgi and Sinfjotli the family name to which,
as sons of Sigmund Volsungsson, they are entitled.

55. The manuscript indicates line 5 as the beginning of a new stanza,
but many editors have rejected lines 5–6 as spurious, while others
regard them as the first half of a stanza the last two lines of which
have been lost.

56. Wound-givers: probably this means “Valkyries,” but there is
considerable doubt as to the original word. Horse, etc.: i.e., the wolf
(because giantesses customarily had wolves for their steeds) ate
corpses (the food of birds of prey).

57. Yngvi: one of the sons of Halfdan the Old, and traditional ancestor
of the Ynglings, with whom the Ylfings seem to have been confused (cf.
Hyndluljoth, 11 and note). The confusion between the Ylfings (or
Ynglings) and Volsungs was carried far enough so that Sigurth himself
is once called a descendant of Yngvi (Reginsmol, 14). Gering identifies
the name of Yngvi with the god Freyr, but the Volsungs certainly
claimed descent from Othin, not Freyr, and there is nothing to indicate
that Helgi in the Danish tradition was supposed to be descended from
Freyr, whereas his descent from Yngvi Halfdansson fits well with the
rest of his story. However, cf. Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 24 and note.

58. This entire stanza may be an interpolation; nearly every edition
has a different way of dealing with it. Hringstathir: as this place had
been given to Helgi by his father (cf. stanza 8 and note), the poet has
apparently made a mistake in naming it here as a conquest from
Granmar’s sons, unless, indeed, they had previously captured it from
Helgi, which seems unlikely.








HELGAKVITHA HUNDINGSBANA II

THE SECOND LAY OF HELGI HUNDINGSBANE


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

As the general nature of the Helgi tradition has been considered in the
introductory note to Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar, it is necessary here
to discuss only the characteristics of this particular poem. The second
Helgi Hundingsbane lay is in most respects the exact opposite of the
first one: it is in no sense consecutive; it is not a narrative poem,
and all or most of it gives evidence of relatively early composition,
its origin probably going well back into the tenth century.

It is frankly nothing but a piece of, in the main, very clumsy
patchwork, made up of eight distinct fragments, pieced together
awkwardly by the annotator with copious prose notes. One of these
fragments (stanzas 13–16) is specifically identified as coming from
“the old Volsung lay.” What was that poem, and how much more of the
extant Helgi-lay compilation was taken from it, and did the annotator
know more of it than he included in his patchwork? Conclusive answers
to these questions have baffled scholarship, and probably always will
do so. My own guess is that the annotator knew little or nothing more
than he wrote down; having got the first Helgi Hundingsbane lay, which
was obviously in fairly good shape, out of the way, he proceeded to
assemble all the odds and ends of verse about Helgi which he could get
hold of, putting them together on the basis of the narrative told in
the first Helgi lay and of such stories as his knowledge of prose sagas
may have yielded.

Section I (stanzas 1–4) deals with an early adventure of Helgi’s, in
which he narrowly escapes capture when he ventures into Hunding’s home
in disguise. Section II (stanzas 5–12) is a dialogue between Helgi and
Sigrun at their first meeting. Section III (stanzas 13–16, the “old
Volsung lay” group) is another dialogue between Helgi and Sigrun when
she invokes his aid to save her from Hothbrodd. Section IV (stanzas
17–21), which may well be from the same poem as Section III, is made up
of speeches by Helgi and Sigrun after the battle in which Hothbrodd is
killed; stanza 21, however, is certainly an interpolation from another
poem, as it is in a different meter. Section V (stanzas 22–27) is the
dispute between Sinfjotli and Gothmund, evidently in an older form than
the one included in the first Helgi Hundingsbane lay. Section VI
(stanzas 28–37) gives Dag’s speech to his sister, Sigrun, telling of
Helgi’s death, her curse on her brother and her lament for her slain
husband. Section VII (stanza 38) is the remnant of a dispute between
Helgi and Hunding, here inserted absurdly out of place. Section VIII
(stanzas 39–50) deals with the return of the dead Helgi and Sigrun’s
visit to him in the burial hill.

Sijmons maintains that sections I and II are fragments of the Kara lay
mentioned by the annotator in his concluding prose note, and that
sections IV, VI, and VIII are from a lost Helgi-Sigrun poem, while
Section III comes, of course, from the “old Volsung lay.” This seems as
good a guess as any other, conclusive proof being quite out of the
question.

Were it not for sections VI and VIII the poem would be little more than
a battle-ground for scholars, but those two sections are in many ways
as fine as anything in Old Norse poetry. Sigrun’s curse of her brother
for the slaying of Helgi and her lament for her dead husband, and the
extraordinary vividness of the final scene in the burial hill, have a
quality which fully offsets the baffling confusion of the rest of the
poem.





King Sigmund, the son of Volsung, had as wife Borghild, from Bralund.
They named their son Helgi, after Helgi Hjorvarthsson; Hagal was
Helgi’s foster-father. Hunding was the name of a powerful king, and
Hundland is named from him. He was a mighty warrior, and had many sons
with him on his campaigns. There was enmity and strife between these
two, King Hunding and King Sigmund, and each slew the other’s kinsmen.
King Sigmund and his family were called Volsungs and Ylfings.

Helgi went as a spy to the home of King Hunding in disguise. Hæming, a
son of King Hunding’s, was at home. When Helgi went forth, then he met
a young herdsman, and said:


1.  “Say to Hæming   |   that Helgi knows
    Whom the heroes   |   in armor hid;
    A gray wolf had they   |   within their hall,
    Whom King Hunding   |   Hamal thought.”


Hamal was the name of Hagal’s son. King Hunding sent men to Hagal to
seek Helgi, and Helgi could not save himself in any other way, so he
put on the clothes of a bond-woman and set to work at the mill. They
sought Helgi but found him not.


2.  Then Blind spake out,   |   the evil-minded:
    “Of Hagal’s bond-woman   |   bright are the eyes;
    Yon comes not of churls   |   who stands at the quern;
    The millstones break,   |   the boards are shattered.

3.  “The hero has   |   a doom full hard,
    That barley now   |   he needs must grind;
    Better befits   |   his hand to feel
    The hilt of the sword   |   than the millstone’s handle.”


Hagal answered and said:


4.  “Small is the wonder   |   if boards are splintered;
    By a monarch’s daughter   |   the mill is turned;
    Once through clouds   |   she was wont to ride,
    And battles fought   |   like fighting men,
    (Till Helgi a captive   |   held her fast;
    Sister she is   |   of Sigar and Hogni,
    Thus bright are the eyes   |   of the Ylfings’ maid.)”


Helgi escaped and went to a fighting ship. He slew King Hunding, and
thenceforth was called Helgi Hundingsbane.





(II)

He lay with his host in Brunavagar, and they had there a
strand-slaughtering, and ate the flesh raw. Hogni was the name of a
king. His daughter was Sigrun; she was a Valkyrie and rode air and
water; she was Svava reborn. Sigrun rode to Helgi’s ship and said:


5.  “Who rules the ship   |   by the shore so steep?
    Where is the home   |   ye warriors have?
    Why do ye bide   |   in Brunavagar,
    Or what the way   |   that ye wish to try?”


Helgi spake:


6.  “Hamal’s the ship   |   by the shore so steep,
    Our home in Hlesey   |   do we have;
    For fair wind bide we   |   in Brunavagar,
    Eastward the way   |   that we wish to try.”


Sigrun spake:


7.  “Where hast thou, warrior,   |   battle wakened,
    Or gorged the birds   |   of the sisters of Guth?
    Why is thy byrnie   |   spattered with blood,
    Why helmed dost feast   |   on food uncooked?”


Helgi spake:


8.  “Latest of all,   |   the Ylfings’ son
    On the western sea,   |   if know thou wilt,
    Captured bears   |   in Bragalund,
    And fed the eagles   |   with edge of sword.
    Now is it shown   |   why our shirts are bloody,
    And little our food   |   with fire is cooked.”


Sigrun spake:


9.  “Of battle thou tellest,   |   and there was bent
    Hunding the king   |   before Helgi down;
    There was carnage when thou   |   didst avenge thy kin,
    And blood flowed fast   |   on the blade of the sword.”


Helgi spake:


10. “How didst thou know   |   that now our kin,
    Maiden wise,   |   we have well avenged?
    Many there are   |   of the sons of the mighty
    Who share alike   |   our lofty race.”


Sigrun spake:


11. “Not far was I   |   from the lord of the folk,
    Yester morn,   |   when the monarch was slain;
    Though crafty the son   |   of Sigmund, methinks,
    When he speaks of the fight   |   in slaughter-runes.

12. “On the long-ship once   |   I saw thee well,
    When in the blood-stained   |   bow thou wast,
    (And round thee icy   |   waves were raging;)
    Now would the hero   |   hide from me,
    But to Hogni’s daughter   |   is Helgi known.”





(III)

Granmar was the name of a mighty king, who dwelt at Svarin’s hill. He
had many sons; one was named Hothbrodd, another Gothmund, a third
Starkath. Hothbrodd was in a kings’ meeting, and he won the promise of
having Sigrun, Hogni’s daughter, for his wife. But when she heard this,
she rode with the Valkyries over air and sea to seek Helgi. Helgi was
then at Logafjoll, and had fought with Hunding’s sons; there he killed
Alf and Eyolf, Hjorvarth and Hervarth. He was all weary with battle,
and sat under the eagle-stone. There Sigrun found him, and ran to throw
her arms about his neck, and kissed him, and told him her tidings, as
is set forth in the old Volsung lay:


13. Sigrun the joyful   |   chieftain sought,
    Forthwith Helgi’s   |   hand she took;
    She greeted the hero   |   helmed and kissed him,
    The warrior’s heart   |   to the woman turned.

14. From her heart the daughter   |   of Hogni spake,
    Dear was Helgi,   |   she said, to her;
    “Long with all   |   my heart I loved
    Sigmund’s son   |   ere ever I saw him.

15. “At the meeting to Hothbrodd   |   mated I was,
    But another hero   |   I fain would have;
    Though, king, the wrath   |   of my kin I fear,
    Since I broke my father’s   |   fairest wish.”


Helgi spake:


16. “Fear not ever   |   Hogni’s anger,
    Nor yet thy kinsmen’s   |   cruel wrath;
    Maiden, thou   |   with me shalt live,
    Thy kindred, fair one,   |   I shall not fear.”





(IV)

Helgi then assembled a great sea-host and went to Frekastein. On the
sea he met a perilous storm; lightning flashed overhead and the bolts
struck the ship. They saw in the air that nine Valkyries were riding,
and recognized Sigrun among them. Then the storm abated, and they came
safe and sound to land. Granmar’s sons sat on a certain mountain as the
ships sailed toward the land. Gothmund leaped on a horse and rode for
news to a promontory near the harbor; the Volsungs were even then
lowering their sails. Then Gothmund said, as is written before in the
Helgi lay:


    “Who is the king   |   who captains the fleet,
    And to the land   |   the warriors leads?”


Sinfjotli, Sigmund’s son, answered him, and that too is written.

Gothmund rode home with his tidings of the host; then Granmar’s sons
summoned an army. Many kings came there; there were Hogni, Sigrun’s
father, and his sons Bragi and Dag. There was a great battle, and all
Granmar’s sons were slain and all their allies; only Dag, Hogni’s son,
was spared, and he swore loyalty to the Volsungs. Sigrun went among the
dead and found Hothbrodd at the coming of death. She said:


17. “Never shall Sigrun   |   from Sevafjoll,
    Hothbrodd king,   |   be held in thine arms;
    Granmar’s sons   |   full cold have grown,
    And the giant-steeds gray   |   on corpses gorge.”


Then she sought out Helgi, and was full of joy. He said:


18. “Maid, not fair   |   is all thy fortune,
    The Norns I blame   |   that this should be;
    This morn there fell   |   at Frekastein
    Bragi and Hogni   |   beneath my hand.

19. “At Hlebjorg fell   |   the sons of Hrollaug,
    Starkath the king   |   at Styrkleifar;
    Fighters more noble   |   saw I never,
    The body fought when   |   the head had fallen.

20. “On the ground full low   |   the slain are lying,
    Most are there   |   of the men of thy race;
    Nought hast thou won,   |   for thy fate it was
    Brave men to bring   |   to the battle-field.”


Then Sigrun wept.   |   Helgi said:


21. “Grieve not, Sigrun,   |   the battle is gained,
      The fighter can shun not his fate.”


Sigrun spake:


    “To life would I call   |   them who slaughtered lie,
      If safe on thy breast I might be.”





(V)

This Gothmund the son of Granmar spoke:


22. “What hero great   |   is guiding the ships?
    A golden flag   |   on the stem he flies;
    I find not peace   |   in the van of your faring,
    And round the fighters   |   is battle-light red.”


Sinfjotli spake:


23. “Here may Hothbrodd   |   Helgi find,
    The hater of flight,   |   in the midst of the fleet;
    The home of all   |   thy race he has,
    And over the realm   |   of the fishes he rules.”


Gothmund spake:


24. “First shall swords   |   at Frekastein
    Prove our worth   |   in place of words;
    Time is it, Hothbrodd,   |   vengeance to have,
    If in battle worsted   |   once we were.”


Sinfjotli spake:


25. “Better, Gothmund,   |   to tend the goats,
    And climb the rocks   |   of the mountain cliffs;
    A hazel switch   |   to hold in thy hand
    More seemly were   |   than the hilt of a sword.”


Helgi spake:


26. “Better, Sinfjotli,   |   thee ’twould beseem
    Battles to give,   |   and eagles to gladden,
    Than vain and empty   |   speech to utter,
    Though warriors oft   |   with words do strive.

27. “Good I find not   |   the sons of Granmar,
    But for heroes ’tis seemly   |   the truth to speak;
    At Moinsheimar   |   proved the men
    That hearts for the wielding   |   of swords they had,
    (And ever brave   |   the warriors are.)”





(VI)

Helgi took Sigrun to wife, and they had sons. Helgi did not reach old
age. Dag, the son of Hogni, offered sacrifice to Othin to be avenged
for his father’s death; Othin gave Dag his spear. Dag found Helgi, his
brother-in-law, at a place which is called Fjoturlund. He thrust the
spear through Helgi’s body. Then Helgi fell, and Dag rode to Sevafjoll
and told Sigrun the tidings:


28. “Sad am I, sister,   |   sorrow to tell thee,
    Woe to my kin   |   unwilling I worked;
    In the morn there fell   |   at Fjoturlund
    The noblest prince   |   the world has known,
    (And his heel he set   |   on the heroes’ necks.)”


Sigrun spake:


29. “Now may every   |   oath thee bite
    That with Helgi   |   sworn thou hast,
    By the water   |   bright of Leipt,
    And the ice-cold   |   stone of Uth.

30. “The ship shall sail not   |   in which thou sailest,
    Though a favoring wind   |   shall follow after;
    The horse shall run not   |   whereon thou ridest,
    Though fain thou art   |   thy foe to flee.

31. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    “The sword shall bite not   |   which thou bearest,
    Till thy head itself   |   it sings about.

32. “Vengeance were mine   |   for Helgi’s murder,
    Wert thou a wolf   |   in the woods without,
    Possessing nought   |   and knowing no joy,
    Having no food   |   save corpses to feed on.”


Dag spake:


33. “Mad art thou, sister,   |   and wild of mind,
    Such a curse   |   on thy brother to cast;
    Othin is ruler   |   of every ill,
    Who sunders kin   |   with runes of spite.

34. “Thy brother rings   |   so red will give thee,
    All Vandilsve   |   and Vigdalir;
    Take half my land   |   to pay the harm,
    Ring-decked maid,   |   and as meed for thy sons.”


Sigrun spake:


35. “I shall sit not happy   |   at Sevafjoll,
    Early or late,   |   my life to love,
    If the light cannot show,   |   in the leader’s band,
    Vigblær bearing him   |   back to his home,
    (The golden-bitted;   |   I shall greet him never.)

36. “Such the fear   |   that Helgi’s foes
    Ever felt,   |   and all their kin,
    As makes the goats   |   with terror mad
    Run from the wolf   |   among the rocks.

37. “Helgi rose   |   above heroes all
    Like the lofty ash   |   above lowly thorns,
    Or the noble stag,   |   with dew besprinkled,
    Bearing his head   |   above all beasts,
    (And his horns gleam bright   |   to heaven itself.)”


A hill was made in Helgi’s memory. And when he came to Valhall, then
Othin bade him rule over everything with himself.





(VII)

Helgi said:


38. “Thou shalt, Hunding,   |   of every hero
    Wash the feet,   |   and kindle the fire,
    Tie up dogs,   |   and tend the horses,
    And feed the swine   |   ere to sleep thou goest.”





(VIII)

One of Sigrun’s maidens went one evening to Helgi’s hill, and saw that
Helgi rode to the hill with many men. The maiden said:


39. “Is this a dream   |   that methinks I see,
    Or the doom of the gods,   |   that dead men ride,
    And hither spurring   |   urge your steeds,
    Or is home-coming now   |   to the heroes granted?”


Helgi spake:


40. “No dream is this   |   that thou thinkest to see,
    Nor the end of the world,   |   though us thou beholdest,
    And hither spurring   |   we urge our steeds,
    Nor is home-coming now   |   to the heroes granted.”


The maiden went home and said to Sigrun:


41. “Go forth, Sigrun,   |   from Sevafjoll,
    If fain the lord   |   of the folk wouldst find;
    (The hill is open,   |   Helgi is come;)
    The sword-tracks bleed;   |   the monarch bade
    That thou his wounds   |   shouldst now make well.”


Sigrun went in the hill to Helgi, and said:


42. “Now am I glad   |   of our meeting together,
    As Othin’s hawks,   |   so eager for prey,
    When slaughter and flesh   |   all warm they scent,
    Or dew-wet see   |   the red of day.

43. “First will I kiss   |   the lifeless king,
    Ere off the bloody   |   byrnie thou cast;
    With frost thy hair   |   is heavy, Helgi,
    And damp thou art   |   with the dew of death;
    (Ice-cold hands   |   has Hogni’s kinsman,
    What, prince, can I   |   to bring thee ease?)”


Helgi spake:


44. “Thou alone, Sigrun   |   of Sevafjoll,
    Art cause that Helgi   |   with dew is heavy;
    Gold-decked maid,   |   thy tears are grievous,
    (Sun-bright south-maid,   |   ere thou sleepest;)
    Each falls like blood   |   on the hero’s breast,
    (Burned-out, cold,   |   and crushed with care.)

45. “Well shall we drink   |   a noble draught,
    Though love and lands   |   are lost to me;
    No man a song   |   of sorrow shall sing,
    Though bleeding wounds   |   are on my breast;
    Now in the hill   |   our brides we hold,
    The heroes’ loves,   |   by their husbands dead.”


Sigrun made ready a bed in the hill.


46. “Here a bed   |   I have made for thee, Helgi,
    To rest thee from care,   |   thou kin of the Ylfings;
    I will make thee sink   |   to sleep in my arms,
    As once I lay   |   with the living king.”


Helgi spake:


47. “Now do I say   |   that in Sevafjoll
    Aught may happen,   |   early or late,
    Since thou sleepest clasped   |   in a corpse’s arms,
    So fair in the hill,   |   the daughter of Hogni!
    (Living thou comest,   |   a daughter of kings.)

48. “Now must I ride   |   the reddened ways,
    And my bay steed set   |   to tread the sky;
    Westward I go   |   to wind-helm’s bridges,
    Ere Salgofnir wakes   |   the warrior throng.”


Then Helgi and his followers rode on their way, and the women went home
to the dwelling. Another evening Sigrun bade the maiden keep watch at
the hill. And at sunset when Sigrun came to the hill she said:


49. “Now were he come,   |   if come he might,
    Sigmund’s son,   |   from Othin’s seat;
    Hope grows dim   |   of the hero’s return
    When eagles sit   |   on the ash-tree boughs,
    And men are seeking   |   the meeting of dreams.”


The Maiden said:


50. “Mad thou wouldst seem   |   alone to seek,
    Daughter of heroes,   |   the house of the dead;
    For mightier now   |   at night are all
    The ghosts of the dead   |   than when day is bright.”


Sigrun was early dead of sorrow and grief. It was believed in olden
times that people were born again, but that is now called old wives’
folly. Of Helgi and Sigrun it is said that they were born again; he
became Helgi Haddingjaskati, and she Kara the daughter of Halfdan, as
is told in the Lay of Kara, and she was a Valkyrie.








NOTES


Prose. In the manuscript the poem is headed “Of the Volsungs,” but most
editions give it the title used here. Sigmund: cf. Helgakvitha
Hundingsbana I, 6 and note, which also mentions Volsung, Borghild and
Bralund: cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 1 and note. Helgi: the
annotator’s explanation that the child was named after Helgi
Hjorvarthsson is a naive way of getting around the difficulties created
by the two sets of Helgi stories. He might equally well have said that
the new Helgi was the old one born again, as he accounts for Sigrun in
this way (“she was Svava reborn”). Hagal: not elsewhere mentioned; it
was a common custom to have boys brought up by foster-parents. Hunding
and Hundland: cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 10 and note. Volsungs and
Ylfings: regarding this confusion of family names cf. Helgakvitha
Hundingsbana I, 5 and note. Hæming: his name does not appear in the
list of Hunding’s sons. It is quite possible that these opening stanzas
(1–4) do not refer to Hunding at all.

1. Helgi appears to have stayed with Hunding under the name of Hamal,
but now, thinking himself safe, he sends word of who he really is.
Hunding: it has been suggested that the compiler may have inserted this
name to fit what he thought the story ought to be, in place of Hæming,
or even Hadding. If stanzas 1–4 are a fragment of the Karuljoth (Lay of
Kara), this latter suggestion is quite reasonable, for in that poem,
which we do not possess, but which supplied material for the compilers
of the Hromundar saga Greipssonar, Helgi appears as Helgi
Haddingjaskati (cf. final prose note). Nothing beyond this one name
connects stanzas 1–4 with Hunding.

Prose. Hagal: Helgi’s foster-father, who naturally protects him.

2. The manuscript indicates line 2 as the beginning of the stanza, the
copyist evidently regarding line 1 as prose. This has caused various
rearrangements in the different editions. Blind: leader of the band
sent to capture Helgi.

3. The manuscript marks line 3 as the beginning of a stanza. Barley:
the word literally means “foreign grain,” and would afford an
interesting study to students of early commerce.

4. Possibly two stanzas with one line lost, or perhaps the lines in
parenthesis are spurious; each editor has his own guess. Sigar and
Hogni: it seems unlikely that Hagal refers to the Hogni who was
Sigrun’s father, for this part of the story has nothing whatever to do
with Sigrun. As Hagal is, of course, deliberately lying, it is useless
to test any part of his speech for accuracy.

Prose. No division indicated in the manuscript. Brunavagar (“Bruni’s
Sea”): mentioned only in this section. Strand-slaughtering: a killing
on the shore of cattle stolen in a raid. Hogni and Sigrun: cf.
Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 17 and note; the annotator’s notion of
Sigrun as the reincarnated Svava (cf. Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar,
concluding prose note) represents a naive form of scholarship. There is
nothing in stanzas 5–12 which clearly identifies Sigrun as a Valkyrie,
or which, except for the last line of stanza 12, identifies the speaker
as Sigrun. Some editors, therefore, call her simply “the Valkyrie,”
while Vigfusson, who thinks this section is also a remnant of the
Karuljoth, calls her Kara.

6. The manuscript does not indicate the speakers. Hamal: Helgi’s
assumption of this name seems to link this section (stanzas 5–12) with
stanza 1. Hlesey (“Island of Hler”—i.e., Ægir, the sea-god): generally
identified as the Danish island of Läsö; cf. Harbarthsljoth, 37 and
note.

7. Guth: a Valkyrie (cf. Voluspo, 31); the birds of her sisters are the
kites and ravens.

8. The manuscript indicates line 5 as the beginning of a new stanza;
some editors reject lines 1–2, while others make lines 5–6 into a
fragmentary stanza. Ylfings: cf. introductory prose and note. Bragalund
(“Bragi’s Wood”): a mythical place. Bears: presumably Berserkers,
regarding whom cf. Hyndluljoth, 23.

10. Helgi’s meaning in lines 3–4 is that, although he has already
declared himself an Ylfing (stanza 8, line 1), there are many heroes of
that race, and he does not understand how Sigrun knows him to be Helgi.

11. Slaughter-runes: equivocal or deceptive speech regarding the
battle. The word “rune” had the meaning of “magic” or “mystery” long
before it was applied to the signs or characters with which it was
later identified.

12. Some editors reject line 3, others line 5. The manuscript omits
Helgi’s name in line 5, thereby destroying both the sense and the
meter. Vigfusson, following his Karuljoth theory (cf. note on prose
following stanza 4), changes Hogni to Halfdan, father of Kara.

Prose. The manuscript indicates no division. Most of this prose passage
is evidently based on Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I; the only new features
are the introduction of Starkath as a third son of Granmar, which is
clearly an error based on a misunderstanding of stanza 19, and the
reference to the kings’ meeting, based on stanza 15. Kings’ meetings,
or councils, were by no means unusual; the North in early days was
prolific in kings. For the remaining names, cf. Helgakvitha
Hundingsbana I: Granmar, stanza 19; Hothbrodd, stanza 19; Gothmund,
stanza 33; Svarin’s hill, stanza 32; Logafjoll, stanza 13; Alf, Eyjolf,
Hjorvarth and Hervarth, stanza 14. The old Volsung lay: cf.
Introductory Note.

13. Some editions combine lines 3–4, or line 4, with part of stanza 14.

14. The lines of stanzas 14 and 15 are here rearranged in accordance
with Bugge’s emendation; in the manuscript they stand as follows: lines
3–4 of stanza 14; stanza 15; lines 1–2 of stanza 14. This confusion has
given rise to various editorial conjectures.

Prose. The manuscript indicates no division. Here again, the annotator
has drawn practically all his information from Helgakvitha Hundingsbana
I, which he specifically mentions and even quotes. The only new
features are the names of Hogni’s sons, Bragi and Dag. Bragi is
mentioned in stanza 18, though it is not there stated that he is
Hogni’s son. Dag, who figures largely in stanzas 28–34, is a puzzle,
for the verse never names him, and it is an open question where the
annotator got his name. Frekastein: cf. Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar, 39
and note. As is written: the two lines are quoted, with a change of two
words, from Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 33. Sinfjotli: cf. Helgakvitha
Hundingsbana I, 6 and note, and stanzas 33–48, in which the whole
dialogue is given. Loyalty: apparently the annotator got this bit of
information out of stanza 29, in which Sigrun refers to the oaths which
her brother had sworn to Helgi.

17. Sevafjoll (“Wet Mountain”): mentioned only in this poem.
Giant-steeds: wolves, the usual steeds of giantesses; cf. Helgakvitha
Hundingsbana I, 56.

18. Maid: the word thus rendered is the same doubtful one which appears
in Völundarkvitha, 1 and 5, and which may mean specifically a Valkyrie
(Gering translates it “helmed” or “heroic”) or simply “wise.” Cf.
Völundarkvitha, note on introductory prose. Norns: cf. Voluspo, 20 and
note. In stanza 33 Dag similarly lays the blame for the murder he has
committed on Othin. Bragi: probably Sigrun’s brother.

19. This stanza looks like an interpolation, and there is little or
nothing to connect it with the slaying of Granmar’s sons. In the
manuscript line 2, indicated as the beginning of a stanza, precedes
line 1. Hlebjorg (“Sea-Mountain”) and Styrkleifar (“Battle-Cliffs”):
place names not elsewhere mentioned. Of Hrollaug’s sons nothing further
is known. Starkath: this name gives a hint of the origin of this
stanza, for Saxo Grammaticus tells of the slaying of the Swedish hero
Starkath (“The Strong”) the son of Storverk, and describes how his
severed head bit the ground in anger (cf. line 4). In all probability
this stanza is from an entirely different poem, dealing with the
Starkath story, and the annotator’s attempt to identify the Swedish
hero as a third son of Granmar is quite without foundation.

21. The difference of meter would of itself be enough to indicate that
this stanza comes from an entirely different poem. A few editions
assign the whole stanza to Helgi, but lines 3–4 are almost certainly
Sigrun’s, and the manuscript begins line 3 with a large capital letter
following a period.

22. With this stanza begins the dispute between Gothmund and Sinfjotli
which, together with Helgi’s rebuke to his half-brother, appears at
much greater length in Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 33–48. It is
introduced here manifestly in the wrong place. The version here given
is almost certainly the older of the two, but the resemblance is so
striking, and in some cases (notably in Helgi’s rebuke) the stanzas are
so nearly identical, that it seems probable that the composer of the
first Helgi Hundingsbane lay borrowed directly from the poem of which
the present dialogue is a fragment. Flag: the banner (“gunnfani,” cf.
“gonfalon”) here serves as the signal for war instead of the red shield
mentioned in Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 34. Battle-light: perhaps the
“northern lights.”

23. Lines 3–4 are obscure, and in the manuscript show signs of error.
Helgi had not at this time, so far as we know, conquered any of
Hothbrodd’s land. The realm of the fishes, in line 4, presumably means
the sea, but the word here translated “fishes” is obscure, and many
editors treat it as a proper name, “the realm of the Fjorsungs,” but
without further suggestion as to who or what the Fjorsungs are.

24. The word here translated swords is a conjectural emendation; the
manuscript implies merely an invitation to continue the quarrel at
Frekastein. Hothbrodd: apparently he is here considered as present
during the dispute; some editors, in defiance of the meter, have
emended the line to mean “Time is it for Hothbrodd   |   vengeance to
have.”

26–27. Cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 47–48, which are nearly
identical. Stanza 27 in the manuscript is abbreviated to the first
letters of the words, except for line 5, which does not appear in the
other poem, and which looks like an interpolation.

Prose. Here begins a new section of the poem, dealing with Helgi’s
death at the hands of Dag, Sigrun’s brother. The note is based wholly
on stanzas 28–34, except for the introduction of Dag’s name (cf. note
on prose following stanza 16), and the reference to Othin’s spear, the
weapon which made victory certain, and which the annotator brought in
doubtless on the strength of Dag’s statement that Othin was responsible
for Helgi’s death (stanza 33). Fjoturlund (“Fetter-Wood”): mentioned
only here and in stanza 28.

28. Line 5 looks like an interpolation.

29. Leipt: this river is mentioned in Grimnismol, 28. Uth: a daughter
of the sea-god Ægir; regarding her sacred stone we know nothing.
According to the annotator, Dag’s life had been spared because he swore
loyalty to Helgi.

31. No gap indicated in the manuscript, but most editors have assumed
that either the first or the last two lines have been lost. Bugge adds
a line: “The shield shall not help thee   |   which thou holdest.”

34. Vandilsve (“Vandil’s Shrine”): who Vandil was we do not know; this
and Vigdalir (“Battle-Dale”) are purely mythical places.

35. Line 5 may be spurious. Vigblær (“Battle-Breather”): Helgi’s horse.

37. Line 5 (or possibly line 4) may be spurious. Cf. Guthrunarkvitha I,
17, and Guthrunarkvitha II, 2.

Prose. Valhall, etc.: there is no indication as to where the annotator
got this notion of Helgi’s sharing Othin’s rule. It is most unlikely
that such an idea ever found place in any of the Helgi poems, or at
least in the earlier ones; probably it was a late development of the
tradition in a period when Othin was no longer taken seriously.

38. This stanza apparently comes from an otherwise lost passage
containing a contest of words between Helgi and Hunding; indeed the
name of Hunding may have been substituted for another one beginning
with “H,” and the stanza originally have had no connection with Helgi
at all. The annotator inserts it here through an obvious
misunderstanding, taking it to be Helgi’s application of the power
conferred on him by Othin.

39. Here begins the final section (stanzas 39–50), wherein Sigrun
visits the dead Helgi in his burial hill. Doom of the gods: the phrase
“ragna rök” has been rather unfortunately Anglicized into the word
“ragnarok” (the Norse term is not a proper name), and rök, “doom,” has
been confused with rökkr, “darkness,” and so translated “dusk of the
Gods,” or “Götterdämmerung.”

40. In the manuscript most of this stanza is abbreviated to the first
letters of the words.

41. Line 3 (or possibly line 2) may be spurious. Sword-tracks: wounds.
One edition places stanza 48 after stanza 41, and another does the same
with stanza 50.

43. Possibly lines 5–6 are spurious, or part of a stanza the rest of
which has been lost. It has also been suggested that two lines may have
been lost after line 2, making a new stanza of lines 3–6. Kinsman:
literally “son-in-law.”

44. Lines 4 and 6 have been marked by various editors as probably
spurious. Others regard lines 1–2 as the beginning of a stanza the rest
of which has been lost, or combine lines 5–6 with lines 5–6 of stanza
45 to make a new stanza. South-maid: cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 17
and note.

45. Both lines 3–4 and lines 5–6 have been suspected by editors of
being interpolated, and the loss of two lines has also been suggested.
Brides: the plural here is perplexing. Gering insists that only Sigrun
is meant, and translates the word as singular, but both “brides” and
“loves” are uncompromisingly plural in the text. Were the men of
Helgi’s ghostly following likewise visited by their wives? The
annotator may have thought so, for in the prose he mentions the “women”
returning to the house, although, of course, this may refer simply to
Sigrun and the maid.

47. Line 5 (or possibly line 4) may be interpolated.

48. Wind-helm: the sky; the bridge is Bifrost, the rainbow (cf.
Grimnismol, 29). Salgofnir (“Hall-Crower”): the cock Gollinkambi who
awakes the gods and warriors for the last battle.

49. Many editors assign this speech to the maid. Line 5 (or 4) may be
spurious. Meeting of dreams (“Dream-Thing”): sleep.

Prose. The attitude of the annotator is clearly revealed by his
contempt for those who put any faith in such “old wives’ folly” as the
idea that men and women could be reborn. As in the case of Helgi
Hjorvarthsson, the theory of the hero’s rebirth seems to have developed
in order to unite around a single Helgi the various stories in which
the hero is slain. The Lay of Kara (Karuljoth) is lost, although, as
has been pointed out, parts of the Helgakvitha Hundingsbana II may be
remnants of it, but we find the main outlines of the story in the
Hromundar saga Greipssonar, whose compilers appear to have known the
Karuljoth. In the saga Helgi Haddingjaskati (Helgi the Haddings’-Hero)
is protected by the Valkyrie Kara, who flies over him in the form of a
swan (note once more the Valkyrie swan-maiden confusion); but in his
fight with Hromund he swings his sword so high that he accidentally
gives Kara a mortal wound, whereupon Hromund cuts off his head. As this
makes the third recorded death of Helgi (once at the hands of Alf, once
at those of Dag, and finally in the fight with Hromund), the phenomenon
of his rebirth is not surprising. The points of resemblance in all the
Helgi stories, including the one told in the lost Karuljoth, are
sufficiently striking so that it is impossible not to see in them a
common origin, and not to believe that Helgi the son of Hjorvarth,
Helgi the son of Sigmund and Helgi the Haddings’-Hero (not to mention
various other Helgis who probably figured in songs and stories now
lost) were all originally the same Helgi who appears in the early
traditions of Denmark.








FRA DAUTHA SINFJOTLA

OF SINFJOTLI’S DEATH


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

It has been pointed out that the Helgi tradition, coming originally
from Denmark, was early associated with that of the Volsungs, which was
of German, or rather of Frankish, origin (cf. Introductory Note to
Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar). The connecting links between these two
sets of stories were few in number, the main point being the
identification of Helgi as a son of Sigmund Volsungsson. Another son of
Sigmund, however, appears in the Helgi poems, though not in any of the
poems dealing with the Volsung cycle proper. This is Sinfjotli, whose
sole function in the extant Helgi lays is to have a wordy dispute with
Gothmund Granmarsson.

Sinfjotli’s history is told in detail in the early chapters of the
Volsungasaga. The twin sister of Sigmund Volsungsson, Signy, had
married Siggeir, who hated his brother-in-law by reason of his desire
to possess a sword which had belonged to Othin and been won by Sigmund.
Having treacherously invited Volsung and his ten sons to visit him,
Siggeir slew Volsung and captured his sons, who were set in the stocks.
Each night a wolf (“some men say that she was Siggeir’s mother”) came
out of the woods and ate up one of the brothers, till on the tenth
night Sigmund alone was left. Then, however, Signy aided him to escape,
and incidentally to kill the wolf. He vowed vengeance on Siggeir, and
Signy, who hated her husband, was determined to help him. Convinced
that Sigmund must have a helper of his own race, Signy changed forms
with a witch, and in this guise sought out Sigmund, who, not knowing
who she was, spent three nights with her. Thereafter she gave birth to
a boy, whom she named Sinfjotli (“The Yellow-Spotted”?), whom she sent
to Sigmund. For a time they lived in the woods, occasionally turning
into wolves (whence perhaps Sinfjotli’s name). When Sinfjotli was full
grown, he and his father came to Siggeir’s house, but were seen and
betrayed by the two young sons of Signy and Siggeir, whereupon
Sinfjotli slew them. Siggeir promptly had Sigmund and Sinfjotli buried
alive, but Signy managed to smuggle Sigmund’s famous sword into the
grave, and with this the father and son dug themselves out. The next
night they burned Siggeir’s house, their enemy dying in the flames, and
Signy, who had at the last refused to leave her husband, from a sense
of somewhat belated loyalty, perishing with him.

Was this story, which the Volsungasaga relates in considerable detail,
the basis of an old poem which has been lost? Almost certainly it was,
although, as I have pointed out, many if not most of the old stories
appear to have been handed down rather in prose than in verse, for the
Volsungasaga quotes two lines of verse regarding the escape from the
grave. At any rate, Sinfjotli early became a part of the Volsung
tradition, which, in turn, formed the basis for no less than fifteen
poems generally included in the Eddic collection. Of this tradition we
may recognize three distinct parts: the Volsung-Sigmund-Sinfjotli
story; the Helgi story, and the Sigurth story, the last of these three
being by far the most extensive, and suggesting an almost limitless
amount of further subdivision. With the Volsung-Sigmund-Sinfjotli story
the Sigurth legend is connected only by the fact that Sigurth appears
as Sigmund’s son by his last wife, Hjordis; with the Helgi legend it is
not connected directly at all. Aside from the fact that Helgi appears
as Sigmund’s son by his first wife, Borghild, the only link between the
Volsung story proper and that of Helgi is the appearance of Sinfjotli
in two of the Helgi poems. Originally it is altogether probable that
the three stories, or sets of stories, were entirely distinct, and that
Sigurth (the familiar Siegfried) had little or nothing more to do with
the Volsungs of northern mythological-heroic tradition than he had with
Helgi.

The annotator or compiler of the collection of poems preserved in the
Codex Regius, having finished with the Helgi lays, had before him the
task of setting down the fifteen complete or fragmentary poems dealing
with the Sigurth story. Before doing this, however, he felt it
incumbent on him to dispose of both Sigmund and Sinfjotli, the sole
links with the two other sets of stories. He apparently knew of no poem
or poems concerning the deaths of these two; perhaps there were none,
though this is unlikely. Certainly the story of how Sinfjotli and
Sigmund died was current in oral prose tradition, and this story the
compiler set forth in the short prose passage entitled Of Sinfjotli’s
Death which, in Regius, immediately follows the second lay of Helgi
Hundingsbane. The relation of this passage to the prose of the
Reginsmol is discussed in the introductory note to that poem.





Sigmund, the son of Volsung, was a king in the land of the Franks;
Sinfjotli was his eldest son, the second was Helgi, and the third
Hamund. Borghild, Sigmund’s wife, had a brother who was named ——.
Sinfjotli, her stepson, and —— both wooed the same woman, wherefore
Sinfjotli slew him. And when he came home, Borghild bade him depart,
but Sigmund offered her atonement-money, and this she had to accept. At
the funeral feast Borghild brought in ale; she took poison, a great
horn full, and brought it to Sinfjotli. But when he looked into the
horn, he saw that it was poison, and said to Sigmund: “Muddy is the
drink, Father!” Sigmund took the horn and drank therefrom. It is said
that Sigmund was so hardy that poison might not harm him, either
outside or in, but all his sons could withstand poison only without on
their skin. Borghild bore another horn to Sinfjotli and bade him drink,
and all happened as before. And yet a third time she brought him a
horn, and spoke therewith scornful words of him if he should not drink
from it. He spoke as before with Sigmund. The latter said: “Let it
trickle through your beard, Son!” Sinfjotli drank, and straightway was
dead. Sigmund bore him a long way in his arms, and came to a narrow and
long fjord, and there was a little boat and a man in it. He offered to
take Sigmund across the fjord. But when Sigmund had borne the corpse
out into the boat, then the craft was full. The man told Sigmund to go
round the inner end of the fjord. Then the man pushed the boat off, and
disappeared.

King Sigmund dwelt long in Denmark in Borghild’s kingdom after he had
married her. Thereafter Sigmund went south into the land of the Franks,
to the kingdom which he had there. There he married Hjordis, the
daughter of King Eylimi; their son was Sigurth. King Sigmund fell in a
battle with the sons of Hunding, and Hjordis then married Alf the son
of King Hjalprek. There Sigurth grew up in his boyhood. Sigmund and all
his sons were far above all other men in might and stature and courage
and every kind of ability. Sigurth, however, was the foremost of all,
and all men call him in the old tales the noblest of mankind and the
mightiest leader.








NOTE


Prose. Regarding Sigmund, Sinfjotli, and Volsung see Introductory Note.
The Franks: although the Sigurth story had reached the North as early
as the sixth or seventh century, it never lost all the marks of its
Frankish origin. Helgi and Hamund: sons of Sigmund and Borghild; Helgi
is, of course Helgi Hundingsbane; of Hamund nothing further is
recorded. Borghild: the manuscript leaves a blank for the name of her
brother; evidently the compiler hoped some day to discover it and write
it in, but never did. A few editions insert wholly unauthorized names
from late paper manuscripts, such as Hroar, Gunnar, or Borgar. In the
Volsungasaga Borghild bids Sinfjotli drink “if he has the courage of a
Volsung.” Sigmund gives his advice because “the king was very drunk,
and that was why he spoke thus.” Gering, on the other hand, gives
Sigmund credit for having believed that the draught would deposit its
poisonous contents in Sinfjotli’s beard, and thus do him no harm. Boat:
the man who thus carries off the dead Sinfjotli in his boat is
presumably Othin. Denmark: Borghild belongs to the Danish Helgi part of
the story. The Franks: with this the Danish and Norse stories of Helgi
and Sinfjotli come to an end, and the Frankish story of Sigurth begins.
Sigmund’s two kingdoms are an echo of the blended traditions. Hjordis:
just where this name came from is not clear, for in the German story
Siegfried’s mother is Sigelint, but the name of the father of Hjordis,
Eylimi, gives a clew, for Eylimi is the father of Svava, wife of Helgi
Hjorvarthsson. Doubtless the two men are not identical, but it seems
likely that both Eylimi and Hjordis were introduced into the
Sigmund-Sigurth story, the latter replacing Sigelint, from some version
of the Helgi tradition. Hunding: in the Helgi lays the sons of Hunding
are all killed, but they reappear here and in two of the poems
(Gripisspo, 9, and Reginsmol, 15), and the Volsungasaga names Lyngvi as
the son of Hunding who, as the rejected lover of Hjordis, kills Sigmund
and his father-in-law, Eylimi, as well. The episode of Hunding and his
sons belongs entirely to the Danish (Helgi) part of the story; the
German legend knows nothing of it, and permits the elderly Sigmund to
outlive his son. There was doubtless a poem on this battle, for the
Volsungasaga quotes two lines spoken by the dying Sigmund to Hjordis
before he tells her to give the pieces of his broken sword to their
unborn son. Alf: after the battle, according to the Volsungasaga,
Lyngvi Hundingsson tried to capture Hjordis, but she was rescued by the
sea-rover Alf, son of King Hjalprek of Denmark, who subsequently
married her. Here is another trace of the Danish Helgi tradition. The
Nornageststhattr briefly tells the same story.








GRIPISSPO

GRIPIR’S PROPHECY


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Gripisspo immediately follows the prose Fra Dautha Sinfjotla in the
Codex Regius, and is contained in no other early manuscript. It is
unquestionably one of the latest of the poems in the Eddic collection;
most critics agree in calling it the latest of all, dating it not much
before the year 1200. Its author (for in this instance the word may be
correctly used) was not only familiar with the other poems of the
Sigurth cycle, but seems to have had actual written copies of them
before him; it has, indeed, been suggested, and not without
plausibility, that the Gripisspo may have been written by the very man
who compiled and annotated the collection of poems preserved in the
Codex Regius.

In form the poem is a dialogue between the youthful Sigurth and his
uncle, Gripir, but in substance it is a condensed outline of Sigurth’s
whole career as told piecemeal in the older poems. The writer was
sufficiently skillful in the handling of verse, but he was utterly
without inspiration; his characters are devoid of vitality, and their
speeches are full of conventional phrases, with little force or
incisiveness. At the same time, the poem is of considerable interest as
giving, in brief form, a summary of the story of Sigurth as it existed
in Iceland (for the Gripisspo is almost certainly Icelandic) in the
latter half of the twelfth century.

It is not desirable here to go in detail into the immensely complex
question of the origin, growth, and spread of the story of Sigurth
(Siegfried). The volume of critical literature on the subject is
enormous, and although some of the more patently absurd theories have
been eliminated, there are still wide divergencies of opinion regarding
many important points. At the same time, a brief review of the chief
facts is necessary in order to promote a clearer understanding of the
poems which follow, and which make up more than a third of the Eddic
collection.

That the story of Sigurth reached the North from Germany, having
previously developed among the Franks of the Rhine country, is now
universally recognized. How and when it spread from northwestern
Germany into Scandinavia are less certainly known. It spread, indeed,
in every direction, so that traces of it are found wherever Frankish
influence was extensively felt; but it was clearly better known and
more popular in Norway, and in the settlements established by
Norwegians, than anywhere else. We have historical proof that there was
considerable contact, commercial and otherwise, between the Franks of
northwestern Germany and the Norwegians (but not the Swedes or the
Danes) throughout the period from 600 to 800; coins of Charlemagne have
been found in Norway, and there is other evidence showing a fairly
extensive interchange of ideas as well as of goods. Presumably, then,
the story of the Frankish hero found its way into Norway in the seventh
century. While, at this stage of its development, it may conceivably
have included a certain amount of verse, it is altogether probable that
the story as it came into Norway in the seventh century was told
largely in prose, and that, even after the poets had got hold of it,
the legend continued to live among the people in the form of oral prose
saga.

The complete lack of contemporary material makes it impossible for us
to speak with certainty regarding the character and content of the
Sigurth legend as it existed in the Rhine country in the seventh
century. It is, however, important to remember the often overlooked
fact that any popular traditional hero became a magnet for originally
unrelated stories of every kind. It must also be remembered that in the
early Middle Ages there existed no such distinction between fiction and
history as we now make; a saga, for instance, might be anything from
the most meticulously accurate history to the wildest of fairy tales,
and a single saga might (and sometimes did) combine both elements. This
was equally true of the Frankish traditions, and the two principles
just stated account for most of the puzzling phenomena in the growth of
the Sigurth story.

Of the origin of Sigurth himself we know absolutely nothing. No
historical analogy can be made to fit in the slightest degree. If one
believes in the possibility of resolving hero stories into nature
myths, he may be explained in that fashion, but such a solution is not
necessary. The fact remains that from very early days Sigurth (Sifrit)
was a great traditional hero among the Franks. The tales of his
strength and valor, of his winning of a great treasure, of his wooing a
more or less supernatural bride, and of his death at the hands of his
kinsmen, probably were early features of this legend.

The next step was the blending of this story with one which had a clear
basis in history. In the year 437 the Burgundians, under their king,
Gundicarius (so the Latin histories call him), were practically
annihilated by the Huns. The story of this great battle soon became one
of the foremost of Rhineland traditions; and though Attila was
presumably not present in person, he was quite naturally introduced as
the famous ruler of the invading hordes. The dramatic story of Attila’s
death in the year 453 was likewise added to the tradition, and during
the sixth century the chain was completed by linking together the
stories of Sigurth and those of the Burgundian slaughter. Gundicarius
becomes the Gunther of the Nibelungenlied and the Gunnar of the Eddic
poems; Attila becomes Etzel and Atli. A still further development came
through the addition of another, and totally unrelated, set of
historical traditions based on the career of Ermanarich, king of the
Goths, who died about the year 376. Ermanarich figures largely in many
stories unconnected with the Sigurth cycle, but, with the zeal of the
medieval story-tellers for connecting their heroes, he was introduced
as the husband of Sigurth’s daughter, Svanhild, herself originally part
of a separate narrative group, and as Jormunrek he plays a considerable
part in a few of the Eddic poems.

Such, briefly, appears to have been the development of the legend
before it came into Norway. Here it underwent many changes, though the
clear marks of its southern origin were never obliterated. The names
were given Scandinavian forms, and in some cases were completely
changed (e.g., Kriemhild becomes Guthrun). New figures, mostly of
secondary importance, were introduced, and a large amount of purely
Northern local color was added. Above all, the earlier part of the
story was linked with Northern mythology in a way which seems to have
had no counterpart among the southern Germanic peoples. The Volsungs
become direct descendants of Othin; the gods are closely concerned with
Fafnir’s treasure, and so on. Above all, the Norse story-tellers and
poets changed the figure of Brynhild. In making her a Valkyrie,
sleeping on the flame-girt rock, they were never completely successful,
as she persisted in remaining, to a considerable extent, the entirely
human daughter of Buthli whom Sigurth woos for Gunnar. This confusion,
intensified by a mixing of names (cf. Sigrdrifumol, introductory note),
and much resembling that which existed in the parallel cases of Svava
and Sigrun in the Helgi tradition, created difficulties which the Norse
poets and story-tellers were never able to smooth out, and which have
perplexed commentators ever since.



Those who read the Sigurth poems in the Edda, or the story told in the
Volsungasaga, expecting to find a critically accurate biography of the
hero, will, of course, be disappointed. If, however, they will
constantly keep in mind the general manner in which the legend grew,
its accretions ranging all the way from the Danube to Iceland, they
will find that most of the difficulties are simply the natural results
of conflicting traditions. Just as the Danish Helgi had to be “reborn”
twice in order to enable three different men to kill him, so the story
of Sigurth, as told in the Eddic poems, involves here and there
inconsistencies explicable only when the historical development of the
story is taken into consideration.





Gripir was the name of Eylimi’s son, the brother of Hjordis; he ruled
over lands and was of all men the wisest and most forward-seeing.
Sigurth once was riding alone and came to Gripir’s hall. Sigurth was
easy to recognize; he found out in front of the hall a man whose name
was Geitir. Then Sigurth questioned him and asked:


1.  “Who is it has   |   this dwelling here,
    Or what do men call   |   the people’s king?”


Geitir spake:


    “Gripir the name   |   of the chieftain good
    Who holds the folk   |   and the firm-ruled land.”


Sigurth spake:


2.  “Is the king all-knowing   |   now within,
    Will the monarch come   |   with me to speak?
    A man unknown   |   his counsel needs,
    And Gripir fain   |   I soon would find.”


Geitir spake:


3.  “The ruler glad   |   of Geitir will ask
    Who seeks with Gripir   |   speech to have.”


Sigurth spake:


    “Sigurth am I,   |   and Sigmund’s son,
    And Hjordis the name   |   of the hero’s mother.”

4.  Then Geitir went   |   and to Gripir spake:
    “A stranger comes   |   and stands without;
    Lofty he is   |   to look upon,
    And, prince, thyself   |   he fain would see.”

5.  From the hall the ruler   |   of heroes went,
    And greeted well   |   the warrior come:
    “Sigurth, welcome   |   long since had been thine;
    Now, Geitir, shalt thou   |   Grani take.”

6.  Then of many   |   things they talked,
    When thus the men   |   so wise had met.


Sigurth spake:


    “To me, if thou knowest,   |   my mother’s brother,
    Say what life   |   will Sigurth’s be.”


Gripir spake:


7.  “Of men thou shalt be   |   on earth the mightiest,
    And higher famed   |   than all the heroes;
    Free of gold-giving,   |   slow to flee,
    Noble to see,   |   and sage in speech.”


Sigurth spake:


8.  “Monarch wise,   |   now more I ask;
    To Sigurth say,   |   if thou thinkest to see,
    What first will chance   |   of my fortune fair,
    When hence I go   |   from out thy home?”


Gripir spake:


9.  “First shalt thou, prince,   |   thy father avenge,
    And Eylimi,   |   their ills requiting;
    The hardy sons   |   of Hunding thou
    Soon shalt fell,   |   and victory find.”


Sigurth spake:


10. “Noble king,   |   my kinsman, say
    Thy meaning true,   |   for our minds we speak:
    For Sigurth mighty   |   deeds dost see,
    The highest beneath   |   the heavens all?”


Gripir spake:


11. “The fiery dragon   |   alone thou shalt fight
    That greedy lies   |   at Gnitaheith;
    Thou shalt be of Regin   |   and Fafnir both
    The slayer; truth   |   doth Gripir tell thee.”


Sigurth spake:


12. “Rich shall I be   |   if battles I win
    With such as these,   |   as now thou sayest;
    Forward look,   |   and further tell:
    What the life   |   that I shall lead?”


Gripir spake:


13. “Fafnir’s den   |   thou then shalt find,
    And all his treasure   |   fair shalt take;
    Gold shalt heap   |   on Grani’s back,
    And, proved in fight,   |   to Gjuki fare.”


Sigurth spake:


14. “To the warrior now   |   in words so wise,
    Monarch noble,   |   more shalt tell;
    I am Gjuki’s guest,   |   and thence I go:
    What the life   |   that I shall lead?”


