The Project Gutenberg eBook of A dictionary of place-names giving their derivations, by Christina Blackie This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: A dictionary of place-names giving their derivations Author: Christina Blackie Release Date: September 20, 2022 [eBook #69018] Language: English Produced by: Brian Coe, Karin Spence. The book cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES GIVING THEIR DERIVATIONS *** DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES _GEOGRAPHICAL ETYMOLOGY_ A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES GIVING THEIR DERIVATIONS BY C. BLACKIE WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY JOHN STUART BLACKIE PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH _THIRD EDITION, REVISED_ LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1887 PREFACE The Introduction, by which the present work is ushered into public notice, renders any lengthened Preface on my part quite unnecessary. Yet I wish to say a few words with regard to the design and plan of this little volume. The subject, though no doubt possessing a peculiar interest to the general reader, and especially to tourists in these travelling days, falls naturally under the head of historical and geographical instruction in schools; and for such use the book is, in the first place, specially intended. When I was myself one of a class in this city where Geography and History were taught, no information connected with etymology was imparted to us. We learned, with more or less trouble and edification, the names of countries, towns, etc., by rote; but our teacher did not ask us who gave the names to these places, nor were we expected to inquire or to know if there was any connection between their names and their histories. Things are changed now; and I believe the first stimulus to an awakening interest in Geographical Etymology was given by the publication of the Rev. Isaac Taylor’s popular work, _Words and Places_. About ten years ago, I found that the best teachers in the English schools of Edinburgh did ask questions on this subject, and I discovered, at the same time, that a book specially bearing upon it was a desideratum in school literature. As no one better qualified came forward, I was induced to make the attempt; and I hope the following pages, the result of much research and in the face of no small discouragement, may prove useful to teachers, as well as to their pupils. The Index at the end of the volume, although it contains many names not included in the body of the work, does by no means include all that I have given there. This did not seem necessary, because, the root words being alphabetically arranged, an intelligent teacher or pupil will easily find the key to the explanation of any special name by referring to the head under which it is naturally classed. I must, however, premise that, with regard to names derived from the Celtic languages, the root word is generally placed at the beginning of the name--that is, if it contain more than one syllable. This is the case with such vocables as _pen_, _ben_, _dun_, _lis_, _rath_, _strath_, etc.; _e.g._ Lismore, Benmore, Dungarvan, Strath-Allan. On the other hand, in names derived from the Teutonic or Scandinavian languages, the root word comes last, as will be found with regard to _ton_, _dale_, _burg_, _berg_, _stadt_, _dorf_, _ford_, etc. The index, therefore, may be expected to include principally such names as, either through corruption or abbreviation, have materially changed their form, such as are formed from the simple root, like Fürth, Ennis, Delft, or such as contain more than one, as in Portrush, it being uncertain under which head I may have placed such names. Along with the root words, called by the Germans _Grundwörter_, I have given a number of defining words (_Bestimmungswörter_)--such adjectives as express variety in colour, form, size, etc. It is to be regretted that many names have necessarily been omitted from ignorance or uncertainty with regard to their derivation. This is the case, unfortunately, with several well-known and important towns--Glasgow, Berlin, Berne, Madrid, Paisley, etc. With regard to these and many others, I shall be glad to receive reliable information. And now it only remains for me to express my obligations to the gentlemen who have kindly assisted me in this work, premising that, in the departments which they have revised, the credit of success is due mainly to them; while I reserve to myself any blame which may be deservedly attached to failures or omissions. The Celtic portion of my proof-sheets has been revised by Dr. Skene, the well-known Celtic scholar of this city, and by Dr. Joyce, author of _Irish Names of Places_. I have also to thank the Rev. Isaac Taylor, author of _Words and Places_, for the help and encouragement which he has given me from time to time; and Mr. Paterson, author of the _Magyars_, for valuable information which I received from him regarding the topography of Hungary. I appreciate the assistance given me by these gentlemen the more, that it did not proceed from personal friendship, as I was an entire stranger to all of them. It was the kindness and courtesy of the stronger and more learned to one weaker and less gifted than themselves; and I beg they may receive my grateful thanks, along with the little volume which has been so much their debtor. C. B. EDINBURGH, _July 1887_. INTRODUCTION Among the branches of human speculation that, in recent times, have walked out of the misty realm of conjecture into the firm land of science, and from the silent chamber of the student into the breezy fields of public life, there are few more interesting than Etymology. For as words are the common counters, or coins rather, with which we mark our points in all the business and all the sport of life, any man whose curiosity has not been blunted by familiarity, will naturally find a pleasure in understanding what the image and superscription on these markers mean; and amongst words there are none that so powerfully stimulate this curiosity as the names of persons and places. About these the intelligent interest of young persons is often prominently manifested; and it is a sad thing when parents or teachers, who should be in a position to gratify this interest, are obliged to waive an eager intelligence aside, and by repeated negations to repel the curiosity which they ought to have encouraged. Geography indeed, a subject full of interest to the young mind, has too often been taught in such a way as neither to delight the imagination with vivid pictures, nor to stimulate inquiry by a frequent reference to the history of names; and this is an evil which, if found to a certain extent in all countries, is particularly rank in Great Britain, where the language of the country is composed of fragments of half a dozen languages, which only the learned understand, and which, to the ear of the many, have no more significance than if they were Hebrew or Coptic. The composite structure of our English speech, in fact, tends to conceal from us the natural organism of language; so that in our case, it requires a special training to make us fully aware of the great truth announced by Horne Tooke, that “in language there is nothing arbitrary.” Nevertheless, the curiosity about the meaning of words, though seldom cherished, is not easily extinguished; and, in this age of locomotion, there are few scraps of information more grateful to the intelligent tourist than those which relate to the significance of topographical names. When, for instance, the London holiday-maker, in his trip to the West Highlands, setting foot in one of Mr. Hutchinson’s steamboats at Oban, on his way to the historic horrors of Glencoe, finds on his larboard side a long, low island, green and treeless, called _Lismore_, he will be pleased, no doubt, at first by simply hearing so euphonious a word in a language that he had been taught to believe was harsh and barbarous, but will be transported into an altogether different region of intelligent delight when he is made to understand that this island is wholly composed of a vein of limestone, found only here in the midst of a wide granitic region skirted with trap; that, by virtue of this limestone, the island, though treeless, is more fertile than the surrounding districts; and that for this reason it has received the Celtic designation of _Liosmor_, or the _great garden_. Connected with this etymology, not only is the topographical name made to speak reasonably to a reasonable being, but it contains in its bosom a geological fact, and an œconomical issue, bound together by a bond of association the most natural and the most permanent. The pleasant nature of the intelligence thus awakened leads us naturally to lament that, except to those who are born in Celtic districts and speak the Celtic language, the significance of so many of our most common topographical names in the most interesting districts is practically lost; and it deserves consideration whether, in our English and classical schools, so much at least of the original speech of the country should not be taught as would enable the intelligent student to know the meaning of the local names, to whose parrot-like repetition he must otherwise be condemned. Some of the Celtic words habitually used in the designation of places--such as _Ben_, _Glen_, _Strath_, and _Loch_--have been incorporated into the common English tongue; and the addition to this stock is not very large, which would enable an intelligent traveller to hang the points of his picturesque tour on a philological peg that would most materially insure both their distinctness and their permanence. Nay, more; the germ of appreciation thus begotten might lead a sympathetic nature easily into some more serious occupation with the old language of our country; and this might lead to a discovery full of pleasant surprise, that in the domain of words, as of physical growth, the brown moors, when examined, often produce flowers of the most choice beauty with which the flush of the most cultivated gardens cannot compete, and that a venerable branch of the old Indo-European family of languages, generally ignored as rude and unlettered, is rich in a popular poetry, as fervid in passion, and as healthy in hue, as anything that Homer or Hesiod ever sang. In the realm of etymology, as everybody now knows, before Bopp and Grimm, and other great scholars, laid the sure foundation of comparative philology on the principles of a philosophy, as all true philosophy is, at once inductive and deductive, the license of conjecture played a mad part--a part, it is only too evident, not yet fully played out--and specially raised such a glamour of illusion about topographical etymology, that the theme became disgusting to all sober-minded thinkers, or ludicrous, as the humour might be. We must, therefore, approach this subject with a more than common degree of caution, anxious rather to be instructed in what is solid, than to be amazed with what is ingenious. It shall be our endeavour to proceed step by step in this matter--patiently, as with the knowledge that our foot is on the brink of boggy ground, starting from obvious principles given by the constitution of the human mind, and confirmed by a large induction of unquestioned facts. The most natural and obvious reason for naming a place so-and-so would be to express the nature of the situation by its most striking features, with the double view of impressing its character on the memory, and conveying to persons who had not seen it an idea of its peculiarity; _i.e._ the most obvious and natural topographical names are such as contain condensed descriptions or rude verbal pictures of the object. Thus the notion of the highest mountain in a district may be broadly conveyed by simply calling it the _big mount_, or, according to the order of words current in the Celtic languages, _mount big_; which is exactly what we find in BENMORE, from _mor_, big, the name of several of the highest mountains in the Highlands of Scotland, specially of one in the south of Perthshire, near Killin, of another in Mull, the highest trap mountain in Scotland, and a third in Assynt. Again, to mark the very prominent feature of mountains elevated considerably above the normal height, that they are covered with snow all the year round, we find LEBANON, in the north of Palestine, named from the Hebrew _leban_, white; MONT BLANC, in Switzerland, in the same way from an old Teutonic word signifying the same thing, which found its way into Italian and the other Romanesque languages, fairly ousting the Latin _albus_; OLYMPUS, from the Greek λάμπομαι, to shine; the SCHNEEKOPPE, in Silesia, from _schnee_, snow, and _koppe_, what we call _kip_ in the Lowland topography of Scotland, _i.e._ a pointed hill, the same radically as the Latin _caput_, the head. In the same fashion one of the modern names of the ancient Mount Hermon is _Jebel-eth-Thelj_, the snowy mountain, just as the Himalayas receive their names from the Sanscrit _haima_ = Greek χεîμα, winter. The most obvious characteristic of any place, whether mountain or plain or valley, would be its shape and size, its relative situation high or low, behind or in the front, its colour, the kind of rock or soil of which it is composed, the climate which it enjoys, the vegetation in which it abounds, and the animals by which it is frequented. Let us take a few familiar examples of each of these cases; and, if we deal more largely in illustrations from the Scottish Highlands than from other parts of the world, it is for three sufficient reasons--because these regions are annually visited by the greatest number of tourists; because, from the general neglect of the Celtic languages, they stand most in need of interpretation; and because they are most familiar--not from book-knowledge only, but by actual inspection--to the present writer. In the matter of size, the tourist will find at GLENELG (from _sealg_, to hunt), in Inverness-shire, opposite Skye, where there are two well-preserved circular forts, the twin designations of GLENMORE and GLENBEG; that is, Glenbig and Glenlittle--a contrast constantly occurring in the Highlands; the word _beag_, pronounced vulgarly in Argyleshire _peek_, signifying little, evidently the same as μικ in the Greek μικρός. As to relative situation, the root _ard_, in Latin _arduus_, frequently occurs; not, however, to express any very high mountain, but either a bluff fronting the sea, as in ARDNAMORCHUAN (the rise of the great ocean, _cuan_, perhaps from ὼκεανός), or more frequently a slight elevation on the shore of a lake, what they call in England a _rise_, as in ARDLUI, near the head of Loch Lomond, ARDVOIRLICH, and many others. The word _lui_, Gaelic _laogh_--the _gh_ being silent, as in the English _sigh_--signifies a calf or a fawn, and gives name to the lofty mountain which the tourist sees on his right hand as he winds up where the railway is now being constructed from Dalmally to Tyndrum. Another frequent root to mark relative situation is CUL, _behind_, Latin _culus_, French _cul_, a word which gives name to a whole parish in Aberdeenshire, to the famous historical site of Culross, the reputed birthplace of St. Kentigern, and many others. This word means simply _behind the headland_, as does also CULCHENZIE (from _ceann_, the head), at the entrance to Loch Leven and Glencoe, which the tourist looks on with interest, as for two years the summer residence of the noble-minded Celtic evangelist Dr. Norman Macleod. But the most common root, marking relative situation, which the wanderer through Celtic countries encounters is _inver_, meaning below, or the bottom of a stream, of which _aber_ is only a syncopated form, a variation which, small as it appears, has given rise to large controversy and no small shedding of ink among bellicose antiquarians. For it required only a superficial glance to observe that while _Abers_ are scattered freely over Wales, they appear scantly in Scotland, and there with special prevalence only in the east and south-east of the Grampians--as in ABERDEEN, ABERDOUR, ABERLEMNO in Fife, and others. On this the eager genius of archæological discovery, ever ready to poise a pyramid on its apex, forthwith raised the theory, that the district of Scotland where the _Abers_ prevailed had been originally peopled by Celts of the Cymric or Welsh type, while the region of _Invers_ marked out the ancient seats of the pure Caledonian Celts. But this theory, which gave great offence to some fervid Highlanders, so far as it stood on this argument, fell to the ground the moment that some more cool observer put his finger on half a dozen or a whole dozen of Invers, in perfect agreement hobnobbing with the Abers, not far south of Aberdeen; while, on the other hand, a zealous Highland colonel, now departed to a more peaceful sphere, pointed out several Abers straggling far west and north-west into the region of the Caledonian Canal and beyond it. But these slippery points are wisely avoided; and there can be no doubt, on the general principle, that relative situation has everywhere played a prominent part in the terminology of districts. Northumberland and Sutherland, and Cape DEAS or Cape South, in Cantire, are familiar illustrations of this principle of nomenclature. In such cases the name, of course, always indicates by what parties it was imposed; Sutherland, or Southern-land, having received this appellation from the Orkney men, who lived to the north of the Pentland Firth. The next element that claims mention is Colour. In this domain the most striking contrasts are black and white. In ancient Greece, a common name for rivers was MELAS, or Black-water; one of which, that which flows into the Malaic Gulf, has translated itself into modern Greek as MAURO-NERO, μαûρο in the popular dialect having supplanted the classical μἐλας; and νἐρο, as old, no doubt, as Nereus and the Nereids, having come into its pre-Homeric rights and driven out the usurping ὕδωρ. In the Scottish Highlands, _dubh_, _black_ or _dark_, plays, as might be expected, a great figure in topographical nomenclature; of this let BENMUIC DUBH, or the _mount of the black sow_, familiar to many a Braemar deer-stalker, serve as an example; while CAIRNGORM, the cradle of many a golden-gleaming gem, stands with its dark blue (_gorm_) cap immediately opposite, and recalls to the classical fancy its etymological congeners in the CYANEAN rocks, so famous in early Greek fable. Of the contrasted epithet _white_, LEUCADIA (λευκός), where the poetess Sappho is famed to have made her erotic leap, is a familiar example. In the Highlands, _ban_ (fair), or _geal_ (white), is much less familiar in topographical nomenclature than _dubh_; BUIDHE, on the other hand (yellow), corresponding to the ξανθός of the Greeks, is extremely common, as in LOCHBUIE at the south-east corner of Mull, one of the few remaining scattered links of the possessions of the Macleans, once so mighty and latterly so foolish, in those parts. Among other colours, _glas_ (gray) is very common; so is _dearg_ (red), from the colour of the rock, as in one of those splendid peaks that shoot up behind the slate quarries at the west end of Glencoe. _Breac_, also (spotted or brindled), is by no means uncommon, as in BEN VRACKIE, prominent behind Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, in which word the initial _b_ has been softened into a _v_ by the law of aspiration peculiar to the Celtic languages. There remain the two points of climate and vegetation, of which a few examples will suffice. In Sicily, the town of SELINUS, whose magnificence remains preserved in indelible traces upon the soil, took its name from the wild parsley, σἐλινον, which grew plentifully on the ground, and which appears on the coins of the city. In the Scottish Highlands, no local name is more common than that which is familiarly known as the designation of one of the most genuine of the old Celtic chiefs, the head of the clan Macpherson--we mean the word CLUNY (Gaelic _cluain_; possibly only a variety of _grün_, green), which signifies simply a green meadow, a vision often very delightful to a pedestrian after a long day’s tramp across brown brae and gray fell in those parts. The abundance of oak in ancient Celtic regions, where it is not so common now, is indicated by the frequency of the termination _darach_ (from which DERRY, in Ireland, is corrupted; Greek δρûς and δόρυ, as in the designation of one of the Campbells in Argyle, AUCHIN-DARROCH, _i.e._ oak-field. The pine, _giubhas_, appears in KINGUSSIE, pine-end, in the midst of that breezy open space which spreads out to the north-west of the Braemar Grampians. In BEITH and AULTBEA (birch-brook) we have _beath_, Latin _betula_, a birch-tree; elm and ash are rare; heather, _fraoch_, especially in the designation of islands, as EILEANFRAOCH, in Loch Awe, and another in the Sound of Kerrera, close by Oban. Of climate we find traces in AUCHNASHEEN (_sian_), on the open blasty road between Dingwall and Janetown, signifying the field of wind and rain; in MEALFOURVONIE, the broad hill of the frosty moor, composed of the three roots _maol_ (broad and bald), _fuar_ (cold), and _mhonaid_ (upland); in BALFOUR (cold town), and in the remarkable mountain in Assynt called CANISP, which appears to be a corruption of _Ceann-uisge_, or Rainy-head. Lastly, of animals: _madadh_, a fox, appears in LOCHMADDY and ARDMADDY; _coin_, of a dog, in ACHNACHOIN, or Dog’s-field, one of the three bloody spots that mark the butchery of the false Campbell in Glencoe; and, throwing our glance back two thousand years, in CYNOSCEPHALÆ, or the Dog’s-head, in Thessaly, where the sturdy Macedonian power at last bowed in submission before the proud swoop of the Roman eagles; the familiar cow (_baa_, Lat. _bos_) gives its name to that fair loch, which sleeps so quietly in the bosom of beautiful Mull; while the goat, famous also in the sad history of Athenian decline at AIGOSPOTAMI, or the Goat’s-river, gives its name to the steepy heights of ARDGOUR (from _gobhar_, Lat. _caper_), a fragment of the old inheritance of the Macleans, which rise up before the traveller so majestically as he steams northward from Ballachulish to Fort William and Banavie. In a country composed almost entirely of mountain ridges, with intervening hollows of various kinds, it is only natural that the variety in the scenery, produced by the various slopes and aspects of the elevated ground, should give rise to a descriptive nomenclature of corresponding variety. This is especially remarkable in Gaelic; and the tourist in the Scottish Highlands will not travel far without meeting, in addition to the _Ben_ and _Ard_ already mentioned, the following specific designations:-- _Drum_--a ridge. _Scour_--a jagged ridge or peak. _Cruach_--a conical mountain. _Mam_--a slowly rising hill. _Maol_--a broad, flat, bald mountain. _Monagh_--an upland moor. _Tulloch_ or _Tilly_--a little hill, a knoll. _Tom_--a hillock, a mound. _Tor_--a hillock, a mound. _Bruach_--a steep slope (Scotch brae). _Craig_--crag, cliff. _Cairn_--a heap of stones. _Lairg_--a broad, low slope. _Letter_--the side of a hill near the water. _Croit_--a hump. _Clach_--a stone. _Lech_--a flagstone. In the Lowlands, _pen_, _law_, _fell_, _bræ_, _hope_, _rise_, _edge_, indicate similar varieties. Among these _pen_, as distinguished from the northern _ben_, evidently points to a Welsh original. _Hope_ is a curious word, which a south-country gentleman once defined to me as “the point of the low land mounting the hill whence the top can be seen.” Of course, if this be true, it means an elevation not very far removed from the level ground, because, as every hill-climber knows, the top of a huge eminence ceases to be visible the moment you get beyond what the Greeks call the “fore-feet” of the mountain. In the designation of the intervening hollows, or low land, the variety of expression is naturally less striking. _Glen_ serves for almost all varieties of a narrow Highland valley. A very narrow rent or fissured gorge is called a _glachd_. The English word _dale_, in Gaelic _dail_, means in that language simply a field, or flat stretch of land at the bottom of the hills. It is to be noted, however, that this word is both Celtic and Teutonic; but, in topographical etymology, with a difference distinctly indicative of a twofold origin. In an inland locality where the Scandinavians never penetrated, _Dal_ is always prefixed to the other element of the designation, as in DALWHINNIE, DALNACARDOCH, and DALNASPIDAL, the field of meeting, the field of the smithy, and the field of the hospital, all in succession within a short distance on the road between the Spey uplands and Blair Athol. On the other hand, a postfixed _dale_, as in BORROWDALE, EASDALE, and not a few others, indicates a Saxon or Norse origin. The word _den_ or _dean_, as in the DEAN BRIDGE, Edinburgh, and the DEN BURN, Aberdeen, is Anglo-Saxon _denn_, and appears in the English TENTERDEN, and some others. Another Celtic name for field is _ach_, the Latin _ag-er_, which appears in a number of Highland places, as in ACH-NA-CLOICHE (stone field), in Argyleshire. A hollow surrounded by mountains is called by the well-known name of LAGGAN, which is properly a diminutive from _lag_, in Greek λάκκος, in Latin _lacus_, a hollow filled with water, and in German a mere _loch_, or hole, into which a mouse might creep. A special kind of hollow, lying between the outstretched arms of a big Ben, and opening at one end into the vale below, is called in Gaelic _coire_, literally a cauldron--a word which the genius of Walter Scott has made a permanent possession of the English language. In England such mountain hollows are often denominated _combs_, as in ADDISCOMBE, ASHCOMB, a venerable old British word of uncorrupted Cornish descent, and which, so far as I know, does not appear in Scottish topography, unless it be in CUMMERTREES (on the shore, _traigh_), near Annan, and CUMBERNAULD; but this I am not able to verify by local knowledge. The word _cumar_ appears in O’Reilly’s Irish dictionary as “the bed of a large river or a narrow sea, a hollow generally,” but seems quite obsolete in the spoken Gaelic of to-day. The termination _holm_ is well-known both in English and Scotch names, and proclaims itself as characteristically Scandinavian, in the beautiful metropolis of the Swedes. In Gaelic districts a holm, that is, a low watery meadow, is generally called a _lon_, a word which has retained its place in Scotch as _loan_--LOANING, LOANHEAD, LOANEND, and is fundamentally identical with the English _lane_ and _lawn_. The varieties of sea-coast are expressed by the words _traigh_, _cladach_, _camus_, _corran_, _wick_, _loch_, _rutha_, _ross_, _caolas_, _stron_, _salen_, among which, in passing, we may specially note _camus_, from the root _cam_, Greek κάμπτω, to bend: hence MORECAMBE BAY, near Lancaster, signifies the great bend; _corran_, a scythe, evidently allied to the Latin _curvus_, and used in the Highlands to denote any crescent-shaped shore, as at Corranferry, Ardgour, in Lochfinne; _wick_, a familiar Scandinavian word signifying a bay, and which, with the Gaelic article prefixed, seems to have blundered itself into NIGG at Aberdeen, and near Fearn in Ross-shire; _caolas_, a strait, combining etymologically the very distant and very different localities of CALAIS and BALLACHULISH; _stron_ or _sron_, a nose, which lends its name to a parish near the end of Loch Sunart, in Morvern, and thence to a famous mineral found in its vicinity; lastly, _salen_ is nothing but salt, and appears in the south of Ireland and the north-west of Scotland, under the slightly varied forms of KINSALE and KINTAIL, both of which words signify the head of the salt water; for Irish and Gaelic are only one language with a slightly different spelling here and there, and a sprinkling of peculiar words now and then. The only other features of natural scenery that play a noticeable part in topographical etymology are the rivers, lakes, wells, and waterfalls; and they need not detain us long. The Gaelic _uisge_, water, of which the Latin _aqua_ is an abraded form, appears in the names of Scottish rivers as _Esk_, and of Welsh rivers as _Usc_. The familiar English Avon is the Gaelic _amhainn_, evidently softened down by aspiration from the Latin _amnis_. This _avon_ often appears at the end of river names curtailed, as in GARONNE, the rough river, from the Gaelic root _garbh_, rough. The DON, so common as a river name from the Black Sea to Aberdeen, means either the deep river or the brown river. A small river, _brook_ in English, gives name to not a few places and persons. In the Scottish Highlands, and in those parts of the Lowlands originally inhabited by the Celtic race, the word _alt_ performs the same functions. _Loch_, in Gaelic, answering to the English _mere_ (Latin _mare_), appears most commonly in the Highlands, as KINLOCH, _i.e._ the town or house at the head of the lake; and _tobar_, a well, frequently, as in HOLYWELL, connected with a certain religious sanctity, appears in TOBERMORY, _i.e._ the well of the Virgin Mary, one of the most beautiful quiet bits of bay scenery in Great Britain. Of places named from waterfalls (_eas_, from _esk_), a significant element in Highland scenery, INVERNESS, and MONESS near Aberfeldy, are the most notable, the one signifying “the town at the bottom of the river, which flows from the lake where there is the great waterfall,” _i.e._ FOYERS; and the other, “the waterfall of the moorish uplands,” which every one understands who walks up to it. So much for the features of unappropriated nature, stereotyped, as it were, at once and for ever, in the old names of local scenery. But as into a landscape an artist will inoculate his sentiment and symbolise his fancy, so on the face of the earth men are fond to stamp the trace of their habitation and their history. Under this influence the nomenclature of topography becomes at once changed from a picture of natural scenery to a record of human fortunes. And in this department it is plain that the less varied and striking the features of nature, the greater the necessity of marking places by the artificial differentiation produced by the presence of human dwellings. Hence, in the flat, monotonous plains of North Germany, the abundance of places ending in _hausen_ and _heim_, which are only the Saxon forms of our English _house_ and _home_. Of the termination _hausen_, SACHSENHAUSEN, the home of the Saxons, and FRANKENHAUSEN, the home of the Franks, are amongst the most notable examples. _Heim_ is pleasantly associated with refreshing draughts in HOCHHEIM, _i.e._ high home, on the north bank of the Rhine a little below Mainz, whence a sharp, clear wine being imported, with the loss of the second syllable, and the transformation of _ch_ into _k_, produced the familiar hock. This _heim_ in a thousand places of England becomes _ham_, but in Scotland, where the Celtic element prevails, appears only rarely in the south-east and near the English border, as in COLDINGHAM and EDNAM--the birthplace of the poet Thomson--contracted from Edenham. Another root very widely expressive of human habitation, under the varying forms of _beth_, _bo_, and _by_, is scattered freely from the banks of Jordan to the islands of the Hebrides in the north-west of Scotland. First under this head we have the great army of Hebrew _beths_, not a few of which are familiar to our ear from the cherished teachings of early childhood, as--BETHABARA, the house of the ferry; BETHANY, the house of dates; BETHAVEN, the house of naughtiness; BETHCAR, the house of lambs; BETHDAGON, the house of the fish-god Dagon; BETHEL, the house of God; BETHSHEMESH, the house of the sun (like the Greek Heliopolis); and a score of others. _Bo_ is the strictly Danish form of the root, at least in the dictionary, where the verb _boe_, to dwell, also appears. Examples of this are found in SKIBO, in Ross-shire, and BUNESS, at the extreme end of Unst, the seat of the Edmonstones, a family well known in the annals of Shetland literature; but more generally, in practice, it takes the softened form of _by_, as in hundreds of local designations in England, specially in Lincolnshire, where the Danes were for a long time at home. Near the English border, as in LOCKERBY, this same termination appears; otherwise in Scotland it is rare. In the Sclavonic towns of Mecklenburg and Prussia, it takes the form of _bus_, as in PYBUS, while in Cornish it is _bos_, which is a later form of _bod_ (German _bude_, English _booth_, Scotch _bothy_), which stands out prominently in Bodmin and other towns, not only in Cornwall, but in Wales. The termination _bus_ appears likewise in not a few local designations in the island of Islay, where the Danes had many settlements. In Skye it appears as _bost_, as in SKEABOST, one of the oldest seats of the Macdonalds. The other Saxon or Scandinavian terms frequently met with throughout England and in the north-east of Scotland are--_ton_, _setter_ or _ster_, _stead_, _stow_, _stoke_, _hay_, _park_, _worth_, _bury_, _thorp_, _toft_, _thwaite_. In Germany, besides _heim_ and _hausen_, as already mentioned, we have the English _hay_, under the form _hagen_, a fence; and _thorp_ under the form _dorf_, a village; and _worth_ under the forms _worth_ and _werth_, which are merely variations of the Greek χόρτος, English yard, and the Sclavonic _gard_ and _gorod_, and the Celtic _garad_, the familiar word in the Highlands for a stone wall or dyke. In Germany, also, _weiler_, from _weilen_, to dwell, and _leben_, to live, are thickly sprinkled; _hof_, also, is extremely common, signifying a court or yard--a suffix which the French, in that part of Germany which they stole from the Empire, turned into _court_ or _ville_, as in _Thionville_ from _Diedenhofen_. So much for the Teutonic part of this branch of topographical designation. In the Highlands _tigh_ and _bail_ are the commonest words to denote a human dwelling, the one manifestly an aspirated form of the Latin _tignum_ (Greek στἐγος, German _dach_), and the other as plainly identical with the πόλις which appears in Sebastopol, and not a few cities, both ancient and modern, where Greek influence or Greek affectation prevailed. With regard to _bal_, it is noticeable that in Ireland it generally takes the form of _bally_, which is the full form of the word in Gaelic also, _baile_, there being no final mute vowels in that language; but in composition for topographical use final _e_ is dropped, as in BALMORAL, the majestic town or house, from _morail_, magnificent, a very apt designation for a royal residence, by whatever prophetic charm it came to be so named before her present Majesty learned the healthy habit of breathing pure Highland air amid the fragrant birches and clear waters of Deeside. _Tigh_, though less common than _bal_, is not at all unfrequent in the mountains; and tourists in the West Highlands are sure to encounter two of the most notable between Loch Lomond and Oban. The first, TYNDRUM, the house on the ridge, at the point where the ascent ceases as you cross from Killin to Dalmally; and the other TAYNUILT, or the house of the brook, in Scotch burnhouse, beyond Ben Cruachan, where the road begins to wend through the rich old copsewood towards Oban. I remember also a curious instance of the word _tigh_ in a local designation, half-way between Inveraray and Loch Awe. In that district a little farmhouse on the right of the road is called TIGHNAFEAD, _i.e._ whistle-house (_fead_, a whistle, Latin _fides_), which set my philological fancy immediately on the imagination that this exposed place was so called from some peculiar whistling of the blast down from the hills immediately behind; but such imaginations are very unsafe; for the fact turned out to be, if somewhat less poetical, certainly much more comfortable, that this house of call, in times within memory, stood at a greater distance from the road than it now does, which caused the traveller, when he came down the descent on a cold night, sharp-set for a glass of strong whisky, to make his presence and his wish known by a shrill whistle across the hollow. So much for _tigh_. The only other remark that I would make here is, that the word _clachan_, so well known from Scott’s Clachan of Aberfoyle, does not properly mean a village, as Lowlanders are apt to imagine, but only a churchyard, or, by metonymy, a church--as the common phrase used by the natives, _Di domhnaich dol do’n chlachan_, “going to church on Sunday,” sufficiently proves--the word properly meaning only the stones in the churchyard, which mark the resting-place of the dead; and if the word is ever used for a village, it is only by transference to signify the village in which the parish church is, and the parish churchyard. But it is not only the dwellings of men, but their actions, that make places interesting; and as the march of events in great historical movements generally follows the march of armies, it follows that camps and battle-fields and military settlements will naturally have left strong traces in the topography of every country where human beings dwell. And accordingly we find that the _chester_ and the _caster_, added as a generic term to so many English towns, are simply the sites of ancient Roman _castra_ or camps; while Cologne, on the Rhine, marks one of the most prosperous of their settlements in Germany. Curiously analogous to this is the _Cöln_, a well-known quarter of Berlin, on the Spree, where the German emperors first planted a Teutonic colony in the midst of a Sclavonic population. In the solemn march of Ossianic poetry, the word _blar_ generally signifies a field of battle; but, as this word properly signifies only a large field or open space, we have no right to say that such names as BLAIR ATHOL and BLAIRGOWRIE have anything to do with the memory of sanguinary collisions. ALEXANDRIA, in Egypt, is one of the few remaining places of note that took their name from the brilliant Macedonian Helleniser of the East. ALEXANDRIA, in the vale of Leven, in Dumbartonshire, tells of the family of Smollett, well known in the annals of Scottish literary genius, and still, by their residence, adding a grace to one of the most beautiful districts of lake scenery in the world. ADRIANOPLE stereotypes the memory of one of the most notable of the Roman emperors, who deemed it his privilege and pleasure to visit the extremest limits of his vast dominions, and leave some beneficial traces of his kingship there. The name PETERSBURG, whose Teutonic character it is impossible to ignore, indicates the civilisation of a Sclavonic country by an emperor whose early training was received from a people of German blood and breed; while CONSTANTINOPLE recalls the momentous change which took place in the centre of gravity of the European world, when the declining empire of the Roman Cæsars was about to become Greek in its principal site, as it had long been in its dominant culture. The streets of great cities, as one may see prominently in Paris, in their designations often contain a register of the most striking events of their national history. Genuine names of streets in old cities are a historical growth and an anecdotal record, which only require the pen of a cunning writer to make them as attractive as a good novel. London, in this view, is particularly interesting; and Emerson, I recollect, in his book, _How the Great City grew_ (London, 1862), tells an amusing story about the great fire in London, which certain pious persons observed to have commenced at a street called PUDDING LANE, and ended at a place called PYE CORNER, in memory of which they caused the figure of a fat boy to be put up at Smithfield, with the inscription on his stomach, “This boy is in memory put up for the late fire of London, occasioned by the sin of gluttony, 1666.” Many a dark and odorous close in Old Edinburgh also, to men who, like the late Robert Chambers, could read stones with knowing eyes, is eloquent with those tales of Celtic adventure and Saxon determination which make the history of Scotland so full of dramatic interest; while, on the other hand, the flunkeyism of the persons who, to tickle the lowest type of aristocratic snobbery, baptized certain streets of New Edinburgh with BUCKINGHAM Terrace, BELGRAVE Crescent, GROSVENOR Street, and such like apish mimicry of metropolitan West Endism, stinks in the nostrils and requires no comment. But not only to grimy streets of reeking towns, but to the broad track of the march of the great lines of the earth’s surface, there is attached a nomenclature which tells the history of the adventurous captain, or the courageous commander, who first redeemed these regions from the dim limbo of the unknown, and brought them into the distinct arena of cognisable and manageable facts. In the frosty bounds of the far North-West, the names of MACKENZIE, MACLINTOCK, and MACLURE proclaim the heroic daring that belongs so characteristically to the Celtic blood in Scotland. But it is in the moral triumphs of religion, which works by faith in what is noble, love of what is good, and reverence for what is great, that the influence of history over topographical nomenclature is most largely traced. In ancient Greece, the genial piety which worshipped its fairest Avatar in the favourite sun-god Apollo, stamped its devotion on the name of APOLLONIA, on the Ionian Sea, and other towns whose name was legion. In CORNWALL, almost every parish is named after some saintly apostle, who, in days of savage wildness and wastefulness, had brought light and peace and humanity into these remote regions. In the Highlands of Scotland, the KILBRIDES (_kill_ from _cella_, a shrine), KILMARTINS, KILMARNOCKS, and KILMALLIES everywhere attest the grateful piety of the forefathers of the Celtic race in days which, if more dark, were certainly not more cold than the times in which we now live. In the Orkneys the civilising influence of the clergy, or, in some cases, no doubt, their love for pious seclusion, is frequently marked by the PAPAS or priests’ islands. In Germany, MUNICH or MONACUM, which shows a monk in its coat-of-arms, has retained to the present day the zeal for sacerdotal sanctitude from which it took its name; and the same must be said of MUENSTER, in Westphalia (from μοναστῆρι, in modern Greek a cathedral, English minster), the metropolis of Ultramontane polity and priestly pretension in Northern Germany. But it is not only in commemorating, like coins, special historical events, that local names act as an important adjunct to written records; they give likewise the clue to great ethnological facts and movements of which written history preserves no trace. In this respect topographical etymology presents a striking analogy to geology; for, as the science of the constitution of the earth’s crust reveals a fossilised history of life in significant succession, long antecedent to the earliest action of the human mind on the objects of terrestrial nature, so the science of language to the practised eye discloses a succession of races in regions where no other sign of their existence remains. If it were doubted, for instance, whether at any period the Lowlands of Scotland had been possessed by a Celtic race, and asserted roundly that from the earliest times the plains had been inhabited by a people of Teutonic blood, and only the mountain district to the west and north-west was the stronghold of the Celt, the obvious names of not a few localities in the east and south-east of Scotland would present an impassable bar to the acceptance of any such dogma. One striking instance of this occurs in Haddingtonshire, where a parish is now called GARAVALT--by the very same appellation as a well-known waterfall near Braemar, in the hunting forest of the late Prince Consort; and with the same propriety in both cases, for the word in Gaelic signifies a _rough brook_, and such a brook is the most striking characteristic of both districts. Cases of this kind clearly indicate the vanishing of an original Celtic people from districts now essentially Teutonic both in speech and character. The presence of a great Sclavonic people in Northern Germany, and of an extensive Sclavonic immigration into Greece in mediæval times, is attested with the amplest certitude in the same way. A regular fringe of Scandinavian names along the north and north-west coast of Scotland would, to the present hour, attest most indubitably the fact of a Norse dominion in those quarters operating for centuries, even had Haco and the battle of Largs been swept altogether from the record of history and from the living tradition of the people. To every man who has been in Norway, LAXFIORD, in West Ross-shire, a stream well known to salmon-fishers, carries this Scandinavian story on its face; and no man who has walked the streets of Copenhagen will have any difficulty, when he sails into the beautiful bay of Portree, in knowing the meaning of the great cliff called the STORR, which he sees along the coast a little towards the north; for this means simply the great cliff, _storr_ being the familiar Danish for great, as _mor_ is the Gaelic. Ethnological maps may in this way be constructed exactly in the same fashion as geological; and the sketch of one such for Great Britain the reader will find in Mr. Taylor’s well-known work on _Names and Places_. With regard to the law of succession in these ethnological strata, as indicated by topographical nomenclature, the following three propositions may be safely laid down:--1. The names of great objects of natural scenery, particularly of mountains and rivers, will generally be significant in the language of the people who were the original inhabitants of the country. 2. Names of places in the most open and accessible districts of a country will be older than similar names in parts which are more difficult of access; but--3, these very places being most exposed to foreign invasion, are apt to invite an adventurous enemy, whose settlement in the conquered country is generally accompanied with a partial, sometimes with a very considerable, change of local nomenclature. In reference to this change of population, Mr. Taylor in one place uses the significant phrase, “The hills contain the ethnological sweepings of the plains.” Very true; but the effect of this on the ethnological character of the population of the places is various, and in the application requires much caution. It is right, for instance, to say generally that the Celtic language has everywhere in Europe retreated from the plains into the mountainous districts; but the people often still remain where the language has retreated, as the examination of any directory in many a district of Scotland, where only English is now spoken, will largely show. In Greece, in the same way, many districts present only Greek and Sclavonic names of places, where the population, within recent memory, is certainly Albanian. Inquiries of this nature always require no less caution than learning; otherwise, as Mr. Skene observes, what might have been, properly conducted, an all-important element in fixing the ethnology of any country, becomes, in rash hands and with hot heads, a delusion and a snare.[1] But the science of language, when wisely conducted, not only presents an interesting analogy to geological stratification; it sometimes goes further, and bears direct witness to important geological changes as conclusive as any evidence derived from the existing conformation of the earth’s crust. How this comes to pass may easily be shown by a few familiar examples. The words _wold_ and _weald_ originally meant _wood_ and _forest_, as the Anglo-Saxon Dictionary and the living use of the German language--_wald_--alike declare; but the wolds at present known in Yorkshire, Gloucestershire, and other parts of England, are generally bare and treeless, and in bad weather very cheerless places indeed. If, then, “there is nothing arbitrary in language,” and all local names tell an historical tale, it is certain that, at the time when those names were imposed, these same sites were part of an immense forest. The geologist, when, in the far-stretching bogs east of Glencoe, and near Kinloch Ewe, and in many other places of Scotland, he calls attention to the fact of layers of gigantic trees lying now deeply embedded under the peat, adduces an argument with regard to the primitive vegetation of our part of the world not a whit more convincing. The same fact of a lost vegetation is revealed in not a few places of England which end in the old word _hurst_, signifying a forest. Again, there is a large family of places in and about the Harz Mountains, in Germany, ending in _ode_, as OSTERODE, HASSELRODE, WERNINGERODE, and so forth. Now most of these places, as specially HASSELRODE, are now remarkably free from those leagues of leafy luxuriance that give such a marked character to the scenery of that mountain district. It is certain, however, that they were at one time in the centre of an immense forest; for the word _rode_, radically the same as our _rid_, and perhaps the Welsh _rhydd_, Gaelic _reidh_, simply means “to make clear” or “clean,” and teaches that the forest in that part had been cleared for human habitation. Once more: it is a well-known fact in geology that the border limit between sea and land is constantly changing, the briny element in some cliffy places, as to the north of Hull, systematically undermining the land, and stealing away the farmer’s acreage inch by inch and foot by foot; while in other places, from the conjoint action of river deposits and tidal currents, large tracts of what was once a sea-bottom are added to the land. The geological proof of this is open often to the most superficial observer; but the philological proof, when you once hold the key of it, is no less patent. In the Danish language--which is a sort of half-way house between high German and English--the word _oe_ signifies an island. This _oe_, in the shape of _ay_, _ea_, _ey_, or _y_, appears everywhere on the British coast, particularly in the West Highlands, as in COLONSAY, TOROSAY, ORANSAY, and in ORKNEY; and if there be any locality near the sea wearing this termination, not now surrounded by water, the conclusion is quite certain, on philological grounds, that it once was so. Here the London man will at once think on BERMONDSEY and CHELSEA, and he will think rightly; but he must not be hasty to draw STEPNEY under the conditions of the same category, for the EY in that word, if I am rightly informed, is a corruption from _hithe_, a well-known Anglo-Saxon and good old English term signifying a _haven_; and generally, in all questions of topographical etymology, there is a risk of error where the old spelling of the word is not confronted with the form which, by the attritions and abrasions of time, it may have assumed. These observations, which at the request of the author of the following pages I have hastily set down, will be sufficient to indicate the spirit in which the study of topographical etymology ought to be pursued. Of course, I have no share in the praise which belongs to the successful execution of so laborious an investigation; neither, on the other hand, can blame be attached to me for such occasional slips as the most careful writer may make in a matter where to err is easy, and where conjecture has so long been in the habit of usurping the place of science. But I can bear the most honest witness to the large research, sound judgment, and conscientious accuracy of the author; and feel happy to have my name, in a subsidiary way, connected with a work which, I am convinced, will prove an important addition to the furniture of our popular schools. COLLEGE, EDINBURGH, _February 1875_. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Anc. (ancient). Ar. (Arabic). A. S. (Anglo-Saxon). Bret. or Brez. (Brezric). Cel. (Celtic). Conf. (confluence). Cym.-Cel. (Cymro-Celtic, including Welsh). Dan. (Danish). Dut. (Dutch). Fr. (French). Gadhelic (including Gaelic, Irish, and Manx). Gael. (Gaelic). Ger. (German). Grk. (Greek). Heb. (Hebrew). Hung. (Hungarian). Ind. (Indian). It. (Italian). Lat. (Latin). Mt. (mountain). Par. (parish). Pers. (Persian). Phœn. (Phœnician). P. N. (personal name). Port. (Portuguese). R. (river). Sansc. (Sanscrit). Scand. (Scandinavian). Sclav. (Sclavonic). Span. (Spanish). Teut. (Teutonic). Turc. (Turkish). A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES A [Sidenote: A (Old Norse),] a possession;[2] _e.g._ Craika, Torfa, Ulpha; A (Scand.) also means an island--_v._ EA, p. 71. [Sidenote: AA, A (Scand.),] a stream; from Old Norse _â_, Goth. _aha_, Old Ger. _aha_ (water). The word, in various forms, occurs frequently in river names throughout Western Europe, especially in Germany and the Netherlands, and often takes the form of _au_ or _ach_; _e.g._ the rivers Aa, Ach, Aach; Saltach (salt river); Wertach (a river with many islands)--_v._ WARID, etc.; Trupach (troubled stream); Weser, _i.e._ _Wesar-aha_ (western stream); Lauter, _i.e._ _Hlauter-aha_ (clear stream); Danube or Donau, _i.e._ _Tuon-aha_ (thundering stream); Main, _i.e._ _Magin-aha_ (great stream); Fisch-aha (fish stream); Schwarza (black stream); Zwiesel-au (the stream of the whirlpool); Erlach (alder-tree stream); Gron-aha (green stream); Dachau (the clayey stream); Fulda, _i.e._ _Fold-aha_ (land stream); Rod-aha (reedy stream); Saale and Saala from _salz_ (salt stream). The simple _a_ or _o_, with a prefix expressive of the character of the stream, is the most frequent form of the word in Iceland and Scandinavia, and in the districts of Great Britain colonised by Norsemen or Danes; _e.g._ Laxa (salmon river); Hvita (white river); Brora (bridge river); Rotha (red river); Greta (weeping river); Storaa (great river); Thurso (Thor’s river), which gives its name to the town; Lossie, anc. _Laxi-a_ (salmon river). [Sidenote: AB (Sansc.), AW (Pers.),] water; _e.g._ Doab (the district of two waters); Menab (the mouth of the water), on the Persian Gulf; Busheab or _Khoshaub_ (good water), a river in Hindostan, also an island in the Persian Gulf; Neelab (blue water); Punjaub (the district of the five streams); Chinab or Chenaub R., said to be a corrupt. of its former name _Chaudra Bhagee_ (the garden of the moon), so called from a small lake of that name from which it proceeds. Cognate with this root is the Gadhelic _abh_, in its forms of _aw_ or _ow_. Thus in Scotland we have the River Awe and Loch Awe; in Ireland, Ow and Owbeg (little stream); Ow-nageerah (the stream of the sheep); Finnow (clear stream). Cognate with these root-words is the Lat. _aqua_ and its derivations in the Romance languages, as well as _ae_ or _ea_ (A.S. water). Forsteman finds river names, allied to the foregoing, throughout Germany and France, in such forms as _ap_, _op_, _ep_, etc., as in the Oppa, Lennep, Barop, Biberaffa. [Sidenote: ABAD (Pers. and Sansc.),] a dwelling or town, generally connected with the name of its founder; _e.g._ Hyderabad (the town of Hyder Ali, or of the Lion); Ahmedabad (of the Sultan Ahmed); Furrackabad (founded by Furrack the Fortunate); Agra or Akberabad (founded by Akber); Nujiabad (of Nujibah-Dowlah); Auringabad (founded by Aurungzebe); Jafferabad (the city of Jaffier); Jehanabad (of Shah Jehan); Jellabad (of Jellal, a chief); Moorshedabad (the town of Moorshed Khoolly-Khan); Moorabad (named after Morad, the son of Shah Jehan); Shahabad (of the Shah); Abbas-abad (founded by Abbas the Great); Dowladabad (the town of wealth); Hajiabad (of the pilgrim); Meschdabad (of the mosque); Islamabad (of the true faith); Allah-abad (of God); Secunderabad (named after Alexander the Great); Resoulabad (of the prophet); Asterabad (on the River Aster); Futteabad (the town of victory); Sadabad or Suffi-abad (the town of the _sadi_ or _suffi_, _i.e._ the sage). [Sidenote: ABER (Cym.-Cel.), ABHIR and OBAIR (Gael.),] a confluence of waters; applied, in topography, to places at the conf. of streams, or at the embouchure of a river. The derivation of the term has been traced by some etymologists to the conjunction of _ath_ (Gael.), a ford, and _bior_, water; by others to Cym.-Cel. _at_ (at) and _bior_ (water). This prefix is general in many of the counties of Scotland, throughout Wales, and, in a few instances, in Ireland, although in the latter country the synonyms _inver_ and _cumar_ are more frequent. Both words are found in the topography of the Picts, but the Scots of Argyleshire used only _inver_ before they came from Ireland to settle in that district. The word _aber_ seems to have become obsolete among them; and as there are no _abers_ in Ayrshire, Renfrew, and Lanarkshire, the word had probably become obsolete before the kingdom of Strathclyde was formed. Dr. Joyce, in his _Irish Names of Places_, traces its use as prefix or affix to the Irish root _abar_ (a mire), as in the little stream Abberachrinn (_i.e._ the river of the miry place of the tree). In Wales we find Aberconway, Aberfraw, Aberistwyth, Aberavon, Aberayron, Aberdare, Aberdaron, Abergavenny, at the embouchure of the _Conway_, _Fraw_, _Istwyth_, _Avon_, _Aeron_, _Dar_, _Daron_, _Gavenny_. Barmouth, corrupt. from Aber-Mowddy, a seaport in Merioneth, at the mouth of the R. Mowddy. Berriew, corrupt. from Aber-Rhiw (at the junction of the R. Rhiw with the Severn); Aberdaugledden, the Welsh name for Haverford-west, at the mouth of twin rivers resembling two swords (_gledden_), which unite at Milford Haven. It is called by the Welsh now Hwlford (the sailing road) because the tide comes up to the town. Aberhonddu, at the mouth of the R. Honddi or Honddu (the county town of Brecknock), and Aberdovey, at the embouchure of the R. Dovey in Wales. In Scotland, Aberbrothwick or Arbroath, Abercorn, anc. _Aeber-curnig_, Aberdour, Abergeldie, Abernethy, at the embouchure of the _Brothock_, _Cornie_, _Dour_, _Geldie_, and _Nethy_. Aberchirder is _Abhir-chiar-dur_ (the conf. of the dark water); Abercrombie (the curved conf.); Aberfeldy, _i.e._ _Abhir-feathaile_ (the smooth conf.); Aberfoyle (the conf. of the pool, _phuill_); Aberlemno (the conf. of the leaping water, _leumnach_); Arbirlot, anc. _Aber-Elliot_ (at the mouth of the Elliot); Applecross for _Abhir-croisan_ (the conf. of trouble); Old Aberdeen and New Aberdeen, at the mouths of the Don and Dee, Lat. _Devana-castra_; Fochabers (the _plain_, at the river mouth), Gael. _faigh_, a plain; Lochaber (at the mouth of the loch); Barmouth, in Wales, corrupt, of _Aber-Mawdoch_ or _Maw_. [Sidenote: ABI (Turc.),] a river; _e.g._ Abi-shiran (sweet river); Abi-shur (salt river); Abi-gurm (warm river); Abi-gard (yellow river); Abi-kuren (the river of Cyrus); Ab-Allah (God’s river). [Sidenote: ABT (Teut.), an abbot, Lat. _abbatis_. ABIE, an abbey.] These and similar words, in the Romance languages, derived from the Heb. _abba_ (father), were introduced into the languages of Europe in connection with the monastic system, and are attached to the names of places founded for monks, or belonging to church lands. Thus--Absberg (abbot’s hill); Apersdorf, for _Abbatesdorf_ (abbot’s village); Absholz (abbot’s wood); Abtsroda (abbot’s clearing), in Germany; Appenzell, anc. _Abbatiscella_ (abbot’s church), founded by the Abbot of St. Gall, A.D. 647; Abbeville (abbot’s dwelling), in France; Abbotsbury (the abbot’s fortified place), Dorset; Abbeydare (the abbey on the R. Dare in Hereford); Abbotshall, in Fife, so called from having been the occasional residence of the abbots of Dunfermline; Abdie (belonging to the abbey of Lindores); Abingdon, in Berks (abbot’s hill), Abington (with the same meaning), the name of two parishes in Cambridge and a village in Lanarkshire, and of two parishes in Ireland; Abbotsford (the ford of the Tweed in the abbey lands of Melrose); Abbotsrule (the abbey on the R. Rule in Roxburghshire); Abbeyfeale (on the R. Feale); Abbeyleix (the abbey of Lewy), an Irish chief Abbeygormacan (Irish _mainister_); _Ua-g Cormacain_ (the abbey of the O’Cormacans); Abbeylara, _i.e._ Irish abbey, _leath-rath_ (the abbey of the half-rath); Abbeyshrule, anc. _Sruthair_ (the stream), named for a monastery founded by one of the O’Farells; Abbeystrowry (with the same meaning), in Ireland; Abbensee (the lake of the abbey), in Upper Austria; Newabbey, a _Par_ in Kirkcudbright (named from an abbey founded in 1275 by Devorgilla, the mother of John Baliol); Badia-San-Salvatore (the abbey of the Holy Saviour); Badia-Torrita (the abbey with the little tower), in Italy; Appin, in Argyleshire, anc. _Abbphon_ (abbot’s land), and Appin, in Dull, indicating probably the territory of a Celtic monastery. [Sidenote: ACH, or ICH,] a form of the Teut. _aha_ (water), p. 1, as in Salzach (salt stream), but it is also a common affix to words in the Teut. and Cel. languages, by which a noun is formed into an adjective, signifying full of, or abounding in, equivalent to the Lat. terminations _etum_ and _iacum_. Thus, in German topography, we find Lindach, Aichach, Aschach, Buchach, Tannich, Fichtig, _i.e._ abounding in _lime_, _oak_, _ash_, _beech_, _fir_, and _pine_ wood; Affaltrach (in apple-trees); Erlicht (in alders); Heselicht (in hazels); Laubach (in leaves). In Ireland: Darach, Farnach (abounding in oaks and alders); Ounagh, in Sligo, and Onagh, in Wicklow (watery place), from the adjective Abhnach (abounding in streams). In the Sclav. languages, again, the affix _zig_ has the same meaning, as in Leipzig (abounding in lime-trees). [Sidenote: ACHADH (Gadhelic), AUCH, AUGH, AUCHEN,] a field, plain, or meadow; _e.g._ Aghinver (the field of the confluence); Aghindarragh (of the oak wood); Achonry, anc. _Achadh-Chonaire_ (Conary’s field); Ardagh (high field); Aghabeg (little field); Aghaboy (yellow field); Aghamore (great field); Aghaboe (the cow’s field); Aghadown (of the fort); Aghadoe, _i.e._ _Achadh-da-eo_ (of the two yew-trees). In Scotland: Auchclach, Auchinleck, Auchnacloich (the stony field); Achray (smooth field); Auchinleith (the physician’s field); Auchindoire (the field of the oak grove); Auchinfad (of the peats); Auchinrath (of the fort); Auchincruive (of the tree, _craoibhe_); Auchline (of the pool); Auchnacraig (of the rock); Auchindinny and Auchteany (the field of the fire)--_teine_, _i.e._ probably places where the Beltane fires were kindled. [Sidenote: AESC (A.S.), ASK (Scand.), ESCHE (Ger.),] the ash-tree; _e.g._ Ashton, Ashby, Askham (ash-tree dwelling); Ashrigg (the ash-tree ridge), in England. In Germany: Eschdorf, Eschweil, Eschweiller (ash-tree dwelling); Eschenbach (ash-tree brook); Eschwege (ash-tree road). [Sidenote: AESP (A.S.), ASP (Scand.),] the aspen or poplar; _e.g._ Aspley, Aspden (poplar field or valley). [Sidenote: AIN (Semitic), AAYN,] a fountain; _e.g._ Aenon (the fountains); Enshemish (the fountain of the sun); Engedi (of the goat); Enrogel (of the fuller’s field); Dothan (the two fountains); Aayn-el-kebira (the great fountain); Ain-halu (the sweet fountain); Aayn-taiba (the good fountain); Engannim (the fountain of the gardens); Enrimmon (of the pomegranates). [Sidenote: AITE, or AIT (Gadhelic), AEHT, or EIGEN (Teut.),] a place, a possession; _e.g._ Daviot, anc. _Damh-aite_ (the place of the ox), in Aberdeenshire, and also in Inverness; Tynet, _i.e._ _ait-an-taimhu_ (the place of the river), in Banffshire. In Ireland the word is used in combination with _tigh_ (a house); _e.g._ Atty (the dwelling-place); Atty-Dermot (the dwelling of Dermot); Atti-duff (the dark dwelling); Oedt (the possession), a town in Prussia, on the Niers; Iberstolfs-eigen (the possession of Iberstolf); Iberstolfs-eigen, Smurses-eigen (_i.e._ the possession of Iberstolf and Smurse); Souder-eygen (south possession). [Sidenote: AITH, or AED, or EID (Scand.),] a headland; _e.g._ Aithsvoe (the bay of the headland); Aithsthing (the place of meeting on the headland); Eidfoss (the waterfall on the headland). [Sidenote: AK, or AEK (A.S.), EK, or EG (Scand.), EYKE (Dutch), EICHE (Ger.),] an oak; _e.g._ Acton, Acworth (oak town and manor); Oakley (oak meadow); Oakham (oak dwelling); Auckland (oakland); Acrise (oak ascent); Wokingham or Oakingham (the dwelling among oaks); Sevenoaks, anc. _Seovanacca_, named from some oak-trees which once occupied the eminence on which it stands, but Okehampton, in Devon, is on the R. Oke. In Germany and in Holland are Eichstadt, Eichdorf, Eikheim (oak dwelling); Ekholta (oak wood); Eichhalden (oak height); Eichstegen (oak path); Echehout, in Hainault (oak wood); Eykebusch (oak thicket). [Sidenote: AK (Turc.),] white; _e.g._ Ak-tag, Ak-dagh (the white mountains); Ak-su (white river); Ak-hissar (white castle); Ak-serai (white palace); Ak-shehr (white dwelling); Ak-meschid (white mosque); Ak-kalat (white fortress). [Sidenote: AL (the Arabic definite article);] _e.g._ Alkalat (the fortress); Almaden (the mine); Alcantara (the bridge); Alkasar (the palace); Almeida (the table); Almeria (the conspicuous); Almazen (the storehouse); Alcarria (the farm); Alcana (the exchange); Algezira (the island), anc. _Mesopotamia_ (_i.e._ between the rivers); Algeciras (the islands), in Spain; Algarve (the west); Almansa (the plain); Almazara (the mill); Alhambra (the red); Alhucen (the beautiful); Alpuxarras (the grassy mountains). [Sidenote: ALD, EALD (A.S.), ALT (Ger.), OUDE, OLDEN (Dutch),] old; _e.g._ Alton, Oldham, Althorpe, Alcaster, Aldwark (old dwelling, farm, camp, fortress); Audlem (old lyme or border); Audley (old field), in England. In Germany: Altenburg, Altendorf, Oldenburg (old dwelling); Altenmarkt (old market); Altmark (old boundary); Altstadt (old place); Altsattel (old seat); Altofen (old oven), so called from its warm baths; Oudenarde (old earth or land); Oudenbosch (old thicket); Oude-capel (old chapel). [Sidenote: ALDEA (Span. and Port., from the Arabic),] a village; _e.g._ Aldea-del-Cano (the dog’s village); Aldea-vieya (old village); Aldea-el-Muro (the walled village); Aldea-del-Rio (of the river); Aldea Galliga (of the Gauls). [Sidenote: ALIT (Cym.-Cel.), ALT (Irish),] a height or cliff; _e.g._ Alltmaur (the great height); Builth, in Wales, _i.e._ _Bu-allt_ (the steep place of the wild oxen). The Alts (heights or glen-sides), Monaghan; Altachullion (the cliff of the holly); Altavilla, _i.e._ _Alt-a-bhile_ (the glen-side of the old tree); Altinure (the cliff of the yew-tree); Altanagh (abounding in cliffs); Altan (the little cliff). [Sidenote: ALP, AILPE (Celtic), AIL,] a rock or cliff; _e.g._ the Alps; Albainn (the hilly or high land), the anc. name of Scotland; Albania, with the same meaning; Alpenach (the mountain stream), at the foot of Mount Pilate; Alva and Alvah (the rocky), parishes in Scotland; Cantal (the _head_ of the rock), in France. In Ireland the word _ail_ takes the form of _oil_, aspirated _foyle_ or _faill_; _e.g._ Foilycleara (O’Clery’s cliff); Foilnaman (the cliff of the women): but while the aspirated form of _ail_ is confined to the south, _aill_ is found all over Ireland; Ayleacotty, _i.e._ _Aill-a-choite_ (the cliff of the little boat); Ailla-gower (the goat’s cliff); Alleen (the diminutive) is found in Alleen-Hogan and Alleen-Ryan (Hogan’s and Ryan’s little cliff). When, however, _foyle_ comes in as a termination, it is commonly derived from _poll_ (a hole), as in Ballyfoyle and Ballyfoile (the town of the hole). The anc. name of Britain, _Albion_, has sometimes been traced to this root, but more generally to the _white_ cliffs (Lat. _albus_) on the coast of Kent, as seen first by the Romans. [Sidenote: ALR (A.S.), ALNUS (Lat.), AUNE (Fr.),] the alder-tree; _e.g._ Alr-holt, Aldershot (alder-tree wood); Alresford (Alderford); Alrewas (alder-tree pasture); Alderley (alder-tree meadow), in England; Aulney, Aulnoy, Aulnois, Aunay, Auneau (alder grove), in France. [Sidenote: ALT (Gadhelic),] a stream; _e.g._ the Alt, Aldan, Alta (river names); Alt-dowran (otter stream); Aultsigh (gliding stream); Alt-na-guish (the stream of the fir-trees); Aldivalloch, _i.e._ _Allt-a-bhealaich_ (the stream of the pass); Alness, _i.e._ _Allt-an-casa_ (of the cascade); Alltmore (great stream); Auldearn, _i.e._ _Allt-fearn_ (alder-tree stream); Cumbernauld, corrupt. from _Cumar-nan-alta_ (the confluence of the streams); Garavault in Aberdeenshire, Garvault in East Lothian, and Garvald in Dumfriesshire (rough stream); Altderg (red stream). [Sidenote: ALTUN, or ALTAN (Tartar),] golden; _e.g._ the Altai, or golden mountains; Altanor (golden lake); Altan-su (golden river); Alta-Yeen (the golden mountains); Altun-tash (golden rock); Altun-kupri (golden bridge). [Sidenote: AM, or AN,] contrac. from Ger. _an den_ (on the, or at the); _e.g._ Amberg (at the hill); Amdorf or Ambach, Amsteg, Amwalde (at the village, brook, path, wood). [Sidenote: AMAR (Old Ger.),] a kind of grain; _e.g._ Amarbach, Amarthal, Amarwang, Amarveld (the brook, valley, strip of land, field where this grain grew). [Sidenote: AMBACHT, or AMT (Ger.),] a district under the government of an Amtman or bailiff; _e.g._ Amt-sluis (the sluice of the Ambacht); Amthof (the court of the Amtman); Graven-Ambacht (the duke’s district); Ambachtsbrug (the bridge of the Ambacht). [Sidenote: AMBR,] an Indo-Germanic word, signifying a river, allied to the Sansc. _ambu_ (water). According to Forsteman (_v._ _Deutsche Ortsnamen_) the suffix _r_ was added by most European nations before their separation from the Asiatic tribes, as appears in the Greek _ombros_ and the Lat. _imber_ (a shower). The word appears in the names of tribes and persons, as well as of places, on the European continent; _e.g._ the Ambrones (or dwellers by the water), and perhaps in Umbria; Amberloo and Amersfoort (the meadow and ford by the water), in Holland; and in such river names as the Ammer, Emmer, Emmerich, Ambra, etc. [Sidenote: ANGER (Ger.),] a meadow or field; _e.g._ Rabenanger (the raven’s field); Kreutzanger (the field of the cross); Moosanger (mossy field); Wolfsanger (the wolf’s field, or of Wolf, a man’s name); Vogelsanger (the birds’ field); Angerhusen (the field houses); Angerbach (the field brook); Anger (the field), a town in Austria; Angerburg (the fortress in the field). [Sidenote: ANGRA (Port.),] a creek or bay; _e.g._ Angra (a sea-port in the Azores); Angra-de-los-reyes (the king’s bay). [Sidenote: AQUA (Lat.), AGUA (Span. and Port.), ACQUA (It.), EAU (Fr.; Old Fr. AX),] water; _e.g._ Aix, anc. _Aquæ-Sextiæ_ (the warm springs, said to have been discovered and named by Sextus Calvenus, B.C. 123), in Provence; Aix, in Dauphiny, anc. _Aquæ-Vocontiorum_ (the waters of the Vocontii); Aix-les-bains (the bath waters), in Savoy; Aachen or Aix-la-Chapelle, celebrated for its mineral springs, and for the chapel erected over the tomb of Charlemagne; Plombières, anc. _Aquæ-plombariæ_ (waters impregnated with lead); Veraqua, in New Granada, corrupt. from _Verdes-aguas_ (green waters); Aigue-perse (the bubbling water), in Auvergne; Aigue-vive (the spring of living water); Aigue-belle (beautiful water); Aigue-noire (black water, etc.), in France; Dax, celebrated for its saline springs, corrupt. from _Civitas aquensis_ (the city of waters); Aigues-mortes (stagnant waters); Aguas-bellas (beautiful waters), Portugal; Aguas-calientes (warm waters), Mexico; Evaux, Evreux (on the waters), France; Evian, anc. _Aquarum_ (the waters), Savoy; Entreves and Entraigues (between the waters), anc. _Interaquæ_; Yvoire, anc. _Aquaria_ (the watery district), on Lake Geneva; Aas or Les Eaux (the waters), Basses Pyrénées; Nerac, anc. _Aquæ Neriedum_ (the waters of the Nerii); Amboise and Amboyna (surrounded by waters); Bordeaux (the dwelling on the water), _borda_, Low Lat. (a dwelling); Vichy, anc. _Aquæ calidæ_ (warm waters), on the Allier; Bex (upon the two waters), at the juncture of the Rhone and Avençon; Outre L’Eau (beyond the water); Acapulca, in Mexico, corrupt. from _Portus aquæ pulchræ_ (the port of beautiful waters); Agoa-fria (cold water), Brazil; Aqui, in North Italy, celebrated for its baths; Acireale, anc. _aguas calientes_ (the warm waters); Agoa-quente (hot spring), Brazil. [Sidenote: ARA,] a frequent element in river names, with various and even opposite meanings. Some of the river names may have come from the Sansc. _ara_ (swift, or the flowing), and in Tamil _aar_ means simply a river. There is another Sanscrit word _arb_ (to ravage or destroy), with which the Gadhelic words _garw_, _garbh_ (rough) may be connected; and, on the other hand, there is the Welsh _araf_ (gentle). According to the locality and the characteristics of the stream, one must judge to which of these roots its name may belong. There are, in England, the Aire, Arre, Arro, Arrow; in France, the Arve, Erve, Arveiron, etc.; in Switzerland and Germany, the Aar, Are; in Spain and Italy, the Arva, Arno; and in Scotland, the Ayr, Aray, Irvine, etc. Many of these names may signify simply flowing water (the river), while others beginning with the syllable _ar_ may be referred to the adjectival forms, _araf_, _arb_, _ara_, or _garbh_, followed by another root-word for _water_, as in Arrow (the swift stream); Yarrow (the rough stream); _ow_ (water); Arveiron (the furious stream); _avon_ (water); Arar (the gentle stream), now the Saone. [Sidenote: ARD, AIRD (Gadhelic),] a height, or, as an adjective, high; _e.g._ the Aird (the height) on the south coast of the island of Lewis, also in Inverness-shire; Aird Point in the island of Skye; Aird-dhu (the black height), a hill in Inverness-shire; the Airds (high lands in Argyleshire); Airdrie, Gael. _Aird_-righ (the king’s height), or, perhaps, _Aird-reidh_ (the smooth height); Aird’s Moss (a muirland tract in Ayrshire); Ardbane (white height); Ardoch (high field); Ardclach (high stony ground); Ardach and Ardaghy (high field); Ardmore (great height); Ardeen and Arden (the little height); Ardglass (green height); Ardfert (the height of the grave or ditch, Irish _fert_); Ardrishaig (the height full of briers, _driseach_); Ardnamurchan (the height of the great headland, _ceann_, or of the great ocean, _cuan_); Ardgower (goat’s height); Ardtornish (the height of the cascade, _cas_ and _torr_); Ardross (high point); Ardrossan (little high point); Ardchattan (St. Cathan’s height); Ardersier, Gael. _Ard-ros-siar_ (the high western height); Ardlui (the height of the fawn, _laoidh_); Ardentinny (of the fire, _teine_); Ardboe (of the cow); Ardbraccan (of St. Brachan); Ardfinan (St. Finan’s height); Armagh, in Ireland, anc. _Ardmacha_ (the height of Macha, the wife of one of the early Irish colonists); Arroquhar, in Dumbarton, _i.e._ Ardthir (the high land); Ardmeanach (the mossy height or the black isle); Ardgask (the hero’s height, Gael. _gaisgeach_, a hero); Ardnacrushy (of the cross); Ardtrea (St. Trea’s height); Ardnarea, _i.e._ _Ard-na-riaghadh_ (the height of the executions, with reference to a dark tale of treachery and murder); Ardgay (windy height); Ardblair (high field); Ardwick (high town, a suburb of Manchester). The Lat. root _arduus_ (high) is found in Ardea, in Italy; the Ardes (or heights), in Auvergne; Auvergne itself has been traced to _Ar-fearann_ (high lands), but Cocheris, _Au Noms de Lieu_, gives its ancient name as _Alverniacus_ (_i.e._ the domain of the _Auvergni_). Ardennes, Forest of (high-wooded valleys); Ardwick-le-street (the high town on the great Roman road), _stratum_. _Ard_, _art_, and _artha_ are also Persian prefixes attached to the names of places and persons; _e.g._ Ardboodha (the high place of Buddha); Aravalli (the hill of strength); and such personal names as Artaxerxes, Artabanes, Artamenes. In some cases it may refer to the agricultural habits of the Indo-Germanic races (Lat. _aro_, Grk. αροω, Goth. _arjan_, Old High Ger. _aran_, Cel. _ar_ (to plough), hence the Aryan tribes are those belonging to the dominant race--the aristocracy of landowners, as distinguished from the subject races--_v._ Taylor’s _Names of Places_. [Sidenote: ARN, ERN (Teut.), ARNE, ARA (Lat.), a home, AREA, _bas_ (Lat.), AIRE (Fr.), AROS (Cel.),] a place, farm, dwelling; _e.g._ Heddern (hiding-place); Beddern (sleeping-place); Suthern (south place); Arne, a town in Yorkshire; Chiltern (chalk place); Whithorn, in Wigton, A.S. _Whitern_, Lat. _Candida-casa_ (white house); Asperne (the place of poplar-trees); Femern (of cattle); Domern (of judgment); Thalern (valley dwelling); Mauthern (toll place); Bevern and Bevergern (the dwelling on the R. Bever); Aire, Lat. _Area-Atrebatum_ (the dwelling of the Atrebates), on the Adour, in France; also Aire, on the Lys; Les Aires (the farms); Airon, etc., in France, Bavaria, Ger. _Baiern_ (the dwelling of the Boii); Aros, Gael. (the dwelling), in Mull; Arosaig (corner dwelling), Argyle. [Sidenote: ARN (Old Ger.), ARI (Norse), ERYR (Welsh),] an eagle. This word is used in topography either with reference to the bird itself, or to a personal name derived from it; _e.g._ Arnfels (eagle’s rock); Arnberg, Arnstein, Arlberg (eagle mountain or rock); Arisdale (eagle valley, or the valley of a person called Arix); Arnau (eagle meadow); Arnecke (eagle corner); Arendal (eagle valley); Arenoe (eagle island); Eryri (the eagle mountain), the Welsh name for Snowdon. [Sidenote: ARX (Lat.),] a fortress; _e.g._ Arcé, anc. _Arx_, a town in Italy with a hill fortress called _Rocca d’Arcé_ (the rock of the fortress); Arcis sur Aube (the fortress on the R. Aube), in France; Arcole and Arcola, in Lombardy and Sardinia; Saar-Louis, anc. _Arx-Ludovici-Sarum_ (the fortress of Louis on the Saar), founded by Louis XIV., 1680; Arx-fontana or Fuentes (the fortress of the fountain), in Spain; Monaco, anc. _Arx-Monæci_ (the fortress of the Monæci), on the Gulf of Genoa; Thours, anc. _Tuedæ-Arx_ (the fortress on the R. Thouet), in France. [Sidenote: AS, or AAS (Scand.),] a hill ridge; _e.g._ Astadr (ridge dwelling); As and Aas, the names of several towns in Sweden and Norway; Aswick, Aastrap, Aasthorp (the village or farm on the ridge) in Shetland. [Sidenote: ASTA (Basque),] a rock; _e.g._ Astorga, in Spain, Lat. _Asturica-Augusta_ (the great city on the rocky water, _ura_); Astiapa and Estepa (the dwelling at the foot of the rock), in Spain; Astulez and Astobeza, also in Spain; Asti, a district in Sardinia which was peopled by Iberians or Basques; Astura (the rocky river); Asturias (the country of the dwellers by that river); Ecija, in Spain, anc. _Astigi_ (on the rock); Estepa and Estepona (rocky ground). [Sidenote: ATH, AGH (Gadhelic), AUGH,] a ford. This root-word is more common in Ireland than in Scotland, and is cognate with the Lat. _vadum_, and the A.S. _wath_ or _wade_; _e.g._ Athy, _i.e._ _Ath-Ae_ (the ford of Ae, a Munster chief who was slain at the spot); Athmore (great ford); Athdare (the ford of oaks); Athenry (the king’s ford); Athlone, _i.e._ _Ath Luaen_ (the ford of St. Luan); Athleague (stony ford); Athane (little ford); Aghanloo (Lewy’s little ford); the town of Trim is in Irish _Athtruim_ (the ford of the elder trees); Agolagh, _i.e._ _Athgoblach_ (the forked ford); Aboyne (the ford of the river), on the Dee in Aberdeenshire; Athgoe, _i.e._ _Ath-goibhne_ (the ford of the smiths), in Dublin. [Sidenote: ATHEL (A.S.), ADEL (Ger.), ADELIG (Gothic),] noble, or the nobles; _e.g._ Adelsdorf, Adelsheim, Adelshofen, Attelbury (the nobles’ dwelling); Athelney (the island of the nobles), in Somersetshire, formerly insulated by the rivers Tone and Parret; Addelsfors (the nobles’ waterfall); Adelsberg (the nobles’ hill); Adelsclag (the nobles’ wood-clearing); Adelsoe (the nobles’ island); Adelmanns-felden (the nobleman’s field). [Sidenote: AU, AUE (Ger.), AUGIA (Lat.),] a meadow, formed from _aha_ (water), and frequently annexed to the name of a river; _e.g._ Aarau, Ilmenau, Rheinau, Wetterau, Oppenau, Muhrau (the meadow of the _Aar_, _Ilmen_, _Rhine_, _Wetter_, _Oppa_, _Muhr_); Frankenau (the Franks’ meadow); Lichtenau (the meadow of light); Reichenau (rich meadow); Schoenau (beautiful meadow); Greenau (green); Langenau (long); Weidenau (pasture-meadow); Rosenau (the meadow of roses); Lindau (of lime-trees); Herisau, Lat. _Augia-dominus_ (the Lord’s meadow); Eu, anc. _Augia_ (the meadow), in Normandy; Hanau (the enclosed meadow); Nassau (the moist meadow); Iglau (the meadow of the R. Igla, in Moravia); Troppau, in Silesia (the meadow of the R. Oppa). [Sidenote: AUCHTER or OCHTER (Gadhelic), UCHDER (Welsh),] the summit, or, as an adjective, upper; _e.g._ Auchtertyre, anc. _Auchterardower_ (the summit on the water); Auchterarder (the upper high land); Auchterblair (upper field); Auchtercairn (upper rock); Auchtermuchty (the upper dwelling, _tigh_, of the wild boar, _muc_); Auchterau (the upper water); Auchtertool (the upper land on the R. Tiel), in Fife; Auchterless (the upper side, _slios_). In Ireland this word takes the form of _Oughter_; _e.g._ Oughterard (upper height); Oughter-lough (upper lake, in reference to Loch Erne); Balloughter (upper town); Lissoughter (upper fort); Killoughter (upper church). The Irish adjective _uachdar_ is not unfrequently Anglicised _water_, as in Clowater in Carlow, _i.e._ _Cloch-uachdar_ (upper stone or castle); Watree, in Kilkenny, _i.e._ _Uachdaraighe_ (upper lands)--_v._ Joyce’s _Irish Names of Places_. [Sidenote: AVON, AFON (Cym.