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Title: Hobson-Jobson A glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive Author: Henry Yule Arthur Coke Burnell Editor: William Crooke Release Date: December 24, 2018 [EBook #58529] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOBSON-JOBSON *** Produced by Keith Edkins, MWS and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) Transcriber's note: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). Text preceded by a caret ^ is superscript. The printed book contains over 300 minor typographical errors, many (but not all) in the citations: these have NOT been attempted to be corrected. * * * * * A GLOSSARY OF ANGLO-INDIAN COLLOQUIAL WORDS AND PHRASES AND OF KINDRED TERMS ["Wee have forbidden the severall Factoryes from wrighting words in this languadge and refrayned itt our selves, though in bookes of coppies we feare there are many which by wante of tyme for perusall we cannot rectefie or expresse."—Surat Factors to Court, Feb. 26, 1617: I. O. Records: O. C. No. 450. (Evidently the Court had complained of a growing use of "Hobson-Jobsons.")] ---- "Οὐδὲ γὰρ πάντως τὴν αὐτήν διασώζει διάνοιαν μεθερμηνευόμενα τὰ ὀνόματα ἀλλ' ἔστι τινὰ, καὶ καθ' ἕκαστον ἔθνος ἰδιώματα ἀδύνατα εἰς ἄλλο ἔθνος διὰ φωνῆς σημαίνεσθαι"—IAMBLICHUS, _De Mysteriis_, vii. cap. v. _i.e._ "For it is by no means always the case that translated terms preserve the original conception; indeed every nation has some idiomatic expressions which it is impossible to render perfectly in the language of another." ---- "As well may we fetch words from the _Ethiopians_, or East or West _Indians_, and thrust them into our Language, and baptize all by the name of _English_, as those which we daily take from the _Latine_ or Languages thereon depending; and hence it cometh, (as by often experience is found) that some _English-men_ discoursing together, others being present of our own Nation ... are not able to understand what the others say, notwithstanding they call it _English_ that they speak."—R. V(ERSTEGAN), _Restitution of Decayed Intelligence_, ed. 1673, p. 223. ---- "Utque novis facilis signatur cera figuris, Nec manet ut fuerat, nec formas servat easdem, Sed tamen ipsa eadem est; VOCEM sic semper eandem Esse, sed in varias doceo migrare figuras." _Ovid. Metamorph._ xv. 169-172 (adapt.). ---- "... _Take this as a good fare-well draught of_ English-Indian _liquor_."—PURCHAS, _To the Reader_ (_before_ Terry's Relation of East India), ii. 1463 (misprinted 1464). ---- "Nec dubitamus multa esse quae et nos praeterierint. Homines enim sumus, et occupati officiis; subsicivisque temporibus ista curamus."—C. PLINII SECUNDI, _Hist. Nat. Praefatio, ad Vespasianum_. ---- "Haec, si displicui, fuerint solatia nobis: Haec fuerint nobis praemia, si placui." MARTIALIS, _Epigr._ II. xci. HOBSON-JOBSON A GLOSSARY OF COLLOQUIAL ANGLO-INDIAN WORDS AND PHRASES, AND OF KINDRED TERMS, ETYMOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL AND DISCURSIVE BY COL. HENRY YULE, R.E., C.B. AND A. C. BURNELL, PH.D., C.I.E. NEW EDITION EDITED BY WILLIAM CROOKE, B.A. LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1903 [_Dedication to Sir George Udny Yule, C.B., K.C.S.I._] G. U. Y. FRATRI OPTIMO DILECTISSIMO AMICO JUCUNDISSIMO HOC TRIUM FERME LUSTRORUM OBLECTAMENTUM ET SOLATIUM NEC PARVI LABORIS OPUS ABSOLUTUM TANDEM SENEX SENI DEDICAT H. Y. PREFACE. The objects and scope of this work are explained in the Introductory Remarks which follow the Preface. Here it is desired to say a few words as to its history. The book originated in a correspondence between the present writer, who was living at Palermo, and the late lamented ARTHUR BURNELL, of the Madras Civil Service, one of the most eminent of modern Indian scholars, who during the course of our communications was filling judicial offices in Southern and Western India, chiefly at Tanjore. We had then met only once—at the India Library; but he took a kindly interest in work that engaged me, and this led to an exchange of letters, which went on after his return to India. About 1872—I cannot find his earliest reference to the subject—he mentioned that he was contemplating a vocabulary of Anglo-Indian words, and had made some collections with that view. In reply it was stated that I likewise had long been taking note of such words, and that a notion similar to his own had also been at various times floating in my mind. And I proposed that we should combine our labours. I had not, in fact, the linguistic acquirements needful for carrying through such an undertaking alone; but I had gone through an amount of reading that would largely help in instances and illustrations, and had also a strong natural taste for the kind of work. This was the beginning of the portly double-columned edifice which now presents itself, the completion of which my friend has not lived to see. It was built up from our joint contributions till his untimely death in 1882, and since then almost daily additions have continued to be made to the material and to the structure. The subject, indeed, had taken so comprehensive a shape, that it was becoming difficult to say where its limits lay, or why it should ever end, except for the old reason which had received such poignant illustration: _Ars longa, vita brevis_. And so it has been wound up at last. The work has been so long the companion of my _horae subsicivae_, a thread running through the joys and sorrows of so many years, in the search for material first, and then in their handling and adjustment to the edifice—for their careful building up has been part of my duty from the beginning, and the whole of the matter has, I suppose, been written and re-written with my own hand at least four times—and the work has been one of so much interest to dear friends, of whom not a few are no longer here to welcome its appearance in print,[1] that I can hardly speak of the work except as mine. Indeed, in bulk, nearly seven-eighths of it is so. But BURNELL contributed so much of value, so much of the essential; buying, in the search for illustration, numerous rare and costly books which were not otherwise accessible to him in India; setting me, by his example, on lines of research with which I should have else possibly remained unacquainted; writing letters with such fulness, frequency, and interest on the details of the work up to the summer of his death; that the measure of bulk in contribution is no gauge of his share in the result. In the _Life of Frank Buckland_ occur some words in relation to the church-bells of Ross, in Herefordshire, which may with some aptness illustrate our mutual relation to the book: "It is said that the Man of Ross" (John Kyrle) "was present at the casting of the tenor, or great bell, and that he took with him an old silver tankard, which, after drinking claret and sherry, he threw in, and had cast with the bell." John Kyrle's was the most precious part of the metal run into the mould, but the shaping of the mould and the larger part of the material came from the labour of another hand. At an early period of our joint work BURNELL sent me a fragment of an essay on the words which formed our subject, intended as the basis of an introduction. As it stands, this is too incomplete to print, but I have made use of it to some extent, and given some extracts from it in the Introduction now put forward.[2] The alternative title (_Hobson-Jobson_) which has been given to this book (not without the expressed assent of my collaborator), doubtless requires explanation. A valued friend of the present writer many years ago published a book, of great acumen and considerable originality, which he called _Three Essays_, with no Author's name; and the resulting amount of circulation was such as might have been expected. It was remarked at the time by another friend that if the volume had been entitled _A Book, by a Chap_, it would have found a much larger body of readers. It seemed to me that _A Glossary_ or _A Vocabulary_ would be equally unattractive, and that it ought to have an alternative title at least a little more characteristic. If the reader will turn to _Hobson-Jobson_ in the Glossary itself, he will find that phrase, though now rare and moribund, to be a typical and delightful example of that class of Anglo-Indian _argot_ which consists of Oriental words highly assimilated, perhaps by vulgar lips, to the English vernacular; whilst it is the more fitted to our book, conveying, as it may, a veiled intimation of dual authorship. At any rate, there it is; and at this period my feeling has come to be that such _is_ the book's name, nor could it well have been anything else. In carrying through the work I have sought to supplement my own deficiencies from the most competent sources to which friendship afforded access. Sir JOSEPH HOOKER has most kindly examined almost every one of the proof-sheets for articles dealing with plants, correcting their errors, and enriching them with notes of his own. Another friend, Professor ROBERTSON SMITH, has done the like for words of Semitic origin, and to him I owe a variety of interesting references to the words treated of, in regard to their occurrence, under some cognate form, in the Scriptures. In the early part of the book the Rev. GEORGE MOULE (now Bishop of Ningpo), then in England, was good enough to revise those articles which bore on expressions used in China (not the first time that his generous aid had been given to work of mine). Among other friends who have been ever ready with assistance I may mention Dr. REINHOLD ROST, of the India Library; General ROBERT MACLAGAN, R.E.; Sir GEORGE BIRDWOOD, C.S.I.; Major-General R. H. KEATINGE, V.C., C.S.I.; Professor TERRIEN DE LA COUPERIE; and Mr. E. COLBORNE BABER, at present Consul-General in Corea. Dr. J. A. H. MURRAY, editor of the great English Dictionary, has also been most kind and courteous in the interchange of communications, a circumstance which will account for a few cases in which the passages cited in both works are the same. My first endeavour in preparing this work has been to make it accurate; my next to make it—even though a Glossary—interesting. In a work intersecting so many fields, only a fool could imagine that he had not fallen into many mistakes; but these when pointed out, may be amended. If I have missed the other object of endeavour, I fear there is little to be hoped for from a second edition. H. YULE. _5th January 1886._ PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The twofold hope expressed in the closing sentence of Sir Henry Yule's Preface to the original Edition of this book has been amply justified. More recent research and discoveries have, of course, brought to light a good deal of information which was not accessible to him, but the general accuracy of what he wrote has never been seriously impugned—while those who have studied the pages of _Hobson-Jobson_ have agreed in classing it as unique among similar works of reference, a volume which combines interest and amusement with instruction, in a manner which few other Dictionaries, if any, have done. In this edition of the _Anglo-Indian Glossary_ the original text has been reprinted, any additions made by the Editor being marked by square brackets. No attempt has been made to extend the vocabulary, the new articles being either such as were accidentally omitted in the first edition, or a few relating to words which seemed to correspond with the general scope of the work. Some new quotations have been added, and some of those included in the original edition have been verified and new references given. An index to words occurring in the quotations has been prepared. I have to acknowledge valuable assistance from many friends. Mr. W. W. SKEAT has read the articles on Malay words, and has supplied many notes. Col. Sir R. TEMPLE has permitted me to use several of his papers on Anglo-Indian words, and has kindly sent me advance sheets of that portion of the Analytical Index to the first edition by Mr. C. PARTRIDGE, which is being published in the _Indian Antiquary_. Mr. R. S. WHITEWAY has given me numerous extracts from Portuguese writers; Mr. W. FOSTER, quotations from unpublished records in the India Office; Mr. W. IRVINE, notes on the later Moghul period. For valuable suggestions and information on disputed points I am indebted to Mr. H. BEVERIDGE, Sir G. BIRDWOOD, Mr. J. BRANDT, Prof. E. G. BROWNE, Mr. M. LONGWORTH DAMES, Mr. G. R. DAMPIER, Mr. DONALD FERGUSON, Mr. C. T. GARDNER, the late Mr. E. J. W. GIBB, Prof. H. A. GILES, Dr. G. A. GRIERSON, Mr. T. M. HORSFALL, Mr. L. W. KING, Mr. J. L. MYRES, Mr. J. PLATT, jun., Prof. G. U. POPE, Mr. V. A. SMITH, Mr. C. H. TAWNEY, and Mr. J. WEIR. W. CROOKE. _14th November 1902._ CONTENTS. PAGE DEDICATION TO SIR GEORGE YULE, C.B., K.C.S.I. v PREFACE vii PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION xi INTRODUCTORY REMARKS xv Note A. to do. xxiii Note B. " xxv NOTA BENE—IN THE USE OF THE GLOSSARY— (A) Regarding Dates of Quotations xxvi (B) Regarding Transliteration xxvi FULLER TITLES OF BOOKS QUOTED IN THE GLOSSARY xxvii CORRIGENDA xlviii GLOSSARY 1 INDEX 987 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Words of Indian origin have been insinuating themselves into English ever since the end of the reign of Elizabeth and the beginning of that of King James, when such terms as _calico_, _chintz_, and _gingham_ had already effected a lodgment in English warehouses and shops, and were lying in wait for entrance into English literature. Such outlandish guests grew more frequent 120 years ago, when, soon after the middle of last century, the numbers of Englishmen in the Indian services, civil and military, expanded with the great acquisition of dominion then made by the Company; and we meet them in vastly greater abundance now. Vocabularies of Indian and other foreign words, in use among Europeans in the East, have not unfrequently been printed. Several of the old travellers have attached the like to their narratives; whilst the prolonged excitement created in England, a hundred years since, by the impeachment of Hastings and kindred matters, led to the publication of several glossaries as independent works; and a good many others have been published in later days. At the end of this Introduction will be found a list of those which have come under my notice, and this might no doubt be largely added to.[3] Of modern Glossaries, such as have been the result of serious labour, all, or nearly all, have been of a kind purely technical, intended to facilitate the comprehension of official documents by the explanation of terms used in the Revenue department, or in other branches of Indian administration. The most notable examples are (of brief and occasional character), the Glossary appended to the famous _Fifth Report_ of the Select Committee of 1812, which was compiled by Sir Charles Wilkins; and (of a far more vast and comprehensive sort), the late Professor Horace Hayman Wilson's _Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms_ (4to, 1855) which leaves far behind every other attempt in that kind.[4] That kind is, however, not ours, as a momentary comparison of a page or two in each Glossary would suffice to show. Our work indeed, in the long course of its compilation, has gone through some modification and enlargement of scope; but hardly such as in any degree to affect its distinctive character, in which something has been aimed at differing in form from any work known to us. In its original conception it was intended to deal with all that class of words which, not in general pertaining to the technicalities of administration, recur constantly in the daily intercourse of the English in India, either as expressing ideas really not provided for by our mother-tongue, or supposed by the speakers (often quite erroneously) to express something not capable of just denotation by any English term. A certain percentage of such words have been carried to England by the constant reflux to their native shore of Anglo-Indians, who in some degree imbue with their notions and phraseology the circles from which they had gone forth. This effect has been still more promoted by the currency of a vast mass of literature, of all qualities and for all ages, dealing with Indian subjects; as well as by the regular appearance, for many years past, of Indian correspondence in English newspapers, insomuch that a considerable number of the expressions in question have not only become familiar in sound to English ears, but have become naturalised in the English language, and are meeting with ample recognition in the great Dictionary edited by Dr. Murray at Oxford. Of words that seem to have been admitted to full franchise, we may give examples in _curry_, _toddy_, _veranda_, _cheroot_, _loot_, _nabob_, _teapoy_, _sepoy_, _cowry_; and of others familiar enough to the English ear, though hardly yet received into citizenship, _compound_, _batta_, _pucka_, _chowry_, _baboo_, _mahout_, _aya_, _nautch_,[5] first-_chop_, competition-_wallah_, _griffin_, &c. But beyond these two classes of words, received within the last century or so, and gradually, into half or whole recognition, there are a good many others, long since fully assimilated, which really originated in the adoption of an Indian word, or the modification of an Indian proper name. Such words are the three quoted at the beginning of these remarks, _chintz_, _calico_, _gingham_, also _shawl_, _bamboo_, _pagoda_, _typhoon_, _monsoon_, _mandarin_, _palanquin_,[6] &c., and I may mention among further examples which may perhaps surprise my readers, the names of three of the boats of a man-of-war, viz. the _cutter_, the _jolly-boat_, and the _dingy_, as all (probably) of Indian origin.[7] Even phrases of a different character—slang indeed, but slang generally supposed to be vernacular as well as vulgar—_e.g._ 'that is the _cheese_';[7] or supposed to be vernacular and profane—_e.g._ 'I don't care a _dam_'[7]—are in reality, however vulgar they may be, neither vernacular nor profane, but phrases turning upon innocent Hindustani vocables. We proposed also, in our Glossary, to deal with a _selection_ of those administrative terms, which are in such familiar and quotidian use as to form part of the common Anglo-Indian stock, and to trace all (so far as possible) to their true origin—a matter on which, in regard to many of the words, those who hourly use them are profoundly ignorant—and to follow them down by quotation from their earliest occurrence in literature. A particular class of words are those indigenous terms which have been adopted in scientific nomenclature, botanical and zoological. On these Mr. Burnell remarks:— "The first Indian botanical names were chiefly introduced by Garcia de Orta (_Colloquios_, printed at Goa in 1563), C. d'Acosta (_Tractado_, Burgos, 1578), and Rhede van Drakenstein (_Hortus Malabaricus_, Amsterdam, 1682). The Malay names were chiefly introduced by Rumphius (_Herbarium Amboinense_, completed before 1700, but not published till 1741). The Indian zoological terms were chiefly due to Dr. F. Buchanan, at the beginning of this century. Most of the N. Indian botanical words were introduced by Roxburgh." It has been already intimated that, as the work proceeded, its scope expanded somewhat, and its authors found it expedient to introduce and trace many words of Asiatic origin which have disappeared from colloquial use, or perhaps never entered it, but which occur in old writers on the East. We also judged that it would add to the interest of the work, were we to investigate and make out the pedigree of a variety of geographical names which are or have been in familiar use in books on the Indies; take as examples _Bombay_, _Madras_, _Guardafui_, _Malabar_, _Moluccas_, _Zanzibar_, _Pegu_, _Sumatra_, _Quilon_, _Seychelles_, _Ceylon_, _Java_, _Ava_, _Japan_, _Doab_, _Punjab_, &c., illustrating these, like every other class of word, by quotations given in chronological series. Other divagations still from the original project will probably present themselves to those who turn over the pages of the work, in which we have been tempted to introduce sundry subjects which may seem hardly to come within the scope of such a glossary. The words with which we have to do, taking the most extensive view of the field, are in fact organic remains deposited under the various currents of external influence that have washed the shores of India during twenty centuries and more. Rejecting that derivation of _elephant_[8] which would connect it with the Ophir trade of Solomon, we find no existing Western term traceable to that episode of communication; but the Greek and Roman commerce of the later centuries has left its fossils on both sides, testifying to the intercourse that once subsisted. _Agallochum_, _carbasus_, _camphor_, _sandal_, _musk_, _nard_, _pepper_ (πέπερι, from Skt. _pippali_, 'long pepper'), _ginger_ (ζιγγίβερις, see under _Ginger_), _lac_, _costus_, _opal_, _malabathrum_ or _folium indicum_, _beryl_, _sugar_ (σάκχαρ, from Skt. _sarkara_, Prak. _sakkara_), _rice_ (ὄρυζα, but see s.v.), were products or names, introduced from India to the Greek and Roman world, to which may be added a few terms of a different character, such as Βραχμᾶνες, Σάρμανες (_śramaṇas_, or Buddhist ascetics), ζύλα σαγαλίνα καὶ σασαμίνα (logs of teak and shīsham), the σάγγαρα (rafts) of the Periplus (see _Jangar_ in GLOSS.); whilst _dīnāra_, _dramma_, perhaps _kastīra_ ('tin,' κασσίτερος), _kastūrī_ ('musk,' καστόριον, properly a different, though analogous animal product), and a very few more, have remained in Indian literature as testimony to the same intercourse.[9] The trade and conquests of the Arabs both brought foreign words to India and picked up and carried westward, in form more or less corrupted, words of Indian origin, some of which have in one way or other become part of the heritage of all succeeding foreigners in the East. Among terms which are familiar items in the Anglo-Indian colloquial, but which had, in some shape or other, found their way at an early date into use on the shores of the Mediterranean, we may instance _bazaar_, _cazee_, _hummaul_, _brinjaul_, _gingely_, _safflower_, _grab_, _maramut_, _dewaun_ (dogana, douane, &c.). Of others which are found in medieval literature, either West-Asiatic or European, and which still have a place in Anglo-Indian or English vocabulary, we may mention _amber_-gris, _chank_, _junk_, _jogy_, _kincob_, _kedgeree_, _fanam_, _calay_, _bankshall_, _mudiliar_, _tindal_, _cranny_. The conquests and long occupation of the Portuguese, who by the year 1540 had established themselves in all the chief ports of India and the East, have, as might have been expected, bequeathed a large number of expressions to the European nations who have followed, and in great part superseded them. We find instances of missionaries and others at an early date who had acquired a knowledge of Indian languages, but these were exceptional.[10] The natives in contact with the Portuguese learned a bastard variety of the language of the latter, which became the _lingua franca_ of intercourse, not only between European and native, but occasionally between Europeans of different nationalities. This Indo-Portuguese dialect continued to serve such purposes down to a late period in the last century, and has in some localities survived down nearly to our own day.[11] The number of people in India claiming to be of Portuguese descent was, in the 17th century, very large. Bernier, about 1660, says:— "For he (Sultan Shujā', Aurangzeb's brother) much courted all those _Portugal_ Fathers, Missionaries, that are in that Province.... And they were indeed capable to serve him, it being certain that in the kingdom of _Bengale_ there are to be found not less than eight or nine thousand families of _Franguis_, _Portugals_, and these either Natives or Mesticks." (_Bernier_, E.T. of 1684, p. 27.) A. Hamilton, whose experience belonged chiefly to the end of the same century, though his book was not published till 1727, states:— "Along the Sea-coasts the _Portuguese_ have left a Vestige of their Language, tho' much corrupted, yet it is the Language that most _Europeans_ learn first to qualify them for a general Converse with one another, as well as with the different inhabitants of _India_." (_Preface_, p. xii.) Lockyer, who published 16 years before Hamilton, also says:— "This they (the _Portugueze_) may justly boast, they have established a kind of _Lingua Franca_ in all the Sea Ports in _India_, of great use to other _Europeans_, who would find it difficult in many places to be well understood without it." (_An Account of the Trade in India_, 1711, p. 286.) The early Lutheran Missionaries in the South, who went out for the S.P.C.K., all seem to have begun by learning Portuguese, and in their diaries speak of preaching occasionally in Portuguese.[12] The foundation of this _lingua franca_ was the Portuguese of the beginning of the 16th century; but it must have soon degenerated, for by the beginning of the last century it had lost nearly all trace of inflexion.[13] It may from these remarks be easily understood how a large number of our Anglo-Indian colloquialisms, even if eventually traceable to native sources (and especially to Mahratti, or Dravidian originals) have come to us through a Portuguese medium, and often bear traces of having passed through that alembic. Not a few of these are familiar all over India, but the number current in the South is larger still. Some other Portuguese words also, though they can hardly be said to be recognized elements in the Anglo-Indian colloquial, have been introduced either into Hindustani generally, or into that shade of it which is in use among natives in habitual contact with Europeans. Of words which are essentially Portuguese, among Anglo-Indian colloquialisms, persistent or obsolete, we may quote _goglet_, _gram_, _plantain_, _muster_, _caste_, _peon_, _padre_, _mistry_ or _maistry_, _almyra_, _aya_, _cobra_, _mosquito_, _pomfret_, _cameez_, _palmyra_, still in general use; _picotta_, _rolong_, _pial_, _fogass_, _margosa_, preserved in the South; _batel_, _brab_, _foras_, _oart_, _vellard_ in Bombay; _joss_, _compradore_, _linguist_ in the ports of China; and among more or less obsolete terms, _Moor_, for a Mahommedan, still surviving under the modified form _Moorman_, in Madras and Ceylon; _Gentoo_, still partially kept up, I believe, at Madras in application to the Telugu language, _mustees_, _castees_, _bandeja_ ('a tray'), _Kittysol_ ('an umbrella,' and this survived ten years ago in the Calcutta customs tariff), _cuspadore_ ('a spittoon'), and _covid_ ('a cubit or ell'). Words of native origin which bear the mark of having come to us through the Portuguese may be illustrated by such as _palanquin_, _mandarin_, _mangelin_ (a small weight for pearls, &c.), _monsoon_, _typhoon_, _mango_, _mangosteen_, _jack-fruit_, _batta_, _curry_, _chop_, _congee_, _coir_, _cutch_, _catamaran_, _cassanar_, _nabob_, _avadavat_, _betel_, _areca_, _benzoin_, _corge_, _copra_.