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Title: History of the Conquest of Mexico; vol. 4/4

Author: William H. Prescott

Release Date: June 28, 2019 [EBook #59832]

Language: English

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Montezuma Edition

THE WORKS OF WILLIAM H. PRESCOTT

TWENTY-TWO VOLUMES

Vol. IV


The Montezuma Edition of William H. Prescott’s Works is limited to one thousand copies, of which this is

No. 345

{i} 

{ii} 

GUATEMOZIN BROUGHT BEFORE CORTÉS

Page 102

Montezuma Edition

HISTORY OF THE

Conquest of Mexico

BY
WILLIAM H. PRESCOTT

EDITED BY

WILFRED HAROLD MUNRO
PROFESSOR OF EUROPEAN HISTORY IN BROWN UNIVERSITY

AND COMPRISING THE NOTES OF THE EDITION BY
JOHN FOSTER KIRK

VOL. IV

PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY

{iv}

Copyright, 1843, by William H. Prescott
Copyright, 1871, by William G. Prescott
Copyright, 1873, by J. B. Lippincott & Co.
Copyright, 1904, by J. B. Lippincott Company

Electrotyped and Printed by
J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia U. S. A.

{v} 

CONTENTS OF VOL. IV

{xiii}

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

{xiv} 

{1} 

BOOK VI

SIEGE AND SURRENDER OF MEXICO

(CONTINUED)

{3}{2}

CONQUEST OF MEXICO

CHAPTER V

NO sooner had Cortés received intelligence that his two officers had established themselves in their respective posts, than he ordered Sandoval to march on Iztapalapan. The cavalier’s route led him through a country for the most part friendly; and at Chalco his little body of Spaniards was swelled by the formidable muster of Indian levies who awaited there his approach. After this junction, he continued his march without opposition till he arrived before the hostile city, under whose walls he found a large force drawn up to receive him. A battle followed, and the natives, after maintaining their ground sturdily for some time, were compelled to give way, and to seek refuge either on the water, or in that part of the town which hung over it. The remainder was speedily occupied by the Spaniards.{4}

Meanwhile, Cortés had set sail with his flotilla, intending to support his lieutenant’s attack by water. On drawing near the southern shore of the lake, he passed under the shadow of an insulated peak, since named from him the “Rock of the Marquis.” It was held by a body of Indians, who saluted the fleet, as it passed, with showers of stones and arrows. Cortés, resolving to punish their audacity, and to clear the lake of his troublesome enemy, instantly landed with a hundred and fifty of his followers. He placed himself at their head, scaled the steep ascent, in the face of a driving storm of missiles, and, reaching the summit, put the garrison to the sword. There was a number of women and children, also, gathered in the place, whom he spared.[1]

On the top of the eminence was a blazing beacon, serving to notify to the inhabitants of the capital when the Spanish fleet weighed anchor. Before Cortés had regained his brigantine, the canoes and piraguas of the enemy had left the harbors of Mexico, and were seen darkening the lake for many a rood. There were several hundred of them, all crowded with warriors, and advancing rapidly by means of their oars over the calm bosom of the waters.[2]{5}

Cortés, who regarded his fleet, to use his own language, as “the key of the war,” felt the importance of striking a decisive blow in the first encounter with the enemy.[3] It was with chagrin, therefore, that he found his sails rendered useless by the want of wind. He calmly awaited the approach of the Indian squadron, which, however, lay on their oars at something more than musket-shot distance, as if hesitating to encounter these leviathans of their waters. At this moment, a light air from land rippled the surface of the lake; it gradually freshened into a breeze, and Cortés, taking advantage of the friendly succor, which he may be excused, under all the circumstances, for regarding as especially sent him by Heaven, extended his line of battle, and bore down, under full press of canvas, on the enemy.[4]

The latter no sooner encountered the bows of their formidable opponents than they were overturned and sent to the bottom by the shock, or so much damaged that they speedily filled and sank. The water was covered with the wreck of broken canoes, and with the bodies of men struggling for life in the waves and vainly imploring their companions to take them on board their over-crowded vessels. The Spanish fleet, as it dashed through the mob of boats, sent off its volleys to the right{6} and left with a terrible effect, completing the discomfiture of the Aztecs. The latter made no attempt at resistance, scarcely venturing a single flight of arrows, but strove with all their strength to regain the port from which they had so lately issued. They were no match in the chase, any more than in the fight, for their terrible antagonist, who, borne on the wings of the wind, careered to and fro at his pleasure, dealing death widely around him, and making the shores ring with the thunders of his ordnance. A few only of the Indian flotilla succeeded in recovering the port, and, gliding up the canals, found a shelter in the bosom of the city, where the heavier burden of the brigantines made it impossible for them to follow. This victory, more complete than even the sanguine temper of Cortés had prognosticated, proved the superiority of the Spaniards, and left them, henceforth, undisputed masters of the Aztec sea.[5]

It was nearly dusk when the squadron, coasting along the great southern causeway, anchored off the point of junction, called Xoloc, where the branch from Cojohuacan meets the principal dike. The avenue widened at this point, so as to afford{7} room for two towers, or turreted temples, built of stone, and surrounded by walls of the same material, which presented altogether a position of some strength, and, at the present moment, was garrisoned by a body of Aztecs. They were not numerous, and Cortés, landing with his soldiers, succeeded without much difficulty in dislodging the enemy and in getting possession of the works.

It seems to have been originally the general’s design to take up his own quarters with Olid at Cojohuacan. But, if so, he now changed his purpose, and wisely fixed on this spot as the best position for his encampment. It was but half a league distant from the capital, and, while it commanded its great southern avenue, had a direct communication with the garrison at Cojohuacan, through which he might receive supplies from the surrounding country. Here, then, he determined to establish his headquarters. He at once caused his heavy iron cannon to be transferred from the brigantines to the causeway, and sent orders to Olid to join him with half his force, while Sandoval was instructed to abandon his present quarters and advance to Cojohuacan, whence he was to detach fifty picked men of his infantry to the camp of Cortés. Having made these arrangements, the general busily occupied himself with strengthening the works at Xoloc and putting them in the best posture of defence.

During the first five or six days after their encampment the Spaniards experienced much annoyance from the enemy, who too late endeavored to prevent their taking up a position so near the{8} capital, and which, had they known much of the science of war, they would have taken better care themselves to secure. Contrary to their usual practice, the Indians made their attacks by night as well as by day. The water swarmed with canoes, which hovered at a distance in terror of the brigantines, but still approached near enough, especially under cover of the darkness, to send showers of arrows into the Christian camp, that fell so thick as to hide the surface of the ground and impede the movements of the soldiers. Others ran along the western side of the causeway, unprotected as it was by the Spanish fleet, and plied their archery with such galling effect that the Spaniards were forced to make a temporary breach in the dike, wide enough to admit two of their own smaller vessels, which, passing through, soon obtained as entire command of the interior basin as they before had of the outer. Still, the bold barbarians, advancing along the causeway, marched up within bow-shot of the Christian ramparts, sending forth such yells and discordant battle-cries that it seemed, in the words of Cortés, “as if heaven and earth were coming together.” But they were severely punished for their temerity, as the batteries, which commanded the approaches to the camp, opened a desolating fire, that scattered the assailants and drove them back in confusion to their own quarters.[6]{9}

The two principal avenues to Mexico, those on the south and the west, were now occupied by the Christians. There still remained a third, the great dike of Tepejacac, on the north, which, indeed, taking up the principal street, that passed in a direct line through the heart of the city, might be regarded as a continuation of the dike of Iztapalapan. By this northern route a means of escape was still left open to the besieged, and they availed themselves of it, at present, to maintain their communications with the country and to supply themselves with provisions. Alvarado, who observed this from his station at Tacuba, advised his commander of it, and the latter instructed Sandoval to take up his position on the causeway. That officer, though suffering at the time from a severe wound received from a lance in one of the late skirmishes, hastened to obey, and thus, by shutting up its only communication with the surrounding country, completed the blockade of the capital.[7]

But Cortés was not content to wait patiently the effects of a dilatory blockade, which might exhaust the patience of his allies and his own resources. He determined to support it by such active assaults on the city as should further distress the besieged and hasten the hour of surrender. For this purpose he ordered a simultaneous attack, by the two commanders at the other stations, on the quarters nearest their encampments.

On the day appointed, his forces were under{10} arms with the dawn. Mass, as usual, was performed; and the Indian confederates, as they listened with grave attention to the stately and imposing service, regarded with undisguised admiration the devotional reverence shown by the Christians, whom, in their simplicity, they looked upon as little less than divinities themselves.[8] The Spanish infantry marched in the van, led on by Cortés, attended by a number of cavaliers, dismounted like himself. They had not moved far upon the causeway, when they were brought to a stand by one of the open breaches, that had formerly been traversed by a bridge. On the farther side a solid rampart of stone and lime had been erected, and behind this a strong body of Aztecs were posted, who discharged on the Spaniards, as they advanced, a thick volley of arrows. The latter vainly endeavored to dislodge them with their fire-arms and cross-bows; they were too well secured behind their defences.

Cortés then ordered two of the brigantines, which had kept along, one on each side of the causeway, in order to co-operate with the army, to station themselves so as to enfilade the position occupied by the enemy. Thus placed between two well-directed fires, the Indians were compelled to recede. The soldiers on board the vessels, springing to land, bounded like deer up the sides of the{11} dike. They were soon followed by their countrymen under Cortés, who, throwing themselves into the water, swam the undefended chasm and joined in pursuit of the enemy. The Mexicans fell back, however, in something like order, till they reached another opening in the dike, like the former, dismantled of its bridge, and fortified in the same manner by a bulwark of stone, behind which the retreating Aztecs, swimming across the chasm, and reinforced by fresh bodies of their countrymen, again took shelter.

They made good their post, till, again assailed by the cannonade from the brigantines, they were compelled to give way. In this manner breach after breach was carried; and at every fresh instance of success a shout went up from the crews of the vessels, which, answered by the long files of the Spaniards and their confederates on the causeway, made the Valley echo to its borders.

Cortés had now reached the end of the great avenue, where it entered the suburbs. There he halted to give time for the rear-guard to come up with him. It was detained by the labor of filling up the breaches in such a manner as to make a practicable passage for the artillery and horse and to secure one for the rest of the army on its retreat. This important duty was intrusted to the allies, who executed it by tearing down the ramparts on the margins and throwing them into the chasms, and, when this was not sufficient,—for the water was deep around the southern causeway,—by dislodging the great stones and rubbish from the dike itself, which was broad enough to admit of it, and{12} adding them to the pile, until it was raised above the level of the water.

The street on which the Spaniards now entered was the great avenue that intersected the town from north to south, and the same by which they had first visited the capital.[9] It was broad and perfectly straight, and, in the distance, dark masses of warriors might be seen gathering to the support of their countrymen, who were prepared to dispute the further progress of the Spaniards. The sides were lined with buildings, the terraced roofs of which were also crowded with combatants, who, as the army advanced, poured down a pitiless storm of missiles on their heads, which glanced harmless, indeed, from the coat of mail, but too often found their way through the more common escaupil of the soldier, already gaping with many a ghastly rent. Cortés, to rid himself of this annoyance for the future, ordered his Indian pioneers to level the principal buildings as they advanced; in which work of demolition, no less than in the repair of the breaches, they proved of inestimable service.[10]

The Spaniards, meanwhile, were steadily, but{13} slowly, advancing, as the enemy recoiled before the rolling fire of musketry, though turning, at intervals, to discharge their javelins and arrows against their pursuers. In this way they kept along the great street until their course was interrupted by a wide ditch or canal, once traversed by a bridge, of which only a few planks now remained. These were broken by the Indians the moment they had crossed, and a formidable array of spears was instantly seen bristling over the summit of a solid rampart of stone, which protected the opposite side of the canal. Cortés was no longer supported by his brigantines, which the shallowness of the canals prevented from penetrating into the suburbs. He brought forward his arquebusiers, who, protected by the targets of their comrades, opened a fire on the enemy. But the balls fell harmless from the bulwarks of stone; while the assailants presented but too easy a mark to their opponents.

The general then caused the heavy guns to be brought up, and opened a lively cannonade, which soon cleared a breach in the works, through which the musketeers and crossbowmen poured in their volleys thick as hail. The Indians now gave way in disorder, after having held their antagonists at bay for two hours.[11] The latter, jumping into the{14} shallow water, scaled the opposite bank without further resistance, and drove the enemy along the street towards the square, where the sacred pyramid reared its colossal bulk high over the other edifices of the city.

It was a spot too familiar to the Spaniards. On one side stood the palace of Axayacatl, their old quarters, the scene to many of them of so much suffering.[12] Opposite was the pile of low, irregular buildings once the residence of the unfortunate Montezuma;[13] while a third side of the square was flanked by the Coatepantli, or Wall of Serpents, which encompassed the great teocalli with its little city of holy edifices.[14] The Spaniards halted at the entrance of the square, as if oppressed, and for the moment overpowered, by the bitter recollections that crowded on their minds. But their intrepid leader, impatient at their hesitation, loudly called on them to advance before the Aztecs had time to rally; and, grasping his target in one hand, and waving his sword high above his head with the{15} other, he cried his war-cry of “St. Jago,” and led them at once against the enemy.[15]

The Mexicans, intimidated by the presence of their detested foe, who, in spite of all their efforts, had again forced his way into the heart of their city, made no further resistance, but retreated, or rather fled, for refuge into the sacred enclosure of the teocalli, where the numerous buildings scattered over its ample area afforded many good points of defence. A few priests, clad in their usual wild and blood-stained vestments, were to be seen lingering on the terraces which wound round the stately sides of the pyramid, chanting hymns in honor of their god, and encouraging the warriors below to battle bravely for his altars.[16]

The Spaniards poured through the open gates into the area, and a small party rushed up the winding corridors to its summit. No vestige now remained there of the Cross, or of any other symbol of the pure faith to which it had been dedicated. A new effigy of the Aztec war-god had taken the place of the one demolished by the Christians, and raised its fantastic and hideous form in the same niche which had been occupied by its predecessor. The Spaniards soon tore away its golden mask and the rich jewels with which it was bedizened, and, hurling the struggling priests down the sides of{16} the pyramid, made the best of their way to their comrades in the area. It was full time.[17]

The Aztecs, indignant at the sacrilegious outrage perpetrated before their eyes, and gathering courage from the inspiration of the place, under the very presence of their deities, raised a yell of horror and vindictive fury, as, throwing themselves into something like order, they sprang, by a common impulse, on the Spaniards. The latter, who had halted near the entrance, though taken by surprise, made an effort to maintain their position at the gateway. But in vain; for the headlong rush of the assailants drove them at once into the square, where they were attacked by other bodies of Indians, pouring in from the neighboring streets. Broken, and losing their presence of mind, the troops made no attempt to rally, but, crossing the square, and abandoning the cannon, planted there, to the enemy, they hurried down the great street of Iztapalapan. Here they were soon mingled with the allies, who choked up the way, and who, catching the panic of the Spaniards, increased the confusion, while the eyes of the fugitives, blinded by the missiles that rained on them from the azoteas, were scarcely capable of distinguishing friend from foe. In vain Cortés endeavored to stay the torrent, and to restore order. His{17} voice was drowned in the wild uproar, as he was swept away, like drift-wood, by the fury of the current.

All seemed to be lost;—when suddenly sounds were heard in an adjoining street, like the distant tramp of horses galloping rapidly over the pavement. They drew nearer and nearer, and a body of cavalry soon emerged on the great square. Though but a handful in number,{*} they plunged boldly into the thick of the enemy. We have often had occasion to notice the superstitious dread entertained by the Indians of the horse and his rider. And, although the long residence of the cavalry in the capital had familiarized the natives in some measure with their presence, so long a time had now elapsed since they had beheld them that all their former mysterious terrors revived in full force; and, when thus suddenly assailed in flank by the formidable apparition, they were seized with a panic and fell into confusion. It soon spread to the leading files, and Cortés, perceiving his advantage, turned with the rapidity of lightning, and, at this time supported by his followers, succeeded in driving the enemy with some loss back into the enclosure.

{*} [There were but three according to most accounts.—M.]

It was now the hour of vespers, and, as night must soon overtake them, he made no further attempt to pursue his advantage. Ordering the trumpets, therefore, to sound a retreat, he drew off his forces in good order, taking with him the artillery which had been abandoned in the square. The allies first went off the ground, followed by{18} the Spanish infantry, while the rear was protected by the horse. The Aztecs hung on the closing files, and, though driven back by frequent charges of the cavalry, still followed in the distance, shooting off their ineffectual missiles, and filling the air with wild cries and howlings, like a herd of ravenous wolves disappointed of their prey. It was late before the army reached its quarters at Xoloc.[18]

Cortés had been well supported by Alvarado and Sandoval in this assault on the city; though neither of these commanders had penetrated the suburbs, deterred, perhaps, by the difficulties of the passage, which in Alvarado’s case were greater than those presented to Cortés, from the greater number of breaches with which the dike in his quarter was intersected. Something was owing, too, to the want of brigantines, until Cortés supplied the deficiency by detaching half of his little navy to the support of his officers. Without their co-operation, however, the general himself could not have advanced so far, nor, perhaps, have succeeded at all in setting foot within the city. The success of this assault spread consternation not only among the Mexicans, but their vassals, as they saw that the formidable preparations for defence were to avail little against the white man, who had{19} so soon, in spite of them, forced his way into the very heart of the capital. Several of the neighboring places, in consequence, now showed a willingness to shake off their allegiance, and claimed the protection of the Spaniards. Among these were the territory of Xochimilco, so roughly treated by the invaders, and some tribes of Otomies, a rude but valiant people, who dwelt on the western confines of the Valley.[19] Their support was valuable, not so much from the additional reinforcements which it brought, as from the greater security it gave to the army, whose outposts were perpetually menaced by these warlike barbarians.[20]

The most important aid which the Spaniards received at this time was from Tezcuco, whose prince, Ixtlilxochitl, gathered the whole strength of his levies, to the number of fifty thousand, if we are to credit Cortés, and led them in person to the Christian camp. By the general’s orders, they were distributed among the three divisions of the besiegers.[21]{20}

Thus strengthened, Cortés prepared to make another attack upon the capital, and that before it should have time to recover from the former. Orders were given to his lieutenants on the other causeways to march at the same time, and co-operate with him, as before, in the assault. It was conducted in precisely the same manner as on the previous entry, the infantry taking the van, and the allies and cavalry following. But, to the great dismay of the Spaniards, they found two-thirds of the breaches restored to their former state, and the stones and other materials, with which they had been stopped, removed by the indefatigable enemy. They were again obliged to bring up the cannon, the brigantines ran alongside, and the enemy was dislodged, and driven from post to post, in the same manner as on the preceding attack. In short, the whole work was to be done over again. It was not till an hour after noon, that the army had won a footing in the suburbs.

Here their progress was not so difficult as before; for the buildings, from the terraces of which they had experienced the most annoyance, had been swept away. Still, it was only step by step that they forced a passage in face of the Mexican militia, who disputed their advance with the same spirit as before. Cortés, who would willingly have spared the inhabitants, if he could have brought{21} them to terms, saw them with regret, as he says, thus desperately bent on a war of extermination. He conceived that there would be no way more likely to affect their minds than by destroying at once some of the principal edifices, which they were accustomed to venerate as the pride and ornament of the city.[22]

Marching into the great square, he selected, as the first to be destroyed, the old palace of Axayacatl, his former barracks. The ample range of low buildings was, it is true, constructed of stone; but the interior, as well as the outworks, the turrets, and roofs, was of wood. The Spaniards, whose associations with the pile were of so gloomy a character, sprang to the work of destruction with a satisfaction like that which the French mob may have felt in the demolition of the Bastile. Torches and firebrands were thrown about in all directions; the lower parts of the building were speedily on fire, which, running along the inflammable hangings and wood-work of the interior, rapidly spread to the second floor. There the element took freer range, and, before it was visible from without, sent up from every aperture and crevice a dense column of vapor, that hung like a funeral pall over the city. This was dissipated by a bright sheet of flame, which enveloped all the upper regions of the{22} vast pile, till, the supporters giving way, the wide range of turreted chambers fell, amidst clouds of dust and ashes, with an appalling crash, that for a moment stayed the Spaniards in the work of devastation.[23]

It was but for a moment. On the other side of the square, adjoining Montezuma’s residence, were several buildings, as the reader is aware, appropriated to animals. One of these was now marked for destruction,—the House of Birds, filled with specimens of all the painted varieties which swarmed over the wide forests of Mexico. It was an airy and elegant building, after the Indian fashion, and, viewed in connection with its object, was undoubtedly a remarkable proof of refinement and intellectual taste in a barbarous monarch. Its light, combustible materials, of wood and bamboo, formed a striking contrast to the heavy stone edifices around it, and made it obviously convenient for the present purpose of the invaders. The torches were applied, and the fanciful structure was soon wrapped in flames, that sent their baleful splendors far and wide over city and lake. Its feathered inhabitants either perished in the fire, or those of stronger wing, bursting the burning lattice-work of the aviary, soared high into the air, and, fluttering for a while over the devoted city, fled with loud screams to their native forests beyond the mountains.{23}

The Aztecs gazed with inexpressible horror on this destruction of the venerable abode of their monarchs and of the monuments of their luxury and splendor. Their rage was exasperated almost to madness as they beheld their hated foes the Tlascalans busy in the work of desolation, and aided by the Tezcucans, their own allies, and not unfrequently their kinsmen. They vented their fury in bitter execrations, especially on the young prince Ixtlilxochitl, who, marching side by side with Cortés, took his full share in the dangers of the day. The warriors from the house-tops poured the most opprobrious epithets on him as he passed, denouncing him as a false-hearted traitor; false to his country and his blood,—reproaches not altogether unmerited, as his kinsman, who chronicles the circumstance, candidly confesses.[24] He gave little heed to their taunts, however, holding on his way with the dogged resolution of one true to the cause in which he was embarked; and, when he entered the great square, he grappled with the leader of the Aztec forces, wrenched a lance from his grasp, won by the latter from the Christians, and dealt him a blow with his mace, or maquahuitl, which brought him lifeless to the ground.[25]

The Spanish commander, having accomplished the work of destruction, sounded a retreat, sending on the Indian allies, who blocked up the way before{24} him. The Mexicans, maddened by their losses, in wild transports of fury hung close on his rear, and, though driven back by the cavalry, still returned, throwing themselves desperately under the horses, striving to tear the riders from their saddles, and content to throw away their own lives for one blow at their enemy. Fortunately, the greater part of their militia was engaged with the assailants on the opposite quarters of the city, but, thus crippled, they pushed the Spaniards under Cortés so vigorously that few reached the camp that night without bearing on their bodies some token of the desperate conflict.[26]

On the following day, and, indeed, on several days following, the general repeated his assaults with as little care for repose as if he and his men had been made of iron. On one occasion he advanced some way down the street of Tacuba, in which he carried three of the bridges, desirous, if possible, to open a communication with Alvarado, posted on the contiguous causeway. But the Spaniards in that quarter had not penetrated beyond the suburbs, still impeded by the severe character of the ground, and wanting, it may be, somewhat of that fiery impetuosity which the soldier feels who fights under the eye of his chief.

In each of these assaults the breaches were found more or less restored to their original state by the pertinacious Mexicans, and the materials, which had been deposited in them with so much labor,{25} again removed. It may seem strange that Cortés did not take measures to guard against the repetition of an act which caused so much delay and embarrassment to his operations. He notices this in his Letter to the Emperor, in which he says that to do so would have required either that he should have established his quarters in the city itself, which would have surrounded him with enemies and cut off his communications with the country, or that he should have posted a sufficient guard of Spaniards—for the natives were out of the question—to protect the breaches by night, a duty altogether beyond the strength of men engaged in so arduous service through the day.[27]

Yet this was the course adopted by Alvarado; who stationed at night a guard of forty soldiers for the defence of the opening nearest to the enemy. This was relieved by a similar detachment, in a few hours, and this again by a third, the two former still lying on their post; so that on an alarm a body of one hundred and twenty soldiers was ready on the spot to repel an attack. Sometimes, indeed, the whole division took up their bivouac in the neighborhood of the breach, resting on their arms, and ready for instant action.[28]

But a life of such incessant toil and vigilance was almost too severe even for the stubborn constitu{26}tions of the Spaniards. “Through the long night,” exclaims Diaz, who served in Alvarado’s division, “we kept our dreary watch; neither wind, nor wet, nor cold availing anything. There we stood, smarting as we were from the wounds we had received in the fight of the preceding day.”[29] It was the rainy season, which continues in that country from July to September;[30] and the surface of the causeways, flooded by the storms, and broken up by the constant movement of such large bodies of men, was converted into a marsh, or rather quagmire, which added inconceivably to the distresses of the army.

The troops under Cortés were scarcely in a better situation. But few of them could find shelter in the rude towers that garnished the works of Xoloc. The greater part were compelled to bivouac in the open air, exposed to all the inclemency of the weather. Every man, unless his wounds prevented it, was required by the camp regulations to sleep on his arms; and they were often roused from their hasty slumbers by the midnight call to battle. For Guatemozin, contrary to the usual practice of his countrymen, frequently selected the hours of darkness to aim a blow at the enemy. “In short,” exclaims the veteran soldier above quoted, “so unintermitting were our engagements, by day{27} and by night, during the three months in which we lay before the capital, that to recount them all would but exhaust the reader’s patience, and make him fancy he was perusing the incredible feats of a knight-errant of romance.”[31]

The Aztec emperor conducted his operations on a systematic plan, which showed some approach to military science. He not unfrequently made simultaneous attacks on the three several divisions of the Spaniards established on the causeways, and on the garrisons at their extremities. To accomplish this, he enforced the service not merely of his own militia of the capital, but of the great towns in the neighborhood, who all moved in concert, at the well-known signal of the beacon-fire, or of the huge drum struck by the priests on the summit of the temple. One of these general attacks, it was observed, whether from accident or design, took place on the eve of St. John the Baptist, the anniversary of the day on which the Spaniards made their second entry into the Mexican capital.[32]

Notwithstanding the severe drain on his forces by this incessant warfare, the young monarch contrived to relieve them in some degree by different detachments, which took the place of one another. This was apparent from the different uniforms and military badges of the Indian battalions that{28} successively came and disappeared from the field. At night a strict guard was maintained in the Aztec quarters, a thing not common with the nations of the plateau. The outposts of the hostile armies were stationed within sight of each other. That of the Mexicans was usually placed in the neighborhood of some wide breach, and its position was marked by a large fire in front. The hours for relieving guard were intimated by the shrill Aztec whistle, while bodies of men might be seen moving behind the flame, which threw a still ruddier glow over the cinnamon-colored skins of the warriors.

While thus active on land, Guatemozin was not idle on the water. He was too wise, indeed, to cope with the Spanish navy again in open battle; but he resorted to stratagem, so much more congenial to Indian warfare. He placed a large number of canoes in ambuscade among the tall reeds which fringed the southern shores of the lake, and caused piles, at the same time, to be driven into the neighboring shallows. Several piraguas, or boats of a larger size, then issued forth, and rowed near the spot where the Spanish brigantines were moored. Two of the smallest vessels, supposing the Indian barks were conveying provisions to the besieged, instantly stood after them, as had been foreseen. The Aztec boats fled for shelter to the reedy thicket where their companions lay in ambush. The Spaniards, following, were soon entangled among the palisades under the water. They were instantly surrounded by the whole swarm of Indian canoes, most of the men were wounded, several, including the two commanders, slain, and one of the brigan{29}tines fell—a useless prize—into the hands of the victors. Among the slain was Pedro Barba, captain of the crossbowmen, a gallant officer, who had highly distinguished himself in the Conquest. This disaster occasioned much mortification to Cortés. It was a salutary lesson, that stood him in good stead during the remainder of the war.[33]

Thus the contest was waged by land and by water,—on the causeway, the city, and the lake. Whatever else might fail, the capital of the Aztec empire was true to itself, and, mindful of its ancient renown, opposed a bold front to its enemies in every direction. As in a body whose extremities have been struck with death, life still rallied in the heart, and seemed to beat there, for the time, with even a more vigorous pulsation than ever.

It may appear extraordinary that Guatemozin should have been able to provide for the maintenance of the crowded population now gathered in the metropolis, especially as the avenues were all in the possession of the besieging army.[34] But, independently of the preparations made with this view before the siege, and of the loathsome sustenance daily furnished by the victims for sacrifice, supplies were constantly obtained from the surrounding country across the lake. This was so conducted, for a time, as in a great measure to escape observation; and even when the brigantines{30} were commanded to cruise day and night, and sweep the waters of the boats employed in this service, many still contrived, under cover of the darkness, to elude the vigilance of the cruisers, and brought their cargoes into port. It was not till the great towns in the neighborhood cast off their allegiance that the supply began to fail, from the failure of its sources. This defection was more frequent, as the inhabitants became convinced that the government, incompetent to its own defence, must be still more so to theirs; and the Aztec metropolis saw its great vassals fall off one after another, as the tree over which decay is stealing parts with its leaves at the first blast of the tempest.[35]

The cities which now claimed the Spanish general’s protection supplied the camp with an incredible number of warriors; a number which, if we admit Cortés’ own estimate, one hundred and fifty thousand,[36] could have only served to embarrass his operations on the long extended causeways. Yet it is true that the Valley, teeming with towns and villages, swarmed with a population—and one, too, in which every man was a warrior—greatly exceeding that of the present day. These levies were distributed among the three garrisons at the terminations of the causeways; and many found active employment in foraging the country for provisions, and yet more in carrying on hostilities against the places still unfriendly to the Spaniards.{31}

Cortés found further occupation for them in the construction of barracks for his troops, who suffered greatly from exposure to the incessant rains of the season, which were observed to fall more heavily by night than by day. Quantities of stone and timber were obtained from the buildings that had been demolished in the city. They were transported in the brigantines to the causeway, and from these materials a row of huts or barracks was constructed, extending on either side of the works of Xoloc. It may give some idea of the great breadth of the causeway at this place, one of the deepest parts of the lake, to add that, although the barracks were erected in parallel lines on the opposite sides of it, there still remained space enough for the army to defile between.[37]

By this arrangement, ample accommodations were furnished for the Spanish troops and their Indian attendants, amounting in all to about two thousand. The great body of the allies, with a small detachment of horse and infantry, were quartered at the neighboring post of Cojohuacan, which served to protect the rear of the encampment and to maintain its communication with the country. A similar disposition of forces took place in the other divisions of the army, under Alvarado and Sandoval, though the accommodations provided for the shelter of the troops on their causeways{32} were not so substantial as those for the division of Cortés.

The Spanish camp was supplied with provisions from the friendly towns in the neighborhood, and especially from Tezcuco.[38] They consisted of fish, the fruits of the country, particularly a sort of fig borne by the tuna (cactus opuntia), and a species of cherry, or something much resembling it, which grew abundantly at this season. But their principal food was the tortillas, cakes of Indian meal, still common in Mexico, for which bake-houses were established, under the care of the natives, in the garrison towns commanding the causeways.[39] The allies, as appears too probable, reinforced{33} their frugal fare with an occasional banquet on human flesh, for which the battle-field unhappily afforded them too much facility, and which, however shocking to the feelings of Cortés, he did not consider himself in a situation, at that moment, to prevent.[40]

Thus the tempest, which had been so long mustering, broke at length, in all its fury, on the Aztec capital. Its unhappy inmates beheld the hostile legions encompassing them about, with their glittering files stretching as far as the eye could reach. They saw themselves deserted by their allies and vassals in their utmost need; the fierce stranger penetrating into their secret places, violating their temples, plundering their palaces, wasting the fair city by day, firing its suburbs by night, and intrenching himself in solid edifices under their walls, as if determined never to withdraw his foot while one stone remained upon another. All this they saw; yet their spirits were unbroken; and, though famine and pestilence were beginning to creep over{34} them, they still showed the same determined front to their enemies. Cortés, who would gladly have spared the town and its inhabitants, beheld this resolution with astonishment. He intimated more than once, by means of the prisoners whom he released, his willingness to grant them fair terms of capitulation. Day after day he fully expected his proffers would be accepted. But day after day he was disappointed.[41] He had yet to learn how tenacious was the memory of the Aztecs, and that, whatever might be the horrors of their present situation, and their fears for the future, they were all forgotten in their hatred of the white man.{35}

CHAPTER VI

FAMINE was now gradually working its way into the heart of the beleaguered city. It seemed certain that, with this strict blockade, the crowded population must in the end be driven to capitulate, though no arm should be raised against them. But it required time; and the Spaniards, though constant and enduring by nature, began to be impatient of hardships scarcely inferior to those experienced by the besieged. In some respects their condition was even worse, exposed as they were to the cold, drenching rains, which fell with little intermission, rendering their situation dreary and disastrous in the extreme.

In this state of things, there were many who would willingly have shortened their sufferings and taken the chance of carrying the place by a coup de main. Others thought it would be best to get possession of the great market of Tlatelolco, which, from its situation in the northwestern part{36} of the city, might afford the means of communication with the camps of both Alvarado and Sandoval. This place, encompassed by spacious porticoes, would furnish accommodations for a numerous host; and, once established in the capital, the Spaniards would be in a position to follow up the blow with far more effect than at a distance.

These arguments were pressed by several of the officers, particularly by Alderete, the royal treasurer, a person of much consideration, not only from his rank, but from the capacity and zeal he had shown in the service. In deference to their wishes, Cortés summoned a council of war, and laid the matter before it. The treasurer’s views were espoused by most of the high-mettled cavaliers, who looked with eagerness to any change of their present forlorn and wearisome life; and Cortés, thinking it, probably, more prudent to adopt the less expedient course than to enforce a cold and reluctant obedience to his own opinion, suffered himself to be overruled.[42]

A day was fixed for the assault, which was to be made simultaneously by the two divisions under Alvarado and the commander-in-chief. Sandoval was instructed to draw off the greater part of his forces from the northern causeway and to unite himself with Alvarado, while seventy picked{37} soldiers were to be detached to the support of Cortés.

On the appointed morning, the two armies, after the usual celebration of mass, advanced along their respective causeways against the city.[43] They were supported, in addition to the brigantines, by a numerous fleet of Indian boats, which were to force a passage up the canals, and by a countless multitude of allies, whose very numbers served in the end to embarrass their operations. After clearing the suburbs, three avenues presented themselves, which all terminated in the square of Tlatelolco. The principal one, being of much greater width than the other two, might rather be called a causeway than a street, since it was flanked by deep canals on either side. Cortés divided his force into three bodies. One of them he placed under Alderete, with orders to occupy the principal street. A second he gave in charge to Andres de Tápia and Jorge de Alvarado; the former a cavalier of courage and capacity, the latter a younger brother of Don Pedro, and possessed of the intrepid spirit which belonged to that chivalrous family. These were to penetrate by one of the parallel streets, while the general himself, at the head of the third division, was to occupy the other. A small body of cavalry, with two or three field-pieces, was sta{38}tioned as a reserve in front of the great street of Tacuba, which was designated as the rallying-point for the different divisions.[44]

Cortés gave the most positive instructions to his captains not to advance a step without securing the means of retreat by carefully filling up the ditches and the openings in the causeway. The neglect of this precaution by Alvarado, in an assault which he had made on the city but a few days before, had been attended with such serious consequences to his army that Cortés rode over, himself, to his officer’s quarters, for the purpose of publicly reprimanding him for his disobedience of orders. On his arrival at the camp, however, he found that his offending captain had conducted the affair with so much gallantry, that the intended reprimand—though well deserved—subsided into a mild rebuke.[45]

The arrangements being completed, the three divisions marched at once up the several streets. Cortés, dismounting, took the van of his own squadron, at the head of his infantry. The Mexicans fell back as he advanced, making less resistance than usual. The Spaniards pushed on, carrying one barricade after another, and carefully filling up the gaps with rubbish, so as to secure{39} themselves a footing. The canoes supported the attack, by moving along the canals and grappling with those of the enemy; while numbers of the nimble-footed Tlascalans, scaling the terraces, passed on from one house to another, where they were connected, hurling the defenders into the streets below. The enemy, taken apparently by surprise, seemed incapable of withstanding for a moment the fury of the assault; and the victorious Christians, cheered on by the shouts of triumph which arose from their companions in the adjoining streets, were only the more eager to be first at the destined goal.

Indeed, the facility of his success led the general to suspect that he might be advancing too fast; that it might be a device of the enemy to draw them into the heart of the city and then surround or attack them in the rear. He had some misgivings, moreover, lest his too ardent officers, in the heat of the chase, should, notwithstanding his commands, have overlooked the necessary precaution of filling up the breaches. He accordingly brought his squadron to a halt, prepared to baffle any insidious movement of his adversary. Meanwhile he received more than one message from Alderete, informing him that he had nearly gained the market. This only increased the general’s apprehension that, in the rapidity of his advance, he might have neglected to secure the ground. He determined to trust no eyes but his own, and, taking a small body of troops, proceeded at once to reconnoitre the route followed by the treasurer.

He had not proceeded far along the great street,{40} or causeway, when his progress was arrested by an opening ten or twelve paces wide, and filled with water, at least two fathoms deep, by which a communication was formed between the canals on the opposite sides. A feeble attempt had been made to stop the gap with the rubbish of the causeway, but in too careless a manner to be of the least service; and a few straggling stones and pieces of timber only showed that the work had been abandoned almost as soon as begun.[46] To add to his consternation, the general observed that the sides of the causeway in this neighborhood had been pared off, and, as was evident, very recently. He saw in all this the artifice of the cunning enemy, and had little doubt that his hot-headed officer had rushed into a snare deliberately laid for him. Deeply alarmed, he set about repairing the mischief as fast as possible, by ordering his men to fill up the yawning chasm.

But they had scarcely begun their labors, when the hoarse echoes of conflict in the distance were succeeded by a hideous sound of mingled yells and war-whoops, that seemed to rend the very heavens. This was followed by a rushing noise, as of the tread of thronging multitudes, showing that the tide of battle was turned back from its former course, and was rolling on towards the spot{41} where Cortés and his little band of cavaliers were planted.

His conjecture proved too true. Alderete had followed the retreating Aztecs with an eagerness which increased with every step of his advance. He had carried the barricades which had defended the breach, without much difficulty, and, as he swept on, gave orders that the opening should be stopped. But the blood of the high-spirited cavaliers was warmed by the chase, and no one cared to be detained by the ignoble occupation of filling up the ditches, while he could gather laurels so easily in the fight; and they all pressed on, exhorting and cheering one another with the assurance of being the first to reach the square of Tlatelolco. In this way they suffered themselves to be decoyed into the heart of the city; when suddenly the horn of Guatemozin—the sacred symbol, heard only in seasons of extraordinary peril—sent forth a long and piercing note from the summit of a neighboring teocalli. In an instant, the flying Aztecs, as if maddened by the blast, wheeled about, and turned on their pursuers. At the same time, countless swarms of warriors from the adjoining streets and lanes poured in upon the flanks of the assailants, filling the air with the fierce, unearthly cries which had reached the ears of Cortés, and drowning, for a moment, the wild dissonance which reigned in the other quarters of the capital.[47]{42}

The army, taken by surprise, and shaken by the fury of the assault, was thrown into the utmost disorder. Friends and foes, white men and Indians, were mingled together in one promiscuous mass. Spears, swords, and war-clubs were brandished together in the air. Blows fell at random. In their eagerness to escape, they trod down one another. Blinded by the missiles which now rained on them from the azoteas, they staggered on, scarcely knowing in what direction, or fell, struck down by hands which they could not see. On they came, like a rushing torrent sweeping along some steep declivity, and rolling in one confused tide towards the open breach, on the farther side of which stood Cortés and his companions, horror-struck at the sight of the approaching ruin. The foremost soon plunged into the gulf, treading one another under the flood, some striving ineffectually to swim, others, with more success, to clamber over the heaps of their suffocated comrades. Many, as they attempted to scale the opposite sides of the slippery dike, fell into the water, or were hurried off by the warriors in the canoes, who added to the horrors of the rout by the fresh storm of darts and javelins which they poured on the fugitives.

Cortés, meanwhile, with his brave followers, kept his station undaunted on the other side of the breach. “I had made up my mind,” he says, “to{43} die, rather than desert my poor followers in their extremity!”[48] With outstretched hands he endeavored to rescue as many as he could from the watery grave, and from the more appalling fate of captivity. He as vainly tried to restore something like presence of mind and order among the distracted fugitives. His person was too well known to the Aztecs, and his position now made him a conspicuous mark for their weapons. Darts, stones, and arrows fell around him thick as hail, but glanced harmless from his steel helmet and armor of proof. At length a cry of “Malinche,” “Malinche,” arose among the enemy; and six of their number, strong and athletic warriors, rushing on him at once, made a violent effort to drag him on board their boat. In the struggle he received a severe wound in the leg, which, for the time, disabled it. There seemed to be no hope for him; when a faithful follower, Cristóval de Olea, perceiving his general’s extremity, threw himself on the Aztecs, and with a blow cut off the arm of one savage, and then plunged his sword in the body of another. He was quickly supported by a comrade named Lerma, and by a Tlascalan chief, who, fighting over the prostrate body of Cortés, despatched three more of the assailants; though the heroic Olea paid dearly for his self-devotion, as he fell mortally wounded by the side of his general.[49]{44}

The report soon spread among the soldiers that their commander was taken; and Quiñones, the captain of his guard, with several others, pouring in to the rescue, succeeded in disentangling Cortés from the grasp of his enemies, who were struggling with him in the water, and, raising him in their arms, placed him again on the causeway. One of his pages, meanwhile, had advanced some way through the press, leading a horse for his master to mount. But the youth received a wound in the throat from a javelin, which prevented him from effecting his object. Another of his attendants was more successful. It was Guzman, his chamberlain; but, as he held the bridle while Cortés was{45} assisted into the saddle, he was snatched away by the Aztecs, and, with the swiftness of thought, hurried off by their canoes. The general still lingered, unwilling to leave the spot while his presence could be of the least service. But the faithful Quiñones, taking his horse by the bridle, turned his head from the breach, exclaiming, at the same time, that “his master’s life was too important to the army to be thrown away there.”[50]

Yet it was no easy matter to force a passage through the press. The surface of the causeway, cut up by the feet of men and horses, was knee-deep in mud, and in some parts was so much broken that the water from the canals flowed over it. The crowded mass, in their efforts to extricate themselves from their perilous position, staggered to and fro like a drunken man. Those on the flanks were often forced by the lateral pressure of their comrades down the slippery sides of the dike, where they were picked up by the canoes of the enemy, whose shouts of triumph proclaimed the savage joy with which they gathered in every new victim for the sacrifice. Two cavaliers, riding by the general’s side, lost their footing, and rolled down the declivity into the water. One was taken and his horse killed. The other was happy enough to escape. The valiant ensign, Corral, had a similar piece of good fortune. He slipped into the{46} canal, and the enemy felt sure of their prize, when he again succeeded in recovering the causeway, with the tattered banner of Castile still flying above his head. The barbarians set up a cry of disappointed rage as they lost possession of a trophy to which the people of Anahuac attached, as we have seen, the highest importance, hardly inferior in their eyes to the capture of the commander-in-chief himself.[51]

Cortés at length succeeded in regaining the firm ground, and reaching the open place before the great street of Tacuba. Here, under a sharp fire of the artillery, he rallied his broken squadrons, and, charging at the head of the little body of horse, which, not having been brought into action, were still fresh, he beat off the enemy. He then commanded the retreat of the two other divisions. The scattered forces again united; and the general, sending forward his Indian confederates, took the rear with a chosen body of cavalry to cover the retreat of the army, which was effected with but little additional loss.[52]

Andres de Tápia was despatched to the western causeway to acquaint Alvarado and Sandoval with the failure of the enterprise. Meanwhile the two

THE STANDARD OF CORTÉS

{47}

captains had penetrated far into the city. Cheered by the triumphant shouts of their countrymen in the adjacent streets, they had pushed on with extraordinary vigor, that they might not be out-stripped in the race of glory. They had almost reached the market-place, which lay nearer to their quarters than to the general’s, when they heard the blast from the dread horn of Guatemozin,[53] followed by the overpowering yell of the barbarians, which had so startled the ears of Cortés; till at length the sounds of the receding conflict died away in the distance. The two captains now understood that the day must have gone hard with their countrymen. They soon had further proof of it, when the victorious Aztecs, returning from the pursuit of Cortés, joined their forces to those engaged with Sandoval and Alvarado, and fell on them with redoubled fury. At the same time they rolled on the ground two or three of the bloody heads of the Spaniards, shouting the name of “Malinche.” The captains, struck with horror at the spectacle,—though they gave little credit to the words of the enemy,—instantly ordered a retreat. Indeed, it was not in their power to maintain their ground against the furious assaults of the besieged, who poured on them, swarm after swarm, with a desperation of which, says one who was{48} there, “although it seems as if it were now present to my eyes, I can give but a faint idea to the reader. God alone could have brought us off safe from the perils of that day.”[54] The fierce barbarians followed up the Spaniards to their very intrenchments. But here they were met, first by the crossfire of the brigantines, which, dashing through the palisades planted to obstruct their movements, completely enfiladed the causeway, and next by that of the small battery erected in front of the camp, which, under the management of a skilful engineer, named Medrano, swept the whole length of the defile. Thus galled in front and on flank, the shattered columns of the Aztecs were compelled to give way and take shelter under the defences of the city.

The greatest anxiety now prevailed in the camp regarding the fate of Cortés; for Tápia had been detained on the road by scattered parties of the enemy, whom Guatemozin had stationed there to interrupt the communication between the camps. He arrived at length, however, though bleeding from several wounds. His intelligence, while it reassured the Spaniards as to the general’s personal safety, was not calculated to allay their uneasiness in other respects.

Sandoval, in particular, was desirous to acquaint himself with the actual state of things and the further intentions of Cortés. Suffering as he was{49} from three wounds, which he had received in that day’s fight, he resolved to visit in person the quarters of the commander-in-chief. It was mid-day—for the busy scenes of the morning had occupied but a few hours—when Sandoval remounted the good steed on whose strength and speed he knew he could rely. It was a noble animal, well known throughout the army, and worthy of its gallant rider, whom it had carried safe through all the long marches and bloody battles of the Conquest.[55] On the way he fell in with Guatemozin’s scouts, who gave him chase, and showered around him volleys of missiles, which, fortunately, found no vulnerable point in his own harness or that of his well-barbed charger.

On arriving at the camp, he found the troops there much worn and dispirited by the disaster of the morning. They had good reason to be so. Besides the killed, and a long file of wounded, sixty-two Spaniards, with a multitude of allies, had fallen alive into the hands of the enemy,—an enemy who was never known to spare a captive. The loss of two field-pieces and seven horses crowned their own disgrace and the triumph of the Aztecs. This loss, so insignificant in European warfare, was a great one here, where both horses and artillery, the most powerful arms of war against the{50} barbarians, were not to be procured without the greatest cost and difficulty.[56]

Cortés, it was observed, had borne himself throughout this trying day with his usual intrepidity and coolness. The only time he was seen to falter was when the Mexicans threw down before him the heads of several Spaniards, shouting, at the same time, “Sandoval,” “Tonatiuh,” the well-known epithet of Alvarado. At the sight of the gory trophies he grew deadly pale; but, in a moment recovering his usual confidence, he endeavored to cheer up the drooping spirits of his followers. It was with a cheerful countenance that he now received his lieutenant; but a shade of sadness was visible through this outward composure, showing how the catastrophe of the puente cuidada, “the sorrowful bridge,” as he mournfully called it, lay heavy at his heart.

To the cavalier’s anxious inquiries as to the cause of the disaster, he replied, “It is for my sins that it has befallen me, son Sandoval;” for such was the affectionate epithet with which Cortés often addressed his best-beloved and trusty officer. He then explained to him the immediate cause, in the negligence of the treasurer. Further conversation followed, in which the general declared his purpose to forego active hostilities for a few days. “You must take my place,” he continued, “for I am too{51} much crippled at present to discharge my duties. You must watch over the safety of the camps. Give especial heed to Alvarado’s. He is a gallant soldier, I know it well; but I doubt the Mexican hounds may, some hour, take him at disadvantage.”[57] These few words showed the general’s own estimation of his two lieutenants; both equally brave and chivalrous, but the one uniting with these qualities the circumspection so essential to success in perilous enterprises, in which the other was signally deficient. The future conqueror of Guatemala had to gather wisdom, as usual, from the bitter fruits of his own errors. It was under the training of Cortés that he learned to be a soldier. The general, having concluded his instructions, affectionately embraced his lieutenant, and dismissed him to his quarters.

It was late in the afternoon when he reached them; but the sun was still lingering above the western hills, and poured his beams wide over the Valley, lighting up the old towers and temples of Tenochtitlan with a mellow radiance, that little harmonized with the dark scenes of strife in which the city had so lately been involved. The tranquillity of the hour, however, was on a sudden broken by the strange sounds of the great drum in the temple of the war-god,—sounds which recalled the noche triste, with all its terrible images,{52} to the minds of the Spaniards, for that was the only occasion on which they had ever heard them.[58] They intimated some solemn act of religion within the unhallowed precincts of the teocalli; and the soldiers, startled by the mournful vibrations, which might be heard for leagues across the Valley, turned their eyes to the quarter whence they proceeded. They there beheld a long procession winding up the huge sides of the pyramid; for the camp of Alvarado was pitched scarcely a mile from the city, and objects are distinctly visible at a great distance in the transparent atmosphere of the table-land.

As the long file of priests and warriors reached the flat summit of the teocalli, the Spaniards saw the figures of several men stripped to their waists, some of whom, by the whiteness of their skins, they recognized as their own countrymen. They were the victims for sacrifice. Their heads were gaudily decorated with coronals of plumes, and they carried fans in their hands. They were urged along by blows, and compelled to take part in the dances in honor of the Aztec war-god. The unfortunate captives, then stripped of their sad finery, were stretched, one after another, on the great stone of sacrifice. On its convex surface their breasts were heaved up conveniently for the diabolical purpose of the priestly executioner, who cut asunder the ribs by a strong blow with his sharp razor of itztli, and, thrusting his hand into the wound, tore away{53} the heart, which, hot and reeking, was deposited on the golden censer before the idol. The body of the slaughtered victim was then hurled down the steep stairs of the pyramid, which, it may be remembered, were placed at the same angle of the pile, one flight below another; and the mutilated remains were gathered up by the savages beneath, who soon prepared with them the cannibal repast which completed the work of abomination![59]

We may imagine with what sensations the stupefied Spaniards must have gazed on this horrid spectacle, so near that they could almost recognize the persons of their unfortunate friends, see the struggles and writhing of their bodies, hear—or fancy that they heard—their screams of agony! yet so far removed that they could render them no assistance. Their limbs trembled beneath them, as they thought what might one day be their own fate; and the bravest among them, who had hitherto gone to battle as careless and light-hearted as to the banquet or the ball-room, were unable, from this time forward, to encounter their ferocious enemy with{54}out a sickening feeling, much akin to fear, coming over them.[60]

Such was not the effect produced by this spectacle on the Mexican forces, gathered at the end of the causeway. Like vultures maddened by the smell of distant carrion, they set up a piercing cry, and, as they shouted that “such should be the fate of all their enemies,” swept along in one fierce torrent over the dike. But the Spaniards were not to be taken by surprise; and, before the barbarian horde had come within their lines, they opened such a deadly fire from their battery of heavy guns, supported by the musketry and cross-bows, that the assailants were compelled to fall back slowly, but fearfully mangled, to their former position.