-Cel.), ABHAIN, ABHUINNE (Gael.), AMNIS (Lat. Sansc. _ap._),] water, a river; _e.g._ the Avon, Aven, Aune, Auney, Inney, Ewenny, Aney, Eveny, river names in England, Wales, and Ireland; Avengorm (red river); Aven-banna (white river); Avenbui (yellow river); Avonmore (great river), in Ireland; the Seine, anc. _Seimh-au_ (smooth river); the Mayenne or Meduana (probably the middle river, from Cel. _meadhou_). In France there are from this root--the Ain, Avenne, Vilaine, Vienne; the Abona, in Spain. In Scotland: the Almond or _Awmon_; Devon (deep river); Doon (dark river); Kelvin (woody river); Annan (quiet river); the Leith, Leithen, Lethen (the broad or the gray river); the Don, in Scotland and England (dark or brown river); Irvine and Earn (the west-flowing river); Anwoth, in Kirkcudbright, _i.e._ Avonwath (the course of the river); the Spey, _speach-abhain_ (swift river); the Allan (beauteous river, _aluinn_); the Boyne, anc. _Bouoninda_ (perhaps yellow river, _buidhe_). Many towns derive their names from their rivers, or from their vicinity to water: thus, Avignon and Verona (on the water); Amiens, the cap. of the _Ambiani_ (dwellers on the water, _i.e._ of the Samara or Somme). Teramo, anc. _Interamnia_ (between the rivers), and Terni, with the same meaning; Avenay, anc. _Avenacum_ (on the river); Avesnes, celebrated for its mineral springs. But such names as Avenay, Avennes, etc., may have been derived in many cases from Lat. _avena_, Fr. _avoine_ (oats)--_v._ Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_. B [Sidenote: BAAL,] a prefix in Phœnician names, derived from the worship of the sun-god among that people; _e.g._ Baalath and Kirjath-Baal (the city of Baal); Baal-hazor (Baal’s village); BaalHermon (near Mount Hermon); Baal-Judah, etc., in Palestine. Sometimes, however, the word is used as synonymous with _beth_ (a dwelling), as Baal-tamar and Baal-Meon (for Bethtamar and Beth Meon). But Baal-Perazim, we are told, means the _place of breaches_, and has no reference to the sun-god, Baalbec (the city of the sun), in Syria. [Sidenote: BAB (Ar.),] a gate or court; Babel and Babylon, according to the Arabic (the gate of God), or from a word signifying confusion, Gen. xi. 9; Baab (the gate), a town in Syria; El-Baab (the gate), in the Sahara; Bab-el-Mandeb, Strait of (the gate of tears), so called by the Arabs from its dangerous navigation; Bab-el-estrecho (the gate of the narrow passage), the Arabic name for the Strait of Gibraltar. [Sidenote: BACH, BATCH (Teut.), BEC, BOEK (Scand.), but _bach_, by mutation _fach_ or _vach_, in Welsh names means small, little,] a brook; _e.g._ Snail-batch and Caldbeck (cold brook or swift brook); _snell_ in A.S. and Old English means active, sharp, quick; and in Scotland, as applied to the weather, it means sharp or severely cold; Crumbeck (crooked brook); Lauterbach (clear brook); Skurbeck (dividing brook); Griesbach and Sandbach (sandy brook); Gronenbach (green brook); Over-beck (upper); Reichenbach (rich); Marbeck (boundary); Schoenbach (beautiful brook); Beckford (the brook ford); Bacheim and Beckum (the dwelling at the brook); Beckermet (the meeting of brooks); Bickerstith (the station at the brook); Laubach and Laybach (the warm brook); but Laubach may also mean rich in leaves--_v._ ACH. Bec in Normandy is named from a brook that flows into the Risle: Birkbeck in Westmoreland (the birch-tree brook); Ansbach or Anspach (at the stream in Bavaria); Schwalbach (the swallow’s brook), in Nassau; Houlbec, in Normandy, Holbeck, in Lincoln and in Denmark (the brook in the hollow); Fulbeck (Lincoln) and Foulbec, in Normandy (muddy brook). [Sidenote: BAD (Teut.), BADD (Cym.-Cel.),] a bath or mineral spring; _e.g._ Baden, anc. _Thermæ-Austricæ_ (the Austrian warm springs); Baden-Baden, anc. _Civitas Aquenses Aurelia_ (the watering-place of Aurelius); Baden-bei-Wien (the baths near Vienna); Baden-ober (the upper baths); Franzens-bad (the bath of the Franks); Carlsbad or Kaiser-bad (the bath-town of the Emperor Charles IV. of Bohemia); Marien-bad, Lat. _Balneum Mariæ_ (the bath-town of the Virgin Mary); Wiesbaden, anc. _Fontes-Mattiaci_ (the baths or springs of the _Mattiaci_, dwellers on the meadow)--_v._ WIESE; Badborn (bath well); Wildbad (wild bath, _i.e._ not prepared by art), in the Black Forest; Slangenbad (the bath of snakes), so called from the number of snakes found in the mineral springs; Badsdorf (bath village), Bohemia. The Celtic name of the English city _Bath_ was _Caer-badon_, or _Bathan-ceaster_ (bath city or fortress); the Anglo-Saxons made it _Akeman-ceaster_ (the sick man’s camp), or _Aquæ Sulis_ (dedicated to a British divinity, Sulis, identified with Minerva). [Sidenote: BAGH (Ar. and Turc.),] a garden; _e.g._ Bag, or Baug, in Hindostan. Bagdad superseded Seleucia, which, it is related, was reduced to such a state of ruin as to have nothing remaining on the spot where it stood formerly but the cell of the monk Dad; hence the name of the new city founded by the Caliph Almazar, A.D. 762. Baghdad, _i.e._ the garden of Dad, a monk who had his cell near the site of the city; Bala-Bagh (high garden), in Affghanistan; Karabagh (black garden), a district in Armenia, so called from its thick forests; Alum-bagh (the garden of the Lady Alum), in Hindostan; Baktschisarai (the palace of the garden), in Crimea. [Sidenote: BAGNA (It.), BANO (Span.), BANHO (Port.), BAIN (Fr.),] from the Lat. _balneum_ (a bath); _e.g._ Bagnacavallo (the horses’ bath); Bagna-di-aqua (water bath); Bagnazo, Bagnara, Bagnari, towns in Italy, celebrated for their baths. In France there are Bagnères-de-Bigorre (the baths of Bigorones, _i.e._ the dwellers between two heights); Bagnères-de-Luchon (the baths on the R. Luchon); Bains-les-du-mont-doré (the baths of the golden mount); with numerous names with similar meanings, such as Bagneux, Bagneaux, Bagnol, Bagnoles, Bagnolet, Bagnot, etc. In Italy: Bagnolina (the little bath); Bagni-di-Lucca, Bagni-di-Pisa (the baths of Lucca and Pisa). [Sidenote: BAHIA (Port.),] a bay; _e.g._ Bahia or St. Salvador (the town of the Holy Saviour), on the bay, in Brazil; Bahia-blanca (white bay); Bahia-hermosa (beautiful); Bahia-honda (deep); Bahia-negra (black); Bahia-neuva (new bay); Bahia-de-Neustra-Senora (the bay of Our Lady); Bahia-Escosesa (Scottish bay), in Hayti; Bayonna, in Spain, and Bayonne, in France (the good bay), from a Basque word, signifying _good_; Baia (the town on the bay), in Naples; Bahia-de-todos los Santos (All Saints’ Bay), in Brazil. [Sidenote: BAHN (Ger.),] a way or path; _e.g._ Winter-bahn (winter path); Langen-bahn (long path); Wild-bahn (wild or uncultivated path). [Sidenote: BAHR, or BAHAR (Ar.),] a sea, a lake, and sometimes a river; _e.g._ Bahar-el-Abiad (the white); Bahar-el-azrak (the blue river), forming together the Nile; Bahar-belame (waterless river), in Egypt; Baraach (the sea of wealth), in Hindostan; Bahari (the maritime district), Lower Egypt; Bahr-assal (salt lake), Africa; Bahrein (the two seas), a district in Arabia, between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea; also a group of islands on the same coast. [Sidenote: BAILE, BALLY (Gadhelic),] originally merely a place, a home, then a fort, a town, allied to the Grk. _polis._ The word joined with the article _an_ is found as _ballin_ for _baile-an_; _e.g._ Ballinrobe (the town of the R. Robe); Balbriggan (Brecon’s town); Ballintra and Ballintrae, in Ireland, and Ballantrae, in Scotland (the dwelling on the strand); Ballinure (the town of the yew); Ballintubbert (the town of the well); Ballinakill (of the church or wood); Ballinahinch (of the island); Ballinamona (of the bog), in Ireland; Ballycastle (castle town); Ballymena (middle town); Ballymony (of the shrubbery); Balmagowan and Ballingown (of the smiths); Ballymore and Ballmore (great town); Nohoval, corrupt. from _Nuachongbhail_ (new dwelling), localities in Ireland. In Scotland: Balvanie, anc. _Bal-Beni-mor_ (the dwelling of Beyne, the great first Bishop of Mortlach), in Aberdeenshire; Balmoral (the majestic dwelling, _morail_); Ballater (the dwelling on the hill-slope, _leitir_); Balmerino (on the sea-shore, _muir_); Balachulish, Gael. _Baile-na-caolish_ (the dwelling on the narrow strait); Baldernock, Gael. _Baile-dair-cnoc_ (the dwelling at the oak hill); Balnacraig (dwelling of the rock); Balfour (cold dwelling); Balgay (windy dwelling, _gaoth_, wind); Balfron (of mourning, _bhroin_), so called, according to tradition, because a number of children had been devoured by wolves at the place; Balgreen (the sunny place, _grianach_); Balgarvie (of the rough stream); Ballagan and Ballogie (the dwelling in the hollow); Balgownie and Balgonie (of the smiths); Balbardie (of the bard); Balmac Lellan (the dwelling of the Bal-MacLellan), in Kirkcudbright; Balmaghie (of the Maghies); Balquhidder (the town at the back of the country); Balblair (of the field or plain). [Sidenote: BALA (Turc.),] high; _e.g._ Bala-hissar (high castle); Bala-dagh (high mountain); Bala-Ghauts (the high Ghauts); Balasore (high dwelling); Balkan (high ridge), also called Mount Haemus (the snowy mount), _hima_ (Sansc.), snow; Balkh (high town), anc. Bactra. [Sidenote: BALKEN (Ger.),] a ridge; _e.g._ Griesen-balken (sandy ridge); Moes-balken (mossy ridge); Schieren-balken (clear ridge)--the word is applied to chains of mountains in general. [Sidenote: BALTA (Scand.), BALTEUS (Lat.),] a strait or belt; _e.g._ Balta (the island of the strait); Baltia (the country of belts or straits), the ancient name of Scandinavia. The Great and Little Belts, or straits. [Sidenote: BAN (Gadhelic),] white, fair; _e.g._ Rivers Bann, Bane, Bain, Bana, Banon, Bandon, Banney, etc.; Banchory (the fair valley). [Sidenote: BAN (Cym.-Cel.),] a hill or height; _e.g._ Cefn-y-fan (the hill-ridge); Tal-y-fan (the face of the hill), in Wales. _B_ by mutation becomes _f_. [Sidenote: BANT, BANZ (Ger.), POINT and PAINT, _Ahd_,] a district or enclosure, from Old Ger. _pyndan_ (to confine), cognate with Cym.-Cel. _pant_; _e.g._ Brabant, _i.e._ _Brach-bant_ (the ploughed district); Altenbanz (the old); Ostrevant (the eastern); Grunnenbant (the green district); Hasel-point (hazel field); Pound-stock (the enclosed place), in Germany; Drenthe, corrupt. from _Thri-banta_ (the three districts), in Holland; Bantz, in Bavaria. From _pant_ we have in Monmouth, Panteg (beautiful valley, _têg_); Pant-y-goitre (the valley of the town in the wood). [Sidenote: BANYA (Hung.),] a mine; _e.g._ Uj-banya (new mine); Nagy-banya (great mine), a town of Hungary with gold and silver mines, named by the Germans _Neustadt_; Abrud-banya (the mine on the R. Abrud, a district abounding in metals). [Sidenote: BARR (Gadhelic), BAR (Cym.-Cel.), BARD (Scand.),] a summit; _e.g._ Barmona (the summit or top of the bog); Barra-vore (great height, _mor_); Barmeen (smooth summit), in Ireland. In several counties in Scotland we have Barr (the uplands), but Barr in Ayrshire took its name from St. Barr; Barbreac (spotted point); Barrie and Barra (the head of the water, _abh_); Barcaldine (hazel point, _calltunn_); Barbeth (birch point); Barrglass (gray point); Bar-darroch (the summit of the oak grove); Bardearg (red point); Barcaple (the horses’ point); the Bard of Mousa and of Bressay, in the Shetlands, is the projection on these islands; the ancient name of the town of Perth was _Barr-Tatha_ (the height of the R. Tay); Barwyn for Bar-gwn (a white-topped mountain, or tipped with snow), in Wales. In France the prefix _bar_ is applied to strongholds, as in Bar-le-Duc (the duke’s citadel); Bar-sur Saone, Bar-sur Aube (the stronghold on the rivers Saone and Aube). [Sidenote: BARROW (Scand.), BEORH (A.S.),] a mound of earth, especially over a grave; _e.g._ Barrow-by (the dwelling at the mound); Ingle-barrow (the mound at the grave of Ingold). But, in some cases, barrow may be a form of A.S. _boerw_ (a grove), as in Barrow-den (the grove hollow), in Rutland. [Sidenote: BAU (Ger.), GEBAUDE, BAÜEN, to build,] a building; _e.g._ Brun-bau (the well-house); Neu-bau and Alten-bau (the old and new building); Buittle (the building), a parish on the Solway Firth; Tichel-boo (brick building); Forst-gebaude (the building in the forest). It takes the form of bottle and buttel in Germany, and battle in Britain--_v._ p. 27; Newbattle (new building in Mid Lothian); Wulfen-buttel (the dwelling of Ulpha); Bolton, in Lancashire, anc. _Botl_. [Sidenote: BAUM (Ger.) BEAM (A.S.), BOOM (Dut.),] a tree, a post; _e.g._ Baumburg (tree town); Baumgarten (the orchard); Baumgartenthal (orchard valley); Baum-krüg (the tree inn); Schöenbaum (beautiful tree); Heesbaum (the hazel-tree), in Germany; Bampton and Bempton (tree town), in Oxford and Yorkshire; but Bampton in Devon takes its name from the R. Bathom--its ancient name was _Bathom-ton_. [Sidenote: BEDD (Welsh),] a grave; _e.g._ Bedd-gelert (the grave of a favourite hound of Llewelyn, or, as others affirm, the grave of a saint named Kelert). [Sidenote: BEDW (Cym.-Cel.), BEITH (Gadhelic), BEDWEN (Welsh),] the birch-tree, cognate with the Lat. _betula_; _e.g._ Beddoe (the birches), Salop; Bedwelty, _i.e._ _Bedw-gwal-ty_ (the wild beast’s dwelling among the birches), in Monmouth; Penbedw (birch hill), Monmouth. In Ireland: Beagh, Beaghy, Behagh, Behy, _i.e._ (birch land); Kilbehey, _i.e._ _coill-beithne_ (birch wood); Behanagh (birch-producing river); Ballybay, _i.e._ _Bel-atha-beithe_ (the ford mouth of the birch); Aghaveagh (birch field). In Scotland: Beith and Beath, in Fife and Ayrshire; Dalbeath, Dalbeth, Dalbeathie (the birch field or valley); Barbeth (the summit of birches). [Sidenote: BEEMD (Dutch),] a meadow; _e.g._ Beemd and Beemte (on the meadow); Haagschbeemden (enclosed meadow); Beemster-polder (the meadow embankment). [Sidenote: BEER, BIR (Heb. and Ar.),] a well; _e.g._ Beer-sheba (the well of the oath); Beer-Elim (the well of heroes); Beer-lahai-roi (the well of the living sight); Beirout (the city of wells), in Palestine; Bir, a town of Asiatic Turkey. [Sidenote: BEER, or BEAR (Teut.), BUR (A.S.), BYR (Old Ger.),] a farm, cottage, or dwelling; _e.g._ Beer-Regis (the king’s farm); Beer-Alston (the dwelling of Alston); Beardon and Berewood (the dwelling on a hill and in a wood); Aylesbear (the dwelling of Aegle); Bühren, in Hanover and Switzerland; Beuren, in Swabia; Grasbeuren (grassy dwelling); Sandbuur (sandy dwelling); Erlesbura (dwelling among elms); Beerendrecht (the dwelling on the pasture); Nassenbeuren (damp dwelling); Blaubeuren (the blue dwelling); Benediktbeuren (the dwelling of the Benedictines). [Sidenote: BEG, BEAG (Gadhelic), BACH, or BYCHAN, by mutation _fach_ or _fychan_ (Cym.-Cel.),] little; _e.g._ Morbihan (the little sea), in Brittany; Taafe-fechan (the little River Taafe), in Wales. In Ireland: Castlebeg (little castle); Downkillybegs (the fortress of the little church); Bunbeg (small river mouth); Rathbeg (little fort). [Sidenote: BEIM,] a contraction of the Ger. _bei-dem_ (by the); _e.g._ Beimbach, Beimberg, Beimhofen (by the brook, the hill, the court). [Sidenote: BEINN (Gadhelic), BEN,] a mountain, cognate with the Cym.-Cel. _pen_; _e.g._ Beanach (a hilly place); Ben-more (great mountain); Ben-a-buird (table mountain); Ben-a-bhaird (the bard’s mountain); Benan, _i.e._ _Binnean_ (the peaked hill or pinnacle); Bencleuch (stony mountain); Ben-cruachan (the stack-shaped mountain, _cruach_); Bendearg (red mountain); Bendronach (the mountain with the hunch, _dronnag_); Bengloe (the mountain with the covering or veil, _gloth_); Benamore and Bannmore (the great peaks, _beanna_, peaks); Bennachie (the hill of the pap, at its summit, _ache_); Benavoir (the mountain of gold, _or_), in Jura; Benclibrig (the hill of the playing trout); Benloyal, _i.e_, _Ben-laoghal_ (the hill of the calves); Ben-na-cailleach (nun’s hill); Ben Lomond, named from Loch Lomond, _quod vide_; Benmacdhui, _i.e._ _Beinn-na-muc-dubh_ (the mountain of the black sow); Ben Nevis (the cloud-capped or snowy mountain); Benvenue (the little mountain), as compared with Benledi; Benwyvis (stupendous mountain, _uabhasach_); Benvrachie (spotted mountain); Benvoirlich (the mountain of the great loch). In Ireland: Benbo, _i.e._ Beannabo (the peaks of the cows); Dunmanway, in Cork, corrupt. from Dun-na-mbeann (the fortress of the pinnacles). In Ireland _ben_ is more generally applied to small steep hills than to mountains; _e.g._ Bengore (the peak of the goats, _gabhar_); Benburb, Lat. _pinna superba_ (proud peak), in Tyrone; the Twelve Pins, _i.e._ _bens_ or peaks, in Connemara; Banagh and Benagh (a place full of peaks); Bannaghbane and Bannaghroe (white and red hilly ground); Banaghar, King’s Co., and Bangor, Co. Down, anc. _Beannchar_ (the pointed hills or rocks); but Bangor, in Wales, signifies the high choir; Drumbanagh (the ridge of the peaks). [Sidenote: BEL, BELLE, BEAU (Fr.), BELLO, BELLA (Port., Span., It.),] beautiful, fine, from the Lat. _bellus_; _e.g._ Belchamp, Belcastro (beautiful field and camp); Belle-isle and Belile (beautiful island); Beaufort, Beaulieu, Beaumont, Beaumanoir (fine fort, place, mount, manor); Beaumaris (the fair marsh), so named in the reign of Edward I. Some think it may have been formerly _Bimaris_ (between two seas), a name applied by Horace to Corinth; Belvoir (beautiful to see), in Rutland; Bewley and Bewdley, corrupt. from Beaulieu; Beauley, a river and village in Inverness-shire, named from _Prioratus-de-bello-loco_ (the priory of the beautiful place), founded in 1230; Beachy Head, according to Camden, is the head of the beach, but Holland, who published _Camden’s Britannia_, says it was called Beaucliff, or, more probably, Beauchef (beautiful headland); Beaudesert (beautiful retreat); Belper, _i.e._ _Beau-repaire_ (with the same meaning), in Warwick and Derbyshire; Leighton-Buzzard, corrupt. of its ancient name _Legionbuhr_ (the fortress of the legion); Balaclava, corrupt. from its ancient name _Bella-chiava_ (the beautiful frontier town, _chiave_), founded by the Genoese. [Sidenote: BEL, BIALA (Sclav.),] white; _e.g._ Biela (white stream); Bela, Belaia (white place); Belowes and Belowiz (white village); _was_ or _wies_ (a town or village); Belgrade, Ger. _Weissenburg_ (white fortress); Bialgorod, Turc. _Akkermann_ (white castle); Belki or Bielki (a name applied in Russia to snow-capped mountains); Berat, in Albania, corrupt. from Belgrade (white fort). [Sidenote: BEL, BEAL (Gadhelic),] a mouth, in its literal sense, but in a secondary sense, signifying an entrance into any place. In Ireland it is often united with _ath_ (a ford), forming _belatha_ (ford entrance). The word _bel_ itself is often used to denote a ford; _e.g._ Belclair, _i.e._ _Bel-an-chlair_ (the ford or entrance to the plain); _Belatha_ (Anglicised _Bella_) is found in many names, as in Bellanagare, _i.e._ _Bel-atha-na-gcarr_ (the ford mouth of the cars); Lisbellaw (the fort at the ford mouth); Bel-atha is often changed in modern names to _balli_ or _bally_, as if the original root were _baile_ (a town), as in Ballinamore (the mouth of the great ford); Ballinafad (the mouth of the long ford); Ballyshannon is corrupt. from _Bel-atha-Seanach_ (Shannagh’s ford); Belfast, anc. _Bel-feirsde_ (the ford of the _farset_ or sandbank); Ballinaboy, _i.e._ _Bel-an-atha-buide_ (the mouth of the yellow ford); Ballinasloe, _Bel-atha-na-sluaigheadh_ (the ford mouth of the armies); _Bel_ (a ford) is not found in Scotland, but a word with a kindred meaning as applied to land, _bealach_ (a pass or opening between hills), is frequent there, as well as in Ireland, and takes the form of _ballagh_ or _balloch_; _e.g._ Ballaghboy in Ireland, and Ballochbuie in Scotland (the yellow pass); Ballaghmore (great pass); Ballaghkeen (the beautiful pass, _cæin_); Ballaghadereen (the pass of the little oak grove); Balloch alone occurs in several counties of Scotland, the best known being Balloch, at the entrance to Loch Lomond; Ballochray (smooth pass, _reidh_); Ballochmyle (the bald or bare pass); Ballochgair (short pass); Ballochcraggan (of the little rock); Balloch-nam-bo (the pass of the cattle), etc. [Sidenote: BELED, or BELAD (Ar.),] a district; _e.g._ Beled-es-Shurifa (the district of the nobles); Belad-es-Sûdân (the district of the Blacks); Belad-es-Sukkar (sugar district); _Belad-t-moghrib_ (the district of the West), the Arabian name for Morocco, also called _Beled-el-Djered_ (the land of dates); Beled-el-Sham (the district of the north or on the left), the Arabic name for Syria, to distinguish it from Yemen (to the south or right). Syria was also called by the Turks Soristan, and by the Greeks Suria, _i.e._ the country of Tyre (_Tzur_, the rock). The word in its secondary sense means prosperous or happy--hence the Greeks called it Αραβια ἡ εὐδαίμων, to distinguish it from Arabia deserta (Ar.), _El-Badiah_ (the desert), hence the Bedawees or Bedouins. [Sidenote: BENDER (Ar.),] a market or harbour. Bender is the name of several towns on the Persian Gulf, and also of a town on the Dniester; Bender-Erekli (the harbour of the ancient Heraclea), on the Black Sea. [Sidenote: BENI (Ar.),] sons of; _e.g._ Beni-Hassan (a town named from the descendants of Hassan); Beni-Araba (belonging to the sons of the desert); Beni-Calaf (to the sons of the Caliph); Beni-Sham (the sons of Shem), _i.e._ Syria; Beni-Misr (the land of Mizraim or Egypt). [Sidenote: BERG (Ger.), BIERG (Scand.), BRIG, BRAIGH (Celtic),] a hill, a summit; _e.g._ Ailberg (eagle hill); Bleyberg (lead hill); Schneeberg (snowy hill); Walkenberg (the hill of clouds); Donnersberg (of thunder); Habsberg, Falkenberg, Valkenberg (of hawks); Finsterberg (dark hill); Groenberg (green hill); Teufelsberg (the devil’s hill); Greiffenberg (the griffin’s hill); Geyersberg (of the vulture); Jarlsberg (of the earl); Dreisellberg (the hill of three seats); Kupperberg (copper hill); Heilberg (holy hill); Silberberg (silver hill, near a silver mine); Schoenberg (beautiful hill). The word _berg_, however, is often applied to the names of towns and fortresses instead of _burg_; and, when this is the case, it indicates that the town was built on or near a hill, or in connection with a fortress; _e.g._ Kaiserberg (the hill fort of the Emperor Frederick II.); Würtemberg, anc. Wirtenberg (named from the seignorial chateau, situated upon a hill). The name has been translated (the lord of the hill) from an Old Ger. word _wirt_ (a lord). Heidelberg is a corrupt. of Heydenberg (the hell of the pagans), or from heydel myrtle, which grows in great abundance in the neighbourhood; Lemberg, Lowenburg, or Leopolis (the fortress of Leo Danielowes), in Galicia; Nurnberg, anc. _Norimberga_ or _Castrum Noricum_ (the fortress of the Noricii); Lahnberg (on the R. Lahn); Spermberg (on the Spree); Wittenberg (white fortress); Köningsberg (the king’s fortress), in E. Prussia and in Norway; Bamberg (named after Babe, daughter of the Emperor Otho II.), in Bavaria; Havelberg (on the R. Havel). There are several towns in Germany and Scandinavia called simply Berg or Bergen; _e.g._ Bergen-op-Zoom (the hill fort on the R. Zoom), in Holland; Bergamo (on a hill), in Italy. Berg (a hill) sometimes takes the form of _berry_, as in Queensberry, in Dumfries; also of _borough_, as in Flamborough Head and Ingleborough (the hill of the beacon light). _Gebirge_ signifies a mountain range; _e.g._ Schneegebirge (the snow-clad range); Siebengebirge (the range of seven hills); Fichtelgebirge (of the pines); Erzegebirge (the ore mountain range); Glasischgebirge (of the glaciers); Eulergebirge (of the owls). [Sidenote: BETH (Heb.), BEIT (Ar.),] a house; _e.g._ Bethany (the house of dates); Bethphage (of figs); Bethsaida (of fish); Bethoron (of caves); Bethabara (of the ford); Bethlehem (the house of bread), but its present name, _Beit-lahm_, means the house of flesh; Bethesda (of mercy); Betharaba (desert dwelling); Bethjesimoth (of wastes); Bethshemish Grk. _Heliopolis_ (the house or city of the sun); its Egyptian name was _Aun-i-Aun_ (light of light), contracted to _On_; Beit-Allah (the house of God), at Mecca; Beit-el-Fakih (the house of the saint), on the Red Sea. [Sidenote: BETTWS (Cym.-Cel.),] a portion of land lying between a river and a hill, hence a dwelling so situated; _e.g._ Bettws-yn-y-coed (the dwelling in the wood); Bettws-disserth (the retreat dwelling); Bettws-Garmon (of St. Germanus, where he led the Britons to the famous Alleluia victory over the Saxons); Bettws-Newydd (new dwelling). [Sidenote: BETULA (Lat.), BOULEAU (Fr.),] the birch-tree; _e.g._ Le Boulay, La Boulay, Les Boulages, Les Boulus, Belloy (places planted with birch-trees). [Sidenote: BIBER, BEVER (Teut.), BOBR (Sclav.),] the beaver; _e.g._ the Biber, Beber, Biberich, Beber-bach (rivers in Germany); Bober, Boberau, Bobronia (beaver river), in Silesia and Russia; Bobersburg (on the R. Bober); Biberschlag (beaver’s wood clearing); Biberstein (beaver rock); Beverley, in Yorkshire, anc. _Biberlac_ (beaver lake), formerly surrounded by marshy ground, the resort of beavers; Beverstone, in Gloucester; Beverloo (beaver marsh), in Belgium. [Sidenote: BILL,] an old German word, signifying plain or level; _e.g._ Bilderlah (the field of the plain); Billig-ham (level dwelling); Wald-billig (woody plain); Wasser-billig (the watery plain); Bilstein (level rock); Bielefeld (level field); Bieler-see (the lake on the plain). [Sidenote: BIOR (Gadhelic),] water, an element in many river names; _e.g._ the Bere, in Dorset; Ver, Hereford; Bervie, in Mearns. The town of Lifford, in Donegal, was originally _Leith-bhearr_ (the gray water); Berra, a lake in France; the Ebura or Eure, in Normandy; and in Yorkshire, the Ebro, anc. _Iberus_; Ivry, in Normandy, anc. _Ebarovicus_ (the town on the Ebura). [Sidenote: BIRCE, BIRKE (Teut.), BERK, (Lat.) BETULA, BEORC (A.S.),] the birch-tree; _e.g._ Birkenhead (the head of the birches); Birchholt (birch wood); Berkeley (birch field); Birchington, Birkhoff (the birch-tree dwelling and court); Birkhampstead (the home place among the birches); Oberbirchen (the upper birches); but Berkshire is not from this root; it was called by the Anglo-Saxons _Berroc-shyre_, supposed to be named from the abundance of _berroc_ (boxwood), or the _bare-oak-shire_, from a certain polled oak in Windsor Forest, where the Britons were wont to hold their provincial meetings. [Sidenote: BLAEN (Cym.-Cel.),] the source of a stream; _e.g._ Blaene-Avon, Blaen-Ayron, Blaen-Hounddu (river sources in Wales); Blaen-porth (the head of the harbour); Blaen-nant (of the brook); Blaen-Bylan, abbreviated from Blaen-pwll-glan (the top of pool bank); Blaen-Sillt, at the top of a small stream, the Sillt, in Wales; Blaen-afon (of the river). [Sidenote: BLAIR, BLAR (Gadhelic),] a plain, originally a battle-field; _e.g._ Blair-Athole, Blair-Logie, Blair-Gowrie (the battle-field in these districts); Blairmore (the great); Blaircreen (the little plain); Blairdaff (the plain of the oxen, _daimh_); Blair-burn (of the stream); Blair-craig (of the rock); Blair-linne (of the pool); Blair-beth (of birches); Blair-ingone (the field of spears), in Perthshire; Blair-glass (gray plain); Blarney (little field), in Ireland; Blair-Drummond, Blair-Adam, modern places named after persons. [Sidenote: BLANC (Fr.), BLANCO (Span.), BIANCO (It.), BRANCO (Port.), BLANC (A.S.), BLANK (Ger.),] white; _e.g._ Mont-Blanc, Cape-blanco, Sierra-blanca (white mountain-ridge); Castella-bianca (white castle); Villa-bianca (white town); Blankenburg (white town); Blankenham (white dwelling); Blankenhavn, Blankenloch, Blankenrath, Blankenese (white haven, place, wood-clearing, cape), in Germany; Bianchi-mandri (white sheep-folds), in Sicily; Branco (the white stream), in Brazil; Los-Brancos (the white mountains); Cata-branca (the white cove); Casa-branca (the white house), in Brazil. [Sidenote: BLISKO (Sclav.),] near; _e.g._ Bliesdorf, Bliesendorf, Blieskendorf (near village); Bliskau (near meadow). [Sidenote: BLOTO, BLATT (Sclav.),] a marsh; _e.g._ Blotto, Blottnitz (marshy land); Wirchen-blatt (high marsh); Sa-blatt, Sablater, Zablatt (behind the marsh); Na-blatt (near the marsh). In some cases the _b_ in this word is changed into _p_, as in Plotsk and Plattkow (the marshy place); Plattensee or Balaton (the lake in the marshy land). [Sidenote: BOCA (Span., Port., and It.),] a mouth--in topography, the narrow entrance of a river or bay; _e.g._ Boca-grande, Boca-chica (great and little channel), in South America; La Bochetta (the little opening), a mountain pass in the Apennines; Desemboque (the river mouth), in Brazil. [Sidenote: BOD (Cym.-Cel.),] a dwelling; _e.g._ Bodmin, in Cornwall, corrupt. from _Bodminian_ (the dwelling of monks); Bodffaris (the site of Varis), the old Roman station on the road to Chester; Hafod, the name of several places in Wales, corrupt. from Hafbod (a summer residence); Bosher or Bosherston, corrupt. from _Bod_ and _hir_, long (the long ridge abode), in Wales. [Sidenote: BODDEN (Teut.), BOD (Scand.),] a bay, the ocean swell; _e.g._ Bodden (an arm of the sea which divides the island of Rugen from Pomerania); Bodden-ness (the headland of the bay), on the east coast of Scotland. [Sidenote: BODEN (Ger.),] the ground, soil--in topography, a meadow; _e.g._ Gras-boden (grassy meadow); Dunkel-boden (dark meadow). It may sometimes, however, be used instead of _bant_ or _paint_--_v._ p. 18; and in Bodenburg, in Brunswick, it is a corrupt. of _Ponteburg_ (bridge town); and Bodenheim is from a personal name, like Bodensee--_v._ SEE. [Sidenote: BOGEN (Ger.),] a bend or bow--in topography, applied to the bend of a river; _e.g._ Bogen, anc. _Bogana_ (the bending river); Bogen, a town of Bavaria, on a bend of the Danube; Ellbogen or Ellenbogen, Lat. _Cubitus_ (the town on the elbow or river bend), in Bohemia; Bogenhausen (the houses on the river bend); Langen-bogen (the long bend); Entli-buch (the bend on the R. Entle), in Switzerland. [Sidenote: BOLD, BATTLE, or BOTTLE, BÜTTEL, BLOD (Teut.), BOL, or BO (Scand.),] a dwelling; _e.g._ Newbattle, Newbottle, Newbold (new dwelling), as distinguished from Elbottle (old dwelling); Morebattle (the dwelling on the marshy plain); Bolton, in Lancashire, A.S. _Botl_; Buittle, in Kirkcudbright; Newbald, Yorkshire; Harbottle (the dwelling of the army, _here_), a place in Northumberland where, in former times, soldiers were quartered; Erribold (the dwelling on the tongue of land, _eir_); Maybole, in Ayrshire, anc. _Minnibole_ (the dwelling on the mossy place, Cym.-Cel., _myswn_); Exnabul, in Shetland (a place for keeping cattle); _yxn_, Scand. (a bull or cow); Walfenbuttel (the dwelling of Ulpha); Brunsbottle (of Bruno); Ritzbüttel (of Richard); Griesenbottel (sandy dwelling); Rescbüttel (the dwelling among rushes). [Sidenote: BONUS (Lat.), BUEN (Span.), BOA, BOM (Port.),] good; _e.g._ Bonavista, Boavista (good view); Buenos-Ayres (good breezes), in South America; Buenaventura (good luck), in California. [Sidenote: BOOM (Sansc.),] _Bhuma_ (land, country); _e.g._ Birboom (the land of heroes); Arya-Bhuma (the noble land), the Sanscrit name for Hindostan. [Sidenote: BOR (Sclav.),] wood; _e.g._ Bohra, Bohrau, Borowa, Borow (woody place); Borovsk (the town in the wood); Sabor and Zaborowa (behind the wood); Borzna (the woody district); the Borysthenes, now the R. Dnieper (the woody wall), from _stena_ (a wall or rampart), the banks of the river having been covered with wood; Ratibor (the wood of the Sclavonic god Razi). [Sidenote: BRACHE (Teut.), BRAK (Scand.),] land broken up for tillage, Old Ger. _pracha_ (to plough); _e.g._ Brabant, anc. _Bracbant_ (the ploughed district); Brachstadt, Brachfeld, Brachrade (the ploughed place, field, clearing); Brakel (the ploughed land), in Holland; Hohenbrack (high ploughed land). [Sidenote: BRAND (Ger.),] a place cleared of wood by burning; _e.g._ Eber-brand and Ober-brand (the upper clearing); Newen-brand and Alten-brand (the old and new clearing); Brandenburg (the burned city), so called, according to Buttman, by the Germans; by the Wends corrupted into _Brennabor_, and in their own language named _Schorelitz_ (the destroyed city), because, in their mutual wars, it had been destroyed by fire. _Bran_ and _Brant_, in English names, are probably memorials of the original proprietors of the places, as in Brandon, Cumbran, Brandeston; Brantingham (the home of the children of Brand)--_v_. ING, INGEN. [Sidenote: BRASA (Sclav.), BERESA,] the birch-tree; _e.g._ Briesnitz, Beresoff, Beresek, Beresenskoi, Beresovoi (places where birches abound); Gross-Briesen (great birch-tree town); Bresinchen (little Briesen), a colony from it; Birsa and Beresina (the birch-tree river); Birsk, a town on the R. Birsa; Brzesce-Litewski (the house of mercy at the birches); the letter _b_ in this word is often changed into _p_ by the Germans, as in Presinitz for _Brezenice_ (birch-tree village), in Bohemia; also Priebus, with the same meaning, in Silesia; Priegnitz, _i.e._ the town of the Brizanen (dwellers among birches); Briezen (the place of birches), in Moravia, is Germanised into Friedeck (woody corner); Bryezany (abounding in birches), in Galicia. [Sidenote: BRAY (Cel.),] damp ground, a marshy place; _e.g._ Bray, in Normandy; Bray sur Somme and Bray sur Seine, situated on these rivers; Bray-Maresch, near Cambray; Bré Côtes-de-Nord; Bray-la-Campagne (calvados, etc.) [Sidenote: BREIT (Ger.), BRAD (A.S.), BRED (Scand.),] broad; _brede_, Dutch (a plain); _e.g._ Breitenbach and Bredenbeke (broad brook); Breda (the flat meadowland), in Holland; Breitenbrunn (broad well); Breitenstein, Breitenburg (broad fortress); Bradford, in Yorkshire, and Bredevoort, in Holland (broad ford); Bredy (the broad water), in Dorset; Brading, in Isle of Wight, and Bradley (broad meadow); Bradshaw (broad thicket); Broadstairs, corrupt. from its ancient name _Bradstow_ (broad place). [Sidenote: BRIA (Thracian),] a town; _e.g._ Selymbria, Mesymbria. [Sidenote: BRIGA (Cel.), BRIVA,] a general name among the Celts for a town--so called, apparently, from the Celtic words _braigh_, _brugh_, _brig_ (a heap, pile, or elevation), because the nucleus of towns, among uncivilised tribes in early times, were merely fortified places erected on heights; cognate with the Teut. and Scand. _burg_, _byrig_, the Sclav. _brieg_ (an embankment or ridge), and the Scottish _brae_ (a rising ground). Hence the name of the _Brigantes_ (dwellers on hills); the word _Brigand_ (literally, a mountaineer); Briançon, anc. _Brigantium_ (the town on the height); Brieg, a town in Silesia; Braga and Bragança, fortified cities in Portugal; Talavera, in Spain, anc. _Tala-briga_, the town on the _tala_, Span. (a wood clearing); Bregenz, anc. _Brigantium_, in the Tyrol; Breisach Alt and Neuf (the old and new town on the declivity), in the duchy of Baden--the old fortress was situated on an isolated basalt hill; Brixen (the town among the hills), in the Tyrol. In Scotland there are Braemar (the hilly district of Mar); Braidalbane (the hill country of _Albainn_, _i.e._ Scotland); Braeriach (the gray mountain, _riabhach_); the Brerachin, a river and district in Perthshire; Brugh and Bruighean, in Ireland, signifying originally a hill, was subsequently applied to a palace or a distinguished residence. The term, as applied to the old residences, presupposed the existence of a fortified brugh or rath, several of which still remain. The word has suffered many corruptions: thus Bruree, in Limerick, is from _Brugh-righ_ (the king’s fort); and _Bruighean_ (little fort) has been transformed into Bruff, Bruis, Bruce, or Bryan. The word _briva_, on the other hand, was generally applied to towns situated on rivers--as in Amiens, anc. _Samarabrina_, on the R. Somme--and was gradually used as synonymous with _pons_ (bridge), as in Pontoise, anc. _Briva-Isara_ (the bridge on the Ouse); Briare, anc. _Brivodurum_ (the bridge over the water); Brionde, anc. _Brives_. [Sidenote: BRINK (Ger.),] a grassy ridge; _e.g._ Osterbrink (east ridge); Mittelbrink (middle ridge); Zandbrink (sand ridge); Brinkhorst (the ridge of the thicket). [Sidenote: BRO (Cym.-Cel.),] a district; _e.g._ Broburg (the fort of the district), in Warwickshire; Pembroke (the head, _pen_, of the district, it being the land’s end of Wales). [Sidenote: BROC (A.S.),] a rushing stream; _e.g._ Cranbrook (the stream of the cranes); Wallbrook (probably the stream at the wall); Wambrook (Woden’s stream). [Sidenote: BROC (A.S.), BROX,] the badger; _e.g._ Brox-bourne and Broxburn, Brogden, Brokenhurst, Brockley, Broxholme (the stream, hollow, thicket, meadow, and hill of the badger). [Sidenote: BROD (Sclav.),] a ford; _e.g._ Brod and Brody (at the ford), the name of several towns in Moravia, Bohemia, Hungary, and Turkey; Brod-sack (ford dwelling); Brod-Ungarisch (the Hungarian ford), on the Olsawa; Brod-Deutsch (the German ford), on the Sasawa; Brod-Bohmisch (the Bohemian ford), on the Zembera; Krasnabrod (beautiful ford); Eisenbrod (the ford of the Iser); Brodkowitz (ford station). [Sidenote: BROEK, BRUOCH (Teut.),] a marsh; _e.g._ Broek, a town in Holland; Bogen-brok (the bending marsh); Breiden-bruch (the broad marsh); Aalten-broek (the old marsh); Eichen-bruch (the oak marsh); Broekem and Broickhausen (marsh dwelling); Bruchmühle (the mill on the marsh); Brussels or Bruxelles, anc. _Bruoch-sella_ (the seat or site on the marsh); Oberbruch and Niederbruch (upper and lower marsh). [Sidenote: BROG (Sclav.), BROW,] a dam; _e.g._ Biesenbrow and Priebrow, from _Pschibrog_ (elder-tree dam), by the Germans called _Furstenberg_, on the Oder; Colberg, Sclav. _Kola-brog_ (around the dam). [Sidenote: BRON (Welsh),] the slope or side of a hill; _e.g._ Brongest (the slope of the _cest_ or deep glen); Bronwydd (the slope covered with trees); _Wydd_, in Wales. [Sidenote: BRÜCKE (Ger.), BRIGGE (A.S.), BRO, BRU (Scand.),] a bridge; _e.g._ Brugg-Furstenfeld (the bridge at the prince’s field); Brugg-an-der-Leitha (the bridge across the Leitha); Brugg-kloster (the bridge at the monastery); Langenbrück, Langenbrücken (long bridge); Bruges, in Belgium (a city with many bridges); Saarbrook (on the R. Saar); Osnaburg, in Hanover, anc. _Osnabrücke_ or _Asenbrücke_ (the bridge on the R. Ase); Voklabrück (on the R. Vökle); Bruchsal, in Baden (the bridge on the Salzbach); Zweibrücken or Deux-ponts (the two bridges); Zerbruggen (at the bridge). In England: Bridgenorth, anc. _Brugge-Morfe_ (the bridge at the wood called Morfe, on the opposite bank of the Severn); Brixham, Brixworth, and Brigham (bridge town); Brixton, A.S. _Brixges-stan_ (the bridge stone); Cambridge, Cel. _Caer-Grant_ (the fort and bridge on the R. Granta, now the Cam); Tunbridge (over the R. Tun or Ton), a branch of the Medway; Colebrook, in Bucks (the bridge over the R. Cole); Oxbridge (the bridge over the water, _uisge_); Staley-bridge (at a bridge over the R. Tame), named after the Staveleigh, a family who resided there; Bridgewater, corrupt. from _Burgh-Walter_ (the town of Walter Douay, its founder); Bridgend and Brigham, villages in different parts of Scotland; Brora (bridge river), in Sutherlandshire, named when bridges were rarities; Trowbridge, however, did not get its name from this root, but is a corrupt. of its ancient name, _Trutha-burh_ (the loyal town). [Sidenote: BRÜEL (Teut.), BRÜHL,] a marshy place, overgrown with brushwood, cognate with the French _breuil_ and _bruyère_ (a thicket), the Welsh _pryskle_, and the Breton _brügek_; _e.g._ Bruel, Bruhl, and Priel, in Germany; Bruyères, Broglie, and Brouilly (the thicket), in France; also Breuil, Bruel, Breuillet, Le Brulet, etc., with the same meaning, or sometimes a park. St. Denis du Behellan, in Eure, was formerly _Bruellant_, _i.e._ the _breuil_ or park of Herland. [Sidenote: BRUNN, BRUNNEN (Ger.), BRONGA (Scand.),] a well, especially a mineral well; _e.g._ Heilbroun (holy well); Frau-brunnen, Lat. _Fons-beatæ-Virginis_ (the well of Our Lady); Brunn-am-Gebirge (the well at the hill-ridge); Haupt-brun (well-head); Lauter-brunnen (clear well); Salz-brunn, Warm-brunn, Schoen-brunn, Kaltenbrunn (the salt, hot, beautiful, cold, mineral wells); Baldersbrunnen, Baldersbrond (the well of the Teutonic god Balder); Cobern, corrupt. from _Cobrunnen_ (the cow’s well); Paderborn (the well or source of the R. Pader), in Germany. In the north of France, and in the departments bordering on Germany, we find traces of this German word; _e.g._ Mittel-broun (middle well); Walsch-broun (foreign well); Belle-brune (beautiful well); Stein-brunn (stony well), etc. [Sidenote: BRYN (Cym.-Cel.),] a hill-ridge; _bron_ (a round hill); _e.g._ Brincroes, Brin-eglwys, Bron-llys (the cross, church, palace, on the hill); Bryn-gwynn (fair hill); Brynn-uchil (high hill); Bron-Fraidd (St. Bridget’s hill); Brown-Willy, in Cornwall, corrupt. from _Bryn-huel_ (the tin mine ridge); Brindon-hill, in Somerset (merely the hill), with synonymous word _dun_ added to _Bryn_; and Brandon, in Suffolk, with the same meaning; Bryn-mawr (the great hill), in Wales; Bron-gwyn (white hill); Bryn-y-cloddian (the hill of fences, _clawd_), so called from its strong fortifications; Bryn-Barlwm (the bare-topped mountain); Bryn-Gwyddon (the hill of Gwyddon, a mythological philosopher); Bryn-kinallt (a mountain without trees); Bryn-berian (the kite’s hill, _beri_, a kite); Bryn-bo, with the same meaning, _boda_ in Wales; Bryn-chwarew (the hill of sports); here the ancient inhabitants of Wales used to meet to play different games in competition; Brienne-la-château (the castle on the hill), in France; Brientz, in Switzerland, on the Brienz See (a lake surrounded by hills); Brendenkopf (hill-head), and the Brennen Alps, the culminating points in the mountains of Tyrol. [Sidenote: BUCHE (Ger.), BOC (A.S.), BOG (Scand.), BUK (Sclav.),] the beech-tree; _e.g._ Buch-au, Buch-berg, Buch-egg (the meadow, hill, corner of the beeches); Buchholtz and Bochholt (beech-wood); Bockum, Bucheim (beech-dwelling); Butchowitz (the place of beeches), in Moravia; Bochnia and Buchowina (with the same meaning), in Poland; Bickleigh (beech-meadow). But Bocking in Essex, and the county of Buckingham, as well as Bouquinheim in Artois, and Bochingen in Wurtemberg, were named from the Bocingas (a tribe), probably the dwellers among beeches. [Sidenote: BUDA, BUS (Sclav.), BWTH, BOTH (Gadhelic), BOD (Cym.-Cel.), BUDE (Ger.), BOTHY (Scotch), BOT (Brez.),] a hut or dwelling; _e.g._ Budin, Budzin, Bautzen, or Budissen (the huts); Budweis (the district of hut villages), in Bohemia; Budzow, Botzen (the place of huts); Briebus (birch-tree dwelling); Trebus and Triebus (the three dwellings); Putbus (under the hut); Dobberbus (good dwelling, _dobry_, good); but Buda, in Hungary, took its name from Buda, the brother of Attila, as well as Bud-var and Bud-falva (Buda’s fort and village). The island of Bute, in the Firth of Clyde, is said to have derived its name from the _bwth_ or cell of St. Brandon, but its earlier name was Rothsay, from a descendant of Simon Brek (_i.e._ Rother’s Isle), while its Gaelic name is _Baile-Mhoide_ (the dwelling of the court of justice); Bothwell, anc. _Both-uill_ (the dwelling on the angle of the R. Clyde). In Ireland we meet with Shanboe, Shanbogh (the old hut, _sean_); Raphae, in Donegal, is _Rath-both_ (the fort of the huts); Bodoney, in Tyrone, is _Both-domhnaigh_ (the tent of the church); Knockboha (the hill of the hut); Bodmin, in Cornwall, anc. _Bodmanna_, p. 27 (the abode of monks, the site of an ancient priory); Merfod, corrupt. from _Meudwy-bod_ (the dwelling of a hermit); Bodysgallen (the abode of the thistle, _ysgallen_); and Bod-Ederyryn (Edryn’s dwelling). In Lancashire the word takes the form of _booth_, as in Barrowford booth and Oakenhead booth, etc. [Sidenote: BÜHIL, BÜCKEL (Ger.),] a hill; _e.g._ Dombühil (the dwelling on the hill); Grünbühill (green hill); Eichenbühil (oak hill); Birchenbühil (birch hill); Holzbühil (wood hill); Dinkelsbühil (wheat hill); Kleinbühil (little hill). [Sidenote: BÜHNE, BÖHEN (Ger.),] a scaffold, sometimes in topography a hill; _e.g._ Hartböhen (wood hill); Bündorf (hill village); Osterbeuna (east hill). [Sidenote: BUN (Gadhelic),] the foot, in topography applied to the mouth of a river; e.g. Bunduff (at the mouth of the dark river, _dubh_); Bunderan and Bunratty, the mouth of the R. Dowran and Ratty; Bunowen (at the mouth of the water). The town of Banff is a corrupt. of _Bunaimh_ (the mouth of the river); Bunawe (at the opening of Loch Awe); Buness (of the cascade, _cas_). [Sidenote: BURG, BURGH (Teut.), BOROUGH, BURY, BORG (Scand.), BOURG (Fr.), BORGO (It. and Span.),] a town or city, literally an enclosed and fortified dwelling, from _bergen_, Teut. to cover or protect. As these fortified places were often erected on heights for security, as well as to enable their inmates to observe the approaches of an enemy, the word _berg_ (a hill) was frequently used synonymously with _burg_, as in the name of Königsberg and other towns--_v._ BERG. Burgh and borough are the Anglican forms of the word in England and Scotland, while _bury_ is distinctively the Saxon form; _e.g._ Sudbury (south town), as also Sidbury in Salop, but Sidbury in Devon takes its name from the R. Sid. Tewkesbury, from Theoc (a certain hermit); Glastonbury, anc. _Glastonia_ (a district abounding in woad, _glastum_); Shaftsbury (the town on the shaft-like hill); Shrewsbury, anc. _Shrobbesbyrig_ (the fortress among shrubs), being the Saxon rendering of the native name _Pengwerne_ (the hill of the alder grove), which the Normans corrupted into Sloppesbury, hence _Salop_; Tenbury, on the R. Teme; Canterbury, _i.e._ _Cant-wara-byrig_ (the town of the dwellers on the headland), _Cantium_ or Kent; Wansborough, in Herts; Wanborough, in Surrey and Wilts; Woodensborough, in Kent; Wednesbury, Stafford; Wembury, Devon (the town of the Saxon god Woden); Aldeborough, on the R. Alde; Marlborough, anc. _Merlberga_, situated at the foot of a hill of white stones, which our forefathers called _marl_, now _chalk_; Richborough, anc. _Ru-tupium_ (rock town); Aylesbury, perhaps church town, _ecclesia_, or from a person’s name; Badbury (the city of pledges, _bad_), in Dorset; the Saxon kings, it is said, kept their hostages at this place; Malmesbury, the town of Maidulf, a hermit; Maryborough, named for Queen Mary. Burg or burgh, in the names of towns, is often affixed to the name of the river on which it stands in Britain, as well as on the Continent; _e.g._ Lauterburg, Lutterburg, Schwartzburg, Salzburg, Saalburg, Gottenburg, Rotenburg, and Jedburgh (on the rivers Lauter, Lutter, Schwarza, Salza, Saale, Gotha, Rothbach, and Jed). Still more frequently, the prefix is the name of the founder of the town, or of a saint to whom its church was dedicated; _e.g._ Edinburgh (Edwin’s town); Lauenburg, after Henry the Lion; Fraserburgh, in Aberdeenshire, founded by Sir Alexander Fraser of Philorth in 1570; Peterborough, from an abbey dedicated to St. Peter; Petersburgh, named by its founder, Peter the Great; Tasborough, Norfolk, on the R. Thais; Banbury, anc. _Berinburig_ (Bera’s town); Queenborough, in the Isle of Sheppey, named by Edward III. in honour of his queen; Helensburgh, in Dumbartonshire, after the lady of Sir James Colquhoun; Pittsburg, U.S., after Mr. Pitt; Harrisburg, U.S., after the first settler in 1733; Sumburgh, in Shetland, and Svendborg, Sweden (Sweyn’s fortress); Oranienburg, in Brandenburg (the fortress of the Orange family); Bury St. Edmund’s (in memory of Edmund the Martyr); Rabensburg (the fort of Hrafn, a Dane); Marienburg (the town of the Virgin), founded by the Grand Master of the Teutonic order in 1274; Rothenburg, in Prussia, Sclav. _Rostarzewo_ (the town of the Sclav. god Razi); Duisburg, corrupt. from _Tuiscoburgum_ (the town of the Teut. god Tuesco); Flensburg, in Sleswick, founded by the knight of Flenes; Cherbourg, supposed to be Cæsar’s town; Augsburg (the town of the Emperor Augustus); Salisbury, anc. _Searesbyrgg_ (the town of Sarum, a chief); Bamborough (the town of Bebba, the Queen of Ida, of Northumberland); Carrisbrook, corrupt. from _Gwïhtgarabyrig_ (the fortress of the men of Wight); Amherstburg, in Canada, named in 1780 after Lord Amherst; Loughborough, anc. _Leirburg_ (the town on the R. Leir, now the Soar); Hapsburg or Habichtsburg (hawk’s fortress); Schässburg, Hung. _Segevar_ (treasure fort); Luneburg, in Hanover (the fort of the Linones, a tribe); Aalburg (Eel-town) on the Lyme-fiord. There are several towns in Germany named simply Burg (the fortress), also Burgos in Spain, and Burgo in Italy. As a derivative from this Teut. root, there is the Irish form of the word, introduced by the Anglo-Normans--_buirghes_, Anglicised _borris_ and _burris_, as in Borris in Ossory, Burriscarra, Burrishoole (_i.e._ the forts erected in the territories of Ossory, Carra, and Umhal); Borrisokane (O’Keane’s fortress). [Sidenote: BURNE (A.S.), BURNE (Gadhelic),] a small stream; _e.g._ Milburn (mill stream); Lambourne (muddy stream, _lam_); Radbourne and Redbourne (reedy stream); Sherbourne (clear stream, or the dividing stream); Cranbourne, Otterbourne (the stream frequented by cranes and otters); Libourne, in France (the lip or edge of the stream); Bourne, in Lancashire (on a stream); Burnham (the dwelling on a stream), in Essex; Melburne, in Yorkshire, in Doomsday _Middelburn_ (middle stream); Auburn, formerly a village in Yorkshire, called Eleburn or Eelburn; Bannockburn (the stream of the white knoll); Sittingbourne, in Kent (the settlement on the stream); Eastbourne, contracted from its former name Easbourne (probably the stream of the water or the cascade, _cas_); Ticheburne (the kid’s stream, _ticcen_, A.S. a kid). [Sidenote: BUSCH, BOSCH (Ger.), BOSC (A.S.), Low Lat. _Boscus_, BUISSON (Fr.), BOIS, BOSCO, BOSQUE (Span. and Port.), BOD or BAD (Celtic),] a bushy place or grove; _e.g._ Boscabel (the beautiful grove); Bushey (a par. Co. Hertford); Buscot (the hut in the grove); Badenoch (a place overgrown with bushes), in Inverness; Breitenbusch (the broad grove); Hesel-boschen (hazel grove); Eichbusch (oak grove); Ooden-bosch (old grove), in Holland; Auberbosc (Albert’s grove), in France; Stellenbosch, in S. Africa, founded in 1670 by Van der Stelle, the governor of the Dutch colony; Biesbosch (the reedy thicket), in Holland; Aubusson (at the grove), France. Boissac, Boissay, Boissière, Boissey, etc., in France, from the same root; Bois-le-Duc (the duke’s wood); Briquebosq (birch-wood), in Normandy. [Sidenote: BWLCH (Welsh),] a pass or defile; _e.g._ Dwygyflch (_i.e._ the joint passes), in Wales; Bwlch-newydd (the new pass); Bwlch-y-groes (of the cross). [Sidenote: BYSTRI (Sclav.),] swift; _e.g._ Bistritza, Bistrica, Weistritz (the swift stream); Bistritz (the town on this river), called by the Germans Neusohl (new station). [Sidenote: BY, BIE, BIGGEN-BO, BŒUF (Fr.),] (Scand.), a dwelling, a town--from _biga_ (Norse), to build. This word occurs frequently in town names in the N.E. of England and in some parts of Scotland formerly possessed by the Danes or Normans; _e.g._ Derby, _i.e._ _Dearaby_ (deer town), formerly called _North Worthige_ (the northern enclosure); its Celtic name was _Durgwent_ (the white water), from its river; Whitby (white town), A.S. _Streones-heal_ (treasure-hall, _streone_); Selby (holy town); Danby (Dane’s dwelling); Rugby, anc. _Rochberie_ (the dwelling on the rock, in reference to its castle); Appleby (the town of apple-trees); Sonderby (southern town); Ormsby, Lockerby, Thursby, Grimsby, Lewersby (the dwellings of Ormv, Loki, Ulf, Grimm, Leward); Risby (beech-tree dwelling); Canisby, in Caithness, and Canoby or Cannonbie, Dumfries (the dwelling of the canon), or perhaps Canisby is Canute’s dwelling; Haconby (of Haco); Harrowby, in Doomsday, is _Herigerby_ (the town of the legion), A.S. _herige_; Kirby, Moorby, Ashby (church town, moor town, ash-tree town); Ashby-de-la-Zouch was simply _Ascebi_ or Esseby, perhaps the town of the _Asci_, a tribe. It received the addition to its name from the family of the Zouches, its proprietors. In France: Daubœuf, for Dalby (vale dwelling); Elbœuf (old dwelling); Quittebœuf (white dwelling); Quillebœuf (welltown); Lindebœuf (lime-tree town); Karlby-gamba and Karlby-ny (old and new Charles’ town), in Finland; Criquebœuf (crooked town). C [Sidenote: CAE, KAE (Cym.-Cel.),] an enclosure; _e.g._ Ca-wood (wood-enclosure); Cayton (wood town or hill). This root is frequently used in Welsh names. [Sidenote: CAELC, or CEALC (A.S.),] chalk or lime--cognate with the Lat. _calx_, Cel. _cailc_, _sialc_; _e.g._ Challock, Chaldon, Chalfield (chalk place, hill, and field); Chalgrove (the chalk entrenchment, _grab_); the Chiltern Hills (the hills in the chalky district, _ern_); Chockier, corrupt. from _Calchariæ_ (the lime kilns), in Belgium; Kelso, anc. _Calchou_ (the chalk _heugh_ or height), so called from a calcareous cliff at the confluence of the Tweed and Teviot, now broken down. [Sidenote: CAER, CADAER (Welsh), CATHAIR, CAHER (Gadhelic), KAER, KER (Breton),] an enclosed fortification, a castle, a town, and in Ireland a circular stone fort; _e.g._ Caer-leon, anc. _Isca-legionem_ (the fort of the legion), on the R. Usk;[3] Caerwent, in Monmouth, anc. _Venta-silurum_ (the fortress in the province of Gwent); Caerwys (of the assizes, _gwys_, a summons); Caermarthen, anc. _Maridunum_ (the fort on the sea-shore); Caernarvon, Welsh _Caer-yn-ar-Fon_ (the fortress opposite to Mona); Cardigan (the fortress of Caredig, a chieftain)--Cardigan is called by the Welsh Aberteifi (the mouth of the R. Teify); Cardiff, on the R. Taff; Carriden, anc. _Caer-aiden_ or _eden_ (the fort on the wing), in Linlithgow; Caerphilly (the fort of the trench, _vallum_), corrupt. into philly; Cader-Idris (the seat of Idris, an astronomer); Caer-gyffin (the border fortress); Grongar, corrupt. from _Caer-gron_ (the circular fortress); Caer-_hen_ or _hun_, corrupt. from _Caer-Rhun_, named from a Welsh prince; Carlisle, anc. _Caergwawl_ (the fort at the trench); its Latin name was _Luguvallum_ (the trench of the legion). It was destroyed by the Danes in 675, and rebuilt by William II. In Mid-Lothian, Cramond, _i.e._ _Caer-Almond_, on the R. Almond; Cathcart, on the R. Cart, Renfrew; Crail, anc. _Carraile_ (the fort on the corner, _aile_), in the S.E. angle of Fife; Caerlaverock (the fort of Lewarch Ogg), founded in the sixth century; Sanquhar, _i.e._ _Sean-cathair_ (old fort); Carmunnock or _Carmannoc_ (the fort of the monks); Kirkintilloch, corrupt. from _Caer-pen-tulach_ (the fort at the head of the hill); Cardross (the promontory fort); Kier, in Scotland, for _Caer_ or _Cathair_; Carew (the fortresses), a castle in Wales; Carhaix, in Brittany, _i.e._ _Ker-Aes_ (the fortress on the R. Aes--now the Hières). In Ireland: Caher (the fortress); Cahereen (little fortress); Cahergal (white fort); Cahersiveen, _i.e._ _Cathair-saidbhin_ (Sabina’s fort); Carlingford, Irish _Caer-linn_, _fiord_ being added by the Danes; its full name is, therefore, the ford of Caer-linn. It was also called _Suamh-ech_ (the swimming ford of the horses); Derry-na-Caheragh (the oak grove of the fort); Caer-gwrle (the fortress of the great legion), _i.e._ _Caer-gawr-lleon_, with reference to the twentieth Roman legion stationed at Chester, or _Caer-gwr-le_ (the boundary-place in Flintshire). [Sidenote: CALA (Span.),] a creek or bay--probably derived from _Scala_ (It.), a seaport, Cel. _cala_ (a harbour), and cognate with the Teut. _kille_; _e.g._ Callao, in S. America; _Cale_, the ancient name of Oporto, and probably _Calais_; Scala (a seaport), in Italy; Scala-nova (new port), in Turkey; Kiel, in Sleswick, so called from its fine bay. [Sidenote: CALO (A.S.), KAHL (Ger.), KAEL (Dut.),] bald or bare--synonymous with the Lat. _calvus_ and the Fr. _chauve_; _e.g._ Caumont and Chaumont (bald hill), in France; Kahlenberg, anc. _Mons Calvus_ (bald hill), belonging to a branch of the Alps called Kahlen Gebirge. [Sidenote: CAM (Gadhelic), CAM (Cym.-Cel.), CAMBUS,] a creek, crooked; _e.g._ Rivers Cam, Camon, Camil, Cambad, Camlin, Cambeck (crooked stream); Kembach, a parish in Fife, so called from the R. Kem or Kame; Cambusmore (the great creek in Sutherland); Cambuscarrig, in Ross, near which a Danish prince (Careg) was buried; Cambuskenneth (the creek of Kenneth, one of the kings of Scotland); Camelon (on the bend of the water), near Falkirk; Cambuslang (the church or enclosure, _lann_, on the bending water), in Lanark; Cambus, in Clackmannan; Cambusnethan (on the bend of the R. Nethan); Campsie, anc. _Kamsi_ (the curved water); but Camus, a town in Forfarshire, is not from this root, but in memory of a Danish general who was slain in battle near the place; Camlyn (the crooked pool), in Anglesea; Cambray or Cambrai, in France, anc. _Camaracum_ (on a bend of the Scheldt); Chambery, in Savoy, anc. _Camberiacum_, with the same meaning; Morecambe Bay (the bend of the sea). [Sidenote: CAMPUS (Lat.), CAMPO (It., Span., and Port.), CHAMP (Fr.), KAMPF (Ger.),] a field or plain; _e.g._ Campania, Campagna, Champagne (the plain or level land); Féchamp, Lat. _Campus-fiscii_ (the field of tribute); Chamouni, Lat. _Campus-munitus_ (the fortified field); Kempen (at the field); Kempten, Lat. _Campodunum_ (the field of the fortress); Campvere (the ferry leading to Campen), in Holland; Campo-bello, Campo-chiaro, Campo-hermoso (beautiful or fair field); Campo-felici (happy or fortunate field); Campo-frio (cold field); Campo-freddo (cold field); Campo-largo (broad field); Campillo (little field); the Campos (vast plains), in Brazil; Capua, supposed to be synonymous with Campus. [Sidenote: CANNA (Lat. and Grk.),] a reed; _e.g._ Cannæ, in Italy; Cannes, in the south of France; Canneto and Canosa (the reedy place), in Italy. [Sidenote: CAOL (Gadhelic), CAEL,] a sound or strait; _e.g._ Caol-Isla, Caol-Muileach (the Straits of Isla and Mull); the Kyles or _Straits_ of Bute; Eddarachylis (between the straits), in Sutherlandshire. As an adjective, this word means narrow; _e.g._ Glenkeel (narrow glen); Darykeel (narrow oak grove). [Sidenote: CAPEL (Cel.), KAPELLE (Ger.),] a chapel, derived from the Low Lat. _capella_; _e.g._ How-capel (the chapel in the hollow), in Hereford; Capel-Ddewi (St. David’s chapel); Capel St. Mary and Maria-Kappel (St. Mary’s chapel); Capel-Garmon (St. Germano’s chapel); Chapelle-au-bois (the chapel in the wood); Capelle-op-den-Yssel (the chapel on the R. Yessel), in Holland; Kreuzcappel (the chapel with the cross). [Sidenote: CAPER (Lat.), CHÈVRE (Fr.), CAPRA, CABRA (Span., Port., and It.), GABHAR, and GOBHAR (Gadhelic), GAFR, or GAVAR (Cym.-Cel.),] a goat; _e.g._ Capri, Caprera, Cabrera (goat island); Chèvreuse, anc. _Capriosa_ (the place of goats); Chevry, Chevrière, Chevreville, with the same meaning, in France; Gateshead, in Co. Durham, Lat. _Capræ-caput_, perhaps the Latin rendering of the Saxon word (the head of the _gat_ or passage)--the _Pons Ælius_ of the Romans; or, according to another meaning, from the custom of erecting the head of some animal on a post as a tribal emblem. In Ireland, Glengower (the glen of the goats), and Glengower, in Scotland; Ballynagore (goat’s town), in Ireland; Gowrie and Gower, in several counties of Scotland; Ardgower (goat’s height); Carnan-gour (the goat’s crag). [Sidenote: CAR (Cel.),] crooked or bending; _e.g._ the Rivers Carron, in several parts of Scotland; Charente and Charenton, in France; also the Cher, anc. _Carus_ (the winding river). [Sidenote: CARN, CAIRN (Gadhelic), CARN (Welsh), CARNEDD, a heap of stones, such as was erected by the ancient Britons over the graves of their great men; _e.g._ Carn-Ingli (the cairn of the English); Carn-Twrne (the cairn of the turnings). It was named from a stupendous monument which stood on three pillars, within a circuit of upright stones.] a heap of stones thrown together in a conical form, also a rocky mount; _e.g._ Carnac (abounding in cairns), in Brittany; Carnmore (great cairn); Carnock (the hill of the cairn); Carntoul, Gael. _Carn-t-sabhal_ (the cairn of the barn); Carntaggart (of the priest); Carnrigh (of the king); Cairndow, Cairnglass, Cairngorm (the black, the gray, the blue mountains); Cairnan and Cairnie (little cairn); Carnwath (the cairn at the ford); Carnoustie (the cairn of heroes); Carnbee (the birch cairn), in Scotland. In Ireland: Carntochar (the hill of the causeway); Carn-Tierno (Tigernach’s cairn); Carnbane (white cairn); Carnsore Point, in Irish being simply the _carn_ or monumental heap, _ore_ (a promontory) having been added by the Danes; Carnteel, Irish _Carn-t-Siadhal_ (Shiel’s monument). In Wales: Carn-Dafydd (David’s cairn); Carn-Llewelyn (Llewelyn’s cairn); Carnfach (little cairn), in Monmouth; Fettercairn, perhaps the deer’s cairn, Gael. _feidh_ (deers); Chirnside (the side or site of the cairn), on one of the Lammermuir Hills; Carnoch (abounding in cairns), a parish in Fife; Boharm, in Banffshire, anc. _Bocharin_ (the bow about the cairn). The countries of Carniola and Carinthia probably derived their names from this Celtic root. [Sidenote: CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), CRAG, or CARREG (Welsh), CARRAG (Cornish),] a rock. The words are usually applied to large natural rocks, more or less elevated. Carrick and Carrig are the names of numerous districts in Ireland, as well as Carrick in Ayrshire; Carrigafoyle (the rock of the hole, _phoill_), in the Shannon; Carrickaness (of the waterfall); Ballynacarrick (the town of the rocks); Carrigallen, Irish _Carraig-aluinn_ (the beautiful rock); Carrickanoran (the rock of the spring, _uaran_); Carrickfergus (Fergus’s rock), where one Fergus was drowned; Carrick-on-Suir (on the R. Suir); Carriga-howly, Irish _Carraig-an-chobhlaigh_ (the rock of the fleet); Carrickduff (black rock); Carrigeen and Cargan (little rock); Carragh (rocky ground); but Carrick-on-Shannon is not derived from this root--its ancient name was _Caradh-droma-ruise_ (the weir of the marsh ridge); Cerrig-y-Druidion (the rock of the Druids), in Wales. [Sidenote: CARSE,] a term applied in Scotland to low grounds on the banks of rivers; _e.g._ the Carse of Gowrie, Falkirk, Stirling, etc. [Sidenote: CASA (It. and _bas_ Lat.),] a house; _e.g._ Casa-Nova and Casa-Vecchia (new and old house), in Corsica; Casal, Les Casals, Chaise, Les Chaises (the house and the houses), in France; Chassepiare (corrupt. from _Casa-petrea_ (stone house), in Belgium. [Sidenote: CASTEL, CHATEAU, CASTELLO, CASTILLO, CASTELL (Cym.-Cel.),] words in the Romance languages derived from the Lat. _castellum_ (a castle). _Caiseal_, in the Irish language, either cognate with the Lat. word or derived from it, has the same meaning, and is commonly met with in that country under the form of _Cashel_; _e.g._ Cashel, in Tipperary; Cashelfean and Cashelnavean (the fort of the Fenians); _Caislean-n’h-Oghmaighe_, now Omagh (the castle of the beautiful field). It is often changed into the English castle, as in Ballycastle, in Mayo (the town of the fort); but Ballycastle, in Antrim, was named from a modern castle, not from a _caiseal_ or fort; Castle-Dargan (of Lough Dargan); Castlebar, Irish _Caislean-an-Bharraigh_ (the fort of the Barrys); Castle-Dillon, Castle-Dermot, and Castle-Kieran were renamed from castles erected near the hermitages of the monks whose names they bear. Castel, Lat. _Castellum_ (the capital of the Electorate of Hesse-Cassel); Castel Rodrigo (Roderick’s castle), in Portugal; Castel-Lamare (by the sea-shore); Castel-bianco (white castle); Castel del piano (of the plain); Castiglione (little castle), in Italy. In France: Castelnau (new castle); Castelnaudary, anc. _Castrum-novum-Arianiorum_ (the new castle of the Arians, _i.e._ the Goths); Chateaubriant, _i.e._ _Chateau-du-Bryn_ (the king’s castle); Chateau-Chinon (the castle decorated with dogs’ heads); Chateau-Gontier (Gontier’s castle); Chateaulin (the castle on the pool); Chateau-vilain (ugly castle); Chateau-roux, anc. _Castrum-Rodolphi_ (Rodolph’s castle); Chatelandrew (the castle of Andrew of Brittany); Chateaumeillant, anc. _Castrum-Mediolanum_ (the castle in the middle of the plain or land, _lann_); Neufchatel (new castle); Newcastle-upon-Tyne, named from a castle built by Robert, Duke of Normandy, on the site of Monkchester; Newcastle-under-Line, _i.e._ under the _lyme_ or boundary of the palatinate of Chester, having its origin in a fortress erected by Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, instead of the old fort of Chesterton; Castleton, in Man, is the translation of _Ballycashel_ (castle dwelling), founded by one of the kings of the island; Bewcastle (the castle of Buith, lord of Gilsland); Old and New Castile, in Spain, so named from the numerous fortresses erected by Alphonso I. as defences against the Moors. Cassel, in Prussia, and various places with this prefix in England and Scotland, owe the names to ancient castles around which the towns or villages arose, as Castletown of Braemar, Castle-Douglas, Castle-Rising, etc.; Castlecary, in Stirlingshire, supposed to be the _Coria Damnorum_ of Ptolemy, and the _Caer-cere_ of Nennius; Barnard Castle, built by Barnard, the grandfather of Baliol; Castell-Llechryd (the castle at the stone ford), on the banks of the R. Wye, in Wales; Cestyll-Cynfar (castles in the air). [Sidenote: CASTER, CHESTER, CEASTER (A.S.),] a fortress, city, town, from the Lat. _castrum_ (a fortified place), and _castra_ (a camp); _e.g._ Caistor, Castor, Chester (the site of a Roman fort or camp). The Welsh still called the city of Chester _Caerleon_, which means the city called _Legio_, often used as a proper name for a city where a Roman legion was stationed; Doncaster, Lancaster, Brancaster, Illchester, Leicester, Colchester (_i.e._ the camps on the Rivers Don, Lune, Bran, Ivel, Legre or Leir, Colne); Alcester, on the Alne; Chichester (the fortress of Cissa, the Saxon prince of the province); Cirencester, anc. _Corinium-ceaster_ (the camp on the R. Churn); Exeter, Cel. _Caer-Isc_ (the fortress on the river or water, _wysk_); Towcester, on the R. Towey; Gloucester, Cel. _Caer-glow_ (the bright fortress); Godmanchester (the fort of the priest), where Gothrun, the Dane, in the reign of Alfred, embraced Christianity; Chesterfield and Chester-le-Street (the camp in the field and the camp on the Roman road, _stratum_); Winchester, Cel. _Caer-gwent_ (the camp on the fair plain), p. 38; Dorchester (the camp of the _Durotriges_ (dwellers by the water); Worcester, _Hwicwara-ceaster_ (the camp of the Huiccii); Silchester, Cel. _Caer-Segont_ (the fort of the Segontii); Manchester, probably the camp at _Mancenion_ (the place of tents), its ancient name; Rochester, Cel. _Durobrivae_ (the ford of the water), A.S. _Hrofceaster_, probably from a proper name; Bicester (the fort of Biren, a bishop); Alphen, in Holland, anc. _Albanium-castra_ (the camp of Albanius); Aubagne, in Provence, anc. _Castrum-de-Alpibus_ (the fortress of the Alps); Champtoceaux, Lat. _Castrum-celsum_ (lofty fortress); St. Chamond, Lat. _Castrum-Anemundi_ (the fortress of Ennemond); Chalus, Lat. _Castrum-Lucius_ (the fortress by Lucius Capriolus, in the reign of Augustus); Passau, in Bavaria, Lat. _Batavia-Castra_ (the Batavians’ camp), corrupted first to _Patavium_ and then to Passau; La Chartre, Chartre, and Chartres (the place of the camps), in France; Chartre-sur-Loire, Lat. _Carcer-Castellum_ (the castle prison or stronghold); Castril, Castrillo (little fortress); Castro-Jeriz (Cæsar’s camp); Ojacastro (the camp on the R. Oja), in Spain. [Sidenote: CAVAN, CABHAN (Irish), CAVA, LA (It.), CUEVA (Span.), a cave, COFA (A.S.), a cove,] a hollow place, cognate with the Lat. _cavea_ or _cavus_; _e.g._ Cavan (the hollow), the cap. of Co. Cavan, and many other places from this root in Ireland. _Cavan_, however, in some parts of Ireland, signifies a round hill, as in Cavanacaw (the round hill of the chaff, _catha_); Cavanagh (the hilly place); Cavanalick (the hill of the flagstone); Covehithe, in Suffolk (the harbour of the recess); Runcorn, in Cheshire, _i.e._ _Rum-cofan_ (the wide cove or inlet); Cowes (the coves), in the Isle of Wight; La Cava, in Naples; Cuevas-de-Vera (the caves of Vera); Cuevas-del-Valle (of the valley), in Spain. [Sidenote: CEALD (A.S.), KALT (Ger.), KOUD (Dut.),] cold; _e.g._ Caldicott, Calthorpe, Calthwaite (cold dwelling); Koudhuizon, Koudaim, with the same meaning; Caldbeck, Kalbach, Kallenbach (cold stream); Kaltenherberg (cold shelter); Calvorde (cold ford); Kaltenkirchen (cold church); Colwell (cold well). [Sidenote: CEANN (Gadhelic),] a head, a point or promontory--in topography _kin_ or _ken_; _e.g._ Kinnaird’s Head (the point of the high headland); Kintyre or Cantire (the head of the land, _tir_); Kenmore (the great point), at the head of Loch Tay; Kinloch (the head of the lake); Kincraigie (of the little rock); Kinkell (the head church, _cill_); Kendrochet (bridge end); Kinaldie and Kinalty (the head of the dark stream, _allt-dubh_); Kingussie (the head of the fir-wood, _guith-saith_); Kinnaird (the high headland), the name of a parish in Fife and a village in Stirling. Kinross may mean the point (_ros_) at the head of Loch Leven, with reference to the _town_ or with reference to the _county_, which in early times formed part of the large district called the _Kingdom of Fife_, anciently called _Ross_; and in this sense it may mean either the head of the promontory or of the wood, both of which are in Celtic _ros_. The ancient name of Fife, _Ross_, was changed into Fife in honour of Duff, Earl of Fife, to whom it was granted by Kenneth II., and in 1426 Kinross was separated from it, or, according to Nennius, from _Feb_, the son of Cruidne, ancestor of the Picts. Kintore (the head of the hill, _tor_); Kinneil, _i.e._ _Ceann-fhail_ (the head of the wall), _i.e._ of Agricola; Kinell, Kinellar (the head of the knoll); King-Edward, corrupt. from _Kinedur_ (the head of the water, _dur_); Kinghorn, from _Ceann-cearn_ (corner headland)--Wester Kinghorn is now Burntisland; Kingarth, in Bute, _i.e._ _Ceann-garbh_ (the rough or stormy headland); Kinnoul (the head of the rock, _ail_); Kintail (the head of the flood, _tuil_), _i.e._ of the two salt-water lakes in Ross-shire; Boleskine (the summit of the furious cascade, _boil cas_), _i.e._ of Foyers, in Inverness-shire; Kinmundy, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from _Kinmunny_ (the head of the moss, _moine_); Kinglassie, in Fife, was named after St. Glass or Glasianus); Kenoway, Gael. _ceann-nan-uamh_ (the head of the den); Kent, Lat. _Cantium_ (the country of the _Cantii_, or dwellers at the headland). In Ireland: Kenmare in Kerry, Kinvarra in Galway, and Kinsale in Cork, mean the head of the sea, _i.e._ _ceann-mara_ and _ceann-saile_ (salt water), the highest point reached by the tide; Kincon (the dog’s headland); Kinturk (of the boar); Slyne Head, in Ireland, is in Irish _Ceann-leime_ (the head of the leap), and Loop Head is _Leim-Chonchuillinn_ (Cuchullin’s leap); Cintra, in Portugal, may mean the head of the strand, _traigh_. [Sidenote: CEFN (Cym.