Gripir spake:


15. “On the rocks there sleeps   |   the ruler’s daughter,
    Fair in armor,   |   since Helgi fell;
    Thou shalt cut   |   with keen-edged sword,
    And cleave the byrnie   |   with Fafnir’s killer.”


Sigurth spake:


16. “The mail-coat is broken,   |   the maiden speaks,
    The woman who   |   from sleep has wakened;
    What says the maid   |   to Sigurth then
    That happy fate   |   to the hero brings?”


Gripir spake:


17. “Runes to the warrior   |   will she tell,
    All that men   |   may ever seek,
    And teach thee to speak   |   in all men’s tongues,
    And life with health;   |   thou’rt happy, king!”


Sigurth spake:


18. “Now is it ended,   |   the knowledge is won,
    And ready I am   |   forth thence to ride;
    Forward look   |   and further tell:
    What the life   |   that I shall lead?”


Gripir spake:


19. “Then to Heimir’s   |   home thou comest,
    And glad shalt be   |   the guest of the king;
    Ended, Sigurth,   |   is all I see,
    No further aught   |   of Gripir ask.”


Sigurth spake:


20. “Sorrow brings me   |   the word thou sayest,
    For, monarch, forward   |   further thou seest;
    Sad the grief   |   for Sigurth thou knowest,
    Yet nought to me, Gripir,   |   known wilt make.”


Gripir spake:


21. “Before me lay   |   in clearest light
    All of thy youth   |   for mine eyes to see;
    Not rightly can I   |   wise be called,
    Nor forward-seeing;   |   my wisdom is fled.”


Sigurth spake:


22. “No man, Gripir,   |   on earth I know
    Who sees the future   |   as far as thou;
    Hide thou nought,   |   though hard it be,
    And base the deeds   |   that I shall do.”


Gripir spake:


23. “With baseness never   |   thy life is burdened,
    Hero noble,   |   hold that sure;
    Lofty as long   |   as the world shall live,
    Battle-bringer,   |   thy name shall be.”


Sigurth spake:


24. “Nought could seem worse,   |   but now must part
    The prince and Sigurth,   |   since so it is;
    My road I ask,—   |   the future lies open,—
    Mighty one, speak,   |   my mother’s brother.”


Gripir spake:


25. “Now to Sigurth   |   all shall I say,
    For to this the warrior   |   bends my will;
    Thou knowest well   |   that I will not lie,—
    A day there is   |   when thy death is doomed.”


Sigurth spake:


26. “No scorn I know   |   for the noble king,
    But counsel good   |   from Gripir I seek;
    Well will I know,   |   though evil awaits,
    What Sigurth may   |   before him see.”


Gripir spake:


27. “A maid in Heimir’s   |   home there dwells,
    Brynhild her name   |   to men is known,
    Daughter of Buthli,   |   the doughty king,
    And Heimir fosters   |   the fearless maid.”


Sigurth spake:


28. “What is it to me,   |   though the maiden be
    So fair, and of Heimir   |   the fosterling is?
    Gripir, truth   |   to me shalt tell,
    For all of fate   |   before me thou seest.”


Gripir spake:


29. “Of many a joy   |   the maiden robs thee,
    Fair to see,   |   whom Heimir fosters;
    Sleep thou shalt find not,   |   feuds thou shalt end not,
    Nor seek out men,   |   if the maid thou seest not.”


Sigurth spake:


30. “What may be had   |   for Sigurth’s healing?
    Say now, Gripir,   |   if see thou canst;
    May I buy the maid   |   with the marriage-price,
    The daughter fair   |   of the chieftain famed?”


Gripir spake:


31. “Ye twain shall all   |   the oaths then swear
    That bind full fast;   |   few shall ye keep;
    One night when Gjuki’s   |   guest thou hast been,
    Will Heimir’s fosterling   |   fade from thy mind.”


Sigurth spake:


32. “What sayst thou, Gripir?   |   give me the truth,
    Does fickleness hide   |   in the hero’s heart?
    Can it be that troth   |   I break with the maid,
    With her I believed   |   I loved so dear?”


Gripir spake:


33. “Tricked by another,   |   prince, thou art,
    And the price of Grimhild’s   |   wiles thou must pay;
    Fain of thee   |   for the fair-haired maid,
    Her daughter, she is,   |   and she drags thee down.”


Sigurth spake:


34. “Might I with Gunnar   |   kinship make,
    And Guthrun win   |   to be my wife,
    Well the hero   |   wedded would be,
    If my treacherous deed   |   would trouble me not.”


Gripir spake:


35. “Wholly Grimhild   |   thy heart deceives,
    She will bid thee go   |   and Brynhild woo
    For Gunnar’s wife,   |   the lord of the Goths;
    And the prince’s mother   |   thy promise shall win.”


Sigurth spake:


36. “Evil waits me,   |   well I see it,
    And gone is Sigurth’s   |   wisdom good,
    If I shall woo   |   for another to win
    The maiden fair   |   that so fondly I loved.”


Gripir spake:


37. “Ye three shall all   |   the oaths then take,
    Gunnar and Hogni,   |   and, hero, thou;
    Your forms ye shall change,   |   as forth ye fare,
    Gunnar and thou;   |   for Gripir lies not.”


Sigurth spake:


38. “How meanest thou?   |   Why make we the change
    Of shape and form   |   as forth we fare?
    There must follow   |   another falsehood
    Grim in all ways;   |   speak on, Gripir!”


Gripir spake:


39. “The form of Gunnar   |   and shape thou gettest,
    But mind and voice   |   thine own remain;
    The hand of the fosterling   |   noble of Heimir
    Now dost thou win,   |   and none can prevent.”


Sigurth spake:


40. “Most evil it seems,   |   and men will say
    Base is Sigurth   |   that so he did;
    Not of my will   |   shall I cheat with wiles
    The heroes’ maiden   |   whom noblest I hold.”


Gripir spake:


41. “Thou dwellest, leader   |   lofty of men,
    With the maid as if   |   thy mother she were;
    Lofty as long   |   as the world shall live,
    Ruler of men,   |   thy name shall remain.”


Sigurth spake:


42. “Shall Gunnar have   |   a goodly wife,
    Famed among men,—   |   speak forth now, Gripir!
    Although at my side   |   three nights she slept,
    The warrior’s bride?   |   Such ne’er has been.”


Gripir spake:


43. “The marriage draught   |   will be drunk for both,
    For Sigurth and Gunnar,   |   in Gjuki’s hall;
    Your forms ye change,   |   when home ye fare,
    But the mind of each   |   to himself remains.”


Sigurth spake:


44. “Shall the kinship new   |   thereafter come
    To good among us?   |   Tell me, Gripir!
    To Gunnar joy   |   shall it later give,
    Or happiness send   |   for me myself?”


Gripir spake:


45. “Thine oaths remembering,   |   silent thou art,
    And dwellest with Guthrun   |   in wedlock good;
    But Brynhild shall deem   |   she is badly mated,
    And wiles she seeks,   |   herself to avenge.”


Sigurth spake:


46. “What may for the bride   |   requital be,
    The wife we won   |   with subtle wiles?
    From me she has   |   the oaths I made,
    And kept not long;   |   they gladdened her little.”


Gripir spake:


47. “To Gunnar soon   |   his bride will say
    That ill didst thou   |   thine oath fulfill,
    When the goodly king,   |   the son of Gjuki,
    With all his heart   |   the hero trusted.”


Sigurth spake:


48. “What sayst thou, Gripir?   |   give me the truth!
    Am I guilty so   |   as now is said,
    Or lies does the far-famed   |   queen put forth
    Of me and herself?   |   Yet further speak.”


Gripir spake:


49. “In wrath and grief   |   full little good
    The noble bride   |   shall work thee now;
    No shame thou gavest   |   the goodly one,
    Though the monarch’s wife   |   with wiles didst cheat.”


Sigurth spake:


50. “Shall Gunnar the wise   |   to the woman’s words,
    And Gotthorm and Hogni,   |   then give heed?
    Shall Gjuki’s sons,   |   now tell me, Gripir,
    Redden their blades   |   with their kinsman’s blood?”


Gripir spake:


51. “Heavy it lies   |   on Guthrun’s heart,
    When her brothers all   |   shall bring thee death;
    Never again   |   shall she happiness know,
    The woman so fair;   |   ’tis Grimhild’s work.”


Sigurth spake:


52. “Now fare thee well!   |   our fates we shun not;
    And well has Gripir   |   answered my wish;
    More of joy   |   to me wouldst tell
    Of my life to come   |   if so thou couldst.”


Gripir spake:


53. “Ever remember,   |   ruler of men,
    That fortune lies   |   in the hero’s life;
    A nobler man   |   shall never live
    Beneath the sun   |   than Sigurth shall seem.”








NOTES


Prose. The manuscript gives the poem no title. Gripir: this uncle of
Sigurth’s was probably a pure invention of the poet’s. The Volsungasaga
mentions him, but presumably only because of his appearance here. On
Eylimi and Hjordis see Fra Dautha Sinfjotla and note. Geitir, the
serving-man, is likewise apparently an invention of the poet’s.

1. The manuscript does not indicate the speakers anywhere in the poem.
Some editors have made separate stanzas out of the two-line speeches in
stanzas 1, 3 and 6.

3. Sigurth: a few editions use in the verse the older form of this
name, “Sigvorth,” though the manuscript here keeps to the form used in
this translation. The Old High German “Sigifrid” (“Peace-Bringer
through Victory”) became the Norse “Sigvorth” (“Victory-Guarder”),
this, in turn, becoming “Sigurth.”

4. Bugge thinks a stanza has been lost after stanza 4, in which Geitir
tells Gripir who Sigurth is.

5. Grani: Sigurth’s horse. According to the Volsungasaga his father was
Sleipnir, Othin’s eight-legged horse, and Othin himself gave him to
Sigurth. The introductory note to the Reginsmol tells a different
story.

9. Thy father: on the death of Sigmund and Eylimi at the hands of
Hunting’s sons see Fra Dautha Sinfjotla and note.

11. The dragon: Fafnir, brother of the dwarf Regin, who turns himself
into a dragon to guard Andvari’s hoard; cf. Reginsmol and Fafnismol.
Gnitaheith: a relic of the German tradition; it has been identified as
lying south of Paderborn.

13. Gjuki: the Norse form of the name Gibeche (“The Giver”). Gjuki is
the father of Gunnar, Hogni, and Guthrun, the family which reflects
most directly the Burgundian part of the tradition (cf. Introductory
Note). The statement that Sigurth is to go direct from the slaying of
Fafnir to Gjuki’s hall involves one of the confusions resulting from
the dual personality of Brynhild. In the older (and the original South
Germanic) story, Sigurth becomes a guest of the Gjukungs before he has
ever heard of Brynhild, and first sees her when, having changed forms
with Gunnar, he goes to woo her for the latter. In another version he
finds Brynhild before he visits the Gjukungs, only to forget her as the
result of the magic draught administered by Guthrun’s mother. Both
these versions are represented in the poems of which the author of the
Gripisspo made use, and he tried, rather clumsily, to combine them, by
having Sigurth go to Gjuki’s house, then find the unnamed Valkyrie, and
then return to Gjuki, the false wooing following this second visit.

15. Basing his story on the Sigrdrifumol, the poet here tells of
Sigurth’s finding of the Valkyrie, whom he does not identify with
Brynhild, daughter of Buthli (stanza 27), at all. His error in this
respect is not surprising, in view of Brynhild’s dual identity (cf.
Introductory Note, and Fafnismol, 44 and note). Helgi: according to
Helreith Brynhildar (stanza 8), with which the author of the Gripisspo
was almost certainly familiar, the hero for whose death Brynhild was
punished was named Hjalmgunnar. Is Helgi here identical with
Hjalmgunnar, or did the author make a mistake? Finnur Jonsson thinks
the author regarded Sigurth’s Valkyrie as a fourth incarnation of
Svava-Sigrun-Kara, and wrote Helgi’s name in deliberately. Many
editors, following Bugge, have tried to reconstruct line 2 so as to get
rid of Helgi’s name.

19. Heimir: the Volsungasaga says that Heimir was the husband of
Brynhild’s sister, Bekkhild. Brynhild’s family connections involve a
queer mixture of northern and southern legend. Heimir and Bekkhild are
purely of northern invention; neither of them is mentioned in any of
the earlier poems, though Brynhild speaks of her “foster-father” in
Helreith Brynhildar. In the older Norse poems Brynhild is a sister of
Atli (Attila), a relationship wholly foreign to the southern stories,
and the father of this strangely assorted pair is Buthli, who in the
Nibelungenlied is apparently Etzel’s grandfather. Add to this her role
of Valkyrie, and it is small wonder that the annotator himself was
puzzled.

27. Brynhild (“Armed Warrior”): on her and her family see Introductory
Note and note to stanza 19.

33. Most editions have no comma after line 3, and change the meaning to
“Fain of thee   |   the fair-haired one / For her daughter is.”
Grimhild: in the northern form of the story Kriemhild, Gunther’s sister
and Siegfried’s wife, becomes Grimhild, mother of Gunnar and Guthrun,
the latter taking Kriemhild’s place. The Volsungasaga tells how
Grimhild gave Sigurth a magic draught which made him utterly forget
Brynhild. Edzardi thinks two stanzas have been lost after stanza 33,
their remains appearing in stanza 37.

35. In the Volsungasaga Grimhild merely advises Gunnar to seek Brynhild
for his wife, and to have Sigurth ride with him. Goths: the historical
Gunnar (Gundicarius, cf. Introductory Note) was not a Goth, but a
Burgundian, but the word “Goth” was applied in the North without much
discrimination to the southern Germanic peoples.

37. In the Nibelungenlied Siegfried merely makes himself invisible in
order to lend Gunther his strength for the feats which must be
performed in order to win the redoubtable bride. In the northern
version Sigurth and Gunnar change forms, “as Grimhild had taught them
how to do.” The Volsungasaga tells how Sigurth and Gunnar came to
Heimir, who told them that to win Brynhild one must ride through the
ring of fire which surrounded her hall (cf. the hall of Mengloth in
Svipdagsmol). Gunnar tries it, but his horse balks; then he mounts
Grani, but Grani will not stir for him. So they change forms, and
Sigurth rides Grani through the flames. Oaths: the blood-brotherhood
sworn by Sigurth, Gunnar, and Hogni makes it impossible for the
brothers to kill him themselves, but they finally get around the
difficulty by inducing their half-brother, Gotthorm (cf. Hyndluljoth,
27 and note) to do it.

39. The last half of line 4 is obscure, and the reading is conjectural.

41. Something is clearly wrong with stanzas 41–43. In the manuscript
the order is 41, 43, 42, which brings two of Gripir’s answers together,
followed by two of Sigurth’s questions. Some editors have arranged the
stanzas as in this translation, while others have interchanged 41 and
43. In any case, Sigurth in stanza 42 asks about the “three nights”
which Gripir has never mentioned. I suspect that lines 3–4 of stanza
41, which are practically identical with lines 3–4 of stanza 23, got in
here by mistake, replacing two lines which may have run thus: “With thy
sword between,   |   three nights thou sleepest / With her thou winnest
|   for Gunnar’s wife.” The subsequent poems tell how Sigurth laid his
sword Gram between himself and Brynhild.

43. The simultaneous weddings of Sigurth and Gunnar form a memorable
feature of the German tradition as it appears in the Nibelungenlied,
but in the Volsungasaga Sigurth marries Guthrun before he sets off with
Gunnar to win Brynhild.

45. According to the Volsungasaga, Sigurth remembers his oaths to
Brynhild almost immediately after his return to Gunnar’s house.
Brynhild, on the other hand, knows nothing until the famous quarrel
between herself and Guthrun at the bath (another reminiscence of the
German story), when she taunts Guthrun with Sigurth’s inferiority to
Gunnar, and Guthrun retorts with the statement that it was Sigurth, and
not Gunnar, who rode through the flames.

47. Brynhild tells Gunnar that Sigurth really possessed her during the
three nights when he slept by her in Gunnar’s form, thus violating his
oath. Here again there is a confusion of two traditions. If Sigurth did
not meet Brynhild until after his oath to Gunnar (cf. note on stanza
13), Brynhild’s charge is entirely false, as she herself admits in
Helreith Brynhildar. On the other hand, according to the version in
which Sigurth finds Brynhild before he meets Gjuki’s sons, their union
was not only completed, but she had by him a daughter, Aslaug, whom she
leaves in Heimir’s charge before going to become Gunnar’s wife. This is
the Volsungasaga version, and thus the statement Brynhild makes to
Gunnar, as a result of which Sigurth is slain, is quite true.

50. Gotthorm: Gunnar’s half-brother, and slayer of Sigurth.

52. The manuscript has stanzas 52 and 53 in inverse order.








REGINSMOL

THE BALLAD OF REGIN


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Reginsmol immediately follows the Gripisspo in the Codex Regius,
and in addition stanzas 1, 2, 6, and 18 are quoted in the Volsungasaga,
and stanzas 13–26 in the Nornageststhattr. In no instance is the title
of the poem stated, and in Regius there stands before the introductory
prose, very faintly written, what appears to be “Of Sigurth.” As a
result, various titles have been affixed to it, the two most often used
being “the Ballad of Regin” and “the First Lay of Sigurth Fafnisbane.”

As a matter of fact, it is by no means clear that the compiler of the
Eddic collection regarded this or either of the two following poems,
the Fafnismol and the Sigrdrifumol, as separate and distinct poems at
all. There are no specific titles given, and the prose notes link the
three poems in a fairly consecutive whole. Furthermore, the prose
passage introducing the Reginsmol connects directly with Fra Dautha
Sinfjotla, and only the insertion of the Gripisspo at this point, which
may well have been done by some stupid copyist, breaks the continuity
of the story.

For convenience I have here followed the usual plan of dividing this
material into distinct parts, or poems, but I greatly doubt if this
division is logically sound. The compiler seems, rather, to have
undertaken to set down the story of Sigurth in consecutive form, making
use of all the verse with which he was familiar, and which, by any
stretch of the imagination, could be made to fit, filling up the gaps
with prose narrative notes based on the living oral tradition.

This view is supported by the fact that not one of the three poems in
question, and least of all the Reginsmol, can possibly be regarded as a
unit. For one thing, each of them includes both types of stanza
commonly used in the Eddic poems, and this, notwithstanding the efforts
of Grundtvig and Müllenhoff to prove the contrary, is almost if not
quite conclusive proof that each poem consists of material taken from
more than one source. Furthermore, there is nowhere continuity within
the verse itself for more than a very few stanzas. An analysis of the
Reginsmol shows that stanzas 1–4, 6–10, and 12, all in Ljothahattr
stanza form, seem to belong together as fragments of a poem dealing
with Loki’s (not Andvari’s) curse on the gold taken by the gods from
Andvari and paid to Hreithmar, together with Hreithmar’s death at the
hands of his son, Fafnir, as the first result of this curse. Stanza 5,
in Fornyrthislag, is a curse on the gold, here ascribed to Andvari, but
the only proper name in the stanza, Gust, is quite unidentifiable, and
the stanza may originally have had to do with a totally different
story. Stanza 11, likewise in Fornyrthislag, is merely a father’s
demand that his daughter rear a family to avenge his death; there is
nothing in it to link it necessarily with the dying Hreithmar. Stanzas
13–18, all in Fornyrthislag, give Regin’s welcome to Sigurth (stanzas
13–14), Sigurth’s announcement that he will avenge his father’s death
on the sons of Hunding before he seeks any treasure (stanza 15), and a
dialogue between a certain Hnikar, who is really Othin, and Regin, as
the latter and Sigurth are on the point of being shipwrecked. This
section (stanzas 13–18) bears a striking resemblance to the Helgi lays,
and may well have come originally from that cycle. Next follows a
passage in Ljothahattr form (stanzas 19–22 and 24–25) in which
Hnikar-Othin gives some general advice as to lucky omens and good
conduct in battle; the entire passage might equally well stand in the
Hovamol, and I suspect that it originally came from just such a
collection of wise saws. Inserted in this passage is stanza 23, in
Fornyrthislag, likewise on the conduct of battle, with a bit of
tactical advice included. The “poem” ends with a single stanza, in
Fornyrthislag, simply stating that the bloody fight is over and that
Sigurth fought well—a statement equally applicable to any part of the
hero’s career.

Finnur Jonsson has divided the Reginsmol into two poems, or rather into
two sets of fragments, but this, as the foregoing analysis has
indicated, does not appear to go nearly far enough. It accords much
better with the facts to assume that the compiler of the collection
represented by the Codex Regius, having set out to tell the story of
Sigurth, took his verse fragments pretty much wherever he happened to
find them. In this connection, it should be remembered that in the
fluid state of oral tradition poems, fragments, and stanzas passed
readily and frequently from one story to another. Tradition, never
critical, doubtless connected with the Sigurth story much verse that
never originated there.

If the entire passage beginning with the prose Fra Dautha Sinfjotla,
and, except for the Gripisspo, including the Reginsmol, Fafnismol, and
Sigrdrifumol, be regarded as a highly uncritical piece of compilation,
rendered consecutive by the compiler’s prose narrative, its
difficulties are largely smoothed away; any other way of looking at it
results in utterly inconclusive attempts to reconstruct poems some of
which quite possibly never existed.

The twenty-six stanzas and accompanying prose notes included under the
heading of Reginsmol belong almost wholly to the northern part of the
Sigurth legend; the mythological features have no counterpart in the
southern stories, and only here and there is there any betrayal of the
tradition’s Frankish home. The story of Andvari, Loki, and Hreithmar is
purely Norse, as is the concluding section containing Othin’s counsels.
If we assume that the passage dealing with the victory over Hunding’s
sons belongs to the Helgi cycle (cf. introductory notes to Helgakvitha
Hjorvarthssonar and Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I), there is very little
left to reflect the Sigurth tradition proper.

Regarding the general development of the story of Sigurth in the North,
see the introductory note to the Gripisspo.





Sigurth went to Hjalprek’s stud and chose for himself a horse, who
thereafter was called Grani. At that time Regin, the son of Hreithmar,
was come to Hjalprek’s home; he was more ingenious than all other men,
and a dwarf in stature; he was wise, fierce and skilled in magic. Regin
undertook Sigurth’s bringing up and teaching, and loved him much. He
told Sigurth of his forefathers, and also of this: that once Othin and
Hönir and Loki had come to Andvari’s waterfall, and in the fall were
many fish. Andvari was a dwarf, who had dwelt long in the waterfall in
the shape of a pike, and there he got his food. “Otr was the name of a
brother of ours,” said Regin, “who often went into the fall in the
shape of an otter; he had caught a salmon, and sat on the high bank
eating it with his eyes shut. Loki threw a stone at him and killed him;
the gods thought they had had great good luck, and stripped the skin
off the otter. That same evening they sought a night’s lodging at
Hreithmar’s house, and showed their booty. Then we seized them, and
told them, as ransom for their lives, to fill the otter skin with gold,
and completely cover it outside as well with red gold. Then they sent
Loki to get the gold; he went to Ron and got her net, and went then to
Andvari’s fall and cast the net in front of the pike, and the pike
leaped into the net.” Then Loki said:


1.  “What is the fish   |   that runs in the flood,
      And itself from ill cannot save?
    If thy head thou wouldst   |   from hell redeem,
      Find me the water’s flame.”


Andvari spake:


2.  “Andvari am I,   |   and Oin my father,
      In many a fall have I fared;
    An evil Norn   |   in olden days
      Doomed me in waters to dwell.”


Loki spake:


3.  “Andvari, say,   |   if thou seekest still
      To live in the land of men,
    What payment is set   |   for the sons of men
      Who war with lying words?”


Andvari spake:


4.  “A mighty payment   |   the men must make
      Who in Vathgelmir’s waters wade;
    On a long road lead   |   the lying words
      That one to another utters.”


Loki saw all the gold that Andvari had. But when he had brought forth
all the gold, he held back one ring, and Loki took this from him. The
dwarf went into his rocky hole and said:


5.  “Now shall the gold   |   that Gust once had
    Bring their death   |   to brothers twain,
    And evil be   |   for heroes eight;
    Joy of my wealth   |   shall no man win.”


The gods gave Hreithmar the gold, and filled up the otter-skin, and
stood it on its feet. Then the gods had to heap up gold and hide it.
And when that was done, Hreithmar came forward and saw a single
whisker, and bade them cover it. Then Othin brought out the ring
Andvaranaut and covered the hair. Then Loki said:


6.  “The gold is given,   |   and great the price
      Thou hast my head to save;
    But fortune thy sons   |   shall find not there,
      The bane of ye both it is.”


Hreithmar spake:


7.  “Gifts ye gave,   |   but ye gave not kindly,
      Gave not with hearts that were whole;
    Your lives ere this   |   should ye all have lost,
      If sooner this fate I had seen.”


Loki spake:


8.  “Worse is this   |   that methinks I see,
      For a maid shall kinsmen clash;
    Heroes unborn   |   thereby shall be,
      I deem, to hatred doomed.”


Hreithmar spake:


9.  “The gold so red   |   shall I rule, methinks,
      So long as I shall live;
    Nought of fear   |   for thy threats I feel,
      So get ye hence to your homes.”


Fafnir and Regin asked Hreithmar for a share of the wealth that was
paid for the slaying of their brother, Otr. This he refused, and Fafnir
thrust his sword through the body of his father, Hreithmar, while he
was sleeping. Hreithmar called to his daughters:


10. “Lyngheith and Lofnheith,   |   fled is my life,
      And mighty now is my need!”


Lyngheith spake:


    “Though a sister loses   |   her father, seldom
      Revenge on her brother she brings.”


Hreithmar spake:


11. “A daughter, woman   |   with wolf’s heart, bear,
    If thou hast no son   |   with the hero brave;
    If one weds the maid,   |   for the need is mighty,
    Their son for thy hurt   |   may vengeance seek.”


Then Hreithmar died, and Fafnir took all the gold. Thereupon Regin
asked to have his inheritance from his father, but Fafnir refused this.
Then Regin asked counsel of Lyngheith, his sister, how he should win
his inheritance. She said:


12. “In friendly wise   |   the wealth shalt thou ask
      Of thy brother, and better will;
    Not seemly is it   |   to seek with the sword
      Fafnir’s treasure to take.”


All these happenings did Regin tell to Sigurth.

One day, when he came to Regin’s house, he was gladly welcomed. Regin
said:


13. “Hither the son   |   of Sigmund is come,
    The hero eager,   |   here to our hall;
    His courage is more   |   than an ancient man’s,
    And battle I hope   |   from the hardy wolf.

14. “Here shall I foster   |   the fearless prince,
    Now Yngvi’s heir   |   to us is come;
    The noblest hero   |   beneath the sun,
    The threads of his fate   |   all lands enfold.”


Sigurth was there continually with Regin, who said to Sigurth that
Fafnir lay at Gnitaheith, and was in the shape of a dragon. He had a
fear-helm, of which all living creatures were terrified. Regin made
Sigurth the sword which was called Gram; it was so sharp that when he
thrust it down into the Rhine, and let a strand of wool drift against
it with the stream, it cleft the strand asunder as if it were water.
With this sword Sigurth cleft asunder Regin’s anvil. After that Regin
egged Sigurth on to slay Fafnir, but he said:


15. “Loud will the sons   |   of Hunding laugh,
    Who low did Eylimi   |   lay in death,
    If the hero sooner   |   seeks the red
    Rings to find   |   than his father’s vengeance.”


King Hjalprek gave Sigurth a fleet for the avenging of his father. They
ran into a great storm, and were off a certain headland. A man stood on
the mountain, and said:


16. “Who yonder rides   |   on Rævil’s steeds,
    O’er towering waves   |   and waters wild?
    The sail-horses all   |   with sweat are dripping,
    Nor can the sea-steeds   |   the gale withstand.”


Regin answered:


17. “On the sea-trees here   |   are Sigurth and I,
    The storm wind drives us   |   on to our death;
    The waves crash down   |   on the forward deck,
    And the roller-steeds sink;   |   who seeks our names?”


The Man spake:


18. “Hnikar I was   |   when Volsung once
    Gladdened the ravens   |   and battle gave;
    Call me the Man   |   from the Mountain now,
    Feng or Fjolnir;   |   with you will I fare.”


They sailed to the land, and the man went on board the ship, and the
storm subsided. Sigurth spake:


19. “Hnikar, say,   |   for thou seest the fate
      That to gods and men is given;
    What sign is fairest   |   for him who fights,
      And best for the swinging of swords?”


Hnikar spake:


20. “Many the signs,   |   if men but knew,
      That are good for the swinging of swords;
    It is well, methinks,   |   if the warrior meets
      A raven black on his road.

21. “Another it is   |   if out thou art come,
      And art ready forth to fare,
    To behold on the path   |   before thy house
      Two fighters greedy of fame.

22. “Third it is well   |   if a howling wolf
      Thou hearest under the ash;
    And fortune comes   |   if thy foe thou seest
      Ere thee the hero beholds.

23. “A man shall fight not   |   when he must face
    The moon’s bright sister   |   setting late;
    Win he shall   |   who well can see,
    And wedge-like forms   |   his men for the fray.

24. “Foul is the sign   |   if thy foot shall stumble
      As thou goest forth to fight;
    Goddesses baneful   |   at both thy sides
      Will that wounds thou shalt get.

25. “Combed and washed   |   shall the wise man go,
      And a meal at morn shall take;
    For unknown it is   |   where at eve he may be;
      It is ill thy luck to lose.”


Sigurth had a great battle with Lyngvi, the son of Hunding, and his
brothers; there Lyngvi fell, and his two brothers with him. After the
battle Regin said:


26. “Now the bloody eagle   |   with biting sword
    Is carved on the back   |   of Sigmund’s killer;
    Few were more fierce   |   in fight than his son,
    Who reddened the earth   |   and gladdened the ravens.”


Sigurth went home to Hjalprek’s house; thereupon Regin egged him on to
fight with Fafnir.








NOTES


Prose. Hjalprek: father of Alf, Sigurth’s step-father; cf. Fra Dautha
Sinfjotla, and note. Grani: cf. Gripisspo, 5 and note. Regin
(“Counsel-Giver”): undoubtedly he goes back to the smith of the German
story; in the Thithrekssaga version he is called Mimir, while Regin is
there the name of the dragon (here Regin’s brother, Fafnir). The
Voluspo (stanza 12) names a Regin among the dwarfs, and the name may
have assisted in making Regin a dwarf here. Hreithmar: nothing is known
of him outside of this story. Othin, Hönir and Loki: these same three
gods appear in company in Voluspo, 17–18. Andvari’s fall: according to
Snorri, who tells this entire story in the Skaldskaparmal, Andvari’s
fall was in the world of the dark elves, while the one where Loki
killed the otter was not; here, however, the two are considered
identical. With his eyes shut: according to Snorri, Otr ate with his
eyes shut because he was so greedy that he could not bear to see the
food before him diminishing. Ron: wife of the sea-god Ægir, who draws
down drowning men with her net; cf. Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar, 18 and
note. Snorri says that Loki caught the pike with his hands.

1. Snorri quotes this stanza. Water’s flame: gold, so called because
Ægir, the sea-god, was wont to light his hall with gold.

2. Snorri quotes this stanza. The name of the speaker is not given in
the manuscripts. Oin: nothing further is known of Andvari’s father.
Norn: cf. Voluspo, 20.

3. Stanzas 3–4 may well be fragments of some other poem. Certainly
Loki’s question does not fit the situation, and the passage looks like
an extract from some such poem as Vafthruthnismol. In Regius the phrase
“Loki spake” stands in the middle of line 1.

4. The manuscript does not name the speaker. Vathgelmir (“Raging to
Wade”): a river not elsewhere mentioned, but cf. Voluspo, 39.

Prose. Snorri says Andvari’s ring had the power to create new gold. In
this it resembled Baldr’s ring, Draupnir; cf. Skirnismol, 21 and note.

5. This stanza apparently comes from a different source from stanzas
1–4 (or 1–2 if 3–4 are interpolated) and 6–10; cf. Introductory Note.
In the Volsungasaga Andvari lays his curse particularly on the ring.
Gust: possibly a name for Andvari himself, or for an earlier possessor
of the treasure. Brothers twain: Fafnir and Regin. Heroes eight: the
word “eight” may easily have been substituted for something like “all”
to make the stanza fit the case; the “eight” in question are presumably
Sigurth, Gotthorm, Gunnar, Hogni, Atli, Erp, Sorli and Hamther, all of
whom are slain in the course of the story. But the stanza may
originally not have referred to Andvari’s treasure at all.

Prose. Andvaranaut: “Andvari’s Gem.”

6. Snorri quotes this stanza, introducing it, as here, with “Then Loki
said” in the prose. Regius omits this phrase, but inserts “said Loki”
in line 1.

8. The word translated “maid” in line 2 is obscure, and “gold” may be
meant. Apparently, however, the reference is to the fight between
Sigurth and the sons of Gjuki over Brynhild. The manuscript does not
name the speaker, and many editions assign this stanza to Hreithmar.

9. The manuscript includes “said Hreithmar” (abbreviated) in the middle
of line 1, and some editors have followed this.

10. Hreithmar’s daughters do not appear elsewhere. It has been
suggested that originally stanza 10 was followed by one in which
Lofnheith lamented her inability to avenge her father, as she was
married and had no son.

11. Apparently an interpolation (cf. Introductory Note). Vigfusson
tries to reconstruct lines 2 and 4 to fit the Ljothahattr rhythm, but
without much success. Hreithmar urges his daughter, as she has no sons,
to bear a daughter who, in turn, will have a son to avenge his
great-grandfather. Grundtvig worked out an ingenious theory to fit this
stanza, making Sigurth’s grandfather, Eylimi, the husband of
Lyngheith’s daughter, but there is absolutely no evidence to support
this. The stanza may have nothing to do with Hreithmar.

13. This and the following stanza may be out of place here, really
belonging, together with their introductory prose sentence, in the
opening prose passage, following the first sentence describing Regin.
Certainly they seem to relate to Regin’s first meeting with Sigurth.
Stanzas 13–26, interspersed with prose, are quoted in the
Nornageststhattr. Stanzas 13–18 may be the remnants of a lost poem
belonging to the Helgi cycle (cf. Introductory Note). Hardy wolf:
warrior, i.e., Sigurth.

14. Yngvi’s heir: Yngvi was one of the sons of the Danish king Halfdan
the Old, and traditionally an ancestor of Helgi (cf. Helgakvitha
Hundingsbana I, 57 and note). Calling Sigurth a descendant of Yngvi is,
of course, absurd, and the use of this phrase is one of the many
reasons for believing that stanzas 13–18 belonged originally to the
Helgi cycle. The threads, etc.: another link with Helgi; cf.
Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 3–4. As Helgi was likewise regarded as a
son of Sigmund, stanzas 13–14 would fit him just as well as Sigurth.

Prose. Gnitaheith: cf. Gripisspo, 11 and note. Fear-helm: the word
“ægis-hjalmr,” which occurs both here and in Fafnismol, suggests an
extraordinarily interesting, and still disputed, question of etymology.
Gram: according to the Volsungasaga Regin forged this sword from the
fragments of the sword given by Othin to Sigmund (cf. Fra Dautha
Sinfjotla and note).

15. Regarding the sons of Hunding and Eylimi, father of Sigurth’s
mother, all of whom belong to the Helgi tradition, cf. Fra Dautha
Sinfjotla and note.

Prose. The fleet, and the subsequent storm, are also reminiscent of the
Helgi cycle; cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 29–31, and II, prose after
stanza 16. A man: Othin.

16. Rævil’s steeds (Rævil was a sea-king, possibly the grandson of
Ragnar Lothbrok mentioned in the Hervararsaga), sail-horses and
sea-steeds all mean “ships.”

17. Sea-trees and roller-steeds (the latter because ships were pulled
up on shore by means of rollers) both mean “ships.”

18. The Volsungasaga quotes this stanza. Hnikar and Fjolnir: Othin
gives himself both these names in Grimnismol, 47; Feng (“The Seizer”)
does not appear elsewhere. According to the Volsungasaga, no one knew
Othin’s name when he came to Volsung’s house and left the sword there
for Sigmund.

19. This and the following stanzas are strongly suggestive of the
Hovamol, and probably came originally from some such collection.

23. This stanza is clearly an interpolation, drawn in by the
common-sense advice, as distinct from omens, given in the last lines of
stanza 22. Moon’s sister: the sun; cf. Vafthruthnismol, 23 and note.
Wedge-like: the wedge formation (prescribed anew in 1920 for the United
States Army under certain circumstances) was said to have been invented
by Othin himself, and taught by him only to the most favored warriors.

24. Goddesses: Norse mythology included an almost limitless number of
minor deities, the female ones, both kind and unkind, being generally
classed among the lesser Norns.

25. This stanza almost certainly had nothing originally to do with the
others in this passage; it may have been taken from a longer version of
the Hovamol itself.

Prose. Lyngvi: the son of Hunding who killed Sigmund in jealousy of his
marriage with Hjordis; cf. Fra Dautha Sinfjotla and note. The
Volsungasaga names one brother who was with Lyngvi in the battle,
Hjorvarth, and Sigurth kills him as readily as if he had not already
been killed long before by Helgi. But, as has been seen, it was nothing
for a man to be killed in two or three different ways.

26. Bloody eagle, etc.: the Nornageststhattr describes the manner in
which the captured Lyngvi was put to death. “Regin advised that they
should carve the bloody eagle on his back. So Regin took his sword and
cleft Lyngvi’s back so that he severed his back from his ribs, and then
drew out his lungs. So died Lyngvi with great courage.”

Prose. In Regius there is no break of any kind between this prose
passage and the prose introduction to the Fafnismol (cf. Introductory
Note).








FAFNISMOL

THE BALLAD OF FAFNIR


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The so-called Fafnismol, contained in full in the Codex Regius, where
it immediately follows the Reginsmol without any indication of a break,
is quoted by Snorri in the Gylfaginning (stanza 13) and the
Skaldskaparmal (stanzas 32 and 33), and stanzas 6, 3, and 4 appear in
the Sverrissaga. Although the Volsungasaga does not actually quote any
of the stanzas, it gives a very close prose parallel to the whole poem
in chapters 18 and 19.

The general character of the Fafnismol, and its probable relation to
the Reginsmol and the Sigrdrifumol, have been discussed in the
introductory note to the Reginsmol. While it is far more nearly a unit
than the Reginsmol, it shows many of the same characteristics. It has
the same mixture of stanza forms, although in this case only nine
stanzas (32–33, 35–36 and 40–44) vary from the normal Ljothahattr
measure. It shows, though to a much less marked extent, the same
tendency to introduce passages from extraneous sources, such as the
question-and-answer passage in stanzas 11–15. At the same time, in this
instance it is quite clear that one distinct poem, including probably
stanzas 1–10, 16–23, 25–31, and 34–39, underlay the compilation which
we here have. This may, perhaps, have been a long poem (not, however,
the “Long” Sigurth Lay; see introductory note to Brot af
Sigurtharkvithu) dealing with the Regin-Fafnir-Sigurth-Brynhild story,
and including, besides most of the Fafnismol, stanzas 1–4 and 6–11 of
the Reginsmol and part of the so-called Sigrdrifumol, together with
much that has been lost. The original poem may, on the other hand, have
confined itself to the Fafnir episode.

In any case, and while the extant Fafnismol can be spoken of as a
distinct poem far more justly than the Reginsmol, there is still no
indication that the compiler regarded it as a poem by itself. His prose
notes run on without a break, and the verses simply cover a dramatic
episode in Sigurth’s early life. The fact that the work of compilation
has been done more intelligently than in the case of the Reginsmol
seems to have resulted chiefly from the compiler’s having been familiar
with longer consecutive verse passages dealing with the Fafnir episode.
The Reginsmol is little more than a clumsy mosaic, but in the Fafnismol
it is possible to distinguish between the main substance of the poem
and the interpolations.

Here, as in the Reginsmol, there is very little that bespeaks the
German origin of the Sigurth story. Sigurth’s winning of the treasure
is in itself undoubtedly a part of the earlier southern legend, but the
manner in which he does it is thoroughly Norse. Moreover, the
concluding section, which points toward the finding of the sleeping
Brynhild, relates entirely to the northern Valkyrie, the warrior-maiden
punished by Othin, and not at all to the southern Brynhild the daughter
of Buthli. The Fafnismol is, however, sharply distinguished from the
Reginsmol by showing no clear traces of the Helgi tradition, although a
part of the bird song (stanzas 40–44, in Fornyrthislag form, as
distinct from the body of the poem) sounds suspiciously like the bird
passage in the beginning of the Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar. Regarding
the general relations of the various sets of traditions in shaping the
story of Sigurth, see the introductory note to Gripisspo.

The Fafnismol, together with a part of the Sigrdrifumol, has indirectly
become the best known of all the Eddic poems, for the reason that
Wagner used it, with remarkably little change of outline, as the basis
for his “Siegfried.”





Sigurth and Regin went up to the Gnitaheith, and found there the track
that Fafnir made when he crawled to water. Then Sigurth made a great
trench across the path, and took his place therein. When Fafnir crawled
from his gold, he blew out venom, and it ran down from above on
Sigurth’s head. But when Fafnir crawled over the trench, then Sigurth
thrust his sword into his body to the heart. Fafnir writhed and struck
out with his head and tail. Sigurth leaped from the trench, and each
looked at the other. Fafnir said:


1.  “Youth, oh, youth!   |   of whom then, youth, art thou born?
      Say whose son thou art,
    Who in Fafnir’s blood   |   thy bright blade reddened,
      And struck thy sword to my heart.”


Sigurth concealed his name because it was believed in olden times that
the word of a dying man might have great power if he cursed his foe by
his name. He said:


2.  “The Noble Hart   |   my name, and I go
      A motherless man abroad;
    Father I had not,   |   as others have,
      And lonely ever I live.”


Fafnir spake:


3.  “If father thou hadst not,   |   as others have,
      By what wonder wast thou born?
    (Though thy name on the day   |   of my death thou hidest,
      Thou knowest now thou dost lie.)”


Sigurth spake:


4.  “My race, methinks,   |   is unknown to thee,
      And so am I myself;
    Sigurth my name,   |   and Sigmund’s son,
      Who smote thee thus with the sword.”


Fafnir spake:


5.  “Who drove thee on?   |   why wert thou driven
      My life to make me lose?
    A father brave   |   had the bright-eyed youth,
      For bold in boyhood thou art.”


Sigurth spake:


6.  “My heart did drive me,   |   my hand fulfilled,
      And my shining sword so sharp;
    Few are keen   |   when old age comes,
      Who timid in boyhood be.”


Fafnir spake:


7.  “If thou mightest grow   |   thy friends among,
      One might see thee fiercely fight;
    But bound thou art,   |   and in battle taken,
      And to fear are prisoners prone.”


Sigurth spake:


8.  “Thou blamest me, Fafnir,   |   that I see from afar
      The wealth that my father’s was;
    Not bound am I,   |   though in battle taken,
      Thou hast found that free I live.”


Fafnir spake:


9.  “In all I say   |   dost thou hatred see,
      Yet truth alone do I tell;
    The sounding gold,   |   the glow-red wealth,
      And the rings thy bane shall be.”


Sigurth spake:


10. “Some one the hoard   |   shall ever hold,
      Till the destined day shall come;
    For a time there is   |   when every man
      Shall journey hence to hell.”


Fafnir spake:


11. “The fate of the Norns   |   before the headland
      Thou findest, and doom of a fool;
    In the water shalt drown   |   if thou row ’gainst the wind,
      All danger is near to death.”


Sigurth spake:


12. “Tell me then, Fafnir,   |   for wise thou art famed,
      And much thou knowest now:
    Who are the Norns   |   who are helpful in need,
      And the babe from the mother bring?”


Fafnir spake:


13. “Of many births   |   the Norns must be,
      Nor one in race they were;
    Some to gods, others   |   to elves are kin,
      And Dvalin’s daughters some.”


Sigurth spake:


14. “Tell me then, Fafnir,   |   for wise thou art famed,
      And much thou knowest now:
    How call they the isle   |   where all the gods
      And Surt shall sword-sweat mingle?”


Fafnir spake:


15. “Oskopnir is it,   |   where all the gods
      Shall seek the play of swords;
    Bilrost breaks   |   when they cross the bridge,
      And the steeds shall swim in the flood.

16. “The fear-helm I wore   |   to afright mankind,
      While guarding my gold I lay;
    Mightier seemed I   |   than any man,
      For a fiercer never I found.”


Sigurth spake:


17. “The fear-helm surely   |   no man shields
      When he faces a valiant foe;
    Oft one finds,   |   when the foe he meets,
      That he is not the bravest of all.”


Fafnir spake:


18. “Venom I breathed   |   when bright I lay
      By the hoard my father had;
    (There was none so mighty   |   as dared to meet me,
      And weapons nor wiles I feared.)”


Sigurth spake:


19. “Glittering worm,   |   thy hissing was great,
      And hard didst show thy heart;
    But hatred more   |   have the sons of men
      For him who owns the helm.”


Fafnir spake:


20. “I counsel thee, Sigurth,   |   heed my speech,
      And ride thou homeward hence;
    The sounding gold,   |   the glow-red wealth,
      And the rings thy bane shall be.”


Sigurth spake:


21. “Thy counsel is given,   |   but go I shall
      To the gold in the heather hidden;
    And, Fafnir, thou   |   with death dost fight,
      Lying where Hel shall have thee.”


Fafnir spake:


22. “Regin betrayed me,   |   and thee will betray,
      Us both to death will he bring;
    His life, methinks,   |   must Fafnir lose,
      For the mightier man wast thou.”


Regin had gone to a distance while Sigurth fought Fafnir, and came back
while Sigurth was wiping the blood from his sword. Regin said:


23. “Hail to thee, Sigurth!   |   Thou victory hast,
      And Fafnir in fight hast slain;
    Of all the men   |   who tread the earth,
      Most fearless art thou, methinks.”


Sigurth spake:


24. “Unknown it is,   |   when all are together,
      (The sons of the glorious gods,)
      Who bravest born shall seem;
    Some are valiant   |   who redden no sword
      In the blood of a foeman’s breast.”


Regin spake:


25. “Glad art thou, Sigurth,   |   of battle gained,
      As Gram with grass thou cleansest;
    My brother fierce   |   in fight hast slain,
      And somewhat I did myself.”


Sigurth spake:


26. “Afar didst thou go   |   while Fafnir reddened
      With his blood my blade so keen;
    With the might of the dragon   |   my strength I matched,
      While thou in the heather didst hide.”


Regin spake:


27. “Longer wouldst thou   |   in the heather have let
      Yon hoary giant hide,
    Had the weapon availed not   |   that once I forged,
      The keen-edged blade thou didst bear.”


Sigurth spake:


28. “Better is heart   |   than a mighty blade
      For him who shall fiercely fight;
    The brave man well   |   shall fight and win,
      Though dull his blade may be.

29. “Brave men better   |   than cowards be,
      When the clash of battle comes;
    And better the glad   |   than the gloomy man
      Shall face what before him lies.

30. “Thy rede it was   |   that I should ride
      Hither o’er mountains high;
    The glittering worm   |   would have wealth and life
      If thou hadst not mocked at my might.”


Then Regin went up to Fafnir and cut out his heart with his sword, that
was named Rithil, and then he drank blood from the wounds. Regin said:


31. “Sit now, Sigurth,   |   for sleep will I,
      Hold Fafnir’s heart to the fire;
    For all his heart   |   shall eaten be,
      Since deep of blood I have drunk.”


Sigurth took Fafnir’s heart and cooked it on a spit. When he thought
that it was fully cooked, and the blood foamed out of the heart, then
he tried it with his finger to see whether it was fully cooked. He
burned his finger, and put it in his mouth. But when Fafnir’s
heart’s-blood came on his tongue, he understood the speech of birds. He
heard nut-hatches chattering in the thickets. A nut-hatch said:


32. “There sits Sigurth,   |   sprinkled with blood,
    And Fafnir’s heart   |   with fire he cooks;
    Wise were the breaker   |   of rings, I ween,
    To eat the life-muscles   |   all so bright.”


A second spake:


33. “There Regin lies,   |   and plans he lays
    The youth to betray   |   who trusts him well;
    Lying words   |   with wiles will he speak,
    Till his brother the maker   |   of mischief avenges.”


A third spake:


34. “Less by a head   |   let the chatterer hoary
      Go from here to hell;
    Then all of the wealth   |   he alone can wield,
      The gold that Fafnir guarded.”


A fourth spake:


35. “Wise would he seem   |   if so he would heed
    The counsel good   |   we sisters give;
    Thought he would give,   |   and the ravens gladden,
    There is ever a wolf   |   where his ears I spy.”


A fifth spake:


36. “Less wise must be   |   the tree of battle
    Than to me would seem   |   the leader of men,
    If forth he lets   |   one brother fare,
    When he of the other   |   the slayer is.”


A sixth spake:


37. “Most foolish he seems   |   if he shall spare
      His foe, the bane of the folk;
    There Regin lies,   |   who hath wronged him so,
      Yet falsehood knows he not.”


A seventh spake:


38. “Let the head from the frost-cold   |   giant be hewed,
      And let him of rings be robbed;
    Then all the wealth   |   which Fafnir’s was
      Shall belong to thee alone.”


Sigurth spake:


39. “Not so rich a fate   |   shall Regin have
      As the tale of my death to tell;
    For soon the brothers   |   both shall die,
      And hence to hell shall go.”


Sigurth hewed off Regin’s head, and then he ate Fafnir’s heart, and
drank the blood of both Regin and Fafnir. Then Sigurth heard what the
nut-hatch said:


40. “Bind, Sigurth, the golden   |   rings together,
    Not kingly is it   |   aught to fear;
    I know a maid,   |   there is none so fair,
    Rich in gold,   |   if thou mightest get her.

41. “Green the paths   |   that to Gjuki lead,
    And his fate the way   |   to the wanderer shows;
    The doughty king   |   a daughter has,
    That thou as a bride   |   mayst, Sigurth, buy.”


Another spake:


42. “A hall stands high   |   on Hindarfjoll,
    All with flame   |   is it ringed without;
    Warriors wise   |   did make it once
    Out of the flaming   |   light of the flood.

43. “On the mountain sleeps   |   a battle-maid,
    And about her plays   |   the bane of the wood;
    Ygg with the thorn   |   hath smitten her thus,
    For she felled the fighter   |   he fain would save.

44. “There mayst thou behold   |   the maiden helmed,
    Who forth on Vingskornir   |   rode from the fight;
    The victory-bringer   |   her sleep shall break not,
    Thou heroes’ son,   |   so the Norns have set.”


Sigurth rode along Fafnir’s trail to his lair, and found it open. The
gate-posts were of iron, and the gates; of iron, too, were all the
beams in the house, which was dug down into the earth. There Sigurth
found a mighty store of gold, and he filled two chests full thereof; he
took the fear-helm and a golden mail-coat and the sword Hrotti, and
many other precious things, and loaded Grani with them, but the horse
would not go forward until Sigurth mounted on his back.








NOTES


Prose. The prose follows the concluding prose passage of the Reginsmol
without any interruption; the heading “Of Fafnir’s Death” is written in
the manuscript very faintly just before stanza 1. Gnitaheith: cf.
Gripisspo, 11 and note. Fafnir: Regin’s brother: cf. Reginsmol, prose
after stanza 14. Venom: in the Volsungasaga it was the blood, and not
the venom, that poured down on Sigurth’s head. Sigurth was much worried
about this danger, and before he dug the trench asked Regin what would
happen if the dragon’s blood overcame him. Regin thereupon taunted him
with cowardice (Sigurth refers to this taunt in stanza 30, but the
stanza embodying it has disappeared). After Sigurth had dug his trench,
an old man (Othin, of course) appeared and advised him to dig other
trenches to carry off the blood, which he did, thereby escaping harm.

1. The first line in the original, as here, is unusually long, but
dramatically very effective on that account.

3. The names of the speakers do not appear in the manuscript, though
they seem originally to have been indicated in the margin for stanzas
3–30. The last two lines of stanza 3 are missing in the manuscript,
with no gap indicated, but the Volsungasaga prose paraphrase indicates
that something was omitted, and the lines here given are conjecturally
reconstructed from this paraphrase.

4. The manuscript marks line 3 as the beginning of a stanza.

5. Line 4, utterly obscure in the manuscript, is guesswork.

7. Fafnir here refers to the fact that Hjordis, mother of the still
unborn Sigurth, was captured by Alf after Sigmund’s death; cf. Fra
Dautha Sinfjotla, note.

11. Stanzas 11–15 are probably interpolated, and come from a poem
similar to Vafthruthnismol. The headland: Fafnir is apparently quoting
proverbs; this one seems to mean that disaster (“the fate of the
Norns”) awaits when one rounds the first headland (i.e., at the
beginning of life’s voyage, in youth). The third line is a commentary
on obstinate rashness. The Volsungasaga paraphrases stanzas 11–15
throughout.

12. Norns: cf. stanza 13 and note. Sigurth has no possible interest in
knowing what Norns are helpful in childbirth, but interpolations were
seldom logical.

13. Snorri quotes this stanza. There were minor Norns, or fates, in
addition to the three great Norns, regarding whom cf. Voluspo, 20.
Dvalin: chief of the dwarfs; cf. Voluspo, 14.

14. Surt: ruler of the fire world; the reference is to the last great
battle. Sword-sweat: blood.

15. Oskopnir (“Not-Made”): apparently another name for Vigrith, which
is named in Vafthruthnismol, 18, as the final battle-ground. Bilrost
(or Bifrost): the rainbow bridge which breaks beneath Surt’s followers;
cf. Grimnismol, 29 and note.

16. With this stanza Fafnir returns to the situation. Fear-helm:
regarding the “ægis-hjalmr” cf. Reginsmol, prose after stanza 14 and
note.

18. Lines 3–4 do not appear in the manuscript, and no gap is indicated;
they are here conjecturally paraphrased from the prose passage in the
Volsungasaga.