The five following days passed away in a state of inaction, except, indeed, so far as was necessary to repel the sorties made from time to time by the militia of the capital. The Mexicans, elated with their success, meanwhile, abandoned themselves to jubilee; singing, dancing, and feasting on the mangled relics of their wretched victims. Guatemozin sent several heads of the Spaniards,{55} as well as of the horses, round the country, calling on his old vassals to forsake the banners of the white men, unless they would share the doom of the enemies of Mexico. The priests now cheered the young monarch and the people with the declaration that the dread Huitzilopochtli, their offended deity, appeased by the sacrifices offered up on his altars, would again take the Aztecs under his protection, and deliver their enemies, before the expiration of eight days, into their hands.[61]

This comfortable prediction, confidently believed by the Mexicans, was thundered in the ears of the besieging army in tones of exultation and defiance. However it may have been contemned by the Spaniards, it had a very different effect on their allies. The latter had begun to be disgusted with a service so full of peril and suffering and already protracted far beyond the usual term of Indian hostilities. They had less confidence than before in the Spaniards. Experience had shown that they were neither invincible nor immortal, and their recent reverses made them even distrust the ability of the Christians to reduce the Aztec metropolis. They recalled to mind the ominous words of Xicotencatl, that “so sacrilegious a war could come to no good for the people of Anahuac.” They felt that their arm was raised against the gods of their country. The prediction of the oracle fell heavy on their hearts. They had little doubt of its ful{56}filment, and were only eager to turn away the bolt from their own heads by a timely secession from the cause.

They took advantage, therefore, of the friendly cover of night to steal away from their quarters. Company after company deserted in this manner, taking the direction of their respective homes. Those belonging to the great towns of the Valley, whose allegiance was the most recent, were the first to cast it off. Their example was followed by the older confederates, the militia of Cholula, Tepeaca, Tezcuco, and even the faithful Tlascala. There were, it is true, some exceptions to these, and among them Ixtlilxochitl, the young lord of Tezcuco, and Chichemecatl, the valiant Tlascalan chieftain, who, with a few of their immediate followers, still remained true to the banner under which they had enlisted. But their number was insignificant. The Spaniards beheld with dismay the mighty array, on which they relied for support, thus silently melting away before the breath of superstition. Cortés alone maintained a cheerful countenance. He treated the prediction with contempt, as an invention of the priests, and sent his messengers after the retreating squadrons, beseeching them to postpone their departure, or at least to halt on the road, till the time, which would soon elapse, should show the falsehood of the prophecy.

The affairs of the Spaniards at this crisis must be confessed to have worn a gloomy aspect. Deserted by their allies, with their ammunition nearly exhausted, cut off from the customary supplies{57} from the neighborhood, harassed by unintermitting vigils and fatigues, smarting under wounds, of which every man in the army had his share, with an unfriendly country in their rear and a mortal foe in front, they might well be excused for faltering in their enterprise. They found abundant occupation by day in foraging the country, and in maintaining their position on the causeways against the enemy, now made doubly daring by success and by the promises of their priests; while at night their slumbers were disturbed by the beat of the melancholy drum, the sounds of which, booming far over the waters, tolled the knell of their murdered comrades. Night after night fresh victims were led up to the great altar of sacrifice; and, while the city blazed with the illumination of a thousand bonfires on the terraced roofs of the dwellings and in the areas of the temples, the dismal pageant, showing through the fiery glare like the work of the ministers of hell, was distinctly visible from the camp below. One of the last of the sufferers was Guzman, the unfortunate chamberlain of Cortés, who lingered in captivity eighteen days before he met his doom.[62]

Yet in this hour of trial the Spaniards did not{58} falter. Had they faltered, they might have learned a lesson of fortitude from some of their own wives, who continued with them in the camp, and who displayed a heroism, on this occasion, of which history has preserved several examples. One of these, protected by her husband’s armor, would frequently mount guard in his place when he was wearied. Another, hastily putting on a soldier’s escaupil and seizing a sword and lance, was seen, on one occasion, to rally their retreating countrymen and lead them back against the enemy. Cortés would have persuaded these Amazonian dames to remain at Tlascala; but they proudly replied, “It was the duty of Castilian wives not to abandon their husbands in danger, but to share it with them,—and die with them, if necessary.” And well did they do their duty.[63]

Amidst all the distresses and multiplied embarrassments of their situation, the Spaniards still remained true to their purpose. They relaxed in no degree the severity of the blockade. Their camps still occupied the only avenues to the city; and their batteries, sweeping the long defiles at every fresh assault of the Aztecs, mowed down hundreds of the assailants. Their brigantines still rode on{59} the waters, cutting off the communication with the shore. It is true, indeed, the loss of the auxiliary canoes left a passage open for the occasional introduction of supplies to the capital.[64] But the whole amount of these supplies was small; and its crowded population, while exulting in their temporary advantage and the delusive assurances of their priests, were beginning to sink under the withering grasp of an enemy within, more terrible than the one which lay before their gates.{60}

CHAPTER VII

THUS passed away the eight days prescribed by the oracle; and the sun which rose upon the ninth beheld the fair city still beset on every side by the inexorable foe. It was a great mistake of the Aztec priests—one not uncommon with false prophets, anxious to produce a startling impression on their followers—to assign so short a term for the fulfilment of their prediction.[65]

The Tezcucan and Tlascalan chiefs now sent to acquaint their troops with the failure of the prophecy, and to recall them to the Christian camp. The Tlascalans, who had halted on the way, returned, ashamed of their credulity, and with ancient feelings of animosity heightened by the artifice of which they had been the dupes. Their example was followed by many of the other con{61}federates, with the levity natural to a people whose convictions are the result not of reason, but of superstition. In a short time the Spanish general found himself at the head of an auxiliary force which, if not so numerous as before, was more than adequate to all his purposes. He received them with politic benignity; and, while he reminded them that they had been guilty of a great crime in thus abandoning their commander, he was willing to overlook it in consideration of their past services. They must be aware that these services were not necessary to the Spaniards, who had carried on the siege with the same vigor during their absence as when they were present. But he was unwilling that those who had shared the dangers of the war with him should not also partake its triumphs, and be present at the fall of their enemy, which he promised, with a confidence better founded than that of the priests in their prediction, should not be long delayed.

Yet the menaces and machinations of Guatemozin were still not without effect in the distant provinces. Before the full return of the confederates, Cortés received an embassy from Cuernavaca, ten or twelve leagues distant, and another from some friendly towns of the Otomies, still farther off, imploring his protection against their formidable neighbors, who menaced them with hostilities as allies of the Spaniards. As the latter were then situated, they were in a condition to receive succor much more than to give it.[66] Most of the officers{62} were, accordingly, opposed to granting a request compliance with which must still further impair their diminished strength. But Cortés knew the importance, above all, of not betraying his own inability to grant it. “The greater our weakness,” he said, “the greater need have we to cover it under a show of strength.”[67]

He immediately detached Tápia with a body of about a hundred men in one direction, and Sandoval with a somewhat larger force in the other, with orders that their absence should not in any event be prolonged beyond ten days.[68] The two captains executed their commissions promptly and effectually. They each met and defeated his adversary in a pitched battle, laid waste the hostile territories, and returned within the time prescribed. They were soon followed by ambassadors from the conquered places, soliciting the alliance of the Spaniards; and the affair terminated by an accession of new confederates, and, what was more important, a conviction in the old that the Spaniards were both willing and competent to protect them.

Fortune, who seldom dispenses her frowns or her favors single-handed, further showed her good will to the Spaniards, at this time, by sending a vessel into Vera Cruz laden with ammunition and military stores. It was part of the fleet destined for{63} the Florida coast by the romantic old knight, Ponce de Leon. The cargo was immediately taken by the authorities of the port, and forwarded, without delay, to the camp, where it arrived most seasonably, as the want of powder, in particular, had begun to be seriously felt.[69] With strength thus renovated, Cortés determined to resume active operations, but on a plan widely differing from that pursued before.

In the former deliberations on the subject, two courses, as we have seen, presented themselves to the general. One was to intrench himself in the heart of the capital and from this point carry on hostilities; the other was the mode of proceeding hitherto followed. Both were open to serious objections, which he hoped would be obviated by the one now adopted. This was to advance no step without securing the entire safety of the army, not only on its immediate retreat, but in its future inroads. Every breach in the causeway, every canal in the streets, was to be filled up in so solid a manner that the work should not be again disturbed. The materials for this were to be furnished by the buildings, every one of which, as the army advanced, whether public or private, hut, temple, or palace, was to be demolished! Not a building in their path was to be spared. They were all indis{64}criminately to be levelled, until, in the Conqueror’s own language, “the water should be converted into dry land,” and a smooth and open ground be afforded for the manœuvres of the cavalry and artillery![70]

Cortés came to this terrible determination with great difficulty. He sincerely desired to spare the city, “the most beautiful thing in the world,”[71] as he enthusiastically styles it, and which would have formed the most glorious trophy of his conquest. But in a place where every house was a fortress and every street was cut up by canals so embarrassing to his movements, experience proved it was vain to think of doing so and becoming master of it. There was as little hope of a peaceful accommodation with the Aztecs, who, so far from being broken by all they had hitherto endured, and the long perspective of future woes, showed a spirit as haughty and implacable as ever.[72]

The general’s intentions were learned by the Indian allies with unbounded satisfaction; and they answered his call for aid by thousands of pioneers, armed with their coas, or hoes of the country, all testifying the greatest alacrity in helping on the{65} work of destruction.[73] In a short time the breaches in the great causeways were filled up so effectually that they were never again molested. Cortés himself set the example by carrying stones and timber with his own hands.[74] The buildings in the suburbs were then thoroughly levelled, the canals were filled up with the rubbish, and a wide space around the city was thrown open to the manœuvres of the cavalry, who swept over it free and unresisted. The Mexicans did not look with indifference on these preparations to lay waste their town and leave them bare and unprotected against the enemy. They made incessant efforts to impede the labors of the besiegers; but the latter, under cover of their guns, which kept up an unintermitting fire, still advanced in the work of desolation.[75]

The gleam of fortune which had so lately broken out on the Mexicans again disappeared; and the dark mist, after having been raised for a moment, settled on the doomed capital more heavily than{66} before. Famine, with all her hideous train of woes, was making rapid strides among its accumulated population. The stores provided for the siege were exhausted. The casual supply of human victims, or that obtained by some straggling pirogue from the neighboring shores, was too inconsiderable to be widely felt.[76] Some forced a scanty sustenance from a mucilaginous substance gathered in small quantities on the surface of the lake and canals.[77] Others appeased the cravings of appetite by devouring rats, lizards, and the like loathsome reptiles, which had not yet deserted the starving city. Its days seemed to be already numbered. But the page of history has many an example to show that there are no limits to the endurance of which humanity is capable, when animated by hatred and despair.

With the sword thus suspended over it, the Spanish commander, desirous to make one more effort to save the capital, persuaded three Aztec nobles, taken in one of the late actions, to bear a message from him to Guatemozin; though they undertook it with reluctance, for fear of the consequences to themselves. Cortés told the emperor that all had now been done that brave men could{67} do in defence of their country. There remained no hope, no chance of escape, for the Mexicans. Their provisions were exhausted; their communications were cut off; their vassals had deserted them; even their gods had betrayed them. They stood alone, with the nations of Anahuac banded against them. There was no hope but in immediate surrender. He besought the young monarch to take compassion on his brave subjects, who were daily perishing before his eyes; and on the fair city, whose stately buildings were fast crumbling into ruins. “Return to the allegiance,” he concludes, “which you once proffered to the sovereign of Castile. The past shall be forgotten. The persons and property, in short, all the rights, of the Aztecs shall be respected. You shall be confirmed in your authority, and Spain will once more take your city under her protection.”[78]

The eye of the young monarch kindled, and his dark cheek flushed with sudden anger, as he listened to proposals so humiliating. But, though his bosom glowed with the fiery temper of the Indian, he had the qualities of a “gentle cavalier,” says one of his enemies, who knew him well.[79] He did no harm to the envoys; but, after the heat of the moment had passed off, he gave the matter a calm consideration, and called a council of his wise men and warriors to deliberate upon it. Some were for accepting the proposals, as offering the only chance of preservation. But the priests took a different{68} view of the matter. They knew that the ruin of their own order must follow the triumph of Christianity. “Peace was good,” they said, “but not with the white men.” They reminded Guatemozin of the fate of his uncle Montezuma, and the requital he had met with for all his hospitality; of the seizure and imprisonment of Cacama, the cacique of Tezcuco; of the massacre of the nobles by Alvarado; of the insatiable avarice of the invaders, which had stripped the country of its treasures; of their profanation of the temples; of the injuries and insults which they had heaped without measure on the people and their religion. “Better,” they said, “to trust in the promises of their own gods, who had so long watched over the nation. Better, if need be, give up our lives at once for our country, than drag them out in slavery and suffering among the false strangers.”[80]

The eloquence of the priests, artfully touching the various wrongs of his people, roused the hot blood of Guatemozin. “Since it is so,” he abruptly exclaimed, “let us think only of supplying the wants of the people. Let no man, henceforth, who values his life, talk of surrender. We can at least die like warriors.”[81]{69}

The Spaniards waited two days for the answer to their embassy. At length it came, in a general sortie of the Mexicans, who, pouring through every gate of the capital, like a river that has burst its banks, swept on, wave upon wave, to the very intrenchments of the besiegers, threatening to overwhelm them by their numbers. Fortunately, the position of the latter on the dikes secured their flanks, and the narrowness of the defile gave their small battery of guns all the advantages of a larger one. The fire of artillery and musketry blazed without intermission along the several causeways, belching forth volumes of sulphurous smoke, that, rolling heavily over the water, settled dark around the Indian city and hid it from the surrounding country. The brigantines thundered, at the same time, on the flanks of the columns, which, after some ineffectual efforts to maintain themselves, rolled back in wild confusion, till their impotent fury died away in sullen murmurs within the capital.

Cortés now steadily pursued the plan he had laid down for the devastation of the city. Day after day the several armies entered by their respective quarters, Sandoval probably directing his operations against the northeastern district. The buildings, made of the porous tetzontli, though generally low, were so massy and extensive, and the canals were so numerous, that their progress was necessarily slow. They, however, gathered fresh accessions of strength every day from the numbers who flocked to the camp from the surrounding country, and who joined in the work of destruction{70} with a hearty good will which showed their eagerness to break the detested yoke of the Aztecs. The latter raged with impotent anger as they beheld their lordly edifices, their temples, all they had been accustomed to venerate, thus ruthlessly swept away; their canals, constructed with so much labor and what to them seemed science, filled up with rubbish; their flourishing city, in short, turned into a desert, over which the insulting foe now rode triumphant. They heaped many a taunt on the Indian allies. “Go on,” they said, bitterly: “the more you destroy, the more you will have to build up again hereafter. If we conquer, you shall build for us; and if your white friends conquer, they will make you do as much for them.”[82] The event justified the prediction.

In their rage they rushed blindly on the corps which covered the Indian pioneers. But they were as often driven back by the impetuous charge of the cavalry, or received on the long pikes of Chinantla, which did good service to the besiegers in their operations. At the close of day, however, when the Spaniards drew off their forces, taking care to send the multitudinous host of confederates first from the ground, the Mexicans usually rallied for a more formidable attack. Then they poured out from every lane and by-way, like so many mountain streams, sweeping over the broad level{71} cleared by the enemy, and falling impetuously on their flanks and rear. At such times they inflicted considerable loss in their turn, till an ambush, which Cortés laid for them among the buildings adjoining the great temple, did them so much mischief that they were compelled to act with more reserve.

At times the war displayed something of a chivalrous character, in the personal rencontres of the combatants. Challenges passed between them, and especially between the native warriors. These combats were usually conducted on the azoteas, whose broad and level surface afforded a good field of fight. On one occasion, a Mexican of powerful frame, brandishing a sword and buckler which he had won from the Christians, defied his enemies to meet him in single fight. A young page of Cortés’, named Nuñez, obtained his master’s permission to accept the vaunting challenge of the Aztec, and, springing on the azotea, succeeded, after a hard struggle, in discomfiting his antagonist, who fought at a disadvantage with weapons in which he was unpractised, and, running him through the body, brought off his spoils in triumph and laid them at the general’s feet.[83]

The division of Cortés had now worked its way as far north as the great street of Tacuba, which opened a communication with Alvarado’s camp, and near which stood the palace of Guatemozin. It was a spacious stone pile, that might well be{72} called a fortress. Though deserted by its royal master, it was held by a strong body of Aztecs, who made a temporary defence, but of little avail against the battering enginery of the besiegers. It was soon set on fire, and its crumbling walls were levelled in the dust, like those other stately edifices of the capital, the boast and admiration of the Aztecs, and some of the fairest fruits of their civilization. “It was a sad thing to witness their destruction,” exclaims Cortés; “but it was part of our plan of operations, and we had no alternative.”[84]

These operations had consumed several weeks, so that it was now drawing towards the latter part of July. During this time the blockade had been maintained with the utmost rigor, and the wretched inhabitants were suffering all the extremities of famine. Some few stragglers were taken, from time to time, in the neighborhood of the Christian camp, whither they had wandered in search of food. They were kindly treated, by command of Cortés, who was in hopes to induce others to follow their example, and thus to afford a means of conciliating the inhabitants, which might open the way to their submission. But few were found willing to leave the shelter of the capital, and they preferred to take their chance with their suffering countrymen rather than trust themselves to the mercies of the besiegers.

From these few stragglers, however, the Span{73}iards heard a dismal tale of woe respecting the crowded population in the interior of the city. All the ordinary means of sustenance had long since failed, and they now supported life as they could, by means of such roots as they could dig from the earth, by gnawing the bark of trees, by feeding on the grass,—on anything, in short, however loathsome, that could allay the craving of appetite. Their only drink was the brackish water of the soil saturated with the salt lake.[85] Under this unwholesome diet, and the diseases engendered by it, the population was gradually wasting away. Men sickened and died every day, in all the excruciating torments produced by hunger, and the wan and emaciated survivors seemed only to be waiting for their time.

The Spaniards had visible confirmation of all this as they penetrated deeper into the city and approached the district of Tlatelolco, now occupied by the besieged. They found the ground turned up in quest of roots and weeds, the trees stripped of their green stems, their foliage, and their bark. Troops of famished Indians flitted in the distance, gliding like ghosts among the scenes of their former residence. Dead bodies lay unburied in the streets and court-yards, or filled up the canals. It was a sure sign of the extremity of the Aztecs; for they held the burial of the dead as a solemn and{74} imperative duty. In the early part of the siege they had religiously attended to it. In its later stages they were still careful to withdraw the dead from the public eye, by bringing their remains within the houses. But the number of these, and their own sufferings, had now so fearfully increased that they had grown indifferent to this, and they suffered their friends and their kinsmen to lie and moulder on the spot where they drew their last breath![86]

As the invaders entered the dwellings, a more appalling spectacle presented itself;—the floors covered with the prostrate forms of the miserable inmates, some in the agonies of death, others festering in their corruption; men, women, and children inhaling the poisonous atmosphere, and mingled promiscuously together; mothers with their infants in their arms perishing of hunger before their eyes, while they were unable to afford them the nourishment of nature; men crippled by their wounds, with their bodies frightfully mangled, vainly attempting to crawl away, as the enemy entered. Yet even in this state they scorned to ask for mercy, and glared on the invaders with the sullen ferocity of the wounded tiger that the {75}huntsmen have tracked to his forest cave. The Spanish commander issued strict orders that mercy should be shown to these poor and disabled victims. But the Indian allies made no distinction. An Aztec, under whatever circumstances, was an enemy; and, with hideous shouts of triumph, they pulled down the burning buildings on their heads, consuming the living and the dead in one common funeral pile!

Yet the sufferings of the Aztecs, terrible as they were, did not incline them to submission. There were many, indeed, who, from greater strength of constitution, or from the more favorable circumstances in which they were placed, still showed all their wonted energy of body and mind, and maintained the same undaunted and resolute demeanor as before. They fiercely rejected all the overtures of Cortés, declaring they would rather die than surrender, and adding, with a bitter tone of exultation, that the invaders would be at least disappointed in their expectations of treasure, for it was buried where they could never find it![87]

The women, it is said, shared in this desperate—it should rather be called heroic—spirit. They were indefatigable in nursing the sick and dressing their wounds; they aided the warriors in battle, by supplying them with the Indian ammunition of stones and arrows, prepared their slings, strung their bows, and displayed, in short, all the constancy and courage shown by the noble maidens of{76} Saragossa in our day, and by those of Carthage in the days of antiquity.[88]

Cortés had now entered one of the great avenues leading to the market-place of Tlatelolco, the quarter towards which the movements of Alvarado were also directed. A single canal only lay in his way; but this was of great width and stoutly defended by the Mexican archery. At this crisis, the army one evening, while in their intrenchments on the causeway, were surprised by an uncommon light that arose from the huge teocalli in that part of the city which, being at the north, was the most distant from their own position. This temple, dedicated to the dread war-god, was inferior only to the pyramid in the great square; and on it the Spaniards had more than once seen their unhappy countrymen led to slaughter. They now supposed that the enemy were employed in some of their diabolical ceremonies,—when the flame, mounting higher and higher, showed that the sanctuaries themselves were on fire. A shout of exultation at the sight broke forth from the assembled soldiers, as they assured one another that their countrymen under Alvarado had got possession of the building.

It was indeed true. That gallant officer, whose position on the western causeway placed him near the district of Tlatelolco, had obeyed his commander’s

VIEW OF THE GREAT SQUARE IN MEXICO

Goupil & Cº., Paris

{77}

instructions to the letter, razing every building to the ground in his progress, and filling up the ditches with their ruins. He at length found himself before the great teocalli in the neighborhood of the market. He ordered a company, under a cavalier named Gutierre de Badajoz, to storm the place, which was defended by a body of warriors, mingled with priests, still more wild and ferocious than the soldiery. The garrison, rushing down the winding terraces, fell on the assailants with such fury as compelled them to retreat in confusion and with some loss. Alvarado ordered another detachment to their support. This last was engaged, at the moment, with a body of Aztecs, who hung on its rear as it wound up the galleries of the teocalli. Thus hemmed in between two enemies, above and below, the position of the Spaniards was critical. With sword and buckler, they plunged desperately on the ascending Mexicans, and drove them into the courtyard below, where Alvarado plied them with such lively volleys of musketry as soon threw them into disorder and compelled them to abandon the ground. Being thus rid of annoyance in the rear, the Spaniards returned to the charge. They drove the enemy up the heights of the pyramid, and, reaching the broad summit, a fierce encounter followed in mid-air,—such an encounter as takes place where death is the certain consequence of defeat. It ended, as usual, in the discomfiture of the Aztecs, who were either slaughtered on the spot still wet with the blood of their own victims, or pitched headlong down the sides of the pyramid.{78}

The area was covered with the various symbols of the barbarous worship of the country, and with two lofty sanctuaries, before whose grinning idols were displayed the heads of several Christian captives who had been immolated on their altars. Although overgrown by their long, matted hair and bushy beards, the Spaniards could recognize, in the livid countenances, their comrades who had fallen into the hands of the enemy. Tears fell from their eyes as they gazed on the melancholy spectacle and thought of the hideous death which their countrymen had suffered. They removed the sad relics with decent care, and after the Conquest deposited them in consecrated ground, on a spot since covered by the Church of the Martyrs.[89]

They completed their work by firing the sanctuaries, that the place might be no more polluted by these abominable rites. The flame crept slowly up the lofty pinnacles, in which stone was mingled with wood, till at length, bursting into one bright blaze, it shot up its spiral volume to such a height that it was seen from the most distant quarters of the Valley. It was this which had been hailed by the soldiery of Cortés, and it served as the beacon-light to both friend and foe, intimating the progress of the Christian arms.

The commander-in-chief and his division, animated by the spectacle, made, in their entrance on the following day, more determined efforts to place themselves alongside of their companions{79} under Alvarado. The broad canal, above noticed as the only impediment now lying in his way, was to be traversed; and on the farther side the emaciated figures of the Aztec warriors were gathered in numbers to dispute the passage, like the gloomy shades that wander—as ancient poets tell us—on the banks of the infernal river. They poured down, however, a storm of missiles, which were no shades, on the heads of the Indian laborers while occupied with filling up the wide gap with the ruins of the surrounding buildings. Still they toiled on in defiance of the arrowy shower, fresh numbers taking the place of those who fell. And when at length the work was completed, the cavalry rode over the rough plain at full charge against the enemy, followed by the deep array of spearmen, who bore down all opposition with their invincible phalanx.

The Spaniards now found themselves on the same ground with Alvarado’s division. Soon afterwards, that chief, attended by several of his staff, rode into their lines, and cordially embraced his countrymen and companions in arms, for the first time since the beginning of the siege. They were now in the neighborhood of the market. Cortés, taking with him a few of his cavaliers, galloped into it. It was a vast enclosure, as the reader has already seen, covering many an acre.[90] Its dimen{80}sions were suited to the immense multitudes who gathered there from all parts of the Valley in the flourishing days of the Aztec monarchy. It was surrounded by porticoes and pavilions for the accommodation of the artisans and traders who there displayed their various fabrics and articles of merchandise. The flat roofs of the piazzas were now covered with crowds of men and women, who gazed in silent dismay on the steel-clad horsemen, that profaned these precincts with their presence for the first time since their expulsion from the capital. The multitude, composed for the most part, probably, of unarmed citizens, seemed taken by surprise; at least, they made no show of resistance; and the general, after leisurely viewing the ground, was permitted to ride back unmolested to the army.

On arriving there, he ascended the teocalli, from which the standard of Castile, supplanting the memorials of Aztec superstition, was now triumphantly floating. The Conqueror, as he strode among the smoking embers on the summit, calmly surveyed the scene of desolation below. The palaces, the temples, the busy marts of industry and trade, the glittering canals, covered with their rich freights from the surrounding country, the royal pomp of groves and gardens, all the splendors of the imperial city, the capital of the Western World, forever gone,—and in their place a barren wilderness! How different the spectacle which{81} the year before had met his eye, as it wandered over the same scenes from the heights of the neighboring teocalli, with Montezuma at his side! Seven-eighths of the city were laid in ruins, with the occasional exception, perhaps, of some colossal temple which it would have required too much time to demolish.[91] The remaining eighth, comprehending the district of Tlatelolco, was all that now remained to the Aztecs, whose population—still large after all its losses—was crowded into a compass that would hardly have afforded accommodations for a third of their numbers. It was the quarter lying between the great northern and western causeways, and is recognized in the modern capital as the Barrio de San Jago and its vicinity. It was the favorite residence of the Indians after the Conquest,[92] though at the present day thinly covered with humble dwellings, forming the straggling suburbs, as it were, of the metropolis. Yet it still affords some faint vestiges of what it was in its prouder days; and the curious antiquary, and occasionally the laborer, as he turns up the soil, encounters a glittering fragment of obsidian, or the mouldering head of a lance or arrow, or some other warlike relic, attesting that on this spot the retreating Aztecs made their last stand for the independence of their country.[93]{82}

On the day following, Cortés, at the head of his battalions, made a second entry into the great tianguez. But this time the Mexicans were better prepared for his coming. They were assembled in considerable force in the spacious square. A sharp encounter followed; but it was short. Their strength was not equal to their spirit, and they melted away before the rolling fire of musketry, and left the Spaniards masters of the enclosure.

The first act was to set fire to some temples, of no great size, within the market-place, or more probably on its borders. As the flames ascended, the Aztecs, horror-struck, broke forth into piteous lamentations at the destruction of the deities on whom they relied for protection.[94]

The general’s next step was at the suggestion of a soldier named Sotelo, a man who had served under the Great Captain in the Italian wars, where he professed to have gathered knowledge of the science of engineering, as it was then practised. He offered his services to construct a sort of catapult, a machine for discharging stones of great size, which might take the place of the regular battering-ram in demolishing the buildings. As the ammunition, notwithstanding the liberal supplies{83} which from time to time had found their way into the camp, now began to fail, Cortés eagerly acceded to a proposal so well suited to his exigences. Timber and stone were furnished, and a number of hands were employed, under the direction of the self-styled engineer, in constructing the ponderous apparatus, which was erected on a solid platform of masonry, thirty paces square and seven or eight feet high, that covered the centre of the market-place. This was a work of the Aztec princes, and was used as a scaffolding on which mountebanks and jugglers might exhibit their marvellous feats for the amusement of the populace, who took great delight in these performances.[95]

The erection of the machine consumed several days, during which hostilities were suspended, while the artisans were protected from interruption by a strong corps of infantry. At length the work was completed; and the besieged, who with silent awe had beheld from the neighboring azoteas the progress of the mysterious engine which was to lay the remainder of their capital in ruins, now looked with terror for its operation. A stone of huge size was deposited on the timber. The machinery was set in motion; and the rocky fragment was discharged with a tremendous force from the catapult. But, instead of taking the direction of the Aztec buildings, it rose high and perpendicularly into the air, and, descending whence it{84} sprung, broke the ill-omened machine into splinters! It was a total failure.

The Aztecs were released from their apprehensions, and the soldiery made many a merry jest on the catastrophe, somewhat at the expense of their commander, who testified no little vexation at the disappointment, and still more at his own credulity.[96]{85}

CHAPTER VIII

THERE was no occasion to resort to artificial means to precipitate the ruin of the Aztecs. It was accelerated every hour by causes more potent than those arising from mere human agency. There they were,—pent up in their close and suffocating quarters, nobles, commoners, and slaves, men, women, and children, some in houses, more frequently in hovels,—for this part of the city was not the best,—others in the open air in canoes, or in the streets, shivering in the cold rains of night, and scorched by the burning heat of day.[97] An old chronicler mentions the fact of two women of rank remaining three days and nights up to their necks{86} in the water among the reeds, with only a handful of maize for their support.[98] The ordinary means of sustaining life were long since gone. They wandered about in search of anything, however unwholesome or revolting, that might mitigate the fierce gnawings of hunger. Some hunted for insects and worms on the borders of the lake, or gathered the salt weeds and moss from its bottom, while at times they might be seen casting a wistful look at the green hills beyond, which many of them had left to share the fate of their brethren in the capital.

To their credit, it is said by the Spanish writers that they were not driven, in their extremity, to violate the laws of nature by feeding on one another.[99] But, unhappily, this is contradicted by the Indian authorities, who state that many a mother, in her agony, devoured the offspring which she had no longer the means of supporting. This is recorded of more than one siege in history; and it is the more probable here, where the sensibilities must have been blunted by familiarity with the brutal practices of the national superstition.[100]{87}

But all was not sufficient, and hundreds of famished wretches died every day from extremity of suffering. Some dragged themselves into the houses, and drew their last breath alone and in silence. Others sank down in the public streets. Wherever they died, there they were left. There was no one to bury or to remove them. Familiarity with the spectacle made men indifferent to it. They looked on in dumb despair, waiting for their own turn. There was no complaint, no lamentation, but deep, unutterable woe.

If in other quarters of the town the corpses might be seen scattered over the streets, here they were gathered in heaps. “They lay so thick,” says Bernal Diaz, “that one could not tread except among the bodies.”[101] “A man could not set his foot down,” says Cortés, yet more strongly, “unless on the corpse of an Indian.”[102] They were piled one upon another, the living mingled with the dead. They stretched themselves on the bodies of their friends, and lay down to sleep there. Death was everywhere. The city was a vast charnel-house, in which all was hastening to decay and decomposition. A poisonous steam arose from the mass of putrefaction, under the action of alternate rain and heat, which so tainted the whole atmosphere that the Spaniards, including the gen{88}eral himself, in their brief visits to the quarter, were made ill by it, and it bred a pestilence that swept off even greater numbers than the famine.[103]

Men’s minds were unsettled by these strange and accumulated horrors. They resorted to all the superstitious rites prescribed by their religion, to stay the pestilence. They called on their priests to invoke the gods in their behalf. But the oracles were dumb, or gave only gloomy responses. Their deities had deserted them, and in their place they saw signs of celestial wrath, telling of still greater woes in reserve. Many, after the siege, declared that, among other prodigies, they beheld a stream of light, of a blood-red color, coming from the north in the direction of Tepejacac, with a rushing noise like that of a whirlwind, which swept round the district of Tlatelolco, darting out sparkles and flakes of fire, till it shot far into the centre of the lake![104] In the disordered state of their nerves, a mysterious fear took possession of their senses. Prodigies were of familiar occurrence, and the most familiar phenomena of nature were converted into prodigies.[105] Stunned by their calamities,{89} reason was bewildered, and they became the sport of the wildest and most superstitious fancies.

In the midst of these awful scenes, the young emperor of the Aztecs remained, according to all accounts, calm and courageous. With his fair capital laid in ruins before his eyes, his nobles and faithful subjects dying around him, his territory rent away, foot by foot, till scarce enough remained for him to stand on, he rejected every invitation to capitulate, and showed the same indomitable spirit as at the commencement of the siege. When Cortés, in the hope that the extremities of the besieged would incline them to listen to an accommodation, persuaded a noble prisoner to bear to Guatemozin his proposals to that effect, the fierce young monarch, according to the general, ordered him at once to be sacrificed.[106] It is a Spaniard, we must remember, who tells the story.

Cortés, who had suspended hostilities for several days, in the vain hope that the distresses of the Mexicans would bend them to submission, now determined to drive them to it by a general assault. Cooped up as they were within a narrow quarter of the city, their position favored such an attempt. He commanded Alvarado to hold himself in readiness, and directed Sandoval—who, besides the causeway, had charge of the fleet, which lay off the Tlatelolcan district—to support the attack by a cannonade on the houses near the water. He then{90} led his forces into the city, or rather across the horrid waste that now encircled it.

On entering the Indian precincts, he was met by several of the chiefs, who, stretching forth their emaciated arms, exclaimed, “You are the children of the Sun. But the Sun is swift in his course. Why are you, then, so tardy? Why do you delay so long to put an end to our miseries? Rather kill us at once, that we may go to our god Huitzilopochtli, who waits for us in heaven to give us rest from our sufferings!”[107]

Cortés was moved by their piteous appeal, and answered that he desired not their death, but their submission. “Why does your master refuse to treat with me,” he said, “when a single hour will suffice for me to crush him and all his people?” He then urged them to request Guatemozin to confer with him, with the assurance that he might do it in safety, as his person should not be molested.

The nobles, after some persuasion, undertook the mission; and it was received by the young monarch in a manner which showed—if the anecdote before related of him be true—that misfortune had at length asserted some power over his haughty spirit. He consented to the interview, though not to have it take place on that day, but the following, in the great square of Tlatelolco. Cortés, well satisfied,{91} immediately withdrew from the city and resumed his position on the causeway.

The next morning he presented himself at the place appointed, having previously stationed Alvarado there with a strong corps of infantry, to guard against treachery. The stone platform in the centre of the square was covered with mats and carpets, and a banquet was prepared to refresh the famished monarch and his nobles. Having made these arrangements, he awaited the hour of the interview.

But Guatemozin, instead of appearing himself, sent his nobles, the same who had brought to him the general’s invitation, and who now excused their master’s absence on the plea of illness. Cortés, though disappointed, gave a courteous reception to the envoys, considering that it might still afford the means of opening a communication with the emperor. He persuaded them, without much entreaty, to partake of the good cheer spread before them, which they did with a voracity that told how severe had been their abstinence. He then dismissed them with a seasonable supply of provisions for their master, pressing him to consent to an interview, without which it was impossible their differences could be adjusted.

The Indian envoys returned in a short time, bearing with them a present of fine cotton fabrics, of no great value, from Guatemozin, who still declined to meet the Spanish general. Cortés, though deeply chagrined, was unwilling to give up the point. “He will surely come,” he said to the envoys, “when he sees that I suffer you to go and{92} come unharmed, you who have been my steady enemies, no less than himself, throughout the war. He has nothing to fear from me.”[108] He again parted with them, promising to receive their answer the following day.

On the next morning the Aztec chiefs, entering the Christian quarters, announced to Cortés that Guatemozin would confer with him at noon in the market-place. The general was punctual at the hour; but without success. Neither monarch nor ministers appeared there. It was plain that the Indian prince did not care to trust the promises of his enemy. A thought of Montezuma may have passed across his mind. After he had waited three hours, the general’s patience was exhausted, and, as he learned that the Mexicans were busy in preparations for defence, he made immediate dispositions for the assault.[109]

The confederates had been left without the walls; for he did not care to bring them within sight of the quarry before he was ready to slip the leash. He now ordered them to join him, and, supported by Alvarado’s division, marched at once into the enemy’s quarters. He found them prepared{93} to receive him. Their most able-bodied warriors were thrown into the van, covering their feeble and crippled comrades. Women were seen occasionally mingling in the ranks, and, as well as children, thronged the azoteas, where, with famine-stricken visages and haggard eyes, they scowled defiance and hatred on their invaders.

As the Spaniards advanced, the Mexicans set up a fierce war-cry, and sent off clouds of arrows with their accustomed spirit, while the women and boys rained down darts and stones from their elevated position on the terraces. But the missiles were sent by hands too feeble to do much damage; and, when the squadrons closed, the loss of strength became still more sensible in the Aztecs. Their blows fell feebly and with doubtful aim, though some, it is true, of stronger constitution, or gathering strength from despair, maintained to the last a desperate fight.

The arquebusiers now poured in a deadly fire. The brigantines replied by successive volleys, in the opposite quarter. The besieged, hemmed in, like deer surrounded by the huntsmen, were brought down on every side. The carnage was horrible. The ground was heaped up with slain, until the maddened combatants were obliged to climb over the human mounds to get at one another. The miry soil was saturated with blood, which ran off like water and dyed the canals themselves with crimson.[110] All was uproar and terrible confusion.{94} The hideous yells of the barbarians, the oaths and execrations of the Spaniards, the cries of the wounded, the shrieks of women and children, the heavy blows of the Conquerors, the death-struggle of their victims, the rapid, reverberating echoes of musketry, the hissing of innumerable missiles, the crash and crackling of blazing buildings, crushing hundreds in their ruins, the blinding volumes of dust and sulphurous smoke shrouding all in their gloomy canopy, made a scene appalling even to the soldiers of Cortés, steeled as they were by many a rough passage of war, and by long familiarity with blood and violence. “The piteous cries of the women and children, in particular,” says the general, “were enough to break one’s heart.”[111] He commanded that they should be spared, and that all who asked it should receive quarter. He particularly urged this on the confederates, and placed Spaniards among them to restrain their violence.[112] But he had set an engine in motion too terrible to be controlled. It were as easy to curb the hurricane in its fury, as the passions of an infuriated horde of savages. “Never did I see so pitiless a race,” he exclaims, “or anything wearing the{95} form of man so destitute of humanity.”[113] They made no distinction of sex or age, and in this hour of vengeance seemed to be requiting the hoarded wrongs of a century. At length, sated with slaughter, the Spanish commander sounded a retreat. It was full time, if, according to his own statement,—we may hope it is an exaggeration,—forty thousand souls had perished.[114] Yet their fate was to be envied, in comparison with that of those who survived.

Through the long night which followed, no movement was perceptible in the Aztec quarter. No light was seen there, no sound was heard, save the low moaning of some wounded or dying wretch, writhing in his agony. All was dark and silent,—the darkness of the grave. The last blow seemed to have completely stunned them. They had parted with hope, and sat in sullen despair, like men waiting in silence the stroke of the executioner. Yet, for all this, they showed no disposition to submit. Every new injury had sunk deeper into their souls, and filled them with a deeper hatred of their enemy. Fortune, friends, kindred, home,—all were gone. They were content to throw away life itself, now that they had nothing more to live for.

Far different was the scene in the Christian camp, where, elated with their recent successes, all{96} was alive with bustle and preparation for the morrow. Bonfires were seen blazing along the causeways, lights gleamed from tents and barracks, and the sounds of music and merriment, borne over the waters, proclaimed the joy of the soldiers at the prospect of so soon terminating their wearisome campaign.

On the following morning the Spanish commander again mustered his forces, having decided to follow up the blow of the preceding day before the enemy should have time to rally, and at once to put an end to the war. He had arranged with Alvarado, on the evening previous, to occupy the market-place of Tlatelolco; and the discharge of an arquebuse was to be the signal for a simultaneous assault. Sandoval was to hold the northern causeway, and, with the fleet, to watch the movements of the Indian emperor, and to intercept the flight to the main land, which Cortés knew he meditated. To allow him to effect this would be to leave a formidable enemy in his own neighborhood, who might at any time kindle the flame of insurrection throughout the country. He ordered Sandoval, however, to do no harm to the royal person, and not to fire on the enemy at all, except in self-defence.[115]

It was the memorable thirteenth of August, 1521, the day of St. Hippolytus,—from this circumstance selected as the patron saint of modern{97} Mexico,—that Cortés led his warlike array for the last time across the black and blasted environs which lay around the Indian capital. On entering the Aztec precincts, he paused, willing to afford its wretched inmates one more chance of escape before striking the fatal blow. He obtained an interview with some of the principal chiefs, and expostulated with them on the conduct of their prince. “He surely will not,” said the general, “see you all perish, when he can so easily save you.” He then urged them to prevail on Guatemozin to hold a conference with him, repeating the assurances of his personal safety.

The messengers went on their mission, and soon returned with the cihuacoatl at their head, a magistrate of high authority among the Mexicans. He said, with a melancholy air, in which his own disappointment was visible, that “Guatemozin was ready to die where he was, but would hold no interview with the Spanish commander;” adding, in a tone of resignation, “it is for you to work your pleasure.” “Go, then,” replied the stern Conqueror, “and prepare your countrymen for death. Their hour is come.”[116]

He still postponed the assault for several hours. But the impatience of his troops at this delay was heightened by the rumor that Guatemozin and his nobles were preparing to escape with their effects{98} in the piraguas and canoes which were moored on the margin of the lake. Convinced of the fruitlessness and impolicy of further procrastination, Cortés made his final dispositions for the attack, and took his own station on an azotea which commanded the theatre of operations.

When the assailants came into the presence of the enemy, they found them huddled together in the utmost confusion, all ages and sexes, in masses so dense that they nearly forced one another over the brink of the causeways into the water below. Some had climbed on the terraces, others feebly supported themselves against the walls of the buildings. Their squalid and tattered garments gave a wildness to their appearance which still further heightened the ferocity of their expression, as they glared on their enemy with eyes in which hate was mingled with despair. When the Spaniards had approached within bowshot, the Aztecs let off a flight of impotent missiles, showing to the last the resolute spirit, though they had lost the strength, of their better days. The fatal signal was then given by the discharge of an arquebuse,—speedily followed by peals of heavy ordnance, the rattle of fire-arms, and the hellish shouts of the confederates as they sprang upon their victims. It is unnecessary to stain the page with a repetition of the horrors of the preceding day. Some of the wretched Aztecs threw themselves into the water and were picked up by the canoes. Others sank and were suffocated in the canals. The number of these became so great that a bridge was made of their dead bodies, over which the assailants could climb to the oppo{99}site banks. Others again, especially the women, begged for mercy, which, as the chroniclers assure us, was everywhere granted by the Spaniards, and, contrary to the instructions and entreaties of Cortés, everywhere refused by the confederates.[117]

While this work of butchery was going on, numbers were observed pushing off in the barks that lined the shore, and making the best of their way across the lake. They were constantly intercepted by the brigantines, which broke through the flimsy array of boats, sending off their volleys to the right and left, as the crews of the latter hotly assailed them. The battle raged as fiercely on the lake as on the land. Many of the Indian vessels were shattered and overturned. Some few, however, under cover of the smoke, which rolled darkly over the waters, succeeded in clearing themselves of the turmoil, and were fast nearing the opposite shore.

Sandoval had particularly charged his captains to keep an eye on the movements of any vessel in which it was at all probable that Guatemozin might be concealed. At this crisis, three or four of the largest piraguas were seen skimming over the water and making their way rapidly across the lake. A captain, named Garci Holguin, who had command of one of the best sailers in the fleet, instantly gave them chase. The wind was favorable, and every moment he gained on the fugitives, who pulled their oars with a vigor that despair alone{100} could have given. But it was in vain; and, after a short race, Holguin, coming alongside of one of the piraguas, which, whether from its appearance or from information he had received, he conjectured might bear the Indian emperor, ordered his men to level their cross-bows at the boat. But, before they could discharge them, a cry arose from those in it that their lord was on board. At the same moment a young warrior, armed with buckler and maquahuitl, rose up, as if to beat off the assailants. But as the Spanish captain ordered his men not to shoot, he dropped his weapons, and exclaimed, “I am Guatemozin. Lead me to Malinche; I am his prisoner; but let no harm come to my wife and my followers.”[118]

Holguin assured him that his wishes should be respected, and assisted him to get on board the brigantine, followed by his wife and attendants. These were twenty in number, consisting of Coanaco, the deposed lord of Tezcuco, the lord of Tlacopan, and several other caciques and dignitaries, whose rank, probably, had secured them some exemption from the general calamities of the siege.{101} When the captives were seated on the deck of his vessel, Holguin requested the Aztec prince to put an end to the combat by commanding his people in the other canoes to surrender. But, with a dejected air, he replied, “It is not necessary. They will fight no longer, when they see that their prince is taken.” He spoke truth. The news of Guatemozin’s capture spread rapidly through the fleet, and on shore, where the Mexicans were still engaged in conflict with their enemies. It ceased, however, at once. They made no further resistance; and those on the water quickly followed the brigantines, which conveyed their captive monarch to land. It seemed as if the fight had been maintained thus long the better to divert the enemy’s attention and cover their master’s retreat.[119]

Meanwhile, Sandoval, on receiving tidings of the capture, brought his own brigantine alongside of Holguin’s and demanded the royal prisoner to be surrendered to him. But the captain claimed him as his prize. A dispute arose between the parties, each anxious to have the glory of the deed, and perhaps the privilege of commemorating it on his escutcheon. The controversy continued so long that it reached the ears of Cortés, who, in his station on the azotea, had learned with no little satisfaction the capture of his enemy. He instantly sent orders to his wrangling officers to bring{102} Guatemozin before him, that he might adjust the difference between them.[120] He charged them, at the same time, to treat their prisoner with respect. He then made preparations for the interview, caused the terrace to be carpeted with crimson cloth and matting, and a table to be spread with provisions, of which the unhappy Aztecs stood so much in need.[121] His lovely Indian mistress, Doña Marina, was present to act as interpreter. She had stood by his side through all the troubled scenes of the Conquest, and she was there now to witness its triumphant termination.

Guatemozin, on landing, was escorted by a company of infantry to the presence of the Spanish commander. He mounted the azotea with a calm and steady step, and was easily to be distinguished from his attendant nobles, though his full, dark eye was no longer lighted up with its accustomed fire, and his features wore an expression of passive resignation, that told little of the fierce and fiery spirit that burned within. His head was large, his limbs well proportioned, his complexion fairer than{103} that of his bronze-colored nation, and his whole deportment singularly mild and engaging.[122]

Cortés came forward with a dignified and studied courtesy to receive him. The Aztec monarch probably knew the person of his conqueror,{*} for he first broke silence by saying, “I have done all that I could to defend myself and my people. I am now reduced to this state. You will deal with me, Malinche, as you list.” Then, laying his hand on the hilt of a poniard stuck in the general’s belt, he added, with vehemence, “Better despatch me with this, and rid me of life at once.”[123] Cortés was filled with admiration at the proud bearing of the young barbarian, showing in his reverses a spirit worthy of an ancient Roman. “Fear not,” he replied: “you shall be treated with all honor. You have defended your capital like a brave warrior. A Spaniard knows how to respect valor even in an{104} enemy.”[124] He then inquired of him where he had left the princess his wife; and, being informed that she still remained under protection of a Spanish guard on board the brigantine, the general sent to have her escorted to his presence.

{*} [It was unnecessary to qualify the statement, as they had often seen each other at the court of Montezuma. Alaman, Conquista de Méjico (trad. de Vega), tom. ii. p. 211, note.—K.]

She was the youngest daughter of Montezuma, and was hardly yet on the verge of womanhood. On the accession of her cousin Guatemozin to the throne, she had been wedded to him as his lawful wife.[125] She is celebrated by her contemporaries for her personal charms; and the beautiful princess Tecuichpo is still commemorated by the Spaniards, since from her by a subsequent marriage are descended some of the illustrious families of their own nation.[126] She was kindly received by Cortés, who showed her the respectful attentions suited to her rank. Her birth, no doubt, gave her an additional interest in his eyes, and he may have felt some touch of compunction as he gazed on the daughter of the unfortunate Montezuma. He invited his royal captives to partake of the refreshments which their exhausted condition rendered so necessary. Meanwhile the Spanish commander made his dispositions for the night, ordering{105} Sandoval to escort the prisoners to Cojohuacan, whither he proposed himself immediately to follow. The other captains, Olid and Alvarado, were to draw off their forces to their respective quarters. It was impossible for them to continue in the capital, where the poisonous effluvia from the unburied carcasses loaded the air with infection. A small guard only was stationed to keep order in the wasted suburbs. It was the hour of vespers when Guatemozin surrendered,[127] and the siege might be considered as then concluded. The evening set in dark, and the rain began to fall before the several parties had evacuated the city.[128]{106}

During the night, a tremendous tempest, such as the Spaniards had rarely witnessed, and such as is known only within the tropics, burst over the Mexican Valley. The thunder, reverberating from the rocky amphitheatre of hills, bellowed over the waste of waters, and shook the teocallis and crazy tenements of Tenochtitlan—the few that yet survived—to their foundations. The lightning seemed to cleave asunder the vault of heaven, as its vivid flashes wrapped the whole scene in a ghastly glare, for a moment, to be again swallowed up in darkness. The war of elements was in unison with the fortunes of the ruined city. It seemed as if the deities of Anahuac, scared from their ancient abodes, were borne along shrieking and howling in the blast, as they abandoned the fallen capital to its fate![129]

On the day following the surrender, Guatemozin requested the Spanish commander to allow the Mexicans to leave the city and to pass unmolested into the open country. To this Cortés readily assented, as, indeed, without it he could take no steps for purifying the capital. He gave his orders, accordingly, for the evacuation of the place, commanding that no one, Spaniard or confederate, should offer violence to the Aztecs or in any way obstruct their departure. The whole{107} number of these is variously estimated at from thirty to seventy thousand, besides women and children, who had survived the sword, pestilence, and famine.[130] It is certain they were three days in defiling along the several causeways,—a mournful train;[131] husbands and wives, parents and children, the sick and the wounded, leaning on one another for support, as they feebly tottered along, squalid, and but half covered with rags, that disclosed at every step hideous gashes, some recently received, others festering from long neglect, and carrying with them an atmosphere of contagion. Their wasted forms and famine-stricken faces told the whole history of the siege; and, as the straggling files gained the opposite shore, they were observed to pause from time to time, as if to take one more look at the spot so lately crowned by the imperial city, once their pleasant home, and endeared to them by many a glorious recollection.