-Cel.),] a ridge, cognate with the Grk. κεφαλη, a head; _e.g._ the Cevennes, the Cheviots; Cefn-Llys (palace ridge); Cefn-bryn (hill ridge); Cefn-coed (wood ridge); Cefn-coch (red ridge); Cefn-y-Fan (the hill ridge); Cefn-Rhestyn (the row of ridges); Cefn-cyn-warchan (the watch-tower ridge); Cemmaes (the ridge of the plain), in Wales; Cefalu (on the headland), in Sicily; Chevin Hill, near Derby; Chevin (a high cliff), in Yorkshire; Cephalonia (the island of headlands), also called _Samos_ (lofty); Cynocephale (the dog’s headland), in Thessaly. [Sidenote: CEOL (A.S.), KIELLE (Teut.),] a ship; _e.g._ Keal and Keelby, in Lincoln (ship station); Ceolescumb, Ceolëswyrth, Ceolseig, and perhaps Kiel, in Denmark; Chelsea, _i.e._ Ceolesig, on the Thames. [Sidenote: CEORL (A.S.),] a husbandman; _e.g._ Charlton (the husbandman’s dwelling); Charlinch (the husbandman’s island), formerly insulated. [Sidenote: CEOSEL (A.S.),] sand, gravel; _e.g._ Chesil (the sand-hill), in Dorset; Chiselhurst (the thicket at the sand-bank); Chiseldon (sand-hill); Chiselborough (the fort at the sand-bank); Winchelsea, corrupt. from _Gwent-ceoseley_ (the sand-bank on the fair plain, _gwent_), or, according to another etymology, named after Wincheling, the son of Cissa, the first king of the South Saxons; Chiswick (sandy bay), on the Thames. [Sidenote: CERRIG (Welsh),] a heap of stones; _e.g._ Cerrig-y-Druidion (the Druids’ stones); Cerrig-y-Pryfaed (the crag of the teachers), probably the Druids, in Wales. [Sidenote: CHEP, CHEAP, CHIPPING (Teut.), KIOPING, KIOBING,] a place of merchandise, from A.S. _ceapan_, Ger. _kaufen_ (to buy); _e.g._ Chepstow, Chippenham, Cheapside (the market-place or town); Chipping-Norton and Chipping-Sodbury (the north and south market-town); Chippinghurst (the market at the wood or thicket); Copenhagen, Dan. _Kioben-havn_ (the haven for merchandise); Lidkioping (the market-place on the R. Lid); Linkioping, anc. _Longakopungar_ (long market-town), in Sweden; Arroeskiœbing (the market-place in the island of Arroe); Nykoping, in Funen, and Nykjobing, in Falster, Denmark (new market-place). The Copeland Islands on the Irish coast (the islands of merchandise), probably used as a storehouse by the Danish invaders; Copmansthorpe (the village of traders), in Yorkshire; Nordköping (north market), in Sweden; Kaufbeuren (market-place), in Bavaria; Sydenham, in Kent, formerly Cypenham (market-place). [Sidenote: CHLUM (Sclav.),] a hill, cognate with the Lat. _culmen_, transposed by the Germans into _kulm_ and sometimes into _golm_; _e.g._ Kulm, in W. Prussia (a town on a hill); Kulm, on the R. Saale; Chlumek, Chlumetz, Golmitz, Golmüz (the little hill). [Sidenote: CILL (Gadhelic), CELL (Cym.-Cel.), from CELLA (Lat.), and in the Provence languages, CELLA, CELLULE,] a cell, a burying-ground, a church; in Celtic topography, _kil_ or _kel_; _e.g._ Kilbride (the cell or church of St. Bridget), frequent in Ireland and Scotland; Kildonan (of St. Donan); Kilkerran (of St. Kieran); Kilpeter (of St. Peter); Kilcattan (of St. Chattan); Kilmichael, Kilmarnock, Kilmarten, Kelpatrick, Kilbrandon (the churches dedicated to St. Michael, St. Marnock, St. Martin, St. Patrick, St. Brandon); Kilmaurs, Kilmorick, Kilmurry (St. Mary’s church); I Columkil or Iona (the island of Columba’s church); Kilwinning (St. Vimen’s church); Kilkenny (of St. Canice); Kilbeggan, in Ireland, and Kilbucho, in Peeblesshire (the church of St. Bega); Kil-Fillan (of St. Fillan); Killaloe, anc. _Cill-Dalua_ (the church of St. Dalua); Killarney, Irish _Cill-airneadh_ (the church of the sloes)--the ancient name of the lake was Lough Leane, from a famous artificer who lived on its shores; Killin, _i.e._ _Cill-Fhinn_ (the burying-ground of Finn, which is still pointed out); Kilmany (the church on the mossy ground, _moine_); Kilmelfort, Cel. _Cill-na-maol-phort_ (the church on the bald haven); Kilmore generally means the great church, but Kilmore, Co. Cork, is from _Coillmhor_ (great wood), and in many places in Ireland and Scotland it is difficult to determine whether the root of the names is _cill_ or _coill_; Kildare, from _Cill-dara_ (the cell of the oak blessed by St. Bridget); Kilmun, in Argyleshire, is named from St. Munna, one of St. Columba’s companions; Kilrush, Co. Clare (the church of the promontory or of the wood); Kells (the cells) is the name of several places in Ireland, and of a parish in Dumfries; but Kells, in Meath and Kilkenny, is a contraction of the ancient name _Ceann-lios_ (the head, _lis_, or fort); Closeburn, in Dumfries, is a corrupt. of _Cella-Osburni_ (the cell of St. Osburn); Bischofzell and Appenzell (the church of the bishop and of the abbot); Maria-Zell (of St. Mary); Kupferzell, Jaxt-zell, Zella-am-Hallbach, Zell-am-Harmarsbach (the churches on the rivers Kupfer, Jaxt, Hallbach, and Harmarsbach); Zell-am-Moss (the church on the moor); Zell-am-See (on the lake); Zella St. Blasii (of St. Blaise); Sabloncieux, in France, anc. _Sabloncellis_ (the cells on the sandy place); but in France _La Selle_ and _Les Selles_ are often used instead of _cella_ or _cellules_, as in Selle-St.-Cloud for _Cella-Sanct.-Clotoaldi_ (the church dedicated to this saint); Selle-sur-Nahon, anc. _Cellula_ (little church); Kilconquhar, in Fife (the church of St. Conchobar or Connor); Kilbernie, in Ayrshire (the church of Berinus, a bishop); Kilspindie (of St. Pensadius); Kilblane and Kilcolmkill, in Kintyre (of St. Blane and St. Columba); Kilrenny (of St. Irenaeus); Kilchrenan, in Argyleshire (the burying-place of St. Chrenan, the tutelary saint of the parish). [Sidenote: CITTÀ, CIVITA (It.), CIUDAD, CIDADE (Sp. and Port.), CIOTAT (Fr.),] a city or borough, derived from the Lat. _civitas_; _e.g._ Cittadella and Civitella (little city); Città di Castello (castellated city); Città-Vecchia (old city), in Malta; Civita Vecchia (old city), in Central Italy, formerly named _Centum-cellæ_ (the hundred apartments), from a palace of the Emperor Trajan; Civita-de-Penné (the city of the summit), in Naples; Cividad-della-Trinidad (the city of the Holy Trinity); Ciudad-Rodrigo (Roderick’s city); Ciudad-Reäl (royal city); Ciudad-de-Gracias (the city of grace), in Spain; Ciudadella (little city), in Minorca. [Sidenote: CLACH, CLOCH, CLOUGH (Gadhelic),] a stone; _e.g._ Clach-breac (the speckled stone); Clach-an-Oban (the stone of the little bay); Clach-na-darrach (the stone of the oak grove); Clachach (a stony place). The word clachan, in Scotland, was originally applied to a circle of stones where the Pagan rites of worship were wont to be celebrated; and, after the introduction of Christianity, houses and churches were erected near these spots, and thus clachan came to mean a hamlet; and, at the present day, the expression used in asking a person if he is going to church is--“_Am bheil-thu’dol do’n clachan?_” (_i.e._ “Are you going to the stones?”) There is the Clachan of Aberfoyle in Perthshire; and in Blair-Athole there is a large stone called _Clach n’iobairt_ (the stone of sacrifice). In Skye there is _Clach-na-h-Annat_ (the stone of Annat, the goddess of victory); and those remarkable Druidical remains, called rocking-stones, are termed in Gaelic _Clach-bhraeth_ (the stone of knowledge), having been apparently used for divination. There are others called _Clach-na-greine_ (the stone of the sun), and _Clach-an-t-sagairt_ (of the priest). The village of Clackmannan was originally _Clachan-Mannan_, _i.e._ the stone circle or hamlet of the district anciently called _Mannan_. In Ireland this root-word commonly takes the form of _clogh_ or _clough_, as in Cloghbally, Cloghvally (stony dwelling); Clogher (the stony land); Clomony (the stony shrubbery); Clorusk (the stony marsh); Cloichin, Cloghan, Clogheen (land full of little stones); but the word clochan is also applied to stepping-stones across a river, as in _Clochan-na-bh Fomharaigh_ (the stepping-stones of the Fomarians, _i.e._ the Giant’s Causeway); Cloghereen (the little stony place); Ballycloch and Ballenaclogh (the town of the stones); Auchnacloy (the field of the stone); Clochfin (the white stone); Clonakilty, corrupt. from _Clough-na-Kiltey_ (the stone house of the O’Keelys). [Sidenote: CLAR, CLARAGH (Irish),] a board, a plain, a flat piece of land; Clare is the name of several places in different counties of Ireland, sometimes softened to _Clara_. County Clare is said to have derived its name from a plank placed across the R. Fergus, at the village of Clare. Ballyclare, Ballinclare (the town of the plain); Clarbane (white plain); Clarderry (level oak grove); Clarchoill (level wood); Clareen (little plain). [Sidenote: CLAWDD (Cym.-Cel.),] a dyke or embankment; _e.g._ Clawdd-Offa (Offa’s Dyke). [Sidenote: CLEFF (A.S.), _cleof_ and _clyf_, KLIPPE (Ger. and Scand.),] a steep bank or rock, cognate with the Lat. _clivus_ (a slope); Clive, Cleave, Clee (the cliff); Clifton (the town on the cliff); Clifdon (cliff hill); Clifford (the ford near the cliff); Hatcliffe and Hockcliffe (high cliff); Cleveland (rocky land), in Yorkshire; Cleves (the town on the slope), Rhenish Prussia; Radcliffe (red cliff); Silberklippen (at the silver cliff); Horncliff (corner cliff); Undercliff (between the cliff and the sea), in Isle of Wight; Clitheroe (the cliff near the water), in Lancashire; Lillies-leaf, in Roxburghshire, a corrupt. of _Lille’s-cliva_ (the cliff of Lilly or Lille). [Sidenote: CLERE (Anglo-Norman),] a royal or episcopal residence, sometimes a manor; _e.g._ King’s-clere, Co. Hants, so called because the Saxon kings had a palace there; Burg-clere (where the bishops of Winchester resided), High-clere. [Sidenote: CLUAN, CLOON (Gadhelic),] a fertile piece of land, surrounded by a bog on one side and water on the other, hence a meadow; _e.g._ Clunie, Cluny, Clunes, Clones (the meadow pastures). These fertile pastures, as well as small islands, were the favourite spots chosen by the monks in Ireland and Scotland as places of retirement, and became eventually the sites of monasteries and abbeys, although at first the names of these meadows, in many instances, had no connection with a religious institution--thus Clones, Co. Monaghan, was _Cluain-Eois_ (the meadow of Eos, probably a Pagan chief), before it became a Christian settlement; Clonard, in Meath, where the celebrated St. Finian had his school, in the sixth century, was _Cluain-Eraird_ (Erard’s meadow). In some instances Clonard may mean the high meadow; Clonmel (the meadow of honey); Clonfert (of the grave); Clontarf and Clontarbh (the bull’s pasture); Clonbeg and Cloneen (little meadow); Clonkeen (beautiful meadow); Cluainte and Cloonty (the meadows); Cloonta-killen (the meadows of the wood)--_v._ Joyce’s _Irish Names of Places_. [Sidenote: CNOC (Gadhelic), KNWC (Cym.-Cel.),] a knoll, hill, or mound; _e.g._ Knock, a hill in Banff; Knockbrack (the spotted knoll); Knockbane, Knockdoo, Knockglass (the white, black, and gray hill); Carnock (cairn hill); Knockea, Irish _Cnoc-Aedha_ (Hugh’s hill); Knocklayd, Co. Antrim, _i.e._ _Cnoc-leithid_ (broad hill); Knockan, Knockeen (little hill); Knockmoyle (bald hill); Knocknagaul (the hill of the strangers); Knockrath (of the fort); Knockshanbally (of the old town); Knocktaggart (of the priest); Knockatober (of the well); Knockalough (of the lake); Knockanure (of the yew); Knockaderry (of the oak-wood); Knockane (little hill), Co. Kerry; Knockandow (little black hill), Elgin; Knockreagh, Knockroe, Knockgorm (the gray, red, blue hill); Knockacullion (the hill of the holly); Knockranny (ferny hill); Knockagh (the hilly place); Knockfirinne (the hill of truth), a noted fairy hill, Co. Limerick, which serves as a weather-glass to the people of the neighbouring plains; Ballynock (the town of the hill); Baldernock (the dwelling at the Druid’s hill), Co. Stirling; Knwc-y Dinas (the hill of the fortress), in Cardigan. [Sidenote: COCH (Cym.-Cel.),] red [Sidenote: COED (Cym.-Cel.), COID, this word was variously written Coit, Coat, or Cuitgoed. In Cornwall it is found in Penquite (the head of the wood); Pencoed, with the same meaning, in Wales; Argoed (upon the wood), in Wales; Goedmore (great wood), in Wales; Coed-llai (short wood); Glascoed (green wood), in Wales; Caldecot, corrupt. from _Cil-y-coed_ (the woody retreat), in Wales; Coedglasen, corrupt. from _Coed-gleision_ (green trees).] a wood; _e.g._ Coed-Arthur (Arthur’s wood); Coedcymmer (the wood of the confluence); Catmoss and Chatmoss (the wood moss); Coitmore (great wood); Selwood, anc. _Coitmaur_ (great wood); Catlow (wood hill); Cotswold (wood hill), the Saxon _wold_ having been added to the Cel. _coed_. The forms of this word in Brittany are _Koat_ or _Koad_--hence Coetbo, Coetmen, Coetmieux, etc.; Llwyd-goed (gray wood), in Wales. [Sidenote: COGN (Cel.),] the point of a hill between two valleys, or a tongue of land enclosed between two watercourses; _e.g._ Cognat, Cougny, Cognac, Le Coigné, Coigneur, Coigny, etc., in various parts of France--_v._ Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_, Paris. [Sidenote: COILL (Gadhelic),] a wood--in topography it takes the forms of kel, kil, kelly, killy, and kyle; _e.g._ Kellymore, and sometimes Kilmore (the great wood); Kelburn, Kelvin, Kellyburn, and Keltie (the woody stream); Callander, _Coille-an-dar_ (the oak-wood); Cuilty, Quilty, Kilty (the woods); Kilton (the town in the wood), in Scotland. In Ireland: Kilbowie (yellow wood); Kildarroch (the oak-wood); Kilcraig (the wood of the rock); Kildinny (of the fire)--_v._ TEINE; Killiegowan (of the smith); Kilgour (of the goats); Eden-keille (the face of the wood); Kylebrach (the spotted wood); Kylenasagart (the priest’s wood); Kailzie (the woody), a parish in Peebles; but Kyle, in Ayrshire, is not from this root, but was named after a mythic Cymric king; Loughill, in Co. Limerick, corrupt. from _Leamhchoill_ (the elm-wood); Barnacullia (the top of the wood), near Dublin; Culleen and Coiltean (little wood); Kildare, anc. _Coill-an-chlair_ (the wood of the plain). [Sidenote: COIRE, or CUIRE (Gadhelic),] a ravine, a hollow, a whirlpool; _e.g._ Corrie-dow (the dark ravine); Corrie-garth (the field at the ravine); Corrimony (the hill, _monadh_, at the ravine); Corrielea (the gray ravine); Corrie (the hollow), in Dumfriesshire; Corriebeg (the little hollow); Corryvrechan whirlpool (Brecan’s cauldron); Corgarf (the rough hollow, _garbh_); Corralin (the whirlpool of the cataract)--_v._ LIN; Corriebuie (yellow ravine); Corryuriskin (of the wild spirit); but _Cor_, in Ireland, generally signifies a round hill, as in Corbeagh (birch hill); Corglass (green hill); Corkeeran (rowan-tree hill); Corog and Correen (little hill); while _Cora_, or _Coradh_, signifies a weir across a river, as in Kincora (the head of the weir); Kirriemuir, in Forfar, corrupt. from _Corriemor_ (the great hollow); Loch Venachoir, in Perthshire, is the fair hollow or valley--_v._ FIN, p. 80. [Sidenote: COL, COLN (Lat. _colonia_),] a colony; _e.g._ Lincoln, anc. _Lindum-colonia_ (the colony at Lindum, the hill fort on the pool, _linne_); Colne (the colony), in Lancashire; Cologne, Lat. _Colonia-Agrippina_ (the colony), Ger. _Köln_. The city was founded by the Ubii 37 B.C., and was at first called _Ubiorum-oppidum_, but a colony being planted there in 50 A.D. by Agrippina, the wife of the Emperor Claudius, it received her name. [Sidenote: COMAR, CUMAR (Gadhelic), CYMMER, KEMBER (Cym.-Cel.),] a confluence, often found as Cumber or Comber; _e.g._ Comber, Co. Down; Cefn-coed-y-cymmer (the wood ridge of the confluence), where two branches of the R. Taff meet; Cumbernauld, in Dumbarton, Gael. _Comar-n-uilt_ (the meeting of streams, _alt_). Cumnock, in Ayrshire, may have the same meaning, from _Cumar_ and _oich_ (water), as the streams Lugar and Glasnock meet near the village; Comrie, in Perthshire, at the confluence of the streams Earn, Ruchill, and Lednock; Kemper and Quimper (the confluence), and Quimper-lé, or Kember-leach (the place at the confluence), in Brittany. The words Condate and Condé, in French topography, seem to be cognate with this Celtic root, as in Condé, in Normandy (at the meeting of two streams); Condé, in Belgium (at the confluence of the Scheldt and Hawe); _Condate-Rhedorum_ (the confluence of the Rhedones, a Celtic tribe), now Rennes, in Brittany; Coucy, anc. _Condiceacum_ (at the confluence of the Lette and Oise); Congleton, Co. Chester, was formerly _Condate_. [Sidenote: COMBE (A.S.), CWM, KOMB (Cym.-Cel.), CUM (Gadhelic),] a hollow valley between hills, a dingle; _e.g._ Colcombe (the valley of the R. Coly); Cwmneath (of the Neath); Compton (the town in the hollow); Gatcombe (the passage through the valley, _gat_); Combs, the hollows in the Mendip hills; Wycombe (the valley of the Wye); Winchcombe (the corner valley); Wivelscombe and Addiscombe, probably connected with a personal name; Ilfracombe (Elfric’s dingle); Cwmrydol and Cwmdyli, in Wales (the hollow of the Rivers Rydol and Dyli); Cwm-eigian (the productive ridge); Cwmgilla (the hazel-wood valley); Cwm-Toyddwr (the valley of two waters), near the conf. of the Rivers Wye and Elain in Wales; Cwm-gloyn (the valley of the brook Gloyn); Cwmdu (dark valley); Cwm-Barre (the valley of the R. Barre), in Wales; Combe St. Nicholas, in Somerset and in Cumberland, named for the saint; Comb-Basset and Comb-Raleigh, named from the proprietors; Cwm-du (black dingle); Cwm-bychan (little dingle), in Wales; Corscombe (the dingle in the bog). In Ireland: Coomnahorna (the valley of the barley); Lackenacoombe (the hillside of the hollow); Lake Como, in Italy (in the hollow). [Sidenote: CONFLUENTES (Lat.),] a flowing together, hence the meeting of waters; _e.g._ Coblentz, for _Confluentes_ (at the conf. of the Moselle and Rhine); Conflans (at the conf. of the Seine and Oise); Confluent, a hamlet situated at the conf. of the Creuse and Gartempe. [Sidenote: COP (Welsh),] a summit; _e.g._ Cop-yr-Leni (the illuminated hill), so called from the bonfires formerly kindled on the top. [Sidenote: CORCAGH, or CURRAGH (Irish), CORS (Welsh), CAR (Gael.), KER (Scand.),] a marsh; _e.g._ Corse (the marsh); Corston, Corsby, Corsenside (the dwelling or settlement on the marsh); Corscombe (marsh dingle), in England. In Ireland: Cork, anc. _Corcach-mor-Mumham_ (the great marsh of Munster); Curkeen, Corcaghan (little marsh); Curragh-more (great marsh); Currabaha (the marsh of birches). Perhaps Careby and Carton, in Lincoln, part of the Danish district, may be marsh dwelling. [Sidenote: CORNU (Lat.), KERNE, CERYN (Cym.-Cel.), CEARN (Gael.),] a horn, a corner--in topography, applied to headlands; _e.g._ Corneto (the place on the corner), in Italy; Corné, Cornay, Corneuil, etc., in France, from this root, or perhaps from _Cornus_ (the cornel cherry-tree); Cornwall, Cel. _Cernyu_, Lat. _Cornubiæ_, A.S. _Cornwallia_ (the promontory or corner peopled by the _Weales_, Welsh, or foreigners); Cornuailles, in Brittany, with the same meaning--its Celtic name was _Pen-Kernaw_ (the head of the corner). [Sidenote: COTE (A.S.), COITE (Gael.), CWT (Welsh), KOTHE (Ger.),] a hut; _e.g._ Cottenham, Cottingham, Coatham (the village of huts); Chatham, A.S. _Coteham_, with the same meaning; Bramcote (the hut among broom); Fencotes (the huts in the fen or marsh; Prescot (priest’s hut); Sculcoates, in Yorkshire, probably from the personal Scandinavian name _Skule_; Saltcoats, in Ayrshire (the huts occupied by the makers of salt, a trade formerly carried on to a great extent at that place); Kothendorf (the village of huts); Hinter-kothen (behind the huts), in Germany. [Sidenote: COTE, COTTA (Sansc.),] a fortress; _e.g._ Chicacotta (little fortress); Gazacotta (the elephant’s fortress); Jagarcote (bamboo fort); Islamcot (the fort of the true faith, _i.e._ of Mahomet); Noa-cote (new fort); Devicotta (God’s fortress); Palamcotta (the camp fort). [Sidenote: CÔTE (Fr.), COSTA (Span. and Port.),] a side or coast; _e.g._ Côte d’Or (the golden coast), a department of France, so called from its fertility; Côtes-du-Nord (the Northern coasts), a department of France; Costa-Rica (rich coast), a state of Central America. [Sidenote: COURT (Nor. Fr.), CWRT (Cym.-Cel.), CORTE (It., Span., and Port.),] a place enclosed, the place occupied by a sovereign, a lordly mansion; from the Lat. _cohors_, also _cors-cortis_ (an enclosed yard), cognate with the Grk. _hortos_. The Romans called the castles built by Roman settlers in the provinces _cortes_ or _cortem_, thence _court_ became a common affix to the names of mansions in England and France--thus Hampton Court and Hunton Court, in England; Leoncourt, Aubigne-court, Honnecourt (the mansion of Leo, Albinius, and Honulf); Aubercourt (of Albert); Mirecourt, Lat. _Mercurii-curtis_, where altars were wont to be dedicated to Mercury. From the diminutives of this word arose Cortiles, Cortina, Corticella, Courcelles, etc. The words _court_, _cour_, and _corte_ were also used as equivalent to the Lat. _curia_ (the place of assembly for the provincial councils)--thus Corte, in Corsica, where the courts of justice were held; but Corsica itself derived its name from the Phœnician _chorsi_ (a woody place). The Cortes, in Spain, evidently equivalent to the Lat. _curia_, gives its name to several towns in that country; Coire, the capital of the Grisons, in Switzerland, comes from the anc. _Curia Rhætiorum_ (the place where the provincial councils of the Rhætians were held); Corbridge, in Northumberland, is supposed to take its name from a Roman _curia_, and perhaps Currie, in East Lothian. [Sidenote: CRAIG, CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), CRAIG (Cym.-Cel.),] a rock; _e.g._ Craigie, Creich, Crathie, Gael. _Creagach_ (rocky), parishes in Scotland; Carrick and Carrig, in Ireland (either the rocks or rocky ground); Carrick-on-Suir (the rock of the R. Suir)--_v._ p. 42; Craigengower (the goat’s rock); Craigendarroch (the rock of the oak-wood); Craigdou (black rock); Craigdearg (red rock); Craigmore (great rock); Craig-Phadric (St. Patrick’s rock), in Inverness-shire; Craignish (the rock of the island), the extremity of which is Ardcraignish; Craignethan (the rock encircled by the R. Nethan), supposed to be the archetype of Tullietudlem; Craigentinny (the little rock of the fire)--_v._ TEINE; Criggan (the little rock). In Wales, Crick-Howel and Crickadarn (the rock of Howel and Cadarn); Criccaeth (the narrow hill); Crick, in Derbyshire; Creach, in Somerset; Critch-hill, Dorset. [Sidenote: CREEK (A.S.), CRECCA, KREEK (Teut.), CRIQUE (Fr.),] a small bay; _e.g._ Cricklade, anc. _Creccagelade_ (the bay of the stream); Crayford (the ford of the creek); Crique-bœuf, Crique-by, Crique-tot, Crique-villa (the dwelling on the creek); Criquiers (the creeks), in France. In America this word signifies a small stream, as Saltcreek, etc. [Sidenote: CROES, CROG (Cym.-Cel.), CROIS, CROCH (Gadhelic), CROD (A.S.), KRYS (Scand.), KREUTZ (Ger.), CROIX (Fr.),] a cross, cognate with the Lat. _crux_; _e.g._ Crosby (the dwelling near the cross); Crossmichael (the cross of St. Michael’s Church); Groes-wen for Croes-wen (the blessed cross), in Glamorgan; Crossthwaite (the forest-clearing at the cross); Croxton (cross town); Crewe and Crewkerne (the place at the cross); Croes-bychan (little cross); Kruzstrait (the road at the cross), in Belgium; Crosscanonby, Crosslee, Crosshill, places in different parts of Scotland, probably named from the vicinity of some cross; but Crossgates, Co. Fife, so called from its situation at a spot where roads cross each other. It was usual with the Celts in Ireland, as well as with the Spaniards and Portuguese in America, to mark the place where any providential event had occurred, or where they founded a church or city, by erecting a cross--as in St. Croix, Santa-Cruz, and Vera Cruz (the true cross), in South America. In Ireland: Crosserlough (the cross on the lake); Crossmolina (O’Mulleeny’s cross); Aghacross (the fort at the cross); Crossard (high cross); Crossreagh (gray cross); Crossmaglen, Irish _Cros-mag-Fhloinn_ (the cross of Flann’s son); Crossau, Crossoge, and Crusheen (little cross); Oswestry, in Shropshire, anc. _Croes-Oswalt_ (the cross on which Oswald, King of Northumberland, was executed by Penda of Mercia). Its Welsh name was _Maeshir_ (long field), by the Saxons rendered _Meserfield_; Marcross (the cross on the sea-shore), in Glamorgan; Pen-y-groes, Maen-y-groes, Rhyd-y-croessau (the hill, the stone of the cross, the ford of the crosses), in Wales; Glencorse, near Edinburgh, for _Glencross_, so named from a remarkable cross which once stood there; Corstorphine, in Mid-Lothian, corrupt. from _Crostorphin_, which might mean the cross of the beautiful hill, _torr fioum_, or the cross of a person called Torphin. In the reign of James I. the church of Corstorphine became a collegiate foundation, with a provost, four prebendaries, and two singing boys. _Croich_ in Gaelic means a gallows--thus Knockacrochy (gallows hill); Raheenacrochy (the little fort of the gallows), in Ireland. [Sidenote: CROAGH (Gael.),] a hill of a round form--from _cruach_ (a haystack); _e.g._ Croghan, Crohane (the little round hill); Ballycroghan (the town of the little hill), in Ireland; Bencruachan (the stack-shaped hill), in Argyleshire. [Sidenote: CROFT (A.S.),] an enclosed field; _e.g._ Crofton (the town on the croft); Thornycroft (thorny field). [Sidenote: CROM, CRUM (Gadhelic), CRWM (Cym.-Cel.), KRUMM (Ger.), CRUMB (A.S.),] crooked; _e.g._ Cromdale (the winding valley), in Inverness-shire; Croome, in Worcester; Cromlin, Crimlin (the winding glen, _ghlinn_), in Ireland; Krumbach (the winding brook); Krumau and Krumenau (the winding water or valley); Ancrum, a village in Roxburghshire, situated at the _bend_ of the R. Alne at its confluence with the Teviot. [Sidenote: CRUG (Welsh),] a hillock; _e.g._ Crughwel (the conspicuous hillock, _hywel_); Crug-y-swllt (the hillock of the treasure), in Wales; Crickadarn, corrupt. from _Crug-eadarn_ (the strong crag), in Wales. [Sidenote: CUL, CUIL} (Gadhelic) (the corner),}] _e.g._ Coull, Cults, parishes in Scotland; Culter, _i.e._ _Cul-tir_ (at the back of the land), in Lanarkshire; Culcairn (of the cairn); Culmony (at the back of the hill or moss, _monadh_); Culloden for _Cul-oiter_ (at the back of the ridge); Culnakyle (at the back of the wood); Cultulach (of the hill); Culblair (the backlying field); Culross (behind the headland), in Scotland. In Ireland: Coolboy (yellow corner); Coolderry (at the back or corner of the oak-wood); Cooleen, Cooleeny (little corner); Coleraine, in Londonderry, as well as Coolraine, Coolrainy, Coolrahne, Irish _Cuil-rathain_ (the corner of ferns); Coolgreany (sunny corner); Coolnasmear (the corner of the blackberries). [Sidenote: CUND (Hindostanee),] a country; _e.g._ Bundelcund, Rohilcund (the countries of the Bundelas and Rohillas). D [Sidenote: DAGH, TAGH (Turc.),] a mountain; _e.g._ Daghestan (the mountainous district); Baba-dagh (father or chief mountain); Kara-dagh (black mountain); Kezel-dagh (red mountain); Belur-tagh (the snow-capped mountain); Aktagh (white mountain); Mustagh (ice mountain); Beshtau (the five mountains); Tak-Rustan (the mountain of Rustan); Tchazr-dagh (tent mountain); Ala-dagh (beautiful mountain); Bingol-tagh (the mountain of 1000 wells); Agri-dagh (steep mountain); Takht-i-Suliman (Solomon’s mountain). [Sidenote: DAIL (Gadhelic), DOL (Cym.-Cel.), DAHL (Scand.), THAL (Ger.), DOL (Sclav.),] a valley, sometimes a field, English _dale_ or _dell_, and often joined to the name of the river which flows through the district; _e.g._ Clydesdale, Teviotdale, Nithsdale, Liddesdale, Dovedale, Arundel, Dryfesdale, corrupt. to _Drysdale_ (the valley of the Clyde, Teviot, Nith, Liddel, Dove, Arun, Dryfe); Rochdale, on the Roch, an affluent of the Trivell; Dalmellington (the town in the valley of the mill). It is to be noted that in places named by the Teut. and Scand. races, this root-word, as well as others, is placed after the adjective or defining word; while by the Celtic races it is placed first. Thus, in Scandinavia, and in localities of Great Britain where the Danes and Norsemen had settlements, we have--Romsdalen and Vaerdal, the valleys of the Raumer and Vaer, in Norway; Langenthal, on the R. Langent, in Switzerland; Rydal (rye valley), Westmoreland; Laugdalr (the valley of warm springs), Iceland. In districts again peopled by the Saxons, Avondale, Annandale (the valleys of the Avon and Annan). This is the general rule, although there are exceptions--Rosenthal (the valley of roses); Inn-thal (of the R. Inn); Freudenthal (of joy); Fromenthal (wheat valley); Grunthal (green valley). In Gaelic, Irish, and Welsh names, on the contrary, _dal_ precedes the defining word; _e.g._ Dalry and Dalrigh (king’s level field); Dalbeth and Dalbeathie (the field of birches); Dalginross (the field at the head of the promontory or wood); Dalness and Dallas (the field of the cascade, _cas_); Dalserf (of St. Serf); Dailly, in Ayrshire, anc. _Dalmaolkeran_ (the field of the servant, _maol_, of St. Kiaran); Dalrymple (the valley of the rumbling pool, _ruaemleagh_); Dalgarnock (of the rough hillock); Dalhousie (the field at the corner of the water, _i.e._ of the Esk); Dalwhinnie (the field of the meeting, _coinneach_); Dalziel (beautiful field, _geal_); Dalguise (of the fir-trees, _giuthas_); Dalnaspittal (the field of the _spideal_, _i.e._ the house of entertainment); Dalnacheaich (of the stone); Dalnacraoibhe (of the tree); Dalbowie (yellow field). Dollar, in Clackmannan, may be from this root, although there is a tradition that it took its name from a castle in the parish called Castle-Gloom, Gael. _doillair_ (dark); Deal or Dole (the valley in Kent); Dol and Dole, in Brittany, with the same meaning; Doldrewin (the valley of the Druidical circles in Wales); Dolquan (the owl’s meadow); Dolau-Cothi (the meadows of the River Cothi); Dolgelly (the grove of hazels); Dalkeith (the narrow valley, _caeth_); Codale (cow field); Grisdale (swine field); Gasdale (goosefield); Balderdale, Silverdale, Uldale, Ennerdale, Ransdale (from the personal names, Balder, Sölvar, Ulf, Einer, Hrani); Brachendale (the valley of ferns); Berrydale, in Caithness, corrupt. from Old Norse, _Berudalr_ (the valley of the productive wood); Dalecarlia, called by the Swedes _Dahlena_ (the valleys); Dieppedal (deep valley); Stendal (stony valley); Oundle, in Northampton, corrupt. from _Avondle_; Kendal or Kirkby-Kendal (the church town in the valley of the R. Ken); Dolgelly (the valley of the grove), in Wales; Dolsk or Dolzig (the town in the valley), in Posen; Dolzen, in Bohemia; Bartondale (the dale of the enclosure for the gathered crops), in Yorkshire; Dalarossie, in Inverness, corrupt. from _Dalfergussie_, Fergus’dale; Dalriada, in Ulster, named from a king of the Milesian race, named _Cairbe-Raida_, who settled there. His descendants gradually emigrated to Albin, which from them was afterwards called Scotland; and that part of Argyleshire where they landed they also named Dalriada. The three brothers, Fergus, Sorn, and Anghus, came to Argyleshire in 503 A.D. Toul and Toulouse, situated in valleys, probably were named from the same root-word; Toulouse was anciently called _Civitas-Tolosatium_ (the city of the valley dwellers, _dol-saetas_). [Sidenote: DAL, or GEDEL (A.S.), DEEL (Dutch), THEIL (Ger.), DAL (Irish),] a part, a district; _e.g._ Kalthusertheil (the district of the cold houses); Kerckdorfertheil (the district of the village church); Baradeel (the barren district), in Germany and Holland. This word, rather than _dail_, may be the root of Dalriada; see above. [Sidenote: DALEJ (Sclav.),] far; _e.g._ Daliz, Dalchow, Dalichow (the distant place). [Sidenote: DAMM (Teut.),] an embankment, a dyke; _e.g._ Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Saardam, properly Zaandam (the embankment on the Rivers Rotte, Amstel, and Zaan); Schiedam, on the R. Schie; Leerdam (the embankment on the field, _lar_); Veendam (on the marsh, _veen_); Damm (the embankment), a town in Prussia; Neudamm (the new dyke); Dammducht (the embankment of the trench). [Sidenote: DAN,] in topography, signifies belonging to the Danes; _e.g._ Danelagh (that portion of England which the Danes held after their treaty with Alfred); Danby, Danesbury (the Danes’ dwellings); Danesbanks, Danesgraves, Danesford, in Salop, where the Danes are believed to have wintered in 896; Danshalt, in Fife, where they are said to have halted after their defeat at Falkland; Danthorpe, Denton (Danes’ town); Denshanger (Danes’ hill or declivity); Dantzic (the Danish fort, built by a Danish colony in the reign of Waldemar II.); Tennstedt, in Saxony, corrupt. from _Dannenstedi_ (the Danes’ station); Cruden, in Aberdeenshire, anc. _Cruor-Danorum_ (the slaughter of the Danes on the site of the last battle between the Celts and the Danes, which took place in the parish 1012). The Danish king fell in this battle, and was buried in the churchyard of Cruden. For centuries the Erroll family received an annual pension from the Danish Government for taking care of the grave at Cruden, but after the grave had been desecrated this pension was discontinued. [Sidenote: DAR, DERA, DEIR (Ar.), DEH (Pers.),] a dwelling, camp, or district; _e.g._ Dar-el-hajar (the rocky district), in Egypt; Darfur (the district of the Foor or Foorians, or the deer country), in Central Africa; Dera-Fati-Khan, Dera-Ghazi-Khan, Dera-Ismail-Khan (_i.e._ the camps of these three chiefs, in the Derajat, or camp district); Deir (the monk’s dwelling), in Syria; Diarbekr (the dwellings or tents of Bekr); Dehi-Dervishan (the villages of the dervishes); Deh-haji (the pilgrims’ village); Dekkergan (the village of wolves); Deir-Antonius (St. Anthony’s monastery), in Egypt; Buyukdereh (Turc. the great district on the Bosphorus). [Sidenote: DAR, DERO, DERYN (Cym.-Cel.), DAIR (Gadhelic),] an oak, cognate with the Lat. _drus_, and Sansc. _dru_, _doire_, or _daire_, Gadhelic, an oak-wood, Anglicised _derry_, _darach_, or _dara_, the gen. of _dair_; _e.g._ Daragh (a place abounding in oaks); Adare, _i.e._ _Athdara_ (the ford of the oak); Derry, now Londonderry, was originally _Daire-Calgaigh_ (the oak-wood of Galgacus, Latinised form of _Calgaigh_). In 546, when St. Columba erected his monastery there, it became Derry-Columkille (the oak-wood of Columba’s Church); in the reign of James I., by a charter granted to the London merchants, it obtained its present name; Derry-fad (the long oak-wood); Derry-na-hinch (of the island, _innis_); Dairbhre or Darrery (the oak forest), the Irish name for the Island of Valentia; Derry-allen (beautiful wood); Derrybane and Derrybawn (white oak-wood); Derrylane (broad oak-wood); Durrow, Irish _Dairmagh_, and Latinised _Robereticampus_ (the plain of the oaks); New and Old Deer (the oak-wood), in Aberdeenshire, was a monastery erected in early times by St. Columba, and given by him to St. Drostan. The old monastery was situated near a wooded hill, still called _Aikie-Brae_ (oak hill), and a fair was held annually in the neighbourhood, called _Mercatus querceti_ (the oak market)--_v._ _Book of Deer_, p. 48; Craigendarroch (the crag of the oak-wood); Darnock, or Darnick (the oak hillock), in Roxburghshire; Dryburgh, corrupt. from _Darach-bruach_ (the bank of oaks); Dori, the name of a round hill covered with oak-trees, in Wales; Darowen (Owen’s oak-wood), in Wales. [Sidenote: DEICH, DYK (Teut.),] a dyke or entrenchment. These dykes were vast earthen ramparts constructed by the Anglo-Saxons to serve as boundaries between hostile tribes; _e.g._ Hoorndyk (the dyke at the corner); Grondick (green dyke); Wansdyke (Woden’s dyke); Grimsdyke and Offa’s dyke (named after the chiefs Grim and Offa); Houndsditch (the dog’s dyke); Ditton, Dixton (towns enclosed by a dyke); Zaadik, in Holland, (the dyke) on the R. Zaad. Cartsdike, a village in Renfrewshire separated from Greenock by the burn Cart. Besides Grimesdyke (the name for the wall of Antoninus, from the R. Forth to the Clyde), there is a Grimsditch in Cheshire. [Sidenote: DELF (Teut.),] a canal, from _delfan_ (to dig); _e.g._ Delft, a town in Holland, intersected by canals; Delfshaven (the canal harbour); Delfbrüke (canal bridge). [Sidenote: DEN, DEAN (Saxon),] a deep, wooded valley. This word is traced by Leo and others to the Celtic _dion_ (protection, shelter); _e.g._ Dibden (deep hollow); Hazeldean (the valley of hazels); Bowden or Bothanden (St. Bothan’s valley), in Roxburghshire; Tenterden, anc. _Theinwarden_ (the guarded valley of the thane or nobleman), in Kent; Howden (the _haugr_ or _mound_ (in the valley), in Yorkshire; Howdon, with the same meaning, in Northumberland; Otterden (the otter’s valley); Stagsden (of the stag); Micheldean (great valley); Rottingdean (the valley of Hrotan, a chief); Croxden (the valley of the cross). [Sidenote: DEOR (A.S.), DYR (Scand.), THIER (Ger.),] a wild animal--English, a deer; _e.g._ Deerhurst (deer’s thicket); Durham, in Gloucester (the dwelling of wild animals). For Durham on the Wear, _v._ HOLM. Tierbach, Tierhage (the brook and the enclosure of wild animals). [Sidenote: DESERT, or DISERT,] a term borrowed from the Lat. _desertum_, and applied by the Celts to the names of sequestered places chosen by the monks for devotion and retirement; Dyserth, in North Wales, and Dyzard, in Cornwall; _e.g._ Dysart, in Fife, formerly connected with the monastery of Culross, or Kirkcaldy--near Dysart is the cave of St. Serf; Dysertmore (the great desert), in Co. Kilkenny; Desertmartin in Londonderry, Desertserges in Cork (the retreats of St. Martin and St. Sergius). In Ireland the word is often corrupted to _Ester_ or _Isert_--as in Isertkelly (Kelly’s retreat); Isertkeeran (St. Ciaran’s retreat). [Sidenote: DEUTSCH (Ger.),] from _thiod_, the people, a prefix used in Germany to distinguish any district or place from a foreign settlement of the same name. In Sclavonic districts it is opposed to the word _Katholic_, in connection with the form of religion practised by their inhabitants--as in Deutsch-hanmer (the Protestant village, opposed to Katholic-hanmer, belonging to the Catholic or Greek Church). In other cases it is opposed to _Walsch_ (foreign--_v._ WALSCH), as in Deutsch-steinach and Walsh-steinach (the German and foreign towns on the _Steinach_, or stony water). The Romans employed the word _Germania_ for _Deutsch_, which Professor Leo traces to a Celtic root _gair-mean_ (one who cries out or shouts); _e.g._ Deutschen, in the Tyrol; Deutz, in Rhenish Prussia; Deutschendorf, in Hungary; Deutschenhausen, in Moravia, i.e. the dwellings of the Germans. The earliest name by which the Germans designated themselves seems to have been _Tungri_ (the speakers). It was not till the seventeenth century that the word _Dutch_ was restricted to the Low Germans. The French name for Germany is modernised from the _Alemanni_ (a mixed race, and probably means _other_ men, or _foreigners_). [Sidenote: DIEP, TIEF (Teut.), DWFN (Cym.-Cel.),] deep; _e.g._ Deeping, Dibden, Dibdale (deep valley); Deptford (deep ford); Market-deeping (the market-town in the low meadow); Devonshire, Cel. _Dwfnient_ (the deep valleys); Diepholz (deep wood); Dieppe, Scand. _Duipa_ (the deep water), the name of the river upon which it was built; Abraham’s diep (Abraham’s hollow), in Holland; Diepenbeck (deep brook); Tiefenthal and Tiefengrund (deep valley); Teupitz (the deep water), a town in Prussia on a lake of this name; Defynock (a deep valley), in Wales. [Sidenote: DINAS, or DIN (Cym.-Cel.),] a fortified height, a city, cognate with the Gadhelic _dun_; _e.g._ Dinmore (the great fort), in Hereford; Dynevor, anc. _Dinas-fawr_ (great fortress), in Carmarthen; Denbigh, Welsh _Din-bach_ (little fort); Ruthin, in Co. Denbigh, corrupt. from _Rhudd-din_ (red castle); Dinas Bran, a mountain and castle in Wales named after an ancient king named Bran-Dinas-Powys, corrupt. from _Denes Powys_, a mansion built by the Prince of Powys in honour of the lady whom he had married, whose name was Denis; Hawarden, _i.e._ fixed on a hill, _den_, in Flint; its ancient name was Penarth-Halawig (the headland above the salt marsh); Dinefwr (the fenced hill), an ancient castle in the vale of the R. Tywy; Tenby (Dane’s dwelling)--_v._ DAN; Welsh _Denbych-y-Pysod_, _i.e._ of the fishes--to distinguish from its namesake in North Wales; Tintern, corrupt. from _Din-Teyrn_ (the king’s mount), in Wales; Dinan in France; Dinant in Belgium (the fortress on the water); Digne, anc. _Dinia-Bodionticarium_ (the fort of the Bodiontici), in France; London, anc. _Londinum_ (the fort on the marsh--_lon_, or perhaps on the grove--_llwyn_). Din sometimes takes the form of _tin_, as in Tintagel (St. Degla’s fort), in Cornwall; Tintern (the fort, _din_, of the prince, Welsh _teyrn_), in Monmouth. [Sidenote: DINKEL (Ger.),] a kind of grain; _e.g._ Dinkelburg, Dinkelstadt, Dinkellage, Dinklar, Dinkelsbuhl (the town, place, field, site, hill, where this grain abounded). [Sidenote: DIOT, or theod (Teut.),] the people; _e.g._ Thetford, corrupt. from _Theotford_ (the people’s ford); Detmold, corrupt. from _Theot-malli_ (the people’s place of meeting); Diotweg (the people’s highway); Dettweiller (the town of the Diet, or people’s meeting); Ditmarsh, anc. _Thiedmarsi_ (the people’s marsh); Dettingen (belonging to the people)--_v._ ING. [Sidenote: DIVA, or DWIPA (Sansc.),] an island; _e.g._ the Maldives (_i.e._ the 1000 islands); the Laccadives (the 10,000 islands); Java or _Yava-dwipa_ (the island of rice, _jawa_, or of nutmegs, _jayah_); Socotra or _Dwipa-Sukadara_ (the island of bliss); Ceylon or _Sanhala-Dwipa_ (the island of lions), but called by the natives Lanka (the resplendent), and by the Arabs Seren-dib (silk island); Dondrahead, corrupt. from _Dewandere_ (the end of the island), in Ceylon. [Sidenote: DLAUHY, DLUGY (Sclav.),] long, Germanised _dolge_; _e.g._ Dlugenmost (long bridge); Dolgenbrodt (long ford); Dolgensee (long lake); Dolgen, Dolgow, Dolgenow (long place). [Sidenote: DOBRO, DOBRA (Sclav.),] good; _e.g._ Great and Little Döbern, Dobra, Dobrau, Dobrawitz, Dobretzee, Dobrezin (good place); Dobberstroh (good pasture); Dobberbus (good village); Dobrutscha (good land), part of Bulgaria; Dobergast (good inn). [Sidenote: DODD (Scand.),] a hill with a round top; _e.g._ Dodd-Fell (the round rock), in Cumberland; Dodmaen (the round stone), in Cornwall, popularly called Dead Man’s Point. [Sidenote: DOM (Ger.),] a cathedral, and, in French topography, a house, from the Lat. _domus_; _e.g._ Dom, in Westphalia; Domfront (the dwelling of Front, a hermit); Dompierre (Peter’s house or church); Domblain (of St. Blaine); Domleger (of St. Leger); Dongermain (of St. Germanus), in France; but the word _domhnach_, in Ireland (_i.e._ a church), has another derivation. This word, Anglicised _donagh_, signifies Sunday as well as church, from the Lat. _Dominica_ (the Lord’s day); and all the churches with this prefix to their names were originally founded by St. Patrick, and the foundations were laid on Sunday; _e.g._ Donaghmore (great church); Donaghedy, in Tyrone (St. Caidoc’s church); Donaghanie, _i.e._ _Domnach-an-eich_ (the church of the steed); Donaghmoyne (of the plain); Donaghcloney (of the meadow); Donaghcumper (of the confluence); Donnybrook (St. Broc’s church). [Sidenote: DONK, DUNK, DONG (Old Ger.),] a mound surrounded by a marsh; _e.g._ Dong-weir (the mound of the weir); Dunkhof (the enclosure at the mound); Dongen (the dwelling at the mound); Hasedonk (the mound of the brushwood). [Sidenote: DORF, DORP, DRUP (Teut.),] a village or small town, originally applied to any small assembly of people; _e.g._ Altendorf, Oldendorf (old town); Sommerstorf (summer town); Baiarsdorf (the town of the Boii, or Bavarians); Gastdorf (the town of the inn, or for guests); Dusseldorf, Meldorf, Ohrdruff, Vilsendorf (towns of the Rivers Dussel, Miele, Ohr, and Vils); Jagersdorf (huntsman’s village); Nussdorf (nut village); Mattersdorf and Matschdorf, Ritzendorf, Ottersdorf (the towns of Matthew, Richard, and Otho); Lindorf (the village at the linden-tree); Sandrup (sandy village); Dorfheim, Dorpam (village home). [Sidenote: DORN (Ger.), DOORN (Dutch), THYRN (A.S.), DRAENEN (Cym.-Cel.), DRAEIGHEN (Gadhelic),] the thorn; _e.g._ Dornburg, Dornheim or Dornum, Dornburen, Thornton (thorn dwelling); Doorn, the name of several places in the Dutch colony, South Africa; Dornberg and Doornhoek (thorn hill); Dornach (full of thorns); but Dornoch, in Sutherlandshire, is not from this root; it is said to be derived from the Gael. _dorneich_, in allusion to a certain Danish leader having been slain at the place by a blow from a horse’s hoof. Thornhill, Thornbury, village names in England and Scotland; Thorney (thorn island); Thorne, a town in Yorkshire; Yr Ddreinog, Welsh (the thorny place), a hamlet in Anglesey; but Thorn, a town in Prussia--Polish _Torun_--is probably derived from a cognate word for _torres_, a tower. In Ireland: Dreen, Drinan, Dreenagh, Drinney (places producing the black thorn). [Sidenote: DRECHT (Old Ger.),] for _trift_, meadow pasture; _e.g._ Moordrecht, Zwyndrecht, Papendrecht, Ossendrecht (the moor, swine, oxen pasture, and the priest’s meadow); Dort or Dordrecht (the pasture on the water), situated in an island formed by the Maas; Maestricht, Latinised into _Trajectus-ad-Moesum_ (the pasture or ford on the Maas or Meuse); Utrecht, Latinised _Trajectus-ad-Rhenum_ (the ford or pasture on the Rhine), or _Ultra-trajectum_ (beyond the ford). [Sidenote: DRIESCH (Ger.),] fallow ground; _e.g._ Driesch and Dresche, in Oldenburg; Driesfelt (fallow field); Bockendriesch (the fallow ground at the beech-trees). [Sidenote: DROICHEAD (Gadhelic),] a bridge; _e.g._ Drogheda, anc. _Droichead-atha_ (the bridge at the ford); Ballydrehid (bridge town); Knockadreet (the hill of the bridge); Drumadrehid (the ridge at the bridge); Kildrought (the church at the bridge), in Ireland; _Ceann-Drochaid_ (bridge end), the Gaelic name for the Castleton of Braemar. [Sidenote: DROOG, or DURGA (Sansc.),] a hill fort; _e.g._ Savendroog (golden fort); Viziadroog (the fort of victory); Chitteldroog (spotted fort); Calliendroog (flourishing fort); Sindeedroog (the fort of the sun). [Sidenote: DROWO, or DRZEWO (Sclav.), DRU (Sansc.), TRIU (Goth.), a tree,] wood, or a forest; _e.g._ Drebkau, Drewitsch, Drewitz, Drohobicz (the woody place); Drewiz, Drehnow, Drehna, with the same meaning; Misdroi (in the midst of woods). [Sidenote: DRUIM, DROM (Gadhelic),] a ridge, from _droma_, the back-bone of an animal, cognate with the Lat. _dorsum_; _e.g._ Drumard (high ridge); Dromeen, Drumeen, Drymen (little ridge); Dromore (great ridge); Dromagh and Drumagh (full of ridges); Dromineer, Co. Tipperary, and Drumminer in Aberdeenshire (the ridge of the confluence, _inbhir_); Aughrim, Irish _Each-dhruim_ (the horses’ ridge); Leitrim, _i.e._ _Liath-dhruim_ (gray ridge); Dromanure (the ridge of the yew-tree); Drumderg (red ridge); Drumlane (broad ridge); Drumcliff, _i.e._ _Druim-chluibh_ (the ridge of the baskets); Drummond, common in Ireland and Scotland, corrupt. from _drumen_ (little ridge). In Scotland there are Drumoak (the ridge of St. Mozola, a virgin)--in Aberdeenshire it was originally Dalmaile (the valley of Mozola); Meldrum-Old (bald ridge), in Aberdeenshire; Drem (the ridge in East Lothian); Drumalbin, Lat. _Dorsum-Britanniae_ (the back-bone or ridge of Scotland); Drummelzier, formerly _Dunmeller_ (the fort of Meldredus, who, according to tradition, slew Merlin, whose grave is shown in the parish); Drumblate (the warm ridge, or the flowery ridge); Drumcliff, Co. Sligo, _i.e._ _Druimcliabh_ (the ridge of the baskets). [Sidenote: DRWS (Welsh),] a door or pass; _e.g._ Drws-y-coed (the pass of the wood); Drws-y-nant (of the valley); Drws-Ardudwy (of the black water). [Sidenote: DU (Cym.-Cel.), DUBH (Gadhelic),] black; _e.g._ Ddulas, a river in Wales; Douglas, in Scotland (the black stream); Dubyn (the black lake). [Sidenote: DUB (Sclav.),] the oak; _e.g._ Dubicza, Dubrau, Düben, Dubrow (the place of oak-trees); Teupliz, corrupt. from _Dublize_, with the same meaning; Dobojze, Germanised into _Daubendorf_ (oak village); Dubrawice (oak village); Dubrawka (oak wood), Germanised _Eichenwäldchen_, a colony from Dubrow. In Poland this word takes the form of Dombrowo Dombroka. [Sidenote: DUN (Gadhelic),] a stronghold, a hill fort, cognate with the Welsh _din_. As an adjective, _dun_ or _don_ means strong, as in Dunluce, _i.e._ _dun-lios_ (strong fort); Duncladh (strong dyke). As a verb, it signifies what is closed or shut in, _dunadh_, with the same meaning as the Teut. _tun_, as in Corra-dhunta (the closed weir). Its full signification, therefore, is a strong enclosed place, and the name was accordingly applied in old times to forts surrounded by several circumvallations, the remains of which are still found in Ireland and Scotland. Many such places are called simply _doon_ or _down_; _e.g._ Doune Castle, in Perthshire; Down-Patrick, named from an entrenched _dun_ near the cathedral; Down and the Downs, King’s Co. and West Meath; Dooneen and Downing (little fort); Dundalk, _i.e._ _Dun-Dealgan_ (Delga’s fort); Dundonald (the fort of Domhnall); Dungannon (Geanan’s fort); Dungarvan (Garvan’s fort); Dunleary (Laeghaire’s fort), now Kingston; Dunhill and Dunally, for _Dun-aille_ (the fort on the cliff); Downamona (of the bog); Shandon (old fort); Doonard (high fort); and many others in Ireland. In Scotland: Dumbarton (the hill fort of the Britons or Cumbrians); Dumfries (the fort among shrubs, _preas_, or of the Feresians, _Caer Pheris_)--_v._ Dr. Skene’s _Book of Wales_; Dunbar (the fort on the summit, or of Barr, a chief); Dunblane (of St. Blane); Dundee, Lat. _Tao-dunum_, probably for _Dun-Tatha_ (the fort on the Tay); Dunedin, or Edinburgh (Edwin’s fort), so named by a prince of Northumberland in 628--its earlier names were _Dunmonadh_ (the fort of the hill), or in Welsh _Dinas-Agned_ (the city of the painted people), and the _Castrum-Alatum_ of Ptolemy. The Pictish maidens of the royal race were kept in Edinburgh Castle, hence it was also called _Castrum-Puellarum_; Dunottar (the fort on the reef, _oiter_); Dunfermline (the fort of the alder-tree pool, or of the winding pool); Dundrennan (the fort of the thorn bushes); Dunlop (the fortified hill at the angle of the stream, _lub_); Dunkeld, anc. _Duncalden_ (the fort of hazels); Dunbeath (of the birches); Dunrobin (Robert’s fortress), founded by Robert, Earl of Sutherland; Dunure (of the yew-trees); Dunnichen, _i.e._ _Dunn-Nechtan_ (of Nechtan, a Pictish king); Dunsyre (the prophet’s hill or fort); Donegall, Irish _Dungall_ (_i.e._ the fort of the strangers, the Danes); Lexdon, in Essex, Lat. _Legionis-dunum_ (the fort of the legion); Leyden, in Holland, Lat. _Lugdunum-Batavorum_ (the fortress of the Batavians, in the hollow, _lug_); Lyons, anc. _Lugdunum_ (the fort in the hollow); Maldon, in Essex, anc. _Camelodunum_ (the fort of the Celtic war-god Camal); Melun, anc. _Melodunum_ (bald fort, _maol_), in France; Nevers, Lat. _Noviodunum_ (new fort), in France; Thuin, in Belgium, and Thun, in Switzerland (_dun_, the hill fort); Yverdun, anc. _Ebrodunum_ (the fort on the water, _bior_); Kempten, in Germany, anc. _Campodunum_ (the fort in the field); Issoudun (the fort on the water, _uisge_); Emden (the fort on the R. Ems); Dijon, anc. _Dibisdunum_ (the fort on two waters), at the conf. of the Ouche and Suzon; Mehun, Meudon, and Meuny, in France (the fort on the plain), Lat. _Magdunum_; Verdun, anc. _Verodunum_ (the fort on the water, _bior_), on the R. Meuse, in France; Verden, in Hanover, on the R. Aller, with the same meaning; Autun, corrupt. from _Augustodunum_ (the fortress of Augustus); Wimbledon, in Surrey, anc. _Wibbandun_ (from an ancient proprietor, Wibba); Sion, in Switzerland, Ger. _Sitten_, corrupt. from its ancient Celtic name _Suidh-dunum_ (the seat of the hill fort). From _Daingeann_ (a fortress) are derived such names as Dangen and Dingen, in Ireland; also Dingle, in its earlier form _Daingean-ui-Chuis_ (the fort of O’Cush or Hussey); it received its present name in the reign of Elizabeth; Ballendine and Ballendaggan (the town of the fort); Dangan was also the ancient name of Philipstown. [Sidenote: DUNE, or DOWN (A.S.), DUN (Cel.),] a grassy hill or mound; _e.g._ the Downs, in the south of England; the Dunes, in Flanders; Halidon Hill (the holy hill); Dunham, Dunwick, and Dutton, originally _Dunton_ (hill town); Croydon (chalk hill); Dunkirk, in Flanders (the church on the dunes); Snowdon (snowy hill), in Wales; its Welsh name is _Creigiawr_ (the eagle’s rock), _eryr_ (an eagle); Dunse, a town in Berwickshire, now _Duns_, near a hill of the same name; the Eildon Hills, in Roxburghshire, corrupt. from _Moeldun_ (the bald hill); Eddertoun, in Ross-shire (between the hills or dunes). [Sidenote: DUR, or DOBHR (Gadhelic), DWFR, or DWR (Cym.-Cel.), DOUR (Breton),] water; _e.g._ Dour, Douro, Dore, Duir, THUR, Doro, Adour, Durance, Duron (river names); Glasdur (green water); Calder, anc. _Caldover_ (woody water); Derwent (bright or clear water); Lauder (the gray water); Ledder and Leader (the broad water); Dorking, Co. Surrey, anc. _Durchinges_, or more correctly, _Durvicingas_ (dwellers by the water--_wician_, to dwell); Briare, on the Loire, anc. _Briva-durum_ (the town on the brink of the water, probably Dover, from this root); Dorchester (the fortress of the Durotriges--dwellers by the water), _trigo_, Cym.-Cel. (to dwell), called by Leland _Hydropolis_; Rother (the red river); Cawdor, anc. _Kaledor_ (woody water). [Sidenote: DÜRRE (Ger.), DROOG (Dutch),] dry, sterile; _e.g._ Dürrenstein (the barren rock); Dürrental (the barren valley); Dürrwald (the dry or sterile wood); Droogberg (the barren hill); Drupach (dry brook). [Sidenote: DWOR (Sclav.), THUR (Ger.), DORUS (Cel.), DWAR (Sansc.),] a door or opening, an open court; _e.g._ Dvoretz (the town at the opening), in Russia; Dwarka (the court or gate), Hindostan; Hurdwar (the court of Hurry or Siva), called also _Gangadwara_ (the opening of the Ganges), in Hindostan; Issoire, anc. _Issiodorum_ (the town at door or meeting of the waters, _uisge_), a town in France at the conf. of the Allier and Couze; Durrisdeer, Gael. _Dorus-darach_ (at the opening of the oak-wood), in Dumfriesshire; Lindores, in Fife, anc. _Lindoruis_ (at the outlet of the waters), on a lake of the same name which communicates by a small stream with the Tay. [Sidenote: DYFFRYN (Welsh),] a river valley; _e.g._ Dyffryn-Clydach, Dyffryn-Gwy, in the valleys of the R. Clwyd and Gwy, in Wales; Dyffryn-golych (the vale of worship), in Glamorgan. E [Sidenote: EA (A.S.), EY, AY, EGE or EG OE, O, or A (Scand.), OOG (Dutch),] an island; from _ea_, _a_, _aa_, running water; _ea_ or _ey_ enter into the composition of many A.S. names of places which are now joined to the mainland or to rich pastures by the river-side, as in Eton, Eaton, Eyam, Eyworth, Eywick (dwellings by the water); Eyemouth, Moulsy, on the R. Mole; Bermondsey, now included in the Metropolis; Eamont, anc. _Eamot_ (the meeting of waters); Fladda and Fladday (flat island); Winchelsea (either the corner, A.S. _wincel_, of the water, or the island of Wincheling, son of the Saxon king Cissa, who founded it); Swansea (Sweyn’s town, on the water), at the mouth of the Tawey; Anglesea (the island of the Angles or English), so named by the Danes--its Welsh name was _Ynys-Fonn_ or _Mona_; Portsea (the island of the haven); Battersea (St. Peter’s isle), because belonging to St. Peter’s Abbey, Westminster; Chelsea (ship island, or the island of the sandbank)--_v._ p. 46, CEOL, CEOSEL; Ely (eel island); Jersey (Cæsar’s isle); Olney (holly meadow); Odensee (Woden’s island or town on the water); Whalsey (whale island, _hval_); Rona (St. Ronan’s isle); Mageroe (scraggy island); Nordereys and Sudereys--from this word Sudereys, the Bishop of Sodor and Man takes his title--(the north and south isles), names given by the Norsemen to the Hebrides and the Orkneys under their rule; Oesel (seal island); Oransay (the island of St. Oran); Pabba and Papa (priest’s isle). The Papae or Christian anchorites came from Ireland and the west of Scotland to Orkney and Shetland, and traces of them were found in Iceland on its discovery by the Norsemen, hence probably such names as Pappa and Crimea (the island of the Cymri or Cimmerians); Morea (the mulberry-shaped island); Shapinsay (the isle of Hjalpand, a Norse Viking); Faröe (the sheep islands--_faar_, Scand.); Faroe, also in Sweden; but Farr, a parish in the north of Scotland, is from _faire_, Gael. a watch or sentinel, from a chain of watch-towers which existed there in former times; Staffa (the island of the staves or columns, Scand. _stav_); Athelney (the island of the nobles); Bressay, Norse _Bardie’s ay_ (giant’s island); Bardsey (the bard’s island), the last retreat of the Welsh bards; Femoe (cattle island); Fetlar, anc. _Fedor’s-oe_ (Theodore’s island); Romney (marsh island), Gael. _Rumach_; Sheppey, A.S. _Sceapige_ (sheep island); Langeoog (long island); Oeland (water land); Torsay (the island with conical hills, _torr_); Chertsey, A.S. _Ceortes-ige_ (Ceorot’s island); Lingley (heathery island), _ling_, Norse (heather); Muchelney (large island); Putney, A.S. _Puttanige_ (Putta’s isle); Thorney (thorny island), but its more ancient name was _Ankerige_, from an anchorite who dwelt in a cell in the island. [Sidenote: EADAR, EDAR (Cel.), between, ENTRE (Fr., Span., and Port.), INTER (Lat.),] _e.g._ Eddertoun, Co. Ross (between hills)--_v._ DUNE; Eddra-chillis, _i.e._ _Eadar da Chaolas_ (between two firths), Co. Sutherland; Killederdaowen, in Galway, _i.e._ _Coill-eder-da-abhainn_ (the wood between two rivers); and Killadrown, King’s County, with the same meaning; Cloonederowen, Galway (the meadow between two rivers); Ballydarown (the townland between two rivers). In France: Entre-deux-mers (between two seas); Entrevaux (between valleys); Entre-rios (between streams), in Spain; Entre-Douro-e-Minho (between these rivers), in Portugal; Interlacken (between lakes), in Switzerland. [Sidenote: EAGLAIS (Gadhelic), EGLWYS (Cym.-Cel.), ILIZ (Armoric), EGYHAZ (Hung.),] a church. These and synonymous words in the Romance languages are derived from Lat. _ecclesia_, and that from the Grk. ὲκκλησια (an assembly); _e.g._ Eccles, a parish and suburb of Manchester, also the name of two parishes in Berwickshire; Eccleshall, in Staffordshire, so called because the bishops of Lichfield formerly had a palace there; Eccleshill (church hill), in Yorkshire; Eccleston (church town), in Lancashire; Ecclesmachan (the church of St. Machan), in Linlithgow; Eaglesham (the hamlet at the church), Co. Renfrew; Ecclescraig or Ecclesgrieg (the church of St. Gregory or Grig), in Kincardine; Eglishcormick (St. Cormac’s church), Dumfries; Ecclescyrus (of St. Cyrus), in Fife; Lesmahago, Co. Lanark, corrupt. from _Ecclesia-Machuti_ (the church of St. Machute, who is said to have settled there in the sixth century); Carluke, in Lanarkshire, corrupt. from _Eccles-maol-Luke_ (the church of the servant of St. Luke); Terregles, anc. _Traver-eglys_ (church lands), Gael. _treabhair_ (houses), in Kirkcudbright. In Wales: Eglwys Fair (St. Mary’s church); Hen-eglwys (old church); Aglish and Eglish (the church), the names of parishes in Ireland; Aglishcloghone (the church of the stepping-stones); Iglesuela (little church), in Spain; Fèhér eghaz (white church), in Hungary. In France: Eglise-aux-bois (the church in the woods); Eglise neuve (new church); Eglisolles, Eliçaberry, and Eliçaberria (the church in the plain). Such names as Aylesford, Aylsworth, Aylesby, etc., may be derived from _eglwys_ or _ecclesia_, corrupted. [Sidenote: EAS, ESS, ESSIE (Gadhelic),] a waterfall; _e.g._ the R. Ness and Loch Ness (_i.e._ the river and lake of the Fall of Foyers); Essnambroc (the waterfall of the badger); Essmore (the great waterfall); Doonass (_i.e._ Irish _Dun easa_ (the fort of the cataract), on the Shannon; Caherass, in Limerick, with the same meaning; Pollanass (the pool of the waterfall); Fetteresso, in Kincardine (the uncultivated land, _fiadhair_, near the waterfall); Edessa, in Turkey, seems to derive its name from the same root, as its Sclavonic name is _Vodena_, with the same meaning; Edessa, in Mesopotamia, is on the R. Daisan; Portessie (the port of the waterfall), Banff. [Sidenote: EBEN (Ger.),] a plain; _e.g._ Ebenried and Ebenrinth (the cleared plain); Ebnit (on the plain); Breite-Ebnit (broad plain); Holzeben (woody plain). [Sidenote: ECKE, or EGG (Teut. and Scand.), VIG (Gadhelic),] a nook or corner; _e.g._ Schönegg (beautiful nook); Eckdorf (corner village); Eggberg (corner hill); Reinecke (the Rhine corner); Randecke (the corner of the point, _rand_); Vilseek (at the corner of the R. Vils); Wendecken (the corner of the Wends or Sclaves); Edgcott (the corner hut); Wantage, Co. Berks (Wanta’s corner), on the edge of a stream; Stevenage, Co. Herts (Stephen’s corner); Gourock (the goal’s corner); Landeck, in the Tyrol (at the meeting or corner of three roads); Nigg, Gael. _N-uig_ (at the corner), a parish in Co. Kincardine, and also in Ross and Cromarty; Haideck (heath corner), in Bavaria. [Sidenote: EGER (Hung.),] the alder-tree; _e.g._ the R. Eger with the town of the same name. [Sidenote: EILEAN (Gadhelic), EALAND (A.S.), EYLANDT (Dutch), INSEL (Ger.),] an island, cognate with the Lat. _insula_. The Gaelic word is generally applied to smaller islands than _innis_; _e.g._ _Eilean-sgiathach_ or Skye (the winged island); Eilean-dunan (the isle of the small fort); Eilean-na-goibhre (of the goats); Eilean-na-monach (of the monks); Eilean-na-Clearach (of the clergy); Eilean-na-naoimbh (of the saints), often applied to Ireland; _Eilean-nam-Muchad_ or Muck (the island of pigs), in the Hebrides; Flannan, in the Hebrides, _i.e._ _Eilean-an-Flannan_ (of St. Flannan); Groote Eylandt (great island), off the coast of Australia; Rhode Island, in the United States, Dutch (_red_ island), or, according to another interpretation, so named from its fancied resemblance in form to the island of Rhodes. [Sidenote: EISEN (Ger.),] iron; _e.g._ Eisenstadt (iron town); Eisenach, in Germany (on a river impregnated with iron); Eisenberg (iron hill fort), in Germany; Eisenburg (iron town), Hung. _Vasvar_, in Hungary; Eisenirz (iron ore), on the Erzberg Mountains; Eisenschmidt (iron forge), in Prussia. [Sidenote: ELF (Goth.), ELV,] a river; _e.g._ Alf, Alb, Elbe, Elben, river names; Laagenelv (the river in the hollow); Dol-elf (valley river); Elbing, a town on a river of the same name. [Sidenote: ENAGH, or ÆNAGH (Irish),] an assembly of people, such as were held in old times by the Irish at the burial mounds, and in modern times applied to a cattle fair; _e.g._ Nenagh, in Tipperary, anc. _’n-Ænach-Urmhumhan_ (the assembly meeting-place of Ormund), the definite article _n_ having been added to the name--this place is still celebrated for its great fairs; Ballinenagh, Ballineanig, Ballynenagh (the town of the fair); Ardanlanig (the height of the fair); Monaster-an-enagh (the monastery at the place of meeting). But this word is not to be confounded with _eanach_ (a watery place or marsh), found under such forms as _enagh_ and _annagh_, especially in Ulster. Thus Annabella, near Mallow, is in Irish _Eanachbile_ (the marsh of the old tree); Annaghaskin (the marsh of the eels). [Sidenote: ENDE (Teut.),] the end or corner; Ostend, in Belgium (at the west end of the canal opening into the ocean); Ostend, in Essex (at the east end of the land); Oberende (upper end); Süderende (the south corner); Endfelden (the corner of the field), probably Enfield, near London. Purmerend (at the end of the Purmer), a lake in Holland, now drained. [Sidenote: ENGE (Teut.),] narrow; _e.g._ Engberg (narrow hill); Engbrück (narrow bridge); Engkuizen (the narrow houses). [Sidenote: ERBE (Ger.),] an inheritance or property; _e.g._ Erbstellen (the place of the inheritance, or the inherited property); Erbhof (the inherited mansion-house); Sechserben (the property or inheritance of the Saxons). [Sidenote: ERDE (Teut.),] cultivated land; _e.g._ Rotherde (red land); Schwarzenerde (black land). [Sidenote: ERLE (Ger.),] the alder-tree; _e.g._ Erla and Erlabeka (alder-tree stream); Erlangen (the dwelling near alder-trees); Erlau, a town in Hungary, on the Erlau (alder-tree river). [Sidenote: ERMAK (Turc.),] a river; _e.g._ Kizel-Ermack (red river); Jekil-Ermak (green river). [Sidenote: ESCHE (Old Ger.),] a common or sowed field; _e.g._ Summeresche, Winteresche (the field sown in summer and winter); Brachesche (the field broken up for tillage); Kaiseresche (the emperor’s common). For this word as an affix, _v._ p. 5; as a prefix it signifies the ash-tree, as in the Aschaff or ash-tree river; Aschaffenberg (the fortress on the Aschaff); Eschach (ash-tree stream); Escheweiller (ash-tree town); Eschau (ash-tree meadow). [Sidenote: ESGAIR (Welsh),] a long ridge; _e.g._ Esgair-hir (the long ridge); Esgair-yn-eira (the snow ridge). [Sidenote: ESKI (Turc.),] old; _e.g._ Eski-djuma (old ditch). [Sidenote: ESPE, or ASPE (Ger.),] the poplar-tree; _e.g._ Aspach (a place abounding in poplars, or the poplar-tree stream); Espenfield (the field of poplars); Aspenstadt (the station of poplars)--_v._ AESP, p. 5. [Sidenote: ESTERO (Span.),] a marsh or salt creek; _e.g._ Estero-Santiago (St. James’s marsh); Los-Esteros (the salt creeks), in South America. [Sidenote: ETAN, TANA (Basque),] a district, with the same meaning as the Cel. _tan_, Latinised _tania_; _e.g._ Aquitania (the district of the waters); Mauritania (of the Moors); Lusitania (the ancient name of Portugal). This root-word enters into the name of Britain, according to Taylor--_v._ _Words and Places_. [Sidenote: EUDAN, or AODANN (Gadhelic),] the forehead--in topography, the front or brow of a hill; _e.g._ Edenderry (the hill-brow of the oak-wood); Edenkelly (the front of the wood); Ednashanlaght (the hill-brow of the old sepulchre); Edenmore (the great hill-brow); Edina (one of the ancient names of Edinburgh). [Sidenote: EVES (A.S.),] a margin; _e.g._ Evedon (on the brink of the hill); Evesbatch (the brink of the brook); Evesham (the dwelling on the bank of the River Avon, in Worcester, or the dwelling of Eoves, a shepherd, afterwards made Bishop of Worcester). F [Sidenote: FAGUS (Lat.),] a beech-tree; _Fagetum_, a place planted with beeches; _e.g._ La Fage, Le Faget, Fayet, Les Faus, Faumont, in France. [Sidenote: FAHR, FUHR (Teut. and Scand.),] a way or passage--from _fahren_, to go; _e.g._ Fahrenhorst (the passage at the wood); Fahrenbach, Fahrwasser (the passage over the water); Fahrwangen (the field at the ferry); Rheinfahr (the passage over the Rhine); Langefahr (long ferry); Niederfahr (lower ferry); Vere or Campvere, in Holland (the ferry leading to Kampen); Ferryby (the town of the Ferry), in Yorkshire; Broughty-Ferry, in Fife (the ferry near a _brough_ or castle, the ruins of which still remain); Ferry-Port-on-Craig (the landing-place on the rock, opposite Broughty-Ferry); Queensferry, West Lothian, named from Queen Margaret; Connal-Ferry (the ferry of the raging flood), _confhath-tuil_, in Argyleshire; Fareham, Co. Hants (the dwelling at the ferry). [Sidenote: FALU, or FALVA (Hung.),] a village; _e.g._ Uj-falu (new village); Olah-falu (the village of the Wallachians or Wallochs, a name which the Germans applied to the Sclaves); Hanus-falva (John’s village); Ebes-falva (Elizabeth’s village), Ger. _Elizabeth-stadt_; Szombat-falva (the village at which the Saturday market was held); Balars-falva (the village of Blaise); Bud-falva (the village of Buda). [Sidenote: FANUM (Lat.),] a temple; _e.g._ Fano, in Italy, anc. _Fanum-Fortunæ_ (the temple of fortune), built here by the Romans to commemorate the defeat of Asdrubal on the Metaurus; Famars, anc. _Fanum-Martis_ (the temple of Mars); Fanjeaux, anc. _Fanum-Jovis_ (of Jove); St. Dié, anc. _Fanum-Deodati_ (the temple of Deodatus, Bishop of Nevers); St. Dezier, anc. _Fanum-Desiderii_ (the temple of St. Desiderius); Florent-le-Vieul, anc. _Fanum-Florentii_ (of St. Florentius); St. Flour, _Fanum-Flori_ (of St. Florus). [Sidenote: FARR (Norse),] a sheep. This word seems to have given names to several places in the north of Scotland, as affording good pasture for sheep; _e.g._ Farr, a parish in Sutherlandshire); Farra, Faray, islands in the Hebrides and Orkneys; Fare, a hill in Aberdeenshire. [Sidenote: FEARN (Gadhelic), FAUR, or VAUR (great)--_v._ MAUR,] the alder-tree; _e.g._ Fernagh, Farnagh, and Ferney (a place abounding in alder-trees), in Ireland; Glenfarne (alder-tree valley); Ferns, Co. Wexford, anc. _Fearna_ (the place of alders); Gortnavern (the field of alders); Farney, Co. Monaghan, corrupt. from _Fearn-mhagh_ (alder-tree plain); Altanfearn (the little stream of alders); Sronfearn (the point of alders)--_v._ p. 178; Fearns (the alder-trees), in Ross-shire; Fearn, also in Forfar; Ferney, on the Lake of Geneva, probably with same meaning as Ferney in Ireland. [Sidenote: FEHER (Hung.),] white; Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. _Stulweissenburg_ (the throne of the white fortress). [Sidenote: FEKETE (Hung.),] black; _e.g._ Fekete-halam (black hill). [Sidenote: FEL (Hung.),] upper, in opposition to _al_, lower; _e.g._ Felsovaros (upper town); Alvaros (lower town). [Sidenote: FELD, or VELD (Teut.),] a plain or field; lit. a place where trees had been felled; _e.g._ Feldham (field dwelling); Feldberg (field fortress); Bassevelde, in Belgium (low plain); Gurkfeld (cucumber field); Leckfeld, Rhinfeld (the plain of the Rivers Leck and Rhine); Great Driffield, in Yorkshire (dry field); Huddersfield, in Doomsday _Oderesfeld_, from a personal name; Macclesfield (the field of St. Michael’s church); Sheffield, on the R. Sheaf; Mansfield, on the R. Mann; Lichfield, Co. Stafford (the field of corpses), A.S. _Licenfelt_, where, according to tradition, a great slaughter of the Christians took place in the reign of Diocletian; Wakefield (the field by the wayside, _waeg_); Spitalfields, (_i.e._ the fields near the hospital or place of entertainment), Lat. _hospitalium_. There is a watering-place near Berwick called Spital, also a suburb of Aberdeen called the Spital; Smithfield, in London, is a corruption of _Smethfield_ (smooth field); Beaconsfield, Berks, so called from having been built on a height on which beacon fires were formerly lighted); Coilsfield, in Ayrshire (the field of Coilus or King Coil). There is a large mound near it said to mark the site of his grave. [Sidenote: FELL, FIALL, or FJELD (Scand.), FEL, FELSEN (Ger.),] a high mountain or mountain range; _e.g._ Dovrefeld (the gloomy mountains); Donnersfeld (the mountain range of thunder or of Thor); Snafel, Iceland, and Sneefell, in the Isle of Man (snow mountain); Blaefell (blue mountain); Drachenfells (the dragon’s rock); Weissenfels (the white rock); Rothenfels (red rock); Scawfell (the mountain of the _scaw_ or promontory); Hartfell (of harts); Hestfell (of the steed); Lindenfels (of the linden-tree); Lichtenfels (the mountain of light), a Moravian settlement in Greenland; Fitful Head, corrupt. from _fitfioll_ (the hill with the promontory running into the sea), Old Norse _fit_--in Shetland; Falaise, in France, a promontory, derived from the Ger. _fell_; Fellentin (the fort, _dun_, on the rock), in France; Souter-fell, Cumberland; Saudfjeld, Norway; Saudafell, in Iceland (sheep hill), from Old Norse _sauder_, a sheep; perhaps Soutra Hill, in Mid-Lothian, may come from the same word; Criffel (the craggy rock), Dumfries; Felza, Felsbach (rocky stream), in France; Felsberg (rock fortress), in Germany; Goat-fell, in Arran, Gael. _Gaoth-ceann_ (the windy point), to which the Norsemen added their _fell_. [Sidenote: FENN (Ger.), VEN, or VEEN (Dutch), FEN (A.S.),] a marsh; _e.g._ the Fenns or marshy lands; Fen-ditton (the enclosed town on the marsh); Fenny-Stratford (the ford on the Roman road, _strat_, in the marshy land); Fenwick, Fenton, Finsbury (the town or enclosed place on the marsh); Venloo, in Belgium (the place in the marsh); Veenhof, Veenhusen (dwellings in the marsh); Houtveen (woody marsh); Diepenveen (deep marsh); Zutphen, in Holland (the south marsh); Ravenna, in Italy, called _Pludosa_ (the marshy). It was originally built in a lagoon, on stakes, like Venice; Venice, named from the _Veneti_, probably marsh dwellers; Vannes, in France, and La Vendée, may be from the same word, although others derive the names from _venna_ (a fisherman), others from _gwent_, Cel. (the fair plain); Finland (the land of marshes). The natives call themselves _Suomilius_, from _suoma_ (a marsh). _Fang_ in German and Dutch names, and _faing_ in French names, are sometimes used instead of fenn--as in Zeefang (lake marsh); Aalfang (eel marsh); Habechtsfang (hawk’s marsh); Faing-du-buisson, Dom-faing, etc., in the valleys of the Vosges. [Sidenote: FERN, or FARN (Teut.),] the fern; _e.g._ Ferndorf, Farndon, Farnham, Farnborough (dwellings among ferns); Farnhurst (fern thicket); Ferndale (fern valley); Farringdon (fern hill); Fernruit (a place cleared of ferns). [Sidenote: FERT, FERTA (Gadhelic),] a grave or trench; _e.g._ Farta, Ferta, and Fartha (_i.e._ the graves); Fertagh and Fartagh (the place of graves); Moyarta, in Clare, Irish _Magh-fherta_ (the field of the graves); Fortingall, in Perthshire, is supposed to have derived its name from this word, _Feart-na-gall_ (the grave of the strangers), having been the scene of many bloody battles. [Sidenote: LA FERTE,] contracted from the French _La fermeté_, from the Lat. _firmitas_ (strength), applied in topography to a stronghold; _e.g._ La Ferté Bernardi (Bernard’s stronghold); Ferté-freshal, from _Firmitas Fraxinelli_ (the stronghold of little ash-trees); La Ferté, in Nièvre and in Jura, etc. [Sidenote: FESTE (Ger.), VESTING (Dutch), FAESTUNG (Scand.),] a fortress; _e.g._ Altefeste (high fortress); Franzenfeste (the fortress of the Franks); Festenburg (the town of the fortress); Ivanich-festung (John’s fortress), in Croatia. [Sidenote: FEUCHT (Ger.), VOICHTIG (Dutch),] moist, marshy; _e.g._ Feuchtwang (the marshy field), in Bavaria, formerly called _Hudropolis_, in Greek, with the same meaning; Feucht (the damp place), also in Bavaria; Viecht-gross and Viecht-klein (the great and little damp place), in Bavaria. [Sidenote: LES FÈVES (Fr.),] beans, Lat. _faba_, from which come such places in France as La Favière, Favières, Faverage, Favray, Faverelles, etc. [Sidenote: FICHTE (Ger.),] the pine-tree; _e.g._ Schoenfichten (the beautiful pine-trees); Finsterfechten (the dark pine-trees); Fichthorst (pine-wood); Feichheim (a dwelling among pines). In topography, however, it is difficult to distinguish this word from _feucht_ (damp). [Sidenote: FIN, FIONN (Gadhelic),] fair, white, Welsh _gwynn_; _e.g._ Findrum (white ridge); _Fionn-uisge_ (the clear water). The Phœnix Park, in Dublin, was so called from a beautiful spring well on the grounds; Findlater (the fair slope, _leiter_); Fingart (fair field); Finnow, Finnan, and Finglass (fair stream); Finglen (fair glen); Knockfin (fair hill); Loch Fyne (clear or beautiful lake); Fintray, in Aberdeenshire; Fintry, in Stirling (fair strand, _traigh_); Ventry, Co. Kerry, _i.e._ _Fionn-traigh_ (fair strand); Finnow (the fair stream). [Sidenote: FIORD, or FJORD (Scand.),] a creek or inlet formed by an arm of the sea, Anglicised _ford_, or in Scotland _firth_; _e.g._ Selfiord (herring creek); Laxfiord (salmon creek); Hvalfiord (whale creek); Lymefiord (muddy creek); Skagafiord (the inlet of the promontory, _skagi_); Halsfiord (the bay of the neck or _hals_, _i.e._ the narrow passage); Waterford, named by the Danes _Vadre-fiord_ (the fordable part of the bay)--the Irish name of the town was _Port-lairge_ (the port of the thigh), from its form; Wexford (the western creek or inlet), also named by the Danes _Flekkefiord_ (the flat inlet)--its Irish name was _Inverslanie_ (at the mouth of the Slaney); Strangford Lough (_i.e._ the loch of the strong _fiord_); Carlingford, in Irish _Caerlinn_, the _fiord_ having been added by the Danes; Vaeringefiord, in Norway (the inlet of the Varangians or Warings); Breidafiord (broad inlet), in Ireland; Haverford, probably from Scand. _havre_ (oats). [Sidenote: FLECKE (Teut. and Scand.),] a spot or level place, hence a hamlet; _e.g._ Flegg, East and West, in Norfolk; Fleckney (the flat island); Fletton (flat town); Pfaffenfleck (the priest’s hamlet); Amtsfleck (the amptman’s hamlet); Schœnfleck (beautiful hamlet); Marktflecten (the market village); Fladda, Flatholme, Fleckeroe (flat island); Fladstrand (flat strand). [Sidenote: FLEOT, FLIEZ (Teut.), VLIET (Dutch),] a flush of water, a channel or arm of the sea on which vessels may float; _e.g._ Fleet (a river name), in Kirkcudbright; Fleet Loch; Swinefleet (Sweyn’s channel); Saltfleetby (the dwelling on the salt water channel); Shalfleet (shallow channel); Depenfleth (deep channel); Adlingfleet (the channel of the Atheling or noble); Ebbfleet, a place which was a port in the twelfth century, but is now half a mile from the shore; Purfleet, Co. Essex, anc. _Pourteflete_ (the channel of the port); Fleetwood (the wood on the channel of the R. Wyre); Mühlfloss (mill channel); Flushing, in Holland, corrupt. from _Vliessengen_ (the town on the channel of the R. Scheldt). In Normandy this kind of channel takes the form of _fleur_, _e.g._ Barfleur (the summit or projection on the channel); Harfleur or Havrefleur (the harbour on the channel); Biervliet (the fruitful plain on the channel). _Flad_ as a prefix sometimes signifies a place liable to be flooded, as Fladbury, Fledborough. The Lat. _flumen_ (a flowing stream) is akin to these words, along with its derivations in the Romance languages: thus Fiume (on the river), a seaport in Croatia, at the mouth of the R. Fiumara; Fiumicina, a small seaport at the north mouth of the Tiber; Fiume-freddo (the cold stream), in Italy and Sicily; Flims, in Switzerland, Lat. _Ad-flumina_ (at the streams); Fiume-della Fine, near Leghorn, is a corrupt. of its ancient name, _Ad-Fines_ (the river at the boundary). [Sidenote: FÖLD (Hung.),] land; _e.g._ Földvar (land fortress); Alfold (low land); Felföld (high land); Szekel-föld (the land of the Szeklers); Havasel-föld (the land beyond the mountains), which is the Hungarian name for Wallachia. [Sidenote: FONS (Lat.), FONTE (It. and Port.), FONT, FONTAINE (Fr.), FUENTE, and HONTANA (Span.), FUARAN and UARAN (Gadhelic), FFYNNON (Cym.