20. It has been suggested that this stanza is spurious, and that stanza
21 ought to follow stanza 22. Lines 3–4, abbreviated in the manuscript,
are identical with lines 3–4 of stanza 9. The Volsungasaga paraphrase
in place of these two lines makes Fafnir say: “For it often happens
that he who gets a deadly wound yet avenges himself.” It is quite
likely that two stanzas have been lost.

22. The Volsungasaga places its paraphrase of this stanza between those
of stanzas 15 and 16.

24. Line 2 is probably spurious, but it is a phrase typical of such
poems as Grimnismol or Vafthruthnismol.

25. Gram: Sigurth’s sword; cf. Reginsmol, prose after 14.

26. In the manuscript stanzas 26–29 stand after stanza 31, which fails
to make clear sense; they are here rearranged in accordance with the
Volsungasaga paraphrase.

28–29. Almost certainly interpolated from some such poem as the
Hovamol. Even the faithful Volsungasaga fails to paraphrase stanza 29.

30. Something has evidently been lost before this stanza. Sigurth
clearly refers to Regin’s reproach when he was digging the trench (cf.
note on introductory prose), but the poem does not give such a passage.

Prose. Rithil (“Swift-Moving”): Snorri calls the sword Refil
(“Serpent”).

32. That the birds’ stanzas come from more than one source is fairly
apparent, but whether from two or from three or more is uncertain. It
is also far from clear how many birds are speaking. The manuscript
numbers II, III, and IV in the margin with numerals; the Volsungasaga
makes a different bird speak each time. There are almost as many
guesses as there are editions. I suspect that in the original poem
there was one bird, speaking stanzas 34 and 37. Stanza 38 is little
more than a repetition of stanza 34, and may well have been a later
addition. As for the stanzas in Fornyrthislag (32–33 and 35–36), they
apparently come from another poem, in which several birds speak (cf.
“we sisters” in stanza 35). This may be the same poem from which
stanzas 40–44 were taken, as well as some of the Fornyrthislag stanzas
in the Sigrdrifumol.

34. Some editions turn this speech from the third person into the
second, but the manuscript is clear enough.

35. Wolf, etc.: the phrase is nearly equivalent to “there must be fire
where there is smoke.” The proverb appears elsewhere in Old Norse.

36. Tree of battle: warrior.

37. Here, as in stanza 34, some editions turn the speech from the third
person into the second.

38. Giant: Regin was certainly not a frost-giant, and the whole stanza
looks like some copyist’s blundering reproduction of stanza 34.

40. Neither the manuscript nor any of the editions suggest the
existence of more than one bird in stanzas 40–44. It seems to me,
however, that there are not only two birds, but two distinct stories.
Stanzas 40–41 apply solely to Guthrun, and suggest that Sigurth will go
straight to Gunnar’s hall. Stanzas 42–44, on the other hand, apply
solely to Brynhild, and indicate that Sigurth will find her before he
visits the Gjukungs. The confusion which existed between these two
versions of the story, and which involved a fundamental difference in
the final working out of Brynhild’s revenge, is commented on in the
note on Gripisspo, 13. In the present passage it is possible that two
birds are speaking, each reflecting one version of the story; it seems
even more likely that one speech or the other (40–41 or 42–44) reflects
the original form of the narrative, the other having been added, either
later or from another poem. In the Volsungasaga the whole passage is
condensed into a few words by one bird: “Wiser were it if he should
then ride up on Hindarfjoll, where Brynhild sleeps, and there would he
get much wisdom.” The Guthrun-bird does not appear at all.

41. Gjuki: father of Gunnar and Guthrun: cf. Gripisspo, 13 and note.

42. Hindarfjoll: “Mountain of the Hind.” Light of the flood: gold; cf.
Reginsmol, 1 and note.

43. Battle-maid: Brynhild, here clearly defined as a Valkyrie. Bane of
the wood: fire. Ygg: Othin; cf. Grimnismol, 53. The thorn: a prose note
in Sigrdrifumol calls it “sleep-thorn.” The fighter: the story of the
reason for Brynhild’s punishment is told in the prose following stanza
4 of Sigrdrifumol.

44. Vingskornir: Brynhild’s horse, not elsewhere mentioned.
Victory-bringer: the word thus translated is in the original
“sigrdrifa.” The compiler of the collection, not being familiar with
this word, assumed that it was a proper name, and in the prose
following stanza 4 of the Sigrdrifumol he specifically states that this
was the Valkyrie’s name. Editors, until recently, have followed him in
this error, failing to recognize that “sigrdrifa” was simply an epithet
for Brynhild. It is from this blunder that the so-called Sigrdrifumol
takes its name. Brynhild’s dual personality as a Valkyrie and as the
daughter of Buthli has made plenty of trouble, but the addition of a
second Valkyrie in the person of the supposed “Sigrdrifa” has made
still more.

Prose. There is no break in the manuscript between the end of this
prose passage and the beginning of the one introducing the
Sigrdrifumol: some editors include the entire prose passage with one
poem or the other. Hrotti; “Thruster.”








SIGRDRIFUMOL

THE BALLAD OF THE VICTORY-BRINGER


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The so-called Sigrdrifumol, which immediately follows the Fafnismol in
the Codex Regius without any indication of a break, and without
separate title, is unquestionably the most chaotic of all the poems in
the Eddic collection. The end of it has been entirely lost, for the
fifth folio of eight sheets is missing from Regius, the gap coming
after the first line of stanza 29 of this poem. That stanza has been
completed, and eight more have been added, from much later paper
manuscripts, but even so the conclusion of the poem is in obscurity.

Properly speaking, however, the strange conglomeration of stanzas which
the compiler of the collection has left for us, and which, in much the
same general form, seems to have lain before the authors of the
Volsungasaga, in which eighteen of its stanzas are quoted, is not a
poem at all. Even its customary title is an absurd error. The mistake
made by the annotator in thinking that the epithet “sigrdrifa,” rightly
applied to Brynhild as a “bringer of victory,” was a proper name has
already been explained and commented on (note on Fafnismol, 44). Even
if the collection of stanzas were in any real sense a poem, which it
emphatically is not, it is certainly not the “Ballad of Sigrdrifa”
which it is commonly called. “Ballad of Brynhild” would be a
sufficiently suitable title, and I have here brought the established
name “Sigrdrifumol” into accord with this by translating the epithet
instead of treating it as a proper name.

Even apart from the title, however, the Sigrdrifumol has little claim
to be regarded as a distinct poem, nor is there any indication that the
compiler did so regard it. Handicapped as we are by the loss of the
concluding section, and of the material which followed it on those
missing pages, we can yet see that the process which began with the
prose Fra Dautha Sinfjotla, and which, interrupted by the insertion of
the Gripisspo, went on through the Reginsmol and the Fafnismol,
continued through as much of the Sigrdrifumol as is left to us. In
other words, the compiler told the story of Sigurth in mixed prose and
verse, using whatever verse he could find without much questioning as
to its origin, and filling in the gaps with his own prose. Fra Dautha
Sinfjotla, Reginsmol, Fafnismol, and Sigrdrifumol are essentially a
coherent unit, but one of the compiler’s making only; they represent
neither one poem nor three distinct poems, and the divisions and titles
which have been almost universally adopted by editors are both
arbitrary and misleading.

The Sigrdrifumol section as we now have it is an extraordinary piece of
patchwork. It is most unlikely that the compiler himself brought all
these fragments together for the first time; little by little, through
a process of accretion and also, unluckily, through one of elimination,
the material grew into its present shape. Certainly the basis of it is
a poem dealing with the finding of Brynhild by Sigurth, but of this
original poem only five stanzas (2–4 and 20–21) can be identified with
any degree of confidence. To these five stanzas should probably,
however, be added some, if not all, of the passage (stanzas 6–12) in
which Brynhild teaches Sigurth the magic runes. These stanzas of
rune-lore attracted sundry similar passages from other sources,
including stanza 5, in which a magic draught is administered (not
necessarily by Brynhild or to Sigurth), the curious rune-chant in
stanzas 15–17, and stanzas 13–14 and 18–19. Beginning with stanza 22,
and running to the end of the fragment (stanza 37), is a set of
numbered counsels closely resembling the Loddfafnismol (Hovamol,
stanzas 111–138), which manifestly has nothing whatever to do with
Brynhild. Even in this passage there are probably interpolations
(stanzas 25, 27, 30, 34, and 36). Finally, and bespeaking the existence
at some earlier time of another Sigurth-Brynhild poem, is stanza 1,
sharply distinguished by its metrical form from stanzas 2–4 and 20–21.
Many critics argue that stanzas 6–10 of Helreith Brynildar belonged
originally to the same poem as stanza 1 of the Sigrdrifumol.

The Sigrdrifumol, then, must be regarded simply as a collection of
fragments, most of them originally having no relation to the main
subject. All of the story, the dialogue and the characterization are
embodied in stanzas 1–4 and 20–21 and in the prose notes accompanying
the first four stanzas; all of the rest might equally well (or better)
be transferred to the Hovamol, where its character entitles it to a
place. Yet stanzas 2–4 are as fine as anything in Old Norse poetry, and
it is out of the scanty material of these three stanzas that Wagner
constructed much of the third act of “Siegfried.”

The Sigrdrifumol represents almost exclusively the contributions of the
North to the Sigurth tradition (cf. introductory note to the
Gripisspo). Brynhild, here disguised by the annotator as “Sigrdrifa,”
appears simply as a battle-maid and supernatural dispenser of wisdom;
there is no trace of the daughter of Buthli and the rival of Guthrun.
There is, however, so little of the “poem” which can definitely be
assigned to the Sigurth cycle that it is impossible to trace back any
of the underlying narrative substance.

The nature and condition of the material have made editorial
conjectures and emendations very numerous, and as most of the guesses
are neither conclusive nor particularly important, only a few of them
are mentioned in the notes.





Sigurth rode up on Hindarfjoll and turned southward toward the land of
the Franks. On the mountain he saw a great light, as if fire were
burning, and the glow reached up to heaven. And when he came thither,
there stood a tower of shields, and above it was a banner. Sigurth went
into the shield-tower, and saw that a man lay there sleeping with all
his war-weapons. First he took the helm from his head, and then he saw
that it was a woman. The mail-coat was as fast as if it had grown to
the flesh. Then he cut the mail-coat from the head-opening downward,
and out to both the arm-holes. Then he took the mail-coat from her, and
she awoke, and sat up and saw Sigurth, and said:


1.  “What bit through the byrnie?   |   how was broken my sleep?
    Who made me free   |   of the fetters pale?”


He answered:


    “Sigmund’s son,   |   with Sigurth’s sword,
    That late with flesh   |   hath fed the ravens.”


Sigurth sat beside her and asked her name. She took a horn full of mead
and gave him a memory-draught.


2.  “Hail, day!   |   Hail, sons of day!
      And night and her daughter now!
    Look on us here   |   with loving eyes,
      That waiting we victory win.

3.  “Hail to the gods!   |   Ye goddesses, hail,
      And all the generous earth!
    Give to us wisdom   |   and goodly speech,
      And healing hands, life-long.

4.  “Long did I sleep,   |   my slumber was long,
      And long are the griefs of life;
    Othin decreed   |   that I could not break
      The heavy spells of sleep.”


Her name was Sigrdrifa, and she was a Valkyrie. She said that two kings
fought in battle; one was called Hjalmgunnar, an old man but a mighty
warrior, and Othin had promised him the victory, and


    The other was Agnar,   |   brother of Autha,
    None he found   |   who fain would shield him.


Sigrdrifa slew Hjalmgunnar in the battle, and Othin pricked her with
the sleep-thorn in punishment for this, and said that she should never
thereafter win victory in battle, but that she should be wedded. “And I
said to him that I had made a vow in my turn, that I would never marry
a man who knew the meaning of fear.” Sigurth answered and asked her to
teach him wisdom, if she knew of what took place in all the worlds.
Sigrdrifa said:


5.  “Beer I bring thee,   |   tree of battle,
    Mingled of strength   |   and mighty fame;
    Charms it holds   |   and healing signs,
    Spells full good,   |   and gladness-runes.”

            *    *    *    *    *    *

6.  Winning-runes learn,   |   if thou longest to win,
      And the runes on thy sword-hilt write;
    Some on the furrow,   |   and some on the flat,
      And twice shalt thou call on Tyr.

7.  Ale-runes learn,   |   that with lies the wife
      Of another betray not thy trust;
    On the horn thou shalt write,   |   and the backs of thy hands,
      And Need shalt mark on thy nails.
    Thou shalt bless the draught,   |   and danger escape,
      And cast a leek in the cup;
    (For so I know   |   thou never shalt see
      Thy mead with evil mixed.)

8.  Birth-runes learn,   |   if help thou wilt lend,
      The babe from the mother to bring;
    On thy palms shalt write them,   |   and round thy joints,
      And ask the fates to aid.

9.  Wave-runes learn,   |   if well thou wouldst shelter
      The sail-steeds out on the sea;
    On the stem shalt thou write,   |   and the steering-blade,
      And burn them into the oars;
    Though high be the breakers,   |   and black the waves,
      Thou shalt safe the harbor seek.

10. Branch-runes learn,   |   if a healer wouldst be,
      And cure for wounds wouldst work;
    On the bark shalt thou write,   |   and on trees that be
      With boughs to the eastward bent.

11. Speech-runes learn,   |   that none may seek
      To answer harm with hate;
    Well he winds   |   and weaves them all,
      And sets them side by side,
    At the judgment-place,   |   when justice there
      The folk shall fairly win.

12. Thought-runes learn,   |   if all shall think
      Thou art keenest minded of men.

            *    *    *    *    *    *

13. Them Hropt arranged,   |   and them he wrote,
      And them in thought he made,
    Out of the draught   |   that down had dropped
      From the head of Heithdraupnir,
      And the horn of Hoddrofnir.

14. On the mountain he stood   |   with Brimir’s sword,
      On his head the helm he bore;
    Then first the head   |   of Mim spoke forth,
      And words of truth it told.

            *    *    *    *    *    *

15. He bade write on the shield   |   before the shining goddess,
    On Arvak’s ear,   |   and on Alsvith’s hoof,
    On the wheel of the car   |   of Hrungnir’s killer,
    On Sleipnir’s teeth,   |   and the straps of the sledge.

16. On the paws of the bear,   |   and on Bragi’s tongue,
    On the wolf’s claws bared,   |   and the eagle’s beak,
    On bloody wings,   |   and bridge’s end,
    On freeing hands   |   and helping foot-prints.

17. On glass and on gold,   |   and on goodly charms,
    In wine and in beer,   |   and on well-loved seats,
    On Gungnir’s point,   |   and on Grani’s breast,
    On the nails of Norns,   |   and the night-owl’s beak.

            *    *    *    *    *    *

18. Shaved off were the runes   |   that of old were written,
      And mixed with the holy mead,
      And sent on ways so wide;
    So the gods had them,   |   so the elves got them,
      And some for the Wanes so wise,
      And some for mortal men.

19. Beech-runes are there,   |   birth-runes are there,
      And all the runes of ale,
      And the magic runes of might;
    Who knows them rightly   |   and reads them true,
      Has them himself to help;
      Ever they aid,
      Till the gods are gone.


            *    *    *    *    *    *

Brynhild spake:


20. “Now shalt thou choose,   |   for the choice is given,
      Thou tree of the biting blade;
    Speech or silence,   |   ’tis thine to say,
      Our evil is destined all.”


Sigurth spake:


21. “I shall not flee,   |   though my fate be near,
      I was born not a coward to be;
    Thy loving word   |   for mine will I win,
      As long as I shall live.”

            *    *    *    *    *    *

22. Then first I rede thee,   |   that free of guilt
      Toward kinsmen ever thou art;
    No vengeance have,   |   though they work thee harm,
      Reward after death thou shalt win.

23. Then second I rede thee,   |   to swear no oath
      If true thou knowest it not;
    Bitter the fate   |   of the breaker of troth,
      And poor is the wolf of his word.

24. Then third I rede thee,   |   that thou at the Thing
      Shalt fight not in words with fools;
    For the man unwise   |   a worser word
      Than he thinks doth utter oft.

25. Ill it is   |   if silent thou art,
      A coward born men call thee,
      And truth mayhap they tell;
      Seldom safe is fame,
      Unless wide renown be won;
    On the day thereafter   |   send him to death,
      Let him pay the price of his lies.

26. Then fourth I rede thee,   |   if thou shalt find
      A wily witch on thy road,
    It is better to go   |   than her guest to be,
      Though night enfold thee fast.

27. Eyes that see   |   need the sons of men
      Who fight in battle fierce;
    Oft witches evil   |   sit by the way,
      Who blade and courage blunt.

28. Then fifth I rede thee,   |   though maidens fair
      Thou seest on benches sitting,
    Let the silver of kinship   |   not rob thee of sleep,
      And the kissing of women beware.

29. Then sixth I rede thee,   |   if men shall wrangle,
      And ale-talk rise to wrath,
    No words with a drunken   |   warrior have,
      For wine steals many men’s wits.

30. Brawls and ale   |   full oft have been
      An ill to many a man,
    Death for some,   |   and sorrow for some;
      Full many the woes of men.

31. Then seventh I rede thee,   |   if battle thou seekest
      With a foe that is full of might;
    It is better to fight   |   than to burn alive
      In the hall of the hero rich.

32. Then eighth I rede thee,   |   that evil thou shun,
      And beware of lying words;
    Take not a maid,   |   nor the wife of a man,
      Nor lure them on to lust.

33. Then ninth I rede thee:   |   burial render
      If thou findest a fallen corpse,
    Of sickness dead,   |   or dead in the sea,
      Or dead of weapons’ wounds.

34. A bath shalt thou give them   |   who corpses be,
      And hands and head shalt wash;
    Wipe them and comb,   |   ere they go in the coffin,
      And pray that they sleep in peace.

35. Then tenth I rede thee,   |   that never thou trust
      The word of the race of wolves,
      (If his brother thou broughtest to death,
      Or his father thou didst fell;)
    Often a wolf   |   in a son there is,
      Though gold he gladly takes.

36. Battle and hate   |   and harm, methinks,
      Full seldom fall asleep;
    Wits and weapons   |   the warrior needs
      If boldest of men he would be.

37. Then eleventh I rede thee,   |   that wrath thou shun,
      And treachery false with thy friends;
    Not long the leader’s   |   life shall be,
      For great are the foes he faces.








NOTES


Prose. The introductory prose follows without break the prose
concluding the Fafnismol, the point of division being arbitrary and not
agreed upon by all editors. Hindarfjoll: cf. Fafnismol, 42 and note.
Franks: this does not necessarily mean that Sigurth was on his way to
the Gjukungs’ home, for Sigmund had a kingdom in the land of the Franks
(cf. Fra Dautha Sinfjotla). Shields: the annotator probably drew the
notion of the shield-tower from the reference in Helreith Brynhildar,
9. The flame-girt tower was not uncommon; cf. Mengloth’s hall in
Svipdagsmol.

1. This stanza, and the two lines included in the prose after stanza 4,
and possibly stanza 5 as well, evidently come from a different poem
from stanzas 2–4. Lines 3–4 in the original are obscure, though the
general meaning is clear.

Prose (after stanza 1). In the manuscript stanza 4 stands before this
prose note and stanzas 2–3. The best arrangement of the stanzas seems
to be the one here given, following Müllenhoff’s suggestion, but the
prose note is out of place anywhere. The first sentence of it ought to
follow stanza 4 and immediately precede the next prose note; the second
sentence ought to precede stanza 5.

2. Sons of day: the spirits of light. The daughter of night (Not),
according to Snorri, was Jorth (Earth).

Prose (after stanza 4). Sigrdrifa: on the error whereby this epithet,
“victory-bringer,” became a proper name cf. Fafnismol, 44 and note.
Hjalmgunnar: in Helreith Brynhildar (stanza 8) he is called a king of
the Goths, which means little; of him and his adversary, Agnar, we know
nothing beyond what is told here. The two lines quoted apparently come
from the same poem as stanza 1; the two first lines of the stanza have
been reconstructed from the prose thus: “Hjalmgunnar was one,   |   the
hoary king, / And triumph to him   |   had Heerfather promised.” A few
editions insert in this prose passage stanzas 7–10 of Helreith
Brynhildar, which may or may not have belonged originally to this poem.

5. This stanza is perhaps, but by no means surely, from the same poem
as stanza 1. Tree of battle: warrior. Runes: the earliest runes were
not letters, but simply signs supposed to possess magic power; out of
them developed the “runic alphabet.”

6. Stanzas 6–12 give a list of runes which probably had no original
connection with the Brynhild-Sigurth story. Tyr: the sword-god (cf.
Hymiskvitha, 4 and note); “tyr” is also the name of a rune which became
“T.”

7. Regius gives only lines 1–6; lines 7–8 are added from Volsungasaga.
Lies, etc.: a guest on his arrival received a draught of ale from the
hands of his host’s wife, and it was to prevent this draught from
bewitching him that the runes were recommended. Need: the word “nauth,”
meaning “need,” is also the name of the rune which became “N.” Leek:
leeks were long supposed to have the power of counteracting poison or
witchcraft.

9. Sail-steeds: ships.

10. Branch-runes: runes cut in the bark of trees. Such runes were
believed to transfer sickness from the invalid to the tree. Some
editors, however, have changed “limrunar” (“branch-runes”) to
“lifrunar” (“life-runes”).

11. Lines 3–6 look like an accidental addition, replacing two lines now
lost. They mean, apparently, that the man who interweaves his speech
with “speech-runes” when he pleads his case at the “Thing,” or popular
tribunal, will not unduly enrage his adversary in the argument of the
case.

12. Here the list of runes breaks off, though the manuscript indicates
no gap, and three short passages of a different type, though all
dealing with runes, follow.

13. Stanzas 13–14 appear to have come from a passage regarding Othin’s
getting of the runes similar to Hovamol, 139–146. Editors have tried
various combinations of the lines in stanzas 12–14. Hropt: Othin; cf.
Voluspo, 62. The draught, etc.: apparently the reference is to the head
of Mim, from which Othin derived his wisdom in magic (cf. Voluspo, 47
and note); Heithdraupnir (“Light-Dropper”) and Hoddrofnir
(“Treasure-Opener”) seem to be names for Mim.

14. This stanza is clearly in bad shape; perhaps, as the manuscript
indicates, a new stanza, of which most has been lost, should begin with
line 3. Brimir: a giant (cf. Voluspo, 9 and 37); why Othin should have
his sword is unknown.

15. Stanzas 15–17 constitute a wholly distinct rune-chant. Line 1 is
unusually long in the original, as here. Shield: the shield Svalin
(“Cooling”) that stands in front of the sun; cf. Grimnismol, 38. Arvak
(“Early Walter”) and Alsvith (“All-Swift”): the horses that draw the
sun’s car; cf. Grimnismol, 37. Hrungnir: the slayer of the giant
Hrungnir was Thor (cf. Harbarthsljoth, 14 and note), but the line is in
bad shape; the name may not be Hrungnir, and “killer” is a conjectural
addition. Sleipnir: Othin’s eight-legged horse; cf. Grimnismol, 44 and
note. Sledge: perhaps the one mentioned in Grimnismol, 49.

16. Bragi: the god of poetry; cf. Grimnismol, 44 and note.

17. Charms: the wearing of amulets was very common. Gungnir: Othin’s
spear, made by the dwarfs, which he occasionally lent to heroes to whom
he granted victory. Grani: Sigurth’s horse; the Volsungasaga has
“giantesses’.”

18. Stanzas 18–19, which editors have freely rearranged, apparently
come from another source than any of the rest. Shaved off: the runes
were shaved off by Othin from the wood on which they were carved, and
the shavings bearing them were put into the magic mead. Wanes: cf.
Voluspo, 21, note.

19. Lines 3, 6, and 7 look like spurious additions, but the whole
stanza is chaotic. Beech-runes: runes carved on beech-trees.

20. Stanzas 20–21 are all that remains of the dialogue between Brynhild
and Sigurth from the poem to which stanzas 2–4 belong; cf. Introductory
Note. In the intervening lost stanzas Brynhild has evidently warned
Sigurth of the perils that will follow if he swears loyalty to her;
hence the choice to which she here refers. Tree, etc.: warrior. The
manuscript does not indicate the speaker of either this or the
following stanza; the Volsungasaga names Sigurth before stanza 21.

21. It is quite possible that the original poem concluded with two
stanzas after this, paraphrased thus in the Volsungasaga: “Sigurth
said: ‘Nowhere is to be found any one wiser than thou, and this I
swear, that I shall have thee for mine, and that thou art after my
heart’s desire.’ She answered: ‘I would rather have thee though I might
choose among all men.’ And this they bound between them with oaths.”
Stanzas 22–37, which the Volsungasaga paraphrases, may have been
introduced at a relatively early time, but can hardly have formed part
of the original poem.

22. With this stanza begins the list of numbered counsels, closely
resembling the Loddfafnismol (Hovamol, 111–138), here attributed to
Brynhild. That the section originally had anything to do with Brynhild
is more than improbable.

23. Wolf of his word: oath-destroyer, oath-breaker.

25. This chaotic and obscure jumble of lines has been unsuccessfully
“improved” by various editors. It is clearly an interpolation, meaning,
in substance: “It is dangerous to keep silent too long, as men may
think you a coward; but if any one taunts you falsely because of your
silence, do not argue with him, but the next morning kill him as proof
that he is a liar.”

27. Probably another interpolation.

28. Silver of kinship: the passage is doubtful, but apparently it means
the “marriage-price” for which a bride was “bought.”

29. Line 1 comes at the end of the thirty-second leaf of Regius, and
whatever further was contained in that manuscript has vanished with the
lost eight-leaf folio (cf. Introductory Note). The rest of stanza 29,
and stanzas 30–37, are added from later paper manuscripts, which were
undoubtedly copied from an old parchment, though probably not from the
complete Regius. The Volsungasaga paraphrases these additional stanzas.

30. Probably an interpolation.

31. The meaning is that it is better to go forth to battle than to stay
at home and be burned to death. Many a Norse warrior met his death in
this latter way; the burning of the house in the Njalssaga is the most
famous instance.

34. Probably an interpolation.

35. Lines 3–4 are probably interpolated. Race of wolves: family of a
slain foe.

36. Probably an interpolation.

37. Lines 3–4 may well have come from the old Sigurth-Brynhild poem,
like stanzas 2–4 and 20–21, being inserted here, where they do not fit
particularly well, in place of the two lines with which the eleventh
counsel originally ended. Perhaps they formed part of the stanza of
warning which evidently preceded Brynhild’s speech in stanza 20. In the
Volsungasaga they are paraphrased at the end of Brynhild’s long speech
of advice (stanzas 20–37), and are immediately followed by the prose
passage given in the note on stanza 21. It seems likely, therefore,
that the paper manuscripts have preserved all of the so-called
Sigrdrifumol which was contained in the lost section of Regius, with
the possible exception of these two concluding stanzas, and these may
very well have been given only in the form of a prose note, though it
is practically certain that at one time they existed in verse form.








BROT AF SIGURTHARKVITHU

FRAGMENT OF A SIGURTH LAY


INTRODUCTORY NOTE


The gap of eight leaves in the Codex Regius (cf. introductory note to
the Sigrdrifumol) is followed by a passage of twenty stanzas which is
evidently the end of a longer poem, the greater part of it having been
contained in the lost section of the manuscript. There is here little
question of such a compilation as made up the so-called Reginsmol,
Fafnismol, and Sigrdrifumol; the extant fragment shows every sign of
being part of a poem which, as it stood in the manuscript, was a
complete and definite unit. The end is clearly marked; the following
poem, Guthrunarkvitha I, carries a specific heading in the manuscript,
so that there is no uncertainty as to where the fragment closes.

It seems altogether likely that the twenty stanzas thus remaining are
the end of a poem entitled Sigurtharkvitha (Lay of Sigurth), and, more
specifically, the “Long” Lay of Sigurth. The extant and complete
Sigurth lay, a relatively late work, is referred to by the annotator as
the “Short” Lay of Sigurth, which, of course, presupposes the existence
of a longer poem with the same title. As the “short” lay is one of the
longest poems in the whole collection (seventy stanzas), it follows
that the other one must have been considerably more extensive in order
to have been thus distinguished by its length. It may be guessed, then,
that not less than eighty or a hundred stanzas, and possibly more, of
the “Long” Lay of Sigurth have been lost with the missing pages of
Regius.

The narrative, from the point at which the so-called Sigrdrifumol
breaks off to that at which the Brot takes it up, is given with
considerable detail in the Volsungasaga. In this prose narrative four
stanzas are quoted, and one of them is specifically introduced with the
phrase: “as is told in the Lay of Sigurth.” It is possible, but most
unlikely, that the entire passage paraphrases this poem alone; such an
assumption would give the Lay of Sigurth not less than two hundred and
fifty stanzas (allowing about fifteen stanzas to each of the missing
pages), and moreover there are inconsistencies in the Volsungasaga
narrative suggesting that different and more or less conflicting poems
were used as sources. The chances are that the “Long” Lay of Sigurth
filled approximately the latter half of the lost section of the
manuscript, the first half including poems of which the only trace is
to be found in the Volsungasaga prose paraphrase and in two of the
stanzas therein quoted.

The course of the Volsungasaga’s story from the Sigrdrifumol to the
Brot is, briefly, as follows. After leaving the Valkyrie, Sigurth comes
to the dwelling of Heimir, Brynhild’s brother-in-law, where he meets
Brynhild and they swear oaths of fidelity anew (the Volsungasaga is no
more lucid with regard to the Brynhild-Sigrdrifa confusion than was the
annotator of the poems). Then the scene shifts to the home of the
Gjukungs. Guthrun, Gjuki’s daughter, has a terrifying dream, and visits
Brynhild to have it explained, which the latter does by foretelling
pretty much everything that is going to happen; this episode was
presumably the subject of a separate poem in the lost section of the
manuscript. Guthrun returns home, and Sigurth soon arrives, to be made
enthusiastically welcome. Grimhild, mother of Gunnar and Guthrun, gives
him a magic draught which makes him forget all about Brynhild, and
shortly thereafter he marries Guthrun.

Then follows the episode of the winning of Brynhild for Gunnar (cf.
Gripisspo, 37 and note). This was certainly the subject of a poem,
possibly of the first part of the “Long” Lay of Sigurth, although it
seems more likely that the episode was dealt with in a separate poem.
The Volsungasaga quotes two stanzas describing Sigurth’s triumphant
passing through the flames after Gunnar has failed and the two have
changed forms. They run thus:


    The fire raged,   |   the earth was rocked,
    The flames leaped high   |   to heaven itself;
    Few were the hardy   |   heroes would dare
    To ride or leap   |   the raging flames.

    Sigurth urged Grani   |   then with his sword,
    The fire slackened   |   before the hero,
    The flames sank low   |   for the greedy of fame,
    The armor flashed   |   that Regin had fashioned.


After Sigurth has spent three nights with Brynhild, laying his sword
between them (cf. Gripisspo, 41 and note), he and Gunnar return home,
while Brynhild goes to the dwelling of her brother-in-law, Heimir, and
makes ready for her marriage with Gunnar, directing Heimir to care for
her daughter by Sigurth, Aslaug. The wedding takes place, to be
followed soon after by the quarrel between Guthrun and Brynhild, in
which the former betrays the fact that it was Sigurth, and not Gunnar,
who rode through the flames. Brynhild speaks with contempt of Guthrun
and her whole family, and the following stanza, which presumably
belongs to the same Sigurth lay as the Brot, is quoted at this point:


    Sigurth the dragon   |   slew, and that
    Will men recall   |   while the world remains;
    But little boldness   |   thy brother had
    To ride or leap   |   the raging flames.


Gunnar and Sigurth alike try to appease the angry Brynhild, but in
vain. After Sigurth has talked with her, his leaving her hall is
described in the following stanza, introduced by the specific phrase:
“as is said in the Lay of Sigurth”:


    Forth went Sigurth,   |   and speech he sought not,
    The friend of heroes,   |   his head bowed down;
    Such was his grief   |   that asunder burst
    His mail-coat all   |   of iron wrought.


Brynhild then tells Gunnar that she had given herself wholly to Sigurth
before she had become Gunnar’s wife (the confusion between the two
stories is commented on in the note to Gripisspo, 47), and Gunnar
discusses plans of vengeance with his brother, Hogni. It is at this
point that the action of the Brot begins.

Beginning with this poem, and thence to the end of the cycle, the
German features of the narrative predominate (cf. introductory note to
Gripisspo).





Hogni spake:


1.  “(What evil deed   |   has Sigurth) done,
    That the hero’s life   |   thou fain wouldst have?”


Gunnar spake:


2.  “Sigurth oaths   |   to me hath sworn,
    Oaths hath sworn,   |   and all hath broken;
    He betrayed me there   |   where truest all
    His oaths, methinks,   |   he ought to have kept.”


Hogni spake:


3.  “Thy heart hath Brynhild   |   whetted to hate,
    Evil to work   |   and harm to win;
    She grudges the honor   |   that Guthrun has,
    And that joy of herself   |   thou still dost have.”

4.  They cooked a wolf,   |   they cut up a snake,
    They gave to Gotthorm   |   the greedy one’s flesh,
    Before the men,   |   to murder minded,
    Laid their hands   |   on the hero bold.

5.  Slain was Sigurth   |   south of the Rhine;
    From a limb a raven   |   called full loud:
    “Your blood shall redden   |   Atli’s blade,
    And your oaths shall bind   |   you both in chains.”

6.  Without stood Guthrun,   |   Gjuki’s daughter,
    Hear now the speech   |   that first she spake:
    “Where is Sigurth now,   |   the noble king,
    That my kinsmen riding   |   before him come?”

7.  Only this   |   did Hogni answer:
    “Sigurth we   |   with our swords have slain;
    The gray horse mourns   |   by his master dead.”

8.  Then Brynhild spake,   |   the daughter of Buthli:
    “Well shall ye joy   |   in weapons and lands;
    Sigurth alone   |   of all had been lord,
    If a little longer   |   his life had been.

9.  “Right were it not   |   that so he should rule
    O’er Gjuki’s wealth   |   and the race of the Goths;
    Five are the sons   |   for ruling the folk,
    And greedy of fight,   |   that he hath fathered.”

10. Then Brynhild laughed—   |   and the building echoed—
    Only once,   |   with all her heart;
    “Long shall ye joy   |   in lands and men,
    Now ye have slain   |   the hero noble.”

11. Then Guthrun spake,   |   the daughter of Gjuki:
    “Much thou speakest   |   in evil speech;
    Accursed be Gunnar,   |   Sigurth’s killer,
    Vengeance shall come   |   for his cruel heart.”

12. Early came evening,   |   and ale was drunk,
    And among them long   |   and loud they talked;
    They slumbered all   |   when their beds they sought,
    But Gunnar alone   |   was long awake.

13. His feet were tossing,   |   he talked to himself,
    And the slayer of hosts   |   began to heed
    What the twain from the tree   |   had told him then,
    The raven and eagle,   |   as home they rode.

14. Brynhild awoke,   |   the daughter of Buthli,
    The warrior’s daughter,   |   ere dawn of day:
    “Love me or hate me,   |   the harm is done,
    And my grief cries out,   |   or else I die.”

15. Silent were all   |   who heard her speak,
    And nought of the heart   |   of the queen they knew,
    Who wept such tears   |   the thing to tell
    That laughing once   |   of the men she had won.


Brynhild spake:


16. “Gunnar, I dreamed   |   a dream full grim:
    In the hall were corpses;   |   cold was my bed;
    And, ruler, thou   |   didst joyless ride,
    With fetters bound   |   in the foemen’s throng.

17. “.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Utterly now   |   your Niflung race
    All shall die;   |   your oaths ye have broken.

18. “Thou hast, Gunnar,   |   the deed forgot,
    When blood in your footprints   |   both ye mingled;
    All to him   |   hast repaid with ill
    Who fain had made thee   |   the foremost of kings.

19. “Well did he prove,   |   when proud he rode
    To win me then   |   thy wife to be,
    How true the host-slayer   |   ever had held
    The oaths he had made   |   with the monarch young.

20. “The wound-staff then,   |   all wound with gold,
    The hero let   |   between us lie;
    With fire the edge   |   was forged full keen,
    And with drops of venom   |   the blade was damp.”


Here it is told in this poem about the death of Sigurth, and the story
goes here that they slew him out of doors, but some say that they slew
him in the house, on his bed while he was sleeping. But German men say
that they killed him out of doors in the forest; and so it is told in
the old Guthrun lay, that Sigurth and Gjuki’s sons had ridden to the
council-place, and that he was slain there. But in this they are all
agreed, that they deceived him in his trust of them, and fell upon him
when he was lying down and unprepared.








NOTES


1. The fragment begins with the last words of line 1 (probably line 3
of the stanza). A few editors ascribe this speech to Gunnar and the
next to Brynhild; one reconstruction of lines 1–2 on this probably
false assumption runs: “Why art thou, Brynhild,   |   daughter of
Buthli, / Scheming ill   |   with evil counsel?” Hogni (German Hagene):
brother of Gunnar and Guthrun.

2. A few editors ascribe this speech to Brynhild. Gunnar, if the stanza
is his, has believed Brynhild’s statement regarding Sigurth’s
disloyalty to his blood-brother.

4. The Volsungasaga quotes a somewhat different version of this stanza,
in which the snake is called “wood-fish” and the third line adds “beer
and many things.” Eating snakes and the flesh of beasts of prey was
commonly supposed to induce ferocity. Gotthorm: Grimhild’s son,
half-brother to Gunnar. He it is who, not having sworn brotherhood with
Sigurth, does the killing.

5. In the manuscript this stanza stands between stanzas 11 and 12; most
editions have made the change here indicated. South of the Rhine: the
definite localization of the action shows how clearly all this part of
the story was recognized in the North as of German origin. Atli
(Attila; cf. introductory note to Gripisspo): the Northern version of
the story makes him Brynhild’s brother. His marriage with Guthrun, and
his slaying of her brothers, are told in the Atli poems. Regarding the
manner of Sigurth’s death cf. concluding prose passage and note. Stanza
13 indicates that after stanza 5 a stanza containing the words of an
eagle has been lost.

7. One line of this stanza, but it is not clear which, seems to have
been lost. The gray horse: Grani.

8. Some editions set stanzas 8 and 9 after stanza 11; Sijmons marks
them as spurious. Buthli: cf. Gripisspo, 19, note.

9. Goths: a generic term for any German race; cf. Gripisspo, 35 and
note. Five sons: according to the Volsungasaga Sigurth had only one
son, named Sigmund, who was killed at Brynhild’s behest.
Sigurtharkvitha en skamma and Guthrunarkvitha II likewise mention only
one son. The daughter of Sigurth and Guthrun, Svanhild, marries
Jormunrek (Ermanarich).

12. The manuscript marks line 4 as the beginning of a new stanza, and a
few editions combine it with stanza 13.

13. Slayer of hosts: warrior (Gunnar). Raven and eagle: cf. note on
stanza 5.

16. Mogk regards stanzas 16 and 17 as interpolated, but on not very
satisfactory grounds. On the death of Gunnar cf. Drap Niflunga.

17. No gap is indicated in the manuscript, and some editions attach
these two lines to stanza 16. Niflungs: this name (German Nibelungen),
meaning “sons of the mist,” seems to have belonged originally to the
race of supernatural beings to which the treasure belonged in the
German version. It was subsequently extended to include the Gjukungs
and their Burgundians. This question, of minor importance in the Norse
poems, has evoked an enormous amount of learned discussion in
connection with the Nibelungenlied.

18. Footprints: the actual mingling of blood in one another’s
footprints was a part of the ceremony of swearing blood-brotherhood,
the oath which Gunnar and Sigurth had taken. The fourth line refers to
the fact that Sigurth had won many battles for Gunnar.

20. Regarding the sword episode cf. Gripisspo, 41 and note.
Wound-staff: sword.

Prose. This prose passage has in the manuscript, written in red, the
phrase “Of Sigurth’s Death” as a heading; there is no break between it
and the prose introducing Guthrunarkvitha I, the heading for that poem
coming just before stanza 1. This note is of special interest as an
effort at real criticism. The annotator, troubled by the two versions
of the story of Sigurth’s death, feels it incumbent on him not only to
point the fact out, but to cite the authority of “German men” for the
form which appears in this poem. The alternative version, wherein
Sigurth is slain in bed, appears in Sigurtharkvitha en skamma,
Guthrunarhvot, and Hamthesmol, and also in the Volsungasaga, which
tells how Gotthorm tried twice to kill Sigurth but was terrified by the
brightness of his eyes, and succeeded only after the hero had fallen
asleep. That the annotator was correct in citing German authority for
the slaying of Sigurth in the forest is shown by the Nibelungenlied and
the Thithrekssaga. The “old” Guthrun lay is unquestionably
Guthrunarkvitha II.








GUTHRUNARKVITHA I

THE FIRST LAY OF GUTHRUN


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The First Lay of Guthrun, entitled in the Codex Regius simply
Guthrunarkvitha, immediately follows the remaining fragment of the
“long” Sigurth lay in that manuscript. Unlike the poems dealing with
the earlier part of the Sigurth cycle, the so-called Reginsmol,
Fafnismol, and Sigrdrifumol, it is a clear and distinct unit,
apparently complete and with few and minor interpolations. It is also
one of the finest poems in the entire collection, with an extraordinary
emotional intensity and dramatic force. None of its stanzas are quoted
elsewhere, and it is altogether probable that the compilers of the
Volsungasaga were unfamiliar with it, for they do not mention the
sister and daughter of Gjuki who appear in this poem, or Herborg,
“queen of the Huns” (stanza 6).

The lament of Guthrun (Kriemhild) is almost certainly among the oldest
parts of the story. The lament was one of the earliest forms of poetry
to develop among the Germanic peoples, and I suspect, though the matter
is not susceptible of proof, that the lament of Sigurth’s wife had
assumed lyric form as early as the seventh century, and reached the
North in that shape rather than in prose tradition (cf. Guthrunarkvitha
II, introductory note). We find traces of it in the seventeenth
Aventiure of the Nibelungenlied, and in the poems of the Edda it
dominates every appearance of Guthrun. The two first Guthrun lays (I
and II) are both laments, one for Sigurth’s death and the other
including both that and the lament over the slaying of her brothers;
the lament theme is apparent in the third Guthrun lay and in the
Guthrunarhvot.

In their present forms the second Guthrun lay is undoubtedly older than
the first; in the prose following the Brot the annotator refers to the
“old” Guthrun lay in terms which can apply only to the second one in
the collection. The shorter and “first” lay, therefore, can scarcely
have been composed much before the year 1000, and may be somewhat
later. The poet appears to have known and made use of the older lament;
stanza 17, for example, is a close parallel to stanza 2 of the earlier
poem; but whatever material he used he fitted into a definite poetic
scheme of his own. And while this particular poem is, as critics have
generally agreed, one of the latest of the collection, it probably
represents one of the earliest parts of the entire Sigurth cycle to
take on verse form.

Guthrunarkvitha I, so far as the narrative underlying it is concerned,
shows very little northern addition to the basic German tradition.
Brynhild appears only as Guthrun’s enemy and the cause of Sigurth’s
death; the three women who attempt to comfort Guthrun, though unknown
to the southern stories, seem to have been rather distinct creations of
the poet’s than traditional additions to the legend. Regarding the
relations of the various elements in the Sigurth cycle, cf.
introductory note to Gripisspo.





Guthrun sat by the dead Sigurth; she did not weep as other women, but
her heart was near to bursting with grief. The men and women came to
her to console her, but that was not easy to do. It is told of men that
Guthrun had eaten of Fafnir’s heart, and that she understood the speech
of birds. This is a poem about Guthrun.


1.  Then did Guthrun   |   think to die,
    When she by Sigurth   |   sorrowing sat;
    Tears she had not,   |   nor wrung her hands,
    Nor ever wailed,   |   as other women.

2.  To her the warriors   |   wise there came,
    Longing her heavy   |   woe to lighten;
    Grieving could not   |   Guthrun weep,
    So sad her heart,   |   it seemed, would break.

3.  Then the wives   |   of the warriors came,
    Gold-adorned,   |   and Guthrun sought;
    Each one then   |   of her own grief spoke,
    The bitterest pain   |   she had ever borne.

4.  Then spake Gjaflaug,   |   Gjuki’s sister:
    “Most joyless of all   |   on earth am I;
    Husbands five   |   were from me taken,
    (Two daughters then,   |   and sisters three,)
    Brothers eight,   |   yet I have lived.”

5.  Grieving could not   |   Guthrun weep,
    Such grief she had   |   for her husband dead,
    And so grim her heart   |   by the hero’s body.

6.  Then Herborg spake,   |   the queen of the Huns:
    “I have a greater   |   grief to tell;
    My seven sons   |   in the southern land,
    And my husband, fell   |   in fight all eight.
    (Father and mother   |   and brothers four
    Amid the waves   |   the wind once smote,
    And the seas crashed through   |   the sides of the ship.)

7.  “The bodies all   |   with my own hands then
    I decked for the grave,   |   and the dead I buried;
    A half-year brought me   |   this to bear;
    And no one came   |   to comfort me.

8.  “Then bound I was,   |   and taken in war,
    A sorrow yet   |   in the same half-year;
    They bade me deck   |   and bind the shoes
    Of the wife of the monarch   |   every morn.

9.  “In jealous rage   |   her wrath she spake,
    And beat me oft   |   with heavy blows;
    Never a better   |   lord I knew,
    And never a woman   |   worse I found.”

10. Grieving could not   |   Guthrun weep,
    Such grief she had   |   for her husband dead,
    And so grim her heart   |   by the hero’s body.

11. Then spake Gollrond,   |   Gjuki’s daughter:
    “Thy wisdom finds not,   |   my foster-mother,
    The way to comfort   |   the wife so young.”
    She bade them uncover   |   the warrior’s corpse.

12. The shroud she lifted   |   from Sigurth, laying
    His well-loved head   |   on the knees of his wife:
    “Look on thy loved one,   |   and lay thy lips
    To his as if yet   |   the hero lived.”

13. Once alone   |   did Guthrun look;
    His hair all clotted   |   with blood beheld,
    The blinded eyes   |   that once shone bright,
    The hero’s breast   |   that the blade had pierced.

14. Then Guthrun bent,   |   on her pillow bowed,
    Her hair was loosened,   |   her cheek was hot,
    And the tears like raindrops   |   downward ran.

15. Then Guthrun, daughter   |   of Gjuki, wept,
    And through her tresses   |   flowed the tears;
    And from the court   |   came the cry of geese,
    The birds so fair   |   of the hero’s bride.

16. Then Gollrond spake,   |   the daughter of Gjuki:
    “Never a greater   |   love I knew
    Than yours among   |   all men on earth;
    Nowhere wast happy,   |   at home or abroad,
    Sister mine,   |   with Sigurth away.”


Guthrun spake:


17. “So was my Sigurth   |   o’er Gjuki’s sons
    As the spear-leek grown   |   above the grass,
    Or the jewel bright   |   borne on the band,
    The precious stone   |   that princes wear.

18. “To the leader of men   |   I loftier seemed
    And higher than all   |   of Herjan’s maids;
    As little now   |   as the leaf I am
    On the willow hanging;   |   my hero is dead.

19. “In his seat, in his bed,   |   I see no more
    My heart’s true friend;   |   the fault is theirs,
    The sons of Gjuki,   |   for all my grief,
    That so their sister   |   sorely weeps.

20. “So shall your land   |   its people lose
    As ye have kept   |   your oaths of yore;
    Gunnar, no joy   |   the gold shall give thee,
    (The rings shall soon   |   thy slayers be,)
    Who swarest oaths   |   with Sigurth once.

21. “In the court was greater   |   gladness then
    The day my Sigurth   |   Grani saddled,
    And went forth Brynhild’s   |   hand to win,
    That woman ill,   |   in an evil hour.”

22. Then Brynhild spake,   |   the daughter of Buthli:
    “May the witch now husband   |   and children want
    Who, Guthrun, loosed   |   thy tears at last,
    And with magic today   |   hath made thee speak.”

23. Then Gollrond, daughter   |   of Gjuki, spake:
    “Speak not such words,   |   thou hated woman;
    Bane of the noble   |   thou e’er hast been,
    (Borne thou art   |   on an evil wave,
    Sorrow hast brought   |   to seven kings,)
    And many a woman   |   hast loveless made.”

24. Then Brynhild, daughter   |   of Buthli, spake:
    “Atli is guilty   |   of all the sorrow,
    (Son of Buthli   |   and brother of mine,)
    When we saw in the hall   |   of the Hunnish race
    The flame of the snake’s bed   |   flash round the hero;
    (For the journey since   |   full sore have I paid,
    And ever I seek   |   the sight to forget.)”

25. By the pillars she stood,   |   and gathered her strength,
    From the eyes of Brynhild,   |   Buthli’s daughter,
    Fire there burned,   |   and venom she breathed,
    When the wounds she saw   |   on Sigurth then.


Guthrun went thence away to a forest in the waste, and journeyed all
the way to Denmark, and was there seven half-years with Thora, daughter
of Hokon. Brynhild would not live after Sigurth. She had eight of her
thralls slain and five serving-women. Then she killed herself with a
sword, as is told in the Short Lay of Sigurth.








NOTES


Prose. The prose follows the concluding prose of the Brot without
indication of a break, the heading standing immediately before stanza
1. Fafnir’s heart: this bit of information is here quite without point,
and it is nowhere else stated that Guthrun understood the speech of
birds. In the Volsungasaga it is stated that Sigurth gave Guthrun some
of Fafnir’s heart to eat, “and thereafter she was much grimmer than
before, and wiser.”

1. This stanza seems to be based on Guthrunarkvitha II, 11–12.

4. Gjaflaug: nothing further is known of this aunt of Guthrun, or of
the many relatives whom she has lost. Very likely she is an invention
of the poet’s, for it seems improbable that otherwise all further trace
of her should have been lost. Line 4 has been marked by many editors as
spurious.

5. Some editors assume the loss of a line, after either line 1 or line
3. I prefer to believe that here and in stanza 10 the poet knew exactly
what he was doing, and that both stanzas are correct.

6. Herborg: neither she nor her sorrows are elsewhere mentioned, nor is
it clear what a “queen of the Huns” is doing in Gunnar’s home, but the
word “Hun” has little definiteness of meaning in the poems, and is
frequently applied to Sigurth himself (cf. note on stanza 24). Herborg
appears from stanza 11 to have been the foster-mother of Gollrond,
Guthrun’s sister. Lines 5–7 may be interpolations, or may form a
separate stanza.

7. Lines 1 and 2 stand in reversed order in the manuscript; I have
followed Gering’s conjectural transposition.

9. Herborg implies that the queen’s jealousy was not altogether
misplaced.

10. Cf. stanza 5 and note. The manuscript abbreviates to first letters.

11. Gollrond: not elsewhere mentioned. Line 4 looks like an
interpolation replacing a line previously lost.

12. The manuscript indicates line 3 as the beginning of a stanza, and
some editors have attempted to follow this arrangement.

14. Many editors assume the loss of a line from this stanza.

15. The word here translated “tresses” is sheer guesswork. The detail
of the geese is taken from Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 29, line 3 here
being identical with line 4 of that stanza.

16. Line 1, abbreviated in the manuscript, very likely should be simply
“Gollrond spake.”

17. Cf. Guthrunarkvitha II, 2. The manuscript does not name the
speaker, and some editions have a first line, “Then Guthrun spake,   |
the daughter of Gjuki.”

18. Herjan: Othin; his maids are the Valkyries; cf. Voluspo, 31, where
the same phrase is used.

20. Line 4 looks like an interpolation (cf. Fafnismol, 9, line 4), but
some editors instead have queried line 5. How Guthrun’s curse is
fulfilled is told in the subsequent poems. That desire for Sigurth’s
treasure (the gold cursed by Andvari and Loki) was one of the motives
for his murder is indicated in Sigurtharkvitha en skamma (stanza 16),
and was clearly a part of the German tradition, as it appears in the
Nibelungenlied.

21. Cf. Gripisspo, 35 and note.

22. Line 1 is abbreviated in the manuscript.

23. Editors are agreed that this stanza shows interpolations, but
differ as to the lines to reject. Line 4 (literally “every wave of
ill-doing drives thee”) is substantially a proverb, and line 5, with
its apparently meaningless reference to “seven” kings, may easily have
come from some other source.

24. The stanza is obviously in bad shape; perhaps it represents two
separate stanzas, or perhaps three of the lines are later additions.
Atli: Brynhild here blames her brother, following the frequent custom
of transferring the responsibility for a murder (cf. Helgakvitha
Hundingsbana II, 33), because he compelled her to marry Gunnar against
her will, an idea which the poet seems to have gained from
Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 32–39. These stanzas represent an entirely
different version of the story, wherein Atli, attacked by Gunnar and
Sigurth, buys them off by giving Gunnar his sister, Brynhild, as wife.
He seems to have induced the latter to marry Gunnar by falsely telling
her that Gunnar was Sigurth (a rationalistic explanation of the
interchange of forms described in the Volsungasaga and Gripisspo,
37–39). In the present stanza Atli is made to do this out of desire for
Sigurth’s treasure. Hunnish race: this may be merely an error (neither
Gunnar nor Sigurth could properly have been connected in any way with
Atli and his Huns), based on Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, wherein Sigurth
appears more than once as the “Hunnish king.” The North was very much
in the dark as to the differences between Germans, Burgundians, Franks,
Goths, and Huns, and used the words without much discrimination. On the
other hand, it may refer to Sigurth’s appearance when, adorned with
gold, he came with Gunnar to besiege Atli, in the alternative version
of the story just cited (cf. Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 36). Flame of
the snake’s bed: gold, so called because serpents and dragons were the
traditional guardians of treasure, on which they lay.