On the departure of the inhabitants, measures were immediately taken to purify the place, by means of numerous fires kept burning day and night, especially in the infected quarter of Tlate{108}lolco, and by collecting the heaps of dead, which lay mouldering in the streets, and consigning them to the earth. Of the whole number who perished in the course of the siege it is impossible to form any probable computation. The accounts range widely, from one hundred and twenty thousand, the lowest estimate, to two hundred and forty thousand.[132] The number of the Spaniards who fell was comparatively small, but that of the allies must have been large if the historian of Tezcuco is correct in asserting that thirty thousand perished of his own countrymen alone.[133] That the number of those destroyed within the city was immense cannot be doubted, when we consider that besides its own redundant population, it was thronged with that of the neighboring towns, who, distrusting{109} their strength to resist the enemy, sought protection within its walls.

The booty found there—that is, the treasures of gold and jewels, the only booty of much value in the eyes of the Spaniards—fell far below their expectations. It did not exceed, according to the general’s statement, a hundred and thirty thousand castellanos of gold, including the sovereign’s share, which, indeed, taking into account many articles of curious and costly workmanship, voluntarily relinquished by the army, greatly exceeded his legitimate fifth.[134] Yet the Aztecs must have been in possession of a much larger treasure, if it were only the wreck of that recovered from the Spaniards on the night of the memorable flight from Mexico. Some of the spoil may have been sent away from the capital, some spent in preparations of defence, and more of it buried in the earth, or sunk in the water of the lake. Their menaces were not without a meaning. They had, at least, the satisfaction of disappointing the avarice of their enemies.

Cortés had no further occasion for the presence of his Indian allies. He assembled the chiefs of the different squadrons, thanked them for their services, noticed their valor in flattering terms, and, after distributing presents among them, with the assurance that his master the emperor would recompense their fidelity yet more largely, dismissed them to their own homes. They carried off a liberal share of the spoils of which they had plun{110}dered the dwellings,—not of a kind to excite the cupidity of the Spaniards,—and returned in triumph, short-sighted triumph! at the success of their expedition and the downfall of the Aztec dynasty.

Great, also, was the satisfaction of the Spaniards at this brilliant termination of their long and laborious campaign. They were, indeed, disappointed at the small amount of treasure found in the conquered city. But the soldier is usually too much absorbed in the present to give much heed to the future; and, though their discontent showed itself afterwards in a more clamorous form, they now thought only of their triumph, and abandoned themselves to jubilee. Cortés celebrated the event by a banquet, as sumptuous as circumstances would permit, to which all the cavaliers and officers were invited. Loud and long was their revelry, which was carried to such an excess as provoked the animadversion of Father Olmedo, who intimated that this was not the fitting way to testify their sense of the favors shown them by the Almighty. Cortés admitted the justice of the rebuke, but craved some indulgence for a soldier’s license in the hour of victory. The following day was appointed for the commemoration of their successes in a more suitable manner.

A procession of the whole army was then formed, with Father Olmedo at its head. The soiled and tattered banners of Castile, which had waved over many a field of battle, now threw their shadows on the peaceful array of the soldiery, as they slowly moved along, rehearsing the litany,{111} and displaying the image of the Virgin and the blessed symbol of man’s redemption. The reverend father pronounced a discourse, in which he briefly reminded the troops of their great cause for thankfulness to Providence for conducting them safe through their long and perilous pilgrimage; and, dwelling on the responsibility incurred by their present position, he besought them not to abuse the rights of conquest, but to treat the unfortunate Indians with humanity. The sacrament was then administered to the commander-in-chief and the principal cavaliers, and the services concluded with a solemn thanksgiving to the God of battles, who had enabled them to carry the banner of the Cross triumphant over this barbaric empire.[135]

Thus, after a siege of nearly three months’ duration, unmatched in history for the constancy and courage of the besieged, seldom surpassed for the severity of its sufferings, fell the renowned capital of the Aztecs. Unmatched, it may be truly said, for constancy and courage, when we recollect that the door of capitulation on the most honorable terms was left open to them throughout the whole blockade, and that, sternly rejecting every proposal of their enemy, they, to a man, preferred to die rather than surrender. More than three centuries had elapsed since the Aztecs, a poor and wandering tribe from the far Northwest, had come on the plateau. There they built their miserable col{112}lection of huts on the spot—as tradition tells us—prescribed by the oracle. Their conquests, at first confined to their immediate neighborhood, gradually covered the Valley, then, crossing the mountains, swept over the broad extent of the table-land, descended its precipitous sides, and rolled onwards to the Mexican Gulf and the distant confines of Central America. Their wretched capital, meanwhile, keeping pace with the enlargement of territory, had grown into a flourishing city, filled with buildings, monuments of art, and a numerous population, that gave it the first rank among the capitals of the Western World. At this crisis came over another race from the remote East, strangers like themselves, whose coming had also been predicted by the oracle, and, appearing on the plateau, assailed them in the very zenith of their prosperity, and blotted them out from the map of nations forever! The whole story has the air of fable rather than of history! a legend of romance,—a tale of the genii!

Yet we cannot regret the fall of an empire which did so little to promote the happiness of its subjects or the real interests of humanity. Notwithstanding the lustre thrown over its latter days by the glorious defence of its capital, by the mild munificence of Montezuma, by the dauntless heroism of Guatemozin, the Aztecs were emphatically a fierce and brutal race, little calculated, in their best aspects, to excite our sympathy and regard. Their civilization, such as it was, was not their own, but reflected, perhaps imperfectly, from a race whom they had succeeded in the land. It was, in respect{113} to the Aztecs, a generous graft on a vicious stock, and could have brought no fruit to perfection. They ruled over their wide domains with a sword, instead of a sceptre. They did nothing to ameliorate the condition or in any way promote the progress of their vassals. Their vassals were serfs, used only to minister to their pleasure, held in awe by armed garrisons, ground to the dust by imposts in peace, by military conscriptions in war. They did not, like the Romans, whom they resembled in the nature of their conquests, extend the rights of citizenship to the conquered. They did not amalgamate them into one great nation, with common rights and interests. They held them as aliens,—even those who in the Valley were gathered round the very walls of the capital. The Aztec metropolis, the heart of the monarchy, had not a sympathy, not a pulsation, in common with the rest of the body politic. It was a stranger in its own land.

The Aztecs not only did not advance the condition of their vassals, but, morally speaking, they did much to degrade it. How can a nation where human sacrifices prevail, and especially when combined with cannibalism, further the march of civilization? How can the interests of humanity be consulted, where man is levelled to the rank of the brutes that perish? The influence of the Aztecs introduced their gloomy superstition into lands before unacquainted with it, or where, at least, it was not established in any great strength. The example of the capital was contagious. As the latter increased in opulence, the religious celebrations were conducted with still more terrible magnificence; in{114} the same manner as the gladiatorial shows of the Romans increased in pomp with the increasing splendor of the capital. Men became familiar with scenes of horror and the most loathsome abominations. Women and children—the whole nation—became familiar with and assisted at them. The heart was hardened, the manners were made ferocious, the feeble light of civilization, transmitted from a milder race, was growing fainter and fainter, as thousands and thousands of miserable victims, throughout the empire, were yearly fattened in its cages, sacrificed on its altars, dressed and served at its banquets! The whole land was converted into vast human shambles! The empire of the Aztecs did not fall before its time.

Whether these unparalleled outrages furnish a sufficient plea to the Spaniards for their invasion, whether, with the Protestant, we are content to find a warrant for it in the natural rights and demands of civilization, or, with the Roman Catholic, in the good pleasure of the Pope,—on the one or other of which grounds the conquests by most Christian nations in the East and the West have been defended,—it is unnecessary to discuss, as it has already been considered in a former chapter. It is more material to inquire whether, assuming the right, the conquest of Mexico was conducted with a proper regard to the claims of humanity. And here we must admit that, with all allowance for the ferocity of the age and the laxity of its principles, there are passages which every Spaniard who cherishes the fame of his countrymen would be glad to see expunged from their history; passages not to be{115} vindicated on the score of self-defence, or of necessity of any kind, and which must forever leave a dark spot on the annals of the Conquest. And yet, taken as a whole, the invasion, up to the capture of the capital, was conducted on principles less revolting to humanity than most, perhaps than any, of the other conquests of the Castilian crown in the New World.

It may seem slight praise to say that the followers of Cortés used no blood-hounds to hunt down their wretched victims, as in some other parts of the Continent, nor exterminated a peaceful and submissive population in mere wantonness of cruelty, as in the Islands. Yet it is something that they were not so far infected by the spirit of the age, and that their swords were rarely stained with blood unless it was indispensable to the success of their enterprise. Even in the last siege of the capital, the sufferings of the Aztecs, terrible as they were, do not imply any unusual cruelty in the victors; they were not greater than those inflicted on their own countrymen at home, in many a memorable instance, by the most polished nations, not merely of ancient times, but of our own. They were the inevitable consequences which follow from war when, instead of being confined to its legitimate field, it is brought home to the hearthstone, to the peaceful community of the city,—its burghers untrained to arms, its women and children yet more defenceless. In the present instance, indeed, the sufferings of the besieged were in a great degree to be charged on themselves,—on their patriotic but desperate self-devotion. It was not the desire, as certainly{116} it was not the interest, of the Spaniards to destroy the capital or its inhabitants. When any of these fell into their hands, they were kindly entertained, their wants supplied, and every means taken to infuse into them a spirit of conciliation; and this, too, it should be remembered, in despite of the dreadful doom to which they consigned their Christian captives. The gates of a fair capitulation were kept open, though unavailingly, to the last hour.

The right of conquest necessarily implies that of using whatever force may be necessary for overcoming resistance to the assertion of that right. For the Spaniards to have done otherwise than they did would have been to abandon the siege, and, with it, the conquest of the country. To have suffered the inhabitants, with their high-spirited monarch, to escape, would but have prolonged the miseries of war by transferring it to another and more inaccessible quarter. They literally, so far as the success of the expedition was concerned, had no choice. If our imagination is struck with the amount of suffering in this and in similar scenes of the Conquest, it should be borne in mind that it was a natural result of the great masses of men engaged in the conflict. The amount of suffering does not of itself show the amount of cruelty which caused it; and it is but justice to the Conquerors of Mexico to say that the very brilliancy and importance of their exploits have given a melancholy celebrity to their misdeeds, and thrown them into somewhat bolder relief than strictly belongs to them. It is proper that thus much should be stated, not to excuse their excesses, but that we may be enabled to{117} make a more impartial estimate of their conduct as compared with that of other nations under similar circumstances, and that we may not visit them with peculiar obloquy for evils which necessarily flow from the condition of war.[136] I have not drawn a veil over these evils; for the historian should not shrink from depicting in their true colors the atrocities of a condition over which success is apt to throw a false halo of glory, but which, bursting asunder the strong bonds of human fellowship, purchases its triumphs by arming the hand of man against his brother, makes a savage of the civilized, and kindles the fires of hell in the bosom of the savage.

Whatever may be thought of the Conquest in a moral view, regarded as a military achievement it must fill us with astonishment. That a handful of adventurers, indifferently armed and equipped, should have landed on the shores of a powerful empire inhabited by a fierce and warlike race, and, in defiance of the reiterated prohibitions of its sov{118}ereign, have forced their way into the interior;—that they should have done this without knowledge of the language or of the land, without chart or compass to guide them, without any idea of the difficulties they were to encounter, totally uncertain whether the next step might bring them on a hostile nation or on a desert, feeling their way along in the dark, as it were;—that, though nearly overwhelmed in their first encounter with the inhabitants, they should have still pressed on to the capital of the empire, and, having reached it, thrown themselves unhesitatingly into the midst of their enemies;—that, so far from being daunted by the extraordinary spectacle there exhibited of power and civilization, they should have been but the more confirmed in their original design;—that they should have seized the monarch, have executed his ministers before the eyes of his subjects, and, when driven forth with ruin from the gates, have gathered their scattered wreck together, and, after a system of operations pursued with consummate policy and daring, have succeeded in overturning the capital and establishing their sway over the country;—that all this should have been so effected by a mere handful of indigent adventurers, is a fact little short of the miraculous,—too startling for the probabilities demanded by fiction, and without a parallel in the pages of history.

Yet this must not be understood too literally; for it would be unjust to the Aztecs themselves, at least to their military prowess, to regard the Conquest as directly achieved by the Spaniards alone. This would indeed be to arm the latter with the charmed{119} shield of Ruggiero, and the magic lance of Astolfo, overturning its hundreds at a touch. The Indian empire was in a manner conquered by Indians. The first terrible encounter of the Spaniards with the Tlascalans, which had nearly proved their ruin, did in fact insure their success. It secured to them a strong native support on which to retreat in the hour of trouble, and round which they could rally the kindred races of the land for one great and overwhelming assault. The Aztec monarchy fell by the hands of its own subjects, under the direction of European sagacity and science. Had it been united, it might have bidden defiance to the invaders. As it was, the capital was dissevered from the rest of the country, and the bolt, which might have passed off comparatively harmless had the empire been cemented by a common principle of loyalty and patriotism, now found its way into every crack and crevice of the ill-compacted fabric and buried it in its own ruins. Its fate may serve as a striking proof that a government which does not rest on the sympathies of its subjects cannot long abide; that human institutions, when not connected with human prosperity and progress, must fall,—if not before the increasing light of civilization, by the hand of violence; by violence from within, if not from without. And who shall lament their fall?

{*} [“En el libro nono, donde se trata esta Conquista, se hiciéron ciertos defectos; y fué, que algunas cosas se pusiéron en la narracion de este Conquista que fuéron mal puestas; y otras se calláron, que fuéron mal calladas. Por esta causa, este año de mil quinientos ochenta y cinco, enmende este Libro.” MS.]{127}{126}

BOOK VII

(CONCLUSION)
SUBSEQUENT CAREER OF CORTÉS

{128} 

{129} 

CHAPTER I

THE history of the Conquest of Mexico terminates with the surrender of the capital. But the history of the Conquest is so intimately blended with that of the extraordinary man who achieved it, that there would seem to be an incompleteness in the narrative if it were not continued to the close of his personal career. This part of the subject has been very imperfectly treated by preceding writers. I shall therefore avail myself of the authentic materials in my possession to give a brief sketch of the brilliant but checkered fortunes which marked the subsequent career of Cortés.

The first ebullition of triumph was succeeded in the army by very different feelings, as they beheld{130} the scanty spoil gleaned from the conquered city, and as they brooded over the inadequate compensation they were to receive for all their toils and sufferings. Some of the soldiers of Narvaez, with feelings of bitter disappointment, absolutely declined to accept their shares. Some murmured audibly against the general, and others against Guatemozin, who, they said, could reveal, if he chose, the place where the treasures were secreted. The white walls of the barracks were covered with epigrams and pasquinades levelled at Cortés, whom they accused of taking “one-fifth of the booty as commander-in-chief, and another fifth as king.” As Guatemozin refused to make any revelation in respect to the treasure, or rather declared there was none to make, the soldiers loudly insisted on his being put to the torture. But for this act of violence, so contrary to the promise of protection recently made to the Indian prince, Cortés was not prepared; and he resisted the demand, until the men, instigated, it is said, by the royal treasurer, Alderete, accused the general of a secret understanding with Guatemozin, and of a design to defraud the Spanish sovereigns and themselves. These unmerited taunts stung Cortés to the quick, and in an evil hour he delivered the Aztec prince into the hands of his enemies, to work their pleasure on him.

But the hero who had braved death in its most awful forms was not to be intimidated by bodily suffering. When his companion, the cacique of Tacuba, who was put to the torture with him, testified his anguish by his groans, Guatemozin coldly

THE TORTURE OF GUATEMOZIN

{131}

rebuked him by exclaiming, “And do you think I, then, am taking my pleasure in my bath?”[137] At length Cortés, ashamed of the base part he was led to play, rescued the Aztec prince from his tormentors before it was too late,—not, however, before it was too late for his own honour, which has suffered an indelible stain from this treatment of his royal prisoner.

All that could be wrung from Guatemozin by the extremity of his sufferings was the confession that much gold had been thrown into the water. But, although the best divers were employed, under the eye of Cortés himself, to search the oozy bed of the lake, only a few articles of inconsiderable value were drawn from it. They had better fortune in searching a pond in Guatemozin’s gardens, where a sun, as it is called, probably one of the Aztec calendar wheels, made of pure gold, of great size and thickness, was discovered. The cacique of Tacuba had confessed that a quantity of treasure was buried in the ground at one of his own villas. But when the Spaniards carried him to the spot, he alleged that “his only motive for saying so was the hope of dying on the road!” The soldiers, disappointed in their expectations, now, with the usual caprice of an unlicensed mob, changed their tone, and openly accused their commander of cruelty to his captive. The charge was well deserved,—but not from them.[138]{132}

The tidings of the fall of Mexico were borne on the wings of the wind over the plateau, and down the broad sides of the Cordilleras. Many envoys made their appearance from the remote Indian tribes, anxious to learn the truth of the astounding intelligence and to gaze with their own eyes on the ruins of the detested city. Among these were ambassadors from the kingdom of Michoacán, a powerful and independent state, inhabited by one of the kindred Nahuatlac races, and lying between the Mexican Valley and the Pacific. The embassy was soon followed by the king of the country in person, who came in great state to the Castilian quarters. Cortés received him with equal parade, astonished him by the brilliant evolutions of his cavalry and by the thunders of his ordnance, and escorted him in one of the brigantines round the fallen city, whose pile of smouldering palaces and temples was all that now remained of the once dread capital of Anahuac. The Indian monarch gazed with silent awe on the scene of desolation, and eagerly craved the protection of the invincible beings who had caused it.[139] His example was followed by ambas{133}sadors from the remote regions which had never yet had intercourse with the Spaniards. Cortés, who saw the boundaries of his empire thus rapidly enlarging, availed himself of the favorable dispositions of the natives to ascertain the products and resources of their several countries.

Two small detachments were sent into the friendly state of Michoacán, through which country they penetrated to the borders of the great Southern ocean. No European had as yet descended on its shores so far north of the equator. The Spaniards eagerly advanced into its waters, erected a cross on the sandy margin, and took possession of it, with all the usual formalities, in the name of their Catholic Majesties. On their return, they visited some of the rich districts towards the north, since celebrated for their mineral treasures, and brought back samples of gold and Californian pearls, with an account of their discovery of the ocean. The imagination of Cortés was kindled, and his soul swelled with exultation, at the splendid prospects which their discoveries unfolded. “Most of all,” he writes to the emperor, “do I exult in the tidings brought me of the Great Ocean. For in it, as cosmographers, and those learned men who know most about the Indies, inform us, are scattered the rich isles teeming with gold and spices and precious stones.”[140] He at once{134} sought a favorable spot for a colony on the shores of the Pacific, and made arrangements for the construction of four vessels to explore the mysteries of these unknown seas. This was the beginning of his noble enterprises for discovery in the Gulf of California.

Although the greater part of Anahuac, over-awed by the successes of the Spaniards, had tendered their allegiance, there were some, especially on the southern slopes of the Cordilleras, who showed a less submissive disposition. Cortés instantly sent out strong detachments under Sandoval and Alvarado to reduce the enemy and establish colonies in the conquered provinces. The highly colored reports which Alvarado, who had a quick scent for gold, gave of the mineral wealth of Oaxaca, no doubt operated with Cortés in determining him to select this region for his own particular domain.

The commander-in-chief, with his little band of Spaniards, now daily recruited by reinforcements from the Islands, still occupied the quarters of Cojohuacan, which they had taken up at the termination of the siege. Cortés did not immediately decide in what quarter of the Valley to establish the new capital which was to take the place of the ancient Tenochtitlan. The situation of the latter, surrounded by water and exposed to occasional inundations, had some obvious disadvantages. But there was no doubt that in some part of the elevated and central plateau of the Valley the new metropolis should be built, to which both European and Indian might look up as to the head of the{135} colonial empire of Spain. At length he decided on retaining the site of the ancient city, moved to it, as he says, “by its past renown, and the memory”—not an enviable one, surely—“in which it was held among the nations;” and he made preparations for the reconstruction of the capital on a scale of magnificence which should, in his own language, “raise her to the rank of Queen of the surrounding provinces, in the same manner as she had been of yore.”[141]

The labor was to be performed by the Indian population, drawn from all quarters of the Valley, and including the Mexicans themselves, great numbers of whom still lingered in the neighborhood of their ancient residence. At first they showed reluctance, and even symptoms of hostility, when called to this work of humiliation by their conquerors. But Cortés had the address to secure some of the principal chiefs in his interests, and under their authority and direction the labor of their countrymen was conducted. The deep groves of the Valley and the forests of the neighboring hills supplied cedar, cypress, and other durable woods for the interior of the buildings, and the quarries of tetzontli and the ruins of the ancient edifices furnished abundance of stone. As there were no beasts of draught employed by the Aztecs, an immense number of hands was necessarily required for the work. All within the immediate control of Cortés were pressed into the service. The{136} spot so recently deserted now swarmed with multitudes of Indians of various tribes, and with Europeans, the latter directing, while the others labored. The prophecy of the Aztecs was accomplished.[142] And the work of reconstruction went forward with a rapidity like that shown by an Asiatic despot, who concentrates the population of an empire on the erection of a favorite capital.[143]

Yet the condition of Cortés, notwithstanding the success of his arms, suggested many causes for anxiety. He had not received a word of encouragement from home,—not a word, indeed, of encouragement or censure. In what light his irregular course was regarded by the government or the nation was still matter of painful uncertainty. He now prepared another Letter to the emperor, the Third in the published series, written in the same simple and energetic style which has entitled his Commentaries, as they may be called, to a comparison with those of Cæsar. It was dated at Cojohuacan, May 15th, 1522, and in it he recapitulated the events of the final siege of the capital, and his subsequent operations, accompanied by many sagacious reflections, as usual, on the character and{137} resources of the country. With this letter he purposed to send the royal fifth of the spoils of Mexico, and a rich collection of fabrics, especially of gold and jewelry wrought into many rare and fanciful forms. One of the jewels was an emerald, cut in a pyramidal shape, of so extraordinary a size that the base was as broad as the palm of the hand![144] The collection was still further augmented by specimens of many of the natural products, as well as of animals peculiar to the country.[145]{138}

The army wrote a letter to accompany that of Cortes, in which they expatiated on his manifold services and besought the emperor to ratify his proceedings and confirm him in his present authority. The important mission was intrusted to two of the general’s confidential officers, Quiñones and Avila. It proved to be unfortunate. The agents touched at the Azores, where Quiñones lost his life in a brawl. Avila, resuming his voyage, was captured by a French privateer, and the rich spoils of the Aztecs went into the treasury of his Most Christian Majesty. Francis the First gazed with pardonable envy on the treasures which his Imperial rival drew from his colonial domains; and he intimated his discontent by peevishly expressing a desire “to see the clause in Adam’s testament which entitled his brothers of Castile and Portugal to divide the New World between them.” Avila found means, through a private hand, of transmitting his letters,{139} the most important part of his charge, to Spain, where they reached the court in safety.[146]

While these events were passing, affairs in Spain had been taking an unfavorable turn for Cortés. It may seem strange that the brilliant exploits of the Conqueror of Mexico should have attracted so little notice from the government at home. But the country was at that time distracted by the dismal feuds of the comunidades. The sovereign was in Germany, too much engrossed by the cares of the empire to allow leisure for those of his own kingdom. The reins of government were in the hands of Adrian, Charles’s preceptor; a man whose ascetic and studious habits better qualified him to preside over a college of monks than to fill, as he successively did, the most important posts in Christendom,—first as Regent of Castile, afterwards as Head of the Church. Yet the slow and hesitating Adrian could not have so long passed over in silence the important services of Cortés, but for the hostile interference of Velasquez, the governor of Cuba, sustained by Fonseca, bishop of Burgos, the chief person in the Spanish colonial department. This prelate, from his elevated station, possessed paramount authority in all matters relating to the Indies, and he had exerted it from the first, as we have already seen, in a manner most prejudicial to the interests of Cortés. He had now the address to obtain a warrant from the regent, which was designed to ruin the Conqueror at the very moment when his great enterprise had been{140} crowned with success. The instrument, after recapitulating the offences of Cortés in regard to Velasquez, appoints a commissioner with full power to visit the country, to institute an inquiry into the general’s conduct, to suspend him from his functions, and even to seize his person and sequestrate his property, until the pleasure of the Castilian court could be known. The warrant was signed by Adrian, at Burgos, on the 11th of April, 1521, and countersigned by Fonseca.[147]

The individual selected for the delicate task of apprehending Cortés and bringing him to trial on the theatre of his own discoveries and in the heart of his own camp was named Cristóval de Tápia, veedor, or inspector, of the gold founderies in St. Domingo. He was a feeble, vacillating man, as little competent to cope with Cortés in civil matters as Narvaez had shown himself to be in military.

The commissioner, clothed in his brief authority, landed, in December, at Villa Rica. But he was coldly received by the magistrates of the city. His credentials were disputed, on the ground of some technical informality. It was objected, moreover, that his commission was founded on obvious misrepresentations to the government; and, notwithstanding a most courteous and complimentary epistle which he received from Cortés, congratulating him, as an old friend, on his arrival, the veedor soon{141} found that he was neither to be permitted to penetrate far into the country nor to exercise any control there. He loved money; and, as Cortés knew the weak side of his “old friend,” he proposed to purchase his horses, slaves, and equipage, at a tempting price. The dreams of disappointed ambition were gradually succeeded by those of avarice and the discomfited commissioner consented to reëmbark for Cuba, well freighted with gold, if not with glory, and provided with fresh matter of accusation against the high-handed measures of Cortés.[148]

Thus left in undisputed possession of authority, the Spanish commander went forward with vigor in his plans for the settlement of his conquests. The Panuchese, a fierce people on the borders of the Panuco, on the Atlantic coast, had taken up arms against the Spaniards. Cortés marched at the head of a considerable force into their country, defeated them in two pitched battles, and, after a severe campaign, reduced the warlike tribe to subjection.

A subsequent insurrection was punished with greater severity. They rose on the Spaniards, massacred five hundred of their oppressors, and menaced with destruction the neighboring settlement of San Estevan. Cortés ordered Sandoval to chastise the insurgents; and that officer, after a cam{142}paign of incredible hardship, completely routed the barbarians, captured four hundred of their chiefs, and, after the affected formalities of a trial, sentenced every man of them to the stake or the gibbet. “By which means,” says Cortés, “God be praised! the safety of the Spaniards was secured, and the province once more restored to tranquillity and peace.”[149] He had omitted to mention in his letter his ungenerous treatment of Guatemozin. But the undisguised and naïve manner, so to speak, in which he details these circumstances to the emperor, shows that he attached no discredit to the deed. It was the just recompense of rebellion; a word that has been made the apology for more atrocities than any other word,—save religion.

During this interval the great question in respect to Cortés and the colony had been brought to a decisive issue. The general must have succumbed under the insidious and implacable attacks of his enemies, but for the sturdy opposition of a few powerful friends zealously devoted to his interests. Among them may be mentioned his own father, Don Martin Cortés, a discreet and efficient person,[150] and the duke de Bejar, a powerful nobleman, who from an early period had warmly espoused the cause of Cortés. By their representations the timid regent was at length convinced that{143} the measures of Fonseca were prejudicial to the interests of the crown, and an order was issued interdicting him from further interference in any matters in which Cortés was concerned.

While the exasperated prelate was chafing under this affront, both the commissioners Tápia and Narvaez arrived in Castile. The latter had been ordered to Cojohuacan after the surrender of the capital, where his cringing demeanor formed a striking contrast to the swaggering port which he had assumed on first entering the country. When brought into the presence of Cortés, he knelt down, and would have kissed his hand, but the latter raised him from the ground, and, during his residence in his quarters, treated him with every mark of respect. The general soon afterwards permitted his unfortunate rival to return to Spain, where he proved, as might have been anticipated, a most bitter and implacable enemy.[151]

These two personages, reinforced by the discontented prelate, brought forward their several charges against Cortés with all the acrimony which mortified vanity and the thirst of vengeance could inspire. Adrian was no longer in Spain, having been called to the chair of St. Peter; but Charles the Fifth, after his long absence, had returned to his dominions, in July, 1522. The royal ear was instantly assailed with accusations of Cortés on the one hand and his vindication on the other, till the young monarch, perplexed, and unable to decide on the merits of the question, referred the whole subject to the decision of a board selected{144} for the purpose. It was drawn partly from the members of his privy council, and partly from the Indian department, with the Grand Chancellor of Naples as its president, and constituted altogether a tribunal of the highest respectability for integrity and wisdom.[152]

By this learned body a patient and temperate hearing was given to the parties. The enemies of Cortés accused him of having seized and finally destroyed the fleet intrusted to him by Velasquez and fitted out at the governor’s expense; of having afterwards usurped powers in contempt of the royal prerogative; of the unjustifiable treatment of Narvaez and Tápia, when they had been lawfully commissioned to supersede him; of cruelty to the natives, and especially to Guatemozin; of embezzling the royal treasures, and remitting but a small part of its dues to the crown; of squandering the revenues of the conquered countries in useless and wasteful schemes, and particularly in rebuilding the capital on a plan of unprecedented extravagance; of pursuing, in short, a system of violence and extortion, without respect to the public interest or any other end than his own selfish aggrandizement.

In answer to these grave charges, the friends of Cortés adduced evidence to show that he had defrayed with his own funds two-thirds of the cost of the expedition. The powers of Velasquez ex{145}tended only to traffic, not to establish a colony. Yet the interest of the crown required the latter. The army had therefore necessarily assumed this power to themselves; but, having done so, they had sent intelligence of their proceedings to the emperor and solicited his confirmation of them. The rupture with Narvaez was that commander’s own fault; since Cortés would have met him amicably, had not the violent measures of his rival, threatening the ruin of the expedition, compelled him to an opposite course. The treatment of Tápia was vindicated on the grounds alleged to that officer by the municipality at Cempoalla. The violence to Guatemozin was laid at the door of Alderete, the royal treasurer, who had instigated the soldiers to demand it. The remittances to the crown, it was clearly proved, so far from falling short of the legitimate fifth, had considerably exceeded it. If the general had expended the revenues of the country on costly enterprises and public works, it was for the interest of the country that he did so, and he had incurred a heavy debt by straining his own credit to the utmost for the same great objects. Neither did they deny that, in the same spirit, he was now rebuilding Mexico on a scale suited to the metropolis of a vast and opulent empire.

They enlarged on the opposition he had experienced throughout his whole career from the governor of Cuba, and still more from the bishop of Burgos, which latter functionary, instead of affording him the aid to have been expected, had discouraged recruits, stopped his supplies, seques{146}tered such property as from time to time he had sent to Spain, and falsely represented his remittances to the crown as coming from the governor of Cuba. In short, such and so numerous were the obstacles thrown in his path that Cortés had been heard to say “he had found it more difficult to contend against his own countrymen than against the Aztecs.” They concluded with expatiating on the brilliant results of his expedition, and asked if the council were prepared to dishonor the man who, in the face of such obstacles and with scarcely other resources than what he found in himself, had won an empire for Castile such as was possessed by no European potentate![153]

This last appeal was irresistible. However irregular had been the manner of proceeding, no one could deny the grandeur of the results. There was not a Spaniard that could be insensible to such services, or that would not have cried out “Shame!” at an ungenerous requital of them. There were three Flemings in the council; but there seems to have been no difference of opinion in the body. It was decided that neither Velasquez nor Fonseca should interfere further in the concerns of New Spain. The difficulties of the former with Cortés were regarded in the nature of a private suit; and, as such, redress must be sought by the regular course of law. The acts of Cortés were confirmed in their full extent. He was constituted Governor, Captain-General, and Chief Justice of New{147} Spain, with power to appoint to all offices, civil and military, and to order any person to leave the country whose residence there he might deem prejudicial to the interests of the crown. This judgment of the council was ratified by Charles the Fifth, and the commission investing Cortés with these ample powers was signed by the emperor at Valladolid, October 15th, 1522. A liberal salary was provided, to enable the governor of New Spain to maintain his office with suitable dignity. The favor of his sovereign was rendered still more welcome by a letter of the same date, written by him to the general, in which, after expatiating on the services of Cortés, he declares it to be his intention to make him such a requital as they well deserve.[154] The principal officers were recompensed with honors and substantial emoluments; and the troops, together with some privileges grateful to the vanity of the soldier, received the promise of liberal grants of land. The emperor still further complimented them by a letter written to the army with his own hand, in which he acknowledged its services in the fullest manner.[155]

From this hour the influence of Fonseca in the Indian department was at an end. He did not{148} long survive his chagrin, as he died in the following year. No man was in a situation to do more for the prosperity of his country than the bishop of Burgos. For more than thirty years, ever since the first dawn of discovery under Columbus, he had held supreme control over colonial affairs; and it lay with him, therefore, in an especial degree, to give ardor to enterprise, and to foster the youthful fortunes of the colonies. But he lay like a blight upon them. He looked with an evil eye on the most illustrious of the Spanish discoverers, and sought only to throw impediments in their career. Such had been his conduct towards Columbus, and such to Cortés. By a wise and generous policy, he might have placed his name among the great lights of his age. As it was, he only served to bring these into greater lustre by contrast with his own dark and malignant nature. His career shows the overweening ascendency which the ecclesiastical profession possessed in Castile in the sixteenth century; when it could raise a man to so important a station, for which he was totally unfit, and keep him there after he had proved himself to be so.[156]

The messengers who bore the commission of Cortés to Mexico touched on their way at Cuba, where the tidings were proclaimed by sound of trumpet. It was a death-blow to the hopes of Velasquez. Exasperated by the failure of his{149} schemes, impoverished by the expense of expeditions of which others had reaped the fruits, he had still looked forward to eventual redress, and cherished the sweet hope of vengeance,—long delayed. That hope was now gone. There was slight chance of redress, he well knew, in the tedious and thorny litigation of the Castilian courts. Ruined in fortune, dishonored before the nation, the haughty spirit of the governor was humbled in the dust. He would take no comfort, but fell into a solemn melancholy, and in a few months died—if report be true—of a broken heart.[157]

The portrait usually given of Velasquez is not favorable. Yet Las Casas speaks kindly of him, and, when his prejudices are not involved, there can be no better authority. But Las Casas knew him when, in his earlier days, the missionary first landed in Cuba. The governor treated him with courtesy, and even confidence; and it was natural that the condescension of a man of high family and station should have made its impression on the feelings of the poor ecclesiastic. In most accounts he is depicted as a haughty, irascible person, jealous of authority and covetous of wealth. He quarrelled with Grijaiva, Cortés’ predecessor, apparently without cause. With as little reason, he broke with Cortés before he left the port. He proposed objects to himself in their nature incompatible. He proposed that others should fight his battles, and that he should win the laurels; that others should make discoveries, and that he should reap the fruits of them. None but a weak mind would have conformed to his conditions, and a weak mind could{150} not have effected his objects. His appointment of Cortés put him in a false position for the rest of his life. His efforts to retrieve his position only made things worse. The appointment of Cortés to the command was scarcely a greater error than the subsequent appointment of Narvaez and of Tápia. The life of Velasquez was a series of errors.

Narvaez had no better fate than his friend the governor of Cuba. In the hope of retrieving his fortunes, he continued to pursue his adventurous career, and embarked in an expedition to Honduras. It was his last; and Las Casas, who had little love for the Conquerors, and who had watched the acts of cruelty perpetrated by Narvaez, concludes the notice of his death with the assurance that the “devil took possession of his soul.”

The announcement of the emperor’s commission confirming Cortés in the supreme authority of New Spain was received there with general acclamation. The army rejoiced in having at last secured not merely an amnesty for their irregular proceedings, but a distinct acknowledgment of their services. The nomination of Cortés to the supreme command put his mind at ease as to the past, and opened to him a noble theatre for future enterprise. The soldiers congratulated themselves on the broad powers conferred on their commander, and, as they reckoned up their scars and their services, indulged in golden dreams and the most vague and visionary expectations. It is not strange that their expectations should have been disappointed.{151}

CHAPTER II

IN less than four years from the destruction of Mexico, a new city had risen on its ruins, which, if inferior to the ancient capital in extent, surpassed it in magnificence and strength. It occupied so exactly the same site as its predecessor, that the plaza mayor, or great square, was the same spot which had been covered by the huge teocalli and the palace of Montezuma; while the principal streets took their departure as before from this central point, and, passing through the whole length of the city, terminated at the principal causeways. Great alterations, however, took place in the fashion of the architecture. The streets were widened, many of the canals were filled up, and the edifices were constructed on a plan better accommodated to European taste and the wants of a European population.

On the site of the temple of the Aztec war-god rose the stately cathedral dedicated to St. Fran{152}cis;[158] and, as if to complete the triumphs of the Cross, the foundations were laid with the broken images of the Aztec gods.[159] In a corner of the square, on the ground once covered by the House of Birds, stood a Franciscan convent, a magnificent pile, erected a few years after the Conquest by a lay brother, Pedro de Gante, a natural son, it is said, of Charles the Fifth.[160] In an opposite quarter of the same square Cortés caused his own palace to be constructed. It was built of hewn stone, and seven thousand cedar beams are said to have been used for the interior.[161] The government afterwards appropriated it to the residence of the viceroys; and the Conqueror’s descendants, the dukes of Monteleone, were allowed to erect a new mansion in another part of the plaza,{*} on the spot which, by an ominous coincidence, had been covered by the palace of Montezuma.[162]

{*} [The two palaces “were built on the sites of the old and new palaces of Montezuma, located respectively in the western and southeastern parts of the ancient square.” Bancroft, Mexico, ii. 12. “Humboldt’s Essai Politique misleads Prescott about the location of the old palace and places the new where the old really stood.” Ibid.—M.]

The houses occupied by the Spaniards were of stone: combining with elegance a solid strength which made them capable of defence like so many{153} fortresses.[163] The Indian buildings were for the most part of an inferior quality. They were scattered over the ancient district of Tlatelolco, where the nation had made its last stand for freedom. This quarter was also provided with a spacious cathedral;[164] and thirty inferior churches attested the care of the Spaniards for the spiritual welfare of the natives.[165] It was in watching over his Indian flock, and in the care of the hospitals with which the new capital was speedily endowed, that the good Father Olmedo, when oppressed by growing infirmities, spent the evening of his days.[166]

To give greater security to the Spaniards, Cortés caused a strong fortress to be erected in a place since known as the Matadero.[167] It was provided with a dock-yard, and the brigantines which had served in the siege of Mexico were long preserved there as memorials of the Conquest. When the fortress was completed, the general, owing to the evil offices of Fonseca, found himself in want of artillery and ammunition for its defence. He supplied the former deficiency by causing cannon to be cast in his own founderies, made of the copper which was common in the country, and tin which he obtained with more difficulty from the mines of Tasco. By this means, and a contribution which he received from the shipping, he contrived to mount{154} his walls with seventy pieces of ordnance. Stone balls, much used in that age, could easily be made; but for the manufacture of his powder, although there was nitre in abundance, he was obliged to seek the sulphur by a perilous expedition into the bowels of the great volcan.[168] Such were the resources displayed by Cortés, enabling him to supply every deficiency, and to triumph over every obstacle which the malice of his enemies had thrown in his path.

The general’s next care was to provide a population for the capital. He invited the Spaniards thither by grants of lands and houses, while the Indians, with politic liberality, were permitted to live under their own chiefs as before, and to enjoy various immunities. With this encouragement, the Spanish quarter of the city in the neighborhood of the great square could boast in a few years two thousand families; while the Indian district of Tlatelolco included no less than thirty thousand.[169] The various trades and occupations were resumed; the canals were again covered with barges; two vast markets in the respective quarters of the capital displayed all the different products and manufactures of the surrounding country; and the city swarmed with a busy, industrious population, in which the white man and the Indian, the conqueror and the conquered, mingled together promiscuously in peaceful and picturesque confusion. Not{155} twenty years had elapsed since the Conquest, when a missionary who visited it had the confidence, or the credulity, to assert that “Europe could not boast a single city so fair and opulent as Mexico.”[170]

The metropolis of our day would seem to stand in a different situation from that reared by the Conquerors; for the waters no longer flow through its streets, nor wash the ample circumference of its walls. These waters have retreated within the diminished basin of Tezcuco; and the causeways, which anciently traversed the depths of the lake, are not now to be distinguished from the other avenues to the capital. But the city, embellished, it is true, by the labors of successive viceroys, is substantially the same as in the days of the Conquerors; and the massive grandeur of the few buildings that remain of the primitive period, and the general magnificence and symmetry of its plan, attest the far-sighted policy of its founder, which looked beyond the present to the wants of coming generations.

The attention of Cortés was not confined to the capital. He was careful to establish settlements in every part of the country which afforded a favorable position for them. He founded Zacatula on the shores of the miscalled Pacific, Coliman in the territory of Michoacán, San Estevan on the Atlantic coast, probably not far from the site of Tam{156}pico, Medellin (so called after his own birthplace) in the neighborhood of the modern Vera Cruz, and a port near the river Antigua, from which it derived its name. It was designed to take the place of Villa Rica, which, as experience has shown, from its exposed situation, afforded no protection to shipping against the winds that sweep over the Mexican Gulf. Antigua, sheltered within the recesses of a bay, presented a more advantageous position. Cortés established there a board of trade, connected the settlement by a highway with the capital, and fondly predicted that his new city would become the great emporium of the country.[171] But in this he was mistaken. From some cause, not very obvious, the port of entry was removed, at the close of the sixteenth century, to the modern Vera Cruz, which, without any superiority, probably, of topographical position, or even of salubrity of climate, has remained ever since the great commercial capital of New Spain.

Cortés stimulated the settlement of his several colonies by liberal grants of land and municipal privileges. The great difficulty was to induce women to reside in the country; and without them he felt that the colonies, like a tree without roots, must soon perish. By a singular provision, he required every settler, if a married man, to bring over{157} his wife within eighteen months, on pain of forfeiting his estate. If he were too poor to do this himself, the government would assist him. Another law imposed the same penalty on all bachelors who did not provide themselves with wives within the same period. The general seems to have considered celibacy as too great a luxury for a young country.[172]{158}

His own wife, Doña Catalina Xuarez, was among those who came over from the Islands to New Spain. According to Bernal Diaz, her coming gave him no particular satisfaction.[173] It is possible; since his marriage with her seems to have been entered into with reluctance, and her lowly condition and connections stood somewhat in the way of his future advancement. Yet they lived happily together for several years, according to the testimony of Las Casas;[174] and, whatever he may{159} have felt, he had the generosity, or the prudence, not to betray his feelings to the world. On landing, Doña Catalina was escorted by Sandoval to the capital, where she was kindly received by her husband, and all the respect paid to her to which she was entitled by her elevated rank. But the climate of the table-land was not suited to her constitution, and she died in three months after her arrival.[175] An event so auspicious to his worldly prospects did not fail, as we shall see hereafter, to provoke the tongue of scandal to the most malicious, but, it is scarcely necessary to say, unfounded, inferences.

In the distribution of the soil among the Conquerors, Cortés adopted the vicious system of repartimientos, universally practised among his countrymen. In a letter to the emperor, he states that the superior capacity of the Indians in New Spain had made him regard it as a grievous thing to condemn them to servitude, as had been done in the Islands. But, on further trial, he had found the Spaniards so much harassed and impoverished that they could not hope to maintain themselves in the land without enforcing the services of the natives, and for this reason he had at length waived his own scruples in compliance with their repeated remonstrances.[176] This was the wretched pretext used on the like occasions by his countrymen to cover up this flagrant act of injustice. The crown,{160} however, in its instructions to the general, disavowed the act and annulled the repartimientos.[177] It was all in vain. The necessities, or rather the cupidity, of the colonists, easily evaded the royal ordinances.{*} The colonial legislation of Spain{161} shows, in the repetition of enactments against slavery, the perpetual struggle that subsisted between the crown and the colonists, and the impotence of the former to enforce measures repugnant to the interests, at all events to the avarice, of the latter. New Spain furnishes no exception to the general fact.

{*} [This remark would imply that the instructions were published and some attempts at least made to enforce them. That such was not the case we learn from a remarkable private letter of Cortés to the emperor, sent with the “Relacion Quarta,” and bearing the same date,—October 15, 1524. Referring first to an order that the Spanish settlers should be allowed to have free intercourse with the Indian population as a means of promoting conversion, he declines to comply with it on the ground that the effects would be most pernicious. The natives, he says, would be subjected to violence, robbery, and vexations of all kinds. Even with the present rigorous rule forbidding any Spaniard to leave his settlement and go among the Indians without a special license, the evils resulting from this intercourse were so great that if he and his officers should attend solely to their suppression they would be unable to effect it, the territory being so vast. If all the Spaniards now in the country or on their way to it were friars engaged in the work of conversion, entire freedom of intercourse would no doubt be profitable. But, the reverse being the case, such also would be the effect. Most of the Spaniards who came were men of base condition and manners, addicted to every sort of vice and sin; and if free intercourse were allowed, the natives would be converted to evil rather than to good, and, seeing the difference between what was preached and what was practised, would make a jest of what was taught them by the priests, thinking it was meant merely to bring them into servitude. The injuries done them would lead to rebellion; they would profit by their acquired knowledge to arm themselves better, and being so many and the Spaniards so few, the latter would be cut off singly, as had already happened in many cases, and the greatest work of conversion since the time of the apostles would come to a stop.

Turning then to the emperor’s prohibition of the repartimientos, as a thing which his conscience would not suffer, the theologians having declared that since God had made the Indians free their liberty ought not to be taken away, Cortés states that he has not only not complied with this order, but he has kept it secret except from the officials, whom he has forbidden to make it public. His reasons for thus acting are as follows: 1st. The Spaniards are unable to live except by the labor of the Indians, and if deprived of this they would be obliged to leave the country. 2d. His system of repartimientos is such that by it the Indians are in fact taken out of captivity, their condition under their former masters having been one of intolerable servitude, in which they were not only deprived of all but the barest means of subsistence, but they and their children were sacrificed to the idols in numbers horrible to hear of, it being a certified fact that in the great temple of Mexico alone, at a single festival, one of many that were held annually, eight thousand persons had been sacrificed; all this, with innumerable other wrongs, had now ceased; and the surest punishment which could be inflicted on the Indians was the threat to send them back to their former masters. 3d. Enumerating the various provisions he has made for obviating the evils of the system as practised in the Islands, where, during a residence of twenty years, he had ample knowledge of its workings, he asserts that, in the mode in which it has been established and regulated by him, it will lead not to the diminution but to the preservation and increase of the natives, besides securing a provision for the settlers and large revenues to the crown, and he contends that the repartimientos, instead of being abrogated, should be made hereditary, so that the possessors might have a stronger interest in the proper cultivation of the soil, instead of seeking to extract from it the most that was possible in a given time.

The letter, which concludes by noticing and rejecting some minor points in the emperor’s instructions, has been recently discovered, and is perhaps the ablest document that has come down to us with the signature of Cortés. It has been published by Señor Icazbalceta, in his Col. de Doc. para la Hist. de México, tom. i.—K.]

The Tlascalans, in gratitude for their signal services, were exempted, at the recommendation of Cortés, from the doom of slavery. It should be added that the general, in granting the repartimientos, made many humane regulations for limiting the power of the master, and for securing as{162} many privileges to the natives as were compatible with any degree of compulsory service.[178] These limitations, it is true, were too often disregarded; and in the mining districts, in particular, the situation of the poor Indian was often deplorable. Yet the Indian population, clustering together in their own villages and living under their own magistrates, have continued to prove by their numbers, fallen as these have below their primitive amount, how far superior was their condition to that in most other parts of the vast colonial empire of Spain.[179] This condition has been gradually ameliorated, under the influence of higher moral views and larger ideas of government, until the servile descendants of the ancient lords of the soil have been permitted, in republican Mexico, to rise—nominally, at least—to a level with the children of their conquerors.

Whatever disregard he may have shown to the political rights of the natives, Cortés manifested a commendable solicitude for their spiritual welfare. He requested the emperor to send out holy men to the country; not bishops and pampered prelates, who too often squandered the substance of the{163} Church in riotous living, but godly persons, members of religious fraternities, whose lives might be a fitting commentary on their teaching. Thus only, he adds,—and the remark is worthy of note,—can they exercise any influence over the natives, who have been accustomed to see the least departure from morals in their own priesthood punished with the utmost rigor of the law.[180] In obedience to these suggestions, twelve Franciscan friars embarked for New Spain, which they reached early in 1524. They were men of unblemished purity of life, nourished with the learning of the cloister, and, like many others whom the Romish Church has sent forth on such apostolic missions, counted all personal sacrifices as little in the sacred cause to which they were devoted.[181]{164}

The presence of the reverend fathers in the country was greeted with general rejoicing. The inhabitants of the towns through which they passed came out in a body to welcome them; processions were formed of the natives bearing wax tapers in their hands, and the bells of the churches rang out a joyous peal in honor of their arrival. Houses of refreshment were provided for them along their route to the capital; and when they entered it they were met by a brilliant cavalcade of the principal cavaliers and citizens, with Cortés at their head. The general, dismounting, and bending one knee to the ground, kissed the robes of Father Martin of Valencia, the principal of the fraternity. The natives, filled with amazement at the viceroy’s humiliation before men whose naked feet and tattered garments gave them the aspect of mendicants, henceforth regarded them as beings of a superior nature. The Indian chronicler of Tlascala does not conceal his admiration of this edifying condescension of Cortés, which he pronounces “one of the most heroical acts of his life!”[182]{165}

The missionaries lost no time in the good work of conversion. They began their preaching through interpreters, until they had acquired a competent knowledge of the language themselves. They opened schools and founded colleges, in which the native youth were instructed in profane as well as Christian learning.{*} The ardor of the Indian neophyte emulated that of his teacher. In a few years every vestige of the primitive teocallis was effaced from the land. The uncouth idols of the country, and, unhappily, the hieroglyphical manuscripts, shared the same fate. Yet the missionary and the convert did much to repair these{166} losses by their copious accounts of the Aztec institutions, collected from the most authentic sources.[183]

{*} [A singular tribute to the thoroughness of the instruction thus given, and the facility with which it was imbibed, is rendered in a long complaint on the subject addressed to the emperor by Gerónimo Lopez, under date of October 20, 1541. The writer, a person evidently commissioned to send home reports on the condition of the country, denounces the system of education instituted by the Franciscan monks as diabolically pernicious,—“muy dañoso como el diablo.” He considers that the Indians should at the most be taught to repeat the Pater Noster and Ave Maria, the Creed and the Commandments, without any expositions, or any distinction of the persons of the Trinity and their attributes, above all without learning to read and write. Instead of this, they are taught not only these pernicious branches of knowledge, but punctuation, music,—nay, even grammar! Their natural ability is so great, and the devil is so largely interested in the matter, that they have acquired a skill in forming different kinds of letters which is marvellous, and a great number of them are thus enabled to carry on a correspondence and learn what is going on in the country from one sea to the other. There are boys among them who speak as elegant Latin as Tullius. They have translated and read the whole of the Scriptures,—the same thing that has ruined so many in Spain and given birth to a thousand heresies. A secular ecclesiastic told him that, having visited one of the colleges, he found there two hundred students, who stunned him with questions about religion, till the place seemed to him hell, and its inmates disciples of Satan.—Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc. para la Hist, de México, tom, ii.—K.]