-Cel.),] a fountain, a well; _e.g._ Fontainebleau, corrupt. from _Fontaine-de-belle-eau_ (the spring of beautiful water); Fontenoy (the place of the fountain); Fontenay (the place of the fountain); Les Fontaines, Fontanas (the fountains); Fontenelles (the little fountains); Fontevrault, Lat. _Fons-Ebraldi_ (the well of St. Evrault); Fuente (the fountain), the name of several towns in Spain; Fuencaliente (the warm fountain); Fuensagrada (holy well); Fuente-el-fresna (of the ash-tree); Fuente-alamo (of the poplar); Fontarabia, Span. _Fuentarrabia_, corrupt. from the Lat. _Fons-rapidans_ (the swift-flowing spring); Fuenfrido (cold fountain); Fossano, in Italy, Lat. _Fons-sanus_ (the healing fountain); Hontanas, Hontanares, Hontananza, Hontangas (the place of springs), in Spain; Hontomin (the fountain of the R. Omino), in Spain; Pinos-fuente (pine-tree fountain), in Granada; Saint-fontaine, in Belgium, corrupt. from _Terra-de-centum fontanis_ (the land of the hundred springs); Spa, in Belgium, corrupt. from _Espa_ (the fountain)--its Latin name was _Fons-Tungrorum_ (the well of the Tungri); Fonthill (the hill of the spring). The town of Spalding, Co. Lincoln, is said to have derived its name from a _spa_ of mineral water in the market-place. The Celtic _uaran_ or _fuaran_ takes the form of _oran_ in Ireland: thus Oranmore (the great fountain near a holy well); Knock-an-oran (the hill of the well); Ballynoran (the town of the well); Tinoran, corrupt. from _Tigh-an-uarain_ (the dwelling at the well); Foveran, in Aberdeenshire, took its name from a spring, _fuaran_, at Foveran Castle; Ffynon-Bed (St. Peter’s well), in Wales. [Sidenote: FORD (A.S.), FURT, or FURTH (Ger.), VOORD (Dutch),] a shallow passage over a river; _e.g._ Bradford (the broad ford), in Yorkshire, on the R. Aire; Bedford, _Bedican ford_ (the protected ford), on the Ouse; Brentford, on the R. Brenta; Chelmsford, on the Chelmer; Camelford, on the Camel; Charford (the ford of Ceredic); Aylesford (of Ægle); Hacford and Hackfurth (of Haco); Guildford (of the guilds or trading associations); Hungerford, corrupt. from _Ingle ford_ (corner ford); Oxford, Welsh _Rhyd-ychen_ (ford for oxen); Ochsenfurt, in Bavaria, and probably the Bosphorus, with the same meaning; Hertford (the hart’s ford); Hereford (the ford of the army), or more probably a mistranslation of its Celtic name, _Caer-ffawydd_ (the town of the beech-trees); Horsford, Illford, and Knutsford (the fords of Horsa, Ella, and Canute). Canute had crossed this ford before gaining a great battle; Watford (the ford on Watling Street); Milford, the translation of _Rhyd-y-milwr_ (the ford of the Milwr), a small brook that flows into the haven; Haverford West--_v._ HAVN--the Welsh name is _Hwlfford_ (the sailing way, _fford_), so called because the tide comes up to the town; Tiverton, anc. _Twyford_ (the town on the two fords); Stamford, A.S. _Stanford_ (stony ford), on the Welland; _Stoney Stratford_ (the stony ford on the Roman road); Stafford, anc. _Statford_ (the ford at the station, or a ford crossed by staffs or stilts); Crayford, on the R. Cray; but Crawford, in Lanarkshire, is corrupt. from _Caerford_ (castle ford); Wallingford, anc. _Gual-hen_, Latinised _Gallena_ (the old fort at the ford); Thetford, anc. _Theodford_ (the people’s ford), on the R. Thet; Dartford, on the R. Darent; Bideford, in Devonshire (by the ford); Furth and Pforten (the fords), in Prussia; Erfurt, in Saxony, anc. _Erpisford_ (the ford of Erpe); Hohenfurth (the high ford), Bohemia; Frankfort, on the Maine and on the Oder (the ford of the Franks); Quernfurt and Velvorde (the fords of the Rivers Quern and Wolowe); Steenvoord (stony ford); Verden, in Hanover (at the ford of the R. Aller). [Sidenote: FORS, FOSS (Scand.),] a waterfall; _e.g._ High-force, Low-force, on the R. Tees; Skogar-foss (the waterfall on the promontory), in Ireland; Wilberforce, in Yorkshire (the cascade of Wilbera); Sodorfors (the south cascade), in Sweden; Foston (the town of the waterfall). [Sidenote: FORST, VORST (Teut.),] a wood; _e.g._ Forst-lohn (the path through the wood); Forst-bach (forest brook); Eichenforst (oak forest); Forstheim (forest dwelling). [Sidenote: FORT,] a stronghold; from the Lat. _fortis_, strong--akin to the Irish _Longphorth_ (a fortress), and the French _La Ferté_, abridged from _fermeté_--_v._ p. 79; _e.g._ Rochefort (the rock fortress); Fort Augustus, named after the Duke of Cumberland; Fort-George (after George II.); Fort-William, anc. _Inverlochy_ (at the mouth of the lake), and surnamed after William III.; Fortrose (the fortress on the promontory); Fort-Louis, in Upper Rhine, founded and named by Louis XIV.; Charles-Fort, in Canada, named after Charles I. In Ireland the town of Longford is called in the annals _Longphorth O’Farrell_ (the fortress of the O’Farrells). This Irish word is sometimes corrupted, as in _Lonart_ for _Longphorth_, and in Athlunkard for Athlongford (the ford of the fortress). [Sidenote: FORUM (Lat.),] a market-place or place of assembly; _e.g._ Forli, anc. _Forum-Livii_ (the forum of Livius), in Italy; Feurs, in France, anc. _Forum-Segusianorum_ (the forum of the Segusiani); Forlimpopoli (the forum of the people); Ferrara, anc. _Forum-Alieni_ (the market-place of the foreigner); Fornova (new forum); Fossombrone, anc. _Forum-Sempronii_ (of Sempronius); Fréjus and Friuli, anc. _Forum-Julii_ (of Julius); Frontignan, anc. _Forum-Domitii_ (of Domitius), also called _Frontiniacum_ (on the edge of the water); Voorburg, in Holland, anc. _Forum-Hadriani_ (the market-place of Hadrian); Klagenfurt, anc. _Claudii-Forum_ (the forum of Claudius); Fordongianus, in Sardinia, anc. _Forum-Trajani_ (the forum of Trajan); Forcassi, anc. _Forum-Cassii_ (of Cassius); Fiora, anc. _Forum-Aurelii_ (of Aurelius); _Appii-Forum_ (of Appius); Marazion, in Cornwall, or _Marketjeu_, Latinised by the Romans into _Forum-Jovis_ (the forum of Jove or of God), resorted to in former times from its vicinity to the sacred shrine of St. Michael. [Sidenote: FOSSE,] a ditch or trench dug around a fortified place, from the Lat. _fodio_, to dig; _e.g._ Fosseway (the road near the trench); Foston (the town with the trench or moat); Fosse, in Belgium; Fos, at the mouths of the Rhone, anc. _Fossæ Marianæ Portus_ (the port of the trench or canal of Marius). [Sidenote: FRANK (Ger.),] free, but in topography meaning belonging to the Franks; _e.g._ Franconia (the district of the Franks); France, abridged from _Frankreich_ (the kingdom of the Franks or freemen); Frankenthal (the valley of the Franks); Frankenberg and Frankenfels (the hill and rock of the Franks); Frankenburg and Frankenhausen (the dwellings of the Franks); Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks); Frankenmarkt (the market of the Franks); Ville-franche and Ville-franche sur Saone (free town), in France; Villa-franca (free town), several in Italy; Villa-franca (free town), in Spain. [Sidenote: FREI, or FREY (Ger.),] a privileged place, as also _freiheit_ (freedom); _e.g._ Freyburg and Fribourg (the privileged city); Schloss-freiheit and Berg-freiheit (the privileged castle); Oude-Vrijheid (the old privileged place), in Holland; Freystadt, in Hungary, Grk. _Eleutheropolis_ (free city). [Sidenote: FRÊNE (Fr.), FRASSINO (It.), FRESNO (Span.), FREIXO (Port.),] the ash-tree; _e.g._ Les Frênes, Les Fresnes (the ash-trees); Frenois, Frenoit, Frenai, Frenay, Fresney (the place abounding in ash-trees), in France; Frassinetto-di-Po (the ash-tree grove on the R. Po). [Sidenote: FREUDE (Ger.),] joy; _e.g._ Freudenthal (the valley of joy); Freudenstadt (the town of joy). [Sidenote: FRIDE,] a hedge, from the Old Ger. word _vride_--akin to the Gael. _fridh_, and the Welsh _fridd_ (a wood); _e.g._ Burgfried (the hedge of the fortress); Friedberg, anc. _Vriduperg_ (a fortress surrounded by a hedge); but Friedland, in East Prussia, Grk. _Irenopyrgos_ (the tower of peace), is from _friede_, Ger. peace. The prefix _fried_ is also sometimes a contraction for Frederick--thus Friedburg may mean Frederick’s town. [Sidenote: FRITH, or FIRTH,] the navigable estuary of a river, akin to _fiord_ and the Lat. _fretum_, a channel; _e.g._ the Firths of Forth, Tay, and Clyde; the Solway Firth. This word Solway has had various derivations assigned to it: one derivation is from the _Selgovæ_, a tribe; Ferguson suggests the Old Norse word _sulla_, Eng. _sully_, from its turbid waters, particularly as it was called in Leland’s _Itinera_ Sulway. I would suggest the A.S. _sol_ (mire), as this channel is a miry slough at low tide, and can be crossed on foot; Pentland Firth, corrupt. from _Petland Fiord_ (the bay between the land of the Picts and the Orkneys). [Sidenote: FROU, FRAU (Ger.),] lord and lady; _e.g._ Froustalla (the lord or nobleman’s stall); Frousthorp (the nobleman’s farm); Fraubrunnen (our lady’s well); Frauenberg, Frauenburg, Fraustadt (our lady’s town); Frauenkirchen (our lady’s church); Frauenfeld (our lady’s field). [Sidenote: FUL (A.S.),] dirty; _e.g._ Fulbeck, Fulbrook (dirty stream); Fulneck or _Fullanig_ (dirty water); Fulham or Fullenham (either the dwelling on the miry place or, according to another derivation, from _fügel_, a bird). [Sidenote: FÜRED (Hung.),] a bath or watering-place; _e.g._ Tisza-Füred (the watering-place on the R. Theis or Tisza); Balaton-Füred, on Lake Balaton. [Sidenote: FURST (Ger.),] a prince or the first in rank; _e.g._ Furstenau, Furstenberg, Furstenfeld, Furstenwald, Furstenwerder, Furstenzell (the meadow, hill, field, wood, island, church, of the prince); but Furstberg means the chief or highest hill. G [Sidenote: GABEL (Teut.), GABHAL, or GOUL (Gadhelic),] a fork, applied to river forks; _e.g._ Gabelbach (the forked stream); Gabelhof (the court or dwelling at the forked stream), in Germany. In Ireland: Goul, Gowel, and Gowl (the fork); Gola (forks); Addergoul, Addergoule, and Edargoule, Irish _Eadar-dha-ghabhal_ (the place between two river-prongs); Goule, in Yorkshire (on the fork of two streams). [Sidenote: GADEN (Ger.),] a cottage; _e.g._ Holzgaden (wood cottage); Steingaden (rock cottage). [Sidenote: GADR (Phœn.), KARTHA, KIRJATH (Heb.),] an enclosure, a city, or fortified place, from _kir_, a wall; _e.g._ Gades or Cadiz, anc. _Gadr_, in Spain; Carthage, anc. _Kartha-hadtha_ (the new city, in opposition to Utica, the old); Carthagena (New Carthage); Kirjath-Arba (the city of Arba, afterwards Hebron); Kirjath-sepher (of the book); Kirjath-jearim (of forests); Kirjath-Baal (Baal’s town); Kirjath-Sannah (of palms); Keriathaim (the double town); Kir-Moab (the citadel of Moab); Cordova, in Spain, Phœn. _Kartha-Baal_ (which may mean the city of Baal). [Sidenote: GAMA (Tamul),] a village; _e.g._ Alut-gama (new village), in Ceylon. [Sidenote: GANG (Ger.),] a narrow passage, either on land or by water; _e.g._ Birkengang (the birch-tree pass); Strassgang (a narrow street); Gangbach (the passage across the brook); Ganghofen (the dwelling at the ferry), on the R. Roth, in Bavaria. [Sidenote: GANGA, or GUNGA (Sansc.),] a river; _e.g._ Borra Ganga or the Ganges (the great river); Kishenganga (the black river); Neelganga (the blue river); Naraingunga (the river of Naranyana or Vishnu); Ramgunga (Ram’s river). [Sidenote: GARBH (Gadhelic), GARW (Cym.-Cel.),] rough; _e.g._ Rivers Gara, Garry, Garwe, Garwy, Owengarve, Garonne, Garvault, Yair, Yarrow (rough stream); Garracloon (rough meadow); Garroch head or Ard-Kingarth (the point of the rough headland), in Bute; Garioch (the rough district), in Aberdeenshire. [Sidenote: GARENNE,] a word of Germanic or Celtic origin, from the Low Lat. _warenna_, and that from the High Ger. _waran_ (to take precautions), had at first the sense of a protected or guarded place, and more lately of a wood to which was attached the exclusive right of the chase; _e.g._ La Garenne, Garenne, Varenne, Varennes, Warennes, in various departments of France. [Sidenote: GARIEF (South Africa),] a river; _e.g._ Ky-garief (yellow river); Nu-garief (black river). [Sidenote: GARRDH (Gadhelic), GARDD (Cym.-Cel.),] a garden; _e.g._ Garryowen (Owen’s garden); Gairyard (high garden); Ballingarry (the town of the garden); Garrane and Garrawn (the shrubbery); Garranbane (white shrubbery). [Sidenote: GARTH (Welsh),] a hill; _e.g._ Tal-garth (the brow of the hill), in Brecknockshire; Brecknock, named after Brychan, its king, who came from Ireland in the sixth century. Its ancient name was _Garth-Madryn_ (the fox’s hill). [Sidenote: GARTH, GART (Teut. and Scand.), GARRAD (Gadhelic), GARRD, GARZ (Cym.-Cel.),] an enclosed place, either for plants or cattle, then a farm. It is sometimes found in the form of _gort_ in Ireland and Scotland; _e.g._ Garton (the enclosure or enclosed town); Applegarth (the apple enclosure or farm); Hogarth (an enclosure for hay); Weingarten (an enclosure for vines, or a vineyard); Stuttgart and Hestingaard (an enclosure for horses); Nornigard (the sibyl’s dwelling, _norn_, a prophetess); Fishgarth or Fishguard (the fisher’s farm), in Wales; Noostigard (the farm at the _naust_ or ship station); in Shetland; Smiorgard (butter farm); Prestgard (the priest’s farm); Yardley (the enclosed meadow); Yardborough (the enclosed town); Gartan (little field); Gordon, a parish in Berwickshire, corrupt. from _Goirtean_ (little farm); Gartbane and Gortban (fair field); Gartfarran (the farm at the fountain, _fuaran_); Gartbreck (spotted field); Gortnagclock (the field of the stones); Gortreagh (gray field); Gortenure (the field of the yew-tree); Oulart, in Ireland, corrupt. from _Abhalghort_ (apple-field or orchard); Bugard (an enclosure for cattle), in Shetland; Olligard (the farm or dwelling of Olaf), in Shetland; Girthon, corrupt. from _Girthavon_ (the enclosure on the river), in Kirkcudbright). On the other hand, _Garda_ or _Warda_ in French names signified originally a fortified or protected place, from an old Teutonic word _warta_; hence Gardere, Gardière, La Garderie, La Garde, La Warde, etc. [Sidenote: GAT (Scand.), GAEAT (A.S.), GHAT (Sansc.),] an opening or passage; _e.g._ the Cattegat (the cat’s throat or passage); Margate (the sea-gate or passage), anc. _Meregate_, there having been formerly a _mere_ or lake here which had its influx into the sea; Ramsgate (the passage of _Ruim_, the ancient name of Thanet); Reigate, contraction from _Ridgegate_ (the passage through the ridge); Yetholm (the valley at the passage or border between England and Scotland, _yet_, Scot. a gate); Harrowgate, probably the passage of the army, A.S. _here_, as it is situated near one of the great Roman roads; Crossgates, a village in Fife (at the road crossings); Ludgate did not derive its name from a certain King _Lud_, according to popular tradition, but is an instance of tautology, there having been an ancient A.S. word _hlid_ (a door), hence _Geathlid_ (a postern gate)--_v._ BOSWORTH. In India the word _ghat_ is applied to a pass between hills or mountains, as in the Ghauts (the two converging mountain ranges); Sheergotta (the lion’s pass), between Calcutta and Benares; and Geragaut (the horse’s pass), or to a passage across a river, as well as to the flights of steps leading from a river to the buildings on its banks. Thus Calcutta is _Kalikuti_ (the ghauts or passes leading to the temple of the goddess Kali), on the R. Hoogly; also Calicut, on the Malabar coast. [Sidenote: GAU, GOVIA (Ger.),] a district; _e.g._ Sundgau, Westgau, Nordgau (south, west, and north district); Aargau, Rheingau, Thurgau (the districts watered by the Rivers Aar, Rhine, and Thur); Schöengau (beautiful district); Wonnegau (the district of delight); Hainault, Ger. _Hennegau_ (the district of the R. Haine, and _ault_, the stream); Pinzgau (the district of rushes, _binse_), in Tyrol; Oehringen or Oringowe (the district of the R. Ohr). [Sidenote: GEBEL, or DJEBEL (Ar.),] a mountain; _e.g._ Gebel-Kattarin, in Sinai (St. Catharine’s mountain), where, according to tradition, the body of St. Catharine was transported from Alexandria; Djebel-Mousa (the mountain of Moses), in Horeb; Djebel-Nimrod (of Nimrod), in Armenia; Jebel-Khal (black mount), in Africa; Gibraltar, Ar. _Gebel-al-Tarik_ (the mountain of Tarik, a Moor, who erected a fort on the rock of Calpe, A.D. 711); Jebel-Libnan or Lebanon (the white mountain), supposed to be so called because covered with snow during a great part of the year; Gebel-Oomar (the mountain of Omar); Gibel-el-Faro (the mountain with the lighthouse), near Malaga; _Djebel-es-Sheikh_ (the mount of the sheik or shah, _i.e._ of the king), the Arabian name for Mount Hermon--_v._ INDEX. [Sidenote: GEESTE (Ger.),] barren land; _e.g._ Gaste, Geist, Geeste (the barren land); Geestefeld (barren field); Holzengeist (the barren land in the wood); Nordergast, Middelgast (the northern and middle barren land). [Sidenote: GEISE (Ger.),] a goat; _e.g._ Geisa and Geisbach (the goat’s stream); Geismar (rich in goats); Geiselhoring, Geisenhausen, Geisenheim (the goat’s dwelling); Geisberg (goat’s hill). [Sidenote: GEMENDE (Ger.),] a common; _e.g._ Gmeind (the common); Petersgemeinde (Peter’s common); Gemeindmühle (the mill on the common). [Sidenote: GEMUND (Ger.),] a river-mouth or a confluence; _e.g._ Neckargemund (at the mouth of the R. Neckar); Saaregemund (at the conf. of the R. Saare and the Belise); Gmünd, in Wurtemberg (at the conf. of the two streams); Gemund and Gemunden, in various parts of Germany. In Holland this word takes the form of _monde_, as in Roermonde and Dendermonde (at the mouths of the Roer and Dender); Emden, in Hanover, is a corrupt. of _Emsmünder_ (at the conf. of the Ems and a small stream). [Sidenote: GEN,] an abbreviated form of _magen_ or _megen_, the Teutonic form for the Cel. _magh_ (a field)--_qu. v._; _e.g._ Remagen or Rhemmaghen (the field on the Rhine); Nimeguen, for _Novio-magus_ (the new field); Schleusingen (the field or plain of the R. Schleuse); Munchingen (the field of the monks); Beverungen, on the R. Bever; Meiningen (the great field or plain), in the valley of the R. Wara. [Sidenote: GEN, GENAU (Cel.),] a mouth or opening; _e.g._ Llanfihangel-genaur’-glyn (the church of the angel at the mouth of the glen), in Wales; Genappe and Gennep (the mouth of the water, _abh_); Geneva (either the opening or mouth of the water, or the head, _ceann_, of the water, where the Rhone proceeds from the lake); Genoa, probably with the same meaning; Ghent or Gend, at the conf. of the Scheldt and Lys, may also mean at the mouth of the rivers, although, according to tradition, it acquired its name from a tribe of Vandals, the _Gandani_, and was called in the ninth century _Gandavum-vicum_, from the name of its inhabitants. [Sidenote: GENT,] in French topography, beautiful; _e.g._ Gentilly, anc. _Gentiliacum_ (the place of beautiful waters), on the Bièvre--_v._ OEUIL; Nogent (beautiful meadow). [Sidenote: GERICHT (Ger.),] a court of justice; _e.g._ Gerichtsbergen (the hill of the court of justice); Gerichtstetten (the station of the court of justice). [Sidenote: GHAR (Ar.),] a cave; _e.g._ Garbo (the cave), in Malta; Trafalgar, _i.e._ _Taraf-al-gar_ (the promontory of the cave). [Sidenote: GHAR, GHUR, or GORE (Sansc.), NAGAR, a city,] a fort; _e.g._ Ahmednaghar (the fort of Ahmed); Ramghur (of Ram); Kishenagur (of Krishna); Furracknagur (of Furrack); Moradnagur (of Morad); Jehanagur (of Jehan); Allighur (of Allah or of God); Bisnaghur (triumphant fort); Futtegur (fort of victory); Deoghur (God’s fort); Neelgur (blue fort); Seringagur (the fort of abundance); Chandernagore (the fort of the moon); Haidernagur (of Hyder Ali); Bissengur (the fort of Vishnu); Chunarghur (the fort of the district of Chunar). [Sidenote: GHARI, or GHERRY (Sansc.),] a mountain; _e.g._ Ghaur, a mountainous district in Affghanistan; Boughir (the woody mountain); Kistnagherry (Krishna’s mountain); Rutnagiri (the mountain of rubies); Chandgherry (of the moon); Shevagherry (of Siva); Neilgherries (the blue mountains); Dhawalageri (the white mountain), being the highest peak of the Himalayas. [Sidenote: GILL, GJA (Scand.),] a ravine; _e.g._ Buttergill, Horisgill, Ormsgill, Thorsgill, etc. (ravines in the Lake District named after Norse leaders); Hrafngia (the ravens’ ravine, or of Hrafan, a Norse leader); Almanna-gja (Allman’s ravine), in Iceland. The Hebrew _gäe_ (a ravine) answers in meaning to this word, as in Ge-Hinnom (the ravine of the children of Hinnom), corrupt. to _Gehenna_. This word, in the form of _goe_, is applied to a small bay, _i.e._ a ravine which admits the sea, as in Redgoe, Ravengoe, in the north of Scotland. [Sidenote: GLAISE (Gadhelic),] a small stream; _e.g._ Glasaboy (the yellow stream); Tullyglush (hill stream); Glasheena (abounding in small streams); Douglas, _i.e._ _Dubhglaise_ (the black stream), frequent in Ireland and Scotland; Douglas, in the Isle of Man, is on the R. Douglas; also the name of a parish and village in Lanarkshire, from which the Douglas family derive their name. Glasheenaulin (the beautiful little stream), in Co. Cork; Ardglashin (the height of the rivulet), in Cavan. [Sidenote: GLAN (Cym.-Cel.),] a shore, a brink, a side; _e.g._ Glan-yr-afon, Welsh (the river side). [Sidenote: GLAS (Cel.),] gray, blue, or green; _e.g._ Glasalt (gray stream); Glascloon (green meadow); Glasdrummond (green ridge); Glaslough (green lake); Glasmullagh (green summit), in Ireland; Glass, a parish in Scotland. In Wales: Glascoed (greenwood); Glascombe (green hollow). Glasgow is said by James, the author of _Welsh Names of Places_, to be a corrupt. of _Glas-coed_. [Sidenote: GLEANN (Gadhelic), GLYN and GLANN (Cym.-Cel.), GLEN (A.S.),] a small valley, often named from the river which flows through it; _e.g._ Glen-fender, Glen-finnan, Glen-tilt, Glen-shee, Glen-esk, Glen-bervie, Glen-bucket, Glen-livet, Glen-lyon, Glen-almond, Glen-dochart, Glen-luce, Glen-isla, Glen-ary, Glen-coe, Glen-devon (valleys in Scotland watered by the Rivers Fender, Finnan, Tilt, Shee, Esk, Bervie, Bucket, Livet, Lyon, Almond, Dochart, Luce, Isla, Aray, Cona, Devon). In Ireland: Glennagross (the valley of the crosses); Glenmullion (of the mill); Glendine and Glandine and Glendowan, Irish _Gleann-doimhin_ (the deep valley)--sometimes it takes the form of _glan_ or _glyn_, as in Glin on the Shannon, and Glynn in Antrim; Glennan, Glenann, Glentane, Glenlaun, etc. (little valley). When this word occurs at the end of names in Ireland the _g_ is sometimes suppressed; _e.g._ Leiglin, in Carlow, anc. _Leith-ghlionn_ (half glen); Crumlin, Cromlin, and Crimlin (the winding glen); Glencross or Glencorse, in the Pentlands, named from a remarkable cross which once stood there; Glenelg (the valley of hunting or of the roe); Glengarnock (of the rough hillock); Glencroe (of the sheepfold); Glenmore or _Glenmore-nan-Albin_ (the great glen of Scotland which divides the Highlands into two nearly equal parts); Glenmoreston (the valley of the great cascade, _i.e._ of Foyers); Glenbeg (little valley); Glenburnie (of the little stream); Glenmuick (the boars’ valley); Glenure (of the yew); Glenfinlas (of the clear stream); Glengariff (rough glen); Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, is in Irish _Gleann-da-locha_ (the glen of the two lakes); Glennamaddy (of the dogs, _madadh_); Glinties (the glens), Co. Donegal; Forglen, a parish in Banffshire (the cold or the grassy glen). In Wales, Glyn-Nedd (of the R. Nedd.) [Sidenote: GLEIZ (Old Ger.),] shining; _e.g._ Glisbach (shining brook); Gleisberg (shining hill); Gleesdorf, Gleesweiler (shining dwelling). [Sidenote: GLINA (Sclav.),] clay; _e.g._ Glinzig, Glindow, Glintock, Glianicke, Glinow (names of places near clay pits); Glina (the clayey stream). [Sidenote: GLOG (Sclav.),] the white thorn; _e.g._ Glogau, _Gross_, and Upper Glogau, in Silesia (places abounding in white thorn); Glognitz, with the same meaning. [Sidenote: GNADE (Ger.),] grace; _e.g._ Gnadenhütten (the tabernacles of grace), a Moravian settlement on the Ohio; Gnadenthal (the valley of grace), in Africa; Gnadenburg and Gnadenfeld (the city and field of grace). [Sidenote: GOBHA (Gadhelic),] a blacksmith--in topography _Gow_ or _Gowan_; _e.g._ Ardgowan (the blacksmith’s height); Balgowan, Balnagowan, Balgownie, Balgonie, in Scotland, and Ballygow, Ballygowan, Ballingown, Ballynagown, in Ireland (the dwelling of the blacksmith); Athgoe (the blacksmith’s ford). In early times the blacksmith was regarded as an important personage, being the manufacturer of weapons of war, and the ancient Irish, like other nations, had their smith god, Goban, hence the frequent use of the word in their topography. [Sidenote: GOLA, or GALA (Sclav.),] a wood; _e.g._ Golschow, Goltzen, Golkojye or Kolkwitz, and Gahlen (the woody place); Galinchen (the little Gahlen, _i.e._ a colony from that town); Kallinichen, _i.e._ the colony from Gallun (the woody place); Gollnow, in Pomerania, from this root; but Gollnitz, near Finsterwalde, is corrupt. from _Jelenze_ (stag town), from _jelen_. [Sidenote: GOLB, GULB (Sclav.),] the dove; _e.g._ Gulbin, Golbitten, Golembin, Golembecks, Golembki (dove town); Gollombken, in Prussia, Ger. _Taubendorf_ (dove town). [Sidenote: GORA (Sclav.), Ὁρος (Grk.),] a mountain or hill; _e.g._ Goritz, Ger. _Goïs_ (the town on the hill), in Hungary, in a province of the same name; Gorlitz (behind the hill), called also _Sgoretz_; Gorigk, Ger. _Bergheide_ (hilly heath); Gorgast (hill inn), _gosta_ corrupt. into _gast_; Podgorze, Podgorach, Podgoriza, Poschgorize (near the hill). This word sometimes takes the form of _hora_, as in Zahora, in Turkey (behind the hill); Czernahora (the black hill). [Sidenote: GORT (Gadhelic),] a field, cognate with the Lat. _hortus_ and Span. _huerta_, and the Teut. _garth_--_v._ p. 87; _e.g._ Huerta-del-rey (the king’s orchard), in Spain. [Sidenote: GRAB (Sclav.),] the red beech; _e.g._ Grabkow, Grabitz, Grabig, Grabow (the place of red beeches); Grabin, Ger. _Finsterwalde_ (the place of red beeches or the dark wood). [Sidenote: GRABEN (Ger.), GRAB, GRAEF (A.S.),] a grave or trench, from _graben_, _grafan_ (to dig); _e.g._ Mühlgraben (the mill trench or dam); Vloedgraben (the trench for the flood); Schutzgraben (the moat of the defence); Grafton and Graffham (the moated town); Gravesend (the town at the end of the moat); Bischofsgraef (the bishop’s trench). In Ireland the prefix _graf_ is applied to lands that have been grubbed up with a kind of axe called a _grafan_--hence such names as Graffan, Graffin, Graffee, Graffy. [Sidenote: GRAF, GRAAF (Teut. and Scand.),] a count or earl; _e.g._ Graffenau, Graffenberg, Grafenschlag, Grafenstein (the meadow, hill, wood-clearing, and rock of the count); Grafenworth and Grafenhain (the count’s enclosure or farm); Grafenthal (the count’s valley); Grafenbrück (the count’s bridge); Grafenmühle (the count’s mill); Gravelines, in Flanders, anc. _Graveninghem_ (the count’s domain). In Sclavonic names, Grabik, Grabink, Grobitz, Hrabowa, Hrabaschin (the count’s town); Grobinow (count’s town), Germanised into _Kroppstadt_. [Sidenote: GRANGE (Fr. and Scot.),] a farm or storehouse for grain, from the Lat. _granaria_, cognate with the Gadhelic _grainnseach_, Low Lat. _grangia_; _e.g._ Grange, a parish and village in Banffshire; Les Granges (the granaries); La Neuve Grange (the new farm), in France; La Granja, in Spain; Grangegeeth (the windy farm), in Ireland. From the same root such names in Ireland as Granagh, Granaghan (places producing grain). [Sidenote: GRENZE (Ger.), GRAN (Sclav.),] the boundary or corner; _e.g._ Grenzhausen (the dwellings on the boundary); Banai-Militar Granze (the border territory under the government of a military officer called _The Ban_); Gransee (the corner lake); Graniz, Granowo (boundary towns), in Hungary; Gran, a town in Hungary, in a province of the same name through which the R. Gran flows. [Sidenote: GRIAN (Gadhelic),] the sun; _e.g._ Greenock, either from _grianach_ (sunny) or the knoll, _cnoc_ (of the sun); Greenan, Greenane, Greenawn, and Grennan (literally, a sunny spot), translated by the Irish Latin-writers _solarium_; but as it occurs in topographical names in Ireland, it is used as another name for a royal palace; Grenanstown, in Co. Tipperary, is a sort of translation of its ancient name _Baile-an-ghrianain_ (the town of the palace); Greenan-Ely (the palace of the circular stone fortress, _aileach_); Tullagreen (the hill of the sun); Monagreany (sunny bog). [Sidenote: GRIES (Ger.),] sand or gravel; _e.g._ Griesbach (sandy brook); Griesau, Griesthal (sandy valley); Grieshaim (sandy dwelling); Grieswang (sandy field); Griesberg (sand hill); Grieskirchen (the church on the sandy land). _Gressius_ and _Gresum_ in _bas_ Lat. have the same meaning, and have given names to such places in France as Les Grès, Grèses, Les Gresillons, La Gressée, La Grezille, etc. [Sidenote: GROD, GOROD, GRAD (Sclav.), HRAD (Turc.),] a fortified town; _e.g._ Belgrade and Belgorod (white fortress); Ekateringrad and Elizabethgrad (the fortified town of the Empress Catharine and Elizabeth); Zaregorod (the fortress of the Czar or Emperor); Novgorod (new fortress); Paulograd and Ivanograd (the fortress of Paul or Ivan, _i.e._ John); Gratz, Gradiska, Gradizsk, Gradentz, Grodek, Grodno, Grodzizk (the fortified towns), in Poland and Russia; Hradeck and Hradisch, with the same meaning, in Bohemia. [Sidenote: GRODEN (Frisian),] land reclaimed from the sea; _e.g._ Moorgroden, Ostergroden, Salzgroden, places in Holland. [Sidenote: GRÖN, GROEN, GRUN (Teut. and Scand.),] green; _e.g._ Groenloo, Gronau (the green meadow); Grunavoe (green bay); Grunataing (green promontory); Grunaster (green dwelling), in Shetland; Greenland, translated from _Terra-verde_, the name given to the country by Cortoreal in 1500, but it had been discovered by an Icelander (Lief, son of Eric the red), in the ninth century, and named by him _Hvitsaerk_ (white shirt), probably because covered with snow; Greenwich, A.S. _Grenavie_, Lat. _viridus-vicus_ (green town). [Sidenote: GRUND (Ger.),] a valley; _e.g._ Amsel-grund, Itygrund (the valleys of the Rivers Amsel and Ity); Riesengrund (the giant’s valley); Laucha-grund (the valley of the R. Laucha), in Thuringia. [Sidenote: GUADA,] the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from the Arabic _wädy_ (the dried-up bed of a river); _e.g._ Guadalaviar, _i.e._ Ar. _Wadi-l-abyadh_ (the white river); Guadalete (the small river); Guadalimar (red river); Guadarama (sandy river); Guadalertin (the muddy river); Guadaloupe (the river of the bay, _upl_); Guadiana (the river of joy), called by the Greeks _Chrysus_ (the golden); Guadalquivir, _i.e._ _Wad-al-kebir_ (the great river); Guaalcazar (of the palace); Guadalhorra (of the cave, _ghar_); Guadalbanar (of the battlefield); Guadaira (of the mills). [Sidenote: GUÉ (Fr.),] a ford, perhaps from the Celtic _gwy_, water; _e.g._ Gué-du-Loire (the ford of the Loire); Gué-de-l’Isle (of the island); Le Gué-aux-biches (of the hinds); Boné, formerly _Bonum-vadum_, Lat. (the good ford), in France; Bungay, in Suffolk, on the R. Waveney, corrupt. from _Bon-gué_ (good ford). [Sidenote: GUISA (Old Ger.),] to gush, found in river names; _e.g._ Buachgieso (the bending stream); Goldgieso (golden stream); Wisgoz (the white stream). [Sidenote: GUNGE (Sansc.),] a market-town; _e.g._ Saibgunge (the market-town of the Englishmen); Futtegunge (the town of victory); Sultangunge (of the Sultan); Shevagunge (of Siva); Jaffiergunge (of Jaffier). [Sidenote: GUT, GOED (Ger.),] a property; _e.g._ Schlossgut (the property of the castle); Wüstegut (the property in the waste land); but this word, used as a prefix, denotes _good_, as in Guttenberg, Guttenbrun, Guttenstein (the good hill, well, and fortress). [Sidenote: GWEN (Cym.-Cel.),] fair, white, cognate with the Gadhelic _fionn_; _e.g._ Gwenap (the fair slope); Gwendur and Derwent (the fair water); Berwyn (the fair boundary); Corwen (the fair choir); Ventnor (the fair shore); Guinty or Guindy (the fair or white dwelling), common in Wales. _Gwent_, Latinised _Venta_, meant a fair open plain, and was applied to the counties of Monmouth, Gloucester, and Hereford, and Hampshire, as well as to the coast of Brittany: thus Winchester was formerly _Caer-gwent_ (the fortress of the fair plain), Latinised _Venta-Belgorum_ (the plain of the Belgians). There was a _gwent_ also in Norfolk, Latinised _Venta-Icenorum_ (the plain of the Iceni). This root-word may be the derivation of Vannes and La Vendée, in Normandy, if not from the _Veneti_--_v._ FEN. [Sidenote: GWENT (Welsh),] a fair or open region, a campaign. It is a name now confined to nearly all Monmouthshire, but which anciently comprehended also parts of the counties of Gloucester and Hereford, being a district where _Caer-went_ or the _Venta-Silurum_ of the Romans was the capital; Corwen (the blessed choir or church); Yr Eglwys-Wen (the blessed choir or church); Wenvoe, in Glamorgan, corrupt. from _Gwenvai_ (the happy land). [Sidenote: GWERN (Cym.-Cel.),] the alder-tree, also a swamp; _e.g._ Coed-gwern (alder-tree wood). [Sidenote: GWY, or WY (Cym.-Cel.),] water; _e.g._ the Rivers Wye, the Elwy (gliding water); Llugwy (clear water); Mynewy (small water); Leveny (smooth water); Garway (rough water); Conway (the chief or head water, _cyn_); Gwydir, _i.e._ _Gwy-tir_ (water land), the ancient name of Glastonbury; Gwynedd (water glen), an ancient region in North Wales. [Sidenote: GWYRDD (Welsh),] green, verdant; _e.g._ Gwyrdd-y-coed (the winter green). H [Sidenote: HAAR (Teut.),] an eminence; _e.g._ Haarlem (the eminence on the clayey soil, _leem_). [Sidenote: HAFEN, HAVN (Teut. and Scand.), HOFEN, HAMM, HAVRE (Fr.),] a harbour, from _haff_ (the ocean); _e.g._ Frische-haff (freshwater haven); Kurische-haff (the harbour of the _Cures_, a tribe); Ludwig’s-hafen (the harbour of Louis); Charles’s-haven, Frederick’s-haven (named after their founders); Delfshaven (the canal harbour); Vilshaven (the harbour at the mouth of the R. Vils); Thorshaven (the harbour of Thor); Heiligenhaven (holy harbour); Hamburg (the town of the harbour), formerly _Hochburi_ (high town); Soderhamm (the south harbour); Osterhafen (east harbour); Ryehaven, in Sussex (the harbour on the bank, _rive_); Milford-haven (the harbour of Milford), the modern name of the Cel. _Aber-du-gledian_ (the confluence of the two _swords_), a word applied to _streams_ by the ancient Britons; Whitehaven, in Cumberland, according to Camden named from its white cliffs; Stonehaven (the harbour of the rock), in allusion to the projecting rock which shelters the harbour; Newhaven, Co. Sussex, in allusion to the new harbour made in 1713--its former name was _Meeching_; Newhaven, Co. Edinburgh, named in contradistinction from the old harbour at Leith. [Sidenote: HAG, HAGEN (Teut. and Scand.), HAIGH, HAY, HAIN,] an enclosure, literally a place surrounded by a hedge, cognate with the Celtic _cae_; _e.g._ Hagen, in Germany, and La Haye, Les Hayes, and Hawes (the enclosures), in France, Belgium, and England; Hagenbach (the hedged-in brook); Hagenbrunn (the enclosed well); Hagueneau (the enclosed meadow), a town in Germany; Fotheringay (probably originally an enclosure for fodder or fother); The Hague, Ger. _Gravenhage_ (the duke’s enclosure, originally a hunting-seat of the Princes of Orange); Hain-Grossen (the great enclosure); Jacob’s-hagen (James’s enclosure), in Pomerania; Urishay (the enclosure of Uris), in Hereford; Haigh and Haywood (the enclosed wood), in Lancashire. [Sidenote: HAGO, HEGY (Hung.),] a hill; _e.g._ Kiraly-hago (the king’s hill); Szarhegy (the emperor’s hill). [Sidenote: HAI (Chinese),] the sea; _e.g._ Hoanghai (the yellow sea); Nankai (the southern sea). [Sidenote: HAIDE, or HEIDE (Teut.),] a heath or wild wood; _e.g._ Falkenheid (the falcon’s wood); Birchenheide (the birch-wood); Hohenheid and Hochheyd (high heath); Hatfield, Hadleigh, Hatherley, and Hatherleigh (the heathy field or meadow); Hadlow (heath hill); Haidecke (heath corner); Heydecapelle (the chapel on the heath), in Holland. [Sidenote: HAIN (Ger.),] a grove or thicket; _e.g._ Wildenhain (the wild beasts’ thicket); Wilhelmshain (William’s grove or thicket); Langenhain (long thicket); Grossenhain (the thick grove). [Sidenote: HALDE (Ger.),] a declivity, cognate with _hald_, Scand. (a rock); _e.g._ Leimhalde (clayey declivity); Frederick’s-hald, in Norway, so named by Frederick III. in 1665. Its old name was simply _Halden_ (on the declivity). [Sidenote: HALL, or ALH (Teut.), HEAL (A.S.),] a stone house, a palace; _e.g._ Eccleshall (church house), in Staffordshire, where the Bishops of Lichfield had a palace; Coggeshall, in Essex (Gwgan’s mansion); Kenninghall (the king’s palace), in Norfolk, at one time the residence of the princes of East Anglia. [Sidenote: HALL and HALLE,] in German topography, is a general name for a place where salt is manufactured. The word has its root in the Cym.-Cel. _halen_ (salt), cognate with the Gadhelic _salen_ and the Teut. _salz_, probably from the Grk. _hals_ (the sea). Hall and Halle, as town names, are found in connection with _Salz_; as in Hall in Upper Austria, near the Salzberg (a hill with salt mines), and Hall, near the salt mines in the Tyrol; Halle, in Prussian Saxony, on the R. Saale; Reichenhall (rich salt-work), in Bavaria; Hallein, celebrated for its salt-works and baths, on the Salza; Hallstadt, also noted for its salt-works; Hall, in Wurtemberg, near salt springs; Halton, in Cheshire, probably takes its name from the salt mines and works in the neighbourhood; _Penardhalawig_ (the headland of the salt marsh) was the ancient name of Hawarden, in Flint and Cheshire; Halys and Halycus (salt streams), in Galatia and Sicily. [Sidenote: HAM, HEIM (Teut. and Scand.), HJEM, HEIM,] a home or family residence, literally a place of shelter, from _heimen_, Ger. (to cover), _hama_, A.S. (a covering), cognate with the Grk. _heima_; _e.g._ Hampstead and Hampton (the home place); Okehampton (the dwelling on the R. Oke), in Devonshire; Oakham (oak dwelling), so called from the numerous oaks that used to grow in its vicinity; Buckingham (the home of the Buccingus or dwellers among beech-trees); Birmingham, probably a patronymic from the Boerings; Addlingham and Edlingham (the home of the Athelings or nobles); Horsham (Horsa’s dwelling); Clapham (Clapa’s home); Epsom, anc. _Thermæ-Ebbesham_ (the warm springs of Ebba, a Saxon queen); Flitcham (Felex’s home); Blenheim, Ger. _Blindheim_ (dull home), in Bavaria; Nottingham, A.S. _Snotengaham_ (the dwelling near caves); Shoreham (the dwelling on the coast); Waltham (the dwelling near a wood); Framlingham (the dwelling of the strangers), from the A.S.; Grantham (Granta’s dwelling); Ightham (the parish with eight villages), in Kent; Wrexham, anc. _Writtlesham_ (the town of wreaths), A.S. _wreoth_; Ingelheim (the dwelling of the Angli); Ingersheim (of Ingra); Oppenheim (of Uppo); Rodelheim (of Rodolph); Southampton (the _south_ dwelling, in distinction from Northampton); Twickenham (the dwelling between the streams, where the Thames seems to be divided into two streams); Rotherham, anc. Cel. _Yr odre_ (the boundary), Lat. _Ad-fines_ (on the boundary); Wolverhampton (the dwelling endowed by the Lady Wulfrana in the tenth century); Godmanham, in Yorkshire (the holy man’s dwelling), the site of an idol temple, destroyed under the preaching of Paulinus, whose name it bears. This root-word is often joined to the name of a river, thus--Coleham, Coverham, Debenham, Hexham or Hestildisham, Jaxtham, Lenham, Trentham, Tynningham (_i.e._ towns or villages on the Rivers Colne, Cover, Deben, Hestild, Jaxt, Len, Trent, Tyne); Cheltenham, on the Chelt; Oxnam, Co. Roxburgh, formerly Oxenham (a place of shelter for oxen); Hameln, on the R. Hamel, in Hanover; Drontheim or Trondjeim (throne dwelling); Kaiserheim (the emperor’s dwelling); Heidelsheim (the dwelling of Haidulf), in Bavaria; Hildesheim, probably the dwelling near the field of battle, Old Ger. _hilti_ (a battle); Mannheim (the dwelling of men), as contrasted with _Asheim_ or _Asgarth_ (the dwelling of the gods), in Baden; Hildersham, in Yorkshire, anc. _Hildericsham_ (the dwelling of Childeric). Ham is often contracted into _om_, _um_, _en_, or _am_, etc.--as in Dokum (the town of the port or dock), in Holland; Nehon, in Normandy, corrupt. from Nigel’s home; Angeln (the dwelling of the Angli); Oppeln, in Silesia (the dwelling of Oppo); Edrom, in Berwickshire, corrupt. from _Adderham_ (the dwelling on the R. Adder); Ednam, on the Eden, in Roxburghshire; Hitchen, on the Hiz or Hitche, in Herts; Fulham, anc. _Fullenham_ (the home of birds), A.S. _fugil_; Hownam (the dwelling of Howen or Owen), in Roxburghshire. In Flanders _ham_ or _heim_ often takes the forms of _eim_, _em_, etc., as in Killim (the dwelling of Kilian); Ledringhem (of Ledro); Hem (of Hugnes); Pitgain (of the well); Wolsen, for Wolfsheim; Bohemia (the home of the Boii); Dahlen (valley dwelling); Wolsen (Wolfa’s dwelling). [Sidenote: HAMMAN (Ar. and Turc.), HAMMAH,] hot springs; _e.g._ Hamman-Mousa (the hot springs of Moses); Hamman-Pharoon (of Pharaoh); Hammah-de-Cabes (the warm baths of Cabes), in North Africa; Alhama (the town of the warm baths), the name of several places in Spain. [Sidenote: HAMMER (Scand.)] This word sometimes signifies a village or small town, and sometimes a rock; _e.g._ Lillehammer (the little town); Oesthammer (east village); Hamr (a steep place), in Shetland; Hammerfeste, in the island of Qualoe, probably means the rock fortress, _faestung_. In German topography it is generally connected with the blacksmith’s hammer, and is common in localities where metals are worked, thus--Hammersmeide (hammer-smithy); Silberhammer (a place where silver is wrought), near Dantzic. Kemble also suspects a reference to Thor’s hammer in the names of some towns or villages in England; _e.g._ Hamerton, in Huntingdon, and also in Middlesex; Hammerwich, in Staffordshire; Hamerton-kirk, in Yorkshire. [Sidenote: HANG (Ger.),] a declivity, from _hängen_ (to hang), A.S. _hongian_; _e.g._ Hangenheim (the dwelling on the declivity); Pannshanger (Penn’s slope), in Herts; Clehonger (clayey slope), Hereford. [Sidenote: HAR, HAER (Teut.),] the army; _e.g._ Harwich (army town or bay), in Essex, so called because the Danes had a great military depot at this place; Herstal, in Belgium, anc. _Hari-stelle_ (army place); Hargrave (the army entrenchment), in Norfolk; Harbottle (the army’s quarters), in Northumberland. In Edmond’s _Names of Places_ this prefix, as well as _hor_, is referred to an A.S. word signifying hoary; under which he places Harborough, in Leicestershire, the name of which is traced by Bailey to _havre_ (oats). [Sidenote: HART, HARZ (Teut.), HYRST (A.S.),] brushwood or a wood; _e.g._ the Harz Mountains, with the town of Harzburg (the fortress in the wood); Harsefeld (woody field), in Hanover; Hurst, in Kent; Deerhurst (deer wood or thicket); Hurst-Monceaux (the wood of Monceaux, probably a Norman baron), in Sussex; Hurst, a town in Lancashire; Lyndhurst (the wood of lime-trees); Midhurst (in the middle of the wood); Hawkhurst (hawk wood); Gravenhorst (the count’s wood); Horstmar (rich in wood)--_v._ MAR; Billing’s-hurst (the wood of the Billings), a patronymic; Farnhurst and Ferneyhurst (ferny wood); Sendenhorst (the rushy wood), in Westphalia; Herzovia or Herzegovia (a woody district), in Turkey; Murrhard, in Wurtemberg, means the wood on the R. Muhr; Delmenhorst, on the Delme, in Hanover. Hart, in English topography, however, refers more commonly to _heort_ (the hart), as in Hart_grove_, Hart_land_, Hart_ley_, Hart_field_, Harts_ford_, Harts_hill_. It occasionally takes the form of _chart_, as in Seal-chart (holy wood); Chart-Sutton (the wood at the south town). [Sidenote: HASEL, HAEZEL (Teut.),] the hazel-tree; _e.g._ Hessle (the place of hazels); Haselburn and Haselbrunnen (the stream and well of the hazels); Haslau (hazel meadow); Heslington (the dwelling among hazels); Hasselt, in Belgium, _i.e._ Hasselholt, Lat. _Hasseletum_ (hazel grove); Hasseloe (hazel island), in Sweden and Denmark; Hazeldean and Haslingden (the hollow of the hazels). [Sidenote: HATCH, HÆCA (A.S.),] a bolt, a gate, hence an enclosed dwelling; _e.g._ Hatch-Beauchamp (the enclosed dwelling of Beauchamp, a personal name); Colney-Hatch (of Colney); West-Hatch, in Somerset; Pilgrim’s Hatch, in Essex. [Sidenote: HAUGH, HEUGH, HOW, HOPE.] In Scotland these words generally denote a low-lying meadow between hills or on the banks of a stream,--as in Hobkirk (_i.e._ the church in the _hope_ or meadow); Howwood (the wood in the hollow); Hutton, for _How_ton (the dwelling in the hollow), parishes in Scotland. In England _how_ and _haugh_ come more frequently from the Scand. _haugr_ (a heap or mound often raised over a grave, like the cairns in Scotland),--as in Silver-how, Butterlip-how, in the Lake District, probably from mounds over some Norse leader’s grave; Haugh, in Lincoln; Haugham (the dwelling near the mound); Howden, in Yorkshire (the valley of the _haugr_ or mound); Haughley (the meadow near the mound). La Hogue, in France, is from _haugr_ or from the _houg_, as also Les Hogues and La Hoguette (the little mound); Gretna Green is the modern name for _Gretan-how_ (the great hollow). _Haugr_ also means a temple or high place, fenced off and hallowed, among the Scandinavians; and to this word so derived Dasent traces Harrow-on-the-hill and Harrowby. [Sidenote: HAUPT (Ger.), HOVED (Scand.), HEAFOD (A.S.),] a head, a promontory; _e.g._ Howth Head, in Ireland, from the Danish _hofed_--its Irish name is _Ben Edair_ (the hill of Edar); Brunhoubt (the well head); Berghaupt (hill head); Ruckshoft (ridge head), in Germany; Hoft (the headland), in the island of Rugen; Sneehatten (snowy head), in Norway; Hoddam (holm head), in Dumfriesshire. [Sidenote: HAUS (Teut.), HUUS (Scand.), HAZA (Hung.),] a dwelling, allied to _casa_, Lat., It., Span., and Port.; _e.g._ Mühlhausen (at the mill house); Saxenhausen (the dwelling of the Saxons); Wendenhausen (of the Wends); Schaffhausen (the ship station), which consisted originally of a few storehouses on the banks of the Rhine for the reception of merchandise; Dunkelhauser (the dark house); Aarhuus (the town on the watercourse), a seaport in Denmark; Aggers-huus, in Norway, on the R. Agger. This district and river seems to have been named from an _agger_ or rampart erected near Christiania in 1302, on the Aggerfiord. Ward-huus (the dwelling in the island of the watch-tower), on the coast of Fenmark; Holzhausen (the dwelling at the wood); Burghausen (the fortified dwelling); Distilhousen (the dwelling among thistles), in Belgium. In Hungary, Bogdan-haza (God’s house); Oroshaza (the dwelling of the Russians); Chaise-Dieu, Lat. _Casa-Dei_ (the house of God), in France. Also in France, Chaise, Les Chaises; Casa-nova (new house); Casa-vecchia (old house), in Corsica; Chassepierre, Lat. _Casa-petrea_ (stone house), in Belgium; Casa-bianca (white house), in Brazil. [Sidenote: HEL, HELLE, HELGE, HEIL,] prefixes with various meanings in Eng., Ger., and Scand. topography. Sometimes they mean holy, Ger. _heilig_, as in Heligoland (holy isle); Heilbron (holy well); Heligensteen (holy rock); Heilberg and Hallidon (holy hill); Heiligencreuz (the town of the holy cross), Hung. _Nemet-keresztur_ (the grove of the cross); Heiligenhaven (holy harbour); Heiligenstadt (holy town); Halifax, in Yorkshire (holy face), is said to have been named from an image of John the Baptist, kept in a hermitage at the place; Hoxton, in Sussex, was originally _Hageltoun_ (holy town), because it was there that St. Edmund suffered martyrdom. Sometimes, however, _hell_ denotes a covered place, as in Helwell, in Devonshire (the covered well); sometimes it means _clear_, as in Hellebrunn (clear or bright fountain); Heilbronn, in Wurtemberg (fountain of health), named from a spring formerly used medicinally. Hellefors, a waterfall in Norway, and Hellgate, New York, seem to derive their names from a superstition connected with _Hel_, the goddess of the dead; Holyhead, in Wales, is in Welsh _Pen-Caer-Gibi_ (the hill fort of St. Cybi, called _holy_ in his honour); Holy Island, Lat. _Insula-sancta_, obtained its name from the monastery of St. Cuthbert--its more ancient name, _Lindisfarne_, is probably the ferry, _fahr_, of the brook Lindis, on the opposite shore; Holywell, in Flint, took its name from St. Winifred’s Well, celebrated for its miraculous cures--its Welsh name is _Tref-fynnon_ (the town of the clear water); Holywood, Dumfriesshire, Cel. _Der Congal_ (the oak grove of St. Congal). [Sidenote: HELLR (Scand.),] a cave into which the tide flows; _e.g._ Hellr-hals (the neck or strait of the cave); Heller-holm (the island of the cave); Hellersness (the headland of the caves). [Sidenote: HELY (Hung.),] a place; _e.g._ Vasarhely (the market-place); Varhely (the place of the fortress); Marosvasarhely (the market-place on the R. Maros), in Ger. _Neumarkt_; Vasarhely-hod-Mezö (the market-place of the beaver’s meadow); Szombathely (the place where the Saturday market is held, _szombat_); Csotortokhely (the Thursday market-place), Germanised _Donners-markt_; Udvarhely (court place); Szerdahely (Wednesday market-place), _Vasar_, Hung. (a market), from Turc. _Bazar_. [Sidenote: HEN (Cym.-Cel.),] old; _e.g._ Henly (the old place), on the Thames; Hentland, for Hen-llan (old church, now St. Asaph’s); Henlys (old palace): Hen-egglys (old church), in Anglesea. [Sidenote: HEN (Cym.-Cel.),] old, ancient; _e.g._ Henlys (the ancient hall). [Sidenote: HENGST (Teut.),] a horse--hence Hengiston, in Cornwall, either an enclosure for horses or the town of Hengist; Hengestdorf or Pferdsdorf (horse’s village); Hengistridge (horse’s ridge); Hinksey (the horse’s island or marshy place); Hinkley (the horses’ meadow). [Sidenote: HERR, HERZOG (Ger.), HERTOG (Dutch),] a duke or lord; _e.g._ Herzogenbosch or Bois-le-Duc (the duke’s grove); Hertogspodler (the duke’s reclaimed land); Herzogenburg (the duke’s fortress); Herzogenrath (the duke’s cleared land); Herrnsbaumgarten (the duke’s orchard); Herrnhut (the Lord’s tabernacle), founded by Count Zinzendorf, in Saxony, for the Moravian Brethren, in 1722; Herisau (the duke’s meadow), Lat. _Augia-Domini_, in Switzerland. [Sidenote: HESE, or HEES (Teut.),] a hedge or thicket; _e.g._ Hessingen (the dwelling in the thicket); Maashees (the thicket on the R. Maas); Wolfhees (the wolf’s thicket). [Sidenote: HILL (A.S.), HYL, HOLL (Scand.),] an elevation, cognate with the Ger. _hugel_; _e.g._ Silver-hill, named after Sölvar, a Norse leader, in the Lake District; Hilton, Hilston (hill town); Woolwich, anc. _Hyl-vich_ (hill town); Butterhill (the hill of Buthar), a personal name in the Lake District. [Sidenote: HINDU (Pers.),] water; _e.g._ the Rivers Indus, Inde, Indre, etc.; Hindostan (the district watered by the R. Indus). [Sidenote: HIPPO (Phœn.),] a walled town; _e.g._ Hippo, near Carthage. There were three cities called Hippo in Africa and two in Spain: Olisippo (the walled town), now Lisbon; Oreppo, Belippo, Lacippo. [Sidenote: HIR (Cym.-Cel.),] long. [Sidenote: HIRSCH (Ger.),] the hart; _e.g._ Hirzenach (the hart’s stream); Hersbrock (the hart’s marsh); Hirschberg, Lat. _Corvamontem_ (the hart’s hill); Hirschfeld, Herschau, Hirschholm, Hirschhorn (the field, meadow, hill, peak of the harts). [Sidenote: HISSAR (Turc.),] a castle; _e.g._ Kezil-hissar (red castle); Kara-hissar (black castle); Eski-hissar (old castle), anc. _Laodicea_; Demir-hissar (iron castle); Guzel-hissar (white castle); Sevri-hissar (cypress castle); Sultan-hissar (the sultan’s castle); Kulci-hissar (the castle on the R. Khelki). [Sidenote: HITHE (A.S.),] a haven; _e.g._ Hythe, in Kent; Greenhithe (the green haven); Lambeth, anc. _Lomehithe_ (clayey haven); Maidenhead, anc. _Mayden-hithe_, i.e. the wharf _midway_ between Marlow and Windsor; Queenhithe (the queen’s haven); Redriff, in Surrey, anc. _Rethra-hythe_ (the haven of sailors), A.S. _rethra_, also called Rotherhithe (the haven for horned cattle), Old Eng. _rother_; Stepney, anc. _Stebon-hythe_ (Stephen’s haven or timber wharf); Erith, A.S. _Ora-hithe_ (shore haven), in Kent; Challock, in Kent, corrupt. from _ceale hythe_ (chalk haven). [Sidenote: HJALTI (Scand.),] a Viking; _e.g._ Shapansay, anc. _Hjalpansay_ (the Viking’s island); Shetland, _i.e._ _Hjaltiland_, with the same meaning. [Sidenote: HLINC (A.S.),] a ridge; _e.g._ Linch, in Sussex; Rouselinch (Rouse’s ridge), in Worcestershire. [Sidenote: HO (Chinese),] a river or water; _e.g._ Euho (the precious river); Hoangho (the yellow river); Peiho (white river); Yuho (imperial river); Keangho (rapid river); Hoonan (south of the lake); Hoohe (north of the lake, _i.e._ of Lake Tongting). [Sidenote: HOCH, HOHEN (Ger.), HEAH, HEAG (A.S.), HOOG (Dutch),] high; _höhe_ (a height); _e.g._ Hohurst and Hohenhart (high wood); Hohenberg (high hill); Homburg (high hill fort); Homburg-von-der-höhe (the high fort in front of the height); Hochfeld (high field); Hochain (high enclosure); Hochstadt, Hochstetten, Hochstatten (high dwelling); Hocheim (high home or dwelling), from which place Hock wines are named; Hochwiesen, Sclav. _Velko-polya_ (high meadow or plain); Hochst for Hochstadt, and Hoym for Hochham (high town); Hohenelbi, Grk. _Albipolis_ (the high town on the Elbe); Hohenlohe (the high meadow or thicket); Hohenstein and Hohenstauffen (high rock); Hohenwarth, Lat. _Altaspecula_ (the high watch-tower); Hohenzollern (the high place belonging to the Zwolf family); Hohenscheid (the high watershed); Hockliffe (high cliff), in Bedford; Higham, Highworth (high manor or dwelling); Highgate (high road); Wilhelmshöhe (William’s high place); Hoy, in Shetland (the high island). [Sidenote: HOF (Teut.), HOEVE (Dutch),] an enclosure, manor, and court. In Scandinavia _hoff_ means a temple; _e.g._ Eyndhoven (the manor at the corner); Neuhof and Neunhoffen, in France (new manor); Hof and Hoff (the enclosure), in Belgium; Hof, in Bavaria, on the R. Saale; Stadt-am-hof, in Bavaria, anc. _Curia Bavarica_ (the place at the court); Hof-an-der-March (the court or manor on the R. March); Schoonhoven (beautiful manor), in Holland; Nonnenhof (the nun’s enclosure); Meerhof (the dwelling on the marshy land); Peterhof (the court dwelling founded by Peter the Great); Hoff (the temple), in Iceland; Hoff, a village near Appleby, has the same meaning, as it is situated in a wood called Hoff-land (the temple grove). In Iceland, when a chieftain had taken possession of a district, he erected a temple (_hoff_) and became, as he had been in Norway, the chief, the pontiff, and the judge of the district; and when the Norwegians took possession of Cumberland and Westmoreland they would naturally act in the same manner. [Sidenote: HOHN (Old Ger.),] a low place, as in Die-Höhne (the hollows), in the Brocken. [Sidenote: HÖLLE (Teut.),] a cave, from _hohl_ (hollow); _e.g._ Hohenlinden, anc. _Hollinden_ (the hollow place of lime-trees); Holland or the Netherlands (the low countries); also Holland, a low-lying district in Lincolnshire; Holdeornesse (the low promontory of the province of Deira); Holmer, in Hereford (the low lake, _mere_). [Sidenote: HOLM (Scand.),] a small island; _e.g._ Flatholm (flat island); Steepholm (steep island); Priestholm (of the priest); Alderholm (of alders); Holm, in Sweden, and Hulm, in Norway (the island); Stockholm, anc. _Holmia_ (the island city, built upon stakes). But _holm_ also signifies occasionally a hill, as in Smailholm, in Roxburghshire (little hill); and Hume, or _holm_, Castle, in Berwickshire (on a hill). Sometimes also it signifies a low meadow on the banks of a stream, as in Durham, corrupt. from _Dun-holm_ or _Dunelme_ (the fortress on the meadow), almost surrounded by the R. Wear; Langholm (the long meadow); Denholm (the meadow in the deep valley); Twynholm, anc. _Twynham_ (the dwelling on the hillock), Welsh _twyn_, a parish in Kirkcudbright; Brachenholm (ferny meadow); Lingholme (heather island), in Windermere; also Silverholme (the island of Sölvar, a Norse leader); Bornholm, in the Baltic, anc. _Burgundaland_ (the island of the Burgundians); Axholme, an insulated district in Co. Lincoln, formed by the Rivers Trent, Idle, and Don, from _uisge_, Cel. (water); Drotningholm, in the Mälar Lake near Stockholm (queen’s island), from Swed. _drottmig_ (a queen); Battleholme, found in some places in the north of England, according to Ferguson, means fertile island, from an Old English word _battel_ or _bette_ (fertile). [Sidenote: HOLT, HOLZ (A.S. and Ger.),] a wood; _e.g._ Aldershot (alder-tree wood); Bergholt (the hill or hill fort in the wood); Evershot (the boar’s wood, _eofer_); Badshot (badger’s wood); Bochholt (beech-wood); Jagerholz (huntsman’s wood); Oosterhout (east wood); Holzkirchen (the church at the wood); Thourhout, in East Flanders (the wood consecrated to the god Thor); Tourotte, in the department of Oise, in France (also Thor’s wood); Hootenesse (woody promontory), in Belgium; Diepholz (deep wood); Meerholt and Meerhout (marshy wood); Holt, a woody district in Norfolk. [Sidenote: HOO, or HOE (Scand.),] a spit of land running into the sea; _e.g._ Sandhoe (the sandy cape); The Hoe, in Kent; Kew, in Surrey, anc. _Kay-hoo_ (the quay on the spit of land). [Sidenote: HORN (Ger.), HYRNE (A.S.), HOORN (Dutch),] a horn-like projection or cape jutting into the sea, or a valley between hills, curved like a horn; _e.g._ Hoorn (the promontory), a seaport in Holland, from which place the Dutch navigator Schoutens named Cape Horn, Hoorn being his native place; Hornburg (the town on the projection); Hornby (corner dwelling); Horncastle (the castle on the promontory); Hornberg and Horndon (the projecting hill); Hornsea (the projection on the coast); Matterhorn (the peak in the meadows), so called from the patches of green meadow-land which surround its base; Schreckhorn (the peak of terror); Finsteraarhorn (the peak out of which the Finster-Aar, or dark Aar, has its source). This river is so named to distinguish it from the Lauter or _clear_ river. Skagenshorn (the peak of the Skaw, in Denmark); Faulhorn (the foul peak), so called from the black shale which disintegrates in water; Wetterhorn (stormy peak); Katzenhorn (the cat’s peak); Silberhorn (the silvery peak); Jungfrauhorn (the peak of the maiden). [Sidenote: HOUC, or HOOG (Teut.),] a corner or little elevation, akin to the Scottish _heugh_ and the Scand. _haugr_; _e.g._ Hoogzand and Hoogeveen (the sand and marsh at the corner); Hoogheyd (corner heath); Hoogbraek (the broken-up land at the corner); Stanhoug (stone corner). [Sidenote: HUBEL, or HUGEL (Ger.),] a little hill; _e.g._ Haidhugel (heath hill); Steinhugel (stony hill); Huchel and Hivel (the little hill); Lindhövel (the hill of lime-trees); Gieshübel (the hill of gushing brooks). [Sidenote: HUNDRED (Eng.), HUNTARI (Ger.),] a district supposed to have originally comprised at least one hundred family dwellings, like Welsh _Cantref_ (from _cant_, a hundred), the name of a similar division in Wales; _e.g._ Hundrethwaite (the cleared land on this Hundred), a district in Yorkshire. [Sidenote: HÜTTE (Teut. and Scand.),] a shed or cottage; _e.g._ Dunkelhütte (dark cottage); Mooshutten (the cottage in the mossy land); Buxtehude (the hut on the ox pasture); Huttenwerke (the huts at the works or mines); Hudemühlen (mill hut); Hutton (the town of huts). But Landshut, in Bavaria, does not seem to be derived from _hütte_, but from _schutz_, Ger. (a defence), as it is in the neighbourhood of an old fortress, on the site of a Roman camp. [Sidenote: HVER (Norse),] a warm, bubbling spring; _e.g._ Uxaver (the oxen’s spring), in Iceland. I [Sidenote: I (Gadhelic),] an island; _e.g._ I-Colum-chille or Iona (the island of St. Columba’s cell); Ierne or Ireland (the western island or the island of Eire, an ancient queen). [Sidenote: IA (Cel.),] a country or land; _e.g._ Galatia and Galicia, and anc. _Gallia_ (the country of the Gauls); Andalusia, for Vandalusia (the country of the Vandals); Batavia (the good land), _bette_, good; Britania or Pictavia (probably the land of painted tribes); Catalonia, corrupt. from _Gothalonia_ (the land of the Goths); Circassia (the land of the Tcherkes, a tribe); Croatia (the land of the Choriots or mountaineers); Suabia (of the Suevii); Moravia (the district of the R. Moravia); Moldavia (of the R. Moldau). It is called by the natives and Turks Bogdania, from Bogdan, a chieftain who colonised it in the thirteenth century. Ethiopia (the land of the blacks, or the people with the sunburnt faces), from Grk. _ops_ (the face), and _aitho_ (to burn); Phœnicia (the land of palms or the _brown_ land), Grk. _Phœnix_; Silesia (the land of the Suisli); Bosnia (the district of the R. Bosna); Russia, named after Rourik, a Scandinavian chief; Siberia, from _Siber_, the ancient capital of the Tartars; Kaffraria (the country of the Kaffirs or unbelievers), a name given by the Arabs; Dalmatia (the country of the Dalmates, who inhabited the city _Dalminium_); Iberia, the ancient name of Spain, either from the R. Ebro or from a tribe called the Iberi or Basques; Caledonia, perhaps from _Coille_ (the wood). [Sidenote: IACUM,] an affix used by the Romans, sometimes for _ia_ (a district), and sometimes the Latinised form of the adjectival termination _ach_--_qu. v._ p. 5; _e.g._ Juliers, Lat. _Juliacum_ (belonging to Julius Cæsar); Beauvais, Lat. _Bellovacum_ (belonging to the Bellovaci); Annonay, Lat. _Annonicum_ (a place for grain, with large magazines of corn); Bouvignes, in Belgium, Lat. _Boviniacum_ (the place of oxen); Clameny, Lat. _Clameniacum_ (belonging to Clement, its founder); Joigny, anc. _Joiniacum_, on the R. Yonne; Annecy, Lat. _Anneacum_ (belonging to Anecius); Cognac, Lat. _Cogniacum_ (the corner of the water), Fr. _coin_, Old Fr. _coiny_, Cel. _cuan_. [Sidenote: IERE,] an affix in French topography denoting a possession, and generally affixed to the name of the proprietor; _e.g._ Guilletière (the property of Guillet); Guzonière (of Guzon). [Sidenote: ILI (Turc.),] a district; _e.g._ Ili-Bosnia (the district of the R. Bosna); Rumeli or Roumelia (the district of the Romans). [Sidenote: ILLIA (Basque),] a town; _e.g._ Elloirio, Illora, and Illura (the town on the water, _ura_); Lorca, anc. _Illurcis_ (the town with fine water); Elibyrge (the town with the tower), Grk. _pyrgos_; Elché, anc. _Illici_ (the town on the hill, _ci_); Illiberus (new town, surnamed Elne after the Empress Helena), in Spain; the isle of Oleron, anc. _Illura_ (the town on the water). [Sidenote: IM and IN,] a contraction for the Ger. _in der_ (in or on the); _e.g._ Imgrund (in the valley); Imhorst (in the wood); Eimbeck (on the brook); Imruke (on the ridge). [Sidenote: ING, INGEN, INGA,] an affix used by the Teutonic races, as a patronymic, in the same sense as _Mac_ is used in Scotland, _ap_ in Wales, and _O_ in Ireland. _Ing_ is generally affixed to the settlement of a chief, and _ingen_ to that of his descendants. _Ing_, preceding _ham_, _ton_, _dean_, _ley_, _thorp_, _worth_, etc., is generally an abbreviation of _ingen_, and denotes that the place belonged to the family of the tribe, as in Bonnington, Collington, Collingham, Islington (the home of the Bonnings, the Collings, and the Islings). In French topography _ingen_ takes the forms of _igny_, _igné_, or _inges_; and it appears, by comparing the names of many towns and villages in England and the north-west of France with those of Germany, that Teutonic tribes forming settlements in these countries transferred the names in their native land to their new homes. For the full elucidation of this subject reference may be made to Taylor’s _Words and Places_, chap. vii. and the Appendix, and to Edmund’s _Names of Places_, p. 58. Only a few examples of the use of this patronymic can be given here; thus, from the _Offings_--Oving and Ovingham, corresponding to the Ger. Offingen and the Fr. Offignes. From the _Eppings_--Epping, Ger. Eppinghofen, and Fr. Epagne. The _Bings_--Bing, Bingham, Bingley; Ger. Bingen; Fr. Buigny. The _Basings_--Eng. Basing, Basingham, Bessingby; Fr. Bazigny. From the _Raedings_--Reading, Co. Berks. The _Harlings_--Harlington. The _Billings_--Bellington. From the _Moerings_ or _Merovingians_ many French towns and villages are named; _e.g._ Morigny, Marigné, Merignac, Merrigny; in England--Merring, Merrington. We can sometimes trace these tribe names to the nature of the localities which they inhabited. Thus the _Bucings_, from which we have Boking and Buckingham, to a locality abounding in beech-trees, _boc_; the _Durotriges_, from which we have Dorset and Dorchester, are the dwellers by the water, _dur_; as well as the _Eburovices_, who gave their name to Evreux, in France. _Ing_, also, in A.S. names, sometimes means a meadow, as in Clavering, in Essex (clover meadow), A.S. _Claefer_; Mountnessing, Co. Essex (the meadow of the Mountneys, who were formerly lords of the manor); Godalming (the meadow of Godhelm). [Sidenote: INNER (Ger.),] opposed to _ausser_ (the inner and outer), as in Innerzell, Ausserzell (the inner and outer church). [Sidenote: INNIS (Gadhelic), YNYS, ENEZ (Cym.