[14] A few examples of Hindustani words borrowed from the Portuguese are _chābī_ ('a key'), _bāola_ ('a portmanteau'), _bāltī_ ('a bucket'), _martol_ ('a hammer'), _tauliya_ ('a towel,' Port. _toalha_), _sābūn_ ('soap'), _bāsan_ ('plate' from Port. _bacia_), _līlām_ and _nīlām_ ('an auction'), besides a number of terms used by Lascars on board ship. The Dutch language has not contributed much to our store. The Dutch and the English arrived in the Indies contemporaneously, and though both inherited from the Portuguese, we have not been the heirs of the Dutch to any great extent, except in Ceylon, and even there Portuguese vocables had already occupied the colloquial ground. _Petersilly_, the word in general use in English families for 'parsley,' appears to be Dutch. An example from Ceylon that occurs to memory is _burgher_. The Dutch admitted people of mixt descent to a kind of citizenship, and these were distinguished from the pure natives by this term, which survives. _Burgher_ in Bengal means 'a rafter,' properly _bargā_. A word spelt and pronounced in the same way had again a curiously different application in Madras, where it was a corruption of _Vaḍagar_, the name given to a tribe in the Nilgherry hills;—to say nothing of Scotland, where Burghers and Antiburghers were Northern tribes (_veluti_ Gog _et_ Magog!) which have long been condensed into elements of the United Presbyterian Church——! Southern India has contributed to the Anglo-Indian stock words that are in hourly use also from Calcutta to Peshawur (some of them already noted under another cleavage), _e.g._ _betel_, _mango_, _jack_, _cheroot_, _mungoose_, _pariah_, _bandicoot_, _teak_, _patcharee_, _chatty_, _catechu_, _tope_ ('a grove'), _curry_, _mulligatawny_, _congee_. _Mamooty_ (a digging tool) is familiar in certain branches of the service, owing to its having long had a place in the nomenclature of the Ordnance department. It is Tamil, _manvĕtti_, 'earth-cutter.' Of some very familiar words the origin remains either dubious, or matter only for conjecture. Examples are _hackery_ (which arose apparently in Bombay), _florican_, _topaz_. As to Hindustani words adopted into the Anglo-Indian colloquial the subject is almost too wide and loose for much remark. The habit of introducing these in English conversation and writing seems to prevail more largely in the Bengal Presidency than in any other, and especially more than in Madras, where the variety of different vernaculars in use has tended to make their acquisition by the English less universal than is in the north that of Hindustani, which is so much easier to learn, and also to make the use in former days of Portuguese, and now of English, by natives in contact with foreigners, and of French about the French settlements, very much more common than it is elsewhere. It is this bad habit of interlarding English with Hindustani phrases which has so often excited the just wrath of high English officials, not accustomed to it from their youth, and which (_e.g._) drew forth in orders the humorous indignation of Sir Charles Napier. One peculiarity in this use we may notice, which doubtless exemplifies some obscure linguistic law. Hindustani _verbs_ which are thus used are habitually adopted into the quasi-English by converting the imperative into an infinitive. Thus to _bunow_, to _lugow_, to _foozilow_, to _puckarow_, to _dumbcow_, to _sumjow_, and so on, almost _ad libitum_, are formed as we have indicated.[15] It is curious to note that several of our most common adoptions are due to what may be most especially called the Oordoo (_Urdū_) or 'Camp' language, being terms which the hosts of Chinghiz brought from the steppes of North Eastern Asia—_e.g._ "The old _Bukshee_ is an awful _bahadur_, but he keeps a first-rate _bobachee_." That is a sentence which might easily have passed without remark at an Anglo-Indian mess-table thirty years ago—perhaps might be heard still. Each of the outlandish terms embraced in it came from the depths of Mongolia in the thirteenth century. _Chick_ (in the sense of a cane-blind), _daroga_, _oordoo_ itself, are other examples. With the gradual assumption of administration after the middle of last century, we adopted into partial colloquial use an immense number of terms, very many of them Persian or Arabic, belonging to technicalities of revenue and other departments, and largely borrowed from our Mahommedan predecessors. Malay has contributed some of our most familiar expressions, owing partly to the ceaseless rovings among the Eastern coasts of the Portuguese, through whom a part of these reached us, and partly doubtless to the fact that our early dealings and the sites of our early factories lay much more on the shores of the Eastern Archipelago than on those of Continental India. _Paddy_, _godown_, _compound_, _bankshall_, _rattan_, _durian_, _a-muck_, _prow_, and _cadjan_, _junk_, _crease_, are some of these. It is true that several of them may be traced eventually to Indian originals, but it seems not the less certain that we got them through the Malay, just as we got words already indicated through the Portuguese. We used to have a very few words in French form, such as _boutique_ and _mort-de-chien_. But these two are really distortions of Portuguese words. A few words from China have settled on the Indian shores and been adopted by Anglo-India, but most of them are, I think, names of fruits or other products which have been imported, such as _loquot_, _leechee_, _chow-chow_, _cumquat_, _ginseng_, &c. and (recently) _jinrickshaw_. For it must be noted that a considerable proportion of words much used in Chinese ports, and often ascribed to a Chinese origin, such as _mandarin_, _junk_, _chop_, _pagoda_, and (as I believe) _typhoon_ (though this is a word much debated) are not Chinese at all, but words of Indian languages, or of Malay, which have been precipitated in Chinese waters during the flux and reflux of foreign trade. Within my own earliest memory Spanish dollars were current in England at a specified value if they bore a stamp from the English mint. And similarly there are certain English words, often obsolete in Europe, which have received in India currency with a special stamp of meaning; whilst in other cases our language has formed in India new compounds applicable to new objects or shades of meaning. To one or other of these classes belong _outcry_, _buggy_, _home_, _interloper_, _rogue_ (-elephant), _tiffin_, _furlough_, _elk_, _roundel_ ('an umbrella,' obsolete), _pish-pash_, _earth-oil_, _hog-deer_, _flying-fox_, _garden-house_, _musk-rat_, _nor-wester_, _iron-wood_, _long-drawers_, _barking-deer_, _custard-apple_, _grass-cutter_, &c. Other terms again are corruptions, more or less violent, of Oriental words and phrases which have put on an English mask. Such are _maund_, _fool's rack_, _bearer_, _cot_, _boy_, _belly-band_, _Penang-lawyer_, _buckshaw_, _goddess_ (in the Malay region, representing Malay _gādīs_, 'a maiden'), _compound_, _college_-pheasant, _chopper_, _summer-head_,[16] _eagle-wood_, _jackass_-copal, _bobbery_, _Upper Roger_ (used in a correspondence given by Dalrymple, for _Yuva Raja_, the 'Young King,' or Caesar, of Indo-Chinese monarchies), _Isle-o'-Bats_ (for Allahābād or _Ilahābāz_ as the natives often call it), _hobson-jobson_ (see Preface), _St. John's_. The last proper name has at least three applications. There is "St. John's" in Guzerat, viz. _Sanjān_, the landing-place of the Parsee immigration in the 8th century; there is another "St. John's" which is a corruption of _Shang-Chuang_, the name of that island off the southern coast of China whence the pure and ardent spirit of Francis Xavier fled to a better world: there is the group of "St. John's Islands" near Singapore, the chief of which is properly Pulo-_Sikajang_. Yet again we have hybrids and corruptions of English fully accepted and adopted as Hindustani by the natives with whom we have to do, such as _simkin_, _port-shrāb_, _brandy-pānī_, _apīl_, _rasīd_, _tumlet_ (a tumbler), _gilās_ ('glass,' for drinking vessels of sorts), _rail-ghārī_, _lumber-dār_, _jail-khāna_, _bottle-khāna_, _buggy-khāna_, 'et omne quod exit in' _khāna_, including _gymkhāna_, a very modern concoction (q.v.), and many more. Taking our subject as a whole, however considerable the philological interest attaching to it, there is no disputing the truth of a remark with which Burnell's fragments of intended introduction concludes, and the application of which goes beyond the limit of those words which can be considered to have 'accrued as additions to the English language': "Considering the long intercourse with India, it is noteworthy that the additions which have thus accrued to the English language are, from the intellectual standpoint, of no intrinsic value. Nearly all the borrowed words refer to material facts, or to peculiar customs and stages of society, and, though a few of them furnish allusions to the penny-a-liner, they do not represent new ideas." It is singular how often, in tracing to their origin words that come within the field of our research, we light upon an absolute dilemma, or bifurcation, _i.e._ on two or more sources of almost equal probability, and in themselves entirely diverse. In such cases it may be that, though the use of the word _originated_ from one of the sources, the existence of the other has invigorated that use, and contributed to its eventual diffusion. An example of this is _boy_, in its application to a native servant. To this application have contributed both the old English use of _boy_ (analogous to that of _puer_, _garçon_, _Knabe_) for a camp-servant, or for a slave, and the Hindī-Marāṭhī _bhoi_, the name of a caste which has furnished palanquin and umbrella-bearers to many generations of Europeans in India. The habitual use of the word by the Portuguese, for many years before any English influence had touched the shores of India (_e.g._ _bóy de sombrero_, _bóy d'aguoa_, _bóy de palanquy_), shows that the earliest source was the Indian one. _Cooly_, in its application to a carrier of burdens, or performer of inferior labour, is another example. The most probable origin of this is from a _nomen gentile_, that of the _Kolīs_, a hill-people of Guzerat and the Western Ghats (compare the origin of _slave_). But the matter is perplexed by other facts which it is difficult to connect with this. Thus, in S. India, there is a Tamil word _kūli_, in common use, signifying 'daily hire or wages,' which H. H. Wilson regards as the true origin of the word which we call _cooly_. Again, both in Oriental and Osmali Turkish, _kol_ is a word for a slave, and in the latter also there is _kūleh_, 'a male slave, a bondsman.' _Khol_ is, in Tibetan also, a word for a slave or servant. _Tank_, for a reservoir of water, we are apt to derive without hesitation, from _stagnum_, whence Sp. _estanc_, old Fr. _estang_, old Eng. and Lowland Scotch _stank_, Port. _tanque_, till we find that the word is regarded by the Portuguese themselves as Indian, and that there is excellent testimony to the existence of _tānkā_ in Guzerat and Rajputana as an indigenous word, and with a plausible Sanskrit etymology. _Veranda_ has been confidently derived by some etymologists (among others by M. Defréméry, a distinguished scholar) from the Pers. _barāmada_, 'a projection,' a balcony; an etymology which is indeed hardly a possible one, but has been treated by Mr. Beames (who was evidently unacquainted with the facts that do make it hardly possible) with inappropriate derison, he giving as the unquestionable original a Sanskrit word _baraṇḍa_, 'a portico.' On this Burnell has observed that the word does not belong to the older Sanskrit, but is only found in comparatively modern works. Be that as it may, it need not be doubted that the word _veranda_, as used in England and France, was imported from India, _i.e._ from the usage of Europeans in India; but it is still more certain that either in the same sense, or in one closely allied, the word existed, quite independent of either Sanskrit or Persian, in Portuguese and Spanish, and the manner in which it occurs in the very earliest narrative of the Portuguese adventure to India (_Roteiro do Viagem de Vasco da Gama_, written by one of the expedition of 1497), confirmed by the Hispano-Arabic vocabulary of Pedro de Alcalà, printed in 1505, preclude the possibility of its having been adopted by the Portuguese from intercourse with India. _Mangrove_, John Crawfurd tells us, has been adopted from the Malay _manggi-manggi_, applied to trees of the genus _Rhizophora_. But we learn from Oviedo, writing early in the sixteenth century, that the name _mangle_ was applied by the natives of the Spanish Main to trees of the same, or a kindred genus, on the coast of S. America, which same _mangle_ is undoubtedly the parent of the French _manglier_, and not improbably therefore of the English form _mangrove_.[17] The words _bearer_, _mate_, _cotwal_, partake of this kind of dual or doubtful ancestry, as may be seen by reference to them in the Glossary. Before concluding, a word should be said as to the orthography used in the Glossary. My intention has been to give the headings of the articles under the most usual of the popular, or, if you will, vulgar quasi-English spellings, whilst the Oriental words, from which the headings are derived or corrupted, are set forth under precise transliteration, the system of which is given in a following "Nota Bene." When using the words and names in the course of discursive elucidation, I fear I have not been consistent in sticking either always to the popular or always to the scientific spelling, and I can the better understand why a German critic of a book of mine, once upon a time, remarked upon the _etwas schwankende yulische Orthographie_. Indeed it is difficult, it never will for me be possible, in a book for popular use, to adhere to one system in this matter without the assumption of an ill-fitting and repulsive pedantry. Even in regard to Indian proper names, in which I once advocated adhesion, with a small number of exceptions, to scientific precision in transliteration, I feel much more inclined than formerly to sympathise with my friends Sir William Muir and General Maclagan, who have always favoured a large and liberal recognition of popular spelling in such names. And when I see other good and able friends following the scientific Will-o'-the-Wisp into such bogs as the use in English composition of _sipáhí_ and _jangal_, and _verandah_—nay, I have not only heard of _bagí_, but have recently seen it—instead of the good English words 'sepoy,' and 'jungle,' 'veranda,' and 'buggy,' my dread of pedantic usage becomes the greater.[18] For the spelling of _Mahratta_, _Mahratti_, I suppose I must apologize (though something is to be said for it), _Marāṭhī_ having established itself as orthodox. NOTE A.—LIST OF GLOSSARIES. 1. Appended to the ROTEIRO DE VASCO DA GAMA (see Book-list, p. xliii.) is a Vocabulary of 138 Portuguese words with their corresponding word in the _Lingua de Calicut_, _i.e._ in Malayālam. 2. Appended to the VOYAGES, &c., du Sieur DE LA BOULLAYE-LE-GOUZ (Book-list, p. xxxii.), is an _Explication de plusieurs mots dont l'intelligence est nécessaire au Lecteur_ (pp. 27). 3. Fryer's New Account (Book-list, p. xxxiv.) has an _Index Explanatory_, including _Proper Names_, _Names of Things_, and _Names of Persons_ (12 pages). 4. "INDIAN VOCABULARY, to which is prefixed the Forms of Impeachment." 12mo. Stockdale, 1788 (pp. 136). 5. "An INDIAN GLOSSARY, consisting of some Thousand Words and Forms commonly used in the East Indies ... extremely serviceable in assisting Strangers to acquire with Ease and Quickness the Language of that Country." By T. T. ROBARTS, Lieut., &c., of the 3rd Regt. Native Infantry, E.I. Printed for Murray & Highley, Fleet Street, 1800. 12mo. (not paged). 6. "A DICTIONARY OF MOHAMMEDAN LAW, Bengal Revenue Terms, Shanscrit, Hindoo, and other words used in the East Indies, with full explanations, the leading word used in each article being printed in a new Nustaluk Type," &c. By S. ROUSSEAU. London, 1802. 12mo. (pp. lxiv—287). Also 2nd ed. 1805. 7. GLOSSARY prepared for the FIFTH REPORT (see Book-list, p. xxxiv.), by Sir CHARLES WILKINS. This is dated in the preface "E. I. House, 1813." The copy used is a Parliamentary reprint, dated 1830. 8. The Folio compilation of the BENGAL REGULATIONS, published in 1828-29, contains in each volume a Glossarial Index, based chiefly upon the Glossary of Sir C. Wilkins. 9. In 1842 a preliminary "GLOSSARY OF INDIAN TERMS," drawn up at the E. I. House by Prof. H. H. Wilson, 4to, unpublished, with a blank column on each page "for Suggestions and Additions," was circulated in India, intended as a basis for a comprehensive official Glossary. In this one the words are entered in the vulgar spelling, as they occur in the documents. 10. The only important result of the circulation of No. 9. was "SUPPLEMENT TO THE GLOSSARY OF INDIAN TERMS, A—J." By H. M. ELLIOT, Esq., Bengal Civil Service. Agra, 1845. 8vo. (pp. 447). This remarkable work has been revised, re-arranged, and re-edited, with additions from Elliot's notes and other sources, by Mr. JOHN BEAMES, of the Bengal Civil Service, under the title of "MEMOIRS ON THE FOLK-LORE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES of the North-Western Provinces of India, being an amplified edition of" (the above). 2 vols. 8vo. Trübner, 1869. 11. To "MORLEY'S ANALYTICAL DIGEST of all the Reported Cases Decided in the Supreme Courts of Judicature in India," Vol. I., 1850, there is appended a "Glossary of Native Terms used in the Text" (pp. 20). 12. In "WANDERINGS OF A PILGRIM" (Book-list, p. xlvi.), there is a Glossary of some considerable extent (pp. 10 in double columns). 13. "The ZILLAH DICTIONARY in the Roman character, explaining the Various Words used in Business in India." By CHARLES PHILIP BROWN, of the Madras Civil Service, &c. Madras, 1852. Imp. 8vo. (pp. 132). 14. "A GLOSSARY OF JUDICIAL AND REVENUE TERMS, and of Useful Words occurring in Official Documents, relating to the Administration of the Government of British India, from the Arabic, Persian, Hindústání, Sanskrit, Hindí, Bengálí, Uriyá, Maráṭhí, Guzaráthí, Telugu, Karnáta, Támil, Malayálam, and other languages. By H. H. WILSON, M.A., F.R.S., Boden Professor, &c." London, 1855. 4to. (pp. 585, besides copious Index). 15. A useful folio Glossary published by Government at Calcutta between 1860 and 1870, has been used by me and is quoted in the present GLOSS. as "Calcutta Glossary." But I have not been able to trace it again so as to give the proper title. 16. CEYLONESE VOCABULARY. See Book-list, p. xxxi. 17. "KACHAHRI TECHNICALITIES, or A Glossary of Terms, Rural, Official, and General, in Daily Use in the Courts of Law, and in Illustration of the Tenures, Customs, Arts, and Manufactures of Hindustan." By PATRICK CARNEGY, Commissioner of Rai Bareli, Oudh. 8vo. 2nd ed. Allahabad, 1877 (pp. 361). 18. "A GLOSSARY OF INDIAN TERMS, containing many of the most important and Useful Indian Words. Designed for the Use of Officers of Revenue and Judicial Practitioners and Students." Madras, 1877. 8vo. (pp. 255). 19. "A GLOSSARY OF REFERENCE on Subjects connected with the Far East" (China and Japan). By H. A. GILES. Hong-Kong, 1878, 8vo. (pp. 182). 20. "GLOSSARY OF VERNACULAR TERMS used in Official Correspondence in the Province of ASSAM." Shillong, 1879. (Pamphlet). 21. "ANGLO-INDIAN DICTIONARY. A Glossary of such Indian Terms used in English, and such English or other non-Indian terms as have obtained special meanings in India." By GEORGE CLIFFORD WHITWORTH, Bombay Civil Service. London, 8vo, 1885 (pp. xv.—350). Also the following minor Glossaries contained in Books of Travel or History:— 22. In "CAMBRIDGE'S ACCOUNT of the War in India," 1761 (Book-list, p. xxx.); 23. In "GROSE'S VOYAGE," 1772 (Book-list, p. xxxv.); 24. In CARRACCIOLI'S "LIFE OF CLIVE" (Book-list, p. xxx.); 25. In "BP. HEBER'S NARRATIVE" (Book-list, p. xxxvi.); 26. In HERKLOT'S "QANOON-E-ISLAM" (Book-list, p. xxxv.); [27. In "VERELST'S VIEW OF BENGAL," 1772; 28. "THE MALAYAN WORDS IN ENGLISH," by C. P. G. Scott, reprinted from the Journal of the American Oriental Society: New Haven, 1897; 29. "MANUAL OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY," Vol. III. Glossary, Madras, 1893. The name of the author of this, the most valuable book of the kind recently published in India, does not appear upon the title-page. It is believed to be the work of C. D. Macleane; 30. A useful Glossary of Malayālam words will be found in LOGAN, "MANUAL OF MALABAR."] NOTE B.—THE INDO-PORTUGUESE PATOIS (BY A. C. BURNELL.) The phonetic changes of Indo-Portuguese are few. _F_ is substituted for _p_; whilst the accent varies according to the race of the speaker.[19] The vocabulary varies, as regards the introduction of native Indian terms, from the same cause. Grammatically, this dialect is very singular: 1. All traces of genders are lost—_e.g._ we find _sua povo_ (Mat. i. 21); _sua nome_ (Id. i. 23); _sua filho_ (Id. i. 25); _sua filhos_ (Id. ii. 18); _sua olhos_ (Acts, ix. 8); _o dias_ (Mat. ii. 1); _o rey_ (Id. ii. 2); _hum voz tinha ouvido_ (Id. ii. 18). 2. In the plural, _s_ is rarely added; generally, the plural is the same as the singular. 3. The genitive is expressed by _de_, which is not combined with the article—_e.g._ _conforme de o tempo_ (Mat. ii. 16); _Depois de o morte_ (Id. ii. 19). 4. The definite article is unchanged in the plural: _como o discipulos_ (Acts, ix. 19). 5. The pronouns still preserve some inflexions: _Eu_, _mi_; _nos_, _nossotros_; _minha_, _nossos_, &c.; _tu_, _ti_, _vossotros_; _tua_, _vossos_; _Elle_, _ella_, _ellotros_, _elles_, _sua_, _suas_, _lo_, _la_. 6. The verb substantive is (present) _tem_, (past) _timha_, and (subjunctive) _seja_. 7. Verbs are conjugated by adding, for the present, _te_ to the only form, viz., the infinitive, which loses its final _r_. Thus, _te falla_; _te faze_; _te vi_. The past is formed by adding _ja_—e.g. _ja falla_; _ja olha_. The future is formed by adding _ser_. To express the infinitive, _per_ is added to the Portuguese infinitive deprived of its _r_. NOTA BENE IN THE USE OF THE GLOSSARY (A.) The dates attached to quotations are not always quite consistent. In beginning the compilation, the dates given were those of the _publication_ quoted; but as the date of the _composition_, or of the use of the word in question, is often much earlier than the date of the book or the edition in which it appears, the system was changed, and, where possible, the date given is that of the actual use of the word. But obvious doubts may sometimes rise on this point. The dates of _publication_ of the works quoted will be found, if required, from the BOOK LIST, following this _Nota bene_. (B.) The system of transliteration used is substantially the same as that modification of Sir William Jones's which is used in Shakespear's _Hindustani Dictionary_. But— The first of the three Sanskrit sibilants is expressed by (_ś_), and, as in Wilson's Glossary, no distinction is marked between the Indian aspirated _k_, _g_, and the Arabic gutturals _kh_, _gh_. Also, in words transliterated from Arabic, the sixteenth letter of the Arabic alphabet is expressed by (_ṭ_). This is the same type that is used for the cerebral Indian (_ṭ_). Though it can hardly give rise to any confusion, it would have been better to mark them by distinct types. The fact is, that it was wished at first to make as few demands as possible for distinct types, and, having begun so, change could not be made. The fourth letter of the Arabic alphabet is in several cases represented by (_th_) when Arabic use is in question. In Hindustani it is pronounced as (_s_). Also, in some of Mr. Burnell's transliterations from S. Indian languages, he has used (R) for the peculiar Tamil hard (_r_), elsewhere (R), and (_γ_) for the Tamil and Malayālam (_k_) when preceded and followed by a vowel. LIST OF FULLER TITLES OF BOOKS QUOTED IN THE GLOSSARY ABDALLATIF. Relation de l'Egypte. _See_ DE SACY, SILVESTRE. ABEL-RÉMUSAT. Nouveaux Mélanges Asiatiques. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1829. ABREU, A. de. DESC. DE MALACA, from the _Parnaso Portuguez_. ABULGHAZI. H. des Mogols et des Tatares, par Aboul Ghazi, with French transl. by Baron Desmaisons. 2 vols. 8vo. St. Petersb., 1871. ACADEMY, The. A Weekly Review, &c. London. ACOSTA, Christ. Tractado de las Drogas y Medecinas de las Indias Orientales. 4to. Burgos, 1578. —— E. Hist. Rerum a Soc. Jesu in Oriente gestarum. Paris, 1572. —— Joseph de. Natural and Moral History of the Indies, E.T. of Edward Grimstone, 1604. Edited for HAK. SOC. by C. Markham. 2 vols. 1880. ADAMS, Francis. Names of all Minerals, Plants, and Animals described by the Greek authors, &c. (Being a Suppl. to Dunbar's Greek Lexicon.) AELIAN. Claudii Aeliani, De Natura Animalium, Libri XVII. ĀĪN. ĀĪN-I-AKBARĪ, The, by Abul Fazl 'Allami, tr. from the orig. Persian by H. Blochmann, M.A. Calcutta. 1873. Vol. i.; [vols. ii. and iii. translated by Col. H. S. Jarrett; Calcutta, 1891-94]. The MS. of the remainder disappeared at Mr. Blochmann's lamented death in 1878; a deplorable loss to Oriental literature. —— (Orig.). The same. Edited in the ORIGINAL Persian by H. Blochmann, M.A. 2 vols. 4to. Calcutta, 1872. Both these were printed by the Asiatic Society of Bengal. AITCHISON, C. U. Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sunnuds relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, 8 vols. 8vo. Revised ed., Calcutta, 1876-78. AJAIB-al-Hind. _See_ MERVEILLES. ALBIRÛNÎ. Chronology of Ancient Nations E.T. by Dr. C. E. Sachau (Or. Transl. Fund). 4to. 1879. ALCALÀ, Fray Pedro de. Vocabulista Arauigo en letra Castellana. Salamanca, 1505. ALI BABA, Sir. Twenty-one Days in India, being the Tour of (by G. Aberigh Mackay). London, 1880. [ALI, Mrs Meer Hassan, Observations on the Mussulmauns of India. 2 vols. London, 1832. [ALLARDYCE, A. The City of Sunshine. Edinburgh. 3 vols. 1877. [ALLEN, B. C. Monograph on the Silk Cloths of Assam. Shillong, 1899.] AMARI. I Diplomi Arabi del R. Archivio Fiorentino. 4to. Firenze, 1863. ANDERSON, Philip, A.M. The English in Western India, &c. 2nd ed. Revised. 1856. ANDRIESZ, G. Beschrijving der Reyzen. 4to. Amsterdam, 1670. ANGRIA TULAGEE. Authentic and Faithful History of that Arch-Pyrate. London, 1756. ANNAES MARITIMOS. 4 vols. 8vo. Lisbon, 1840-44. ANQUETIL DU PERRON. Le Zendavesta. 3 vols. Discours Preliminaire, &c. (in first vol.). 1771. ARAGON, CHRONICLE OF KING JAMES OF. E.T. by the late John Forster, M.P. 2 vols. imp. 8vo. [London, 1883.] ARBUTHNOT, Sir A. Memoir of Sir T. Munro, prefixed to ed. of his Minutes. 2 vols. 1881. ARCH. PORT. OR. Archivo Portuguez Oriental. A valuable and interesting collection published at Nova Goa, 1857 _seqq._ ARCHIVIO STORICO ITALIANO. The quotations are from two articles in the _Appendice_ to the early volumes, viz.: (1) Relazione di Leonardo da Ca' Masser sopra il Commercio dei Portoghesi nell' India (1506). App. Tom. II. 1845. (2) Lettere di Giov. da Empoli, e la Vita di Esso, scritta da suo zio (1530). App. Tom. III. 1846. ARNOLD, Edwin. The Light of Asia (as told in Verse by an Indian Buddhist). 1879. ASSEMANI, Joseph Simonius, Syrus Maronita. Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana. 3 vols. in 4, folio. Romae, 1719-1728. AYEEN AKBERY. By this spelling are distinguished quotations from the tr. of Francis Gladwin, first published at Calcutta in 1783. Most of the quotations are from the London edition, 2 vols. 4to. 1800. BABER. Memoirs of Zehir-ed-din Muhammed Baber, Emperor of Hindustan.... Translated partly by the late John Leyden, Esq., M.D., partly by William Erskine, Esq., &c. London and Edinb., 4to. 1826. BABOO and other Tales, descriptive of Society in India. Smith & Elder. London, 1834. (By Augustus Prinsep, B.C.S., a brother of James and H. Thoby Prinsep.) BACON, T. First Impressions of Hindustan. 