The business of conversion went on prosperously among the several tribes of the great Nahuatlac family. In about twenty years from the first advent of the missionaries, one of their body could make the pious vaunt that nine millions of converts—a number probably exceeding the population of the country—had been admitted within the Christian fold![184] The Aztec worship was remarkable for its burdensome ceremonial, and prepared its votaries for the pomp and splendors of the Romish ritual. It was not difficult to pass from the fasts and festivals of the one religion to the fasts and festivals of the other; to transfer their homage from the fantastic idols of their own creation to the beautiful forms in sculpture and in painting which decorated the Christian cathedral. It is true, they could have comprehended little of the{167} dogmas of their new faith,{*} and little, it may be, of its vital spirit. But, if the philosopher may smile at the reflection that conversion, under these circumstances, was one of form rather than of substance, the philanthropist will console himself by considering how much the cause of humanity and good morals must have gained by the substitution of these unsullied rites for the brutal abominations of the Aztecs.

{*} [As little as did Clovis and his Franks, when that doughty warrior embraced Christianity.—M.]

The Conquerors settled in such parts of the country as best suited their inclinations. Many occupied the southeastern slopes of the Cordilleras towards the rich valley of Oaxaca. Many more spread themselves over the broad surface of the table-land, which, from its elevated position, reminded them of the plateau of their own Castiles. Here, too, they were in the range of those inexhaustible mines which have since poured their silver deluge over Europe. The mineral resources of the land were not, indeed, fully explored or comprehended till at a much later period; but some few, as the mines of Zacatecas, Guanaxuato, and Tasco,—the last of which was also known in Montezuma’s time,—had begun to be wrought within a generation after the Conquest.[185]

But the best wealth of the first settlers was in the vegetable products of the soil, whether in{168}digenous, or introduced from abroad by the wise economy of Cortés. He had earnestly recommended the crown to require all vessels coming to the country to bring over a certain quantity of seeds and plants.[186] He made it a condition of the grants of land on the plateau, that the proprietor of every estate should plant a specified number of vines on it.[187] He further stipulated that no one should get a clear title to his estate until he had occupied it eight years.[188] He knew that permanent residence could alone create that interest in the soil which would lead to its efficient culture, and that the opposite system had caused the impoverishment of the best plantations in the Islands. His various regulations, some of them not a little distasteful to the colonists, augmented the agricultural resources of the country by the addition of the most important European grains and other vegetables, for which the diversified climate of New Spain was admirably adapted. The sugar-cane was transplanted from the neighboring islands to the lower level of the country, and, together with indigo, cotton, and cochineal, formed a{169} more desirable staple for the colony than its precious metals. Under the sun of the tropics, the peach, the almond, the orange, the vine, and the olive, before unknown there, flourished in the gardens of the table-land, at an elevation twice as great as that at which the clouds are suspended in summer above our heads. The importation of a European fruit or vegetable was hailed by the simple colonists with delight. The first produce of the exotic was celebrated by a festival, and the guests greeted each other, as on the appearance of an old familiar friend, who called up the remembrance of the past and the tender associations of their native land.[189]

While thus occupied with the internal economy of the country, Cortés was still bent on his great schemes of discovery and conquest. In the preceding chapter we have seen him fitting out a little fleet at Zacatula to explore the shores of the Pacific. It was burnt in the dock-yard when nearly completed. This was a serious calamity, as most of the materials were to be transported across the country from Villa Rica. Cortés, however, with his usual promptness, took measures to repair the loss. He writes to the emperor that another squadron will soon be got ready at the same port, and, “he doubts not, will put his Majesty in possession{170} of more lands and kingdoms than the nation has ever heard of!”[190] This magnificent vaunt shows the common sentiment of the Spaniards at that time, who looked on the Pacific as the famed Indian Ocean, studded with golden islands and teeming with the rich treasures of the East.

A principal object of this squadron was the discovery of a strait which should connect the Atlantic with the Pacific. Another squadron, consisting of five vessels, was fitted out in the Gulf of Mexico, to take the direction of Florida, with the same view of detecting a strait. For Cortés trusted—we at this day may smile at the illusion—that one might be found in that direction which should conduct the navigator to those waters which had been traversed by the keels of Magellan![191]

The discovery of a strait was the great object to which nautical enterprise in that day was directed, as it had been ever since the time of Columbus. It was in the sixteenth century what the discovery of the Northwest passage has been in our own age,—the ignis fatuus of navigators. The vast extent of the American continent had been ascertained by the voyages of Cabot in the North, and of Magellan very recently in the South. The proximity, in certain quarters, of the two great oceans that{171} washed its eastern and western shores had been settled by the discoveries both of Balboa and of Cortés. European scholars could not believe that Nature had worked on a plan so repugnant, apparently, to the interests of humanity, as to interpose, through the whole length of the great continent, such a barrier to communication between the adjacent waters. The correspondence of men of science,[192] the instructions of the Court, the letters of Cortés, like those of Columbus, touch frequently on this favorite topic. “Your Majesty may be assured,” he writes, “that, as I know how much you have at heart the discovery of this great secret of a strait, I shall postpone all interests and projects of my own, some of them of the highest moment, for the fulfilment of this great object.”[193]

It was partly with the same view that the general caused a considerable armament to be equipped and placed under the command of Cristóval de Olid, the brave officer who, as the reader will remember, had charge of one of the great divisions of the besieging army. He was to steer for Honduras and plant a colony on its northern coast. A detachment of Olid’s squadron was afterwards to cruise along its southern shore towards Darien in search of the mysterious strait. The country was reported to be full of gold; so full that “the fishermen used gold weights for their nets.” The life of the Spanish discoverers was one long day-dream. Illusion after illusion chased one another like the bubbles which the child throws off from his pipe,{172} as bright, as beautiful, and as empty. They lived in a world of enchantment.[194]

Together with these maritime expeditions, Cortés fitted out a powerful expedition by land. It was intrusted to Alvarado, who, with a large force of Spaniards and Indians, was to descend the southern slant of the Cordilleras and penetrate into the countries that lay beyond the rich valley of Oaxaca. The campaigns of this bold and rapacious chief terminated in the important conquest of Guatemala. The general required his captains to send him minute accounts of the countries which they visited, the productions of the soil, and their general resources. The result was several valuable and interesting communications.[195] In his instructions for the conduct of these expeditions, he enjoined a considerate treatment of the natives, and inculcated a policy which may be called humane, as far as humanity is compatible with a system of subjugation.[196] Unfortunately, the character of his officers too often rendered these instructions unavailing.{173}

In the prosecution of his great enterprises, Cortés, within three short years after the Conquest, had reduced under the dominion of Castile an extent of country more than four hundred leagues in length, as he affirms, on the Atlantic coast, and more than five hundred on the Pacific, and, with the exception of a few interior provinces of no great importance, had brought them to a condition of entire tranquillity.[197] In accomplishing this, he had freely expended the revenues of the crown, drawn from tributes similar to those which had been anciently paid by the natives to their own sovereigns; and he had, moreover, incurred a large debt on his own account, for which he demanded remuneration from the government. The celebrity of his name, and the dazzling reports of the conquered countries, drew crowds of adventurers to New Spain, who furnished the general with recruits for his various enterprises.

Whoever would form a just estimate of this remarkable man must not confine himself to the history of the Conquest. His military career, indeed, places him on a level with the greatest captains of his age. But the period subsequent to the Conquest affords different, and in some respects nobler, points of view for the study of his character. For we then see him devising a system of government for the motley and antagonist races, so to speak, now first brought under a common do{174}minion; repairing the mischiefs of war; and employing his efforts to detect the latent resources of the country and to stimulate it to its highest power of production. The narrative may seem tame, after the recital of exploits as bold and adventurous as those of a paladin of romance. But it is only by the perusal of this narrative that we can form an adequate conception of the acute and comprehensive genius of Cortés.{175}

CHAPTER III

IN the last chapter we have seen that Cristóval de Olid was sent by Cortés to plant a colony in Honduras. The expedition was attended with consequences which had not been foreseen. Made giddy by the possession of power, Olid, when he had reached his place of destination, determined to assert an independent jurisdiction for himself. His distance from Mexico, he flattered himself, might enable him to do so with impunity. He misunderstood the character of Cortés, when he supposed that any distance would be great enough to shield a rebel from his vengeance.

It was long before the general received tidings of Olid’s defection. But no sooner was he satisfied of this than he despatched to Honduras a trusty captain and kinsman, Francisco de las Casas, with directions to arrest his disobedient officer. Las Casas was wrecked on the coast, and fell into Olid’s hands, but eventually suc{176}ceeded in raising an insurrection in the settlement, seized the person of Olid, and beheaded that unhappy delinquent in the market-place of Naco.[198]

Of these proceedings, Cortés learned only what related to the shipwreck of his lieutenant. He saw all the mischievous consequences that must arise from Olid’s example, especially if his defection were to go unpunished. He determined to take the affair into his own hands, and to lead an expedition in person to Honduras. He would thus, moreover, be enabled to ascertain from personal inspection the resources of the country, which were reputed great on the score of mineral wealth, and would perhaps detect the point of communication between the great oceans, which had so long eluded the efforts of the Spanish discoverers. He was still further urged to this step by the uncomfortable position in which he had found himself of late in the capital. Several functionaries had recently been sent from the mother country for the ostensible purpose of administering the colonial revenues. But they served as spies on the general’s conduct, caused him many petty annoyances, and sent back to court the most malicious reports of his purposes and proceedings. Cortés, in short, now that he was made Governor-General of the country, had less real power than when he held no legal commission at all.

The Spanish force which he took with him did not probably exceed a hundred horse and forty or perhaps fifty foot; to which were added about three{177} thousand Indian auxiliaries.[199] Among them were Guatemozin and the cacique of Tacuba, with a few others of highest rank, whose consideration with their countrymen would make them an obvious nucleus round which disaffection might gather. The general’s personal retinue consisted of several pages, young men of good family, and among them Montejo, the future conqueror of Yucatan; a butler and steward; several musicians, dancers, jugglers, and buffoons, showing, it might seem, more of the effeminacy of an Oriental satrap than the hardy valor of a Spanish cavalier.[200] Yet the imputation of effeminacy is sufficiently disproved by the terrible march which he accomplished.

Towards the end of October, 1524, Cortés began his march. As he descended the sides of the Cordilleras, he was met by many of his old companions in arms, who greeted their commander with a hearty welcome, and some of them left their estates to join the expedition.[201] He halted in the province of Coatzacualco (Huazacualco) until he could receive intelligence respecting his route from the natives of Tabasco. They furnished him with a map, exhibiting the principal places whither the Indian traders who wandered over these wild regions were in the habit of resorting. With the aid of this map,{178} a compass, and such guides as from time to time he could pick up on his journey, he proposed to traverse that broad and level tract which forms the base of Yucatan and spreads from the Coatzacualco River to the head of the Gulf of Honduras. “I shall give your Majesty,” he begins his celebrated Letter to the emperor, describing this expedition, “an account, as usual, of the most remarkable events of my journey, every one of which might form the subject of a separate narration.” Cortés did not exaggerate.[202]{179}

The beginning of the march lay across a low and marshy level, intersected by numerous little streams, which form the head-waters of the Rio de Tabasco, and of the other rivers that discharge themselves, to the north, into the Mexican Gulf. The smaller streams they forded, or passed in canoes, suffering their horses to swim across as they held them by the bridle. Rivers of more formidable size they crossed on floating bridges. It gives one some idea of the difficulties they had to encounter in this way, when it is stated that the Spaniards were obliged to construct no less than fifty of these bridges in a distance of less than a hundred miles![203] One of them was more than nine hundred paces in length. Their troubles were much augmented by the difficulty of obtaining subsistence, as the natives frequently set fire to their villages on their approach, leaving to the way-worn adventurers only a pile of smoking ruins.

It would be useless to encumber the page with the names of Indian towns which lay in the route of the army, but which may be now obsolete, and, at all events, have never found their way into a map of the country.[204] The first considerable place{180} which they reached was Iztapan, pleasantly situated in the midst of a fruitful region, on the banks of one of the tributaries of the Rio de Tabasco. Such was the extremity to which the Spaniards had already, in the course of a few weeks, been reduced by hunger and fatigue, that the sight of a village in these dreary solitudes was welcomed by his followers, says Cortés, “with a shout of joy that was echoed back from all the surrounding woods.” The army was now at no great distance from the ancient city of Palenque, the subject of so much speculation in our time. The village of Las Tres Cruzes, indeed, situated between twenty and thirty miles from Palenque, is said still to commemorate the passage of the Conquerors by the existence of three crosses which they left there. Yet no allusion is made to the ancient capital. Was it then the abode of a populous and flourishing community, such as once occupied it, to judge from the extent and magnificence of its remains? Or was it, even then, a heap of mouldering ruins, buried in a wilderness of vegetation, and thus hidden from the knowledge of the surrounding country? If the former, the silence of Cortés is not easy to be explained.

On quitting Iztapan, the Spaniards struck across a country having the same character of a low and marshy soil, checkered by occasional patches of cultivation, and covered with forests of cedar and Brazil wood, which seemed absolutely interminable. The overhanging foliage threw so{181} deep a shade that, as Cortés says, the soldiers could not see where to set their feet.[205] To add to their perplexity, their guides deserted them; and, when they climbed to the summits of the tallest trees, they could see only the same cheerless, interminable line of waving woods. The compass and the map furnished the only clue to extricate them from this gloomy labyrinth; and Cortés and his officers, among whom was the constant Sandoval, spreading out their chart on the ground, anxiously studied the probable direction of their route. Their scanty supplies meanwhile had entirely failed them, and they appeased the cravings of appetite by such roots as they dug out of the earth, or by the nuts and berries that grew wild in the woods. Numbers fell sick, and many of the Indians sank by the way, and died of absolute starvation.

When at length the troops emerged from these dismal forests, their path was crossed by a river of great depth, and far wider than any which they had hitherto traversed. The soldiers, disheartened, broke out into murmurs against their leader, who was plunging them deeper and deeper in a boundless wilderness, where they must lay their bones. It was in vain that Cortés encouraged them to construct a floating bridge, which might take them to the opposite bank of the river. It seemed a work of appalling magnitude, to which their wasted strength was unequal. He was more successful in his appeal to the Indian auxiliaries, till his own{182} men, put to shame by the ready obedience of the latter, engaged in the work with a hearty good will, which enabled them, although ready to drop from fatigue, to accomplish it at the end of four days. It was, indeed, the only expedient by which they could hope to extricate themselves from their perilous situation. The bridge consisted of one thousand pieces of timber, each of the thickness of a man’s body and full sixty feet long.[206] When we consider that the timber was all standing in the forest at the commencement of the labor, it must be admitted to have been an achievement worthy of the Spaniards. The well-compacted beams presented a solid structure which nothing, says Cortés, but fire could destroy. It excited the admiration of the natives, who came from a great distance to see it; and “the bridge of Cortés” remained for many a year the enduring monument of that commander’s energy and perseverance.

The arrival of the army on the opposite bank of the river involved them in new difficulties. The ground was so soft and saturated with water that the horses floundered up to their girths, and, sometimes plunging into quagmires, were nearly buried in the mud. It was with the greatest difficulty that they could be extricated by covering the wet soil with the foliage and the boughs of trees, when a stream of water, which forced its way through the heart of the morass, furnished the jaded animals with the means of effecting their escape by swim{183}ming.[207] As the Spaniards emerged from these slimy depths, they came on a broad and rising ground, which, by its cultivated fields teeming with maize, agi, or pepper of the country, and the yuca plant, intimated their approach to the capital of the fruitful province of Aculan. It was in the beginning of Lent, 1525, a period memorable for an event of which I shall give the particulars from the narrative of Cortés.

The general at this place was informed, by one of the Indian converts in his train, that a conspiracy had been set on foot by Guatemozin, with the cacique of Tacuba, and some other of the principal Indian nobles, to massacre the Spaniards. They would seize the moment when the army should be entangled in the passage of some defile, or some frightful morass like that from which it had just escaped, where, taken at disadvantage, it could be easily overpowered by the superior number of the Mexicans. After the slaughter of the troops, the Indians would continue their march to Honduras and cut off the Spanish settlements there. Their success would lead to a rising in the{184} capital, and, indeed, throughout the land, until every Spaniard should be exterminated, and the vessels in the ports be seized, and secured from carrying the tidings across the waters.

No sooner had Cortés learned the particulars of this formidable plot than he arrested Guatemozin and the principal Aztec lords in his train. The latter admitted the fact of the conspiracy, but alleged that it had been planned by Guatemozin and that they had refused to come into it. Guatemozin and the chief of Tacuba neither admitted nor denied the truth of the accusation, but maintained a dogged silence. Such is the statement of Cortés.[208] Bernal Diaz, however, who was present in the expedition, assures us that both Guatemozin and the cacique of Tacuba declared their innocence. They had indeed, they said, talked more than once together of the sufferings they were then enduring, and had said that death was preferable to seeing so many of their poor followers dying daily around them. They admitted, also, that a project for rising on the Spaniards had been discussed by some of the Aztecs; but Guatemozin had discouraged it from the first, and no scheme of the kind could have been put into execution without his knowledge and consent.[209] These protestations did not avail the unfortunate princes; and Cortés, having satisfied, or affected to satisfy, himself of their guilt, ordered them to immediate execution.

When brought to the fatal tree, Guatemozin displayed the intrepid spirit worthy of his better days.{185} “I knew what it was,” said he, “to trust to your false promises, Malinche; I knew that you had destined me to this fate, since I did not fall by my own hand when you entered my city of Tenochtitlan. Why do you slay me so unjustly? God will demand it of you!”[210] The cacique of Tacuba, protesting his innocence, declared that he desired no better lot than to die by the side of his lord. The unfortunate princes, with one or more inferior nobles (for the number is uncertain), were then executed by being hung from the huge branches of a ceiba-tree which overshadowed the road.[211]

Such was the sad end of Guatemozin, the last emperor of the Aztecs, if we might not rather call him “the last of the Aztecs;” since from this time, broken in spirit and without a head, the remnant of the nation resigned itself, almost without a struggle, to the stern yoke of its oppressors. Among all the names of barbarian princes, there are few entitled to a higher place on the roll of fame than that of Guatemozin. He was young, and his public career was not long; but it was glorious. He was called to the throne in the convulsed and expiring hours of the monarchy, when the banded nations of Anahuac and the fierce Euro{186}pean were thundering at the gates of the capital. It was a post of tremendous responsibility; but Guatemozin’s conduct fully justified the choice of him to fill it. No one can refuse his admiration to the intrepid spirit which could prolong a defence of his city while one stone was left upon another; and our sympathies, for the time, are inevitably thrown more into the scale of the rude chieftain, thus battling for his country’s freedom, than into that of his civilized and successful antagonist.[212]

In reviewing the circumstances of Guatemozin’s death, one cannot attach much weight to the charge of conspiracy brought against him. That the Indians, brooding over their wrongs and present sufferings, should have sometimes talked of revenge, would not be surprising. But that any chimerical scheme of an insurrection, like that above mentioned, should have been set on foot, or even sanctioned, by Guatemozin, is altogether improbable. That prince’s explanation of the affair, as given by Diaz, is, to say the least, quite as deserving of credit as the accusation of the Indian informer.[213] The defect of testimony and the distance of time{187} make it difficult for us, at the present day, to decide the question. We have a surer criterion of the truth in the opinion of those who were eye-witnesses of the transaction. It is given in the words of the old chronicler so often quoted. “The execution of Guatemozin,” says Diaz, “was most unjust, and was thought wrong by all of us.”[214]

The most probable explanation of the affair seems to be that Guatemozin was a troublesome and, indeed, formidable captive. Thus much is intimated by Cortés himself, in his Letter to the emperor.[215] The fallen sovereign of Mexico, by the ascendency of his character, as well as by his previous station, maintained an influence over his countrymen which would have enabled him with a breath, as it were, to rouse their smothered, not extinguished, animosity into rebellion. The Spaniards, during the first years after the Conquest, lived in constant apprehension of a rising of the Aztecs. This is evident from numerous passages in the writings of the time. It was under the same apprehension that Cortés consented to embarrass himself with his royal captive on this dreary expedition. And in such distrust did he hold him that, even while in Mexico, he neither rode abroad, nor{188} walked to any great distance, according to Gomara, without being attended by Guatemozin.[216]

Parties standing in such relations to each other could have been the objects only of mutual distrust and aversion. The forlorn condition of the Spaniards on the present march, which exposed them in a peculiar degree to any sudden assault from their wily Indian vassals, increased the suspicions of Cortés. Thus predisposed to think ill of Guatemozin, the general lent a ready ear to the first accusation against him. Charges were converted into proofs, and condemnation followed close upon the charges. By a single blow he proposed to rid himself and the state forever of a dangerous enemy,—the more dangerous, that he was an enemy in disguise. Had he but consulted his own honor and his good name, Guatemozin’s head was the last on which he should have suffered an injury to fall. “He should have cherished him,” to borrow the homely simile of his encomiast, Gomara, “like gold in a napkin, as the best trophy of his victories.”[217]

Whatever may have been the real motives of his conduct in this affair, it seems to have left the mind of Cortés but ill at ease. For a long time he was moody and irritable, and found it difficult to sleep at night. On one occasion, as he was pacing an upper chamber of a teocalli in which he was quartered, he missed his footing in the dark, and{189} was precipitated from a height of some twelve feet to the ground, which occasioned him a severe contusion on the head,—a thing too palpable to be concealed, though he endeavored, says the gossiping Diaz, to hide the knowledge of it, as well as he could, from the soldiers.[218]

It was not long after the sad scene of Guatemozin’s execution that the wearied troops entered the head town of the great province of Aculan; a thriving community of traders, who carried on a profitable traffic with the farthest quarters of Central America. Cortés notices in general terms the excellence and beauty of the buildings, and the hospitable reception which he experienced from the inhabitants.

After renewing their strength in these comfortable quarters, the Spaniards left the capital of Aculan, the name of which is to be found on no map, and held on their toilsome way in the direction of what is now called the Lake of Peten. It was then the property of an emigrant tribe of the hardy Maya family, and their capital stood on an island in the lake, “with its houses and lofty teocallis glistening in the sun,” says Bernal Diaz, “so that it might be seen for the distance of two leagues.”[219] These edifices, built by one of the races of Yucatan, displayed, doubtless, the same peculiarities of construction as the remains still to be seen in that remarkable peninsula. But, whatever may have been their architectural merits, they are disposed of in a brief sentence by the Conquerors.{190}

The inhabitants of the island showed a friendly spirit, and a docility unlike the warlike temper of their countrymen of Yucatan. They willingly listened to the Spanish missionaries who accompanied the expedition, as they expounded the Christian doctrines through the intervention of Marina. The Indian interpreter was present throughout this long march, the last in which she remained at the side of Cortés. As this, too, is the last occasion on which she will appear in these pages, I will mention, before parting with her, an interesting circumstance that occurred when the army was traversing the province of Coatzacualco. This, it may be remembered, was the native country of Marina, where her infamous mother sold her, when a child, to some foreign traders, in order to secure her inheritance to a younger brother. Cortés halted for some days at this place, to hold a conference with the surrounding caciques on matters of government and religion. Among those summoned to this meeting was Marina’s mother, who came, attended by her son. No sooner did they make their appearance than all were struck with the great resemblance of the cacique to her daughter. The two parties recognized each other, though they had not met since their separation. The mother, greatly terrified, fancied that she had been decoyed into a snare in order to punish her inhuman conduct. But Marina instantly ran up to her, and endeavored to allay her fears, assuring her that she should receive no harm, and, addressing the bystanders, said “that she was sure her mother knew not what she did when she sold her to the traders,{191} and that she forgave her.” Then, tenderly embracing her unnatural parent, she gave her such jewels and other little ornaments as she wore about her own person, to win back, as it would seem, her lost affection. Marina added that “she felt much happier than before, now that she had been instructed in the Christian faith and given up the bloody worship of the Aztecs.”[220]

In the course of the expedition to Honduras, Cortés gave Marina away to a Castilian knight, Don Juan Xaramillo,[221] to whom she was wedded as his lawful wife. She had estates assigned to her in her native province, where she probably passed the remainder of her days.[222] From this time the name of Marina disappears from the page of history. But it has been always held in grateful remembrance by the Spaniards, for the important aid which she gave them in effecting the Conquest,{192} and by the natives, for the kindness and sympathy which she showed them in their misfortunes. Many an Indian ballad commemorates the gentle virtues of Malinche,—her Aztec epithet. Even now her spirit, if report be true, watches over the capital which she helped to win; and the peasant is occasionally startled by the apparition of an Indian princess, dimly seen through the evening shadows, as it flits among the groves and grottos of the royal Hill of Chapoltepec.[223]

By the Conqueror, Marina left one son, Don Martin Cortés. He rose to high consideration, and was made a comendador of the order of St. Jago. He was subsequently suspected of treasonable designs against the government; and neither his parents’ extraordinary services, nor his own deserts, could protect him from a cruel persecution; and in 1568 the son of Hernando Cortés was shamefully subjected to the torture in the very capital which his father had acquired for the Castilian crown!

The inhabitants of the isles of Peten—to return from our digression—listened attentively to the preaching of the Franciscan friars, and consented to the instant demolition of their idols, and the erection of the Cross upon their ruins.[224] A singular circumstance showed the value of these hurried conversions. Cortés, on his departure, left{193} among this friendly people one of his horses, which had been disabled by an injury in the foot. The Indians felt a reverence for the animal, as in some way connected with the mysterious power of the white men. When their visitors had gone, they offered flowers to the horse, and, as it is said, prepared for him many savory messes of poultry, such as they would have administered to their own sick. Under this extraordinary diet the poor animal pined away and died. The affrighted Indians raised his effigy in stone, and, placing it in one of their teocallis, did homage to it, as to a deity. In 1618, when two Franciscan friars came to preach the gospel in these regions, then scarcely better known to the Spaniards than before the time of Cortés, one of the most remarkable objects which they found was this statue of a horse, receiving the homage of the Indian worshippers, as the god of thunder and lightning![225]

It would be wearisome to recount all the perils and hardships endured by the Spaniards in the remainder of their journey. It would be repeating only the incidents of the preceding narrative, the same obstacles in their path, the same extremities of famine and fatigue,—hardships more wearing on the spirits than encounters with an enemy, which, if more hazardous, are also more exciting. It is easier to contend with man than with Nature. Yet I must not omit to mention the passage of the Sierra de los Pedernales, “the Mountain of Flints,” which, though only twenty-four miles in{194} extent, consumed no less than twelve days in crossing it! The sharp stones cut the horses’ feet to pieces, while many were lost down the precipices and ravines; so that when they had reached the opposite side sixty-eight of these valuable animals had perished, and the remainder were, for the most part, in an unserviceable condition![226]

The rainy season had now set in, and torrents of water, falling day and night, drenched the adventurers to the skin, and added greatly to their distresses. The rivers, swollen beyond their usual volume, poured along with a terrible impetuosity that defied the construction of bridges; and it was with the greatest difficulty that by laying trunks of trees from one huge rock to another, with which these streams were studded, they effected a perilous passage to the opposite banks.[227]

At length the shattered train drew near the Golfo Dolce, at the head of the Bay of Honduras. Their route could not have been far from the site of Copan, the celebrated city whose architectural ruins have furnished such noble illustrations for the pencil of Catherwood. But the Spaniards passed on in silence. Nor, indeed, can we wonder{195} that at this stage of the enterprise they should have passed on without heeding the vicinity of a city in the wilderness, though it were as glorious as the capital of Zenobia; for they were arrived almost within view of the Spanish settlements, the object of their long and wearisome pilgrimage.

The place which they were now approaching was Naco, or San Gil de Buena Vista, a Spanish settlement on the Golfo Dolce. Cortés advanced cautiously, prepared to fall on the town by surprise. He had held on his way with the undeviating step of the North American Indian, who, traversing morass and mountain and the most intricate forests, guided by the instinct of revenge, presses straight towards the mark, and, when he has reached it, springs at once on his unsuspecting victim. Before Cortés made his assault, his scouts fortunately fell in with some of the inhabitants of the place, from whom they received tidings of the death of Olid, and of the re-establishment of his own authority. Cortés, therefore, entered the place like a friend, and was cordially welcomed by his countrymen, greatly astonished, says Diaz, “by the presence among them of the general so renowned throughout these countries.”[228]

The colony was at this time sorely suffering from famine; and to such extremity was it soon reduced that the troops would probably have found a grave in the very spot to which they had looked forward as the goal of their labors, but for the sea{196}sonable arrival of a vessel with supplies from Cuba. With a perseverance which nothing could daunt, Cortés made an examination of the surrounding country, and occupied a month more in exploring dismal swamps, steaming with unwholesome exhalations, and infected with bilious fevers and with swarms of venomous insects which left peace neither by day nor night. At length he embarked with a part of his forces on board of two brigantines, and, after touching at one or two ports in the bay, anchored off Truxillo, the principal Spanish settlement on that coast. The surf was too high for him easily to effect a landing; but the inhabitants, overjoyed at his arrival, rushed into the shallow water and eagerly bore back the general in their arms to the shore.[229]

After he had restored the strength and spirits of his men, the indefatigable commander prepared for a new expedition, the object of which was to explore and to reduce the extensive province of Nicaragua. One may well feel astonished at the adventurous spirit of the man who, unsubdued by the terrible sufferings of his recent march, should so soon be prepared for another enterprise equally appalling. It is difficult, in this age of sober sense, to conceive the character of a Castilian cavalier of the sixteenth century, a true counterpart of which it would not have been easy to find in any other nation, even at that time,—or anywhere, indeed, save in those tales of chivalry, which, however wild and extravagant they may seem, were much more{197} true to character than to situation. The mere excitement of exploring the strange and the unknown was a sufficient compensation to the Spanish adventurer for all his toils and trials. It seems to have been ordered by Providence that such a race of men should exist contemporaneously with the discovery of the New World, that those regions should be brought to light which were beset with dangers and difficulties so appalling as might have tended to overawe and to discourage the ordinary spirit of adventure. Yet Cortés, though filled with this spirit, proposed nobler ends to himself than those of the mere vulgar adventurer. In the expedition to Nicaragua he designed, as he had done in that to Honduras, to ascertain the resources of the country in general, and, above all, the existence of any means of communication between the great oceans on its borders. If none such existed, it would at least establish this fact, the knowledge of which, to borrow his own language, was scarcely less important.

The general proposed to himself the further object of enlarging the colonial empire of Castile. The conquest of Mexico was but the commencement of a series of conquests. To the warrior who had achieved this, nothing seemed impracticable; and scarcely would anything have been so, had he been properly sustained. It is no great stretch of imagination to see the Conqueror of Mexico advancing along the provinces of the vast Isthmus,—Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Darien,—until he had planted his victorious banner on the shores of the Gulf of Panamá; and, while it was there fanned by{198} the breezes from the golden South, the land of the Incas, to see him gathering such intelligence of this land as would stimulate him to carry his arms still farther, and to anticipate, it might be, the splendid career of Pizarro!

But from these dreams of ambition Cortés was suddenly aroused by such tidings as convinced him that his absence from Mexico was already too far prolonged, and that he must return without delay, if he would save the capital or the country.{199}

CHAPTER IV

THE intelligence alluded to in the preceding chapter was conveyed in a letter to Cortés from the licentiate Zuazo, one of the functionaries to whom the general had committed the administration of the country during his absence. It contained full particulars of the tumultuous proceedings in the capital. No sooner had Cortés quitted it, than dissensions broke out among the different members of the provisional government. The misrule increased as his absence was prolonged. At length tidings were received that Cortés with his whole army had perished in the morasses of Chiapa. The members of the government showed no reluctance to credit this story. They now openly paraded their own authority; proclaimed the general’s death; caused funeral ceremonies to be performed in his honor; took possession of his property wherever they could meet with it, piously devoting a small part of the proceeds to purchasing{200} masses for his soul, while the remainder was appropriated to pay off what was called his debt to the state. They seized, in like manner, the property of other individuals engaged in the expedition. From these outrages they proceeded to others against the Spanish residents in the city, until the Franciscan missionaries left the capital in disgust, while the Indian population were so sorely oppressed that great apprehensions were entertained of a general rising. Zuazo, who communicated these tidings, implored Cortés to quicken his return. He was a temperate man, and the opposition which he had made to the tyrannical measures of his comrades had been rewarded with exile.[230]

The general, greatly alarmed by this account, saw that no alternative was left but to abandon all further schemes of conquest, and to return at once, if he would secure the preservation of the empire which he had won. He accordingly made the necessary arrangements for settling the administration of the colonies at Honduras, and embarked with a small number of followers for Mexico.

He had not been long at sea when he encountered such a terrible tempest as seriously damaged his vessel and compelled him to return to port and refit. A second attempt proved equally unsuccessful; and Cortés, feeling that his good star had deserted him, saw in this repeated disaster an intimation from Heaven that he was not to return.[231] He contented himself, therefore, with sending a trusty{201} messenger to advise his friends of his personal safety in Honduras. He then instituted processions and public prayers to ascertain the will of Heaven and to deprecate its anger. His health now showed the effects of his recent sufferings, and declined under a wasting fever. His spirits sank with it, and he fell into a state of gloomy despondency. Bernal Diaz, speaking of him at this time, says that nothing could be more wan and emaciated than his person, and that so strongly was he possessed with the idea of his approaching end that he procured a Franciscan habit,—for it was common to be laid out in the habit of some one or other of the monastic orders,—in which to be carried to the grave.[232]

From this deplorable apathy Cortés was roused by fresh advices urging his presence in Mexico, and by the judicious efforts of his good friend Sandoval, who had lately returned, himself, from an excursion into the interior. By his persuasion, the general again consented to try his fortunes on the seas. He embarked on board of a brigantine, with a few followers, and bade adieu to the disastrous shores of Honduras, April 25, 1526. He had nearly made the coast of New Spain, when a heavy gale threw him off his course and drove him to the island of Cuba. After staying there some time to recruit his exhausted strength, he again put to sea, on the 16th of May, and in eight days landed near San Juan de Ulua, whence he proceeded about five leagues on foot to Medellin.{202}

Cortés was so much changed by disease that his person was not easily recognized. But no sooner was it known that the general had returned than crowds of people, white men and natives, thronged from all the neighboring country to welcome him. The tidings spread far and wide on the wings of the wind, and his progress to the capital was a triumphal procession. The inhabitants came from the distance of eighty leagues to have a sight of him; and they congratulated one another on the presence of the only man who could rescue the country from its state of anarchy. It was a resurrection of the dead,—so industriously had the reports of his death been circulated, and so generally believed.[233]

At all the great towns where he halted he was sumptuously entertained. Triumphal arches were thrown across the road, and the streets were strewed with flowers as he passed. After a night’s repose at Tezcuco, he made his entrance in great state into the capital. The municipality came out to welcome him, and a brilliant cavalcade of armed citizens formed his escort; while the lake was covered with barges of the Indians, all fancifully decorated with their gala dresses, as on the day of his first arrival among them. The streets echoed to music, and dancing, and sounds of jubilee, as the procession held on its way to the great convent of St. Francis, where thanksgivings were offered up for the safe return of the general, who then pro{203}ceeded to take up his quarters once more in his own princely residence.[234] It was in June, 1526, when Cortés re-entered Mexico; nearly two years had elapsed since he had left it, on his difficult march to Honduras,—a march which led to no important results, but which consumed nearly as much time, and was attended with sufferings quite as severe, as the Conquest of Mexico itself.[235]

Cortés did not abuse his present advantage. He, indeed, instituted proceedings against his enemies; but he followed them up so languidly as to incur the imputation of weakness. It is the only instance in which he has been accused of weakness; and, since it was shown in redressing his own injuries, it may be thought to reflect no discredit on his character.[236]

He was not permitted long to enjoy the sweets of triumph. In the month of July he received ad{204}vices of the arrival of a juez de residencia on the coast, sent by the court of Madrid to supersede him temporarily in the government. The crown of Castile, as its colonial empire extended, became less and less capable of watching over its administration. It was therefore obliged to place vast powers in the hands of its viceroys; and, as suspicion naturally accompanies weakness, it was ever prompt to listen to accusations against these powerful vassals. In such cases the government adopted the expedient of sending out a commissioner, or juez de residencia, with authority to investigate the conduct of the accused, to suspend him in the meanwhile from his office, and, after a judicial examination, to reinstate him in it or to remove him altogether, according to the issue of the trial. The enemies of Cortés had been for a long time busy in undermining his influence at court, and in infusing suspicions of his loyalty in the bosom of the emperor. Since his elevation to the government of the country they had redoubled their mischievous activity, and they assailed his character with the foulest imputations. They charged him with appropriating to his own use the gold which belonged to the crown, and especially with secreting the treasures of Montezuma. He was said to have made false reports of the provinces he had conquered, that he might defraud the exchequer of its lawful revenues. He had distributed the principal offices among his own creatures, and had acquired an unbounded influence, not only over the Spaniards, but the natives, who were all ready to do his bidding. He had expended large sums in fortify{205}ing both the capital and his own palace; and it was evident, from the magnitude of his schemes and his preparations, that he designed to shake off his allegiance and to establish an independent sovereignty in New Spain.[237]

The government, greatly alarmed by these formidable charges, the probability of which they could not estimate, appointed a commissioner with full power to investigate the matter. The person selected for this delicate office was Luis Ponce de Leon, a man of high family, young for such a post, but of a mature judgment and distinguished for his moderation and equity. The nomination of such a minister gave assurance that the crown meant to do justly by Cortés.

The emperor wrote at the same time with his own hand to the general, advising him of this step, and assuring him that it was taken, not from distrust of his integrity, but to afford him the opportunity of placing that integrity in a clear light before the world.[238]

Ponce de Leon reached Mexico in July, 1526. He was received with all respect by Cortés and the municipality of the capital; and the two parties interchanged those courtesies with each other which gave augury that the future proceedings would be conducted in a spirit of harmony. Unfortunately, this fair beginning was blasted by the death of the commissioner in a few weeks after his arrival, a circumstance which did not fail to afford another item{206} in the loathsome mass of accusation heaped upon Cortés. The commissioner fell the victim of a malignant fever, which carried off a number of those who had come over in the vessel with him.[239]

On his death-bed, Ponce de Leon delegated his authority to an infirm old man, who survived but a few months,{*} and transmitted the reins of govern{207}ment to a person named Estrada, or Strada, the royal treasurer, one of the officers sent from Spain{208} to take charge of the finances, and who was personally hostile to Cortés. The Spanish residents would have persuaded Cortés to assert for himself at least an equal share of the authority, to which they considered Estrada as having no sufficient title. But the general, with singular moderation, declined a competition in this matter, and determined to abide a more decided expression of his sovereign’s will. To his mortification, the nomination of Estrada was confirmed; and this dignitary soon contrived to inflict on his rival all those annoyances by which a little mind in possession of unexpected power endeavors to assert superiority over a great one. The recommendations of Cortés were disregarded, his friends mortified and insulted, his attendants outraged by injuries. One of the domestics of his friend Sandoval, for some slight offence, was sentenced to lose his hand; and when the general remonstrated against these acts of violence he was peremptorily commanded to leave the city! The Spaniards, indignant at this outrage, would have taken up arms in his defence; but Cortés would allow no resistance, and, simply remarking{209} “that it was well that those who at the price of their blood had won the capital should not be allowed a footing in it,” withdrew to his favorite villa of Cojohuacan, a few miles distant, to await there the result of these strange proceedings.[240]

{*} [This person, the licentiate Marcos de Aguilar, showed, during his short tenure of office, much greater zeal and activity than would be inferred from the slight mention of him by historians. Prescott has omitted to state that a principal point in the instructions given to Ponce de Leon related to the question of the repartimientos and other methods of treating the Indians, in regard to which he was to obtain the opinions of the authorities and other principal persons and of the Dominican and Franciscan friars. Sir Arthur Helps, who notices this fact, adds that it “led to no result,” the instructions on this subject to Ponce de Leon being on his death “forgotten or laid aside.” But a series of documents published by Señor Icazbalceta (Col. de Doc. para la Hist. de México, tom. ii.) shows, on the contrary, that they were promptly and fully carried out by Aguilar, who considered this to be the principal business of the commission, and one, as he wrote to the emperor, requiring despatch, since the very existence of the native population depended on immediate action. He accordingly consulted all the officials, Cortés himself included, the other chief residents of the city, such as Alvarado and Sandoval, and the members of the two religious orders, obtaining written opinions, individual as well as collective, which he transmitted with his own report to the emperor. The great majority of the persons consulted, including all the monks, while differing on some matters of detail, concurred in urging the necessity of the repartimientos and in recommending that they should be made hereditary.

The same result followed an inquiry instituted in 1532 and the following years. Among the opinions delivered on that occasion is one deserving of particular notice, both for the manner in which it is enforced and the character of the writer,—Fray Domingo de Batanzos, whose career has been agreeably sketched, though his views on the present matter have been misapprehended, by Sir Arthur Helps. The three objects to be kept in view, he begins by remarking, are the good treatment and preservation of the natives, the establishment and security of the Spanish settlers, and the augmentation of the royal revenues. The proper means to be adopted are also threefold: the repartimientos extended and perpetuated, the abandonment of the idea of reserving certain pueblos to be held by the crown and managed by its officers, and the appointment of good governors, since the best measures are of no avail if not ably administered. The objections to the crown’s reserving any pueblos for itself are, that the officers will be employed solely in collecting the tribute, the Indians will receive no protection or religious instruction, and the cultivation of the soil will be always degenerating, since no one will have an interest in maintaining or improving its condition. The repartimientos, on the contrary, by giving the holders a direct interest in the better cultivation of the soil and the increase of the people, will insure both these results; and though under this system the royal revenues may be diminished for a time, they will in the end be greatly augmented through the general improvement of the country. The great misfortune has been that the authorities at home pursue a policy which directly contravenes their own intentions: wishing to benefit, they destroy; wishing to enrich, they impoverish; wishing to save the Indians, they exterminate them. There is needed a man with the mind and resolution of Charlemagne or Cæsar, to adopt a plan and carry it out. Instead of this, the course pursued is that of endless changes and experiments like a perpetual litigation. It is a sure sign that God intends destruction when men are unable to find a remedy. In the present case, well-meaning and holy men have sought one in vain. In his opinion, which he knows will be unheeded, the system which has in it the least evil and the most good is that of hereditary repartimientos, which should be established once for all. In a later letter he says, “The person least deceived about the affairs of this country is I, who know its fate as if I saw it with my eyes and touched it with my hands.” He predicts the extermination of the Indians within fifty years. He has always believed and asserted that they would perish, and the laws and measures founded on any other supposition have all been bad. The wonderful thing is, he remarks, with an apparent allusion to Las Casas, that the men of greatest sanctity and zeal for good are those who have done the most harm. (Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc. para la Hist. de México, tom. ii.) That the prediction of Batanzos has been falsified by the event may be attributed to a variety of causes: the vastness of the country and the comparative density of the native population; the social and industrial habits of the latter, so different from those of more northern tribes; the decline of the Spanish power and of that spirit of conquest which, by keeping up a constant stream of emigration and ardor of enterprise, might have led to a conflict of races; and the sedulous protection afforded to the Indians by the government and the church. Their welfare was the object of constant investigation and a long series of enactments. Slavery was in their case entirely abolished. The repartimientos were made hereditary, but the rights and power of the encomenderos were carefully restricted, and the personal services at first exacted were ultimately commuted for a fixed tribute. Living together in communities which resembled so many small republics, governed by their own laws and chiefs, guided and protected by the priests, exempt from military service and all the burdens imposed by the state on the rest of the population, the Indians constituted, down to the period of Independence, a separate and privileged class, despised, it is true, but not oppressed, by the superior race.—K.]

The suspicions of the court of Madrid, meanwhile, fanned by the breath of calumny, had reached the most preposterous height. One might have supposed that it fancied the general was organizing a revolt throughout the colonies and meditated nothing less than an invasion of the mother country. Intelligence having been received that a vessel might speedily be expected from New Spain, orders were sent to the different ports of the kingdom, and even to Portugal, to sequestrate the cargo, under the expectation that it contained remittances to the general’s family which belonged to the crown; while his letters, affording the most luminous account of all his proceedings and discoveries, were forbidden to be printed. Fortunately, however, three letters, constituting the most important part of the Conqueror’s correspondence, had been given to the public, some years previous, by the indefatigable press of Seville.

The court, moreover, made aware of the incompetency of the treasurer, Estrada, to the present delicate conjuncture, now intrusted the whole affair of the inquiry to a commission dignified with the title of the Royal Audience of New Spain. This body was clothed with full powers to examine into the charges against Cortés, with instructions{210} to send him back, as a preliminary measure, to Castile,—peacefully if they could, but forcibly if necessary. Still afraid that its belligerent vassal might defy the authority of this tribunal, the government resorted to artifice to effect his return. The president of the Indian Council was commanded to write to him, urging his presence in Spain to vindicate himself from the charges of his enemies, and offering his personal co-operation in his defence. The emperor further wrote a letter to the Audience, containing his commands for Cortés to return, as the government wished to consult him on matters relating to the Indies, and to bestow on him a recompense suited to his high deserts. This letter was intended to be shown to Cortés.[241]

But it was superfluous to put in motion all this complicated machinery to effect a measure on which Cortés was himself resolved. Proudly conscious of his own unswerving loyalty, and of the benefits he had rendered to his country, he was deeply sensible to this unworthy requital of them, especially on the very theatre of his achievements. He determined to abide no longer where he was exposed to such indignities, but to proceed at once to Spain, present himself before his sovereign, boldly assert his innocence, and claim redress for his wrongs and a just reward for his services. In the close of his letter to the emperor, detailing the painful expedition to Honduras, after enlarging on the magnificent schemes he had entertained of discovery in the South Sea, and vindicating himself from the charge of a too lavish expenditure, he{211} concludes with the lofty yet touching declaration “that he trusts his Majesty will in time acknowledge his deserts; but, if that unhappily shall not be, the world at least will be assured of his loyalty, and he himself shall have the conviction of having done his duty; and no better inheritance than this shall he ask for his children.”[242]

No sooner was the intention of Cortés made known, than it excited a general sensation through the country. Even Estrada relented; he felt that he had gone too far, and that it was not his policy to drive his noble enemy to take refuge in his own land. Negotiations were opened, and an attempt at a reconciliation was made, through the bishop of Tlascala. Cortés received these overtures in a courteous spirit, but his resolution was unshaken. Having made the necessary arrangements, therefore, in Mexico, he left the Valley, and proceeded at once to the coast. Had he entertained the criminal ambition imputed to him by his enemies, he might have been sorely tempted by the repeated offers of support which were made to him, whether in good or in bad faith, on the journey, if he would but reassume the government and assert his independence of Castile. But these disloyal advances he rejected with the scorn they merited.[243]{212}

On his arrival at Villa Rica he received the painful tidings of the death of his father, Don Martin Cortés, whom he had hoped so soon to embrace after his long and eventful absence. Having celebrated his obsequies with every mark of filial respect, he made preparations for his speedy departure. Two of the best vessels in the port were got ready and provided with everything requisite for a long voyage. He was attended by his friend the faithful Sandoval, by Tápia, and some other cavaliers most attached to his person. He also took with him several Aztec and Tlascalan chiefs, and among them a son of Montezuma, and another of Maxixca, the friendly old Tlascalan lord, both of whom were desirous to accompany the general to Castile.{*} He carried home a large collection of plants and minerals, as specimens of the natural resources of the country; several wild animals, and birds of gaudy plumage; various fabrics of delicate workmanship, especially the gorgeous feather-work; and a number of jugglers, dancers, and buffoons, who greatly astonished the Europeans by the marvellous facility of their performances, and were thought a suitable present for his Holiness the Pope.[244] Lastly, Cortés displayed his magnificence in a rich treasure of jewels, among which{213} were emeralds of extraordinary size and lustre, gold to the amount of two hundred thousand pesos de oro, and fifteen hundred marks of silver. “In fine,” says Herrera, “he came in all the state of a great lord.”[245]

{*} [In order to increase the number of his retinue, and thereby to impress the people of Spain with a sense of his importance, Cortés offered free passage and maintenance to all who wished to accompany him to the court of his sovereign.—M.]

After a brief and prosperous voyage, Cortés came in sight once more of his native shores, and, crossing the bar of Saltes, entered the little port of Palos in May, 1528,{*}—the same spot where Columbus had landed five-and-thirty years before, on his return from the discovery of the Western World. Cortés was not greeted with the enthusiasm and public rejoicings which welcomed the great navigator; and, indeed, the inhabitants were not prepared for his arrival. From Palos he soon proceeded to the convent of La Rabida, the same place, also, within the hospitable walls of which Columbus had found a shelter. An interesting circumstance is mentioned by historians, connected with his short stay at Palos. Francisco Pizarro, the Conqueror of Peru, had arrived there, having come to Spain to solicit aid for his great enterprise.[246] He was then in the commencement of his brilliant career, as Cortés might be said to be at the{214} close of his. He was an old acquaintance, and a kinsman, as is affirmed, of the general, whose mother was a Pizarro.[247] The meeting of these two extraordinary men, the Conquerors of the North and of the South in the New World, as they set foot, after their eventful absence, on the shores of their native land, and that, too, on the spot consecrated by the presence of Columbus, has something in it striking to the imagination. It has accordingly attracted the attention of one of the most illustrious of living poets, who, in a brief but beautiful sketch, has depicted the scene in the genuine coloring of the age.[248]

{*} [Sandoval (Carlos V. i. 895) and Gomara (Hist. Mexico, p. 283) make Cortés to have landed in the latter part of the year 1528.—M.]

While reposing from the fatigues of his voyage, at La Rabida, an event occurred which afflicted Cortés deeply and which threw a dark cloud over his return. This was the death of Gonzalo de Sandoval, his trusty friend, and so long the companion of his fortunes. He was taken ill in a wretched inn at Palos, soon after landing;{*} and his malady gained ground so rapidly that it was evident his constitution, impaired, probably, by the extraordinary fatigues he had of late years undergone, would be unable to resist it. Cortés was instantly sent for, and arrived in time to administer the last consolations of friendship to the dying cavalier.{215} Sandoval met his approaching end with composure, and, having given the attention which the short interval allowed to the settlement of both his temporal and spiritual concerns, he breathed his last in the arms of his commander.