Prose. The manuscript has “Gunnar” in place of “Guthrun,” but this is
an obvious mistake; the entire prose passage is based on
Guthrunarkvitha II, 14. The Volsungasaga likewise merely paraphrases
Guthrunarkvitha II, and nothing further is known of Thora or her
father, Hokon, though many inconclusive attempts have been made to
identify the latter. Brynhild: the story of her death is told in great
detail in the latter part of Sigurtharkvitha en skamma.








SIGURTHARKVITHA EN SKAMMA

THE SHORT LAY OF SIGURTH


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

Guthrunarkvitha I is immediately followed in the Codex Regius by a long
poem which in the manuscript bears the heading “Sigurtharkvitha,” but
which is clearly referred to in the prose link between it and
Guthrunarkvitha I as the “short” Lay of Sigurth. The discrepancy
between this reference and the obvious length of the poem has led to
many conjectures, but the explanation seems to be that the “long”
Sigurth lay, of which the Brot is presumably a part, was materially
longer even than this poem. The efforts to reduce the “short” Sigurth
lay to dimensions which would justify the appellation in comparison
with other poems in the collection, either by separating it into two
poems or by the rejection of many stanzas as interpolations, have been
utterly inconclusive.

Although there are probably several interpolated passages, and
indications of omissions are not lacking, the poem as we now have it
seems to be a distinct and coherent unit. From the narrative point of
view it leaves a good deal to be desired, for the reason that the
poet’s object was by no means to tell a story, with which his hearers
were quite familiar, but to use the narrative simply as the background
for vivid and powerful characterization. The lyric element, as Mogk
points out, overshadows the epic throughout, and the fact that there
are frequent confusions of narrative tradition does not trouble the
poet at all.

The material on which the poem was based seems to have existed in both
prose and verse form; the poet was almost certainly familiar with some
of the other poems in the Eddic collection, with poems which have since
been lost, and with the narrative prose traditions which never fully
assumed verse form. The fact that he seems to have known and used the
Oddrunargratr, which can hardly have been composed before 1050, and
that in any case he introduces the figure of Oddrun, a relatively late
addition to the story, dates the poem as late as the end of the
eleventh century, or even the first half of the twelfth. There has been
much discussion as to where it was composed, the debate centering
chiefly on the reference to glaciers (stanza 8). There is something to
be said in favor of Greenland as the original home of the poem (cf.
introductory note to Atlakvitha), but the arguments for Iceland are
even stronger; Norway in this case is practically out of the question.

The narrative features of the poem are based on the German rather than
the Norse elements of the story (cf. introductory note to Gripisspo),
but the poet has taken whatever material he wanted without much
discrimination as to its source. By the year 1100 the story of Sigurth,
with its allied legends, existed throughout the North in many and
varied forms, and the poem shows traces of variants of the main story
which do not appear elsewhere.





1.  Of old did Sigurth   |   Gjuki seek,
    The Volsung young,   |   in battles victor;
    Well he trusted   |   the brothers twain,
    With mighty oaths   |   among them sworn.

2.  A maid they gave him,   |   and jewels many,
    Guthrun the young,   |   the daughter of Gjuki;
    They drank and spake   |   full many a day,
    Sigurth the young   |   and Gjuki’s sons.

3.  Thereafter went they   |   Brynhild to woo,
    And so with them   |   did Sigurth ride,
    The Volsung young,   |   in battle valiant,—
    Himself would have had her   |   if all he had seen.

4.  The southern hero   |   his naked sword,
    Fair-flashing, let   |   between them lie;
    (Nor would he come   |   the maid to kiss;)
    The Hunnish king   |   in his arms ne’er held
    The maiden he gave   |   to Gjuki’s sons.

5.  Ill she had known not   |   in all her life,
    And nought of the sorrows   |   of men she knew;
    Blame she had not,   |   nor dreamed she should bear it,
    But cruel the fates   |   that among them came.

6.  By herself at the end   |   of day she sat,
    And in open words   |   her heart she uttered:
    “I shall Sigurth have,   |   the hero young,
    E’en though within   |   my arms he die.

7.  “The word I have spoken;   |   soon shall I rue it,
    His wife is Guthrun,   |   and Gunnar’s am I;
    Ill Norns set for me   |   long desire.”

8.  Oft did she go   |   with grieving heart
    On the glacier’s ice   |   at even-tide,
    When Guthrun then   |   to her bed was gone,
    And the bedclothes Sigurth   |   about her laid.

9.  “(Now Gjuki’s child   |   to her lover goes,)
    And the Hunnish king   |   with his wife is happy;
    Joyless I am   |   and mateless ever,
    Till cries from my heavy   |   heart burst forth.”

10. In her wrath to battle   |   she roused herself:
    “Gunnar, now   |   thou needs must lose
    Lands of mine   |   and me myself,
    No joy shall I have   |   with the hero ever.

11. “Back shall I fare   |   where first I dwelt,
    Among the kin   |   that come of my race,
    To wait there, sleeping   |   my life away,
    If Sigurth’s death   |   thou shalt not dare,
    (And best of heroes   |   thou shalt not be.)

12. “The son shall fare   |   with his father hence,
    And let not long   |   the wolf-cub live;
    Lighter to pay   |   is the vengeance-price
    After the deed   |   if the son is dead.”

13. Sad was Gunnar,   |   and bowed with grief,
    Deep in thought   |   the whole day through;
    Yet from his heart   |   it was ever hid
    What deed most fitting   |   he should find,
    (Or what thing best   |   for him should be,
    Or if he should seek   |   the Volsung to slay,
    For with mighty longing   |   Sigurth he loved.)

14. Much he pondered   |   for many an hour;
    Never before   |   was the wonder known
    That a queen should thus   |   her kingdom leave;
    In counsel then   |   did he Hogni call,
    (For him in truest   |   trust he held.)

15. “More than all   |   to me is Brynhild,
    Buthli’s child,   |   the best of women;
    My very life   |   would I sooner lose
    Than yield the love   |   of yonder maid.

16. “Wilt thou the hero   |   for wealth betray?
    ’Twere good to have   |   the gold of the Rhine,
    And all the hoard   |   in peace to hold,
    And waiting fortune   |   thus to win.”

17. Few the words   |   of Hogni were:
    “Us it beseems not   |   so to do,
    To cleave with swords   |   the oaths we swore,
    The oaths we swore   |   and all our vows.

18. “We know no mightier   |   men on earth
    The while we four   |   o’er the folk hold sway,
    And while the Hunnish   |   hero lives,
    Nor higher kinship   |   the world doth hold.

19. “If sons we five   |   shall soon beget,
    Great, methinks,   |   our race shall grow;
    Well I see   |   whence lead the ways;
    Too bitter far   |   is Brynhild’s hate.”


Gunnar spake:


20. “Gotthorm to wrath   |   we needs must rouse,
    Our younger brother,   |   in rashness blind;
    He entered not   |   in the oaths we swore,
    The oaths we swore   |   and all our vows.”

21. It was easy to rouse   |   the reckless one.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    The sword in the heart   |   of Sigurth stood.

22. In vengeance the hero   |   rose in the hall,
    And hurled his sword   |   at the slayer bold;
    At Gotthorm flew   |   the glittering steel
    Of Gram full hard   |   from the hand of the king.

23. The foeman cleft   |   asunder fell,
    Forward hands   |   and head did sink,
    And legs and feet   |   did backward fall.

24. Guthrun soft   |   in her bed had slept,
    Safe from care   |   at Sigurth’s side;
    She woke to find   |   her joy had fled,
    In the blood of the friend   |   of Freyr she lay.

25. So hard she smote   |   her hands together
    That the hero rose up,   |   iron-hearted:
    “Weep not, Guthrun,   |   grievous tears,
    Bride so young,   |   for thy brothers live.

26. “Too young, methinks,   |   is my son as yet,
    He cannot flee   |   from the home of his foes;
    Fearful and deadly   |   the plan they found,
    The counsel new   |   that now they have heeded.

27. “No son will ride,   |   though seven thou hast,
    To the Thing as the son   |   of their sister rides;
    Well I see   |   who the ill has worked,
    On Brynhild alone   |   lies the blame for all.

28. “Above all men   |   the maiden loved me,
    Yet false to Gunnar   |   I ne’er was found;
    I kept the oaths   |   and the kinship I swore;
    Of his queen the lover   |   none may call me.”

29. In a swoon she sank   |   when Sigurth died;
    So hard she smote   |   her hands together
    That all the cups   |   in the cupboard rang,
    And loud in the courtyard   |   cried the geese.

30. Then Brynhild, daughter   |   of Buthli, laughed,
    Only once,   |   with all her heart,
    When as she lay   |   full loud she heard
    The grievous wail   |   of Gjuki’s daughter.

31. Then Gunnar, monarch   |   of men, spake forth:
    “Thou dost not laugh,   |   thou lover of hate,
    In gladness there,   |   or for aught of good;
    Why has thy face   |   so white a hue,
    Mother of ill?   |   Foredoomed thou art.

32. “A worthier woman   |   wouldst thou have been
    If before thine eyes   |   we had Atli slain;
    If thy brother’s bleeding   |   body hadst seen
    And the bloody wounds   |   that thou shouldst bind.”


Brynhild spake:


33. “None mock thee, Gunnar!   |   thou hast mightily fought,
    But thy hatred little   |   doth Atli heed;
    Longer than thou,   |   methinks, shall he live,
    And greater in might   |   shall he ever remain.

34. “To thee I say,   |   and thyself thou knowest,
    That all these ills   |   thou didst early shape;
    No bonds I knew,   |   nor sorrow bore,
    And wealth I had   |   in my brother’s home.

35. “Never a husband   |   sought I to have,
    Before the Gjukungs   |   fared to our land;
    Three were the kings   |   on steeds that came,—
    Need of their journey   |   never there was.

36. “To the hero great   |   my troth I gave
    Who gold-decked sat   |   on Grani’s back;
    Not like to thine   |   was the light of his eyes,
    (Nor like in form   |   and face are ye,)
    Though kingly both   |   ye seemed to be.

37. “And so to me   |   did Atli say
    That share in our wealth   |   I should not have,
    Of gold or lands,   |   if my hand I gave not;
    (More evil yet,   |   the wealth I should yield,)
    The gold that he   |   in my childhood gave me,
    (The wealth from him   |   in my youth I had.)

38. “Oft in my mind   |   I pondered much
    If still I should fight,   |   and warriors fell,
    Brave in my byrnie,   |   my brother defying;
    That would wide   |   in the world be known,
    And sorrow for many   |   a man would make.

39. “But the bond at last   |   I let be made,
    For more the hoard   |   I longed to have,
    The rings that the son   |   of Sigmund won;
    No other’s treasure   |   e’er I sought.

40. “One alone   |   of all I loved,
    Nor changing heart   |   I ever had;
    All in the end   |   shall Atli know,
    When he hears I have gone   |   on the death-road hence.”

            *    *    *    *    *    *

41. “Never a wife   |   of fickle will
    Yet to another   |   man should yield.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    So vengeance for all   |   my ills shall come.”

42. Up rose Gunnar,   |   the people’s ruler,
    And flung his arms   |   round her neck so fair;
    And all who came,   |   of every kind,
    Sought to hold her   |   with all their hearts.

43. But back she cast   |   all those who came,
    Nor from the long road   |   let them hold her;
    In counsel then   |   did he Hogni call:
    “Of wisdom now   |   full great is our need.

44. “Let the warriors here   |   in the hall come forth,
    Thine and mine,   |   for the need is mighty,
    If haply the queen   |   from death they may hold,
    Till her fearful thoughts   |   with time shall fade.”

45. (Few the words   |   of Hogni were:)
    “From the long road now   |   shall ye hold her not,
    That born again   |   she may never be!
    Foul she came   |   from her mother forth,
    And born she was   |   for wicked deeds,
    (Sorrow to many   |   a man to bring.)”

46. From the speaker gloomily   |   Gunnar turned,
    For the jewel-bearer   |   her gems was dividing;
    On all her wealth   |   her eyes were gazing,
    On the bond-women slain   |   and the slaughtered slaves.

47. Her byrnie of gold   |   she donned, and grim
    Was her heart ere the point   |   of her sword had pierced it;
    On the pillow at last   |   her head she laid,
    And, wounded, her plan   |   she pondered o’er.

48. “Hither I will   |   that my women come
    Who gold are fain   |   from me to get;
    Necklaces fashioned   |   fair to each
    Shall I give, and cloth,   |   and garments bright.”

49. Silent were all   |   as so she spake,
    And all together   |   answer made:
    “Slain are enough;   |   we seek to live,
    Not thus thy women   |   shall honor win.”

50. Long the woman,   |   linen-decked, pondered,—
    —Young she was,—   |   and weighed her words:
    “For my sake now   |   shall none unwilling
    Or loath to die   |   her life lay down.

51. “But little of gems   |   to gleam on your limbs
    Ye then shall find   |   when forth ye fare
    To follow me,   |   or of Menja’s wealth.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

52. “Sit now, Gunnar!   |   for I shall speak
    Of thy bride so fair   |   and so fain to die;
    Thy ship in harbor   |   home thou hast not,
    Although my life   |   I now have lost.

53. “Thou shalt Guthrun requite   |   more quick than thou
    thinkest,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Though sadly mourns   |   the maiden wise
    Who dwells with the king,   |   o’er her husband dead.

54. “A maid shall then   |   the mother bear;
    Brighter far   |   than the fairest day
    Svanhild shall be,   |   or the beams of the sun.

55. “Guthrun a noble   |   husband thou givest,
    Yet to many a warrior   |   woe will she bring,
    Not happily wedded   |   she holds herself;
    Her shall Atli   |   hither seek,
    (Buthli’s son,   |   and brother of mine.)

56. “Well I remember   |   how me ye treated
    When ye betrayed me   |   with treacherous wiles;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Lost was my joy   |   as long as I lived.

57. “Oddrun as wife   |   thou fain wouldst win,
    But Atli this   |   from thee withholds;
    Yet in secret tryst   |   ye twain shall love;
    She shall hold thee dear,   |   as I had done
    If kindly fate   |   to us had fallen.

58. “Ill to thee   |   shall Atli bring,
    When he casts thee down   |   in the den of snakes.

59. “But soon thereafter   |   Atli too
    His life, methinks,   |   as thou shalt lose,
    (His fortune lose   |   and the lives of his sons;)
    Him shall Guthrun,   |   grim of heart,
    With the biting blade   |   in his bed destroy.

60. “It would better beseem   |   thy sister fair
    To follow her husband   |   first in death,
    If counsel good   |   to her were given,
    Or a heart akin   |   to mine she had.

61. “Slowly I speak,—   |   but for my sake
    Her life, methinks,   |   she shall not lose;
    She shall wander over   |   the tossing waves,
    To where Jonak rules   |   his father’s realm.

62. “Sons to him   |   she soon shall bear,
    Heirs therewith   |   of Jonak’s wealth;
    But Svanhild far   |   away is sent,
    The child she bore   |   to Sigurth brave.

63. “Bikki’s word   |   her death shall be,
    For dreadful the wrath   |   of Jormunrek;
    So slain is all   |   of Sigurth’s race,
    And greater the woe   |   of Guthrun grows.

64. “Yet one boon   |   I beg of thee,
    The last of boons   |   in my life it is:
    Let the pyre be built   |   so broad in the field
    That room for us all   |   will ample be,
    (For us who slain   |   with Sigurth are.)

65. “With shields and carpets   |   cover the pyre,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Shrouds full fair,   |   and fallen slaves,
    And besides the Hunnish   |   hero burn me.

66. “Besides the Hunnish   |   hero there
    Slaves shall burn,   |   full bravely decked,
    Two at his head   |   and two at his feet,
    A brace of hounds   |   and a pair of hawks,
    For so shall all   |   be seemly done.

67. “Let between us   |   lie once more
    The steel so keen,   |   as so it lay
    When both within   |   one bed we were,
    And wedded mates   |   by men were called.

68. “The door of the hall   |   shall strike not the heel
    Of the hero fair   |   with flashing rings,
    If hence my following   |   goes with him;
    Not mean our faring   |   forth shall be.

69. “Bond-women five   |   shall follow him,
    And eight of my thralls,   |   well-born are they,
    Children with me,   |   and mine they were
    As gifts that Buthli   |   his daughter gave.

70. “Much have I told thee,   |   and more would say
    If fate more space   |   for speech had given;
    My voice grows weak,   |   my wounds are swelling;
    Truth I have said,   |   and so I die.”








NOTES


1. Gjuki: father of the brothers twain, Gunnar and Hogni, and of
Guthrun. In this version of the story Sigurth goes straight to the home
of the Gjukungs after his victory over the dragon Fafnir, without
meeting Brynhild on the way (cf. Gripisspo, 13 and note). Volsung:
Sigurth’s grandfather was Volsung; cf. Fra Dautha Sinfjotla and note.
Oaths: regarding the blood-brotherhood sworn by Sigurth, Gunnar, and
Hogni cf. Brot, 18 and note.

3. Brynhild: on the winning of Brynhild by Sigurth in Gunnar’s shape
cf. Gripisspo, 37 and note. The poet here omits details, and in stanzas
32–39 appears a quite different tradition regarding the winning of
Brynhild, which I suspect he had in mind throughout the poem.

4. Southern hero: Sigurth, whose Frankish origin is seldom wholly lost
sight of in the Norse versions of the story. On the episode of the
sword cf. Gripisspo, 41 and note. Line 3 may well be an interpolation;
both lines 4 and 5 have also been questioned, and some editions combine
line 5 with lines 1–3 of stanza 5. Hunnish king: Sigurth, who was, of
course, not a king of the Huns, but was occasionally so called in the
later poems owing to the lack of ethnological distinction made by the
Norse poets (cf. Guthrunarkvitha I, 24 and note).

5. This stanza may refer, as Gering thinks, merely to the fact that
Brynhild lived happy and unsuspecting as Gunnar’s wife until the fatal
quarrel with Guthrun (cf. Gripisspo, 45 and note) revealed to her the
deceit whereby she had been won, or it may refer to the version of the
story which appears in stanzas 32–39, wherein Brynhild lived happily
with Atli, her brother, until he was attacked by Gunnar and Sigurth,
and was compelled to give his sister to Gunnar, winning her consent
thereto by representing Gunnar as Sigurth, her chosen hero (cf.
Guthrunarkvitha I, 24 and note). The manuscript marks line 4 as the
beginning of a new stanza, and many editors combine it with stanza 6.

6. Brynhild has now discovered the deceit that has been practised on
her. That she had loved Sigurth from the outset (cf. stanza 40) fits
well with the version of the story wherein Sigurth meets her before he
comes to Gunnar’s home (the version not used in this poem), or the one
outlined in the note on stanza 5, but does not accord with the story of
Sigurth’s first meeting Brynhild in Gunnar’s form—an added reason for
believing that the poet in stanzas 5–6 had in mind the story
represented by stanzas 32–39. The hero: the manuscript originally had
the phrase thus, then corrected it to “though I die,” and finally
crossed out the correction. Many editions have “I.”

7. Perhaps a line is missing after line 3.

8. Glacier: a bit of Icelandic (or Greenland) local color.

9. Line 1 does not appear in the manuscript, and is based on a
conjecture by Bugge. Some editions add line 2 to stanza 8. The
manuscript indicates line 3 as the beginning of a stanza, and some
editors assume a gap of two lines after line 4. Hunnish king: cf.
stanza 4.

10. Lands: Brynhild’s wealth again points to the story represented by
stanzas 32–39; elsewhere she is not spoken of as bringing wealth to
Gunnar.

11. Line 5, or perhaps line 3, may be interpolated.

12. The son: the three-year-old son of Sigurth and Guthrun, Sigmund,
who was killed at Brynhild’s behest.

13. This stanza has been the subject of many conjectural emendations.
Some editions assume a gap after line 2, and make a separate stanza of
lines 3–7; others mark lines 5–7 as spurious. The stanza seems to have
been expanded by repetition. Grief (line 1): the manuscript has
“wrath,” involving a metrical error.

14. Bugge and Gering transfer lines 4–5 to the beginning of stanza 16,
on the basis of the Volsungasaga paraphrase, and assume a gap of one
line after line 3. Line 5, which is in the nature of a stereotyped
clause, may well be interpolated.

15. After “Buthli” in line 2 the manuscript has “my brother,”
apparently a scribal error. In line 4 the manuscript has “wealth”
instead of “love,” apparently with stanza 10 in mind, but the
Volsungasaga paraphrase has “love,” and many editors have suspected an
error.

16. Cf. note on stanza 14. After thus adding lines 4–5 of stanza 14 at
the beginning of stanza 16, Gering marks line 4 as probably spurious;
others reject both lines 3 and 4 as mere repetitions. Rhine: the Rhine,
the sands of which traditionally contained gold, was apparently the
original home of the treasure of the Nibelungs, converted in the North
to Andvari’s treasure (cf. Reginsmol, 1–9). That greed for Sigurth’s
wealth was one of the motives for his slaying is indicated likewise in
Guthrunarkvitha I, 20, and in the German versions of the story.

18. We four: if line 1 of stanza 19 is spurious, or the reference
therein to “five” is a blunder, as may well be the case, then the
“four” are Sigurth and the three brothers, Gunnar, Hogni, and Gotthorm.
But it may be that the poet had in mind a tradition which, as in the
Thithrekssaga, gave Gjuki a fourth son, in which case the “four” refers
only to the four Gjukungs. Hunnish hero: Sigurth; cf. stanza 4 and
note. Some editions put line 4 between lines 1 and 2. Some add lines
1–2 of stanza 19 to stanza 18, marking them as spurious.

19. We five: see note on preceding stanza. Some editors mark lines 1–2
as spurious, and either assume a gap of two lines after line 4 or
combine lines 3–4 with stanza 20. Whence lead the ways: a proverbial
expression signifying “whence the trouble comes.”

20. The manuscript does not name the speaker. Gotthorm (the name is
variously spelt): half-brother of Gunnar and Hogni (cf. Hyndluljoth, 27
and note, and Brot, 4 and note). The name is the northern form of
Gundomar; a prince of this name is mentioned in the Lex Burgundionum,
apparently as a brother of Gundahari (Gundicarius). In the
Nibelungenlied the third brother is called Gernot.

21. No gap is indicated in the manuscript, and many editors combine
stanza 21 with stanza 22, but it seems likely that not only two lines,
but one or more stanzas in addition, have been lost; cf. Brot, 4, and
also the detailed account of the slaying of Sigurth in the
Volsungasaga, wherein, as here, Sigurth is killed in his bed (cf.
stanza 24) and not in the forest.

22. Some editions combine lines 3–4 with stanza 23. Gram: Sigurth’s
sword (cf. Reginsmol, prose after stanza 14); the word here, however,
may not be a proper name, but may mean “the hero.”

23. A line may well have been lost from this stanza.

24. Freyr: if the phrase “the friend of Freyr” means anything more than
“king” (cf. Rigsthula, 46 etc.), which I doubt, it has reference to the
late tradition that Freyr, and not Othin, was the ancestor of the
Volsungs (cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 57 and note).

25. Müllenhoff thinks this stanza, or at any rate lines 1–2, a later
addition based on stanza 29.

26. My son: Sigmund; cf. stanza 12 and note, and also Brot, 9 and note.

27. Sigurth means that although Guthrun may have seven sons by a later
marriage, none of them will equal Sigmund, “son of their (i.e.,
Gunnar’s and Hogni’s) sister.” Thing: council.

28. Sigurth’s protestation of guiltlessness fits perfectly with the
story of his relations with Brynhild used in this poem, but not, of
course, with the alternative version, used in the Gripisspo and
elsewhere, wherein Sigurth meets Brynhild before he woos her for
Gunnar, and they have a daughter, Aslaug.

29. Cf. Guthrunarkvitha I, 15.

30. Cf. Brot, 10.

31. Line 1 may well be a mere expansion of “Gunnar spake.” The
manuscript marks line 4 as the beginning of a new stanza, and some
editions combine lines 4–5 with stanza 32.

32. This stanza, which all editors have accepted as an integral part of
the poem, apparently refers to the same story represented by stanzas
37–39, which most editors have (I believe mistakenly) marked as
interpolated. As is pointed out in the notes on stanzas 3, 5, 6 and 10,
the poet throughout seems to have accepted the version of the story
wherein Gunnar and Sigurth besiege Atli, and are bought off by the gift
of Atli’s sister, Brynhild, to Gunnar as wife, her consent being won by
Atli’s representation that Gunnar is Sigurth (cf. also Guthrunarkvitha
I, 24 and note).

33. The manuscript does not name the speaker, and some editions add a
first line: “Then Brynhild, daughter   |   of Buthli, spake.”

34. Cf. stanza 5.

35. Three kings: Gunnar, Hogni, and Sigurth.

36. Some editions place this stanza after stanza 39, on the theory that
stanzas 37–39 are interpolated. Line 4, as virtually a repetition of
line 3, has generally been marked as spurious. In this version of the
winning of Brynhild it appears that Atli pointed out Sigurth as Gunnar,
and Brynhild promptly fell in love with the hero whom, as he rode on
Grani and was decked with some of the spoils taken from Fafnir, she
recognized as the dragon’s slayer. Thus no change of form between
Sigurth and Gunnar was necessary. The oath to marry Gunnar had to be
carried out even after Brynhild had discovered the deception.

37. Most editors mark stanzas 37–39 as interpolated, but cf. note on
stanza 32. Stanza 37 has been variously emended. Lines 4 and 6 look
like interpolated repetitions, but many editors make two stanzas,
following the manuscript in beginning a new stanza with line 4. After
line 1 Grundtvig adds: “Son of Buthli,   |   and brother of mine.”
After line 6 Bugge adds: “Not thou was it, Gunnar,   |   who Grani
rode, / Though thou my brother   |   with rings didst buy.” Regarding
Brynhild’s wealth cf. stanza 10 and note.

38. Brynhild here again appears as a Valkyrie. The manuscript marks
line 4 as the beginning of a new stanza. Any one of the last three
lines may be spurious.

39. Some editions combine this stanza with lines 4–5 of stanza 38, with
lines 1–2 of stanza 40, or with the whole of stanza 40. The bond:
Brynhild thought she was marrying Sigurth, owner of the treasure,
whereas she was being tricked into marrying Gunnar.

41. At this point there seem to be several omissions. Brynhild’s
statement in lines 1–2 seems to refer to the episode, not here
mentioned but told in detail in the Volsungasaga, of Sigurth’s effort
to repair the wrong that has been done her by himself giving up Guthrun
in her favor, an offer which she refuses. The lacuna here suggested,
which is not indicated in the manuscript, may be simply a single line
(line 1) or a stanza or more. After line 2 there is almost certainly a
gap of at least one stanza, and possibly more, in which Brynhild states
her determination to die.

42. Hardly any two editions agree as to the arrangement of the lines in
stanzas 42–44. I have followed the manuscript except in transposing
line 4 of stanza 43 to this position from the place it holds in the
manuscript after line 4 of stanza 44. All the other arrangements
involve the rejection of two or more lines as spurious and the
assumption of various gaps. Gering and Sijmons both arrange the lines
thus: 42, 1–2; two-line gap; 43, 3 (marked probably spurious); 44, 1–4;
43–4 (marked probably spurious); 42, 3–4; 43, 1–2.

43. Cf. note on preceding stanza.

44. Cf. note on stanza 42.

45. Perhaps the remains of two stanzas; the manuscript marks line 4 as
the beginning of a new stanza, and after line 4 an added line has been
suggested: “She was ever known   |   for evil thoughts.” On the other
hand, line 1, identical with line 1 of stanza 17, may well be a mere
expansion of “Hogni spake,” and line 6 may have been introduced, with a
slight variation, from line 5 of stanza 38. Born again: this looks like
a trace of Christian influence (the poem was composed well after the
coming of Christianity to Iceland) in the assumption that if Brynhild
killed herself she could not be “born again” (cf. concluding prose to
Helgakvitha Hundingsbana II).

46. The manuscript marks line 3 as beginning a stanza; some editions
treat lines 1–2 as a separate stanza, and combine lines 3–4 with lines
1–2 of stanza 47. Jewel-bearer (literally “land of jewels”): woman,
here Brynhild. Bond-women, etc.: in stanza 69 we learn that five female
slaves and eight serfs were killed to be burned on the funeral pyre,
and thus to follow Sigurth in death.

47. The manuscript marks line 3, and not line 1, as beginning a stanza,
and some editions treat lines 3–4 as a separate stanza, or combine them
with stanza 48.

48. Brynhild means, as stanzas 49–51 show, that those of her women who
wish to win rewards must be ready to follow her in death. The word
translated “women” in line 1 is conjectural, but the general meaning is
clear enough.

49. In place of “as so she spake” in line 1 the manuscript has “of
their plans they thought,” which involves a metrical error.

51. No gap indicated in the manuscript; many editions place it between
lines 3 and 4. Menja’s wealth: gold; the story of the mill Grotti,
whereby the giantesses Menja and Fenja ground gold for King Frothi, is
told in the Grottasongr.

52. With this stanza begins Brynhild’s prophesy of what is to befall
Gunnar, Guthrun, Atli, and the many others involved in their fate. Line
3 is a proverbial expression meaning simply “your troubles are not at
an end.”

53. No gap is indicated in the manuscript; one suggestion for line 2
runs: “Grimhild shall make her   |   to laugh once more.” Gering
suggests a loss of three lines, and joins lines 3–4 with stanza 54.

54. Probably a line has been lost from this stanza. Grundtvig adds as a
new first line: “Her shalt thou find   |   in the hall of Half.” Some
editions query line 3 as possibly spurious. Svanhild: the figure of
Svanhild is exceedingly old. The name means “Swan-Maiden-Warrior,”
applying to just such mixtures of swan-maiden and Valkyrie as appear in
the Völundarkvitha. Originally part of a separate tradition, Svanhild
appears first to have been incorporated in the Jormunrek (Ermanarich)
story as the unhappy wife of that monarch, and much later to have been
identified as the daughter of Sigurth and Guthrun, thus linking the two
sets of legends.

55. Line 2 in the original is almost totally obscure. Line 4 should
very possibly precede line 2, while line 5 looks like an unwarranted
addition.

56. This stanza probably ought to follow stanza 52, as it refers solely
to the winning of Brynhild by Gunnar and Sigurth. Müllenhoff regards
stanzas 53–55 as interpolated. The manuscript indicates no gap after
line 3.

57. Stanzas 57–58 seem to be the remains of two stanzas, but the
Volsungasaga paraphrase follows closely the form here given. Line 3 may
well be spurious; line 5 has likewise been questioned. Oddrun: this
sister of Atli and Brynhild, known mainly through the Oddrunargratr, is
a purely northern addition to the cycle, and apparently one of a
relatively late date. She figures solely by reason of her love affair
with Gunnar.

58. Possibly two lines have been lost; many editions combine the two
remaining lines with lines 1–3 of stanza 59. Concerning the manner of
Gunnar’s death cf. Drap Niflunga.

59. Line 3 may well be spurious, as it is largely repetition. The
manuscript has “sofa” (“sleep”) in place of “sona” (“sons”), but the
Volsungasaga paraphrase says clearly “sons.” The slaying of Atli by
Guthrun in revenge for his killing of her brothers is told in the two
Atli lays. The manuscript marks line 4 as the beginning of a new
stanza, and some editions make a separate stanza out of lines 4–5, or
else combine them with stanza 60.

60. To follow in death: this phrase is not in Regius, but is included
in late paper manuscripts, and has been added in most editions.

61. Jonak: this king, known only through the Hamthesmol and the stories
which, like this one, are based thereon, is another purely northern
addition to the legend. The name is apparently of Slavic origin. He
appears solely as Guthrun’s third husband and the father of Hamther,
Sorli, and Erp (cf. introductory prose to Guthrunarhvot).

62. Svanhild: cf. stanza 54 and note.

63. Bikki: Svanhild is married to the aged Jormunrek (Ermanarich), but
Bikki, one of his followers, suggests that she is unduly intimate with
Jormunrek’s son, Randver. Thereupon Jormunrek has Randver hanged, and
Svanhild torn to pieces by wild horses. Ermanarich’s cruelty and his
barbarous slaying of his wife and son were familiar traditions long
before they became in any way connected with the Sigurth cycle (cf.
introductory note to Gripisspo).

64. Line 5 is very probably spurious.

65. The manuscript indicates no gap; a suggested addition runs “Gold
let there be,   |   and jewels bright.” Fallen slaves: cf. stanzas 66
and 69. Hunnish hero: cf. stanza 4 and note.

66. In place of lines 3–4 the manuscript has one line “Two at his head,
|   and a pair of hawks”; the addition is made from the Volsungasaga
paraphrase. The burning or burying of slaves or beasts to accompany
their masters in death was a general custom in the North. The number of
slaves indicated in this stanza does not tally with the one given in
stanza 69, wherefore Vigfusson rejects most of this stanza.

67. Cf. Gripisspo, 41 and note. After line 1 the manuscript adds the
phrase “bright, ring-decked,” referring to the sword, but it is
metrically impossible, and many editions omit it.

68. The door: The gate of Hel’s domain, like that of Mengloth’s house
(cf. Svipdagsmol, 26 and note), closes so fast as to catch any one
attempting to pass through. Apparently the poet here assumes that the
gate of Valhall does likewise, but that it will be kept open for
Sigurth’s retinue.

69. Cf. stanza 66.








HELREITH BRYNHILDAR

BRYNHILD’S HELL-RIDE


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The little Helreith Brynhildar immediately follows the “short” Sigurth
lay in the Codex Regius, being linked to it by the brief prose note;
the heading, “Brynhild’s Ride on Hel-Way,” stands just before the first
stanza. The entire poem, with the exception of stanza 6, is likewise
quoted in the Nornageststhattr. Outside of one stanza (No. 11), which
is a fairly obvious interpolation, the poem possesses an extraordinary
degree of dramatic unity, and, certain pedantic commentators
notwithstanding, it is one of the most vivid and powerful in the whole
collection. None the less, it has been extensively argued that parts of
it belonged originally to the so-called Sigrdrifumol. That it stands in
close relation to this poem is evident enough, but it is difficult to
believe that such a masterpiece of dramatic poetry was ever the result
of mere compilation. It seems more reasonable to regard the Helreith,
with the exception of stanza 11 and allowing for the loss of two lines
from stanza 6, as a complete and carefully constructed unit, based
undoubtedly on older poems, but none the less an artistic creation in
itself.

The poem is generally dated as late as the eleventh century, and the
concluding stanza betrays Christian influence almost unmistakably. It
shows the confusion of traditions manifest in all the later poems; for
example, Brynhild is here not only a Valkyrie but also a swan-maiden.
Only three stanzas have any reference to the Guthrun-Gunnar part of the
story; otherwise the poem is concerned solely with the episode of
Sigurth’s finding the sleeping Valkyrie. Late as it is, therefore, it
is essentially a Norse creation, involving very few of the details of
the German cycle (cf. introductory note to Gripisspo).





After the death of Brynhild there were made two bale-fires, the one for
Sigurth, and that burned first, and on the other was Brynhild burned,
and she was on a wagon which was covered with a rich cloth. Thus it is
told, that Brynhild went in the wagon on Hel-way, and passed by a house
where dwelt a certain giantess. The giantess spake:


1.  “Thou shalt not further   |   forward fare,
    My dwelling ribbed   |   with rocks across;
    More seemly it were   |   at thy weaving to stay,
    Than another’s husband   |   here to follow.

2.  “What wouldst thou have   |   from Valland here,
    Fickle of heart,   |   in this my house?
    Gold-goddess, now,   |   if thou wouldst know,
    Heroes’ blood   |   from thy hands hast washed.”


Brynhild spake:


3.  “Chide me not, woman   |   from rocky walls,
    Though to battle once   |   I was wont to go;
    Better than thou   |   I shall seem to be,
    When men us two   |   shall truly know.”


The giantess spake:


4.  “Thou wast, Brynhild,   |   Buthli’s daughter,
    For the worst of evils   |   born in the world;
    To death thou hast given   |   Gjuki’s children,
    And laid their lofty   |   house full low.”


Brynhild spake:


5.  “Truth from the wagon   |   here I tell thee,
    Witless one,   |   if know thou wilt
    How the heirs of Gjuki   |   gave me to be
    Joyless ever,   |   a breaker of oaths.

6.  “Hild the helmed   |   in Hlymdalir
    They named me of old,   |   all they who knew me.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

7.  “The monarch bold   |   the swan-robes bore
    Of the sisters eight   |   beneath an oak;
    Twelve winters I was,   |   if know thou wilt,
    When oaths I yielded   |   the king so young.

8.  “Next I let   |   the leader of Goths,
    Hjalmgunnar the old,   |   go down to hell,
    And victory brought   |   to Autha’s brother;
    For this was Othin’s   |   anger mighty.

9.  “He beset me with shields   |   in Skatalund,
    Red and white,   |   their rims o’erlapped;
    He bade that my sleep   |   should broken be
    By him who fear   |   had nowhere found.

10. “He let round my hall,   |   that southward looked,
    The branches’ foe   |   high-leaping burn;
    Across it he bade   |   the hero come
    Who brought me the gold   |   that Fafnir guarded.

11. “On Grani rode   |   the giver of gold,
    Where my foster-father   |   ruled his folk;
    Best of all   |   he seemed to be,
    The prince of the Danes,   |   when the people met.

12. “Happy we slept,   |   one bed we had,
    As he my brother   |   born had been;
    Eight were the nights   |   when neither there
    Loving hand   |   on the other laid.

13. “Yet Guthrun reproached me,   |   Gjuki’s daughter,
    That I in Sigurth’s   |   arms had slept;
    Then did I hear   |   what I would were hid,
    That they had betrayed me   |   in taking a mate.

14. “Ever with grief   |   and all too long
    Are men and women   |   born in the world;
    But yet we shall live   |   our lives together,
    Sigurth and I.   |   Sink down, Giantess!”








NOTES


Prose. The prose follows the last stanza of Sigurtharkvitha en skamma
without break. Two bale-fires: this contradicts the statement made in
the concluding stanzas of Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, that Sigurth and
Brynhild were burned on the same pyre; there is no evidence that the
annotator here had anything but his own mistaken imagination to go on.

2. Valland: this name (“Land of Slaughter”) is used elsewhere of
mythical places; cf. Harbarthsljoth, 24, and prose introduction to
Völundarkvitha; it may here not be a proper name at all. Gold-goddess:
poetic circumlocution for “woman.”

6. In Regius these two lines stand after stanza 7, but most editions
place them as here. They are not quoted in the Nornageststhattr.
Presumably two lines, and perhaps more, have been lost. It has
frequently been argued that all or part of the passage from stanza 6
through stanza 10 (6–10, 7–10 or 8–10) comes originally from the
so-called Sigrdrifumol, where it would undoubtedly fit exceedingly
well. Hild: a Valkyrie name meaning “Fighter” (cf. Voluspo, 31). In
such compound names as Brynhild (“Fighter in Armor”) the first element
was occasionally omitted. Hlymdalir (“Tumult-Dale”): a mythical name,
merely signifying the place of battle as the home of Valkyries.

7. Regarding the identification of swan-maidens with Valkyries, and the
manner in which men could get them in their power by stealing their
swan-garments, cf. Völundarkvitha, introductory prose and note, where
the same thing happens. The monarch: perhaps Agnar, brother of Autha,
mentioned in Sigrdrifumol (prose and quoted verse following stanza 4)
as the warrior for whose sake Brynhild defied Othin in slaying
Hjalmgunnar. Eight: the Nornageststhattr manuscripts have “sisters of
Atli” instead of “sisters eight.”

8. Hjalmgunnar: regarding this king of the Goths (the phrase means
little) and his battle with Agnar, brother of Autha, cf. Sigrdrifumol,
prose after stanza 4. One Nornageststhattr manuscript has “brother of
the giantess” in place of “leader of Goths.”

9. Cf. Sigrdrifumol, prose introduction. Skatalund (“Warriors’ Grove”):
a mythical name; elsewhere the place where Brynhild lay is called
Hindarfjoll.

10. Branches’ foe: fire. Regarding the treasure cf. Fafnismol.

11. This stanza is presumably an interpolation, reflecting a different
version of the story, wherein Sigurth meets Brynhild at the home of her
brother-in-law and foster-father, Heimir (cf. Gripisspo, 19 and 27).
Grani: Sigurth’s horse. Danes: nowhere else does Sigurth appear in this
capacity. Perhaps this is a curious relic of the Helgi tradition.

12. Eight nights: elsewhere (cf. Gripisspo, 42) the time is stated as
three nights, not eight. There is a confusion of traditions here, as in
Gripisspo. In the version of the story wherein Sigurth met Brynhild
before he encountered the Gjukungs, Sigurth was bound by no oaths, and
the union was completed; it is only in the alternative version that the
episode of the sword laid between the two occurs.

14. The idea apparently conveyed in the concluding lines, that Sigurth
and Brynhild will be together in some future life, is utterly out of
keeping with the Norse pagan traditions, and the whole stanza indicates
the influence of Christianity.








DRAP NIFLUNGA

THE SLAYING OF THE NIFLUNGS


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

It has been already pointed out (introductory note to Reginsmol) that
the compiler of the Eddic collection had clearly undertaken to
formulate a coherent narrative of the entire Sigurth cycle, piecing
together the various poems by means of prose narrative links. To some
extent these links were based on traditions existing outside of the
lays themselves, but in the main the material was gathered from the
contents of the poems. The short prose passage entitled Drap Niflunga,
which in the Codex Regius immediately follows the Helreith Brynhildar,
is just such a narrative link, and scarcely deserves a special heading,
but as nearly all editions separate it from the preceding and following
poems, I have followed their example.

With Sigurth and Brynhild both dead, the story turns to the slaying of
the sons of Gjuki by Atli, Guthrun’s second husband, and to a few
subsequent incidents, mostly late incorporations from other narrative
cycles, including the tragic death of Svanhild, daughter of Sigurth and
Guthrun and wife of Jormunrek (Ermanarich), and the exploits of
Hamther, son of Guthrun and her third husband, Jonak. These stories are
told, or outlined, in the two Atli lays, the second and third Guthrun
lays, the Oddrunargratr, the Guthrunarhvot, and the Hamthesmol. Had the
compiler seen fit to put the Atli lays immediately after the Helreith
Brynhildar, he would have needed only a very brief transitional note to
make the course of the story clear, but as the second Guthrun lay, the
next poem in the collection, is a lament following the death of
Guthrun’s brothers, some sort of a narrative bridge was manifestly
needed.

Drap Niflunga is based entirely on the poems which follow it in the
collection, with no use of extraneous material. The part of the story
which it summarizes belongs to the semi-historical Burgundian tradition
(cf. introductory note to Gripisspo), in many respects parallel to the
familiar narrative of the Nibelungenlied, and, except in minor details,
showing few essentially Northern additions. Sigurth is scarcely
mentioned, and the outstanding episode is the slaying of Gunnar and
Hogni, following their journey to Atli’s home.





Gunnar and Hogni then took all the gold that Fafnir had had. There was
strife between the Gjukungs and Atli, for he held the Gjukungs guilty
of Brynhild’s death. It was agreed that they should give him Guthrun as
wife, and they gave her a draught of forgetfulness to drink before she
would consent to be wedded to Atli. The sons of Atli were Erp and
Eitil, and Svanhild was the daughter of Sigurth and Guthrun. King Atli
invited Gunnar and Hogni to come to him, and sent as messenger Vingi or
Knefröth. Guthrun was aware of treachery, and sent with him a message
in runes that they should not come, and as a token she sent to Hogni
the ring Andvaranaut and tied a wolf’s hair in it. Gunnar had sought
Oddrun, Atli’s sister, for his wife, but had her not; then he married
Glaumvor, and Hogni’s wife was Kostbera; their sons were Solar and
Snævar and Gjuki. And when the Gjukungs came to Atli, then Guthrun
besought her sons to plead for the lives of both the Gjukungs, but they
would not do it. Hogni’s heart was cut out, and Gunnar was cast into
the serpent’s den. He smote on the harp and put the serpents to sleep,
but an adder stung him in the liver.








NOTE


Prose. Niflungs: regarding the mistaken application of this name to the
sons of Gjuki, who were Burgundians, cf. Brot, 17 and note. Draught of
forgetfulness: according to the Volsungasaga Grimhild, Guthrun’s
mother, administered this, just as she did the similar draught which
made Sigurth forget Brynhild. Erp and Eitil: Guthrun kills her two sons
by Atli as part of her revenge; the annotator here explains her act
further by saying that Guthrun asked her sons to intercede with their
father in favor of Guthrun’s brothers, but that they refused, a detail
which he appears to have invented, as it is found nowhere else.
Svanhild: cf. Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 54 and note. Vingi or
Knefröth: Atlakvitha (stanza 1) calls the messenger Knefröth; Atlamol
(stanza 4) speaks of two messengers, but names only one of them, Vingi.
The annotator has here tried, unsuccessfully, to combine the two
accounts. Andvaranaut: regarding the origin of Andvari’s ring cf.
Reginsmol, prose after stanzas 4 and 5 and notes; Sigurth gave the ring
to Guthrun. Here again the annotator is combining two stories; in
Atlakvitha (stanza 8) Guthrun sends a ring (not Andvaranaut) with a
wolf’s hair; in Atlamol (stanza 4) she sends a message written in
runes. The messenger obscures these runes, and Kostbera, Hogni’s wife,
who attempts to decipher them, is not clear as to their meaning, though
she suspects danger. Oddrun: cf. Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 57 and
note. Glaumvor: almost nothing is told of Gunnar’s second wife, though
she appears frequently in the Atlamol. Kostbera (or Bera), Hogni’s
wife, is known only as skilled in runes. Her brother was Orkning. The
sons of Hogni and Kostbera, according to the Atlamol (stanza 28), were
Solar and Snævar; the third son, Gjuki, named after his grandfather,
seems to be an invention of the annotator’s. Adder: according to
Oddrunargratr (stanza 30) Atli’s mother assumed this form in order to
complete her son’s vengeance.








GUTHRUNARKVITHA II, EN FORNA

THE SECOND, OR OLD, LAY OF GUTHRUN


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

It has already been pointed out (introductory note to Guthrunarkvitha
I) that the tradition of Guthrun’s lament was known wherever the
Sigurth story existed, and that this lament was probably one of the
earliest parts of the legend to assume verse form. Whether it reached
the North as verse cannot, of course, be determined, but it is at least
possible that this was the case, and in any event it is clear that by
the tenth and eleventh centuries there were a number of Norse poems
with Guthrun’s lament as the central theme. Two of these are included
in the Eddic collection, the second one being unquestionably much the
older. It is evidently the poem referred to by the annotator in the
prose note following the Brot as “the old Guthrun lay,” and its
character and state of preservation have combined to lead most
commentators to date it as early as the first half of the tenth
century, whereas Guthrunarkvitha I belongs a hundred years later.

The poem has evidently been preserved in rather bad shape, with a
number of serious omissions and some interpolations, but in just this
form it lay before the compilers of the Volsungasaga, who paraphrased
it faithfully, and quoted five of its stanzas. The interpolations are
on the whole unimportant; the omissions, while they obscure the sense
of certain passages, do not destroy the essential continuity of the
poem, in which Guthrun reviews her sorrows from the death of Sigurth
through the slaying of her brothers to Atli’s dreams foretelling the
death of their sons. It is, indeed, the only Norse poem of the Sigurth
cycle antedating the year 1000 which has come down to us in anything
approaching complete form; the Reginsmol, Fafnismol, and Sigrdrifumol
are all collections of fragments, only a short bit of the “long”
Sigurth lay remains, and the others—Gripisspo, Guthrunarkvitha I and
III, Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, Helreith Brynhildar, Oddrunargratr,
Guthrunarhvot, Hamthesmol, and the two Atli lays—are all generally
dated from the eleventh and even the twelfth centuries.

An added reason for believing that Guthrunarkvitha II traces its origin
back to a lament which reached the North from Germany in verse form is
the absence of most of the characteristic Norse additions to the
narrative, except in minor details. Sigurth is slain in the forest, as
“German men say” (cf. Brot, concluding prose); the urging of Guthrun by
her mother and brothers to become Atli’s wife, the slaying of the
Gjukungs (here only intimated, for at that point something seems to
have been lost), and Guthrun’s prospective revenge on Atli, all belong
directly to the German tradition (cf. introductory note to Gripisspo).

In the Codex Regius the poem is entitled simply Guthrunarkvitha; the
numeral has been added in nearly all editions to distinguish this poem
from the other two Guthrun lays, and the phrase “the old” is borrowed
from the annotator’s comment in the prose note at the end of the Brot.





King Thjothrek was with Atli, and had lost most of his men. Thjothrek
and Guthrun lamented their griefs together. She spoke to him, saying:


1.  A maid of maids   |   my mother bore me,
    Bright in my bower,   |   my brothers I loved,
    Till Gjuki dowered   |   me with gold,
    Dowered with gold,   |   and to Sigurth gave me.

2.  So Sigurth rose   |   o’er Gjuki’s sons
    As the leek grows green   |   above the grass,
    Or the stag o’er all   |   the beasts doth stand,
    Or as glow-red gold   |   above silver gray.

3.  Till my brothers let me   |   no longer have
    The best of heroes   |   my husband to be;
    Sleep they could not,   |   or quarrels settle,
    Till Sigurth they   |   at last had slain.

4.  From the Thing ran Grani   |   with thundering feet,
    But thence did Sigurth   |   himself come never;
    Covered with sweat   |   was the saddle-bearer,
    Wont the warrior’s   |   weight to bear.

5.  Weeping I sought   |   with Grani to speak,
    With tear-wet cheeks   |   for the tale I asked;
    The head of Grani   |   was bowed to the grass,
    The steed knew well   |   his master was slain.

6.  Long I waited   |   and pondered well
    Ere ever the king   |   for tidings I asked.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

7.  His head bowed Gunnar,   |   but Hogni told
    The news full sore   |   of Sigurth slain:
    “Hewed to death   |   at our hands he lies,
    Gotthorm’s slayer,   |   given to wolves.

8.  “On the southern road   |   thou shalt Sigurth see,
    Where hear thou canst   |   the ravens cry;
    The eagles cry   |   as food they crave,
    And about thy husband   |   wolves are howling.”

9.  “Why dost thou, Hogni,   |   such a horror
    Let me hear,   |   all joyless left?
    Ravens yet   |   thy heart shall rend
    In a land that never   |   thou hast known.”

10. Few the words   |   of Hogni were,
    Bitter his heart   |   from heavy sorrow:
    “Greater, Guthrun,   |   thy grief shall be
    If the ravens so   |   my heart shall rend.”

11. From him who spake   |   I turned me soon,
    In the woods to find   |   what the wolves had left;
    Tears I had not,   |   nor wrung my hands,
    Nor wailing went,   |   as other women,
    (When by Sigurth   |   slain I sat).

12. Never so black   |   had seemed the night
    As when in sorrow   |   by Sigurth I sat;
    The wolves .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

13. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Best of all   |   methought ’twould be
    If I my life   |   could only lose,
    Or like to birch-wood   |   burned might be.

14. From the mountain forth   |   five days I fared,
    Till Hoalf’s hall   |   so high I saw;
    Seven half-years   |   with Thora I stayed,
    Hokon’s daughter,   |   in Denmark then.

15. With gold she broidered,   |   to bring me joy,
    Southern halls   |   and Danish swans;
    On the tapestry wove we   |   warrior’s deeds,
    And the hero’s thanes   |   on our handiwork;
    (Flashing shields   |   and fighters armed,
    Sword-throng, helm-throng,   |   the host of the king).

16. Sigmund’s ship   |   by the land was sailing,
    Golden the figure-head,   |   gay the beaks;
    On board we wove   |   the warriors faring,
    Sigar and Siggeir,   |   south to Fjon.

17. Then Grimhild asked,   |   the Gothic queen,
    Whether willingly   |   would I .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

18. Her needlework cast she   |   aside, and called
    Her sons to ask,   |   with stern resolve,
    Who amends to their sister   |   would make for her son,
    Or the wife requite   |   for her husband killed.

19. Ready was Gunnar   |   gold to give,
    Amends for my hurt,   |   and Hogni too;
    Then would she know   |   who now would go,
    The horse to saddle,   |   the wagon to harness,
    (The horse to ride,   |   the hawk to fly,
    And shafts from bows   |   of yew to shoot).

20. (Valdar, king   |   of the Danes, was come,
    With Jarizleif, Eymoth,   |   and Jarizskar).
    In like princes   |   came they all,
    The long-beard men,   |   with mantles red,
    Short their mail-coats,   |   mighty their helms,
    Swords at their belts,   |   and brown their hair.

21. Each to give me   |   gifts was fain,
    Gifts to give,   |   and goodly speech,
    Comfort so   |   for my sorrows great
    To bring they tried,   |   but I trusted them not.

22. A draught did Grimhild   |   give me to drink,
    Bitter and cold;   |   I forgot my cares;
    For mingled therein   |   was magic earth,
    Ice-cold sea,   |   and the blood of swine.

23. In the cup were runes   |   of every kind,
    Written and reddened,   |   I could not read them;
    A heather-fish   |   from the Haddings’ land,
    An ear uncut,   |   and the entrails of beasts.

24. Much evil was brewed   |   within the beer,
    Blossoms of trees,   |   and acorns burned,
    Dew of the hearth,   |   and holy entrails,
    The liver of swine,—   |   all grief to allay.

25. Then I forgot,   |   when the draught they gave me,
    There in the hall,   |   my husband’s slaying;
    On their knees the kings   |   all three did kneel,
    Ere she herself   |   to speak began:

26. “Guthrun, gold   |   to thee I give,
    The wealth that once   |   thy father’s was,
    Rings to have,   |   and Hlothver’s halls,
    And the hangings all   |   that the monarch had.