2 vols. 1837. BADEN POWELL. PUNJAB HANDBOOK, vol. ii. Manufactures and Arts. Lahore, 1872. BAILEY, Nathan. _Diction. Britannicum_, or a more Compleat Universal Etymol. English Dict. &c. The whole Revis'd and Improv'd by N. B., Φιλόλογος. Folio. 1730. BAILLIE, N. B. E. Digest of Moohummudan Law applied by British Courts in India. 2 vols. 1865-69. BAKER, Mem. of Gen. Sir W. E., R.E., K.C.B. Privately printed. 1882. BALBI, Gasparo. Viaggio dell' Indie Orientali. 12mo. Venetia, 1590. BALDAEUS, P. Of this writer Burnell used the Dutch ed., Naauwkeurige Beschryvinge van Malabar en Choromandel, folio, 1672, and —— Ceylon, folio, 1672. I have used the German ed., containing in one volume seriatim, Wahrhaftige Ausführliche Beschreibung der beruhmten Ost-Indischen Kusten Malabar und Coromandel, als auch der Insel Zeylon ... benebst einer ... Entdeckung der Abgöterey der Ost-Indischen Heyden.... Folio. Amsterdam, 1672. BALDELLI-BONI. Storia del Milione. 2 vols. Firenze, 1827. BALDWIN, Capt. J. H. Large and Small Game of Bengal and the N.W. Provinces of India. 1876. BALFOUR, Dr. E. CYCLOPAEDIA OF INDIA. [3rd ed. London, 1885.] [BALL, J. D. Things Chinese, being Notes on various Subjects connected with China. 3rd ed. London, 1900. BALL, V. Jungle Life in India, or the Journeys and Journals of an Indian Geologist. London, 1880.] BANARUS, Narrative of Insurrection at, in 1781. 4to. Calcutta, 1782. Reprinted at Roorkee, 1853. BÁNYAN TREE, THE. A Poem. Printed for private circulation. Calcutta, 1856. (The author was Lt.-Col. R. A. Yule, 9th Lancers, who fell before Delhi, June 19, 1857.) BARBARO, Iosafa. Viaggio alla Tana, &c. In _Ramusio_, tom. ii. Also E.T. by W. Thomas, Clerk of Council to King Edward VI., embraced in Travels to Tana and Persia, HAK. SOC., 1873. N.B.—It is impossible to discover from Lord Stanley of Alderley's Preface whether this was a reprint, or printed from an unpublished MS. BARBIER DE MÉYNARD, DICTIONNAIRE Géogr. Hist. et Littér. de la Perse, &c. Extrait ... de Yaqout. Par C. B. de M. Large 8vo. Paris, 1861. BARBOSA. A Description of the Coasts of E. Africa and Malabar in the beginning of the 16th century. By Duarte Barbosa. Transl. &c., by Hon. H. E. J. Stanley. HAK. SOC., 1866. —— LISBON ED. Livro de Duarte Barbosa. Being No. VII. in Collecção de Noticias para a Historia e Geografia, &c. Publ. pela Academia Real das Sciencias, tomo ii. Lisboa, 1812. —— Also in tom. ii. of Ramusio. BARRETTO. Relation de la Province de Malabar. Fr. tr. 8vo. Paris, 1646. Originally pub. in Italian. Roma, 1645. BARROS, João de. Decadas de Asia, Dos feitos que os Portuguezes fizeram na Conquista e Descubrimento das Terras e Mares do Oriente. Most of the quotations are taken from the edition in 12mo., Lisboa, 1778, issued along with Couto in 24 vols. The first Decad was originally printed in 1552, the 2nd in 1553, the 3rd in 1563, the 4th as completed by Lavanha in 1613 (Barbosa-Machado, Bibl. Lusit. ii. pp. 606-607, as corrected by Figanière, _Bibliogr. Hist. Port._ p. 169). A. B. In some of Burnell's quotations he uses the 2nd ed. of Decs. i. to iii. (1628), and the 1st ed. of Dec. iv. (1613). In these there is apparently no division into chapters, and I have transferred the references to the edition of 1778, from which all my own quotations are made, whenever I could identify the passages, having myself no convenient access to the older editions. BARTH, A. Les Religions de l'Inde. Paris, 1879. Also English translation by Rev. T. Wood. Trübner's Or. Series. 1882. BASTIAN, Adolf, Dr. Die Völker des Oestlichen Asien, Studien und Reisen. 8vo. Leipzig, 1866—Jena, 1871. BEALE, Rev. Samuel. Travels of FAH-HIAN and Sung-yun, Buddhist Pilgrims from China to India. Sm. 8vo. 1869. BEAMES, John. COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR of the Modern Aryan Languages of India, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. 1872-79. —— See also in _List of Glossaries_. BEATSON, Lt.-Col. A. View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun. 4to. London, 1800. [BELCHER, Capt. Sir E. Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang, during the years 1843-46, employed surveying the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago. 2 vols. London, 1846.] BELLEW, H. W. Journal of a Political Mission to Afghanistan in 1857 under Major Lumsden. 8vo. 1862. —— [The Races of Afghanistan, being A Brief Account of the Principal Nations inhabiting that Country. Calcutta and London, 1880.] BELON, Pierre, du Mans. Les OBSERVATIONS de Plvsievrs Singularités et Choses memorables, trouuées en Grece, Asie, Iudée, Egypte, Arabie, &c. Sm. 4to. Paris, 1554. BENGAL, DESCRIPTIVE ETHNOLOGY OF, by Col. E. T. Dalton. Folio. Calcutta, 1872. BENGAL ANNUAL, or Literary Keepsake, 1831-32. BENGAL OBITUARY. Calcutta, 1848. This was I believe an extended edition of De Rozario's 'Complete Monumental Register,' Calcutta, 1815. But I have not been able to recover trace of the book. BENZONI, Girolamo. The Travels of, (1542-56), orig. Venice, 1572. Tr. and ed. by Admiral W. H. Smyth, HAK. SOC. 1857. [BERNCASTLE, J. Voyage to China, including a Visit to the Bombay Presidency. 2 vols. London, 1850.] BESCHI, Padre. _See_ GOOROO PARAMARTTAN. [BEVERIDGE, H. The District of Bakarganj, its History and Statistics. London, 1876.] BHOTAN and the History of the Dooar War. By Surgeon RENNIE, M.D. 1866. BIRD'S GUZERAT. The Political and Statistical History of Guzerat, transl. from the Persian of Ali Mohammed Khan. Or. Tr. Fund. 8vo. 1835. BIRD, Isabella (now Mrs. Bishop). The GOLDEN CHERSONESE, and the Way Thither. 1883. BIRD'S JAPAN. Unbeaten Tracks in J. by Isabella B. 2 vols. 1880. BIRDWOOD (Sir) George, C.S.I., M.D. The Industrial Arts of India. 1880. [—— Report on The Old Records of the India Office, with Supplementary Note and Appendices. Second Reprint. London, 1891. [—— and Foster, W. The First Letter Book of the East India Company, 1600-19. London, 1893.] [BLACKER, Lt.-Col. V. Memoir of the British Army in India in 1817-19. 2 vols. London, 1821. [BLANFORD, W. T. The Fauna of British India: Mammalia. London, 1888-91. BLUMENTRITT, Ferd. VOCABULAR einzelner Ausdrücke und Redensarten, welche dem Spanischen der Philippinschen Inseln eigenthümlich sind. Druck von Dr. Karl Pickert in Leitmeritz. 1882. BLUTEAU, Padre D. Raphael. Vocabulario Portuguez Latino, Aulico, Anatomico, Architectonico, (and so on to Zoologico) ... Lisboa, 1712-21. 8 vols. folio, with 2 vols. of Supplemento, 1727-28. BOCARRO. DECADA 13 da Historia da India, composta por Antonio B. (Published by the Royal Academy of Lisbon). 1876. BOCARRO. Detailed Report (Portuguese) upon the Portuguese Forts and Settlements in India, MS. transcript in India Office. Geog. Dept. from B.M. Sloane MSS. No. 197, fol. 172 _seqq._ Date 1644. BOCHARTI HIEROZOICON. In vol. i. of Opera Omnia, 3 vols. folio. Lugd. Bat. 1712. BOCK, Carl. Temples and Elephants. 1884. BOGLE. _See_ MARKHAM'S TIBET. BOILEAU, A. H. E. (Bengal Engineers). TOUR THROUGH the Western States of RAJWARA in 1835. 4to. Calcutta, 1837. BOLDENSELE, Gulielmus de. ITINERARIUM in the _Thesaurus of Canisius_, 1604. v. pt. ii. p. 95, also in ed. of same by _Basnage_, 1725, iv. 337; and by C. L. Grotefend in _Zeitschrift_ des Histor. Vereins für Nieder Sachsen, Jahrgang 1852. Hannover, 1855. BOLE PONGIS, by H. M. Parker. 2 vols. 8vo. 1851. BOMBAY. A Description of the Port and Island of, and Hist. Account of the Transactions between the English and Portuguese concerning it, from the year 1661 to the present time. 12mo. Printed in the year 1724. [BOND, E. A. Speeches of the Manager and Counsel in the Trial of Warren Hastings. 4 vols. London, 1859-61.] BONGARSII, GESTA DEI DER FRANCOS. Folio. Hanoviae, 1611. BONTIUS, Jacobi B. Hist. Natural et Medic. Indiae Orientalis Libri Sex. Printed with PISO, q.v. [BOSE, S. C. The Hindoos as they are: A Description of the Manners, Customs, and Inner Life of Hindoo Society in Bengal. Calcutta, 1881. BOSQUEJO das Possessões, &c. See p. 809_b_. [BOSWELL, J. A. C. Manual of the Nellore District. Madras, 1887.] BOTELHO, Simão. Tombo do Estado da India. 1554. Forming a part of the SUBSIDIOS, q.v. BOURCHIER, Col. (Sir George). Eight Months' Campaign against the Bengal Sepoy Army. 8vo. London, 1858. BOWRING, Sir John. The Kingdom and People of SIAM. 2 vols. 8vo. 1857. BOYD, Hugh. The Indian Observer, with Life, Letters, &c. By L. D. Campbell. London, 1798. BRIGGS, H. Cities of Gujarashtra; their Topography and History Illustrated. 4to. Bombay, 1849. BRIGG'S FIRISHTA. H. of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India. Translated from the Orig. Persian of Mahomed Kasim Firishta. By John Briggs, Lieut.-Col. Madras Army. 4 vols. 8vo. 1829. [BRINCKMAN, A. The Rifle in Cashmere: A Narrative of Shooting Expeditions. London, 1862.] BROOKS, T. Weights, Measures, Exchanges, &c., in East India. Small 4to. 1752. BROOME, Capt. Arthur. Hist. of the Rise and Progress of the BENGAL ARMY. 8vo. 1850. Only vol. i. published. BROUGHTON, T. D. Letters written in a Mahratta Camp during the year 1809. 4to. 1813. [New ed. London, 1892.] BRUCE'S ANNALS. Annals of the Honourable E. India Company. (1600-1707-8.) By John Bruce, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. 3 vols. 4to. 1810. BRUGSCH Bey (Dr. Henry). Hist. of Egypt under the Pharaohs from the Monuments. E.T. 2nd ed. 2 vols. 1881. BUCHANAN, Claudius, D.D. CHRISTIAN RESEARCHES in Asia. 11th ed. 1819. Originally pubd. 1811. BUCHANAN HAMILTON, Fr. The Fishes of the Ganges River and its Branches. Oblong folio. Edinburgh, 1822. [—— Also see EASTERN INDIA. [BUCHANAN, Dr. Francis (afterwards Hamilton). A Journey ... through ... Mysore, Canara and Malabar ... &c. 3 vols. 4to. 1807.] BURCKHARDT, J. L. See p. 315_a_. BURKE, The WRITINGS and Correspondence of the Rt. Hon. Edmund. 8 vols. 8vo. London, 1852. BURMAN, THE: His Life and Notions. By Shway Yoe. 2 vols. 1882. BURNES, Alexander. Travels into Bokhara. 3 vols. 2nd ed. 1835. [BURNES, J. A Visit to the Court of Scinde. London, 1831.] BURNOUF, Eugène. Introduction à l'Histoire du BOUDDHISME INDIEN. (Vol. i. alone published.) 4to. 1844. BURTON, Capt. R. F. PILGRIMAGE to El Medina and Mecca. 3 vols. 1855-56. [—— Memorial Edition. 2 vols. London, 1893.] —— SCINDE, or the Unhappy Valley. 2 vols. 1851. —— SIND REVISITED. 2 vols. 1877. —— CAMOENS. _Os Lusiadas_, Englished by R. F. Burton. 2 vols. 1880. And 2 vols. of Life and Commentary, 1881. —— GOA and the Blue Mountains. 1851. [—— The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, translated from the Arabic by Capt. Sir R. F. Burton, edited by L. C. Smithers. 12 vols. London, 1894.] BUSBEQUII, A. Gislenii. Omnia quae extant. Amstelod. Elzevir. 1660. [BUSTEED, H. E. Echoes of Old Calcutta. 3rd ed. Calcutta, 1857. [BUYERS, Rev. W. Recollections of Northern India. London, 1848.] CADAMOSTO, Luiz de. NAVEGAÇÃO PRIMEIRA. In Collecção de Noticias of the Academia Real das Sciencias. Tomo II. Lisboa, 1812. CALDWELL, Rev. Dr. (afterwards Bishop). A COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages. 2nd ed. Revd. and Enlarged, 1875. CALDWELL, Right Rev. Bishop. Pol. and Gen. History of the District of TINNEVELLY. Madras, 1881. ——, Dr. R. (now Bishop). Lectures on TINNEVELLY MISSIONS. 12mo. London, 1857. CA' MASSER. Relazione di Lionardo in ARCHIVIO STORICO ITALIANO, q.v. CAMBRIDGE, R. Owen. An Account of the WAR IN INDIA between the English and French, on the Coast of Coromandel (1750-1760). 4to. 1761. CAMERON, J. Our Tropical Possessions in Malayan India. 1865. CAMÕES, Luiz de. OS LUSIADAS. Folio ed. of 1720, and Paris ed., 8vo., of 1847 are those used. [CAMPBELL, Maj.-Gen. John. A Personal Narrative of Thirteen Years' Service among the Wild Tribes of Khondistan. London, 1864. [CAMPBELL, Col. W. The Old Forest Ranger. London, 1853.] CAPMANY, ANT. MEMORIAS HIST. sobre la Marina, Comercio, y Artes de Barcelona. 4 vols. 4to. Madrid, 1779. CARDIM, T. Relation de la Province du JAPON, du Malabar, &c. (trad. du Portug.). Tournay, 1645. [CAREY, W. H. The Good Old Days of Honble. John Company. 2 vols. Simla, 1882.] CARLETTI, FRANCESCO. RAGIONAMENTI di—Fiorentino, sopra le cose da lui vedute ne' suoi Viaggi, &c. (1594-1606). First published in Firenze, 1701. 2 vols. in 12mo. CARNEGY, Patrick. See _List of Glossaries_. CARPINI, Joannes de Plano. Hist. Mongalorum, ed. by D'Avezac, in Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires de la Soc. de Géographie, tom. iv. 1837. CARRACCIOLI, C. Life of Lord Clive. 4 vols. 8vo. No date (c. 1785). It is not certain who wrote this ignoble book, but the author must have been in India. CASTANHEDA, Fernão Lopez de. Historia do descobrimento e conquista da India. The original edition appeared at Coimbra, 1551-1561 (in 8 vols. 4to and folio), and was reprinted at Lisbon in 1833 (8 vols. sm. 4to). This last ed. is used in quotations of the Port. text. Castanheda was the first writer on Indian affairs (_Barbosa Machado_, _Bibl. Lusit._, ii. p. 30. See also _Figanière_, _Bibliographia Hist. Port._, pp. 165-167). He went to Goa in 1528, and died in Portugal in 1559. CASTAÑEDA. The First Booke of the Historie of the Discouerie and Conquest of the East Indias.... Transld. into English by N. L.(itchfield), Gentleman. 4to. London, 1582. The translator has often altered the spelling of the Indian words, and his version is very loose, comparing it with the printed text of the Port. in the ed. of 1833. It is possible, however, that Litchfield had the first ed. of the first book (1551) before him, whereas the ed. of 1833 is a reprint of 1554. (A.B.). CATHAY AND THE WAY THITHER. By H. Yule, HAK. SOC. 8vo. 2 vols. (Continuously paged.) 1866. [CATROU, F. F. A History of the Mogul Dynasty in India. London, 1826.] CAVENAGH, Lt.-Gen. Sir Orfeur. REMINISCENCES of an Indian Official. 8vo. 1884. CEYLONESE VOCABULARY. List of Native Words commonly occurring in Official Correspondence and other Documents. Printed by order of the Government. Columbo, June 1869. [CHAMBERLAIN, B. H. Things Japanese, being Notes on Various Subjects connected with Japan. 3rd ed. London, 1898.] CHARDIN, Voyages en Perse. Several editions are quoted, _e.g._ Amsterdam, 4 vols. 4to, 1735; by Langlès, 10 vols. 8vo. 1811. CHARNOCK'S Hist. of MARINE ARCHITECTURE. 2 vols. 1801. CHARTERS, &c., of the EAST INDIA COMPANY (a vol. in India Office without date). CHAUDOIR, Baron Stan. Aperçu sur les Monnaies Russes, &c. 4to. St. Pétersbourg, 1836-37. [CHEVERS, N. A. A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence for India. Calcutta, 1870.] CHILDERS, R. A DICTIONARY of the PALI Language. 1875. CHITTY, S. C. The CEYLON GAZETTEER. Ceylon, 1834. CHOW CHOW, being Selections from a Journal kept in India, &c., by Viscountess Falkland. 2 vols. 1857. CIEZA DE LEON, Travels of Pedro. Ed. by C. Markham. HAK. SOC. 1864. CLARKE, Capt. H. W., R.E. Translation of the SIKANDAR NĀMA of Nizāmī. London, 1881. CLAVIJO. Itineraire de l'Ambassade Espagnole à Samarcande, in 1403-1406 (original Spanish, with Russian version by I. Sreznevevsky). St. Petersburg, 1881. —— Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de, to the Court of Timour. E.T. by C. Markham. HAK. SOC. 1859. CLEGHORN, Dr. Hugh. Forests and Gardens of S. India. 8vo. 1861. COAST OF COROMANDEL: Regulations for the Hon. Comp.'s Black Troops on the. 1787. COBARRUVIAS, Tesoro de la Lengua Castellana o Española, compvesto per el Licenciado Don Sebastian de. Folio. Madrid, 1611. COCKS, Richard. Diary of ——, Cape-Merchant in the English Factory at Japan (first published from the original MS. in the B. M. and Admiralty). Edited by Edward Maunde Thompson, 2 vols. HAK. SOC. 1883. COGAN. _See_ PINTO. COLEBROOKE, Life of, forming the first vol. of the collection of his Essays, by his son, Sir E. Colebrooke. 1873. COLLET, S. The Brahmo Year-Book. Brief Records of Work and Life in the Theistic Churches of India. London, 1876 _seqq._ COLLINGWOOD, C. Rambles of a Naturalist on Shores and Waters of the China Sea. 8vo. 1868. COLOMB, Capt. R.N. Slave-catching in the Indian Ocean. 8vo. 1873. COLONIAL PAPERS. _See_ SAINSBURY. COMPETITION-WALLAH, LETTERS OF A (by G. O. Trevelyan). 1864. COMPLETE HIST. of the War in India (Tract). 1761. CONTI, Nicolo. _See_ POGGIUS; also see INDIA IN THE XVTH CENTURY. [COOPER, T. T. The Mishmee Hills, an Account of a Journey made in an Attempt to penetrate Thibet from Assam, to open out new Routes for Commerce. London, 1873.] CORDINER, Rev. J. A. Description of CEYLON, &c. 2 vols. 4to. 1807. CORNWALLIS, Correspondence of Charles, First Marquis. Edited by C. Ross. 3 vols. 1859. CORREA, GASPAR, LENDAS da India por. This most valuable, interesting, and detailed chronicle of Portuguese India was not published till in our own day it was issued by the Royal Academy of Lisbon—4 vols. in 7, in 4to, 1858-1864. The author went to India apparently with Jorge de Mello in 1512, and at an early date began to make notes for his history. The latest year that he mentions as having in it written a part of his history is 1561. The date of his death is not known. Most of the quotations from Correa, begun by Burnell and continued by me, are from this work published in Lisbon. Some are, however, taken from "The THREE VOYAGES OF VASCO DA GAMA and his Viceroyalty, from the Lendas da India of Gaspar Correa," by the Hon. E. J. Stanley (now Lord Stanley of Alderley). HAK. SOC. 1869. CORYAT, T. CRUDITIES. Reprinted from the ed. of 1611. 3 vols. 8vo. 1776. COUTO, Diogo de. The edition of the DECADAS da Asia quoted habitually is that of 1778 (see BARROS). The 4th Decade (Couto's first) was published first in 1602, fol.; the 5th, 1612; the 6th, 1614; the 7th, 1616; the 8th, 1673; 5 books of the 12th, Paris, 1645. The 9th was first published in an edition issued in 1736; and 120 pp. of the 10th (when, is not clear). But the whole of the 10th, in ten books, is included in the publication of 1778. The 11th was lost, and a substitute by the editor is given in the ed. of 1778. Couto died 10th Dec. 1616. —— DIALOGO do Soldado Pratico (written in 1611, printed at Lisbon under the title Observações, &c., 1790). COWLEY, Abraham. His Six Books of PLANTS. In Works, folio ed. of 1700. CRAWFURD, John. DESCRIPTIVE DICT. of the Indian Islands and adjacent countries. 8vo. 1856. —— MALAY DICTIONARY, A Grammar and Dict. of the Malay Language. Vol. i. Dissertation and Grammar. Vol. ii. Dictionary. London, 1852. —— Journal of an Embassy to Siam and Cochin China. 2nd ed. 2 vols. 1838. (First ed. 4to, 1828.) —— Journal of an Embassy to the Court of AVA in 1827. 4to. 1829. [CROOKE, W. The Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India. 1st ed. 1 vol. Allahabad, 1893; 2nd ed. 2 vols. London, 1896. [—— The Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, 4 vols. Calcutta, 1896.] CUNNINGHAM, Capt. Joseph Davy, B.E. History of the Sikhs, from the Rise of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej. 8vo. 2nd ed. 1853. (1st ed. 1849.) CUNNINGHAM, Major Alex., B.E. LADAK, Physical, Statistical, and Historical. 8vo. 1854. CUNNINGHAM, M.-Gen., R.E., C.S.I. (the same). Reports of the Archaeological Survey of India. Vol. i., Simla, 1871. Vol. xix., Calcutta, 1885. CYCLADES, The. By J. Theodore BENT. 8vo. 1885. DABISTAN, The; or, School of Manners. Transl. from the Persian by David Shea and Anthony Troyer. (Or. Tr. Fund.) 3 vols. Paris, 1843. D'ACUNHA, Dr. Gerson. Contributions to the Hist. of Indo-PORTUGUESE NUMISMATICS. 4 fascic. Bombay, 1880 _seqq._ DA GAMA. _See_ ROTEIRO and CORREA. D'ALBUQUERQUE, Afonso. Commentarios. Folio. Lisboa, 1557. —— COMMENTARIES, transl. and edited by Walter de Grey BIRCH. HAK. SOC. 4 vols. 1875-1884. DALRYMPLE, A. The ORIENTAL REPERTORY (originally published in numbers, 1791-97), then at the expense of the E.I. Co. 2 vols. 4to. 1808. DAMIANI A GÖES, Diensis Oppugnatio. Ed. 1602. —— De Bello Cambaico. —— CHRONICA. DAMPIER'S VOYAGES. (Collection including sundry others). 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1729. [DANVERS, F. C., and Foster, W. Letters received by the E.I. Co. from its Servants in the East. 4 vols. London, 1896-1900.] D'ANVILLE. ECLAIRCISSEMENS sur la Carte de l'Inde. 4to. Paris, 1753. DARMESTETER, James. Ormazd et Ahriman. 1877. —— The Zendavesta. (Sacred Books of the East, vol. iv.) 1880. DAVIDSON, Col. C. J. (Bengal Engineers). Diary of Travels and Adventures in Upper India. 2 vols. 8vo. 1843. DAVIES, T. Lewis O., M.A. A SUPPLEMENTAL ENGLISH GLOSSARY. 8vo. 1881. DAVIS, Voyages and Works of John. Ed. by A. H. Markham. HAK. SOC. 1880. [DAVY, J. An Account of the Interior of Ceylon. London, 1821.] DAWK BUNGALOW, The; or, Is his appointment pucka? (By G. O. Trevelyan). In Fraser's Mag., 1866, vol. lxiii. pp. 215-231 and pp. 382-391. DAY, Dr. Francis. The FISHES OF INDIA. 2 vols. 4to. 1876-1878. DE BRY, J. F. and J. "Indien Orientalis." 10 parts, 1599-1614. The quotations from this are chiefly such as were derived through it by Mr. Burnell from Linschoten, before he had a copy of the latter. He notes from the _Biog. Univ._ that Linschoten's text is altered and re-arranged in De Bry, and that the Collection is remarkable for endless misprints. DE BUSSY, Lettres de M., de Lally et autres. Paris, 1766. DE CANDOLLE, Alphonse. ORIGINE des Plantes Cultivées. 8vo. Paris, 1883. DE CASTRO, D. João de. Primeiro Roterio da Costa da India, desde Goa até Dio. Segundo MS. Autografo. Porto, 1843. DE CASTRO. Roteiro de Dom Joam, do Viagem que fizeram os Portuguezes ao Mar Roxo no Anno de 1541. Paris, 1883. DE GUBERNATIS, Angelo. Storia dei VIAGGIATORI ITALIANI nelle Indie Orientali. Livorno, 1875. 12mo. There was a previous issue containing much less matter. DE LA BOULLAYE-LE-GOUZ, VOYAGES et Observations du Seigneur, Gentilhomme Angevin. Sm. 4to. Paris, 1653, and 2nd ed. 1657. DE LA LOUBÈRE. Historical Relation of SIAM by M. E.T. 2 vols. folio in one. 1693. DELLA TOMBA, Marco. Published by De Gubernatis. Florence, 1878. DELLA VALLE, PIETRO. VIAGGI de ——, il Pellegrino, descritti, da lui medesimo in Lettere Familiari.... (1614-1626). Originally published at Rome, 1650-53. The Edition quoted is that published at Brighton (but printed at Turin), 1843. 2 vols. in small 8vo. [—— From the O.E. Tr. of 1664, by G. Havers. 2 vols. ed. by E. Grey. HAK. SOC. 1891.] DELLON. Relation de l'INQUISITION DE GOA. 1688. Also E.T., Hull, 1812. DE MONFART, H. An Exact and Curious Survey of all the East Indies, even to Canton, the chiefe citie of China. Folio. 1615. (A worthless book.) DE MORGA, Antonio. THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, ed. by Hon. E. J. Stanley. HAK. SOC. 1868. [DENNYS, N.B. Descriptive Dictionary of British Malaya. London, 1894.] DE ORTA, Garcia. _See_ GARCIA. DE SACY, Silvestre. Chrestomathie Arabe. 2nd ed. 3 vols. Paris, 1826-27. DESIDERI, P. Ipolito. MS. transcript of his Narrative of a residence in Tibet, belonging to the Hakluyt Society. 1714-1729. DICCIONARIO della Lengua CASTELLANA compuesto por l'Academia Real. 6 vols. folio. Madrid, 1726-1739. DICTY. of Words used in the EAST INDIES. 2nd ed. 1805. (List of Glossaries, No. 6.). DIEZ, Friedrich. ETYMOLOGISCHES WÖRTERBUCH der Romanischen Sprachen. 2te. Ausgabe. 2 vols. 8vo. Bonn, 1861-62. DILEMMA, THE. (A novel, by Col. G. Chesney, R.E.) 3 vols. 1875. DIPAVANSO. The Dipavamso: edited and translated by H. Oldenberg. London, 1879. DIPLOMI ARABI. _See_ AMARI. DIROM. NARRATIVE of the Campaign in India which terminated the War with Tippoo Sultan in 1792. 4to. 1793. D'OHSSON, Baron C. Hist. des Mongols. La Haye et Amsterdam. 1834. 4 vols. DOM MANUEL of Portugal, LETTER OF. Reprint of old Italian version, by A. Burnell. 1881. Also Latin in GRYNAEUS, Novus Orbis. DORN, Bernhard. HIST. OF THE AFGHANS, translated from the Persian of Neamet Allah. In Two Parts. 4to. (Or. Tr. Fund.) 1829-1836. DOSABHAI FRAMJI. Hist. of the PARSIS. 2 vols. 8vo. 1884. DOSTOYEFFSKI. 1881. _See_ p. 833_b_. DOUGLAS, Revd. Carstairs. Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy. Imp. 8vo. London, 1873. [DOUGLAS, J. Bombay and Western India. 2 vols. London, 1893.] DOWSON. _See_ ELLIOT. DOZY AND ENGELMANN. Glossaire des Mots Espagnols et Portugais derivés de l'Arabe, par R. D. et W. H. F. 2nd ed. Leide, 1869. —— OOSTERLINGEN. Verklarende Lijst der Nederlandsche Woorden die mit het Arabsch, Hebreeuwsch, Chaldeeuwsch, Perzisch, en Turksch afkomstig zijn, door R. Dozy. S' Gravenhage, 1867. (Tract.) —— Supplément aux Dictionnaires Arabes. 2 vols. 4to. DRAKE, The World Encompassed by Sir Francis (orig. 1628). Edited by W. S. W. Vaux. HAK. SOC. 1856. DRUMMOND, R. ILLUSTRATIONS of the Grammatical parts of Guzarattee, Mahrattee, and English Languages. Folio. Bombay, 1808. DRY LEAVES FROM YOUNG EGYPT, by an ex-Political (E. B. Eastwick). 1849. DUBOIS, Abbé J. Desc. of the Character, Manners, &c., of the People of India. E.T. from French MS. 4to. 1817. [DUFFERIN and Ava, Marchioness of. Our Viceregal Life in India. New edition. London, 1890.] DUNN. A NEW DIRECTORY for the East Indies. London, 1780. DU TERTRE, P. Hist. Générale des ANTILLES Habitées par les François. Paris, 1667. EASTERN INDIA, The History, Antiquities, Topography and Statistics of. By Montgomery Martin (in reality compiled entirely from the papers of Dr. FRANCIS BUCHANAN, whose name does not appear at all in a very diffuse title-page!) 3 vols. 8vo. 1838. ECHOES OF OLD CALCUTTA, by H. E. Busteed. Calcutta, 1882. [3rd ed. Calcutta, 1897.] [EDEN, Hon. E. Up the Country. 2 vols. London, 1866.] EDEN, R. A. HIST. OF TRAUAYLE, &c. R. Jugge. Small 4to. 1577. EDRISI. GÉOGRAPHIE. (Fr. Tr.) par Amedée Jaubert. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1836. (Soc. de Géogr.) [EDWARDES, Major H. B. A Year on the Punjab Frontier. 2 vols. London, 1851. [EGERTON, Hon. W. An Illustrated Handbook of Indian Arms, being a Classified and Descriptive Catalogue of the Arms exhibited at the India Museum. London, 1880.] ELGIN, Lord. Letters and Journals of James Eighth Earl of E. Edited by T. Walrond. 1872. ELLIOT. The Hist. of India as told by its own Historians. Edited from the Posth. Papers of Sir H. M. Elliot, K.C.B., by Prof. John DOWSON. 8 vols. 8vo. 1867-1877. ELLIOT, Sir Walter. Coins of S. India, belonging to the new ed. of Numismata Orientalia. Not yet issued (Nov. 1885). ELPHINSTONE, The Hon. MOUNT-STEWART, Life of, by Sir Edward Colebrooke, Bart. 2 vols. 8vo. 1884. ELPHINSTONE, The Hon. Mount-Stewart. Account of the Kingdom of CAUBOOL. New edition. 2 vols. 8vo. 1839. EMERSON TENNENT. An Account of the Island of CEYLON, by Sir James. 2 vols. 8vo. [3rd ed. 1859.] 4th ed. 1860. EMPOLI, Giovanni da. Letters, in ARCHIVIO Storico Italiano, q.v. EREDÌA. _See_ GODINHO. EVELYN, John, Esq., F.R.S., The DIARY of, from 1641 to 1705-6. (First published and edited by Mr. W. Bray in 1818.) FAHIAN, or FAH-HIAN. _See_ BEALE. FALLON, S. W. New Hindustani-English Dictionary. Banāras (Benares), 1879. FANKWAE, or Canton before Treaty Days: by an Old Resident. 1881. FARIA Y SOUSA (Manoel). ASIA PORTUGUESA. 3 vols. folio. 1666-1675. —— E.T. by Capt. J. Stevens. 3 vols. 8vo. 1695. FAVRE, P. DICTIONNAIRE Malais-Français et Français-Malais, 4 vols. Vienne, 1875-80. FAYRER, (Sir) Joseph. THANATOPHIDIA of India, being a Description of the Venomous Snakes of the Indian Peninsula. Folio. 1872. FEDERICI (or Fedrici). Viaggio de M. Cesare de F.— nell'India Orientale et oltra l'India. In Venetia, 1587. Also in vol. iii. of Ramusio, ed. 1606. FERGUSON. A Dictionary of the Hindostan Language. 