-Cel.), INSEL (Ger.), INSULA (Lat.), NESOS (Grk.),] an island, also in some cases pasture land near water, or a peninsula. It often takes the form of _inch_, as in Inchkeith (the island of the Keith family); Inchcolm (St. Columba’s Island); Inchfad (long isle); Inchgarvie (the rough island); Inchard (high isle); Inch-Cailleach (the island of the old women or nuns), in Loch Lomond, being the site of an ancient nunnery; Inchmarnoch (of St. Marnoch), in the Firth of Clyde; Inchbrackie (the spotted isle); Inchgower (the goat’s isle); Inchtuthill (the island of the flooded stream); Craignish, anc. _Craiginche_ (the rocky peninsula); Durness, in Sutherlandshire, is a corrupt. from _Doirbh-innis_ (the stormy peninsula); Ynys-Bronwen (the island of Bronwen, a Welsh lady who was buried there), in Anglesey; Ynis-wyllt (wild island), off the coast of Wales; Inysawdre (the isle and home of refuge), in Glamorgan. In Ireland: Ennis (the river meadow); Enniskillen, Irish _Inis-Cethlenn_ (the island of Cethlenn, an ancient queen of Ireland); Ennisheen (beautiful island); Devenish, in Lough Erne, is _Daimhinis_ (the island of oxen). But Enniskerry is not from this root; it is corrupt. from _Ath-na-scairbhe_ (the rough ford); Orkney Isles, Gael. _Orc-innis_ (the islands of whales); they are sometimes called _Earr-Cath_ (the tail of Caithness); Innisfallen, in Lake Kallarney (the island of Fathlenn); the Hebrides or Sudereys, called _Innisgall_ (the islands of the Gaels); the Aleutian Islands, from Russ. _aleut_ (a bald rock); in Holland, Duiveland (pigeon island), and Eyerlandt (the island of the sand-bank); Eilenburg, in Saxony (the town on an island in the R. Mulda); Isola, a town in Illyria (on an island); Issola or Imo-Isola (low island), in Italy; Lille, in Flanders, anc. _L’Isle_, named from an insulated castle in the midst of a marsh; Peloponnesus (the island of Pelops); Polynesia (many islands). [Sidenote: INVER, or INBHIR (Gadhelic), INNER,] a river confluence or a creek at the mouth of a river. This word is an element in numerous names throughout Scotland; and although it is not so common in Ireland, it exists in old names, as in Dromineer, for _Druim-inbhir_ (the ridge of the river mouth). In Scotland it is used in connection with _aber_, the word _inver_ being found sometimes at the mouth and _aber_ farther up the same stream: thus--Abergeldie and Invergeldie, on the Geldie; Abernyte and Invernyte, etc.; Inversnaid (the needle or narrow confluence, _snathad_, a needle); Innerkip (at the conf. of the Kip and Daff); Inveresk and Inverkeilor (at the mouths of the Esk and Keilor), in Mid Lothian and Forfar; Innerleithen (at the conf. of the Leithen and Tweed), in Peebles; Inveraven (at the conf. of the Aven and Spey); Inverness (at the conf. of the Ness with the Beauly); Inveraray (at the mouth of the Aray); Inverury (the Urie); Inverkeithing (of the Keith); Inverbervie or Bervie (at the mouth of the Bervie); Peterhead, anc. _Inverugie Petri_ or _Petri promontorium_ (the promontory of the rock of St. Peter), on the R. Ugie, with its church dedicated to St. Peter; Inverleith, now Leith (at the mouth of the Leith); Inverarity (at the mouth of the Arity), in Forfar; Cullen, anc. _Invercullen_ (at the mouth of the back river)--_v._ CUL. [Sidenote: ITZ, IZ, IZCH,] a Sclavonic affix, signifying a possession or quality, equivalent to the Teut. _ing_; _e.g._ Carlovitz (Charles’s town); Mitrowitz (the town of Demetrius); Studnitz (of the fountain); Targowitz (the market town); Trebnitz and Trebitsch (poor town); Schwanitz (swine town); Madlitz (the house of prayer); Publitz (the place of beans); Janowitz (John’s town); Schwantewitz (the town of the Sclavonic god Swantewit). J [Sidenote: JABLON (Sclav.),] the apple-tree; _e.g._ Jablonez, Jablonka, Jablona, Jablonken, Jablonoko, Gablenz, Gablona (places abounding in apples); Jablonnoi or Zablonnoi (the mountain of apples). [Sidenote: JAMA (Sclav.),] a ditch; _e.g._ Jamlitz, Jamnitz, and Jamno (places with a ditch or trench); Jamburg (the town in the hollow or ditch); but Jamlitz may sometimes mean the place of medlar-trees, from _jemelina_ (the medlar). [Sidenote: JASOR (Sclav.),] a marsh; _e.g._ Jehser-hohen and Jeser-nieder (the high and lower marsh), near Frankfort; Jeserig and Jeserize (the marshy place). [Sidenote: JASSEN (Sclav.),] the ash-tree; _e.g._ Jessen, Jessern, Jesseu, Jessnitz (the place of ash-trees). [Sidenote: JAWOR (Sclav.),] the maple-tree; _e.g._ Great and Little Jawer, in Silesia; Jauer, in Russia; Jauernitz and Jauerburg (the place of maple-trees), in Russia. [Sidenote: JAZA (Sclav.),] a house; _e.g._ Jäschen, Jäschwitz, Jäschütz (the houses). [Sidenote: JEZIRAH (Ar.),] an island or peninsula; _e.g._ Algiers or Al-Jezirah, named from an island near the town; Al-Geziras (the islands), near Gibraltar; Alghero (the peninsula), in Sardinia; Jezirah-diraz (long island), in the Persian Gulf; Al-Jezirah or Mesopotamia (between the river). [Sidenote: JÖKUL (Scand.),] a snow-covered hill; _e.g._ Vatna-Jökul (the hill with the lake); Orefa-Jökul (the desert hill); Forfa-Jökul (the hill of Forfa): Long-Jökul (long hill). [Sidenote: JONC (Fr.),] from _juncus_, Lat. (a rush); _e.g._ Jonchère, Joncheres, Jonchery, Le Jonquer, La Joncières, etc., place-names in France. K KAAI, KAI, KADE (Teut.), a quay or a bank by the water-side; _e.g._ Oudekaai (old quay); Kadzand (the quay or bank on the sand); Moerkade (marshy bank); Kewstoke (the place on the quay); Kew, in Surrey, on the Thames; Torquay (the quay of the hill called _Tor_). [Sidenote: KAHL (Ger.), CALO (A.S.),] bald, cognate with the Lat. _calvus_; _e.g._ Kalenberg and Kahlengebirge (the bald mountains). [Sidenote: KAISER (Ger.), KEYSER (Dutch), CYZAR (Sclav.),] the emperor or Cæsar; _e.g._ Kaisersheim, Kaiserstadt (the emperor’s town); Kaiserstuhl (the emperor’s seat); Kaiserberg (the emperor’s fortress), in Alsace, named from a castle erected by Frederick II.; Kaiserslautern (the emperor’s place), on the R. Lauter; Kaiserswerth (the emperor’s island), on the Rhine; Keysersdyk (the emperor’s dam); Keysersloot (the emperor’s sluice), in Holland; Cysarowes (the emperor’s village), in Bohemia; Kaisariyeh, anc. _Cæsarea_. [Sidenote: KALAT, or KALAH (Ar.),] a castle; _e.g._ Khelat, in Belochistan; Yenikale (the new castle), in the Crimea; Calatablanca (white castle), in Sicily; Calahorra, Ar. _Kalat-harral_ (stone castle), in Spain; Calata-bellota (the oak-tree castle), in Sicily; Calata-girone (the surrounded castle), Sicily; Calata-mesetta (the castle of the women); Calatayud (the castle of Ayud, a Moorish king); Alcala-real (the royal castle); Alcala-de-Henares (the castle on the R. Henares), in Spain; Sanjiac-Kaleh (the castle of the standard), corrupt. by the French into _St. Jaques_, in Asia Minor; Calatrava (the castle of Rabah). [Sidenote: KAMEN (Sclav.),] a stone; _e.g._ Camentz, Kemmen, Kammena, Kamienetz (the stony place); Kamminchen (the little stony place), a colony from Steenkirchen; Chemnitz (the stony town, or the town on the stony river); Kersna-kaimai (the Christian’s stone house); Schemnitz, Hung. _Selmecz_ (stony town), in Silesia. [Sidenote: KARA (Turc.),] black; _e.g._ Karamania (the district of the blacks); Karacoum (the black sand), in Tartary; Kara-su (the black river); Kara-su-Bazar (the market-town on the Kara-su); Kara-Tappeh (the black mound), in Persia; Kartagh and Kartaon (the black mountain chains), in Turkey and Tartary; Kara-Dengis, the Turkish name for the Black Sea, called by the Russians _Tchernœ-more_, Ger. _Schawarz-meer_; Kara-mulin (black mill); Cape Kara-bournow (the black nose), in Asia Minor. [Sidenote: KEHLE (Ger.),] a gorge or defile; _e.g._ Bergkehle (hill gorge): Hundkehle (the dog’s gorge); Langkehl (long gorge); Kehl (the gorge), in Baden; Schuylkill (the hidden gorge), a river in America. [Sidenote: KESSEL, KEZIL (Ger.), KYTEL (A.S.),] literally a kettle, but in topography applied to a bowl-shaped valley surrounded by hills; _e.g._ Ketel, in Holstein; Kessel, in Belgium; Kessel-loo (the low-lying grove or swamp), in Belgium; Kesselt (the low-lying wood, _holt_), in Belgium; Kettle or King’s-kettle (the hollow), in the valley of the R. Eden, in Fife, formerly belonging to the crown; but such names as Kesselstadt, Kesselsham, Kettlesthorpe, and Kettleshulme are probably connected with the personal name Chetil or Kettle, being common names among the Teutons and Scandinavians. [Sidenote: KIR (Heb.), KIRJATH,] a wall or stronghold, a city or town; _e.g._ Kir-Moab (the stronghold of Moab); Kiriathaim (the two cities); Kirjath-Arba (the city of Arba), now Hebron; Kirjath-Baal (of Baal); Kirjath-Huzoth (the city of villas); Kirjath-jearim (of forests); Kirjath-sannah (of palms), also called Kirjath-sepher (the city of the book). The Breton _Ker_ (a dwelling) seems akin to this word, as in Kergneû (the house at the nut-trees), in Brittany. [Sidenote: KIRCHE (Ger. and Scand.), CYRIC (A.S.), KERK (Dutch),] a church. The usual derivation of this word is from _kuriake_, Grk. _oikos-kuriou_ (the Lord’s house); _e.g._ Kirkham, Kerkom, Kirchdorf (church town); Kirchhof (church court); Kirchwerder (church island), on an island in the R. Elbe; Kirchditmold (the church at the people’s place of meeting)--_v._ DIOT. Fünfkirchen (the five churches), in Hungary; Kirchberg (church hill), in Saxony. Many parishes in Scotland have this affix to their names, as in Kirkbean (the church of St Bean); Kirkcaldy (the church of the Culdees, who formerly had a cell there); Kirkcolm (of St. Columba); Kirkconnel (of St. Connal); Kirkcowan, anc. _Kirkuen_ (of St. Keuin); Kirkcudbright (of St. Cuthbert); Kirkden (the church in the hollow); Kirkhill (on the hill); Kirkhope (in the valley); Kirkinner (the church of St. Kinneir). In England: Kirkby-Lonsdale (the church town), in the valley of the Lune; Kirkby-Stephen (of St. Stephen, to whom the church was dedicated); Kirkdale, in Lancashire; Kirkham, also in Lancashire; Kirkliston (the church of the strong fort, founded by the Knights Templars), in Linlithgow; Kirkoswald, named after Oswald, King of Northumberland; Kirkurd, in Peeblesshire, Lat. _Ecclesia de Orde_ (the church of Orde or Horda, a personal name); Kirkwall, Norse _Kirk-ju-vagr_ (the church on the bay); Hobkirk (the church in the _hope_ or valley); Ladykirk, in Berwickshire, dedicated to the Virgin Mary by James IV. on his army crossing the Tweed near the place; Falkirk, supposed to be the church on the _Vallum_ or wall of Agricola, but more likely to be the A.S. rendering of its Gaelic name _Eglais-bhrac_ (the spotted church), _fah_ in A.S. being of divers colours; Stonykirk, in Wigtonshire, corrupt. from _Steenie-kirk_ (St. Stephen’s church); Kirkmaden (of St. Medan); Carmichael for Kirk-Michael (of St. Michael); Bridekirk (of St. Bridget); Carluke for Kirkluke (of St. Luke); Selkirk, anc. _Sella-chyrche-Regis_ (the seat of the king’s church, originally attached to a royal hunting-seat); Laurencekirk (the church of St. Laurence, Archbishop of Canterbury, called the Apostle of the Picts); Kirby-Kendal (the church in the valley of the Ken or Kent); Channelkirk, in Berwickshire, anc. _Childer-kirk_ (the children’s church, having been dedicated to the Innocents). [Sidenote: KIS (Hung.),] little; _e.g._ Kis-sceg (little corner), in Transylvania; Kishissar (little fort). [Sidenote: KLAUSE, KLOSTER,] a place shut in, from the Lat. _claudo_, also a cloister; _e.g._ Klausen (the enclosed place), in Tyrol; Klausenburg (the enclosed fortress); Klausenthal (the enclosed valley); Kloster-Neuburg (the new town of the cloister); Chiusa, in Tuscany, anc. _Clusium_, and Clusa, in Saxony (the enclosed place), also La Chiusa, in Piedmont; but _claus_, as a prefix, may be _Klaus_, the German for Nicholas, and is sometimes attached to the names of churches dedicated to that saint. [Sidenote: KLEIN (Ger.),] little; _e.g._ Klein-eigher (the little giant), a mountain in Switzerland. [Sidenote: KNAB, KNOP (Scand. and Teut.), CNAP (Cel.),] a hillock; _e.g._ Noopnoss (the projecting point); Knabtoft (the farm of the hillock); The Knab, in Cumberland; Knapen-Fell (the hill with the protuberance), in Norway; Knapdale (the valley of hillocks), Argyleshire; Knapton, Knapwell (the town and well near the hillock); Snape (the hillock), in Suffolk and Yorkshire; Nappan (little hillock), and Knapagh (hilly land), in Ireland. [Sidenote: KNOLL (Teut.), KNOW,] a hillock; _e.g._ Knowle and Knoyle (the hillock); Knowl-end (hill end); Knowsley (hill, valley, or field). In the form of _know_ or _now_ it is common as an affix in Scotland. [Sidenote: KOH (Pers.),] a mountain; _e.g._ Koh-baba (the chief or father mountain); Caucasus (mountain on mountain, or the mountain of the gods, _Asses_); Kuh-i-Nuh (Noah’s mountain), the Persian name for Ararat; Kashgar (the mountain fortress). [Sidenote: KOI (Turc.),] a village; _e.g._ Kopri-koi (bridge village); Haji-Veli-koi (the village of the pilgrim Veli); Papaskoi (the priest’s village); Kadikoi (the judge’s village); Hajikoi (the pilgrim’s village); Akhmedkoi (Achmed’s village); Boghaz-koi (God’s house), near the ruins of an ancient temple in Asia Minor. [Sidenote: KÖNIG (Ger.), CING (A.S.),] a king; _e.g._ Königshofen (the king’s court); Königheim (the king’s dwelling); Königsbrunn (the king’s well); Königshain (the king’s enclosure); Königshaven (the king’s harbour); Königsberg, in Prussia, and Kongsberg, in Norway (the king’s mountain); Königstein (the king’s rock fortress); Coningsby, Connington, Coniston, Kingsbury, places in England where the Anglo-Saxons held their court; Kingston, in Surrey, where their kings were generally crowned; Kingston or Hull, upon the R. Hull, in Yorkshire, named after Edward I.; Kingston, Co. Dublin, so named in commemoration of George IV.’s visit to Ireland; Kingston, in Jamaica, named after William III.; Cunningham, Kingthorpe, Kingsby (the king’s dwelling or farm); but Cuningsburg, in Shetland, may be derived from _Kuningr_ (a rabbit); Kingsbarns, in Fife, so called from certain storehouses erected there by King John during his occupation of the castle now demolished. [Sidenote: KOPF, KOPPE (Ger.), COPA (Welsh), KUPA (Sclav.), CABO (Span.),] a headland or mountain peak; _e.g._ Catzenkopf (the cat’s head); Schneekopf and Schneekoppe (snowy peak); Ochsenkopf (the oxen’s peak); Riesenkoppe (giants’ peak); Perecop, in Russia (the gate of the headland); Vogelskuppe (the birds’ peak); Cape Colonna (the headland of the pillars), so named from the ruins of a temple to Minerva; Cape Leuca (the white); Cape Negro (the black); Cape Roxo (the red cape); Kuopio (on a headland), in Russia; Cabeza-del-buey (ox headland), in Spain; Cabeciera (black headland), in Spain; Capo-d’Istria (the summit of Istria); Copeland, a district in Cumberland full of peaks or headlands. [Sidenote: KOPRI, KUPRI (Turc.),] a bridge; _e.g._ Vezir-kopri (the vizier’s bridge); Keupri-bazaar (the market-town at the bridge); Keupris (bridge town), in Turkey. [Sidenote: KOS (Sclav.),] a goat; _e.g._ Koselo (goat’s river); Koslin (goat town), in Pomerania. [Sidenote: KOSCIOL (Sclav.),] a Romish church; _e.g._ Kostel, Kosteletz (towns with a Romish church), a Protestant church being called _Zbor_, and a Greek church _Zerkwa_. [Sidenote: KRAL, KROL (Sclav.),] a king; _e.g._ Kralik, Kralitz, Krolow, Kraliewa, Kralowitz (the king’s town or fortress). [Sidenote: KRASNA (Sclav.),] beautiful; _e.g._ Krasnabrod (the beautiful ford); Krasnapol (the beautiful city); Krasno-Ufimsk (the beautiful town of the R. Ufa); Krasna and Krasne (the beautiful place). [Sidenote: KRE (Sclav.),] a coppice; _e.g._ Sakrau, Sakrow (behind the coppice). [Sidenote: KREIS (Ger.),] a circle; _e.g._ Saalkreis (the circle watered by the R. Saal); Schwardswaldkreis (the circle of the Black Forest). [Sidenote: KREM, KRIM (Sclav.),] a stone building; _e.g._ The Kremlin (the stone fort of Moscow); Kremmen, Kremenetz, Kremnitz, Kremmenaia, Kremenskaia, towns in Russia, Poland, and Lusatia. [Sidenote: KRONE, KRON (Teut. and Scand.),] a crown; _e.g._ Kronstadt, Hung. _Brasso_ (crown city), in Hungary; Cronstadt, in Russia, founded by Peter the Great; Königscrone (the king’s crown); Carlscrone (Charles’s crown); Landscrone (the crown or summit of the land), a mountain and town in Silesia--also with the same meaning, Landscrona, in Sweden. _Kron_, however, as a prefix, comes occasionally from _krahn_ (a crane), as in Kronwinkel (the crane’s corner). [Sidenote: KRUG (Ger.),] a small inn; _e.g._ Dornkrug (the thorn inn); Krugmülle (the mill at the inn). L [Sidenote: LAAG, LAGE (Ger.), LOOG (Dutch),] a site, a low-lying field; _e.g._ Brawenlage (brown field); Wittlage (white field or wood field); Blumlage (flowery field); Mühlenloog (the mill field or site); Dinkellage (wheat field). This word is also used as an adjective, signifying _low_; _e.g._ Loogkirk (low church); Loogheyde (low heath); Loogemeer (low lake); Laaland (low island). [Sidenote: LAC (Fr.), LACHE (Ger.), LAGO (It., Span., and Port.), LAGUNA,] a lake, cognate with the Lat. _lacus_ and the Cel. _loch_ or _lwch_. These words in the various dialects originally signified a _hollow_, from the roots _lag_, _lug_, and Grk. _lakos_; _e.g._ Lachen, Lat. _Adlacum_ (at the lake), a town on Lake Zurich; Interlachen (between the lakes), in Switzerland; Biberlachen (beaver lake); Lago Maggiore (the greater lake), with reference to Lake Lugano, which itself means simply the lake or hollow; Lago Nuovo (new lake), in Tyrol,--it was formed a few years ago by a landslip; Lagoa (on a lake or marsh), in Brazil; Lagow (on a lake), in Prussia; Lagos, in Portugal (on a large bay or lake); Laguna-de-Negrillos (the lake of the elms) and Laguna-Encinillos (of the evergreen oaks), in Spain; Laach, in the Rhine Provinces (situated on a lake), the crater of an extinct volcano; Anderlecht or Anderlac (at the lake or marsh), in Belgium; Chablais, Lat. _Caput-lacensis_ (at the head of the lake, _i.e._ of Geneva); Missolonghi, _i.e._ _Mezzo-laguno_ (in the midst of a marshy lagoon); Beverley, in Yorkshire, anc. _Biberlac_ (the beaver lake or marsh); Lago-dos-Patos (the lake of geese), in Brazil; Niederhaslach and Oberhaslach (lower and upper lake), in Bas Rhin; Lake Champlain takes its name from a Norman adventurer, Governor-general of Canada, in the seventeenth century; Alagoas (abounding in lakes), a province in Brazil, with its capital of the same name; Filey, in Yorkshire, in Doomsday _Fuielac_ (_i.e._ bird lake, _fugæ_). [Sidenote: LAD (Scand.),] a pile or heap; _e.g._ Ladhouse, Ladhill, Ladcragg, Ladrigg (the house, hill, crag, ridge of the mound or cairn), probably so named from a heap or cairn erected over the grave of some Norse leader. [Sidenote: LADE, or LODE (A.S.),] a way, passage, or canal; _e.g._ Ladbrook (the passage of the brook); Lechlade, in Gloucester (the passage of the R. Lech into the Thames); Evenlode (at brink of the passage or stream); Cricklade, anc. _Crecca-gelade_ or _Crecca-ford_ (the creek at the opening or entrance of the Churn and Key into the Thames). [Sidenote: LAEN (Teut.), LEHEN,] land leased out, a fief; _e.g._ Kingsland or Kingslaen, in Middlesex, Hereford, and Orkney; Haylene (the enclosed fief), in Hereford; Lenham (the dwelling on the laen); Lenton, ditto. [Sidenote: LAESE (A.S.),] pasture, literally moist, wet land; _e.g._ Lewes, in Sussex; Lesowes, in Worcester (the wet pasture); Lewisham (the dwelling on the pasture), in Kent; Leswalt (wood pasture), in Dumfriesshire. [Sidenote: LAG, LUG (Gadhelic), LÜCKE (Ger.),] a hollow, cognate with the Lat. _lacus_ and the Grk. _lakkos_; _e.g._ Logie (the hollow), in Stirling; Logiealmond (the hollow of the R. Almond in Perth); Logie-Buchan, in Aberdeenshire; Logie-Coldstone, Gael. _Lag-cul-duine_ (the hollow behind the fort), Aberdeen; Logie-Easter and Logie-Wester, in Cromarty; Logie Loch and Laggan Loch (the lake in the hollow); Logan (the little hollow); Logierait, Gael. _Lag-an-rath_ (the hollow of the _rath_ or castle, so called from the Earls of Atholl having formerly had their castle there in Perthshire); Mortlach, Co. Banff, probably meaning the great hollow. In Ireland: Legachory, Lagacurry, Legacurry (the hollow of the pit or caldron, _coire_); Lugduff (dark hollow); Lugnaquillia (the highest of the Wicklow mountains), is from the Irish _Lug-na-gcoilleach_ (the hollow of the cocks, _i.e._ _grouse_); Lough Logan (the lake of the little hollow); Lagnieu, in France, anc. _Lagniacum_ (the place in the hollow of the waters); Laconia and Lacedemonia (in the hollow), in Greece. [Sidenote: LANN (Gadhelic), LLAN (Cym.-Cel.), LAND (Teut.),] an enclosure, a church, a house; but Mr. Skene considers that the Cel. _llan_ comes from the Lat. _planum_ (a level place), just as the Gael. _lan_ (full) comes from the Lat. _plenus_. This word is more common in Welsh names than in the topography of Ireland and Scotland, and in its signification of a church forms the groundwork of a vast number of Welsh names. In Ireland it means a house as well as a church, as in Landbrock (the badger’s house); Landmore (the great church), in Londonderry; Landahussy (O’Hussy’s church), in Tyrone; Lanaglug (the church of the bells). It is not so frequent in Scotland, but the modern name of Lamlash, in the Island of Arran, formerly _Ard-na-Molas_, the height of St. Molios, who lived in a cave there, seems to be the church or enclosure of this saint; Lambride, in Forfar, is _Lannbride_ (St. Bridget’s church); Lumphanan is from _Lann-Finan_ (St. Finan’s church). The derivation of Lanark, anc. _Lanerk_, is probably from the Welsh _Llanerch_ (a distinct spot or fertile piece of ground). There are many examples of this root in Brittany; _e.g._ Lanleff (the enclosure on the R. Leff); Lanmeur (great church); Lannion (the little enclosure); Landerneau and Lannoy (the enclosure on the water); but in French topography the Teut. _land_ generally signifies uncultivated ground; _e.g._ La Lande, Landes, Landelles, La Landelle, Les Landais, Landau, etc.--_v._ Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_. Launceston, in Cornwall, is probably corrupt. from _Llan-Stephen_. The greatest number of our examples must be taken from Wales. There are Lantony or _Llan-Ddevinant_ (the church of St. David in the valley, _nant_, of the R. Hodeny); Llan-Dewi-Aberarth (St. David’s church at the mouth of the Arth); Lampeter (of St. Peter); Llan-Asaph (of St. Asaph); Llanbadern-fawr (the great church founded by Paternus), also Llan-Badarn-Odyn; Llandelo-vawr (of Feilo the Great); Llandewi-Brefi (St. David’s church). Brevi here means the bellowing, from the dismal moans of a sacred animal killed here; Llandovery, corrupt. from _Llan-ym-dyffrwd_ (the church among the rivers, at the confluence of three streams); Llanudno (of St. Tudno); Llanelly (of St. Elian); Llanfair (of St. Mary); Llanover (the church of the Gover wells); Llanon (the church dedicated to Nonn, the mother of St. David); Llanfair-yn-nghornwy (on the horn or headland of the water). There are several of this name,--as Llan-fair-ar-y-bryn (St. Mary’s church on the hill); Llanfair-helygen (St. Mary’s church among willows); Llanfair-o’r-llwyn (on the lake); Llanfihangel (of the angel); Llanfihangel-genau’r-glyn (the church of the angels at the opening of the valley); Llanfihangel-y-creuddin, a church erected probably on the site of a bloody battle; Llanfihangel-lledrod (the church at the foot of a declivity); Llangadogvawr (of St. Cadoc the Great); Llangeler (of St. Celert); Llangollen (of St. Collen); Llanidloes (of St. Idloes); Llaniestyn (of St. Constantine); Llannethlin, anc. _Mediolanum_ (the church among the pools or marshes); Llantrissant (of three saints); Llanddeusaint (of two saints); Llanberis (of St. Peres); Llandegla (of St. Theckla); Llanrhaiadr (the church of the cataract); Llanfaes (the church of the battle-field); Landaff, on the R. Taff; Llangoedmore (the church of the great wood); Llanaml-lech (the church on the stony ground, etc.); Llangwyllog (the gloomy church, perhaps in the shade of the Druidic grove); Llanfleiddian (dedicated to a bishop named Flaidd); Llanllawer (the church of the multitude, _llawer_, close to which was a sainted well famous for its medicinal properties, and which was resorted to by crowds of impotent folk); Llancilcen (the church in the nook, _cil_, at the top, _cen_, of a hill), a parish in Flint; Llan-mabon (of St. Mabon); Llan-Beblig, corrupt. from _Bublicius_, named for the son of Helen, a Welsh princess; Llan-sant-Fagan, named in honour of St. Faganus, a missionary from Rome. _Llan_ is sometimes corrupted to _long_ in Scotland, as in Longniddrie; Lagny, a town in France, anc. _Laniacum_ (the church or enclosure on the stream). From the Teut. _land_, _i.e._ a country or district, some names may come in appropriately under this head--thus Scotland (the land of the Scots), from Ireland; Monkland, in Lanarkshire (belonging to the monks); Natland, in Norway (the land of horned cattle); Sutherland (the southern land, as compared with Caithness), both Sutherland and Caithness having formed part of the Orkney Jarldom; Cumberland (the land of the Cymbri), being part of the British kingdom of Cumbria; Holland (the marshy land, _ollant_); Gippsland, named in honour of Sir George Gipps, a governor of Port Philip; Friesland (the land of the Frisii); Beveland (of oxen or beeves); Baardland (of the Lombards); Westmoreland (the land of the _Westmoringas_ or people of the Western moors); Gothland, in Sweden (the land of the Goths); Jutland (the land of the Getæ or Jutes, the Cimbric Chersonesus of the ancients). [Sidenote: LAR, LAAR, LEER (Old Ger.), LAER (A.S.), LATHAIR, or LAUER (Gadhelic),] a site, a bed; and in Germany, according to Buttmann, a field; in topography, synonymous with _lage_; _e.g._ Goslar (the site or field on the R. Gose), in Hanover; Somplar (marshy field); Wittlar (woody field); Dinklar (wheat field); Wetzlar, in Prussia, anc. _Wittlara_ (woody field); Wassarlar (watery field); Noordlaren (the northern site); Lahr (the site), a town in Baden. In Ireland this word takes the forms of _laragh_ and _lara_; _e.g._ Laraghleas (the site of the fort); Laraghshankill (of the old church). Lara, however, is sometimes a corrupt. of _Leath-rath_ (half rath), as in Laragh, in West Meath; and _laar_ and _lare_ often mean _middle_, as in Rosslare (the middle peninsula); Ennislare (the middle island); Latheron, in Caithness, is the site of the seal. [Sidenote: LAUF, LAUFEND (Ger.), LOOP (Dutch),] a current, a rapid, from _laufen_, Ger.; _hlaupen_, Scand.; _hleapen_, A.S. (to run, to leap); _e.g._ Laufen (the rapids), on the R. Salzach; Lauffenberg (the town near the rapids of the Rhine); Laufnitz (the leaping river); Lauffen (on the rapids of the R. Inn); Leixlip, in Ireland, Old Norse _Lax-hlaup_ (salmon-leap), on a cataract of the R. Liffey; Beck-loop (brook cataract), in Holland; Loop-Head, Co. Clare, Irish _Leim-Chon-Chuillerin_ (Cuchullin’s leap)--_v._ Joyce’s _Names of Places_. [Sidenote: LAW (A.S.), _hleaw_, LOW,] a hill, cognate with the Irish _lagh_; _e.g._ Houndslow (the dog’s hill); Ludlow (the people’s hill, _leod_); Greenlaw, in Berwickshire (the green hill)--the modern town is situated on a plain, but old Greenlaw was on a hill; Winslow (the hill of victory), in Berks; Marlow (the chalk or marshy hill); Wardlaw (guard hill); Hadlow, anc. _Haslow_ (hazel hill); Castlelaw, in the Lammermuir range, named from Roman camps on these hills; Sidlaw Hills (the south hills, in reference to their forming the southern boundary of Strathmore); Warmlow, Co. Worcester, anc. _Waermundes-hleau_ (the hill of Waermund, a personal name); Fala, a parish in Mid Lothian, abbreviated from _Fallaw_ (the speckled hill); Mintlaw, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from _Moan-alt-law_ (the hill at the moss burn). [Sidenote: LAYA (Sansc.),] an abode; _e.g._ Naglaya (the abode of snakes); the Himalaya Mountains (the abode of snow); Hurrial, for _Arayalaya_ (the abode of Hari or Vishnu). [Sidenote: LEAC (Gadhelic), LLECH (Cym.-Cel.),] a flat stone--in topography, found in the forms of _lick_ and _leck_, cognate with the Lat. _lapis_ and Grk. _lithos_; _e.g._ Lackeen, Licken (the little stone); Slieve-league (the mountain of the flagstone); Lickmollasy (St. Molasse’s flagstone); Bel-leek, Irish _Bel-leice_ (the ford of the flagstone), near Ballyshannon; Lackagh (full of flagstones); Lickfinn (white flagstone); Duleek, anc. _Doimhliag_ (the stone house or church); Auchinleck (the field of the stone), in Ayrshire; Harlech, in Merioneth; Ar-llech (on the rock, the place being situated on a craggy eminence); Llananl-lech--_v._ LLAN; Llech-trufin, probably originally Llech-treffen (the rock of the look-out, or _twrfine_); Llanml-lech (the church among many stones); Tre-llech (stone dwelling); Llech-rhyd (the ford of the flat stone); Leck, Lech, Leckbeck (the stony rivers); Leckfield (the field on the R. Leck); Leckwith, in Wales, for Lechwedd (a slope). [Sidenote: LEAMHAN (Gadhelic),] the elm-tree; _e.g._ the Laune, a river at Killarney, and the Leven, in Scotland (the elm-tree stream); Lennox or Levenach (the district of the R. Leven), the ancient name of Dumbartonshire; Lislevane (the fort of the elm-tree), in Ireland. According to Mr. Skene, the Rivers Leven in Dumbartonshire and in Fife have given their names to Loch Lomond and Loch Leven, while in each county there is a corresponding mountain called Lomond. [Sidenote: LEARG (Gadhelic),] the slope of a hill; _e.g._ Largy, in Ireland; Lairg, a parish in Sutherlandshire; Largs, in Ayrshire, and Largo, in Fife, from this word; Largan (the little hill-slope); Largynagreana (the sunny hill-slope); Larganreagh (gray hill-slope), in Ireland. [Sidenote: LEBEN (Ger.),] a possession, an inheritance. Forsteman thinks this word is derived from the Old Ger. _laiban_ (to leave or bequeath), cognate with the Grk. _leipa_, and not from _leben_ (to live); _e.g._ Leibnitz, anc. _Dud-leipen_ (the inheritance of Dudo); Ottersleben (of Otho); Ritzleben (of Richard); Germersleben (of Germer); Osharsleben (of Ausgar); Sandersleben (of Sander); Hadersleben (of Hada). [Sidenote: LEGIO (Lat.),] a Roman legion; _e.g._ Caerleon, on the Usk, anc. _Isca-Legionis_; Leicester, _Legionis-castra_ (the camp of the legion); Leon, in Spain, anc. _Legio_, being the station of the seventh Roman legion; Lexdon, anc. _Legionis-dunum_ (the fort of the legion); Megiddo, in Palestine, now Ledjun, anc. _Castra-legionis_ (the camp of the legion). [Sidenote: LEHM (Ger.), LAAM (A.S.), LEEM (Dutch),] clay, mud; _e.g._ the Leam (the muddy river); Leamington (the town on the R. Leam); Lehmhurst (the clayey wood); Lambourn (muddy brook); Leemkothen (the mud huts). [Sidenote: LEITER (Gadhelic),] the slope of a hill; _e.g._ Ballater, in Aberdeenshire (the town on the sloping hill); Letterfearn (the alder-tree slope); Letterfourie (the grassy hillside, _feurach_); Findlater (the cold hill-slope, _fionn_), in Scotland. In Ireland: Letterkenny (the hill-slope of the O’Cannons); Letterkeen (beautiful hill-slope); Lettermullen (Meallan’s hill-slope); Letterbrick (the badger’s hill-slope); Letterlickey (the hill-slope of the flagstone); Letherhead, in Surrey (at the head of the slope, Welsh _llethr_), on the declivitous bank of the R. Mole; Machynlleth for Mach-yn-Llethr (the ridge on the slope), a town in Montgomery. [Sidenote: LEOD (A.S.), LEUTE (Ger.),] the people; _e.g._ Leutkirch (the people’s church); Liège, Ger. _Lüttich_, anc. _Leodicus-vicus_ (the people’s town)--the hill on which the citadel stands was called _Publes-mont_ (the people’s hill); Leeds, in Yorkshire, anc. _Loidis_ (the people’s town, according to Bayley); Whittaker, however, makes it the town of Loidi, a personal name); but Leeds, in Kent, is said to have been named after Ledian, the Chancellor of Ethelred II. [Sidenote: LESSO, LESSE (Sclav.),] a wood or thicket; _e.g._ Lessau, Leske, Leskau, Lessen, Lissa (the woody place), towns in Prussia; Leschnitz, in Silesia, and Leizig, in Saxony, with the same meaning; Leschkirch (the church in the wood), in Transylvania; Liezegorike (woody hill). [Sidenote: LEUCUS (Grk.),] white, _e.g._ Leuctra, Leuctron, Leucadia, so named from the white rocks at its extremity; Leucasia (the white river); Leucate (the white promontory in Greece). [Sidenote: LEY, LEA (A.S.), LEG,] a district--in English topography generally applied to an open field or meadow; _e.g._ Leigh (the meadow), in Lancashire; Berkeley, Thornley, Oakley, Auchley, Alderley, Brachley (the meadow of birch, thorn, oak, alder, ferns); Hasley (of hazels); Hagley (the enclosed meadow); Horsley (the meadow of Horsa, or of horses); Brockley (of the badger); Hindley (of the stag); Everley (of the wild boar, _aper_); Bradley (broad meadow); Stanley (stony meadow); Loxley (of Loki, a Scandinavian deity); Ashley (ash-tree meadow); but Ashley, S. Carolina, was named after Lord Ashley in the reign of Charles II.; Morley (moor-field); Bisley (bean-field); Cowley (cow’s field); Linley (flax-field); Monkley (the monk’s field); Audley, Co. Stafford (old field); but Audley, in Essex, took its name from a palace erected by Thomas Audley, Lord Chancellor of England; Ofley (the field of King Offa); Tarporley, in Cheshire, corrupt. from _Thorpeley_ (the farm-field or meadow); Chorley (the meadow of the R. Chor); Bosley (Bodolph’s field); West Leigh, North Leigh, Leighton, from the same root; Satterleigh (the field of Seator, an A.S. deity); Earnley, Sussex (eagle meadow); Ripley, in Yorkshire, from _Hryp_, a personal name; Bentley, _bent_, pasture (a coarse kind of grass); Tewesley and Tisley, from Tiw, a Saxon deity--as also Tewing, Tuoesmere, and Teowes (thorn); Henley (the old meadow or field), supposed to be the oldest town in Oxfordshire. [Sidenote: LIN (Esthonian),] a fort or town; _e.g._ Rialin, now Riga (the fortress of the Rugii), in Russia; Pernau, anc. _Perna-lin_ (the lime-tree fort); Tepelin (hill town; _tepe_, Turc. hill). [Sidenote: LINDE (Ger.), LIND, LYND (A.S. and Scand.),] the linden-tree; _e.g._ Lindhurst and Lyndhurst (the linden-tree wood); Lindheim, Lindorf, Limburg, in Germany (the town of linden-trees); as also Limburg, in Holland, formerly _Lindenburg_; Lindau (the linden-tree meadow); Lindesnaes (the promontory of linden-trees), in Norway; La Linde, Le Lindois (abounding in linden-trees); Limbœuf, Lindebœuf (linden-tree dwelling), in France. [Sidenote: LINNE (Gadhelic), LLYNN (Cym.-Cel.), HLYNNA (A.S.),] a pool, a lake, sometimes applied to a waterfall, not as associated with the cascade, but with the pool into which it is received, as in the Linn of Dee, in Aberdeenshire, and Corra-linn, on the Clyde. Dublin (the black pool) takes its name from that part of the R. Liffey on which it is built; and there are several other places in Ireland whose names have the same meaning, although variously spelt, as Devlin, in Mayo; Dowling and Doolin, in Kilkenny and Clare; Ballinadoolin (the town of the black pool), in Kildare. In several such cases the proper name was _Ath-cliath_ (hurdle ford), literally _Baile-atha-cliath_ (the town of the hurdle ford), the original name of Dublin. The ancient name of Lincoln, _Lindum_, is the hill fort on the pool; Linlithgow comes from the same root, and is probably the gray lake--how it came by the termination _gow_, _gu_, or _cu_, as it is variously spelt, cannot be determined; Linton, in Roxburghshire, is the town on the pool; Linton, in Peebles, on the R. Lyne--in Cambridge (on the brook, _hlynna_); Dupplin, on the R. Earn, in Perthshire (the black pool); Crailing, in Berwickshire, anc. _Traverlin_ (the dwellings, _treabhar_, on the pool); Edarline (between the pools); Aber-glas-lyn (the estuary of the blue pool), in Wales; Lynn-Regis (the king’s pool), in Norfolk; Roslin (the projecting point on the pool), in Mid Lothian; Lynn-yr-Afrange (the beaver’s pool), in Wales; Mauchline, in Ayrshire (the pool in the plain, _magh_); Lincluden, in Kirkcudbright (the pool of the R. Cluden); Lindores, in Fife, probably not from this root, but a corrupt. of _Lann-Tours_, being the seat of the abbey of Tours, founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon. Lyme-Regis (the king’s pool), in Dorset; Lymington, anc. _Linton_ (the town on the pool), in Hants; Llyn-hir (long pool); Llyn-y-cun (the dog’s pool), in Carnarvon; Llynn-y-Nadroedd (the adder’s pool); Llynn-ye-cae (the enclosed pool), all in Wales; Llyn-tegid (the fair or beautiful lake); Lly-gwyn, with the same meaning; Llyn-Teivy, of the R. Teivy, in Wales; Llyn-Safaddon, corrupt. from _Llyn-saf-baddon_ (the standing pool or fixed bathing place)--_v._ BAD. [Sidenote: LIOS, or LIS (Gadhelic), LES (Breton and Cornish),] an enclosure, a garden, or a fort. In Ireland it generally meant originally a place enclosed with a circular entrenchment, for the purpose of shelter and safety, and is often translated by the Lat. _atrium_ (the entrance-room to a dwelling or temple). There are eleven places in Ireland called Lismore (the great enclosure); Lismore also in Argyleshire; Listowel (Tuathal’s fort); Liscarrol (Carrol’s fort); Liscahane (Cathan’s fort); Lissan, Lissane, Lessany (the little fort); Ballylesson (the town of the little fort); Lisclogher (stone fort); Lislevane (the fort of the elm); Lismullin (of the mill); Lisnadarragh (of the oaks); Lisnaskea, _i.e._ _Lios-na-sceithe_ (of the bush); Lissard (high fort); Gortnalissa (the field of the fort); Lisbellaw, _i.e._ _Lios-bel-atha_ (the fort at the ford mouth); Dunluce (strong fort); Thurles, Co. Tipperary, from _Durlas_ (strong fort); Rathurles (the rath of the strong fort)--all in Ireland; Liskard or Liskeard (the enclosure on the height), in Cornwall and Cheshire; Lostwithel, in Cornwall, _i.e._ _Les-vthiel_ (the lofty palace), one of the ancient seats of the Duke of Cornwall; Lesmahago, in Lanarkshire, Lat. _Ecclesia-Machute_ (the enclosure or church of St. Machute); Lesneven, in Brittany, _i.e._ _Les-an-Evan_ (the enclosure or palace of Evan, Count of Leon); Leslie, in Fife (the enclosure on the R. Leven); Lessudden or St. Boswell’s, in Roxburghshire, bears the first name from Aidan, the Bishop of Lindesfarne, who is said to have lived there; and its second name from Boisel, a disciple of St. Cuthbert. The Spanish _llosa_ is akin to the Celtic _lios_, as in Lliosa-del-Obispo (the bishop’s enclosure). [Sidenote: LIPA (Sclav.),] the linden-tree; _e.g._ Leipzig, Lipten, Laubsdorf or Libanoise, Lauban or Luban, Luben, Laubst, Labolz, etc. (the places abounding in linden-trees); Lubeck and Lublin may come from the same root, or from a Sclavonic word signifying _beloved_. [Sidenote: LLWYD (Welsh),] gray-brown; _e.g._ Rhipyn Llwyd (the gray upland); Llwyd-goed (gray wood). [Sidenote: LOCH, LOUGH (Gadhelic), LLWCH (Cym.-Cel.),] a lake; _e.g._ Loch Broom (the lake of showers, _braon_); Loch Carron (of the winding water); Loch Doine (deep loch); Loch Duich, in Ross-shire (the lake of St. Duthic, the same person from whom the town of Tain took its Gaelic name, _Baile-Duich_, St. Dulhaick’s town); Loch Fyne (the fair lake); Loch Lomond (the lake of the elm-tree river); Loch Nell (of the swan, _eala_); Loch Ness (of the waterfall, _i.e._ of Foyers)--_v._ EAS; Loch Long (ship lake, Scand. _Skipafiord_); Gareloch (short lake, _gearr_), in Ross-shire, and also a branch of the Firth of Clyde; Loch Etive (dreary loch, _eitidh_); Lochlubnaig (the lake of the little bend, _lubnaig_); Lochbuie and Lochbuy (the yellow loch); Lochmuic (of the wild boar); Lochgorm (blue loch); Lochlaggan (of the hollow); Loch Tay (of the R. Tay or _Tamha_, quiet river); Lochgelly (of the fair water); Loch Maree (the lake of St. Malrube); Lochard (high loch); Loch Awe and Loch Linnhe (here duplicate names, _aw_ signifying water and _linne_ a pool); Loch-na-keal (the loch of the cemetery, _cill_); Loch Earn (the west loch, _i.e._ west of Loch Tay); Lochgelly (white lake, _gealich_); Loch Katrine, probably the lake of the Caterans or freebooters; Benderloch, in Argyleshire, _i.e._ _Bendaraloch_ (the hill between the lakes); Lochnagar, _i.e._ _Lochan-na-gabhar_ (the little lake of the goats, at the base of the mountain to which it gives its name); Lochmaben, probably the loch of the bald headland, as in an old charter the castle at the head of the loch is called _Lochmalban_; Lochfad (long loch), in the Island of Bute, five miles long and scarce half a mile broad; Loch Achray, in Perthshire (the loch of the _level_ plain, _reidh_); Leuchars, in Fife, formerly _Lough-yards_, the low grounds of the village used to lie under water for the greater part of the year. In Ireland there are Lough Derg (red lake), originally _Loch Dergderc_ (the lake of the red eye, connected with a legend); Lough Conn (from a personal name Conn); Loch Rea (gray or smooth lake, _reidh_, smooth); as also Loch Ryan, in Kirkcudbright (of the smooth water, _reidhan_); Loch Foyle (the lake of Febhal, the son of Lodan); Loughan, Loughane (little lake); Lochanaskin (the little lake of the eels); Lough Corrib, corrupt. from Lough Orbsen (the lake of Orbsen or Mannanan, over whose grave it is said to have burst forth); Lough Erne, in Ireland, named from the _Ernai_, a tribe; Lough Finn, named after a lady called Finn, who was drowned in its waters; Lough, _i.e._ _Loch-n’-Echach_ (the lake of Eochy, a Munster chief, who, with his family, was overwhelmed in the eruption which gave their origin to its waters); Loch Swilly, probably a Scand. name, meaning the lake of the surges or whirlpool, _swelchie_. The town of Carlow was originally _Cetherloch_ (the quadruple lake, _cether_, four), from a tradition that formerly the R. Barrow formed four lakes at this spot. [Sidenote: LOCUS (Lat.), LOCA (A.S.), LOK, LLE (Cym.-Cel), LIEU (Fr.),] a place; _e.g._ Netley, Lat. _Laeto-loco_ (at the pleasant, cheerful place), so called from a monastery founded there by Mereward, King of Mercia, in 658; Madley (the good place); Matlock (the meat enclosure or storehouse); Leominster, Lat. _Locus-fanum_ (temple place); Porlock or Portlock, in Somerset (the place of the port); Lok-Maria-Ker (the town of Maria Ker), in Brittany. In France: Richelieu (rich place); Chaalis, anc. _Carolis-locus_ (the place of Charles the Good, Count of Flanders); Beaulieu (beautiful place); Loctudey, at Finisterre, corrupt. from _Loc-Sancti-Tudené_ (the place of St. Tudy); Locdieu and Dilo, _i.e._ _Dei-locus_ (God’s place); Lieusaint (holy place); Baslieu (low place). [Sidenote: LOH, LOO (Ger. and Dutch), LOHE,] a meadow or thicket, and sometimes a marsh; _e.g._ Waterloo (watery meadow); Venloo (the marshy meadow), and perhaps _Louvain_ may have the same meaning; Groenloo (green thicket); Hohenlohe (the high marshy meadow); Tongerloo (the marshy meadow of the Tungri); Schwarzenloh (the black thicket); Anderlues (on the marsh). [Sidenote: LOHN (Ger.), LOON (Dutch),] a path; _e.g._ Iser-lohn (the path by the R. Iser); Forstlohn (the path in the wood); Neerloon and Oberloon (the lower and upper path); Loon-op-Zand (the path on the sand). [Sidenote: LUCUS (Lat.), LLWYN (Welsh), a grove,] a sacred grove; _e.g._ Lugo, in Italy, anc. _Lucus-Dianæ_ (the sacred grove of Diana); Lugo, in Spain, anc. _Lucus-Augusti_ (the sacred grove of Augustus); Les luches, in France, near the remains of an ancient temple; Luc, anc. _Lucus_, in Dauphiny. [Sidenote: LUG, LUKA, or LUZ (Sclav.), LEOIG (Gadhelic), LAUK (Esthonian),] a marsh, cognate with the Lat. _lutum_; _e.g._ Lusatia or Lausatz (the marshy land); Lassahn, Ger. _Laki-burgum_ (the town on the marsh); Lugos or Lugosch, Luko and Leignitz, with the same meaning, in Poland and Silesia; Podlachia (near the marshes), a district in Poland. The towns of Lyons, Laon, and Leyden were formerly named _Lugdunum_ (the fortress in the marshy land); Paris was formerly _Lutetia-Parisiorum_ (the marshy land of the Parisii). In France: Loches, formerly _Luccæ_ and _Lochiæ_ (the marshy land); and Loché, formerly _Locheium_ (the marshy dwelling), in the department of Indre et Loire. [Sidenote: LUND (Scand.),] a sacred grove; _e.g._ Lund, towns in Sweden and in the Shetlands; Lundgarth (the enclosed grove), in Yorkshire; Lundsthing (the place of meeting at the grove), in Shetland; Charlottenlund, Christianslund, and Frederickslund (the grove of Charlotte, Christian, and Frederick), villages in Denmark; and perhaps the island Lundy, in the Bristol Channel. [Sidenote: LUST, LYST (Teut.),] pleasure--applied, in topography, to a palace or lordly mansion; _e.g._ Ludwigslust, Charlottenlust, Ravenlust (the palaces of Ludovick, of Charlotte, and of Hrafen); Lostwithel, in Cornwall (the manor of Withel), in the old Brit. language, _Pen Uchel coet_ (the lofty hill in the wood, and the _Uzella_ of Ptolemy); Lustleigh (the valley of pleasure), in Devon. [Sidenote: LUTTER, LAUTER (Teut.),] bright, clear; _e.g._ Lutri, on Lake Geneva; Luttar, in Brunswick (the bright place); Latterbach and Lauterburn (clear stream); Lauterburg, in Alsace, on the R. Lauter; Lutterworth (the bright farm); Lauterecken, in Bavaria, at the corner, _eck_, of the R. Lauter. [Sidenote: LUTZEL, LYTEL (Teut.), LILLE (Scand.),] small; _e.g._ Lutgenrode (the little clearing); Luxemburg, corrupt. from _Lutzelburg_ (small fortress), Latinised _Lucis-Burgum_ (the city of light), and hence passing into Luxemburg; Lucelle or Lutzel, in Alsace; Lutzelsten (the small rock), in Alsace. M [Sidenote: MAEN (Welsh),] a stone; _e.g._ Maentwrog (the tower-like pillar), a parish in Merioneth; Maen or Dewi (St. David’s possession). [Sidenote: MAES, or FAES (Cym.-Cel.), MOED, or MEAD (A.S.), MATTE (Ger.),] a meadow or field, cognate with the Gael. _magh_; _e.g._ Maescar (the pool in the field); Maisemore (great field), in Brecknock and Gloucestershire; Marden, in Hereford, anc. _Maes-y-durdin_ (the field of the water camp); Basaleg, a parish in Wales. The name has been corrupted _Maes-aleg_, signifying _elect land_, from an event famous in Welsh history, which took place there. Maes-teg (the fair field); Maes-yr-onnen (the field of ash-trees); Cemmaes (the plain of the ridge, _cefn_); Maes-y-Mynach (monk field); Cemmaes, _i.e._ _Cefn-maes_ (the ridge of the plain), in Wales; Runnymede, Co. Surrey (the meadow of the council), Latinised _Pratum-concilii_; Andermatt (on the meadow); Zermatt (at the meadow), in Switzerland; Matterhorn (the peak of the meadow); Aeschenmatt (ash-tree meadow); Maes-Garmon (the field of St. Germanus), in Wales; Soultzmatt (the meadow of mineral waters, _salz_), in Alsace. [Sidenote: MAGEN, MEKEN, or MAIN (Teut.),] great; _e.g._ the R. Main, anc. _Magen-aha_ (great water); Mainland, anc. _Meginland_ (great island), in the Orkneys; Mainhardt (great wood); Meiningen (the great field)--_v._ GEN--in Germany. [Sidenote: MAGH (Gadhelic), MACH (Cym.-Cel.), a ridge,] a field or plain, corrupt. into Maw or Moy, Latinised _magus_; _e.g._ Magh-breagh (the beautiful plain), in Ireland, extending from the R. Liffey to the borders of Co. Louth; Moy and May (the plain), both in Ireland and in Scotland; Moidart (the high plain), in Inverness-shire; Mayo (the plain of yew-trees); Moynalty, Irish _Magh-nealta_ (the plain of the flocks); Macosquin, in Londonderry, corrupt. from _Magh-Cosgrain_ (the field of Cosgrain); Mallow, in Cork, _Magh-Ealla_ (the plain of the R. Allo or Ealla, now the Blackwater); Moville and Movilla (the plain of the old tree, _bile_); Moycoba, for _Magh-Coba_ (the plain of Coba); _Machaire_, a derivative from _Magh_, is found under the forms of Maghera and Maghery, thus--Magheracloone (the plain of the meadow); Magheraculmony (the plain at the back of the shrubbery); Maynooth (the plain of Nuadhat); Moira, corrupt. from _Magh-rath_ (the plain of the forts), Co. Down; Moyarta (the plain of the grave, _ferta_). In Scotland we find Rothiemay, in Banff, corrupt. from _Rath-na-magh_ (the castle of the plain); Monievaird, _i.e._ _Magh-na-bhaird_ (the plain of the bards), in Perthshire; Machynlleth (the ridge on the slope), a town in Montgomeryshire, Wales. In its Latinised form this word is found in _Marcomagus_, now Margagen (the plain of the Marcomanni); Juliomagus and Cæsaromagus (of Julius and Cæsar); Noviomagus (the new plain); and again the same word became _magen_ or _megen_ among the Teutonic races, thus Noviomagus became Nimeguen; Nozon was anc. _Noviomagus_ or _Noviodunum_; Riom, in France, anc. _Ricomagus_ (rich plain); Maing or Meung, on the Loire, formerly _Magus_; Argenton, Argentomagus (silver field); Rouen, anc. _Rothomagus_ (the fort on the plain). The ancient name of Worms was _Bartomagus_, which Buttman says means high field; its present name was corrupted from _Vormatia_; Mouzon, in France, was Mosomagus (the plain of the R. Meuse). [Sidenote: MAHA (Sansc.),] great; _e.g._ Mahabalipoor (the city of the great god Bali); Mahanuddy (the great river); Mahadea Mountains (the mountains of the great goddess); Maha-vila-ganga (the great sandy river); Mantote, in Ceylon, corrupt. from _Maha-Totta_ (the great ferry). [Sidenote: MAHAL, MAL, or MOLD (Teut.),] the place of meeting; _e.g._ Mahlburg or Mailburg, in Lower Austria (the town of the place of meeting); Detmold, anc. _Theotmalli_ (the people’s meeting-place); Wittmold (the meeting-place in the wood); Moldfelde (in the field); Malton (the town of the meeting), in Yorkshire; Maulden (the valley of the meeting), in Bedfordshire; Kirch-ditmold (the church at the meeting-place). [Sidenote: MALY, or MALKI (Sclav.),] little; _e.g._ Malinek, Malinkowo, Malenz, Malchow, Malkow, Malkowitz (little town); Maliverck (the little height). [Sidenote: MAN, or MAEN (Cym.-Cel.),] a place or district; _Maenol_ or _Mainor_, Welsh (a possession), akin to the Lat. _mansio_ and the Fr. _maison_. From this word maybe derived Maine, a province of France; Mans and Mantes, although more directly they may probably come from the _Cenomanni_, a people who formerly inhabited that district in France; Mantua, in Italy, and La Mancha, in Spain, may be placed under this head; also Manchester, anc. _Mancunium_, and Mancester, anc. _Manduessedum_; Menteith, in Perthshire, the district of the R. Teith. In the Welsh language the letter _m_ is changed into _f_ and pronounced _v_, and _fan_ abridged to _fa_, thus--Brawdfa (the place of judgment); Eisteddfa (the sitting place); Gorphwzsfa (resting place); Morfa (the shore or sea place); Manaera (the place of slaughter), probably the site of a battle; Manclochog (the ringing-stone).[4] [Sidenote: MANSUS (Lat.),] a farm or rural dwelling, to which was attached a certain portion of land. It was often contracted into _mas_, _miex_, or _mex_; _e.g._ La Manse, Mansac, Manselle, Le Mas, Beaumets, Beaumais, in France. The Manse, _i.e._ the dwelling and glebe attached to a parish in Scotland; Mains, a parish in Forfar. [Sidenote: MANTIL (Old Ger.),] the fir-tree; _e.g._ Mantilholz (the fir-wood); Mantilberg (fir-tree hill); Zimmermantil (the room or dwelling at the fir-trees). [Sidenote: MAR,] a Ger. word, used both as an affix and a prefix, with various meanings. As a prefix, it occasionally stands for _mark_ (a boundary), as in Marbrook (the boundary brook), and Marchwiail (the boundary of poles), in Wales; sometimes for a _marsh_, as in Marbach, on the Danube, and Marburg, on the Neckar; sometimes also for _mark_, an Old Ger. word for a horse, as in Marburg, on the R. Lahn, and Marburg and Mardorf (horse town), in Hesse. As an affix, it is an adjective, and signifies, in the names of places and persons, clear, bright, distinguished, or abounding in; _e.g._ Eschmar (abounding in ash-trees); Geismar (in goats); Horstmar (in wood); Weimar (in the vine). [Sidenote: MARK (Ger.), MEARC (A.S.), MARCHE (Fr.),] the boundary; _e.g._ Styria or Stiermark, the boundary of the R. Steyer; Markstein (the boundary stone); Markhaus (the dwelling on the border); March, a town in Cambridge; La Marche (the frontier), a domain in France, having been the boundary between the Franks and Euskarians; Mercia, one of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy, bordering on Wales; and Murcia, in Spain, the boundary district between the Moorish kingdom of Granada and the other parts of Spain; Newmark, Altmark, Mittelmark (the new, old, and middle boundary), in Germany; Mark, in the Scandinavian language, meant a plain or district, thus Denmark means the plain of the Danes; Finnmark (of the Finns); Markbury, in Cheshire; Markley, in Hereford (the boundary town and field). The Marcomanni were the March or boundary men of the Sclavonic frontier of Germany; the R. March or Morava, the boundary between Lower Austria and Hungary; Marbecq and Marbeque, rivers in France; Mardick (the boundary dike). [Sidenote: MARKT (Teut.), MERKT,] a market, sometimes found as _mart_; _e.g._ Marktmühle (the market mill); Marktham, Marktflecken (market-town), in Germany; Martham, also in Norfolk; Neumarkt in Germany, and Newmarket in England (new market-town); Martock, in Somerset (the oak-tree under which the market of the district used to be held); Market-Raisin, in Lincoln, on the R. Raisin; Bibert-Markt, in Bavaria, on the R. Bibert; Kasmarkt, in Hungary, corrupt. from _Kaiser-Markt_ (the emperor’s market-town); Donnersmarkt, the German translation or corruption of _Csotartokhely_ (the Thursday market-place), in Hungary. The cattle-market at Stratford-on-Avon is still called the _Rother-market_, from an old word _rother_, for horned cattle. [Sidenote: MARSA (Ar.),] a port; _e.g._ Marsala, in Sicily, _i.e._ _Marsa-Allah_ (the port of God); Marsalquivir, _i.e._ _Marsal-el-kebir_ (the great port). In Malta: Marsa-scala, Marsa-scirocco, Marsa-muscetto, Marsa Torno. [Sidenote: MAS (Irish),] the thigh--applied in topography to a long low hill; _e.g._ Massreagh (gray hill); Mausrower (thick hill); Massareene, _i.e._ _Mas-a-rioghna_ (the queen’s hill); but Massbrook, Co. Mayo, is not from this root; it is a translation of _Sruthan-an-aiffrinn_ (the brook where the mass used to be celebrated). [Sidenote: MAUM, MOYM, or MAM,] Irish _madhm_ (a mountain pass or chasm); _e.g._ Maum-Turk (the boar’s pass); Maumakeogh (the pass of the mist); Maumnaman (of the women); Maumnahaltora (of the altar). [Sidenote: MAVRO (Modern Grk.),] black; _e.g._ Mavrovouno (the black mountain); Mavro Potamo (the black river), in Greece; Mavrovo and Mavroya (the black town), in Turkey. [Sidenote: MAWR,] by mutation _fawr_, Welsh (great)--_v._ MOR, p. 143. [Sidenote: MEDINA (Ar.),] a city or the metropolis; _e.g._ Medina, in Arabia, called by the Arabs _Medinat-al-Nabi_ (the city of the prophet). In Spain: Medina-de-las-torres (the city of the towers); Medina-del-campo (of the plain); Medina-delpomar (of the apple-orchard); Medina-del-rio-seco (of the dry river-bed); Medina-Sidonia (of the Sidonians). This city was so named by the Moors, because they believed it to have been built on the site of the Phœnician city Asidur. [Sidenote: MEER, MERE (Teut.),] a lake, sea, or marsh; _e.g._ Blakemere (the black lake, _blaec_), in Hereford; Great Marlow or Merelow (the hill by the marsh); Cranmere (the crane’s lake or marsh); Winandermere, so called, according to Camden, from the _winding_ of its shores; Wittleseamere, Buttermere, and Ellsmere, probably from personal names; Meerfeld, Meerhof, Meerholz, and Meerhout (the field, court, and wood near the lake or marsh), in Holland. But _mere_, in place-names, is said sometimes to mean a boundary--thus _Merse_, the other name for Berwickshire, may mean either the marshy land or the boundary county between England and Scotland. Closely connected with _meer_ (a lake) are the words in the Celtic as well as in the Teutonic languages, denoting marshy lands, _i.e._ lands that have lain under water, and are still partially submerged--such as _merse_, A.S.; _morast_, Ger.; _morfa_, Welsh; _marish_, Gadhelic; _marsk_, Scand.; and _marais_, Fr. Many places in Great Britain and the Continent derive their names from these words, thus--the Maros or Marosh; and the Morava (marshy rivers); Moravia (the district of the marshy river); Morast, in Sweden (the town on the marsh); Merton, in Berwickshire (the town on the marsh); Morebattle, in Roxburghshire, anc. _Mereboda_ (the dwelling on the marsh); Ostermarsh (east marsh), in Holland; Marengo (the marshy field), in Italy; Les Moeres (the marshes), in Flanders; Marchienne, Marchienes, Maresché, Maresches, Marest, etc., in France; Marcienisi, in Italy (marshy localities). The River Mersey may come from this word, or it may mean the border river between England and Wales. [Sidenote: MENIL, MESNIL (Fr.),] from _Mansionile_, the dim. of _mansus_; _e.g._ Grandmenil (the great dwelling or hamlet); Le Menil-la-comtesse (the manor of the countess); Mesnil-église (the church hamlet); Mesnil-Guillaume, Mesnil-Gilbert, Mesnil-Jourdan, named from the proprietors; Mesnil-sur-l’Estrée (the hamlet on the Roman road called _Strata Estrée_); Les Menils, Menillot, etc., in France. [Sidenote: MENZIL (Ar.),] a village; _e.g._ Miselmeri, corrupt. from _Menzil-el-Emir_ (the emir’s village); Mezojuso, from _Menzil-Yusuf_ (the village of Joseph). [Sidenote: MEON (Cel.), MIO (Scand.),] little, cognate with the Lat. _minor_; _e.g._ the Rivers Minnow and Mynwy, in Wales; the Mincio, in Italy; the Minho, in Portugal; Minorca (the less), in opposition to Majorca (the greater island); Miosen (the little sea or lake), in Norway. [Sidenote: MICKLA, MYCEL (Teut. and Scand.),] great, Scotch _muckle_; _e.g._ Mickledorf, Michelstadt, Michelham, Mickleton (great dwelling); Micklebeck (great brook); Michelau (great meadow); Mitchelmerse (the great marsh); Mecklenburg, anc. _Mikilinberg_ (the great town or hill fort); Muchelney (the great island), in Somersetshire, formed by the conf. of the Rivers Ivel and Parret; Meikle Ferry (the great ferry), on Dornoch Firth; Micklegarth (the great enclosure), the Scandinavian name for Constantinople, Grk. _Megalopolis_; but _mikil_ or _miklos_, especially in Russia and Hungary, is often an abbreviation of St. Nicholas, and denotes that the churches in these places were dedicated to that saint--thus Mikailov, Mikhailovskaia, Mikhalpol (St. Nicholas’s towns), in Russia; Miklos-Szent and Miklos-Nagy-Szent, in Hungary; Mikolajow, in Poland; Mitcham, in Surrey, in Doomsday is _Michelham_. [Sidenote: MIN, MEN, or MAEN (Cym.-Cel.),] a high rock or the brow of a hill; _e.g._ Maen-du (black rock), in Monmouth; Minto, a parish in Roxburghshire, on the brow of a steep hill; Meonstoke (hill station); East and West Meon, in Gloucestershire; Mendabia (at the foot of the hill), in Spain; Altmaen, corrupt. to “Old Man of Coniston,” in the Lake country, and to the “Old Man of Hoy,” in the Orkneys; the “Dodmaen,” in Cornwall--_v._ DODD--has been corrupted to _Deadman_. [Sidenote: MINSTER, MYNSTER (A.S.), MUENSTER (Ger.),] a monk’s dwelling or monastery, hence a cathedral--Lat. _monasterium_; _e.g._ Illminster, Axminster, Stourminster, Kremmunster, Charminster (the monasteries on the Rivers Ill, Ax, Stour, Krem, and Char); Beaminster, Co. Dorset, named after St. Bega; Kidderminster (the monastery of Earl Cynebert); Westminster (the minster west of St. Paul’s); Warminster (near the weir or dam of the R. Willey); Monasteranenagh (the monastery of the fair); Monasterboice (of St. Bœthus); Monasterevin (of St. Evin), in Ireland; Monasteria de la Vega (of the plain), in Spain. In France: Moutier, Moustier, Moustoir, Munster, Monestier (the monastery); Montereau, Montreuil, Marmoutier (the monastery of St. Martin); Masmoutier (of Maso); Noirmoutier and Rougemoutier (the black and red monastery); Toli-Monaster or Bitolia (the monastery of the beech-trees), in Turkey; Munster (the monastery), in Alsace; but Munster, a province in Ireland, is compounded from the Scand. _ster_--_qu._ _v._--and the Irish _Mumha_, a king’s name; Munster-eifel (the monastery at the foot of the Eifel-berg). [Sidenote: MIR (Sclav.),] peace; _e.g._ Mirgorod (the fortress of peace); Miropol, Mirowitz, Mirow (the town of peace). [Sidenote: MITTEL, MIDDEL (Teut. and Scand.), MIEDZY (Sclav.),] the middle, cognate with the Lat. _medius_, Grk. _mesos_, and Gadhelic _meadhon_; _e.g._ Middleby, Middleton, Middleham, Mitton, Middleburg (the middle town); Middlesex (the territory of the middle Saxons); Middlewich (the middle salt manufactory), in Cheshire--_v._ WICH; Midhurst (the middle wood), in Sussex; Midmar (the middle district of Mar), in Aberdeenshire; Ardmeanadh, Gael. _Ardmeadhonadh_ (the middle height), being the Gaelic name for Cromarty; Mitford (the middle ford); Melton-Mowbray, sometimes written _Medeltune_ (the middle town), formerly belonging to the Mowbray family; Mittelgebirge (the middle mountain range); Mittelwalde, Sclav. _Medzibor_ (the middle of the wood), in Silesia; Methwold, in Norfolk, with the same meaning; Mittweyda (in the midst of pasture ground), in Saxony; Methley and Metfield (middle field); Meseritz and Meseritsch, _i.e._ _mied-zyvreka_ (in the midst of streams), in Moravia and Pomerania; Mediasch (in the midst of waters), in Hungary; Misdroi (in the midst of woods), in Pomerania; Mediterranean Sea (in the middle of the land); Media (the middle country, as then known); Mesopotamia, Grk. (the country between the rivers); Mediolanum (in the midst of the plain or land)--_v._ LANN--the ancient name of Milan, Saintes, and some other towns. [Sidenote: MLADY, MLODY (Sclav.),] new; _e.g._ Mladiza, Mladowitz, Mladzowitz (new town), in Bohemia; Bladen and Bladow, corrupt. from _Mladen_, with the same meaning, in Silesia. [Sidenote: MOEL (Cym.-Cel.), MAOL, MEALL (Gadhelic), MOOL (Scand.),] a round hill or a bald promontory, as an adjective signifying bald, and often applied to hills and promontories, thus--the Mull or promontory of Cantyre and Galloway; Meldrum, in Aberdeenshire, and Meeldrum, in Ireland (the bald ridge); Melrose, _i.e._ _Maol-ros_ (the bald headland), Old Melrose having been situated on a peninsula formed by the Tweed; the Eildon Hills, near Melrose, corrupt. from _Moeldun_ (bald hill); the Island of Mull, one of the Hebrides; Mealfourvounie (the hill of the cold moor), in Inverness-shire; Glassmeal (gray hill), in Perth; Malvern (the bald hill of the alders, _gwernen_); Moel-y-don (the hill of the waves), in Anglesea; Moel-Aelir (the frosty hill); Muldonach (the hill of Donald), one of the Hebrides; Moel-Try-garn (the ridge of the three cairns); Moel-Eilio (the mount of construction); Moel-y-crio (the hill of shouting); Moel-ben-twrch (boar’s head hill), in Wales; Moel-cwm-Cerwyn (the bald dingle of the cauldron); Moelfre, corrupt. from _Moelbre_ (bald hill), in Wales. In Ireland this word often takes the form of _moyle_, as in Kilmoyle (bald church); Rathmoyle, Lismoyle, Dunmoyle (the bald or dilapidated fort); Mweelbane (the white hill); Meelgarrow (rough hill); Meelshane (John’s bald hill); Mweel-na-horna (the bald hill of the barley); Maulagh (abounding in hillocks); Mullaghmeen (smooth hillock); Mulboy (yellow hillock), etc.; Mullanagore and Mullanagower (the little summit of the goats). In Wales: Moel-hebog (hawk hill); Moel-eryn (eagle hill), in Wales. The Mool of Aswich and the Mool of Land, in Shetland. [Sidenote: MOIN, MOINE (Gadhelic), MON,] a moss or bog. in Ireland: Mona-braher, _i.e._ _Moin-nam-brathar_ (the bog of the friars); Monalour (of the lepers); Moneen (the little bog); Ballynamona (the town of the bog); Monard (high bog); Montiagh, for _Mointeach_ (the boggy place); Monabrock (the badger’s moss); Monroe (the red moss); _Mon_ is, however, sometimes used instead of _monadh_ (a rising ground in a moor), as in Co. Monaghan, _Muineachan_ (abounding in little hills); which country, however, according to the _Annals of the Four Masters_, was named from its chief town (the town of monks). In Scotland: Moin, a moorland district in Sutherlandshire; Monzie and Moonzie (the mossy land), in Fife and Perthshire; Montrose (the boggy promontory); _Mon_, again for _monadh_, in Monimail (bald hill), in Fife; Moncrieffe (the woody hill, _craobach_); Moness (the hill of the cascade, _eas_). [Sidenote: MÖNCH (Ger.), MONEC (A.S.), MONACH (Gadhelic), MYNACH (Cym.-Cel.),] a monk, from the Greek _monos_ (alone); _e.g._ Monkton, Monkstown, Monkswood, Monkland, named from lands belonging to the monks; Le Mönch (the monk), one of the highest of the Bernese Alps; Monachty (the monks’ dwelling), in Wales; Llan-y-mynach (the monks’ church or enclosure), Co. Salop; Monksilver, in Somerset, corrupt. from _Monk-sylva_ (the monks’ wood); Monkleagh (the monks’ meadow); Munsley, with the same meaning, in Hereford; Monach-log-ddu (the place of the black monks), in Wales; Munchberg (monk’s hill), in Bavaria; Munchengratz (the monks’ fortress), in Bohemia; Munich and Munchingen (belonging to the monks), in Germany. [Sidenote: MONDE, MÜND (Ger.), MUNNI, MINDE (Scand.),] a river _mouth_; _e.g._ Dortmund, Fischmund, Dendermund, Roermonde, Travemünde, Saarmund, Tangermünde, Ysselmonde, Rupelmonde, Orlamunda, Stolpemünde, Swinmund or Sweinemund, Ukermünde, Warnemunde, at the mouth of the rivers forming the first part of these names; Münden, in Hanover (at the mouths of the Rivers Werra and Fulda); Monmouth (at the conf. of the Mynwy and Wye); Plymouth, Falmouth, Sidmouth, Yarmouth, Grangemouth, Teignmouth, Wearmouth, Cockermouth, at the mouths of these rivers; Bishop’s Wearmouth, founded by Biscop in the middle of the seventh century; Deulemont, in France, at the mouth of the Deule; Gladmouth, in Wales, formerly _Cledemuth_, at the mouth of the Clede or Cleddy; Minde, in Iceland, at the mouth of Lake Miosen. [Sidenote: MONEY,] a frequent prefix in Irish names from _muine_ (a brake or shrubbery); _e.g._ Moneymore, Moneybeg (the great and little shrubbery); Moneygorm (the blue shrubbery); Moneyduff (the black or dark shrubbery); Moneygall (the shrubbery of the strangers). [Sidenote: MONT, MONTE (Fr. and It.), MONTANA and MONTE (Span. and Port.),] a mountain, from the Lat. _mons_, and cognate with the Gadhelic _monadh_, and the Cym.-Cel. _mynydd_; _e.g._ Montalto (high mount); Montauban (the mount of Albanus); Montechiaro (clear mount); Monte-fosoli (brown mount); Montehermosa (beautiful mount), in Spain; Montenegro, Turc. _Karadagh_, Sclav. _Zerna-gora_ (black mount), in Turkey; Beaumont, Chaumont, Haumont (the beautiful, bald, and high mount); Montereale and Montreal (the royal hill); Montreal, in Canada, so named by Cartier in 1555; Monte-Rosa, anc. _Mons-sylva_ (woody hill); Monte-Video (the prospect mount); Montmartre, anc. _Mons-Martyrum_ (the hill of the martyrdom of St. Denis), but its earlier name was _Mons-Martis_ (the hill of Mars); Montmirail, Lat. _Mons-mirabilis_ (the wonderful mountain); Remiremont, Lat. _Romaries-mons_, founded by St. Romarie in 620; Monte-Cavallo, corrupt. from _Monte-Calvaria_ (the Mount of Calvary), so called from a number of chapels, in which were represented the successive scenes of our Lord’s passion. From _monticellus_, the diminutive of _mont_, have arisen such place-names as Moncel, Le Monchel, Monchelet, etc.; Mont d’Or (golden mount), in Auvergne; Montefrio (cold mount), in Spain; Montpellier, Lat. _Mons-puellarum_ (the hill of the young girls), so called from two villages belonging to the sisters of St. Fulcrum; Montserrat (the serrated hill); Clermont (bright hill); Mondragon and Montdragone (the dragon’s hill); Monfalcone (hawk hill); Mons, Ger. _Berghen_ (hill town), in Belgium; Piedmont (at the foot of the Alps); Floremont or Blumenberg (flowery hill), in Alsace; Montaign and Monthen, anc. _Mons-acutus_ (sharp or peaked hill); Montigny, Montignac (mountainous); Jeumont, anc. _Jovismons_ (the hill of Jove), in France; Mount Pilatus (the mount with the _cap_ of clouds, from _pileus_, Lat. a felt cap); Richmond, in Yorkshire, named from a castle in Brittany, from which the Earl of Richmond took his title, meaning the rich or fertile hill; Richmond, in Surrey, named by the Earl after his Yorkshire estate, formerly called _Shene_ from the splendour of the royal residence there, _seine_, A.S. (splendid); Righimont, in Switzerland, corrupt. from _Mons-regius_ (royal hill); Montacute (sharp hill), in Somerset; Tras-os-Montes (beyond the hills), in Portugal; Apremont, in France, for _Aspromonte_ (rough hill); Pyrmont, corrupt. from _Mons-Petrus_ (St. Peter’s mount); Montferrato (the fortified hill). _Mont_ also signified a hill fort, like _berg_ and _dun_, as in Montalcino (the fort of Alcinous), in Italy; Montgomery, in Wales, (the fortress of Roger de Montgomerie, who erected a castle there in 1093)--its earlier name was _Tre-Faldwyn_ (the dwelling of Baldwin, a Norman knight); Charlemont, in France, named after Charles V.; Henrichemont, after Henri-Quatre. In Wales: the town of Mold, abbreviated from _Mons-altus_ (high fort)--the Normans built a castle there; Mynydd-du (black hill); Mynydd-mawr (great hill); Mynydd-moel (bald hill). In Scotland: _Monadh-ruadh_ (the red mount or the _mounth_), the Gaelic name for the Grampians; Mount Battock, Gael. _Monadh-beatach_ (the raven’s hill); Mountbenjerlaw, in Selkirkshire, originally _Ben-Yair_ (the hill of the R. Yair), to which the A.S. _law_ and the Norman _mount_ were added. But _monadh_ in Gael. signifies a mountain range, and sometimes a moor, as Monadh-leath (the gray mountain range). Probably Mendip, in Somerset, is the deep hill, Welsh _dwfn_ and _mynydd_; Monimail (bald hill); Monifieth (the hill or moor of the deer, _feidh_). The Mourne Mountains, in Ireland, means the mountains of the tribe; _Mughhorna_. _Mon_, in the Basque language, also signifies a hill, and is found in Monzon, an ancient town of Spain, with a hill fort; Monda and Mondonedo, in Spain; and Mondego, in Portugal; and in Carmona (hill summit), in Spain. [Sidenote: MOOS (Ger.), MOS (Scand.), MECH, MOCK (Sclav.),] mossy ground; _e.g._ Donaumoss (the mossy meadow of the Danube); Mosston (the town on the mossy ground); Moseley (moss-field or valley); Moscow, on the R. Moskwa (mossy water); Mossow, Mehzo, Mochow, Mochlitz (the mossy ground); Mohacs, Ger. _Margetta_ (the marshy or mossy island), in the Danube; Miesbach (the district of the mossy brook), in Bavaria. The Irish word _mæthail_ (soft mossy land) is almost synonymous with these roots. It is found in Mohill, Co. Leitrim; Mothel in Waterford, and Mothell in Kilkenny; Cahermoyle (the stone fort of the mossy land) in Ireland, and in Muthil in Perthshire. [Sidenote: MOR, MOER (Teut. and Scand.),] waste land, heath; Scot. _muir_; _e.g._ Moorby, Morton, and Moreton (the dwelling on the moor); Morpeth (the moor path); Oudemoor (the old moor), and Oostmoer (east moor), in Holland; Moorlinch (the moor ridge, _hlinc_); Lichtenmoer (the cleared moor); Muirkirk (the church in the moor), in Argyleshire; Murroes, corrupt. from _Muirhouse_, a parish in Co. Forfar; Tweedsmuir (the moor at the source of the R. Tweed), a parish in Peeblesshire; Muiravonside (the mossy land on the banks of the R. Avon), in Stirlingshire. [Sidenote: MOR (Gadhelic), MAWR (Cym.-Cel.), or by mutation _fawr_; _e.g._ Morlais for _Mawr-clais_ (the great trench), the name of a ruined castle near Cardiff, built above a deep gully, through which a brook passes.] great; _e.g._ Morven (the great _ben_ or hill), a hill in Caithness and also in Aberdeenshire; Morven or Morvern, _i.e._ _Mor-Earrain_ (the great district), in Argyleshire, called by the Gaels Kenalban, corrupt. from _Cenealbaltyn_, _i.e._ the tribe of Baldan, a personal name; Kenmore (the great headland), on Loch Tay; Penmaen-mawr (the great stone-hill), in Wales. [Sidenote: MOR (Cym.-Cel. and Sclav.), MUIR (Gadhelic), MORFA (Welsh), sea-marsh,] the sea, cognate with the Lat. _mare_, and its derivatives in the Romance languages, and the Teut. _meer_; _e.g._ Armorica or Brittany, and Pomerania (the districts on the sea-shore); Morbihan (the little sea), in Brittany; Morlachia or _Moro-Vlassi_ (the Wallachs’ or strangers’ land by the sea)--_v._ WALSCH; Morlaix (a place on the sea-shore), in Brittany; Glamorgan, Welsh _gwlad-morgant_ (the district of Morgan Mawr, an ancient king of Wales); Morgan, in Cornwall, _i.e._ by the sea-shore; Maracaybo (the headland by the sea-shore), in South America; Parimaribo (the dwelling near the sea), in South America; Connemara, in Ireland, Irish _Conmac-ne-Mara_, the descendants of Conmac (by the sea-side). [Sidenote: MOST (Sclav.),] a bridge; _e.g._ Dolgemost (long bridge); Maust, Most, Mostje (the place at the bridge), in Bohemia; Babimost (the old woman’s bridge, _i.e._ the fragile bridge), abbreviated to Bomst; Priedemost (the first bridge), in Silesia; Mostar (old bridge), a town in Turkey. [Sidenote: MOT, or MOOT (A.S.),] the place of assembly, where the Anglo-Saxons held their courts of justice; _e.g._ Mote-hill, at Scone; the Moat Hill, near Hawick; the Mote of Galloway; the Moat of Dull, in Perthshire, and of Hamilton, on Strathclyde; Moot-hill, at Naseby; and in the Lake District, Montay and Caermote; Moothill also appears in Aberdeenshire; Almoot, near Peterhead, meaning the meeting-place on the height, has been corrupted into _Old Maud_, and the railway company have called their station _New Maud_. It is found in the Gaelic name for the Island of Bute, _Baile-mhoide_ (the dwelling of the courts of justice), but in this case, as in Ireland, the word was probably borrowed from the Saxons. The word is found in Ireland, signifying a large mound, as well as in connection with the courts of justice--as in _Tom-an-mhoid_ (the hill of the court of justice); LA MOTTE, Fr. (a hillock), common in France. [Sidenote: MÜHLE (Ger.), MYLEN (A.S.), MUILENN (Gadhelic), MELIN (Cym.-Cel.), MLYN (Sclav.), MOLEN (Dutch),] a mill, cognate with the Lat. _mola_, and its derivatives in the Romance languages; _e.g._ Mülenbach and Molinbech (mill brook); Mühlan, Mühldorf, Mühlhausen, Muhlheim (mill dwelling); Moleneynde (mill corner), in Germany and Holland. In England and Scotland: Melbourne, Milton, Millwick, Milford, Milden, Milnathorpe (the stream, town, ford, hollow, farm, of the mill); but Milton, in Kent and in Dorsetshire, are corrupt. from _middle_ town; Moulin, a parish in Perthshire. In France: Moulins (the mills), so called from the great number of water mills formerly on the R. Allier; Mülhausen or Mulhouse, in Alsace, celebrated for its manufactures; Molina, a manufacturing town in Murcia; also in Spain, Molinos-del-Rey (the king’s mills). In Ireland: Mullinahone (the mill of the cave); Mullinavat (of the stick); Mullintra (of the strand); Mullinakil (of the church). In Sclavonic districts: Mlineh, Mlinki, Mlinsk, Mlinow, etc. [Sidenote: MULLAGH (Gadhelic),] the top or summit, and sometimes applied to hills of a considerable height; _e.g._ Mullaghmeen (the smooth summit); Mulkeergh (the summit of the sheep, _caoirich_); Mullan (the little summit), in Ireland; probably the Island of Mull, in the Hebrides. [Sidenote: MURUS (Lat.), MAUER (Ger.), MURA (Sclav.),] a wall; _e.g._ Maurs (the walled town), in France; also Villa-de-Muro-cincto (the dwelling surrounded by walls); Morsain, in 879 _Murocinctus_ (surrounded by walls); Murviel (old walls), in Herault,--a place where the ruins of an ancient Gaulish city are found; Mauerhof (the enclosed court), in Germany; Trasmauer (the walled town on the R. Trasen), in Austria; Murany-var (the walled fortress), in Hungary; Muriel-de-la-fuente (the walled town of the fountain); Muriel-viejo (the old walled town); Murillo (the little walled town), in Spain; Murviedro (the old fortifications), called by the Romans _Muriveteres_, because they believed it to be on the site of the ancient Saguntum; Semur, in France, corrupt. from _Sinemurum_ (without walls). N [Sidenote: NAES (A.S.), NOES (Scand.), NES (Fr.),] a nose, cognate with the Lat. _nasus_, and in topography applied to a promontory; _e.g._ the Naze, in Norway, and Nash, in Monmouth; Nash-scaur (the promontory of the cliff), in Wales; Katznase (the cat’s headland); Blankenese (white cape), in Holstein; Foreness, Sheerness, Fifeness, Buchanness, Blackness, in England and Scotland; Roeness (red cape), Shetland; Vatternish (water cape), in Skye; Borrowstounness or Bo’ness, in West Lothian (the cape near Burward’s dwelling); Holderness (the woody promontory); Langness and Littleness, in Man; Dungeness (danger cape); Furness (the cape of the beacon-fire), the site of an ancient lighthouse in Lancashire; Saturnness (the southern cape), in Kirkcudbright; Shoeburyness, corrupt. from _Sceobirig_ (the cape of the sea-fortress); Skegness (the cape near the wood, _skogr_); Skipness (ship headland); Sviatanos, Sclav. (holy cape), in Russia; Caithness (the promontory of the Catti, a tribe). [Sidenote: NAGORE (Hindu _nagar_, Sansc. _nagura_),] a city; _e.g._ Barnagore for _Varaha-nagur_ (the city of the boar); Chandernagore (of the moon); Serenagur (of the sun). [Sidenote: NAGY (Hung.),] great; _e.g._ Nagy-Karoly (Charles’s great town); Nagy-Malton (St. Matthew’s great town); Nagy-Szent-Miklos (of St. Nicholas); Nagy-varad (great fortress); Nagy-Koros (the great town on the R. Köros). [Sidenote: NAHR (Semitic),] a river; _e.g._ Nahr-el-keber (the great river); Nahr-el-kelb or Lycus (the river of the dog or wolf), so named from a fancied resemblance of a rock near its mouth to the head of these animals; Nahr-Mukatta (the river of slaughter); Aram-Naharaim (the high lands of the two rivers, _i.e._ Mesopotamia); Nahar-Misraim (the river of Egypt, _i.e._ the Nile). [Sidenote: NANT (Cym.