{*} [While Sandoval was lying helpless upon his bed his host entered the room and, supposing him to be asleep, proceeded to examine his luggage. As the sick man feigned sleep in order to escape murder, the other broke open the treasure-box, took therefrom the bars of gold, and fled with his booty to Portugal. No trace of him could afterward be found.—M.]

Sandoval died at the premature age of thirty-one.[249] He was in many respects the most eminent of the great captains formed under the eye of Cortés. He was of good family, and a native of Medellin, also the birthplace of the general, for whom he had the warmest personal regard. Cortés soon discerned his uncommon qualities, and proved it by uniformly selecting the young officer for the most difficult commissions. His conduct on these occasions fully justified the preference. He was a decided favorite with the soldiers; for, though strict in enforcing discipline, he was careful of their comforts and little mindful of his own. He had nothing of the avarice so common in the Castilian cavalier, and seemed to have no other ambition than that of faithfully discharging the duties of his profession. He was a plain man, affecting neither the showy manners nor the bravery in costume which distinguished Alvarado, the Aztec Tonatiuh. The expression of his countenance was open and manly; his chestnut hair curled close to his head; his frame was strong and sinewy. He had a lisp in his utterance, which made his voice somewhat indistinct. Indeed, he was no speaker; but, if slow of speech, he was prompt and energetic in action. He had precisely the qualities which fitted him for{216} the perilous enterprise in which he had embarked. He had accomplished his task; and, after having escaped death, which lay waiting for him in every step of his path, had come home, as it would seem, to his native land, only to meet it there.

His obsequies were performed with all solemnity by the Franciscan friars of La Rabida, and his remains were followed to their final resting-place by the comrades who had so often stood by his side in battle. They were laid in the cemetery of the convent, which, shrouded in its forest of pines, stood, and may yet stand, on the bold eminence that overlooks the waste of waters so lately traversed by the adventurous soldier.[250]

It was not long after this melancholy event that Cortés and his suite began their journey into the interior. The general stayed a few days at the castle of the duke of Medina Sidonia, the most powerful of the Andalusian lords, who hospitably entertained him, and, at his departure, presented him with several noble Arabian horses. Cortés first directed his steps towards Guadalupe, where he passed nine days, offering up prayers and causing masses to be performed at Our Lady’s shrine for the soul of his departed friend.

Before his departure from La Rabida, he had written to the court, informing it of his arrival in the country. Great was the sensation caused there by the intelligence; the greater, that the late reports of his treasonable practices had made it wholly unexpected. His arrival produced an immediate change of feeling. All cause of jealousy{217} was now removed; and, as the clouds which had so long settled over the royal mind were dispelled, the emperor seemed only anxious to show his sense of the distinguished services of his so dreaded vassal. Orders were sent to different places on the route to provide him with suitable accommodations, and preparations were made to give him a brilliant reception in the capital.

Meanwhile, Cortés had formed the acquaintance at Guadalupe of several persons of distinction, and among them of the family of the comendador of Leon, a nobleman of the highest consideration at court. The general’s conversation, enriched with the stores of a life of adventure, and his manners, in which the authority of habitual command was tempered by the frank and careless freedom of the soldier, made a most favorable impression on his new friends; and their letters to the court, where he was yet unknown, heightened the interest already felt in this remarkable man. The tidings of his arrival had by this time spread far and wide throughout the country; and, as he resumed his journey, the roads presented a spectacle such as had not been seen since the return of Columbus. Cortés did not usually affect an ostentation of dress, though he loved to display the pomp of a great lord in the number and magnificence of his retainers. His train was now swelled by the Indian chieftains, who by the splendors of their barbaric finery gave additional brilliancy, as well as novelty, to the pageant. But his own person was the object of general curiosity. The houses and the streets of the great towns and villages were thronged with{218} spectators, eager to look on the hero who with his single arm, as it were, had won an empire for Castile, and who, to borrow the language of an old historian, “came in the pomp and glory, not so much of a great vassal, as of an independent monarch.”[251]

As he approached Toledo, then the rival of Madrid, the press of the multitude increased till he was met by the duke de Bejar, the count de Aguilar, and others of his steady friends, who, at the head of a large body of the principal nobility and cavaliers of the city, came out to receive him, and attended him to the quarters prepared for his residence. It was a proud moment for Cortés; and distrusting, as he well might, his reception by his countrymen, it afforded him a greater satisfaction than the brilliant entrance which, a few years previous, he had made into the capital of Mexico.

The following day he was admitted to an audience by the emperor, and Cortés, gracefully kneeling to kiss the hand of his sovereign, presented to him a memorial which succinctly recounted his services and the requital he had received for them. The emperor graciously raised him, and put many questions to him respecting the countries he had conquered. Charles was pleased with the general’s answers, and his intelligent mind took great satisfaction in inspecting the curious specimens of Indian ingenuity which his vassal had brought with him from New Spain. In subsequent conversa{219}tions the emperor repeatedly consulted Cortés on the best mode of administering the government of the colonies, and by his advice introduced some important regulations, especially for ameliorating the condition of the natives and for encouraging domestic industry.

The monarch took frequent opportunity to show the confidence which he now reposed in Cortés. On all public occasions he appeared with him by his side; and once, when the general lay ill of a fever, Charles paid him a visit in person, and remained some time in the apartment of the invalid. This was an extraordinary mark of condescension in the haughty court of Castile; and it is dwelt upon with becoming emphasis by the historians of the time, who seem to regard it as an ample compensation for all the sufferings and services of Cortés.[252]

The latter had now fairly triumphed over opposition. The courtiers, with that ready instinct which belongs to the tribe, imitated the example of their master; and even envy was silent, amidst the general homage that was paid to the man who had so lately been a mark for the most envenomed calumny. Cortés, without a title, without a name but what he had created for himself, was at once, as it were, raised to a level with the proudest nobles in the land.

He was so still more effectually by the substantial honors which were accorded to him by his sovereign in the course of the following year. By an instrument dated July 6th, 1529, the emperor{220} raised him to the dignity of the Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca;[253] and the title of “marquis,” when used without the name of the individual, has been always appropriated in the colonies, in an especial manner, to Cortés, as the title of “admiral” was to Columbus.[254]

Two other instruments, dated in the same month of July, assigned to Cortés a vast tract of land in the rich province of Oaxaca, together with large estates in the city of Mexico, and other places in the Valley.[255] The princely domain thus granted comprehended more than twenty large towns and villages, and twenty-three thousand vassals. The language in which the gift was made greatly enhanced its value. The preamble of the instrument, after enlarging on the “good services rendered by Cortés in the Conquest, and the great benefits resulting therefrom, both in respect to the increase of the Castilian empire and the advancement of the Holy Catholic Faith,” acknowledges the “sufferings he had undergone in accomplishing this glorious work, and the fidelity and obedience with which, as a good and trusty vassal, he had ever served the crown.”[256] It declares, in conclusion,

FAC-SIMILE OF THE SIGNATURE OF CORTÉS.

{221}

that it grants this recompense of his deserts because it is “the duty of princes to honor and reward those who serve them well and loyally, in order that the memory of their great deeds should be perpetuated, and others be incited by their example to the performance of the like illustrious exploits.” The unequivocal testimony thus borne by his sovereign to his unwavering loyalty was most gratifying to Cortés,—how gratifying, every generous soul who has been the subject of suspicion undeserved will readily estimate. The language of the general in after-time shows how deeply he was touched by it.[257]

Yet there was one degree in the scale, above which the royal gratitude would not rise. Neither the solicitations of Cortés, nor those of the duke de Bejar and his other powerful friends, could prevail on the emperor to reinstate him in the government of Mexico. The country, reduced to tranquillity, had no longer need of his commanding genius to control it; and Charles did not care to place again his formidable vassal in a situation which might revive the dormant spark of jealousy and distrust. It was the policy of the crown to employ one class{222} of its subjects to effect its conquests, and another class to rule over them. For the latter it selected men in whom the fire of ambition was tempered by a cooler judgment naturally, or by the sober influence of age. Even Columbus, notwithstanding the terms of his original “capitulation” with the crown, had not been permitted to preside over the colonies; and still less likely would it be to concede this power to one possessed of the aspiring temper of Cortés.

But, although the emperor refused to commit the civil government of the colony into his hands, he reinstated him in military command. By a royal ordinance, dated also in July, 1529, the marquis of the Valley was named Captain-General of New Spain and of the coasts of the South Sea. He was empowered to make discoveries in the Southern Ocean, with the right to rule over such lands as he should colonize,[258] and by a subsequent grant he was to become proprietor of one-twelfth of all his discoveries.[259] The government had no design to relinquish the services of so able a commander. But it warily endeavored to withdraw him from the scene of his former triumphs, and to throw open a new career of ambition, that might stimulate him still further to enlarge the dominions of the crown.

Thus gilded by the sunshine of royal favor, “rivalling,” to borrow the homely comparison of an old chronicler, “Alexander in the fame of his ex{223}ploits, and Crassus in that of his riches,”[260] with brilliant manners, and a person which, although it showed the effects of hard service, had not yet lost all the attractions of youth, Cortés might now be regarded as offering an enviable alliance for the best houses in Castile. It was not long before he paid his addresses, which were favorably received, to a member of that noble house which had so steadily supported him in the dark hour of his fortunes. The lady’s name was Doña Juana de Zuñiga, daughter of the second count de Aguilar, and niece of the duke de Bejar.[261] She was much younger than himself, beautiful, and, as events showed, not without spirit. One of his presents to his youthful bride excited the admiration and envy of the fairer part of the court. This was five emeralds, of wonderful size and brilliancy. These jewels had been cut by the Aztecs into the shapes of flowers, fishes, and into other fanciful forms, with an exquisite style of workmanship which enhanced their original value.[262] They were, not im{224}probably, part of the treasure of the unfortunate Montezuma, and, being easily portable, may have escaped the general wreck of the noche triste. The queen of Charles the Fifth, it is said,—it may be the idle gossip of a court,—had intimated a willingness to become proprietor of some of these magnificent baubles; and the preference which Cortés gave to his fair bride caused some feelings of estrangement in the royal bosom, which had an unfavorable influence on the future fortunes of the marquis.

Late in the summer of 1529, Charles the Fifth left his Spanish dominions for Italy. Cortés accompanied him on his way, probably to the place of embarkation; and in the capital of Aragon we find him, according to the national historian, exciting the same general interest and admiration among the people as he had done in Castile. On his return, there seemed no occasion for him to protract his stay longer in the country. He was weary of the life of idle luxury which he had been leading for the last year, and which was so foreign to his active habits and the stirring scenes to which he had been accustomed. He determined, therefore, to return to Mexico, where his extensive property required his presence, and where a new field was now opened to him for honorable enterprise.{225}

CHAPTER V

EARLY in the spring of 1530, Cortés embarked for New Spain. He was accompanied by the marchioness, his wife, together with his aged mother, who had the good fortune to live to see her son’s elevation, and by a magnificent retinue of pages and attendants, such as belonged to the household of a powerful noble. How different from the forlorn condition in which, twenty-six years before, he had been cast loose, as a wild adventurer, to seek his bread upon the waters!

The first point of his destination was Hispaniola, where he was to remain until he received tidings of the organization of the new government that was to take charge of Mexico.[263] In the preceding chapter it was stated that the administration of the country had been intrusted to a body called the Royal Audience; one of whose first duties it was to investigate the charges brought against Cortés. Nuñez de Guzman, his avowed enemy, was placed{226} at the head of this board; and the investigation was conducted with all the rancor of personal hostility. A remarkable document still exists, called the Pesquisa Secreta, or “Secret Inquiry,” which contains a record of the proceedings against Cortés. It was prepared by the secretary of the Audience, and signed by the several members. The document is very long, embracing nearly a hundred folio pages. The name and the testimony of every witness are given, and the whole forms a mass of loathsome details, such as might better suit a prosecution in a petty municipal court than that of a great officer of the crown.

The charges are eight in number; involving, among other crimes, that of a deliberate design to cast off his allegiance to the crown; that of the murder of two of the commissioners who had been sent out to supersede him; of the murder of his own wife, Catalina Xuarez;[264] of extortion, and of

PORTRAIT OF HERNANDO CORTÉS

Goupil & Cº., Paris

{227}

licentious practices,—of offences, in short, which, from their private nature, would seem to have little to do with his conduct as a public man. The testimony is vague and often contradictory; the witnesses are for the most part obscure individuals, and the few persons of consideration among them appear to have been taken from the ranks of his decided enemies. When it is considered that the inquiry was conducted in the absence of Cortés, before a court the members of which were personally unfriendly to him, and that he was furnished with no specification of the charges, and had no opportunity, consequently, of disproving them, it is impossible, at this distance of time, to attach any importance to this paper as a legal document. When it is added that no action was taken on it by the government to whom it was sent, we may be disposed to regard it simply as a monument of the malice of his enemies. It has been drawn by the curious antiquary from the obscurity to which it had been so long consigned in the Indian archives at Seville; but it can be of no further use to the historian than to show that a great name in the sixteenth century exposed its possessor to calumnies as malignant as it has at any time since.[265]{228}

The high-handed measures of the Audience, and the oppressive conduct of Guzman, especially towards the Indians, excited general indignation in the colony and led to serious apprehensions of an insurrection. It became necessary to supersede an administration so reckless and unprincipled. But Cortés was detained two months at the island, by the slow movements of the Castilian court, before tidings reached him of the appointment of a new Audience for the government of the country. The person selected to preside over it was the bishop of St. Domingo, a prelate whose acknowledged wisdom and virtue gave favorable augury for the conduct of his administration. After this, Cortés resumed his voyage, and landed at Villa Rica on the 15th of July, 1530.

After remaining for a time in the neighborhood, where he received some petty annoyances from the Audience, he proceeded to Tlascala, and publicly proclaimed his powers as Captain-General of New Spain and the South Sea. An edict issued by the empress during her husband’s absence had inter{229}dicted Cortés from approaching within ten leagues of the Mexican capital while the present authorities were there.[266] The empress was afraid of a collision between the parties. Cortés, however, took up his residence on the opposite side of the lake, at Tezcuco.

No sooner was his arrival there known in the metropolis than multitudes, both of Spaniards and natives, crossed the lake to pay their respects to their old commander, to offer him their services, and to complain of their manifold grievances. It seemed as if the whole population of the capital was pouring into the neighboring city, where the marquis maintained the state of an independent potentate. The members of the Audience, indignant at the mortifying contrast which their own diminished court presented, imposed heavy penalties on such of the natives as should be found in Tezcuco, and, affecting to consider themselves in danger, made preparations for the defence of the city. But these belligerent movements were terminated by the arrival of the new Audience; though Guzman had the address to maintain his hold on a northern province, where he earned a reputation for cruelty and extortion unrivalled even in the annals of the New World.

Everything seemed now to assure a tranquil residence to Cortés. The new magistrates treated him with marked respect, and took his advice on the most important measures of government. Unhappily, this state of things did not long continue; and a misunderstanding arose between the parties, in{230} respect to the enumeration of the vassals assigned by the crown to Cortés, which the marquis thought was made on principles prejudicial to his interests and repugnant to the intentions of the grant.[267]{*} He was still further displeased by finding that the Audience were intrusted, by their commission, with a concurrent jurisdiction with himself in military affairs.[268] This led occasionally to an interference, which the proud spirit of Cortés, so long accustomed to independent rule, could ill brook. After submitting to it for a time, he left the capital in disgust, no more to return there, and took up his residence in his city of Cuernavaca.

{*} [The commission appointed by the Audience to take the census, after laboring at their task for many weeks, were at last forced to report that it was impossible to make a correct enumeration, as not more than one-fifth of the estimated population could be found. The Indians, at the suggestion of their chiefs, who were all friendly to Cortés, evaded the count, and threw as many difficulties in the way of the enumerators as possible.—M.]

It was the place won by his own sword from the Aztecs previous to the siege of Mexico. It stood on the southern slope of the Cordilleras, and overlooked a wide expanse of country, the fairest and most flourishing portion of his own domain.[269] He had erected a stately palace on the spot, and hence{231}forth made this city his favorite residence.[270] It was well situated for superintending his vast estates, and he now devoted himself to bringing them into proper cultivation. He introduced the sugar-cane from Cuba, and it grew luxuriantly in the rich soil of the neighboring lowlands. He imported large numbers of merino sheep and other cattle, which found abundant pastures in the country around Tehuantepec. His lands were thickly sprinkled with groves of mulberry-trees, which furnished nourishment for the silk-worm. He encouraged the cultivation of hemp and flax, and, by his judicious and enterprising husbandry, showed the capacity of the soil for the culture of valuable products before unknown in the land; and he turned these products to the best account, by the erection of sugar-mills, and other works for the manufacture of the raw material. He thus laid the foundation of an opulence for his family, as substantial, if not as speedy, as that derived from the mines. Yet this latter source of wealth was not{232} neglected by him, and he drew gold from the region of Tehuantepec, and silver from that of Zacatecas. The amount derived from these mines was not so abundant as at a later day. But the expense of working them, on the other hand, was much less in the earlier stages of the operation, when the metal lay so much nearer the surface.[271]

But this tranquil way of life did not long content his restless and adventurous spirit; and it sought a vent by availing itself of his new charter of discovery to explore the mysteries of the great Southern Ocean. In 1527, two years before his return to Spain, he had sent a little squadron to the Moluccas. The expedition was attended with some important consequences; but, as they do not relate to Cortés, an account of it will find a more suitable place in the maritime annals of Spain, where it has been given by the able hand which has done so much for the country in this department.[272]

Cortés was preparing to send another squadron of four vessels in the same direction, when his plans were interrupted by his visit to Spain; and his unfinished little navy, owing to the malice of the Royal Audience, who drew off the hands employed in building it, went to pieces on the stocks. Two other squadrons were now fitted out by Cortés, in the years 1532 and 1533, and sent on a voy{233}age of discovery to the Northwest.[273] They were unfortunate, though in the latter expedition the Californian peninsula was reached, and a landing effected on its southern extremity at Santa Cruz, probably the modern port of La Paz. One of the vessels, thrown on the coast of New Galicia, was seized by Guzman, the old enemy of Cortés, who ruled over that territory, the crew were plundered, and the ship was detained as a lawful prize. Cortés, indignant at the outrage, demanded justice from the Royal Audience; and, as that body was too feeble to enforce its own decrees in his favor, he took redress into his own hands.[274]

He made a rapid but difficult march on Chiametla, the scene of Guzman’s spoliation; and, as the latter did not care to face his incensed antagonist, Cortés recovered his vessel, though not the cargo. He was then joined by the little squadron which he had fitted out from his own port of Tehuantepec,—a port which in the sixteenth century promised to hold the place since occupied by that of Acapulco.[275] The vessels were provided with everything requisite for planting a colony in the newly-discovered region, and transported four hundred Spaniards and three hundred negro slaves, which Cortés had assembled for that purpose. With this intention he crossed the Gulf, the{234} Adriatic—to which an old writer compares it—of the Western World.

Our limits will not allow us to go into the details of this disastrous expedition, which was attended with no important results either to its projector or to science. It may suffice to say that, in the prosecution of it, Cortés and his followers were driven to the last extremity by famine; that he again crossed the Gulf, was tossed about by terrible tempests, without a pilot to guide him, was thrown upon the rocks, where his shattered vessel nearly went to pieces, and, after a succession of dangers and disasters as formidable as any which he had ever encountered on land, succeeded, by means of his indomitable energy, in bringing his crazy bark safe into the same port of Santa Cruz from which he had started.

While these occurrences were passing, the new Royal Audience, after a faithful discharge of its commission, had been superseded by the arrival of a viceroy, the first ever sent to New Spain. Cortés, though invested with similar powers, had the title only of Governor. This was the commencement of the system, afterwards pursued by the crown, of intrusting the colonial administration to some individual whose high rank and personal consideration might make him the fitting representative of majesty. The jealousy of the court did not allow the subject clothed with such ample authority to remain long enough in the same station to form dangerous schemes of ambition, but at the expiration of a few years he was usually recalled, or transferred to some other province of the vast colonial empire. The person now sent to Mexico was{235} Don Antonio de Mendoza, a man of moderation and practical good sense, and one of that illustrious family who in the preceding reign furnished so many distinguished ornaments to the Church, to the camp, and to letters.

The long absence of Cortés had caused the deepest anxiety in the mind of his wife, the marchioness of the Valley. She wrote to the viceroy immediately on his arrival, beseeching him to ascertain, if possible, the fate of her husband, and, if he could be found, to urge his return. The viceroy, in consequence, despatched two ships in search of Cortés, but whether they reached him before his departure from Santa Cruz is doubtful. It is certain that he returned safe, after his long absence, to Acapulco, and was soon followed by the survivors of his wretched colony.

Undismayed by these repeated reverses, Cortés, still bent on some discovery worthy of his reputation, fitted out three more vessels, and placed them under the command of an officer named Ulloa. This expedition, which took its departure in July, 1539, was attended with more important results. Ulloa penetrated to the head of the Gulf, then, returning and winding round the coast of the peninsula, doubled its southern point, and ascended as high as the twenty-eighth or twenty-ninth degree of north latitude on its western borders. After this, sending home one of the squadron, the bold navigator held on his course to the north, but was never more heard of.[276]{236}

Thus ended the maritime enterprises of Cortés, sufficiently disastrous in a pecuniary view, since they cost him three hundred thousand castellanos of gold, without the return of a ducat.[277] He was even obliged to borrow money, and to pawn his wife’s jewels, to procure funds for the last enterprise;[278] thus incurring a debt which, increased by the great charges of his princely establishment, hung about him during the remainder of his life. But, though disastrous in an economical view, his generous efforts added important contributions to science. In the course of these expeditions, and those undertaken by Cortés previous to his visit to Spain, the Pacific had been coasted from the Bay of Panamá to the Rio Colorado. The great peninsula of California had been circumnavigated as far as to the isle of Cedros, or Cerros, into which the{237} name has since been corrupted. This vast tract, which had been supposed to be an archipelago of islands, was now discovered to be a part of the continent; and its general outline, as appears from the maps of the time, was nearly as well understood as at the present day.[279] Lastly, the navigator had explored the recesses of the Californian Gulf, or Sea of Cortés, as, in honor of the great discoverer, it is with more propriety named by the Spaniards; and he had ascertained that, instead of the outlet before supposed to exist towards the north, this unknown ocean was locked up within the arms of the mighty continent. These were results that might have made the glory and satisfied the ambition of a common man; but they are lost in the brilliant renown of the former achievements of Cortés.

Notwithstanding the embarrassments of the marquis of the Valley, he still made new efforts to enlarge the limits of discovery, and prepared to fit out another squadron of five vessels, which he proposed to place under the command of a natural son, Don Luis. But the viceroy Mendoza, whose imagination had been inflamed by the reports of an itinerant monk respecting an El Dorado in the north, claimed the right of discovery in that direction. Cortés protested against this, as an unwarrantable interference with his own powers. Other subjects of collision arose between them; till the marquis, disgusted with this perpetual check on his authority and his enterprises, applied for re{238}dress to Castile.[280] He finally determined to go there to support his claims in person, and to obtain, if possible, remuneration for the heavy charges he had incurred by his maritime expeditions, as well as for the spoliation of his property by the Royal Audience during his absence from the country; and, lastly, to procure an assignment of his vassals on principles more conformable to the original intentions of the grant. With these objects in view he bade adieu to his family, and, taking with him his eldest son and heir, Don Martin, then only eight years of age, he embarked at Mexico in 1540, and, after a favorable voyage, again set foot on the shores of his native land.

The emperor was absent from the country. But Cortés was honorably received in the capital, where ample accommodations were provided for him and his retinue. When he attended the Royal Council of the Indies to urge his suit, he was distinguished by uncommon marks of respect. The president went to the door of the hall to receive him, and a seat was provided for him among the members of the Council.[281] But all evaporated in this barren show of courtesy. Justice, proverbially slow in Spain, did not mend her gait for Cortés; and at the expiration of a year he found himself no nearer the attainment of his object than on the first week after his arrival in the capital.

In the following year, 1541, we find the marquis{239} of the Valley embarked as a volunteer in the memorable expedition against Algiers. Charles the Fifth, on his return to his dominions, laid siege to that stronghold of the Mediterranean corsairs. Cortés accompanied the forces destined to meet the emperor, and embarked on board the vessel of the Admiral of Castile. But a furious tempest scattered the navy, and the admiral’s ship was driven a wreck upon the coast. Cortés and his son escaped by swimming, but the former, in the confusion of the scene, lost the inestimable set of jewels noticed in the preceding chapter; “a loss,” says an old writer, “that made the expedition fall more heavily on the marquis of the Valley than on any other man in the kingdom, except the emperor.”[282]

It is not necessary to recount the particulars of this disastrous siege, in which Moslem valor, aided by the elements, set at defiance the combined forces of the Christians. A council of war was called, and it was decided to abandon the enterprise and return to Castile. This determination was indignantly received by Cortés, who offered, with the support of the army, to reduce the place himself; and he only expressed the regret that he had not a handful of those gallant veterans by his side who had served him in the Conquest of Mexico. But his offers were derided, as those of a romantic enthusiast. He had not been invited to take part in the discussions of the council of war. It was a marked indignity; but the courtiers, weary of the service, were too much bent on an immediate return to Spain, to hazard the opposition of a man who, when{240} he had once planted his foot, was never known to raise it again till he had accomplished his object.[283]

On arriving in Castile, Cortés lost no time in laying his suit before the emperor. His applications were received by the monarch with civility,—a cold civility, which carried no conviction of its sincerity. His position was materially changed since his former visit to the country. More than ten years had elapsed, and he was now too well advanced in years to give promise of serviceable enterprise in future. Indeed, his undertakings of late had been singularly unfortunate. Even his former successes suffered the disparagement natural to a man of declining fortunes. They were already eclipsed by the magnificent achievements in Peru, which had poured a golden tide into the country, that formed a striking contrast to the streams of wealth that as yet had flowed in but scantily from the silver mines of Mexico. Cortés had to learn that the gratitude of a court has reference to the future much more than to the past. He stood in the position of an importunate suitor whose claims, however just, are too large to be readily allowed. He found, like Columbus, that it was possible to deserve too greatly.[284]

In the month of February, 1544, he addressed a{241} letter to the emperor,—it was the last he ever wrote him,—soliciting his attention to his suit. He begins by proudly alluding to his past services to the crown. “He had hoped that the toils of youth would have secured him repose in his old age. For forty years he had passed his life with little sleep, bad food, and with his arms constantly by his side. He had freely exposed his person to peril, and spent his substance in exploring distant and unknown regions, that he might spread abroad the name of his sovereign and bring under his sceptre many great and powerful nations. All this he had done, not only without assistance from home, but in the face of obstacles thrown in his way by rivals and by enemies who thirsted like leeches for his blood. He was now old, infirm, and embarrassed with debt. Better had it been for him not to have known the liberal intentions of the emperor, as intimated by his grants; since he should then have devoted himself to the care of his estates, and not have been compelled, as he now was, to contend with the officers of the crown, against whom it was more difficult to defend himself than to win the land from the enemy.” He concludes with beseeching his sovereign to “order the Council of the Indies, with the other tribunals which had cognizance of his suits, to come to a decision; since he was too old to wander about like a vagrant, but ought rather, during the brief remainder of his life, to stay at home and settle his account with Heaven, occupied with the concerns of his soul, rather than with his substance.”[285]{242}

This appeal to his sovereign, which has something in it touching from a man of the haughty spirit of Cortés, had not the effect to quicken the determination of his suit. He still lingered at the court from week to week, and from month to month, beguiled by the deceitful hopes of the litigant, tasting all that bitterness of the soul which arises from hope deferred. After three years more, passed in this unprofitable and humiliating occupation, he resolved to leave his ungrateful country and return to Mexico.

He had proceeded as far as Seville, accompanied by his son, when he fell ill of an indigestion, caused, probably, by irritation and trouble of mind. This terminated in dysentery, and his strength sank so rapidly under the disease that it was apparent his mortal career was drawing towards its close. He prepared for it by making the necessary arrangements for the settlement of his affairs. He had made his will some time before; and he now executed it. It is a very long document, and in some respects a remarkable one.

The bulk of his property was entailed to his son, Don Martin, then fifteen years of age. In the testament he fixes his majority at twenty-five; but at twenty his guardians were to allow him his full income, to maintain the state becoming his rank. In a paper accompanying the will, Cortés specified the names of the agents to whom he had committed the management of his vast estates scattered over many different provinces; and he requests his executors to confirm the nomination, as these agents have been selected by him from a knowledge of{243} their peculiar qualifications. Nothing can better show the thorough supervision which, in the midst of pressing public concerns, he had given to the details of his widely-extended property.

He makes a liberal provision for his other children, and a generous allowance to several old domestics and retainers in his household. By another clause he gives away considerable sums in charity, and he applies the revenues of his estates in the city of Mexico to establish and permanently endow three public institutions,—a hospital in the capital, which was to be dedicated to Our Lady of the Conception, a college in Cojohuacan for the education of missionaries to preach the gospel among the natives, and a convent, in the same place, for nuns. To the chapel of this convent, situated in his favorite town, he orders that his own body shall be transported for burial, in whatever quarter of the world he may happen to die.

After declaring that he has taken all possible care to ascertain the amount of the tributes formerly paid by his Indian vassals to their native sovereigns, he enjoins on his heir that, in case those which they have hitherto paid shall be found to exceed the right valuation, he shall restore them a full equivalent. In another clause he expresses a doubt whether it is right to exact personal service from the natives, and commands that a strict inquiry shall be made into the nature and value of such services as he had received, and that in all cases a fair compensation shall be allowed for them. Lastly, he makes this remarkable declaration: “It has long been a question whether one can conscientiously{244} hold property in Indian slaves. Since this point has not yet been determined, I enjoin it on my son Martin and his heirs that they spare no pains to come to an exact knowledge of the truth; as a matter which deeply concerns the conscience of each of them, no less than mine.”[286]

Such scruples of conscience, not to have been expected in Cortés, were still less likely to be met with in the Spaniards of a later generation. The state of opinion in respect to the great question of slavery, in the sixteenth century, at the commencement of the system, bears some resemblance to that which exists in our time, when we may hope it is approaching its conclusion. Las Casas and the Dominicans of the former age, the abolitionists of their day, thundered out their uncompromising invectives against the system on the broad ground of natural equity and the rights of man. The great mass of proprietors troubled their heads little about the question of right, but were satisfied with the expediency of the institution. Others, more considerate and conscientious, while they admitted the evil, found an argument for its toleration in the plea of necessity, regarding the constitution of the white man as unequal, in a sultry climate, to the{245} labor of cultivating the soil.[287] In one important respect the condition of slavery in the sixteenth century differed materially from its condition in the nineteenth. In the former, the seeds of the evil, but lately sown, might have been, with comparatively little difficulty, eradicated. But in our time they have struck their roots deep into the social system, and cannot be rudely handled without shaking the very foundations of the political fabric. It is easy to conceive that a man who admits all the wretchedness of the institution and its wrong to humanity may nevertheless hesitate to adopt a remedy until he is satisfied that the remedy itself is not worse than the disease. That such a remedy will come with time, who can doubt, that has confidence in the ultimate prevalence of the right and the progressive civilization of his species?

Cortés names as his executors, and as guardians of his children, the duke of Medina Sidonia, the marquis of Astorga, and the count of Aguilar. For his executors in Mexico, he appoints his wife, the marchioness, the archbishop of Toledo, and two other prelates. The will was executed at Seville, October 11th, 1547.[288]

Finding himself much incommoded, as he grew weaker, by the presence of visitors, to which he was necessarily exposed at Seville, he withdrew to{246} the neighboring village of Castilleja de la Cuesta, attended by his son, who watched over his dying parent with filial solicitude.[289] Cortés seems to have contemplated his approaching end with a composure not always to be found in those who have faced death with indifference on the field of battle. At length, having devoutly confessed his sins and received the sacrament, he expired on the 2d of December, 1547, in the sixty-third year of his age.[290]

The inhabitants of the neighboring country were desirous to show every mark of respect to the memory of Cortés. His funeral obsequies were celebrated with due solemnity by a long train of Andalusian nobles and of the citizens of Seville, and his body was transported to the chapel of the monastery of San Isidro, in that city, where it was laid in the family vault of the duke of Medina Sidonia.[291] In the year 1562 it was removed, by order of his son, Don Martin, to New Spain, not, as di{247}rected by his will, to Cojohuacan,{*} but to the monastery of St. Francis in Tezcuco, where it was laid by the side of a daughter, and of his mother, Doña Catalina Pizarro. In 1629 the remains of Cortés were again removed; and on the death of Don Pedro, fourth marquis of the Valley, it was decided by the authorities of Mexico to transfer them to the church of St. Francis, in that capital. The ceremonial was conducted with the pomp suited to the occasion. A military and religious procession was formed, with the archbishop of Mexico at its head. He was accompanied by the great dignitaries of church and state, the various associations with their respective banners, the several religious fraternities, and the members of the Audience. The coffin, containing the relics of Cortés, was covered with black velvet, and supported by the judges of the royal tribunals. On either side of it was a man in complete armor, bearing, on the right, a standard of pure white, with the arms of Castile embroidered in gold, and, on the left, a banner of black velvet, emblazoned in like manner with the armorial ensigns of the house of Cortés. Behind the corpse came the viceroy and a numerous escort of Spanish cavaliers, and the rear was closed by a battalion of infantry, armed with pikes and arquebuses, and with their banners trailing on the ground. With this funeral pomp, by the sound of mournful music, and the slow beat of the muffled drum, the procession moved forward, with measured pace, till{248} it reached the capital, when the gates were thrown open to receive the mortal remains of the hero who, a century before, had performed there such prodigies of valor.

{*} [This may be accounted for by the fact that his intention to found a convent at Cuyoacan, as the place is now called, had, according to Alaman, never been carried out.—K.]

Yet his bones were not permitted to rest here undisturbed; and in 1794 they were removed to the Hospital of Jesus of Nazareth. It was a more fitting place, since it was the same institution which, under the name of “Our Lady of the Conception,” had been founded and endowed by Cortés, and which, with a fate not too frequent in similar charities, has been administered to this day on the noble principles of its foundation. The mouldering relics of the warrior, now deposited in a crystal coffin secured by bars and plates of silver, were laid in the chapel, and over them was raised a simple monument, displaying the arms of the family, and surmounted by a bust of the Conqueror, executed in bronze by Tolsa, a sculptor worthy of the best period of the arts.[292]

Unfortunately for Mexico, the tale does not stop here. In 1823, the patriot mob of the capital, in their zeal to commemorate the era of the national independence, and their detestation of the “old Spaniards,” prepared to break open the tomb which held the ashes of Cortés, and to scatter them to the winds! The authorities declined to interfere on the occasion; but the friends of the family, as is commonly reported, entered the vault by night, and, secretly removing the relics, prevented the commission of a sacrilege which must have left a{249} stain, not easy to be effaced, on the scutcheon of the fair city of Mexico.[293] Humboldt, forty years ago, remarked that “we may traverse Spanish America from Buenos Ayres to Monterey, and in no quarter shall we meet with a national monument which the public gratitude has raised to Christopher Columbus or Hernando Cortés.”[294] It was reserved for our own age to conceive the design of violating the repose of the dead and insulting their remains! Yet the men who meditated this outrage were not the descendants of Montezuma, avenging the wrongs of their fathers and vindicating their own rightful inheritance. They were the descendants of the old Conquerors, and their countrymen, depending on the right of conquest for their ultimate title to the soil.[295]

Cortés had no children by his first marriage. By his second he left four; a son, Don Martin,—the heir of his honors, and of persecutions even more severe than those of his father,[296]—and three daughters, who formed splendid alliances. He{250} left, also, five natural children, whom he particularly mentions in his testament and honorably provides for. Two of these, Don Martin, the son of Marina, and Don Luis Cortés, attained considerable distinction, and were created comendadores of the Order of St. Jago.[297]

The male line of the marquises of the Valley became extinct in the third generation. The title and estates descended to a female, and by her marriage were united with those of the house of Terranova, descendants of the “Great Captain,” Gonsalvo de Cordova.[298] By a subsequent marriage they were carried into the family of the duke of Monteleone, a Neapolitan noble. The present proprietor of these princely honors and of vast domains, both in the Old and the New World, dwells in Sicily, and{251} boasts a descent—such as few princes can boast—from two of the most illustrious commanders of the sixteenth century, the “Great Captain,” and the Conqueror of Mexico.

. . . . . . .

The personal history of Cortés has been so minutely detailed in the preceding narrative that it will be only necessary to touch on the more prominent features of his character. Indeed, the history of the Conquest, as I have already had occasion to remark, is necessarily that of Cortés, who is, if I may so say, not merely the soul, but the body, of the enterprise, present everywhere in person, in the thick of the fight or in the building of the works, with his sword or with his musket, sometimes leading his soldiers, and sometimes directing his little navy. The negotiations, intrigues, correspondence, are all conducted by him; and, like Cæsar, he wrote his own Commentaries in the heat of the stirring scenes which form the subject of them. His character is marked with the most opposite traits, embracing qualities apparently the most incompatible. He was avaricious, yet liberal; bold to desperation, yet cautious and calculating in his plans; magnanimous, yet very cunning; courteous and affable in his deportment, yet inexorably stern; lax in his notions of morality, yet (not uncommon) a sad bigot. The great feature of his character was constancy of purpose; a constancy not to be daunted by danger, nor baffled by disappointment, nor wearied out by impediments and delays.

He was a knight-errant, in the literal sense of{252} the word. Of all the band of adventurous cavaliers whom Spain, in the sixteenth century, sent forth on the career of discovery and conquest, there was none more deeply filled with the spirit of romantic enterprise than Hernando Cortés. Dangers and difficulties, instead of deterring, seemed to have a charm in his eyes. They were necessary to rouse him to a full consciousness of his powers. He grappled with them at the outset, and, if I may so express myself, seemed to prefer to take his enterprises by the most difficult side. He conceived, at the first moment of his landing in Mexico, the design of its conquest. When he saw the strength of its civilization, he was not turned from his purpose. When he was assailed by the superior force of Narvaez, he still persisted in it; and when he was driven in ruin from the capital, he still cherished his original idea. How successfully he carried it into execution, we have seen. After the few years of repose which succeeded the Conquest, his adventurous spirit impelled him to that dreary march across the marshes of Chiapa, and, after another interval, to seek his fortunes on the stormy Californian Gulf. When he found that no other continent remained for him to conquer, he made serious proposals to the emperor to equip a fleet at his own expense, with which he would sail to the Moluccas and subdue the Spice Islands for the crown of Castile![299]

This spirit of knight-errantry might lead us to{253} undervalue his talents as a general and to regard him merely in the light of a lucky adventurer. But this would be doing him injustice; for Cortés was certainly a great general, if that man be one who performs great achievements with the resources which his own genius has created. There is probably no instance in history where so vast an enterprise has been achieved by means apparently so inadequate. He may be truly said to have effected the Conquest by his own resources. If he was indebted for his success to the co-operation of the Indian tribes, it was the force of his genius that obtained command of such materials. He arrested the arm that was lifted to smite him, and made it do battle in his behalf. He beat the Tlascalans, and made them his stanch allies. He beat the soldiers of Narvaez, and doubled his effective force by it. When his own men deserted him, he did not desert himself. He drew them back by degrees, and compelled them to act by his will, till they were all as one man. He brought together the most miscellaneous collection of mercenaries who ever fought under one standard: adventurers from Cuba and the Isles, craving for gold; hidalgos, who came from the old country to win laurels; brokendown cavaliers, who hoped to mend their fortunes in the New World; vagabonds flying from justice; the grasping followers of Narvaez, and his own{254} reckless veterans,—men with hardly a common tie, and burning with the spirit of jealousy and faction; wild tribes of the natives from all parts of the country, who had been sworn enemies from their cradles, and who had met only to cut one another’s throats and to procure victims for sacrifice; men, in short, differing in race, in language, and in interests, with scarcely anything in common among them. Yet this motley congregation was assembled in one camp, compelled to bend to the will of one man, to consort together in harmony, to breathe, as it were, one spirit, and to move on a common principle of action! It is in this wonderful power over the discordant masses thus gathered under his banner that we recognize the genius of the great commander, no less than in the skill of his military operations.

His power over the minds of his soldiers was a natural result of their confidence in his abilities. But it is also to be attributed to his popular manners,—that happy union of authority and companionship which fitted him for the command of a band of roving adventurers. It would not have done for him to fence himself round with the stately reserve of a commander of regular forces. He was embarked with his men in a common adventure, and nearly on terms of equality, since he held his commission by no legal warrant. But, while he indulged this freedom and familiarity with his soldiers, he never allowed it to interfere with their strict obedience nor to impair the severity of discipline. When he had risen to higher consideration, although he affected more state, he still ad{255}mitted his veterans to the same intimacy. “He preferred,” says Diaz, “to be called ‘Cortés’ by us, to being called by any title; and with good reason,” continues the enthusiastic old cavalier, “for the name of Cortés is as famous in our day as was that of Cæsar among the Romans, or of Hannibal among the Carthaginians.”[300] He showed the same kind regard towards his ancient comrades in the very last act of his life. For he appropriated a sum by his will for the celebration of two thousand masses for the souls of those who had fought with him in the campaigns of Mexico.[301]

His character has been unconsciously traced by the hand of a master:

Cortés, without much violence, might have sat for this portrait of Marmion.

Cortés was not a vulgar conqueror. He did not conquer from the mere ambition of conquest. If he destroyed the ancient capital of the Aztecs, it was to build up a more magnificent capital on its ruins. If he desolated the land and broke up its existing institutions, he employed the short period of his administration in digesting schemes for introducing there a more improved culture and a higher civilization. In all his expeditions he was careful to study the resources of the country, its social organization, and its physical capacities. He enjoined it on his captains to attend particularly to these objects. If he was greedy of gold, like most of the Spanish cavaliers in the New World, it was not to hoard it, nor merely to lavish it in the support of a princely establishment, but to secure funds for prosecuting his glorious discoveries. Witness his costly expeditions to the Gulf of California. His enterprises were not undertaken solely for mercenary objects; as is shown by the various{257} expeditions he set on foot for the discovery of a communication between the Atlantic and the Pacific. In his schemes of ambition he showed a respect for the interests of science, to be referred partly to the natural superiority of his mind, but partly, no doubt, to the influence of early education. It is, indeed, hardly possible that a person of his wayward and mercurial temper should have improved his advantages at the University; but he brought away from it a tincture of scholarship seldom found among the cavaliers of the period, and which had its influence in enlarging his own conceptions. His celebrated Letters are written with a simple elegance that, as I have already had occasion to remark, have caused them to be compared to the military narrative of Cæsar. It will not be easy to find in the chronicles of the period a more concise yet comprehensive statement, not only of the events of his campaigns, but of the circumstances most worthy of notice in the character of the conquered countries.

Cortés was not cruel; at least, not cruel as compared with most of those who followed his iron trade. The path of the conqueror is necessarily marked with blood. He was not too scrupulous, indeed, in the execution of his plans. He swept away the obstacles which lay in his track; and his fame is darkened by the commission of more than one act which his boldest apologists will find it hard to vindicate. But he was not wantonly cruel. He allowed no outrage on his unresisting foes. This may seem small praise; but it is an exception to the usual conduct of his countrymen in their conquests,{258} and it is something to be in advance of one’s time. He was severe, it may be added, in enforcing obedience to his orders for protecting their persons and their property. With his licentious crew, it was, sometimes, not without a hazard that he was so. After the Conquest, he sanctioned the system of repartimientos; but so did Columbus. He endeavored to regulate it by the most humane laws, and continued to suggest many important changes for ameliorating the condition of the natives. The best commentary on his conduct in this respect is the deference that was shown him by the Indians, and the confidence with which they appealed to him for protection in all their subsequent distresses. In private life he seems to have had the power of attaching to himself warmly those who were near his person. The influence of his attachment is shown in every page of Bernal Diaz, though his work was written to vindicate the claims of the soldiers in opposition to those of the general. He seems to have led a happy life with his first wife, in their humble retirement in Cuba, and regarded the second, to judge from the expressions in his testament, with confidence and love. Yet he cannot be acquitted from the charge of those licentious gallantries which entered too generally into the character of the military adventurer of that day. He would seem also, by the frequent suits in which he was involved, to have been of an irritable and contentious spirit. But much allowance must be made for the irritability of a man who had been too long accustomed to independent sway, patiently to endure the checks and control of the petty{259} spirits who were incapable of comprehending the noble character of his enterprises. “He thought,” says an eminent writer, “to silence his enemies by the brilliancy of the new career on which he had entered. He did not reflect that these enemies had been raised by the very grandeur and rapidity of his success.”[302] He was rewarded for his efforts by the misinterpretation of his motives; by the calumnious charges of squandering the public revenues and of aspiring to independent sovereignty. But, although we may admit the foundation of many of the grievances alleged by Cortés, yet, when we consider the querulous tone of his correspondence and the frequency of his litigation, we may feel a natural suspicion that his proud spirit was too sensitive to petty slights and too jealous of imaginary wrongs.

One trait more remains to be noticed in the character of this remarkable man; that is, his bigotry, the failing of the age,—for surely it should be termed only a failing.[303] When we see the hand, red with the blood of the wretched native, raised to invoke the blessing of Heaven on the cause which it maintains, we experience something like a sensation of disgust at the act, and a doubt of its sin{260}cerity. But this is unjust. We should throw ourselves back (it cannot be too often repeated) into the age,—the age of the Crusades. For every Spanish cavalier, however sordid and selfish might be his private motives, felt himself to be the soldier of the Cross. Many of them would have died in defence of it. Whoever has read the correspondence of Cortés, or, still more, has attended to the circumstances of his career, will hardly doubt that he would have been among the first to lay down his life for the Faith. He more than once perilled life, and fortune, and the success of his whole enterprise, by the premature and most impolitic manner in which he would have forced conversion on the natives.[304] To the more rational spirit of the present day, enlightened by a purer Christianity, it may seem difficult to reconcile gross deviations from morals with such devotion to the cause of religion. But the religion taught in that day was one of form and elaborate ceremony. In the punctilious attention to discipline, the spirit of Christianity was permitted to evaporate. The mind, occupied with forms, thinks little of substance. In a worship that is addressed too exclusively to the senses, it is often the case that morality becomes divorced from religion, and the measure of righteousness is determined by the creed rather than by the conduct.

In the earlier part of the History I have given a{261} description of the person of Cortés.[305] It may be well to close this review of his character by the account of his manners and personal habits left us by Bernal Diaz, the old chronicler, who has accompanied us through the whole course of our narrative, and who may now fitly furnish the conclusion of it. No man knew his commander better; and, if the avowed object of his work might naturally lead to a disparagement of Cortés, this is more than counterbalanced by the warmth of his personal attachment, and by that esprit de corps which leads him to take a pride in the renown of his general.

“In his whole appearance and presence,” says Diaz, “in his discourse, his table, his dress, in everything, in short, he had the air of a great lord. His clothes were in the fashion of the time; he set little value on silk, damask, or velvet, but dressed plainly and exceedingly neat;[306] nor did he wear massy chains of gold, but simply a fine one, of exquisite workmanship, from which was suspended a jewel having the figure of our Lady the Virgin and her precious Son, with a Latin motto cut upon it. On his finger he wore a splendid diamond ring; and from his cap, which, according to the fashion of that day, was of velvet, hung a medal, the device of which I do not remember. He was magnificently attended, as became a man of his rank, with chamberlains and major-domos and many pages; and the service of his table was splendid, with a quantity of both gold and silver plate. At noon{262} he dined heartily, drinking about a pint of wine mixed with water. He supped well, though he was not dainty in regard to his food, caring little for the delicacies of the table, unless, indeed, on such occasions as made attention to these matters of some consequence.[307]

“He was acquainted with Latin, and, as I have understood, was made Bachelor of Laws; and when he conversed with learned men who addressed him in Latin, he answered them in the same language. He was also something of a poet; his conversation was agreeable, and he had a pleasant elocution. In his attendance on the services of the Church he was most punctual, devout in his manner, and charitable to the poor.[308]

“When he swore, he used to say, ‘On my conscience;’ and when he was vexed with any one, ‘Evil betide you.’ With his men he was very patient; and they were sometimes impertinent and even insolent. When very angry, the veins in his throat and forehead would swell, but he uttered no reproaches against either officer or soldier.

“He was fond of cards and dice, and, when he played, was always in good humor, indulging freely in jests and repartees. He was affable with his followers, especially with those who came over with him from Cuba. In his campaigns he paid strict attention to discipline, frequently going the rounds himself during the night, and seeing that{263} the sentinels did their duty. He entered the quarters of his soldiers without ceremony, and chided those whom he found without their arms and accoutrements, saying, ‘It was a bad sheep that could not carry its own wool.’ On the expedition to Honduras he acquired the habit of sleeping after his meals, feeling unwell if he omitted it; and, however sultry or stormy the weather, he caused a carpet or his cloak to be thrown under a tree, and slept soundly for some time. He was frank and exceedingly liberal in his disposition, until the last few years of his life, when he was accused of parsimony. But we should consider that his funds were employed on great and costly enterprises, and that none of these, after the Conquest, neither his expedition to Honduras nor his voyages to California, were crowned with success. It was perhaps intended that he should receive his recompense in a better world; and I fully believe it; for he was a good cavalier, most true in his devotions to the Virgin, to the Apostle St. Peter, and to all the other Saints.”[309]

Such is the portrait, which has been left to us by the faithful hand most competent to trace it, of Hernando Cortés, the Conqueror of Mexico.

{264} 

{265} 

APPENDIX

ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS

{266} 

{267} 

No. 1.—See vol. i. p. 166

[I have thought it best to have this translation made in the most literal manner, that the reader may have a correct idea of the strange mixture of simplicity, approaching to childishness, and moral sublimity, which belongs to the original. It is the product of the twilight of civilization.]

No. II.—See vol. i. p. 188

[This poem was fortunately rescued from the fate of too many of the Indian MSS., by the chevalier Boturini, and formed part of his valuable Muséo. It was subsequently incorporated in the extensive collection of documents made by Father Manuel de la Vega, in Mexico, 1792. This magnificent collection was made in obedience to an enlightened order of the Spanish government, “that all such MSS. as could be found in New Spain, fitted to illustrate the antiquities, geography, civil, ecclesiastical, and natural history of America, should be copied and transmitted to Madrid.{273}” This order was obeyed, and the result was a collection of thirty-two volumes in folio, which, amidst much that is trivial and of little worth, contains also a mass of original materials, of inestimable value to the historian of Mexico and of the various races who occupied the country of New Spain.]

No. III.—See vol. i. p. 196

No. IV.—See vol. i. p. 215

TRANSLATIONS FROM IXTLILXOCHITL’S “HISTORIA CHICHIMECA,” MS., CAP. LXIV

No. V.—See vol. i. p. 316

[The instrument forms part of the Muñoz collection.]

No. VI.—See vol. i. p. 338

EXTRACT FROM LAS CASAS’ “HISTORIA GENERAL DE LAS INDIAS,” MS., LIB. III. CAP. CXVI

[Few Spanish scholars have had access to the writings of Las Casas; and I have made this short extract from the original, as a specimen of the rambling but vigorous style of a work the celebrity of which has been much enhanced by the jealous reserve with which it has been withheld from publication.]