27. “Hunnish women,   |   skilled in weaving,
    Who gold make fair   |   to give thee joy,
    And the wealth of Buthli   |   thine shall be,
    Gold-decked one,   |   as Atli’s wife.”


Guthrun spake:


28. “A husband now   |   I will not have,
    Nor wife of Brynhild’s   |   brother be;
    It beseems me not   |   with Buthli’s son
    Happy to be,   |   and heirs to bear.”


Grimhild spake:


29. “Seek not on men   |   to avenge thy sorrows,
    Though the blame at first   |   with us hath been;
    Happy shalt be   |   as if both still lived,
    Sigurth and Sigmund,   |   if sons thou bearest.”


Guthrun spake:


30. “Grimhild, I may not   |   gladness find,
    Nor hold forth hopes   |   to heroes now,
    Since once the raven   |   and ravening wolf
    Sigurth’s heart’s-blood   |   hungrily lapped.”


Grimhild spake:


31. “Noblest of birth   |   is the ruler now
    I have found for thee,   |   and foremost of all;
    Him shalt thou have   |   while life thou hast,
    Or husbandless be   |   if him thou wilt choose not.”


Guthrun spake:


32. “Seek not so eagerly   |   me to send
    To be a bride   |   of yon baneful race;
    On Gunnar first   |   his wrath shall fall,
    And the heart will he tear   |   from Hogni’s breast.”

33. Weeping Grimhild   |   heard the words
    That fate full sore   |   for her sons foretold,
    (And mighty woe   |   for them should work;)
    “Lands I give thee,   |   with all that live there,
    (Vinbjorg is thine,   |   and Valbjorg too,)
    Have them forever,   |   but hear me, daughter.”

34. So must I do   |   as the kings besought,
    And against my will   |   for my kinsmen wed;
    Ne’er with my husband   |   joy I had,
    And my sons by my brothers’   |   fate were saved not.

35. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    I could not rest   |   till of life I had robbed
    The warrior bold,   |   the maker of battles.

36. Soon on horseback   |   each hero was,
    And the foreign women   |   in wagons faring;
    A week through lands   |   so cold we went,
    And a second week   |   the waves we smote,
    (And a third through lands   |   that water lacked).

37. The warders now   |   on the lofty walls
    Opened the gates,   |   and in we rode.

            *    *    *    *    *    *

38. Atli woke me,   |   for ever I seemed
    Of bitterness full   |   for my brothers’ death.


Atli spake:


39. “Now from sleep   |   the Norns have waked me
    With visions of terror,—   |   to thee will I tell them;
    Methought thou, Guthrun,   |   Gjuki’s daughter,
    With poisoned blade   |   didst pierce my body.”


Guthrun spake:


40. “Fire a dream   |   of steel shall follow
    And willful pride   |   one of woman’s wrath;
    A baneful sore   |   I shall burn from thee,
    And tend and heal thee,   |   though hated thou art.”


Atli spake:


41. “Of plants I dreamed,   |   in the garden drooping,
    That fain would I have   |   full high to grow;
    Plucked by the roots,   |   and red with blood,
    They brought them hither,   |   and bade me eat.

42. “I dreamed my hawks   |   from my hand had flown,
    Eager for food,   |   to an evil house;
    I dreamed their hearts   |   with honey I ate,
    Soaked in blood,   |   and heavy my sorrow.

43. “Hounds I dreamed   |   from my hand I loosed,
    Loud in hunger   |   and pain they howled;
    Their flesh methought   |   was eagles’ food,
    And their bodies now   |   I needs must eat.”


Guthrun spake:


44. “Men shall soon   |   of sacrifice speak,
    And off the heads   |   of beasts shall hew;
    Die they shall   |   ere day has dawned,
    A few nights hence,   |   and the folk shall have them.”


Atli spake:


45. “On my bed I sank,   |   nor slumber sought,
    Weary with woe,—   |   full well I remember.”
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .








NOTES


Prose. Thjothrek: the famous Theoderich, king of the Ostrogoths, who
became renowned in German story as Dietrich von Bern. The German
tradition early accepted the anachronism of bringing together Attila
(Etzel, Atli), who died in 453, and Theoderich, who was born about 455,
and adding thereto Ermanarich (Jormunrek), king of the Goths, who died
about 376. Ermanarich, in German tradition, replaced Theoderich’s
actual enemy, Odovakar, and it was in battle with Jormunrek (i.e.,
Odovakar) that Thjothrek is here said to have lost most of his men. The
annotator found the material for this note in Guthrunarkvitha III, in
which Guthrun is accused of having Thjothrek as her lover. At the time
when Guthrunarkvitha II was composed (early tenth century) it is
probable that the story of Theoderich had not reached the North at all,
and the annotator is consequently wrong in giving the poem its setting.

2. Cf. Guthrunarkvitha I, 17.

4. Regarding the varying accounts of the manner of Sigurth’s death cf.
Brot, concluding prose and note. Grani: cf. Brot, 7.

6. No gap indicated in the manuscript. Some editions combine these two
lines with either stanza 5 or stanza 7.

7. Gotthorm: from this it appears that in both versions of the death of
Sigurth the mortally wounded hero killed his murderer, the younger
brother of Gunnar and Hogni. The story of how Gotthorm was slain after
killing Sigurth in his bed is told in Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 22–23,
and in the Volsungasaga.

11. On lines 3–4 cf. Guthrunarkvitha I, 1. Line 5 is probably spurious.

12. Many editions make one stanza of stanzas 12 and 13, reconstructing
line 3; the manuscript shows no gap. Bugge fills out the stanza thus:
“The wolves were howling   |   on all the ways, / The eagles cried   |
as their food they craved.”

13. Cf. note on preceding stanza. Grundtvig suggests as a first line:
“Long did I bide,   |   my brothers awaiting.” Many editors reject line
4.

14. The manuscript marks line 3 as beginning a stanza, and many
editions combine lines 3–4 with lines 1–2 of stanza 15. Hoalf (or
Half): Gering thinks this Danish king may be identical with Alf, son of
King Hjalprek, and second husband of Hjordis, Sigurth’s mother (cf. Fra
Dautha Sinfjotla and note), but the name was a common one. Thora and
Hokon have not been identified (cf. Guthrunarkvitha I, concluding
prose, which is clearly based on this stanza). A Thora appears in
Hyndluljoth, 18, as the wife of Dag, one of the sons of Halfdan the
Old, the most famous of Denmark’s mythical kings, and one of her sons
is Alf (Hoalf?).

15. The manuscript marks line 3 as the beginning of a stanza. Some
editors combine lines 5–6 with lines 1–2 of stanza 16, while others
mark them as interpolated.

16. Some editions combine lines 3–4 with stanza 17. Sigmund: Sigurth’s
father, who here appears as a sea-rover in Guthrun’s tapestry. Sigar:
named in Fornaldar sögur II, 10, as the father of Siggeir, the latter
being the husband of Sigmund’s twin sister, Signy (cf. Fra Dautha
Sinfjotla). Fjon: this name, referring to the Danish island of Fünen,
is taken from the Volsungasaga paraphrase as better fitting the Danish
setting of the stanza than the name in Regius, which is “Fife”
(Scotland).

17. No gap is indicated in the manuscript, and most editions combine
these two lines either with lines 3–4 of stanza 16, with lines 1–2 of
stanza 18, or with the whole of stanza 18. Line 2 has been filled out
in various ways. The Volsungasaga paraphrase indicates that these two
lines are the remains of a full stanza, the prose passage running: “Now
Guthrun was somewhat comforted of her sorrows. Then Grimhild learned
where Guthrun was now dwelling.” The first two lines may be the ones
missing. Gothic: the term “Goth” was used in the North without much
discrimination to apply to all south-Germanic peoples. In Gripisspo,
35, Gunnar, Grimhild’s son, appears as “lord of the Goths.”

18. The manuscript marks line 3 as the beginning of a stanza. Grimhild
is eager to have amends made to Guthrun for the slaying of Sigurth and
their son, Sigmund, because Atli has threatened war if he cannot have
Guthrun for his wife.

19. Lines 5–6 are almost certainly interpolations, made by a scribe
with a very vague understanding of the meaning of the stanza, which
refers simply to the journey of the Gjukungs to bring their sister home
from Denmark.

20. Lines 1–2 are probably interpolated, though the Volsungasaga
includes the names. Some one apparently attempted to supply the names
of Atli’s messengers, the “long-beard men” of line 4, who have come to
ask for Guthrun’s hand. Some commentators assume, as the Volsungasaga
does, that these messengers went with the Gjukungs to Denmark in search
of Guthrun, but it seems more likely that a transitional stanza has
dropped out after stanza 19, and that Guthrun received Atli’s
emissaries in her brothers’ home. Long-beards: the word may actually
mean Langobards or Lombards, but, if it does, it is presumably without
any specific significance here. Certainly the names in the interpolated
two lines do not fit either Lombards or Huns, for Valdar is identified
as a Dane, and Jarizleif and Jarizskar are apparently Slavic. The
manuscript indicates line 5 as beginning a new stanza.

21. Each: the reference is presumably to Gunnar and Hogni, and perhaps
also Grimhild. I suspect that this stanza belongs before stanza 20.

22. Stanzas 22–25 describe the draught of forgetfulness which Grimhild
gives Guthrun, just as she gave one to Sigurth (in one version of the
story) to make him forget Brynhild. The draught does not seem to work
despite Guthrun’s statement in stanza 25 (cf. stanza 30), for which
reason Vigfusson, not unwisely, places stanzas 22–25 after stanza 34.
Blood of swine: cf. Hyndluljoth, 39 and note.

23. The Volsungasaga quotes stanzas 23–24. Heather-fish: a snake.
Haddings’ land: the world of the dead, so called because, according to
Saxo Grammaticus, the Danish king Hadingus once visited it. It is
possible that the comma should follow “heather-fish,” making the “ear
uncut” (of grain) come from the world of the dead.

24. Dew of the hearth: soot.

25. In the manuscript, and in some editions, the first line is in the
third person plural: “Then they forgot,   |   when the draught they had
drunk.” The second line in the original is manifestly in bad shape, and
has been variously emended. I forgot: this emendation is doubtful, in
view of stanza 30, but cf. note to stanza 22. The kings all three:
probably Atli’s emissaries, though the interpolated lines of stanza 20
name four of them. I suspect that line 4 is wrong, and should read:
“Ere he himself (Atli)   |   to speak began.” Certainly stanzas 26–27
fit Atli much better than they do Grimhild, and there is nothing
unreasonable in Atli’s having come in person, along with his tributary
kings, to seek Guthrun’s hand. However, the “three kings” may not be
Atli’s followers at all, but Gunnar, Hogni, and the unnamed third
brother possibly referred to in Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 18.

26. Thy father’s: So the manuscript, in which case the reference is
obviously to Gjuki. But some editions omit the “thy,” and if Atli, and
not Grimhild, is speaking (cf. note on stanza 25), the reference may
be, as in line 3 of stanza 27, to the wealth of Atli’s father, Buthli.
Hlothver: the northern form of the Frankish name Chlodowech (Ludwig),
but who this Hlothver was, beyond the fact that he was evidently a
Frankish king, is uncertain. If Atli is speaking, he is presumably a
Frankish ruler whose land Atli and his Huns have conquered.

27. Cf. note on stanza 25 as to the probable speaker.

28. In stanzas 28–32 the dialogue, in alternate stanzas, is clearly
between Guthrun and her mother, Grimhild, though the manuscript does
not indicate the speakers.

29. Sigmund: son of Sigurth and Guthrun, killed at Brynhild’s behest.

30. This stanza presents a strong argument for transposing the
description of the draught of forgetfulness (stanzas 22–24 and lines
1–2 of stanza 25) to follow stanza 33. Raven, etc.: the original is
somewhat obscure, and the line may refer simply to the “corpse-eating
raven.”

32. In the manuscript this stanza is immediately followed by the two
lines which here, following Bugge’s suggestion, appear as stanza 35. In
lines 3–4 Guthrun foretells what will (and actually does) happen if she
is forced to become Atli’s wife. If stanza 35 really belongs here, it
continues the prophesy to the effect that Guthrun will have no rest
till she has avenged her brothers’ death.

33. Very likely the remains of two stanzas; the manuscript marks line 4
as beginning a new stanza. On the other hand, lines 3 and 5 may be
interpolations. Vinbjorg and Valbjorg: apparently imaginary
place-names.

34. The kings: presumably Gunnar and Hogni. My sons: regarding
Guthrun’s slaying of her two sons by Atli, Erp and Eitil, cf. Drap
Niflunga, note.

35. In the manuscript this stanza follows stanza 32. The loss of two
lines, to the effect that “Ill was that marriage for my brothers, and
ill for Atli himself,” and the transposition of the remaining two lines
to this point, are indicated in a number of editions. The warrior,
etc.: Atli, whom Guthrun kills.

36. The stanza describes the journey to Atli’s home, and sundry
unsuccessful efforts have been made to follow the travellers through
Germany and down the Danube. Foreign women: slaves. Line 5, which the
manuscript marks as beginning a stanza, is probably spurious.

37. After these two lines there appears to be a considerable gap, the
lost stanzas giving Guthrun’s story of the slaying of her brothers. It
is possible that stanzas 38–45 came originally from another poem,
dealing with Atli’s dream, and were here substituted for the original
conclusion of Guthrun’s lament. Many editions combine stanzas 37 and
38, or combine stanza 38 (the manuscript marks line 1 as beginning a
stanza) with lines 1–2 of stanza 39.

39. The manuscript indicates line 3 as the beginning of a stanza. The
manuscript and most editions do not indicate the speakers in this and
the following stanzas.

40. Guthrun, somewhat obscurely, interprets Atli’s first dream (stanza
39) to mean that she will cure him of an abscess by cauterizing it. Her
interpretation is, of course, intended merely to blind him to her
purpose.

41. In stanzas 41–43 Atli’s dreams forecast the death of his two sons,
whose flesh Guthrun gives him to eat (cf. Atlakvitha, 39, and Atlamol,
78).

44. This stanza is evidently Guthrun’s intentionally cryptic
interpretation of Atli’s dreams, but the meaning of the original is
more than doubtful. The word here rendered “sacrifice” may mean
“sea-catch,” and the one rendered “beasts” may mean “whales.” None of
the attempted emendations have rendered the stanza really intelligible,
but it appears to mean that Atli will soon make a sacrifice of beasts
at night, and give their bodies to the people. Guthrun of course has in
mind the slaying of his two sons.

45. With these two lines the poem abruptly ends; some editors assign
the speech to Atli (I think rightly), others to Guthrun. Ettmüller
combines the lines with stanza 38. Whether stanzas 38–45 originally
belonged to Guthrun’s lament, or were interpolated here in place of the
lost conclusion of that poem from another one dealing with Atli’s
dreams (cf. note on stanza 37), it is clear that the end has been lost.








GUTHRUNARKVITHA III

THE THIRD LAY OF GUTHRUN


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The short Guthrunarkvitha III, entitled in the manuscript simply
Guthrunarkvitha, but so numbered in most editions to distinguish it
from the first and second Guthrun lays, appears only in the Codex
Regius. It is neither quoted nor paraphrased in the Volsungasaga, the
compilers of which appear not to have known the story with which it
deals. The poem as we have it is evidently complete and free from
serious interpolations. It can safely be dated from the first half of
the eleventh century, for the ordeal by boiling water, with which it is
chiefly concerned, was first introduced into Norway by St. Olaf, who
died in 1030, and the poem speaks of it in stanza 7 as still of foreign
origin.

The material for the poem evidently came from North Germany, but there
is little indication that the poet was working on the basis of a
narrative legend already fully formed. The story of the wife accused of
faithlessness who proves her innocence by the test of boiling water had
long been current in Germany, as elsewhere, and had attached itself to
various women of legendary fame, but not except in this poem, so far as
we can judge, to Guthrun (Kriemhild). The introduction of Thjothrek
(Theoderich, Dietrich, Thithrek) is another indication of relative
lateness, for the legends of Theoderich do not appear to have reached
the North materially before the year 1000. On the anachronism of
bringing Thjothrek to Atli’s court cf. Guthrunarkvitha II, introductory
prose, note, in which the development of the Theoderich tradition in
its relation to that of Atli is briefly outlined.

Guthrunarkvitha III is, then, little more than a dramatic German story
made into a narrative lay by a Norse poet, with the names of Guthrun,
Atli, Thjothrek, and Herkja incorporated for the sake of greater
effectiveness. Its story probably nowhere formed a part of the living
tradition of Sigurth and Atli, but the poem has so little distinctively
Norse coloring that it may possibly have been based on a story or even
a poem which its composer heard in Germany or from the lips of a German
narrator.





Herkja was the name of a serving-woman of Atli’s; she had been his
concubine. She told Atli that she had seen Thjothrek and Guthrun both
together. Atli was greatly angered thereby. Then Guthrun said:


1.  “What thy sorrow, Atli,   |   Buthli’s son?
    Is thy heart heavy-laden?   |   Why laughest thou never?
    It would better befit   |   the warrior far
    To speak with men,   |   and me to look on.”


Atli spake:


2.  “It troubles me, Guthrun,   |   Gjuki’s daughter,
    What Herkja here   |   in the hall hath told me,
    That thou in the bed   |   with Thjothrek liest,
    Beneath the linen   |   in lovers’ guise.”


Guthrun spake:


3.  “This shall I   |   with oaths now swear,
    Swear by the sacred   |   stone so white,
    That nought was there   |   with Thjothmar’s son
    That man or woman   |   may not know.

4.  “Nor ever once   |   did my arms embrace
    The hero brave,   |   the leader of hosts;
    In another manner   |   our meeting was,
    When our sorrows we   |   in secret told.

5.  “With thirty warriors   |   Thjothrek came,
    Nor of all his men   |   doth one remain;
    Thou hast murdered my brothers   |   and mail-clad men,
    Thou hast murdered all   |   the men of my race.

6.  “Gunnar comes not,   |   Hogni I greet not,
    No longer I see   |   my brothers loved;
    My sorrow would Hogni   |   avenge with the sword,
    Now myself for my woes   |   I shall payment win.

7.  “Summon Saxi,   |   the southrons’ king,
    For he the boiling   |   kettle can hallow.”
    Seven hundred   |   there were in the hall,
    Ere the queen her hand   |   in the kettle thrust.

8.  To the bottom she reached   |   with hand so bright,
    And forth she brought   |   the flashing stones:
    “Behold, ye warriors,   |   well am I cleared
    Of sin by the kettle’s   |   sacred boiling.”

9.  Then Atli’s heart   |   in happiness laughed,
    When Guthrun’s hand   |   unhurt he saw;
    “Now Herkja shall come   |   the kettle to try,
    She who grief   |   for Guthrun planned.”

10. Ne’er saw man sight   |   more sad than this,
    How burned were the hands   |   of Herkja then;
    In a bog so foul   |   the maid they flung,
    And so was Guthrun’s   |   grief requited.








NOTES


Prose. The annotator derived all the material for this note from the
poem itself, except for the reference to Herkja as Atli’s former
concubine. Herkja: the historical Kreka and the Helche of the
Nibelungenlied, who there appears as Etzel’s (Attila’s) first wife.
Thjothrek: cf. Introductory Note.

2. The manuscript omits the names of the speakers throughout.

3. Holy stone: just what this refers to is uncertain; it may be
identical with the “ice-cold stone of Uth” mentioned in an oath in
Helgakvitha Hundingsbana II, 29. Thjothmar’s son: the manuscript has
simply “Thjothmar.” Some editions change it as here, some assume that
Thjothmar is another name or an error for Thjothrek, and Finnur Jonsson
not only retains Thjothmar here but changes Thjothrek to Thjothmar in
stanza 5 to conform to it.

5. Regarding the death of Thjothrek’s men cf. Guthrunarkvitha II,
introductory prose, note. It was on these stanzas of Guthrunarkvitha
III that the annotator based his introduction to Guthrunarkvitha II.
The manuscript repeats the “thirty” in line 2, in defiance of metrical
requirements.

6. In the manuscript this stanza follows stanza 7; many editions have
made the transposition.

7. Who Saxi may be is not clear, but the stanza clearly points to the
time when the ordeal by boiling water was still regarded as a foreign
institution, and when a southern king (i.e., a Christian from some
earlier-converted region) was necessary to consecrate the kettle used
in the test. The ordeal by boiling water followed closely the
introduction of Christianity, which took place around the year 1000.
Some editions make two stanzas out of stanza 7, and Müllenhoff contends
that lines 1–2 do not constitute part of Guthrun’s speech.

10. The word “requited” in line 4 is omitted in the manuscript, but it
is clear that some such word was intended. The punishment of casting a
culprit into a bog to be drowned was particularly reserved for women,
and is not infrequently mentioned in the sagas.








ODDRUNARGRATR

THE LAMENT OF ODDRUN


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Oddrunargratr follows Guthrunarkvitha III in the Codex Regius; it
is not quoted or mentioned elsewhere, except that the composer of the
“short” Sigurth lay seems to have been familiar with it. The
Volsungasaga says nothing of the story on which it is based, and
mentions Oddrun only once, in the course of its paraphrase of
Brynhild’s prophecy from the “short” Sigurth lay. That the poem comes
from the eleventh century is generally agreed; prior to the year 1000
there is no trace of the figure of Oddrun, Atli’s sister, and yet the
Oddrunargratr is almost certainly older than the “short” Sigurth lay,
so that the last half of the eleventh century seems to be a fairly safe
guess.

Where or how the figure of Oddrun entered the Sigurth-Atli cycle is
uncertain. She does not appear in any of the extant German versions,
and it is generally assumed that she was a creation of the North,
though the poet refers to “old tales” concerning her. She does not
directly affect the course of the story at all, though the poet has
used effectively the episode of Gunnar’s death, with the implication
that Atli’s vengeance on Gunnar and Hogni was due, at least in part, to
his discovery of Gunnar’s love affair with Oddrun. The material which
forms the background of Oddrun’s story belongs wholly to the German
part of the legend (cf. introductory note to Gripisspo), and is
paralleled with considerable closeness in the Nibelungenlied; only
Oddrun herself and the subsidiary figures of Borgny and Vilmund are
Northern additions. The geography, on the other hand, is so utterly
chaotic as to indicate that the original localization of the Atli story
had lost all trace of significance by the time this poem was composed.

In the manuscript the poem, or rather the brief introductory prose
note, bears the heading “Of Borgny and Oddrun,” but nearly all
editions, following late paper manuscripts, have given the poem the
title it bears here. Outside of a few apparently defective stanzas, and
some confusing transpositions, the poem has clearly been preserved in
good condition, and the beginning and end are definitely marked.





Heithrek was the name of a king, whose daughter was called Borgny.
Vilmund was the name of the man who was her lover. She could not give
birth to a child until Oddrun, Atli’s sister, had come to her; Oddrun
had been beloved of Gunnar, son of Gjuki. About this story is the
following poem.


1.  I have heard it told   |   in olden tales
    How a maiden came   |   to Morningland;
    No one of all   |   on earth above
    To Heithrek’s daughter   |   help could give.

2.  This Oddrun learned,   |   the sister of Atli,
    That sore the maiden’s   |   sickness was;
    The bit-bearer forth   |   from his stall she brought,
    And the saddle laid   |   on the steed so black.

3.  She let the horse go   |   o’er the level ground,
    Till she reached the hall   |   that loftily rose,
    (And in she went   |   from the end of the hall;)
    From the weary steed   |   the saddle she took;
    Hear now the speech   |   that first she spake:

4.  “What news on earth,   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Or what has happened   |   in Hunland now?”


A serving-maid spake:


    “Here Borgny lies   |   in bitter pain,
    Thy friend, and, Oddrun,   |   thy help would find.”


Oddrun spake:


5.  “Who worked this woe   |   for the woman thus,
    Or why so sudden   |   is Borgny sick?”


The serving-maid spake:


    “Vilmund is he,   |   the heroes’ friend,
    Who wrapped the woman   |   in bedclothes warm,
    (For winters five,   |   yet her father knew not).”

6.  Then no more   |   they spake, methinks;
    She went at the knees   |   of the woman to sit;
    With magic Oddrun   |   and mightily Oddrun
    Chanted for Borgny   |   potent charms.

7.  At last were born   |   a boy and girl,
    Son and daughter   |   of Hogni’s slayer;
    Then speech the woman   |   so weak began,
    Nor said she aught   |   ere this she spake:

8.  “So may the holy   |   ones thee help,
    Frigg and Freyja   |   and favoring gods,
    As thou hast saved me   |   from sorrow now.”


Oddrun spake:


9.  “I came not hither   |   to help thee thus
    Because thou ever   |   my aid didst earn;
    I fulfilled the oath   |   that of old I swore,
    That aid to all   |   I should ever bring,
    (When they shared the wealth   |   the warriors had).”


Borgny spake:


10. “Wild art thou, Oddrun,   |   and witless now,
    That so in hatred   |   to me thou speakest;
    I followed thee   |   where thou didst fare,
    As we had been born   |   of brothers twain.”


Oddrun spake:


11. “I remember the evil   |   one eve thou spakest,
    When a draught I gave   |   to Gunnar then;
    Thou didst say that never   |   such a deed
    By maid was done   |   save by me alone.”

12. Then the sorrowing woman   |   sat her down
    To tell the grief   |   of her troubles great.

13. “Happy I grew   |   in the hero’s hall
    As the warriors wished,   |   and they loved me well;
    Glad I was   |   of my father’s gifts,
    For winters five,   |   while my father lived.

14. “These were the words   |   the weary king,
    Ere he died,   |   spake last of all:
    He bade me with red gold   |   dowered to be,
    And to Grimhild’s son   |   in the South be wedded.

15. “But Brynhild the helm   |   he bade to wear,
    A wish-maid bright   |   he said she should be;
    For a nobler maid   |   would never be born
    On earth, he said,   |   if death should spare her.

16. “At her weaving Brynhild   |   sat in her bower,
    Lands and folk   |   alike she had;
    The earth and heaven   |   high resounded
    When Fafnir’s slayer   |   the city saw.

17. “Then battle was fought   |   with the foreign swords,
    And the city was broken   |   that Brynhild had;
    Not long thereafter,   |   but all too soon,
    Their evil wiles   |   full well she knew.

18. “Woeful for this   |   her vengeance was,
    As so we learned   |   to our sorrow all;
    In every land   |   shall all men hear
    How herself at Sigurth’s   |   side she slew.

19. “Love to Gunnar   |   then I gave,
    To the breaker of rings,   |   as Brynhild might;
    To Atli rings   |   so red they offered,
    And mighty gifts   |   to my brother would give.

20. “Fifteen dwellings   |   fain would he give
    For me, and the burden   |   that Grani bore;
    But Atli said   |   he would never receive
    Marriage gold   |   from Gjuki’s son.

21. “Yet could we not   |   our love o’ercome,
    And my head I laid   |   on the hero’s shoulder;
    Many there were   |   of kinsmen mine
    Who said that together   |   us they had seen.

22. “Atli said   |   that never I
    Would evil plan,   |   or ill deed do;
    But none may this   |   of another think,
    Or surely speak,   |   when love is shared.

23. “Soon his men   |   did Atli send,
    In the murky wood   |   on me to spy;
    Thither they came   |   where they should not come,
    Where beneath one cover   |   close we lay.

24. “To the warriors ruddy   |   rings we offered,
    That nought to Atli   |   e’er they should say;
    But swiftly home   |   they hastened thence,
    And eager all   |   to Atli told.

25. “But close from Guthrun   |   kept they hid
    What first of all   |   she ought to have known.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

26. “Great was the clatter   |   of gilded hoofs
    When Gjuki’s sons   |   through the gateway rode;
    The heart they hewed   |   from Hogni then,
    And the other they cast   |   in the serpents’ cave.

27. “The hero wise   |   on his harp then smote,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    For help from me   |   in his heart yet hoped
    The high-born king,   |   might come to him.

28. “Alone was I gone   |   to Geirmund then,
    The draught to mix   |   and ready to make;
    Sudden I heard   |   from Hlesey clear
    How in sorrow the strings   |   of the harp resounded.

29. “I bade the serving-maids   |   ready to be,
    For I longed the hero’s   |   life to save;
    Across the sound   |   the boats we sailed,
    Till we saw the whole   |   of Atli’s home.

30. “Then crawling the evil   |   woman came,
    Atli’s mother—   |   may she ever rot!
    And hard she bit   |   to Gunnar’s heart,
    So I could not help   |   the hero brave.

31. “Oft have I wondered   |   how after this,
    Serpents’-bed goddess!   |   I still might live,
    For well I loved   |   the warrior brave,
    The giver of swords,   |   as my very self.

32. “Thou didst see and listen,   |   the while I said
    The mighty grief   |   that was mine and theirs;
    Each man lives   |   as his longing wills,—
    Oddrun’s lament   |   is ended now.”








NOTES


Prose. Nothing further is known of Heithrek, Borgny or Vilmund. The
annotator has added the name of Borgny’s father, but otherwise his
material comes from the poem itself. Oddrun, sister of Atli and
Brynhild, here appears as proficient in birth-runes (cf. Sigrdrifumol,
8). Regarding her love for Gunnar, Guthrun’s brother, and husband of
her sister, Brynhild, cf. Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 57 and note.

1. Olden tales: this may be merely a stock phrase, or it may really
mean that the poet found his story in oral prose tradition.
Morningland: the poem’s geography is utterly obscure. “Morningland” is
apparently identical with “Hunland” (stanza 4), and yet Oddrun is
herself sister of the king of the Huns. Vigfusson tries to make
“Mornaland” into “Morva land” and explain it as Moravia. Probably it
means little more than a country lying vaguely in the East. With stanza
28 the confusion grows worse.

3. Line 3 (cf. Völundarkvitha, 17) or line 5 (cf. Thrymskvitha, 2),
both quoted from older poems, is probably spurious; the manuscript
marks line 3 as the beginning of a new stanza.

4. Line 1 in the original appears to have lost its second half. In line
2 the word rendered “has happened” is doubtful. The manuscript does not
indicate the speaker of lines 3–4, and a few editors assign them to
Borgny herself.

5. The manuscript does not indicate the speakers. For the woman:
conjectural; the manuscript has instead: “What warrior now   |   hath
worked this woe?” The manuscript indicates line 3 as beginning a new
stanza. Line 5, apparently modeled on line 4 of stanza 13, is probably
spurious.

6. Charms: cf. Sigrdrifumol, 8.

7. Hogni’s slayer: obviously Vilmund, but unless he was the one of
Atli’s followers who actually cut out Hogni’s heart (cf. Drap
Niflunga), there is nothing else to connect him with Hogni’s death.
Sijmons emends the line to read “Born of the sister   |   of Hogni’s
slayer.”

8. Regarding Frigg as a goddess of healing cf. Svipdagsmol, 52, note.
Regarding Freyja as the friend of lovers cf. Grimnismol, 14, note. A
line is very possibly missing from this stanza.

9. The manuscript does not name the speaker. In line 2 the word
rendered “earn” is omitted in the manuscript, but nearly all editions
have supplied it. Line 5 is clearly either interpolated or out of
place. It may be all that is left of a stanza which stood between
stanzas 15 and 16, or it may belong in stanza 12.

10–20. In the manuscript the order is as follows: 12; 13; 14; 15, 3–4;
10; 11; 16; 17; 18; 19, 1–2; 15, 1–2; 19, 3–4; 20. The changes made
here, following several of the editions, are: (a) the transposition of
stanzas 10–11, which are clearly dialogue, out of the body of the
lament to a position just before it; (b) the transposition of lines 1–2
of stanza 15 to their present position from the middle of stanza 19.

10. The manuscript does not name the speaker; cf. note on stanzas
10–20.

11. The manuscript does not name the speaker; cf. note on stanzas
10–20. The word rendered “evil” in line 1 is a conjectural addition.
Apparently Borgny was present at Atli’s court while the love affair
between Oddrun and Gunnar was in progress, and criticised Oddrun for
her part in it. A draught, etc.: apparently in reference to a secret
meeting of the lovers.

12. In the manuscript this stanza follows stanza 9; cf. note on stanzas
10–20. No gap is indicated, but something has presumably been lost.
Grundtvig supplies as a first line: “The maid her evil   |   days
remembered,” and inserts as a second line line 5 of stanza 9.

13. The manuscript indicates line 3 as the beginning of a new stanza;
many editions combine lines 1–2 with stanza 12 and lines 3–4 with lines
1–2 of stanza 14. The hero: Buthli, father of Oddrun, Atli, and
Brynhild.

14. The manuscript indicates line 3, but not line 1, as the beginning
of a new stanza; some editions combine lines 3–4 with lines 3–4 of
stanza 15. Making Buthli plan the marriage of Oddrun and Gunnar may be
a sheer invention of the poet, or may point to an otherwise lost
version of the legend.

15. Lines 1–2 have here been transposed from the middle of stanza 19;
cf. note on stanzas 10–20. Wish-maid: a Valkyrie, so called because the
Valkyries fullfilled Othin’s wish in choosing the slain heroes for
Valhall. The reference to Brynhild as a Valkyrie by no means fits with
the version of the story used in stanzas 16–17, and the poet seems to
have attempted to combine the two contradictory traditions; cf.
Fafnismol, note on stanza 44. In the manuscript stanzas 10–11 follow
line 4 of stanza 15.

16. In stanzas 16–17 the underlying story seems to be the one used in
Sigurtharkvitha en skamma (particularly stanzas 32–39), and referred to
in Guthrunarkvitha I, 24, wherein Gunnar and Sigurth lay siege to
Atli’s city (it here appears as Brynhild’s) and are bought off only by
Atli’s giving Brynhild to Gunnar as wife, winning her consent thereto
by falsely representing to her that Gunnar is Sigurth. This version is,
of course, utterly at variance with the one in which Sigurth wins
Brynhild for Gunnar by riding through the ring of flames, and is
probably more closely akin to the early German traditions. In the
Nibelungenlied Brynhild appears as a queen ruling over lands and
peoples. Fafnir’s slayer: Sigurth.

17. Cf. note on preceding stanza.

18. Cf. Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, stanzas 64–70.

19. In the manuscript lines 1–2 of stanza 15 follow line 2, resulting
in various conjectural combinations. The manuscript marks line 3 as
beginning a new stanza. Rings, etc.: possibly, as Gering maintains,
payment offered by Gunnar and Hogni for Brynhild’s death, but more
probably, as in stanza 20, Gunnar’s proffered “marriage gold” for the
hand of Oddrun.

20. Grani’s burden: the treasure won by Sigurth from Fafnir; cf.
Fafnismol, concluding prose. The manuscript marks line 3 as beginning a
new stanza, as also in stanzas 21 and 22.

23. Murky wood: the forest which divided Atli’s realm from that of the
Gjukungs is in Atlakvitha, 3, called Myrkwood. This hardly accords with
the extraordinary geography of stanzas 28–29, or with the journey
described in Guthrunarkvitha II, 36.

24. In the manuscript lines 3 and 4 stand in reversed order.

25. No gap is indicated in the manuscript; some editors assume the loss
not only of two lines, but of an additional stanza. Evidently Guthrun
has already become Atli’s wife.

26. If a stanza has been lost after stanza 25, it may well have told of
Atli’s treacherous invitation to the Gjukungs to visit him; cf. Drap
Niflunga, which likewise tells of the slaying of Hogni and Gunnar (the
other).

27. In the manuscript these three lines follow line 2 of stanza 28. No
gap is indicated in the manuscript. In the Volsungasaga Guthrun gives
her brother the harp, with which he puts the serpents to sleep. The
episode is undoubtedly related to the famous thirtieth Aventiure of the
Nibelungenlied, in which Volker plays the followers of Gunther to sleep
before the final battle.

28. In the manuscript the three lines of stanza 27 follow line 2, and
line 3 is marked as beginning a new stanza. Geirmund: nothing further
is known of him, but he seems to be an ally or retainer of Atli, or
possibly his brother. Hlesey: the poet’s geography is here in very bad
shape. Hlesey is (or may be) the Danish island of Läsö, in the Kattegat
(cf. Harbarthsljoth, 37 and note), and thither he has suddenly
transported not only Gunnar’s death-place but Atli’s whole dwelling
(cf. stanza 29), despite his previous references to the ride to Hunland
(stanzas 3–4) and the “murky wood” (stanza 23). Geirmund’s home, where
Oddrun has gone, is separated from Hlesey and Atli’s dwelling by a
sound (stanza 29). However, geographical accuracy is seldom to be
looked for in heroic epic poetry.

29. Many editions combine this stanza with lines 3–4 of stanza 28. The
sound: cf. note on stanza 28.

30. The manuscript marks line 3 as beginning a new stanza. Atli’s
mother: the Volsungasaga does not follow this version; Gunnar puts all
the serpents but one to sleep with his harp playing, “but a mighty and
evil adder crawled to him and drove his fangs into him till they
reached his heart, and so he died.” It is possible that “Atli” is a
scribal error for a word meaning “of serpents.”

31. Serpents’-bed goddess: woman (i.e., Borgny); “goddess of gold” was
a frequent term for a woman, and gold was often called the “serpents’
bed” (cf. Guthrunarkvitha I, 24 and note).

32. Some editions make line 4 a statement of the poet’s, and not part
of Oddrun’s speech.








ATLAKVITHA EN GRÖNLENZKA

THE GREENLAND LAY OF ATLI


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

There are two Atli poems in the Codex Regius, the Atlakvitha (Lay of
Atli) and the Atlamol (Ballad of Atli). The poems are not preserved or
quoted in any other old manuscript, but they were extensively used by
the compilers of the Volsungasaga. In the manuscript superscription to
each of these poems appears the word “Greenland,” which has given rise
to a large amount of argument. The scribe was by no means infallible,
and in this case his statement proves no more than that in the period
round 1300 there was a tradition that these two poems originated in the
Greenland settlement.

The two Atli poems deal with substantially the same material: the visit
of the sons of Gjuki to Atli’s court, their deaths, and the subsequent
revenge of their sister, Guthrun, Atli’s wife, on her husband. The
shorter of the two, the Atlakvitha, tells the story with little
elaboration; the Atlamol, with about the same narrative basis, adds
many details, some of them apparently of the poet’s invention, and with
a romantic, not to say sentimental, quality quite lacking in the
Atlakvitha. Both poems are sharply distinguished from the rest of the
collection by their metrical form, which is the Malahattr (used
irregularly also in the Harbarthsljoth), employed consistently and
smoothly in the Atlamol, and with a considerable mixture of what appear
to be Fornyrthislag lines (cf. Introduction) in the Atlakvitha.

It is altogether probable that both poems belong to the eleventh
century, the shorter Atlakvitha being generally dated from the first
quarter thereof, and the longer Atlamol some fifty years or more later.
In each case the poet was apparently a Christian; in the Atlamol
(stanza 82) Guthrun expresses her readiness to die and “go into another
light,” and in the Atlakvitha there is frequent use of mythological
names (e.g., Valhall, Hlithskjolf) with an evident lack of
understanding of their relation to the older gods. These facts fit the
theory of a Greenland origin exceedingly well, for the Greenland
settlement grew rapidly after the first explorations of Eirik the Red,
which were in 982–985, and its most flourishing period was in the
eleventh century. The internal evidence, particularly in the case of
the Atlamol, points likewise to an origin remote from Iceland, Norway,
and the “Western Isles”; and the two poems are sufficiently alike so
that, despite the efforts of Finnur Jonsson and others to separate
them, assigning one to Greenland and the other to Norway or elsewhere,
it seems probable that the manuscript statement is correct in both
instances, and that the two Atli poems did actually originate in
Greenland. An interesting account of this Greenland settlement is given
in William Hovgaard’s Voyages of the Norsemen to America, published by
the American-Scandinavian Foundation in 1914, and an extraordinarily
vivid picture of the sufferings of the early settlers appears in
Maurice Hewlett’s Thorgils, taken from the Floamannasaga.

From the standpoint of narrative material there is little that is
distinctively Norse in either the Atlakvitha or the Atlamol. The story
is the one outlined in the prose Drap Niflunga (largely based on these
two poems), representing almost exclusively the southern blending of
the Attila and Burgundian legends (cf. introductory note to Gripisspo).
In the Atlakvitha, indeed, the word “Burgundians” is actually used.
Brynhild is not mentioned in either poem; Sigurth’s name appears but
once, in the Atlamol. Thus the material goes directly back to its
South-Germanic origins, with little of the Northern making-over which
resulted in such extensive changes in most parts of the Sigurth story.
The general atmosphere, on the other hand, particularly in the Atlamol,
is essentially Norse.

As has been said, the Atlakvitha is metrically in a chaotic state, the
normal Malahattr lines being frequently interspersed with lines and
even stanzas which apparently are of the older Fornyrthislag type. How
much of this confusion is due to faulty transmission is uncertain, but
it has been suggested that the composer of the Atlakvitha made over in
Malahattr an older Atli poem in Fornyrthislag, and this suggestion has
much to recommend it. That he worked on the basis of an older poem is,
indeed, almost certain, for in oral prose tradition a far larger number
of distinctively Norse traits would unquestionably have crept in than
are found in the material of the Atlakvitha. As for the Atlamol, here
again the poet seems to have used an older poem as his basis, possibly
the Atlakvitha itself, although in that case he must have had other
material as well, for there are frequent divergences in such matters as
proper names.

The translation of the Atlakvitha is rendered peculiarly difficult by
the irregularity of the metre, by the evident faultiness of the
transmission, and above all by the exceptionally large number of words
found nowhere else in Old Norse, involving much guesswork as to their
meanings. The notes do not attempt to indicate all the varying
suggestions made by editors and commentators as to the reconstruction
of defective stanzas and the probable meanings of obscure passages; in
cases which are purely or largely guesswork the notes merely point out
the uncertainty without cataloguing the proposed solutions.





Guthrun, Gjuki’s daughter, avenged her brothers, as has become well
known. She slew first Atli’s sons, and thereafter she slew Atli, and
burned the hall with his whole company. Concerning this was the
following poem made:


1.  Atli sent   |   of old to Gunnar
    A keen-witted rider,   |   Knefröth did men call him;
    To Gjuki’s home came he   |   and to Gunnar’s dwelling,
    With benches round the hearth,   |   and to the beer so sweet.

2.  Then the followers, hiding   |   their falseness, all drank
    Their wine in the war-hall,   |   of the Huns’ wrath wary;
    And Knefröth spake loudly,   |   his words were crafty,
    The hero from the south,   |   on the high bench sitting:

3.  “Now Atli has sent me   |   his errand to ride,
    On my bit-champing steed   |   through Myrkwood the secret,
    To bid you, Gunnar,   |   to his benches to come,
    With helms round the hearth,   |   and Atli’s home seek.

4.  “Shields shall ye choose there,   |   and shafts made of
    ash-wood,
    Gold-adorned helmets,   |   and slaves out of Hunland,
    Silver-gilt saddle-cloths,   |   shirts of bright scarlet,
    With lances and spears too,   |   and bit-champing steeds.

5.  “The field shall be given you   |   of wide Gnitaheith,
    With loud-ringing lances,   |   and stems gold-o’erlaid,
    Treasures full huge,   |   and the home of Danp,
    And the mighty forest   |   that Myrkwood is called.”

6.  His head turned Gunnar,   |   and to Hogni he said:
    “What thy counsel, young hero,   |   when such things we hear?
    No gold do I know   |   on Gnitaheith lying
    So fair that other   |   its equal we have not.

7.  “We have seven halls,   |   each of swords is full,
    (And all of gold   |   is the hilt of each;)
    My steed is the swiftest,   |   my sword is sharpest,
    My bows adorn benches,   |   my byrnies are golden,
    My helm is the brightest   |   that came from Kjar’s hall,
    (Mine own is better   |   than all the Huns’ treasure.)”


Hogni spake:


8.  “What seeks she to say,   |   that she sends us a ring,
    Woven with a wolf’s hair?   |   methinks it gives warning;
    In the red ring a hair   |   of the heath-dweller found I,
    Wolf-like shall our road be   |   if we ride on this journey.”

9.  Not eager were his comrades,   |   nor the men of his kin,
    The wise nor the wary,   |   nor the warriors bold.
    But Gunnar spake forth   |   as befitted a king,
    Noble in the beer-hall,   |   and bitter his scorn:

10. “Stand forth now, Fjornir!   |   and hither on the floor
    The beakers all golden   |   shalt thou bring to the warriors.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

11. “The wolves then shall rule   |   the wealth of the Niflungs,
    Wolves aged and grey-hued,   |   if Gunnar is lost,
    And black-coated bears   |   with rending teeth bite,
    And make glad the dogs,   |   if Gunnar returns not.”

12. A following gallant   |   fared forth with the ruler,
    Yet they wept as their home   |   with the hero they left;
    And the little heir   |   of Hogni called loudly:
    “Go safe now, ye wise ones,   |   wherever ye will!”

13. Then let the bold heroes   |   their bit-champing horses
    On the mountains gallop,   |   and through Myrkwood the secret;
    All Hunland was shaken   |   where the hard-souled ones rode,
    On the whip-fearers fared they   |   through fields that were
    green.

14. Then they saw Atli’s halls,   |   and his watch-towers high,
    On the walls so lofty   |   stood the warriors of Buthli;
    The hall of the southrons   |   with seats was surrounded,
    With targets bound   |   and shields full bright.

15. Mid weapons and lances   |   did Atli his wine
    In the war-hall drink,   |   without were his watchmen,
    For Gunnar they waited,   |   if forth he should go,
    With their ringing spears   |   they would fight with the ruler.

16. This their sister saw,   |   as soon as her brothers
    Had entered the hall,—   |   little ale had she drunk:
    “Betrayed art thou, Gunnar!   |   what guard hast thou, hero,
    ’Gainst the plots of the Huns?   |   from the hall flee swiftly!

17. “Brother, ’twere far better   |   to have come in byrnie,
    With thy household helmed,   |   to see Atli’s home,
    And to sit in the saddle   |   all day ’neath the sun,
    (That the sword-norns might weep   |   for the death-pale warriors,
    And the Hunnish shield-maids   |   might shun not the sword,)
    And send Atli himself   |   to the den of the snakes;
    (Now the den of the snakes   |   for thee is destined.)”


Gunnar spake:


18. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    “Too late is it, sister,   |   to summon the Niflungs,
    Long is it to come   |   to the throng of our comrades,
    The heroes gallant,   |   from the hills of the Rhine.”

            *    *    *    *    *    *

19. Then Gunnar they seized,   |   and they set him in chains,
    The Burgundians’ king,   |   and fast they bound him.

20. Hogni slew seven   |   with sword so keen,
    And an eighth he flung   |   in the fire hot;
    A hero should fight   |   with his foemen thus,
    As Hogni strove   |   in Gunnar’s behalf.

21. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    The leader they asked   |   if his life he fain
    With gold would buy,   |   the king of the Goths.


Gunnar spake:


22. “First the heart of Hogni   |   shall ye lay in my hands,
    All bloody from the breast   |   of the bold one cut
    With keen-biting sword,   |   from the son of the king.”

23. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    They cut out the heart   |   from the breast of Hjalli,
    On a platter they bore it,   |   and brought it to Gunnar.

24. Then Gunnar spake forth,   |   the lord of the folk:
    “Here have I the heart   |   of Hjalli the craven,
    Unlike to the heart   |   of Hogni the valiant,
    For it trembles still   |   as it stands on the platter;
    Twice more did it tremble   |   in the breast of the man.”

25. Then Hogni laughed   |   when they cut out the heart
    Of the living helm-hammerer;   |   tears he had not.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    On a platter they bore it,   |   and brought it to Gunnar.

26. Then Gunnar spake forth,   |   the spear of the Niflungs:
    “Here have I the heart   |   of Hogni the valiant,
    Unlike to the heart   |   of Hjalli the craven,
    Little it trembles   |   as it lies on the platter,
    Still less did it tremble   |   when it lay in his breast.

27. “So distant, Atli,   |   from all men’s eyes,
    Shalt thou be as thou   |   .  .  .  .  . from the gold.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

28. “To no one save me   |   is the secret known
    Of the Niflungs’ hoard,   |   now Hogni is dead;
    Of old there were two,   |   while we twain were alive,
    Now is none but I,   |   for I only am living.

29. “The swift Rhine shall hold   |   the strife-gold of heroes,
    That once was the gods’,   |   the wealth of the Niflungs,
    In the depths of the waters   |   the death-rings shall glitter,
    And not shine on the hands   |   of the Hunnish men.”


Atli spake:


30. “Ye shall bring the wagon,   |   for now is he bound.”

            *    *    *    *    *    *

31. On the long-maned Glaum   |   rode Atli the great,
    About him were warriors   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    But Guthrun, akin   |   to the gods of slaughter,
    Yielded not to her tears   |   in the hall of tumult.


Guthrun spake:


32. “It shall go with thee, Atli,   |   as with Gunnar thou heldest
    The oaths ofttimes sworn,   |   and of old made firm,
    By the sun in the south,   |   by Sigtyr’s mountain,
    By the horse of the rest-bed,   |   and the ring of Ull.”

33. Then the champer of bits   |   drew the chieftain great,
    The gold-guarder, down   |   to the place of death.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

34. By the warriors’ host   |   was the living hero
    Cast in the den   |   where crawling about
    Within were serpents,   |   but soon did Gunnar
    With his hand in wrath on   |   the harp-strings smite;
    The strings resounded,—   |   so shall a hero,
    A ring-breaker, gold   |   from his enemies guard.

35. Then Atli rode   |   on his earth-treading steed,
    Seeking his home,   |   from the slaughter-place;
    There was clatter of hoofs   |   of the steeds in the court,
    And the clashing of arms   |   as they came from the field.

36. Out then came Guthrun   |   to meeting with Atli,
    With a golden beaker   |   as gift to the monarch:
    “Thou mayst eat now, chieftain,   |   within thy dwelling,
    Blithely with Guthrun   |   young beasts fresh slaughtered.”

37. The wine-heavy ale-cups   |   of Atli resounded,
    When there in the hall   |   the Hunnish youths clamored,
    And the warriors bearded,   |   the brave ones, entered.

38. Then in came the shining one,   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   and drink she bore them;
    Unwilling and bitter   |   brought she food to the warrior,
    Till in scorn to the white-faced   |   Atli did she speak:

39. “Thou giver of swords,   |   of thy sons the hearts
    All heavy with blood   |   in honey thou hast eaten;
    Thou shalt stomach, thou hero,   |   the flesh of the slain,
    To eat at thy feast,   |   and to send to thy followers.

40. “Thou shalt never call   |   to thy knees again
    Erp or Eitil,   |   when merry with ale;
    Thou shalt never see   |   in their seats again
    The sharers of gold   |   their lances shaping,
    (Clipping the manes   |   or minding their steeds.)”

41. There was clamor on the benches,   |   and the cry of men,
    The clashing of weapons,   |   and weeping of the Huns,
    Save for Guthrun only,   |   she wept not ever
    For her bear-fierce brothers,   |   or the boys so dear,
    So young and so unhappy,   |   whom with Atli she had.

42. Gold did she scatter,   |   the swan-white one,
    And rings of red gold   |   to the followers gave she;
    The fate she let grow,   |   and the shining wealth go,
    Nor spared she the treasure   |   of the temple itself.

43. Unwise then was Atli,   |   he had drunk to wildness,
    No weapon did he have,   |   and of Guthrun bewared not;
    Oft their play was better   |   when both in gladness
    Each other embraced   |   among princes all.

44. With her sword she gave blood   |   for the bed to drink,
    With her death-dealing hand,   |   and the hounds she loosed,
    The thralls she awakened,   |   and a firebrand threw
    In the door of the hall;   |   so vengeance she had.

45. To the flames she gave all   |   who yet were within,
    And from Myrkheim had come   |   from the murder of Gunnar;
    The timbers old fell,   |   the temple was in flames,
    The dwelling of the Buthlungs,   |   and the shield-maids burned,
    They were slain in the house,   |   in the hot flames they sank.

46. Now the tale is all told,   |   nor in later time
    Will a woman in byrnie   |   avenge so her brothers;
    The fair one to three   |   of the kings of the folk
    Brought the doom of death   |   ere herself she died.


Still more is told in the Greenland ballad of Atli.








NOTES


Prose. On the marriage of Guthrun to Atli at the instigation of her
brothers, Gunnar and Hogni, and on the slaying of Atli and his two
sons, Erp and Eitil, cf. Drap Niflunga and note.

1. Line 1 apparently is in Fornyrthislag. Knefröth (the name is spelt
in various ways, and its meaning is uncertain): in the Atlamol (stanza
4) there are two messengers, one named Vingi and the other unnamed; the
annotator combines the two versions in the Drap Niflunga. Benches,
etc.: the adjective rendered “round the hearth,” which etymologically
it ought to mean, is made obscure by its application to “helmets” in
stanzas 3 and 17.

2. Falseness: i.e., Gunnar’s followers concealed their fear and hatred
of the Huns at the feast; but the word may mean “fear of treachery.”
War-hall: the word used is “Valhall,” the name of Othin’s hall of slain
warriors.

3. Myrkwood the secret (the adjective is literally “unknown”): the
forest which divided Atli’s realm from that of the Gjukungs; cf.
Oddrunargratr, 23 and note. Around the hearth: the adjective is the
same one which is applied to “benches” in stanza 1 (cf. note); it may
be an error here, or it may possibly have the force of “of your
followers,” i.e., Gunnar is to arm the men of his household (those who
are round his hearth) for the journey.

4. Slaves, etc.: some editions have “swords in plenty.” Scarlet: the
word apparently means “slaughter-red,” “blood-red,” but it may mean
something entirely different.