4to. London, 1773. FERGUSSON, James, D.C.L., F.R.S. Hist. of INDIAN and Eastern ARCHITECTURE. 8vo. 1875. [FERRIER, J. P. Caravan Journeys in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkestan, and Beloochistan. London, 1856.] FIFTH REPORT from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Affairs of the E.I. Company. Folio. 1812. FILET, G. F. Plant-kundig Woordenboek voor Nederlandsch Indie. Leiden, 1876. FIRISHTA, SCOTT'S. Ferishta's H. of the Dekkan from the great Mahommedan Conquests. Tr. by Capt. J. Scott. 2 vols. 4to. Shrewsbury, 1794. —— BRIGGS'S. _See_ BRIGGS. FLACOURT, Hist. de la Grande isle MADAGASCAR, composée par le Sieur de. 4to. 1658. FLÜCKIGER. _See_ HANBURY. FONSECA, Dr. J. N. da. HIST. and Archæological Sketch of the City of GOA. 8vo. Bombay, 1878. FORBES, A. Kinloch. _See_ RÂS MÂLÂ. [FORBES, Capt. C. J. F. S. British Burmah, and its People, being Sketches of Native Manners, Customs, and Religion. London, 1878.] FORBES, Gordon S. Wild Life in Canara and Ganjam. 1885. FORBES, James. Oriental Memoirs. 4 vols. 4to. 1813. [2nd ed. 2 vols. 1834.] FORBES, H. O. A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Indian Archipelago. 1885. FORBES WATSON'S Nomenclature. A List of Indian Products, &c., by J. F. W., M.A., M.D., &c. Part II., largest 8vo. 1872. [—— The Textile Manufactures and the Costumes of the People of India. London, 1866.] FORREST, Thomas. Voyage from Calcutta to the MERGUI Archipelago, &c., by ——, Esq. 4to. London, 1792. —— Voyage to NEW GUINEA and the Moluccas from Balambangan, 1774-76. 4to. 1779. FORSTER, George. JOURNEY from Bengal to England. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1808. Original ed., Calcutta, 1790. FORSYTH, Capt. J. Highlands of Central India, &c. 8vo. London, 1872. [2nd ed. London, 1899.] FORSYTH, Sir T. Douglas. Report of his MISSION to Yarkund in 1873. 4to. Calcutta, 1875. [FOSTER. _See_ DANVERS, F. C. [FRANCIS, E. B. Monograph on Cotton Manufacture in the Punjab. Lahore, 1884. [FRANCIS, Sir P. The Francis Letters, ed. by Beata Francis and Eliza Keary. 2 vols. London, 1901.] FRASER, James Baillie. Journal of a Tour through Part of the Snowy Range of the Himālā Mountains. 4to. 1820. [—— The Persian Adventurer. 3 vols. London, 1830.] FRERE, Miss M. DECCAN DAYS, or Hindoo Fairy Legends current in S. India, 1868. FRESCOBALDI, Lionardo. VIAGGI in Terra Santa di L. F. ed. altri. Firenze, 1862; very small. FRIAR JORDANUS. _See_ JORDANUS. FRYER, John, M.D. A New Account of EAST INDIA and Persia, in 8 Letters; being 9 years Travels. Begun 1672. And Finished 1681. Folio. London, 1698. No work has been more serviceable in the compilation of the Glossary. FULLARTON, Col. View of English Interests in India. 1787. GALLAND, Antoine. Journal pendant son Séjour à Constantinople, 1672-73. Annoté par Ch. Schefer. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1881. GALVANO, A. Discoveries of the World, with E.T. by Vice-Admiral Bethune, C.B. HAK. SOC., 1863. GARCIA. COLLOQUIOS dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medecinaes da India, e assi de Algumas Fructas achadas nella ... compostos pelo Doutor GARCIA DE ORTA. Physico del Rei João 3^o. 2a edição. Lisboa, 1872. (Printed nearly page for page with the original edition, which was printed at Goa by João de Eredem in 1563.) A most valuable book, full of curious matter and good sense. GARCIN DE TASSY. Particularités de la Religion Musulmane dans l'Inde. Paris, 1851. GARDEN, IN MY INDIAN. By Phil. Robinson. 2nd ed. 1878. GARNIER, Francis. VOYAGE D'EXPLORATION en Indo-Chine. 2 vols. 4to and two atlases. Paris, 1873. GILDEMEISTER. Scriptorum Arabum de Rebus Indicis Loci et Opuscula Inedita. Bonn, 1838. GILES, Herbert A. Chinese Sketches. 1876. ——. _See_ _List of Glossaries_. GILL, Captain William. The RIVER OF GOLDEN SAND, The Narrative of a Journey through China and Eastern Tibet to Burmah. 2 vols. 8vo. 1880. [Condensed ed., London, 1883.] GLEIG, Rev. G. R. Mem. of Warren Hastings. 3 vols. 8vo. 1841. —— _See_ MUNRO. GLOSSOGRAPHIA, by T. B. (Blount). Folio ed. 1674. GMELIN. REISE durch Siberien. 1773. GODINHO DE EREDIA, MALACA, L'Inde Meridionale et le Cathay, MS. orig. autographe de, reproduit et traduit par L. Janssen. 4to. Bruxelles, 1882. GOOROO PARARMATTAN, writtten in Tamil by P. Beschi; E.T. by Babington. 4to. 1822. GOUVEA, A. de. Iornada do Arcebispo de Goa, D. Frey Aleixo de Menezes ... quando foy as Serras de Malabar, &c. Sm. folio. Coimbra, 1606. [GOVER, C. E. The Folk-Songs of Southern India. Madras, 1871.] GOVINDA SÁMANTA, or the History of a Bengal Ráiyat. By the Rev. Lál Behári Day, Chinsurah, Bengal. 2 vols. London, 1874. GRAHAM, Maria. Journal of a Residence in India. 4to. Edinburgh, 1812. An excellent book. GRAINGER, James. The Sugar-Cane, a Poem in 4 books, with notes. 4to. 1764. GRAMATICA INDOSTANA. Roma, 1778. _See_ p. 417b. GRAND MASTER, The, or Adventures of Qui Hi, by Quiz. 1816. One of those would-be funny mountains of doggerel, begotten by the success of Dr Syntax, and similarly illustrated. GRANT, Colesworthy. Rural Life in Bengal. Letters from an artist in India to his Sisters in England. [The author died in Calcutta, 1883.] Large 8vo. 1860. GRANT, Gen. Sir Hope. Incidents in the Sepoy War, 1857-58. London, 1873. GRANT-DUFF, Mount-Stewart Elph. Notes of an Indian Journey. 1876. GREATHED, Hervey. Letters written during the Siege of Delhi. 8vo. 1858. [GRIBBLE, J. D. B. Manual of Cuddapah. Madras, 1875. [GRIERSON, G. A. Bihār Peasant Life. Calcutta, 1885. [GRIGG, H. B. Manual of the Nilagiri District. Madras, 1880.] GROENEVELDT. Notes on the Malay Archipelago, &c. From Chinese sources. Batavia, 1876. GROSE, Mr. A VOYAGE to the EAST INDIES, &c. &c. In 2 vols. A new edition. 1772. The first edition seems to have been pub. in 1766. I have never seen it. [The 1st ed., of which I possess a copy, is dated 1757.] [GROWSE, F. S. Mathurá, a District Memoir. 3rd ed. Allahabad, 1883.] GUERREIRO, Fernan. RELACION Annual de las cosas que han hecho los Padres de la Comp, de J.... en (1)600 y (1)601, traduzida de Portuguez par Colaço. Sq. 8vo. Valladolid, 1604. GUNDERT, Dr. Malayālam and English Dictionary. Mangalore, 1872. HAAFNER, M. J. VOYAGES dans la Péninsule Occid. de l'Inde et dans l'Ile de Ceilan. Trad. du Hollandois par M. J. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1811. [HADI, S. M. A Monograph on Dyes and Dyeing in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh. Allahabad, 1896.] HADLEY. _See_ under MOORS, THE, in the GLOSSARY. HAECKEL, Ernest. A Visit to Ceylon. E.T. by Clara Bell. 1883. HAEX, David. Dictionarium Malaico-Latinum et Latino-Malaicum. Romae, 1631. HAJJI BABA of Ispahan. Ed. 1835 and 1851. Originally pubd. 1824. 2 vols. —— in England. Ed. in 1 vol. 1835 and 1850. Originally pubd. 1828. 2 vols. HAKLUYT. The references to this name are, with a very few exceptions, to the reprint, with many additions, in 5 vols. 4to. 1807. Several of the additions are from travellers subsequent to the time of Richard Hakluyt, which gives an odd aspect to some of the quotations. HALHED, N. B. CODE of Gentoo Laws. 4to. London, 1776. HALL, Fitz Edward. Modern English, 1873. HAMILTON, Alexander, Captain. A New Account of the East Indies. The original publication (2 vols. 8vo.) was at Edinburgh, 1727; again published, London, 1744. I fear the quotations are from both; they differ to a small extent in the pagination. [Many of the references have now been checked with the edition of 1744.] HAMILTON, Walter. HINDUSTAN. Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Description of Hindustan and the Adjacent Countries. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1820. HAMMER-PURGSTALL, Joseph. Geschichte der Goldenen Horde. 8vo. Pesth, 1840. HANBURY AND FLÜCKIGER. Pharmacographia: A Hist. of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin. Imp. 8vo. 1874. There has been a 2nd ed. HANWAY, Jonas. Hist. Acc. of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea, with a Journal of TRAVELS, &c. 4 vols. 4to. 1753. [HARCOURT, Capt. A. F. P. The Himalayan Districts of Kooloo, Lahoul, and Spiti. London, 1871.] HARDY, Revd. Spence. Manual of BUDDHISM in its Modern Development. The title-page in my copy says 1860, but it was first published in 1853. HARRINGTON, J. H. Elementary ANALYSIS of the Laws and Regulations enacted by the G.-G. in C. at Fort William. 3 vols. folio. 1805-1817. HAUG, Martin. ESSAYS on the Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsis. 8vo. 1878. HAVART, Daniel, M.D. Op- en Ondergang van Coromandel. 4to. Amsterdam, 1693. HAWKINS. The Hawkins' Voyages. HAK. SOC. Ed. by C. Markham. 1878. HEBER, Bp. Reginald. NARRATIVE of a Journey through the Upper Provinces of India. 3rd ed. 3 vols. 1878. But most of the quotations are from the edition of 1844 (Colonial and Home Library). 2 vols. Double columns. HEDGES, DIARY of Mr. (afterwards Sir) William, in Bengal, &c., 1681-1688. The earlier quotations are from a MS. transcription, by date; the later, paged, from its sheets printed by the HAK. SOC. (still unpublished). [Issued in 2 vols., HAK. SOC. 1886.] HEHN, V. KULTURPFLANZEN und HAUSTHIERE in ihren Uebergang aus Asien nach Griechenland und Italien so wie in das übrige Europa. 4th ed. Berlin, 1883. HEIDEN, T. Vervaerlyke Schipbreuk, 1675. HERBERT, Sir Thomas. Some Yeares TRAVELS into Divers Parts of Asia and Afrique. Revised and Enlarged by the Author. Folio, 1638. Also 3rd ed. 1665. HERKLOTS, G. B. QANOON-E-ISLAM. 1832. 2nd ed. Madras, 1863. HEYLIN, Peter. COSMOGRAPHIE, in 4 Books (paged as sep. volumes), folio, 1652. HEYNE, Benjamin. TRACTS on India. 4to 1814. HODGES, William. Travels in India during the Years 1780-83. 4to. 1793. [HOEY, W. A Monograph on Trade and Manufactures in Northern India, Lucknow. 1880.] HOFFMEISTER. TRAVELS. 1848. HOLLAND, Philemon. The Historie of the World, commonly called The Natvrall Historie of C. PLINIVS Secvndvs.... Tr. into English by P. H., Doctor in Physic. 2 vols. Folio. London, 1601. HOLWELL, J. Z. Interesting HISTORICAL EVENTS Relative to the Province of Bengal and the Empire of Indostan, &c. Part I. 2nd ed. 1766. Part II. 1767. HOOKER (Sir) Jos. Dalton. Himalayan Journals. Notes of a Naturalist, &c. 2 vols. Ed. 1855. [HOOLE, E. Madras, Mysore, and the South of India, or a Personal Narrative of a Mission to those Countries from 1820 to 1828. London, 1844.] HORSBURGH'S INDIA DIRECTORY. Various editions have been used. HOUTMAN. Voyage. _See_ SPIELBERGEN. I believe this is in the same collection. HUC ET GABET. SOUVENIRS d'un Voyage dans la Tartarie, le Thibet, et la Chine pendant les Années 1844, 1845, et 1846. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris 1850. [E.T. by W. Hazlitt. 2 vols. London, 1852.] [HÜGEL, Baron Charles. Travels in Kashmir and the Panjab, with notes by Major T. B. Jervis. London, 1845. [HUGHES, T. P. A Dictionary of Islam. London, 1885.] HULSIUS. Collection of Voyages, 1602-1623. HUMĀYŪN. Private MEM. of the Emperor. Tr. by Major C. Stewart. (Or. Tr. Fund.) 4to. 1832. HUMBOLDT, W. von. Die Kawi Sprache auf der Insel Java. 3 vols. 4to. Berlin, 1836-38. HUNTER, W. W. ORISSA. 2 vols. 8vo. 1872. HYDE, Thomas. Syntagma Dissertationum, 2 vols. 4to. Oxon., 1767. HYDUR NAIK, HIST. of, by Meer Hussein Ali Khan Kirmani. Trd. by Col. W. Miles. (Or. Tr. Fund). 8vo. 1842. [IBBETSON, D. C. J. Outlines of Panjab Ethnography. Calcutta, 1883.] IBN BAITHAR. Heil und Nahrungsmittel von Abu Mohammed Abdallah ... bekannt unter dem Namen Ebn Baithar. (Germ. Transl. by Dr. Jos. v. Sontheimer). 2 vols, large 8vo. Stuttgart, 1840. IBN BATUTA. Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah, Texte Arabe, accompagné d'une Traduction par C. De Frémery et le Dr. B. R. Sanguinetti (Société Asiatique). 4 vols. Paris, 1853-58. IBN KHALLIKAN'S Biographical Dictionary. Tr. from the Arabic by Baron McGuckin de Slane. 4 vols. 4to. Paris, 1842-71. INDIA IN THE XVTH CENTURY. Being a Coll. of Narratives of Voyages to India, &c. Edited by R. H. Major, Esq., F.S.A. HAK. SOC. 1857. INDIAN ADMINISTRATION of Lord Ellenborough. Ed. by Lord Colchester. 8vo. 1874. INDIAN ANTIQUARY, The, a Journal of Oriental Research. 4to. Bombay, 1872, and succeeding years till now. INDIAN VOCABULARY. See _List of Glossaries_. INTRIGUES OF A NABOB. By H. F. Thompson. _See_ under NABOB in GLOSSARY. ISIDORI HISPALENSIS Opera. Folio. Paris, 1601. IVES, Edward. A VOYAGE from England to India in the year 1754, &c. 4to. London, 1773. JACQUEMONT Victor. CORRESPONDANCE avec sa Famille, &c. (1828-32). 2 vols. Paris, 1832. —— (English Translation.) 2 vols. 1834. JAGOR, F. Ost-Indische Handwerk und Gewerbe. 1878. JAHANGUIER, MEM. of the Emperor, tr. by Major D. Price (Or. Tr. Fund). 4to. 1829. JAL, A. ARCHÉOLOGIE NAVALE. 2 vols, large 8vo. Paris, 1840. JAPAN. A Collection of Documents on Japan, with comment, by Thomas Rundall, Esq. HAK. SOC. 1850. JARRIC, P. (S.J.). Rerum Indicarum THESAURUS. 3 vols. 12mo. Coloniae, 1615-16. JENKINS, E. The Coolie. 1871. JERDON'S BIRDS. The Birds of India, being a Natural Hist. of all the Birds known to inhabit Continental India, &c. Calcutta, 1862. The quotations are from the Edition issued by Major Godwin Austen. 2 vols. (in 3). Calcutta, 1877. —— MAMMALS. The Mammals of India, A Nat. Hist. of all the Animals known to inhabit Continental India. By T. C. Jerdon, Surgeon-Major Madras Army. London, 1874. [JOHNSON, D. Sketches of Field Sports as followed by the Natives of India. London, 1822.] JOINVILLE, Jean Sire de. HIST. DE SAINT LOUIS, &c. Texte et Trad. par M. Natalis de Wailly. Large 8vo. Paris, 1874. JONES, Mem. of the Life, Writings, and Correspondence of SIR WILLIAM. By Lord Teignmouth. Orig. ed., 4to., 1804. That quoted is—2nd ed. 8vo., 1807. JORDANUS, FRIAR, MIRABILIA Descripta (c. 1328). HAK. SOC. 1863. J. IND. ARCH. Journal of the Indian Archipelago, edited by Logan. Singapore, 1847, _seqq._ JULIEN, Stanislas. _See_ PÈLERINS. KAEMPFER, Engelbert. Hist. Naturelle, Civile et Ecclesiastique du Japon. Folio. La Haye. 1729. —— AM. EXOT. Amœnitatum Exoticarum ... Fasciculi V. ... Auctore Engelberto Kæmpfero, D. Sm. 4to. Lemgoviæ, 1712. KHOZEH ABDULKURREEM, Mem. of, tr. by GLADWIN. Calcutta, 1788. KINLOCH, A. A. Large Game Shooting in Thibet and the N.W.P. 2nd Series. 4to. 1870. KINNEIR, John Macdonald. Geogr. Memoir of the PERSIAN EMPIRE. 4to. 1813. [KIPLING, J. L. Beast and Man in India, a Popular Sketch of Indian Animals in their Relations with the People. London, 1892.] KIRCHER, Athan. CHINA Monumentis, &c. ILLUSTRATA. Folio. Amstelod. 1667. KIRKPATRICK, Col. Account of NEPAUL, 4to. 1811. KLAPROTH, Jules. MAGASIN ASIATIQUE. 2 vols. 8vo. 1825. KNOX, Robert. An Historical Relation of the Island of CEYLON in the East Indies, &c. Folio. London, 1681. KUZZILBASH, The (By J. B. Fraser). 3 vols. 1828. LA CROZE, M. V. HIST. DU CHRISTIANISME des Indes. 12mo. A la Haye, 1724. LA ROQUE. Voyage to Arabia the Happy, &c. E.T. London, 1726. 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Report on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the N.W. Boundary of British India. By R. H. DAVIES, Sec. to Govt. Punjab. Lahore, 1862. PURCHAS, his PILGRIMES, &c. 4 vols. folio. 1625-26. The Pilgrimage is often bound as Vol. V. It is really a separate work. —— His Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World, &c. The 4th ed. folio. 1625. The 1st ed. is of 1614. PYRARD DE LAVAL, François. Discours du VOYAGE des Français aux Indes Orientales, 1615-16. 2 pts. in 1 vol. 1619 in 2 vols. 12mo. Also published, 2 vols. 4to in 1679 as Voyage de Franc. Pyrard de Laval. This is most frequently quoted. There is a smaller first sketch of 1611, under the name "Discours des Voyages des Francais aux Indes Orientales." [Ed. for HAK. SOC. by A. Gray and H. C. P. Bell, 1887-89.] QANOON-E-ISLAM. See HERKLOTS. RAFFLES' Hist. of Java. [2nd. ed. 2 vols. London, 1830.] [RAIKES, C. Notes on the North-Western Provinces of India. London, 1852. [RÁJENDRALÁLA MÌTRA, Indo-Aryans. Contributions towards the Elucidation of their Ancient and Mediæval History. 2 vols. London, 1881.] RALEIGH, Sir W. The Discourse of the Empire of GUIANA. Ed. by Sir R. Schomburgk. HAK. SOC. 1850. RAMĀYANA of TULSI DĀS. Translated by F. GROWSE. 1878. [Revised ed. 1 vol. Allahabad, 1883.] RAMUSIO, G. B. Delle NAVIGATIONI e Viaggi. 3 vols. folio, in Venetia. The editions used by me are Vol. I., 1613; Vol. II., 1606; Vol. III., 1556; except a few quotations from C. Federici, which are from Vol. III. of 1606, in the B. M. RASHIDUDDIN, in Quatremère, HISTOIRE DES MONGOLS de la Perse, par Raschid-el-din, trad. &c., par M. QUATREMÈRE. Atlas folio. 1836. RÂS MÂLÂ, or Hindoo Annals of the Province of Goozerat. By Alex. Kinloch Forbes, H.E.I.C.C.S. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1856. Also a New Edition in one volume, 1878. RATES AND VALUATIOUN of Merchandize (SCOTLAND). Published by the Treasury. Edinb. 1867. RAVENSHAW, J. H. Gaur, its Ruins and Inscriptions. 4to. 1878. RAVERTY, Major H. G. ṬABAḲĀT-I-NĀṢIRI, E.T. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1881. RAWLINSON'S HERODOTUS. 4 vols. 8vo. 4th edition. 1880. RAY, Mr. John. A COLLECTION of Curious Travels and Voyages. In Two Parts (includes RAUWOLFF). The second edition. 2 vols. 1705. —— Historia Plantarum. Folio. _See_ p. 957_a_. —— Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum et Serpentini Generis, &c. Auctore Joanne Raio, F.R.S. Londini, 1693. RAYNAL, Abbé W. F. HISTOIRE PHILOSOPHIQUE et Politique des Etablissements des Européens dans les deux Indes. (First published, Amsterdam, 1770. 4 vols. First English translation by J. Justamond, London, 1776.) There were an immense number of editions of the original, with modifications, and a second English version by the same Justamond in 6 vols. 1798. REFORMER, A TRUE. (By Col. George CHESNEY, R.E.). 3 vols. 1873. REGULATIONS for the Hon. COMPANY'S TROOPS on the Coast of COROMANDEL, by M.-Gen. Sir A. Campbell, K.B., &c. &c. Madras, 1787. REINAUD. FRAGMENS sur l'Inde, in _Journ. Asiatique_, Ser. IV. tom. iv. —— _See_ RELATION. —— MÉMOIRE sur l'Inde. 4to. 1849. RELATION des VOYAGES FAITES PAR LES ARABES et les Persans ... trad., &c., par M. Reinaud. 2 sm. vols. Paris, 1845. RENNELL, Major James. MEMOIR of a Map of Hindoostan, or the Mogul Empire. 3rd edition. 4to. 1793. RESENDE, Garcia de. CHRON. del Rey dom João II. Folio. Evora, 1554. [REVELATIONS, the, of an Orderly. By Paunchkouree Khan. Benares, 1866.] RHEDE, H., van Drakenstein. HORTUS MALABARICUS. 6 vols. folio. Amstelod. 1686. RHYS DAVIDS. Buddhism. S.P.C.K. _No date_ (more shame to S.P.C.K.). RIBEIRO, J. FADALIDADE HISTORICA. (1685.) First published recently. [RICE, B. L. Gazetteer of Mysore. 2 vols. London, 1897. [RIDDELL, Dr. R. Indian Domestic Economy. 7th ed. Calcutta, 1871. [RISLEY, H. H. The Tribes and Castes of Bengal. 2 vols. Calcutta, 1891.] RITTER, Carl. ERDKUNDE. 19 vols. in 21. Berlin, 1822-1859. ROBINSON, Philip. _See_ GARDEN, IN MY INDIAN. ROCHON, Abbé. _See_ p. 816_a_. [ROE, Sir T. Embassy to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-19. Ed. by W. Foster. HAK. SOC. 2 vols. 1899.] ROEBUCK, T. An English and Hindoostanee NAVAL DICTIONARY. 12mo. Calcutta, 1811. _See_ SMALL. ROGERIUS, Abr. DE OPEN DEURE tot het Verborgen Hyedendom. 4to. Leyden, 1651. Also sometimes quoted from the French version, viz.:— ROGER, Abraham. LA PORTE OUVERTE ... ou la Vraye Representation, &c. 4to. Amsterdam, 1670. The author was the first Chaplain at Pulicat (1631-1641), and then for some years at Batavia (see Havart, p. 132). He returned home in 1647 and died in 1649, at Gouda (Pref. p. 3). The book was brought out by his widow. Thus, at the time that the English Chaplain LORD (q.v.) was studying the religion of the Hindus at Surat, the Dutch Chaplain Roger was doing the same at Pulicat. The work of the last is in every way vastly superior to the former. It was written at Batavia (see p. 117), and, owing to its publication after his death, there are a few misprints of Indian words. The author had his information from a Brahman named Padmanaba (_Padmanābha_), who knew Dutch, and who gave him a Dutch translation of Bhartrihari's Satakas, which is printed at the end of the book. It is the first translation from Sanskrit into an European language (A.B.). ROTEIRO DA VIAGEM de VASCO DA GAMA em MCCCCXCVII. 2a edição. Lisboa, 1861. The 1st ed. was published in 1838. The work is inscribed to Alvaro Velho. See Figanière, _Bibliog. Hist. Port._ p. 159. (Note by A.B.). —— _See_ DE CASTRO. ROUSSET LÉON. A TRAVERS LA CHINE. 8vo. Paris, 1878. [ROW, T. V. Manual of Tanjore District. Madras, 1883.] ROYLE, J. F., M.D. An Essay on the Antiquity of HINDOO MEDICINE. 8vo. 1837. —— Illustrations of the BOTANY and other branches of Nat. History of the HIMALAYAS, and of the Floras of Cashmere. 2 vols. folio. 1839. RUBRUK, Wilhelmus de. ITINERARIUM in RECUEIL DE VOYAGES et de Mémoires de la Soc. de Géographie. Tom. iv. 1837. RUMPHIUS (Geo. Everard Rumphf.). Herbarium Amboinense. 7 vols. folio. Amstelod. 1741. (He died in 1693.) RUSSELL, Patrick. An Account of Indian SNAKES collected on the coast of Coromandel. 2 vols. folio. 1803. RYCAUT, SIR PAUL. PRESENT STATE of the Ottoman Empire. Folio, 1687. Appended to ed. of KNOLLYS' HIST. of the Turks. SAAR, Johann Jacob, Ost-Indianische FUNFZEHEN-JÄHRIGE KRIEGS-DIENSTE (&c.). (1644-1659.) Folio. Nürnberg, 1672. SACY, Silvestre de. Relation de l'Egypte. _See_ ABDALLATIF. —— CHRESTOMATHIE ARABE. 2de Ed. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1826-27. SADIK ISFAHANI, The Geographical Works of. Translated by J. C. from original Persian MSS., &c. Oriental Translation Fund, 1832. SAINSBURY, W. Noel. CALENDAR of State Papers, EAST INDIES. Vol. I., 1862 (1513-1616); Vol. II., 1870 (1617-1621); Vol. III., 1878 (1622-1624); Vol. IV., 1884 (1625-1629). An admirable work. SANANG SETZEN. GESCHICHTE DER OST-MONGOLEN ... von Ssanang Ssetzen Chungtaidschi der Ordus aus dem Mongol ... von Isaac Jacob Schmidt. 4to. St. Petersburg, 1829. [SANDERSON, G. P. Thirteen Years among the Wild Beasts of India, 3rd ed. London, 1882.] SANGERMANO, Rev. Father. A description of the BURMESE EMPIRE. Translated by W. Tandy, D.D. (Or. Transl. Fund). 4to. Rome, 1833. SAN ROMAN, Fray A. HISTORIA GENERAL de la India Oriental. Folio. Valladolid, 1603. SASSETTI, LETTERE, contained in DE GUBERNATIS, q.v. SATY. REV. The Saturday Review, London weekly newspaper. SCHILTBERGER, Johann. The Bondage and TRAVELS of. Tr. by Capt. J. Buchan Telfer, R.N. HAK. SOC. 1879. SCHOUTEN, WOUTER. Oost-Indische VOYAGIE, &c. t'Amsterdam, 1676. This is the Dutch original rendered in German as WALTER SCHULZEN, q.v. [SCHRADER, O. Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples. Tr. by F. B. Jevons. London, 1890.] SCHULZEN, Walter. Ost-Indische Reise-Beschreibung. Folio. Amsterdam, 1676. See SCHOUTEN. SCHUYLER, Eugene. TURKISTAN. 2 vols. 8vo. 1876. [SCOTT, J. G. and J. P. Hardiman. Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. 5 vols. Rangoon, 1900.] SCRAFTON, Luke. REFLEXIONS on the Government of Hindostan, with a Sketch of the Hist. of Bengal. 1770. SEELY, Capt. J. B. The WONDERS OF ELLORA. 8vo. 1824. SEIR MUTAQHERIN, or a View of Modern Times, being a History of India from the year 1118 to 1195 of the Hedjirah. From the Persian of Gholam Hussain Khan. 2 vols. in 3. 4to. Calcutta, 1789. SETON-KARR, W. S., and Hugh Sandeman. SELECTIONS from Calcutta Gazettes (1784-1823). 5 vols. 8vo. (The 4th and 5th by H. S.) Calcutta, 1864-1869. SHAW, ROBERT. Visits to HIGH TARTARY, Yarkand, and Kâshghâr, 1871. SHAW, Dr. T. Travels or Observations relating to several Parts of BARBARY and the Levant. 2nd ed. 1757. (Orig. ed. is of 1738). SHELVOCKE'S VOYAGE. A V. round the World, by the Way of the Great South Sea, Perform'd in the Years 1719, 20, 21, 22. By Capt. George S. London, 1726. SHERRING, Revd., M.A. Hindu Tribes and Castes. 3 vols. 4to. Calcutta, 1872-81. SHERWOOD, Mrs. STORIES from the Church Catechism. Ed. 1873. This work was originally published about 1817, but I cannot trace the exact date. It is almost unique as giving some view of the life of the non-commissioned ranks of a British regiment in India, though of course much is changed since its date. SHERWOOD, Mrs., The Life of, chiefly Autobiographical. 1857. SHIPP, JOHN. MEMOIRS of the Extraordinary Military Career of ... written by Himself. 2nd ed. (First ed., 1829). 3 vols. 8vo. 1830. SIBREE, Revd. J. THE GREAT AFRICAN ISLAND. 1880. SIDI 'ALI. The MOHIT, by S. A. Kapudan. Exts. translated by Joseph v. Hammer, in _J. As. Soc. Bengal_, Vols. III. & V. —— RELATION des VOYAGES de, nommé ordinairement Katibi Roumi, trad. sur la version allemande de M. Diez par M. Moris in _Journal Asiatique_, Ser. I. tom. ix. [—— The Travels and Adventures of the Turkish Admiral. Trans. by A. Vambéry. London, 1899.] SIGOLI, Simone. VIAGGIO al Monte Sinai. See FRESCOBALDI. SIMPKIN. See _Letters_. [SKEAT, W. W. Malay Magic, being an Introduction to the Folklore and Popular Religion of the Malay Peninsula. 8vo. London, 1900. [SKINNER, Capt. T. Excursions in India, including a Walk over the Himalaya Mountains to the Sources of the Jumna and the Ganges, 2nd ed. 2 vols. London, 1833.] SKINNER, Lt.-Col. James, Military Memoirs of. Ed. by J. B. Fraser. 2 vols. 1851. SLEEMAN, Lt.-Col. (Sir Wm.). RAMASEEANA and Vocabulary of the Peculiar Language of the Thugs. 8vo. Calcutta, 1836. —— RAMBLES AND RECOLLECTIONS of an Indian Official. 2 vols. large 8vo. 1844. An excellent book. [New ed. in 2 vols., by V. A. Smith, in Constable's Oriental Miscellany. London, 1893.] [—— A Journey through the Kingdom of Oudh in 1849-50. 2 vols. London, 1858.] SMALL, Rev. G. A LASKARI Dictionary. 12mo., 1882 (being an enlarged ed. of ROEBUCK, q.v.). SMITH, R. BOSWORTH. LIFE OF LORD LAWRENCE. 2 vols. 8vo. 1883. SMITH, Major L. F. Sketch of the REGULAR CORPS in the service of Native Princes. 4to. Tract. Calcutta, N.D. London. 1805. [SOCIETY in India, by an Indian Officer. 2 vols. London, 1841. SOCIETY, Manners, Tales, and Fictions of India. 3 vols. London, 1844.] SOLVYNS, F. B. LES HINDOUS. 4 vols, folio. Paris, 1808. SONNERAT. VOYAGES aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine. 2 vols. 4to. 1781. Also 3 vols. 8vo. 1782. SOUSA, P. Francesco de. ORIENTE CONQUISTADO a Jesus Christo pelos Padres da Corapanha de Jesus. Folio. Lisbon. 1710. Reprint of Pt. I., at Bombay, 1881. SOUTHEY, R. CURSE OF KEHAMA. 1810. In Collected Works. SPIELBERGEN van Waerwijck, VOYAGE OF. (Four Voyages to the E. Indies from 1594 to 1604, in Dutch.) 1646. SPRENGER, Prof. Aloys. Die POST UND REISE-ROUTEN des Orients. 8vo. Leipzig, 1864. [STANFORD Dictionary, the, of Anglicised Words and Phrases, by C. A. M. Fennell. Cambridge, 1892.] STANLEY'S VASCO DA GAMA. _See_ CORREA. STAUNTON, Sir G. Authentic ACCOUNT of Lord Macartney's Embassy to the Emperor of China. 2 vols. 4to. 1797. STAVORINUS. VOYAGE to the E. Indies. Tr. from Dutch by S. H. Wilcocke. 3 vols. 1798. STEDMAN, J. G. Narrative of a Five Years' Expedition against the Revolted Negroes in Surinam. 2 vols. 4to. 1806. STEPHEN, Sir James F. Story of NUNCOMAR and Impey. 2 vols. 1885. STOKES, M. INDIAN FAIRY TALES. Calcutta, 1879. STRANGFORD, Viscount, Select Writings of. 2 vols. 8vo. 1869. ST. PIERRE, B. de. LA CHAUMIÈRE INDIENNE. 1791. [STUART, H. A. _See_ STURROCK, J. [STURROCK, J. and Stuart, H. A. Manual of S. Canara. 2 vols. Madras, 1894-95.] SUBSIDIOS para a Historia da India Portugueza. (Published by the Royal Academy of Lisbon.) Lisbon, 1878. SULIVAN, Capt. G. L., R.A. DHOW CHASING in Zanzibar Waters, and on the Eastern Coast of Africa. 