No. VII.—See vol. ii. p. 28

DEPOSITION OF ALONSO HERNANDEZ DE PUERTO-CARRERO, MS.

[Puerto-Carrero and Montejo were the two officers sent home by Cortés from Villa Rica with des{292}patches to the government. The emissaries were examined under oath before the venerable Dr. Carbajal, one of the Council of the Indies, in regard to the proceedings of Velasquez and Cortés; and the following is the deposition of Puerto-Carrero. He was a man of good family, superior in this respect to most of those embarked in the expedition. The original is in the Archives of Simancas.]

No. VIII.—See vol. ii. p. 31

EXTRACT FROM THE “CARTA DE VERA CRUZ,” MS.

[The following extract from this celebrated letter of the Municipality of La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz to the Emperor gives a succinct view of the foundation of the first colony in Mexico, and of the appointment of Cortés by that body as Chief Justice and Captain-General. The original is preserved in the Imperial Library at Vienna.]

No. IX.—See vol. ii. p. 108

EXTRACT FROM CAMARGO’S “HISTORIA DE TLASCALA,” MS.

[This passage from the Indian chronicler relates to the ceremony of inauguration of a Tecuhtle, or merchant-knight, in Tlascala. One might fancy himself reading the pages of Ste.-Palaye, or any other historian of European chivalry.]

No. X.—See vol. ii. p. 300.

EXTRACT FROM OVIEDO’S “HISTORIA DE LAS INDIAS,” MS., LIB. XXXIII. CAP. XLVI

[This chapter, which has furnished me with many particulars for the narrative, contains a minute account of Montezuma’s household and way of life, gathered by the writer, as he tells us, from the testimony of different individuals of credit, who had the best means of information. It affords a good specimen of the historian’s manner, and may have interest to the Castilian scholar, since the original has never been published, and, to judge from appearances, is not likely to be so.]

No. XI.—See vol. iii. p. 90, et alibi

[The most remarkable, in some respects, of Oviedo’s compositions is his Quincuagenas, a collection of imaginary dialogues with the most eminent persons of his time, frequently founded, no doubt, on the personal communications which he had held with them. In his “History of the Indies” he has also introduced a dialogue which he tells us he actually had with Don Thoan Cano, a Castilian hidalgo, who married Guatemozin’s widow, the lovely daughter of Montezuma. He came into the country originally with Narvaez; and, as he was a man of intelligence, according to Oviedo, and his peculiar position both before and after the Conquest opened to him the best sources of information, his testimony is of the highest value. As such I have made frequent use of it in the preceding pages, and I now transcribe it entire, in the original, as an important document for the history of the Conquest.]{308}

No. XII.—See vol. iii. p. 149

[Montezuma, on his death bed, commended, as we have seen in the History, three favorite daughters to the protection of Cortés. After their father’s death they were baptized, and after the Conquest were married to Spaniards of honorable family, and from them have descended several noble houses in Spain. Cortés granted, by way of dowry, to the eldest, Doña Isabel, the city of Tacuba and several other places, embracing an extensive and very populous district. I have given here the instrument containing this grant, which has a singular degree of interest, from the notices it contains of Montezuma’s last moments, and the strong testimony it bears to his unswerv{319}ing friendship for the Spaniards. Some allowance must be made by the reader for the obvious endeavor of Cortés to exhibit Montezuma’s conduct in so favorable a light to the Castilian government as might authorize the extensive grant to his daughter.

The instrument in the Muñoz collection was taken from an ancient copy in the library of Don Rafael Floranes of Valladolid.]

No. XIII.—See vol. iii. p. 257.

MILITARY CODE: DATED AT TLASCALA, DEC. 22, 1520

[These Regulations, proclaimed by Cortés at Tlascala on the eve of the final march against Mexico, show the careful discipline established in his camp, and, to some extent, the nature of his military policy. The Code forms part of the collection of Muñoz.]

ORDENANZAS MILITARES

No. XIV.—See vol. iv. p. 203

TRANSLATION OF PASSAGES IN THE HONDURAS LETTER OF CORTÉS

[I have noticed this celebrated Letter, the Carta Quinta of Cortés, so particularly in the body of the work, that little remains to be said about it here.{332} I have had these passages translated to show the reader the circumstantial and highly graphic manner of the general’s narrative. The latter half of the Letter is occupied with the events which occurred in Mexico in the absence of Cortés and after his return. It may be considered, therefore, as part of the regular series of his historical correspondence, the publication of which was begun by archbishop Lorenzana. Should another edition of the Letters of Cortés be given to the world, this one ought undoubtedly to find a place in it.]

{337}

No. XV.—See vol. iv. p. 241

LAST LETTER OF CORTÉS TO THE EMPEROR

[I give this Letter of Cortés entire, Ultima y sentidisima Carta, his “Last and most touching Letter,” as it is styled by Vargas Ponçe, who has embraced it in his important collection from the archives of Seville.{*} It may be called touching, when we consider the tone of it, as compared with the former correspondence of its author, and the gloomy circumstances under which it was written. Yet we are not to take the complaints contained in it of his poverty too literally; since at his death, but three years after, he left immense estates. But these estates were so much embarrassed by his expensive and disastrous expeditions in the South Sea that his income during the rest of his life seems to have been scarcely sufficient to meet his ordinary expenditure. The last days of Cortés, wasted in ineffectual attempts to obtain redress from the court whom he had so signally served, remind us of the similar fate of Columbus. The history of both may teach us that the most brilliant career too often leads only to sorrow and disappointment, as the clouds gather round the sun at his setting.]

{*} [It has since been printed in the Col. de Doc. inéd. para la Hist, de España, tom. i., affording an opportunity for correcting the almost innumerable errors which disfigure the transcription of Vargas Ponçe and render it scarcely intelligible.—Ed.]

No. XVI.—See vol. iv. p. 248

FUNERAL OBSEQUIES OF CORTÉS

[The original of this document is in the Hospital of Jesus, at Mexico; and the following literal translation was made from a copy sent to me from that capital.]{343}

{345} 

{346} 

{347} 

INDEX

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

A
Abderahman, on the palm-tree, i. 189, note.
Ablutions at table, i. 168, ii. 303.
Aborigines of America, origin of the, i. 225, 230-253;
of their civilization, 240.
Peculiarities in their organization, 250.
See Indians and Mankind.
Absolution, Aztec rite of, i. 83.
Achilles, shade of, cited, i. 77, note.
Acolhuans. See Colhuans and Tezcucans.
Acolman, iii. 353. Dispute there, 373.
Aculan, Spaniards at the capital of, iv. 189.
Adelantado, i. 316, note, iii. 29.
Adrian of Utrecht, regent of Spain, iii. 355, iv. 139.
Warrant by, iv. 139.
Pope, 143.
Adultery, charge respecting, iv. 271, 371.
Agave Americana, or aloe, or maguey, i. 8.
Paper from the, 114, 151.
Various uses made of the, 114, note, 151, 171.
Dresden Codex made of the, 119, note.
Account of it, 151, 152.
Agriculture, tax on, among the Aztecs, i. 51, 150.
Remarks on, 147.
Of North American Indians, 148.
Among the Mexicans, 149.
Articles of Aztec, 150.
Encouraged by Nezahualcoyotl, 190.
Tlascalan, ii. 107.
Cholulan, 189.
Near the lake of Chalco, 240.
Attention to, after the Conquest, iv. 168, 231.
Aguilar, Gerónimo de, a Christian captive, account of, i. 339.
Cortés’ reception of, 341.
An interpreter, 342.
In the retreat from Mexico, iii. 175.
At Chalco, 326.
Aguilar, Marcos de, succeeds Ponce de Leon as royal commissioner, iv. 206, note.
Collects opinions in regard to repartimientos, ib..
Ahuahutle, insects’ eggs, used as food, ii. 290, note, iv. 66, note.
Ahualco, crossed by Spaniards, ii. 229.
Ahuitzotl, i. 25, 26, note, 95, note.
Ajotzinco, city of, ii. 237.
Alaman, Lúcas, cited, i. 116, note, 297, note, 363, note, ii. 228, note, 246, note, 247, note, 257 note, 298, note, 303, note, 319, note, iii. 156, note, 307, note, 333, note, 348, note, iv. 100, note, 102, note, 103, note, 137, note, 147, note, 152, note, 153, note, 158, note, 167, note, 169, note, 191, note, 230, note, 231, note, 247, note, 249, note, 250, note.
Alaminos, Antonio de, chief pilot of the armada, i. 328, ii. 21.
Despatched to Spain, ii. 63.
Anchors at Cuba, 64.
Alderete, Julian de, royal treasurer, iii. 324.
At Tacuba, 350.
Advice of, as to attack, iv. 36.
His division for assaulting Mexico, 37, and note.
Too eager and in peril, 39, 41.
Urges the torture of Guatemozin, 130, 145.
Alexander the Great, iii. 213, note.
Alexander VI., Pope, bull of partition by, ii. 209, note.
{348}Enjoins conversion of the heathen, 210, note.
Algiers, expedition against, iv. 239.
Alms-giving, Aztec, i. 85.
Aloe. See Agave Americana.
Alphabet, Egyptian, i. 108, note.
Nearest approach to, 110.
European, introduced into Mexico, 112.
Alvarado, Jorge de, iv. 37.
Alvarado, Pedro de, enters the river Alvarado, i. 292, 359.
His return to Cuba with treasures, 294, 295, 310.
Joins Cortés, 322.
Marches across Cuba, 323.
Reprimanded, 333.
In the battles near the Tabasco, 347-350.
On a foraging party, ii. 32.
Cuts down the body of Morla, 51.
Despatched to Cempoalla, 66.
Troops put under, 83.
At Tlascala, 172.
Doña Luisa given to, 174.
Visits Montezuma with Cortés, 263.
Aids in seizing Montezuma, 342.
Montezuma pleased with, 363.
Takes command at Mexico, iii. 44.
Instructions to, 44.
Forces under, 46, 95, note.
Assault on, 78, 85.
Blockaded, 83, 85.
Joined by Cortés, 85.
Aztecs massacred by, 87, note, 88, note, 91, note.
Character of, 94.
Cortés’ dissatisfaction with, 94.
Chivalrous, 119.
Storms the great temple, 129.
Overpowered at the Mexican bridges, 143.
Acts at the evacuation of Mexico, 162.
Unhorsed, 171.
At the battle of Otumba, 200.
Accompanies Duero and Bermudez to Vera Cruz, 236.
Sandoval and, 297.
Reconnoitres Mexico, 304.
Conspiracy against, 357.
To command the point Tacuba, 367.
Enmity of Olid and, 373.
Demolishes the aqueduct, 374.
Operations of, iv. 18.
Protects breaches, 25.
Sandoval to join, 36.
His neglect to secure a retreat, 38.
Rebuked, 38.
His fortune at the assault, 47.
Cortés opinion of, 51.
Temple burnt by, 77.
Meeting of Cortés and, 79.
In the murderous assault, 89, 91.
To occupy the market-place, 96.
Detached to Oaxaca, 134.
Conquers Guatemala, 172.
Alvarado’s Leap, iii. 172, 173.
Amadis de Gaula, ii. 241, note.
Amaquemecan, Spaniards at, ii. 236.
Ambassadors, persons of, held sacred, i. 57.
Ammunition, iv. 62.
See Gunpowder.
Amnesty, granted by Nezahualcoyotl, i. 183.
Anaglyphs, i. 112, note.
Anahuac, i. 11.
Extent of, 13, note.
Meaning of the word, 14, note.
Forms of government in, 32.
Number of human sacrifices in, 94, note, 95.
See Aztecs and Mexico.
Andrada, Don Juan, iii. 155, note.
Animals, artificial, i. 155, note, 193, note, ii. 16, 58, 217, 313.
Animals, of the New World and the Old, different, i. 225.
Origin of, in the New World, 227.
No useful domesticated, among the Aztecs, 270.
Collection of, ii. 295.
See Draught-cattle.
Antigua or Vera Cruz Vieja, ii. 48, note, iv. 156.
Antiquities, i. 199, 264.
Of Cozumel, 335, note.
Aqueducts, conducting to Tezcotzinco, i. 197.
At Iztapalapan, ii. 244.
From Chapoltepec, 264, 284, note, 292.
Destroyed, iii. 374.
Arabic manuscripts destroyed, i. 115, 116.
Architecture, refinement and, i. 196.
Of the Tezcucans, 199, 207.
Coincidences with Aztec, 256, 261.
Of Palenque, 261.
In Yucatan, 292.
Of Cozumel, 334.
At Cempoalla, ii. 38, 39.
Of Tlascala, 166.
Marine, at Ajotzinco, 236.
At Cuitlahauc, 240.
Of Iztapalapan, 243.
On the Tezcucan lake, 248.
At Mexico, 254.
{349}Encouragement of, by Montezuma, 292.
After the Conquest, iv. 151.
Archives at Tezcuco, i. 187, 192.
Argensola, on the house of Cortés, i. 298, note.
On the detention of Cortés in Spain, 300, note.
Arithmetic among the Aztecs, i. 124.
Ark, coincidences with the, i. 233.
Armada, intrusted to Cortés, i. 311.
The fitting out of the, 313, 314.
Expense of it, 321, ii. 29.
Sails, i. 320.
Equipment of it, 320, 321, 322.
Joined by volunteers, 321.
Sails from Havana, 327.
Its strength, 328.
Chief pilot of the, 328.
Sails, 330, 339, 342.
Encounters a storm, 332.
At Cozumel, 332, 339.
At the Rio de Tabasco, 342.
Wounded sent back to the, 349.
Sails for Mexico, 358.
At San Juan de Ulua, Villa Rica, and Vera Cruz, 360, 365, ii. 21.
One vessel joins the, ii. 56.
One vessel of the, despatched to Spain, 63, 64.
Juan Diaz attempts to escape with one of the, 65.
Sunk, 68, 69, 70, note.
See Brigantines.
Armies, account of Aztec, i. 59.
Armor, tribute of, i. 51, 52, note.
Arms of Montezuma, ii. 264.
See Arrows.
Arrows, defence against, i. 324, 351.
Burnt, ii. 350.
Discharge of, at the assault in Mexico, iii. 109.
Art, few works of Aztec, found, i. 259.
Artillery.
See Cannon.
Artisans, Montezuma’s, ii. 305.
Astrology, i. 133, 136.
Origin of, 136.
Astronomy, Mexican, i. 137, 138.
Studied, 208, 216.
Atlantis of Plato, i. 226.
Audience, giving of, by Montezuma, ii. 304.
Auxiliaries.
See Indian allies.
Aviary, Aztec, ii. 244, 294, iv. 22, 151.
Avila, Alonso de, joins Cortés, i. 322.
Fights, 343, 346, 350.
Aids to seize Montezuma, ii. 342;
Narvaez, iii. 60.
Before Cortés, in behalf of the soldiers, iii. 76.
Tries to calm Cortés, 96.
In the retreat from Mexico, 162, 175.
At the battle of Otumba, 200.
Despatched to St. Domingo, 243, note;
to Spain, iv. 138.
Captured by the French, 138.
Axayacatl, Aztec sovereign, Tlascalans oppose, ii. 110.
His treasure, 333, iii. 7-10.
See Treasure.
Axayacatl’s palace, ii. 257, 258, iii. 107.
Spaniards quartered in, ii. 257, 258.
Chapel in, 333.
Montezuma’s confinement in, 347.
Return of Cortés to, iii. 85.
Spaniards besieged there, 92.
Assaulted by Aztecs, 108.
Fired, 111.
Commanded by the temple of the war-god, 127.
Destroyed, iv. 21.
Ayllon, the licentiate, sent to stay Velasquez’s expedition, iii. 31.
Joins the fleet, 31.
Seized and sent back, 35.
His report, 35.
Released, 355.
Azcapozalco, a slave-market, i. 162, 183, iii. 307, note.
Aztecs, or Mexicans, civilization of the, i. 1, 62, 218, 225, ii. 316.
Extent of their country, i. 4, iv. 112.
Quarter from which they came, i. 20, note.
Time of their arrival at Anahuac, 20, 22, note, iv. 112.
Their migratory habits, i. 20, 242.
Settlement of, at Mexico, 21.
Domestic feuds and secession among them, 22.
Extent of their territory just before the arrival of the Spaniards, 26.
Form of government among the, 33.
Election and installation of sovereigns, 35.
Legislative and judicial system among them, 41.
Great aim of their institutions, 56.
On calling them barbarians, 62, note.
Compared with Saxons of the time of Alfred, 62.
{350}Comparison of modern Mexicans and, 62.
Their mythology, 70.
Cycles, 74, 127, note, 129, 232, 246.
Ideas of future life, 76.
Their claims to civilization, 98, iv. 112.
Compared with Europeans of the sixteenth century, i. 98.
Their law of honor, 99, note.
Their manuscripts, 114.
The Teoamoxtli, or divine book of the, 122, note.
Their literary culture, 123.
Measurement of time, 125.
Their cycle called an “old age,” 128, note.
Astrology, 136.
Astronomy, 137.
Their festival at the termination of the great cycle, 140.
Their agriculture, 148.
Acquaintance of, with plants, 153;
with minerals, 153;
with the mechanical arts, 155, 159.
Their domestic manners, 165.
Differ from North American Indians, 172, 254, note.
Character of the, original and unique, 173.
Nezahualcoyotl unites his forces with the, 182.
Beat and sacrifice Maxtla, 182.
Transfer of power to, from the Tezcucans, 217.
Essay on the origin of the civilization of the, 225.
Traditions respecting their origin, 251.
The first communication with them, 293-295.
Orders to Cortés respecting the treatment of them, 315.
Their condition, and disgust with Montezuma, at the time of Cortés’ arrival, ii. 8.
Defeated by Tlascalans, 110.
Aid in a Cholulan conspiracy, 194, 197.
Number of, in the Mexican market, 317.
Enraged at the profanation of their temples, iii. 20.
Aid in building vessels at Vera Cruz, 21.
Insurrection by the, 92.
Their assaults on the Spanish quarters, 108, 119.
Sally against them, 115.
Addressed by Montezuma, 123.
Insult Montezuma, 124.
Their spirit at the storming of the great temple, 130.
Cortés’ address to, 134.
Their reply, 135.
Their combatant spirit, 141.
Assault the retreating Spaniards, 168.
Measures for rallying, 218.
Tlascalan alliance with, rejected, 221.
Guatemozin emperor of the, 249.
Proceeded against as rebels, 251.
Want of cohesion among them, 294.
Deride Cortés, 313.
Fights with, on the Sierra, 328.
At Xochimilco, 344.
Defend the aqueduct of Chapoltepec, 374.
At Iztapalapan, iv. 3.
Defeat of their flotilla, 5.
Fight on the causeways, 11.
Their exasperation, 23.
Their hatred of white men, 34, 74.
Their bravery at the general assault, 42.
Attack Alvarado and Sandoval, 47.
Their spirit and sufferings, 64, 70, 75, 85, 95.
Sortie of, 69.
Do not bury their dead, 73, 87.
Assault on, at the market-place, 93.
Effect of Guatemozin’s capture on, 101.
Evacuate the city, 107.
Remarks on the fall of their empire, 112.
See Guatemozin and Montezuma.

B
Babel, coincidences of the tower of, and the temple of Cholula, i. 235.
Bachelors subject to penalties, iv. 157.
Badajoz, Gutierre de, storms the great teocalli, iv. 77.
Bahama Islands, i. 284. Expedition to, for slaves, 289.
Balboa, Nuñez de, i. 284, 306.
Transports brigantines, iii. 302, note.
Banana, i. 150.
The forbidden fruit, 150, note.
Bancroft, H. H., cited, i. 53, note, 72, note, 192, note, 238, note, 289, note, 323, note, ii. 301, note, 306, note, iii. 373, note, iv. 152, note.
{351}Bandelier, A., cited, i. 17, note, 32, note, 36, note, 72, note, 176, note, 238, note, 259, note, ii. 181,
note, 183, note, 186, note, 187, note, 191, note, 231, note.
Banner of Cortés, i. 324, ii. 148, note.
Lost and recovered, iv. 46.
See Standard.
Banners, River of, i. 293, 359.
Baptism, Aztec and pagan, i. 78, 240, 241.
Barante, on a disclosure in the reign of Louis the Eleventh, iii. 361.
Barba, Don Pedro, governor of Havana, ordered to seize Cortés, i. 326.
Barba, Pedro, killed, iv. 29.
Barbers, Aztec, ii. 167, 314.
Barca, Madame Calderon de la, on Mexican love of flowers, ii. 38, note.
On Tacuba, iii. 374, note.
On Cuernavaca, iv. 231, note.
Barks at Ajotzinco, ii. 237.
See Canoes.
Barracks built at Mexico, iv. 31.
Barrio de San Jago, iv. 81.
Barter, Grijalva’s, at the River of Banners, i. 293, 359.
Object of Cortés’ expedition, 315.
At Cozumel, 333.
With the Tabascans, 356.
See Traffic.
Basque language, i. 251, note.
Bas-reliefs destroyed, ii. 298.
Batanzos, Fray Domingo de, discusses the repartimientos and probable fate of the Indians, iv. 207.
Baths of Montezuma, i. 198, ii. 299.
Battles, Aztecs avoided slaying their enemies in, i. 96.
Of Tabasco, 345, 348.
Of Ceutla, 351.
Between Aztecs and Tlascalans, ii. 110, 111;
Spaniards and Tlascalans, 116, 120-125, 135, 143;
Escalante and Quauhpopoca, ii. 339;
Cortés and Narvaez, iii. 65.
At the Aztec insurrection, 108-119.
At the great temple, 129.
On leaving Mexico, 141.
Of the Melancholy Night, 167.
Of Otumba, 197.
Of Quauhquechollan, 229.
Of Iztapalapan, iii. 286.
Near Chalco, 290.
At Xaltocan, 305.
At Tlacopan, 310.
Of Jacapichtla, 319.
On the rocks of the Sierra, 327.
At Cuernavaca, 336.
At Xochimilco, 338, 343.
At the aqueduct of Chapoltepec, 375.
Naval, with the Indian flotilla, iv. 5.
On the Mexican causeways, 11.
With Alderete’s division, 41.
With the Panuchese, 141.
Beetles, Cortés aided by, iii. 67.
Beggary, not tolerated, i. 206.
Bejar, Duke de, befriends Cortés, iv. 142, 221.
His reception of him, 218.
Belus, on the tower of, i. 256 note.
Benavente, Count of, i. 281, note.
Bermudez, Agustin, iii. 69.
Bernaldez on devils, i. 70, note.
Bilious fever. See Vómito.
Bird, Dr., on mantas, iii. 140, note.
Birds, artificial, i. 155, note, 193, ii. 16, 58, note, 217, 313.
See Aviary.
Births, consultation at, i. 136.
Bishop’s Pass, ii. 91.
Bison, domesticated, i. 270, note.
Blanc, Mont, height of, ii. 224, note.
Blasphemy, prohibited, iii. 255.
Blumenbach, on American skulls, i. 256, note.
Bodies of the Tlascalans painted, ii. 131, 132.
See Dead.
Bodleian Library, roll and Codex in the, i. 53, note, 118, note.
Body-guard of Montezuma, i. 38, note, ii. 300.
Of Cortés, iii. 362.
See Quiñones.
Booty, law on appropriating, iii. 256.
Little found in Mexico, iv. 109, 130.
See Gold and Treasure.
Borunda, the Mexican Champollion, i. 121, note.
Botanical garden, ii. 243, note, 297.
See Floating gardens.
Botello urges night retreat, iii. 159.
{352}Boturini, Benaduci, Chevalier, his writings and collection of manuscripts, i. 14, note, 25, note, 26, 40, note, 114, note, 117, note, 121, note, 173, note, 174, 175,
188, note, 235, note, ii. 258, note, iii. 193.
Bradford’s American Antiquities, i. 223.
Branding of slaves, iii. 225, 299.
Brass substituted for iron, i. 154, note.
Brasseur de Bourbourg, Abbé, cited, i. 12, note, 70, note, 122, note.
His theory in regard to Mexican mythology, 226, note.
Brazil secured to Portugal, ii. 209, note.
Breaches in the causeways, made and filled, iv. 11, 38, 65, 77.
Neglected by Alderete, 39.
Measures for filling, 63.
Bread and wine, consecrated, i. 241, note.
Bridges, arched, at Tlascala, ii. 163.
At Mexico, ii. 250, 256, 284, 286, 336.
Removed, iii. 85, 98.
Demolished, 136, 141.
Restored, 143.
Leaped by Cortés, 145.
Portable, 163, 164, 166.
At Cuernavaca, iii. 334.
In the expedition to Honduras, iv. 179, 181, 194.
See Breaches and Canals.
Brigantines, built on Lake Tezcuco, ii. 359.
Burnt, iii. 78.
Built and transported to Lake Tezcuco, 234, 245, 282, 297, 299, 322, 325, 362, 364.
Attempts to destroy, 325.
Canal for transporting, 362.
Launched, 363.
Remains of, preserved, 363, note, iv. 153.
Co-operate with the army, iv. 4-11, 37, 48, 99.
Decoyed and destroyed, 28.
Sail from Honduras to Truxillo, 196.
See Fleet.
Brinton, Dr. Daniel G., explanations of Mexican mythology by, i. 14, note, 17, note, 72, note, 73, note, 122 note, 238, note, 243, note, 335, note, 339, note.
Budh, incarnation of, i. 71, note.
Buffalo ranges, i. 270.
Buffoons, Aztec, i. 171, note.
See Jesters.
Bullock, W., on Tezcuco, i. 194, note, ii. 367, note.
On a basin at Tezcotzinco, i. 198, note.
On antiquities at Tezcotzinco, 200, note.
On Puebla de los Angeles, ii. 188, note
On the pyramids of Teotihuacan, iii. 190, note, 192, note.
On a banner in the Hospital of Jesus, iv. 46, note.
Bulls for the Conquerors, iii. 324, iv. 213, note.
Burials, i. 78, note.
See Dead.
Bustamante, editor of Sahagun’s Universal History, i. 103, 110, 121, note, 145, iv. 81, note, 117, note, 125.

C
Cabot, Sebastian, i. 284.
Cacama, king of Tezcuco, rival for the crown, ii. 8, 367, iii. 272.
Favors a friendly reception of Cortés, ii. 14, 366.
Counsels Montezuma, 236, 366.
Mission of, to Cortés, 236, 238.
Accompanies Montezuma, 251.
His plan for liberating Montezuma, 368.
Negotiations with, 369, 370.
Seizure of, and of his confederates, 370.
Brought away from Mexico, iii. 162.
Fate of, 264.
Cacao, i. 150, 161, note.
A circulating medium, 191, ii. 318.
Cæsar, Julius, order by, i. 354, note.
Calderon, Señor de, iii. 155, note.
See Barca.
Calendar, Aztec, i. 127, 128, and note, 129.
Of the lunar reckoning, 132, 133.
Coincidences with the Asiatic, 247.
Calendar-stone, i. 137, 157, 158, note, ii. 292.
Calmecac school, i. 84.
Calpixqui, i. 35, note, 54, note.
Calpullac, i. 33, note, 34, note.
Calpulli, or tribes, distribution into, i. 52, note.
Camargo, Diego Muñoz, ii. 172, note.
Account of, and of his writings, iii. 102.
Cited, 148, note, 172, note, iv. 299.
{353}Campeachy, Bay of, i. 342.
Canals, for irrigation, i. 150, 350, ii. 189, 240.
Instead of streets, 237.
In the gardens at Iztapalapan, 244.
In Mexico, 282, 286.
Filled up, 169, 282.
For transporting brigantines, iii. 362.
See Breaches and Bridges.
Cannibalism, i. 93, 99, 170, 339.
Coincidences as to, 244.
During the siege, iv. 29, 66.
Of the allies, 33.
Spanish captives the victims of, 54.
Cannon, landed from the ships, i. 349.
Command of, given to Mesa, 349.
Effect of, at the battle of Ceutla, 351.
Mounted on the Vera Cruz hillocks, 365.
Effect of, on Aztec visitors, 370.
Sent to the fleet, ii. 34.
At Cempoalla, 40.
Effect of, on the Tlascalans, 124, 136, 137.
At Cholula, 202.
Effect of, at Mexico, 262, iii. 109, 115.
On board Narvaez’s fleet, 33.
At Cempoalla, 62, 65.
Turned against Narvaez, 66.
Effect of, at the retreat, 171.
All lost in the retreat, 181.
For attacking Mexico, 251.
In the fleet on Lake Tezcuco, 364.
Effects of, at the siege of Mexico, iv. 13, 46, 48.
Cast in Mexico, 153.
Cano, Don Thoan, iii. 89, note.
Married Montezuma’s daughter, 89, note, 126, note, 155, note, iv. 186, note.
Cited, iii. 126, note, 179, 180, note, 207, note, iv. 438.
Canoes, ii. 237, 249, 287, iii. 375, iv. 4, 8.
Captives. See Christians and Prisoners.
Caribbee Islands, i. 284.
Carli, Count, cited, i. 40, note, 139, note, 160, notes, 227, note, 241, note, 244, note, 271, note.
Carpets, cotton, at Vera Cruz, i. 365.
Carreri, Gemelli, chart of, i. 252, note.
Casa de Contratacion, i. 282, iii. 25.
Casa, Giovanni della, ii. 287, note.
Casas Grandes, ruins of, i. 253, note.
Castes in Mexico, i. 161.
Catalina. See Xuarez.
Catalogue of Mexican historians, i. 112, note.
Catapult, built, iv. 82.
Cathedrals, i. 157, ii. 281, 319, iv. 152.
Catherwood’s illustrations, i. 223.
Catholics, Protestants and, i. 358, ii. 56.
Views of, as to infidels, ii. 208.
Catoche, Cape, i. 290, 342.
Cattle, i. 309, note, iv. 231.
Causeways, dividing Chalco from Xochicalco, ii. 240, 247.
The three, at Mexico, 284.
Present state of the, iv. 155.
See Cojohuacan, Iztapalapan, Tepejacac, and Tlacopan.
Cavaliers, i. 322, 335.
Cavaliero, superintendent of marine, iii. 77.
Cavalry, i. 349, 352, 354.
Indian ideas respecting, 354.
In Narvaez’s armada, iii. 33, 68.
Effect of, at Mexico, 115, 171, 174, 185.
Loss of, 180.
At the battle of Otumba, 198.
For attacking Mexico, 251.
At Tlacopan, 309.
Ambuscade with, 315, 349.
At the siege and surrender of Mexico, iv. 18, 46.
See Horses.
Cavo, on Cortés’ bigotry, iv. 259, note.
Cempoalla, ii. 25, 34, 38, 39.
Reception of Cortés at, 39.
Cacique of, at Chiahuitztla, 43.
Cortés’ second visit to, 52.
Cacique of, aided by Cortés, 51.
Arrests there, 54.
Proceedings there, 83.
Narvaez at, iii. 40, 60.
Sick and wounded left at, 79.
Cempoallan allies, ii. 85, 86, note.
Perish from cold, 91.
Distrust Cholulans, 100.
Four, sent to the Tlascalans, 100, 119.
Fight Tlascalans, 123.
Enter Cholula, 190.
Detect a conspiracy, 192.
Withdraw, 219.
{354}At Mexico
with Cortés, 247, note, iii. 95, note.
Centaurs, Spaniards thought to be, i. 354.
Central America, its ancient civilization distinct from that of Mexico, i. 16, note.
See Chiapa, Mitla, and Palenque.
Ceremonies, religious, i. 88.
Ceutla, battle of, i. 351, 354.
Chaac Mol, i. 158, note.
Chalcas, i. 195, note.
Chalchuites, resembling emeralds, ii. 21.
Chalco, iii. 289.
Sandoval’s expeditions to, 37, 317.
Cortés’ expedition in favor of, 325.
Indian levies join Spaniards at, 366.
Chalco, lake of, i. 158, ii. 237, 324.
Challenges, iv. 71.
Champollion, i. 110, and note, 120, note.
Chapoltepec, carved stones at, destroyed, i. 138, note.
Residence of Mexican monarchs, ii. 230, 298.
Aqueduct from, 264, 284, note, iii. 373, 374.
Account of, ii. 298.
Views from, 298.
Charles V., Spain under, i. 280.
Erroneous statements regarding, 281, note.
Discovery by the beginning of his reign, 283.
Title of, ii. 28, note.
Cortés’ First Letter to, 59.
Discussion before, on the civilization of Indians, 74.
Montezuma’s gifts to, iii. 6-10.
His first visit to Spain after his accession, 25.
His treatment of envoys from Cortés, 27.
Second Letter to, by Cortés, iii. 241, 354.
Grant by, to Cortés, for capturing Guatemozin, iv. 102, note.
Third Letter to, from Cortés and one from the army, 136, 138.
In Spain, 143.
Board selected by, respecting Cortés, 143.
Powers given by, to Cortés, 146.
Fifth Letter to, 178, note, 331.
Appoints a juez de residencia, 204.
Writes to Cortés, 205; orders him to return to Spain, 210.
Gives audience to him, 218.
Confides in Cortés, 219.
Visits him, 219.
Honors and rewards Cortés, 220.
Goes to Italy, 224.
Absence of, 238.
Applications to, by Cortés, and the result, 240.
Last Letter to, by Cortés, 241, 337.
Charnay, cited, i. 17, note, 259, note, 265, note.
Chase, Montezuma’s fondness for the, ii. 364, 365.
Chastity, injunctions as to, iv. 270.
Chess, ii. 17, note.
Chiahuitztla, visit to, ii. 43.
Chiapa, Bishop of, ii. 77.
See Las Casas.
Chiapa, resemblances to architecture in, i. 258, 261.
Chichemecatl, a Tlascalan chief, iii. 300, 366, iv. 57.
Chichimecs, i. 16, 18, 19, note, 253.
Chicxulub, Chronicle of, i. 122, note, 339, note.
Chief of Men, i. 25, note.
Chilan Balam, i. 122, note.
Children, baptizing and naming of, i. 78, 240.
Education and discipline of, 83, 166.
Sacrificed, ii. 193.
Cortés’ treatment of, 205.
Stew of, for Montezuma, 301, note.
Chimalpopoca, sacrificed, i. 99, note.
China, i. 56, note, 71, note, 161, note.
See Chinese.
Chinantla, lances from, iii. 44, 52.
Chinantlan allies aid Cortés, iii. 44, 74.
Chinese, i. 147.
Their language and the Othomi, 251.
Iron among the, 271, note.
See China.
Chivalry, spirit of, in the troops, iii. 340, iv. 71.
Chocolate, i. 52, note, 150, 170, ii. 302.
Cholula, traditions connected with Quetzalcoatl at, i. 72, ii. 10, 182, iii. 6.
Coincidences of the tower of Babel and the temple of, i. 235.
Account of, ii. 3, 180, 182, 185.
{355}Pilgrims to, 187.
Entered by the Spaniards, 190.
Massacre, 213, note.
Junction of Cortés and Velasquez de Leon at, iii. 44, 49.
Olid’s countermarch on, 228.
Cholulan allies, iii. 228, iv. 56.
Cholulans, ii. 100.
Distrust of, 100, 176, 178.
Summons to the, 177, 178.
Embassy from the, 178.
Their reception of the Spaniards, ii. 190.
Conspiracy of the, 194.
To aid Cortés, 197.
Massacred, 201.
Efforts to convert, 216.
Christianity, ideas, rites, and usages not unlike to, among the Mexicans, i. 69, 78, 82, ii. 333.
Measures for conversion to, i. 286, 356, 357, ii. 55, 90, 96, 97, 170, iv. 190, 192.
Similarity of Quetzalcoatl’s teachings to, ii. 182, note.
On conquest for conversion to, 209.
Duty to convert to, 209.
Attempts to convert Montezuma to, 261, 265, 364, iii. 14.
Maxixca, 235;
his son, and Xicotencatl, 244.
After the Conquest, iv. 152, 165.
Rapid spread of, 166.
See Cortés.
Christians, in captivity, i. 315, 333, 339.
See Christianity.
Chronology, i. 126, 129.
Churches, iii. 184, iv. 78, 152.
Cihuaca, cacique, killed, iii. 200.
Cihuacoatl, title of Mexican magistrate, i. 42, note.
See Cioacoatl.
Cimatlan, phonetic sign for, i. 111.
Cioacoatl, Eve and, i. 236.
Circulating medium, i. 161, ii. 318.
Cities, division of, i. 82.
See Towns.
Civilization, Mexican claim to, i. 97.
Of the Tezcucans over the rest of Anahuac, 219.
Essay on the origin of Mexican, 225;
similarity and dissimilarity of, in the two continents, 232;
two general conclusions respecting it, 272.
In Yucatan, 290, 292.
In Cozumel, 334.
At Tabasco, 350.
Of Tlascala, ii. 107, 109.
As shown in Indian manuscripts, 63, note.
Of Indians, discussed, 74.
At Iztapalapan, 242-245.
In Mexico, 271.
See Refinement.
Clavigero, i. 4, note, 14, note.
On Boturini’s authorities, 14, note.
Dates from, 22, note.
Notices of, and of his Storia antica del Messico, 26, 64.
On the high-priest, 81, note.
On the number of human sacrifices, 94, note.
Catalogue of Mexican historians by, 112, note.
On Aztec fairs, 126, note.
On Mexican dialects, 249, note.
On the population of Tlascala, ii. 121, note.
Clemencin, on coins, ii. 18, note.
Clement VII., pope, iv. 213, note.
Cloths, Mexican, i. 58, 159, ii. 181.
See Cotton, Feather-work, and Mantles.
Coanaco, made cacique of Tezcuco, iii. 264.
Joins the Aztecs, 264.
Puts Spaniards to death, 264.
Destroys his brother, 265.
Escapes from Tezcuco, 268.
Captured, iv. 100.
Coatepec, town of, iii. 263.
Coatzacualco, ii. 372, iii. 77, iv. 177.
Cochineal, i. 159, ii. 87, 314, note.
Cocotlan, ii. 93.
Code, military, iii. 254, iv. 324.
See Laws.
Codex Telleriano-Remensis, i. 95, note, 120, note.
Cofre de Perote, a volcano, ii. 91.
Cogolludo on ruins in America, i. 267, note.
Cojohuacan, iii. 347, 367, 375, iv. 105.
Cortés’ residence at, iv. 134, 209.
Provisions respecting, in Cortés’ will, 243.
Cojohuacan causeway, iii. 348, 375, iv. 6.
Colhuacan, hospital at, ii. 6.
Colhuans, i. 20, note.
Coliman founded, iv. 155.
Colonial administration of Spain, under Charles V., i. 282.
Colonization, progress of, by the beginning of the reign of Charles V., i. 285.
{356}Not attempted
by Grijaiva, 294.
Velasquez obtains authority for, 316, note.
Plan of, at Vera Cruz, ii. 29.
At Coatzacualco, 372.
Color of Mexican hierogyphics, i. 109.
Columbus, Christopher, i. 287.
Columbus, Diego, i. 287.
Columbus, Ferdinand, i. 296, note.
Commission. See Hieronymite commission.
Communion, Aztec and pagan, i. 239, 241.
“Companions,” the, i. 133, note.
Compurgators, i. 46, note.
Concubines of Tezcucan princes, i. 200.
Confession, Aztec, i. 82.
Among Tartars, 244, note.
Conquests, not always partitioned, i. 54, note.
On the right of, ii. 208, 209, 354.
Conspiracy, ii. 65, 194, iii. 356.
Constant, Benjamin, i. 134, note.
Continency of Aguilar, i. 340.
Convent, of St. Francis, ii. 89, note, iv. 202.
Cortés and Columbus at La Rabida in Spain, iv. 213.
Conversion, Las Casas on forced, i. 338, note, iv. 290, 291.
Object of the Spaniards, iii. 244.
See Christianity.
Cook, James, Captain, i. 229, note.
Copal, tribute of, i. 53, note.
Copan, city of, iv. 194.
Copper, tools of, i. 260.
Weapons headed with, ii. 134.
Cora language, i. 253, note.
Cordillera mountains, i. 8.
Cordova, Gonsalvo de, iv. 250.
Cordova, Hernandez de, i. 289.
Corn. See Indian corn.
Coronation of Montezuma, ii. 4.
Corral, ensign, iii. 328, iv. 45.
Cortés, Hernando, expedition of, to Honduras, i. 267, note, iv. 175, 203, note.
Velasquez selects him for an expedition, 297-313.
Birth and genealogy of, 297.
His early years, 298.
In Hispaniola, 302.
In Cuba, 303.
Marriage of, with Catalina Xuarez, 304, 308, 310.
His difficulties with Velasquez, 304, 311.
Put in irons, 305.
Escapes twice, 306, 307.
The Armada intrusted to him as Captain-General, 311, 316, 321.
Applies all his money to fitting out the fleet, 314, 321, ii. 29.
Instructions to, by Velasquez, i. 315, iv. 284.
His clandestine embarkation, i. 319.
His measures for equipment, 319, 321, 322.
Described, 324.
Strength of his armament, 328.
His address to his soldiers, 329.
At Cozumel, 332.
Endeavors to liberate captive Christians, 333.
His zeal to convert the natives, 335, 356, ii. 22, 41, 52, 90, 96, 216, 325, 327, iii. 245, 254, 350, iv. 162, 244.
At Tabasco, i. 342, 350.
His first interview with Mexicans, 364.
His presents and demands to see Montezuma, 368.
Embassy returns to, with presents from Montezuma, ii. 16. (See Montezuma.)
His second message to Montezuma, 19.
The reply, 21, 22.
First made acquainted with the condition of Mexico, 25, 42.
His resignation and reappointment, 30, 31, iii. 55.
His policy with the Totonacs and Montezuma, ii. 45.
Another Aztec embassy to, 49.
Aids the cacique of Cempoalla, 51.
Hangs up Morla, 51.
Reconciles Totonacs, 52.
His despatches to Spain, 57, 59, 60, note, 61.
Condemns conspirators, 66.
Destroys his ships, 68, 70, 71, note. (See Armada.)
His embassy to Tlascala, 100.
His vigilance, 101, 118, 143, 169, 198, 222, 237, note, 259, iii. 22.
His march to Tlascala, ii. 102, 147, 162.
Ill of a fever, 147, 161.
Standards borne by, 148, note.
Malecontents expostulate with, 150.
Mutilates Tlascalan spies, 154.
Montezuma discourages his visit to Mexico, 159.
{357}Called Malinche, 175, iii. 134.
Invited to Mexico, ii. 175.
Massacre by, at Cholula, 201-206.
Prohibition of wanton injuries by, 205, 212.
Encourages the disaffection of the Aztecs, 233.
His entrance into Mexico, 246.
Visited by Montezuma, 251.
His quarters, 257.
His visit to Montezuma, 263.
Descendants of, now in Mexico, 263. (See Monteleone.)
Visits the market, 311;
the great temple, 319, 322;
its sanctuaries, 325.
Chapel granted to, 332.
Discovers hidden treasures, 333.
His seizure of Montezuma, 342;
fetters him, 351;
unfetters him, 352.
Seizes Cacama, 370.
Willing to relinquish his share of Montezuma’s gift, iii. 13.
On profaning Mexican temples, 18.
Learns Narvaez’s arrival, 37.
His treatment of envoy prisoners, 38.
His letter to Narvaez, 39;
marches against him, 43.
His parting with Montezuma, 46.
His strength, 52.
Met by Guevara and Duero, as envoys, 53, 56.
Summons Narvaez, 56;
assaults and defeats him, 62-69;
his treatment of him, 69;
of the captives and his own troops, 75.
His return to Mexico, 79.
His forces, 80, 95.
In ill-humor, 95.
Releases Cuitlahua, 96.
Rehorses Duero, 118.
Wounded, 120, 128, 145, 187, 199, 209, 339, iv. 43.
Leads in storming the great temple, iii. 128.
Addresses the Aztecs through Marina, 134.
Builds a manta, 140.
Deceived and releases priests, 143.
Exposures and hardihood of, 144.
Montezuma’s last conversation with, 149.
His respect for Montezuma’s memory, 157.
His retreat from Mexico, 163.
At Popotla, 174.
Loss of his Diary, 180.
Kills Cihuaca at the battle of Otumba, 200.
At Tlascala, 208.
Remonstrance with, by the troops, 212.
His expedition against the Tepeacans, 225;
against Quauhquechollan, 228.
At Itzocan, 231.
Increase of his authority, 232.
His plans for recovering Mexico, 233, 245, 251, 259, 365, 366.
His Second Letter to the emperor, 239.
His despatches to St. Domingo, 243.
Triumphal return of, to Tlascala, 243.
His forces, 251.
Enters Tezcuco, 266.
His mission to Guatemozin, 283.
Reconciles Indian allies, 293.
His reception of brigantines from Tlascala, 301.
Reconnoitres the capital, 304, 314, 325.
Seized and rescued, 339.
At Xochimilco, 342.
At Cojohuacan, 347.
Orders of, respecting his bones, 348, note, iv. 243.
Dejected, iii. 350.
Proceedings in Spain in regard to, 355.
Conspiracy against, in the camp, 356.
His body-guard, 362.
His forces, 364.
Makes three divisions, 367, note.
At Iztapalapan, iv. 4.
Takes post at Xoloc, 7.
His movements on the causeway, 10.
Levels buildings, 21, 63, 72.
His proffers to Guatemozin, 34, 89, 97.
Assaults the city, 38.
Reconnoitres Alderete’s route, 39.
Seized and rescued, 43.
Anxiety respecting, 47.
Gives the command to Sandoval, 50.
His entries into the tianguez, 79.
Murderous assault by, 93.
His last assault, 97.
His reception of Guatemozin, 103;
permits him to be tortured, 130.
Sends detachments to the Pacific Ocean, 133.
Rebuilding of Mexico by, 135, 145, 151.
His Third Letter, and one from the army, 136, 138.
Sends costly presents to Spain, 137, note.
Complaints against, in Spain, 139.
Board appointed respecting, 144.
The charges against, and the replies, 144, 204, 226.
Commission and powers given to, 147.
{358}Founds settlements, 155.
Joined by his wife, 158.
The ordinances made by, 158, note.
His scruples about slavery, 159, 162, 243.
Suppresses the royal instructions annulling repartimientos, 161, note.
His desire of religious teachers, 162.
His regulations respecting agriculture, 168.
Voyages and expeditions of, 170.
His instructions for expeditions, 172.
Looks into the resources of the country, 172, 176, 197.
His Fifth Letter, 178, note, 210, 331.
At Truxillo, 196.
Further plans of conquest by, 196.
Embarks and returns, 200.
Sick and despondent, 201.
Driven to Cuba, 201.
At San Juan de Ulua and Medellin, 201.
Triumphal return of, to Mexico, 202.
Superseded by a juez de residencia, 204.
Further faction against, in Spain, 204.
Urged to assert his authority, 208.
Ordered to leave Mexico, 208.
Ordered to Spain, 210.
Arrival of, in Spain, 213.
Meets Pizarro, 213.
At Guadaloupe, 216.
His reception, 217.
His interview with the emperor, 218.
Marquis of Oaxaca, 220.
Gift of land to, 220.
Not reinstated in government, 221.
Captain-General of New Spain, 222.
Second marriage of, 223.
Embarks for New Spain, 225.
An investigation of his conduct by the Royal Audience, 226.
Accused of murdering his first wife, 226.
To keep ten leagues from Mexico, 229.
Welcome to, at Tezcuco, 229.
Retires to Cuernavaca, 230.
Expeditions of, for discovery, 232, 235.
His final return to Castile, 238.
His attendance on the Council of the Indies, 238.
Joins an expedition against Algiers, 239.
Wrecked, 239.
His applications to the emperor, 240.
His last letter to him, 241, 337.
Prepares to return to Mexico, 243.
Sick, 243.
His will, 243.
Dies, 246.
Obsequies of, 247, 342.
His children and descendants, 249-250.
His character, 251.
Ascendency over his soldiers, 254.
Compared to Hannibal, 255.
As a conqueror, 256.
Not cruel, 257.
In private life, 258.
His bigotry, 259.
His dress and appearance, 261.
His education, 262.
See Spaniards.
Cortés, Don Luis, iv. 250.
Cortés, Don Martin, iii. 25.
Exertions of, for his son, iv. 142.
Death of, 212.
Cortés, Don Martin, son of Cortés by his second marriage, iv. 238.
Wrecked, 239.
Provision for, 242.
Present at his father’s death, 246.
Persecuted, 249.
Cortés, Don Martin, son of Marina, i. 362, iv. 192, 250.
Cosmogony, Humboldt on, i. 75, note.
Cotton dresses, i. 52, ii. 217, 261.
Cotton mail, or escaupil, or jackets quilted with cotton, i. 58, 324, 351, ii. 134, 135.
Cottons, given to Cortés, i. 368, ii. 17, 50.
Council, of finance, i. 184.
Of justice, 184.
Of state, 184.
Of war, 184.
Of music, 185.
Council of the Indies, i. 282.
Ordinances by the, iii. 355, iv. 140.
Reception of Cortés by the, iv. 238.
Couriers, i. 55, note, 141.
Courts, Aztec, i. 43-47.
Merchants allowed to have, 164.
At the Mexican market, ii. 318.
Coxcox, survived the Deluge, i. 233.
Cozumel, i. 292, 332-339.
Cozumel Cross, i. 238, 239, note.
Crimes, punishments for, i. 48.
Cross, the, a common symbol of worship, i. 335, note.
See Crosses.
Crosses of stone, at Palenque, i. 239.
Cozumel, 239, note.
Frequency of, 239, ii. 90, and note.
Antiquity and generality of, among pagans, 241.
In Yucatan, 292.
In Cozumel, 334.
{359}At Naulinco, ii. 90.
On raising, at Tlatlanquitepec, or Cocotlan, 96.
At Tlascala, 173, 174.
Upon Quetzalcoatl’s temple at Cholula, 217.
At Mexico, 328, iii. 16.
Pulled down, iii. 132.
Cruz del Marques, 336.
Crowning of Aztec sovereigns, i. 37.
Cruz del Marques, mountain, iii. 336.
Cuba, i. 287.
Expeditions from, to Yucatan, 289-295.
Cortés in, 303-307.
Propositions in the army to return to, ii. 20, 25, 27.
Cortés’ emissaries land at, 64.
Las Casas’ labors in, 73.
Cortés’ apprehensions from, 220.
Sailing of Narvaez’s fleet from, iii. 33.
Desire of troops to return to, 212, 357.
Return of some to, 236.
Cortés driven to, iv. 201.
See St. Jago de Cuba, and Velasquez.
Cuernavaca, or Quauhnahuac, capture of, iii. 332-336.
Asks aid, iv. 61.
Cortés’ residence at, 230.
Remarks on, 230.
Cuicuitzca, made cacique of Tezcuco, ii. 371, note, iii. 264.
Put to death, iii. 265.
Cuitlahua, lord of Iztapalapan, ii. 236.
Interview of, with Cortés, 242.
Accompanies Montezuma, 251.
Released, iii. 96, 218.
Supplies Montezuma’s place, 97, 121, note.
Arouses the Aztecs for the battle of Otumba, 195, 218.
Notice of, 217.
Dies of smallpox, 235, 246.
Succeeded by Guatemozin, 249.
Cuitlahuac, Spaniards at, ii. 241.
Culinary science, Aztec, ii. 301.
Currency, Mexican, i. 161, ii. 318.
Cycles, Aztec, i. 74, 127, note, 129.
Persian, 127, note.
Etruscan 128, note.
Wheels of, 132, note.
Of the lunar reckoning by the priests, 132, note.
Analogies respecting, in the Old and the New World, 232, 246.
Cypress, Cortés’, ii. 98.
Size of, 298.