-Cel.),] a brook or a valley through which a stream flows; _e.g._ Nantmel (the honey brook); Sych-nant (dried-up brook); Nancemillin (the valley of the mill), in Wales; Dewffneynt (the deep valley) was the ancient British name of Devonshire; Levenant (smooth stream); Nant-frangon, _i.e._ _Nant-yr-a-franc_ (the beavers’ valley); Nantglyn (the glen of the brook); Nant-y-Gwrtheyren (Vortigern’s valley), in Wales; Nans, in Cornwall; also in Cornwall--Penant (the head of the valley), and Cornant (a brook); Nantwich, in Cheshire (the salt-works, _wich_, on the brook or stream, _i.e._ the Weaver); Nantua (in a valley of the Alps); Nantes named from the Namnetes (dwellers in the valley); Mochnant (the swift brook); Nannau (the brooks), in Wales; Nangle, a bay on the coast of Wales, perhaps Nant-gel or cel (a secret corner)--the Rev. J. James. Nevern, a parish in Wales, for _Nant-ynfer_ (the brook of the confluence); Nancy (the valley dwellings); Nans, Nant, with the same meaning, in France; Nanteuil (the valley of the fountain)--_v._ ŒUIL; Nantberis (St. Peris’s brook). [Sidenote: NASS (Ger.),] moist; _e.g._ Nassau (the moist meadow); Nassenfeld (moist field); Nassenhuben (the huts in moist land); Nassenbeuren (the dwelling in moist land). [Sidenote: NAVA (Basque),] a plain; _e.g._ Nava-de-los-Oteros (the plain of the heights); Nava-hermosa (beautiful plain); Navarre and Navarreux (the plain among hills); Navarette (the plain at the foot of the hill); Paredes-de-nava (the houses of the plain). [Sidenote: NEDER, NIEDER, NEER (Teut. and Scand.),] lower; _e.g._ Netherlands (the lower lands); Netherby (lower town); Niederlahnstein (the fortress on the lower R. Lahn); Nederheim, Nederwyk (lower dwellings). [Sidenote: NEMET (Celtic),] a sacred grove, cognate with the Lat. _nemus_ and the Grk. _nemos_; _e.g._ Nemours, anc. _Nemoracum_ (the place of the sacred wood or grove); Nanterre, also in France, anc. _Nemetodurum_ (the sacred grove on the waters); Nismes, anc. _Nemausus_ (the place in the grove); Augustonemetum (the splendid place of the grove), being the ancient name of Clermont; Nemetacum, the ancient name of Arras; Nemea (the place of the grove), in Greece. [Sidenote: NEU (Ger.), NEWYDD (Cym.-Cel.), NUADH (Gadhelic), NOWY and NAU (Sclav.),] new, cognate with the Lat. _novus_ and the Grk. _neos_ and their derivatives; _e.g._ Neuburg, Neudorf, Neustadt, Neuville, Newbury, Newburgh (new town); Neumarkt (new market); Newbold, Newbottle, Newbattle (new building), in Germany, England, and Scotland; Newburgh, in Fife, is a town of considerable antiquity. It owes its origin to the Abbey of Lindores, in its neighbourhood. It was erected into a burgh or barony by Alexander III., in 1266, and in the charter it was called “_Novus burgus, juxta monasterium de Lindores_.” It seems, therefore, that there was a more ancient burgh belonging to the abbey in the neighbourhood--Newburn (new stream), in Fife. Newhaven (the new harbour), in relation to the older harbour of Leith. In the sixteenth century Newhaven had a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and was then called our Lady’s port of grace; but in the year 1511 the city of Edinburgh bought up the village and harbour. In France: Nevers and Noyon, anc. _Noviodunum_ (the new fortress); Neuvy, with the same meaning; Neuvéglise (new church); Villeneuve (new villa); Nièvre and Nivernais, a department and ancient province of France; Nienburg, corrupt. from _Neuenburg_ (new town), in Hanover; Newport (new harbour), in Belgium; Newport, in the Isle of Wight, so named because it superseded the older harbour at Carisbrook; Newport, in Wales, which superseded Caerleon; Neusatz or Neoplanta (new station), founded in 1700, on the Danube; Neusohl (new seat), in Hungary--its native name is _Bestereze-banya_ (the mine on the R. Bistritz); Neustadl (new stall); Neuwied (new pasture); Nimeguen, anc. _Noviomagus_ (new field), in Holland; Novgorod and Novigrad (new fortress); Novidwar (new court), in Russia; Nowe-mjasto (new bridge), in Poland; Novobeilaiaskaia (the new town on the white stream), in Russia; Nova-Zembla, _i.e._ _Novaia-Zemlia_ (the new land); Nowazamka (new castle); Novi-Bazaar (new market), in Turkey; Nowosedl (new seat); Nienburg, Nyborg, Nyby, Nystead (new town), in Denmark and Holland; Neocastro (new camp), in Greece; Nola or _Novla_ (new place), in the Sardinian states; Naumburg and Nienburg, corrupt. from _Neuenburg_ (new town); Nykioping (new market-town), in Sweden, and Nykjobing, in Denmark, with the same meaning; Newington, in Surrey, corrupt. from _Neweton_; Newfoundland, so called when rediscovered by John Cabot in 1427, but known previously by Icelandic colonists as _Litla-Helluland_; Nova Scotia (New Scotland), called by the Norseman _Markland_; New River, a large aqueduct from Hertfordshire to Islington, by which a great part of London is supplied with water; New Ross, Co. Wexford, corrupt. from its Irish name _Ros-mic-Treoin_ (the wood of Treun’s son); Newtown-Hamilton, in Ireland, founded by the Hamilton family in 1770; Newtown-Limavady, Co. Londonderry, named from a castle in the neighbourhood called Limavady (the dog’s leap); Newtown-Stewart, Co. Tyrone, so called from Sir William Stewart, to whom it was granted by Charles I.; New York, named in honour of the Duke of York, afterwards James II.; New Zealand, called by Tasman, its Dutch discoverer, in honour, it is supposed, of his native province. [Sidenote: NIJNY (Sclav.),] lower; _e.g._ Nijny-Novgorod (the lower new fortress); Nijny-Neviansk (the lower town on the Neva), as distinguished from Verkii-Neviansk, the upper; Nijnaia-ozernaia-krepost (the lower fort of the lakes); Nijny-Devitzk (the lower town on the Devitza); Nijni-Tagelsk (the lower town on the R. Tagel), in Russia. [Sidenote: NIMZ (Sclav.),] foreign, from _nemy_ or _nêmec_, dumb--a word applied by the Sclavonic races to the Germans, because their language was unintelligible to them: _e.g._ Niemitsch, Niemez, Niemtschitz, German towns in Bohemia; Nemet-uj-var (the new German fortress), in Hungary; but there is a Sclavonic deity called Njam, to whom the names of some of these places may be traced. [Sidenote: NO, NOE, NOUE (Old Fr.),] a low meadow habitually overflowed with water. It has evidently arisen out of _noyer_, to submerge; _e.g._ Noaillac, Noallau, La Noalle, Noalles, Noyelle, Noyellette, in which the word is probably joined to _œuil_, a water-source; Nogent (pleasant meadow); No-aux-Bois (in the woods); Les Noues, Neuillay, Neuilly, Noisy, Lat. _Noesiacum_. [Sidenote: NORDEN, NÔORD (Teut.), NOR (Scand.), NORD (Fr.),] the north; _e.g._ Normandy (the land given by the French to the Normans under Rollo in 912); Noordbroek (the north marshy land); Noordwolde (north wood), in Holland; Norbury, Nordenburg, Norton, Nordhausen (north dwelling or town); Norham, on the R. Tweed; Northampton (the town on the north side of the _Aufona_, now the R. Nen); Northumberland (the land north of the Humber); Nordkyn (north cape); Normanton and Normandby (dwellings of the Norsemen or Danes), in England; Norrköping (northern market-town), in Sweden; Norrland (a large division of Sweden); Northallerton, in Yorkshire, so called to distinguish it from Allerton-Mauleverer; North Cape (the most northerly point of Norwegian Lapland); North Berwick, Co. Haddington, so called to distinguish it from Berwick-upon-Tweed; Norway (the northern kingdom)--_v._ REICH, REIKE; Norfolk (the abode of the north people, as distinguished from Suffolk to the south); Northleach, north of the R. Leach; Northwich, in Cheshire (the north salt manufactory)--_v._ WICH; Norwich, the town which superseded _Venta-Icenorum_, whose inhabitants fled at the approach of the Danes, and erected a castle of defence farther north. [Sidenote: NOYER (Fr.),] the walnut-tree, Lat. _nucarius_, from which are derived _nucetum_, _nucelletum_, and _nugaretum_ (a place planted with walnut-trees); _e.g._ Noyers, Nozay, Noroy, La Nozaye, Les Nozées, Nozieres, Nozeroy, etc., in France. [Sidenote: NUDDY (Pali),] a river; _e.g._ Maha-nuddy (great river); Nuddea (the district of the rivers). [Sidenote: NUWERA (Tamil),] a city; _e.g._ Alut-nuwera (new city); Kalawa (the city on the Kala-Oya, _i.e._ the rocky river); Nuwera-Panduas (the city of Panduas), in Ceylon. O [Sidenote: OB, OBER (Ger.), OVER (Dutch),] upper; _e.g._ Oberhofen (upper court); Oberlahnstein (the upper fortress on the R. Lahn); Oberndorf, Overbie, Overham, Overton, Overburg (upper town); Oberdrauburg (the upper town on the R. Drave); Overyssel (beyond the R. Yssel); Orton (upper town), in Westmoreland; St. Mary’s-Overy, Southwark (_i.e._ over the water from London). [Sidenote: OE--_v._ EA, p. 71.] [Sidenote: ŒUIL (Fr.),] the eye--(in topography applied to the source of a stream or a fountain; _e.g._ Arcueil (the arched fountain or aqueduct); Berneuil (the source of the water, _bior_); Verneuil and Vernel (alder-tree fountain, Lat. _vernus_); Argenteuil (silver fountain); Bonneuil (good fountain); Nanteuil (the source of the stream); Auneuil (alder-tree fountain, Fr. _aune_); Auteuil (high fountain); Boisseuil (the woody fountain); Chantilly, anc. _Cantilliacum_ (the head of the water-source). [Sidenote: OFER, or ORE (A.S.), OVER (Dutch), UFER (Ger.), OIR (Gadhelic), EYRE, or ORE (Scand.), a point,] a border, boundary, or shore--cognate with the Lat. _ora_ and the Grk. _horos_; _e.g._ Oare and Ore (the shore), in Kent, Sussex, and Somerset; Windsor, _i.e._ _Windle-sora_ (the winding shore, A.S. _windle_); Southover and Westover (the south and west shore); Ventnor (the shore of _Gwent_, the ancient name of the Isle of Wight); Pershore (the willow shore, _pursh_), or, according to Camden, corrupt. from _Periscorum_--in allusion to the abundance of _pear-trees_ in its vicinity; Andover, anc. _Andeafaran_ (the shore or ferry of the R. Anton); Ravensore (the point or promontory of Hrafen, a Scand. personal name); Hanover, anc. _Hohenufer_ (high shore); Elsinore (the point near the town of Helsing), in Denmark; Argyle, Gael. _Oirirgaedheal_ (the coast lands of the Gaels); Dover, in Kent, and Douvres, in Normandy, perhaps from _ofer_. [Sidenote: OICHE (obs. Gael.),] water; _e.g._ Oich River and Oichel (the Rivers Ock, Ocker, Ocke, Eck); Loch Oich, Duich (the black water). [Sidenote: ORE (Hindostanee),] a city; _e.g._ Ellore, Vellore, Nellore; Tanjore, anc. _Tanja-nagaram_ (the city of refuge); Bednore (bamboo city); Mangalore (the city of Mangala-Devi). [Sidenote: ORMR (Scand.),] a serpent, also a personal name; _e.g._ Ormeshead, in Cumberland, named either from the serpent-like shape of the rock, or from the common Norse name _Ormr_; Ormathwaite, Ormsby, Ormiston, Ormskirk (the clearing, the dwelling, and the church of Ormr). The same prefix in French topography signifies the elm-tree, as in Les Ormes (the elms); Ormoy, Lat. _Ulmetium_ (the elm-grove), synonymous with Olmedo and Olmeto, in Spain. The Orne or Olna (elm-tree river), in Normandy; Ulm or Ulma (the place of elm-trees), in Wurtemburg; Olmeta, in Corsica. [Sidenote: ORT (Ger.), OORT (Dutch), ORD (Scand.),] a point, a corner, and sometimes a place; _e.g._ Angerort (the corner of the R. Anger); Ruhrort (of the Rohr or Ruhr); Grünort (green point); Schönort (beautiful point); Akkerort (the corner of the field); Tiegenort (of the R. Tiege); Störort (of the R. Stör); the Ord or headland of Caithness. [Sidenote: OST, OEST (Ger.), OOST (Dutch), OSTER (Scand.),] the east; _e.g._ Ostend (at the east end or opening of the canal into the ocean); Osterburg, Osterfeld, Osterhofen (the east town, field, and court); Osterholtz (the east wood); Osterdalen (the east basin of the R. Duhl), in Sweden; Ostheim, Osthausen, Oesthammer (the eastern dwelling or village); Ostwald (east wood), in Alsace; Essex (the country of the East Saxons, in opposition to Wessex); Austerlitz (the east town of the R. Littawa); Alost (to the east), in Belgium. [Sidenote: OSTROW, or OZERO (Sclav.),] an island or lake; _e.g._ Ostrov, in Russia (on a river-island); Kolkoe-Ostrog (the island in the R. Kola); Ostrova (an island in the Danube); Bielo-Ozero (the white lake); Tschudskoe-Ozero (the lake of the Tschudes, a tribe); Ostrownoye (the new island). But Ostrow and Wustrow are sometimes Germanised forms of _Wotschow_, Sclav, (a marshy place), as in Wustrow, Ostropol, Ostrasatz, Ostrawiec (the place on the marshy ground). [Sidenote: OTERO (Span.),] a hill or rising ground; _e.g._ El-Otero (the rising ground); Otero-de-las-duenas (the hill of the old ladies); Otero-del-Rey (the king’s hill). [Sidenote: OW, ITZ, OWIZ, OO,] Sclavonic affixes, used as patronymics, like the Ger. _ingen_; _e.g._ Nowakwitz (the possession of the descendants of Nouak); Jvanow, Janow, Janowitz (belonging to John and his descendants); Karlowitz (to Charles); Petrowitz (to Peter); Kazimiritz (to Casimir); Mitrowitz (to Demetrius); Stanislowow (to Stanislaus); Tomazow (to Thomas); Cracow or Kracow (the town of Duke Craus or Krak of Poland, by whom it was founded in 1700). P [Sidenote: PALATIUM (Lat.), PALAZZO (It.), PALACHIO (Span.), PALAS (Cym.-Cel.), PAILIS (Gadhelic),] a palace; _e.g._ the Upper and Lower Palatinate, so called from the palaces erected by the Roman emperors in different parts of the empire; Palazzo, in Dalmatia and Naples; Palazzolo and Palazzuolo (the great palace), in Piedmont; Los Palachios (the palaces), in Spain; Pfalsbourg, anc. _Palatiolum_ (the town of the palace, founded in 1570), in France; Semipalatinsk, in Siberia (the town of the seven palaces), so called from the extensive ruins in its neighbourhood; Spalatro, in Dalmatia, named from the palace of Diocletian, originally _Salonæ-Palatium_ (the palace near Salona), at first corrupted to _As-palthium_ (at the palace), and then to Spalatro. In Wales: Plas-gwyn (the white palace); Plas-newydd (the new palace). [Sidenote: PALLI (Tamil),] a small town or village, sometimes corrupted to Poly, Pilly, or Pally; _e.g._ Trichinopoly, _i.e._ _Trisira-palli_ (the town of the giant). [Sidenote: PALUS (Lat.), PADULE (It.),] a marsh; _e.g._ Padula and Paduli, towns in Italy; Peel, Lat. _palus_, an extensive marsh in Belgium; La Pala, La Palud, and Paluz, in France; Perugia (the town on the marsh), in a province of the same name in Italy; Pelusium, Coptic _Permoun_ (the muddy or marshy place), on the Delta of the Nile. [Sidenote: PANT (Welsh),] a hollow; _e.g._ Pant-y-crwys (the hollow of the cross), in Wales; Pant-yr-Ysgraff for _Pont-yr-Ysgraff_--_v._ PONT. [Sidenote: PAPA, or PABBA (Scand.), PFAFFE (Ger.), POP (Sclav.),] a priest; _e.g._ Pabba (the priest’s island), several of this name in the Hebrides; Papa-Stour (the great island of the priest), in Shetland; Papa-Stronsay (the priest’s island near Stronsay), Orkney; Pappenheim, Pfaffenhausen, Pfaffenberg, Pfaffenhofen (the priest’s dwelling), in Germany; Papendrecht (the priest’s pasture); Pfarrkirchen (the priest’s or parish church); Poppowitz, Poppow, Sclav. (places belonging to the priests). [Sidenote: PARA (Brazilian),] a river, water, or the sea; _e.g._ Para, Parahiba, Parana, Paranymbuna, rivers in Brazil; Paraguay (the place of waters); Parana-Assu (the great river); Parana-Mirim (the small river); Parahyba (bad water). [Sidenote: PARA (Sclav.),] a swamp or marsh, cognate with the Lat. _palus_; _e.g._ Parchen, Parchau, Parchim (places in a marshy locality); Partwitz or Parzow, Paaren (the town on the marsh), in several localities. The letter _p_ is sometimes changed into _b_ as in Barduz, Barzig, Baruth, in Prussia, and Bars or Barsch, in Hungary. [Sidenote: PATAM, or PATTANA (Sansc.),] a city; _e.g._ Nagapatam (the city of the snake); Masulipatam (of fishes); Periapatam (the chosen city); Viziapatam (the city of victory); Seringapatam, _i.e._ _Sri-ranja-Pattana_ (the city of Vishnu); Pata or Pattana (the city); Madras or _Madras-patan_ (the city of the college or school; _madrasa_, Ar., a university). Madras is called by the natives _Chenna-patana_ (the city of Chenappa, an Indian prince). [Sidenote: PEEL (Cel. _pile_),] a small fortress; _e.g._ Peel, in the Isle of Man, and numerous Peel towers on the border between England and Scotland. The Pile of Foudrig (the peel or tower of the fire island), called Furness, the site of an ancient lighthouse; Les Pilles, in Dauphiny; Ile du Pilier, in La Vendée, with a lighthouse; _Pillas_, in the Lithuanian language also, is a castle, thus--Pillkallan (the castle on the hill), in E. Prussia, as well as the towns of Pillau, in E. Prussia, Pilsen, in Bohemia, and Pillnitz (the towns with fortifications). [Sidenote: PEN (Cym.-Cel.),] a head, or a promontory, or hill summit; _e.g._ Pen-carrig (rocky hill or cape); Pen-brynn (hill summit); Pencoid (of the wood); Penmon (the promontory of Mona or Anglesea); Pentir (the headland); Pentyrch (the boar’s head); Pen-y-cwm-gwig (the top of the woody vale), in Wales; Pen-y-groes (the headland of the cross); Penby-diog (land’s end), in Wales; Pencelly (the chief grove); Pen-y-gelly (the head of the grove, _cell_, a grove); Penllech (of the stone or rock); Penhill, Somerset, and Penlaw, Dumfries (the hill summit); Pendarves (the head of the oak-field); Penpont (the head of the bridge), in Dumfriesshire; Penn (a hill), in Stafford; Pencombe (the head of the hollow); Penforfa (of the moor); Pennant (of the valley); Pen-mynnydd (of the mountain); Penrith, anc. _Pen-rhyd_ (of the ford); Penicuik (the cuckoo’s hill); Cockpen (red hill); Pen-maen-maur (the great stone head or hill); Pennigant (windy hill); Penryn and Penrhyn (the head of the promontory); Pentraeth (of the strand); Pen-y-craig or Old Radnor (the head of the rock); Penzance, formerly _Pensans_--it is called the saint’s headland, from a head of John the Baptist (the town’s arms), but Camden thinks it might mean the head of the sands; Pain-bœuf or Penn-Ochen (the ox’s headland); Pendennis (the fort on the headland)--_v._ DINAS. Mount Pindus and the Grampians, Van in Brecknock, and the Vans in Wales, embody this root; also the Apennines and the Pennine Alps, Pena and Penha, in Spain and Portugal are applied to rocks, thus--Penafiel (the loyal rock), in Spain, and also Cape Penas; Penha-verde (green rock) in Brazil. [Sidenote: PFERCH (Ger.), PEARROC (A.S.), PARC (Fr.), PAIRC (Irish).] In Germany this word signifies an enclosure for cattle--in England and France, an enclosure for the protection of game or for pleasure; _e.g._ Parkhurst (the enclosure in the wood); Parkfoot (at the foot of the park), Co. Stirling; Parkham (park dwelling); Parkmore (great park or field), in Ireland; Parkatotaun (the field of the burning), Co. Limerick. [Sidenote: PFERD (Ger.),] a horse; _e.g._ Pferdsfeld (the horse’s field); Pfersdorf (the horse’s village). [Sidenote: PFORTE (Ger.), POORT (Dutch), PORTH (Cym.-Cel.), PORT (Gadhelic),] a haven, landing-place, or passage--cognate with the Lat. _portus_; _e.g._ Seligenpforten (the blessed port); Sassenpoorte (the Saxons’ haven); Himmelpforte (the port of heaven); Pforzheim (the dwelling at the passage or entrance to the Hyrcenian forest), in Baden; Zandpoort (sandy haven); Porlock (the enclosed haven), in Somersetshire; Portsmouth (the mouth of the haven); Porthkerry (rocky haven), in Wales; Porthaethroy (the landing-place of the terrible water), a dangerous ferry in Wales; Portholgoch, corrupt. from _Porth-y-wal-goch_ (_i.e._ the harbour of the red wall); Porthstinian (the port of Justinian), in Wales; Porth-y-cawl, corrupt. from _Porth-y-Gaul_ (the harbour where the Gallic invaders used to land), in Wales. In Ireland: Portraine, now Rathlin (the landing-place of Rachra); Portadown (at the fortress); Portlaw, Irish _Port-lagha_ (at the hill); Portmarnock (the haven of St. Marnock); Port-na-Spania (the port of the Spaniard), where one of the vessels of the Invincible Armada was wrecked, off the coast of Ireland; Port-Arlington, named after the Earl of Arlington in the reign of Charles II.; Port-Glasgow, anc. _Kil-ma-Colm_ (St. Columba’s church). It received its modern name in 1668, when purchased by the merchants of Glasgow; Portmoak, in Kinross (the landing-place of St. Moak); Port-Patrick (the place from which it is said St. Patrick sailed for Ireland); Portree, in Skye, and Port-an-righ, in Ross (the king’s haven); Portnellan (the landing-place of the island), in Loch Tummel; Portmore (the great port), in Wigton; Port-na-craig (of the rock); Port-na-churaich (of the boat), in Iona, where St. Columba landed from Ireland; Port-skerrie (the rocky landing-place), in Sutherland; Snizort, in Skye, corrupt. from _Snisport_, probably named after a Norse leader or pirate; Port-ny-hinsey (the haven of the island), the Celtic name of Peel, in the Isle of Man; Portinscale, in Westmoreland (the passage where the _skaala_ or booths for the Scandinavian _thing_, _i.e._ meeting, were erected); Portobello (the beautiful harbour), in South America, so named by its founder; Portobello, in Mid Lothian, named in commemoration of the capture of the South American town in 1739; Portskewitt or _Porth-is-coed_ (the port below the wood), in Monmouth; Porth-yn-lyn (the port of the pool), in Wales; Portsoy, in Banffshire, _i.e._ _Port-saith_ (the safe port); Port-dyn-Norwig (the port of the Northman), in Wales; Maryport, in Cumberland, named after the wife of its first proprietor; Portlethan, Gael. _Port-leath-an_ (the port of the gray river), Kincardine; Port-Logan, in Wigton, _i.e._ Gael. _Port-na-lagan_ (the port of the hollow). _Port_ became an established Saxon word for a market-town--hence we have such names as Newport, Longport, applied to inland towns; Bridport, on the R. Brit. The Cinque-ports, Fr. _cinq_ (five), were the towns of Dover, Hastings, Hythe, Romney, Sandwich. In Portugal: Oporto (the port); Portugal, anc. _Portus-cale_, both meaning the harbour; Porto-rico (rich port), an island of the Antilles group; Porto-Santo (the holy port), in the Madeira Isles; Porto-seguro (safe port); Porto-Vecchio (old port), in Corsica; Porto-Alegre (the cheerful port), in Brazil; Porto-farina (the port of wheat), in North Africa; Porto-ferrajo (fortified port), in Tuscany, on the coast of the Island of Elba; Port-Vendres, Lat. _Portus-Veneris_ (the port of Venus), in France; Le Treport, corrupt. from the Lat. _Ulterior-Portus_, in Normandy, at the mouth of the Bresle. [Sidenote: PIC, PIKE (A.S.), PIC and PUY (Fr.), SPITZE (Ger.),] a peak or promontory; _e.g._ the Pike o’ Stickle (the peak of the high rock); the Peak, in Derbyshire; Pike’s Peak, in the Rocky Mountains, named after General Pike; Spitz, in Austria, built around a hill; Spitzbergen (the peaked mountains); Spithead (the head of the promontory); Le Puy (the peak), a town situated on a high hill; Puy-de-dome (the dome-shaped peak). [Sidenote: PISCH (Sclav.),] sand; _e.g._ Pesth, in Hungary (on a dry, sandy soil); but Buttman suggests that the name may be derived from _paz_, Sclav. (a baking place), as the German name for Buda, on the opposite side of the Danube, is _Ofen_ (the oven); Peschkowitz, Peshen, Pisck, Pskov, Peckska, in Russia and Bohemia. _Pies_, Sclav. (the dog), may, however, be the root-word of some of these names. PITT, PITTEN (Gadhelic), a hole, a small hollow. This word, as a prefix, occurs very frequently in Scotland, especially in Fife, in which county the most important place is Pittenweem (the hollow of the cave, _uaimh_), the seat of an ancient monastery, near which is the cave from which it was named; Pitcairn (the hollow of the cairn), near Perth, in the neighbourhood of which there are two large cairns of stones; Pitgarvie (the rough hollow); Pitglas (the gray hollow); Pettinain (the hollow of the river), a parish on the Clyde; Pittencrieff (the hollow of the tree, _craobh_); Pitgober (of the goat); Pitnamoon (of the moss); Pittendriech (the Druid’s hollow); Pitcaithly, probably the hollow of the narrow valley, in Perthshire; Pittentaggart (the priest’s portion)--as in ancient times, the word _pitte_ is understood to have also meant a part or portion of land; and it has probably this meaning in Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, anc. _Pittan-cleireach_ (the portion of the clergy or church-land), as well as in Pittan-clerach, in Fife; Pitmeddin, in Aberdeenshire, named after St. Meddane. Pittenbrae (the hollow of the hill); Petty or Pettie, anc. _Petyn_ (the hollow of the island), on Beauly Loch, Inverness; Pettycur (the hollow of the dell, _coire_), in Fife. [Sidenote: PLESSA (Fr.), PLESSEICUM,] meaning successively a hedge, an enclosed and cultivated place surrounded by trees, an enclosed garden, a park, a mansion, or country residence; _e.g._ Plessis, Le Plessin, Plessier, Le Plessial, etc.--_v._ Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_. [Sidenote: PLEU, or PLOE (Cym.-Cel.),] a village, found only in Brittany; _e.g._ Pleu-meur (great village); Pleu-nevey (new village); Ploer-mel (the mill village); Pleu-Jian (John’s village); Pleu, Ploven, Pleven, etc. [Sidenote: PLÖN, POLSKI (Sclav.),] a plain; _e.g._ Ploen, a town in Holstein; Plönersee (the lake of the plain); Juriev-Polskoi (St. George’s town on the plain); Poland, _i.e._ _Polskoi_ (the plain or level land); Volkynia (the level country). [Sidenote: POD (Sclav.),] near or under; _e.g._ Podgoriza (under the hill); Podmokla (near the moss); Potsdam, from _Pozdu-pemi_ (under the oaks). [Sidenote: POLDER (Dutch),] land reclaimed from the sea; _e.g._ Polder and Polders, in Belgium; Beemsterpolder (the meadow of the reclaimed land); Charlotten-Polder (Charlotte’s reclaimed land); Pwlpolder (land reclaimed from a pool or marsh). [Sidenote: POLIS (Grk.),] a city; _pol_ (Sclav.), probably borrowed from the Greek; Constantinople, Adrianople, founded by the emperors Constantine and Adrian; Nicopolis and Nicopoli (the city of victory)--the first founded by Augustus to commemorate the battle of Actium, and the second by Trajan to commemorate his victory over the Dacians; Persepolis (the city of the Persians); Pampeluna, corrupt. from _Pompeiopolis_, so called because rebuilt by the sons of Pompey the Great; Decapolis (the district of the ten cities), colonised by the Romans, in Palestine; Sebastopol (the august city); Stavropol (the city of the cross), in Russia; Bielopol (the white city); Bogopol (the city of God, Sclav. _Bog_); Gallipoli, anc. _Calipolis_ (the beautiful city); Naples, Nauplia, Nablous, and Neapolis (the new city); Grenoble, corrupt. from _Gratianopolis_ (the city of Gratian); Heliopolis (the city of the sun), being the Greek name for On, in Egypt, and also for Baalbec, in Syria; Krasnapol (the fair city); Theriasipol, in Hungary (named after the Empress Theresa)--its Hungarian name _Szabadka_ (the privileged); Yelisabetpol (after the Empress Elizabeth); Tripoli, in Syria (the three cities), being a joint colony from Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus; Tripoli, in Barbary, named from its three principal cities, Lepta, Oca, and Sabrata; Tripolitza, in the Morea, built from the remains of the three cities Tegea, Mantinea, and Palantium; Amphipolis, now _Emboli_ (the surrounded city), so called because almost encircled by the R. Strymon; Anapli, in the Morea, corrupt. from _Neapolis_ (new town); Annapolis, in Nova Scotia, named after Queen Anne; Antibes, in Provence, a colony from Marseilles, anc. _Antinopolis_, named after its founder; Stamboul, the Turkish name for Constantinople, means _eis ten polin_ (to the city). [Sidenote: POLL (Gadhelic), PWL (Cym.-Cel.), POEL (Teut.),] a pool or marsh, cognate with the Lat. _palus_; _e.g._ Poole, in Dorset, situated on a lagune; Pontypool (the pool at the bridge); Welsh-pool, so called to distinguish it from Poole in Dorset--its Welsh name is _Trellyn_ (the dwelling on the pool); Hartlepool, Danish _Hartness_ (the pool hard by the headland)--the Normans added _le pol_, from a pool called the Slake, by which it is almost insulated; Liverpool, probably _Llyr-pwl_, Welsh (the sea pool); Blackpool, in Lancashire, named from a marsh now drained; Polton and Pulborough (pool town); Polbaith and Polbeath, Gael. (the pool of the birches); Poltarf (of the bull); Pollnaranny and Polrane (of the ferns), in Ireland; Wampool in Cumberland (_i.e._ Woden’s pool); Pwl-helli (the salt pool); Pwll-du (black pool); Pwll-broch-mael (the pool of the warlike weapons), the site of a battle between the Welsh and Saxons; Pwll-tin-byd (the very deep pool, literally the pool at the bottom of the world); Pwll-y-wrach (the hag’s pool), in Wales. _Pill_, in Gloucester, means the mouth of a brook, _e.g._ Cow-pill, Horse-pill, etc.; Polmont, Co. Stirling, corrupt. from _poll-monaidh_ (the pool near the hill). [Sidenote: POMMIER (Fr.),] the apple-tree; _pomeratum_ (a place planted with apple-trees); _e.g._ La Pommerée, Pommeray, Pomiers, Pommera, Pommeraie, Pommereau, Pommereuil, in France. [Sidenote: PONS (Lat.), PONT (Welsh),] the bridge, with its derivatives in the Romance and in the Welsh languages; _e.g._ Pontefract, Lat. _Ad-pontem-fractum_ (at the broken bridge); Pontoise (the bridge across the R. Oise); Pont-Audemer (the bridge built by Aldemar across the R. Rille); Pont-de-briques (the bridge of bricks); Pont-d’Espagne, corrupt. from _Pont-de-sapins_ (the fir-tree bridge); Ponteland, in Northumberland, corrupt. from _Ad-pontem-Ælianum_ (at the bridge of Ælius); Pontigny (bridge town); Les-Ponts-de-Cé (the bridges of Cæsar), a town in France, with four bridges across the Loire; Negropont, probably a corrupt. of _Egripo_, which the Italian sailors translated into Negripo or Negropont (black bridge), in allusion to the narrow strait called in Greek _Euripos_ (_i.e._ the strait with the violent current), on which the town was built--the name of the town was gradually extended to the whole island, till then called _Eubœa_; Ponte-vedra (the old bridge), and Puenta-de-la-Reyna (the queen’s bridge), in Spain; Grampound, in Cornwall, Welsh _Pout-maur_ (the great bridge), corrupt. from the Fr. _Grand-pont_; Paunton, in Lincoln, anc. _Ad-pontem_ (at the bridge); Pontesbury (bridge town), in Cheshire; Ponte-corvo (the crooked bridge), in Campania; Deux-ponts (the two bridges), in Bavaria. In Wales: Pont-faen (stone bridge); Pont-newydd (new bridge); Pont-glasllyn (the bridge at the blue pool); Pont-y-glyn (the bridge of the glen); Pont-y-pair (the bridge of the cauldron); Pont-ar-ddulas (the bridge on the dark water); Pont-ar-Fynach (the devil’s bridge); Pontypool (the bridge of the pool); Pant-yr-ysgraff, probably corrupt. from _Pont-yr-ysgraff_ (the bridge of boats). In France: Poncelle, Ponchel, Poncelet, Ponceaux, etc.; Pont-à-couleuvre, in the depart. of Oise, probably from an Old Lat. text, in which this place is called _Pont-à-qui-l’ouvre_ (_i.e._ the bridge to whomsoever may open), it being a bridge closed by barriers--Cocheris’s _Noms de Lieu_. [Sidenote: POOR, PORE, PURA (Sansc.),] a city; _e.g._ Nagpoor (snake city); Chuta Nagpore (the little snake city); Amarapoora (divine city); Bejapore or Visiapoor (the city of victory); Berampore (of the Mahometan sect called _Bohra_); Bhagulpore (tiger city); Ahmedpore (the city of Ahmed); Ahmedpore Chuta (the little city of Ahmed); Callianpoor (flourishing city); Bhurtpore (the city of Bhurat, the brother of the god Ram); Rampoor (Ram’s city); Bissenpoor (of Vishnu); Ferozepore (of Feroze-Togluk); Huripoor (of Hari or Vishnu); Shahjehanpoor (of Shah Jehan); Mahabalipoor (of Bali the Great); Caujapoor (of the Virgin); Rajapore (of the rajah); Cawnpoor or Khanpur (of the Beloved One, a title of Krishna); Hajipoor (of the pilgrim); Ghazipore (of Ghazi, a martyr); Mirzapoor (the city of the emir); Secunderpoor (of Secunder Lodi); Sidhpoor (of the saint); Singapore (of the lions); Russoulpoor (of the prophet); Chandpoor (of the moon); Joudpoor (war city); Ratnapoor (of rubies); Munnipora (of jewels); Darmapooram (of justice); Dinajpore (of beggars); Futtepoor (of victory); Sudhapura (bright city); Conjeveram, corrupt. from _Canchipura_ (the golden city); Trivandrum, corrupt. from _Tiruvanan-thapuram_ (the town of the holy Eternal One), in Travancore. [Sidenote: PRAAG, PRAYAGA (Sansc.),] a holy place; _e.g._ Vissenpraag (the holy place of Vishnu); Devaprayaga (God’s holy place). [Sidenote: PRADO (Span. and Port.), PRATA (It.), PRAIRIE (Fr.),] a meadow, derived from the Lat. _pratum_; _e.g._ the Prairies or meadow lands; Prato-Vecchio (the old meadow), in Tuscany; Ouro-preto, corrupt. from _Ouro-prado_ (the gold meadow), near a gold mine in Brazil. In France, Prémol, _i.e._ _pratum molle_ (the smooth meadow); Prabert, _i.e._ _Pratum Alberti_ (Albert’s meadow); Pradelles, Les Prések, Prémontié, Lat. _Pratum-mons_ (the mount in the meadow), the site of an abbey, chief of the order of the Prémontié. [Sidenote: PUEBLA (Span.),] a collection of people, hence a village; _e.g._ La Puebla, in Mexico; La Puebla-de-los-Angelos (the village of the angels), in Mexico. [Sidenote: PULO (Malay),] an island; _e.g._ Pulo-Penang (betel-nut island). [Sidenote: PUSTY (Sclav.),] a waste place; _e.g._ Pustina (on the waste ground); Pusta-kaminica (the stony waste). [Sidenote: PYTT (A.S.), PFUTZE (Ger.), PYDEN (Welsh),] a well or pool of standing water, cognate with the Lat. _puteus_ and its derivatives in the Romance languages; _e.g._ Puozzuoli in Italy, and Puteaux in France, anc. _Puteoli_ (the place of wells); Le Puiset, anc. _Puteolis castrum_ (the camp of the well); Pfutzenburg and Pfutzenthal (the town and valley of the wells or pools), in Germany; Poza-de-la-sal (the salt well), near a salt mine in Spain; also in Spain: Pozanca and Pozancos (the stagnant pools); Pozo-blanco and Pozo-hondo (the white and deep pool); Putney, anc. _Puttenheath_ (the pool on the heath), in Surrey; Puttenheim, in Belgium (a dwelling near a well or pool). Q [Sidenote: QUELLE (Ger.), WEDEL (Old Ger.), WYL (A.S.), KILDE (Scand.), KILL (Dutch),] a place from which water flows--from _quellen_, to spring, and _wyllan_, to flow; _e.g._ Mühlquelle (the mill fountain); Hoogkill (corner well), and Bassekill (low well), in Holland; Quillebœuf (well town), in Normandy; Roeskilde (the fountain of King Roe), in Denmark; Salzwedel (salt well); Hohenwedel (high well); Tideswell, in Derbyshire--probably from a personal name, as there is a Tideslow in the neighbourhood; Wells, in Norfolk (a place into which the tide flows); Wells, in Somerset, named from a holy fountain dedicated to St. Andrew; Motherwell, in Lanarkshire, named from a well dedicated to the Virgin Mary; Amwell, in Hants, corrupt. from _Emma’s well_; Holywell, in Wales, named from St. Winifred’s well--in Welsh it is called _Treffynnon_ (the town of the well); Shadwell, in London (St. Chad’s well); Bakewell, anc. _Badican-wylla_ (the bath wells), in Derbyshire; Walston, a parish in Lanarkshire, named from a sacred well near the site of the church; Ashwell (the well among ash-trees), in Hertford; Ewell, in Surrey, found written _Etwell_ and _Awell_ (_at_ the well). R [Sidenote: RADE, RODE (Teut.),] a place where wood has been cut down, and which has been cleared for tillage, from _reuten_, to root out, to plough or turn up. The word in its various forms, _reud_, _reut_, and _rath_, is common in German topography; _e.g._ Wittarode (the cleared wood); Herzegerode (the clearing on the Hartz Mountains); Quadrath (the clearing of the Quadi); Lippenrode (the clearing on the R. Lippe); Rade-vor-dem-walde (the clearing in front of the wood); Randarath and Wernigerode (the clearing of Randa and Werner); Zeulenroda (the clearing on the boundary, _ziel_); Schabert, corrupt. from _Suabroid_ (the Swabian clearing); Pfaffrath (the priest’s clearing); Baireuth (the cleared ground of the Boii or Bavarians); Schussenried (the clearing on the R. Schussen). Royd, in England, means a path cut through a wood, as in Huntroyd, Boothroyd, Holroyd. _Terra-rodata_ (rode land) was so called in opposition to _Terra-Bovata_, _i.e._ an ancient enclosure which had been from time immemorial under the plough, _i.e._ Ormeroyd (Ormer’s rode land). [Sidenote: RAIN, RAND, RA (Teut. and Scand.), RHYNN (Cym.-Cel.), RINN (Irish), ROINN (Gael.),] a promontory or peninsula; _e.g._ Rain, a town name in Bavaria and Styria; Randers, on a promontory in Denmark; Hohenrain (high promontory); Steenrain (rock headland); Renfrew (the promontory of the stream, _frew_), anc. _Strathgriff_, on the R. Griff; the Rhinns (_i.e._ the points), in Galloway; Rhynie, a parish in Aberdeenshire; Rhind, a parish in Perthshire, with the parish church situated on a headland jutting into the R. Tay; Rinmore (the great point), in Devon, Argyle, and Aberdeenshire; Rindon, in Wigton; Tynron, Gael. _Tigh-an-roinne_ (the house on the point), a parish in Dumfriesshire; Reay, in Sutherlandshire, and Reay, a station on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, from _Ra_, Norse (a point); Penryn (the head of the point), in Cornwall. This word, in various forms, such as _rin_, _reen_, _rine_, _ring_, is of frequent occurrence in Ireland; _e.g._ Ringrone (the seal’s promontory); Rineanna (the promontory of the marsh, _eanaigh_); Ringville and Ringabella, Irish _Rinn-bhile_ (the point of the old tree); Ringfad (long point); Ringbane (white point); Rineen (little point); Ringagonagh (the point of the O’Cooneys); Rinville, in Galway (the point of Mhil, a Firbolg chieftain); Ringsend, near Dublin (the end of the point). [Sidenote: RAJA, RAJ (Sansc.),] royal; _e.g._ Rajamahal (the royal palace); Rajapoor (royal city); Rajpootana (the country of the Rajpoots, _i.e._ the king’s sons--_putra_, a son). [Sidenote: RAS (Ar.), ROSH (Heb.),] a cape; _e.g._ Ras-el-abyad (the white cape); Rasigelbi, corrupt. from _Rasicalbo_ (the dog’s cape); Rasicarami (the cape of the vineyards); Ras-el-tafal (chalk cape); Rasicanzar (the swine’s cape); Ras-el-shakah (the split cape); Ras-el-hamra (red cape); Rascorno (Cape Horn). [Sidenote: RATH, RAED (Teut.),] council; _e.g._ Rachstadt or Rastadt (the town of the council or court of justice); Rathenau (the meadow of the council): Raithby (the dwelling of the court of justice). [Sidenote: RATH (Gadhelic),] a round earthen fort or stronghold, cognate with the Welsh _rhath_, a mound or hill; _e.g._ Rathmore (the great fort); Ratass or Rathteas (the south fort); Rattoo or _Rath-tuaith_ (northern fort); Rathbeg (little fort); Rathduff (black fort); Rathglass (green fort); Rathcoole (the fort of Cumhal, the father of Finn); Rathcormac (of Cormack); Rathdrum (of the ridge); Rathdowney, Irish _Rath-tamhnaigh_ (of the green field); Rathbane (white fort); Rathfryland (Freelan’s fort)--all in Ireland. Rattray, in Perthshire, where there are the remains of an old fortress on a hill, and near what is called the Standing Stones, supposed to have been a Druidical temple; Rathven (hill-fort), in Banffshire; Rathmorail (the magnificent fort), in Aberdeenshire; Raphoe, Co. Donegal, abbrev. from _Rathboth_ (the fort of huts). [Sidenote: REICH, REIKE (Goth.), RICE (A.S.), RIGH (Scand.),] a kingdom; _e.g._ France, _i.e._ _Frank-reich_ (the kingdom of the _Franks_, who are supposed to have derived their name from a kind of javelin called _franca_); Austria, _Œstreich_ (the eastern kingdom), as opposed to Neustria (the western); Surrey or _Sud-rice_ (the southern kingdom); Goodrich, in Hereford (Goda’s rule or kingdom); Rastrick (Rasta’s rule), in Yorkshire; Norway or _Nordrike_ (the northern kingdom); Ringerige, in Norway (the kingdom of King Ringe); Gothland, anc. _Gotarike_ (the kingdom of the Goths); Sweden, anc. _Sviarike_ (the kingdom of the Suiones). [Sidenote: REIDH (Gadhelic),] smooth, used also as a noun to signify a level field, and Anglicised _re_, _rea_, or _rey_; _e.g._ Remeen (the smooth plain); Muilrea (smooth hill, _mullagh_, p. 145); Rehill for _Redh-choill_ (smooth wood). [Sidenote: REKA (Sclav.),] a river; _e.g._ Riga, Rega, Regan, Regnitz (river names); also the R. Spree, Sclav. _Serbenreka_ (the river of the Serbs or Wends); Meseritz and Meseritsch (in the midst of rivers), in Moravia and Wallachia; Rakonitz (the town on the river), in Russia; Reka, the Sclavonic name for _Fiume_, It. (the river), a town on the Adriatic, at the mouth of a stream of the same name. [Sidenote: RHEDIG (Cym.-Cel.), RUITH (Gadhelic), REO (Grk.), RUO (Lat.), RI, SRI (Sansc.),] to flow, from whence are derived _rivus_ and _rivula_, Lat.; _rio_, Span. and Port.; _rivola_, _raes_, and _rith_, A.S. (a stream). The Eng. _river_ comes through the Fr. _rivière_, and that from _riparia_, in Mediæval Lat. a river, but literally a river-bank. From these root-words many river names are derived, or from _rhe_, _rea_ (swift), joined to root-words signifying water; _e.g._ the Rhone, anc. _Rhodanus_, the Rhine, Rye, Rea, Rhee, Rhea, Rey, Rheus, Roe, Ruhr, etc.; Rio-doce and Rio-dulce (sweet or fresh river), in opposition to Rio-salada (salt river); Rio-branco (white river); Rio-bravo-del-norte (the great north river); Rio-grande-do-sul (the great south river); Rio-negro (black river); Rio-tinto (coloured river); Rio-colorado, with the same meaning; Rio-de-Janeiro, generally called Rio--so named by the Portuguese discoverer because the bay was discovered on the feast of St. Januarius: the city founded at the place, and now called Rio, was originally named St. Sebastian; Rio-de-Cobra (the snake river), in Jamaica; Rio-dos-Reis (the river of the kings), in Africa, so named by Vasco de Gama, because discovered on the feast of the Epiphany; Rio-de-Ouro (the river of gold), on the coast of Guinea; Rio-azul (the blue river); Rio-Marahão (the tangled river); Rio-de-la-Plata (the river of _plata_, _i.e._ silver), so called from the booty taken on its banks. [Sidenote: RHIADUR (Cym.-Cel.),] a cataract; _e.g._ Rhayadar (the cataract), a town in Radnor, near a fall of the R. Wye, removed in 1780. Radnor itself is supposed to have taken its name from _Rhiadur-Gwy_ (the cataract of the R. Wye); Rhiadur-mawr (the great cataract), in Caernarvonshire; Rhaidr-y-wennol (the cataract of the swallow), so named from the rapidity of its motion, like that of the bird. [Sidenote: RHIW (Welsh),] an ascent; _e.g._ Ruabon, corrupt. from _Rhiw-Fabon_ (the ascent of St. Mabon). [Sidenote: RHOS, ROS (Cym.-Cel.),] in Wales signifying a moor, in Cornwall a valley; _e.g._ Ross, a town in Hereford; Rhoscollen (the moor of hazels), in Anglesea; Rhos-du (black moor); Penrhos (the head of the moor), in Wales. In Cornwall: Roskilly (the valley of hazels); Rosecrewe (the valley of the cross); Rosvean (little valley); Rosmean (stony valley). [Sidenote: RHUDD (Cym.-Cel.), RUADH (Gadhelic), ROTH and RUD (Teut.), ROD (Scand.),] red; _e.g._ Rutland (red land), or perhaps cleared ground--_v._ RODE; Rhuddlan (the red bank, _glan_); Rhuthin, corrupt. from _Rhudd-din_ (the red land); Llanrhudd (the red church), in Wales; Romhilde, anc. _Rotemulte_ (red land); Rother, Rotha, Rothback (red stream); Rotherthurm, Hung. _Vörostoroney_ (red tower); Rothen-haus, Sclav. _Czerweny-hradek_ (red house or castle), in Bohemia; Rotenburg, in Switzerland (the town on the red brook); Rothenburg, in Hanover and Bavaria (the red fortress); Rothenburg, in Prussia proper, is called by the Sclaves _Rostarezewo_ (the town of the Sclavonic deity Ratzi); Rothenfels (red rock); Rotherham (the dwelling on the red river); Roughan and Rooghaun (reddish land), in Ireland. But the prefix _rud_ is sometimes the abbreviation of a proper name, thus--Rudesheim, in Germany, is from _Hruodinesheim_ (the dwelling of Hruodine); Rudby, in Yorkshire (of Routh); Rudkioping, in Denmark (the market-town of Routh). [Sidenote: RHYD (Welsh),] a ford; _e.g._ Rhyderin, corrupt. from _Rhyd-gerwin_ (the rough ford); Rhyd-y-Boithan, corrupt. from _Byddin_ (the ford of the army); Rhydonen, corrupt. from _Rhyd-hen_ (the old ford); Rhyd-dol-cynfar (the ford of the valley of the ancient fight). [Sidenote: RIDING, or THRITHING,] the three _things_, _q.v._, _i.e._ the three places or districts where the Scandinavians held their judicial assemblies; _e.g._ the Ridings, in Yorkshire, so named under the Danish rule; Lincoln was divided by the Danes in the same manner. [Sidenote: RIED (A.S.),] a reed; _e.g._ Retford and Radford (the reedy ford); Radbourne (reedy brook); Redbridge, in Hants, anc. _Reideford_ (reedy ford). Bede calls it _Arundinis-vadum_, Lat. (the ford of the reeds). [Sidenote: RIGGE (A.S.), RÜCHEN (Ger.),] a ridge; _e.g._ Hansrücke (John’s ridge); Hengistrücke (the horses’ ridge); Hundsricke (the dog’s ridge); Rudgeley (the field at the ridge); Brownrigg, Grayrigg (the brown and gray ridge); Reigate (the passage through the ridge), contracted from _ridgegate_; Lindridge (lime-tree ridge); Rucksteig (the steep path on the ridge); Langrike (long ridge); Steenrücke (stony ridge). [Sidenote: RIPA (Lat.), RIVA (It.), RIBA (Span. and Port.), RIVE (Fr.),] a bank or the border of a stream; _e.g._ Riva (on the bank of Lake Como); Riva or Rief (on Lake Garda); Rive-de-Gier and Aube-rive (on the banks of the R. Gier and Aube); Aute-rive and Rives-altes (the high river-banks); Rieux, anc. _Rivi-Castra_ (the camp of the river-bank); Riberac (on the bank of the water), in France; Rivalta (the high bank), in Piedmont; Rivoli, anc. _Ripula_ (the little bank), in Piedmont; Romorantin, anc. _Rivus-Morentini_ (the bank of the R. Morantin), in France; _Riveria_ or _Riberia_, in Low Lat. signified a plain on the bank of a river--hence Rivière, Rivières, Hautes-Rivières, La Rivoire, etc., in France; Rivarrennæ, _i.e._ _Ripa-arenæ_ (the sandy bank), on the R. Cher; the Rialto at Venice is corrupt, from _Riva-alto_ (the high bank); Rye, in Sussex, in Lat. records _Ripa_; Ryde, in the Isle of Wight, formerly _Rye_ (on the bank of the water); Altrupp, on the R. Rhone, anc. _Alta-ripa_ (the high bank); Ribaute and Autrepe, for _Haute-rive_ (high bank), in Belgium; Ribadavia and Riba-de-Sella (the bank of the Rivers Avia and Sella), in Spain; Ripon, in Yorkshire, anc. _Ripum_ (on the bank of the R. Ure). [Sidenote: RISCH (Ger.), RISGE (A.S.), ROGOSCHA (Sclav.),] the rush; _e.g._ Ruscomb (the rushy hollow); Rushbrook (the rushy stream); Rushford, Rushmere, Rushholme, Ryston (the rushy ford, marsh, island, and town); Rogatzn, in Poland, and Rogatchev, in Russia (the place of rushes). [Sidenote: ROC, ROCHE (Fr.), ROCCA (It.), ROC (A.S.),] a rock--derivatives from the Lat. _rupes_; _e.g._ Rocca-bianca (white rock); Rocca-casale (rock village or dwelling); Rocca-secura (the safe rock fortress), in Italy; Rocca-Valoscuro (the rock in the dark valley), in Naples; Rochefort-sur-mer (the strong fortress on the sea), at the mouth of the R. Charente; La Rochelle (the little rock fortress); Rochefort (rock fortress), in Belgium; Rochester, Co. Kent (the fortress on the rock), or, according to Bede, the fort of Hrop, a Saxon chief; Rochester, in New York, named after Colonel Rochester, one of the early settlers; Roche-Guyon, Lat. _Rupes-Guidonis_ (the rock fortress of Guido); Roche-Foucault, anc. _Rupes-Fucaldi_ (the fortress of Foucalt); Rocroi, Lat. _Rupes-Regia_ (the royal fortress), in France; Roxburgh (the rock fortress)--the ancient town, as well as the county, taking their name from the strong castle, situated on a rock near the junction of the Tweed and Teviot--the ancient name of the castle was _Marchidun_ (the hill-fort on the marshy land). [Sidenote: ROS, ROSS (Gadhelic),] a promontory or isthmus, and also, in the south of Ireland, a wood; thus New Ross, Co. Wexford, anc. _Ros-mic-Treoin_ (the wood of Treuon’s son); Roscommon (of St. Coman); Roscrea (Cree’s wood); Ross-castle (on a promontory on Lake Killarney); Muckross (the peninsula of the pigs), in several places in Ireland; Muckros (with the same meaning--the pig’s headland) was the ancient name of the town of St. Andrews; Rossbegh (of the birches); Rossinver (of the confluence); Port-rush (the landing-place of the promontory); Ross-shire seems to have taken its name from _Ross_ (a wood); Montrose, anc. _Monros_ (the promontory on the marshy land, _moin_); Rosneath, anc. _Rosneveth_ (the promontory of St. Nefydd), in Dumbartonshire; Roslin (the promontory on the pool); Kinross (the head of the promontory), either with reference to the county--in regard to Fife, of which it anciently formed part--or with reference to the town at the head of Loch Leven. Fife was anciently called _Ross_: it got the name of Fife in honour of Duff, Earl of Fife, to whom it was given by Kenneth II.; and in 1426 Kinross was made a separate county. Roskeen (the head or corner of Ross-shire); Rosehearty, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from _Ros-ardty_ (the dwelling on the high promontory). [Sidenote: RÜHE (Ger.),] rest; _e.g._ Ludwigsrühe (Ludowic’s rest); Carlshrühe (Charles’s rest), founded by Charles William, Margrave of Baden, in 1715; Henricksrühe (Henry’s rest). [Sidenote: RUN (A.S.),] council; _e.g._ Runhall (the hall of the council); Runnington, anc. _Runenton_ (the town of the council); Runnymede (the meadow of the council). [Sidenote: RYBA (Sclav.),] fish; _e.g._ Rybnik, Rybniza (the fish pond); Rybinsk, Rybnaia (fish town). [Sidenote: RYSCH, or ROW (Sclav.),] a dam or ditch; _e.g._ Prierow (near the dam); Prierosbrück (the bridge near the dam); Ryswick (the town on the dam); Riez, Rieze, Riezow, Riezig (at the dam). S [Sidenote: SA (Sclav.), ZA,] behind; _e.g._ Sabor (behind the wood); Zadrin (behind the R. Drin); Zamosc (behind the moss); Zabrod (behind the ford); Zablat (behind the marsh). [Sidenote: SABHALL (Gadhelic),] a barn; _e.g._ Saul, Co. Down, anc. _Sabhall-Patrick_ (Patrick’s barn), being the first place of worship used by St. Patrick in Ireland; Saval (the barn used as a church), near Newry; Drumsaul (the barn or church on the ridge); Sawel, a mountain in Ireland, probably from the same root; Cairntoul, a hill in Aberdeenshire, originally _Carn-t-Sabhall_ (the cairn of the barn). [Sidenote: SABLE (Fr.),] sand; _e.g._ Sable, Sablé, Sablat, Sablon, Sablières, La Sablonière, in France. [Sidenote: SALH, SAEL (A.S.), SALIX (Lat.),] the willow; _e.g._ Salehurst (willow copse); Salford (willow ford); Saul, in Gloucestershire (the place of willows). In France many places take their name from _Saule_, Fr. (the willow); _e.g._ Sailly, from _Salicetum_ (a place planted with willows), as also Saux, Saules, Saulzais, etc. [Sidenote: SALL (Teut.), ZAAL,] a stone dwelling; _sel_, a cottage, cognate with the Span. and Port. _sala_; _e.g._ Hohensale (high dwelling); Nordsehl (north dwelling); Oldenzeel (old dwelling); Eversal (the dwelling of the wild boar); Brunsele (the dwelling at the well); Holzselen (at the wood); Laufenselden (the dwelling near the waterfall); Marsal (on the marsh), in France. In Spain: Salas (the halls); Salas-de-la-ribera (the dwellings on the river-bank); Salas-de-los-Infantes (the dwellings of the infantry); Upsal, Scand. _Upsalr_ (the high halls), in Sweden. [Sidenote: SALZ (Ger.), SALANN (Gadhelic), SOL (Sclav.), HALEN (Cym.-Cel.),] salt, cognate with the Lat. _sal_ and the Grk. _hals_; _e.g._ the Rivers Saale, Salzach, Salzbach, Sal, Salat (salt stream); Salies, Salins, Salinas, Salines, Salenillas, Salskaia, place-names in France, South America, and Russia (in the neighbourhood of salt mines or springs); Saalfeld, on the R. Saal, in Saxony; also Saalfelden, in Austria (the salt field); Salamanca, in Spain, anc. _Salmantica_ (the place in the neighbourhood of salt springs); Salzburg, on the R. Salzach; Salzbrunn (the salt well); Salzkammergut (the public treasury of the salt-works); Soultz or Soultzbad (the saline bath); Soultzbach (the salt brook); Soultz-sous-forets (the salt springs under the woods); Soultzmatt (the meadow of the salt springs); Selters, anc. _Saltrissa_, in Nassau, near the Selzar or mineral springs; Saltzkotten (the huts of the salt miners), in Westphalia; Solikamsk (the town of the salt-works on the R. Kama), in Russia; _salt_ and _saltz_, as affixes, are also applied to dwellings on the sea-coast, thus--Westersalt, Ostersalt, Neusaltz (the west, east, and new watering-place by the sea); but Salton, a parish in East Lothian, does not come from this word. It is said to have derived its name from Nicolas de Soules, who possessed that part of the country in the thirteenth century. _Hal_, the Celtic word for salt, still exists in the names of places where there are or were salt-works; _e.g._ Haling, in Hants; Halton, in Cheshire; Halsal and Hallaton, in Lancashire; Halle, in Prussian Saxony, stands on the R. Saala; Reichenhall, on the Saale; Hallein, on the Salza, near the salt mines in Tyrol. [Sidenote: SANG (Ger.),] a place cleared of wood by burning, from _sengen_, to burn; _e.g._ Feuersang (the fire clearing); Altensang (the old clearing); but Vogelgesang means the place of singing-birds. [Sidenote: SARN (Welsh),] a road. The word _sarn_ refers to the old Roman road which the Emperor Maximus called in honour of his wife Helen, a Welsh princess whom he had married; _e.g._ Sarn-Helen (Helen’s road); Pen-Sarn (the head or end of the road); Tal-Sarn (the face of the road). [Sidenote: SAX, SAHS (Teut.),] a stone, cognate with the Lat. _saxum_; _e.g._ Sachsa (the stony water in the neighbourhood of quarries); Sasso, in Italy (the stone or tomb); Sassoferrato (the fortified rock); Sassuolo (the little rock or stone), in Italy; but these words, either as prefixes or affixes, in topography generally indicate places belonging to the Saxons, who were so called from the _seax_, a kind of sword which they used in warfare; thus Sachsenberg, Sachsenburg, Sachsenheim, Sachsendorf, Sassetot, denote the dwellings of the Saxons; Saxony, in Germany (peopled by Saxons); Sussex, Essex, and Wessex (the south, east, and west districts of the Saxons), in England; Saxby (the Saxons’ town), in Lincoln; Saxlingham (the home of the descendants of the Saxons), in Norfolk; Sassenberg (the Saxons’ hill), in Westphalia. [Sidenote: SCALE, SKALI (Scand.), SHEAL, SHEALING (Scotch),] a hut or shed; _e.g._ Scalby and Scaleby (hut town); Scalloway (the huts on the bay, _vig_), in Shetland; Galashiels (the huts on the R. Gala); Biggarshiels (the huts near the town of Biggar); Larbert, Co. Stirling, formerly _Lairbert-scheills_ (the huts of a man named Lairbert); North and South Shields, originally a collection of fishermen’s huts; but as _scald_, in the Scandinavian language, means a bard--that word is likely to have formed an element in place-names. Scaldwell is probably the bard’s well; Skalholt, in Iceland, may be the bard’s hill. [Sidenote: SCAM (Old Ger.),] little; _e.g._ Schambach, Schamach (the little stream). [Sidenote: SCHANZE (Ger.),] a bulwark; _e.g._ Rheinschanze (the bulwark of the Rhine); Hochschanze (high bulwark). [Sidenote: SCHEIDE (Ger.),] a watershed, from _scheiden_, to divide; _e.g._ Lennscheide, Remschede, Nettenscheide (the watershed of the Rivers Lenn, Rems, and Nette); but this word sometimes means a place separated by an enclosure from the surrounding land, as in Scheidhof (the separated or enclosed court); Scheidlehen (the separated fief). [Sidenote: SCHENKE (Ger.),] a public-house; _e.g._ Schenholtz (the wood near the public-house); Shenklein (the little public-house); Shenkendorf (the inn village). [Sidenote: SCHEUNE (Ger.),] a shed or barn; _e.g._ Ziegelscheune (the brick barn); Kalkscheune (lime-shed); Scheunenstelle (the place of sheds). [Sidenote: SCHLAG (Ger.),] a wood clearing or field; _e.g._ Leopoldschlag (the field of Leopold); Grafenschlag (of the count); Pfaffenschlag (of the priest); Kirchsclag (of the church); Schlagenwald (the cleared wood); Schlagberg and Schlaghöck (the cleared hill and corner); Murzuschlag (the clearing on the R. Murz), in Styria. [Sidenote: SCHLANGE (Ger.),] a snake; _e.g._ Slagenhorst (snake thicket); Schlangenbad (snake bath). [Sidenote: SCHLEUSE (Ger.), SLUYS (Dutch), ECLUSE (Fr.),] a sluice; _e.g._ Rhinschleuse (the sluice of the Rhine); Sluys, in Holland; and Slooten, also a town in Holland, on a lake of the same name (from _sloot_, a ditch); Sluispolder (the reclaimed land at the sluice); Schlusseburg, in Russia (the fortress at the sluice), built on an island at the spot where the R. Neva issues from Lake Ladoga; Helvoetsluis (the sluice on the Haring-vliet, an arm of the R. Maas); Fort de l’Ecluse (the fortress of the sluice), in France. [Sidenote: SCHLOSS (Ger.),] a castle; _e.g._ Marienschloss (the castle of the Virgin Mary); Heidenschloss (the castle on the heath); Schlossmühle (castle mill); Schlosshof (the castle court). [Sidenote: SCHMAL (Ger.), SMAA (Scand.),] little; _e.g._ Schmalkalden, anc. _Schmalenaha_ (the town on the small stream); Smalley, with the same meaning; Smaalehlen (the small fief), in Norway; Smallburgh (little town); Schmallenberg (little hill); Smailholm (little hill), a parish in Roxburghshire. [Sidenote: SCHMEIDE (Ger.),] a smithy; _e.g._ Nagelschmeide (the nail smithy); Schmeidefeld and Schmeidsiedel (the field and site of the smithy); Schmeideberg (the hill of the smithy). [Sidenote: SCHWAIG (Old Ger.), SCHWEIG,] a cattle-shed; _e.g._ Herrnschweige (the count’s cattle-shed); Brunswick, anc. _Braunsweig_ (Bruno’s shed, or the town of Bruno). [Sidenote: SCHWAND (Ger.),] a wood clearing; _e.g._ Schwand or Schwandt, in Bavaria; Schwanden, in Switzerland; Schwandorf (the village at the wood clearing). [Sidenote: SCHWARZ (Ger.),] black; _e.g._ Schwarza, Schwarzach, Schwarzbach, Schwarzwasser (black stream); Schwarzburg (black fortress); Schwarzberg (black mountain); Schwarzwald (black wood); Schwarzkreutz (the black cross). [Sidenote: SCHWERE (Sclav.),] a wild beast; _e.g._ Schwerin and Schwerinlake, in Mecklenburg; and Schwersentz, in Posen (places infested by wild beasts). [Sidenote: SCIR (A.S.), SCER,] clear, bright; _e.g._ Sherbourne (the clear stream); but this word is sometimes used instead of _scyre_, a division or shire, as in Sherwood (the wood where the shire meetings were held); Sherston (shire boundary stone); Shardlow and Shardhill (the boundary hill); Sharnford (the boundary ford); Sharrington (the town of the children of the shire or division). [Sidenote: SEANN (Gadhelic),] old; _e.g._ Shanmullagh (the old summit); Shandrum (the old ridge); Shangarry (the old garden); Shanbally and Shanvally (the old dwelling); Shanbo, Shanboe, and Shanbogh (the old hut), in Ireland; also Shankill (old church), and Shandon, Irish _Seandun_ (old fort). There are several places in Ireland called Shannon from this word, but it is uncertain what is the origin of the R. Shannon, whose ancient name was _Senos_; Sanquhar, Gael. _Seann-Cathair_ (the old fortress), in Dumfriesshire, named from an old castle near the town. [Sidenote: SEE (Ger.), ZEE (Dutch),] a lake or sea; _e.g._ Ostsee and Oostzee (east lake); Zuyderzee (the Southern Sea); Zealand and Zeeland (land surrounded by the sea); Gransee (boundary or corner lake); Bodensee or Lake Constance, named from _Bodami-Castrum_, the castle of the legate of the Carlovingian kings on its shore, and latterly from a fortress erected by Constantine the Great; Dolgensee, Sclav. (the long lake); the Plattensee (the lake on the marsh, _blatto_); Unterseen (below the lakes); the Red Sea, the translation of the sea of _Edom_ (the red). [Sidenote: SEIFEN (Ger.),] a place where metals are washed; _e.g._ Seifen and Seifendorf (towns where metals were washed); Seifengold (where gold is washed); Seifenzinn (where tin is washed); Seifenwerk (the hill of the metal washing). [Sidenote: SEILLE,] an affix in French and Belgian topography, signifying a wood or forest, derived from the Lat. _saltus_ and _sylva_; _e.g._ Baseille (low wood); Haseille (high wood); Forseille (out of the wood); Senlis, Lat. _Civitas Sylvanectensium_ (the town of the _Sylvanectes_, _i.e._ dwellers in the woods); Savigny and Souvigny, Lat. _Sylvaniacum_ (in the woods); Selvigny, Souvigné, with the same meaning; La-silve-bénite (the blessed wood); Silve-réal (royal wood), etc., in France; Transylvania (the district beyond the woods)--its Hungarian name, _Erdely-Orsag_, means the woody country; Selwood, anc. Brit. _Coit-mawr_, Lat. _Sylva-magna_ (the great wood), perhaps Selby, in Yorkshire. [Sidenote: SELENY, or ZIELENY (Sclav.),] green; _e.g._ Selinga (the green river); Zelendorf (green village); Zielonagora (green mountain); Zieleng-brod (green ford); Zielenzig and Szelenek (green place). [Sidenote: SELIG (Teut.),] holy; _e.g._ Seligenstadt, Seligenfeld, Seligenthal (the holy place, field, valley); Sellyoak (holy oak), perhaps Selby, in Yorkshire, if it is not from _sylva_, wood. [Sidenote: SET, SEATA (A.S.), ZETEL (Dutch), SITZ (Ger.), SSEDLIO (Sclav.), SUIDHE (Gadhelic),] a seat, settlement, or possession, cognate with the Lat. _sedes_; _e.g._ Dorset (the settlement of the _Durotriges_, _i.e._ dwellers by the water); Wiltshire, anc. _Wilsaetan_ (the settlement on the R. Willy); Shropshire, anc. _Scrobsaetan_ (the settlement among shrubs); Somerset, named from _Somerton_ (the summer seat of the West Anglo-Saxon kings); Settle, in Yorkshire (the settlement); Sittingbourne, in Kent (the settlement on the brook). In the Lake District, colonised by Norsemen, this word often takes the form of _side_; _e.g._ Ormside, Ambleside, Kettleside, Silverside (the settlement of Ormr, Hamel, Ketyl, Soelvar), etc.; Pecsaeten (the settlement at the peak), in Derbyshire; Alsace, anc. _Alsatia_, _i.e._ the _other_ settlement, with reference to the German settlements on the west bank of the Rhine, as distinguished from the Franks or _Ripuari_, on the east; Holstein, anc. _Holtsatia_ (the settlement in the woods); Waldsassen (wood settlement); Winkelsass and Endzettel (the corner settlement); Neusass, Neusiedel, and Neusohl (the new settlement); Einsiedeln (the settlement of Eina), in Switzerland; Wolfsedal (of Wolfa); Soest or Söst, in Prussia, for _Suth-satium_ (the southern seat). In Sclavonian names we have Sedlitz (the possession); Stary-Sedlo (the old possession); Sedlitz-gross (the great settlement); Sursee, in Switzerland (the seat or dwelling, Old Fr. Zi), on the R. Sur; Sion or Sitten, in Switzerland, Cel. _Suidh-dunum_ (the seat on the hill-fort). In Ireland: Seagoe, Irish _Suidhe-Gobha_ (St. Gobha’s seat); Seeoran (Oran’s seat); Seaghanbane (the white seat); Seaghandoo (the black seat); Shinrone, anc. _Suidhe-an-roin_ (literally the seat of the seal, but figuratively of a certain hairy man); Hermosillo, in Mexico, Span. (beautiful seat). [Sidenote: SHAN (Chinese),] a mountain; _e.g._ Shan-tung (east of the mountain); Shan-se (west of the mountain); Thian-Shan (the celestial mountain). [Sidenote: SHAMAR (Pers.),] a river; _e.g._ Samer, Samara, Sambre, river names. The Samur, which flows into the Sea of Asoph. [Sidenote: SHAW (A.S.), _sceaga_, SKEG (Scand.),] a wood or grove; _e.g._ the Shaws, in Cumberland and Lanarkshire; Birchenshaw (the birch grove); Pollokshaws (the woods near the village of Pollok); Bradshaw (broad wood); Shaugh-Prior (the prior’s wood); Shawbury (the town in the wood); Evershaw (the wood of the wild boar, _eofer_); Skegness (the headland of the wood). [Sidenote: SHEHR (Pers.), CHERI (Tamil),] a dwelling; _e.g._ Begshehr (the dwelling of the beg or bey); Abou-shehr (the dwelling of Abou); Allah-shehr (God’s house); Eskshehr (old dwelling); Yenishehr (new dwelling); Anoopshehr (incomparable dwelling); Pondicherry, originally _Pudicheri_ (new dwelling or town); Paraicherie (the village of Pariahs)--probably Shiraz and Shirvan belong to this root. [Sidenote: SIDH, SITH (Gadhelic),] a fairy or a fairy hill. The belief in these supernatural beings is still general among the Celtic races. It was believed that they resided in the interior of pleasant hills called _sidhe_ or _siodha_. The word frequently takes the form of _shee_, as in the Shee Hills, in Co. Meath; Glenshee, in Perthshire; Mullaghshee (the fairy hillock); Sheetrim, _i.e._ _Sidh-dhruim_ (the fairy ridge), the old name of the rock of Cashel; Killashee (the church near the fairy hill); Rashee (the fort of the fairies); also Shean, Sheann, Sheane, Shane, in Ireland. [Sidenote: SIERRA (Span.), CERRO (Port.),] a mountain chain, having a serrated appearance, from the Lat. _serra_, a saw; or perhaps from the Ar. _sehrah_, an uncultivated tract of land, being the root of the desert of Sahara, in Africa; _e.g._ Sierra-de-fuentes (the mountain chain of the fountains); Sierra-de-los-vertientes (of the cascades); Sierra Leone (of the lion); Sierra-Calderona (the mountain chain with the cauldrons or craters); Sierra-de-las-Monas (of the apes); Sierra Morena (the dark mountain range); Sierra Nevada (the snowy); Sierra Estrella (the starry mountain range); Sierra-de-Culebra (of the snake); Sierra-de-gata (of agates); Esmeraldas-Serradas (the emerald mountains), in Brazil; Cerro-da-vigia (the mountain of observation); Cerro-de-la-Giganta (of the giantess); Cerro-largo (broad mountain); Cerro-gordo (fruitful mountain); Cerro-del-cobre (of the snake); but _serra_, in Italian, means a narrow place--as in Serra-capriola (the narrow place of the goats); and Serra-Monascesca (of the monks). [Sidenote: SKAER (Scand.), SGOR and SGEIR (Gadhelic),] a sharp rock-allied to the Welsh _skerid_, cleft asunder, _ysgariad_; _e.g._ Skerid-fawn and Skerid-fach (the great and little skerid or division). _Esgair_ is another word from the same root, applied to a long ridge; _e.g._ Esgair-hir (the long ridge); Esgair-graig (the rock ridge)--_e.g._ Scarcliff (the cliff of the sharp rock); Nashscaur (the promontory of the steep rock); Scarborough (the town on the rock or cliff); Scorton, with the same meaning, in Yorkshire; Scarnose and Scarness (the sharp cape); Skerryford, Skeerpoint, on the coast of Wales; Sheerness (the sharp headland), on the Thames; Scaranos, with the same meaning, on the coast of Sicily; Scarabines (the sharp points), in Caithness; Scuir (a sharp rock), on the island of Egg; Scordale, in Westmoreland, and Scordal, in Iceland (the valley of the steep rock); Scarsach (abounding in steep rocks), in Perth; Scarba (the island of the sharp rock), and Scarp, in the Hebrides; the Skerry and the Skerries, in the Shetlands, and on the coast of Ireland and Wales; Skerry-vore (the great rock), in the Hebrides. [Sidenote: SKAW, SKAGI (Scand.),] an isthmus or promontory; _e.g._ the Skaw or Skagen Cape, on the coast of Denmark; Skagerack or Skagen-rack (the strait near the promontory). [Sidenote: SKI, SK, SKIA,] an affix in Sclav. topography, signifying a town, often annexed to the name of the river near the town, or to the name of its founder; _e.g._ Tobolsk, Tomsk, Pinsk, Vitepsk, Volsk, Omsk, on the Rivers Tobol, Tom, Pina, Viteba, Volga, Om; Irkutsk, Berdiansk, Bielorietzk, Bobroninsk, Illginsk, Miask, Olekminsk, Okhotsk, Olensk, on the Rivers Irkut, Berda, Biela, Bobronia, Ilga, Miass, Olekma, Okhota, and Olenek; Bielozersk (the town on the white island); Jarensk (the town on the Jarenga or strong river); Kesilskaia (on the red river); Krasno-Ufimsk (the beautiful town of the R. Ufa); Petsk (silk town), in Turkey, where the mulberry-tree is extensively cultivated; Yakutsk (the town of the Yakuts, a Tartar tribe); Salskaia, on the R. Sal; Sviajsk (the town on the Sviga, holy river); Sviatskaia (the town of Sviatovid, a Sclav. deity); Dmitrovisk (the town of Demetrius, a Russian saint); Kupiansk and Kupiszki (the town on the promontory, _kupa_). [Sidenote: SKIP (Scand.), SCHAEF (A.S.),] a sheep; _e.g._ Skipton, Skipwich, Schaefheim (sheep town); Shapfells (sheep hills); Sheppey (sheep island); Skipsia (sheep’s stream); Schaefmatt (sheep meadow); Shefford (sheep’s ford); Scaefstadt (sheep town). [Sidenote: SLIABH, SLIEVE, or SLIEU (Gadhelic),] a mountain or heath, akin to the Ger. _sliet_, a declivity; _e.g._ Slieve-Anieran (the iron mountain), so called from its mines; Slievesnaght (snowy mountains); Slieve-Bernagh (gapped mountain); Bricklive (speckled mountain); Beglieve (small mountain). In all these places in Ireland the original names have been corrupted: Sleaty (the mountains); Sleeven (the little hill); Slievenamon, _i.e._ _Sliabh-na-mban-fion_ (the mountain of the fair women or fairies); Slievebloom (Bladh’s mountain); Slieve-beagh (birch-tree hill); Slieve-corragh (rugged hill); Slieveroe (the red hill); Sliabh-cuailgne, now the Cooley Mountains, in Ireland; Sleibhe-Cuillinn (the Coolin or Cuchullin Hills), in Skye; Slamannan (the _sliabh_ or moor of the district formerly called _Manan_, parts of Stirling and Clackmannanshire). [Sidenote: SLOG (A.S.),] a slough or marshy place; _e.g._ Slough, Co. Bucks; Sloby, Slawston, Slaugham (the dwelling on the marshy ground). [Sidenote: SLUAGH (Gadhelic),] a multitude, a host; _e.g._ Ballinasloe (the ford-mouth of the hosts), in Co. Galway; Srahatloe, _i.e._ _Srath-a’-tsluagh_ (the river holm of the hosts); Knockatloe and Tullintloy (the hill of the hosts), in Ireland. [Sidenote: SNAID, SNOED (Teut.),] a separated piece of land, from the Old Ger. _sniden_ and Modern Ger. _schneiden_ (to cut); _e.g._ Eckschnaid (the oak snaid); Hinterschnaid (behind the snaid); Snaith, in Yorkshire; Snead, Montgomery; Sneyd, Co. Stafford; Sneaton (the town on the snaid); Snodland and Snodlands (the separated lands); Snodhill (the hill on the snaid). [Sidenote: SOC (A.S.), SOKE (Scand.),] a place privileged to hold local courts; _e.g._ Thorpe-le-Soke and Kirby-le-Soken (the village and church-town where the courts were wont to be held); Walsoken and Walton-le-Soken (the place near the _wall_, or perhaps the _well_, where the court was held); Sockbridge and Sockburn (the bridge and stream near the court station). [Sidenote: SOTO (Span.),] a grove; _e.g._ Soto, the name of several places in Spain; Sotilla (the little grove); Sotilla-de-las-Palomas (the little grove of the doves); Sotilla-de-la-ribera (the little grove of the river-bank). [Sidenote: SPINA (Lat.), EPINE (Fr.),] a thorn; _e.g._ Epinac, Epinal, Epinay, in France; Espinosa, in Spain (the thorny place); Epinville (the thorny villa); Epineuil (the thorny fountain, _œuil_); Epinoy, Epineuse, etc., in France; Speen, in Co. Berks, anc. _Spinæ_ (the thorny place). [Sidenote: SPITAL (Nor.-Fr.), YSPYTTY (Cym.-Cel.), SPIDEAL (Gadhelic),] an hospital or place of entertainment for strangers or invalids, from the Lat. _hospitium_; _e.g._ Spittal, in Caithness and Co. Pembroke; Spittle, in Cheshire and in Berwickshire; the Spital of Glenshee, in Perthshire; Dalna-Spidal (the field of the hospital); Spittalfields, in Middlesex; Yspytty-Rhew-Ystwith, on the R. Ystwith; Yspytty-Evan (Evan’s hospital), in Wales; Llanspithid, in Brecknock, which derived its name from an ancient _Ysbytty hospitium_ that existed here, supported by the priory of Malvern. These names and many others in England and Scotland derived their names from hospitals attached to religious houses in the Middle Ages. [Sidenote: SPRING (Teut.), SPRONG (Scand.),] a water-source; _e.g._ Springthorpe (the farm at the fountain); Adlerspring (the eagle’s fountain); Lippspring (at the source of the R. Lippe); Springe (at the source of the R. Haller); Magdespring (the maiden’s fountain). [Sidenote: SRATH (Gadhelic), YSTRAD (Cym.-Cel.),] an extensive valley, Anglicised _strath_; _e.g._ Strathmore and Strathbeg (the great and little valleys); Strathavon, Strathblan, Strathbogie, Strathconan, Strathearn (the valleys of the Rivers Avon, Blane, Bogie, Conan, and Earn); Strathyre, corrupt. from _Srathiar_ (the western valley, with reference to Strathearn, the eastern), in Perthshire; Strathclyde, Strathnaver, Strathspey, Strathallan, Strathpeffer, Strathbran, Strathgriffe (the valleys of the Rivers Clyde, Naver, Spey, Allan, Peffer, Bran, and Griffe); Strath Tary, in Sutherlandshire (the bull’s strath, _tairebb_); Strichen, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from _Srath-Ugie_ (the valley of the R. Ugie); Strathdon, corrupt. from _Srath-domhain_ (the valley of the deep river); Ystrad-Tywy (the valley of the R. Tywy), in Wales; Ystrad-yw (yew-tree valley or the valley of the brook Ywen); Yester, a parish in East Lothian, from _Ystrad_; Ystrad-fflur (the flowery valley), called by the Romans _Strata-Florida_; Ystrad-gwnlais (the valley of the trench, _clais_, through which a stream flows); Straiton, in Ayrshire (the town on the Strath); Traquhair (sheep valley). [Sidenote: SRON (Gadhelic), TRWYN (Cym.