1873. SURGEON'S DAUGHTER. By Sir WALTER SCOTT. 1827. Reference by chapter. SYMES, Major Michael. Account of an EMBASSY to the Kingdom of AVA, in the year 1795. 4to. 1800. TARANATHA'S GESCHICHTE DES BUDDHISMUS in India. Germ. Tr. by A. Schiefner. St. Petersburg, 1869. TAVERNIER, J. B. Les Six Voyages en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1676. —— E.T., which is generally that quoted, being contained in Collections of Travels, &c.; being the Travels of Monsieur Tavernier, Bernier, and other great men. In 2 vols, folio. London, 1684. [Ed. by V. A. Ball. 2 vols. London, 1889.] TAYLOR, Col. Meadows. STORY OF MY LIFE. 8vo. (1877). 2nd ed. 1878. [TAYLOR, J. A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Cotton Manufacture of Dacca, in Bengal. London, 1851.] TEIGNMOUTH, Mem. of LIFE of John Lord, by his Son, Lord Teignmouth. 2 vols. 1843. TEIXEIRA, P. PEDRO. RELACIONES ... de los Reyes de Persia, de los Reyes de Harmuz, y de un Viage dende la India Oriental hasta Italia por terra (all three separately paged). En Amberes, 1610. TENNENT, Sir Emerson. _See_ EMERSON. TENREIRO, Antonio. ITINERARIO ... como da India veo por terra a estes Reynos. Orig. ed. Coimbra, 1560. Edition quoted (by Burnell) seems to be of Lisbon, 1762. TERRY. A VOYAGE TO EAST INDIA, &c. Observed by Edward Terry, then Chaplain to the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Row, Knt., Lord Ambassador to the Great Mogul. Reprint, 1777. Ed. 1655. —— An issue without the Author's name, printed at the end of the E.T. of the Travels of Sig. Pietro della Valle into East India, &c. 1665. —— Also a part in Purchas, Vol. II. THEVENOT, Melchizedek. (COLLECTION). Relations de divers Voyages Curieux. 2nd ed. 2 vols. folio. 1696. THEVENOT, J. de. VOYAGES en Europe, Asie et Afrique. 2nd ed. 5 vols. 12mo. 1727. THEVET, André. COSMOGRAPHIE Universelle. Folio. Paris, 1575. THEVET. LES SINGULARITEZ de la FRANCE ANTARTICQUE, autrement nommée Amerique. Paris, 1558. THOMAS, H. S. THE ROD IN INDIA. 8vo, Mangalore, 1873. THOMAS, Edward. CHRONICLES OF THE PATHÁN KINGS of Dehli. 8vo. 1871. THOMSON, Dr. T. WESTERN HIMALAYA AND TIBET. 8vo. London, 1852. THOMSON, J. The STRAITS OF MALACCA, Indo-China, and China. 8vo. 1875. THORNHILL, Mark. PERSONAL ADVENTURES, &c., in the Mutiny. 8vo. 1884. 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TREVELYAN, G. O. _See_ COMPETITION-WALLAH and DAWK-BUNGALOW. TRIBES ON MY FRONTIER. Bombay, 1883. TRIGAUTIUS. De Christiana Expeditione apud Sinas. 4to. Lugduni, 1616. TURNOUR'S (Hon. George) MAHAWANSO. The M. in Roman characters with the translation subjoined, &c. (Only one vol. published.) 4to. Ceylon, 1837. TYLOR, E. B. PRIMITIVE CULTURE. 2 vols. 8vo. 1871. [—— Anahuac; or Mexico and the Mexicans, Ancient and Modern. London, 1861.] TYR, GUILLAUME DE, et ses Continuateurs—Texte du XIII. Siècle—par M. Paulin. Paris. 2 vols. large 8vo. 1879-80. [TYTLER, A. F. Considerations on the Present Political State of India. 2 vols. London, 1815.] UZZANO, G. A book of _Pratica della Mercatura_ of 1440, which forms the 4th vol. of _Della Decima_. _See_ PEGOLOTTI. VALENTIA, Lord. Voyages and Travels to India, &c. 1802-1806. 3 vols. 4to. 1809. VALENTIJN. Oud en Niew OOST-INDIEN. 6 vols. folio—often bound in 8 or 9. Amsterdam, 1624-6. [VÁMBÉRY, A. Sketches of Central Asia. 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Venice, 1517). A third edition appeared at Milan in 1523 (4to.), and a fourth at Venice in 1535. This interesting Journal was translated into English by Eden in 1576 (8vo.), and Purchas (ii. pp. 1483-1494) gives an abridgement; it is thus one of the most important sources." Neither Mr. Winter Jones nor my friend Dr. Badger, in editing Varthema, seem to have been aware of the disparagement cast on his veracity in the famous Colloquios of Garcia de Orta (f. 29_v._ and f. 30). These affect his statements as to his voyages in the further East; and deny his ever having gone beyond Calicut and Cochin; a thesis which it would not be difficult to demonstrate out of his own narrative. [VERELST, H. A View of the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the English Government in Bengal, including a Reply to the Misrepresentations of Mr. Bolts, and other Writers. London, 1772.] VERMEULEN, Genet. Oost Indische VOYAGE. 1677. VIGNE, G. TRAVELS in Kashmir, Ladakh, &c. 2 vols. 8vo. 1842. VINCENZO MARIA. Il VIAGGIO all' Indie orientalí del P. ... Procuratore Generale de' Carmelitani Scalzi. Folio. Roma, 1672. VITRIACI, Jacobi (Jacques de Vitry). Hist. Jherosolym. _See_ BONGARS. VOCABULISTA in ARABICO. (Edited by C. Schiaparelli.) Firenze, 1871. VOIGT. HORTUS SUBURBANUS Calcuttensis. 8vo. Calcutta, 1845. VON HARFF, Arnold. PILGERFAHRT des Ritters (1496-1499). From MSS. Cöln, 1860. VOYAGE TO THE EAST INDIES in 1747 and 1748.... Interspersed with many useful and curious Observations and Anecdotes. 8vo. London, 1762. VÜLLERS, J. A. LEXICON Persico-Latinum. 2 vols. and Suppt. Bonnae ad Rhenum. 1855-67. WALLACE, A. R. The Malay Archipelago. 7th ed. 1880. [WALLACE, Lieut. Fifteen Years in India, or Sketches of a Soldier's Life. London, 1822.] WANDERINGS OF A PILGRIM in Search of the Picturesque (by Fanny Parkes). 2 vols. imp. 8vo. 1850. WARD, W. A VIEW OF THE History, Literature, and Religion of the HINDOOS. 3rd ed. 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1817-1820. In the titles of first 2 vols. publd. in 1817, this ed. is stated to be in 2 vols. In those of the 3rd and 4th, 1820, it is stated to be in 4 vols. This arose from some mistake, the author being absent in India when the first two were published. The work originally appeared at Serampore, 1811, 4 vols. 4to, and an abridged ed. _ibid._ 1 vol. 4to. 1815. WARING, E. J. The Tropical Resident at Home, &c. 8vo. 1866. WASSAF, Geschichte Wassafs, Persisch herausgegeben, und Deutsch übersetzt, von Joseph HAMMER-PURGSTALL. 4to. Wien, 1856. WATREMAN, W. THE FARDLE OF FACIONS. London, 1555. Also reprinted in the Hakluyt of 1807. [WATT, G. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India. 10 vols. Calcutta, 1889-93.] WELLINGTON DESPATCHES. The Edn. quoted is usually that of 1837. WELSH, Col. James. MILITARY REMINISCENCES of nearly 40 years' Active Service in the E. Indies. 2 vols. 8vo. 1830. (An excellent book.) WHEELER, J. T. Madras in the Olden Time ... compiled from Official Records. 3 vols. sm. sq. 8vo. 1861. —— EARLY RECORDS of British India. Calcutta, 1878. 2nd ed. 1879. WHELER, Rev. SIR GEORGE. Journey into Greece. Folio. 1682. WITNEY (Prof. W. D.) ORIENTAL AND LINGUISTICAL STUDIES. 2 vols. New York, 1873-74. WIDOWS, HINDOO. Papers relating to E.I. Affairs; printed by order of Parliament. Folio. 1821. [WILKINSON, R. J. A Malay-English Dictionary. Part I. Singapore, 1901.] WILKS, Col. Mark. HISTORICAL SKETCHES of the South of India in an Attempt to trace the Hist. of Mysoor. 3 vols. 4to. 1810-17. 2nd ed., 2 vols. 8vo. Madras, 1869. WILLIAMS, Monier. RELIGIOUS THOUGHT and Life in India. Part I., 1883. [—— Brāhmanism and Hindūism. 4th ed. London, 1891.] WILLIAMS, S. Wells. CHINESE COMMERCIAL GUIDE. 4th ed. Canton, 1856. WILLIAMSON, V. M. The East India Vade Mecum, by Capt. Thomas Williamson (the author of _Oriental Field Sports_). 2 vols. 8vo. 1810. WILLIAMSON, Capt. T. ORIENTAL FIELD SPORTS. Atlas folio. 1807. WILLS, C. T. In the Land of the Lion and the Sun, or MODERN PERSIA. 1883. [WILSON, A. The Abode of Snow, Observations on a Journey from Chinese Tibet to the Indian Caucasus. Edinburgh, 1875.] WILSON, JOHN, D.D., Life of, by George SMITH, LL.D. 1878. [—— Indian Caste. 2 vols. Bombay, 1877.] WOLFF, J. Travels and Adventures. 2 vols. London, 1860.] WOLLASTON, A. N. ENGLISH-PERSIAN DICTIONARY. 8vo. 1882. WRIGHT, T. EARLY TRAVELS in Palestine, edited with Notes. (Bohn.) 1848. WRIGHT, T. Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England in the Middle Ages. 1862. WYLLIE, J. W. S. ESSAYS on the External Policy of India. Edited by Dr. W. W. Hunter. 1875. WYTFLIET. HISTOIRE des Indes. Fo., 3 pts. Douay. 1611. XAVERII, Scti. Francisci. Indiarum Apostoli EPISTOLARUM Libri Quinque. Pragae, 1667. XAVIER, ST. FRANCIS, Life and Letters of, by Rev. H. I. COLERIDGE (S.J.). 2 vols. 8vo. 1872. [YUSUF ALI, A. A Monograph on Silk Fabrics produced in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh. Allahabad, 1900.] ZEDLER, J. H. Grosses Vollständliges Universal Lexicon. 64 vols. folio. Leipzig, 1732-1750; and Supplement, 4 vols. 1751-1754. ZIEGENBALG. _See_ PROPAGATION OF THE GOSPEL. CORRIGENDA. PAGE. COL. 32 _b._—APOLLO BUNDER. Mr. S. M. Edwardes (_History of Bombay, Town and Island, Census Report_, 1901, p. 17) derives this name from 'Pallav Bandar,' 'the Harbour of Clustering Shoots.' 274 _a._—CREASE. 1817. "the Portuguese commander requested permission to see the CROSS which Janiere wore...."—_Rev. R. Fellowes_, _History of Ceylon_, chap. v. quoted in 9 ser. _N. & Q._ I. 85. 276 _b._—_For_ "Porus" _read_ "Portus." 380 _b._—_For_ "It is probable that what that geographer ..." _read_ "It is probable from what ..." 499 _b._—The reference to BAO was accidentally omitted. The word is Peguan _bā_ (pronounced _bā-a_), "a monastery." The quotation from Sangermano (p. 88) runs: "There is not any village, however small, that has not one or more large wooden houses, which are a species of convent, by the Portuguese in India called BAO." 511 _a._—_For_ "ADAWLVT" _read_ "ADAWLAT." 565 _a._—Mr. Edwardes (_op. cit._ p. 5) derives MAZAGONG from Skt. _matsya-grāma_, "fish-village," due to "the pungent odour of the fish, which its earliest inhabitants caught, dried and ate." 655 _b._—_For_ "Steven's" _read_ "Stevens'." 678 _a._—Mr. Edwardes (_op. cit._ p. 15) derives PARELL from _padel_, "the Tree-Trumpet Flower" (_Bignonia suaveolens_). 816 _a._—_For_ "_shā-bāsh_" _read_ "_shāh-bāsh_." 858 _b._—_For_ "SOWAR" _read_ "SONAR, a goldsmith." 920 _b._—TIFFIN add: 1784.—"Each temperate day With health glides away, No TRIFFINGS[20] our forenoons profane." —_Memoirs of the Late War in Asia_, by _An Officer of Colonel Baillie's Detachment_, ii. _Appendix_, _p._ 293. 1802.—"I suffered a very large library to be useless whence I might have extracted that which would have been of more service to me than running about to TIFFINS and noisy parties." —_Metcalfe_, to _J. W. Sherer_, in _Kaye_, _Life of Lord Metcalfe_, I. 81. A GLOSSARY OF ANGLO-INDIAN COLLOQUIAL TERMS AND PHRASES OF ANALOGOUS ORIGIN. ABADA, s. A word used by old Spanish and Portuguese writers for a 'rhinoceros,' and adopted by some of the older English narrators. The origin is a little doubtful. If it were certain that the word did not occur earlier than c. 1530-40, it would most probably be an adoption from the Malay _badak_, 'a rhinoceros.' The word is not used by Barros where he would probably have used it if he knew it (see quotation under GANDA); and we have found no proof of its earlier existence in the language of the Peninsula; if this should be established we should have to seek an Arabic origin in such a word as _abadat_, _ābid_, fem. _ābida_, of which one meaning is (_v._ _Lane_) 'a wild animal.' The usual form _abada_ is certainly somewhat in favour of such an origin. [Prof. Skeat believes that the _a_ in _abada_ and similar Malay words represents the Arabic article, which was commonly used in Spanish and Portuguese prefixed to Arabic and other native words.] It will be observed that more than one authority makes it the female rhinoceros, and in the dictionaries the word is feminine. But so Barros makes _Ganda_. [Mr W. W. Skeat suggests that the female was the more dangerous animal, or the one most frequently met with, as is certainly the case with the crocodile.] 1541.—"Mynes of Silver, Copper, Tin, and Lead, from whence great quantities thereof were continually drawn, which the Merchants carried away with Troops of Elephants and Rhinoceroses (_em cafilas de elefantes e_ BADAS) for to transport into the Kingdoms of _Sornau_, by us called _Siam_, _Passiloco_, _Sarady_, (_Savady_ in orig.), _Tangu_, _Prom_, _Calaminham_ and other Provinces...."—_Pinto_ (orig. cap. xli.) in _Cogan_, p. 49. The kingdoms named here are Siam (see under SARNAU); Pitchalok and Sawatti (now two provinces of Siam); Taungu and Prome in B. Burma; Calaminham, in the interior of Indo-China, more or less fabulous. 1544.—"Now the King of Tartary was fallen upon the city of _Pequin_ with so great an army as the like had never been seen since _Adam's_ time; in this army ... were seven and twenty Kings, under whom marched 1,800,000 men ... with four score thousand Rhinoceroses" (_donde partirão com oitenta mil_ BADAS).—_Ibid._ (orig. cap. cvii.) in _Cogan_, p. 149. [1560.—See quotation under LAOS.] 1585.—"It is a very fertile country, with great stoare of prouisioun; there are elephants in great number and ABADAS, which is a kind of beast so big as two great buls, and hath vppon his snowt a little horne."—_Mendoza_, ii. 311. 1592.—"We sent commodities to their king to barter for Amber-greese, and for the hornes of ABATH, whereof the Kinge onely hath the traffique in his hands. Now this ABATH is a beast that hath one horne only in her forehead, and is thought to be the female Vnicorne, and is highly esteemed of all the Moores in those parts as a most soveraigne remedie against poyson."—_Barker_ in _Hakl._ ii. 591. 1598.—"The ABADA, or Rhinoceros, is not in India,[21] but onely in _Bengala_ and _Patane_."—_Linschoten_, 88. [Hak. Soc. ii. 8.] "Also in _Bengala_ we found great numbers of the beasts which in Latin are called _Rhinocerotes_, and of the Portingalles ABADAS."—_Ibid._ 28. [Hak. Soc. i. 96.] c. 1606.—"... ove portano le loro mercanzie per venderle a' Cinesi, particolarmente ... molti corni della BADA, detto Rinoceronte...."—_Carletti_, p. 199. 1611.—"BADA, a very fierce animal, called by another more common name _Rhinoceros_. In our days they brought to the King Philip II., now in glory, a BADA which was long at Madrid, having his horn sawn off, and being blinded, for fear he should hurt anybody.... The name of BADA is one imposed by the Indians themselves; but assuming that there is no language but had its origin from the Hebrew in the confusion of tongues ... it will not be out of the way to observe that BADA is an Hebrew word, from _Badad_, 'solus, solitarius,' for this animal is produced in desert and very solitary places."—_Cobarruvias_, s.v. 1613.—"And the woods give great timber, and in them are produced elephants, BADAS...."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 10 _v_. 1618.—"A China brought me a present of a cup of ABADO (or black unecorns horne) with sugar cakes."—_Cocks's Diary_, ii. 56. 1626.—On the margin of Pigafetta's _Congo_, as given by Purchas (ii. 1001), we find: "Rhinoceros or ABADAS." 1631.—"Lib. v. cap. 1. De ABADA seu Rhinocerote."—_Bontii Hist. Nat. et Med._ 1726.—"ABADA, s. f. La hembra del Rhinoceronte."—_Dicc. de la Lengua Castellana._ ABCÁREE, ABKÁRY. H. from P. _āb-kārī_, the business of distilling or selling (strong) waters, and hence elliptically the excise upon such business. This last is the sense in which it is used by Anglo-Indians. In every district of India the privilege of selling spirits is farmed to contractors, who manage the sale through retail shopkeepers. This is what is called the 'ABKARY System.' The system has often been attacked as promoting tippling, and there are strong opinions on both sides. We subjoin an extract from a note on the subject, too long for insertion in integrity, by one of much experience in Bengal—Sir G. U. Yule. _June, 1879._—"Natives who have expressed their views are, I believe, unanimous in ascribing the increase of drinking to our ABKAREE system. I don't say that this is putting the cart before the horse, but they are certainly too forgetful of the increased means in the country, which, if not the sole cause of the increased consumption, has been at least a very large factor in that result. I myself believe that more people drink now than formerly; but I knew one gentleman of very long and intimate knowledge of Bengal, who held that there was as much drinking in 1820 as in 1860." In any case exaggeration is abundant. All Sanskrit literature shows that tippling is no absolute novelty in India. [See the article on "Spirituous Drinks in Ancient India," by Rajendralala Mitra, _Indo-Aryans_, i. 389 _seqq._] 1790.—"In respect to ABKARRY, or Tax on Spirituous Liquors, which is reserved for Taxation ... it is evident that we cannot establish a general rate, since the quantity of consumption and expense of manufacture, etc., depends upon the vicinity of principal stations. For the amount leviable upon different Stills we must rely upon officers' local knowledge. The public, indeed, cannot suffer, since, if a few stills are suppressed by over-taxation, drunkenness is diminished."—In a _Letter from Board of Revenue_ (Bengal) to Government, 12th July. MS. in _India Office_. 1797.—"The stamps are to have the words 'ABCAREE licenses' inscribed in the Persian and Hindu languages and character."—_Bengal Regulations_, x. 33. ABIHÓWA. Properly P. _āb-o-hawā_, 'water and air.' The usual Hindustani expression for 'climate.' 1786.—"What you write concerning the death of 500 Koorgs from small-pox is understood ... they must be kept where the climate [ĀB-O-HAWĀ] may best agree with them."—_Tippoo's Letters_, 269. ABYSSINIA, n.p. This geographical name is a 16-century Latinisation of the Arabic _Ḥabash_, through the Portuguese _Abex_, bearing much the same pronunciation, minus the aspirate. [See HUBSHEE.] [1598.—"The countrey of the ABEXYNES, at Prester John's land."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 38. 1617.—"He sent mee to buy three ABASSINES."—_Sir T. Roe, Travels_, Hak. Soc. ii. 445.] A. C. (_i.e._ 'after compliments'). In official versions of native letters these letters stand for the omitted formalities of native compliments. ACHÁNOCK, n.p. H. _Chānak_ and _Achānak_. The name by which the station of BARRACKPORE is commonly known to Sepoys and other natives. Some have connected the name with that of Job _Charnock_, or, as A. Hamilton calls him, CHANNOCK, the founder of Calcutta, and the quotations render this probable. Formerly the Cantonment of Secrole at Benares was also known, by a transfer no doubt, as _Chhotā_ (or 'Little') ACHĀNAK. Two additional remarks may be relevantly made: (1) Job's name was certainly _Charnock_, and not _Channock_. It is distinctly signed "Job Charnock," in a MS. letter from the factory at "Chutta," _i.e._ Chuttanuttee (or Calcutta) in the India Office records, which I have seen. (2) The map in Valentijn which shows the village of TSJANNOK, though published in 1726, was apparently compiled by Van der Broecke in 1662. Hence it is not probable that it took its name from Job Charnock, who seems to have entered the Company's service in 1658. When he went to Bengal we have not been able to ascertain. [See _Diary of Hedges_, edited by Sir H. Yule, ii., xcix. In some "Documentary Memoirs of Job Charnock," which form part of vol. lxxv. (1888) of the Hakluyt Soc., Job is said to have "arrived in India in 1655 or 1656."] 1677.—"The ship _Falcone_ to go up the river to Hughly, or at least to CHANNOCK."—Court's Letter to Ft. St. Geo. of 12th December. In _Notes and Extracts_, Madras, 1871, No. 1., p. 21; see also p. 23. 1711.—"CHANOCK-Reach hath two shoals, the upper one in CHANOCK, and the lower one on the opposite side ... you must from below _Degon_ as aforesaid, keep the starboard shore aboard until you come up with a Lime-Tree ... and then steer over with CHANOCK Trees and house between the two shoals, until you come mid-river, but no nearer the house."—_The English Pilot_, 55. 1726.—"'t stedeken TSJANNOCK."—_Valentijn_, v. 153. In Val.'s map of Bengal also, we find opposite to _Oegli_ (Hoogly), TSJANNOK, and then _Collecatte_, and _Calcula_. 1758.—"Notwithstanding these solemn assurances from the Dutch it was judged expedient to send a detachment of troops ... to take possession of Tanna Fort and CHARNOC'S Battery opposite to it."—Narrative of Dutch attempt in the Hoogly, in _Malcolm's Life of Clive_, ii. 76. 1810.—"The old village of ACHANOCK stood on the ground which the post of Barrackpore now occupies."—_M. Graham_, 142. 1848.—"From an oral tradition still prevalent among the natives at Barrackpore ... we learn that Mr. Charnock built a bungalow there, and a flourishing bazar arose under his patronage, before the settlement of Calcutta had been determined on. Barrackpore is at this day best known to the natives by the name of CHANOCK."—_The Bengal Obituary_, Calc. p. 2. ACHÁR, s. P. _āchār_, Malay _ắchār_, adopted in nearly all the vernaculars of India for acid and salt relishes. By Europeans it is used as the equivalent of 'pickles,' and is applied to all the stores of Crosse and Blackwell in that kind. We have adopted the word through the Portuguese; but it is not impossible that Western Asiatics got it originally from the Latin _acetaria_.—(See _Plin. Hist. Nat._ xix. 19). 1563.—"And they prepare a conserve of it (_Anacardium_) with salt, and when it is green (and this they call ACHAR), and this is sold in the market just as olives are with us."—_Garcia_, f. 17. 1596.—Linschoten in the Dutch gives the word correctly, but in the English version (Hak. Soc. ii. 26) it is printed _Machar_. [1612.—"ACHAR none to be had except one jar."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 230.] 1616.—"Our _jurebasso's_ (JURIBASSO) wife came and brought me a small jarr of ACHAR for a present, desyring me to exskews her husband in that he abcented hymselfe to take phisik."—_Cocks_, i. 135. 1623.—"And all these preserved in a way that is really very good, which they call ACCIAO."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 708. [Hak. Soc. ii. 327.] 1653.—"ACHAR est vn nom Indistanni, ou Indien, que signifie des mangues, ou autres fruits confis avec de la moutarde, de l'ail, du sel, et du vinaigre à l'Indienne."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, 531. 1687.—"ACHAR I presume signifies sauce. They make in the _East Indies_, especially at _Siam_ and _Pegu_, several sorts of ACHAR, as of the young tops of Bamboes, &c. Bambo-_Achar_ and Mango-_Achar_ are most used."—_Dampier_, i. 391. 1727.—"And the Soldiery, Fishers, Peasants, and Handicrafts (of Goa) feed on a little Rice boiled in Water, with a little bit of Salt Fish, or ATCHAAR, which is pickled Fruits or Roots."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 252. [And see under KEDGEREE.] 1783.—We learn from Forrest that limes, salted for sea-use against scurvy, were used by the _Chulias_ (CHOOLIA), and were called ATCHAR (_Voyage to Mergui_, 40). Thus the word passed to Java, as in next quotation: 1768-71.—"When green it (the mango) is made into ATTJAR; for this the kernel is taken out, and the space filled in with ginger, pimento, and other spicy ingredients, after which it is pickled in vinegar."—_Stavorinus_, i. 237. ACHEEN, n.p. (P. _Āchīn_ [Tam. _Attai_, Malay _Acheh_, _Achih_] 'a wood-leech'). The name applied by us to the State and town at the N.W. angle of Sumatra, which was long, and especially during the 16th and 17th centuries, the greatest native power on that Island. The proper Malay name of the place is _Acheh_. The Portuguese generally called it _Achem_ (or frequently by the adhesion of the genitive preposition, _Dachem_, so that Sir F. Greville below makes two kingdoms), but our ACHEEN seems to have been derived from mariners of the P. Gulf or W. India, for we find the name so given (_Āchīn_) in the _Āīn-i-Akbari_, and in the Geog. Tables of Ṣādiḳ Isfahānī. This form may have been suggested by a jingling analogy, such as Orientals love, with Māchīn (MACHEEN). See also under LOOTY. 1549.—"Piratarum ACENORUM nec periculum nec suspicio fuit."—_S. Fr. Xav. Epistt._ 337. 1552.—"But after Malacca was founded, and especially at the time of our entry into India, the Kingdom of Pacem began to increase in power, and that of Pedir to diminish. And that neighbouring one of ACHEM, which was then insignificant, is now the greatest of all."—_Barros_, III. v. 8. 1563.— "Occupado tenhais na guerra infesta Ou do sanguinolento, Taprobanico[22] ACHEM, que ho mar molesta Ou do Cambaico occulto imiguo nosso." _Camões, Ode prefixed to Garcia de Orta._ c. 1569.—"Upon the headland towards the West is the Kingdom of ASSI, governed by a Moore King."—_Cæsar Frederike_, tr. in _Hakluyt_, ii. 355. c. 1590.—"The _zabád_ (civet), which is brought from the harbour-town of Sumatra, from the territory of ACHÍN, goes by the name of _Sumatra-zabád_, and is by far the best."—_Āīn_, i. 79. 1597.—"... do Pegu como do DACHEM."—_King's Letter_, in _Arch. Port. Or._ fasc. 3, 669. 1599.—"The iland of Sumatra, or Taprobuna, is possessed by many Kynges, enemies to the Portugals; the cheif is the Kinge of DACHEM, who besieged them in Malacca.... The Kinges of ACHEYN and Tor (read _Jor_ for _Johore_) are in lyke sort enemies to the Portugals."—_Sir Fulke Greville_ to Sir F. Walsingham (in _Bruce_, i. 125). [1615.—"It so proved that both Ponleema and Governor of Tecoo was come hither for ACHEIN."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 3. 1623.—"ACEM which is Sumatra."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 287.] c. 1635.—"ACHÍN (a name equivalent in rhyme and metre to 'Máchín') is a well-known island in the Chinese Sea, near to the equinoctial line."—_Ṣādiḳ Isfahānī_ (Or. Tr. F.), p. 2. 1780.—"ARCHIN." See quotation under BOMBAY MARINE. 1820.—"In former days a great many junks used to frequent ACHIN. This trade is now entirely at an end."—_Crawfurd, H. Ind. Arch._ iii. 182. ADAM'S APPLE. This name (_Pomo d'Adamo_) is given at Goa to the fruit of the _Mimusops Elengi_, Linn. (_Birdwood_); and in the 1635 ed. of Gerarde's _Herball_ it is applied to the Plantain. But in earlier days it was applied to a fruit of the Citron kind.—(See _Marco Polo_, 2nd ed., i. 101), and the following: c. 1580.—"In his hortis (of Cairo) ex arboribus virescunt mala citria, aurantia, limonia sylvestria et domestica POMA ADAMI vocata."—_Prosp. Alpinus_, i. 16. c. 1712.—"It is a kind of lime or citron tree ... it is called POMUM ADAMI, because it has on its rind the appearance of two bites, which the simplicity of the ancients imagined to be the vestiges of the impression which our forefather made upon the forbidden fruit...." _Bluteau_, quoted by Tr. of _Alboquerque_, Hak. Soc. i. 100. The fruit has nothing to do with _zamboa_, with which Bluteau and Mr. Birch connect it. See JAMBOO. ADATI, s. A kind of piece-goods exported from Bengal. We do not know the proper form or etymology. It may have been of half-width (from H. _ādhā_, 'half'). [It may have been half the ordinary length, as the Salampore (SALEMPOORY) was half the length of the cloth known in Madras as _Punjum_. (_Madras Man. of Ad._ iii. 799). Also see Yule's note in _Hedges' Diary_, ii. ccxl.] 1726.—"_Casseri_ (probably _Kasiári_ in Midnapur Dist.) supplies many _Taffatshelas_ (ALLEJA, SHALEE), _Ginggangs_, _Allegias_, and ADATHAYS, which are mostly made there."—_Valentijn_, v. 159. 1813.—Among piece-goods of Bengal: "ADDATIES, Pieces 700" (_i.e._ pieces to the ton).—_Milburn_, ii. 221. ADAWLUT, s. Ar.—H.