D
Dancing, Mexican, i. 171, and note.
Darien, Isthmus of, crossed, i. 284.
Colony there, 285, 340.
Oviedo there, iii. 98.
Dates, on Mexican, i. 129.
Daughters, counsels to, i. 166, iv. 267.
Days, Aztec arrangement of, i. 127, 128.
Division of civil, 138, note.
Coincidences as to the signs of, 246.
Dead, burnt, i. 78, 218, note.
Buried, 78, note.
Coincidences as to the obsequies of the, 244, 245.
Carried off in battle, ii. 124, 125.
Spanish, buried, 139.
Unburied during the siege, iv. 73, 87, 105.
Buried, 108.
See Funeral ceremonies.
Death, a penalty, i. 42.
Judges punished with, 45.
For crimes, 45.
Inflicted on soldiers, 60.
Two sons put to, by a Tezcucan prince, 60.
Defaulters, liable to slavery, i. 54.
Deities, Mexican, i. 69-73.
Days and festivals appropriated to, 69, 88.
On unity and plurality of, 69, note.
Huitzilopochtli, the Mexican Mars, 70.
Quetzalcoatl, the god of the air, 71.
Penates, 75, 140.
Tezcatlipoca, 89, ii. 326.
See Huitzilopochtli, Idols, Quetzalcoatl, and Tezcatlipoca.
Delafield’s Antiquities, map in, i. 252, note.
Deluge, coincidences as to the, in the Old and the New World, i. 233.
Denon, on an Egyptian temple, i. 106, note.
De Roo, P., cited, i. 237, note, 238, note.
Devil, Mexican, i. 70, note, 95, note.
His delusion of the Aztecs, 242, note, 243.
{360}Cortés possessed with the, ii. 33, note.
Diary of Cortés, lost, iii. 180.
Diaz, Bernal, errors of, ii. 175, note.
His way of life, iii. 22, note.
His share of spoil, 75, note.
Letter not signed by, 242, note.
Account of, and of his writings, 274-277.
Ravine crossed by, 335, note.
Leaves his farm to accompany Cortés to Honduras, iv. 177, note.
On the Christianity of Guatemozin and the prince of Tacuba, 185, note.
On Cortés at Honduras, 201.
His character of Cortés, 261-263.
Diaz, Juan, the licentiate, efforts of, to convert natives, i. 337, ii. 364.
His conspiracy, ii. 65.
Performs mass in the great temple, 334, iii. 17.
Dikes opened upon the Spaniards at Iztapalapan, iii. 287.
See Causeways and Breaches.
Discovery, progress of, by the beginning of the reign of Charles V., i. 284.
Catholic and Protestant views as to, ii. 209, 210, note.
Progress of, under Cortés, iv. 134, 155, 170, 232, 235.
Dishes of Montezuma, ii. 300.
Divine book, or Teoamoxtli, i. 122, note.
Domestic manners of the Aztecs, i. 165.
Dominican friars, i. 285, ii. 75-77.
Dove, coincidences with Noah’s, i. 233, 234.
On the topmast, 301.
Drain of Huehuetoca, ii. 283.
Draught-cattle, want of, i. 158, 270, iii. 223.
Draw-bridges, Mexican, ii. 250, 286, 336, iii. 98.
Dresden Codex, i. 118, and note, 119, note, 263.
Dresses, of Aztec warriors, i. 58.
Owls embroidered on, 70, note.
Of Cholulans, ii. 190.
Of Aztec chiefs, 249.
Of Montezuma, 252, 300, iii. 122.
Of Mexicans, 311.
Of Indian allies, iii. 115, 253.
Drought at Tezcuco, ii. 275.
Drum, the Tlascalan, ii. 121.
The huge Mexican, 323, iii. 165.
Of the war-god, sounded for the sacrifice of Spaniards, iv. 52.
Ducat, value of the, ii. 18, note.
Duero, Andres de, i. 311, 318.
In Narvaez’s armada, iii. 40.
Envoy to Cortés, 53, 56.
To share in the profits, 56.
At Cempoalla, 69.
Unhorsed and rehorsed, 118.
Remonstrates, 213.
Returns to Cuba, 236.
In Spain, sustaining Velasquez, 236.
Dupaix, i. 137, note, 224, 258, note.
On Mexican tools, 260, note.
On antedeluvian buildings, 265, note.
Du Ponceau, P. S., i. 249, note.
On the synthetic structure of the Indian dialects, 249, note.
Dyes, and dye-woods, Mexican, i. 159, 285.

E
Eagle, on a standard, ii. 132, iii. 366.
Earthen-ware, Aztec, i. 159.
Earthquake, i. 110.
Ebeling, collection of maps by, iv. 179, note.
Eclipses, Aztec knowledge as to, i. 137.
Education, Aztec, i. 83, 166, ii. 330.
For the profession of hieroglyphical painting, i. 113.
The council of music virtually a board of, 185.
Of the Tezcucan royal household, 195.
Egyptians, temples of, i. 106, note.
Hieroglyphics of, 108, 109.
Sothic period of, 133, note.
Sophocles on the, 149, note.
Addresses to their kings by priests, 195.
Their representations of the human frame, 262.
Elphinstone, W., on mythology, i. 68, note.
Emeralds, Mexican use of, i. 155.
One of the, sent to Spain, iv. 137.
{361}Genuineness of, disputed
by Alaman, 137, note.
Given by Cortés to his second wife, 223, and note.
Emperor, i. 37, ii. 28, note.
Encomiendas. See Repartimientos.
Entertainments, style of Mexican, i. 167.
Era, the Mexican, i. 129.
Ercilla, cited, iii. 185, note, 199, note.
Escalante, Juan de, ii. 83, 84.
Forces intrusted to, 86, 339.
Instructions to, from Cholula, 220.
Treachery towards, 339.
Mortally wounded, 339.
Escobar, ii. 32, iii. 126.
Escudero, Juan, i. 307.
Executed, ii. 66.
Estates, held by Aztec nobles, i. 39.
Estrada, juez de residencia, iv. 207-211.
Estrada, María de, a heroine, iii. 168.
Estrella’s manuscript, cited, i. 288, note, 301, note, 303, note, 308, note, 309, note, 318, note.
Account of it, 331, note.
Etruscans, cycles of the, i. 128, note.
Eucharist, rite analogous to the, i. 239.
Euripides on purification, i. 241, note.
Eve, Aztec coincidences as to, i. 236.
Everett, Edward, i. 269, note.

F
Fairs, days for, i. 126, 161, ii. 317.
Traffic at, i. 161.
For the sale of slaves, 162.
At Tlascala, ii. 167.
See Market.
Falsehood, a capital offence, i. 185.
Famine, in Mexico, iv. 29, 35, 59, 66, 73, 74, 86.
At Honduras, 195.
Fans given by Montezuma, ii. 59, note.
Farfan grapples with Narvaez, iii. 66.
Feather-work, mantles of, for tribute, i. 52, and note.
Worn by warriors, 58.
Manufacture of, 160.
Made by the royal household of Tezcuco, 195.
Given to Cortés, 368, ii. 16, 50, 58, note, 159, 234.
Worn by Tlascalans, 132.
Beauty and warmth of, 311.
Female snake, i. 34, note.
Females. See Women.
Ferdinand and Isabella, state of Spain at the close of the reign of, i. 277.
Festivals, for deities, i. 69, 88.
At the termination of the great cycle, 140.
Festivities, style of, i. 167.
Feudal system, in Anahuac, i. 40, note, ii. 106.
Fever. See Vómito.
Fiefs, origin of, in Anahuac, i. 39, note.
Figurative writing, i. 107.
See Hieroglyphics.
Fire-arms, i. 351, ii. 140.
All lost in the retreat from Mexico, iii. 181.
Supply of, 238.
Fires always burning, i. 87, ii. 186, 323, 328.
First-fruits for the priests, i. 85.
Fish, reservoirs of, ii. 244.
Tanks of, 297.
Fleet fitted out by Velasquez against Cortés, ii. 65, iii. 32.
Narvaez commander of the, iii. 33.
Its strength, 33.
At San Juan de Ulua, 33.
Dismantled, 77.
See Armada, Brigantines, Flotilla, and Ships.
Fleets for discovering a strait, iv. 133, 170.
Ruined by the Royal Audience, 233.
Flemings in Spain, i. 280, ii. 73.
Floating gardens, or chinampas, ii. 240, 249, 283.
See Gardens.
Florida, i. 284, iv. 170.
Flotilla, Indian, destroyed, iv. 5.
Flowers, fondness for, ii. 37, 38, 191, 230, 316.
In the Iztapalapan gardens, 243.
{362}Fohi, incarnation of the, i. 71, note.
Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez de, Bishop of Burgos, notice of, ii. 74, iii. 27.
His hostility to Columbus, to his son, and to Cortés, iii. 28, 242, iv. 145, 148.
Exertions of, against Cortés and his envoys, iii. 28, 354, iv. 139, 145.
Orders Cortés to Spain for trial, iii. 237.
Procures the passing of ordinances, 355, iv. 139.
Interdiction of, 143, 146.
End of his influence, 147.
His death, 148.
Forbidden fruit, the, i. 150, note.
Forests, destroyed, i. 10, ii. 98, and note.
Penalties for destroying, i. 150.
Laws on gathering wood in, 203, 204.
See Fuel.
Fractions, arithmetical, of Aztecs, i. 125.
Franciscan friars, in New Spain, iv. 163.
Francis I., of France, envious of the Emperor Charles V., iv. 138.
Franklin, Benjamin, on the turkey, i. 169, note.
Fruit-trees not allowed in Montezuma’s gardens, ii. 297, note.
Fuel, on gathering, i. 204.
Funeral ceremonies, Aztec, i. 78.
For Nezahualpilli, 218, note.
See Dead.
Funeral piles, i. 218, note.
Of arms, ii. 350.
Future life, Aztec views of, i. 76.

G
Galindo, Colonel, on civilization in Palenque, i. 264.
Gallatin, Albert, on Mexican prayers, i. 79, note, 250, note, 270.
Galvez, castle of, ii. 298.
Gama, Antonio, on hieroglyphics, i. 109, 110, note.
On Mexican notation, 125, note.
On intercalation, 127, note.
On the beginning of the year of the new cycle, 129, note.
On the lunar reckoning of the priests, 132, note.
On the nine companions, 133, note.
His astrological almanac, 136, note.
Carved stones seen by, 138, note.
Account of, and of his writings, 144, 145.
On a night in Cholula, ii. 199, note.
Gaming, ii. 360, iii. 14, 255.
Gante, Pedro de, convent by, iv. 152.
Garay, Francisco de, his squadron, ii. 84, iii. 237.
Crews of, join Cortés, iii. 237.
Gardens of plants, i. 153.
Of Iztapalapan, ii. 243.
First European, 244, note.
Montezuma’s, 297.
At Huaxtepec, iii. 318.
See Floating gardens.
Garrisons, in the larger cities, i. 54, note.
Gauntlet run by Spaniards, ii. 348, note.
Geology, conjectures confirmed by, i. 76, note.
Gerolt, Federico de, ii. 228, note.
Gestures, Indian, i. 361.
Gibbon, Edward, ii. 71, note.
Girls, counsels given to, i. 166, iv. 267.
Gladiatorial sacrifices, i. 92, note.
Glass, sent to Montezuma, i. 368.
Gold, tribute of, i. 52, note.
From a tomb, 78, note.
Said to be found in temples, 87. note.
Traffic with, 161.
Mines of, worked in Cuba, 289, 309.
Curiously wrought specimens of, from Yucatan, 291.
Plates given to Grijalva, 292.
Trade for ornaments and vessels of, 293.
Despatched to Spain by Velasquez, 294.
Barter for, at Cozumel, 333.
Spanish desire of, 346, 364, 369, iii. 12.
Given to Cortés, by Teuhtlile, i. 368.
Bits of, obtained by the soldiers, ii. 15.
Presented by Montezuma, 16, 17, 50, 58, note, 159, 217, 234, 262, 270.
Relinquished by the Conquerors, 57, iii. 13.
Sent by Cortés to Spain, ii. 57.
Four loads of, offered as a bribe to Cortés, 234.
{363}Present of, at Amaquemecan, 237.
Worn by Montezuma, 252.
Place of getting, 372.
Sent by Montezuma to the Castilian sovereign, iii. 7, 8.
Comparison of, with silver, 10, note.
nverted into chains, 14, 160.
Effect of the arrival of, in Spain, 24.
Given to Narvaez’s soldiers, 75.
Fate of, on the evacuation of Mexico, 160, 180, note, 187.
Spaniards killed while transporting, 210, 264.
Given for maize bread, 211, note.
Cannon of, sent to Spain, iv. 172, note.
Carried to Spain by Cortés, 213.
Drawn from Tehuantepec by Cortés, 232.
See Treasure.
Golden Fleece, i. 281, note.
Goldsmiths, skill of Mexican, i. 155, note, ii. 258.
See Animals.
Golfo Dolce, iv. 195.
Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, i. 95, note, 293, note, 326, note.
On domesticated bisons, 270, note.
Authority for Cortés’ First Letter, ii. 60.
On firing at the Aztecs, iii. 109, note.
On the baptism of Montezuma, 148, note.
On losses at the retreat, 180.
Account of, and of his writings, 272, 273.
On protecting Guatemozin, iv. 188.
On Cortés’ precious stones, 233, note.
Goods, sale and transportation of, i. 161, 162.
Government in Anahuac, i. 32.
Under Nezahualcoyotl, 184.
Of the Tlascalans, ii. 105.
Of Cholula, 181.
Grado, Alonso de, at Villa Rica, ii. 358.
Granaries, i. 54, 150.
Grijalva, Juan de, expedition of, to Yucatan, i. 291.
Returns to Cuba and is censured, 294.
Cortés to join, 315.
Volunteers from, join Cortés, 322.
Effect of his landing, on Montezuma, ii. 13.
Grijalva, River of, i. 292, 342.
Guadaloupe, in Spain, iv. 216.
Gualipan, iii. 207, note.
Guatemala, settlement of the Toltecs in, i. 267.
Conquered, iv. 172.
Guatemozin, Montezuma’s nephew, iii. 124, note.
Tecuichpo, wife of, 155, note, 249, iv. 186, note.
Elected emperor, 104.
Rallies for defence of his capital, 249.
Missions to, iii. 283, 295.
His animosity to the Spaniards, 296.
His application to Tangapan, 296, note.
Cortés’ desire of an interview with, 312.
Attempts the recovery of Chalco, 320, to relieve Xochimilco, 342.
His policy, 345, iv. 27.
Decoys brigantines, 28.
Proffers to, 34, 66, 89, note, 97.
Distributes heads of Spaniards and of horses, 54.
Effect of his machinations, 61.
Council called by, 67.
Will not surrender, 68, 97.
His palace, 71.
Declines meeting Cortés, 89, 97.
Efforts of, to escape, 97.
Captured, 100.
Intercedes for his wife and followers, 100.
His interview with Cortés, 103.
On a monument to, 117, note.
Torture of, 130, 142, 144.
Regarded as a rebel, 142.
Suspected, 183.
Executed, 185.
Remarks on, 185.
Guevara, Narvaez’s envoy to Sandoval, iii. 36.
Cortés’ reception of, 39.
His return, 40.
Envoy to Cortés, 53, 56.
Gulf of California, iv. 134, 233.
Penetrated by Ulloa, 235.
Called Sea of Cortés, 237.
Gulf of Mexico, i. 285, ii. 372.
Gunpowder, manufactured, iii. 245, iv. 154.
Guns. See Cannon and Fire-arms.
Guzman, captured, iv. 44.
Sacrificed, 57.
Guzman, Nuñez de, at the head of the Royal Audience of New Spain, iv. 225, 229.
{364}Cortés’ expedition against, 233.

H
Hanging gardens of Nezahualcoyotl, i. 196.
See Floating gardens.
Hannibal, ii. 232, note, iv. 255.
Hardy, Lieutenant, on Casas Grandes, i. 253, note.
Harems, royal, i. 192, ii. 233, 299.
Harvard University Library, maps in, iv. 179, note.
Hatuey, on Spaniards and heaven, i. 288.
Havana, i. 289, note.
The armada at, 323, note.
Orders respecting Cortés at, 326.
See Cuba.
Head of a Spaniard sent to Montezuma, ii. 340.
Heaven, the Aztec, i. 76, note.
Hatuey’s remark on, 288.
Heckewelder, John, i. 70, note.
Heeren, A. H. L., i. 67, note, 106, note, 111, note.
Helmet, the Aztec, i. 59.
Filled with gold dust, ii. 17.
Henry IV. of France, treasury of, iii. 11, note.
Hernandez, Francisco, on maize, i. 151, note.
On the species of the maguey, 152, note.
Panegyrizes tobacco, 169, note.
Takes models, 193.
His work on natural history, 193, note.
On the gardens of Huaxtepec, iii. 319, note.
Herodotus, i. 60, note, 67.
Heron, an heraldic emblem, ii. 132.
Herrera, Antonio de, i. 287, note, 295 note.
On Cortés’ escape on a plank, 308, note.
On Aguilar’s temptations, 340, note.
Gives a speech by Marina, ii. 123, note.
On the Spaniards at Cholula, 191, note.
On Canoes in Lake Tezcuco, 249, note.
Account of, and of his writings, 272-274.
On humming-birds, 294, note.
On cochineal, 314, note.
On arrows at the Aztec assault, iii. 109, note.
On gold thrown away, 187, note.
On stewed human flesh, 225, note.
On launching brigantines, 363, note.
Herrick, cited, i. 190, note.
Hesiod, on brass and iron, i. 154, note.
Hidalguía, privileges of the, iii. 365, note.
Hieroglyphics, i. 106.
Egyptian and Aztec, compared, 108, 109, 263.
Chiefly representative, among the Mexicans, 109.
Education respecting, 113.
Of the Mendoza Codex, 118, note.
Of the Dresden Codex, 118, 119, note, 263.
On interpreting, 119, note, 121.
For months and days, 126.
For half-centuries, 130.
For years, 130-132, note, 246.
In the lunar calendar, 133.
Of the Aztec calendar, 247, note.
On Oriental coincidences with Aztec, 262.
See Paintings.
Hieronymite commission to redress Indian grievances, i. 286, ii. 73.
Their authority for the expedition under Cortés, 296, 316.
Redress asked of the, ii. 64.
Their discretion, 73.
High-priests, Aztec, i. 81, and note.
One of the, liberated, iii. 143.
Prayer of the, at the election of Guatemozin, 247.
Hill of Otoncalpolco, or Hill of Montezuma, iii. 176, 308.
The temple there, 177.
Church there, 184.
Hispaniola, Las Casas in, ii. 73, 75.
Despatches to, by Cortés, iii. 243.
Detention of Cortés at, iv. 225, 228.
See Royal Audience.
Historians, four, of the house of Nezahualcoyotl, i. 187, note.
Holguin, captures Guatemozin, iv. 100.
Quarrels with Sandoval, 101.
Homer, and the theogony of the Greeks, i. 67.
Cited, 77, note, 168, note.
Honduras, expeditions to, i. 267, note, iv. 171, 175, 203, note.
{365}Honor, the Aztec law of, i. 99, note.
Horn of Guatemozin sounded, iv. 41, 47.
Horse, homage to the, at Peten, iv. 193.
Horses, in Cortés’ expedition, i. 328.
Dearness of, 328, note, iv. 40, note.
Landing of, at Tabasco, i. 349.
Loss of, at Tlascala, ii. 116.
Buried, 122.
All, wounded, 139.
Give out, 147.
Effect of, at Mexico, 256.
Aztecs cling to, iii. 116.
Eaten, 186.
New supply of, 238.
Loss of, at the general assault, iv. 40.
See Cavalry.
Hospitals, i. 60, ii. 6.
Hours, astrological symbols for, i. 248, note.
Household gods, i. 75.
Broken, 140.
Huacachula, iii. 227, note.
See Quauhquechollan.
Huaxtepec, iii. 317, 331.
Huehuetoca, drain of, ii. 283.
Huejotlipan, iii. 207.
Huematzin composed the Teoamoxtli or divine book, i. 122, note.
Huexotzinco, meaning of, i. 111.
Huitzilopochtli, the Mexican Mars, account of, and of his image, i. 70, ii. 326.
Symbolical character, i. 70, note.
Incensing of, iii. 86.
Image of, thrown down, 133.
New image of, iv. 15.
View of Spaniards sacrificed to, 52.
Prediction respecting, 55, 60.
Huitzilopochtli’s temple, human sacrifices at the dedication of it, i. 94.
Ashes of Nezahualpilli in the, 218, note.
Spaniards there, ii. 257.
Cathedral on its site, 257, 281, 319, iv. 151.
Visited by Cortés, ii. 319.
Described, 319, 323.
Christian chapel in, iii. 16, 86.
Mexicans quartered in, 127.
View from it, 127.
Stormed, 127.
Funeral pyre of, 133.
Human monsters at Mexico, ii. 296.
Human sacrifices, at the installation of monarchs, i. 37, 94, ii. 4.
Of prisoners, i. 49, 56, 94.
To Huitzilopochtli, 70, iv. 52.
At the funerals of the rich, i. 78.
At confession and absolution, 83, note.
Origin of, in Anahuac, 88.
For the god Tezcatlipoca, 89.
Of women, 92.
Gladiatorial, 92, note.
Extent of, 94, ii. 53, note.
At the dedication of the temple of Huitzilopochtli, 94.
Measures for procuring victims for, 95, 96, note.
Influence of, on the Aztecs, 96, 101, note, iv. 113.
Compared with the Inquisition, i. 98.
Voluntary, 98.
Practised to some extent by the Toltecs, 100, note.
At the kindling of the new fire, 141.
Of Maxtla, 183.
By Nezahualcoyotl, 206.
Nezahualcoyotl’s ideas respecting, 206, 214.
At the obsequies of Nezahualpilli, 218, note.
Among the Mongols, 244.
At the Isla de los Sacrificios, 294.
Not offered at Cozumel, 337.
Of Christians wrecked at Yucatan, 340.
At the coronation of Montezuma, ii. 5;
during his administration, 9.
Remains of, near Vera Cruz, 35.
Victims for, demanded of the Totonacs, 45.
Among Tlascalans, 109.
Of captives in the Aztec and Tlascalan wars, 110.
Cempoallan envoys seized for, 119.
Victims for, released, 173.
Fruits and flowers instead of, 182.
Number of, at Cholula, 186.
Of children, 193.
Condemned in Montezuma’s presence, 266.
Stench of, in the great temple, 327.
Promise from Montezuma respecting, 364.
Of Spaniards, iii. 133, 168, 250, 265, 344, iv. 52, 57, 78.
See Cannibalism and Prisoners.
Humboldt, on the extent of the Aztec empire, 5, note.
On the extent of Anahuac, 13, note.
On the Aztec cosmogony and that of Eastern Asia, 75, note.
{366}On the Aztec annals, 113, note.
On the Dresden Codex, 119, note.
On the publication of Aztec remains, 142, note.
His obligations to Gama, 145.
On Indian corn, 148, note.
On the musa, 150, note.
On the American agave, 152, note.
On silk among the Aztecs, 160, note.
On the peopling of a continent, 231, note.
On scientific analogies, 247, note.
His definition of ocelotl, 247, note.
On Mexican languages, 249, note.
On Mexican beards and moustaches, 254, note.
On the color of the aborigines, 255, note.
On diseases in Mexico, 366, note.
On the volcano Orizaba, ii. 35, note.
On the Cofre de Perote, 91, note.
On the mound to Quetzalcoatl, 184, note.
On the word volcan, 224, note.
On Montaño’s ascent, 228, note.
Identifies localities, 263, note.
On the drain of Huehuetoca, 283, note.
On the comparative quantities of silver and gold, iii. 10, note.
On the pyramids of Teotihuacan, 191, note.
On the avenue to Iztapalapan, 348, note.
Humming-birds, i. 234, ii. 294, and note.
Husbands, on duties to, iv. 270.
Hymns. See Songs.

I
Iceland, early colonization of, i. 228.
Idols, treatment of, at Cozumel, i. 337;
at Cempoalla, ii. 55.
Of the war-god, thrown down, iii. 133.
Destroyed at Peten, iv. 192.
See Cathedrals.
Immortality. See Future Life.
Impressments for manning the fleet, iii. 365.
Incense, compliments of, ii. 44, 156.
In Montezuma’s palace, 265.
Incensing of Huitzilopochtli, iii. 86.
India, epic poets of, i. 67, note.
India House, i. 282, iii. 25.
Indian allies, ii. 118.
Value of the, 123.
On the march against Mexico, iii. 252, 258.
Reconciled by Cortés, 293.
Join Spaniards at Mexico, iv. 30.
Desert, 56.
Return, 60.
In the expedition to Honduras, 177.
See Cempoallan, Chinantlan, Cholulan, Tepeacan, Tezcucans, Tlascalan, and Totonacs.
Indian corn, i. 148, 151, note.
See Maize.
Indians, Aztecs and, differ, in domestic manners, i. 172.
Repartimientos in regard to, 285, ii. 73.
Commission respecting, i. 286, iv. 206, note.
Held in slavery that they may be Christianized, i. 286.
Las Casas insists upon the entire freedom of the, 286.
Treatment of, at Cozumel, 333.
Fight the Spaniards, at Tabasco, 344;
at Ceutla, 351.
Interview with, at San Juan de Ulua, 360.
Aid the Spaniards, 365.
On the civilization of, ii. 74.
Taken by Spaniards, 128.
Find Spanish new-comers to be enemies of the old, iii. 34.
Protected by the Spanish government, iv. 208, note.
See Aborigines, Christianity, Indian allies, and Repartimientos.
Indians evade Census, iv. 230, note.
Indies. See Council of the Indies.
Indulgences, papal, for the troops, iii. 324, iv. 213, note.
Inquisition, Aztec sacrifices compared to the, i. 98.
Intemperance, i. 48, 171.
Intercalation, among the Aztecs, i. 127, note, 129, note.
Persian, 127, note, 248.
Interpreters. See Aguilar Marina, and Melchorejo.
Iron, not known to the Aztecs, i. 154, 260, 270.
Substitutes for, 155.
On the table-land in Mexico, 270, 271.
{367}The early use of, 271, note.
Irrigation, i. 150.
See Canals.
Irving, Washington, i. 341, note, iv. 148, note.
Isabella, suppressed repartimientos, i. 285.
Isla de los Sacrificios, i. 294.
Israelites, i. 144, 242, ii. 267, note, 332.
Itzalana, i. 258.
Itzocan, conquered, iii. 231.
Itztli, tools made of, i. 155.
Weapons pointed with, ii. 131, 134.
Blades of, 134.
Ixtlilxochitl, cacique of Tezcuco, account of, iii. 270.
Instructed and watched, 282.
Procures allies, 323, iv. 19.
Efficiency of, iv. 19, 23.
Kills the Aztec leader, 23.
Does not desert, 56.
Ixtlilxochitl, son of Nezahualpilli, rival for the Tezcucan crown, ii. 8, 177, 367.
Embassy from, to Cortés, 177.
Ixtlilxochitl, the historian, on the extent of Anahuac, i. 14, note.
His opinion of the Toltec records, 15, note.
On feudal chiefs, 39, note.
On halls of justice and judgments in Tezcuco, 7.
On the cycles, 75, note.
On sacrifices at the dedication of the temple of Huitzilopochtli, 93, note.
On measures for procuring victims, 96, note.
On Mexican hieroglyphical writers, 113, note.
On the divine book, 122, note.
Story by, 164, note.
Notices of, and of his writings, 220, note.
Source of the materials of his works, 187, note, 220, note.
Translation by, of a poem of Nezahualcoyotl, 188, iv. 272.
Cited, i. 190, note.
On the population of Tezcuco, 191, note
On Indian antiquities, 200, note.
On the Toltec migration, 268.
On Nezahualcoyotl’s advice to his son, 212.
His character of Nezahualcoyotl, 213.
On the Lady of Tula, 215, note.
On Nezahualpilli’s punishment of his wife, 216, note, iv. 281.
Account of, and of his writings, i. 220.
On Montezuma’s conversion, iii. 14, note.
On the massacre by Alvarado, 90, note.
On a statue of the Sun, 193, note.
Authority for Tecocol, 268, note, 269, note.
Etymology of the name of, 269, note.
On headquarters at Tezcuco, iii. 281, note.
On Tangapan’s sister and her vision, 296, note.
Termination of his works, iv. 13, note.
On the rescue of Cortés by a Tlascalan chief, 43, note.
On Nezahualcoyotl’s residence, 279.
Iztaccihuatl, ii. 187, 223, 228, note, 229, iii. 259.
Iztacs, destruction of idols by, iv. 192, note.
Iztapalapan, ii. 242.
Gardens of, 243, iii. 284.
Sack of, 285.
Sandoval’s expedition against, 367, iv. 3.
See Cuitlahua.
Iztapalapan causeway, first crossed by Spaniards, ii. 247.
Described, 248, 284.
Advance on the, iii. 348.
At the junction of the Cojohuacan, iv. 6.
Cannon placed upon the, 7.
Fighting there, 16, 20.
Alderete on the, 39.
Iztapan, 180.

J
Jacapichtla, expedition against, iii. 319.
Jackets. See Cotton.
Jalap, ii. 88, note.
Jauhtepec, iii. 331.
Java, market-days and weeks in, i. 126, note.
Javelin, the Tlascalan, ii. 134.
Jesters, i. 317, ii. 304.
Jewels, i. 218, note, 293, iv. 137, 212.
Jews. See Israelites.
Jomard on the new fire, i. 140, note.
Judges, Aztec, i. 42.
In Tezcuco, 43.
Collusions of, punishable with death, 45.
Details respecting, 45.
{368}Montezuma tries the
integrity of, ii. 6.
Twelve, at the Mexican market, 318.
Jugglers, i. 171, note, ii. 304, iv. 212.
Julian, fleet burned by, ii. 71, note.
Julian year, i. 129, note.
Juste, Juan, inscriptions by, iii. 211, note, 298.

K
Kings, Egyptian, i. 36, note.
Use of the word among the Aztecs, 37.
See Sovereigns.
Kingsborough, Lord, publishes Sahagun’s Universal History, i. 103.
Manuscripts in his work, 117, 118, note.
Identifies the Teoamoxtli and the Pentateuch, 122, note.
On the scientific instruments of the Mexicans, 137, note.
Account of his publication of the remains of the Aztec civilization, 143.
On the Aztec knowledge of the Scriptures, 236, note.
His Aztec and Israelitish parallelisms, 242, note.
On the words Mexico and Messiah, 242, note.
Knight-errantry of Cortés, iv. 257.
Knighthood, i. 57, ii. 107, iii. 244, iv. 299.
Knotted strings, i. 114, note.

L
Lances, instructions by Cortés respecting, i. 353, ii. 119, 130, iii. 196.
For the Spaniards, iii. 44, 51.
Lands, revenues from, i. 51.
Heldin common, 52, note.
For the maintenance of priests, 85.
Cholulan cultivation of, ii. 189.
See Agriculture.
Languages, in Anahuac, i. 123, 187.
Tlascalans, ii. 109.
On coincidences as to, in the Old and the New World, i. 248.
Remarks on the Indian, 249;
on the Othomi, 250;
on the Cora, 253, note.
Lares, Amador de, i. 311, 318.
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, on human sacrifices in Anahuac, i. 94, note.
On ruins in Yucatan, 266.
Procures a commission to redress Indian grievances, 286, ii. 73.
Protects the natives of Cuba, i. 288.
On the censure of Grijalva, 295, note.
On the father of Cortés, 298, note.
On Cortés and Velasquez, 309, note, 320, 326.
On property acquired by Cortés, 310.
On the etymology of adelantado, 316, note.
On forced conversions, 338, note, iv. 290.
On the proclamation at Tabasco, i. 344, note.
On Tabasco, 346.
On the loss at the battle of Ceutla, 355, note.
On Indian gestures, 361, note.
On traditions and Montezuma, ii. 10, note.
Account of, and of his writings, 72-80.
His connection with negro slavery, 73.
His charity and friendship for the Indians, 73.
Bishop of Chiapa, 77.
His death and character, 78.
Biographies of, 80.
On the population of Cholula, 180, note.
On the massacre at Cholula, 207, note.
Herrera borrows from, 273.
His portrait of Velasquez, iv. 149.
Extract from, 290.
Las Tres Cruzes, village of, iv. 180.
Latrobe, his descriptions, i. 7, note.
On the calendar-stone, 158, note.
Describes two baths, 198, note.
On Indian antiquities, 200, note.
On Tacuba, iii. 176, note.
On the interposition of the Virgin, 184, note.
Describes a cavity in a pyramid, 191, note.
Law of honor, the Aztec, i. 99, note.
{369}Lawrence, on animals in the New World, i. 225, note.
Laws, Aztec, i. 47.
Military codes, 60, iii. 254, iv. 324.
Nezahualcoyotl’s code of, i. 184.
Lead, from Tasco, i. 153.
League. See Mexico.
Legerdemain, i. 171, note, ii. 304.
Legislative power, i. 41.
Le Noir, M., i. 119, note, 264, note.
Leon, Juan Velasquez de, joins Cortés, i. 322.
At Tabasco, 349.
In irons, ii. 32.
At Tlascala, 172.
Aids in seizing Montezuma, 342, 344.
Guards him, 348.
Montezuma’s pleasure in his company, 363.
To plant a colony at Coatzacualco, 373.
Charged with purloining plate, iii. 12.
Narvaez’s letter to, 44.
Joins Cortés at Cholula, 48.
Fidelity of, 59, 72, note, 77.
To secure Panuco, 77.
Joins Cortés at Tlascala, 79.
Tries to calm his anger, 96.
Chivalrous, 119.
At the evacuation of Mexico, 162.
Killed, 181.
Fate of gold collected by, 210.
Leon, Luis Ponce de, juez de residencia, iv. 206.
Le Plongeon, Augustus, i. 258 note.
Lerma, defends Cortés, iv. 43.
Lice as tribute, i. 52, note.
Lieber, Francis, on punishment, i. 184, note.
Lime, i. 52, note, 290, 334, ii. 39.
Litters, ii. 44, 238, 251, 346, iii. 46, 200.
Livy, cited, iv. 255, note.
Llorente’s Life of Las Casas, ii. 80.
Lopez, Gerónimo, condemns the education given by the missionaries, iv. 165, note.
Lopez, Martin, ship-builder, ii. 359, iii. 175, 233, 245, 299.
Lord’s Supper, rite like the, i. 239, 241.
Lorenzana, on a tribute-roll, i. 53, note.
On the seizure of Montezuma, ii. 354, note.
Cited, iii. 132, note, iv. 37, note.
Louis XI., disclosure in his reign, iii. 300.
Lucian, on the Deluge, i. 233, note.
Lucretius, cited on iron, i. 271, note.
Luisa, Doña, given to Alvarado, ii. 174.
Lujo, Francisco de, i. 347, ii. 342.
Encourages Cortés, iii. 59.
At the evacuation of Mexico, 162.
Lunar calendars, i. 132, 247, note.
Lyell, Charles, on the spread of mankind, i. 229, note.

M
Macaca, armada at, i. 320, 321.
Machiavelli, i. 26, note, 101, note, ii. 12, note.
Magarino, at a bridge, iii. 163, 166.
Magistrates, Aztec, i. 43.
Nezahualpilli the terror of unjust, 216, note.
Maguey. See Agave Americana.
Mahometan belief as to martyrs, i. 77, note.
Maize, the word, i. 151, note.
Yearly royal expenditure of, in Tezcuco, 191, note.
See Indian corn.
Majesty, the title, ii. 28, note.
Malinche, ii. 175.
See Marina.
Malinche, Cortés called, ii. 175.
Malinche, the mountain, ii. 168.
Manifesto to the Indians, i. 344, note.
Mankind, origin of, in America, i. 225, 228.
Two great families of, in America, 230.
See Aborigines.
Mantas, use and description of, iii. 140.
Mantles of feather-work. See Feather-work.
Manuscripts, scarcity of, among the Toltecs, i. 14, note.
Materials of the Mexican, 114.
Their shape, 115.
Destruction of, 115, 116.
Collected at Mexico and perished, 115, 174.
Mendoza Codex, 117.
{370}Dresden Codex, 118.
With interpretations, 119, note.
No clue to the, 120.
Report of a key to them, 121, note.
The Teoamoxtli, or divine book, 122, and note.
Notice of the Aztec, in Europe, 143.
Estrella’s, 331.
Collection of, by Vega, iv. 272.
See Hieroglyphics and Paintings.
Maps, for the revenue, i. 54.
Ebeling collection of, iv. 179, note.
In Delafield’s Antiquities, i. 252, note.
Marina, or Malinche, a female slave and interpreter, account of, i. 361, iv. 190.
Cortés and, i. 362.
Don Martin Cortés, son of, 362, iv. 192.
Moratin cited on, i. 363, note.
Interprets, ii. 40, 44, 54.
Cheers a Cempoallan chief, 123.
Value of her services, 144.
Discovers Tlascalan spies, 154.
Cortés called Malinche from, 175.
Discovers a conspiracy at Cholula, 194.
Interpreter between Cortés and Montezuma, 260, 266.
Urges Montezuma to go to the Spanish camp, 345.
Finds out Cuitlahua, iii. 121, note.
Interprets Cortés’ address to the Aztecs, 134.
In the retreat from Mexico, 175.
At Chalco, 326.
At the interview between Cortés and Guatemozin, iv. 102.
Meets her mother, 190.
Marriage of, 190.
Marineo, Lucio, on gaming, iii. 256, note.
Market, Mexican, ii. 312.
Closed, iii. 93.
Market-days. See Fairs.
Market-place, ii. 313.
See Tlatelolco.
Marquis of Oaxaca, iv. 220.
Marriage, among the Aztecs, i. 49, 167.
Among the Tezcucans, 200.
Of Nezahualcoyotl, 202.
Of Spaniards with Tlascalans, ii. 170, 174.
Martin, Benito, chaplain, iii. 24.
Martin of Valencia, iv. 164.
Martyr, Peter, on maps and manuscripts, i. 115, note, 143, 157, note.
On cacao as a circulating medium, 161.
On a huge beam, 198, note.
On Flemings in Spain, 280, note.
On Tabasco, 346, note.
On a fabric, ii. 17, note.
On the gold and silver wheels, 18, note.
Account of, 277.
On the dwellings in Mexico, 286, 287, note.
On the calendar-stone, 293, note.
On Mexican trinkets, 314, note, iii. 7, note.
On the pusillanimity of Montezuma, ii. 352, note.
On the insurrection against Alvarado, iii. 92, note.
On firing Mexico, 134, note.
On cannibalism, iv. 33, note.
On an emerald, 137, note.
Martyrs, Mexican idea respecting, i. 56.
Mahometan belief, 77, note.
Masks, in the Aztec plays, i. 124.
Massacre, at Cholula, ii. 201.
By Alvarado, iii. 87.
At Iztapalapan, 286.
Matadero, fortress in the, iv. 153.
Matanzas, i. 289, note.
Maundeville, Sir John, i. 155, note.
Maximilian, poverty of, iii. 11, note.
Maxixcatzin, cacique of Tlascala, ii. 141, iii. 80.
Welcomes Cortés from Mexico, 207.
Cortés quartered in his palace, 209.
Present to, 210.
Averse to an alliance with Aztecs, 220.
Dies of smallpox, 234.
Olmedo with, 235.
Spaniards in mourning for, 244.
Son of, confirmed in the succession, 244.
Son of, goes to Spain, iv. 212.
Maxtla, Tepanec empire bequeathed to, i. 178.
His treatment and jealousy of Nezahualcoyotl, 178.
Oppressions by, 182.
Conquered and sacrificed, 183.
McCulloh, i. 73, note, 114, note, 133, note.
Notice of his work, 245, note.
Meals, i. 168.
{371}Montezuma’s, ii. 301.
Mechanical arts, Aztec, i. 155, 156-160.
Medellin, iv. 156, 201.
Medicinal plants in Mexico, ii. 297.
Melancholy night, iii. 169-182.
Melchorejo, interpreter, i. 333, 347.
Menagerie, at Mexico, ii. 295.
Mendicity, not tolerated, i. 206.
Mendoza Codex, i. 53, note.
History of the, 117.
With an interpretation, 119, note.
Examined by the Marquis Spineto, 143.
The arrangement of, 143.
Mendoza, Don Antonio, viceroy of New Spain, iv. 235.
Interferes with Cortés, 237.
Merchandise, sale and transportation of, i. 162-164.
Merchants, Aztec, i. 162.
Merida, Cozumel Cross at, i. 239, note.
Mesa, commander of artillery, i. 349.
Messiah, the words Mexico and, i. 242.
Metals, in Ithaca and Mexico, i. 168, note.
Early exportations of, from the Spanish colonies, 285.
See Gold, Mines, and Silver.
Mexia charges Leon with purloining plate, iii. 12.
Mexican Gulf, i. 285.
Explored, ii. 372.
Mexicans. See Aztecs.
Mexico, interest and importance of, i. 3.
Ancient and modern extent of, 4.
Climate and products of, 5.
Primitive races of, 12-19, 253.
Legislative power in, 41.
Predictions and prodigies connected with the downfall of, 73, 217, ii. 10-12, 157, 159, 215, and note, iii. 3, 6, 269.
On the colonization of, by the Israelites, i. 144.
Apathy of, respecting antiquities, 199, note.
Languages of, 249.
Hostility to Montezuma in, ii. 7.
Mexico, Tezcuco, and Tlacopan, league of, i. 23, 183.
Extend their territory, 24, 25.
Mexico, city, situation of, i. 11.
Called Tenochtitlan, 21.
Settlement of the Aztecs at, 21, note.
Derivation of the name, 21.
Map of, referred to, 25.
Images spread throughout, 156.
Terror there, at the landing of Cortés, ii. 13.
The cacique of Cocotlan’s account of, 94.
Spanish route to, 228.
First view of, by the Spaniards, 230.
Seen from Iztapalapan, 245.
Entrance of the Spaniards into, 247.
Environs of, 248.
Streets in, 255.
Population of, 255, 288, note.
Comparison of ancient and modern, 281.
Description of, 284, 312.
View of, from the great temple, 324.
Alvarado takes command of, iii. 44.
Insurrection in, 78, 92, 98, 108.
Cortés re-enters, 79.
Massacre there, by Alvarado, 87.
Assault on the Spanish quarters at, 92.
Sally of the Spaniards, 115.
Fired, 117, 134.
Storming of the great temple at, 127-133.
Evacuation of, by the Spaniards, 158.
Cuitlahua’s acts there after the evacuation, 218.
Guatemozin’s measures for defending, 249.
Second expedition to, 251.
Reconnoitred, 304, 352.
Siege of, 366, 376.
Assaults on the causeways of, iv. 10.
Famine in, 29, 35, 59, 66, 73, 74, 86.
General assault on, 38.
Measures for securing retreat there, 39, 63.
Destruction of buildings at, 63, 72.
Want of water in, 73.
Seven-eighths of, in ruins, 81.
Pestilence in, 87.
Murderous assault there, 93.
Last assault on, 97.
Tempest there, 106.
Evacuation of, permitted, 107.
Purification of, 107.
Loss during the siege of, 108.
Remarks on the conquest of, 112.
Rebuilding of, 135, 145, 151.
Population for, 154.
Disturbances in, 199.
Cortés’ triumphal return to, 202.
Cortés ordered to leave, 208;
{372}to
keep ten leagues from, 229.
Deserted to visit Cortés at Tezcuco, 229.
Michoacán, tradition there, connected with the Deluge, i. 233. iii. 296, note.
Embassy from, iv. 132.
Visited, 133.
Coliman in, founded, 155.
Midwives, baptism by, i. 240, note.
Mier, Dr., i. 73, note, ii. 83, note.
Military institutions, Aztec, i. 56.
Milk, on the use of, i. 270, 271.
Milman, on Budh, i. 71, note.
Mines, and minerals, i. 153.
Wrought, iv. 167, 232.
Minstrels entertained, i. 171, note.
Mirrors, Aztec, ii. 314.
Missionaries.
Charity for their religious analogies, i. 237.
To New Spain in the time of Cortés, iv. 162.
Schools and colleges established by, 165.
Leave Mexico, 200.
Provision for, in Cortés’ will, 243.
See Dominican, Las Casas, Olmedo, and Toribio.
Mitla, ruins of, i. 259, ii. 373.
Mixtecapan, iii. 232.
Monastic institutions among pagans, i. 244, note.
Money, substitutes for, i. 161, and note.
See Currency.
Montaño, Francisco, ascends Popocatepetl, ii. 227.
Montejo, Francisco de, i. 349.
Explores the coast, ii. 21, 23, 43.
Alcalde of Villa Rica, 30.
In the expedition to Honduras, iv. 177.
Montejo and Puertocarrero, mission of, to Spain, ii. 62.
Touch at Cuba, 64, iii. 24.
On the destruction of the fleet, ii. 71, note.
Prosecuted before the Royal India House, iii. 25.
Treatment of, by Charles V., 29.
Influence of Fonseca against, 27.
Monteleone, dukes of, descendants of Cortés, ii. 263, iv. 152, 250.
Monterey, founds Vera Cruz, i. 365, note, iv. 156, note.
Montesinos, old ballad of, i. 359.
Montezuma I., i. 24.
Bas-relief of, destroyed, 157, ii. 298.
Montezuma II., i. 36.
Bas-relief of, destroyed, 157, ii. 298.
The orthography of, i. 364, note.
Message to, by Cortés, 369.
Accounts of, ii. 4, 94, 176, iii. 151.
Meaning of the word, ii. 4, note.
His coronation, 4.
Benevolent and religious acts of, 5.
Hatred of, 7, 41, 221, 233, 309.
Principal cause of his calamities, 8.
Resurrection and warning of his sister, 11, note.
Dismayed at the landing of Spaniards, 13.
Sends presents and forbids Cortés’ approach, 14, 19, 22, 58, note.
Exactions of the Totonacs by his tax-gatherers, 45.
Inventory of his gifts, 58, note.
His efforts to subdue the Tlascalans, 111.
New embassy from, 159.
Invites the Spaniards to Mexico, 175.
Treacherous embassy from, to the Spaniards at Cholula, 192-197.
Spaniards the historians of, 218.
Tries to bribe the Spaniards to return, 234.
Welcomes Cortés, through Cacama, 239.
Respect for, near the capital, 242.
His visit to Cortés, 250-254.
Aztec homage to, 251, 254, 265, iii. 123.
His personal appearance, ii. 252.
His reception of Cortés at Axayacatl’s palace, 257.
Effect of his conduct on the Spaniards, 262, 270, 362, iii. 5.
Conversation of, with Cortés, ii. 260.
Attempts to convert, 260, 266, 364, iii. 14, 147.
Visit to, by Cortés, ii. 263.
His palace, 263, 298, iv. 151.
Submission of, to Charles V., ii. 269, 271.
His domestic establishment, 299-306, iv. 302.
His wives, ii. 299, iii. 155, iv. 302.
His meals, ii. 301, iv. 302.
His reception of Cortés at the great temple, ii. 323.
Aids in preparing a chapel, 332.
His treasures discovered, 333.
{373}History of his seizure, 338-346.
Accompanies Cortés to head-quarters, 346.
Respect shown to, 347, 360.
His reception of Quauhpopoca, 349.
Fettered, 351.
Unfettered, 352.
Declines going to his palace, 353.
His life in the Spanish quarters, 360.
His munificence, 361.
His visit to the great temple, 363.
Sails in a brigantine, 365.
Plan for liberating, by Cacama, 368.
Intercedes for Cacama, 369.
Swears allegiance, iii. 4.
His gifts for the emperor, 7-10.
Parting of Cortés and, 46.
Sends a messenger to Cortés, 83.
Checks the Aztecs in an insurrection, 92.
Welcomes Cortés, and is coldly received, 95.
Cuitlahua chosen successor of, 97, 195, 218.
Witnesses the Aztec fighting, 121.
Prevailed on to address the Aztecs, 122.
Insulted, 124.
Wounded, 124, and note.
Last days and death of, 125, 147.
Commends his children to Cortés, 149.
His conversation with Cortés, 149.
Fate of his children, 149, note, 155, note, 162, 249, iv. 104, and note, 186, note, 318.
Compassion for him, iii. 150, 154, 157.
His character, 151.
Descendant of, viceroy of Mexico, 156, note.
Respect to his memory, 157.
His successor, 195, 218.
Son of, goes to Spain, iv. 212.
See Cortés and Tecuichpo.
Montezuma’s Hill. See Hill.
Months, Aztec division of, i. 126.
Monument at the limits of Tlascala, ii. 103, 111, 115, iii. 204.
Moon, worshipped, i. 208, note.
Monument to the, iii. 190.
Moran, a horseman, assaulted, ii. 122.
Moratin, cited on Marina, i. 363, note.
Morgan, Lewis H., cited, i. 14, note, 27, note, 31 note, ii. 288, note, 306, note.
Morla, condemned to be hung, ii. 51.
Morla, Francisco de, iii. 162, 170, 181.
Morpeth, Lord, cited, ii. 37, note.
Morton, S. G., on the burial of the dead, i. 245, note.
Facial angle of his skulls, 255, note.
Remarks on his Crania Americana, 256, note.
Mosaic, imitated, i. 160.
Mothers. See Daughters.
Motilla, Sandoval’s steed, iv. 49, note.
Motolinia, ii. 274.
Mound to Quetzalcoatl, ii. 183, 187, 204.
Mountain of Flints, iv. 193.
Muñoz, zeal of, respecting the manuscript of Sahagun’s History, i. 103.
Manuscript of Hernandez discovered by, 193, note.
Transcribed an account of Grijalva’s expedition, 296, note.
Murray, C. A., i. 55, note.
Musa, the plant, i. 150.
Music, council of, i. 185.
Its influence, 186.
Instruments of, 208.
Musketry, i. 351.
See Fire-arms.
Mythology, i. 66.
Mexican, 68.
Effect of the Aztec, 219.