5. Gnitaheith: here the dragon Fafnir had his lair (cf. Gripisspo, 11).
Sigurth doubtless owned it after Fafnir’s death, and the Gjukungs after
they had killed Sigurth. Possibly they had given it to Atli in
recompense for the death of his sister, Brynhild, and he now offered to
restore it to them, or—as seems more likely—the poet was not very clear
about its ownership himself. Stems: i.e., the gilded stems of ships,
carved like dragons,—an evident northern touch, if the word is correct,
which is by no means certain. Danp: this name was early applied to a
mythical Danish king (cf. Rigsthula, 49 and note), but it may have been
fabricated by error out of the word “Danparstaþir” (the phrase here
used is “staþi Danpar”), used in the Hervararsaga of a field of battle
between the Goths and the Huns, and quite possibly referring to the
region of the Dnieper. The name seems to have clung to the Atli
tradition long after it had lost all definite significance. Myrkwood:
cf. note on stanza 3.

7. The stanza is clearly in bad shape; the manuscript indicates line 5
as beginning a new stanza. In line 5 the manuscript has “and shield”
after “helm.” Kjar: Gering ingeniously identifies this Kjar with Kjar
the father of Olrun, mentioned in the Völundarkvitha, introductory
prose and stanza 2, on the basis of a genealogy in the Flateyjarbok, in
which Authi, the grandfather of Kjar (by no means certainly the same
man) and Buthli, father of Atli, are mentioned as making a raiding
voyage together. This identification, however, rests on slight
evidence.

8. The manuscript does not name the speaker. One editor gives the first
sentence to Gunnar. She, etc.: Guthrun, seeking to warn her brothers of
Atli’s treachery, sends them a ring with a wolf’s hair as a sign of
danger; in the Atlamol (stanza 4) she sends a message written in runes;
cf. Drap Niflunga. Heath-dweller: wolf.

9. In line 1 the manuscript has “His comrades did not urge Gunnar,” but
the name, involving a metrical error, seems to have been inserted
through a scribal blunder.

10. The manuscript indicates no lacuna, but probably two lines have
dropped out, for the Volsungasaga paraphrase runs: “Give us to drink in
great cups, for it may well be that this shall be our last feast.”
Fjornir: Gunnar’s cup-bearer.

11. Bugge thinks this stanza is spoken by Gunnar’s terrified followers;
Grundtvig assigns it to Hogni. Apparently, however, Gunnar means that
if he and his men are not valiant enough to make the journey and return
safely, it matters little what may happen to them. Niflungs: regarding
the application of this name to Gunnar’s Burgundians cf. Brot, 17 and
note. Bears: these “black” bears have been used as arguments against
the Greenland origin of the poem. And make glad the dogs: i.e., by
giving them corpses to eat, but the phrase in the original is more than
doubtful.

12. Some editions in line 2 read “home of the Niflungs” instead of
“their home,” and others “home of the Huns,” the manuscript reading
being “home of the men.” Heir: the Atlamol (stanza 28) names two sons
of Hogni, Snævar and Solar, both of whom make the journey with their
father and are killed. The Volsungasaga, combining the two versions,
says that Snævar and Solar went with their father, and implies that it
was a third and still younger son who said: “Farewell, and have a good
time” (thus literally).

13. Myrkwood: cf. stanza 3 and note; the journey is here made by land,
whereas in the Atlamol it is made partly by boat; cf. Atlamol, 34 and
note. Whip-fearers: horses, but there is some uncertainty as to the
word.

14. In line 1 the manuscript has “land” instead of “halls,” which
involves a metrical error. Watch-towers: the word used is identical
with the name of Othin’s watch-tower, Hlithskjolf (cf. Grimnismol,
introductory prose). Buthli: the manuscript has “Bikki,” which has led
some editors to transfer this stanza to the Hamthesmol, placing it
between stanzas 16 and 17; it seems more likely, however, that “Bikki”
was a scribal error for “Buthli.” Regarding Bikki cf. Sigurtharkvitha
en skamma, 63 and note. Line 4 is apparently in Fornyrthislag.

15. Line 1 in the manuscript is apparently incorrectly copied, and some
editions omit “Mid weapons and lances” and assume a gap in either line
1 or line 3.

17. This may be the remains of two stanzas; the manuscript marks line 5
as beginning a new stanza. Editorial conjectures are numerous and
varied. Household: the phrase is the same “helms round the hearth”
commented on in stanza 3. Some editions insert a conjectural line after
line 3. Sword-norns, etc.: the line is exceedingly obscure, and the
phrase rendered “sword-norns” may mean “corpse-norns.” Apparently it
refers to the warrior-women of the Huns, the “shield-maids” of line 5
and of stanza 45. Roman writers refer to the warrior-women among the
early Germanic tribes, and the tradition, closely allied to that of the
Valkyries, attached itself readily to the ferocious Huns. Den of
snakes: concerning the manner of Gunnar’s death cf. Drap Niflunga.

18. The manuscript indicates no lacuna and does not name the speaker;
perhaps a line similar to line 1 of stanza 24 (or 26) should be
inserted here. Rhine: Gunnar’s Burgundian home is here clearly
localized. After this stanza it is probable that a passage describing
the battle has been lost.

19. These two lines, apparently the remains of a full stanza, may
belong after stanza 20. Burgundians’ king: the phrase may mean
“Burgundians’ men,” i.e., they bound all the Burgundians who were left
alive after the battle. This is the only place in the poems in which
the name “Burgundian” appears; that the poet had no very clear
conception of its meaning is indicated by the fact that in stanza 21 he
calls Gunnar “king of the Goths.”

20. Apparently a Fornyrthislag stanza, though most editions have
attempted to expand the lines into Malahattr. The exploits of Hogni
(Hagene), with the names of many of his victims, are told in the
Nibelungenlied. The fire: in the Nibelungenlied Kriemhild has the hall
set on fire, and the Burgundians fight amid the flames. Line 4 is
clearly defective, and some editors regard the name “Gunnar” as all
that is left of the first two lines of stanza 21.

21. Again apparently the remains of a Fornyrthislag stanza. Editors
have attempted various combinations of the lines. Gold: presumably
Sigurth’s treasure.

22. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker; perhaps a first line
similar to line 1 of stanza 24 should appear here. Some editors,
however, assume that a line is missing after line 3. Gunnar demands
proof that Hogni is dead because, as stanza 28 shows, he is unwilling
to die himself until he is assured that the secret of the treasure will
perish with him. He did not, of course, intend that the heart should be
cut from the living Hogni.

23. Most editions assume a gap (lines 1–2, 2–3 or 3–4). Hjalli: Atli’s
cook, killed to deceive Gunnar, as Atli hoped to wring the secret of
the hoard from Hogni if Gunnar remained silent. In the Atlamol (stanzas
59–60) Atli’s men prepare to kill Hjalli, but he is spared at Hogni’s
intercession.

25. Helm-hammerer (literally “helmet-smith”): warrior, i.e., Hogni. No
gap indicated in the manuscript.

26. Line 1 may belong elsewhere (stanzas 18 or 22).

27. Apparently the remains of two Fornyrthislag lines; the manuscript
combines them with lines 1–2 of stanza 28. Gunnar foretells Atli’s
speedy death.

28. Apparently in Fornyrthislag. The manuscript indicates line 3 as the
beginning of a stanza, and many editions combine lines 3–4 with stanza
29. This stanza explains Gunnar’s demand for Hogni’s heart in stanza
22.

29. The manuscript marks line 3, and not line 1, as the beginning of a
stanza. Rhine, etc.: the stanza shows the blending of three different
traditions with regard to the treasure: the German tradition of the
gold of the Rhine (cf. Völundarkvitha, 16, and Sigurtharkvitha en
skamma, 16), the tradition, likewise German, of the hoard of the
Nibelungen (Niflungs), early blended with the first one, and finally
the northern tradition of the theft of Andvari’s treasure by Othin,
Hönir, and Loki (cf. Reginsmol, 1–9).

30. Apparently all that is left of a full stanza. The manuscript does
not name Atli as the speaker, and Grundtvig inserts: “Then Atli called,
|   the king of the Huns,” as a first line. Some editors combine this
line with the two lines of stanza 33. Wagon: in Brot, 16, Gunnar is led
to his death in the serpents’ den on horseback, not in a wagon.

31. The stanza in the original is hopelessly confused. Glaum: this
horse of Atli’s is mentioned by name elsewhere. Long-maned: uncertain.
The manuscript indicates no gap, but something has evidently been lost.
Gods of slaughter: perhaps the phrase, usually applied to Othin and the
other gods, is here used simply to mean “heroes,” i.e., Atli, Gunnar,
and Hogni. Line 4 suggests Guthrun’s tearlessness after Sigurth’s death
(cf. Guthrunarkvitha II, 11).

32. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker. Sigtyr
(“Victory-God”): Othin; what particular mountain (if any) is meant is
unknown. Horse of the rest-bed: probably this means “bedpost,” i.e.,
the support of the marriage-bed. Ull: the archer-god, cf. Grimnismol, 5
and note. Nothing is known of his ring.

33. Apparently the remains of a Fornyrthislag stanza. Some editors
combine the two lines with the line here indicated as stanza 30.
Champer of bits: horse. The manuscript indicates no gap.

34. Six Fornyrthislag lines which editors have tried to reconstruct in
all sorts of ways. The manuscript marks line 5 as the beginning of a
new stanza. Regarding the serpents’ den, Gunnar’s harp-playing, and the
manner of his death, cf. Drap Niflunga and Oddrunargratr, 27–30, and
notes. In Atlamol, 62, Gunnar plays the harp with his feet, his hands
being bound, and some editors change hand in line 4 to “foot.” Lines
5–6 may be interpolated, or, as Bugge maintains, lines 1–4 may have
been expanded out of two lines.

35. The manuscript marks line 3 as beginning a new stanza. Two
(possibly three) of the lines appear to be in Fornyrthislag. Field: so
the manuscript, involving a metrical error; many editions have “wood.”

36. Young beasts: Guthrun means Atli’s sons, Erp and Eitil, but of
course he thinks she refers to newly slaughtered beasts; cf.
Guthrunarkvitha II, 41–45.

37. Youths: a conjectural addition. The brave ones is also conjectural,
the manuscript having “each.” No gap indicated in the manuscript; some
editions insert as line 3 or line 4 a slightly altered version of line
2 of stanza 45.

38. No gap indicated in the manuscript, but the two fragments cannot be
fitted together as one line. The shining one: Guthrun.

39. Giver of swords: generous prince, i.e., Atli. Honey: cf.
Guthrunarkvitha II, 42. To send to thy followers: literally, “to send
from thy high seat.”

40. Apparently a Fornyrthislag stanza. Merry with ale: presumably this
refers to Atli, but the manuscript reading makes it apply to the two
boys. Sharers of gold: princes. Line 5 is either interpolated or all
that is left of a separate stanza.

41. The text of the whole stanza has required a considerable amount of
emendation. Lines 3–5 may have been expanded out of two lines, or line
5 may be an interpolation, possibly from stanza 12 of the
Guthrunarhvot. Weapons: the word literally means “good-weaving,” and
may refer to silken garments, but this hardly fits the noun here
rendered “clashing.” Wept not: cf. stanza 31 and note.

42. Line 1 appears to be in Fornyrthislag. Guthrun distributes Atli’s
treasures among his followers apparently to prevent their wrath at the
slaying of Erp and Eitil from turning against her; Atli, as stanza 43
shows, is too drunk to realize or prevent what she is doing.

43. The second half of line 4 is apparently an error, but none of the
editorial suggestions have improved it.

44. Guthrun allows the dogs and the house-thralls, who had no part in
Gunnar’s death, to escape before she burns the dwelling with all who
are left therein. In Atlamol, stanzas 83–84, Atli is slain by a son of
Hogni (Hniflung?) with Guthrun’s help.

45. Some editions transfer line 2 to stanza 37; others reject line 3 as
interpolated. Myrkheim (“Dark-Home”): probably identical with Myrkwood;
cf. stanza 3. Temple: probably both here and in stanza 42 the word
means little more than the place where Atli’s treasures were kept; the
poet was by no means literal in his use of terms connected with the
heathen religion. Buthlungs: sons of Buthli, i.e., Atli and his family.
Shield-maids: cf. stanza 17 and note.

46. The entire stanza is very likely a later addition. Three kings:
Atli and his two sons, Erp and Eitil.








ATLAMOL EN GRÖNLENZKU

THE GREENLAND BALLAD OF ATLI


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

Many of the chief facts regarding the Atlamol, which follows the
Atlakvitha in the Codex Regius, are outlined in the introductory note
to the earlier Atli lay. That the superscription in the manuscript is
correct, and that the poem was actually composed in Greenland, is
generally accepted; the specific reference to polar bears (stanza 17),
and the general color of the entire poem make this origin exceedingly
likely. Most critics, again, agree in dating the poem nearer 1100 than
1050. As to its state of preservation there is some dispute, but,
barring one or two possible gaps of some importance, and the usual
number of passages in which the interpolation or omission of one or two
lines may be suspected, the Atlamol has clearly come down to us in
fairly good shape.

Throughout the poem the epic quality of the story itself is
overshadowed by the romantically sentimental tendencies of the poet,
and by his desire to adapt the narrative to the understanding of his
fellow-Greenlanders. The substance of the poem is the same as that of
the Atlakvitha; it tells of Atli’s message to the sons of Gjuki, their
journey to Atli’s home, the slaying of Hogni and Gunnar, Guthrun’s
bitterness over the death of her brothers, and her bloody revenge on
Atli. Thus in its bare outline the Atlamol represents simply the
Frankish blending of the legends of the slaughter of the Burgundians
and the death of Attila (cf. Gripisspo, introductory note). But here
the resemblance ends. The poet has added characters, apparently of his
own creation, for the sake of episodes which would appeal to both the
men and the women of the Greenland settlement. Sea voyages take the
place of journeys by land; Atli is reproached, not for cowardice in
battle, but for weakness at the Thing or great council. The additions
made by the poet are responsible for the Atlamol’s being the longest of
all the heroic poems in the Eddic collection, and they give it a kind
of emotional vividness, but it has little of the compressed intensity
of the older poems. Its greatest interest lies in its demonstration of
the manner in which a story brought to the North from the South
Germanic lands could be adapted to the understanding and tastes of its
eleventh century hearers without any material change of the basic
narrative.

In what form or forms the story of the Gjukungs and Atli reached the
Greenland poet cannot be determined, but it seems likely that he was
familiar with older poems on the subject, and possibly with the
Atlakvitha itself. That the details which are peculiar to the Atlamol,
such as the figures of Kostbera and Glaumvor, existed in earlier
tradition seems doubtful, but the son of Hogni, who aids Guthrun in the
slaying of Atli, appears, though under another name, in other late
versions of the story, and it is impossible to say just how much the
poet relied on his own imagination and how far he found suggestions and
hints in the prose or verse stories of Atli with which he was familiar.

The poem is in Malahattr (cf. Introduction) throughout, the verse being
far more regular than in the Atlakvitha. The compilers of the
Volsungasaga evidently knew it in very much the form in which we now
have it, for in the main it is paraphrased with great fidelity.





1.  There are many who know   |   how of old did men
    In counsel gather;   |   little good did they get;
    In secret they plotted,   |   it was sore for them later,
    And for Gjuki’s sons,   |   whose trust they deceived.

2.  Fate grew for the princes,   |   to death they were given;
    Ill counsel was Atli’s,   |   though keenness he had;
    He felled his staunch bulwark,   |   his own sorrow fashioned,
    Soon a message he sent   |   that his kinsmen should seek him.

3.  Wise was the woman,   |   she fain would use wisdom,
    She saw well what meant   |   all they said in secret;
    From her heart it was hid   |   how help she might render,
    The sea they should sail,   |   while herself she should go not.

4.  Runes did she fashion,   |   but false Vingi made them,
    The speeder of hatred,   |   ere to give them he sought;
    Then soon fared the warriors   |   whom Atli had sent,
    And to Limafjord came,   |   to the home of the kings.

5.  They were kindly with ale,   |   and fires they kindled,
    They thought not of craft   |   from the guests who had come;
    The gifts did they take   |   that the noble one gave them,
    On the pillars they hung them,   |   no fear did they harbor.

6.  Forth did Kostbera, wife   |   of Hogni, then come,
    Full kindly she was,   |   and she welcomed them both;
    And glad too was Glaumvor,   |   the wife of Gunnar,
    She knew well to care   |   for the needs of the guests.

7.  Then Hogni they asked   |   if more eager he were,
    Full clear was the guile,   |   if on guard they had been;
    Then Gunnar made promise,   |   if Hogni would go,
    And Hogni made answer   |   as the other counseled.

8.  Then the famed ones brought mead,   |   and fair was the feast,
    Full many were the horns,   |   till the men had drunk deep;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    Then the mates made ready   |   their beds for resting.

9.  Wise was Kostbera,   |   and cunning in rune-craft,
    The letters would she read   |   by the light of the fire;
    But full quickly her tongue   |   to her palate clave,
    So strange did they seem   |   that their meaning she saw not.

10. Full soon then his bed   |   came Hogni to seek,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    The clear-souled one dreamed,   |   and her dream she kept not,
    To the warrior the wise one   |   spake when she wakened:

11. “Thou wouldst go hence, Hogni,   |   but heed my counsel,—
    Known to few are the runes,—   |   and put off thy faring;
    I have read now the runes   |   that thy sister wrote,
    And this time the bright one   |   did not bid thee to come.

12. “Full much do I wonder,   |   nor well can I see,
    Why the woman wise   |   so wildly hath written;
    But to me it seems   |   that the meaning beneath
    Is that both shall be slain   |   if soon ye shall go.
    But one rune she missed,   |   or else others have marred it.”


Hogni spake:


13. “All women are fearful;   |   not so do I feel,
    Ill I seek not to find   |   till I soon must avenge it;
    The king now will give us   |   the glow-ruddy gold;
    I never shall fear,   |   though of dangers I know.”


Kostbera spake:


14. “In danger ye fare,   |   if forth ye go thither,
    No welcoming friendly   |   this time shall ye find;
    For I dreamed now, Hogni,   |   and nought will I hide,
    Full evil thy faring,   |   if rightly I fear.

15. “Thy bed-covering saw I   |   in the flames burning,
    And the fire burst high   |   through the walls of my home.”


Hogni spake:


    “Yon garment of linen   |   lies little of worth,
    It will soon be burned,   |   so thou sawest the bed-cover.”


Kostbera spake:


16. “A bear saw I enter,   |   the pillars he broke,
    And he brandished his claws   |   so that craven we were;
    With his mouth seized he many,   |   and nought was our might,
    And loud was the tumult,   |   not little it was.”


Hogni spake:


17. “Now a storm is brewing,   |   and wild it grows swiftly,
    A dream of an ice-bear   |   means a gale from the east.”


Kostbera spake:


18. “An eagle I saw flying   |   from the end through the house,
    Our fate must be bad,   |   for with blood he sprinkled us;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    From the evil I fear   |   that ’twas Atli’s spirit.”


Hogni spake:


19. “They will slaughter soon,   |   and so blood do we see,
    Oft oxen it means   |   when of eagles one dreams;
    True is Atli’s heart,   |   whatever thou dreamest.”
    Then silent they were,   |   and nought further they said.

20. The high-born ones wakened,   |   and like speech they had,
    Then did Glaumvor tell   |   how in terror she dreamed,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  . Gunnar   |   two roads they should go.


Glaumvor spake:


21. “A gallows saw I ready,   |   thou didst go to thy hanging,
    Thy flesh serpents ate,   |   and yet living I found thee;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    The gods’ doom descended;   |   now say what it boded.”

            *    *    *    *    *    *

22. “A sword drawn bloody   |   from thy garments I saw,—
    Such a dream is hard   |   to a husband to tell,—
    A spear stood, methought,   |   through thy body thrust,
    And at head and feet   |   the wolves were howling.”


Gunnar spake:


23. “The hounds are running,   |   loud their barking is heard,
    Oft hounds’ clamor follows   |   the flying of spears.”


Glaumvor spake:


24. “A river the length   |   of the hall saw I run,
    Full swiftly it roared,   |   o’er the benches it swept;
    O’er the feet did it break   |   of ye brothers twain,
    The water would yield not;   |   some meaning there was.”

            *    *    *    *    *    *

25. “I dreamed that by night   |   came dead women hither,
    Sad were their garments,   |   and thee were they seeking;
    They bade thee come swiftly   |   forth to their benches,
    And nothing, methinks,   |   could the Norns avail thee.”


Gunnar spake:


26. “Too late is thy speaking,   |   for so is it settled;
    From the faring I turn not,   |   the going is fixed,
    Though likely it is   |   that our lives shall be short.”

27. Then bright shone the morning,   |   the men all were ready,
    They said, and yet each   |   would the other hold back;
    Five were the warriors,   |   and their followers all
    But twice as many,—   |   their minds knew not wisdom.

28. Snævar and Solar,   |   they were sons of Hogni,
    Orkning was he called   |   who came with the others,
    Blithe was the shield-tree,   |   the brother of Kostbera;
    The fair-decked ones followed,   |   till the fjord divided them,
    Full hard did they plead,   |   but the others would hear not.

29. Then did Glaumvor speak forth,   |   the wife of Gunnar,
    To Vingi she said   |   that which wise to her seemed:
    “I know not if well   |   thou requitest our welcome,
    Full ill was thy coming   |   if evil shall follow.”

30. Then did Vingi swear,   |   and full glib was his speech,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    “May giants now take me   |   if lies I have told ye,
    And the gallows if hostile   |   thought did I have.”

31. Then did Bera speak forth,   |   and fair was her thought,
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    “May ye sail now happy,   |   and victory have,
    To fare as I bid ye,   |   may nought your way bar.”

32. Then Hogni made answer,—   |   dear held he his kin,—
    courage, ye wise ones,   |   whatsoever may come;
    Though many may speak,   |   yet is evil oft mighty,
    And words avail little   |   to lead one homeward.

33. They tenderly looked   |   till each turned on his way,
    Then with changing fate   |   were their farings divided.

34. Full stoutly they rowed,   |   and the keel clove asunder,
    Their backs strained at the oars,   |   and their strength was
    fierce;
    The oar-loops were burst,   |   the thole-pins were broken,
    Nor the ship made they fast   |   ere from her they fared.

35. Not long was it after—   |   the end must I tell—
    That the home they beheld   |   that Buthli once had;
    Loud the gates resounded   |   when Hogni smote them;
    Vingi spake then a word   |   that were better unsaid:

36. “Go ye far from the house,   |   for false is its entrance,
    Soon shall I burn you,   |   ye are swiftly smitten;
    I bade ye come fairly,   |   but falseness was under,
    Now bide ye afar   |   while your gallows I fashion.”

37. Then Hogni made answer,   |   his heart yielded little,
    And nought did he fear   |   that his fate held in store:
    “Seek not to affright us,   |   thou shalt seldom succeed;
    If thy words are more,   |   then the worse grows thy fate.”

38. Then Vingi did they smite,   |   and they sent him to hell,
    With their axes they clove him   |   while the death-rattle came.

39. Atli summoned his men,   |   in mail-coats they hastened,
    All ready they came,   |   and between was the courtyard.

            *    *    *    *    *    *

40. Then came they to words,   |   and full wrathful they were:
    “Long since did we plan   |   how soon we might slay you.”


Hogni spake:


41. “Little it matters   |   if long ye have planned it;
    For unarmed do ye wait,   |   and one have we felled,
    We smote him to hell,   |   of your host was he once.”

42. Then wild was their anger   |   when all heard his words;
    Their fingers were swift   |   on their bowstrings to seize,
    Full sharply they shot,   |   by their shields were they guarded.

43. In the house came the word   |   how the heroes without
    Fought in front of the hall;   |   they heard a thrall tell it;
    Grim then was Guthrun,   |   the grief when she heard,
    With necklaces fair,   |   and she flung them all from her,
    (The silver she hurled   |   so the rings burst asunder.)

44. Then out did she go,   |   she flung open the doors,
    All fearless she went,   |   and the guests did she welcome;
    To the Niflungs she went—   |   her last greeting it was,—
    In her speech truth was clear,   |   and much would she speak.

45. “For your safety I sought   |   that at home ye should stay;
    None escapes his fate,   |   so ye hither must fare.”
    Full wisely she spake,   |   if yet peace they might win,
    But to nought would they hearken,   |   and “No” said they all.

46. Then the high-born one saw   |   that hard was their battle,
    In fierceness of heart   |   she flung off her mantle;
    Her naked sword grasped she   |   her kin’s lives to guard,
    Not gentle her hands   |   in the hewing of battle.

47. Then the daughter of Gjuki   |   two warriors smote down,
    Atli’s brother she slew,   |   and forth then they bore him;
    (So fiercely she fought   |   that his feet she clove off;)
    Another she smote   |   so that never he stood,
    To hell did she send him,—   |   her hands trembled never.

48. Full wide was the fame   |   of the battle they fought,
    ’Twas the greatest of deeds   |   of the sons of Gjuki;
    Men say that the Niflungs,   |   while themselves they were living,
    With their swords fought mightily,   |   mail-coats they sundered,
    And helms did they hew,   |   as their hearts were fearless.

49. All the morning they fought   |   until midday shone,
    (All the dusk as well   |   and the dawning of day,)
    When the battle was ended,   |   the field flowed with blood;
    Ere they fell, eighteen   |   of their foemen were slain,
    By the two sons of Bera   |   and her brother as well.

50. Then the warrior spake,   |   and wild was his anger:
    “This is evil to see,   |   and thy doing is all;
    Once we were thirty,   |   we thanes keen for battle,
    Now eleven are left,   |   and great is our lack.

51. “There were five of us brothers   |   when Buthli we lost,
    Now Hel has the half,   |   and two smitten lie here;
    A great kinship had I,—   |   the truth may I hide not,—
    From a wife bringing slaughter   |   small joy could I win.

52. We lay seldom together   |   since to me thou wast given,
    Now my kin all are gone,   |   of my gold am I robbed;
    Nay, and worst, thou didst send   |   my sister to hell.”


Guthrun spake:


53. “Hear me now, Atli!   |   the first evil was thine;
    My mother didst thou take,   |   and for gold didst murder her,
    My sister’s daughter   |   thou didst starve in a prison.
    A jest does it seem   |   that thy sorrow thou tellest,
    And good do I find it   |   that grief to thee comes.”


Atli spake:


54. “Go now, ye warriors,   |   and make greater the grief
    Of the woman so fair,   |   for fain would I see it;
    So fierce be thy warring   |   that Guthrun shall weep,
    I would gladly behold   |   her happiness lost.

55. “Seize ye now Hogni,   |   and with knives shall ye hew him,
    His heart shall ye cut out,   |   this haste ye to do;
    And grim-hearted Gunnar   |   shall ye bind on the gallows,
    Swift shall ye do it,   |   to serpents now cast him.”


Hogni spake:


56. “Do now as thou wilt,   |   for glad I await it,
    Brave shalt thou find me,   |   I have faced worse before;
    We held thee at bay   |   while whole we were fighting,
    Now with wounds are we spent,   |   so thy will canst thou work.”

57. Then did Beiti speak,   |   he was Atli’s steward:
    “Let us seize now Hjalli,   |   and Hogni spare we!
    Let us fell the sluggard,   |   he is fit for death,
    He has lived too long,   |   and lazy men call him.”

58. Afraid was the pot-watcher,   |   he fled here and yon,
    And crazed with his terror   |   he climbed in the corners:
    “Ill for me is this fighting,   |   if I pay for your fierceness,
    And sad is the day   |   to die leaving my swine
    And all the fair victuals   |   that of old did I have.”

59. They seized Buthli’s cook,   |   and they came with the knife,
    The frightened thrall howled   |   ere the edge did he feel;
    He was willing, he cried,   |   to dung well the courtyard,
    Do the basest of work,   |   if spare him they would;
    Full happy were Hjalli   |   if his life he might have.

60. Then fain was Hogni—   |   there are few would do thus—
    To beg for the slave   |   that safe hence he should go;
    “I would find it far better   |   this knife-play to feel,
    Why must we all hark   |   to this howling longer?”

61. Then the brave one they seized;   |   to the warriors bold
    No chance was there left   |   to delay his fate longer;
    Loud did Hogni laugh,   |   all the sons of day heard him,
    So valiant he was   |   that well he could suffer.

            *    *    *    *    *    *

62. A harp Gunnar seized,   |   with his toes he smote it;
    So well did he strike   |   that the women all wept,
    And the men, when clear   |   they heard it, lamented;
    Full noble was his song,   |   the rafters burst asunder.

63. Then the heroes died   |   ere the day was yet come;
    Their fame did they leave   |   ever lofty to live.
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

64. Full mighty seemed Atli   |   as o’er them he stood,
    The wise one he blamed,   |   and his words reproached her:
    “It is morning, Guthrun;   |   now thy dear ones dost miss,
    But the blame is part thine   |   that thus it has chanced.”


Guthrun spake:


65. “Thou art joyous, Atli,   |   for of evil thou tellest,
    But sorrow is thine   |   if thou mightest all see;
    Thy heritage heavy   |   here can I tell thee,
    Sorrow never thou losest   |   unless I shall die.”


Atli spake:


66. “Not free of guilt am I;   |   a way shall I find
    That is better by far,—   |   oft the fairest we shunned;—
    With slaves I console thee,   |   with gems fair to see,
    And with silver snow-white,   |   as thyself thou shalt choose.”


Guthrun spake:


67. “No hope shall this give thee,   |   thy gifts I shall take
    not,
    Requital I spurned   |   when my sorrows were smaller;
    Once grim did I seem,   |   but now greater my grimness,
    There was nought seemed too hard   |   while Hogni was living.

68. “Our childhood did we have   |   in a single house,
    We played many a game,   |   in the grove did we grow;
    Then did Grimhild give us   |   gold and necklaces;
    Thou shalt ne’er make amends   |   for my brother’s murder,
    Nor ever shalt win me   |   to think it was well.

69. “But the fierceness of men   |   rules the fate of women,
    The tree-top bows low   |   if bereft of its leaves,
    The tree bends over   |   if the roots are cleft under it;
    Now mayest thou, Atli,   |   o’er all things here rule.”

70. Full heedless the warrior   |   was that he trusted her,
    So clear was her guile   |   if on guard he had been;
    But crafty was Guthrun,   |   with cunning she spake,
    Her glance she made pleasant,   |   with two shields she played.

71. The beer then she brought   |   for her brothers’ death-feast,
    And a feast Atli made   |   for his followers dead;
    No more did they speak,   |   the mead was made ready,
    Soon the men were gathered   |   with mighty uproar.

72. Thus bitterly planned she,   |   and Buthli’s race threatened,
    And terrible vengeance   |   on her husband would take;
    The little ones called she,   |   on a block she laid them;
    Afraid were the proud ones,   |   but their tears did not fall;
    To their mother’s arms went they,   |   and asked what she would.


Guthrun spake:


73. “Nay, ask me no more!   |   You both shall I murder,
    For long have I wished   |   your lives to steal from you.”


The boys spake:


    “Slay thy boys as thou wilt,   |   for no one may bar it,
    Short the angry one’s peace   |   if all thou shalt do.”

74. Then the grim one slew both   |   of the brothers young,
    Full hard was her deed   |   when their heads she smote off;
    Fain was Atli to know   |   whither now they were gone,
    The boys from their sport,   |   for nowhere he spied them.


Guthrun spake:


75. “My fate shall I seek,   |   all to Atli saying,
    The daughter of Grimhild   |   the deed from thee hides not;
    No joy thou hast, Atli,   |   if all thou shalt hear,
    Great sorrow didst wake   |   when my brothers thou slewest.

76. “I have seldom slept   |   since the hour they were slain,
    Baleful were my threats,   |   now I bid thee recall them;
    Thou didst say it was morning,—   |   too well I remember,—
    Now is evening come,   |   and this question thou askest.

77. “Now both of thy sons   |   thou hast lost .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   as thou never shouldst do;
    The skulls of thy boys   |   thou as beer-cups didst have,
    And the draught that I made thee   |   was mixed with their blood.

78. “I cut out their hearts,   |   on a spit I cooked them,
    I came to thee with them,   |   and calf’s flesh I called them;
    Alone didst thou eat them,   |   nor any didst leave,
    Thou didst greedily bite,   |   and thy teeth were busy.

79. “Of thy sons now thou knowest;   |   few suffer more sorrow;
    My guilt have I told,   |   fame it never shall give me.”


Atli spake:


80. “Grim wast thou, Guthrun,   |   in so grievous a deed,
    My draught with the blood   |   of thy boys to mingle;
    Thou hast slain thine own kin,   |   most ill it beseemed thee,
    And little for me   |   twixt my sorrows thou leavest.”


Guthrun spake:


81. “Still more would I seek   |   to slay thee thyself,
    Enough ill comes seldom   |   to such as thou art;
    Thou didst folly of old,   |   such that no one shall find
    In the whole world of men   |   a match for such madness.
    Now this that of late   |   we learned hast thou added,
    Great evil hast grasped,   |   and thine own death-feast made.”


Atli spake:


82. “With fire shall they burn thee,   |   and first shall they
    stone thee,
    So then hast thou earned   |   what thou ever hast sought for.”


Guthrun spake:


    “Such woes for thyself   |   shalt thou say in the morning,
    From a finer death I   |   to another light fare.”

83. Together they sat   |   and full grim were their thoughts,
    Unfriendly their words,   |   and no joy either found;
    In Hniflung grew hatred,   |   great plans did he have,
    To Guthrun his anger   |   against Atli was told.

84. To her heart came ever   |   the fate of Hogni,
    She told him ’twere well   |   if he vengeance should win;
    So was Atli slain,—   |   ’twas not slow to await,—
    Hogni’s son slew him,   |   and Guthrun herself.

85. Then the warrior spake,   |   as from slumber he wakened,
    Soon he knew for his wounds   |   would the bandage do nought:
    “Now the truth shalt thou say:   |   who has slain Buthli’s son?
    Full sore am I smitten,   |   nor hope can I see.”


Guthrun spake:


86. “Ne’er her deed from thee hides   |   the daughter of Grimhild,
    I own to the guilt   |   that is ending thy life,
    And the son of Hogni;   |   ’tis so thy wounds bleed.”


Atli spake:


    “To murder hast thou fared,   |   though foul it must seem;
    Ill thy friend to betray   |   who trusted thee well.

87. “Not glad went I hence   |   thy hand to seek, Guthrun,
    In thy widowhood famed,   |   but haughty men found thee;
    My belief did not lie,   |   as now we have learned;
    I brought thee home hither,   |   and a host of men with us.

88. “Most noble was all   |   when of old we journeyed,
    Great honor did we have   |   of heroes full worthy;
    Of cattle had we plenty, |and greatly we prospered,
    Mighty was our wealth,   |   and many received it.

89. “To the famed one as bride-gift   |   I gave jewels fair,
    I gave thirty slaves,   |   and handmaidens seven;
    There was honor in such gifts,   |   yet the silver was greater.

90. “But all to thee was   |   as if nought it were worth,
    While the land lay before thee   |   that Buthli had left me;
    Thou in secret didst work   |   so the treasure I won not;
    My mother full oft   |   to sit weeping didst make,
    No wedded joy found I   |   in fullness of heart.”


Guthrun spake:


91. “Thou liest now, Atli,   |   though little I heed it;
    If I seldom was kindly,   |   full cruel wast thou;
    Ye brothers fought young,   |   quarrels brought you to battle,
    And half went to hell   |   of the sons of thy house,
    And all was destroyed   |   that should e’er have done good.

92. “My two brothers and I   |   were bold in our thoughts,
    From the land we went forth,   |   with Sigurth we fared;
    Full swiftly we sailed,   |   each one steering his ship,
    So our fate sought we e’er   |   till we came to the East.

93. “First the king did we slay,   |   and the land we seized,
    The princes did us service,   |   for such was their fear;
    From the forest we called   |   them we fain would have guiltless,
    And rich made we many   |   who of all were bereft.

94. “Slain was the Hun-king,   |   soon happiness vanished,
    In her grief the widow   |   so young sat weeping;
    Yet worse seemed the sorrow   |   to seek Atli’s house,
    A hero was my husband,   |   and hard was his loss.

95. “From the Thing thou camst never,   |   for thus have we heard,
    Having won in thy quarrels,   |   or warriors smitten;
    Full yielding thou wast,   |   never firm was thy will,
    In silence didst suffer,   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .”


Atli spake:


96. “Thou liest now, Guthrun,   |   but little of good
    Will it bring to either,   |   for all have we lost;
    But, Guthrun, yet once   |   be thou kindly of will,
    For the honor of both,   |   when forth I am borne.”


Guthrun spake:


97. “A ship will I buy,   |   and a bright-hued coffin,
    I will wax well the shroud   |   to wind round thy body,
    For all will I care   |   as if dear were we ever.”

98. Then did Atli die,   |   and his heirs’ grief doubled;
    The high-born one did   |   as to him she had promised;
    Then sought Guthrun the wise   |   to go to her death,
    But for days did she wait,   |   and ’twas long ere she died.

99. Full happy shall he be   |   who such offspring has,
    Or children so gallant,   |   as Gjuki begot;
    Forever shall live,   |   and in lands far and wide,
    Their valor heroic   |   wherever men hear it.








NOTES


1. Men: Atli and his advisers, with whom he planned the death of the
sons of Gjuki, Gunnar and Hogni. The poet’s reference to the story as
well known explains the abruptness of his introduction, without the
mention of Atli’s name, and his reference to Guthrun in stanza 3 simply
as “the woman” (“husfreyja,” goddess of the house).

2. Princes: Atli, Gunnar, and Hogni. Bulwark: Atli’s slaying of his
wife’s brothers, who were ready to support and defend him in his
greatness, was the cause of his own death.

3. The woman: Guthrun, concerning whose marriage to Atli cf.
Guthrunarkvitha II. The sea: a late and essentially Greenland variation
of the geography of the Atli story. Even the Atlakvitha, perhaps half a
century earlier, separates Atli’s land from that of the Gjukungs only
by a forest.

4. Runes: on the two versions of Guthrun’s warning, and also on the
name of the messenger (here Vingi), cf. Drap Niflunga and note.
Limafjord: probably the Limfjord of northern Jutland, an important
point in the wars of the eleventh century. The name was derived from
“Eylimafjǫrþ,” i.e., Eylimi’s fjord. The poet may really have thought
that the kingdom of the Burgundians was in Jutland, or he may simply
have taken a well-known name for the sake of vividness.

5. Some editors assume a gap after this stanza.

6. Some editions place this stanza between stanzas 7 and 8. Kostbera
(“The Giver of Food”) and Glaumvor (“The Merry”): presumably creations
of the poet. Both: Atli’s two emissaries, Vingi and the one here
unnamed (Knefröth?).

7. It is altogether probable that a stanza has been lost between
stanzas 6 and 7, in which Gunnar is first invited, and replies
doubtfully. Made promise: many editions emend the text to read
“promised the journey.” The text of line 4 is obscure; the manuscript
reads “nitti” (“refused”), which many editors have changed to “hlitti,”
which means exactly the opposite.

8. No gap is indicated in the manuscript; Bugge adds (line 3): “Then
the warriors rose,   |   and to slumber made ready.” The manuscript
indicates line 4 as beginning a new stanza, and some editions make a
separate stanza out of lines 1–2. Others suggest the loss of a line
after line 4.

9. The manuscript does not indicate line 1 as the beginning of a
stanza; cf. note on stanza 8.

10. Some editions combine this stanza with lines 1–2 of stanza 11. The
manuscript indicates no gap. Grundtvig adds (line 2): “But sleep to the
woman   |   so wise came little.”

11. Some editions make a separate stanza out of lines 1–2, or combine
them with stanza 10, and combine lines 3–4 with stanza 12 (either lines
1–4 or 1–2). The manuscript marks line 3 as beginning a new stanza.

12. Line 5 may be spurious, or else all that is left of a lost stanza.
The manuscript marks it as the beginning of a new stanza, which, as the
text stands, is clearly impossible.

13. The manuscript, followed by some editions, has “Hogni spake” in the
middle of line 1. Ill: the manuscript and many editions have “this.”
The king: Atli.

14. The manuscript does not indicate the speakers in this dialogue
between Kostbera and Hogni (stanzas 14–19). Two lines may possibly have
been lost after line 2, filling out stanza 14 and making stanza 15
(then consisting of lines 3–4 of stanza 14 and lines 1–2 of stanza 15)
the account of Kostbera’s first dream. The manuscript marks line 3 as
beginning a new stanza. In any case, the lost lines cannot materially
have altered the meaning.

15. Saw I: the manuscript here, as also in stanzas 16, 18, 21, 22, and
24, has “methought,” which involves a metrical error. Some editors
regard lines 3–4 as the remains of a four-line stanza. Regarding
Kostbera’s warning dreams, and Hogni’s matter-of-fact interpretations
of them, cf. Guthrunarkvitha II, 39–44.

16. The meaning of the first half of line 3 in the original is obscure.

17. Two lines may have been lost after line 2, but the Volsungasaga
paraphrase gives no clue. Ice-bear: polar bears, common in Greenland,
are very rarely found in Iceland, and never in Norway, a fact which
substantiates the manuscript’s reference to Greenland as the home of
the poem.

18. The manuscript indicates no gap, but most editors assume the loss
of a line after line 1 or 2; Grundtvig adds, after line 1: “Black were
his feathers,   |   with blood was he covered.” Atli’s spirit: the
poet’s folk-lore seems here a bit weak. Presumably he means such a
female following-spirit (“fylgja”) as appears in Helgakvitha
Hjorvarthssonar, prose following stanza 34 (cf. note thereon), but the
word he uses, “hamr” (masculine) means “skin,” “shape.” He may,
however, imply that Atli had assumed the shape of an eagle for this
occasion.

19. The manuscript indicates line 4 as beginning a new stanza.

20. The manuscript indicates no gap, but none of the many attempted
emendations have made sense out of the words as they stand. The proper
location for the missing words is sheer guesswork. Two roads: probably
the meaning is that their way (i.e., their success) would be doubtful.

21. The manuscript does not indicate the speakers in this dialogue
(stanzas 21–26). No gap is indicated after line 2. Most editors assume
the loss of two lines or of a full stanza after stanza 21 giving
Gunnar’s interpretation of Glaumvor’s dream, but the Volsungasaga gives
no clue, as it does not mention this first dream at all. Grundtvig
suggests as Gunnar’s answer: “Banners are gleaming,   |   since of
gallows didst dream, / And wealth it must mean   |   that thou serpents
didst watch.” Gods’ doom: an odd, and apparently mistaken, use of the
phrase “ragna rök” (cf. Voluspo, introductory note).

23. Perhaps two lines have been lost after line 2. Possibly the
concluding phrase of line 2 should be “bloody spears,” as in the
Volsungasaga paraphrase.

24. Again Gunnar’s interpretation is missing, and most editors either
assume a gap or construct two Malahattr lines out of the Volsungasaga
prose paraphrase, which runs: “The grain shall flow, since thou hast
dreamed of rivers, and when we go to the fields, often the chaff rises
above our feet.”

25. The meaning of line 4 is uncertain, but apparently it refers to the
guardian spirits or lesser Norns (cf. Fafnismol, 12–13 and notes).

26. Possibly a line has been lost from this stanza.

27. Five: Gunnar, Hogni, and the three mentioned in stanza 28.

28. Perhaps a line has been lost before line 1; Grundtvig supplies:
“Gunnar and Hogni,   |   the heirs twain of Gjuki.” Snævar (the
manuscript here has “Snevar”), Solar and Orkning appear only in this
poem and in the prose narratives based on it. Lines 2–3 may have been
expanded out of one line, or possibly line 3 is spurious. The
manuscript indicates line 4 as beginning a new stanza, and many
editions make a separate stanza out of lines 4–5, many of them assuming
the loss of two lines. Shield-tree: warrior (Orkning), here identified
as Kostbera’s brother. Fair-decked ones: women, i.e., Glaumvor and
Kostbera. Fjord: perhaps specifically the Limafjord mentioned in stanza
4.

30. The manuscript indicates no gap. Grundtvig inserts (line 2): “The
evil was clear   |   when his words he uttered.”

31. Bera: Kostbera; the first element in compound feminine proper names
was not infrequently omitted; cf. Hild for Brynhild (Helreith
Brynhildar, 6). The manuscript indicates no gap; Grundtvig inserts
(line 2): “And clear was her cry   |   to her kinsmen dear.”

32. Hogni’s method of cheering his wife and sister-in-law is somewhat
unusual, for the meaning of lines 3–4 is that good wishes and blessings
are of little use in warding off danger.

33. Perhaps two lines have been lost after line 2; Grundtvig supplies:
“Then weeping did Glaumvor   |   go to her rest-bed, / And sadly did
Bera   |   her spinning wheel seek.”

34. Keel, etc.: in the Nibelungenlied, and presumably in the older
German tradition, Hagene breaks his oar steering the Burgundians across
the Danube (stanza 1564), and, after all have landed, splinters the
boat (stanza 1581) in order that there may be no retreating. The poet
here seems to have confused the story, connecting the breaking of the
ship’s keel with the violence of the rowing, but echoing the older
legend in the last line, wherein the ship is allowed to drift away
after the travellers have landed. Oar-loops: the thongs by which the
oars in a Norse boat were made fast to the thole-pins, the combination
taking the place of the modern oarlock.

35. The manuscript indicates line 4 as beginning a new stanza, and many
editions combine it with stanza 36, some of them assuming the loss of a
line from stanza 35. In the Volsungasaga paraphrase the second half of
line 4 is made a part of Vingi’s speech: “Better had ye left this
undone.”

36. Cf. note on preceding stanza; the manuscript does not indicate line
1 as beginning a stanza. Line 3 may be spurious.

37. In the Volsungasaga paraphrase the second half of line 1 and the
first half of line 2 are included in Hogni’s speech.

38. Possibly two lines have been lost after line 2.

39. It is probable that a considerable passage has been lost between
stanzas 39 and 40, for the Volsungasaga paraphrase includes a dialogue
at this point. The manuscript indicates no gap, and most editions
combine stanzas 39 and 40 as a single stanza. The prose passage,
indicating the substance of what, if anything, is lost, runs as
follows: “‘Be welcome among us, and give me that store of gold which is
ours by right, the gold that Sigurth had, and that now belongs to
Guthrun.’ Gunnar said: ‘Never shalt thou get that gold, and men of
might shalt thou find here, ere we give up our lives, if it is battle
thou dost offer us; in truth it seems that thou hast prepared this
feast in kingly fashion, and with little grudging toward eagle and
wolf.’” The demand for the treasure likewise appears in the
Nibelungenlied.

40. These two lines, which most editions combine with stanza 39, may be
the first or last two of a four-line stanza. The Volsungasaga gives
Atli’s speech very much as it appears here.

41. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker; Grundtvig adds as a
first line: “Then Hogni laughed loud   |   where the slain Vingi lay.”
Many editors assume the loss of a line somewhere in the stanza.
Unarmed: Hogni does not see Atli’s armed followers, who are on the
other side of the courtyard (stanza 39). One: Vingi.

42. Most editors assume the loss of one line, after either line 1 or
line 3.

43. The manuscript reading of lines 1–2, involving a metrical error,
is: “In the house came the word   |   of the warring without, / Loud in
front of the hall   |   they heard a thrall shouting.” Some editors
assume a gap of two lines after line 2, the missing passage giving the
words of the thrall. The manuscript marks line 3 as the beginning of a
stanza, and many editions make a separate stanza of lines 3–5, some of
them assuming the loss of a line after line 3. With the stanza as here
given, line 5 may well be spurious.

44. Niflungs: regarding the application of this term to the Burgundians
cf. Atlakvitha, 11, and Brot, 17, and notes. The manuscript here spells
the name with an initial N, as elsewhere, but in stanza 83 the son of
Hogni appears with the name “Hniflung.” In consequence, some editors
change the form in this stanza to “Hniflungs,” while others omit the
initial H in both cases. I have followed the manuscript, though
admittedly its spelling is illogical.

46. The warlike deeds of Guthrun represent an odd transformation of the
German tradition. Kriemhild, although she did no actual fighting in the
Nibelungenlied, was famed from early times for her cruelty and
fierceness of heart, and this seems to have inspired the poet of the
Atlamol to make his Guthrun into a warrior outdoing Brynhild herself.
Kriemhild’s ferocity, of course, was directed against Gunther and
especially Hagene, for whose slaying she rather than Etzel was
responsible; here, on the other hand, Guthrun’s is devoted to the
defense of her brothers.

47. Line 3 is very likely an interpolation. The manuscript marks line 4
as the beginning of a new stanza, and some editions make a separate
stanza of lines 4–5. Atli’s brother: doubtless a reminiscence of the
early tradition represented in the Nibelungenlied by the slaying of
Etzel’s brother, Blœdelin (the historical Bleda), by Dancwart.

48. Line 3 may well be spurious, for it implies that Gunnar and Hogni
were killed in battle, whereas they were taken prisoners. Some editors,
in an effort to smooth out the inconsistency, change “themselves” in
this line to “sound.” Line 5 has also been questioned as possibly
interpolated. Niflungs: on the spelling of this name in the manuscript
and the various editions cf. note on stanza 44.

49. Line 2 is probably an interpolation, and the original apparently
lacks a word. There is some obscurity as to the exact meaning of lines
4–5. The two sons of Bera: Snævar and Solar; her brother is Orkning;
cf. stanza 28.

50. The warrior: Atli. Thirty: perhaps an echo of the “thirty warriors”
of Thjothrek (cf. Guthrunarkvitha III, 5). Subtracting the eighteen
killed by Snævar, Solar and Orkning (stanza 49), and Vingi, killed by
the whole company (stanza 38), we have eleven left, as Atli says, but
this does not allow much for the exploits of Gunnar and Hogni, who, by
this reckoning, seem to have killed nobody. The explanation probably is
that lines 4–5 of stanza 49 are in bad shape.

51. Five brothers: the Volsungasaga speaks of four (not five) sons of
Buthli, but names only Atli. Regarding the death of the first two
brothers cf. stanza 91 and note. The manuscript marks line 3 as
beginning a stanza, and many editions combine lines 3–4 with stanza 52.
Some insert lines 2–3 of stanza 52 ahead of lines 3–4 of stanza 51.

52. Possibly a line has been lost from this stanza. The manuscript
marks line 3 as beginning a new stanza, which is impossible unless
something has been lost. Gold: the meaning of this half line is
somewhat doubtful, but apparently Atli refers to Sigurth’s treasure,
which should have been his as Brynhild’s brother. Sister: Brynhild;
regarding Guthrun’s indirect responsibility for Brynhild’s death cf.
Gripisspo, 45 and note.

53. The manuscript does not name the speaker. The Volsungasaga gives
the speech, in somewhat altered form, to Hogni: “Why speakest thou so?
Thou wast the first to break peace; thou didst take my kinswoman and
starved her in a prison, and murdered her and took her wealth; that was
not kinglike; and laughable does it seem to me that thou talkest of thy
sorrow, and good shall I find it that all goes ill with thee.” This
presumably represents the correct form of the stanza, for nowhere else
is it intimated that Atli killed Guthrun’s mother, Grimhild, nor is the
niece elsewhere mentioned. Some editions make a separate stanza of
lines 4–5, Grundtvig adding a line after line 3 and two more after line
5. Other editors are doubtful about the authenticity of either line 3
or line 5.

54. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker.

56. The text of the first half of line 3 is somewhat uncertain, but the
general meaning of it is clear enough.

57. Beiti: not elsewhere mentioned. The Atlakvitha version of this
episode (stanzas 23–25) does not mention Beiti, and in the Volsungasaga
the advice to cut out Hjalli’s heart instead of Hogni’s is given by an
unnamed “counsellor of Atli.” In the Atlakvitha Hjalli is actually
killed; the Volsungasaga combines the two versions by having Hjalli
first let off at Hogni’s intercession and then seized a second time and
killed, thus introducing the Atlakvitha episode of the quaking heart
(stanza 24). The text of the first half of line 3 is obscure, and there
are many and widely varying suggestions as to the word here rendered
“sluggard.”

58. Some editions mark line 5 as probably interpolated.

59. Cook: the original word is doubtful. The Volsungasaga does not
paraphrase lines 3–5; the passage may be a later addition, and line 5
is almost certainly so.

61. It is probable that a stanza describing the casting of Gunnar into
the serpents’ den has been lost after this stanza. Sons of day: the
phrase means no more than “men.”

62. Regarding Gunnar’s harp-playing, and his death, cf. Oddrunargratr,
27–30 and notes, and Atlakvitha, 34. Toes (literally “sole-twigs”): the
Volsungasaga explains that Gunnar’s hands were bound. Rafters: thus
literally, and probably correctly; Gering has an ingenious but unlikely
theory that the word means “harp.”

63. There is some doubt as to the exact meaning of line 2. After this
line two lines may have been lost; Grundtvig adds: “Few braver shall
ever   |   be found on the earth, / Or loftier men   |   in the world
ever live.”

64. Wise one: Guthrun. The manuscript marks line 3 as beginning a new
stanza.

65. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker.

66. The manuscript does not name the speaker. The negative in the first
half of line 1 is uncertain, and most editions make the clause read “Of
this guilt I can free myself.” The fairest, etc.: i.e., I have often
failed to do the wise thing.

67. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker. Requital, etc.: it is
not clear just to what Guthrun refers; perhaps she is thinking of
Sigurth’s death, or possibly the poet had in mind his reference to the
slaying of her mother in stanza 53.

68. Line 5 is very probably a later addition, though some editors
question line 3 instead.

69. Guthrun suddenly changes her tone in order to make Atli believe
that she is submissive to his will, and thus to gain time for her
vengeance. Line 2 in the original is thoroughly obscure; it runs
literally: “On the knee goes the fist   |   if the twigs are taken
off.” Perhaps the word meaning “fist” may also have meant “tree-top,”
as Gering suggests, or perhaps the line is an illogical blending of the
ideas contained in lines 1 and 3.