-Cel.),] a nose, hence a promontory; _e.g._ Stronaba (the cow’s promontory); Stronaclacher (the stony promontory); Stronechrigen (the rocky point); Stronfearn (the point of the alders); Strondeas (the southern point); Strontian (the little promontory); Sorn, in Ayrshire, named from an ancient castle situated on a rocky headland; Troon (the promontory), on the Ayrshire coast; Sroan-keeragh (the sheep’s promontory); Shrone-beha (birch-tree promontory), in Ireland; Duntroon Castle (the fortress on the promontory), in Argyleshire; Turnberry Head, in Ayrshire, from _trwyn_; also Trwyn Point, in Ayrshire; Au-tron (on the point), in Cornwall; Trwyn-y-Badan (the promontory of the boats), in Wales. [Sidenote: SRUTH, SRUTHAIR (Gadhelic), SROTA (Sansc.),] a river or flowing water; _sru_, Sansc., to flow--cognate with _stroum_, Teut., _struja_, Sclav.; _e.g._ Srue, Sruh, Shrough, Sroughan (the stream), in Ireland; also Abbeyshrule (the abbey on the stream); Bealnashrura (the ford-mouth of the stream); Sroolane, Srooleen, Sruffan, and Sruffaun (little stream); Killeenatruan, anc. _Cillin-a-tsruthain_ (the little church of the stream); Anstruther in Fife, and Westruther in Berwickshire, probably from the same root; but Strowan, in Perthshire, is named for St. Rowan; Ardstraw, in Tyrone, is a corrupt. of _Ard-sratha_ (the height near the bank of the stream). [Sidenote: STACKR (Scand.), STUAIC (Gadhelic),] a projecting rock or point; _e.g._ the Stack Rocks and South Stack, on the coast of Wales; the Stags, on the Irish coast; Stack Island, Wales; and St. Bude’s Stack. In Ireland this word is generally Anglicised into _stook_; thus--the Stookans (the little rock pinnacles), near the entrance of the Giant’s Causeway; Stookan and Stookeen (the little rock). [Sidenote: STADT and STATT (Ger.), STEDE, or STEAD (A.S.),] a place or town; _gestade_, a station for ships; _stadel_, a small town; _staeth_, a bank or shore; _e.g._ Carlstadt, TheresienStadt, Christianstadt (towns named after one of the German emperors, Charles, after the Empress Theresa, and after Christian IV. of Sweden); Darmstadt, Illstadt, Stadt-Steinach, Lippstadt (towns on the Rivers Darm, Ill, Steinach, and Lippe); Bleistadt (lead town), near lead mines; Brahestadt, in Russia (founded by Count Brahe); Elizabethstadt, Hung. _Ebes-falva_, named after the Empress Elizabeth; Frederickstadt (Frederick’s town), in Denmark and in Norway; Gerbstadt, in Saxony (the town of Gerbert); Glückstadt, Lat. _Fanum-fortunæ_ (the fortunate town or the temple of fortune); Halbertstadt (the town of Albert); Heiligenstadt (holy town); Hermanstadt (the town of Herman, one of the Germans who colonised certain German cities in Transylvania in the twelfth century); Ingoldstadt, in Bavaria (the town of Ingold)--the name of this town was mistranslated by Latin and Greek authors into _Auripolis_ and _Chrysopolis_ (the golden city); Rudolstadt (the town of Rudolph); Grimstadt, in Norway, and Grimstead, in Co. Wilts (the town of Grim, a common Scandinavian name); Stade (the station), in Hanover; Scoppenstadt, in Brunswick, anc. _Scipingestete_ (the ship station); Stadt-am-hop (the town at the court), in Bavaria; Tennstadt, anc. _Dannenstedi_ (the station of the Danes), in Saxony; Kroppenstadt, the Germanised form of the Sclav. _Grobenstadt_ (the count’s town); Reichstadt (rich town); Altstadt (old town); Elstead, in Sussex and in Surrey (the place of Ella, the Saxon); Stadhampton (the town at the home place), in Oxford; Thaxsted (the thatched place), in Essex; Boxstead (the place of beech-trees, or of the Bokings, a patronymic); Hampstead (the home place); Wanstead (Woden’s place); Armenianstadt, in Transylvania, colonised by Armenians in 1726; Staithes (the banks), in Cumberland; Stathern (the dwelling on the bank), Leicester; Halstead, A.S. _Haelsted_ (a healthy place). [Sidenote: STAEF, STAUF (Teut.), STAV (Scand.),] a stake or pole, also, in Germany, applied to a perpendicular rock; _e.g._ Stauffenberg (the mountain with pillar-like rocks), in Lower Hesse; Donaustauff (the steep rock on the Danube); Hohenstauffen (the high rocks), in Wurtemberg; Regenstauf (the rock on the R. Regen); Staufen (a fort situated on a rock), in Baden; Staffa (the island with the pillar-like rocks), off the coast of Argyleshire; Staffenloch (the lake of the pillars), in the Island of Skye. [Sidenote: STAL, STUHL (Teut.), STELLE,] a stall, place, or seat; _e.g._ Hohenstellen (the high place); Herstal (the place of the army); Tunstall (the place on the hill, _dun_), in Co. Stafford. [Sidenote: STAN (A.S.), STEIN (Ger.), STEEN (Dutch),] a stone or rock, and in topography sometimes applied to a rock-fortress; _e.g._ Staunton, Steynton (the town on the stony ground); Stanton, in Gloucestershire, named from a remarkable stone in the neighbourhood); Fewstone (fire stone), in Yorkshire, said to have been named from a fire-circle near the place; Staines (the stones), in Middlesex, marking the jurisdiction of the mayor of London; Stantz (the stony place), in Switzerland; Steenbeke, Steenbegue, Steinbach (the stony brook); Stanley (stony field), in Yorkshire; Steenbirge, Steenbrugge, Steenhout, Steenkirche (the stony hill, bridge, wood, church), in Belgium; Steenvorde (stony ford); Stein-am-anger (the rock on the field); Steinitz (the German rendering of _Sczenz_, dog town), in Moravia; Offenstein (the fortress of Offa); Lahnstein (the fortress on the R. Lahn); Lauenstein (the lion’s fortress, with reference to some person who bore that sobriquet); Ehrenbreitstein (the broad stone of honour); Stennis (the headland of the stones), in Orkney; Hauenstein, in Baden (the hewn rock), so called because the precipices of the Jura in that locality resemble masonry; Ysselstein (the rock on the R. Yssel); Bleistein (lead rock), near lead mines, in Bavaria; Dachstein, in Alsace, anc. _Dagoberti Saxum_ (the rock of Dagobert); Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks); Falkenstein (of the falcon or of the personal name Falk); Greiffenstein (of the vulture); Schaunstein (the beautiful rock or fortress); Neckar-Steinach (the stony place on the Neckar); Iselstein, on the Isel; Wetterstein, on the Wetter; Buxton, in Derbyshire, was named from the piles of stones called buck-stones, found in the Yorkshire and Derbyshire moors; Standish, in Gloucestershire, corrupt. from _Stonehouse_. In some cases the affix _stone_ is used instead of _town_ or _ton_, as in Maidstone, A.S. _Medwegston_, Cel. _Caer-Medwig_ (the town on the R. Medway); Goodmanstone (the priest’s town), Dorsetshire; and in Cumberland and Westmoreland, where the Norsemen had settlements, this word often marks the site of the grave of one of their heroes, as in Haroldstone, Hubberstone, Thurston, Gamfrestone, Silverstone, Stanton, Drew (the Druid’s stone), in Somersetshire, near an ancient stone-circle; Kingston, in Surrey, where in the centre of the town is still shown the _stone_ on which the A.S. kings were crowned. [Sidenote: STAN (Pers.), STHANA (Sansc.),] a district or region; _e.g._ Hindostan (the district watered by the R. Indus, Pers. _hindu_--water); Affghanistan (the district of the Affghans, who are said to have taken their designation from a certain chief called Malik Afghāna); Rajpootana (the district of the Rajpoots or king’s sons); Kurdistan (of the Kurds); Beloochistan (of the Beluchis); Gurgistan or Georgia (the district watered by the R. Kur or Kyros); Kaffaristan or Kaffraria (of the unbelievers); Arabistan (of the Arabs); Bootan (the district of the Highlanders); Dushistan (the south region), also called _Gurmsir_ (warm country); Gulistan (the district of roses); Baghistan (of gardens); Khorasan (the country of the sun); Zangistan or Zanguebar, Pers. and Ar. (the country or coast-lands of the Zangis)--_v._ BAHR. [Sidenote: STAPLE (Teut.),] literally a prop, support, or heap; but in the commerce of the Middle Ages it was applied, in the first place, to the buildings or towns in which the chief products of a district were treasured up or sold; and, in the second place, to the commodities themselves; _e.g._ Stapleton (the town of the market); Staplehurst and Stapleford (the wood and ford near the market-place); Dunstable (the market-place on the hill), formerly _Dunstaple_; Whitstable (white market-place); Barnstaple, anc. _Berstable_ (the market-place for the produce of the district--_beor_, what it bears). In France: Etaples, L’étape, Staple, etc. [Sidenote: STARY (Sclav.),] old; _e.g._ Stargard, Starogard (the old fortress); Stary-sedlo, Storosele, Starosol (the old settlement); Starodub (the old oak-tree); Starwitz, Staria, Starinka, Stariza (old place); Starobielsk (the old town on the R. Biela); Staro-Constantinov (the old town of Constantine). In places where the population is chiefly German this word takes the form of _stark_, as in Starkenburg, Starkenhorst; Istarda or Starova (old town), in Turkey; Staroi-Oskol (the old town on the R. Oskol, in opposition to Novoi-Oskol, the new town on that river). [Sidenote: STEIG, STIG, STY (Teut. and Scand.),] a steep path; _e.g._ Stickney (the island or watery meadow by the steep path); Kirchsteg (the steep path to the church); Durnsteeg (thorny path); Stiegmühle (the mill on the steep path); Amsteg (at the steep path). [Sidenote: STEORT (A.S.), STERZ (Old Ger.),] the tail--in topography a point; _e.g._ Startpoint, in Devonshire; Starston (the town on the point); Sterzhausen, Sterzmühle, Staartpolder--_v._ HAUS, MÜHLE, POLDER; Staartven (the marsh on the point). [Sidenote: STEPPES (Sclav.),] an uncultivated waste--a word applied to the extensive desert plains in Russia. [Sidenote: STER, or ESTER,] in Brittany, a stream; _e.g._ Ster-boueux (the muddy stream); Stercaer (the stream at the fort); Sterpoulder (of the black pool), etc. According to Forsteman, there is a Teutonic river-root, _str_, which he finds in the names of 100 German streams; _e.g._ Elster, Alster, Wilster, Gelster, Laster, and _Ister_--an ancient name of the Danube--Stour, Stura, etc. [Sidenote: STER (Scand.),] Old Norse _setr_ (a station or place), contracted from _stadr_ (a place); _bu-stadr_ (a dwelling-place), contracted to _bister_ or _buster_; _e.g._ Grunaster (green place); Keldabister (the place at the well or fountain); Kirkbuster (the dwelling at the church); Hesting-ster (the settlement of Hesting). The same word appears in the names given by the Danes to three of the provinces of Ireland--Ulster, for the Irish _Uladh_, _i.e._ _Ulla-ster_; Leinster, Irish _Laighen_ or _Layn_; Munster, Irish _Mumha_ (named after a king). [Sidenote: STOC, STOW (Teut.),] literally a stake or the trunk of a tree, applied at first to a place protected by a stockade, or surrounded by stocks or piles; and in German topography sometimes applied to hills, as in Hochstock (high hill); Stockheim (the home on the hill); sometimes to places built upon stakes, as in Stockholm. In Great Britain, standing alone, it means simply the place, as Stock, in Essex; Stow, a parish in Mid Lothian; Stoke-upon-Trent; Stow-in-the-Wold or waste land; Stoke-Bardolph, Stoke-Fleming, Stoke-Gabriel, Stoke-Poges, Stoke-Edith (named from the proprietors); Stow-market (the market-place); Stow-Upland (the place in the high lands); Kewstoke (at the quay); Elstow, in Wilts (old place); Elstow, in Bedford (St. Helen’s place), the site of a nunnery dedicated to that saint; Basingstoke (the place belonging to the Basings, a patronymic); Bridstow (St. Bridget’s place); Bristol, anc. _Briegstow_ (the place at the breach or chasm, _brice_, through which the R. Avon passes)--its Celtic name was _Nant-Avon_ (on the valley of the Avon); Padstow, in Cornwall, anc. _Petrocstowe_, Welsh _Llan-petroc_ (the place or church of St. Petroc); Tavistock and Tawstock (places on the Rivers Tavy and Taw). As a prefix, _stock_ often denotes the chief place in a district, as in Stockton (the chief town on the Tees), and in Stockport (the chief port on the Mersey). [Sidenote: STOLL (Ger.),] a mine-shaft; _e.g._ Stollenberg (the hill of the mine-shaft); Stollenschmeide (the smithy at the mine-shaft); but Stollenkirchen, _i.e._ _Stallinchirchun_, is from Stalla (a person’s name). [Sidenote: STOLPE (Sclav.),] a rising ground in a marshy place; _e.g._ Stolpe, the name of a circle and of several towns in Hungary and Pomerania; Stolpen, in Saxony. [Sidenote: STÖR (Scand.),] great; _e.g._ Störfiord (the great bay); Störhammer (great hill); Störoe (great island); Störaa (great river); Störsjon and Störsoen (great lake); Störa-kopparberg (the great copper mountain), in Sweden and Norway. [Sidenote: STRAD (A.S.), STRASSE (Ger.), STRŒDE (Scand.), SRAID (Gadhelic), YSTRAD (Cym.-Cel.),] a row, a street, a road, borrowed from the Lat. _strata_; _e.g._ Stratford (the ford near one of the great Roman roads, called streets); Stratford-le-Bow (the ford with the bow or bridge near the Roman road); Stratsett (the road station); Streatham and Stretton (the town on the road); Stratton, in Cornwall, and Stradbally, in Ireland (the village of one street); Straid, Strade (the street); Stradeen (little street), in Ireland; Strond, on the R. Strond; Strasbourg, in West Prussia (the town on the highway); but Strasbourg, in Alsace, anc. _Stratiburg_, is the German translation of its Latin name _Argentoriatum_ (the town of silver--_strati_, Teut., silver); Stony Stratford (the stony ford on the great Roman road, called Erming Street); Watling Street is said to have been named from _waedla_ (the mendicant or pilgrim); Icknield Street from the _Iceni_; Erming Street from _earm_ (a pauper). [Sidenote: STRAZNA (Sclav.),] a watch-tower, akin to the A.S. _streone_; _e.g._ Straznitz, in Moravia (the town with the watch-tower). [Sidenote: STRELITZ (Sclav.),] a huntsman; _e.g._ Strelitz-klein and Strelitz-gross (the great and little town of the huntsman, or of the _Strelitzi_, the name given to the lifeguards), in Russia; Strelitzkaia and Strielinskaia, with the same meaning. [Sidenote: STROM, STROOM (Teut.),] a stream or current; _e.g._ the Maelstrom (mill stream, so called from its rushing sound); Rheinstrom (the Rhine current); Stroomsloot (the sluice of the current); Stroma, Stromoe, Stromsoe, Stromay (the island of the current); Stromen and Stromstadt (the place near the current); Stromen-Fiorden (the bay of the current); Stromberg (the town or hill on the stream); Stromness (the headland of the current). [Sidenote: SU (Turc.),] water; _e.g._ Ak-su (the white stream); Kara-su (the black stream); Adji-su (bitter water). [Sidenote: SUD, SUTH, SODER, SOUDEN,] the south; Buttman traces this word to the sun, the oldest form of the word being _sundar_; _e.g._ Sonnenburg, Sonderhausen, Sundheim, Soudham, Southofen (the south dwelling or enclosure); Southdean (south hollow); Southwark, Dan. _Sydvirche_ (the south fortress); Southover (south shore); Suffolk (the district of the south people, as distinguished from Norfolk); Sutton and Sodbury (south town); Sudborne (south stream); Suderoe (south island); Sudetic Mountains (the southern mountain chain); Sudereys (the southern islands), a name applied by the Norsemen to all the British islands under their rule south of the Orkneys and north of the Island of Man--hence the bishoprick of _Sodor_ and Man; Sutherland (the land to the south of Caithness); Soderköping (the south market-town), in Sweden; Soest, in Prussia (on the Sosterbach); Sidlaw Hills (the south hills, in reference to their forming the south boundary of Strathmore). [Sidenote: SUMAR, SOMAR (Teut.),] summer; _e.g._ Somercotes, Somersall, Somerton (summer dwellings); Somerghem in Belgium, and Sommerberg in Bohemia, with the same meaning; but Somarsheim, in Hungary, is the German corrupt. of _Szomorfalva_ (the village of sorrow); Szmarja or Szent-marfa (St. Mary’s town), Germanised into _Sommarein_. [Sidenote: SUND (Scand.),] a strait; _e.g._ the Sound, between Sweden and Zealand; Christiansund, at the mouth of a narrow inlet, founded by Christian IV.; Frederichsund, on a narrow inlet in Zealand; Ostersund (the eastern strait), in Sweden; Stralsund (the arrow-like strait--_straele_, an arrow). [Sidenote: SUNTARA (Teut.),] privileged land; _e.g._ Frankensundern (the privileged place of the Franks); Beversundern (the privileged place on the R. Bever); Sontra, in Hesse-Homburg (the privileged place); Sunderland (the privileged land), in Durham. [Sidenote: SZASZ (Hung.),] Saxon; _e.g._ Szasvaros, Ger. _Sachsenstadt_ (the town or fortress of the Saxons), in Transylvania; Szasz-Sebes (the Saxon-Sebes or swift stream). [Sidenote: SZENT (Hung.), SANT (Welsh),] a saint; _e.g._ Szenta, Szentes (the saints’ town or holy town); _e.g._ Szendro (St. Andrew’s town); Mindszent (the town of All Saints); Szent-kercsyt (the town of the holy cross); Santarem, in Portugal, from St. Irene, Santiago (for St. James); St. Denis, named after St. Dionysius, where the remains of this saint were interred; St. Heliers, in Jersey (for St. Hilarius); Szent-György (St. George’s town); St. Ives, in Cornwall, named after an Irish saint called _Jia_, who came to that spot; St. Ives, in Huntingdon, named after Ivon, a bishop. T [Sidenote: TA (Chinese),] great; _e.g._ Ta-kiang (the great river); Ta-Hai (the great lake); Ta-Shan (great mountain); Ta-Gobi (the great desert). [Sidenote: TABERNA (Lat. and Span.), TAFARN (Welsh),] an inn; _e.g._ Taberna, in Spain; Zabern-Rhein (the inn on the Rhine); Zabern-berg (the hill inn); Zabern-Elsass (the Alsatian inn), called in French _Savernæ_, corrupt. from the Lat. _Tabernæ_; Tavernes and Taverny, in France. [Sidenote: TAING, TANGA (Teut. and Scand.), TUNGA,] a tongue, a point of land; _e.g._ Tongue, a parish in Sutherlandshire; Tong, in Ross; Tongland, in Kirkcudbright, upon a peninsula formed by the Rivers Dee and Tarf; Tonge, in Lancashire; but Tongres, Tongrinnes, and Tongerloo, in Belgium, derive their names from the _Tungri_, a tribe; Tong-fell, in Cumberland, and Tangfjeld, Norway, and Tunga-fell, Iceland (the mountain with the tongue or point); Thong-castle, in Kent, and Thong-castor, near Grimsby. [Sidenote: TAL (Cym.-Cel.),] the forehead, or, as an adjective, high; _e.g._ Talgarth (the brow of the hill; Talibont (bridge-end, _pont_); Talbenny (the head of the hill-pen), in Wales. Tal-y-cavn (the head of the trough); Tal-y-Llychan (the head of the pools), in Caermarthen; Talachddu (the head of the black water, a small brook called Achddu), a parish in Brecknock. [Sidenote: TAMH, TAW (Cym.-Cel.),] quiet, cognate with A.S. _tam_, found in many river names; _e.g._ the Tame, Tamar, Tamer, Teane, Teign, Thame, Taw, Tawey, Tavoy, Tay, Temesch, Tees, Thames (the quiet water), joined to _uisge_, _a_, _y_, _o_, _or_, _ri_ (flowing water). [Sidenote: TAMNACH (Gadhelic),] a green field, common in Irish topography under various forms, such as Tawny, Tawnagh, Tonagh, and Taminy; _e.g._ Tonaghneeve, for _Tamhnaich-naemh_ (the field of the saints), now Saintfield; Tawnaghlahan (broad field); Tawnkeel (narrow field); Tamnaghbane (white field); Tavnaghdrissagh (the field of the briers). [Sidenote: TANNA (Old Ger.),] wood; _tanne_ (modern), the fir-tree; _e.g._ Niederthan (the lower wood); Hohenthan (high wood); Thanheim, Thanhausen, Tandorf (the dwellings at the wood); Tanberg (wood hill). [Sidenote: TARBERT, or TAIRBERT (Gadhelic),] an isthmus; _e.g._ Tarbet, in Cromarty and Ross; Tarbert, in Harris; Tarbet, on Loch Lomond; East and West Tarbert, in Argyleshire; Tarbetness (the point of the isthmus), in Ross-shire. [Sidenote: TARBH (Gadhelic), TARW (Cym.-Cel.),] a bull, cognate with the Lat. _taurus_ and the Grk. _tauros_; _e.g._ Knockatarriv and Knockatarry (the hill of the bull); Clontarf, anc. _Cluain-tarbh_ (the bull’s meadow); Cloontarriff and Cloontarriv, with the same meaning. Some river names, such as Tarf, Tarras, Tarth, Tarn, may have this word as a prefix, or perhaps _tara_, Irish, rapid. [Sidenote: TARNIK (Sclav.),] the thorn; _e.g._ Tarnowce and Tarnowitz (thorn village); Tarnau, Tarnow, Tornow, Torniz (a thorny place); Tarnograd (thorn fortress); Tarnopol (thorn city). [Sidenote: TEACH and TIGH (Gadhelic), TY (Cym.-Cel.),] a house or dwelling, cognate with the Lat. _tectum_, Ger. _dach_, and Scand. _tag_, a roof; Anglicised _tagh_, in the genitive, _tigh_. This word, under various forms, is common in Irish topography; _e.g._ Tagheen (beautiful house); Taghboy and Taghbane (the yellow and white house); Taghadoe (St. Tua’s house); Tiaquin, in Co. Galway, _i.e._ _Tigh-Dachonna_ (St. Dachonna’s house); Timahoe, for _Tech-Mochua_ (St. Mochua’s house or church). Joined to the genitive of the article, it takes the form of _tin_ or _tinna_, thus--Tinnahinch (the house of the island or river holm, _innis_); Tincurragh (of the marsh); Tinakilly (of the church or wood); Timolin (of St. Moling); Tigh-na-bruaich, in Argyleshire (the dwelling on the edge of the bank); Tynron, in Dumfries, _i.e._ _Tigh-an-roinne_ (the house on the point); Tyndrum, in Perthshire (the dwelling on the ridge); Tisaran, anc. _Teach-Sarain_ (the house of St. Saran), in King’s Co. Stillorgan, also in Ireland, corrupt. from _Tigh-Lorcain_ (the house of St. Lorcain or Lawrence); Saggard, from _Teach-Sacra_ (of St. Mosacra); Cromarty, anc. _Crum-bachtyn_ (the dwelling on the winding bay); Tinnick, in Ireland, _i.e._ _Tigh-cnuie_ (the house on the hill). In Wales: Ty-gwyn (white house); Ty-Ddewi (St. David’s house); Great Tey and Little Tey (great and little dwelling); Tey-at-the-elms, in Essex. [Sidenote: TEAMHAIR (Irish),] a palace situated on an elevated spot; _e.g._ Tara, anc. _Teamhair_, the ancient capital of Meath, and several other places called Tara, in Ireland. This word sometimes takes the form of _tavver_, _tawer_, or _tower_, as in Towerbeg and Towermore (the little and great palace). [Sidenote: TEAMPULL (Gadhelic),] a temple or church, derived from the Lat. _templum_; _e.g._ Templemichael, Templebredon (the churches of St. Michael and St. Bredon); Templemore (the great church or cathedral); Templecarriga (of the rock); Temple-tochar (of the causeway), in Ireland; Templemars and Talemars, in France, anc. _Templum-Martis_ (the temple of Mars). [Sidenote: TEINE (Gadhelic), TÂN (Cym.-Cel.),] fire. In topography this word is found in the forms of _tin_ and _tinny_, and must indicate spots where fires of special importance were wont to be kindled. Whether these fires were beacon-fires, or whether they referred to the Beltane fires kindled by the ancient Celts on May Day, cannot, in special cases, be determined; but that the Beltane fires were connected with the religious rites of the Druids is allowed, even by those who do not derive the word _Beltane_ from the name of a Celtic deity, or trace the observance of these rites to the sun and fire worship once alleged to have existed among the Celtic tribes, but now held to be an untenable theory by Celtic scholars.[5] In Ireland, near Coleraine, we find Kiltinny (the wood of the fire); Tamnaghvelton (the field of the Beltane sports); Clontinty, Co. Cork (the meadow of the fires); Mollynadinta, anc. _Mullaigh-na-dtaeinte_ (the summit of the fires); Duntinny (the fort of the fire), Co. Donegal. In Scotland _tinny_ is also found in topography, thus--Ardentinny and Craigentinny (the height and rock of the fire); Auchteany, and perhaps Auchindinny (the field of the fires); Tinto (the hill of the fire), in Lanarkshire. [Sidenote: TEPETL (Astec),] a mountain; _e.g._ Popocatepetl (the smoky mountain), in Mexico; Citlaltepetl (the star-like mountain--_citaline_, a star); Naucampatepetl (the square-shaped mountain), in Mexico. [Sidenote: TEPLY (Sclav.),] warm; _e.g._ Tepla (the warm stream); Tepel, on the R. Tepla (in the neighbourhood of warm mineral waters); Teplitz, the name of towns in Hungary, Bavaria, and Illyria, sometimes written Toplitz; Teplik and Teplovka, in Russia; Teflis, in Georgia, celebrated for its warm baths. [Sidenote: TERRA (Lat., It., and Port.), TIERRA (Span.), TERRE (French), TIR (Gadhelic and Cym.-Cel.),] land; _e.g._ Terciera (the rough land), in the Azores; Terranova (the new land), in Sicily, supposed to be on the site of the ancient Gela; Tierra-del-fuego (the land of fire), so named on account of the numerous fires seen on the land by the first discoverers; Terregles (church land); Tiree Island, Gael. _Tir-ith_ (the land of corn); Terryglas, _i.e._ _Tir-da-ghlas_ (the land of the two rivers), Co. Tipperary; Terryland, _i.e._ _Tir-oilein_ (the land of the island); Tyrone, anc. _Tir-Eoghain_ (Owen’s land); Tir-Rosser, _i.e._ _Tir-Rhos-hir_ (the long peat land), in Caermarthen; Pentir (the headland); Gwydir, from the roots _gwy_, water, and _tir_, a general term for moist land in different places in Wales. It was the ancient name of Glastonbury; Tiranascragh (the land of the sand hill, _esker_), Co. Galway; Tyrconell (the land of Conell), the ancient name of Co. Donegal; Carstairs, in Lanarkshire, anc. _Casteltarras_, probably corrupt. from _Castelterres_ (the castle lands), the castle in the village having been the site of a Roman station; Culter, in Lanarkshire, anc. _Cultir_ (the back of the land); _Finisterroe_ (land’s end), now Cape Finistère, the north-west extremity of France; Blantyre (warm land--_blane_, warm), in Lanarkshire; Terrebonne (good land), in Canada; Terre-haute (high land), in Indiana. [Sidenote: THAL (Ger.),] a valley--_v._ DAL. [Sidenote: THING, or TING,] a term applied by the Scandinavians to the legislative assemblies of their nation, and also to the places where these assemblies met, from an old word _tinga_, to speak. Traces of these institutions appear in the topography of certain districts in Great Britain formerly occupied by Danes or Norwegians. The Norwegian Parliament is still called the _Storthing_ or great assembly; smaller courts are called _Lawthings_, and the _Althing_ was the general assembly of the whole nation. These meetings were generally held on some remote island, hill, or promontory, where their deliberations might be undisturbed. The Swedish Parliament used to assemble on a mound near Upsala, which still bears the name of _Tingshogen_, Scand. _haugr_; Thingveller (the council-plains), in Iceland; Sandsthing (the place of meeting on the sand), in Iceland; Aithsthing (the meeting-place on the headland), in Iceland; Dingwall, in Ross-shire, has the same derivation--its Gaelic name is _Inverpeffer_ (at the mouth of that stream); Tingwall, in Shetland, Tynwald Hill, Isle of Man, Thingwall in Cheshire, and Dinsdale in Durham, from the same root; Tinwald, in Dumfries (the wood of the meeting); Tain, in Ross-shire, Norse _Thing_--its Gaelic name is _Baile-Duich_ (St. Duthic’s town). [Sidenote: THOR and THUR,] prefixes derived from the Saxon and Scandinavian deity _Thor_; _e.g._ Thorley, Thurley, Thursley, Thorsby, Thurlow, the valley, dwelling, and hill, named after Thor, or perhaps from a people or family name derived from the god, _i.e._ the _Thurings_, from whence also probably come Thorington in England, and Thorigné and Thorigny in France; Thüringerwald, in Germany; Thurston, Thursford, Thurscross, Thurlstone, etc.; Thorsoe (Thor’s island); Thurso (Thor’s stream, on which the town of Thurso is situated); Thorshaven (Thor’s harbour), in Norway and in the Faroe Islands. On the continent the god Thor was worshipped under the name of Thunor, hence the English word _thunder_ and the German _Donner_ (supposed, in the Middle Ages, to be Thor’s voice). From this word are derived Thunersberg and Donnersberg (the mountain of Thor); Donnersbach (Thor’s stream), in Styria; Torslunde (Thor’s sacred grove), in Denmark. [Sidenote: THORPE (A.S.),] an assembly of people, cognate with the Welsh _torf_ (a crowd or troop), Gael. _treubh_ (a tribe), and _troupe_, French; and then gradually coming to denote a farm or village; _e.g._ Thorp, in Northamptonshire; Calthorpe (cold village); Langthorpe (long village); Ingelthorpe, Kettlesthorpe, Swansthorpe, Bischopsthorpe (the farm or village of Ingold, Kettle, Sweyn, and the bishop); Nunthorpe (the nun’s village); Raventhorpe (Hrafen’s village); Thorparch, in Yorkshire (the village bridge), on the R. Wharfe; Milnethorpe (the village of the mill); Althorpe (old villages); Basingthorpe (the village of the Basings, a patronymic); Copmanthorpe (of the merchant). [Sidenote: THWAITE (Scand. _thveit_),] a cleared spot or an isolated piece of land, akin to the Danish _tvede_, a peninsula; _e.g._ Harrowthwaite, Finsthwaite, Ormathwaite, Sattersthwaite, places cleared and cultivated by the Scandinavians, whose names they bear; Applethwaite (of apples); Calthwaite (cold clearing); Birkthwaite (of birches); Micklethwaite (great clearing); Crossthwaite, in Cumberland, where St. Kentigern is said to have erected a cross; Lockthwaite (Loki’s clearing). [Sidenote: TOBAR (Gadhelic),] a fountain or well, from the old word _doboir_, water. Wells and fountains were held in great veneration by the Celts in heathen times, and are the subjects of many traditions in Ireland and Scotland. Many of the early preachers of Christianity established their foundations near these venerated wells, which were the common resorts of the people whom they had come to convert. In this way the new religion became associated in the minds of the converts with their favourite wells, and obtained the names of the saints, by which they are known to this day; _e.g._ Tobermory (St. Mary’s well), in the Island of Mull; Tobar-na-bhan-thighern (the chieftainess’s well), in Badenoch; Ballintobar (the town of the well), Co. Mayo, now called Tobermore (the great well), which had a well blessed by St. Patrick; Tibbermore or Tippermuir (the great well), in Perthshire; Tobar-nam-buadh, in Skye (the well of virtues); Tipperary, anc. _Tiobrad-Arann_ (the well of the district of Ara); Tipperkevin (St. Kevin’s well); Tipperstown, anc. _Baile-an-tobair_ (the town of the well); Tobercurry (the well of the cauldron); Toberbilly (the well of the old tree); Tobernaclug (the well of the bells, _clog_). Bells were held sacred by the Irish on account of a certain bell favoured by St. Patrick. Perhaps the rivers Tiber and Tiverone, as well as Tivoli, anc. _Tibur_, may come from this root. [Sidenote: TOFT, TOT (Scand.),] an enclosure or farm; _e.g._ Lowestoft, Dan. _Luetoft_ (the enclosure or place of the beacon-fire, which in early times was placed on the promontory where the town stands); Langtoft (long farm); Monk’s Tofts (the monk’s farm), and West Tofts, in Norfolk; Ecclestofts (the church farm buildings), in Berwickshire; Ivetot, anc. _Ivonis-tot_ (the farm of Ivo and Hautot (high farm), in Normandy; Sassetot (the Saxon’s farm); Littletot (little farm); Berguetot (birch farm), in Normandy. [Sidenote: TOM (Gadhelic and Welsh),] a knoll or mound; _e.g._ Tomintoul (the knoll of the barn), Gael. _Tom-an-t-sabhail_, Co. Banff; Tomachuraich (the boat-shaped knoll), Inverness-shire; Tom-ma-Chessaig (St. Kessag’s mound), at Callander; Tom-na-faire (the knoll of the watch-tower), on Loch Etive; Tomatin (the knoll of the fire, _teine_); Tomnacroiche (of the gallows); Tom-da-choill (of the two woods); Tombreck (speckled knoll); Tomgarrow (rough knoll); Tomnaguie (windy knoll), in Ireland; Tom-bar-lwm (the mound of the bare hill); Tommen-y-Bala (the mound of Lake Bala, having been raised as representative of Mount Ararat); Tommen-y-mur (of the rampart). [Sidenote: TON (A.S.), TUN (Scand.),] an enclosure, a town. The primary meaning of this word comes from the Gothic _tains_, Scand. _teinn_, Ger. _zaun_, a fence or hedge formed of twigs. Originally it meant a place rudely fortified with stakes, and was applied to single farm-steadings and manors, in which sense _tun_ is still used in Iceland, and _toon_ in Scotland. The word _toon_ retained this restricted meaning even in England in the time of Wickliffe. These single enclosures became the nucleus of a village which, gradually increasing, became a town or city, in the same manner as villages and towns arose around the Celtic _duns_, _raths_, and _lises_. This root, in the names of towns and villages, is more common than any other in Anglo-Saxon topography, being an element in an eighth part of the names of dwelling-places in the south of Great Britain. The greatest number of these names is connected with those of the original proprietors of the places, of which but a few examples can be given here. In such cases, the root _ton_ is generally preceded by _s_ or _ing_--_qu. v._; _e.g._ Grimston, Ormiston, Ribston, Haroldston, Flixton, Kennington (the property of Grim, Orm, Hreopa, Harold, and Felix); Canewdon (of Canute); Addlington and Edlington (of the nobles); Dolphinton, Covington, and Thankerton, parishes in Lanarkshire, took their names from Dolphine, Colban, and Tancred, to whom the lands were given in very early times; Symington and Wiston, in Lanarkshire, are found mentioned in old charters, the one as Symington, in Ayrshire, named from the same Simon Lockhart, the progenitor of the Lockharts of Lee; Cadoxton, _i.e._ Cadog’s town, in Wales; _Ecclesia de uilla Simonis Lockard_ (the church of Simon Lockhart’s villa), and the other, _Ecclesia uilla Withce_ (the church of Withce’s villa); Haddington (the town of Haddo); Alfreton, Wimbledon, Herbrandston, Houston (of Alfred, Wibba, Herbrand, Hugh); Riccarton, in Ayrshire, formerly Richardston, took its name from Richard Waleys, _i.e._ Richard the Foreigner, the ancestor of the great Wallace); Stewarton, in Ayrshire, had its name from the family which became the royal race of Scotland; Boston, in Lincoln (named after St. Botolph, the patron saint of sailors); Maxton, a parish in Roxburghshire (the settlement of Maccus, a person of some note in the reign of David I.); Flemingston and Flemington (named from Flemish emigrants); Woolston (from St. Woolstan); Ulverston (from Ulphia, a Saxon chief); Wolverhampton and Royston (from ladies who endowed religious houses at these places); Minchhampton (the home of the nuns, _minchens_); Hampton (the enclosed home); Preston and Presteign (priest’s town); Thrapston (the dwelling at the cross-roads); Broughton (the town at the fort or mound), a parish in Peeblesshire, with a village of the same name; Albrighton (the town of Aylburh); Harrington (of the descendants of Haro); Barton and Barnton (the enclosure for the crop; literally, what the land bears); Shettleston, in Lanarkshire, Lat. _Villa-filii-Sadin_ (the villa of Sadin’s son); Bridlington (the town of the _Brihtlingas_, a tribe), sometimes called _Burlington_; Adlington (town of Eadwulf); Prestonpans, in Mid Lothian, named from the salt pans erected there by the monks of Newbattle; Layton, in Essex, on the R. Lea; Luton, in Bedford, also on the Lea; Makerston, in Roxburghshire, perhaps from St. Machar; Johnstone, in Renfrew (founded by the Laird of Johnston in 1782); Liberton, near Edinburgh, where there was an hospital for lepers; Honiton, Co. Devon, _Ouneu-y-din_ (the town of ash-trees); Kensington (of the Kensings); Edmonton, in Middlesex (Edmond’s town); North and South Petherton, in Somerset (named from the R. Parret), anc. _Pedreda_; Campbeltown, in Argyleshire, received its name from the Argyle family in 1701--its Gaelic name was _Ceann-Loch_ (the loch head); Launceston--_v._ LANN; Torrington, in Devon (the town on the hill, _tor_, or on the R. Torridge); Watlington (the village protected by _wattles_). Of towns named from the rivers near which they are situated, Collumpton, Crediton, Frampton, Taunton, Lenton (on the Culm, Credy, Frome or Frame, Tone, and Lee); Northampton (on the north shore of the R. _Aufona_, now the Nen); Okehampton, on the R. Oke; Otterton, Leamington, Bruton, Moulton, Wilton, on the Otter, Learn, Brue, Mole, and Willy; Darlington or Darnton, on the Dar; Lymington, in Hants, anc. _Lenton_ (on the pool); Southampton (the south town on the Anton or Test, which with the Itchen forms Southampton Water); Ayton, in Berwickshire, on the R. Eye. [Sidenote: TOPOL (Sclav.),] the poplar-tree; _e.g._ Töplitz, Neu and Alt (the place of poplars), in the basin of the R. Elbe, to be distinguished from Teplitz, in Bohemia--_v._ TEPLY, which is sometimes misnamed Töplitz. [Sidenote: TORGAU (Sclav.),] a market-place; _e.g._ Torgau, Torgovitza, Torgowitz (market-towns). [Sidenote: TORR (Gadhelic), TWR (Cym.-Cel.),] a mound, a heap, a conical hill, cognate with the Lat. _turris_, the Ger. _thurm_, and the Grk. _pyrgos_ (a tower); Tor, in Ireland, means a tower also; _e.g._ Toralt (the tower of the cliff); Tormore (great tower or tower-like rock); Tornaroy (the king’s tower); Tory Island, off the Irish coast, had two distinct names--_Torach_ (_i.e._ abounding in tower-like rocks), and _Toirinis_ (the island of the tower), so named from a fortress called _Tor-Conaing_ (the tower of Conaing, a Fomorian chief); Torran, Tortan (little tower), applied to little knolls, as in Toortane and Turtane; Mistor and Mamtor, in Devonshire; Croken Torr, in Cornwall (a hill where meetings were held--_gragan_, Welsh, to speak); Torphichen (the raven’s hill), a parish in West Lothian; Torbolton, in Ayrshire, tradition says is the town of Baal’s mound. There is a beautiful hill in the parish where superstitious rites are still held; a bonfire is raised, and a sort of altar erected, similar to those described in the sacrifices to Baal on Mount Carmel; Torbay, in Devonshire, named from the hill which overlooks the bay, which gives its name to Torquay; Torrdubh and Torrduff (black hill); Torbane and Torgorm (the white and the blue hill); Torbreck (speckled hill); Torinturk (the wild boar’s hill); Kintore (at the head of the hill), in Aberdeenshire; Turriff, in Banffshire, is the plural form of _toir_. From the Lat. _turris_ and its derivatives, come Tordesillas (the tower of the bishop’s see), in Spain; Torquemada, Lat. _Turris cremata_ (the burned tower); Torr-alba and Torre-blanca (the white tower); Torrecilla, Lat. _Turricellæ_ (the church-towers), in Spain; Torres-novas and Torres-vedras (the new and old towers), in Portugal; Torella (the little tower), Naples; Truxillo, in Spain, _i.e._ _Turris-Julii_ (the tower of Julius); Tourcoing (corner tower), in France; La-tour-Sans-Venin, near Grenoble, is a corrupt. of _Tour-Saint-Verena_--to this saint the chapel was dedicated; Tournay, in Belgium, Lat. _Turris Nerviorum_ (the tower of the Nervii); Torres-Torres (the fortifications of the mountains), Tours, in France, is not named from this root, but from the _Turones_, a tribe; but Torres Strait was named after the navigator Torres, who discovered it in 1606. In the Semitic languages also _Tzur_ means a rock; it is the root of the names of the city of Tyre, and of Syria, of which in early times it was the chief city. Taurus or Tor is a general name for a mountain chain; Tabris (the mountain town), a city of Persia. [Sidenote: TRAETH (Cym.-Cel.), TRAIGH (Gadhelic),] a strand; _e.g._ Traeth-mawr (great strand); Traeth-bach (little strand); Trefdraeth (the dwelling on the strand), in Wales; Traeth-coch (red strand), in Anglesea. In Ireland: Tralee, Co. Derry, is from _Traigh-liath_ (the gray strand); Tranamadree (the strand of the dogs), Co. Cork; Ballintra, when it occurs on the coast, means the town on the strand, but inland it comes from _Baile-an-tsratha_ (the town on the river-holm); Ventry, Co. Kerry, is from _Fionn-traigh_ (white strand); as also Trabane, Trawane, and Trawbawn, which derive their names from the whitish colour of the sand; Fintray, a parish in Aberdeenshire on the R. Don, is also white strand; but Fintray, in Dumbartonshire, was formerly _Fyntref_ or _Fyntre_, probably the dwelling, _tre_, on the Fenach, which is the boundary-stream of the parish on one side; Traeth-Saith, in Wales, named after a mythological patriarch. [Sidenote: TRANK (Ger.),] a tank for watering animals; _e.g._ Kleintrank (little tank); Rosstrank (horse tank); Trankmühle (mill tank). [Sidenote: TRAWA (Sclav.),] grass; e.g. the Traun and the Trave (_i.e._ the grassy rivers); Traunkirchen (the church on the Traun); Traunik, Trawitz (the grassy place); Traunviertel (the district of the R. Traun), in Silesia and Austria. [Sidenote: TRE, or TREF (Cym.-Cel.), TREABHAIR (Gael.),] a dwelling, a town; _e.g._ Treago, anc. _Tref-y-goll_ (hazel-tree dwelling), in Monmouth; Tre-n-eglos (church town), in Cornwall; Tremaine (stone dwelling), Cornwall; _Tref-y-clawdd_ (the town of the dyke, _i.e._ Offa’s dyke), the Welsh name for Knighton, in Pembrokeshire; Oswestry might come naturally from this word, but the Welsh call it _Croes-Oswald_ (the place of St. Oswald’s martyrdom); Coventry, too, might be from the same root, but Camden says it is a corruption of _Conventria_ (the district of the convent); Daventry, abridged from _Dwy-avon-tre_ (the dwelling on the two rivers); Truro, _i.e._ _Tre-rhiw_ (the dwelling on the sloping bank, or on the stream); Redruth, in Cornwall, anc. _Tref-Derwydd_ (the Druid’s town); Trefrhiw (the town on the stream), in Caernarvon; Tremadoc (Madoc’s dwelling); Trecoid (the dwelling in the wood); Braintree, Co. Essex (hill dwelling); Dreghorn, in Ayrshire, anc. _Trequern_ (the dwelling near alder-trees); Thrisk, in Yorkshire, anc. _Tref-Ysk_ (the dwelling by the water); Tranent, in Mid Lothian, corrupt. from _Treabhairnant_ (the dwellings in the valley); Crailing, in Berwickshire, anc. _Traverlin_ (the dwellings on the pool); Tring, Co. Herts, anc. _Treungla_ or _Treangle_ (the village at the corner), Welsh _ongl_, Lat. _angulus_; Trelech (the dwelling at the stone, called Harold’s grave); Tre-Taliesin (the dwelling of Taliesin, the celebrated Welsh bard); Trenewydd (new dwelling), in Wales; Rhuddry, a parish in Glamorgan, probably corrupt. from _Yr-yw-tre_ (the yew-trees’ home); Tre’r Beirdd (bard’s town); Trefawr, Trefach (great and little town); Tredegar, _i.e._ _Tre-deg-fair-ar_ (land), (the choice abode); Tre-Wyddel (the forester’s abode); Trefhedyn, _i.e._ _Tref-y-din_ (hill town). [Sidenote: TROM, TRIUM (Gadhelic),] the elder-tree; _e.g._ Trim, in Co. Meath, corrupt. from _Ath-trium_ (the ford of the elder-trees); Trummery and Trimmer (places abounding in elder-trees); Tromann, Trumman (the little elder-tree). [Sidenote: TUAIM, TOOM (Gadhelic),] a mound raised over a grave, cognate with the Lat. _tumulus_; _e.g._ Tuam, Co. Galway, anc. _Tuaim-da-ghualann_ (the tumulus of the two shoulders, from the shape of the ancient sepulchral mound); Toome, on the R. Bann; Tomfinlough (the tumulus of the clear lake); Tomgraney (the tomb of Grian); the Tomies (hills on Lake Killarney); Toomona (the tomb of the bog); Toomyvara, _i.e._ _Tuaim-ui-Mheadra_ (O’Mara’s tomb). [Sidenote: TUAR (Gadhelic),] a bleach-green, Anglicised _toor_; _e.g._ Tooreen (little bleach-green); Tooreenagrena (the sunny little bleach-green); Monatore (the bog of the bleach-green); Tintore, for _Tigh-an-tuair_ (the house at the bleach-green), in Ireland. [Sidenote: TULACH (Gadhelic),] a little hill or mound, and also a measure of land--Anglicised _tulla_, _tullow_, _tully_, or _tulli_; _e.g._ Tullow (the hill); Tullamore (great hill); Tullanavert (the hill of the graves, _ferta_); Tullaghcullion and Tullycullion (of the holly); Kiltullagh (church hill); Tullaghan (little hill); Tallow, Co. Waterford, more correctly _Tealach-an-iarainn_ (the hill of the iron, from the neighbouring iron mines); Tullyallen, on the Boyne, and Tulliallan, in Perthshire, _i.e._ _Tulaigh-álainn_ (the beautiful hill); Tullyard (high hill); Tillicoultry (the hill at the back of the land), in Clackmannan; Tullibardine (the bard’s hill); Tulloch-gorum (the blue hill); Tullybody (the hill of the black cow, _bo dubh_); Tillyfour (the grassy hill, _feoiridh_). _Tully_ or _tilly_, however, is sometimes a corruption of _teaglach_ (a family), as in Tullynessle and Tillymorgan--_v._ W. SKENE, LL.D. [Sidenote: TUNDRA (Tartar),] a mossy flat, the name given to the vast plains on the Arctic Ocean. [Sidenote: TURA (Tartar),] a town or settlement; _e.g._ Tura, a river in Russia, so called by the Tartars because they made a settlement at the place; Tura, also in Hungary; O’Tura (old town); Turinsk (the town on the R. Tura), in Russia. [Sidenote: TWISTLE (Scand.),] a boundary; _e.g._ Twistleton (the town on the boundary); Oswaldtwistle (Oswald’s boundary); Haltwistle (high boundary); Birchtwistle (birch-tree boundary); Ectwistle (oak-tree boundary). U [Sidenote: UAMH (Gadhelic),] a cave; _e.g._ Cluain-uamha (the pasture of the cave), the ancient name of Cloyne, Co. Cork; Drumnahoe, _i.e._ _Druim-na-huamha_ (the ridge of the cave); Mullinahone (the mill of the cave); Lisnahoon (the fort of the cave), in Ireland. Wem, in Salop, and Wembdon, in Somerset, as well as other place-names with the prefix _wem_, may be derived from the A.S. _wem_ (a hollow), analogous to the Cel. _uaimh_. Wamphray, in Dumfriesshire, Gael. _Uamh-fridh_ (the forest-cave). [Sidenote: UCHEL, UCH (Cym.-Cel.),] high, cognate with the Gael. _uchda_ (a height); _e.g._ Ucheltref and Ochiltree (the high dwelling); the Ochills, a hill range in Perthshire, Lat. _Ocelli-montes_. [Sidenote: UISCE, or UISGE (Gadhelic), GWY (Cym.-Cel.),] water; _e.g._ Esk, Usk, Esky, Esker, Eskle, Oise, Ouse, Issy, Ax, Axe, Ux, Ex, Use, Ousel, Wisk, Eska, Esla, Aisne, Isar, Isère, Isen, Etsch (river names); Duffus and Doubs (black water); Marosh (marshy water); the Theis, anc. _Tibiscus_; Adige, anc. _Athesis_; the Po, anc. _Padusa_; Loch Ewe, and Ewes, a parish in Dumfries watered by a stream of this name; Wisbeach (on the beach of the _Wysg_ or _Wash_), now some miles from the beach by the gradual advance of the land; Knockaniska (the hillock on the water); Killiskey and Killiskea (the church on the water), in Limerick; but Balihiskey, in Tipperary, is from _Bealach-uisce_ (the road of the water); the Rivers Minho and Mincio, anc. _Minius_ and _Mincius_ (little stream); Duffus (dark water); Istria (half land, half water); Argense or Argenteus (silver stream), in France; Caldas (warm waters), in Spain and Portugal; Ischia (the island of waters), abounding in mineral springs; Issny, on the R. Leine, anc. _Issiacum_ (on the water); Metz, anc. _Mettis_ (between the waters), also named _Divodurum_ (on the two rivers); Osimo, in Italy, anc. _Auximum_, and Osna, in Spain, anc. _Uxama_ (on the water). [Sidenote: URA (Basque),] water; _e.g._ Astura (rocky water), a river which gives its name to the Asturias; Illuria (the town on the water); Illuro, with the same meaning, now _Maturo_, in Spain; Osuno, anc. _Ursonum_, and Tarazona, anc. _Turiaso_ (the place of good waters), in Spain--_osoa_, Basque (good); Oloron, anc. _Illura_ (the town on the water)--_illia_, Basque (a town). [Sidenote: URBS (Lat.),] a city; _e.g._ Orvieto, Lat. _Urbs-vetus_ (the old city). V [Sidenote: VALLIS (Lat.), VAL and VALLÉE (Fr.), VALLE (Span., Port., and It.),] a valley; _e.g._ Vallais (the land of valleys), in Switzerland--its inhabitants were formerly called _Nantuates_, _i.e._ valley dwellers; Val-de-Avallano (the valley of hazels); Val-de-fuentes (of fountains); Val-del-laguna (of the lagoon); Val-del-losa (of the flagstone); Val-del-Moro (of the Moor); Val-de-Olivas (of olive-trees); Val-de-penas (of the rocks); Val-de-robles (of the oak-trees), in Spain; Val-de-lys (the valley of streams), in the Pyrenees, from an old Provençal word _lys_ (water); Vallée-de-Carol (of Charles), through which Charlemagne passed from his conquest of the Moors; Vallombrosa (the shady valley); Valparaiso (the valley of Paradise); Valtelline, in Lombardy, consisting of a long valley, traversed by the R. Adda and Teglio; Vaucluse, Lat. _Vallis-clusa_ (the enclosed valley); Orvaux, Lat. _Aure-vallis_ (the golden valley); Riéval, Lat. _Regia-vallis_ (the royal valley); Vals (in the valley of the Volane); Vaucouleurs, Lat. _Vallis-coloris_ (the valley of colour), in a valley of the R. Meuse, whose green and smiling meadows have given it this name; Gerveaux or Yorvaux, in Durham, Lat. _Uri-vallis_ (the valley of the R. Ure); Pays-de-Vaud (the country of valleys or of the Waldenses); Clairvaux, Lat. _Clara-vallis_ (the bright valley); Roncesvalles (the valleys abounding in briers); Vaudemont, Lat. _Vallis-de-monte_ (the valley of the mountain); Val-di-chiana (the valley of the standing pool), in Italy. [Sidenote: VAR, VARAD (Hung.),] a fortress; _e.g._ Kolos-var, Ger. _Klausenburg_, anc. _Claudipolis_ (the enclosed fortress, or the city of Claudius); Nagy-varad (great fortress); Vasvar, Ger. _Eisenburg_ (iron fortress); Szamos-Ujvar (the new fortress), on the R. Zamos; Sarivar (palace fortress); Foldvar (the land fortress); Szekes-Fehervar, Ger. _Stuhl-Weissenburg_ (the white fortress of the throne); Karoly-Fehervar or Karlsburg (Charles’s white fortress); Varosvar, Ger. _Eisenthurm_ (the red fortress or iron tower), in Hungary; Ersek-Ujvar, Ger. _Neuhausel_ (the bishop’s new fortress or seat). [Sidenote: VAROS (Hung.),] a town; _e.g._ Ujvaros (the new town); Also-varos (lower town); Szasz-varos, Ger. _Sachsenstadt_ (the Saxon’s town. [Sidenote: VATN and VAND (Scand.),] a lake; _e.g._ Vatnsdalr (the valley of lakes); Arnarvatn (eagle lake); Fiskvatn (fish lake); Langavat (long lake); Steepavat (steep lake); Sanvatn (sandy lake); Miosen-Vand (little lake); Helgavatn (holy lake); Vatster (the lake dwelling); Myvatn (the lake of the midges); Vatnagaard (the farm on the lake). [Sidenote: VEGA (Span.),] a plain; _e.g._ Vega-de-la-neustra-Senora (the plain of our Lady); Vega-Espinarada (the plain surrounded by thorns). [Sidenote: VELIKA, or WELIKI (Sclav.),] great; _e.g._ Velikaia (the great river); Velikja-luki (the great marsh), in Russia; Welkawes (the great village or dwelling), in Sclavonia; Welka, Welkow, Welchau, Welchow, etc., with the same meaning. [Sidenote: VERNUS (Lat.),] the alder-tree, Cel. _gwern_; _e.g._ Verney, Vernez, Vernois, Vernoy, Verneuil, Vernieres, etc., the names of various places in France. [Sidenote: VIE, VE, WY (Scand.),] holy; _e.g._ Wydale (the holy valley); Wyborg, Weighton, Wisby, Wigthorpe (holy dwelling); Wigan, anc. _Wibiggan_ (the holy building), in Lancashire; Wigton, in Cumberland (holy town); but Wigton, in Scotland (the town on the bay, _vig_); Sviga (holy river), in Russia; Sviajsk (the town on the holy river); Sveaborg and Viborg (holy town); Sviatos-nos (holy cape); Sviatskaia (holy town, or of the deity worshipped by the Sclavonians, called _Sviatovid_), in Russia. [Sidenote: VILLA (Lat.),] a farm, manor, or town, with its derivatives in the Romance languages; _e.g._ Villa-hermosa (the beautiful town); Villa-franca-de-panades (the free town of the bakers), in Spain. In France: Charleville (named after Charles, Duc de Nevers); Flamanville (founded by a colony of Flemings), in Normandy; Joinville, Lat. _Jovis-Villa_ (the city of Jove, named from a Roman tower near the town); Luneville (the city of the moon), supposed to have been named from a temple to Diana; Offranville, in Normandy, Lat. _Vulfrani Villa_ (the manor of Wulfran); Auberville and Aubervilliers (the manors of Albert); Thionville (the manor of Theodone), Lat. _Theodonis Villa_; La Ville-tertre (hill town); Deville, formerly _Dei Villa_ (the city of God); Marteville, Lat. _Martis Villa_ (of Mars); Villa-Viçosa (abundant town), in Spain and Portugal; Villa-rica (rich town); Yeovil, in Somerset (the town on the R. Yeo); Maxwell, in Kirkcudbright and in Roxburghshire, corrupt. from _Maccusville_ (the manor or settlement of Maccus, to whom the lands were given by David I.); Philipville or Philipstadt, in Belgium (named by Charles V. after his son); Louisville, in the United States (named after Louis XVI., whose troops assisted the Americans in the War of Independence). [Sidenote: VINEA, VINETUM (Lat.),] a vineyard; _e.g._ Le Vignæ, La Vignelle, Les Vigneaux, Vigneaux, Vigny, Vinax, and places abounding in the vine; La Vigne, in France. [Sidenote: VOE (Scand.), VOGR,] a bay; _e.g._ Leirvogr (mud bay); Laxvoe (salmon bay); Siliavoe (herring bay); Grunavoe (green bay); Westvoe (west bay); Aithsvoe (the bay on the _aith_ or headland); Sandvoe (sandy bay); Kaltenwaag (cold bay); Vaage (on the bay), a town in Norway. [Sidenote: VORM (Ger.),] in front of; _e.g._ Vormbach, Vormbusch, Vormhorst, Vormhagen (in front of the brook, thicket, wood, and hedge). W [Sidenote: WAD, WATH (A.S.), VAD (Scand.),] a ford, cognate with the Lat. _vadum_ and the Gadhelic _ath_; _e.g._ Wadebridge (the bridge at the ford), in Cornwall; Wath-upon-Dearne (the ford of the R. Dearne), in Yorkshire; Carnwath (the ford at the cairn), in Lanarkshire; Lasswade (the ford on the pasture-land, _laes_), in Mid Lothian; Wath (the ford), on the Yorkshire Ouse; Langwaden (long ford), in Germany; Wageningen, Lat. _Vadu_ (on the ford), in Holland, on the R. Leck. [Sidenote: WÂDI, or WADY (Ar.),] a river-course or ravine; _e.g._ Wâdi-el-Ain (the ravine of the fountain); Wâdi-Sasafeh (of the pigeons); Wâdi-Sidri (of the thorn); Wady-Solab (of the cross); Wâdy-Shellal (of the cataract); Wâdy-Magherah (of the caves); Wady-Sagal (of the acacia); Wady-Mousa (of Moses); Wâdy-Abou-hamad (of the father fig-tree, named from a very old tree); Wady-Mokatteb (of the writing, from the number of inscriptions made by pilgrims); Wady-hamman (of the wild pigeons). [Sidenote: WALD (Ger.), WEALD, WOLD (A.S.),] a wood or waste land; _e.g._ Walden-Saffron, in Essex (the waste land on which saffron was afterwards cultivated); the Weald, Wold, and Wealdon (the waste lands), in Essex, Kent, Lincoln, and Yorkshire; Waltham and Walthamstow (the dwelling-place near the wood); Waldstadt, Waldheim, Walddorf (dwellings near the wood), in Germany; Waldeck (woody corner, or corner of the wood); Waldshut (the forest hut), in Switzerland; Boëmerwald (the Bohemian forest); Waldau (woody meadow); Waldsassen (the settlement in the wood); Unterwalden (under or below the wood); Zinnwald-Sachsisch (the wood near the Saxon’s tin mine); Finsterwalde (the dark wood); Greifswald (the griffin’s wood); Habechtswald (hawk’s wood); Lichtenwald (the cleared wood); Rugenwalde (the wood of the Rugii, a tribe), in Pomerania; Regenwalde and Saalwalde (the woody districts of the rivers Rega and Saale); Methwald (in the midst of woods), in Norfolk; Leswalt (the pasture, _laes_, in the wood), in Wigtonshire; Mouswald (the wood near Lochar Moss), in Dumfriesshire; Wooton-Basset, in Wilts (the woody town of the Basset family, so called from the quantity of wood in the neighbourhood). [Sidenote: WALL (Old Ger.), WEALL (A.S.),] an embankment, a rampart, a wall, cognate with the Lat. _vallum_, the Gadhelic _balla_, and the Welsh _gwal_; _e.g._ Walton, on the Naze, where there was a walled enclosure to defend the northern intruders from the assaults of their hostile Saxon neighbours; Walton, also, in the east corner of Suffolk (the town near the wall); also Walton, on the Thames; Walton-le-dale and Walton (on the hill), in Lancashire; Wallsend (at the end of the wall), in Northumberland; Walford, in Hereford (the ford near a Roman fortification); Wallsoken (the place near the wall, where the judicial courts were held)--_v._ SOC; Walmer (the sea-wall), in Kent; Wallburg, Walldorf (walled towns), in Germany; Wallingford, in Berks, anc. _Gallena_, Welsh _Gwal-hen_ (the old wall or fortification), A.S. _Wealingaford_; Wallmill, Wallshiels, Wallfoot, Wallhead, places in Northumberland near the wall of Adrian; Walpole (the dwelling, _bol_, near the wall), in Norfolk, a sea-bank raised by the Romans as a defence from the sea; but Walsham and Walsingham, in Norfolk, take their name from the _Waelsings_, a tribe. This place was called by Erasmus Parathalasia, Grk. (by the sea-beach). [Sidenote: WALSCH (Ger.), WEALH (A.S.), VLACH (Sclav.),] foreign. These words were applied by the Teutonic and Sclavonic nations to all foreigners, and to the countries inhabited or colonised by those who did not come from a Teutonic stock or speak their language. In the charters of the Scoto-Saxon kings the Celtic Picts of Cambria and Strathclyde were called _Wallenses_; _e.g._ Wales, _Gwalia_--root _gwal_ or _gall_, foreign. The Welsh call their own country _Cymru_ (the abode of the Kymry or aborigines)--(the home of the Cymric Celts), so named by the Saxons; Wallachia (the strangers’ land, _vlach_), so called by the Germans and Sclaves because colonised by the Romans; Walcherin, anc. _Walacria_ or _Gualacra_ (the island of the strangers or Celts); Cornwall (the horn or promontory of the Celts); also Cornuailles (a district in Brittany peopled by British emigrants from Wales); Wallendorf (the town of the strangers), the German name for _Olaszi_ or _Olak_, in Hungary, peopled by Wallachians; Wallenstadt and Wallensee (the town and lake on the borders of the Romansch district of the Grisons, conquered by the Romans under Constantius); Wâlschland, the German name for Italy. The Celts of Flanders were also called Walloons by their German neighbours; and Wlachowitz, in Moravia, means the town of the Wallachs or strangers. The Gadhelic _gall_ (foreign), although used with the same meaning as _wealh_, is not connected with it. It is a word that has been applied to strangers by the Irish from the remotest antiquity; and as it was applied by them to the natives of Gaul (_Galli_), _gall_, in the first instance, might mean simply a native of Gaul. It was afterwards used in reference to the Norwegians, _Fionn-ghaill_ (the _fair_-haired strangers); and to the Danes, _Dubh-ghaill_ (the _dark_-haired strangers); and in connection with them and with the English the word enters largely into Irish topography; _e.g._ Donegal, _i.e._ _Dun-nau-Gall_ (the fortress of the foreigners or Danes); Clonegall and Clongall (the meadow of the strangers); Ballynagall and Ballnagall (the town of the strangers, or English). For the further elucidation of these words _v._ _Irish Names of Places_, by Dr. Joyce, and _Words and Places_, by the Rev. Isaac Taylor. The words _Gaill_ and _Gallda_ are applied by the Highlanders of Scotland to their countrymen in the Lowlands, but they have no connection with the name which they apply to themselves--_The Gaidheil_, derived from an ancestor _Gaodal_. [Sidenote: WANG (Ger. and A.S.),] a field or strip of land, allied to the Scottish _whang_, a slice; _e.g._ Feuchtwang (moist field); Duirwangen (barren field); Ellwangen, anc. _Ellhenwang_ (the field of the temple, _eleh_ or _alhs_); Affolterwangen (apple-tree field); Wangford (the ford of the _wang_). [Sidenote: WARA (Sansc.),] a dwelling; _e.g._ Kattiwar (the dwelling of the Katties, a tribe); Judwar (of the Juts or Jats); Kishtewar (the dwelling in the wood). In Anglo-Saxon _wara_ means inhabitants--thus _Lindiswaras_ (the inhabitants of Lincoln; _Cantwara_, of Kent). [Sidenote: WARD, WART, WARTH (Teut.),] a watch-tower or beacon, or a place guarded, A.S. _waerdian_, Ger. _warten_, to guard--_waering_, a fortification; _e.g._ Hohenwarth, Lat. _Altaspecula_ (the high watch-tower); Warburg (the town of the watch-tower), in Westphalia. In England: Warden, Wardle, Wardley (guarded places, or places where the warden of the district resided); Wardlaw (the beacon hill); Wardoe (beacon island), in Norway; Warwick, _i.e._ _Waering-vic_ (the fortified dwelling, or the fort of the _Waerings_); Wöerden or Warden (the fortified place), in Holland; Vordhill, in Shetland, and Varberg, in Sweden (the hill of the beacon); Warthill, or beacon hill, in Westmoreland; Warburton, found as _Wardeburgh_ (the town near the watch-fort)--here Athelfreda, Oueen of Mercia, built a citadel; Warrington (the town with the fortress, _waering_); Gross-wardein, the German rendering of _Nagy varad_, Sclav. (great fortress). From _guardar_, Span. (to defend), we have Guardamar (the sea guard, with a hill-fort at the mouth of the R. Segura); La Guardia (built as a defence against the incursions of the Moors); Guardia-regia (royal fortress); Leeuwarden, anc. _Lienwarden_ (the guarded place near lime-trees), in the Netherlands. [Sidenote: WARID, WERID (Old Ger.), WERDER (Mod. Ger.),] a river island, or sometimes a plot of ground insulated by marshes and secured by dykes. It often takes the forms of _werth_ or _wirth_, cognate with the A.S. _worth_ or _worthing_, _qu. v._; _e.g._ Bischopswerder (the bishop’s island); Elsterwerder, Saarwerder (the islands in the Rivers Elster and Saar); Donauworth (the island in the R. Danube); Kirchwerder (church island); Marienwerder (the island or enclosure dedicated to the Virgin Mary); Falconswaart (the falcon’s enclosure), in Holland; Poppenwarth (the priest’s enclosure); Werden, Werder, Wertheim (dwellings near river islands); Worth (the enclosed place), in Bavaria; Worth-sur-Sauer (the enclosure on the R. Sauer); Nonnenwerth (the nun’s enclosure); Furstenwerder (the prince’s island); Verden (near a large island formed by the R. Aller), in Hanover; Verderbruch (the island bridge); Bolswaard (Bolswine’s river island), in Holland; Wertingen (a town on an island in the R. Schmutter); Schönwerder (beautiful island on the R. Unstruth); Werth-sur-Sauer, in Alsace (on an island formed by the Rivers Sauer and Soultzbach); Borumeler-Waard (an island near the town of Berumel), in Holland, formed by the junction of the Rivers Waal and Maas; but Hoyerswerda, in Silesia, is a corruption of the Wendish name _Worejze_ (the town on the ploughed land). [Sidenote: WARK, VIRKI (Scand.),] a fortress; _e.g._ Wark, in Dumfriesshire, Warke Castle, on the Scottish border; Warkthwaite (the enclosure belonging to the fortress), in Cumberland; Aldwark (old fortress); Newark, in Nottingham and in Selkirk (the new fortress); Southwark (the south fortress); Warksburn, Warkton, Warkworth (places named from their vicinity to Warke Castle), in Northumberland. [Sidenote: WASSER, WAZAR (Teut.), WODA (Sclav.),] water; _e.g._ Rothwasser (a town on the red river); Schwartzwasser (black water); Whiteadder (white water), river names; Ullswater (named from Ulla or Ulf, a Norse chief); Wasserburg, in Bavaria, on the R. Inn, and Wasserburg on Lake Constance (the town on the water); Waterloo (the watery marsh); Wasserbillig (the plain by the river); Zwishenwassern (between the waters, at the confluence of two streams), in Illyria; Altwasser, Sclav. _Starawoda_ (the old stream), in Moravia. The ancient name of the R. Odra was _Wodra_ (water). [Sidenote: WEG (Ger.), WAAG (Dutch), WAEG (A.S.),] a way, a road, cognate with the Lat. _via_; _e.g._ Wegefurt and Wayford (the way to the ford); Bradenwaag, (broad way); Lichtenweg (the cleared road); Wegmühle (mill road); Wainfleet (the way by the harbour); Wakefield (the field by the wayside); Norway, A.S. _Norwaegas_ (the northern districts or paths); Courbevoie, Lat. _Curba-via_ (the curbed way), in France. [Sidenote: WEIDE (Ger.), WEOD (A.S.),] pasture; _e.g._ Langenweid (the long pasture); Rathsweide (the councillor’s pasture); Neuweid (new pasture); Mittweyda (the middle pasture). [Sidenote: WEILER (Ger.),] a hamlet, Old Ger. _wila_; _e.g._ Kleinweil (the little hamlet); Kurzweil (short hamlet); Langweil (long hamlet), Pfaffwyl (the priest’s hamlet); Weiller, in Alsace, Echzell, in Hesse-Darmstadt, corrupt. from _Achizwila_ (the hamlet on the water); Eschweiler (the hamlet near ash-trees); Dettweiler (the hamlet of the diet, or people’s meeting); Rappersweil (the hamlet of Rappert, a personal name); Rothwell, in Baden, anc. _Rotwili_ (red hamlet). In England this word takes the form of _well_ or _will_, as in Kittlewell and Bradwell. In Normandy, Hardvilliers, Rohrwiller, Neuviller, etc. [Sidenote: WEIR (A.S.),] a dam, that which wards off the water, _wearan_, A.S., to guard; _e.g._ Ware, in Co. Hertford, named from a dam on the R. Lea, made by the Danes; Wareham (the town on the Weir), in Dorsetshire; Warminster (the monastery near the weir.) [Sidenote: WEISS (Ger.), HWIT (A.S.), HVID (Scand.),] white; _e.g._ Weisshorn (white cape); Weissmaes (white field); Weissenberg and Weissenfels (white rock); Weissenburg and Weissenstadt (white town); Weissenthurm (white tower). Sometimes the word takes the form of _witten_, as in Wittenberg and Wittenburg (white fortress), although this prefix is frequently derived from _vitu_, wood; Whitacre (white field); Whitburne, Whitbourne, Whitbeck (white stream); Witley (white meadow); Whiston, in Worcester, so named because it was originally a convent of _white_ nuns. [Sidenote: WEND, WIND,] words applied in German topography to mark the settlements of the Wends or Sclavonians, from the verb _wandeln_, to wander. The Sclavonians call themselves _Slowjane_, which means intelligible men, or _Srb_, which means _kinsmen_; while, by all the Sclavonic tribes, the Germans are called _niemiec_, the dumb men, because their language is unintelligible to their Sclavonic neighbours. The Wends in the sixth century occupied the north-eastern parts of Germany, but are now chiefly confined to Lusatia; _e.g._ Wendischbach (the Wends’ brook); Wendischhausen and Windsheim (the dwellings of the Wends); Wendischgratz (the Wends’ fortress); Wendischkappel (the Wends’ chapel or church); Windecken and Wendischhayn (the Wends’ corner and enclosure). [Sidenote: WERBA (Sclav.),] pasture; _e.g._ Werben, on the Elbe. [Sidenote: WERCH (Sclav.),] a summit; _e.g._ Werchau (the town on the height), in Prussia; Werch-see (the lake on the height); Werchne-Udinsk (the height on the R. Uda); Verkne-Dnieprevosk (the high town on the R. Dnieper); Werchne-Uralish, on the R. Ural; Verkne-Kolynski, on the R. Kolyma; Verkne-Sousensk, on the R. Sosna; Werchblatt (high marsh). [Sidenote: WERF, WARF (Teut.),] a dam or wharf; literally, what is thrown up--_werfen_; _e.g._ Werfen (the town on the embankment), in Upper Austria; Antwerp, anc. _Andoverpum_ (at the wharf); Hohenwerpum (high wharf); Neuwarp (new wharf). [Sidenote: WERK, WEORC (Teut.),] a work, applied in topography to places where manufactures are carried on; _e.g._ _Bergwerk_ (a hill work or mine); Konigswerk (the king’s manufactory); Hofwerk and Werkhausen (places connected with mines); Hüttenwerk (the huts of the workmen in the Hartz Mountains); Seifenwerk (the place for washing the metals at the mines); Frederickswerk (a cannon foundry in Denmark established by King Frederick); Wirksworth, in Derbyshire (the enclosure near the mines). [Sidenote: WESTEN (Ger.),] the west. This word Buttman traces to an old Ger. root _wesen_, Goth. _visan_ (rest), _i.e._ the quarter of the heavens where the sun sinks to rest; _e.g._ Westphalia (the western plain); Westerwald (west wood); Westerufer (the western shore, _i.e._ of the R. Inn); Westhausen and Westhoffen (the west dwellings and court), in Alsace; Wesen, on the west shore of Lake Wallensee; Westeraas, in Sweden, anc. _Vestra-aros_ (western dwelling), so called to distinguish it from Ostra-aros (the eastern dwelling); Westman’s Isles, Scand. _Vestmanna-eyar_, on the coast of Iceland, so called because peopled by men from the west--Irish pirates; Westbury, Westbourn, Weston, Westbrook, from the same root. [Sidenote: WICH, WIC, WYK (Teut.), WICK, VIG (Scand.), WAS, WIES (Sclav.),] a dwelling, a village, a town--a word in general use in the topography of Great Britain, as well as on the continent, but with various meanings. According to Leo, the Teut. _wich_ or _vichs_ arose from the root _waes_, A.S., and _wiese_, Ger. (a moist meadow) and hence was applied to places situated on low lands, often on the bank of a stream; _e.g._ Meeswyk (the town on the Maas); Beverwyk, on the Bever. The primary meaning seems to have been a station--with the Anglo-Saxons a station or abode on the _land_, with the Norsemen a station for _ships_. The root of the word runs through all the Aryan languages--Sansc. _veça_, Grk. _oikos_, Pol. _wies_, Ir. _fieh_, Cym.