—_'adālat_, 'a Court of Justice,' from _'adl_, 'doing justice.' Under the Mohammedan government there were 3 such courts, viz., _Nizāmat_ 'ADĀLAT, _Dīwānī_ 'ADĀLAT, and _Faujdārī_ 'ADĀLAT, so-called from the respective titles of the officials who nominally presided over them. The first was the chief Criminal Court, the second a Civil Court, the third a kind of Police Court. In 1793 regular Courts were established under the British Government, and then the _Sudder_ ADAWLUT (_Ṣadr 'Adālat_) became the chief Court of Appeal for each Presidency, and its work was done by several European (Civilian) Judges. That Court was, on the criminal side, termed _Nizamut Adawlat_, and on the civil side _Dewanny Ad._ At Madras and Bombay, _Foujdarry_ was the style adopted in lieu of _Nizamut_. This system ended in 1863, on the introduction of the Penal Code, and the institution of the High Courts on their present footing. (On the original history and constitution of the Courts see _Fifth Report_, 1812, p. 6.) What follows applies only to the Bengal Presidency, and to the administration of justice under the Company's Courts beyond the limits of the Presidency town. Brief particulars regarding the history of the Supreme Courts and those Courts which preceded them will be found under SUPREME COURT. The grant, by Shāh 'Ālam, in 1765, of the Dewanny of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa to the Company, transferred all power, civil and military, in those provinces, to that body. But no immediate attempt was made to undertake the direct detailed administration of either revenue or justice by the agency of the European servants of the Company. Such superintendence, indeed, of the administration was maintained in the prior acquisitions of the Company—viz., in the Zemindary of Calcutta, in the Twenty-four Pergunnas, and in the Chucklas (CHUCKLAH) or districts of Burdwan, Midnapoor, and Chittagong, which had been transferred by the Nawab, Kāsim 'Ali Khān, in 1760; but in the rest of the territory it was confined to the agency of a Resident at the Moorshedabad Durbar, and of a 'Chief' at Patna. Justice was administered by the Mohammedan courts under the native officials of the Dewanny. In 1770, European officers were appointed in the districts, under the name of _Supervisors_, with powers of control over the natives employed in the collection of the Revenue and the administration of justice, whilst local councils, with superior authority in all branches, were established at Moorshedabad and Patna. It was not till two years later that, under express orders from the Court of Directors, the effective administration of the provinces was undertaken by the agency of the Company's covenanted servants. At this time (1772) Courts of Civil Justice (_Mofussil Dewanny Adawlut_) were established in each of the Districts then recognised. There were also District Criminal Courts (_Foujdary Adawlut_) held by CAZEE or MUFTY under the superintendence, like the Civil Court, of the Collectors, as the Supervisors were now styled; whilst Superior Courts (_Sudder Dewanny_, _Sudder Nizamut_ ADAWLUT) were established at the Presidency, to be under the superintendence of three or four members of the Council of Fort William. In 1774 the Collectors were recalled, and native 'Amils (AUMIL) appointed in their stead. Provincial Councils were set up for the divisions of Calcutta, Burdwan, Dacca, Moorshedabad, Dinagepore, and Patna, in whose hands the superintendence, both of revenue collection and of the administration of civil justice, was vested, but exercised by the members in rotation. The state of things that existed under this system was discreditable. As Courts of Justice the provincial Councils were only "colourable imitations of courts, which had abdicated their functions in favour of their own subordinate (native) officers, and though their decisions were nominally subject to the Governor-General in Council, the Appellate Court was even a more shadowy body than the Courts of first instance. The Court never sat at all, though there are some traces of its having at one time decided appeals on the report of the head of the KHALSA, or native exchequer, just as the Provincial Council decided them on the report of the Cazis and Muftis."[23] In 1770 the Government resolved that Civil Courts, independent of the Provincial Councils, should be established in the six divisions named above,[24] each under a civilian judge with the title of Superintendent of the _Dewanny Adawlut_; whilst to the Councils should still pertain the trial of causes relating to the public revenue, to the demands of zemindars upon their tenants, and to boundary questions. The appeal from the District Courts still lay to the Governor-General and his Council, as forming the Court of _Sudder Dewanny_; but that this might be real, a judge was appointed its head in the person of Sir Elijah Impey, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, an appointment which became famous. For it was represented as a transaction intended to compromise the acute dissensions which had been going on between that Court and the Bengal Government, and in fact as a bribe to Impey. It led, by an address from the House of Commons, to the recall of Impey, and constituted one of the charges in the abortive impeachment of that personage. Hence his charge of the Sudder Dewanny ceased in November, 1782, and it was resumed in form by the Governor-General and Council. In 1787, the first year of Lord Cornwallis's government, in consequence of instructions from the Court of Directors, it was resolved that, with an exception as to the Courts at Moorshedabad, Patna, and Dacca, which were to be maintained independently, the office of judge in the Mofussil Courts was to be attached to that of the collection of the revenue; in fact, the offices of Judge and Collector, which had been divorced since 1774, were to be reunited. The duties of Magistrate and Judge became mere appendages to that of Collector; the administration of justice became a subordinate function; and in fact all Regulations respecting that administration were passed in the Revenue Department of the Government. Up to 1790 the criminal judiciary had remained in the hands of the native courts. But this was now altered; four Courts of Circuit were created, each to be superintended by two civil servants as judges; the _Sudder Nizamut Adawlut_ at the Presidency being presided over by the Governor-General and the members of Council. In 1793 the constant succession of revolutions in the judicial system came to something like a pause, with the entire reformation which was enacted by the Regulations of that year. The Collection of Revenue was now entirely separated from the administration of justice; Zillah Courts under European judges were established (Reg. iii.) in each of 23 Districts and 3 cities, in Bengal, Behar, and Orissa; whilst Provincial Courts of Appeal, each consisting of three judges (Reg. v.), were established at Moorshedabad, Patna, Dacca, and Calcutta. From these Courts, under certain conditions, further appeal lay to the Sudder Dewanny ADAWLUTS at the Presidency. As regarded criminal jurisdiction, the judges of the Provincial Courts were also (Reg. ix., 1793) constituted Circuit Courts, liable to review by the _Sudder Nizamut_. Strange to say, the impracticable idea of placing the duties of both of the higher Courts, civil and criminal, on the shoulders of the executive Government was still maintained, and the Governor-General and his Council were the constituted heads of the _Sudder Dewanny_ and _Sudder Nizamut_. This of course continued as unworkable as it had been; and in Lord Wellesley's time, eight years later, the two _Sudder Adawluts_ were reconstituted, with three regular judges to each, though it was still ruled (Reg. ii., 1801) that the chief judge in each Court was to be a member of the Supreme Council, not being either the Governor-General or the Commander-in-Chief. This rule was rescinded by Reg. x. of 1805. The number of Provincial and Zillah Courts was augmented in after years with the extension of territory, and additional Sudder Courts, for the service of the Upper Provinces, were established at Allahabad in 1831 (Reg. vi.), a step which may be regarded as the inception of the separation of the N.W. Provinces into a distinct Lieutenant-Governorship, carried out five years later. But no change that can be considered at all organic occurred again in the judiciary system till 1862; for we can hardly consider as such the abolition of the Courts of Circuit in 1829 (Reg. i.), and that of the Provincial Courts of Appeal initiated by a section in Reg. v. of 1831, and completed in 1833. 1822.—"This refers to a traditional story which Mr. Elphinstone used to relate.... During the progress of our conquests in the North-West many of the inhabitants were encountered flying from the newly-occupied territory. 'Is Lord Lake coming?' was the enquiry. 'No,' was the reply, 'the ADAWLUT is coming.'"—_Life of Ephinstone_, ii. 131. 1826.—"The ADAWLUT or Court-house was close by."—_Pandurang Hari_, 271 [ed. 1873, ii. 90]. ADIGAR, s. Properly _adhikār_, from Skt. _adhikārin_, one possessing authority; Tam. _adhikāri_, or _-kāren_. The title was formerly in use in South India, and perhaps still in the native States of Malabar, for a rural headman. [See quot. from Logan below.] It was also in Ceylon (_adikārama_, _adikār_) the title of chief minister of the Candyan Kings. See PATEL. 1544.—"Fac te comem et humanum cum isti Genti praebeas, tum praesertim magistratibus eorum et Praefectis Pagorum, quos ADIGARES vocant."—_S. Fr. Xav. Epistt._ 113. 1583.—"Mentre che noi erauamo in questa città, l'assalirono sù la mezza notte all' improuiso, mettendoui il fuoco. Erano questi d'una città uicina, lontana da S. Thomè, doue stanno i Portoghesi, un miglio, sotto la scorta d'un loro Capitano, che risiede in detta città ... et questo Capitano è da loro chiamato ADICARIO."—_Balbi_, f. 87. 1681.—"There are two who are the greatest and highest officers in the land. They are called ADIGARS; I may term them Chief Judges."—_Knox_, 48. 1726.—" ADIGAAR. This is as it were the second of the _Dessave_."—_Valentijn_ (Ceylon), _Names of Officers_, &c., 9. 1796.—"In Malabar esiste oggidi l'uffizio ... molti _Káriakárer_ o ministri; molti ADHIGÁRI o ministri d'un distretto...."—_Fra Paolino_, 237. 1803.—"The highest officers of State are the ADIGARS or Prime Ministers. They are two in number."—_Percival's Ceylon_, 256. [1810-17.—"Announcing in letters ... his determination to exercise the office of Serv ADIKAR."—_Wilks, Mysoor_, i. 264. 1887.—"Each _amsam_ or parish has now besides the ADHIKĀRI or man of authority, headman, an accountant."—_Logan, Man. of Malabar_, i. 90.] ADJUTANT, s. A bird so called (no doubt) from its comical resemblance to a human figure in a stiff dress pacing slowly on a parade-ground. It is the H. _haṛgīla_, or gigantic crane, and popular scavenger of Bengal, the _Leptoptilus argala_ of Linnæus. The H. name is by some dictionaries derived from a supposed Skt. word _haḍḍa-gila_, 'bone-swallower.' The compound, however appropriate, is not to be found in Böhtlingk and Roth's great Dictionary. The bird is very well described by Aelian, under the name of Κήλα, which is perhaps a relic of the still preserved vernacular one. It is described by another name, as one of the peculiarities of India, by Sultan Baber. See PELICAN. "The feathers known as Marabou or Comercolly feathers, and sold in Calcutta, are the tail-coverts of this, and the _Lept. Javanica_, another and smaller species" (_Jerdon_). The name _marabout_ (from the Ar. _murābit_, 'quiet,' and thence 'a hermit,' through the Port. _marabuto_) seems to have been given to the bird in Africa on like reason to that of adjutant in India. [Comercolly, properly Kumārkhāli, is a town in the Nadiya District, Bengal. See _Balfour, Cycl._ i. 1082.] c. A.D. 250.—"And I hear that there is in India a bird _Kēla_, which is 3 times as big as a bustard; it has a mouth of a frightful size, and long legs, and it carries a huge crop which looks like a leather bag; it has a most dissonant voice, and whilst the rest of the plumage is ash-coloured, the tail-feathers are of a pale (or greenish) colour."—_Aelian, de Nat. Anim._ xvi. 4. c. 1530.—"One of these (fowls) is the _dīng_, which is a large bird. Each of its wings is the length of a man; on its head and neck there is no hair. Something like a bag hangs from its neck; its back is black, its breast white; it frequently visits Kābul. One year they caught and brought me a _dīng_, which became very tame. The flesh which they threw it, it never failed to catch in its beak, and swallowed without ceremony. On one occasion it swallowed a shoe well shod with iron; on another occasion it swallowed a good-sized fowl right down, with its wings and feathers."—_Baber_, 321. 1754.—"In the evening excursions ... we had often observed an extraordinary species of birds, called by the natives _Argill_ or _Hargill_, a native of Bengal. They would majestically stalk along before us, and at first we took them for Indians naked.... The following are the exact marks and dimensions.... The wings extended 14 feet and 10 inches. From the tip of the bill to the extremity of the claw it measured 7 feet 6 inches.... In the craw was a _Terapin_ or land-tortoise, 10 inches long; and a large black male cat was found entire in its stomach."—_Ives_, 183-4. 1798.—"The next is the great Heron, the _Argali_ or ADJUTANT, or Gigantic Crane of Latham.... It is found also in Guinea."—_Pennant's View of Hindostan_, ii. 156. 1810.—"Every bird saving the vulture, the ADJUTANT (or _argeelah_) and kite, retires to some shady spot."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 3. [1880.—Ball (_Jungle Life_, 82) describes the "snake-stone" said to be found in the head of the bird.] AFGHÁN, n.p. P.—H—_Afghān_. The most general name of the predominant portion of the congeries of tribes beyond the N.W. frontier of India, whose country is called from them _Afghānistān_. In England one often hears the country called _Afguníst-un_, which is a mispronunciation painful to an Anglo-Indian ear, and even _Af'gann_, which is a still more excruciating solecism. [The common local pronunciation of the name is _Aoghān_, which accounts for some of the forms below. Bellew insists on the distinction between the Afghān and the Pathān (PUTTAN). "The Afghan is a Pathan merely because he inhabits a Pathan country, and has to a great extent mixed with its people and adopted their language" (_Races of Af._, p. 25). The name represents Skt. _asvaka_ in the sense of a 'cavalier,' and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of Alexander.] c. 1020.—"... AFGHÁNS and Khiljis...."—'_Utbi_ in _Elliot_, ii. 24; see also 50, 114. c. 1265.—"He also repaired the fort of Jalálí, which he garrisoned with AFGHÁNS."—_Táríkh-i-Fírozsháhí_ in do. iii. 106. 14th cent.—The AFGHANS are named by the continuator of Rashiduddin among the tribes in the vicinity of Herat (see _N. & E._ xiv. 494). 1504.—"The AFGHANS, when they are reduced to extremities in war, come into the presence of their enemy with grass between their teeth; being as much as to say, 'I am your ox.'"[25]—_Baber_, 159. c. 1556.—"He was afraid of the AFGHÁNS."—_Sidi 'Ali_, in _J. As._, 1st S., ix. 201. 1609.—"AGWANS and _Potans_."—_W. Finch_, in _Purchas_, i. 521. c. 1665.—"Such are those petty Sovereigns, who are seated on the Frontiers of Persia, who almost never pay him anything, no more than they do to the King of Persia. As also the _Balouches_ and AUGANS, and other Mountaineers, of whom the greatest part pay him but a small matter, and even care but little for him: witness the Affront they did him, when they stopped his whole Army by cutting off the Water ... when he passed from _Atek_ on the River _Indus_ to CABOUL to lay siege to KANDAHAR...."—_Bernier_, E. T. 64 [ed. _Constable_, 205]. 1676.—"The people called AUGANS who inhabit from _Candahar_ to _Caboul_ ... a sturdy sort of people, and great robbers in the night-time."—_Tavernier_, E. T. ii. 44; [_ed. Ball_, i. 92]. 1767.—"Our final sentiments are that we have no occasion to take any measures against the AFGHANS' King if it should appear he comes only to raise contributions, but if he proceeds to the eastward of Delhi to make an attack on your allies, or threatens the peace of Bengal, you will concert such measures with Sujah Dowla as may appear best adapted for your mutual defence."—_Court's Letter_, Nov. 20. In _Long_, 486; also see ROHILLA. 1838.—"Professor Dorn ... discusses severally the theories that have been maintained of the descent of the AFGHAUNS: 1st, from the Copts; 2nd, the Jews; 3rd, the Georgians; 4th, the Toorks; 5th, the Moguls; 6th, the Armenians: and he mentions more cursorily the opinion that they are descended from the Indo-Scythians, Medians, Sogdians, Persians, and Indians: on considering all which, he comes to the rational conclusion, that they cannot be traced to any tribe or country beyond their present seats and the adjoining mountains."—_Elphinstone's Caubool_, ed. 1839, i. 209. AFRICO, n.p. A negro slave. 1682.—"Here we met with y^e Barbadoes Merchant ... James Cock, Master, laden with Salt, Mules, and AFRICOS."—_Hedges, Diary_, Feb. 27. [Hak. Soc. i. 16.] [AGAM, adj. A term applied to certain cloths dyed in some particular way. It is the Ar. _'ajam_ (lit. "one who has an impediment or difficulty in speaking Arabic"), a foreigner, and in particular, a Persian. The adj. _'ajamī_ thus means "foreign" or "Persian," and is equivalent to the Greek βάρβαρος and the Hind. _mleććha_. Sir G. Birdwood (_Rep. on Old Rec._, p. 145) quotes from Hieronimo di Santo Stefano (1494-99), "in company with some Armenian and _Azami_ merchants": and (_ibid._) from Varthema: "It is a country of very great traffic in merchandise, and particularly with the Persians and _Azamini_, who come so far as there."] [1614.—"Kerseys, AGAM colours."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 237. 1614.—"Persia will vent five hundred cloths and one thousand kerseys, AGAM colours, per annum."—_Ibid._ ii. 237.] AGAR-AGAR, s. The Malay name of a kind of sea-weed (_Spherococcus lichenoïdes_). It is succulent when boiled to a jelly; and is used by the Chinese with birdsnest (_q.v._) in soup. They also employ it as a glue, and apply it to silk and paper intended to be transparent. It grows on the shores of the Malay Islands, and is much exported to China.—(See _Crawfurd, Dict. Ind. Arch._, and _Milburn_, ii. 304). AGDAUN, s. A hybrid H. word from H. _āg_ and P. _dān_, made in imitation of _pīk-dān_, _ḳalam-dān_, _shama-dān_ ('spittoon, pencase, candlestick'). It means a small vessel for holding fire to light a cheroot. ĀG-GĀRI, s. H. 'Fire carriage.' In native use for a railway train. AGUN-BOAT, s. A hybrid word for a steamer, from H. _agan_, 'fire,' and Eng. _boat_. In Bombay _Ag-bōt_ is used. 1853.—"... AGIN BOAT."—_Oakfield_, i. 84. [AJNĀS, s. Ar. plur. of _jins_, 'goods, merchandise, crops,' etc. Among the Moguls it was used in the special sense of pay in kind, not in cash.] [c. 1665.—"It (their pay) is, however, of a different kind, and not thought so honourable, but the _Rouzindars_ are not subject, like the _Mansebdars_ (MUNSUBDAR) to the AGENAS; that is to say, are not bound to take, at a valuation, carpets, and other pieces of furniture, that have been used in the King's palace, and on which an unreasonable value is sometimes set."—_Bernier_ (ed. _Constable_), 215-6.] AK, s. H. _āk_ and _ark_, in Sindi _ăk_: the prevalent name of the _madār_ (MUDDAR) in Central and Western India. It is said to be a popular belief (of course erroneous) in Sind, that Akbar was so called after the _āk_, from his birth in the desert. [Ives (488) calls it OGG.] The word appears in the following popular rhyme quoted by Tod (_Rajasthan_, i. 669):— AK-rā jhoprā, Phok-rā bār, Bajra-rā rotī, Mot'h-rā dāl: Dekho Rājā terī Mārwār. (For houses hurdles of _madār_, For hedges heaps of withered thorn, Millet for bread, horse-peas for pulse: Such is thy kingdom, Raja of Mārwār!) AKALEE, or _Nihang_ ('the naked one'), s. A member of a body of zealots among the Sikhs, who take this name 'from being worshippers of Him who is without time, eternal' (_Wilson_). Skt. _a_ privative, and _kāl_, 'time.' The Akālis may be regarded as the Wahābis of Sikhism. They claim their body to have been instituted by Guru Govind himself, but this is very doubtful. Cunningham's view of the order is that it was the outcome of the struggle to reconcile warlike activity with the abandonment of the world; the founders of the Sikh doctrine rejecting the inert asceticism of the Hindu sects. The Akālis threw off all subjection to the earthly government, and acted as the censors of the Sikh community in every rank. Runjeet Singh found them very difficult to control. Since the annexation of the Panjab, however, they have ceased to give trouble. The AKALEE is distinguished by blue clothing and steel armlets. Many of them also used to carry several steel _chakras_ (CHUCKER) encircling their turbans. [See _Ibbetson_, _Panjab Ethnog._, 286; _Maclagan_, in _Panjab Census Rep._, 1891, i. 166.] 1832.—"We received a message from the ACALI who had set fire to the village.... These fanatics of the Seik creed acknowledge no superior, and the ruler of the country can only moderate their frenzy by intrigues and bribery. They go about everywhere with naked swords, and lavish their abuse on the nobles as well as the peaceable subjects.... They have on several occasions attempted the life of Runjeet Singh."—_Burnes, Travels_, ii. 10-11. 1840.—"The AKALIS being summoned to surrender, requested a conference with one of the attacking party. The young Khan bravely went forward, and was straightway shot through the head."—_Mrs Mackenzie, Storms and Sunshine_, i. 115. AKYÁB, n.p. The European name of the seat of administration of the British province of Arakan, which is also a port exporting rice largely to Europe. The name is never used by the natives of Arakan (of the Burmese race), who call the town _Tsit-htwé_, 'Crowd (in consequence of) War.' This indicates how the settlement came to be formed in 1825, by the fact of the British force encamping on the plain there, which was found to be healthier than the site of the ancient capital of the kingdom of Arakan, up the valley of the Arakan or Kaladyne R. The name AKYÁB had been applied, probably by the Portuguese, to a neighbouring village, where there stands, about 1½ miles from the present town, a pagoda covering an alleged relique of Gautama (a piece of the lower jaw, or an induration of the throat), the name of which pagoda, taken from the description of relique, is _Au-kyait-dau_, and of this AKYÁB was probably a corruption. The present town and cantonment occupy dry land of very recent formation, and the high ground on which the pagoda stands must have stood on the shore at no distant date, as appears from the finding of a small anchor there about 1835. The village adjoining the pagoda must then have stood at the mouth of the Arakan R., which was much frequented by the Portuguese and the Chittagong people in the 16th and 17th centuries, and thus probably became known to them by a name taken from the Pagoda.—(From a note by _Sir Arthur Phayre_.) [Col. Temple writes—"The only derivation which strikes me as plausible, is from the Agyattaw Phaya, near which, on the island of Sittwé, a Cantonment was formed after the first Burmese war, on the abandonment of Mrohaung or Arakan town in 1825, on account of sickness among the troops stationed there. The word Agyattaw is spelt Akhyap-taw, whence probably the modern name."] [1826.—"It (the despatch) at length arrived this day (3rd Dec. 1826), having taken two months in all to reach us, of which forty-five days were spent in the route from AKYAB in Aracan."—_Crawfurd, Ava_, 289.] ALA-BLAZE PAN, s. This name is given in the Bombay Presidency to a tinned-copper stew-pan, having a cover, and staples for straps, which is carried on the march by European soldiers, for the purpose of cooking in, and eating out of. Out on picnics a larger kind is frequently used, and kept continually going, as a kind of _pot-au-feu_. [It has been suggested that the word may be a corr. of some French or Port. term—Fr. _braiser_; Port. _brazeiro_, 'a fire-pan,' _braza_, 'hot coals.'] ALBACORE, s. A kind of rather large sea-fish, of the Tunny genus (_Thynnus albacora_, Lowe, perhaps the same as _Thynnus macropterus_, Day); from the Port. _albacor_ or _albecora_. The quotations from Ovington and Grose below refer it to _albo_, but the word is, from its form, almost certainly Arabic, though Dozy says he has not found the word in this sense in Arabic dictionaries, which are very defective in the names of fishes (p. 61). The word _albacora_ in Sp. is applied to a large early kind of fig, from Ar. _al-bākūr_, 'praecox' (Dozy), Heb. _bikkūra_, in Micah vii. 1.—See _Cobarruvias_, s.v. _Albacora_. [The _N.E.D._ derives it from Ar. _al-bukr_, 'a young camel, a heifer,' whence Port. _bacoro_, 'a young pig.' Also see Gray's note on _Pyrard_, i. 9.] 1579.—"These (flying fish) have two enemies, the one in the sea, the other in the aire. In the sea the fish which is called ALBOCORE, as big as a salmon."—_Letter from Goa, by T. Stevens_, in _Hakl._ ii. 583. 1592.—"In our passage over from S. Laurence to the maine, we had exceeding great store of Bonitos and ALBOCORES."—_Barker_, in _Hakl._ ii. 592. 1696.—"We met likewise with shoals of ALBICORES (so call'd from a piece of white Flesh that sticks to their Heart) and with multitudes of Bonettoes, which are named from their Goodness and Excellence for eating; so that sometimes for more than twenty Days the whole Ship's Company have feasted on these curious fish."—_Ovington_, p. 48. c. 1760.—"The ALBACORE is another fish of much the same kind as the Bonito ... from 60 to 90 pounds weight and upward. The name of this fish too is taken from the Portuguese, importing its white colour."—_Grose_, i. 5. ALBATROSS, s. The great sea-bird (_Diomedea exulans_, L.), from the Port. _alcatraz_, to which the forms used by Hawkins and Dampier, and by Flacourt (according to Marcel Devic) closely approach. [_Alcatras_ 'in this sense altered to _albi-_, _albe-_, _albatross_ (perhaps with etymological reference to _albus_, "white," the albatross being white, while the _alcatras_ was black.') _N.E.D._ s.v.] The Port. word properly means 'a pelican.' A reference to the latter word in our Glossary will show another curious misapplication. Devic states that _alcatruz_ in Port. means 'the bucket of a Persian wheel,'[26] representing the Ar. _al-ḳādūs_, which is again from κάδος. He supposes that the pelican may have got this name in the same way that it is called in ordinary Ar. _saḳḳa_, 'a water-carrier.' It has been pointed out by Dr Murray, that the _alcatruz_ of some of the earlier voyagers, _e.g._, of Davis below, is not the _Diomedea_, but the Man-of-War (or Frigate) Bird (_Fregatus aquilus_). Hawkins, at p. 187 of the work quoted, describes, without naming, a bird which is evidently the modern albatross. In the quotation from Mocquet again, _alcatruz_ is applied to some smaller sea-bird. The passage from Shelvocke is that which suggested to Coleridge "The Ancient Mariner." 1564.—"The 8th December we ankered by a small Island called ALCATRARSA, wherein at our going a shoare, we found nothing but sea-birds, as we call them Ganets, but by the Portugals called ALCATRARSES, who for that cause gave the said Island the same name."—_Hawkins_ (Hak. Soc.), 15. 1593.—"The dolphins and bonitoes are the houndes, and the ALCATRARCES the hawkes, and the flying fishes the game."