70. The manuscript indicates line 3 as the beginning of a new stanza.
Two shields, etc.: i.e., Guthrun concealed her hostility (symbolized by
a red shield, cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 34) by a show of
friendliness (a white shield).

71. Many editions make a separate stanza of lines 1–2, some of them
suggesting the loss of two lines, and combine lines 3–4 with lines 1–2
of stanza 72. The manuscript marks both lines 1 and 3 as beginning
stanzas.

72. The manuscript marks line 3 as beginning a new stanza; some
editions make a separate stanza of lines 3–5, while others combine them
with lines 1–2 of stanza 73. Line 2 in the original is clearly
defective, the verb being omitted. The meaning of line 3 is uncertain;
the Volsungasaga paraphrase has: “At evening she took the sons of King
Atli (Erp and Eitil) where they were playing with a block of wood.”
Probably the text of the line as we have it is faulty. Lines 4–5 may
possibly have been expanded out of a single line, or line 5 may be
spurious.

73. The manuscript does not name the speakers. It indicates line 3 as
beginning a new stanza, in which it is followed by many editions. The
Volsungasaga paraphrases line 4 thus: “But it is shameful for thee to
do this.” Either the text of the line has been changed or the
Volsungasaga compilers misunderstood it. The angry one: Atli.

74. The manuscript indicates line 3 as beginning a new stanza.

75. The manuscript does not name the speaker.

76. Morning: Guthrun refers to Atli’s taunt in stanza 64.

77. The manuscript indicates no gap (lines 1–2), and most editions make
a single line, despite the defective meter: “Thy sons hast thou lost
|   as thou never shouldst lose them.” The second part of line 2 is in
the original identical with the second half of line 3 of stanza 80, and
may perhaps have been inserted here by mistake. Skulls: it is possible
that line 3 was borrowed from a poem belonging to the Völund tradition
(cf. Völundarkvitha, 25 and 37), and the idea doubtless came from some
such source, but probably the poet inserted it in a line of his own
composition to give an added touch of horror. The Volsungasaga follows
the Atlamol in including this incident.

78. Some editions add lines 3–4 to stanza 79; Finnur Jonsson marks them
as probably spurious.

79. Perhaps these two lines should form part of stanza 78, or perhaps
they, rather than lines 3–4 of stanza 78, are a later addition. A gap
of two lines after line 1 has also been conjectured.

80. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker.

81. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker. Lines 1–2 may be the
remains of a separate stanza; Grundtvig adds: “Thou wast foolish, Atli,
|   when wise thou didst feel, / Ever the whole   |   of thy race did I
hate.” The Volsungasaga paraphrase, however, indicates no gap. Many
editions make a separate stanza of lines 3–6, which, in the
Volsungasaga, are paraphrased as a speech of Atli’s. Lines 5–6 may be
spurious.

82. The manuscript does not indicate the speakers. Many editions make
two separate stanzas of the four lines. Another light: a fairly clear
indication of the influence of Christianity; cf. Introductory Note.

83. The manuscript marks line 3 as the beginning of a new stanza.
Hniflung: the Volsungasaga says that “Hogni had a son who was called
Hniflung,” but the name appears to be nothing more than the familiar
“Niflung” applied in general to the sons of Gjuki and their people. On
the spelling cf. note on stanza 44. This son of Hogni appears in later
versions of the story. In the Thithrekssaga he is called Aldrian, and
is begotten by Hogni the night before his death. Aldrian grows up and
finally shuts Attila in a cave where he starves to death. The poet here
has incorporated the idea, which finds no parallel in the Atlakvitha,
without troubling himself to straighten out the chronology.

84. Line 4 may be in Fornyrthislag, and from another poem.

85. The manuscript marks line 3 as beginning a new stanza. The
Volsungasaga makes line 2 part of Atli’s speech.

86. The manuscript does not name the speakers. It marks line 4 as the
beginning of a new stanza, and many editions follow this arrangement,
in most cases making a stanza of lines 4–5 and line 1 of stanza 87.
However, line 1 may well have been interpolated here from stanza 75.
Grundtvig adds after line 3: “His father he avenged,   |   and his
kinsmen fully.” Some editors assume the loss of one or two lines after
line 5.

87. The manuscript marks line 2 as beginning a new stanza, and some
editions make a stanza out of lines 2–4 and line 1 of stanza 88.

88. The manuscript marks line 2 as the beginning of a stanza, and many
editions make a stanza out of lines 2–4, or combine them with stanza
89. Some question the genuineness of line 4.

89. Many editions assume a gap of one line after line 3; Grundtvig
adds: “Bit-champing horses   |   and wheel-wagons bright.” Line 4 may
be spurious. Greater: i.e., the silver which Atli gave Guthrun was of
greater value even than the honor of receiving such royal gifts.

90. Some editions mark line 3 as spurious or defective. The manuscript
marks line 4 as the beginning of a new stanza. The land, etc.: there is
much obscurity as to the significance of this line. Some editors omit
or question “me,” in which case Atli is apparently reproaching Guthrun
for having incited him to fight with his brothers to win for himself
the whole of Buthli’s land. In stanza 91 Guthrun denies that she was to
blame for Atli’s quarrels with his brothers. The Volsungasaga reading
supports this interpretation. The historical Attila did actually have
his brother, Bleda, killed in order to have the sole rule. The
treasure: Sigurth’s hoard, which Atli claimed as the brother of
Brynhild and husband of Guthrun, Sigurth’s widow, but which Gunnar and
Hogni kept for themselves, with, as Atli here charges, Guthrun’s
connivance. My mother: the only other reference to Atli’s mother is in
Oddrunargratr, 30, wherein she appears as the adder who stings Gunnar
to death, and in the prose passages based on that stanza.

91. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker. It marks both lines 4
and 5 as beginning new stanzas, but line 5 is presumably an
interpolation. The text of the second half of line 2 is obscure, and
many emendations have been suggested. Ye brothers: cf. note on stanza
90. Half: i.e., two of Atli’s brothers were killed, the other two dying
in the battle with Gunnar and Hogni; cf. stanza 51.

92. From the land: this maritime expedition of Guthrun and her two
brothers, Gunnar and Hogni (the poet seems to know nothing of her
half-brother, Gotthorm), with Sigurth seems to have been a pure
invention of the poet’s, inserted for the benefit of his Greenland
hearers. Nothing further is reported concerning it.

93. The forest: i.e., men who were outlawed in the conquered land were
restored to their rights—another purely Norse touch.

94. Hun-king: Sigurth, though most illogically so called; cf.
Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 4 and note. The Volsungasaga paraphrase of
line 2 is so remote as to be puzzling: “It was little to bear the name
of widow.” Perhaps, however, the word “not” fell out between “was” and
“little.”

95. Thing, etc.: here the poet makes Atli into a typical Norse
land-owner, going to the “Thing,” or general law council, to settle his
disputes. Even the compilers of the Volsungasaga could not accept this,
and in their paraphrase changed “Thing” to “battle.” The text of the
second half of line 2 is uncertain. The manuscript leaves a blank to
indicate the gap in line 4; Grundtvig adds: “as beseems not a king.”

97. The manuscript does not indicate the speaker. Many editors assume a
gap either before or after line 1. A ship: the burial of Norse chiefs
in ships was of frequent occurrence, but the Greenland poet’s
application of the custom to Atli is somewhat grotesque.

98. Heirs, etc.: merely a stock phrase, here quite meaningless, as
Atli’s heirs had all been killed. Long: cf. Guthrunarhvot, introductory
prose.








GUTHRUNARHVOT

GUTHRUN’S INCITING


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The two concluding poems in the Codex Regius, the Guthrunarhvot
(Guthrun’s Inciting) and the Hamthesmol (The Ballad of Hamther), belong
to a narrative cycle connected with those of Sigurth, the Burgundians,
and Atli (cf. Gripisspo, introductory note) by only the slenderest of
threads. Of the three early historical kings who gradually assumed a
dominant place in Germanic legend, Ermanarich, king of the East Goths
in the middle of the fourth century, was actually the least important,
even though Jordanes, the sixth century author of De Rebus Getecis,
compared him to Alexander the Great. Memories of his cruelty and of his
tragic death, however, persisted along with the real glories of
Theoderich, a century and a half later, and of the conquests of Attila,
whose lifetime approximately bridged the gap between Ermanarich’s death
and Theoderich’s birth.

Chief among the popular tales of Ermanarich’s cruelty was one
concerning the death of a certain Sunilda or Sanielh, whom, according
to Jordanes, he caused to be torn asunder by wild horses because of her
husband’s treachery. Her brothers, Sarus and Ammius, seeking to avenge
her, wounded but failed to kill Ermanarich. In this story is the root
of the two Norse poems included in the Codex Regius. Sunilda easily
became the wife as well as the victim of the tyrant, and, by the
process of legend-blending so frequently observed, the story was
connected with the more famous one of the Nibelungs by making her the
daughter of Sigurth and Guthrun. To account for her brothers, a third
husband had to be found for Guthrun; the Sarus and Ammius of Jordanes
are obviously the Sorli and Hamther, sons of Guthrun and Jonak, of the
Norse poems. The blending of the Sigurth and Ermanarich legends
probably, though not certainly, took place before the story reached the
North, in other words before the end of the eighth century.

Regarding the exact status of the Guthrunarhvot and the Hamthesmol
there has been a great deal of discussion. That they are closely
related is obvious; indeed the first parts of the two poems are nearly
identical in content and occasionally so in actual diction. The
annotator, in his concluding prose note, refers to the second poem as
the “old” ballad of Hamther, wherefore it has been assumed by some
critics that the composer of the Guthrunarhvot used the Hamthesmol,
approximately as it now stands, as the source of part of his material.
The extant Hamthesmol, however, is almost certainly a patchwork; part
of it is in Fornyrthislag (cf. Introduction), including most of the
stanzas paralleled in the Guthrunarhvot, and likewise the stanza
followed directly by the reference to the “old” ballad, while the rest
is in Malahattr. The most reasonable theory, therefore, is that there
existed an old ballad of Hamther, all in Fornyrthislag, from which the
composer of the Guthrunarhvot borrowed a few stanzas as the
introduction for his poem, and which the composer of the extant, or
“new,” Hamthesmol likewise used, though far more clumsily.

The title “Guthrunarhvot,” which appears in the Codex Regius, really
applies only to stanzas 1–8, all presumably borrowed from the “old”
ballad of Hamther. The rest of the poem is simply another Guthrun
lament, following the tradition exemplified by the first and second
Guthrun lays; it is possible, indeed, that it is made up of fragments
of two separate laments, one (stanzas 9–18) involving the story of
Svanhild’s death, and the other (stanzas 19–21) coming from an
otherwise lost version of the story in which Guthrun closely follows
Sigurth and Brynhild in death. In any event the present title is really
a misnomer; the poet, who presumably was an eleventh century Icelander,
used the episode of Guthrun’s inciting her sons to vengeance for the
slaying of Svanhild simply as an introduction to his main subject, the
last lament of the unhappy queen.

The text of the poem in Regius is by no means in good shape, and
editorial emendations have been many and varied, particularly in
interchanging lines between the Guthrunarhvot and the Hamthesmol. The
Volsungasaga paraphrases the poem with such fidelity as to prove that
it lay before the compilers of the saga approximately in its present
form.





Guthrun went forth to the sea after she had slain Atli. She went out
into the sea and fain would drown herself, but she could not sink. The
waves bore her across the fjord to the land of King Jonak; he took her
as wife; their sons were Sorli and Erp and Hamther. There was brought
up Svanhild, Sigurth’s daughter; she was married to the mighty
Jormunrek. With him was Bikki, who counselled that Randver, the king’s
son, should have her. This Bikki told to the king. The king had Randver
hanged, and Svanhild trodden to death under horses’ feet. And when
Guthrun learned this, she spake with her sons.


1.  A word-strife I learned,   |   most woeful of all,
    A speech from the fullness   |   of sorrow spoken,
    When fierce of heart   |   her sons to the fight
    Did Guthrun whet   |   with words full grim.

2.  “Why sit ye idle,   |   why sleep out your lives,
    Why grieve ye not   |   in gladness to speak?
    Since Jormunrek   |   your sister young
    Beneath the hoofs   |   of horses hath trodden,
    (White and black   |   on the battle-way,
    Gray, road-wonted,   |   the steeds of the Goths.)

3.  “Not like are ye   |   to Gunnar of yore,
    Nor have ye hearts   |   such as Hogni’s was;
    Vengeance for her   |   ye soon would have
    If brave ye were   |   as my brothers of old,
    Or hard your hearts   |   as the Hunnish kings’.”

4.  Then Hamther spake,   |   the high of heart:
    “Little the deed   |   of Hogni didst love,
    When Sigurth they wakened   |   from his sleep;
    Thy bed-covers white   |   were red with blood
    Of thy husband, drenched   |   with gore from his heart.

5.  “Bloody revenge   |   didst have for thy brothers,
    Evil and sore,   |   when thy sons didst slay;
    Else yet might we all   |   on Jormunrek
    Together our sister’s   |   slaying avenge.

6.  “.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    The gear of the Hunnish   |   kings now give us!
    Thou hast whetted us so   |   to the battle of swords.”

7.  Laughing did Guthrun   |   go to her chamber,
    The helms of the kings   |   from the cupboards she took,
    And mail-coats broad,   |   to her sons she bore them;
    On their horses’ backs   |   the heroes leaped.

8.  Then Hamther spake,   |   the high of heart:
    “Homeward no more   |   his mother to see
    Comes the spear-god, fallen   |   mid Gothic folk;
    One death-draught thou   |   for us all shalt drink,
    For Svanhild then   |   and thy sons as well.”

9.  Weeping Guthrun,   |   Gjuki’s daughter,
    Went sadly before   |   the gate to sit,
    And with tear-stained cheeks   |   to tell the tale
    Of her mighty griefs,   |   so many in kind.

10. “Three home-fires knew I,   |   three hearths I knew,
    Home was I brought   |   by husbands three;
    But Sigurth only   |   of all was dear,
    He whom my brothers   |   brought to his death.

11. “A greater sorrow   |   I saw not nor knew,
    Yet more it seemed   |   I must suffer yet
    When the princes great   |   to Atli gave me.

12. “The brave boys I summoned   |   to secret speech;
    For my woes requital   |   I might not win
    Till off the heads   |   of the Hniflungs I hewed.

13. “To the sea I went,   |   my heart full sore
    For the Norns, whose wrath   |   I would now escape;
    But the lofty billows   |   bore me undrowned,
    Till to land I came,   |   so I longer must live.

14. “Then to the bed—   |   of old was it better!—
    Of a King of the folk   |   a third time I came;
    Boys I bore   |   his heirs to be,
    Heirs so young,   |   the sons of Jonak.

15. “But round Svanhild   |   handmaidens sat,
    She was dearest ever   |   of all my children;
    So did Svanhild   |   seem in my hall
    As the ray of the sun   |   is fair to see.

16. “Gold I gave her   |   and garments bright,
    Ere I let her go   |   to the Gothic folk;
    Of my heavy woes   |   the hardest it was
    When Svanhild’s tresses   |   fair were trodden
    In the mire by hoofs   |   of horses wild.

17. “The sorest it was   |   when Sigurth mine
    On his couch, of victory   |   robbed, they killed;
    And grimmest of all   |   when to Gunnar’s heart
    There crept the bright-hued   |   crawling snakes.

18. “And keenest of all   |   when they cut the heart
    From the living breast   |   of the king so brave;
    Many woes I remember,   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .

19. “Bridle, Sigurth,   |   thy steed so black,
    Hither let run   |   thy swift-faring horse;
    Here there sits not   |   son or daughter
    Who yet to Guthrun   |   gifts shall give.

20. “Remember, Sigurth,   |   what once we said,
    When together both   |   on the bed we sat,
    That mightily thou   |   to me wouldst come
    From hell and I   |   from earth to thee.

21. “Pile ye up, jarls,   |   the pyre of oak,
    Make it the highest   |   a hero e’er had;
    Let the fire burn   |   my grief-filled breast,
    My sore-pressed heart,   |   till my sorrows melt.”

22. May nobles all   |   less sorrow know,
    And less the woes   |   of women become,
    Since the tale of this   |   lament is told.








NOTES


Prose. In the manuscript the prose is headed “Of Guthrun,” the title
“Guthrunarhvot” preceding stanza 1. The prose introduction is used both
by Snorri (Skaldskaparmal, chapter 42) and in the Volsungasaga. It
would be interesting to know on what the annotator based this note, for
neither Bikki nor Randver is mentioned by name in either the
Guthrunarhvot or the Hamthesmol. On the prose notes in general, cf.
Reginsmol, introductory note. Guthrun: on the slaying of Atli by his
wife, Guthrun, Sigurth’s widow, cf. Atlamol, 83–86 and notes. Jonak: a
Northern addition to the legend, introduced to account for Svanhild’s
half-brothers; the name is apparently of Slavic origin. Sorli, Erp, and
Hamther: Sorli and Hamther are the Sarus and Ammius of the Jordanes
story (cf. introductory note). The Volsungasaga follows this note in
making Erp likewise a son of Guthrun, but in the Hamthesmol he is a son
of Jonak by another wife. Svanhild: cf. Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 54
and note. Jormunrek (Ermanarich): cf. introductory note. Bikki: the
Sifka or Sibicho of the Gothic legends of Ermanarich, whose evil
counsel always brings trouble. Randver: in the Volsungasaga Jormunrek
sends his son Randver with Bikki to seek Svanhild’s hand. On the voyage
home Bikki says to Randver: “It were right for you to have so fair a
wife, and not such an old man.” Randver was much pleased with this
advice, “and he spake to her with gladness, and she to him.” Thus the
story becomes near of kin to those of Tristan and Iseult and Paolo and
Francesca. According to the Volsungasaga, Bikki told Ermanarich that a
guilty love existed between his son and his young wife, and presumably
the annotator here meant as much by his vague “this.”

1. The poet’s introduction of himself in this stanza is a fairly
certain indication of the relative lateness of the poem.

2. Idle: a guess; a word is obviously missing in the original. The
manuscript marks line 5 as beginning a new stanza, and lines 5–6 may
well have been inserted from another part of the “old” Hamthesmol (cf.
Hamthesmol, 3).

3. Gunnar and Hogni: cf. Drap Niflunga. Line 5 may be interpolated.
Hunnish: here used, as often, merely as a generic term for all South
Germanic peoples; the reference is to the Burgundian Gunnar and Hogni.

4. Hamther: some editions spell the name “Hamthir.” Sigurth, etc.: cf.
Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 21–24, and Brot, concluding prose. This
stanza has been subjected to many conjectural rearrangements, some
editors adding two or three lines from the Hamthesmol.

5. Bloody: a guess; a word in the original is clearly missing, and the
same is true of all in line 3. Thy sons: i.e., by killing her sons Erp
and Eitil (cf. Atlamol, 72–74) Guthrun deprived Hamther, Sorli, and the
second Erp of valuable allies in avenging Svanhild’s death.

6. The manuscript indicates no gap, but most editors assume the loss of
one, two or even more lines before the two here given.

7. The manuscript indicates line 4 as beginning a new stanza.

8. Line 1, identical with line 1 of stanza 4, may be interpolated here.
Spear-god: warrior, i.e., Hamther himself. With this stanza the
introductory hvot (“inciting”) ends, and stanza 9 introduces the lament
which forms the real body of the poem.

11. Line 1 in the original is of uncertain meaning. Many editors assume
the loss of a line after line 1, and some completely reconstruct line 1
on the basis of a hypothetical second line. Princes: Gunnar and Hogni.

12. Some editors assume the loss of one line, or more, before line 1.
Hniflungs: Erp and Eitil, the sons of Guthrun and Atli. On the
application of the name Niflung (or, as later spelt, Hniflung) to the
descendants of Gjuki, Guthrun’s father, cf. Brot, 17, note.

13. Norns: the fates; cf. Voluspo, 8 and note.

14. The manuscript omits the first half of line 4.

16. Some editors assume a gap of two lines after line 2, and make a
separate stanza of lines 3–5; Gering adds a sixth line of his own
coining, while Grundtvig inserts one between lines 3 and 4. The
manuscript indicates line 5 as beginning a new stanza.

17. The manuscript does not indicate line 1 as beginning a stanza (cf.
note on stanza 16). Stanzas 17 and 18 are very likely later
interpolations, although the compilers of the Volsungasaga knew them as
they stand here. The whole passage depends on the shades of difference
in the meanings of the various superlatives: harþastr, “hardest”;
sárastr, “sorest”; grimmastr, “grimmest,” and hvassastr, “keenest.”
Snakes: cf. Drap Niflunga.

18. The king: Hogni; cf. Atlakvitha, 25. The manuscript marks line 3 as
beginning a new stanza. Most editors agree that there is a more or less
extensive gap after stanza 18, and some of them contend that the
original ending of the poem is lost, stanzas 19–21 coming from a
different poem, probably a lament closely following Sigurth’s death.

19. The manuscript does not indicate line 1 as beginning a stanza, and
it immediately follows the fragmentary line 3 of stanza 18. The
resemblance between stanzas 19–21 and stanzas 64–69 of Sigurtharkvitha
en skamma suggests that, in some otherwise lost version of the story,
Guthrun, like Brynhild, sought to die soon after Sigurth’s death. Thy
steed: Guthrun’s appeal to the dead Sigurth to ride back to earth to
meet her is reminiscent of the episode related in Helgakvitha
Hundingsbana II, 39–48. The promise mentioned in stanza 20 is spoken of
elsewhere only in the Volsungasaga paraphrase of this passage.

21. Perhaps something has been lost between stanzas 20 and 21, or
possibly stanza 21, while belonging originally to the same poem as
stanzas 19 and 20, did not directly follow them. Sore-pressed: a guess;
a word seems to have been omitted in the original.

22. Words of the poet’s, like stanza 1, and perhaps constituting a
later addition. Many editors assume the loss of a line after line 3.
The meaning, of course, is that the poet hopes the story of Guthrun’s
woes will make all other troubles seem light by comparison.








HAMTHESMOL

THE BALLAD OF HAMTHER


INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The Hamthesmol, the concluding poem in the Codex Regius, is on the
whole the worst preserved of all the poems in the collection. The
origin of the story, the relation of the Hamthesmol to the
Guthrunarhvot, and of both poems to the hypothetical “old” Hamthesmol,
are outlined in the introductory note to the Guthrunarhvot. The
Hamthesmol as we have it is certainly not the “old” poem of that name;
indeed it is so pronounced a patchwork that it can hardly be regarded
as a coherent poem at all. Some of the stanzas are in Fornyrthislag,
some are in Malahattr, one (stanza 29) appears to be in Ljothahattr,
and in many cases the words can be adapted to any known metrical form
only by liberal emendation. That any one should have deliberately
composed such a poem seems quite incredible, and it is far more likely
that some eleventh century narrator constructed a poem about the death
of Hamther and Sorli by piecing together various fragments, and
possibly adding a number of Malahattr stanzas of his own.

It has been argued, and with apparently sound logic, that our extant
Hamthesmol originated in Greenland, along with the Atlamol. In any
case, it can hardly have been put together before the latter part of
the eleventh century, although the “old” Hamthesmol undoubtedly long
antedates this period. Many editors have attempted to pick out the
parts of the extant poem which were borrowed from this older lay, but
the condition of the text is such that it is by no means clear even
what stanzas are in Fornyrthislag and what in Malahattr. Many editors,
likewise, indicate gaps and omissions, but it seems doubtful whether
the extant Hamthesmol ever had a really consecutive quality, its
component fragments having apparently been strung together with little
regard for continuity. The notes indicate some of the more important
editorial suggestions, but make no attempt to cover all of them, and
the metrical form of the translation is often based on mere guesswork
as to the character of the original lines and stanzas. Despite the
chaotic state of the text, however, the underlying narrative is
reasonably clear, and the story can be followed with no great
difficulty.





1.  Great the evils   |   once that grew,
    With the dawning sad   |   of the sorrow of elves;
    In early morn   |   awake for men
    The evils that grief   |   to each shall bring.

2.  Not now, nor yet   |   of yesterday was it,
    Long the time   |   that since hath lapsed,
    So that little there is   |   that is half as old,
    Since Guthrun, daughter   |   of Gjuki, whetted
    Her sons so young   |   to Svanhild’s vengeance.

3.  “The sister ye had   |   was Svanhild called,
    And her did Jormunrek   |   trample with horses,
    White and black   |   on the battle-way,
    Gray, road-wonted,   |   the steeds of the Goths.

4.  “Little the kings   |   of the folk are ye like,
    For now ye are living   |   alone of my race.

5.  “Lonely am I   |   as the forest aspen,
    Of kindred bare   |   as the fir of its boughs,
    My joys are all lost   |   as the leaves of the tree
    When the scather of twigs   |   from the warm day turns.”

6.  Then Hamther spake forth,   |   the high of heart:
    “Small praise didst thou, Guthrun,   |   to Hogni’s deed give
    When they wakened thy Sigurth   |   from out of his sleep,
    Thou didst sit on the bed   |   while his slayers laughed.

7.  “Thy bed-covers white   |   with blood were red
    From his wounds, and with gore   |   of thy husband were wet;
    So Sigurth was slain,   |   by his corpse didst thou sit,
    And of gladness didst think not:   |   ’twas Gunnar’s doing.

8.  “Thou wouldst strike at Atli   |   by the slaying of Erp
    And the killing of Eitil;   |   thine own grief was worse;
    So should each one wield   |   the wound-biting sword
    That another it slays   |   but smites not himself.”

9.  Then did Sorli speak out,   |   for wise was he ever:
    “With my mother I never   |   a quarrel will make;
    Full little in speaking   |   methinks ye both lack;
    What askest thou, Guthrun,   |   that will give thee no tears?

10. “For thy brothers dost weep,   |   and thy boys so sweet,
    Thy kinsmen in birth   |   on the battlefield slain;
    Now, Guthrun, as well   |   for us both shalt thou weep,
    We sit doomed on our steeds,   |   and far hence shall we die.”

11. Then the fame-glad one—   |   on the steps she was—
    The slender-fingered,   |   spake with her son:
    “Ye shall danger have   |   if counsel ye heed not;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    By two heroes alone   |   shall two hundred of Goths
    Be bound or be slain   |   in the lofty-walled burg.”

12. From the courtyard they fared,   |   and fury they breathed;
    The youths swiftly went   |   o’er the mountain wet,
    On their Hunnish steeds,   |   death’s vengeance to have.

13. On the way they found   |   the man so wise;
    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   |   .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
    “What help from the weakling   |   brown may we have?”

14. So answered them   |   their half-brother then:
    “So well may I   |   my kinsmen aid
    As help one foot   |   from the other has.”

15. “How may a foot   |   its fellow aid,
    Or a flesh-grown hand   |   another help?”

16. Then Erp spake forth,   |   his words were few,
    As haughty he sat   |   on his horse’s back:
    “To the timid ’tis ill   |   the way to tell.”
    A bastard they   |   the bold one called.

17. From their sheaths they drew   |   their shining swords,
    Their blades, to the giantess   |   joy to give;
    By a third they lessened   |   the might that was theirs,
    The fighter young   |   to earth they felled.

18. Their cloaks they shook,   |   their swords they sheathed,
    The high-born men   |   wrapped their mantles close.

19. On their road they fared   |   and an ill way found,
    And their sister’s son   |   on a tree they saw,
    On the wind-cold wolf-tree   |   west of the hall,
    And cranes’-bait crawled;   |   none would care to linger.

20. In the hall was din,   |   the men drank deep,
    And the horses’ hoofs   |   could no one hear,
    Till the warrior hardy   |   sounded his horn.

21. Men came and the tale   |   to Jormunrek told
    How warriors helmed   |   without they beheld:
    “Take counsel wise,   |   for brave ones are come,
    Of mighty men   |   thou the sister didst murder.”

22. Then Jormunrek laughed,   |   his hand laid on his beard,
    His arms, for with wine   |   he was warlike, he called for;
    He shook his brown locks,   |   on his white shield he looked,
    And raised high the cup   |   of gold in his hand.

23. “Happy, methinks,   |   were I to behold
    Hamther and Sorli   |   here in my hall;
    The men would I bind   |   with strings of bows,
    And Gjuki’s heirs   |   on the gallows hang.”

24. In the hall was clamor,   |   the cups were shattered,
    Men stood in blood   |   from the breasts of the Goths.

25. Then did Hamther speak forth,   |   the haughty of heart:
    “Thou soughtest, Jormunrek,   |   us to see,
    Sons of one mother   |   seeking thy dwelling;
    Thou seest thy hands,   |   thy feet thou beholdest,
    Jormunrek, flung   |   in the fire so hot.”

26. Then roared the king,   |   of the race of the gods,
    Bold in his armor,   |   as roars a bear:
    “Stone ye the men   |   that steel will bite not,
    Sword nor spear,   |   the sons of Jonak.”


Sorli spake:


27. “Ill didst win, brother,   |   when the bag thou didst open,
    Oft from that bag   |   came baleful counsel;
    Heart hast thou, Hamther,   |   if knowledge thou hadst!
    A man without wisdom   |   is lacking in much.”


Hamther spake:


28. “His head were now off   |   if Erp were living,
    The brother so keen   |   whom we killed on our road,
    The warrior noble,—   |   ’twas the Norns that drove me
    The hero to slay   |   who in fight should be holy.

29. “In fashion of wolves   |   it befits us not
      Amongst ourselves to strive,
    Like the hounds of the Norns,   |   that nourished were
      In greed mid wastes so grim.

30. “We have greatly fought,   |   o’er the Goths do we stand
    By our blades laid low,   |   like eagles on branches;
    Great our fame though we die   |   today or tomorrow;
    None outlives the night   |   when the Norns have spoken.”

31. Then Sorli beside   |   the gable sank,
    And Hamther fell   |   at the back of the house.


This is called the old ballad of Hamther.








NOTES


1. This stanza looks like a later interpolation from a totally
unrelated source. Sorrow of elves: the sun; cf. Alvissmol, 16 and note.

2. Some editors regard lines 1–2 as interpolated, while others question
line 3. Guthrun, etc.: regarding the marriage of Jonak and Guthrun
(daughter of Gjuki, sister of Gunnar and Hogni, and widow first of
Sigurth and then of Atli), and the sons of this marriage, Hamther and
Sorli (but not Erp), cf. Guthrunarhvot, introductory prose and note.

3. Svanhild and Jormunrek: regarding the manner in which Jormunrek
(Ermanarich) married Svanhild, daughter of Sigurth and Guthrun, and
afterwards had her trodden to death by horses, cf. Guthrunarhvot,
introductory note. Lines 3–4 are identical with lines 5–6 of
Guthrunarhvot, 2.

4. These two lines may be all that is left of a four-line stanza. The
manuscript and many editions combine them with stanza 5, while a few
place them after stanza 5 as a separate stanza, reversing the order of
the two lines. Kings of the folk: Guthrun’s brothers, Gunnar and Hogni,
slain by Atli.

5. Cf. note on stanza 4; the manuscript does not indicate line 1 as
beginning a stanza. Scather of twigs: poetic circumlocution for the
wind (cf. Skaldskaparmal, chapter 27), though some editors think the
phrase here means the sun. Some editors assume a more or less extensive
gap between stanzas 5 and 6.

6. Lines 1–3 are nearly identical with lines 1–3 of Guthrunarhvot, 4.
On the death of Sigurth cf. Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 21–24, and Brot,
concluding prose. The word thy in line 3 is omitted in the original.

7. Lines 1–2 are nearly identical with lines 4–5 of Guthrunarhvot, 4.
The manuscript, followed by many editions, indicates line 3 and not
line 1 as beginning a stanza.

8. Some editors regard this stanza as interpolated. Erp and Eitil:
regarding Guthrun’s slaying of her sons by Atli, cf. Atlamol, 72–75.
The Erp here referred to is not to be confused with the Erp, son of
Jonak, who appears in stanza 13. The whole of stanza 8 is in doubtful
shape, and many emendations have been suggested.

10. Some editors assign this speech to Hamther. Brothers: Gunnar and
Hogni. Boys: Erp and Eitil.

11. In the manuscript this stanza follows stanza 21, and some editors
take the word here rendered “fame-glad one” (hróþrglǫþ) to be a proper
name (Jormunrek’s mother or his concubine). The Volsungasaga, however,
indicates that Guthrun at this point “had so fashioned their war-gear
that iron would not bite into it, and she bade them to have nought to
do with stones or other heavy things, and told them that it would be
ill for them if they did not do as she said.” The substance of this
counsel may well have been conveyed in a passage lost after line 3,
though the manuscript indicates no gap. It is by being stoned that
Hamther and Sorli are killed (stanza 26). On the other hand, the second
part of line 3 may possibly mean “if silent ye are not,” in which case
the advice relates to Hamther’s speech to Jormunrek and Sorli’s
reproach to him thereupon (stanzas 25 and 27). Steps: the word in the
original is doubtful. Line 3 is thoroughly obscure. Some editors make a
separate stanza of lines 3–5, while others question line 5.

12. Many editors assume the loss of a line after line 1. In several
editions lines 2–3 are placed after line 2 of stanza 18. Hunnish: the
word meant little more than “German”; cf. Guthrunarhvot, 3 and note.

13. In the manuscript these two lines follow stanza 16; some editors
insert them in place of lines 2–3 of stanza 11. The manuscript
indicates no gap. The man so wise: Erp, here represented as a son of
Jonak but not of Guthrun, and hence a half-brother of Hamther and
Sorli. There is nothing further to indicate whether or not he was born
out of wedlock, as intimated in stanza 16. Some editors assign line 3
to Hamther, and some to Sorli.

14. The stanza is obviously defective. Many editors add Erp’s name in
line 1, and insert between lines 2 and 3 a line based on stanza 15 and
the Volsungasaga paraphrase: “As a flesh-grown hand   |   another
helps.” In the Volsungasaga, after Erp’s death, Hamther stumbles and
saves himself from falling with his hand, whereupon he says: “Erp spake
truly; I had fallen had I not braced myself with my hand.” Soon
thereafter Sorli has a like experience, one foot slipping but the other
saving him from a fall. “Then they said that they had done ill to Erp,
their brother.”

15. Many editions attach these two lines to stanza 14, while a few
assume the loss of two lines.

16. In the manuscript this stanza stands between stanzas 12 and 13.
Some editors make line 4 a part of Erp’s speech.

17. The manuscript does not indicate line 1 as beginning a stanza. The
giantess: presumably the reference is to Hel, goddess of the dead, but
the phrase is doubtful.

18. In the manuscript these two lines are followed by stanza 19 with no
indication of a break. Some editions insert here lines 2–3 of stanza
12, while others assume the loss of two or more lines.

19. Cf. note on stanza 18. Ill way: very likely the road leading
through the gate of Jormunrek’s town at which Svanhild was trampled to
death. Sister’s son: many editors change the text to read “stepson,”
for the reference is certainly to Randver, son of Jormunrek, hanged by
his father on Bikki’s advice (cf. Guthrunarhvot, introductory note).
Wolf-tree: the gallows, the wolf being symbolical of outlaws.
Cranes’-bait: presumably either snakes or worms, but the passage is
doubtful.

20. Many editors assume the loss of a line after line 3. The warrior:
presumably a warder or watchman, but the reference may be to Hamther
himself.

21. The word here rendered men (line 1) is missing in the original,
involving a metrical error, and various words have been suggested.

22. Line 2 in the original is thoroughly obscure; some editors directly
reverse the meaning here indicated by giving the line a negative force,
while others completely alter the phrase rendered “his arms he called
for” into one meaning “he stroked his cheeks.”

23. Gjuki’s heirs: the original has “the well-born of Gjuki,” and some
editors have changed the proper name to Guthrun, but the phrase
apparently refers to Hamther and Sorli as Gjuki’s grandsons. In the
manuscript this stanza is followed by stanza 11, and such editors as
have retained this arrangement have had to resort to varied and complex
explanations to account for it.

24. Editors have made various efforts to reconstruct a four-line stanza
out of these two lines, in some cases with the help of lines borrowed
from the puzzling stanza 11 (cf. note on stanza 23). Line 2 in the
original is doubtful.

25. Some editors mark line 1 as an interpolation. The manuscript marks
line 4 as beginning a new stanza. As in the story told by Jordanes,
Hamther and Sorli succeed in wounding Jormunrek (here they cut off his
hands and feet), but do not kill him.

26. The manuscript marks line 3, and not line 1, as beginning a stanza.
Of the race of the gods: the reference here is apparently to Jormunrek,
but in the Volsungasaga the advice to kill Hamther and Sorli with
stones, since iron will not wound them (cf. note on stanza 11), comes
from Othin, who enters the hall as an old man with one eye.

27. In the manuscript this stanza is introduced by the same line as
stanza 25: “Then did Hamther speak forth,   |   the haughty of heart,”
but the speaker in this case must be Sorli and not Hamther. Some
editors, however, give lines 1–2 to Hamther and lines 3–4 to Sorli.
Bag: i.e., Hamther’s mouth; cf. note on stanza 11. The manuscript
indicates line 3 as beginning a new stanza.

28. Most editors regard stanzas 28–30 as a speech by Hamther, but the
manuscript does not indicate the speaker, and some editors assign one
or two of the stanzas to Sorli. Lines 1–2 are quoted in the
Volsungasaga. The manuscript does not indicate line 1 as beginning a
stanza. Erp: Hamther means that while the two brothers had succeeded
only in wounding Jormunrek, Erp, if he had been with them, would have
killed him. Lines 3–4 may be a later interpolation. Norns: the fates;
the word used in the original means the goddesses of ill fortune.

29. This is almost certainly an interpolated Ljothahattr stanza, though
some editors have tried to expand it into the Fornyrthislag form.
Hounds of the Norns: wolves.

30. Some editors assume a gap after this stanza.

31. Apparently a fragment of a stanza from the “old” Hamthesmol to
which the annotator’s concluding prose note refers. Some editors assume
the loss of two lines after line 2.

Prose. Regarding the “old” Hamthesmol, cf. Guthrunarhvot, introductory
note.








PRONOUNCING INDEX OF PROPER NAMES


Introductory Note

The pronunciations indicated in the following index are in many cases,
at best, mere approximations, and in some cases the pronunciation of
the Old Norse is itself more or less conjectural. For the sake of
clarity it has seemed advisable to keep the number of phonetic symbols
as small as possible, even though the result is occasional failure to
distinguish between closely related sounds. In every instance the
object has been to provide the reader with a clearly comprehensible and
approximately correct pronunciation, for which reason, particularly in
such matters as division of syllables, etymology has frequently been
disregarded for the sake of phonetic clearness. For example, when a
root syllable ends in a long (double) consonant, the division has
arbitrarily been made so as to indicate the sounding of both elements
(e.g., Am-ma, not Amm-a).

As many proper names occur in the notes but not in the text, and as
frequently the more important incidents connected with the names are
outlined in notes which would not be indicated by textual references
alone, the page numbers include all appearances of proper names in the
notes as well as in the text.

The following general rules govern the application of the phonetic
symbols used in the index, and also indicate the approximate
pronunciation of the unmarked vowels and consonants.

Vowels. The vowels are pronounced approximately as follows:


        a    —as in “alone”
        ā    —as in “father”
        e    —as in “men”
        ē    —as a in “fate”
        i    —as in “is”
        ī    —as in “machine”
        o    —as in “on”
        ō    —as in “old”
        ö    —as in German “öffnen”
        ȫ    —as in German “schön”
        ǭ    —as aw in “law”
        u    —as ou in “would”
        ū    —as ou in “wound”
        y    —as i in “is”            }   Both with a slight
        ȳ    —as ee in “free”         }   sound of German ü
        æ    —as e in “men”
        ǣ    —as a in “fate”
        ei   —as ey in “they”
        ey   —as in “they”
        au   —as ou in “out”
        ai   —as i in “fine”



No attempt has been made to differentiate between the short open “o”
and the short closed “o,” which for speakers of English closely
resemble one another.

Consonants. The consonants are pronounced approximately as in English,
with the following special points to be noted:

G is always hard, as in “get,” never soft, as in “gem;” following “n”
it has the same sound as in “sing.”

J is pronounced as y in “young.”

Th following a vowel is soft, as in “with;” at the beginning of a word
or following a consonant it is hard, as in “thin.”

The long (doubled) consonants should be pronounced as in Italian, both
elements being distinctly sounded; e.g., “Am-ma.”

S is always hard, as in “so,” “this,” never soft, as in “as.”

H enters into combinations with various following consonants; with “v”
the sound is approximately that of wh in “what”; with “l,” “r” and “n”
it produces sounds which have no exact English equivalents, but which
can be approximated by pronouncing the consonants with a marked initial
breathing.

Accents. The accented syllable in each name is indicated by the acute
accent (′). In many names, however, and particularly in compounds,
there is both a primary and a secondary accent, and where this is the
case the primary stress is indicated by a double acute accent (″) and
the secondary one by a single acute accent (′). To avoid possible
confusion with the long vowel marks used in Old Norse texts, the
accents are placed, not over the vowels, but after the accented
syllables.








PRONOUNCING INDEX


Æg′-ir, the sea-god, 102, 132, 139–141, 150–154, 156–158, 161, 172,
199, 280, 299, 300, 314, 324, 359.

Æk′-in, a river, 95.

Af′-i, Grandfather, 204, 207.

Ag′-nar, a warrior, 390, 444, 445.

Ag′-nar, brother of Geirröth, 85, 86.

Ag′-nar, son of Geirröth, 84, 87, 88, 106.

Āi, a dwarf, 6, 8.

Āi, Great-Grandfather, 204.

Alf, a dwarf, 8.

Alf, husband of Hjordis, 335, 336, 359, 374, 454.

Alf, slayer of Helgi, 286, 288, 289, 331.

Alf, son of Dag, 223, 454.

Alf, son of Hring, 306.

Alf, son of Hunding, 295, 316, 317.

Alf, son of Ulf, 222.

Alf′-heim, home of the elves, 3, 88, 186.

Alf′-hild, wife of Hjorvarth, 272, 273.

Alf′-roth-ul, the sun, 81.

Al′-grȫn, an island, 127.

Āl′-i, a warrior, 222.

Alm′-veig, wife of Halfdan, 222.

Ā′-lof, daughter of Franmar, 273, 275, 276.

Al′-svith, a giant, 62.

Al′-svith, a horse, 99, 100, 394.

Al′-thjōf, a dwarf, 6.

Al′-vald-i, a giant, 128.

Al′-vīs, a dwarf, 183–193.

Al″-vīss-mǭl, the Ballad of Alvis, 68, 109, 183–194, 252, 283, 546.

Ām, son of Dag, 223.

Am′-bōtt, daughter of Thræll, 207.

Am′-ma, Grandmother, 204, 207, 208.

Ān, a dwarf, 6.

And′-hrim-nir, a cook, 92.

And″-var-a-naut′, a ring, 114, 361, 448.

And′-var-i, a dwarf, 8, 114, 260, 343, 357–361, 417, 426, 448, 493.

An′-gan-tȳr, a berserker, 225.

An′-gan-tȳr, a warrior, 218, 220, 232.

Ang′-eyj-a, mother of Heimdall, 229.

Angr′-both-a, a giantess, 17, 21, 146, 196, 230, 231.

Arf′-i, son of Jarl, 214.

Ar″-in-nef′-ja, daughter of Thræll, 207.

Arn′-grīm, father of the berserkers, 225.

Ār′-vak, a horse, 99, 100, 394.

Ās″-a-thōr′, Thor, 135.

Ās′-garth, home of the gods, 3, 11, 12, 141, 179, 186.

Ask, Ash, 8.

Ās′-laug, daughter of Brynhild, 353, 404, 429.

Ās′-mund, a giant (?), 104.

Ath′-al, son of Jarl, 214.

At′-la, mother of Heimdall, 229.

At″-la-kvith′-a, the Lay of Atli, 165, 255, 306, 421, 448, 463, 476,
480–501, 515, 520, 522, 530, 543.

At″-la-mǭl′, the Ballad of Atli, 448, 449, 463, 480–482, 485, 487, 491,
494, 498–535, 538, 540, 545, 548.

At′-li, Attila, 8, 121, 290, 339, 346, 361, 406, 418, 419, 422,
430–432, 436–438, 447–451, 456–459, 461–466, 468–470, 472–478, 480–485,
487–489, 491–502, 504, 506, 507, 513, 514, 516–520, 522–538, 541,
546–548.

At′-li, son of Hring, 306.

At′-li, son of Ithmund, 271, 273–276, 278–281, 283, 284.

At′-rīth, Othin, 104.

Aur′-both-a, a giantess, 109, 228.

Aur′-both-a, Mengloth’s handmaid, 249.

Aur′-gelm-ir, Ymir, 76.

Aur′-vang, a dwarf, 7.

Austr′-i, a dwarf, 6.

Auth, mother of Harald Battle-Tooth, 227.

Auth′-a, sister of Agnar, 390, 444, 445.

Auth′-i, son of Halfdan the Old, 221, 485.


Baldr, a god, 1, 2, 14–16, 22, 25, 82, 83, 90, 91, 114, 161, 172,
195–199, 218, 227, 228, 236, 245, 360.

Baldrs Draumar, Baldr’s Dreams, 15, 19, 114, 174, 178, 195–200, 236.

Bāl′-eyg, Othin, 103.

Bar′-i, a dwarf, 247.

Barn, son of Jarl, 214.

Bar′-ri, a berserker, 225.

Bar′-ri, a forest, 119, 120.

Beit′-i, Atli’s steward, 520.

Bekk′-hild, sister of Brynhild, 345, 346.

Bel′-i, a giant, 22, 110, 112.

Ber′-a, Kostbera, 449, 510, 511, 517.

Ber′-gel-mir, a giant, 76, 78.

Best′-la, Othin’s mother, 4, 61, 160.

Beyl′-a, servant of Freyr, 152, 153, 169.

Bif′-lind-i, Othin, 104.

Bif′-rost, the rainbow bridge, 22, 90, 96, 102, 136, 329, 376.

Bī′-fur, a dwarf, 6.

Bik′-ki, follower of Jormunrek, 439, 487, 488, 538, 551.

Bīl′-eyg, Othin, 103.

Bil′-ling, a giant (?), 28, 46, 48.

Bil′-rost, the rainbow bridge, 102, 376.

Bil′-skirn-ir, Thor’s dwelling, 88, 93.

Bjort, Mengloth’s handmaid, 249.

Blāin, Ymir (?), 6.

Bleik, Mengloth’s handmaid, 249.

Blind, follower of Hunding, 312.

Blīth, Mengloth’s handmaid, 249.

Bod′-di, son of Karl, 209.

Bǭ′-fur, a dwarf, 6.

Bolm, an island, 225.

Bol′-thorn, Othin’s grandfather, 4, 61.

Bol′-verk, Othin, 50, 52, 103.

Bom′-bur, a dwarf, 6.

Bōnd′-i, son of Karl, 209.

Borg′-ar, brother of Borghild (?), 334.

Borg′-hild, mother of Helgi, 270, 291, 293, 310, 333–335.

Borg′-nȳ, daughter of Heithrek, 469–473, 479.

Both′-vild, daughter of Nithuth, 254, 258, 260, 261, 263, 265–268.

Brag′-a-lund, a forest, 314.

Brag′-i, a god, 102, 152, 155–158, 228, 314, 394.

Brag′-i, brother of Sigrun, 318, 319.

Brag′-i Bod′-da-son, a skald, 102.

Brā′-lund, birthplace of Helgi, 291, 292, 310.

Brām′-i, a berserker, 225.

Brand′-ey, an island, 297.

Bratt′-skegg, son of Karl, 209.

Brā′-voll, a field, 303.

Breith, son of Karl, 209.

Breith′-a-blik, Baldr’s home, 90.

Brim′-ir, a giant, 6, 16, 17, 394.

Brim′-ir, a sword, 102.

Brīs′-ings, the dwarfs, 159, 177–179, 236.

Brodd, follower of Hrolf, 224.

Brot af Sig″-urth-ar-kvith′-u, Fragment of a Sigurth Lay, 155, 370,
402–412, 420, 421, 427–429, 448, 450–452, 486, 493, 515, 539, 542, 547.

Brun″-a-vāg′-ar, a harbor, 313, 314.

Brūth, daughter of Karl, 210.

Bryn′-hild, wife of Gunnar, 14, 226, 234, 270, 296, 339, 344–347,
349–353, 362, 370, 371, 383–388, 391, 396, 397, 400, 403–408, 412,
417–419, 421–425, 427, 429–438, 442–448, 457, 459, 460, 469, 470,
474–476, 481, 484, 511, 516, 518, 532, 537, 543.

Bū′-i, a berserker, 225.

Bū′-i, son of Karl, 209.

Bund″-in-skeg′-gi, son of Karl, 209.

Bur, father of Othin, 4, 160, 228.

Bur, son of Jarl, 214.

Buth′-li, father of Atli, 296, 339, 344, 346, 347, 371, 385, 388, 405,
406, 408, 417–419, 425, 429, 430, 432, 437, 441, 443, 459, 466, 474,
485, 487, 488, 498, 512, 518, 521, 525, 530, 532.

Buth′-lungs, descendants of Buthli, 498.

Bygg′-vir, Freyr’s servant, 152, 153, 165, 166, 169.

Bȳ′-leist (or Bȳ′-leipt), brother of Loki, 22, 230.


Dag, a god (Day), 66, 75, 192.

Dag, brother of Sigrun, 310, 318, 319, 323, 324, 331.

Dag, husband of Thora, 223, 454.

Dāin, a dwarf, 6, 220.

Dāin, a hart, 98.

Dāin, an elf, 62.

Dan, a king, 216.

Dan′-a, daughter of Danp, 216.

Danp, a king, 216, 484.

Del′-ling, father of Day, 66, 75, 247.

Digr′-ald-i, son of Thræll, 206.

Dog′-ling, Delling, 75.

Dög′-lings, descendants of Dag, 223.

Dolg′-thras-ir, a dwarf, 7.

Dōr′-i, a dwarf, 8, 247.

Drāp Nifl′-ung-a, the Slaying of the Niflungs, 408, 438, 447–449, 461,
472, 477, 481, 482, 485, 489, 494, 501, 539, 543.

Draup′-nir, a dwarf, 7.

Draup′-nir, a ring, 114, 360.

Dreng, son of Karl, 209.

Drott, son of Thræll, 206.

Drumb, son of Thræll, 206.

Drumb′-a, daughter of Thræll, 207.

Dūf, a dwarf, 8.

Dun′-eyr, a hart, 98.

Dur′-in, a dwarf, 6.

Dval′-in, a dwarf, 6, 7, 62, 188, 375.

Dval′-in, a hart, 98.

Dyr′-a-thrōr, a hart, 98.


Ed′-da, Great-Grandmother, 204, 205.

Egg′-thēr, the giants’ watchman, 18.

Eg′-il, brother of Völund, 254–257, 265, 267.

Eg′-il, father of Thjalfi (?), 141.

Eg″-ils-sag′-a, the Saga of Egil, 139.

Eik″-in-skjald′-i, a dwarf, 7, 8.

Eik″-in-tjas′-na, daughter of Thræll, 207.

Eik′-thyrn-ir, a hart, 94.

Eir, Mengloth’s handmaid, 248, 249.

Eist′-la, mother of Heimdall, 229.

Eit′-il, son of Atli, 448, 461, 482, 495–498, 525, 540, 541, 548.

Eld′-hrim-nir, a kettle, 92.

Eld′-ir, Ægir’s servant, 153, 154.

Ēl″-i-vāg′-ar, the Milky Way (?), 76, 140.

Emb′-la, Elm, 8.

Ern′-a, wife of Jarl, 213, 214.

Erp, son of Atli, 448, 461, 482, 495–498, 525, 540, 541, 548.

Erp, son of Jonak, 361, 439, 538, 540, 546, 548, 550, 554.

Ey′-fur-a, mother of the berserkers, 225.

Eyj′-olf, son of Hunding, 295, 316, 317.

Ey′-lim-i, father of Hjordis, 226, 270, 295, 335, 336, 340, 341, 363,
365.

Ey′-lim-i, father of Svava, 277, 284, 285, 287, 335.

Ey′-mōth, Atli’s emissary, 456, 457.

Ey′-mund, king of Holmgarth, 222.

Eyr′-gjaf-a, mother of Heimdall, 229.


Fāf′-nir, brother of Regin, 226, 260, 273, 339, 345, 357, 359, 361–365,
369–383, 385, 412, 421, 431, 445, 448, 475, 476, 484.

Fāf″-nis-mǭl′, the Ballad of Fafnir, 6, 7, 125, 151, 188, 215, 226,
273, 343, 344, 356, 357, 365, 369–388, 390, 402, 411, 417, 445, 450,
474, 476, 509.

Fal′-hōfn-ir, a horse, 96.

Far′-baut-i, father of Loki, 157, 168.

Farm′-a-tȳr, Othin, 104.

Fath′-ir, Father, 204, 210.

Feim′-a, daughter of Karl, 210.

Feng, Othin, 366.

Fen′-ja, a giantess, 436.

Fenr′-ir, a wolf, 17–23, 81–83, 91, 93, 100, 140, 146, 152, 164, 165,
170, 196, 303.

Fen′-sal-ir, Frigg’s hall, 15.

Fīl′-i, a dwarf, 7.

Fim′-a-feng, Ægir’s servant, 152, 153.

Fim′-bul-thul, a river, 95.

Fith, a dwarf, 8.

Fit′-jung, Earth, 43, 44.

Fjal′-ar, a cock, 18, 19, 243.

Fjal′-ar, a dwarf, 8.

Fjal′-ar, Suttung (?), 32.

Fjal′-ar, Utgartha-Loki (?), 130.

Fjol′-kald, Svipdag’s grandfather, 240.

Fjol′-nir, Othin, 103, 366.

Fjol″-svinns-mǭl′, the Ballad of Fjolsvith, 234, 239–251.