-Cel. _qwic_, all meaning an abode; _e.g._ Alnwick (the town on the R. Alne); Ipswich, anc. _Gippenswich_, on the Gipping; York, A.S. _Eorvic_, Lat. _Eboracum_, Welsh _Caer-Ebreuc_ (the town on the water, or R. Eure); Hawick (the town on the haugh or low meadow); Noordwyk (north town); Nederwyk (lower town); Zuidwyk and Zuick (south town), in Holland and Belgium; Harwich (army town), so called from having been a Saxon station or military depot; Keswick (the town of Cissa); Wickware, in Gloucestershire (the town of the family of De la Ware). On the other hand, the Scandinavian _wich_ or _vig_ signifies a bay, or a place situated on the coast, or at the mouth of a river--thus Schleswick (on a bay formed by the R. Schlie), in Prussia; Wick (the town on the bay), in Caithness; Sandwich (the town on the sandy bay); Lerwick (on the muddy bay); Greenwich, Scand. _Granvigen_ (the town on the pine bay); Reikjavik, in Iceland (the reeky or smoky bay); Vigo in Spain, and Vaage in Norway (on spacious bays); Swanage, in Dorset, anc. _Swanwick_ (Sweyen’s bay town); Brodick, in Arran (the broad bay town); Wicklow, in Ireland, probably Danish _Vigloe_ (bay shelter), used by the Danes as a ship station; Smerwick (butter bay); Berwick, contracted from _Aberwick_ (at the mouth of the R. Tweed)--_v._ ABER. _Wiche_ also denotes a place where there are salt mines or springs, and in this sense is probably connected with the Scand. _vig_, as salt was often obtained by the evaporation of sea-water in shallow bays; thus Nantwich--_v._ NANT; Middlewich (the middle salt works); Droitwich, Lat. _Salinæ_ (the salt springs, where the _droit_ or tax was paid). In some cases _wich_ or _wick_ is derived from the Lat. _vicus_, cognate with the Grk. _oikos_ and Sansc. _veça_ (a dwelling)--thus Katwyk-sur-mer and Katwyk-sur-Rhin are supposed to occupy the site of the Roman _Vicus-Cattorum_ (the dwelling-place of the Chatti); Vick or Vique, in Spain, from _Vicus-Ausoniensis_ (the dwelling of the Ausones); Vidauban, in France, from _Vicus-Albanus_ (the dwelling of Albanus); Longwy, from _Longus-vicus_ (long town); Limoges, anc. _Lemovicum_ (the town of the Lemovici); also in France: Vic-desprès (the town on the meadows); Vic-sur-Losse and Vic-sur-Aisne, the towns on these rivers. The Sclav. _wice_ is found in Jazlowice (the town on the marsh); and Malschwice (Matthew’s town), etc. [Sidenote: WIDR, or VITU (Teut. and Scand.),] wood; _e.g._ Norwood (north wood); Selwood, Lat. _Sylva-magna_ (great wood), Celtic _Coitmaur_; Coteswold (from its sheep-cotes, in the wood); the Wolds, near Wolderness, in Yorkshire; Ringwood, in Hants, Lat. _Regni-sylva_ (the wood or forest of the _Regni_, a tribe); Wittstock and Woodstock (woody place); but Wittingau, Wittingen, Wittgenstein, Wittgensdorf, and other names with this prefix in Germany, come from the patronymic _Wittick_ or _Wittikind_ (_i.e._ the children of the woods). In England the same prefix may mean _white_, as in Witney, or from places where the Saxon _Witangemote_ held their meetings; Holywood, in Dumfriesshire, Lat. _Abbia sacra nemoris_ (the abbey of the sacred wood), called by the Irish _Der-Congal_ (the sacred oak grove of Congal). [Sidenote: WIECK, or WIKI (Sclav.),] a market especially for corn; _e.g._ Wieck (the market town), the name of numerous places in the Sclavonic districts; Wikow (the Sclavonic name for Elsterwerder)--_v._ WARID, etc. [Sidenote: WIESE (Ger.), WAES (A.S.),] pasture-ground or meadow; _e.g._ Pfaffenwiese (the priest’s meadow); Schaafwiese (sheep pasture); Wiesbaden (the meadow baths); the Wash (near moist pasture-ground); Wismar (beautiful or rich meadow), in Mecklenburg; Wiesflech (the hamlet in the meadow pasture); Ziegelwasen (the goat’s meadow); Wisheim (the dwelling in the meadow or pasture-ground). [Sidenote: WILIG (A.S.),] the willow; _e.g._ Wilcrick (willow crag); Wilden (willow hollow); but Willoughby and Willoughton, probably from a personal name. [Sidenote: WIN (A.S.),] victory; _e.g._ Winford, Winslow, Wingrave, Wimborne (the ford, hill, entrenchment, and brook of the victory). [Sidenote: WINKEL (Ger.), WINCEL (A.S.),] a corner; _e.g._ Winceby (corner dwelling); Winchcomb (the corner hollow); Winchelsea (the island or moist land at the corner); Winchendon (corner hill); Winkleigh (corner meadow); Winkelhorst (corner thicket); Winkeldorf (corner village); Winklarn (the waste field at the corner). [Sidenote: WISCH, or OSSICK,] contracted from the Sclav. _hussoki_ (high); _e.g._ Wissek, Weissagh, Wisowice or Wisowitz, Ossiegt, and Ossagh (high village); Wischhrad (high fortress); Wisoki-mazo-wieck (the high middle market-town), in Poland; but in Germany _wisch_ is sometimes a form of _wiese_ (meadow), as in Wischmühle (the meadow mill); Wischhausen (the dwelling in the meadow); Essek, for _Ossick_ (high place), in Sclavonia. [Sidenote: WITHIG (A.S.),] the willow; _e.g._ Witham, Withern (willow dwelling); Withybrook (willow stream); Withridge (willow ridge). [Sidenote: WOH (A.S.),] a turning; _e.g._ Woburn, Wooburn (the bend of the stream); Woking (the turning at the chink or chine). [Sidenote: WOL (Sclav.),] the ox; _e.g._ Wolgast (the oxen’s shed); Wohlau (an enclosure for oxen), a town in Prussia which carries on a great trade in cattle; Wollin (the place of oxen), at the mouth of the R. Oder. [Sidenote: WOLSCHA, or OELZA (Sclav.),] the alder-tree; _e.g._ Wolschau, Wolschen, Wolsching, Wolschinka (the place abounding in alders); the Sclavonic name for the R. Elster is _Wolshinka_ (the river of alders); Oels, in Silesia, on the Oelse (alder-tree stream); Oelsen and Olsenice (the village of alder-trees); Olsnitz (the town on Elster, or alder stream). [Sidenote: WOLV, or WOL,] a prefix sometimes employed with reference to the wolf, as in Wolvesley (the wolves’ island), where a tribute of wolves’ heads was paid annually by the Britons to the Saxons, by order of King Edgar. Sometimes as a contraction for _wold_ (the waste land), as in Wolford, Wolborough, Woldingham, Wooler, and in Woolverton; but it comes often also from a personal name, as in Wolfhamcote, Wulferlow, Wolferton (from Ulp or Wulfhern). [Sidenote: WORTH, or WEORTHING (A.S.),] a farm, manor, or estate, a place warded or protected, A.S. _warian_ (to defend); cognate with the Ger. _warid_ or _werder_; _e.g._ Worthing in Sussex, Worthen in Salop, Worthy and Worting in Hants, Worthington in Lancashire (the farm or manor); Highworth (high manor); Kenilworth (the estate of Kenelm); Bosworth (of Bosa); Edgeworth (the estate on the border); Edgeware, anc. _Edgeworth_, same meaning; Polwarth (the estate on the marshy land), a parish in Berwickshire; Ravenworth (the manor of Hrafen); Rickmansworth (of Rickman); Tamworth (the manor), on R. Tam; Wandsworth, on the R. Wandle; Worksworth (the place near the miner’s works); Chatsworth (the manor in the wood), Celtic _coed_; Hammersmith, corrupt. from _Hermoderworth_ (the manor of Hermode). [Sidenote: WURZE (Ger.), WYRT (A.S.),] an herb, a plant; _wyrtun_, a garden; _e.g._ Wurtzburg, anc. _Herbipolis_ (the city of plants); Wortley (the place or field of herbs); Warton (the garden). Y [Sidenote: YEN (Chinese),] salt; _e.g._ Yen-shan (salt hill); Yen-yuen (salt spring). [Sidenote: YENI (Turc.),] new; _e.g._ Yenidja-Vardar (the new fortress), anc. _Pella_; Yenidya-Carasu (the new place on the black water); Yenikale (the new castle); Yenikhan (new inn); Yeniseisk (the new town on the R. Yenisei); Yenishehr (the new dwelling); Yeni-Bazar (new market); Yenikoi (new village); Yeni-Hissar (new castle). Z [Sidenote: ZAB (Ar.),] a fountain; _e.g._ Great and Little Zab, in Turkey. [Sidenote: ZARNY, or CZERNY (Sclav.),] black; _e.g._ Zschorne (black town); Sornosche-Elster, _i.e._ the black R. Elster; Zschornegosda (black inn); Zarnowice, Zarnowitz, Sarne, Sarnow, Sarnowo, Sarnaki (black village). [Sidenote: ZERENY, or CZERENY (Sclav.),] red; _e.g._ Tscherna (the red river); Tscherniz or Zerniz (red town); Tzernagora (red mountain). [Sidenote: ZERKWA (Sclav.),] a Greek church, from the Grk. _kuriake_; a Romish church in their language is called _kosciol_; a Protestant church, _zbor_; _e.g._ Zerkowo, Zerkowitz, Zerkwitz (the town of the Greek church). [Sidenote: ZETTEL (Sclav.),] from _sedal_ (Ger.), a seat or settlement; _e.g._ Brockzettel (the settlement or seat on the broken-up land); Endzettel (the settlement at the corner); Weinzettel (the wine settlement). [Sidenote: ZI (Old Fr.),] a habitation; _e.g._ Sussi (the habitation on high ground); Issy (the dwelling, _here_, or on low ground); Passy (the dwelling near the boat--_bac_ or _bad_). INDEX _A few Names which do not occur in the body of the Work are explained in the Index._ A Abbeville, 4 Abbeyfeale, 4 Abbeyleix and Abbeyshrule, 4 Abyssinia, named from the Rivers Abai and Wabash, or, according to Bruce, from _habish_ (mixed), _i.e._ the country of the mixed races Acapulca, 9 Acre, anc. _Accho_, Ar. the sultry or sandy shore Adelsberg, the nobles’ fortress Aden, Ar. a paradise Afium-kara-hissar, Turc. the black castle of opium Agades, the enclosure Agde, in France, Grk. _Agathos_, the good place, founded by Greeks from Marseilles Aghrim, or Aughrim, 67 Agosta, Lat. _Augusta_ Agra, 2 Airdrie, 10 Aix, 9 Aix-la-Chapelle, 9 Akerman, Turc. (white castle) Akhalzk, new fortress Alabama, the land of rest Alagous Bay (abounding in lakes) Aland, water land Albania, 7 Albert, in Cape Colony, named after the Prince Consort Albuera, Ar. the lake Albuquerque, Lat. the white oak-tree Alcala, Ar. the castle, 114 Alcantara, 6 Alcarez, Ar. the farm Aldershott, 107 Alemtayo (beyond the R. Tagus) Aleutian Islands, the bold rocks Alexandria and Alexandretta, named after Alexander the Great Alexandria, in Cape Colony, in honour of Queen Victoria Alexandria, in Italy, after Pope Alexander III. Alhama, 100 Alleghany Mountains, from a tribe Alloa, the way to the sea Almaden, Ar. the mine Almanza, Ar. the plain Almanzor, Ar. victorious Almeida, Ar. the table Altona, called by the Hamburgians _All-zu-nah_, _i.e._ (all too near), in allusion to its vicinity to Hamburg Alyth, the ascent or slope America, named after the Florentine adventurer Amerigo-Vespucci Angora, anc. Ancyra Annam (the place of the South) Anstruther, 179 Antrim (at the elder trees) Antwerp, 208 Aoasta, Lat. _Augusta_ Apennine Mountains, 154 Appenzel, 4 Appleby, 37 Applecross, 3 Aranjues, Lat. _Ara Jovis_, the altar of Jove Aravali Mountain, the hill of strength Arbois, anc. _Arborosa_, the woody place Arbroath, 3 Archangel, named in honour of the Archangel Michael Archipelago, the chief sea Arcos, anc. _Argobriga_, the town on the bend Ardeche, now Ardoix, in France, from _ardoise_, slate Ardee, in Ireland, on the R. Dee, now the Nith Ardeen and Ardennes, 10, 11 Ardfert, 10 Ardrossan, 10 Argos, the plain Argyle, 150 Arles, Cel. _Ar-laeth_, the marshy land Armagh, _i.e._ _Ardmacha_, Macha’s height Armorica, 143 Arras, named from the _Atrebates_ Arthur Seat, in Edinburgh, Gael. _Ard-na-said_, _i.e._ the height of the arrows, meaning a convenient ground to shoot from Ascension Island, so named because discovered on Ascension Day Asperne, 11 Aspropotamo, Modern Grk. (the white river) Assouan, Ar. the opening at the mouth of the Nile Astrakan, named after a Tartar king Astura R., 199 Asturias, 12 Attica, Grk. the promontory Aubusson, 36 Auch, named after the _Ausci_, a tribe Auchinleck, 5 Auckland, 5 Audlem, 7 Augsburg, 35 Aurillac, supposed to have been named after the Emperor Aurelian Auriol, anc. _Auriolum_, the golden or magnificent Austerlitz, 151 Australia, the southern land Austria, 164 Autun, 69 Auvergne, the high country, 11 Ava, or Awa, named from _angwa_, a fish-pond Avignon, 14 Avranches, named from the _Abrincatui_ Awe, Loch, 2 Azores Isles, Port. the islands of hawks B Baalbec, 15 Babelmandeb Strait, 15 Bactria, Pers. the east country Badajos, corrupt. from Lat. _Pax Augusta_ Baden, 15 Baffin’s Bay, named in honour of the discoverer Bagdad, 16 Bahar, corrupt. from _Vihar_, a Buddhist monastery Bahia, Port. the bay, 16 Bahr-el-Abiad, 17 Bahrein, 17 Baikal, the rich sea Baireuth, 162 Bakewell, 162 Bakhtchisarai, the palace of the gardens Bala (river head), in Wales Balachulish, 17 Balaclava, 21 Bala-Ghauts, 18 Bala-hissar, 18 Balasore, 18 Balbriggan, Brecan’s bridge Balearic Isles, because their inhabitants were skilful in the use of the sling (_Balla_, Grk. to throw) Balfour, 17 Balkan, 18 Balkh, 18 Ballantrae, the dwelling on the sea-shore, 196 Ballater, 125 Ballina, corrupt. from _Bel-atha_, ford mouth, 21 Ballingry, the town of the king--_v._ BAILE _Note._--For Scotch or Irish names beginning with _bal_ or _bally_, _v._ BAILE or BEAL, pp. 17 and 21 Ballintra, 196 Balloch, 22 Ballycastle, castle-town--_v._ 17 Ballymena, 17 Ballymoney, 17 Ballyshannon, 22 Balmaghie, 18 Balmaklellan, the town of the Maclellans, 18 Balmerino, 17 Balmoral, 17 Balquhidder, the town at the back of the country Balta and Baltia, the country of the belts or straits, the ancient name of Scandinavia, 18 Banbury, 35 Banchory, the fair valley Banchory-Devenick and Banchory-Ternan, named in honour of two saints who lived there Banda-Oriental, the eastern bank of the Rio-de-la-Plata Banff, 34 Bangor, 23 Banjarmassin, from _bender_, a harbour, and _masing_, usual, or from _banjer_, water, and _massin_, salt Banks Islands and Banks Land, named in honour of Sir Joseph Banks Bantry, Ir. _Beantraighe_, _i.e._ belonging to the descendants of Beann, of the royal race of Ulster Barbadoes, Port. the island of pines Barbary, the country of the Berbers Barbuda, the island of the bearded men, so named by the Portuguese Barcelona, named from Hamilcar Barca, who founded it Bardhwan, Pers. the thriving place Bardsey, 72 Barfleur, 81 Bar-le-Duc, 19 Barnstaple, 152 Barrow, 19 Barrow Strait, named in honour of Sir John Barrow Barton, 194 Basque Provinces, from _bassoco_, a mountaineer, or, according to Humboldt, from _basoa_, a forest Bass Strait, named after Bass, a navigator Basse Terre, low land Bassora, or Bozra, the fortress Batavia, 108 Bath, 16 Battersea, 71 Battle and Buittle, 27 Bautzen, 33 Bavaria, the country of the Boii Bayeux, named from the _Bajoccas_, a tribe Bayonne, 17 Beachy Head, 19 Beauley and Beaulieu, 21 Beaumaris, 21 Beauvais, named from the _Bellovacii_ Bedford, 82 Bednore, 151 Beersheba, 20 Behring Strait, so named by Captain Cook in honour of Behring, a Russian navigator Beinn, Ben, etc., a mountain, 22 Beira, Port. the river-bank Beja, corrupt. from the Lat. _Pax-Julia_ Belfast, 22 Belgium, named from the Belgae Belgrade, 21 Belize, named after a person called Wallace Bell Rock or Inch Cape, a reef of rocks south-east from Arbroath, so called from the lighthouse which was erected on it in 1811, previous to which the monks of Arbroath caused a bell to be suspended upon it so as to be rung by the waves, and thus give warning to mariners Belleisle, 21 Bellie, the mouth of the ford Belper, 21 Beluchistan, 182 Benares, named from the names of the two rivers on which it is situated Bender, etc., 23 Beni, etc., 23 Benin, corrupt. from Lat. _benignus_, blessed Berbice, at the mouth of the R. Berbice Berdiansk, 176 Berg and its derivatives, 23 Bergamo, on a hill Berhampore, 160 Berkeley, 25 Berkshire, 25 Berlin, perhaps from Sclav. _berle_, uncultivated ground, but uncertain Bermudas Isles, named after the discoverer Juan Bermudez Berriew, corrupt. from _Aber-Rhiw_, at the mouth of the R. Rhiw, in Wales, 3 Bervie, 112 Berwick, 209 Berwyn, 19 Beveland, 122 Beverley, 25 Bewdley, 21 Beyrout, 20 Bhagulpore, 160 Bhurtpore, 160 Bicester, corrupt. from _Birincester_, _i.e._ the fortress of Birin, Bishop of Gloucester Bideford, by the ford Biela-Tsorkov, white church Bielgorod, white fortress Bielorietzk, 176 Biggar, the soft land Bilbao, under the hill Bingley, the field of Bing, the original proprietor Bir, 20 Birkdale, the birch valley Birkenhead and Birkhampstead, 25 Birmingham, 99 Biscaya and Bay of Biscay, named from the Basques, which, according to Humboldt, means forest dwellers Bishop-Auckland, so called from the number of oaks that grew here, and from the manor having belonged to the bishops of Durham Black Sea, perhaps so called from its frequent storms and fogs. The Greeks called it Euxine, from _euxinos_, hospitable, disliking its original name, Axinos, inhospitable Blaen and its derivatives, 26 Blair and its derivatives, 26 Blantyre, the warm retreat Bodmin, 27 Bohemia, 100 Bois-le-Duc, the duke’s wood Bokhara, the treasury of sciences, the chief town in a state of the same name Bolivia, named after its liberator Bolivar Bologna and Boulogne, named from the Boii Bombay, named after an Indian goddess Bombé, but translated by the Portuguese into _Bom-bahia_, good bay Bordeaux, 9 Bornholm, 127 Borovsk, 28 Borrowstounness, 145 Bosphorus, Grk. the passage of the bull Bourges, named from the _Bituriges_ Brabant, 18 Bramapootra R., the offspring of Brahma Brazil, named from the colour of its dye-woods, _braza_, Port. a live coal Breadalbane, 29 Brecknock, the hill of Brecon or Brychan, a Welsh prince Breda, 29 Breslaw, named after King _Vratis-law_ Breton, Cape, discovered by mariners from Brittany Bridgenorth, 31 Bridgewater, 31 Brieg, 29 Brighton, corrupt. from _Brighthelmston_, from a personal name Bristol, 183 Britain: the Cym.-Cel. root _brith_, to paint, is supposed by some to be the root of the word; the British poets called it _Inis gwyn_, white island, which answers to the Roman name _Albion_ Brixton, 31 Brodick, 209 Brody, 30 Brooklyn, in New York, Dutch, the broken-up land Bruges, 31 Brunswick, 172 Brussels, 30 Brzesce-Litewski, 28 Bucharest, the city of enjoyment Buckingham, a tribe name, or the dwelling among beeches, 33 Buda, 33 Budweis, 33 Buenos-Ayres, 28 Builth, 8 Bungay, 95 Burgos, 36 Burslem, Burward’s dwelling in the clayey soil, _leim_ Bury, 34 Bushire, 174 Bute, 33 Buttermere, 136 Buxton, 33 C Cabeza-del-Buey, 117 Cabrach, the timber-moss, a parish in Co. Banff Cader-Idris, the chair of Idris, in Wales Cadiz, 86 Cahors, named from the _Cadurci_ Cairo, Ar. _Al-kahirah_, the victorious Calahorra, 114 Calais, 39 Calatayud, 114 Calcutta, 88 California is supposed to have taken its name from an old romance, in which this name was given to an imaginary island filled with gold, and Cortes applied the name to the whole district Callander, the corner of the water--_v._ DUR The Calf of Man. The word _calf_ was frequently used by the Norsemen for a smaller object in relation to a larger--_i.e._ the small island off Man Calvados, named from one of the vessels of the Spanish Armada, wrecked on the coast of France Cambay, anc. _Khumbavati_, the city of the pillar Cambuskenneth, 39 Canada, Ind. _Kannahta_, a collection of huts Candahar, named after Alexander the Great Candia, Ar. _Khandæ_, the trench island Cannes, 40 Cannoch, _i.e._ _cann_, bright, and _oich_, water, the ancient name of the spot on which Conway Castle stands Canopus was called by the Egyptians the city of Kneph, a god Cantal, the head of the rock, 41 Canton, _i.e._ _Kwang Chou_, the metropolis Cantyre or Kintyre, 45 Capri and Caprera, the islands of wild goats Cardigan, named after its ancient king Ceredig, and is therefore corrupted from _Ceredigion_ Carew, 38 Carlingford, 39 Carlisle, 38 Carlow, 129 Carlscroone, 118 Carlshamm, Charles’s haven, 97 Carluke, 39 Carmel, Heb. the fruitful field Carmichael, 39 Carnac, 41 Carnatic, named from the _Carnates_, a tribe Carniola, 41 Carolina, U.S., named after Charles II. Caroline Isles, named after Carlos II. of Spain Carpathian Mountains, from _Chrabat_, a mountain range Carrantuohill, Ir. the reversed reaping-hook, the highest mountain in Ireland Carthage, 86 Carthagena, 86 Casale, 42 Cashel, 42 Caspian Sea, named from the _Caspii_, a tribe Cassel, 42 Castile, 42 Catania, Phœn. the little city Cattegat, 88 Caucasus, 147 Cavan, 44 Caxamarca in Peru, the place of frost Cefalu, 46 Cephalonia, 46 Cerigo, anc. _Cythera_, the harp-shaped Cerro--_v._ SIERRA Cevennes, 46 Ceylon, 65 Chambery, the bend of the water, on the R. Leysse, in France Chamouni, 40 Champlain, named from the Governor-General of Canada in the seventeenth century Charles Cape, named after Baby Charles in the reign of James I. Charlestown, named after Charles II. Chatham, 55 Chaumont, 39 Chelsea, 46 Chemnitz, 114 Chepstow, 47 Chester, 43 Cheviot Hills, 46 Chilham, 99 Chiltern Hills, 11 China, probably named from the dynasty of Thsin in the third century B.C. Chippenham, 47 Chiusa, 116 Christchurch, in Hants, anc. _Twinam-burne_, between two streams, and afterwards named from a church and priory founded by the W. Saxons in the reign of Edward the Confessor Christiana, named after Christian IV. of Sweden Ciudad, 49 Civita-Vecchia, 49 Clackmannan, 49 Clameny, 109 Clare Co., 50 Cleveland, 50 Cleves, 50 Clifton, 50 Clitheroe, 50 Clogheen, 49 Clonakilty, 50 Clones, 50 Clontarf, 50 Closeburn, 48 Cloyne, 50 Coblentz, 54 Cochin, _kochi_, a morass Cockburnspath, in Berwickshire, corrupt. from _Colbrand’s Path_ Cognac, the corner of the water Coire or Chur, 56 Colberg, 31 Coleraine, 58 Colmar, Lat. _Collis-Martis_, the hill of Mars Colombo, corrupt. from _Kalan-Totta_, the ferry on the Kalawa Ganga Colonna, Cape, 117 Como, Lake, 54 Comorin, Cape, named from a temple to the goddess Durga Compostella, Santiago de, corrupt. from _Sanctus Jacobus Apostolus_, so called from a legend that the Apostle James was buried there Comrie, at the confluence of three rivers, in Perthshire, 53 Condé, 33 Congleton, 33 Connaught, anc. _Conaicht_, the territory of the descendants of Conn of the hundred battles Connecticut, Ind. _Qunnitukut_, the country on the long river Connemara, 144 Constance, Lake, 172 Copeland Isle, 47 Copenhagen, 47 Corbridge, 56 Cork, 54 Cornwall, 54 Coromandel, corrupt. from _Cholomandala_, the district of the _Cholas_, a tribe Corrientes, Span. the currents Corryvreckan, 52 Corsica, the woody Corunna, corrupt. from _Columna_, the pillars, in allusion to a tower of Hercules Cosenza, Lat. _Cosentia_, the confluence Cotswold Hills, 52 Cottian Alps, named after a Celtic chief Coutance and Cotantin, named after the Emperor Constantius Coventry, 196 Cowal, in Ayrshire, named after King Coill Cowes, 45 Cracow, the town of Krak, Duke of Poland Cramond, 38 Crathie, 56 Cremona, anc. _Cremonensis-ager_, the field named from a tribe Crewe, 56 Crewkerne, 56 Crieff, Gael. _Craobh_, a tree Croagh-Patrick, 56 Croatia, 109 Cromar, the heart of Mar, a district in Aberdeenshire Cronstadt, 118 Croydon, 70 CRUG, as prefix, 58 Cuença, Lat. _concha_, a shell Cueva-de-Vera, 45 Culebra R., the snake river Cumberland, 122 Cumbernauld, 53 Cumbraes Isles and Cumbrian Mountains, named after the _Cymbri_ Cundinamarca, named after an Indian goddess Curaçoa, named from a kind of bird Currie, 56 Cuzeo, the centre, in Peru CWM, as prefix--_v._ 53, at COMBE Cyclades Isles, Grk. _kuklos_, a circle Cyprus, perhaps named from the herb _kupros_, with which it abounded, called by the Greeks _Cerastes_, the horned Czernowitz, Sclav. black town D Dacca, Sansc. _Da-akka_, the hidden goddess, from a statue of Durga found there Dantzic, Danish fort, 61 Daventry, 196 Daviot, 6 Dax, 9 Deal, 59 Deccan, Sansc. _Dakshina_, the south land Delft, 62 Delhi, Sansc. _dahal_, a quagmire Denbigh, 64 Denmark, 134 Deptford, 54 Derbend, the shut-up gates or the difficult pass Derry or Londonderry, 61 Derwent R., 70 Desaguadero R., Span. the drain Detmold, 64 Détroit, the strait between Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie Devizes, anc. _de vies_, denoting a place where two ways met Devonshire, 64 Dhawalagiri Mountain, 90 Dieppe, 54 Digne, 64 Dijon, 69 Dinan and Dinant, 54 Dingle, 58 Dingwall, 190 Dinkelsbuhl, 33 Dmitrov, the town of St. Demetrius Dnieper R., _i.e._ _Don-ieper_, upper river Dniester, _Don-iester_, lower river Don Doab, 2 Dole, 59 Dolgelly, 60 Dominica Isle, so named because discovered on Sunday, _i.e._ _Dies Dominica_ Donagh, as prefix, 65 Dondra Head, 65 Donegall, 69 Donnybrook, 65 Doon R., 14 Dorchester, 44 Dorking, 70 Dornoch, 66 Dorset, 173 Dort or Dordrecht, 66 Douglas, 91 Douro R., 70 Dover, anc. _Dubris_, or anc. Brit. _Dufy-rraha_ Dovrefield Mountains, 78 Downpatrick, 68 Downs, The, 69 Drachenfels, 78 Drenthe, 18 Dresden, Sclav. _Drezany_, the haven Dreux, named from the _Durocasses_ Drogheda, 66 Drohobicz, Sclav. the woody place Droitwich, 209 Dromore, 67 Drontheim, 99 Dryburgh, 62 Dubicza, 68 Dublin, 126 Dubro, 57 Dumbarton, 68 Dumfries, 68 Dungeness, 145 Dunkirk, 70 Dunluce, 128 Dunse, now Duns, 70 Dunstable, 182 Durham, 106 Durrow, 62 Dynevor, 64 Dyrrachium, Grk. the place with the dangerous breakers, _Dus_ and _rachia_ Dysart, 63 E Eaglesham, church hamlet Ecclefechan, the church of St. Fechan Eccleshall, 72 Ecija, 12 Ecuador, _i.e._ on the equator Edessa, 73 Edfou, corrupt. from _Atbo_, the Coptic synonym for _Hut_, the throne of Horus Edinburgh, 68 Edom, the red land Egripo or Negropont, 159 Ehrenbreitstein, 181 Eichstadt, Ger. oak town Eiger, the giant, in Switzerland Eisenach, 74 Eisenberg, 74 Elbing, named from the river on which it stands Elbœuf, 37 Elché, 109 Elgin, named after Helgyn, a Norwegian chief, about A.D. 927 Elimo or Elath, the trees Elizabeth, county in New York, named from the daughter of James I. Elizabethgrad, 94 Elmina, Ar. the mine Elphin, Ir. _Aill-finn_, the rock of the clear spring Elsinore, 150 Elster R., the alder-tree stream Elstow, 183 Elvas, anc. _Alba_, Basque, the place on the steep hill, _alboa_ Ely, 71 Emden, 69 Empoli, corrupt. from the Lat. _emporium_, the market-place Enkhuizen, 75 Ennis, 111 Enniskillen, 111 Eperies, Hung. the place of strawberries Eperney, anc. _aquæ-perennes_, the ever-flowing water Epinal, 177 Epping, 110 Epsom, 99 Erekli, anc. _Heraclea_ Erfurt, 83 Erith, 105 Erivan, Pers. _Rewan_, named after its founder Erlangen, 75 Erlaw, 75 Errigal, Ir. _Airegal_, a small church Erzeroom, corrupt. from _Arz-er-Room_, the fortress of the Romans Eschwege, ash-tree road Eschweiller, 6 ESGAIR--_v._ SKAFR, 175 Esk R., 198 Essek or Ossick, 211 Essex, 151 Estepa, 12 Estepona, 12 Esthonia, the district of the people of the East Estremadura, Lat. _Estrema-Durii_, the extreme limits of the R. Douro Etna, corrupt. from _attuna_, the furnace Eton, 71 Eubœa, the well-tilled land Euho or Yuho R., 105 Euphrates R., the fruitful, Ar. _Furat_, sweet water Europe, Grk. _euros_ and _ops_, the broad face Euxine, Grk. the hospitable, formerly _axinos_ the inhospitable sea Evesham, 76 Evora, the ford, in Spain Evreux, 9 Exeter, 44 F Faenza, Lat. _Faventia_, the favoured Fair Head and Fair Island, from _farr_, Scand. a sheep Falaise, 78 Falkirk, 116 Famars, 77 Fano, 76 Fareham, 76 Farnham, 79 Faroe Islands, 71 Faulhorn, 108 Fazal, the beech-tree island, in the Azores Femern, 11 Fermanagh, Ir. the men of Monagh Fermoy, the men of the plain Fernando Po, named after the discoverer Ferney, 77 Ferns, 77 Ferrara, 84 Ferriby, 76 Ferrol, Span. _farol_, the beacon Fetlar Isle, 72 Fez, Ar. fertile Fife, said to be named from Feb, a Pictish chief Figueras, Span. the fig-trees Finisterre, Cape, and district, 190 Finster-Aar-horn, 107 Fintray and Fintry, 196 Fishguard, 87 Fiume, 81 Flamborough Head, anc. _Fleamburgh_, the flame hill or beacon hill Flèche, La, named from the lofty spire of the church of St. Thomas Fleetwood, 81 Flintshire, supposed to have derived its name from the abundance of quartz in the country Flisk, the moist place, Gael. _fleasg_ Florence, Lat. _Florentia_, the flourishing Florida, called by the Spaniards _Pascua-Florida_ because discovered on Easter Sunday Flushing, 81 Fochabers, Gael. _Faichaber_, the plain of the confluence, but more anciently _Beulath_, the mouth of the ford Foldvar, 81 Folkstone, the people’s fortress, Lat. _Lapis-populi_ Fondi, 81 Fontenay, 81 Fontenoy, 81 Fordyce, the south pasture Forfar, supposed to have been named from a tribe, the _Forestii_ Forli, 83 Formentara, abounding in grain Formosa, Span. the beautiful Forth R., Scot. _Froch_, and Welsh _Werid_ Fossano, 81 Frankenstein, 181 Frankfort, 83 Frankfürt, 83 Fraubrunnen, 32 Frederickshald, 98 Freiburg, 84 Friesland, 122 Frische Haff, 97 Friuli, 84 Fuentarrabia, 82 Fühnen Isle or Odensey, 71 Fulham, 100 Funchal, a place abounding in _funcho_, Port. fennel Fürth, 83 G Gainsborough, the town of the _Ganii_, a tribe Galapago Isles, Span. the islands of the water tortoises Galashiels, 170 Galatia, 108 Galicia, 108 Galilee, Heb. a district Galle, Point de, Cingalese, the rock promontory, _galle_ Galway, named from _Gaillimh_, rocky river, 86 Ganges R., 86 Garioch, 86 Garonne R., 86 Gateshead, 40 Gaza, Ar. a treasury Gebirge--_v._ BERG, 24 Genappe, 89 Geneva, 89 Genoa, 90 Georgia, named after George III. Ghauts Mountains, 88 Ghent, 89 Giant’s Causeway, 49 Gibraltar, 89 Giessbach, the rushing brook Girgeh, St. George’s town, on the Nile Girvan R., the short stream Giurgevo, St. George’s town Glamorgan, Welsh _Morganwg_, _i.e._ Gwlad-Morgan, the territory of Morgan-Mawr, its king in the tenth century, 143 Glarus, corrupt. from _St. Hilarius_, to whom the church was dedicated Glogau, 92 Gloucester, 44 Gmünd, 89 Goat Fell, 78 Godalming, Godhelm’s meadow, in Surrey Goes or Ter-Goes, at the R. Gosa Gollnitz and Gollnow, 92 Goole, 86 Goritz, 93 Gorlitz, 93 Goslar, 122 Göttingen, a patronymic Gouda, on the R. Gouwe Gower, Welsh _Gwyr_, a peninsula in Wales, sloping west from Swansea--it may signify the land of the sunset Grabow, 93 Gradentz, 94 Gran, on the R. Gran Grasmere, the lake of swine Gratz, 94 Gravelines, 93 Gravesend, 93 Greenland, 95 Greenlaw, 123 Greenock, 94 Greenwich, 209 Grenoble, 158 Gretna Green, 102 Grisnez, Cape, gray cape, 145 Grisons, Ger. _Graubünden_, the gray league, so called from the dress worn by the Unionists in 1424 Grodno, 94 Grongar--_v._ CAER, 38 Gröningen, a patronymic Grossenhain, 97 Guadalquivir, 95 Guadiana, 95 Güben, Sclav. dove town Gueret, Fr. land for tillage Guienne, corrupt. from _Aquitania_ Gustrow, Sclav. guest town Gwasanau, corrupt. from _Hosannah_, a place in North Wales. The name was given in allusion to the _Victoria-Alleluiatica_, fought on the spot in 420, between the Britons, headed by the Germans, and the Picts and Scots H Haarlem, 96 Hadersleben, 124 Haemus Mountain, 18 Hague, The, 97 Haguenau, 97 Hainan, Chinese, south of the sea, corrupt. from _Hai Lam_ Hainault, 88 Halicarnassus, Grk. _Halikarnassos_, sea horn place Halifax, 103 Halifax, Nova Scotia, named for the Earl of Halifax Hall and Halle, 98 Hamburg, 97 Hameln, 99 Hammerfest, 100 Hampstead, 98 Hankau or Hankow, the mouth of commerce, a city in China Hanover, 150 Harbottle, 27 Harrogate, 88 Hartlepool, 158 Hartz Mountains, 101 Harwich, 100 Haselt, 101 Hastings, A.S. _Haestinga-ceaster_, the camp of Hastings, a Danish pirate Havana, the harbour Havre, Le, 97 Hawarden, Welsh, upon the hill Hawes, 97 Heboken, Ind. the smoked pipe, the spot in New Jersey at which the English settlers smoked the pipe of peace with the Indian chiefs Hechingen, a patronymic. Hedjas, the land of pilgrimage Heidelberg, 24 Heilbron, 32 Heiligenstadt, 103 Heligoland, 103 Helvellyn, if Celtic, perhaps _El-velin_, the hill of Baal Hems, probably named from _Hms_, the Egyptian name of Isis Henly, Cym.-Cel. old place Herat, anc. _Aria-Civitas_, the town on the Arius, now the R. Heri Hereford, 82 Hermon, the lofty peak Herstal, 180 Hesse, named from the _Catti_ or _Chatti_ Himalaya Mountains, 123 Hinckley, the horse’s meadow Hindostan, 181 Hindu Koosh Mountains, _i.e._ the Indian Caucasus Hinojosa, Span. the place of fennel Hirschberg, 105 Hitchen, 100 Hoang Ho, 105 Hobart Town, named after one of the first settlers Hohenlinden, 106 Holland, 106 Holstein, 174 Holt, 107 Holyhead, 103 Holy Island, 103 Holywell, 103 Holywood, 103 Homburg, 105 Honduras, Span. deep water Hong Kong, the place of fragrant streams Hoorn, 107 Hor, the mountain Horeb, the desert Horn, Cape, 107 Horncastle, 107 Horsham, 99 Howden, 102 Howth Head, 102 Hudson R., named after Henry Hudson, who ascended the river A.D. 1607 Huelva, Basque _Onoba_, at the foot of the hill; and Ar. _Wuebban_, corrupt. to Huelva Huesca, anc. _Osca_, the town of the Basques or Euscs Hull, 117 Hungary, Ger. _Ungarn_, the country of the Huns; Hung. _Magyar-Orzag_, the country of the Magyars Huntingdon, hunter’s hill, or a patronymic Hurdwar, 70 Huron, Lake, from a tribe Hurryhur, named from the goddess Hari or Vishnu Hurst, 101 Hythe, 105 I Ilfracombe, 54 Illinois, named after the tribe _Illini_, _i.e._ the men; and _ois_, a tribe Imaus, the snowy mountain Inch--_v._ INNIS, 111 Ingleborough Mountain, 24 Inkermann, Turc. the place of caverns Innerleithen, 112 Innsbrück, at the bridge, on the R. Inn Interlachen, 119 Inverness, 112 Iona or I, 108 Iowa, the drowsy ones, a tribe name, U.S. Ipswich, 209 Ireland or Ierne, 108 Irkutsk, 176 Irrawädi, the great river Iscanderoon, named after Alexander the Great Iserlohn, 130 Isla, in the Hebrides, named after Yula, a Danish princess who was buried there Ispahan, Pers. the place of horses Issoire, 70 Issoudun, 69 Ithaca, the strait or steep J Jabalon R., 112 Jaffa or Joppa, Semitic, beauty Jamaica, corrupt. from _Xaymaca_, the land of wood and water Jamboli, Sclav. the city in the hollow Janina, Sclav. John’s town Jaroslav, named after its founder Jassy, Sclav. the marshy place Jauer, 113 Java, 65 Jersey, 71 Jersey, in U.S., so named by Sir George Carteret, who had come from the Island of Jersey Jerusalem, Semitic, the abode of peace Joinville, 201 Joppa--_v._ Jaffa, the beautiful Jouare, anc. _Ara-Jovis_, the altar of Jove Juggernaut, or more correctly _Jagganatha_, the Lord of the world--_jacat_, Sansc. the world, and _natha_, Lord Juliers, 109 Jumna R., named after Yamuna, a goddess Jungfrau Mountain, Ger. the maiden or the fair one, so called from its spotless white Jura Isle, Scand. _Deor-oe_, deer island Jüterbogk, named for the Sclav. god of spring Jutland, named from the Jutes K Kaffraria, Ar. the land of the _Kafirs_ or unbelievers Kaisarizeh, the mod. name of anc. _Cæsarea_ Kaiserlautern, 113 Kalgan, Tartar, the gate, a town in China Kampen, 35 Kandy, splendour Kansas, a tribe name Karlsbad, 16 Keith, Gael. the cloudy, from _ceath_, a cloud or mist Kel and Kil--_v._ COILL or CILL Kells, 48 Kelso, 38 Kempen, 40 Ken--_v._ CEANN Kendal, 60 Kenmare, 46 Kensington, the town of the _Kensings_ Kent, 45 Kentucky, the dark and bloody ground Kerry Co., Ir. _Ciarraidhe_, the district of the race of Ciar Kettering, a patronymic Kew, 107 Khartoum, the promontory Khelat, 114 Kin--_v._ CEANN Kinghorn, 45 Kingsclere, 5 King’s Co., named after Philip II. of Spain Kingston, 147 Kingussie, 45 Kirkillisia, the forty churches in Turkey Kirkintilloch, 38 Kirkwall, 115 Kishon R., _i.e._ the tortuous stream Kissengen, a patronymic Klagenfurt, 84 Knock--_v._ CNOC Königgratz, the king’s fortress Kordofan, the white land Koros R., Hung, the red river Koslin, 118 Kothendorf, 47 Kralowitz, 118 Kraszna R., beautiful river Kremenetz, 118 Kremnitz, 118 Krishna or Kistna R., the black stream, in India Kronstadt, 118 Kulm, 47 Kyle--_v._ CAOL L La Hogue, Cape, 102 Laaland Isle, 119 Labuan Isle, Malay, the anchorage Laccadives, 65 Laconia, 120 Ladrone Isles, Span. the islands of thieves Lagnieu, 120 Lagos, 120 Laguna, 120 Lahr, 123 Lambeth, 105 Lambride, 121 Lamlash, 120 Lampeter, 121 Lamsaki, anc. _Lampsacus_, the passage Lanark, 121 Land’s End--_v._ PEN Landerneau, 121 Langres, anc. _Langone_, named from the _Lingones_, a tribe Languedoc, named from the use of the word _oc_, for _yes_, in their language, _i.e._ Langue-d’oc Lannion, 121 Laon, 130 Larbert, named from a man of this name Largo, 124 Largs, 124 Larissa, named after a daughter of Pelasgus Lassa, the land of the Divine intelligence, the capital of Thibet Latakia, corrupt. from anc. _Laodicea_ Latheron, 103 Lauder, named from the R. Leader Lauffen, 123 Launceston, 121 Laval, anc. _Vallis-Guidonis_, the valley of Guido Lawrence R., so named because discovered on St. Laurence’s Day, 1535 Laybach or Laubach, 15 Leam R., 125 Leamington, 125 Lebanon Mountain, 89 Leeds, 125 Leibnitz, 124 Leighlin, 91 Leighton-Buzzard, 21 Leinster, 183 Leipzig, 128 Leith, named from the river at whose mouth it stands Leitrim, 67 Lemberg, 24 Leobschütz, the place of the _Leubuzi_, a Sclavonic tribe Leominster, 130 Leon, anc. _Legio_, the station of the 7th Roman Legion Lepanto, Gulf of, corrupt. from _Naupactus_, Grk. the ship station Lerida, anc. _Llerda_, Basque, the town Lesmahago, 128 Letterkenny, 125 Leuchars, the marshy land Levant, Lat. the place of the sun-rising, as seen from Italy Leven R., 124 Lewes, _Les ewes_, the waters Lewis Island, Scand. _Lyodhuus_, the wharf Leyden, 69 Liberia, the country of the free, colonised by emancipated slaves Lichfield, 77 Lidkioping, 47 Liège, 125 Liegnitz, 130 Lifford, 25 Ligny, a patronymic Lille, 111 Lilybaeum, Phœn. opposite Libya Lima, corrupt. from _Rimæ_, the name of the river on which it stands and of a famous idol Limbourg, 126 Limerick, corrupt. from _Lomnech_, a barren spot; _lom_, bare Limoges, anc. _Lemovicum_, the dwelling of the Lemovici Linares, Span. flax fields Lincoln, 53 Lindesnaes, 126 Lindores, in Fife, probably a corruption of _Lann-Tours_, being the seat of an anc. Abbey of Tours, founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon Linkioping, 47 Linlithgow, 127 Lisbellaw, 128 Lisbon, 104 Lisieux, in France, Lat. _Noviomagus_, the new field, subsequently named from the Lexovii Liskeard, 128 Lissa, 125 Liverpool, 158 Livno, Livny, Livonia, named from the _Liefs_, a Ugrian tribe Llanerch-y-medd, the place of honey, in Wales Llanos, Span. the level plains Lochaber, 3 Lockerby, 37 Lodi, anc. _Laus-Pompeii_ Logie, 120 Lombardy, the country of the _Longobardi_, so called from a kind of weapon which they used London, 64 Londonderry, 61 Longford, 83 Longniddrie--_v._ LLAN, 122 Loop Head, 123 Lorca, 109 Loretto, named from Lauretta, a lady who gave the site for a chapel at that place L’Orient, so named from an establishment of the East India Company at the place in 1666 Lorn, Gael. _Labhrin_, named after one of the Irish colonists from Dalriada Lossie R., 1 Loughill, Ir. _Leamchoil_, the elm-wood Louisiana, named after Louis XIV. of France Louisville, 201 Louth, in Lincoln, named from the R. Ludd Louth Co., Ir. _Lugh Magh_, the field of Lugh Louvain, Ger. _Löwen_, the lion, named after a person called Leo Lowestoft, 192 Lubeck, 128 Luben, 128 Lublin, 128 Lucca, anc. _Luca_--_v._ LUCUS Lucena, Basque _Lucea_, the long town Lucerne, named from a lighthouse or beacon, _lucerna_, formerly placed on a tower in the middle of the R. Rheus Lucknow, corrupt. from the native name _Laksneanauti_, the fortunate Ludlow, 123 Ludwigslust, 131 Lugano, 119 Lugo, 130 Lugos, 130 Lund, 131 Lurgan, Ir. the low ridge Luxembourg, 131 Luxor, corrupt. from _El-Kasur_, the palaces Lycus R., Grk. _leukos_ Lyme, in Kent, anc. _Kainos-limen_, Grk. the new haven Lyme-Regis, on the R. Lyme Lyons, 69 M Macao, in China, where there was a temple sacred to an idol named Ama. The Portuguese made it _Amagoa_, the bay of Ama, corrupted first to Amacao and then to Macao Madeira, Port. the woody island Madras, 153 Madrid, anc. _Majerit_, origin unknown, but perhaps from _Madarat_, Ar. a city Maelawr, from _mael_, Welsh, mart, and _lawr_, ground, a general name for places in Wales where trade could be carried on without any hindrance from diversity of races.--James’s _Welsh Names of Places_ Maestricht, 66 Magdala, Semitic, a watch-tower in Abyssinia Magdala, in Saxe-Weimar, on the R. Midgel Magor, corrupt. from _Magwyr_, Welsh, a ruin, the name of a railway station near Chepstow Maidenhead, 105 Maidstone, 181 Main R., 132 Maine, in France, named from the _Cenomani_ Mainland, 132 Malabar Coast, or _Malaywar_, the hilly country Malacca, named from the tree called Malacca Malaga, Phœn. _malac_, salt, named from its trade in salt Malakoff, named after a sailor of that name who established a public-house there Maldives Islands, 65 Maldon, 69 Mallow, 132 Malpas, Fr. the difficult pass Malta, Phœn. _Melita_, a place of refuge Malvern, 139 Mancha, La, Span. a spot of ground covered with weeds Manchester, 44 Manfredonia, named after Manfred, King of Naples, by whom it was built Mangalore, named after an Indian deity Mangerton Mountain, in Ireland, corrupt. from _Mangartach_, _i.e._ the mountain covered with _mang_, a long hairlike grass Mans, Le, named after the _Cenomani_ Mansorah, in Egypt, the victorious Mantinea, Grk. the place of the prophet or oracle, _mantis_ Mantua, 133 Manzanares, Span. the apple-tree orchard Maracaybo, 143 Maranao, Span. a place overgrown with weeds Marathon, a place abounding in fennel, _marathos_ Marazion, 84 Marburg, 134 March, 134 Marchena, the marshy land Marengo, 136 Margarita, the island of pearls Margate, 88 Marienwerder, 205 Marlow, Great, 136 Marmora, Sea of, named from an adjacent island, celebrated for its marble, _marmor_ Marnoch, Co. Banff, named from St. Marnoch Maros R., 136 Maros-Vasarhely, 103 Marquesas Isles, named after Marquis Mendoza, Viceroy of Peru, who originated the voyage through which they were discovered Marsala, 135 Maryland, named after the queen of Charles I. Mathern, corrupt. from _Merthyr_, the martyr, the name of a church near Chepstow, built in memory of Fewdrig, King of Gwent, who died on its site as he was returning wounded from a battle against the Saxons Mathravel, the land of apples, one of the ancient provinces into which Wales was divided Matlock, 130 Mauritius, discovered by the Portuguese in 1505, visited by the Dutch in 1596, who named it after Prince Maurice of the Netherlands. From 1713 till 1810 it belonged to the French, who called it Isle of France May Island, 132 Maynooth, 132 Mayo, the plain of yew-trees Mazzara, Phœn. the castle Mazzarino, the little castle Mearns, corrupt. from _Maghgkerkkin_, the plain of Kerkin Meaux, named from the _Meldi_ Mecklenburg, 137 Medellin, named after its founder, Metellus, the Roman consul Medina, 135 Mediterranean Sea, 138 Meiningen, 132 Meissen, on the R. Meissa Melbourne, named after Lord Melbourne in 1837 Meldrum, 67 Melrose, 139 Melun, 69 Memmingen, a patronymic Memphis or Memphe, _i.e._ _Ma-m-Phthah_, the place of the Egyptian god Phthah Menai Strait, anc. _Sruth-monena_ Menam, the mother of waters, a river of Siam Mendip Hills, _i.e._ _mune-duppe_, rich in mines Mentone, It. the chin, on a point of lead Merida, Lat. _Augusta Emerita_, the town of the _emeriti_ or veterans, founded by Emperor Augustus Merioneth, named after Merion, a British saint Merthyr-Tydvil, named after the daughter of an ancient British king Meseritz, 138 Meshed, Ar. the mosque Mesolonghi or Missolonghi, 119 Mesopotamia, 138 Metz, named from the _Meomatrici_, a tribe Michigan Lake, Ind. great lake, or the weir, or fish-trap, from its shape Middelburg, 138 Midhurst, 138 Miklos, 137 Milan, 115 Milton, 144 Minnesota R., the sky-coloured water Miramichi, Ind. happy retreat Mirgorod, 138 Mississippi R., Ind. the father of waters Missouri, Ind. the muddy stream Mitrovicz or Mitrovitz, 152 Mittau, named from _Mita_, a Sclav. deity Modena, Lat. _Mutina_, the fortified place Moffat, the foot of the moss Mogadore, named after a saint whose tomb is on an island off the coast Moguer, Ar. the caves Mohawk R., named from a tribe Moidart or Moydart, 132 Mola, It. the mound, anc. _Turres-Juliani_, the town of Julian Mold, 142 Monaghan, Ir. _Muneachain_, a place abounding in little hills Monaster, 138 Monasterevin, 138 Monda, 142 Mondego, 142 Monena, the river or sea of Mona Monmouth, at the mouth of the Mynwy, _i.e._ the border river, from which it took its ancient name Montgomery, 142 Montrose, 168 Moravia, 136 Morayshire, 119 Morbihan, 119 Morecambe Bay, 39 Morocco, the country of the Moors, 22 Morpeth, 143 Morven, 143 Morvern, 143 Moscow, 142 Moulins, 141 Mourne Mountains, 142 Moy, Moyne, 132 Muhlhausen, 141 Mull Island, 145 Münden, 140 Munich, 140 Munster, in Germany, 138 Munster, in Ireland, 138 Murcia, 134 Murviedro, 145 Muscat or Meschid, Ar. the tomb of a saint Muthil, 143 Mysore, corrupt. from _Mahesh-Asura_, the name of a buffalo-headed monster, said to have been destroyed by the goddess Kali N Naas, Ir. a fair or place of meeting Nablous, 158 Nagore, _na-gara_, Sansc. a city Nagpore, 160 Nagy-Banja, 18 Nagy-Koros, 146 Nairn, on the R. Nairn, anc. _Ainear-nan_, east-flowing river Nancy, 146 Nankin, Chinese, the southern capital Nantes, 146 Nantwich, 146 Naples, 158 Narbonne, named from the _Narbonenses_ Naseby, the town on the cape Nashville, named from Colonel Nash Nassau, 146 Natal, Colony, so named because discovered on Christmas Day, _Dies-natalis_, by Vasco de Gama in 1498 Natchez, a tribe name Naumburg, 148 Naupactus, the place of ships Nauplia, a sea-port, from the Grk. _naus_, a ship, and _pleos_, full Navan, Ir. _n’Eamhain_, literally the neck brooch, so named from a legend connected with the foundation of an ancient palace there Navarre, 147 Naxos, the floating island Naze, Cape, 145 Nebraska, Ind. the shallow river Nedjed, Ar. the elevated country Negropont, 159 Neilgherry Hills, 90 Nemours, the place of the sacred grove, _nemus_ Nenagh, 74 Ness, Loch and R., 73 Neston, 73 Netherlands, 147 Neusatz, 148 Neusohl, 148 Neuwied, 148 Nevada Mountains--_v._ SIERRA, 175 Nevers, anc. _Nivernum_ and _Noviodunum_, the new fort or the R. Nièvre Neviansk, on the R. Neva Newark, 206 Newcastle, 43 Newport, 156 New Ross, 167 Newry, Ir. _Iubhar-cinn-tragha_, the yew-tree at the head of the strand New York, named after the Duke of York, brother of Charles II. Niagara, corrupt. from _Oni-aw-ga-rah_, the thunder of waters Nicastro, new camp Nicopoli, 158 Nijni Novgorod, 148 Nile R., native name _Sihor_, the blue, called by the Jews Nile, the stream Nimeguen, 133 Nimes or Nismes, 147 Ningpo, the repose of the waves Niphon Mount, the source of light Nippissing, a tribe name Nogent, 149 Noirmoutier, 138 Nola, 148 Nombre-de-dios, the name of God, a city of Mexico Nörrkoping, 47 Northumberland, 149 Norway, 149 Nova Scotia, so named in concession to Sir William Alexander, a Scotsman, who settled there in the reign of James II. It was named _Markland_ by its Norse discoverer, Eric the Red Nova Zembla, 148 Noyon, anc. _Noviodunum_, the new fort Nubia, Coptic, the land of gold Nuneaton, the nun’s town, on the R. Ea, in Warwickshire, the seat of an ancient priory Nurnberg, 24 Nyassa and Nyanza, the water Nyborg, 148 Nyköping or Nykobing, 47 Nystadt, 148 O Oakham, 5 Oban, Gael. the little bay Ochill Hills, 198 Ochiltree, 198 Odensee, 71 Oeta Mount, sheep mountain Ofen or Buda, 33 Ohio, beautiful river, called by the French _La Belle rivière_ Oldenburg, 7 Olekminsk, 176 Olympus Mountain, the shining Omagh, _Omeha_, named from a tribe Omsk, 176 Oosterhout, 107 Oporto, 156 Oppeln, the town on the R. Oppo Oppido, Lat. _Oppidum_ Orange, anc. _Arausione_, the town on the R. Araise Orange R. and Republic, named after Maurice, Prince of Orange Oregon R., from the Span. _organa_, wild marjoram Orellana R., named from its discoverer Orissa, named from a tribe Orkney Islands, 111 Orleans, corrupt. from _Aurelianum_, named after the Emperor Aurelian Orme’s Head, Norse _ormr_, a serpent, from its shape Ormskirk, 125 Orvieto, 199 Osborne, named after the Fitz-Osborne family Oschatz, Sclav. _Osada_, the colony Osimo, 199 Osnabrück, 31 Ossa Mountain, Grk. the watch-tower Ostend, 74 Ostia, Lat. the place at the river’s mouth, _Os_ Oswestry, 57 Othrys, the mountain with the overhanging brow, Grk. _othrus_ Otranto, anc. _Hydruntum_, a place almost surrounded by water, _ùdor_, Grk. Ottawa, a tribe name Ottawa R., a tribe name Oudenarde, 7 Oudh or Awadh, corrupt. from _Ayodha_, the invincible Oulart, corrupt. from _Abhalgort_, Ir. apple field Oundle, 60 Ouro-preto, 160 Ouse R., 198 Overyssel R., 150 Oviedo is said to have derived this name from the Rivers Ove and Divo. Its Latin name was _Lucus-Asturum_, the grove of the Asturians Owyhee, the hot place P Paderborn, 32 Padstow, 183 Paestum, anc. _Poseidonia_, the city of Poseidon or Neptune Palamcotta, 55 Palermo, corrupt. from _Panormus_, Grk. the spacious harbour Palestine, the land of the Philistines, _strangers_; from Crete, who occupied merely a strip of the country on the coast, and yet gave their own name to the whole land Palma, the palm-tree Palmas, Lat. the palm-trees Palmyra or Tadmor, the city of palms Pampeluna or Pamplona, 158 Panama Bay, the bay of mud fish Panjab or Punjaub, 2 Paraguay, 153 Parahyba, 153 Paramaribo, 144 Parapamisan Mountains, the flat-topped hills Parchim, 153 Paris, 130 Parsonstown, named for Sir William Parsons, who received a grant of the land on which the town stands, with the adjoining estate, from James II. in 1670 Passau, 44 Patagonia, so called from the clumsy shoes of its native inhabitants Patna, 153 Paunton, 159 Pays de Vaud, 200 Peebles, anc. _Peblis_, Cym.-Cel. the tents or sheds Peel, 153 Peiho R., 105 Pe-king, Chinese, the northern capital Pe-ling Mountains, the northern mountains Pelion, the clayey mountains, _pelos_, Grk. clay Pella, the stony Pembroke, 30 Penicuik, 154 Pennsylvania, named after William Penn, whose son had obtained a grant of forest land in compensation for £16,000 which the king owed to his father Pentland Hills, corrupt. from the Pictsland Hills Penzance, 154 Perekop, the rampart Perigord, named from the _Petrocorii_ Perm, anc. _Biarmaland_, the country of the Biarmi Pernambuco, the mouth of hell, so called from the violent surf at the mouth of its harbour Pernau, 126 Pershore, 130 Perth, 19 Perthddu, Welsh, the black brake or brushwood, in Wales Perugia, 152 Peshawur, the advanced fortress Pesth, 150 Peterhead, 112 Peterwarden, the fortress of Peter the Hermit Petra, the stony Petropaulovski, the port of Peter and Paul Pforzheim, 135 Philadelphia, the town of brotherly love, in America Philippi, named after Philip of Macedon Philippine Isles, named after Philip II. of Spain Philipstown, in Ireland, named after Philip, the husband of Queen Mary Phocis, the place of seals Phœnice, either the place of palms or the Phœnician settlement Phœnix Park, in Dublin, 80 Piedmont, the foot of the mountain Pietermaritzburg, named after two Boer leaders Pillau, 153 Pisgah Mountain, the height Pittenweem, 157 Pittsburg, named after William Pitt Placentia, Lat. the pleasant place Plassy, named from a grove of a certain kind of tree Plattensee or Balaton, 173 Plenlimmon Mountain, Welsh, the mountain with five peaks Plock, or Plotsk, 26 Ploermel, 157 Podgoricza, 157 Poictiers, named from the _Pictones_ Poland, Sclav. the level land Polynesia, 112 Pomerania, 143 Pondicherri, Tamil, the new village Pontoise, 159 Poole, 158 Popocatepetl Mountain, the smoking mountain Portrush, 168 Portugal, 156 Potenza, Lat. _Potentia_, the powerful Potsdam, 157 Powys, the name of an ancient district in North Wales, signifying a place of rest Pozoblanco, 161 Prague, Sclav. _Prako_, the threshold Prato-Vecchio, 160 Prenzlow, the town of Pribislav, a personal name Presburg or Brezisburg, the town of Brazilaus Prescot, 55 Presteign and Preston, 194 Privas, anc. _Privatium Castra_, the fortress not belonging to the state, but private property Prossnitz, on the R. Prosna Providence, in U.S., so named by Roger Williams, who was persecuted by the Puritan settlers in Massachusetts because he preached toleration in religion, and was obliged to take refuge at that place, to which, in gratitude to God, he gave this name Prussia, the country of the _Pruezi_ Puebla, Span. a town or village Puebla-de-los-Angelos, the town of the angels, so called from its fine climate Puenta-de-la-Reyna, 159 Puerto, the harbour Pulo-Penang, 161 Puozzuoli, 161 Puy-de-dome, 156 Pwlhelli, 159 Pyrenees Mountains, named either from the Basque _pyrge_, high, or from the Celtic _pyr_, a fir-tree Pyrmont, 142 Q Quang-se, the western province, in China Quang-tung, the eastern province Quatre-Bras, Fr. the four arms, _i.e._ at the meeting of four roads Quebec, in Canada, named after Quebec in Brittany, the village on the point Queensberry, 24 Queen’s County, named after Queen Mary Queensferry, 76 Queensland and Queenstown, named after Queen Victoria Quimper, 53 Quimper-lé, 53 Quita, the deep ravine R Radnorshire, 165 Radom and Radomka, named after the Sclav. deity Ratzi Rajputana, 163 Ramgunga, 86 Ramnaggur, ram’s fort Ramsgate, 88 Randers, 162 Raphoe, 163 Rapidan R., named after Queen Anne Rappahannock R., Ind. the river of quick-rising waters Rastadt, 163 Ratibor, 28 Ratisbon, Sclav. the fortress on the R. Regen, Ger. _Regena Castra_ or _Regensburg_ Ravenna, 79 Rayne, Gael. _raon_, a plain, a parish in Aberdeenshire Reading, a patronymic Redruth, in Cornwall, in old deeds, _Tre-Druith_, the dwelling of the Druids Reeth, on the stream, _rith_ Rega R., 164 Reichenbach, 15 Reichenhall, 98 Reigate, 88 Reims or Rheims, named for the _Remi_, a tribe Remscheid, 171 Renaix, corrupt. from _Hrodnace_, the town of Hrodno Renfrew, 162 Rennes, named from the _Rhedoni_, a tribe Resht, Ar. headship Resolven, Welsh _Rhiw_, Scotch _maen_, the brow of the stonehead, in Glamorganshire Reculver, in Kent, corrupt. from _Regoluion_, the point against the waves Retford, 166 Reutlingen, a patronymic Revel, named from two small islands near the town, called _reffe_, the sand-banks Reykiavik or Reikiavik, 209 Rhine R. and Rhone R., 164 Rhode Island, 74 Rhodes and Rosas, in Spain, named from the _Rhodians_, a Grecian tribe Rhyddlan or Rhuddlan, Cym.-Cel. the red church Rhyl, the cleft, a watering-place in North Wales Rhymni, the marshy land, in Monmouthshire, on a river called the Rhymni, from the nature of the land through which it flows--_v._ Romney, at EA, 71 Riga, 126 Ringwood, in Hants, the wood of the Regni Rio-de-Janeiro, 164 Ripon, 167 Ritzbuttel, 27 Rive-de-Gier, 166 Rivoli, 166 Rochdale, the valley of the R. Roche Rochefort, 167 Rochelle, 167 Rochester, 167 Roermonde, 140 Romania or Roumilli, 109 Romans, anc. _Romanum-Monasterium_, the monastery of the Romans, founded by St. Bernard Rome, perhaps named from the _groma_, or four cross roads that at the forum formed the nucleus of the city Romorantin, 166 Roncesvalles, 200 Roque, La, Cape, the rock Roscommon, 167 Roscrea, 167 Rosetta, anc. Ar. _Rasched_, headship Ross, in Hereford, 165 Rossbach, the horse’s brook Ross-shire, 168 Rothenburg, 165 Rotherham, 165 Rotherthurm, 165 Rothesay, the isle of Rother, the ancient name of Bute Rotterdam, 60 Rouen, 133 Rousillon, named from the ancient town of _Ruscino_, a Roman colony Roveredo, Lat. _Roboretum_, a place planted with oaks, in Tyrol Row, in Dumbartonshire, from _rubha_, Gael. a promontory running into the sea Roxburgh, 167 Ruabon, corrupt. from _Rhiw-Mabon-Sant_, the ascent of St. Mabon, in North Wales Rudgeley or Rugely, 166 Rugen, named from the Rugii Runcorn, 45 Runnymede, 132 Rushbrook and Rushford, 167 Russia, named from the _Rossi_, a tribe of Norsemen in the ninth century Ruthin and Rhuddlan, 165 Rutland, 165 Rybinsk, 168 Ryde, 167 Ryswick, 168 S Saale R., 169 Saarbrück, 31 Saar-Louis, 12 Sabor, 28 Sabor R., 28 Saffron Walden, 202 Sagan, Sclav. behind the road Sahara, 176 Saida or Sidon, Semitic, fish town Saintes, named from the _Santones_ Salamanca, 169 Salem, in U.S., intended by the Puritans to be a type of the New Jerusalem Salford, 169 Salins, 169 Salisbury, 35 Salonica, corrupt. from _Thessalonica_ Salop, contracted from _Sloppesbury_, the Norman corruption of _Scrobbesbury_, the town among shrubs, now Shrewsbury--_v._ 34 Saltcoats, 55 Salzburg, 169 Samarcand, said to have been named after Alexander the Great Samaria, the town of Shemir Samos, Phœn. the lofty Sandwich, 209 Sangerhausen--_v._ SANG Sanquhar, 172 San Salvador, the Holy Saviour, the first land descried by Columbus, and therefore named by him from the Saviour, who had guarded him in so many perils San Sebastian, the first Spanish colony founded in South America Santa Cruz, 57 Santa Fé, the city of the holy faith, founded by Queen Isabella after the siege of Granada Santander, named after St. Andrew Saragossa, corrupt. from _Cæsarea Augusta_; its Basque name was _Saluba_, the sheep’s ford Sarawak, Malay _Sarakaw_, the cove Sarnow, 212 Saskatchewan, swift current, a river in British North America Saul, in Gloucester--_v._ SALH, 169 Saul, Co. Down--_v._ SABHALL, 168 Saumur, anc. _Salmurium_, the walled building Saxony, 170 Scala-nova, 39 Scalloway, 170 Scarborough, 175 Scawfell Mountain, 78 Schaffhausen, 102 Schemnitz, 114 Schichallion Mountain, Gael. _Ti-chail-linn_, the maiden’s pap Schleswick, 209 Schmalkalden, 171 Schotturen, the Scotch Vienna, a colony of Scottish monks having settled there Schreckhorn Mountain, 107 Schweidnitz, Sclav. the place of the cornel-tree Schweinfurt, the ford of the Suevi Schwerin, 172 Scilly Islands, the islands of the rock, _siglio_ Scinde, the country of the R. Indus or Sinde Scratch meal Scar, in Cumberland--_v._ SKAER, 175 Scutari, in Albania, corrupt. from _Scodra_, hill town Scutari, in Turkey, from _Uskudar_, Pers. a messenger, having been in remote periods, what it is to this day, a station for Asiatic couriers Sebastopol, 158 Sedlitz, 174 Segovia, anc. _Segubia_, probably the plain on the river-bend; _ce_, a plain, and _gubia_, a bend Selby, 173 Selinga, 173 Semipalatinsk, 152 Senlis, 173 Sens, named from the _Senones_ Seringapatam, 153 Settle, 173 Seville, Phœn. _Sephala_, a marshy plain Sevres, named from the two rivers which traverse it, anc. _Villa Savara_ Shamo, Chinese, the desert Shan--_v._ SEANN, 172 Shanghai, supreme court Shansi, west of the mountain Shantung, east of the mountain Sherborne, 172 Shetland Islands, 104 Shields, 170 Shiraz, 174 Shirvan, said to have been named after Nieshirvan, a king of Persia Shotover, corrupt. from _Chateauvert_, green castle Shrewsbury--_v._ Salop Sicily, named from the _Siculi_, a tribe Sidlaw Hills, fairy hills--_v._ SIDH Sidon--_v._ Saida, in Index. Silesia, Sclav. _Zlezia_, the bad land Silhet or Sirihat, the rich market Silloth Bay, perhaps herring bay, _sil_, Norse, a herring, and _lod_, a bundle of fishing lines Sion or Sitten, 174 Sion, Mount, the upraised Skagen, Cape, 176 Skager-rack, 176 Skaw Cape, 176 Skipton, 176 Skye Island, Gael. _Ealan-skianach_, the winged island Slamanan, 177 Sligo, named from the R. _Sligeach_, shelly water Sluys, 171 Slyne Head, 46 Snäfell Mountain, 78 Snaith, 177 Snowdon Mountain, 70 Socotra, 65 Soissons, named from the _Suessiones_ Sokoto, the market-place Soleure, corrupt. from St. Ours or Ursinus, to whom the church was dedicated Solway Firth, according to Camden, was named from a small village in Scotland called Solam Somerset, 173 Sommariva, the summit of the bank Somogy, Hung. the place of cornel-trees Sophia, Grk. wisdom, dedicated to the second person of the Trinity Sorbonne, named from Robert de Sorbonne, almoner of St. Louis Söst or Soest, 174 Soudan--_v._ BELED Southampton, 194 Southwark, 206 Souvigny, 173 Spa, 82 Spalatro, 152 Sparta, Grk. the sowed land or the place of scattered houses Spires or Speyer, named from the R. Speyerbach Spitzbergen, 156 Spurn Head, the look-out cape, from _spyrian_, to look out St. Alban’s Head, corrupt. from St. Aldhelm’s Head St. Andrews, so named from a tradition that the bones of St. Andrew were brought to that place by St. Regulus: formerly called _Mucros_, the boar’s headland, and then Kilrymont, the church or cell of the king’s mount St. Cloud for St. Hloddwald St. David’s, in Wales, Welsh _Ty-Ddewi_--_v._ TY St. Heliers for St. Hilarius St. Omer for St. Awdomar Stadel, etc., 179 Staffa, 180 Staines, 181 Stamboul, 158 Stanislaus, named after Stanislaus of Poland Stantz, 181 Stargard, 182 Starodub, 182 Startpoint, 182 Stavropol, 158 Stellenbosch, 36 Stepney, 105 Stetten, Sclav. _Zytyn_, the place of green corn Stirling, Cym.-Cel. _Ystrevelyn_, the town of the Easterlings, from Flanders Stockholm, 106 Stockport, 184 Stockton, 184 Stoke, 183 Stolpe, 184 Stonehaven, 97 Stow-market, 183 Stradbally, 184 Stralsund, 185 Strasbourg, 184 Strehlitz, 184 Striegau or Cziska, Sclav. the place on the small stream, _tschuga_ Stulweissenburg--_v._ FEHER Stuttgard, 87 Styria or Steyermark, the boundary of the R. Steyer Sudetic Mountains, 185 Suez, the mouth or opening Suffolk, 185 Sumatra, corrupt. from _Trimatra_, the happy Sunderbunds, corrupt. from _Sundari-vana_, so called from the forest, _vana_, of _Sundari_-trees Sunderland, 186 Surat, _i.e._ _Su-rashta_, the good country Surrey, 164 Susa, a city of ancient Persia, so called from the _lilies_ in its neighbourhood; _susa_, a lily Sussex, 170 Sutherlandshire, 185 Sviatoi-nos, 146 Swan R., so named from the number of black swans seen by the first discoverer Swansea, 71 Sweden, 164 Sydney, named after a governor of the colony Syria--_v._ BELED, 20 Szent-kercsyt, 186 Szentes, for saint, 186 T Tabriz, anc. _Taurus_, the mountain town Tagus or Tejo R., Phœn. the fish river Tain, 190 Takhtapul, the throne city, the seat of the Turkish Afghan government Takht-i-Soliman, the throne of Solomon, being the highest of the Solomon Mountains Talavera, 29 Tamsai, fresh water town, in China Tananarivo, the city of one thousand towns, the capital of Madagascar Tanderagee, Ir. _Ton-legœith_, the place with its back to the wind Tanjier, Phœn. the city protected by God Tanjore, corrupt. from _Tanjavur_, derived from its ancient name _Tanja-Nagaram_, the city of refuge Tarazona, 199 Tarifa, named after a Moorish chief Tarnopol, 187 Tarporley, 126 Tarragona, anc. _Tarraco_, Phœn. _Tarchon_, the citadel or palace Tarsus, Phœn. the strong place Tasmania, named after Abel Tasman, who discovered it in 1642. It was called Van Diemen’s Land in honour of the Governor-General of the Dutch East India Company Taurus Mountain, 196 Tavistock, 184 Tay R., 187 Tcherniz, 212 Teflis, 189 Teltown, Ir. _Tailten_, where Taillte, the daughter of the King of Spain, was buried Temeswar, Hung. the fortress on the R. Temes Temisconata, the wonder of water, a county and lake in Canada Temple, a parish in Mid-Lothian, where there was an establishment for the Templars or Red Friars, founded by David I. Tennessee R., the spoon-shaped river, so called from its curve Tenterden, 62 Teramo, 14 Terni, 14 Terranova, 189 Texas, Ind. hunting ground Tezcuco, Mexican, the place of detention Thames R., 187 Thannheim, 187 Thapsus, the passage Thaxsted, 180 Thebes, in Egypt, _Taba_, the capital Thermia, Grk. the place of warm springs, in Sicily Thermopylæ, the defile of the warm springs Thian-shan, Chinese, the celestial mountains Thian-shan-nan-loo, the country south of the celestial mountains Thian-shan-pe-loo, the country north of the celestial mountains Thibet, supposed to be a corrupt. of _Thupo_, the country of the Thou, a people who founded an empire there in the sixth century This or Abou-This, _i.e._ the city of This, corrupted by the Greeks into _Abydos_ Thouars, 12 Thrace, Grk. the rough land, _trachus_ Thun, 69 Thurgau, 88 Thurles, 128 Thurso, 1 Tiber R., 192 Tideswell, 161 Tierra-del-Fuego, 189 Tillicoultry, 198 Tilsit or Tilzela, at the conf. of the R. Tilzele with the Memel Tinnevelly, corrupt. from _Trinavali_, one of the names of Vishnu Tinto Hill, 189 Tipperary, 192 Tiree Island, 189 Tiverton, 83 Tlascala, Mexican, the place of bread Tobermory, 192 Tobolsk, 176 Todmorden, corrupt. from _Todmare-dean_, the valley of the foxes’ mere or marsh Tomantoul, 192 Tomsk, 176 Tongres, 186 Tonquin, Chinese _Tang-king_, the eastern capital Toome--_v._ TUAIM, 197 Töplitz, Neu and Alt Torgau, 195 Torquay, 195 Torres Straits, named after one of Magalhaen’s lieutenants Torres-Vedras, 195 Torquemada, 195 Tory Island, 195 Toul and Toulouse, 50 Toulon, anc. _Telonium_ or _Telo Martius_, named after its founder Tourcoing, 195 Tours, 196 Towie and Tough, parishes in Aberdeenshire, from Gael, _tuath_, the north Trafalgar, 90 Tralee, 196 Tranent, 197 Transylvania, 173 Trapani, anc. _Drapanum_, the sickle, Grk. _drepanon_ Tras-os-Montes, 142 Traun R., 196 Traunik, 196 Traunviertel, 196 Trave R., 196 Trebizond, Grk. _trapezus_, the table, so called from its form Trent, anc. _Civitas-Tridentium_, the town of the _Tridenti_ Trêves, named from the _Treviri_, a tribe Trichinapalli, the town of the giant _Trisira_ Trim, at the elder-tree, 197 Trinidad, so named by Columbus from its three peaks, emblematic of the Holy Trinity Tring, a patronymic Tripoli, 158 Tripolitza, 158 Trolhätta Fall, Goth. the abyss of the trolls or demons Trondhjem or Drontheim Troon, 178 Troppau, _i.e._ _Zur-Oppa_, on the R. Oppa Troyes, named from the _Tricasses_ Truro, 197 Truxillo, in Spain, corrupt. from _Turris-Julii_, Julius’s tower Tuam, 197 Tubingen, anc. _Diowingen_, probably a patronymic Tudela, anc. _Tutela_, the watch-tower Tullamore, 197 Tulle, anc. _Tutela_, the watch-tower Tullow, 197 Turin, anc. _Augusta-Taurinorum_, named from the Taurini, _i.e._ dwellers among hills Tweed R., Brit. _tuedd_, a border Tyndrum, 188 Tynron, 188 Tyre, 196 Tyrnau, on the R. Tyrnau Tyrone, 189 Tzerna or Czerna R., 212 Tzernagora, 212 U Udny, a parish in Aberdeenshire, _i.e._ _Wodeney_, from the Saxon god Woden Uist, North and South, Scand. _Vist_, an abode Uj-hely, Hung. new place Ukraine, Sclav. the frontier or boundary Ulleswater, 206 Ulm or Ulma, the place of elm-trees Ulster, 183 Unst Island, anc. _Ornyst_, Scand. the eagle’s nest Unyamuezi, the land of the moon Upsala, 169 Ural Mountains and R., Tartar, the belt or girdle Usedom, the Germanised form of _Huzysch_, Sclav. the place of learning Usk R., 198 Utrecht, 66 V Valais, 199 Valence, in France, and Valencia, in Spain, anc. _Valentia_, the powerful Valenciennes and Valenza, or Valence, said to have been named after the Emperor Valentinian Valentia Island, in Ireland, Ir. _Dearbhre_, the oak wood Valetta, in Malta, named after the Grand Master of the Knights of St. John in 1566 Valparaiso, 200 Van Diemen’s Land, named after Maria Van Diemen by Tasman Vannes, named from the _Veneti_ Varna, Turc. the fortress Varosvar, 200 Vasarhely, 103 Vaucluse, 200 Vaud, Pays de, 200 Velekaja R., 200 Vendée, La, and Vendôme, named from the _Veneti_ Venezuela, little Venice, so called from an Indian village constructed on piles, discovered by the Spaniards Venice, 79 Venloo, 79 Ventnor, 150 Ventry, 196 Verdun and Verden, 69 Vermont, green mountain Vevey, anc. _Vibiscum_, on the R. Vip Viborg, 201 Vick, 210 Vienna, Ger. _Wien_, on the R. Wien, an affluent of the Danube Viesti, named from a temple dedicated to Vesta Vigo, 209 Vimeira, Port. the place of osiers, _vime_ Vincennes, anc. _Ad-Vicenas_ Virginia, named after Queen Elizabeth Vistula or Wisla, the west-flowing river Vitré, corrupt. from _Victoriacum_, the victorious Vitry, the victorious, founded by Francis I. Vladimir, founded by the ducal family of that name in the twelfth century Vogelberg, the hill of birds Volga, the great water Volhynia, Sclav. the plain Voorburg, 84 Voralberg, _i.e._ in front of the Arlberg ridge Vukovar, the fortress on the R. Vuka W Wakefield, 206 Walcherin Island, 204 Waldeck, 202 Walden, Saffron, 202 Wales, 203 Wallachia, 204 Wallendorf, 204 Wallenstadt, 204 Wallingford, 203 Walthamstow, 202 Ware, 207 Wareham, 207 Warminster, 207 Warrington, a patronymic Warsaw, the fortified place--_v._ VAR Warwick, 205 Waterford, 80 Waterloo, 130 Weimar, 134 Weissenfels, 207 Weistritz R., the swift, straight stream Well--_v._ QUELLE Welland R., the river into which the tide flows Wellingborough, a patronymic Wellington, a patronymic Wells, 161 Welshpool, Welsh _Trallwng_, the quagmire Wem, 198 Wemys, _uamh_, the cave Werden, 205 Wesely, Hung. pleasant Weser R., 1 Westeraas, 208 Westphalia, the western plain Wetterhorn, 108 Wexford, 80 Whitby, 37 Whitehaven, 97 Whithorn, 11 Wiborg, 201 Wick, 209 Wicklow, 209 Wiesbaden, 16 Wigan, 201 Wight, Isle of, anc. _Zuzo-yr-with_, the island of the channel Wigton, 201 Wiltshire, 173 Wimbleton, 193 Wimborne, 210 Winchester, 44 Windsor, 150 Wirksworth, 208 Wisbeach, the shore of the R. Ouse, _uisge_, water Wisconsin, Ind. the wild rushing channel Wismar, 210 Withey, 207 Wittenberg, 207 Wittstock, 210 Wladislawaw, the town of Wladislav Wokingham, 5 Wolfenbuttel, 27 Wolga--_v._ Volga Wolverhampton, 193 Woodstock, 210 Wooler, 211 Woolwich, 104 Worcester, anc. _Huic-wara-ceaster_, the camp of the _Huieci_ Worms, 133 Worm’s Head, the serpent’s head, _ornr_, from its form Worthing, 211 Wrath, Cape, Scand. the cape of the _hvarf_, or turning Wrietzen or Brietzen, Sclav. the place of birch-trees--_v._ BRASA Wroxeter, anc. _Uriconium_ Wurtemberg, anc. _Wrtinisberk_, from a personal name Wurtzburg, 212 Wycombe, 53 Wyoming Valley, corrupt. from _Maugh-wauwame_, Ind. the large plains X Xanthus R., Grk. the yellow river Xeres de la Frontera, anc. _Asta Regia Cæsariana_, Cæsar’s royal fortress Xeres de los Caballeros, Cæsar’s cavalry town Y Yakutsk, named from the _Yakuts_, a Tartar tribe Yang-tse Kiang R., the son of the great water Yarra, the ever-flowing, a river in Australia Yeddo or Jeddo, river door Yell, barren Yemen, to the south or right Yeni-Bazaar, 212 Yenisi R., 212 Yeovil, 201 York, 209 Youghal, anc. _Eochaill_, the yew wood Ypres or Yperen, the dwelling on the Yperlea Ysselmonde, 140 Yunnan, the cloudy south region, in China Yvetot, 192 Yvoire, 9 Z Zab R., 212 Zabern, 186 Zambor, Sclav. behind the wood Zanguebar or Zanjistan, Pers. and Arab., the land of the Zangis and Bahr Zaragossa--_v._ Saragossa Zealand, in Denmark, _Sjvelland_, spirit land Zealand, in Netherlands, land surrounded by the sea Zeitz, named after Ciza, a Sclav. goddess Zell or Cell, 48 Zerbst, belonging to the Wends, _Sserbski_ Zittau, the place of corn Zug, anc. _Tugium_, named from the _Tugeni_, a tribe Zurich, anc. _Thiouricum_, the town of the Thuricii, who built it after it had been destroyed by Attila Zutphen, 79 Zuyder-Zee, 172 Zweibrücken, 31 Zwickau, the place of goats, Ger. _Ziege_ Zwolle, anc. _Suole_, Old Ger. _Sval_, at the swell of the water THE END _Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, _Edinburgh_. MR. MURRAY’S LIST. SIR HECTOR’S WATCH. By CHARLES GRANVILLE. Post 8vo. 2s. 6d. SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, AND THE ENGLISH ROMANTIC SCHOOL. By ALOIS BRANDL, Professor of English at the University of Prague. An English Edition by LADY EASTLAKE, assisted by the Author. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 12s. THE GREAT SILVER RIVER: NOTES OF A FEW MONTHS’ RESIDENCE IN BUENOS AYRES. By Sir HORACE RUMBOLD, Bart., K.C.M.G., British Minister at Athens. With Illustrations. 8vo. 12s. LETTERS FROM A MOURNING CITY. NAPLES DURING THE AUTUMN OF 1884. By AXEL MUNTHE. Translated by MAUDE VALÉRIE WHITE. With a Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. 6s. A NEW AND POPULAR EDITION OF LORD BEACONSFIELD’S LETTERS, 1830-1852. Including “Home Letters” and “Correspondence with his Sister,” with additional letters and notes. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 2s. DEAN HOOK’S CHURCH DICTIONARY: A MANUAL OF REFERENCE FOR CLERGYMEN AND STUDENTS. _A New Edition, thoroughly revised_, and in great part re-written. Edited by WALTER HOOK, M.A., and W. R. W. STEPHENS, M.A. Medium 8vo. 21s. THE HANDBOOK OF PAINTING.--THE ITALIAN SCHOOLS. Based on the Handbook of Kugler. Originally edited by the late Sir CHARLES L. EASTLAKE, R.A. _A New Edition_, revised, enlarged, and in great part re-written, so as to incorporate the results of all the most recent discoveries. By Sir A. HENRY LAYARD, G.C.B. With nearly 200 Illustrations. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 30s. THE MINISTRY OF FINE ART TO THE HAPPINESS OF LIFE. By T. GAMBIER PARRY, M.A. _Revised Edition_, with Index. 8vo. 14s. CONTENTS.--Purpose and Practice of Fine Art--Ministry of Fine Art to Common Life and to Spiritual Life--Ministry of Colour to Sculpture and Architecture--History of Mosaic, Ancient and Christian--Art and Artists of Glass Painting, Ancient and Mediæval--Adornment of Sacred Buildings--Art in Archæology--Builders and Buildings of the Cathedral at Gloucester. THE CRUISE OF THE “MARCHESA” TO KAMSCHATKA AND NEW GUINEA. WITH NOTICES OF FORMOSA AND LIU-KIU AND VARIOUS ISLANDS OF THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. By F. H. H. GUILLEMARD, M.D. With Maps and 150 Illustrations. 2 vols. 8vo. 42s. SOME VERDICTS OF HISTORY REVIEWED. By WILLIAM STEBBING, late Fellow of Worcester College, Oxford. 8vo. 12s. THE HAYWARD LETTERS. Being a selection from the CORRESPONDENCE OF THE LATE A. HAYWARD, Q.C., 1834 TO 1884. With an ACCOUNT OF HIS EARLY LIFE. Edited by HENRY E. CARLISLE. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 24s. INDUSTRIAL IRELAND. SUGGESTIONS FOR A PRACTICAL POLICY OF “IRELAND FOR THE IRISH.” By ROBERT DENNIS. Crown 8vo. 6s. SELECTIONS FROM THE PAPERS OF THE TWINING FAMILY. Being a Sequel to the “RECREATIONS OF A COUNTRY CLERGYMAN OF THE 18TH CENTURY.” Edited by RICHARD TWINING. Crown 8vo. 9s. THE RISE OF THE BRITISH POWER IN THE EAST. By the late Hon. MOUNTSTUART ELPHINSTONE. Being a continuation of his HISTORY OF INDIA IN THE HINDOO AND MAHOMEDAN PERIODS. Edited by Sir EDWARD COLEBROOKE, Bart. With Maps. 8vo. 16s. JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON. MR. MURRAY’S STUDENTS’ MANUALS. _A Series of Historical Works, from the Creation of the World to the Present Time._ “Mr. Murray’s admirable series of Students’ Manuals.”--_Saturday Review._ With 7 Coloured Maps and 70 Woodcuts (830 pp.) Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. THE STUDENT’S HUME: A HISTORY OF ENGLAND from the EARLIEST TIMES to the REVOLUTION IN 1688. Based on the History of DAVID HUME. Incorporating the Corrections and Researches of recent Historians. _Revised Edition_, continued to the TREATY OF BERLIN, 1878. By the late Professor J. S. BREWER, M.A. The Work may also be obtained in Three Divisions, price 2s. 6d. each. PART I.--From B.C. 55 to A.D. 1485. PART II.--1485-1688. PART III.--1688-1878. _A New Volume. Just out._ STUDENTS’ MODERN EUROPE. FROM THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE TO THE TREATY OF BERLIN. By R. LODGE, M.A. “Let it be said once and for all that the design and arrangement are excellent. The work makes no slight demands upon the author’s capacity for clear and sensible exposition. To such demands Mr. Lodge has proved himself fully equal, while it is not difficult to discover, scattered throughout the book, traces of higher qualities.”--_Saturday Review._ “Mr. Lodge is to be congratulated on the excellence of his arrangement and on the discretion he has shown, both as regards the things he omits and those he insists on. While his pages abound in facts, he has not been content to give a mere crowded summary of events, he presents us with many sound and thoughtful remarks on the tendencies of each of his periods. His grasp is firm, and he never loses his way amidst a multitude of details.”--_Journal of Education._ Also the following Volumes, 7s. 6d. each. STUDENTS’ HISTORY OF EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. By HENRY HALLAM. STUDENTS’ CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. HENRY VII.-GEORGE II. By HENRY HALLAM. STUDENTS’ OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. By PHILIP SMITH. With Maps and Woodcuts. STUDENTS’ NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. By PHILIP SMITH. With Maps and Woodcuts. STUDENTS’ ANCIENT HISTORY. TO THE CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT. By PHILIP SMITH. With Woodcuts. STUDENTS’ ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. Two Vols.: I. A.D. 30-1003. II. 1003-1614. By PHILIP SMITH. With Woodcuts. STUDENTS’ ENGLISH CHURCH HISTORY. Two Vols.: I. 596-1509. II. 1509-1717. By Canon PERRY. STUDENTS’ HISTORY OF GREECE. TO THE ROMAN CONQUEST. By Dr. WM. SMITH. With Coloured Maps and Woodcuts. STUDENTS’ HISTORY OF ROME. TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EMPIRE. By Dean LIDDELL. With Coloured Map and Woodcuts. STUDENTS’ DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. By EDWARD GIBBON. With Woodcuts. STUDENTS’ HISTORY OF FRANCE. TO THE FALL OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. By W. H. JERVIS. With Coloured Maps and Woodcuts. STUDENTS’ ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. By Canon BEVAN. With Woodcuts. STUDENTS’ MODERN GEOGRAPHY. MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND DESCRIPTIVE. By Canon BEVAN. With Woodcuts. STUDENTS’ GEOGRAPHY OF BRITISH INDIA. PHYSICAL AND POLITICAL. By Dr. GEORGE SMITH. With Maps. STUDENTS’ ENGLISH LANGUAGE. ITS ORIGIN AND GROWTH. By GEORGE P. MARSH. STUDENTS’ ENGLISH LITERATURE. WITH BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE AUTHORS. By T. B. SHAW. STUDENTS’ SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. By T. B. SHAW. STUDENTS’ MORAL PHILOSOPHY. By Dr. FLEMING. ⁂ CATALOGUES, CONTAINING FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THESE WORKS, WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS, SENT ON APPLICATION TO THE PUBLISHER. JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON. MANUALS AND TEXT-BOOKS OF GEOGRAPHY. “I feel strongly the great importance of the subject, not only as a mental discipline and essential part of a liberal education, but as more especially necessary for Englishmen, many of whom will be called upon in after life to turn their geographical knowledge to practical and serious account.”--_One of the opinions of Head Master of English Public Schools_ in the Report of the Royal Geographical Society on Geographical Education, 1885. _MODERN._ THE STUDENT’S MANUAL OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY: MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND DESCRIPTIVE. By Canon W. L. BEVAN, M.A. New and Revised Edition. With. 150 Maps and Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. “Modern geography has, up to quite a recent date, been almost entirely neglected in many of our large schools, and where professedly taught has, in too many instances, been made the most repulsive instead of the most fascinating of studies. Such books must ever be not less welcome to teacher than to pupil.”--_Standard._ A SCHOOL MANUAL OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY. By JOHN RICHARDSON. 400 pp. Post 8vo. 5s. “After a careful examination, we are bound to say that it is the most comprehensive, accurate, and methodical geography with which we are familiar, and bears on every page unmistakable traces of careful and industrious research. It fully sustains the high reputation of Mr. Murray’s series of Manuals, and we venture to predict for it a wide popularity. Bearing in mind its high character, it is a model of cheapness.”--_School Guardian._ A SMALLER MANUAL OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY. By JOHN RICHARDSON. 16mo. 2s. 6d. “We frankly acknowledge that we have never seen anything of its kind, and for its space, at all approaching to this Smaller Geography.”--_English Churchman._ THE STUDENT’S GEOGRAPHY OF BRITISH INDIA. By GEORGE SMITH, LL.D. “This book is a marvel of labour and condensation, and its compiler states that he has prepared himself for his task for more than twenty years.”--_Spectator._ _ANCIENT._ THE STUDENT’S MANUAL OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. By Canon W. L. BEVAN, M.A. With 240 Maps and Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. By the Same Author. A SMALLER MANUAL OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. With Thirty Woodcuts. 240 pp. 16mo. 3s. 6d. “A valuable addition to our geographical works. It contains the newest and most reliable information derived from the researches of modern travellers. No better text-book can be placed in the hands of scholars.”--_Journal of Education._ PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By MARY SOMERVILLE. Revised by JOHN RICHARDSON. 548 pp. 9s. “So far as general physical geography goes, such Manuals as those of ... Mrs. Somerville leave little to be desired.”--Mr. J. S. KELTIE’S _Report on Geographical Education_. JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON. FOOTNOTES: [1] _Ancient Books of Wales_, vol. i. p. 144, with reference to the famous work of Chalmers, the _Caledonia_. [2] _A_, signifying in possession, seems to be derived from _a_, Old Norse, I have; _aga_, I possess. The Old English _awe_, to own, is still retained in the north of England and in Aberdeenshire. [3] Caer-afon (the fortress on the water) was its ancient name. [4] It obtained the name from two large stones that lay on the roadside near the church, and possessed that property. [5] For the word _Beltein_, _v._ Joyce’s _Irish Names of Places_, vol. i. p. 187; Chambers’s _Encyclopædia_; and Petrie’s _Round Towers of Ireland_. Transcriber’s Notes: 1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected silently. 2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have been retained as in the original. 3. Italics are shown as _xxx_. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES GIVING THEIR DERIVATIONS *** Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that: * You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." * You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. * You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. * You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.