N
Naco, expeditions to, iv. 175, 195.
Najera, his Dissertatio de Lingua Othomitorum, i. 251, note.
Naming children, ceremony of, i. 78, 240.
Narvaez, Pánfilo de, i. 288, ii. 71, note.
Notice of, iii. 30.
Commander of Velasquez’s fleet against Cortés, 30.
Will not listen to Ayllon, 32.
Arrives at San Juan de Ulua, 33.
His summons to Sandoval, 36.
Seizes Ayllon and sends him back, 35.
Envoys of, carried by porters to Mexico, 37.
Cortés’ mission to him, 40.
Olmedo’s intercourse with, 41.
At Cempoalla, 42.
Proposes to liberate Montezuma, 42.
{374}Cortés
marches against, 46.
His summons to Cortés to surrender, 49.
His envoys to Cortés, 53.
Reply to, 56.
Preparations for assaulting, 59.
Marches to the River of Canoes, 61.
His sentinels, 61.
Attacked and defeated, 64.
Wounded, 66.
Treatment of, by Cortés, 70.
His gossip with Oviedo, 73, note.
Murmurs among his troops, 74.
Property taken from, 76, note.
Mutinies among the levies from, 137, 212, 215, 356.
To send Cortés for trial to Spain, 237.
Proceedings in Spain in regard to, 355, note.
Ordered before Cortés, iv. 143.
Brings charges against Cortés, 144.
See Spaniards.
Nations, on the identification of, i. 245.
Nativities, astrologers consulted at, i. 136.
Naulinco, entertainment at, ii. 90.
Negro slaves, introduction of, into the Western World, ii. 73.
Transportation of, by Cortés, iv. 233.
See Slaves.
Nero, Cortés and, ii. 207, note.
New fire, the, i. 140, note, 141.
New Spain, number of languages in, i. 249.
Yucatan called, 292.
Early settlements in, iv. 156.
Condition of the natives there, 162.
Population of, in 1810, 162, note.
Arrival of Franciscan friars in, 163.
Royal audience of, 209, 225.
New royal audience of, 228.
Viceroy of, 234.
New Spain of the Ocean Sea, iii. 240.
New Zealanders and Otaheitans, i. 229, note.
Nezahualcoyotl, prince of the Tezcucans, efficiency of, i. 19, 23, 177.
Poetry by, 24, note, 188, note, 209, iv. 272.
Mexican code under, i. 51, note, 184.
Meaning of the name, 111, 197, note.
Personal history and adventures of, 177.
Conquers Maxtla, 183.
Four historians of the royal house of, 187, note.
An illustrious bard, 188.
Pile of buildings erected by, 191, 195.
Nezahualpilli, monarch of Tezcuco, i. 45.
Account of, 215.
His treatment of his guilty wife, 216, note, iv. 281.
Has forebodings of calamity to his country, i. 218, ii. 8, iii. 269.
His death, i. 218, ii. 8.
His obsequies, i. 218, note.
Address made by, at the coronation of Montezuma as king, ii. 4, iii. 154.
Contest respecting the succession to, ii. 8, 366, iii. 272.
Spaniards quartered in his palace, iii. 267.
Pardons a son, 271.
Niebuhr, on calendars, i. 129, note, 132, note.
Night attacks, ii. 118, 143, iii. 63, 163.
Nine “companions,” the, i. 133, note.
Noah, Quetzalcoatl identified with, i. 73, note.
Nobles, Aztec, i. 33.
Entertain minstrels, buffoons, and jugglers, 171, note.
Treatment of, by Nezahualcoyotl, 183.
Their manners, 192, ii. 254.
Tlascalan, ii. 105, 106, note.
Chivalrous act of Aztec, 112.
Aztec, meet Cortés, 249.
Bear Montezuma in a palanquin, 251, 254.
Must reside in Mexico, 285.
Attend on Montezuma, 300.
Massacre of, iii. 88.
Six, deputed to Tlascala, 219.
Delivered up, and sent to Guatemozin, 283.
Sent to Guatemozin, iv. 66, 90.
Four hundred, hung, 142.
Accompany Cortés to Spain, 212.
Noche triste, iii. 169-182.
Nootka, dialects there, i. 253.
Northmen visit America, i. 228, note.
Notation, i. 124, 130.
Numeration, among the Aztecs, i. 124.
{375}Nuñez, Cortés’ page, challenged, iv. 71.

O
Oaxaca, plantation for the crown at, ii. 373.
Embassy from, iii. 232.
Mineral wealth of, iv. 133.
Marquis of the Valley of, 220.
Ober. Cited, i. 152, note, 266, note.
Observatory, Nezahualpilli’s, i. 216.
Obsidian, Mexican tools made of, i. 155.
Ocelotl, Humboldt on the, i. 247, note.
Ohcacautin, i. 33, note.
Ojeda, at the evacuation of Mexico, iii. 180, note.
Olea, Cristóval de, saves Cortés, iv. 43.
Oleron, on the laws of, ii. 209, note.
Olid, Cristóval de, sent in search of Grijalva, i. 295.
Joins Cortés, 322.
Noticed, 349, iii. 19, 60, 96, 119, 122, 162, 170, 175, 200.
Detached to Quauhquechollan, 227, 230, note.
His countermarch on Cholula, 228.
Sandoval and, iii. 296.
Reconnoitres Mexico, 304.
At Cuernavaca, 335.
Conspiracy against, 357.
Takes post at Cojohuacan, 367, 376.
Demolishes the aqueduct, 374.
Enmity between Alvarado and, 373.
His expedition to Honduras, iv. 171.
Defection of, 175.
Beheaded, 176.
Olmedo, Bartolomé de, Father, notice of, i. 337.
His efforts to convert the natives, 337, 356, ii. 22, 90.
Interposition of, ii. 97, 170, 172, 325.
Character of, 97, 172.
Performs mass, 334, iii. 17.
Attempts to convert Montezuma, 364, iii. 14, 147.
Mission of, to Narvaez, iii. 41.
Meets Cortés, 49.
Goes against Narvaez, 63.
Before Cortés, in behalf of the soldiers, 76.
Urges Montezuma to address the Aztecs, 122.
Visits the expiring Maxixca, 235.
Sermon by, after the surrender of Mexico, iv. 111.
Last years of, 153.
Oral tradition, connection of, with Aztec picture-writing, i. 113, 123.
Embodied in songs and hymns, 123.
Ordaz, Diego de, i. 322.
A spy on Cortés, 322.
To ransom Christian captives, 333.
Commander of infantry in the battle of Ceutla, 349.
Charges the enemy, 354.
In irons, ii. 32.
Attempts the ascent of Popocatepetl, 225.
Escutcheon of, 227.
Visits Montezuma with Cortés, 263.
To settle Coatzacualco, iii. 77.
Joins Cortés at Tlascala, 79.
Chivalrous, 119.
Storms the great temple, 129.
At the evacuation of Mexico, 162, 167, 175.
Ordinances for the government of New Spain during Cortés viceroyalty, iv. 157, note.
Orizaba, the volcano, ii. 34, 89, 187.
Orozco y Berra, on the various races in Mexico, i. 12, note.
On ancient remains in Central America, 17, note.
Cited, 18, note, 20, note, 120, note.
Orteguilla, page of Montezuma, ii. 363, iii. 19.
Otaheitans and New Zealanders, i. 229, note.
Otomies, their language, i. 250, ii. 111.
Aid the Tlascalans, ii. 111.
A migratory race, iv. 19, note.
Claim protection, 19, 61, note.
Notice of, 19.
Otompan, or Otumba, iii. 188, 194, 289.
Ovando, Don Juan de, orders manuscripts to be restored to Sahagun, i. 102.
Ovando, Don Nicolas de, Governor of Hispaniola, i. 300, 302, iii. 33, note.
Oviedo de Valdez, Gonzalo Fernandez, i. 150, note, ii. 73.
On the peso de oro, ii. 17, note.
On the gold and silver wheels, 17, note.
On the device of Tlascala, 132, note.
{376}On the skill of Aztec goldsmiths, 258, note.
On Montezuma, 300, note, 345, note, iii. 5, note, iv. 302.
On Montezuma and Narvaez, iii. 42, note.
On the ascendency of Cortés, 72, note.
Narvaez’s gossip with, 73, note.
On the massacre by Alvarado, 89, note.
Account of, and of his writings, 98-102.
Compares Cortés to Horatius Cocles, 144, note.
On a leap by Cortés, 145, note.
On horse-flesh, 186, note.
Panegyrizes Cortés, 295, note, 364, note.
Owl, Mexican devil and, i. 70, note.

P
Pacific Ocean, described by Nuñez de Balboa, i. 284.
Discovered and taken possession of, iv. 133.
Spanish ideas of the, 171.
Padilla, i. 197, note, 198, note.
Paintings, hieroglyphical, made in court, i. 46.
Chair for the study and interpretation of, 46, 121.
Aztec laws registered in, 47, 112.
Cycles of the Vatican, 76, note.
Of Sahagun, 102, 104.
Features of Mexican, 108.
Coloring in, 109.
Aztec and Egyptian, compared, 109.
Chiefly representative, in Anahuac, 111.
The records made in, 112.
Connection of oral tradition with, 113.
Humboldt on, 113, note.
Education respecting, 113.
Destruction of, 115, iii. 267.
Of Narvaez and his fleet, iii. 38.
Of the storming of the great temple, 133, note.
See Hieroglyphics.
Palace of Nezahualcayotl, i. 191, 194, iv. 279.
Of Axayacatl, ii. 257, 258, 333.
Of Montezuma, 263, 293, iv. 151.
Of Maxixca, iii. 209.
Of Guatemozin, fired, iv. 72.
Of Cortés, at Mexico, 152;
at Cuernavaca, 230.
Palenque, cross at, i. 238.
Architecture of, 261.
Sculpture there, 262.
Ancient, 356, iv. 180.
Palfrey, John G., Lectures by, i. 233, note.
Palos, Cortés at, iv. 213.
Panuchese, defeated, iv. 141.
Panuco, ii. 23, iii. 77, 237.
Papantzin, resurrection of, ii. 11, note.
Paper, i. 52, and note, 114.
Papyrus, account of, i. 114, note.
Pearls, worn by Montezuma, ii. 252.
Penance among Tartars, i. 244, note.
Pentateuch and Teoamoxtli, i. 122, note.
Perrine, Dr., on the maguey, i. 153, note.
Persia, i. 56, note, 127, note.
Peru, records in, i. 114, note.
Peso de oro, ii. 17, note, iii. 10, note.
Pesquisa Secreta, or Secret Inquiry, iv. 226.
Pestilence, at Mexico, iv. 87.
Peten, lake and isles of, iv. 189, 192.
Phonetic writing and signs, i. 106, note, 107, 110, 111, 120, note.
Picture-writing, i. 106, 370, ii. 13.
See Hieroglyphics.
Pikes. See Lances.
Pilgrims to Cholula, ii. 152.
Pins, from the agave, i. 185.
Pisa, tower of, i. 268.
Pizarro, Francisco, iv. 213.
Pizarro y Orellana, i. 297, note, 301, note, 352, note.
Plants, medicinal, among the Aztecs, ii. 297.
Plato’s Atlantis, i. 226.
Plaza Mayor, in Mexico, i. 156, and note, iv. 152.
Pliny, on the papyrus, i. 114, note.
Poetry, connection of mythology and, i. 67, 68.
Tezcucan, 218.
See Nezahualcoytl.
Polo, Marco, i. 161, note.
On cannibalism, 244, note.
Polygamy, among the Mexicans, i. 166, 195, note.
Popes, power of, ii. 209, 210.
Popocatepetl, ii. 187, iii. 245.
Sulphur from, ii. 227, iii. 245.
{377}The Hill that smokes, ii. 223.
Account of, 224.
Attempt to ascend, 225.
Ascended by Montaño, 227.
Popotla, Cortés rests at, iii. 174.
Porters, or tamanes, ii. 43.
Drag cannon to Tlascala, 85, 161.
Carry Narvaez’s envoys to Mexico, iii. 37.
Carry wounded Spaniards, 184;
rigging from Vera Cruz, 245;
the brigantines from Tlascala, 301.
Portraits of Cortés, Aztec, i. 262, 263, note.
Potonchan, i. 342.
Pottery, i. 159, note, ii. 167, 181.
Poyauhtlan, battle of, ii. 105, 110.
Prayers, Mexican, like Christian, i. 78, 79, note, 80, note.
Of Aztec priests, 82.
By Aztec confessors, 83, note.
Sahagun collected forms of, 103.
Predictions or forebodings respecting the fate of the Aztec empire, i. 73, 217, ii. 8-10, 157, 159, 215, note, iii. 3, 6, 269.
Priestesses, i. 83.
Priests, connection of, with Aztec royalty, i. 36, note.
Aztec, 80.
Their influence, 81, 96.
Services by, 81.
Duties of, in regard to education, 83, 113.
Maintenance of, 85.
Aztec and Egyptian, 86, note.
Extorting victims for sacrifices, 96.
On secret symbolic characters by the, 110.
Their lunar reckoning, 132, note, 134.
Their celebration of the kindling of the new fire, 141.
Among Tartars, 244, note.
Mexican word for, 250, note.
Defend their gods, ii. 54.
Consulted by Tlascalans, 142.
Disclose the conspiracy at Cholula, 195.
In the great temple, 325, 330.
Influence Aztec warriors, iii. 130.
Captured, 132.
Released, 143.
Hurled from the great teocalli, iv. 15.
Sacrifice Spaniards, 52.
Cheer Guatemozin, 55.
The eight days’ prediction by, 55-60.
Dissuade Guatemozin from surrendering, 68.
Immoralities in, punished, 163.
See High-priests.
Prisoners, usually sacrificed, i. 49.
Zeal to make, 60, 95, ii. 125, iii. 344.
Treatment of, at Cozumel, i. 333.
Tabascan, taken by Cortés and sent to their countrymen, 355.
Aztec plan in regard to Spanish, ii. 194.
At the Cholulan massacre, 205.
Released by Tlascalans, 206.
Spaniards made, and sacrificed, iii. 344, 349, iv. 45, 49, 52, 57.
See Human sacrifices.
Prizes, distribution of, i. 186.
Proclamation at Tabasco, i. 344.
Prodigies. See Predictions.
Property of infidels and pirates, ii. 209, note.
Protestants, Catholics and, i. 358, ii. 56.
Their rights to discoveries, ii. 210, note.
Provisions, in the Mexican market, ii. 315.
Distress for, on the retreat, iii. 186.
Camp supplied with, iv. 32.
See Famine.
Puebla de los Angeles, ii. 188, note.
Puertocarrero, Alonzo Hernandez de, i. 322, 349, 359.
Deposition of, ii. 28, iv. 291.
Alcalde of, Villa Rica, ii. 30.
See Montejo and Puertocarrero.
Pulque, i. 48, 152, 171.
Punishments, i. 47.
Absolution substituted for, 83.
Object of 184.
For falsehood, 184.
Pyramids, at Cholula, ii. 183, 187, 204.
At Teotihuacan, iii. 189.

Q
Qua, changed into Gua, iii. 249, note.
Quails, sacrificed, i. 88, note.
Quauhnahuac. See Cuernavaca.
Quauhpopoca, an Aztec chief, deceives Escalante, ii. 339.
Sent for by Montezuma, 343, 349.
Burnt, 350.
Quauhquechollan, or Huacachula, iii. 227-229.
{378}Quauhtitlan, iii. 185, 307, note.
Quetzalcoatl, the god of the air, account of, i. 71, 358, ii. 182.
Temple to, at Cholula, i. 73, ii. 183.
Fate of, i. 73.
Tradition respecting, favorable to the future success of the Spaniards, 73, ii. 8, iii. 3, 6.
Meaning of the word, i. 73, note.
Identified with the apostle Thomas, 73, note, 237, ii. 183, note, with Noah, i. 73, note.
Mythological character, 73, note.
Analogies with Scripture suggested by, 236.
Helmet worn by, 368.
Mound to, ii. 183.
Does not aid the Cholulans at the massacre, 203.
Firing of the temple of, 203;
cross put upon its ruins, 217.
Temple of, at Mexico, 329.
Quiñones, Antonio de, captain of Cortés’ body-guard, iii. 362.
Aids in saving Cortés’ life, iv. 44.
Killed at the Azores, 138.
Quintana’s Life of Las Casas, ii. 80.
Quintero, Alonso, i. 300.
Quippus, recording events by the, i. 114, note.

R
Racine, cited, i. 190, note, iii. 250, note.
Raffles, Sir Stamford, i. 126, note.
Ramirez, José F., his views of human sacrifices and cannibalism, i. 97, note;
of the destruction of the fleet by Cortés, ii. 72, note.
Cited, i. 100, note, 154, note, 221, note, 371, note, ii. 257, note, 263, note, 318, note, 349, note, iii. 88, note, 166, note.
Rangre, Rodrigo, commander at Villa Rica, iii. 79.
Mission to, 211.
Takes troops sent by Velasquez, 237.
Purchases a ship with military stores, 238.
Ranking’s Historical Researches, i. 208, note, 244, note.
Raynal, Abbé, i. 154, note.
Razors, Mexican, ii. 314.
Rebels, proceedings against Tepeacans as, iii. 224;
against Aztecs, 251.
Receiver-general, i. 54.
Refinement, in domestic manners, among the Aztecs, i. 165, 218.
Shown in the council of music, 186.
At Cempoalla, ii. 37.
See Civilization.
Religion, similar ideas as to, in remote regions, i. 69, note.
On outraging, iii. 18.
See Christianity and Mythology.
Religious services always public, i. 87.
Repartimientos, the system of, i. 285, ii. 72.
To Cortés, in Hispaniola, 302;
in Cuba, 309.
In New Spain, iii. 226, iv. 159, 258.
Disapproved by the crown, iv. 160.
Regulations respecting, 161.
Consultations and opinions respecting, iv. 207, note.
Representative writing, i. 107, 111.
Resurrection of Tangapan’s sister, iii. 296, note.
Reubios, Palacios, proclamation by, i. 345, note.
Revenues, sources of, i. 51.
Houses for collecting, ii. 286.
See Tribute.
Ribera, on Indian maps, i. 115, note.
Rigging saved and used, ii. 68, 359, iii. 77, 234, 302.
Rio Gila, remains there, i. 253.
Rio de Tabasco, i. 292, 342, iv. 179.
Ritter, i. 69, note.
River of Banners, i. 293, 359.
River of Canoes, iii. 57, 61.
Robertson, William, i. 50, note, ii. 17, note.
Inconsistency of, respecting a colony, ii. 29, note.
Cites a harangue from Solís, 31, note.
Spelling of proper names by, 43, note.
On the First Letter of Cortés, 60, note.
Error of, as to Montezuma’s gift, iii. 10, note.
On Cortés’ expedition to Honduras, iv. 203, note.
Rock of the Marquis, iv. 4.
Roman Catholic communion, i. 357, ii. 56.
{379}Romans, on their successes, i. 26, note.
Royal Audience of New Spain, iv. 209.
Their investigation of Cortés’ conduct, and treatment of him, 225.
Superseded, 228.
Disagreement of Cortés and the, 229.
Superseded by a viceroy, 234.
Royal Audience of St. Domingo, iii. 31, 35, 243, 355.
Royal Council of Spain, i. 344.
Ruins, antiquity of American, i. 264.

S
Saavedra, ii. 249, note, 253, note, iv. 44, note.
Sacrifices. See Human sacrifices.
Sacrificial stone, i. 87, 91, iii. 130, iv. 52.
Sahagun, Bernardino de, i. 78, note, 81, note.
Account of, and of his Universal History, 101-104.
Noticed, 137, note, 161, note, 163, note, 164, note.
On Aztec counsels to a daughter, 165, note, iv. 267;
to a son, i. 167, note.
Cited, ii. 21, note, 185, note, 215, note, iii. 84, note, 85, note, 109, note.
Says Montezuma and others were strangled, 126.
Noticed, 131, note, 174, note, 198, note, 208, note, 235, note, 265, note.
On a sacrifice of Spanish captives, iv. 53, note.
On the devastation at Mexico, 65, note.
Cited, 73, note, 79, note, 82, note, 86, note, 88, note.
Notice of, 125.
On the demolition of the temples, 166, note.
St. Antonio, Cape, i. 323, 327.
St. Augustine, i. 227, 228, note.
St. Domingo. See Hispaniola.
St. Francis, convent of, ii. 89, note, iv. 202.
St. Hypolito, iv. 96.
St. Jago de Cuba, i. 289, 291, 309, 313.
St. James, appearance of, in battle, i. 353, note, iii. 145, 203, note.
St. Lucar, ii. 65, iii. 24.
St. Peter, patron saint of Cortés, i. 330, 352, note.
St. Thomas, identification of Quetzalcoatl and, i. 73, note, 237, ii. 183, note.
Salamanca, i. 298, ii. 72.
Salamanca, Juan de, iii. 201.
Salazar, Juan de, killed, iii. 169.
Sales of merchandise, i. 162.
Salt, i. 52, note, 191, note, ii. 248.
Tlascalans without, 112.
Spaniards without, 139.
Manufacture of, 248.
Salvatierra, iii. 41, 67, 69.
San Christóbal, iii. 305.
Sandoval, Gonzalo de, i. 281, note, 322, ii. 83, 263, iii. 26, 29, note.
Aids in seizing Montezuma, i. 342.
Commands at Villa Rica, ii. 359.
Noticed, iii. 34, 42, 51, 60, 66, 119.
Storms the great temple, 129.
At the evacuation of Mexico, 162, 165, 167, 169, 175.
In battles, 198, 201, 232.
Commander at Tezcuco, 285, 304, 326.
Expedition of, to Chalco, 290, 317.
Transports brigantines, 297.
Notice of, 297.
At Zoltepec, 298.
Wounded, 321.
Misunderstanding of Cortés and, 322.
Conspiracy against, 357.
Expedition of, against Iztapalapan, 367, iv. 3.
At the Tepejacac causeway, 9.
In the assault, 18, 31, 46, 48.
His visit to Cortés, 48.
His steed, 48.
Returns, 50.
To aid in the murderous assault, 89.
To secure Guatemozin, 96, 99.
To escort prisoners to Cojohuacan, 105.
Detachment of, to reduce colonies, iv. 134, 141.
Hangs four hundred chiefs, 142.
In the expedition to Honduras, 181.
Domestic of, punished, 208.
Accompanies Cortés to Spain, 212.
Death of, 214.
San Estevan, iv. 141, 155.
San Gil de Buena Vista, iv. 195.
San Juan de Ulna, i. 294, 360.
Narvaez’s fleet at, iii. 33.
Vera Cruz built there, 33.
Santa Cruz, iv. 233.
Santa María de la Victoria, i. 354.
{380}Saucedo, a cavalier, ii. 57.
Saussure, M. de, ii. 224, note.
Scalping, i. 60, note.
Science, instruments of, i. 137, note.
Tribunal for works on, 185.
Coincidences as to, in the Old and New World, i. 246.
Sculpture, i. 157, 262.
Secret Inquiry, The, iv. 226.
Sedeño, joins the armada, i. 322.
Segura de la Frontera, iii. 239.
Sequoias, i. 198, note.
Serpents, wall of, ii. 320, iii. 87, iv. 14.
Serradifalco, Duke di, i. 262, note.
Sheep, importation of, iv. 231.
Shields, ii. 59, note, 133.
Ships, Aztec painting of, i. 370.
See Armada and Vessels.
Sidonia, Medina, iv. 216, 245.
Sierra, Madre, ii. 89.
Del Agua, 92.
De Malinche, 187, iii. 134, note, 245.
De los Pedernales, iv. 193.
Siesta, i. 169, note, ii. 260, 304.
Siguenza, Dr., on Quetzalcoatl and the apostle Thomas, i. 73, note.
Silk, i. 160, note.
Silver, i. 153.
Vases of, 155.
From Montezuma, ii. 16, iii. 10.
Comparative gold and, iii. 10, note.
Carried to Spain by Cortéz, iv. 213.
From Zacatecas, 232.
Sin, Aztec origin of, i. 236.
Sismondi, on blasphemy, iii. 255, note.
Skins, use of human, iii. 265, note.
Skulls, i. 95, ii. 93, 329.
Coincidences with Mexican, i. 255.
Morton’s work on, 256, note.
Scarceness of Aztec, 256, note.
Slavery, Aztec, i. 48, 54, iv. 244.
Slaves, sacrificed, i. 78, 83, note.
Traffic in, 162, 163.
Eaten, 170.
Expedition to the Bahama Islands for, 289, 291, note.
Female, given to Cortés, 356, 361, ii. 52.
Bring gifts to Montezuma, ii. 16.
Sent to Spain, 63.
Owned by Las Casas, 73.
Wait on Spaniards at Mexico, 260.
For sale in the Mexican market, 315.
Branded, iii. 225.
Given to Spaniards by the Mexicans, 226, note.
Hung, 257.
Scruples of Cortés as to, iv. 159, 244.
Exemption of, 181.
See Negro slaves and Repartimientos.
Smallpox, iii. 77, note, 234.
Smoking, i. 168, 169, note.
Snuff, taken, i. 169.
Soldiers, i. 56.
Nezahualcoyotl’s kindness to disabled, 206.
Solís, Don Antonio de, i. 320, note, ii. 30, note.
On Cortés, ii. 33, note, 46, note.
On Montezuma’s oath of allegiance, iii. 5, note.
On Cuitlahua, iii. 246.
Account of, and his writings, iv. 119-125.
Songs and hymns, i. 123.
Sons, counsels to, i. 167, note, 168, note.
Sotelo, catapult by, iv. 82.
Sothic period, i. 133, note.
Southey, i. 58, note, 141, note, ii. 131, note, 245, note, iv. 6, note.
Sovereigns, Aztec, i. 33, 57.
Influence of priests on, 97.
Presents to, by merchants, 163.
Reproved, 195.
Power of, for ameliorating the condition of man, 219.
The title, ii. 28, note.
Spain, at the close of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, i. 278.
Subsequently, 279.
Gold despatched to, by Velasquez, 296.
Titles applied to the royal family of, ii. 28, note.
Despatches to, by Cortés, 57, 63, iii. 239.
Chivalry in, iii. 340.
Faction in, against Cortés, 354, iv. 139, 142, 204, 209.
See Charles V.
Spaniards, traditions and prodigies connected with the, i. 73, 217, ii. 10-13, 57, 59, 215, and note, iii. 3, 6, 270.
Cause of their not being slain in battle, i. 96, ii. 125, iii. 340.
Their desire of gold, i. 346, 356, 364, 369, iii. 276.
Aided and befriended by Indians, i. 365, ii. 15.
Effects of Montezuma’s gifts on the, ii. 18.
{381}Proposition
to return to Cuba, 20, 26, 28.
Sickly, and distressed for supplies, 21.
Troubles in the camp, 24.
Reinforced, 57.
Send gold to Spain, 57.
Effect on, of the destruction of the ships, 68.
Fight Tlascalans, 116-125.
Loss of, 125, 139.
The killed are buried, 139.
Declared to be children of the Sun, 142.
Enter Tlascala, 164.
March to Cholula, 190.
On judging of their actions, 213.
Called “The white gods,” 215.
Their route to Mexico, 229.
Effect of Montezuma’s conduct on them, 262, 270, 362, iii. 5.
Assaulted in Mexico, iii. 78, 93.
Besieged, 83, 93.
Assault on their quarters, 108.
Storm the temple, 128.
Mutiny among, 137.
At the hill of Otoncalpolco, 176.
All wounded at the battle of Otumba, 199.
Cut off, 210, 298.
Discontents of the, 212.
Remonstrance, 212, 216, 236.
Jealousy between the allies and, 216.
Reinforced, 237.
Great purpose of the, 254.
Murdered, 265.
Quartered in Nezahualpilli’s palace, 267.
Guatemozin’s description of, to Tangapan, 296, note.
Capture Cuernavaca, 355.
Captured and sacrificed, 344, 349, iv. 52, 76.
(See Human Sacrifices.)
At Cojohuacan, iii. 347.
Reinforced, 353.
At the temple of the war-god, iv. 17.
Second assault by the, 20.
Their distresses, 26, 35.
Joined by allies, 30.
Their places of settlement, 167.
General illusion of the, 171.
Their dreadful march to Honduras, 177.
Deserted by guides, 181.
See Cortés.
Spaniards under Narvaez, iii. 33.
Indians find them enemies of Cortés, 34.
Join Cortés, 81.
Overladen with gold, 161, 170.
See Narvaez.
Spanish nobles and Charles V., i. 281, note.
Spies, i. 163, ii. 154.
Spineto, Marquis, i. 143.
Standard, Aztec national, i. 59, iii. 114.
Of Tlascala, ii. 132, iii. 366.
See Banner.
Stars, worshipped, i. 208, note.
Statues of the Montezumas, destroyed, i. 157, ii. 298.
Stephens, John L., i. 120, note, ii. 224, note, i. 223, 224, 239, note.
Stone houses, i. 290, 334, ii. 39, 229, 237, 243.
Stone, sacrificial, i. 87, 91, iii. 130, iv. 52.
Stones, hurling of, iii. 116, 144, 327;
from the great temple, 129;
at Jacapichtla, 319.
Strait, efforts for discovering the, iv. 171.
Streets. See Canals.
Sugar-cane, i. 285, 289, iv. 168, 231.
Sully, Duke of, iii. 11, note.
Sulphur, ii. 228, iii. 245.
Sun, temples to the, i. 208, note.
Plate representing the, ii. 17.
Spaniards, children of the, 142.
Alvarado called child of the, iii. 172.
Monument to the, 190.
Statue of the, 192.
Superstition, Aztec, during the siege, iv. 88.
Sword-blades, iii. 218.
Swords, substitutes for, ii. 134.
Symbolical writing, i. 107.

T
Tabascans, i. 343-348.
Conversion of, 357.
Tabasco, Rio de, i. 293, 342, iv. 179.
Tabasco, town of, i. 344, 348.
Table, ceremonies at, i. 168.
Table-land, i. 8, ii. 88.
Tables, hieroglyphical, i. 131, note.
Tactics, Aztec military, i. 59.
Tacuba. See Tlacopan.
Tamanes. See Porters.
Tamerlane’s skulls, ii. 330, note.
{382}Tangapan, lord of Michoacán, iii. 296, note.
Tapia, Andrés de, i. 353, note, ii. 205, note, 306, note, 329, note, 347, note, iii. 17, note, 335, iv. 38, 46, 48, 62.
Tapia, Christóval de, commissioner to Vera Cruz, iii. 355, iv. 140.
Bought off, iv. 141.
In Castile, 143.
Brings charges against Cortés, 143.
Tarentum, vessels at, iii. 24, note.
Tasco, mines of, i. 153, iv. 153.
Tatius, Achilles, i. 248, note.
Taxes. See Revenues and Tribute.
Tax-gatherers, i. 54, ii. 44.
Collect tribute for the Spanish sovereign, iii. 6.
Tecocol, cacique of Tezcuco, iii. 268, 269, note.
Tecpan, ii. 191, note.
Tectetan, meaning of, i. 290.
Tecuhtli, i. 33, note.
Tecuichpo, daughter of Montezuma and wife of Guatemozin, iii. 155, note, 249, iv. 104, 186, note.
Her several husbands, iii. 155, note, iv. 186, note.
Cortés’ reception of, iv. 104.
Grant to, 318.
Teeth, Aztec custom as to, i. 168, note.
Tehuantepec, iv. 231, 232.
Telleriano-Remensis, Codex, i. 95, note, 120, note.
Tellier, Archbishop, i. 120, note.
Temixtitan, a corruption of Tenochtitlan, i. 21.
Tempest after the surrender, iv. 106.
Temples, or teocallis, to Huitzilopochtli, the Mexican Mars, i. 70.
Account of, 84-87, note.
On the teachings of Egyptian, 106, note.
Built by Nezahualcoyotl, to the Unknown God, 208.
Toltec, dedicated to the Sun, 208.
Various, at Cholula, 234, ii. 183-185.
All destroyed, i. 257, iii. 165, and note.
Resemblances to, in the East, i. 257, 261.
At Xochicalco, 257, 261, note.
At Cozumel, 332, 337.
Rifled by Alvarado, 332.
Turret of one in Mexico burned, ii. 10, 11.
At Tlatlanquitepec, 93.
On the hill of Tzompach, 125, 162.
To Quetzalcoatl, 183, 203, 329.
Modern, on the site of Quetzalcoatl’s, 217.
In Mexico, 319-322, 328.
Occupied at Cempoalla, iii. 62.
At Popotla, 174.
On the hill of Otoncalpolco, 176.
On a pyramid of Teotihuacan, 192.
At Xochimilco, 342.
At Tacuba, 350.
Burnt by Alvarado, iv. 76.
See Huitzilopochtli, Idols, and Quetzalcoatl.
Tenajoccan, town of, iii. 307, note.
Tenochtitlan, i. 21.
Called Mexico, 21.
The word, 21, note, ii. 257, note.
Prosperity and enlargement of, i. 25.
See Mexico.
Teoamoxtli, or divine book, i. 122, note.
Teotihuacan, pyramids of, iii. 189.
Tepanecs, i. 19, 23, 177, 182.
Tepeaca, colony at, iii. 239.
Tepeacan allies, iv. 56.
Tepeacans, iii. 223.
Tepechpan, lord of, exposed to death, i. 201.
Tepejacac causeway, ii. 284, iv. 9.
Tetzmellocan, village of, iii. 259.
Teuhtlile, a provincial governor, under Montezuma, i. 364.
Orders supplies and favors, 370, ii. 16.
Teules, iii. 185.
Tezcatlipoca, the god, sacrifices to, i. 89, ii. 327.
Tezcotzinco, palaces and ruins there, i. 196, 199, 217, 257.
Tezcucans, or Acolhuans, arrival of the, in Anahuac i. 17, 177.
Their character, 18, 100.
Assaulted and beaten, 19, 23, 177.
Their institutions, 32-37.
In advance of the Mexicans, 100, 219.
The divine book of the, 122, note.
Their dialect, 123, 187.
Their fidelity to Young Nezahualcoyotl, 182.
Transfer of their power to the Aztecs, 218.
Their civilization, 219, 220.
Cause of their superiority, 219.
Oppose Cortés, iii. 195.
{383}In Cortés’ second reconnoitring
expedition, 326.
Efficiency of, at the siege of Mexico, iv. 19.
Desertion of, 56.
See Nezahualcoyotl and Nezahualpilli.
Tezcuco, its situation, i. 10, 11, 17, 177, iii. 281.
Meaning of the word, i. 18, note, iii. 266, note.
Requirements of the chiefs of, i. 40.
Halls of justice, and pronouncing of sentences in, 46.
Golden age of, 176.
Historians, orators, and poets of, 188.
Contents of its archives, 187.
Pile of royal buildings at, 191.
Royal harem in, 192.
Architecture of, 199.
Territory of, clipped by Montezuma, 217, 366.
Description of, at the time of the Conquest, 367, note.
Reception of Cortés at, on his return to Mexico, iii. 83.
State of affairs there, 266, 269.
Brigantines brought to, 301.
Mustering of forces at, 366.
Respect to Cortés there, on his
return from Spain, iv. 229.
See Cacama, Nezahualcoyotl, and Nezahualpilli.
Tezcuco lake, its height, ii. 230, note, 282.
Conjectural limits of, 242, note.
Dike across, 247.
Towns on the, 248, and note.
Canoes there, 249, 257, iii. 305.
Ancient state of, ii. 282, iv. 155.
Tides in, ii. 282, note.
Two brigantines built there, 359.
Opened upon the Spaniards, iii. 287.
Forded, 306.
Brigantines launched on, 363.
Indian flotilla defeated there, iv. 5.
Thatch, i. 114, note, 152.
Theatrical exhibitions, i. 124.
Theogony of the Greeks, i. 67.
Thomas, the Apostle, identified with Quetzalcoatl, i. 73, note, 237, ii. 183, note.
Thread, Mexican, i. 152, ii. 311.
Tierra caliente, i. 5, 366, iii. 57.
Tierra fria, i. 8.
Tierra templada, i. 7.
Time, computation of, i. 15, 125.
Tin, i. 153.
A circulating medium, 161, ii. 318.
Titcala, ensign of the house of, ii. 121.
Tlacopan, or Tacuba, i. 23, 190, note, iii. 175.
Head-quarters at, iii. 310.
Cortés at, 350.
Command at, assigned to Alvarado, 367.
Evacuated by the inhabitants, 374.
Present state of, 374, note.
Tlacopan, or Tacuba, causeway, ii. 284.
Retreat by the way of it, iii. 158, 164.
Carnage there, 167, 311.
Tlaloc, a Toltec and Aztec deity, i. 100, note.
Tlascala, victims from, for sacrifices, i. 96.
Meaning of the word, 111, ii. 188, note.
Inimical to Montezuma and the Mexicans, i. 307, ii. 110, 113.
Cortés’ embassy to, ii. 100, 113;
his march towards, 101, 115.
Fortification at the limits of, 102, 111, iii. 205.
First settlement of, ii. 105.
Extent of, 111, note.
Its population, 121, note, 164, note.
Spaniards enter, 164.
Described, 165.
Spaniards go from, 179, 188.
Cortés’ returnto, from Cempoalla, iii. 80;
from Mexico, 207.
Fate of gold and invalids left there, 210.
Refuse an alliance with Aztecs, 222.
Brigantines built there and transported, 233, 245, 254, iii. 283, 297, 299.
Triumphal return to, iii. 244.
Departure from, against Mexico, 259.
Tlascalan allies, ii. 188, 193, 203, 205.
Release captives, 206.
Enter Mexico, 247.
Aztec hatred of, 256, 335.
Join Cortés against Narvaez, iii. 50;
on his return, 80.
Connection of, with the massacre by Alvarado, 90, note, 93.
Under Alvarado, 95, note.
Quarters of, 108.
In the retreat, 111, 162.
Guide Cortés, 185.
Their fidelity, 188.
In the battle of Otumba, 202.
Return to Tlascala, 208.
{384}Co-operate, 224-229, 253, 302.
Imitate Spaniards, 252.
Burn records, 267.
At the sack of Iztapalapan, 285.
Convey brigantines, 299.
Their hostility to Aztecs, 300.
Booty demanded by, 315.
Noticed, 326, 335, 366.
Efficiency of, at Mexico, iv. 23, 39.
Desertion of, 56.
Their return to, 60.
See Maxixca.
Tlascalans, their early history, ii. 104.
Their institutions, 105.
Refuse tribute, and fight, 110.
Their battles with Montezuma, 111.
Battles with the, 116-125, 135-138.
Their treatment of the Cempoallan envoys, 117.
Effect of cannon and fire-arms on the, 124, 136.
Embassies to the camp of, 127, 141, 144.
Treason among the, 138.
Night attack by them, 143, 144.
Embassy from, stopped by Xicotencatl, 145, 146.
Spies from the, 154.
Reception of Spaniards by, 165.
Their character, 168, 169.
Their representations of Montezuma, 176.
Exempted from slavery, iv. 161.
Tlatelolco, i. 116, 157, note.
Movements for possessing the market-place of, iv. 35, 37, 40, 46.
Occupied by the besieged, 73, 79.
Distress there, 73.
Entered by Cortés, 79.
Modern name of, 81.
Murderous assault there, 93.
Purification of, 107.
Rebuilt, 152.
See Market.
Tlaxcallan, i. 111.
See Tlascala.
Tobacco, i. 168, 169, note, ii. 304.
Tobillos, lances and, iii. 51.
Toledo in Spain, Cortés at, iv. 218.
Tollan, or Tula, supposed original seat of the Toltecs, i. 12, note.
Etymology of the name, 13, note.
Toltecs, account of the, i. 12, 100.
Doubtful accounts of their migrations, 20, 253, 267.
Tonatiuh, iii. 172.
See Alvarado.
Tools, i. 155, 260.
Toribio de Benavente, i. 132, note, ii. 248, note, 251, note, 265, note.
Account of, and of his writings and labors, 274-276.
Cited, 297, note, 321, note, 322, note, 367, note, iii. 234.
Torquemada, i. 11, note, 15, note.
Notice of, and of his writings, 64, note.
Cited, 76, note, 81, note, 82, note, 84, note, 86, note, 91, note, 93, note, 94, note, 95, note.
Avails himself of a manuscript copy of Sahagun’s Universal History, 103.
On Mexican intercalation, 129, note.
On women, 149, note.
Cited, 156, 172, 191, note, 194, note.
On the Mexican Eve, 236, note.
His Aztec and Israelitish analogies, 242, note.
On pilgrims to Cholula, ii. 185, note.
On the baptism of Montezuma, iii. 148, note.
Torres, Juan de, teacher of Totonac converts, ii. 56.
Tortillas, iv. 32, and note.
Tortures, i. 91, iii. 345, note.
See Guatemozin.
Totonacs, ii. 25.
Their fondness for flowers, 37.
Their feelings towards Montezuma, 42.
Exactions of, by Aztec tax-gatherers, 44.
Cortes’ policy as to, 45.
Join Cortés, 46.
Effect on, of Cortés’ interview with Montezuma’s embassy, 51.
Defend their idols, 54.
Their conversion, 55.
Join Cortés’ expedition, 85, 86, note.
Trade, i. 164, ii. 312.
See Traffic.
Trades, Aztec, i. 161.
Traditions, instances of similar, in the two continents, i. 233.
Argument from, for the Asiatic origin of Aztec civilization, 251.
As authorities, 268.
See Oral traditions and Predictions.
Traffic, i. 161, ii. 108.
See Barter.
Transportation of vessels, iii. 302, note.
See Brigantines.
Transubstantiation, ii. 267, note.
Travelling, i. 110.
See Couriers.
{385}Treasure, Axayacatl’s, discovered,
ii. 333;
disposition of it, iii. 7, 11, 160.
Found after the siege, iv. 109.
See Gold.
Trees, size and duration of, in Mexico and Central America, i. 265.
See Forests.
Trials, among the Aztecs, i. 45.
Tribes, i. 52, note.
Tribute, kinds of, i. 52, 149.
Items of, furnished by different cities, 52, note.
Roll respecting, 53, note.
Maps for the, 54.
Burdensome exactions of, prepare the way for the Spaniards, 54.
Montezuma’s exaction of, ii. 7, 44.
Tlascalans, refuse, 110.
Collected for the Castilian sovereign, iii. 6.
Trinidad de Cuba, i. 321.
Truth, punishment for violating, i. 186.
Truxillo, Cortés at, iv. 196.
Tudor, William, ii. 89, note, 90, note, iii. 190, note, 259, note.
Tula, capital of the Toltecs, i. 15.
Arrival of the Aztecs at, 20.
See Tollan.
Tula, the Lady of, i. 215.
Turkeys, i. 169, 191, note, ii. 35.
Tylor, Edward B., his account of Mexican remains, ii. 290, note.
Cited, i. 14, note, 16, note, 70, note, 77, note, ii. 228, note.
Tzin, the termination, iii. 249, note.
Tzompach, Hill of, ii. 125, 162.
Tzompanco, or Zumpango, iii. 185.

U
Ulloa, discoveries by, iv. 235.
Uxmal, i. 258-266.

V
Valley of Mexico, i. 11, ii. 187, 229, iii. 347.
Vanilla, cultivated, i. 150.
Vater, i. 234, note, 249, note, 254, note, 256, note.
Vega, Manuel de la, collection of manuscripts by, iv. 272.
Velasquez, Don Diego, i. 288.
Conqueror and governor of Cuba, 288.
Sends Cordova on an expedition, 289.
Despatches Juan de Grijalva to Yucatan, 291.
Censures Grijalva, 294.
Despatches Olid in search of Grijalva, 295.
Armament of, under Cortés, 296, 311, 313.
Difficulties of, with Cortés, 304-308.
His instructions to Cortés, 315, iv. 284.
Jealous and dissatisfied, i. 317.
Orders the seizure of Cortés, 323, 326.
Partisans of, oppose Cortés, ii. 27, 32, 150.
Tries to intercept despatches, 64.
Gets no redress, 64.
Fits out a fleet against Cortés, 65, iii. 29.
Chaplain of, in Spain, complains against Cortes’ envoys, iii. 25.
Sends to Spain an account of Cortés’ doings, 28, note.
His vexation with Cortés, 29.
Made adelantado, 29.
Intrusts his fleet to Narvaez, 30.
Interference with, of the Royal Audience of St. Domingo, 31.
Sustained by Duero, in Spain, 236.
Capture of forces sent to Vera Cruz by, 237.
Ignorant of the fate of his armament, 242.
State of things in Spain, in relation to him and Cortés, iii. 355, iv. 139, 144, 149.
Fate of, 149.
His character, 149.
See Narvaez.
Venezuela, ii. 241, note.
Venice, Mexico and, ii. 287.
Vera Cruz, New, i. 365, ii. 48, note.
Natives flock to, i. 365.
Built at San Juan de Ulua, iii. 33.
Narvaez at, 33.
Narvaez’s plans for a colony there, 34, 40.
The removal to, iv. 156.
Vera Cruz Vieja, or Antigua, ii. 48, note, iv. 156.
See Villa Rica.
Verdugo, i. 323, iii. 357.
Vessels, Aztecs aid in building, iii. 21.
See Armada.
{386}Vestal fires. See Fires.
Veytia, i. 14, note, 26, note, 130, note, 186, note, ii. 180, note, 189, note.
Villafaña, conspiracy of, iii. 356.
Villa Rica de Vera Cruz, colonization of, ii. 30, 48, iv. 296.
Remarks on, ii. 48, note.
Arrival of a Spanish vessel at, 56.
Despatches to Spain from, 57, 62.
Garrisoned, 86.
Grado succeeds Escalante at, 358.
Sandoval commander at, 359.
Rangre commander at, iii. 79.
Reinforcements from, cut off, 210.
Messenger to, 211.
Troops ordered from, 212.
Desire to return to, 213.
Departure from, for Cuba, 236.
Capture of troops sent to, by Velasquez, 237.
Ships at, 237, 238, 323, iv. 62.
Harbor of, iv. 156.
See Sandoval and Vera Cruz.
Virgin Mary, i. 71, note.
Appears in battle, ii. 340, iii. 145, 203, note.
Image of, iii. 16, 132, note, 184.
Interposition of, in 1833, 184, note.
Volante, escape of, iii. 311.
Volcanoes, remains of, i. 7.
The Orizaba, ii. 34, 89, 187.
The Cofre de Perote, ii. 91.
Popocatepetl, 187, 223, 224.
Use of the word, 224, note.
Region of, iii. 332.
Voltaire, i. 99, note, iii. 147, note.
Anecdote by, of Charles V. and Cortés, iv. 240, note.
Vómito, or bilious fever, i. 7, 366, note, ii. 48, note, 88.

W
Waldeck, i. 258, 259, note, 265, note, 290, note, iii. 224.
Wall of serpents, ii. 320, iii. 87, iv. 14.
War, Aztec ideas respecting, i. 56.
Mode of declaring and conducting, 56, 57.
Great object of, 95.
Tlascalan love of, ii. 107.
Cholulans disqualified for, 182.
Warburton, William, i. 106, note, 110, note.
War-god. See Huitzilopochtli.
Warren, John C., i. 255, note.
Water, ablution with, at table, i. 168, ii. 303.
Basins of, at Tezcotzinco, i. 197, 198.
Use of, for religious purification, 241, note.
Want of, iii. 336.
See Aqueducts and Tezcuco lake.
Water-fowl, ii. 297.
Weeks, division by, i. 126.
Weights, no Mexican, ii. 318, iii. 9.
Wheat, yield of, ii. 188, note.
Wheels, chronological, i. 132, note.
Gold and silver, ii. 17, 59, note.
White, Blanco, ii. 267, note.
Wild turkeys, i. 169, 191, note, ii. 35.
Wilkinson, J. G., i. 86, 271, note.
Wives of Montezuma, ii. 299, iii. 155, iv. 302.
Women, employment and treatment of, in Mexico, i. 149, 167, 172, ii. 311.
Torquemada on, i. 149, note.
Sophocles on Egyptian men and, 149, note.
Their appearance, 167.
Asiatic, 172.
Sacrificed, 218, note.
Totonac, ii. 37.
Protected at the Cholulan massacre, 205, 212.
Dress of, 311.
Accompany the Christian camp, iii. 168.
Heroism of, iv. 58.
Heroism of the Mexican, iv. 75, 93.
Efforts to spare, 94, 99;
to bring into New Spain, 156.
See Daughters.
Wooden ware, Mexican, i. 159.
World, tradition of the destruction of the, i. 75, 140.
Wounds, want of medicaments for, iv. 32, note.

X
Xalacingo, ii. 100, note.
Xalapa, Spaniards at, ii. 88.
Xaltocan, assault on, iii. 305.
Xaramillo, Don Juan, iv. 191.
Xicotencatl, the elder, ii. 114, 165, iii. 220.
Converted, iii. 244.
{387}Ominous words of, cited, iv. 55.
Xicotencatl, the younger, a Tlascalan commander, ii. 114, 121, 124, 128.
His standard, 132.
Facts respecting, 138, 141, 145, 146, 154, 156, 157.
Countenances jealousies, iii. 216.
Favors an embassy from Mexico, 221.
Leads against Tepeacans, 224.
Imitates Spaniards, 253.
Joins Cortés, iii. 366.
Leaves the army, 369.
Hung, 371.
Remarks on, 372.
Ximenes, Cardinal, destruction of manuscripts by, i. 116.
His administration, 279, iii. 355.
Commission by, to redress Indian grievances, i. 286, ii. 73.
Xochicalco, lake, ii. 240.
Xochicalco, ruins of the temple or fortress of, i. 257, 261, note, 263.
Xochimilco, iii. 338, 346, iv. 19.
Xoloc, Fort, ii. 249.
Stormed, iii. 348.
Fleet at, iv. 6.
Headquarters at, 7.
Barracks built there, 31.
Xuarez, Catalina, intimacy and marriage of Cortés with, i. 304, 308.
Joins her husband, iv. 158.
Fate of, 159, note, 226, and note.

Y
Years, Aztec, i. 126.
On divisions of time into, 128.
Hieroglyphics for, 129-131, note.
On the names of, 247, note.
Yucatan, mentioned, i. 258, iv. 178.
Resemblances to the architecture of, i. 261.
Expedition to, 290.
The word, 290, and note.
Called New Spain, 292.
Ordaz despatched to, to liberate Christians, 333, 339.
Canoe from, with Aguilar, 339.
See Tabasco.
Yxtacamaxtitlán, ii. 100, and note.

Z
Zacatecas, silver from, iv. 232.
Zacatula, fleet at, iv. 155, 169.
Zacotollan, copper from, i. 154.
Zahuatl, the river, ii. 167.
Zodiacal signs, coincidences as to, i. 246.
Zoltepec, massacre at, iii. 210, 298.
Zuazo, i. 87, note, 151, note.
On mantles of feathers, ii. 311, note.
On the Aztec cuisine, 316, note.
Urges Cortés to return to Mexico, iv. 200.
Zumárraga, Don Juan de, i. 94.
First archbishop of Mexico, destroys manuscripts, 115.
Image destroyed by, 197, note.
Demolishes the Statue of the Sun, iii. 193.
Zumpango, or Tzompanco, iii. 185.
Zuñiga, Doña Juana de, second wife of Cortés, iv. 223, 235.
Zurita, i. 39, note, 43, note, 62, note, 185 note.