Fjol′-svith, Mengloth’s watchman, 234, 239–250.

Fjol′-svith, Othin, 103.

Fjol′-var, a giant (?), 127.

Fjōn, an island, 455.

Fjorg′-yn, Jorth, 23, 24, 136.

Fjorg′-yn, Othin, 24, 160.

Fjorm, a river, 95.

Fjorn′-ir, Gunnar’s cupbearer, 486.

Fjors′-ungs, the fishes (?), 321.

Fjōsn′-ir, son of Thræll, 206.

Fjot′-ur-lund, a forest, 323.

Fljōth, daughter of Karl, 210.

Folk′-vang, Freyja’s home, 90, 175.

For′-set-i, a god, 91, 228.

Fōst″-bræth-ra-sag′-a, the Saga of the Foster-Brothers, 46.

Frā Dauth′-a Sinf′-jotl-a, Of Sinfjotli’s Death, 270, 293, 295, 302,
332–337, 340, 342, 356, 357, 359, 365, 368, 374, 386, 388, 421, 454,
455.

Frǣg, a dwarf, 7.

Frān′-ang, a waterfall, 172, 173.

Frān′-mar, Sigrlin’s foster-father, 273, 275.

Frār, a dwarf, 7.

Frath′-mar, son of Dag, 223.

Frek′-a-stein, a battlefield, 287, 288, 304, 307, 318, 319, 322.

Frek′-i, a wolf, 92, 295.

Frek′-i, son of Dag, 223.

Frey′-ja, a goddess, 10–12, 22, 90, 91, 102, 108, 128, 152, 157–159,
161–163, 175–177, 180, 181, 217–220, 231–233, 236, 472.

Freyr, a god, 10, 22, 88, 91, 101, 107–110, 112–115, 117, 119, 120,
152, 161–166, 169, 175, 220, 228, 284, 308, 428.

Fri′-aut, daughter of Hildigun, 222, 223.

Frigg, a goddess, 14, 15, 22, 68, 29, 86, 89, 91, 151, 152, 157–161,
182, 196, 236, 248, 472.

Frīth, Mengloth’s handmaid, 249.

Frost′-i, a dwarf, 8.

Frōth′-i, a Danish king, 294, 295, 436.

Frōth′-i, father of Hledis, 222.

Frōth′-i, father of Kari (?), 224.

Ful′-la, Frigg’s handmaid, 86.

Ful′-nir, son of Thræll, 206.

Fund′-in, a dwarf, 7.


Gagn′-rāth, Othin, 68, 70–72.

Gand′-alf, a dwarf, 7.

Gang, brother of Thjazi, 128.

Gang′-ler-i, King Gylfi, 94.

Gang′-ler-i, Othin, 103.

Garm, a hound, 19, 21, 24, 102, 140, 196.

Gast′-ropn-ir, Mengloth’s dwelling, 242.

Gaut, Othin, 105.

Gef′-jun, a goddess, 157–159.

Geir′-mund, kinsman of Atli, 478.

Geir′-on-ul, a Valkyrie, 99.

Geir′-röth, a king, 84–87, 104–106.

Geir′-skog-ul, a Valkyrie, 14.

Geir′-vim-ul, a river, 95.

Geit′-ir, Gripir’s servant, 340–342.

Ger′-i, a hound, 244.

Ger′-i, a wolf, 92, 295.

Gerth, daughter of Gymir, 109, 111–115, 119, 120, 152, 165, 228.

Gīf, a hound, 244.

Gim′-lē, a mountain, 26.

Gin′-nar, a dwarf, 8.

Gin″-nung-a-gap′, Yawning Gap, 4, 77.

Gip′-ul, a river, 95.

Gīsl, a horse, 96.

Gjaf′-laug, Gjuki’s sister, 413.

Gjal″-lar-horn′, Heimdall’s horn, 12, 20.

Gjol, a river, 95.

Gjolp, mother of Heimdall, 229.

Gjūk′-i, father of Gunnar, 226, 343, 344, 348, 352–354, 362, 383, 403,
406, 407, 410, 411, 413, 415–418, 421–423, 426, 429, 444, 446–448, 451,
452, 459, 462, 466, 470, 476, 477, 480, 482, 499, 500, 509, 516, 517,
529, 535, 541, 542, 546, 552, 553.

Gjūk′-i, son of Hogni, 449.

Gjūk′-ungs, Gjuki’s sons, 344, 383, 388, 403, 408, 421, 426, 431, 446,
448, 449, 451, 456, 457, 476, 477, 483, 484, 500, 501.

Glap′-svith, Othin, 103.

Glas′-ir, a forest, 274.

Glath, a horse, 96.

Glaths′-heim, Othin’s dwelling, 89.

Glaum, Atli’s horse, 493.

Glaum′-vor, wife of Gunnar, 448, 500, 502, 507, 508, 510, 511.

Gleip′-nir, a chain, 17.

Gler, a horse, 96.

Glit′-nir, Forseti’s dwelling, 91.

Glō′-in, a dwarf, 7.

Gnip″-a-hel′-lir, a cave, 19, 21, 24.

Gnip′-a-lund, a forest, 300, 301, 303, 306.

Gnit′-a-heith, Fafnir’s mountain, 343, 365, 371, 484.

Gō′-in, a serpent, 98.

Gol, a Valkyrie, 99.

Gol″-lin-kamb′-i, a cock, 19, 243, 329.

Goll′-nir, a giant (?), 303.

Goll′-rond, daughter of Gjuki, 414–416, 418.

Goll′-topp, a horse, 96, 97.

Goll′-veig, a Wane, 10.

Gom′-ul, a river, 95.

Gond′-lir, Othin, 104.

Gond′-ul, a Valkyrie, 14.

Gop′-ul, a river, 95.

Gorm (the Old), King of Denmark, 201, 202.

Goth′-mund, son of Granmar, 290, 300–305, 309, 316–318, 321, 322, 332.

Got′-thorm, slayer of Sigurth, 226, 350, 354, 361, 405, 410, 426–428,
453, 533.

Grā′-bak, a serpent, 98.

Graf′-vit-nir, a serpent, 98.

Graf′-vol-luth, a serpent, 98.

Gram, Sigurth’s sword, 351, 365, 378, 427, 428.

Gran′-i, Sigurth’s horse, 259, 260, 303, 342, 344, 350, 358, 359, 385,
395, 403, 406, 417, 431, 432, 445, 446, 452, 476.

Gran′-mar, father of Hothbrodd, 291, 296, 300, 304, 308, 316–322, 332.

Greip, mother of Heimdall, 229.

Gret′-tir, a hero, 64.

Gret″-tis-sag′-a, the Saga of Grettir, 129.

Grīm, follower of Hrolf, 224.

Grīm, Othin, 103.

Grīm′-hild, wife of Gjuki, 226, 349, 350, 354, 403, 405, 436, 448,
455–457, 459–461, 474, 519, 524, 526.

Grim′-nir, Othin, 84, 86, 87, 103, 104.

Grim″-nis-mǭl, the Ballad of Grimnir, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14, 17–20, 62, 68,
75, 84–108, 122, 130, 136, 138, 139, 152, 175, 179, 180, 196, 203, 221,
230, 234, 237, 253, 302, 303, 323, 329, 366, 376, 378, 384, 394, 472,
487, 494.

Grīp′-ir, Sigurth’s uncle, 337, 340–355.

Grīp″-is-spǭ′, Gripir’s Prophecy, 14, 87, 226, 336–359, 365, 371, 383,
386, 388, 403, 404, 406, 409, 412, 417, 418, 421, 422, 429, 440–442,
446, 447, 450, 451, 456, 469, 481, 484, 499, 518, 536.

Grō′-a, mother of Svipdag, 234–236, 238.

Grǭth, a river, 95.

Grot″-ta-songr′, the Song of Grotti, 436.

Grot′-ti, a mill, 436.

Grō″-u-galdr′, Groa’s Spell, 234–239.

Gull′-fax-i, a horse, 126.

Gull″-in-tan′-ni, Heimdall, 97.

Gung′-nir, a spear, 101, 395.

Gun′-nar, brother of Borghild (?), 334.

Gun′-nar, follower of Hrolf, 224.

Gun′-nar, son of Gjuki, 8, 226, 339, 343, 349–354, 361, 383, 403–405,
407–409, 414, 417–419, 421–424, 426, 427, 429–434, 436–38, 442,
447–449, 453, 456, 457, 459–461, 467, 469, 470, 473–479, 482–486,
488–494, 497–500, 502, 507–509, 513, 517–519, 521, 522, 532, 533, 539,
541, 543, 546–548.

Gunn′-loth, daughter of Suttung, 28, 32, 50–52.

Gunn′-thor-in, a river, 95.

Gunn′-thrō, a river, 95.

Gust, Andvari (?), 357, 361.

Guth, a Valkyrie, 14, 314.

Guth′-rūn, wife of Sigurth, 226, 339, 343, 344, 349, 352–354, 383, 388,
403–407, 410–417, 419, 421–424, 428, 429, 433, 436–439, 442, 446–451,
453, 455–457, 459–466, 468, 470, 477, 480, 482, 485, 493–501, 513, 515,
516, 518, 519, 522–544, 546–550, 552.

Guth″-rūn-ar-hvot′, Guthrun’s Inciting, 226, 410, 411, 439, 447, 450,
497, 535–547, 549, 551, 555.

Guth″-rūn-ar-kvith′-a I (en Fyrst′-a), the First Lay of Guthrun, 4,
293, 325, 402, 409, 411–420, 422, 423, 426, 429, 430, 450, 452–454,
475, 479.

Guth″-rūn-ar-kvith′-a II (On′-nur, en Forn′-a), the Second (Old) Lay of
Guthrun, 230, 255, 325, 407, 410–412, 416, 419, 450–465, 467, 476, 493,
495, 496, 501, 505.

Guth″-rūn-ar-kvith′-a III (Thrith′-ja), the Third Lay of Guthrun, 450,
451, 465–469, 517.

Gylf″-a-gin′-ning, the Deceiving of Gylfi, 120, 228, 229, 231, 248,
370.

Gyl′-lir, a horse, 96.

Gym′-ir, Ægir, 151.

Gym′-ir, a giant, 109, 111, 112, 114, 165, 228.

Gyrth, son of Dag, 223.


Had′-ding, a Danish king, 311, 458.

Had″-ding-ja-skat′-i, Haddings’-Hero (Helgi), 311, 330, 331.

Had′-dings, berserkers, 225.

Hǣm′-ing, son of Hunding, 311.

Hag′-al, Helgi’s foster-father, 310–312.

Hak′-i, son of Hvethna, 227.

Hal, son of Karl, 209.

Hālf, King of Horthaland, 222, 223.

Half′-dan, father of Kara, 316, 330.

Half′-dan (the Old), a Danish king, 221–223, 227, 269, 307, 308, 364,
454.

Hālfs′-sag-a, the Saga of Half, 222, 223.

Ham′-al, son of Hagal, 311, 314.

Ham′-thēr, son of Jonak, 361, 439, 447, 536–541, 545–550, 552–555.

Ham″-thēs-mǭl′, the Ballad of Hamther, 226, 410, 439, 447, 450, 488,
536–540, 545–555.

Hā′-mund, son of Sigmund, 293, 334.

Han′-nar, a dwarf, 7.

Hār, Othin, 94, 103.

Har′-ald (Battle-Tooth), son of Hrörek, 227.

Har′-ald (Blue-Tooth), King of Denmark, 201, 202.

Hār′-barth, Othin, 104, 121, 122, 125–137.

Hār″-barths-ljōth′, the Poem of Harbarth, 12, 24, 104, 121–140, 142,
143, 152, 167, 168, 170, 171, 174, 175, 185, 195, 228, 314, 394, 443,
478, 480.

Hat′-a-fjord, a fjord, 278.

Hat′-i, a giant, 278, 280, 281.

Hat′-i, a wolf, 18, 100.

Haug′-spor-i, a dwarf, 7.

Heer′-fath-er, Othin, 13, 14, 69, 92, 94, 218, 390.

Heim′-dall, a god, 3, 12, 18, 20, 90, 97, 115, 166, 167, 178, 202, 203,
213, 228–230.

Heim′-ir, Brynhild’s foster-father, 345–348, 350, 351, 353, 403, 404,
445.

Heith, daughter of Hrimnir, 228.

Heith, Gollweg (?), 10.

Heith′-draup-nir, Mimir (?), 393, 394.

Heith′-rek, father of Borgny, 470.

Heith′-rūn, a goat, 94, 232.

Hel, goddess of the dead, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 93, 95, 97, 115, 118,
146, 196, 231, 237, 245, 377, 441–443, 518, 551.

Hel′-blind-i, Othin, 103.

Helg″-a-kvith′-a Hjor″-varths-son′-ar, the Lay of Helgi the Son of
Hjorvarth, 14, 189, 269–290, 292, 293, 295, 298, 300, 302, 304, 309,
313, 318, 332, 358, 359, 371, 506.

Helg″-a-kvith′-a Hund″-ings-ban′-a I (en Fyr′-ri), the First Lay of
Helgi Hundingsbane, 14, 160, 215, 221, 273, 276, 281, 287, 290–308,
310, 311, 313, 316–319, 321, 322, 328, 358, 364–366, 428, 524.

Helg″-a-kvith′-a Hund″-ings-ban′-a II (On′-nur), the Second Lay of
Helgi Hundingsbane, 95, 272, 288, 289, 294, 296, 298, 306, 309–331,
366, 418, 434, 466, 543.

Helg′-i (Had″-ding-ja-skat′-i), Helgi the Haddings’-Hero, 311, 330,
331.

Helg′-i, Hjalmgunnar (?), 344, 345.

Helg′-i, son of Hjorvarth, 269–272, 276–289, 310, 311, 330, 331, 335.

Helg′-i, son of Sigmund, 221, 269, 270, 276, 289–301, 304, 306–336,
339, 340, 357, 358, 364–366, 368, 371, 446.

Hel′-reith Bryn′-hild-ar, Brynhild’s Hell-Ride, 129, 255, 345, 346,
353, 387, 388, 390, 442–447, 450, 511.

Hept″-i-fīl′-i, a dwarf, 7.

Her′-borg, queen of the Huns, 411, 413, 414.

Her′-fjot-ur, a Valkyrie, 99.

Her′-jan, Othin, 14, 103, 416.

Herk′-ja, Atli’s servant, 465, 466, 468.

Her′-mōth, son of Othin, 218.

Hers′-ir, father of Erna, 213.

Her′-teit, Othin, 103.

Her″-var-ar-sag′-a, the Saga of Hervor, 366, 484.

Her′-varth, a berserker, 225.

Her′-varth, son of Hunding, 316, 317.

Her′-vor, a swan-maiden, 254–256, 259.

Heth′-in, brother of Helgi, 271–273, 284–286, 288, 289.

Heth′-ins-ey, an island, 297.

Hild, a Valkyrie, 14, 99.

Hild, Brynhild, 444, 511.

Hild, mother of King Half, 223, 224.

Hild′-i-gun, daughter of Sækonung, 222, 223.

Hild″-i-svin′-i, a boar, 220.

Hild′-olf, a warrior, 124.

Him′-in-bjorg, Heimdall’s dwelling, 90.

Him″-in-vang′-ar, Heaven’s-Field, 293.

Hind′-ar-fjoll, Brynhild’s mountain, 383, 384, 388, 445.

Hjal′-li, Atli’s cook, 491, 492, 520, 521.

Hjalm′-ar, a warrior, 225.

Hjalm′-ber-i, Othin, 103.

Hjalm′-gun-nar, a Gothic king, 345, 390, 445.

Hjalp′-rek, father of Alf, 335, 336, 358, 359, 365, 369, 454.

Hjor′-dīs, mother of Sigurth, 226, 270, 277, 293, 333, 335, 336, 340,
341, 368, 374, 454.

Hjor′-leif, father of King Half, 223.

Hjor′-leif, follower of Helgi, 298.

Hjor′-varth, a berserker, 225.

Hjor′-varth, father of Helgi, 269–274, 276–278, 284, 287, 289, 331.

Hjor′-varth, father of Hvethna, 227.

Hjor′-varth, son of Hunding, 273, 295, 316, 317, 368.

Hlath′-guth, a swan-maiden, 254–256.

Hlē′-barth, a giant, 128.

Hlē′-bjorg, a mountain, 319, 320.

Hlē′-dīs, mother of Ottar, 222.

Hlēr, Ægir, 132, 152.

Hlēs′-ey, an island, 132, 139, 314, 478.

Hlē′-vang, a dwarf, 7.

Hlīf, Mengloth’s handmaid, 248.

Hlīf′-thras-a, Mengloth’s handmaid, 248.

Hlīn, Frigg, 22.

Hlith′-skjolf, Othin’s seat, 86, 88, 107, 108, 480, 487.

Hlokk, a Valkyrie, 99.

Hlōr′-rith-i, Thor, 135, 140, 143, 147, 149, 169, 176, 178, 182.

Hloth′-varth, follower of Helgi, 280.

Hloth′-vēr, a Frankish king, 459.

Hloth′-vēr, father of Hervor, 254–256, 259.

Hlōth′-yn, Jorth, 23.

Hlym′-dal-ir, Brynhild’s home, 444.

Hnifl′-ung, son of Hogni, 498, 515, 529.

Hnifl′-ungs, the people of Gjuki (Nibelungs), 291, 305.

Hnik′-ar, Othin, 103, 357, 366, 367.

Hnik′-uth, Othin, 103, 104.

Hǭ′-alf, a Danish king, 437, 454.

Hǭ′-alf, King Half of Horthaland, 223, 224.

Hǭ′-brōk, a hawk, 102.

Hodd′-mim-ir, Mimir, 80.

Hodd′-rof-nir, Mimir (?), 393, 394.

Hog′-ni, brother of Sigar, 312, 313.

Hog′-ni, father of Sigrun, 296, 306, 308, 312, 313, 316–319, 323, 328,
329.

Hog′-ni, son of Gjuki, 226, 343, 350, 354, 361, 404–406, 421, 425–427,
429, 431, 434, 447–449, 453, 456, 457, 459–461, 467, 469, 472, 476,
477, 482, 484–487, 490–93, 498–500, 502–506, 509, 511, 512, 514, 515,
517–521, 523, 529–533, 539, 541, 543, 546–548.

Hǭk′-on, father of Thora, 419, 454, 455.

Hol, a river, 95.

Holm′-garth, Russia, 222.

Holth, son of Karl, 209.

Hȫn′-ir, a god, 8, 20, 25, 162, 358, 359, 493.

Hǭr, a dwarf, 7.

Hǭr, Othin, 10, 51–53, 60, 103.

Horn, a river, 237.

Horn′-bor-i, a dwarf, 7.

Horth′-a-land, Half’s kingdom, 222, 223.

Hörv′-ir, follower of Hrolf, 224.

Hos′-vir, son of Thræll, 206.

Hoth, slayer of Baldr, 15, 25, 161, 198, 228.

Hoth′-brodd, son of Granmar, 269, 270, 291, 296, 297, 301, 304–306,
309, 316, 317, 319, 321, 322.

Hǭ′-tūn, Helgi’s home, 293, 298.

Hǭv″-a-mǭl′, the Ballad of the High One, 4, 28–68, 71, 75, 112, 117,
130, 188, 193, 205, 215, 236, 237, 247, 357, 367, 368, 379, 387, 393,
397.

Hǭ′-varth, son of Hunding, 295.

Hrǣ′-svelg, an eagle, 21, 78, 115.

Hran′-i, a berserker, 225.

Hrauth′-ung, ancestor of Hjordis, 226.

Hrauth′-ung, father of Geirröth, 85.

Hreim, son of Thræll, 206.

Hreith′-mar, father of Regin, 7, 357–359, 361–363.

Hrīm′-fax-i, a horse, 72.

Hrīm′-gerth, a giantess, 189, 271, 278–283.

Hrīm″-gerth-ar-mǭl′, the Ballad of Hrimgerth, 271, 278–284.

Hrīm′-grim-nir, a giant, 118.

Hrim′-nir, a giant, 115, 228.

Hring, a warrior, 306, 307.

Hring′-stath-ir, Ringsted, 293, 308.

Hring′-stoth, Ringsted (?), 293.

Hrist, a Valkyrie, 99.

Hrīth, a river, 95, 237.

Hrō′-ar, brother of Borghild (?), 334.

Hrolf (the Old), King of Gautland, 224.

Hrol′-laug, a warrior, 319, 320.

Hrō′-mund, a warrior, 331.

Hrō′-mund-ar Sag′-a Greips′-son-ar, the Saga of Hromund Greipsson, 311,
331.

Hron, a river, 95, 237.

Hrōpt, Othin, 25, 166, 393.

Hrōpt′-a-tȳr, Othin, 66, 105.

Hrȫ′-rek, King of Denmark, 227.

Hross′-thjōf, son of Hrimnir, 228.

Hrōth, a giant, 142.

Hrōth′-mar, lover of Sigrlin, 275, 276, 278, 286.

Hrōth′-vit-nir, Fenrir, 100, 164.

Hrot′-ti, a sword, 385.

Hrung′-nir, a giant, 125, 126, 143, 171, 172, 394.

Hrym, a giant, 21.

Hug′-in, a raven, 92.

Hum′-lung, son of Hjorvarth, 272, 273.

Hund′-ing, enemy of Sigmund, 269, 270, 273, 294, 295, 307, 309–311,
313, 315, 316, 326, 335, 336, 342, 343, 357, 358, 365, 368, 369.

Hund′-land, Hunding’s kingdom, 294, 310, 311.

Hver′-gel-mir, a spring, 94.

Hveth′-na, mother of Haki, 227.

Hym′-ir, a giant, 77, 138–150, 163.

Hym″-is-kvith′-a, the Lay of Hymir, 21, 77, 116, 122, 138–152, 163,
170, 174, 179, 180, 182, 183, 391.

Hym′-ling, son of Hjorvarth, 273.

Hynd′-la, a giantess, 217–220, 222, 231–233.

Hynd″-lu-ljōth′, the Poem of Hyndla, 115, 132, 154, 167, 203, 217–233,
273, 292, 307, 314, 350, 427, 454, 457.


If′-ing, a river, 72, 131.

Im, son of Vafthruthnir, 70.

Imth, a giant, 304.

Imth, mother of Heimdall, 229.

Ing′-un, sister of Njorth (?), 165.

Ing′-un-ar = Freyr, Freyr, 165.

In′-stein, father of Ottar, 220, 222, 224.

Īr′-i, a dwarf, 247.

Īs′-olf, son of Olmoth, 224.

Īs′-ung, a warrior, 297.

Ith′-a-voll, meeting-place of the gods, 5, 24.

Īth′-i, brother of Thjazi, 128.

Ith′-mund, follower of Hjorvarth, 273, 274.

Īth′-un, a goddess, 102, 113, 128, 152, 157, 158, 175.

Ī′-vald-i, a dwarf, 101.

I′-var, King of Sweden, 227.


Jafn′-hǭr, Othin, 103, 104.

Jalk, Othin, 104, 105.

Jar′-i, a dwarf, 7, 247.

Jar′-iz-leif, Atli’s emissary, 456, 457.

Jar′-iz-skār, Atli’s emissary, 456, 457.

Jarl, son of Rig, 212–215.

Jarn′-sax-a, a giantess, 125.

Jarn′-sax-a, mother of Heimdall, 229.

Jof′-ur-mar, son of Dag, 223.

Jōn′-ak, father of Hamther, 439, 447, 536, 538, 542, 546, 548, 550,
553.

Jor′-mun-rek, Ermanarich, 225, 226, 339, 407, 437, 439, 447, 451,
538–540, 546, 549, 551–554.

Jorth, Earth, 12, 23, 24, 123, 136, 170, 174, 175, 389.

Jōth, son of Jarl, 214.

Jot′-un-heim, the world of the giants, 3, 5, 6, 21, 107, 111, 128,
179–181, 186.


Kār′-a, daughter of Halfdan, 272, 310, 311, 314, 316, 330, 331, 345.

Kār′-i, ancestor of Ketil, 224.

Karl, son of Rig, 208, 209.

Kār″-u-ljōth′, the Poem of Kara, 272, 311, 314, 315, 331.

Kef′-sir, son of Thræll, 206.

Ker′-laug, a river, 96.

Ket′-il Horth′-a = Kār′-i, husband of Hildigun, 223, 224.

Kīl′-i, a dwarf, 7.

Kjal′-ar, Othin, 104.

Kjār, father of Olrun, 254–256, 485.

Kleg′-gi, son of Thræll, 206.

Klūr, son of Thræll, 206.

Klypp, father of Ketil, 223.

Knē′-fröth, Atli’s messenger, 448, 482, 483, 502.

Kolg′-a, daughter of Ægir, 299.

Kon, son of Rig, 201, 209, 210, 214, 215, 236, 256, 306.

Kormt, a river, 96.

Kost′-ber-a, wife of Hogni, 449, 500, 502–506, 510.

Kumb′-a, daughter of Thræll, 207.

Kund, son of Jarl, 214.


Lǣ′-gjarn, Loki, 245.

Lǣ′-rāth, Yggdrasil, 94.

Lǣv′-a-tein, a sword, 245.

Lauf′-ey, mother of Loki, 9, 157, 168, 177–179.

Leg′-gjald-i, son of Thræll, 206.

Leipt, a river, 95, 323.

Leir′-brim-ir, Ymir (?), 242.

Lētt′-fet-i, a horse, 96.

Līf, mother of the new race, 80.

Līf′-thras-ir, father of the new race, 80.

Lim′-a-fjord, a fjord, 501, 510.

Lit, a dwarf, 7.

Ljōth′-a-tal, the List of Charms, 28, 44, 60, 63, 236.

Lodd′-fāf-nir, a singer, 28, 52–59, 67.

Lodd″-fāf-nis-mǭl′, the Ballad of Loddfafnir, 28, 67, 387, 397.

Lof′-ar, a dwarf, 7, 8.

Lofn′-heith, daughter of Hreithmar, 363.

Log′-a-fjoll, a mountain, 294, 295, 316, 317.

Lok″-a-sen′-na, Loki’s Wrangling, 4, 16, 26, 102, 107, 130, 134, 139,
151–175, 177, 178, 180, 184, 196, 218, 228, 232, 236, 256, 306.

Lok′-i, a god, 1, 8, 9, 11, 15–17, 21, 22, 25, 101, 102, 128, 130, 134,
146, 149–173, 175–179, 196, 198, 200, 228, 230–232, 245–247, 303,
357–362, 417, 493.

Lōn′-i, a dwarf, 7.

Lopt, Loki, 154, 231, 245.

Loth′-in, a giant, 282.

Lōth′-ur, Loki, 8, 9, 154.

Lūt, son of Thræll, 206.

Lyf′-ja-berg, a mountain, 248, 251.

Lyng′-heith, daughter of Hreithmar, 363, 364.

Lyng′-vi, son of Hunding, 336, 368, 369.

Lȳr, Mengloth’s hall, 247.


Mag′-ni, son of Thor, 82, 125, 135.

Mān′-i, Moon, 74, 75, 99.

Meil′-i, brother of Thor, 125.

Mēln′-ir, a horse, 306.

Men′-gloth, beloved of Svipdag, 234–236, 238, 239, 241, 248–251, 350,
388, 441.

Men′-ja, a giantess, 436.

Mīm (or Mīm′-ir), a water-spirit, 12, 13, 20, 61, 81, 242, 393, 394.

Mīm′-a-meith, Yggdrasil, 242, 243.

Mīm′-ir, brother of Regin, 359.

Mist, a Valkyrie, 99, 305.

Mith′-garth, the world of men, 3, 4, 92, 100, 101, 129, 186, 221, 223.

Mith″-garths-orm′, a serpent, 17, 21, 23, 24, 122, 139, 145, 146, 170,
196, 230.

Mith′-vit-nir, a giant, 104.

Mjoll′-nir, Thor’s hammer, 82, 126, 149, 169–171, 174, 181.

Mjoth′-vit-nir, a dwarf, 6, 7.

Mog, son of Jarl, 214.

Mog′-thras-ir, a giant (?), 82.

Mō′-in, a serpent, 98.

Mō″-ins-heim′-ar, a battlefield, 304, 322.

Morn′-a-land, an eastern country, 470.

Mōth′-i, son of Thor, 82, 148.

Mōth′-ir, mother of Jarl, 204, 210–212.

Mōt′-sog-nir, a dwarf, 6.

Mund″-il-fer′-i, father of Sol, 5, 74, 99.

Mun′-in, a raven, 92.

Mū′-spell, father of the fire-dwellers, 22, 165.

Mū′-spells-heim, home of the fire-dwellers, 3, 21, 73, 100.

Mȳln′-ir, a horse, 306.

Myrk′-heim, Myrkwood (Atli’s land), 498.

Myrk′-wood, a forest in Atli’s land, 476, 483, 484, 487, 498.

Myrk′-wood, a forest in Hothbrodd’s land, 306.

Myrk′-wood, a forest in Muspellsheim, 165.

Myrk′-wood, a forest in Nithuth’s land, 255, 256.


Nab′-bi, a dwarf, 220.

Nagl′-far, a ship, 21.

Nāin, a dwarf, 6.

Nal, Laufey, 168.

Nāl′-i, a dwarf, 7.

Nan′-na, daughter of Nokkvi, 224.

Nan′-na, wife of Baldr, 91.

Nār, a dwarf, 6.

Narf′-i, Nor, 75, 192.

Narf′-i, son of Loki, 16, 167, 172, 173.

Nā′-strond, Corpse-Strand, 17.

Nep, father of Nanna, 91.

Ner′-i, a giant (?), 292.

Nifl′-heim, the world of the dead, 3, 94.

Nifl′-hel, land of the dead, 80, 196.

Nifl′-ungs, the people of Gjuki (Nibelungs), 408, 447, 448, 486, 487,
489, 492, 493, 515, 517, 541.

Nīp′-ing, a dwarf, 6.

Nith, son of Jarl, 214.

Nith′-a-fjoll, a mountain, 16, 26, 27.

Nith″-a-vel′-lir, home of the dwarfs, 3, 16.

Nīth′-hogg, a dragon, 17, 26, 27, 97–99.

Nith′-i, a dwarf, 6.

Nith′-jung, son of Jarl, 214.

Nīth′-uth, king of the Njars, 253–255, 257–268.

Njāls′-sag-a, the Saga of Njal, 399.

Njars, the people of Nithuth, 254, 257, 259, 265, 268.

Njorth, a Wane, 9, 10, 78, 79, 90, 91, 101, 107, 108, 119, 120, 128,
152, 161–163, 165, 167, 175, 179, 180, 228.

Nō′-a-tūn, home of Njorth, 90, 91, 108, 179, 180.

Nokk′-vi, father of Nanna, 224.

Non, a river, 95.

Nor (or Norv′-i), father of Not, 75, 192.

Nōr′-i, a dwarf, 6.

Norn″-a-gests-thāttr′, the Story of Nornagest, 336, 356, 364, 369, 442,
444, 445.

North′-ri, a dwarf, 6.

Not, a river, 95.

Nǭt, Night, 66, 75, 192, 389.

Nȳ′-i, a dwarf, 6.

Nȳr, a dwarf, 7.

Nȳ′-rāth, a dwarf, 7.

Nyt, a river, 95.


Odd′-rūn, sister of Atli, 420, 438, 448, 449, 469–474, 476, 478, 479.

Odd″-rūn-ar-grātr′, the Lament of Oddrun, 132, 420, 438, 447, 449, 450,
469–479, 483, 494, 522, 532.

Ofn′-ir, a serpent, 98.

Ofn′-ir, Othin, 105.

Ō′-in, father of Andvari, 360.

Ökk″-vin-kalf′-a, daughter of Thræll, 207.

Ō′-kōl-nir, a volcano (?), 16.

Ol′-mōth, father of Isolf, 224.

Ol′-rūn, a swan-maiden, 254–257, 485.

Ōm′-i, Othin, 104.

Ōn′-ar, a dwarf, 6.

Ōr′-i, a dwarf, 8, 247.

Ork′-ning, brother of Kostbera, 449, 509, 510, 517.

Ormt, a river, 96.

Orv′-and-il, husband of Groa, 234.

Orv′-ar = Odd, a warrior, 225.

Orv′-ar = Odds′-sag-a, the Saga of Orvar-Odd, 225.

Orv′-a-sund, a bay, 298.

Ōsk′-i, Othin, 104.

Ō′-skōp-nir, an island, 376.

Ōs′-olf, son of Olmoth, 224.

Ōth, husband of Freyja, 11, 12, 161, 220, 232.

Ōth′-in, chief of the gods, 1, 3, 4, 8–15, 19–26, 28, 32, 45, 48–53,
60–63, 66, 68–84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 97, 98, 101–106, 108, 114,
117, 121, 122, 125, 126, 129, 131, 133, 134, 136, 139–141, 145, 149,
151, 152, 155, 157–160, 166, 167, 170, 174, 179, 182, 185, 195–200,
202, 203, 213, 218, 219, 221, 226, 228–231, 236, 274, 293–295, 302,
308, 319, 323–327, 330, 332, 335, 339, 342, 357–359, 361, 365, 366,
371, 372, 384, 390, 393–395, 416, 428, 445, 474, 483, 487, 493, 494,
553.

Oth′-lings, a mythical race, 221, 223, 226.

Ōth′-rör-ir, a goblet, 51, 61.

Ōtr, brother of Regin, 358, 359, 362.

Ōt′-tar, a warrior, 217–227, 231–233.


Rǣv′-il, a sea-king, 366.

Rag′-nar Loth′-brōk, a Danish king, 366.

Rand′-grīth, a Valkyrie, 99.

Rand′-vēr, son of Jormunrek, 439, 538, 551.

Rand′-vēr, son of Rathbarth, 227.

Ran′-i, Othin, 236.

Rat′-a-tosk, a squirrel, 97.

Rāth′-barth, a Russian king, 227.

Rāth′-grīth, a Valkyrie, 99.

Rāths′-ey, an island, 124.

Rāth′-svith, a dwarf, 7.

Rat′-i, a gimlet, 50.

Reg′-in, a dwarf, 7, 359.

Reg′-in, son of Hreithmar, 7, 343, 356–359, 361–366, 369–372, 377–383,
403.

Reg′-in-leif, a Valkyrie, 99.

Reg″-ins-mǭl′, the Ballad of Regin, 7, 8, 114, 151, 270, 295, 308, 333,
336, 342, 343, 356–371, 376, 378, 384, 386, 387, 402, 411, 426, 428,
448, 450, 493, 538.

Reif′-nir, a berserker, 225.

Rīg, Heimdall (?), 3, 201–204, 207, 208, 210–212, 215, 216.

Rigs′-thul-a, the Song of Rig, 3, 90, 167, 183, 201–216, 230, 428, 484.

Rīn, a river, 95.

Rind, mother of Vali, 198, 236.

Rin′-nand-i, a river, 95.

Rist′-il, daughter of Karl, 210.

Rith′-il, a sword, 380.

Rog′-a-land, Norway, 281.

Rog′-heim, Home of Battle, 289.

Rǭn, wife of Ægir, 280, 300, 359.

Rosk′-va, sister of Thjalfi, 141.

Roth′-uls-fjoll, a mountain, 289.

Roth′-uls-voll, a field, 276.

Ruth, a river, 237.


Sǣ′-far-i, father of Ulf, 222.

Sǣ′-hrim-nir, a boar, 92.

Sæk′-in, a river, 95.

Sǣ′-kon-ung, father of Hildigun, 223.

Sǣ′-morn, a river, 275.

Sǣ′-reith, wife of Hjorvarth, 272, 273.

Sǣ′-var-stath, an island, 261, 262.

Sāg′-a, a goddess, 89, 302.

Sal′-gof-nir, a cock, 329.

Sāms′-ey, an island, 160.

Sann′-get-al, Othin, 103.

Sath, Othin, 103.

Sax′-i, a southern king, 467.

Segg, son of Karl, 209.

Sess′-rym-nir, Freyja’s hall, 91, 175.

Sev′-a-fjoll, Sigrun’s home, 319, 323, 325, 327–329.

Sif, Thor’s wife, 88, 101, 134, 140, 143, 148, 151, 157, 168, 180, 184.

Sig′-ar, a Danish king, 293.

Sig′-ar, brother of Hogni, 312, 313.

Sig′-ar, father of Siggeir, 455.

Sig′-ar, Helgi’s messenger, 287, 288.

Sig′-ars-holm, an island, 277.

Sig′-ars-voll, a battlefield, 277, 287, 293.

Sig′-fath-er, Othin, 23, 103, 104, 170.

Sig′-geir, husband of Signy, 302, 303, 332, 455.

Sig′-mund, son of Sigurth, 407, 424, 428, 429, 456, 460.

Sig′-mund, son of Volsung, 218, 219, 226, 270, 276, 290–295, 301, 302,
307, 310, 311, 315, 317, 318, 330–336, 341, 364–366, 368, 369, 373,
374, 388, 389, 432, 455.

Sig′-nȳ, sister of Sigmund, 270, 290, 293, 302, 332, 333, 455.

Sigr′-drif-a, Brynhild, 296, 384–386, 388, 390, 391, 403.

Sigr″-drif-u-mǭl′, the Ballad of the Victory-Bringer, 4, 99, 100, 119,
151, 293, 339, 344, 356, 357, 370, 381, 384–403, 411, 442, 444, 445,
450, 470, 472.

Sigr′-lin, wife of Hjorvarth, 271–276, 287.

Sig′-rūn, wife of Helgi, 14, 269, 270, 289, 296, 299, 300, 306, 307,
309–316, 318–320, 323, 325–330, 339, 345.

Sig′-trygg, a king, 222.

Sig′-tȳr, Othin, 494.

Sig′-urth, son of Sigmund, 8, 226, 234, 260, 269, 270, 273, 277, 293,
295, 296, 303, 308, 333, 335–359, 361–380, 382–389, 391, 395, 396, 400,
402–407, 409–412, 414–433, 435, 437, 439–442, 445–448, 450–457, 460,
465, 469, 475, 476, 481, 484, 490, 493, 513, 518, 523, 532–534,
536–544, 546–548.

Sig″-urth-a-kvith′-a en Skam′-ma, the Short Lay of Sigurth, 93, 241,
308, 407, 410, 416–441, 443, 448–450, 453, 459, 470, 475, 488, 493,
534, 538, 539, 543, 547.

Sig′-urth Ring, son of Randver, 227.

Sig′-yn, wife of Loki, 16, 167, 172, 173.

Silf′-rin-topp, a horse, 96.

Sind′-ri, a dwarf, 16.

Sin′-fjot-li, son of Sigmund, 270, 290, 293, 300–304, 307, 309, 318,
321, 322, 332–335.

Sin′-ir, a horse, 96.

Sin′-mor-a, a giantess, 243, 245–247.

Sin′-rjōth, wife of Hjorvarth, 272, 273.

Sīth, a river, 95.

Sīth′-gran-i, Othin, 185.

Sīth′-hott, Othin, 103.

Sīth′-skegg, Othin, 103.

Skāf′-ith, a dwarf, 8.

Skāld″-skap-ar-māl, the Treatise on Poetics, 189, 192, 221, 274, 359,
370, 538, 547.

Skat′-a-lund, a forest, 445.

Skath′-i, a goddess, 90, 108, 128, 152, 157, 167, 168, 172, 180, 228.

Skegg′-jold, a Valkyrie, 99.

Skeith′-brim-ir, a horse, 96.

Skek′-kil, father of Skurhild, 224.

Skelf′-ir, a king, 221.

Skilf′-ing, Othin, 105, 221.

Skilf′-ings, descendants of Skelfir, 221, 223.

Skin′-fax-i, a horse, 71, 96.

Skirf′-ir, a dwarf, 8.

Skirn′-ir, Freyr’s servant, 107–115, 119, 120, 152.

Skirn″-is-mǭl′, the Ballad of Skirnir, 21, 22, 78, 86, 88, 101,
107–121, 126, 149, 152, 162, 163, 165, 174, 175, 193, 218, 228, 282,
360.

Skīth′-blath-nir, a ship, 101, 102.

Skjold, a Danish king, 221.

Skjöld″-ung-a-sag′-a, the Saga of the Skjoldungs, 216.

Skjold′-ungs, descendants of Skjold, 221–223.

Skog′-ul, a Valkyrie, 14, 99.

Skoll, a wolf, 18, 81, 93, 100.

Skor′-u-strond, home of Varin, 281.

Skrȳm′-ir, a giant, 122, 130, 170, 171.

Skuld, a Norn, 9.

Skuld, a Valkyrie, 14.

Skûr′-hild, daughter of Skekkil, 224.

Slag′-fith, brother of Völund, 254–257.

Sleip′-nir, Othin’s horse, 97, 102, 126, 160, 196, 230, 342, 394.

Slīth, a river, 16, 95.

Smith, son of Karl, 209.

Snǣ′-fjoll, a mountain, 293.

Snǣv′-ar, son of Hogni, 449, 487, 509, 517.

Snör, wife of Karl, 209.

Snōt, daughter of Karl, 210.

Sogn, a bay, 305.

Sǭg′-u-nes, a cape, 302.

Sokk′-mīm-ir, a giant, 104.

Sökk′-va-bekk, Saga’s dwelling, 88, 89.

Sōl, Sun, 74, 75, 79.

Sōl′-ar, son of Hogni, 449, 487, 509, 517.

Sōl′-bjart, father of Svipdag, 250.

Sōl′-blind-i, a dwarf, 241.

Sōl′-fjoll, a mountain, 293.

Sōl′-heim-ar, Hothbrodd’s home, 304.

Sorl′-i, son of Jonak, 361, 439, 536, 538, 540, 545, 546, 548–550,
552–555.

Spar′-ins-heith, Sparin’s Heath, 306.

Spor′-vit-nir, a horse, 306.

Sprak′-ki, daughter of Karl, 210.

Sprund, daughter of Karl, 210.

Stafns′-nes, a cape, 298.

Stark′-ath, son of Granmar, 316, 319, 320.

Stor′-verk, father of Starkath, 320.

Strond, a river, 95.

Styr′-kleif-ar, a battlefield, 319, 320.

Sun, son of Jarl, 214.

Surt, a giant, 18, 20–22, 73, 82, 110, 165, 243, 376.

Suth′-ri, a dwarf, 6.

Sut′-tung, a giant, 32, 50–52, 117, 187, 193.

Svaf′-nir, a king, 273–275, 278.

Svaf′-nir, a serpent, 98.

Svaf′-nir, Othin, 105.

Svafr′-thor-in, Mengloth’s grandfather, 241.

Sval′-in, a shield, 100, 394.

Svan, father of Sæfari, 222.

Svan′-hild, daughter of Sigurth, 226, 339, 407, 437, 439, 447, 448,
537, 538, 540–542, 546, 551.

Svan′-ni, daughter of Karl, 210.

Svār′-ang, a giant, 131.

Svar′-in, a hill, 300, 316, 317.

Svar′-ri, daughter of Karl, 210.

Svart″-alf-a-heim′, the world of the dark elves, 3, 187.

Svart′-hofth-i, a magician, 229.

Svath″-il-far′-i, a stallion, 102, 159, 160, 196, 230.

Svāv′-a, daughter of Eylimi, 14, 270, 271, 276–278, 282, 284, 285,
287–289, 311, 313, 335, 339, 345.

Svāv′-a, wife of Sækonung, 223.

Svāv′-a-land, Svafnir’s country, 273, 275, 276, 278.

Svegg′-juth, a horse, 304, 305.

Svein, son of Jarl, 214.

Sver″-ris-sag′-a, the Saga of Sverrir, 370.

Svip′-al, Othin, 103.

Svip′-dag, son of Solbjart, 234–236, 238–250.

Svip″-dags-mǭl′, the Ballad of Svipdag, 60, 81, 154, 234–251, 350, 388,
441, 472.

Svip′-uth, a horse, 304, 305.

Svith′-rir, Othin, 104.

Svith′-ur, Othin, 104.

Svī′-ur, a dwarf, 7.

Svol, a river, 95.

Svǭs′-uth, father of Summer, 75.

Sylg, a river, 95.


Thakk′-rāth, Nithuth’s thrall, 268.

Thegn, son of Karl, 209.

Thekk, a dwarf, 7.

Thekk, Othin, 103.

Thīr, wife of Thræll, 206.

Thith″-reks-sag′-a, the Saga of Theoderich, 252, 254, 262, 265, 267,
268, 359, 410, 426, 530.

Thjalf′-i, Thor’s servant, 126, 127, 133, 141, 149.

Thjaz′-i, a giant, 89, 90, 128, 152, 167, 168, 175, 228.

Thjōth′-mar, father of Thjothrek, 466, 467.

Thjoth′-num-a, a river, 95.

Thjōth′-rek, Theoderich, 451, 465–467, 517.

Thjōth′-rör-ir, a dwarf, 66.

Thjōth′-var-a, Mengloth’s handmaid, 248.

Thjōth′-vit-nir, Skoll, 93.

Thol, a river, 95.

Tholl′-ey, an island, 282.

Thōr, a god, 12, 23, 24, 82, 83, 88, 93, 94, 96, 121–149, 151, 152,
168–171, 174, 176, 178–180, 182–193, 219, 228, 234, 303, 394.

Thōr′-a, daughter of Hokon, 419, 454, 455.

Thōr′-a, wife of Dag, 222, 454.

Thōr′-in, a dwarf, 7.

Thōr′-ir, follower of Hrolf, 224.

Thōrs′-nes, a cape, 303.

Thrǣll, son of Rig, 205, 206.

Thrāin, a dwarf, 7.

Thrith′-i, Othin, 103.

Thrōr, a dwarf, 7.

Thrōr, Othin, 104.

Thrūth, a Valkyrie, 99.

Thrūth, daughter of Thor, 184.

Thrūth′-gel-mir, a giant, 76, 77.

Thrūth′-heim, Thor’s home, 88.

Thrym, a giant, 174, 176, 177, 179–182.

Thrym′-gjol, a gate, 241.

Thrym′-heim, Thjazi’s home, 89, 90.

Thryms′-kvith-a, the Lay of Thrym, 12, 82, 107, 122, 128, 129, 143,
159, 166, 169, 174–183, 185, 195, 210, 252, 274, 471.

Thund, a river, 93.

Thund, Othin, 63, 105.

Thuth, Othin, 103.

Thyn, a river, 95.

Tind, a berserker, 225.

Tot″-rug-hyp′-ja, daughter of Thræll, 207.

Tron″-u-bein′-a, daughter of Thræll, 207.

Tron′-u-eyr, Crane-Strand, 298.

Tveg′-gi, Othin, 25.

Tȳr, a god, 18, 140–143, 147–149, 152, 163, 164, 228, 391.

Tyrf′-ing, a berserker, 225.


Ulf, follower of Hrolf, 224.

Ulf, son of Sæfari, 222.

Ulf′-dal-ir, Völund’s home, 254, 255, 257, 259.

Ulf′-rūn, mother of Heimdall, 229.

Ulf′-sjār, a lake, 254, 255.

Ull, a god, 88, 100, 228, 494.

Un″-a-vāg′-ar, a harbor, 300.

Un′-i, a dwarf, 247.

Urth, a Norn, 9, 52, 96, 236, 250, 251.

Ūt′-garth-a=Lok′-i, a giant, 122, 130.

Uth, daughter of Ægir, 323, 466.

Uth, Othin, 103.


Vaf′-thrūth-nir, a giant, 68–83.

Vaf″-thrūth-nis-mǭl′, the Ballad of Vafthruthnir, 4, 5, 21, 68–84, 99,
100, 115, 116, 131, 141, 149, 152, 174, 183, 192, 242, 247, 360, 368,
375, 376, 378.

Vak, Othin, 105.

Vāl′-a-skjolf, Othin’s home, 88.

Val′-bjorg, Grimhild’s land, 461.

Vald′-ar, a Danish king, 456, 457.

Val′-fath-er, Othin, 3, 12, 104.

Val′-grind, a gate, 93.

Val′-hall, Othin’s hall, 3, 14, 15, 25, 79, 88, 89, 92–94, 218, 220,
232, 325, 326, 441, 474, 480, 483.

Vāl′-i, a god, 15, 82, 198, 227, 228, 236.

Vāl′-i, son of Loki, 16, 167, 172, 173.

Val′-land, Slaughter-Land, 129, 136, 254, 255, 443.

Val′-tam, father of Vegtam, 197.

Vam, a river, 165.

Van′-a-heim, home of the Wanes, 3, 187.

Vand′-ils-vē, a shrine, 324.

Van′-ir, the Wanes, 1, 10.

Var, a dwarf, 247.

Var′-in, a Norwegian king (?), 281, 302.

Var′-ins-fjord, a bay, 298, 299.

Vār′-kald, father of Vindkald, 240.

Vath′-gel-mir, a river, 360.

Vē, brother of Othin, 4, 26, 160.

Veg′-dras-il, a dwarf, 247.

Veg′-svin, a river, 95.

Veg′-tam, Othin, 195, 197, 199.

Veg″-tams-kvith′-a, the Lay of Vegtam, 195.

Vel″-ents-sag′-a, the Saga of Velent, 252.

Ver′-a-tȳr, Othin, 87, 88.

Ver′-land, Land of Men, 136.

Verth′-and-i, a Norn, 9.

Vestr′-i, a dwarf, 6.

Vestr′-sal-ir, Rind’s home, 198.

Vethr′-fol-nir, a hawk, 97.

Vē′-ur, Thor, 142, 144, 145.

Vīf, daughter of Karl, 210.

Vīg′-blǣr, Helgi’s horse, 325.

Vīg′-dal-ir, Battle-Dale, 324, 325.

Vigg, a dwarf, 7.

Vīg′-rith, a field, 73, 376.

Vil′-i, brother of Othin, 4, 26, 160.

Vil′-meith, a dwarf (?), 229.

Vil′-mund, lover of Borgny, 469–472.

Vin, a river, 95.

Vin′-bjorg, Grimhild’s land, 461.

Vind′-alf, a dwarf, 7.

Vind′-heim, Wind-Home, 25, 26.

Vind′-kald, Svipdag, 240.

Vind′-ljōn-i, Vindsval, 75.

Vind′-sval, father of Winter, 75.

Ving′-i, Atli’s messenger, 448, 482, 501, 502, 510, 512–514, 517.

Ving′-nir, Thor, 82, 135, 174.

Ving′-skorn-ir, a horse, 384.

Ving′-thor, Thor, 135, 174, 185, 186.

Vīn′-ǭ, a river, 95.

Virf′-ir, a dwarf, 8.

Vit, a dwarf, 7.

Vīth, a river, 95.

Vīth′-ar, a god, 23, 82, 83, 91, 152, 155, 156, 164, 170, 228.

Vith′-ga, son of Völund, 268.

Vith′-i, Vithar’s land, 91.

Vith′-of-nir, a cock, 243, 245, 246.

Vīth′-olf, a dwarf (?), 229.

Vith′-rir, Othin, 160, 295.

Vith′-ur, Othin, 104.

Vǭf′-uth, Othin, 105.

Vols′-ung, father of Sigmund, 218, 219, 226, 270, 293, 302, 307, 310,
332–334, 366, 421.

Vols″-ung-a-sag′-a, the Saga of the Volsungs, 218, 226, 270, 276, 297,
299, 301, 332–334, 336, 340, 342, 345, 349, 350, 352, 353, 356, 361,
365, 366, 368, 370, 371, 373, 375, 377–379, 381, 383, 386, 391, 395,
396, 399, 400, 402, 403, 405, 407, 410–412, 418, 419, 425, 427, 433,
438, 440, 448, 450, 453, 455–458, 465, 469, 477, 478, 480, 486, 487,
500, 506, 508, 512–514, 518–522, 525–530, 532, 534, 537, 538, 543, 549,
550, 553, 554.

Vols′-ungs, descendants of Volsung, 269–272, 290–292, 306–311, 318,
319, 332, 333, 339, 421, 422, 425, 428.

Völ′-und, a smith, 252–262, 264–268, 527.

Völ″-und-ar-kvith′-a, the Lay of Völund, 129, 252–268, 296, 303, 319,
437, 443, 444, 471, 485, 493, 527.

Vol″-u-spǭ′, the Wise-Woman’s Prophecy, 1–28, 52, 61, 62, 68, 69,
73–75, 77, 78, 80–83, 89–91, 93, 95–97, 99–102, 108, 110, 112–115, 129,
136, 140, 145, 146, 152, 154, 156, 160–164, 166, 170, 172–174, 176,
178, 179, 186, 188, 195, 196, 198, 200, 203, 217, 218, 220, 223,
227–232, 236, 242, 243, 245, 247, 254, 276, 291, 293, 296, 314, 319,
359, 360, 375, 393, 394, 416, 444, 508, 542.

Vǭn, a river, 95.

Vond, a river, 95.

Vǭr, a goddess, 181.


Y′-dal-ir, Ull’s home, 88.

Ygg, Othin, 70, 105, 140, 384.

Ygg′-dras-il, the world-ash, 1, 3, 4, 9, 12, 17, 20, 27, 60, 62, 81,
94, 96–98, 102, 242, 243.

Ylf′-ings, a Danish race, 221, 291, 292, 301, 305, 307, 311, 313–315,
329.

Ylg, a river, 95.

Ym′-ir, a giant, 4, 6, 17, 74, 76, 77, 100, 229, 242.

Yng (or Yng′-vi), son of Halfdan the Old, 221, 307, 308, 364, 365.

Yng″-ling-a-sag′-a, the Saga of the Ynglings, 160, 163.

Yng′-lings, descendants of Yng, 221, 223, 307.

Yng′-vi, a dwarf, 8.

Yng′-vi, son of Hring, 306.

Yng′-vi, Yng, 221, 307, 308, 364, 365.

Ys′-ja, daughter of Thræll, 207.