—_Ibid._ 152. 1604.—"The other foule called ALCATRARZI is a kind of Hawke that liueth by fishing. For when the Bonitos or Dolphines doe chase the flying fish vnder the water ... this ALCATRARZI flyeth after them like a Hawke after a Partridge."—_Davis_ (Hak. Soc.), 158. c. 1608-10.—"ALCATRAZ sont petis oiseaux ainsi comme estourneaux."—_Mocquet, Voyages_, 226. 1672.—"We met with those feathered Harbingers of the Cape ... ALBETROSSES ... they haue great Bodies, yet not proportionate to their Wings, which mete out twice their length."—_Fryer_, 12. 1690.—"They have several other Signs, whereby to know when they are near it, as by the Sea Fowl they meet at Sea, especially the ALGATROSSES, a very large long-winged Bird."—_Dampier_, i. 531. 1719.—"We had not had the sight of one fish of any kind, since we were come Southward of the Streights of _Le Mair_, nor one sea-bird, except a disconsolate black ALBITROSS, who accompanied us for several days, hovering about us as if he had lost himself, till _Hatley_ (my second Captain) observing, in one of his melancholy fits, that this bird was always hovering near us, imagin'd from his colour, that it might be some ill omen.... But be that as it would, he after some fruitless attempts, at length shot the ALBITROSS, not doubting (perhaps) that we should have a fair wind after it...."—_Shelvocke's Voyage_, 72, 73. 1740.—"... a vast variety of sea-fowl, amongst which the most remarkable are the _Penguins_; they are in size and shape like a goose, but instead of wings they have short stumps like fins ... their bills are narrow like those of an ALBITROSS, and they stand and walk in an erect posture. From this and their white bellies, _Sir John Narborough_ has whimsically likened them to little children standing up in white aprons."—_Anson's Voyage_, 9th ed. (1756), p. 68. 1754.—"An ALBATROSE, a sea-fowl, was shot off the Cape of Good Hope, which measured 17½ feet from wing to wing."—_Ives_, 5. 1803.— "At length did cross an ALBATROSS; Thorough the fog it came; As if it had been a Christian soul We hailed it in God's name." _The Ancient Mariner._ c. 1861.— "Souvent pour s'amuser, les hommes d'équipage Prennent des ALBATROS, vastes oiseaux des mers, Qui suivent, indolents compagnons de voyage, Le navire glissant sur les gouffres amers." _Baudelaire, L'Albatros._ ALCATIF, s. This word for 'a carpet' was much used in India in the 16th century, and is treated by some travellers as an Indian word. It is not however of Indian origin, but is an Arabic word (_ḳatīf_, 'a carpet with long pile') introduced into Portugal through the Moors. c. 1540.—"There came aboard of Antonio de Faria more than 60 _batels_, and _balloons_, and _manchuas_ (q.q.v.) with awnings and flags of silk, and rich ALCATIFAS."—_Pinto_, ch. lxviii. (orig.). 1560.—"The whole tent was cut in a variety of arabesques, inlaid with coloured silk, and was carpeted with rich ALCATIFAS."—_Tenreiro, Itin._, c. xvii. 1578.—"The windows of the streets by which the Viceroy passes shall be hung with carpets (ALCATIFADAS), and the doors decorated with branches, and the whole adorned as richly as possible."—_Archiv. Port. Orient._, fascic. ii. 225. [1598.—"Great store of rich Tapestrie, which are called ALCATIFFAS."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 47.] 1608-10.—"Quand elles vont à l'Eglise on les porte en palanquin ... le dedans est d'vn grand tapis de Perse, qu'ils appellent ALCATIF...."—_Pyrard_, ii. 62; [Hak. Soc. ii. 102]. 1648.—"... many silk stuffs, such as satin, contenijs (CUTTANEE) attelap (read _attelas_), ALEGIE ... _ornijs_ [H. _oṛhnî_, 'A woman's sheet'] of gold and silk for women's wear, gold ALACATIJVEN...."—_Van Twist_, 50. 1726.—"They know nought of chairs or tables. The small folks eat on a mat, and the rich on an ALCATIEF, or carpet, sitting with their feet under them, like our Tailors."—_Valentijn_, v. _Chorom_, 55. ALCORANAS, s. What word does Herbert aim at in the following? [The Stanf. Dict. regards this as quite distinct from _Alcorān_, the Korān, or sacred book of Mohammedans (for which see _N.E.D._ s.v.), and suggests _Al-qorūn_, 'the horns,' or _al-qirān_, 'the vertices.'] 1665.—"Some (mosques) have their ALCORANA'S high, slender, round steeples or towers, most of which are terrassed near the top, like the Standard in Cheapside, but twice the height."—_Herbert, Travels_, 3rd ed. 164. ALCOVE, s. This English word comes to us through the Span. _alcova_ and Fr. _alcove_ (old Fr. _aucube_), from Ar. _al-ḳubbàh_, applied first to a kind of tent (so in Hebr. _Numbers_ xxv. 8) and then to a vaulted building or recess. An edifice of Saracenic construction at Palermo is still known as _La Cuba_; and another, a domed tomb, as _La Cubola_. Whatever be the true formation of the last word, it seems to have given us, through the Italian, _Cupola_. [Not so in _N.E.D._] 1738.—"CUBBA, commonly used for the vaulted tomb of _marab-butts_" [ADJUTANT.]—_Shaw's Travels_, ed. 1757, p. 40. ALDEA, s. A village; also a villa. Port. from the Ar. _al-ḍai'a_, 'a farm or villa.' Bluteau explains it as 'Povoção menor que lugar.' Lane gives among other and varied meanings of the Ar. word: 'An estate consisting of land or of land and a house, ... land yielding a revenue.' The word forms part of the name of many towns and villages in Spain and Portugal. 1547.—"The Governor (of Baçaem) Dom João de Castro, has given and gives many ALDEAS and other grants of land to Portuguese who served and were wounded at the fortress of Dio, and to others of long service...."—_Simão Botelho, Cartas_ 3. [1609.—"ALDEAS in the Country."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 25.] 1673.—"Here ... in a sweet Air, stood a Magnificent Rural Church; in the way to which, and indeed all up and down this Island, are pleasant ALDEAS, or villages and hamlets that ... swarm with people."—_Valentijn_, v. (_Malabar_), 11. 1753.—"Les principales de ces qu'on appelle ALDÉES (terme que les Portugals ont mis en usage dans l'Inde) autour de Pondichéri et dans sa dependance sont...."—_D'Anville, Éclaircissemens_, 122. 1780.—"The Coast between these is filled with ALDEES, or villages of the Indians."—_Dunn, N. Directory_, 5th ed., 110. 1782.—"Il y a aussi quelques ALDÉES considérables, telles que Navar et Portenove, qui appartiennent aux Princes du pays."—_Sonnerat, Voyage_, i. 37. ALEPPEE, n.p. On the coast of Travancore; properly Alappuḷi. [Mal. _alappuzha_, 'the broad river"—(_Mad. Adm. Man. Gloss._ s.v.)]. [ALFANDICA, s. A custom-house and resort for foreign merchants in an oriental port. The word comes through the Port. _alfandega_, Span. _fundago_, Ital. _fondaco_, Fr. _fondeque_ or _fondique_, from Ar. _al-funduḳ_, 'the inn,' and this from Gk. πανδοκεῖον or πανδοχεῖον, 'a pilgrim's hospice.'] [c. 1610.—"The conveyance of them thence to the ALFANDIGUE."—_Pyrard della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 361.] [1615.—"The Iudge of the ALFANDICA came to invite me."—_Sir T. Roe, Embassy_, Hak. Soc. i. 72.] [1615.—"That the goods of the English may be freely landed after dispatch in the ALFANDIGA."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 79.] ALGUADA, n.p. The name of a reef near the entrance to the Bassein branch of the Irawadi R., on which a splendid lighthouse was erected by Capt. Alex. Fraser (now Lieut.-General Fraser, C.B.) of the Engineers, in 1861-65. See some remarks and quotations under NEGRAIS. ALJOFAR, s. Port. 'seed-pearl.' Cobarruvias says it is from Ar. _al-jauhar_, 'jewel.' 1404.—"And from these bazars (_alcacerias_) issue certain gates into certain streets, where they sell many things, such as cloths of silk and cotton, and _sendals_, and _tafetanas_, and silk, and pearl (ALXOFAR)."—_Clavijo_, § lxxxi. (comp. _Markham_, 81). 1508.—"The ALJOFAR and pearls that (your Majesty) orders me to send you I cannot have as they have them in Ceylon and in Caille, which are the sources of them: I would buy them with my blood, and with my money, which I have only from your giving. The Sinabaffs (_sinabafos_), PORCELAIN vases (_porcellanas_), and wares of that sort are further off. If for my sins I stay here longer I will endeavour to get everything. The slave girls that you order me to send you must be taken from prizes,[27] for the heathen women of this country are black, and are mistresses to everybody by the time they are ten years old."—_Letter of the Viceroy D. Francisco d'Almeida to the King_, in _Correa_, i. 908-9. [1665.—"As it (the idol) was too deformed, they made hands for it of the small pearls which we call 'pearls by the ounce.'"—_Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, ii. 228.] ALLAHABAD, n.p. This name, which was given in the time of Akbar to the old Hindu Prayāg or Prāg (PRAAG) has been subjected to a variety of corrupt pronunciations, both European and native. _Illahābāz_ is a not uncommon native form, converted by Europeans into _Halabas_, and further by English soldiers formerly into _Isle o' bats_. And the _Illiabad_, which we find in the Hastings charges, survives in the _Elleeabad_ still heard occasionally. c. 1666.—"La Province de HALABAS s'appelloit autrefois _Purop_ (POORUB)."—_Thevenot_, v. 197. [ " "ELABAS (where the Gemna (JUMNA) falls into the Ganges.)"—_Bernier_ (ed. _Constable_), p. 36.] 1726.—"This exceptionally great river (Ganges) ... comes so far from the N. to the S. ... and so further to the city HALABAS."—_Valentijn._ 1753.—"Mais ce qui interesse davantage dans la position de HELABAS, c'est d'y retrouver celle de l'ancienne _Palibothra_. Aucune ville de l'Inde ne paroit égaler _Palibothra_ ou _Palimbothra_, dans l'Antiquité.... C'est satisfaire une curiosité géographique bien placée, que de retrouver l'emplacement d'une ville de cette considération: mais j'ai lieu de croire qu'il faut employer quelque critique, dans l'examen des circonstances que l'Antiquité a fourni sur ce point.... Je suis donc persuadé, qu'il ne faut point chercher d'autre emplacement à Palibothra que celui de la ville d'HELABAS...."—_D'Anville, Eclaircissemens_, pp. 53-55. (Here D'Anville is in error. But see Rennell's _Memoir_, pp. 50-54, which clearly identifies Palibothra with PATNA.) 1786.—"... an attack and invasion of the Rohillas ... which nevertheless the said Warren Hastings undertook at the very time when, under the pretence of the difficulty of defending Corah and ILLIABAD, he sold these provinces to Sujah Dowla."—_Articles of Charge_, &c., in _Burke_, vi. 577. " "You will see in the letters from the Board ... a plan for obtaining ILLABAD from the Vizier, to which he had spirit enough to make a successful resistance."—_Cornwallis_, i. 238. ALLEJA, s. This appears to be a stuff from Turkestan called (Turki) ALCHAH, ALAJAH, or ALĀCHAH. It is thus described: "a silk cloth 5 yards long, which has a sort of wavy line pattern running in the length on either side." (_Baden-Powell's Punjab Handbook_, 66). [Platts in his Hind. Dict. gives _ilācha_, "a kind of cloth woven of silk and thread so as to present the appearance of cardamoms (_ilāchī_)." But this is evidently a folk etymology. Yusuf Ali (_Mon. on Silk Fabrics_, 95) accepts the derivation from _Alcha_ or _Alācha_, and says it was probably introduced by the Moguls, and has historical associations with Agra, where alone in the N.W.P. it is manufactured. "This fabric differs from the _Doriya_ in having a substantial texture, whereas the _Doriya_ is generally flimsy. The colours are generally red, or bluish-red, with white stripes." In some of the western Districts of the Panjab various kinds of fancy cotton goods are described as _Lacha_. (_Francis, Mon. on Cotton_, p. 8). It appears in one of the trade lists (see PIECE-GOODS) as _Elatches_.] c. 1590.—"The improvement is visible ... _secondly_ in the _Safid_ ALCHAHS also called _Tarhdárs_...."—_Āīn_, i. 91. (Blochmann says: "_Alchah_ or _Alāchah_, any kind of corded stuff. _Tarhdár_ means _corded_.") [1612.—"Hold the ALLESAS at 50 Rs."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 205.] 1613.—"The _Nabob_ bestowed upon him 850 _Mamoodies_, 10 fine _Baftas_, 30 _Topseiles_ and 30 ALLIZAES."—_Dowton_, in _Purchas_, i. 504. "_Topseiles_ are _Tafçilah_ (_a stuff from Mecca_)."—_Āīn_, i. 93. [See ADATI, PIECE-GOODS]. 1615.—"1 pec. ALLEIA of 30 Rs...."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 64. 1648.—See _Van Twist_ above, under ALCATIF. And 1673, see _Fryer_ under ATLAS. 1653.—"ALAIAS (Alajas) est vn mot Indien, qui signifie des toiles de cotton et de soye: meslée de plusieurs couleurs."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 532. [c. 1666.—"ALACHAS, or silk stuffs interwoven with gold and silver."—_Bernier_ (ed. _Constable_), p. 120-21.] 1690.—"It (Suratt) is renown'd ... both for rich Silks, such as Atlasses, Cuttanees, Sooseys, Culgars, ALLAJARS...."—_Ovington_, 218. 1712.—"An ALLEJAH petticoat striped with green and gold and white."—Advert. in _Spectator_, cited in _Malcolm, Anecdotes_, 429. 1726.—"Gold and silver ALLEGIAS."—_Valentijn_ (_Surat_), iv. 146. 1813.—"ALLACHAS (pieces to the ton) 1200."—_Milburn_, ii. 221. 1885.—"The cloth from which these pyjamas are made (in Swāt) is known as ALACHA, and is as a rule manufactured in their own houses, from 2 to 20 threads of silk being let in with the cotton; the silk as well as the cotton is brought from Peshawur and spun at home."—_M‘Nair's Report on Explorations_, p. 5. ALLIGATOR, s. This is the usual Anglo-Indian term for the great lacertine amphibia of the rivers. It was apparently in origin a corruption, imported from S. America, of the Spanish _el_ or _al lagarto_ (from Lat. _lacerta_), 'a lizard.' The "Summary of the Western Indies" by Pietro Martire d'Angheria, as given in Ramusio, recounting the last voyage of Columbus, says that, in a certain river, "they sometimes encountered those crocodiles which they call LAGARTI; these make away when they see the Christians, and in making away they leave behind them an odour more fragrant than musk." (_Ram._ iii. f. 17_v._). Oviedo, on another page of the same volume, calls them "LAGARTI o dragoni" (f. 62). Bluteau gives "LAGARTO, _Crocodilo_" and adds: "In the Oriente Conquistado (Part I. f. 823) you will find a description of the Crocodile under the name of _Lagarto_." One often, in Anglo-Indian conversation, used to meet with the endeavour to distinguish the two well-known species of the Ganges as _Crocodile_ and ALLIGATOR, but this, like other applications of popular and general terms to mark scientific distinctions, involves fallacy, as in the cases of 'panther, leopard,' 'camel, dromedary,' 'attorney, solicitor,' and so forth. The two kinds of Gangetic crocodile were known to Aelian (c. 250 A.D.), who writes: "It (the Ganges) breeds two kinds of crocodiles; one of these is not at all hurtful, while the other is the most voracious and cruel eater of flesh; and these have a horny prominence on the top of the nostril. These latter are used as ministers of vengeance upon evil-doers; for those convicted of the greatest crimes are cast to them; and they require no executioner." 1493.—"In a small adjacent island ... our men saw an enormous kind of lizard (LAGARTO _muy grande_), which they said was as large round as a calf, and with a tail as long as a lance ... but bulky as it was, it got into the sea, so that they could not catch it."—_Letter of Dr. Chanca_, in _Select Letters of Columbus_ by Major, Hak. Soc. 2nd ed., 43. 1539.—"All along this River, that was not very broad, there were a number of Lizards (LAGARTOS), which might more properly be called Serpents ... with scales upon their backs, and mouths two foot wide ... there be of them that will sometimes get upon an ALMADIA ... and overturn it with their tails, swallowing up the men whole, without dismembering of them."—_Pinto_, in Cogan's tr. 17 (_orig._ cap. xiv.). 1552.—"... aquatic animals such as ... very great lizards (LAGARTOS), which in form and nature are just the crocodiles of the Nile."—_Barros_, I. iii. 8. 1568.—"In this River we killed a monstrous LAGARTO, or Crocodile ... he was 23 foote by the rule, headed like a hogge...."—_Iob Hortop_, in _Hakl._ iii. 580. 1579.—"We found here many good commodities ... besides ALAGARTOES, munckeyes, and the like."—_Drake, World Encompassed_, Hak. Soc. 112. 1591.—"In this place I have seen very great water ALIGARTOS (which we call in English crocodiles), seven yards long."—_Master Antonie Knivet_, in _Purchas_, iv. 1228. 1593.—"In this River (of Guayaquill) and all the Rivers of this Coast, are great abundance of ALAGARTOES ... persons of credit have certified to me that as small fishes in other Rivers abound in scoales, so the _Alagartoes_ in this...."—_Sir Richard Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, iv. 1400. c. 1593.— "And in his needy shop a tortoise hung, An ALLIGATOR stuff'd, and other skins Of ill-shaped fishes...."— _Romeo & Juliet_, v. 1. 1595.—"Vpon this river there were great store of fowle ... but for LAGARTOS it exceeded, for there were thousands of those vgly serpents; and the people called it for the abundance of them, the riuer of LAGARTOS in their language."—_Raleigh, The Discoverie of Guiana_, in _Hakl._ iv. 137. 1596.—"Once he would needs defend a rat to be _animal rationale_ ... because she eate and gnawd his bookes.... And the more to confirme it, because everie one laught at him ... the next rat he seaz'd on hee made an anatomie of, and read a lecture of 3 dayes long upon everie artire or musckle, and after hanged her over his head in his studie in stead of an apothecarie's crocodile or dride ALLIGATUR."—_T. Nashe's 'Have with you to Saffron Walden.'_ Repr. in J. Payne Collier's _Misc. Tracts_, p. 72. 1610.—"These Blackes ... told me the River was full of ALIGATAS, and if I saw any I must fight with him, else he would kill me."—_D. Midleton_, in _Purchas_, i. 244. 1613.—"... mais avante ... por distancia de 2 legoas, esta o fermoso ryo de Cassam de LAGARTHOS o crocodillos."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 10. 1673.—"The River was full of ALIGATORS or Crocodiles, which lay basking in the Sun in the Mud on the River's side."—_Fryer_, 55. 1727.—"I was cleaning a vessel ... and had Stages fitted for my People to stand on ... and we were plagued with five or six ALLEGATORS, which wanted to be on the Stage."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 133. 1761.— "... else that sea-like Stream (Whence Traffic pours her bounties on mankind) Dread ALLIGATORS would alone possess." _Grainger_, Bk. ii. 1881.—"The Hooghly alone has never been so full of sharks and ALLIGATORS as now. We have it on undoubted authority that within the past two months over a hundred people have fallen victims to these brutes."—_Pioneer Mail_, July 10th. ALLIGATOR-PEAR, s. The fruit of the _Laurus persea_, Lin., _Persea gratissima_, Gaertn. The name as here given is an extravagant, and that of _avocato_ or _avogato_ a more moderate, corruption of _aguacate_ or _ahuacatl_ (see below), which appears to have been the native name in Central America, still surviving there. The Quichua name is _palta_, which is used as well as _aguacaté_ by Cieza de Leon, and also by Joseph de Acosta. Grainger (_Sugarcane_, Bk. I.) calls it "rich _sabbaca_," which he says is "the Indian name of the _avocato_, _avocado_, _avigato_, or as the English corruptly call it, _alligator pear_. The Spaniards in S. America call it _Aguacate_, and under that name it is described by Ulloa." In French it is called AVOCAT. The praise which Grainger, as quoted below, "liberally bestows" on this fruit, is, if we might judge from the specimens occasionally met with in India, absurd. With liberal pepper and salt there may be a remote suggestion of marrow: but that is all. Indeed it is hardly a fruit in the ordinary sense. Its common sea name of 'midshipman's butter' [or 'subaltern's butter'] is suggestive of its merits, or demerits. Though common and naturalised throughout the W. Indies and E. coasts of tropical S. America, its actual native country is unknown. Its introduction into the Eastern world is comparatively recent; not older than the middle of 18th century. Had it been worth eating it would have come long before. 1532-50.—"There are other fruits belonging to the country, such as fragrant pines and plantains, many excellent _guavas_, _caymitos_, AGUACATES, and other fruits."—_Cieza de Leon_, 16. 1608.—"The _Palta_ is a great tree, and carries a faire leafe, which hath a fruite like to great peares; within it hath a great stone, and all the rest is soft meate, so as when they are full ripe, they are, as it were, butter, and have a delicate taste."—_Joseph de Acosta_, 250. c. 1660.— "The AGUACAT no less is _Venus_ Friend (To th' _Indies Venus_ Conquest doth extend) A fragrant Leaf the AGUACATA bears; Her Fruit in fashion of an Egg appears, With such a white and spermy Juice it swells As represents moist Life's first Principles." _Cowley, Of Plantes_, v. 1680.—"This Tavoga is an exceeding pleasant Island, abounding in all manner of fruits, such as Pine-apples ... ALBECATOS, Pears, Mammes."—_Capt. Sharpe_, in _Dampier_, iv. 1685.—"The AVOGATO Pear-tree is as big as most Pear-trees ... and the Fruit as big as a large Lemon.... The Substance in the inside is green, or a little yellowish, and soft as Butter...."—_Dampier_, i. 203. 1736.—"AVOGATO, _Baum_.... This fruit itself has no taste, but when mixt with sugar and lemon juice gives a wholesome and tasty flavour."—_Zeidler's Lexicon_, s.v. 1761.— "And thou green AVOCATO, charm of sense, Thy ripen'd marrow liberally bestows't." _Grainger_, Bk. I. 1830.—"The AVOCADA, with its Brobdignag pear, as large as a purser's lantern."—_Tom Cringle_, ed. 1863, 40. [1861.—"There is a well-known West Indian fruit which we call an AVOCADO or ALLIGATOR PEAR."—_Tylor, Anahuac_, 227.] 1870.—"The AGUACATE or ALLIGATOR PEAR."—_Squier, Honduras_, 142. 1873.—"Thus the fruit of the _Persea gratissima_ was called AHUCATL' by the ancient Mexicans; the Spaniards corrupted it to AVOCADO, and our sailors still further to 'ALLIGATOR PEARS.'"—_Belt's Nicaragua_, 107. [ALLYGOLE, ALIGHOL, ALLYGOOL, ALLEEGOLE, s. H.—P. _'aligol_, from _'ālī_ 'lofty, excellent,' Skt. _gola_, a troop; a nondescript word used for "irregular foot in the Maratha service, without discipline or regular arms. According to some they are so named from charging in a dense mass and invoking 'Ali, the son-in-law of Mohammed, being chiefly Mohammedans."—(_Wilson._) 1796.—"The Nezibs (NUJEEB) are matchlockmen, and according to their different casts are called ALLEGOLES or Rohillas; they are indifferently formed of high-cast Hindoos and Musselmans, armed with the country Bandook (BUNDOOK), to which the ingenuity of De Boigne had added a Bayonet."—_W. H. Tone, A Letter on the Maratta People_, p. 50. 1804.—"ALLEEGOLE, A sort of chosen light infantry of the Rohilla Patans: sometimes the term appears to be applied to troops supposed to be used generally for desperate service."—_Fraser, Military Memoirs of Skinner_, ii. 71 note, 75, 76. 1817.—"The ALLYGOOLS answer nearly the same description."—_Blacker, Mem. of Operations in India_, p. 22.] ALMADIA, s. This is a word introduced into Portuguese from Moorish Ar. _al-ma'dīya_. Properly it means 'a raft' (see _Dozy_, s.v.). But it is generally used by the writers on India for a canoe, or the like small native boat. 1514.—"E visto che non veniva nessuno ambasciata, solo venia molte ABADIE, cioè barche, a venderci galline...."—_Giov. da Empoli_, in _Archiv. Stor. Ital._, p. 59. [1539.—See quotation from Pinto under ALLIGATOR. c. 1610.—"Light vessels which they call ALMADIA."—_Pyrard della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 122; and also see under DONEY.] 1644.—"Huma ALMADIA pera serviço do dito Baluarte, com seis marinheiros que cada hum ven-se hum x(erafi)^m por mes ... x^s 72."—_Expenses of Diu_, in _Bocarro_ (Sloane MSS. 197, fol. 175). ALMANACK, s. On this difficult word see Dozy's Oosterlingen and _N.E.D._ In a passage quoted by Eusebius from Porphyry (_Praep. Evangel._ t. iii. ed. Gaisford) there is mention of Egyptian calendars called ἀλμενιχιανὰ. Also in the _Vocabular Arauigo_ of Pedro de Alcala (1505) the Ar. _Manāk_ is given as the equivalent of the Span. ALMANAQUE, which seems to show that the Sp. Arabs did use _manākh_ in the sense required, probably having adopted it from the Egyptian, and having assumed the initial _al_ to be their own article. ALMYRA, s. H. _almārī_. A wardrobe, chest of drawers, or like piece of (closed) furniture. The word is in general use, by masters and servants in Anglo-Indian households, in both N. and S. India. It has come to us from the Port. ALMARIO, but it is the same word as Fr. _armoire_, Old E. _ambry_ [for which see _N.E.D._] &c., and Sc. _awmry_, orginating in the Lat. _armarium_, or _-ria_, which occurs also in L. Gr. as ἀρμαρὴ, ἀρμάριον. c. B.C. 200.—"Hoc est quod olim clanculum ex ARMARIO te surripuisse aiebas uxori tuae...."—_Plautus, Men._ iii. 3. A.D. 1450.—"Item, I will my chambre prestes haue ... the thone of thame the to ALMER, & the tothir of yame the tother ALMAR whilk I ordnyd for kepyng of vestmentes."—_Will of Sir T. Cumberlege_, in _Academy_, Sept. 27, 1879, p. 231. 1589.—"—— item ane langsettle, item ane ALMARIE, ane Kist, ane sait burde...."—_Ext. Records Burgh of Glasgow_, 1876, 130. 1878.—"Sahib, have you looked in Mr Morrison's ALMIRAH?"—_Life in Mofussil_, i. 34. ALOES, s. The name of aloes is applied to two entirely different substances: A. the drug prepared from the inspissated bitter juice of the ALOË _Socotrina_, Lam. In this meaning (A) the name is considered (_Hanbury and Flückiger, Pharmacographia_, 616) to be derived from the Syriac _'elwai_ (in P. _alwā_). B. ALOES-wood, the same as EAGLE-WOOD. This is perhaps from one of the Indian forms, through the Hebrew (pl. forms) _ahālim_, _akhālim_ and _ahālōth_, _akhālōth_. Neither Hippocrates nor Theophrastus mentions aloes, but Dioscorides describes two kinds of it (_Mat. Med._ iii. 3). "It was probably the Socotrine aloes with which the ancients were most familiar. Eustathius says the aloe was called ἱερὰ, from its excellence in preserving life (ad. _Il._ 630). This accounts for the powder of aloes being called _Hiera picra_ in the older writers on Pharmacy."—(_Francis Adams, Names of all Minerals, Plants, and Animals desc. by the Greek authors_, etc.) (A) c. A.D. 70.—"The best ALOE (Latin the same) is brought out of India.... Much use there is of it in many cases, but principally to loosen the bellie; being the only purgative medicine that is comfortable to the stomach...."—_Pliny_, Bk. xxvii (_Ph. Holland_, ii. 212). (B) "Ἤλθε δὲ καὶ Νικόδημος ... φέρων μίγμα σμύρνης και ἀλόης ὠσεὶ λίτρας ἑκατόν."—_John_ xix. 39. c. A.D. 545.—"From the remoter regions, I speak of Tzinista and other places, the imports to Taprobane are silk ALOES-wood (ἀλόη), cloves, sandal-wood, and so forth."—_Cosmas_, in _Cathay_, p. clxxvii. [c. 1605.—"In wch Iland of ALLASAKATRINA are good harbors faire depth and good Anchor ground."—_Discription_ in _Birdwood, First Letter Book_, 82. (Here there is a confusion of the name of the island Socotra with that of its best-known product—_Aloes Socotrina_).] 1617.—"... a kind of lignum ALLOWAIES."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 309 [and see i. 3]. ALOO, s. Skt.—H. _ālū_. This word is now used in Hindustani and other dialects for the 'potato.' The original Skt. is said to mean the esculent root _Arum campanulatum_. ALOO BOKHARA, s. P. _ālū-bokhāra_, 'Bokh. plum'; a kind of prune commonly brought to India by the Afghan traders. [c. 1666.—"Usbec being the country which principally supplies Delhi with ... many loads of dry fruit, as BOKARA prunes...."—_Bernier_, ed. Constable, 118.] 1817.— "Plantains, the golden and the green, Malaya's nectar'd mangosteen; PRUNES OF BOKHARA, and sweet nuts From the far groves of Samarkand." _Moore, Lalla Rookh._ ALPEEN, s. H. _alpīn_, used in Bombay. A common pin, from Port. _alfinete_ (_Panjab N. & Q._, ii. 117). AMAH, s. A wet nurse; used in Madras, Bombay, China and Japan. It is Port. _ama_ (comp. German and Swedish _amme_). 1839.—"... A sort of good-natured housekeeper-like bodies, who talk only of ayahs and AMAHS, and bad nights, and babies, and the advantages of Hodgson's ale while they are nursing: seeming in short devoted to 'suckling fools and chronicling small beer.'"—_Letters from Madras_, 294. See also p. 106. AMBAREE, s. This is a P. word (_'amārī_) for a HOWDAH, and the word occurs in Colebrooke's letters, but is quite unusual now. Gladwin defines _Amaree_ as "an umbrella over the Howdeh" (_Index to Ayeen_, i.). The proper application is to a canopied howdah, such as is still used by native princes. [c. 1661.—"Aurengzebe felt that he might venture to shut his brother up in a covered EMBARY, a kind of closed litter in which women are carried on elephants."—_Bernier_ (ed. _Constable_), 69.] c. 1665.—"On the day that the King went up the Mountain of _Pire-ponjale_ ... being followed by a long row of elephants, upon which sat the Women in _Mikdembers_ and EMBARYS...."—_Bernier_, E.T. 130 [ed. _Constable_, 407]. 1798.—"The Rajah's _Sowarree_ was very grand and superb. He had twenty elephants, with richly embroidered AMBARREHS, the whole of them mounted by his sirdars,—he himself riding upon the largest, put in the centre."—_Skinner, Mem._ i. 157. 1799.—"Many of the largest Ceylon and other Deccany Elephants bore AMBÁRIS on which all the chiefs and nobles rode, dressed with magnificence, and adorned with the richest jewels."—_Life of Colebrooke_, p. 164. 1805.—"AMAURY, a canopied seat for an elephant. An open one is called _Houza_ or _Howda_."—_Dict. of Words used in E. Indies_, 2nd ed. 21. 1807.—"A royal tiger which was started in beating a large cover for game, sprang up so far into the UMBARRY or state howdah, in which Sujah Dowlah was seated, as to leave little doubt of a fatal issue."—_Williamson, Orient. Field Sports_, 15. AMBARREH, s. Dekh. Hind. and Mahr. _ambāṛā_, _ambāṛī_ [Skt. _amla-vāṭika]_, the plant _Hibiscus cannabinus_, affording a useful fibre. AMBOYNA, n.p. A famous island in the Molucca Sea, belonging to the Dutch. The native form of the name is AMBUN [which according to Marsden means 'dew']. [1605.—"He hath sent hither his forces which hath expelled all the Portingalls out of the fforts they here hould att AMBWENO and Tydore."—_Birdwood, First Letter Book_, 68.] AMEEN, s. The word is Ar. _amīn_, meaning 'a trustworthy person,' and then an inspector, intendant, &c. In India it has several uses as applied to native officials employed under the Civil Courts, but nearly all reducible to the definition of _fide-commissarius_. Thus an AMEEN may be employed by a Court to investigate accounts connected with a suit, to prosecute local enquiries of any kind bearing on a suit, to sell or to deliver over possession of immovable property, to carry out legal process as a bailiff, &c. The name is also applied to native assistants in the duties of land-survey. But see _Sudder Ameen_ (SUDDER). [1616.—"He declared his office of AMIN required him to hear and determine differences."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 351.] 1817.—"Native officers called AUMEENS were sent to collect accounts, and to obtain information in the districts. The first incidents that occurred were complaints against these AUMEENS for injurious treatment of the inhabitants...."—_Mill. Hist._, ed. 1840, iv. 12. 1861.—"Bengallee dewans, once pure, are converted into demons; AMEENS, once harmless, become tigers; magistrates, supposed to be just, are converted into oppressors."—Peterson, _Speech for Prosecution_ in _Nil Durpan case_. 1878.—"The AMEEN employed in making the partition of an estate."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i. 206. 1882.—"A missionary ... might, on the other hand, be brought to a standstill when asked to explain all the terms used by an AMIN or valuator who had been sent to fix the judicial rents."—_Saty. Rev._, Dec. 30, p. 866. AMEER, s. Ar. _Amīr_ (root _amr_, 'commanding,' and so) 'a commander, chief, or lord,' and, in Ar. application, any kind of chief from the _Amīru' l-mūminīn_, 'the Amīr of the Faithful' _i.e._ the Caliph, downwards. The word in this form perhaps first became familiar as applied to the Princes of Sind, at the time of the conquest of that Province by Sir C. J. Napier. It is the title affected by many Musulman sovereigns of various calibres, as the Amīr of Kābul, the Amīr of Bokhārā, &c. But in sundry other forms the word has, more or less, taken root in European languages since the early Middle Ages. Thus it is the origin of the title 'Admiral,' now confined to generals of the sea service, but applied in varying forms by medieval Christian writers to the AMĪRS, or lords, of the court and army of Egypt and other Mohammedan States. The word also came to us again, by a later importation from the Levant, in the French form, EMIR or EMER.—See also OMRAH, which is in fact _Umarā_, the pl. of _Amīr_. Byzantine writers use Ἀμὲρ, Ἀμηρᾶς, Ἀμυράς, Ἀμηραῖος, &c. (See _Ducange, Gloss. Græcit._) It is the opinion of the best scholars that the forms _Amiral_, _Ammiraglio_, _Admiral_ &c., originated in the application of a Low Latin termination _-alis_ or _-alius_, though some doubt may still attach to this question. (See Marcel Devic, s.v. _Amiral_, and Dozy, Oosterlingen, s.v. _Admiraal_ [and _N.E.D._ s.v. _Admiral_].) The _d_ in admiral probably came from a false imagination of connection with _admirari_. 1250.—"Li grand AMIRAUS des galies m'envoia querre, et me demanda si j'estoie cousins le roy; et je le di que nanin...."—_Joinville_, p. 178. This passage illustrates the sort of way in which our modern use of the word ADMIRAL originated. c. 1345.—"The Master of the Ship is like a great AMĪR; when he goes ashore the archers and the blackamoors march before him with javelins and swords, with drums and horns and trumpets."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 93. Compare with this description of the Commander of a Chinese Junk in the 14th century, A. Hamilton's of an English Captain in Malabar in the end of the 17th: "Captain Beawes, who commanded the _Albemarle_, accompanied us also, carrying a Drum and two Trumpets with us, so as to make our Compliment the more solemn."—i. 294. And this again of an "interloper" skipper at Hooghly, in 1683: 1683.—"Alley went in a splendid Equipage, habitted in scarlet richly laced. Ten Englishmen in Blue Capps and Coats edged with Red, all armed with Blunderbusses, went before his pallankeen, 80 (? 8) _Peons_ before them, and 4 Musicians playing on the Weights with 2 Flaggs, before him, like an Agent...."—_Hedges_, Oct. 8 (Hak. Soc. i. 123). 1384.—"Il Soldano fu cristiano di Grecia, e fu venduto per schiavo quando era fanciullo a uno AMMIRAGLIO, come tu dicessi 'capitano di guerra.'"—_Frescobaldi_, p. 39. [1510.—See quotation from _Varthema_ under XERAFINE.] 1615.—"The inhabitants (of Sidon) are of sundry nations and religions; governed by a succession of Princes whom they call EMERS; descended, as they say, from the Druses."—_Sandys, Iourney_, 210. AMOY, n.p. A great seaport of Fokien in China, the name of which in Mandarin dialect is _Hia-men_, meaning 'Hall Gate,' which is in the Changchau dialect _A-mui^n_. In some books of the last century it is called _Emwy_ and the like. It is now a Treaty-Port. 1687.—"AMOY or Anhay, which is a city standing on a Navigable River in the Province of Fokien in China, and is a place of vast trade."—_Dampier_, i. 417. (This looks as if Dampier confounded the name of _Amoy_, the origin of which (as generally given) we have stated, with that of _An-hai_, one of the connected ports, which lies to the N.E., about 30 m., as the crow flies, from Amoy). 1727.—"There are some curiosities in AMOY. One is a large Stone that weighs above forty Tuns ... in such an Equilibrium, that a Youth of twelve Years old can easily make it move."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 243. AMSHOM, s. Malayāl. _am̃śam_, from Skt. _āmśah_, 'a part,' defined by Gundert as "part of a Talook, formerly called _hobili_, greater than a _taṛa_." [Logan (Man. Malabar, i. 87) speaks of the _amsam_ as a 'parish.'] It is further explained in the following quotation:— 1878.—"The AMSHOM is really the smallest revenue division there is in Malabar, and is generally a tract of country some square miles in extent, in which there is no such thing as a village, but a series of scattered homesteads and farms, where the owner of the land and his servants reside ... separate and apart, in single separate huts, or in scattered collections of huts."—_Report of Census Com. in India._ A MUCK, to run, v. There is we believe no room for doubt that, to us at least, this expression came from the Malay countries, where both the phrase and the practice are still familiar. Some valuable remarks on the phenomenon, as prevalent among the Malays, were contributed by Dr Oxley of Singapore to the _Journal of the Indian Archipelago_, vol. iii. p. 532; see a quotation below. [Mr W. W. Skeat writes—"The best explanation of the fact is perhaps that it was the Malay national method of committing suicide, especially as one never hears of Malays committing suicide in any other way. This form of suicide may arise from a wish to die fighting and thus avoid a 'straw death, a cow's death'; but it is curious that women and children are often among the victims, and especially members of the suicide's own family. The act of running AMUCK is probably due to causes over which the culprit has some amount of control, as the custom has now died out in the British Possessions in the Peninsula, the offenders probably objecting to being caught and tried in cold blood. I remember hearing of only about two cases (one by a Sikh soldier) in about six years. It has been suggested further that the extreme monotonous heat of the Peninsula may have conduced to such outbreaks as those of Running AMUCK and Latah.] The word is by Crawfurd ascribed to the Javanese, and this is his explanation: "_Amuk_ (J.). An _a-muck_; to run _a-muck_; to tilt; to run furiously and desperately at any one; to make a furious onset or charge in combat."—(_Malay Dict._) [The standard Malay, according to Mr Skeat, is rather _amok_ (_mengāmok_).] Marsden says that the word rarely occurs in any other than the verbal form _mengāmuk_, 'to make a furious attack' (_Mem. of a Malayan Family_, 96). There is reason, however, to ascribe an Indian origin to the term; whilst the practice, apart from the term, is of no rare occurrence in Indian history. Thus Tod records some notable instances in the history of the Rājputs. In one of these (1634) the eldest son of the Raja of Mārwār ran _a-muck_ at the court of Shāh Jahān, failing in his blow at the Emperor, but killing five courtiers of eminence before he fell himself. Again, in the 18th century, Bījai Singh, also of Mārwār, bore strong resentment against the Tālpura prince of Hyderabad, Bījar Khān, who had sent to demand from the Rājput tribute and a bride. A Bhattī and a Chondāwat offered their services for vengeance, and set out for Sind as envoys. Whilst Bījar Khān read their credentials, muttering, 'No mention of the bride!' the Chondāwat buried a dagger in his heart, exclaiming 'This for the bride!' 'And this for the tribute!' cried the Bhattī, repeating the blow. The pair then plied their daggers right and left, and 26 persons were slain before the envoys were hacked to pieces (_Tod_, ii. 45 & 315). But it is in Malabar that we trace the apparent origin of the Malay term in the existence of certain desperadoes who are called by a variety of old travellers AMOUCHI or AMUCO. The nearest approach to this that we have been able to discover is the Malayālam _amar-kkan_, 'a warrior' (from _amar_, 'fight, war'). [The proper Malayālam term for such men was _Chaver_, literally those who took up or devoted themselves to death.] One of the special applications of this word is remarkable in connection with a singular custom in Malabar. After the ZAMORIN had reigned 12 years, a great assembly was held at Tirunāvāyi, when that Prince took his seat surrounded by his dependants, fully armed. Any one might then attack him, and the assailant, if successful in killing the Zamorin, got the throne. This had often happened. [For a full discussion of this custom see _Frazer, Golden Bough_, 2nd ed., ii. 14 sq.] In 1600 thirty such assailants were killed in the enterprise. Now these men were called _amar-kkār_ (pl. of _amar-kkan_, see _Gundert_ s.v.). These men evidently ran _a-muck_ in the true Malay sense; and quotations below will show other illustrations from Malabar which confirm the idea that both name and practice originated in Continental India. There is indeed a difficulty as to the derivation here indicated, in the fact that the _amuco_ or _amouchi_ of European writers on Malabar seems by no means close enough to _amarkkan_, whilst it is so close to the Malay _āmuk_; and on this further light may be hoped for. The identity between the AMOUCOS of Malabar and the AMUCK runners of the Malay peninsula is clearly shown by the passage from _Correa_ given below. [Mr Whiteway adds—"Gouvea (1606) in his _Iornada_ (ch. 9, Bk. ii.) applies the word AMOUQUES to certain Hindus whom he saw in S. Malabar near Quilon, whose duty it was to defend the Syrian Christians with their lives. There are reasons for thinking that the worthy priest got hold of the story of a cock and a bull; but in any case the Hindus referred to were really Jangadas."] (See JANCADA). De Gubernatis has indeed suggested that the word _amouchi_ was derived from the Skt. _amokshya_, 'that cannot be loosed'; and this would be very consistent with several of the passages which we shall quote, in which the idea of being 'bound by a vow' underlies the conduct of the persons to whom the term was applicable both in Malabar and in the Archipelago. But _amokshya_ is a word unknown to Malayālam, in such a sense at least. We have seen _a-muck_ derived from the Ar. _aḥmaḳ_, 'fatuous' [(_e.g._ _Ball, Jungle Life_, 358).] But this is etymology of the kind which scorns history. The phrase has been thoroughly naturalised in England since the days of Dryden and Pope. [The earliest quotation for "running _amuck_" in the N.E.D. is from Marvell (1672).] c. 1430.—Nicolo Conti, speaking of the greater Islands of the Archipelago under the name of the Two Javas, does not use the word, but describes a form of the practice:— "Homicide is here a jest, and goes without punishment. Debtors are made over to their creditors as slaves; and some of these, preferring death to slavery, will with drawn swords rush on, stabbing all whom they fall in with of less strength than themselves, until they meet death at the hands of some one more than a match for them. This man, the creditors then sue in Court for the dead man's debt."—In _India in the XVth C._ 45. 1516.—"There are some of them (Javanese) who if they fall ill of any severe illness vow to God that if they remain in health they will of their own accord seek another more honourable death for his service, and as soon as they get well they take a dagger in their hands, and go out into the streets and kill as many persons as they meet, both men, women, and children, in such wise that they go like mad dogs, killing until they are killed. These are called AMUCO. And as soon as they see them begin this work, they cry out, saying AMUCO, AMUCO, in order that people may take care of themselves, and they kill them with dagger and spear thrusts."—_Barbosa_, Hak. Soc. 194. This passage seems to show that the word _amuk_ must have been commonly used in Malay countries before the arrival of the Portuguese there, c. 1511. 1539.—"... The Tyrant (_o Rey Ache_) sallied forth in person, accompanied with 5000 resolute men (_cinco mil_ AMOUCOS) and charged the _Bataes_ very furiously."—_Pinto_ (orig. cap. xvii.) in _Cogan_, p. 20. 1552.—De Barros, speaking of the capture of the Island of Beth (_Beyt_, off the N.W. point of Kāthiāwār) by Nuno da Cunha in 1531, says: "But the natives of Guzarat stood in such fear of Sultan Badur that they would not consent to the terms. And so, like people determined on death, all that night they shaved their heads (this is a superstitious practice of those who despise life, people whom they call in India AMAUCOS) and betook themselves to their mosque, and there devoted their persons to death ... and as an earnest of this vow, and an example of this resolution, the Captain ordered a great fire to be made, and cast into it his wife, and a little son that he had, and all his household and his goods, in fear lest anything of his should fall into our possession." Others did the like, and then they fell upon the Portuguese.—Dec. IV. iv. 13. c. 1561.—In war between the Kings of Calicut and Cochin (1503) two princes of Cochin were killed. A number of these desperadoes who have been spoken of in the quotations were killed.... "But some remained who were not killed, and these went in shame, not to have died avenging their lords ... these were more than 200, who all, according to their custom, shaved off all their hair, even to the eyebrows, and embraced each other and their friends and relations, as men about to suffer death. In this case they are as madmen—known as AMOUCOS—and count themselves as already among the dead. These men dispersed, seeking wherever they might find men of Calicut, and among these they rushed fearless, killing and slaying till they were slain. And some of them, about twenty, reckoning more highly of their honour, desired to turn their death to better account; and these separated, and found their way secretly to Calicut, determined to slay the king. But as it became known that they were AMOUCOS, the city gave the alarm, and the King sent his servants to slay them as they slew others. But they like desperate men played the devil (_fazião diabruras_) before they were slain, and killed many people, with women and children. And five of them got together to a wood near the city, which they haunted for a good while after, making robberies and doing much mischief, until the whole of them were killed."—_Correa_, i. 364-5. 1566.—"The King of _Cochin_ ... hath a great number of gentlemen which he calleth AMOCCHI, and some are called _Nairi_: these two sorts of men esteem not their lives anything, so that it may be for the honour of their King."—_M. Cæsar Frederike_ in _Purchas_, ii. 1708. [See _Logan, Man. Malabar_, i. 138.] 1584.—"Their forces (in Cochin) consist in a kind of soldiers whom they call AMOCCHI, who are under obligation to die at the King's pleasure, and all soldiers who in war lose their King or their general lie under this obligation. And of such the King makes use in urgent cases, sending them to die fighting."—Letter of _F. Sassetti_ to _Francesco I._, Gd. D. of Tuscany, in _De Gubernatis_, 154. c. 1584.—"There are some also who are called AMOCCHI ... who being weary of living, set themselves in the way with a weapon in their hands, which they call a _Crise_, and kill as many as they meete with, till somebody killeth them; and this they doe for the least anger they conceive, as desperate men."—_G. Balbi_ in _Purchas_, ii. 1724. 1602.—De Couto, speaking of the Javanese: "They are chivalrous men, and of such determination that for whatever offence may be offered them they make themselves AMOUCOS in order to get satisfaction thereof. And were a spear run into the stomach of such an one he would still press forward without fear till he got at his foe."—_Dec._ IV. iii. 1. " In another passage (_ib._ vii. 14) De Couto speaks of the AMOUCOS of Malabar just as Della Valle does below. In _Dec._ VI. viii. 8 he describes how, on the death of the King of Pimenta, in action with the Portuguese, "nearly 4000 Nairs made themselves AMOUCOS with the usual ceremonies, shaving their heads on one side, and swearing by their pagoda to avenge the King's death." 1603.—"Este es el genero de milicia de la India, y los Reyes señalan mas o menos AMOYOS (ò AMACOS, que todo es uno) para su guarda ordinaria."—_San Roman, Historia_, 48. 1604.—"Auia hecho vna junta de Amocos, con sus ceremonias para venir a morir adonde el Panical auia sedo muerto."—_Guerrero, Relacion_, 91. 1611.—"VICEROY. What is the meaning of AMOUCOS? SOLDIER. It means men who have made up their mind to die in killing as many as they can, as is done in the parts about Malaca by those whom they call AMOUCOS in the language of the country."—_Couto, Dialogo do Soldado Pratico_, 2nd part, p. 9.—(Printed at Lisbon in 1790). 1615.—"Hos inter Nairos genus est et ordo quem AMOCAS vocant quibus ob studium rei bellicae praecipua laus tribuitur, et omnium habentur validissimi."—_Jarric, Thesaurus_, i. 65. 1624.—"Though two kings may be at war, either enemy takes great heed not to kill the King of the opposite faction, nor yet to strike his umbrella, wherever it may go ... for the whole kingdom of the slain or wounded king would be bound to avenge him with the complete destruction of the enemy, or all, if needful, to perish in the attempt. The greater the king's dignity among these people, the longer period lasts this obligation to furious revenge ... this period or method of revenge is termed AMOCO, and so they say that the AMOCO of the Samori lasts one day; the AMOCO of the king of Cochin lasts a life-time; and so of others."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 745 [Hak. Soc., ii. 380 _seq._]. 1648.—"Derrière ces palissades s'estoit caché un coquin de Bantamois qui estoit revenu de la Mecque et jouoit à MOQUA ... il court par les rues et tue tous ceux qu'il rencontre...."—_Tavernier, V. des Indes_, _liv._ iii. ch. 24 [Ed. _Ball_, ii. 361 seq.]. 1659.—"I saw in this month of February at Batavia the breasts torn with red-hot tongs off a black Indian by the executioner; and after this he was broken on the wheel from below upwards. This was because through the evil habit of eating opium (according to the godless custom of the Indians) he had become mad and raised the cry of _Amocle_ (misp. for AMOCK) ... in which mad state he had slain five persons.... This was the third AMOCK-cryer whom I saw during that visit to Batavia (a few months) broken on the wheel for murder." * * * * * ... "Such a murderer and AMOCK-runner has sometimes the fame of being an invincible hero because he has so manfully repulsed all who tried to seize him.... So the Netherlands Government is compelled when such an AMOCK-runner is taken alive to punish him in a terrific manner."—_Walter Schulzens Ost-Indische Reise-Beschreibung_ (German ed.), Amsterdam, 1676, pp. 19-20 and 227. 1672.—"Every community (of the Malabar Christians), every church has its own AMOUCHI, which ... are people who take an oath to protect with their own lives the persons and places put under their safeguard, from all and every harm."—_P. Vicenzo Maria_, 145. " "If the Prince is slain the AMOUCHI, who are numerous, would avenge him desperately. If he be injured they put on festive raiment, take leave of their parents, and with fire and sword in hand invade the hostile territory, burning every dwelling, and slaying man, woman, and child, sparing none, until they themselves fall."—_Ibid._ 237-8. 1673.—"And they (the Mohammedans) are hardly restrained from running A MUCK (which is to kill whoever they meet, till they be slain themselves), especially if they have been at _Hodge_ [HADGEE] a Pilgrimage to Mecca."—_Fryer_, 91. 1687.—Dryden assailing Burnet:— "Prompt to assault, and careless of defence, Invulnerable in his impudence, He dares the World; and eager of a name, He thrusts about and justles into fame. Frontless and satire-proof, he scours the streets And runs an INDIAN MUCK at all he meets." _The Hind and the Panther_, line 2477. 1689.—"Those that run these are called AMOUKI, and the doing of it _Running_ A MUCK."—_Ovington_, 237. 1712.—"AMOUCO (Termo da India) val o mesmo que homem determinado e apostado que despreza a vida e não teme a morte."—_Bluteau_, s.v. 1727.—"I answered him that I could no longer bear their Insults, and, if I had not Permission in three Days, I would RUN A MUCK (which is a mad Custom among the _Mallayas_ when they become desperate)."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 231. 1737.— "Satire's my weapon, but I'm too discreet To RUN A MUCK, and tilt at all I meet." _Pope, Im. of Horace_, B. ii. Sat. i. 69. 1768-71.—"These acts of indiscriminate murder are called by us MUCKS, because the perpetrators of them, during their frenzy, continually cry out AMOK, AMOK, which signifies _kill, kill_...."—_Stavorinus_, i. 291. 1783.—At Bencoolen in this year (1760)—"the Count (d'Estaing) afraid of an insurrection among the Buggesses ... invited several to the Fort, and when these had entered the Wicket was shut upon them; in attempting to disarm them, they _mangamoed_, that is RAN A MUCK; they drew their cresses, killed one or two Frenchmen, wounded others, and at last suffered themselves, for supporting this point of honour."—_Forrest's Voyage to Mergui_, 77. 1784.—"It is not to be controverted that these desperate acts of indiscriminate murder, called by us MUCKS, and by the natives _mongamo_, do actually take place, and frequently too, in some parts of the east (in Java in particular)."—_Marsden, H. of Sumatra_, 239. 1788.—"We are determined to RUN A MUCK rather than suffer ourselves to be forced away by these Hollanders."—_Mem. of a Malayan Family_, 66. 1798.—"At Batavia, if an officer take one of these AMOKS, or MOHAWKS, as they have been called by an easy corruption, his reward is very considerable; but if he kill them, nothing is added to his usual pay...."—_Translator of Stavorinus_, i. 294. 1803.—"We cannot help thinking, that one day or another, when they are more full of opium than usual, they (the Malays) will RUN A MUCK from Cape Comorin to the Caspian."—_Sydney Smith_, Works, 3rd ed., iii. 6. 1846.—"On the 8th July, 1846, Sunan, a respectable Malay house-builder in Penang, RAN AMOK ... killed an old Hindu woman, a Kling, a Chinese boy, and a Kling girl about three years old ... and wounded two Hindus, three Klings, and two Chinese, of whom only two survived.... On the trial Sunan declared he did not know what he was about, and persisted in this at the place of execution.... The AMOK took place on the 8th, the trial on the 13th, and the execution on the 15th July,—all within 8 days."—_J. Ind. Arch._, vol. iii. 460-61. 1849.—"A man sitting quietly among his friends and relatives, will without provocation suddenly start up, weapon in hand, and slay all within his reach.... Next day when interrogated ... the answer has invariably been, "The Devil entered into me, my eyes were darkened, I did not know what I was about." I have received the same reply on at least 20 different occasions; on examination of these monomaniacs, I have generally found them labouring under some gastric disease, or troublesome ulcer.... The Bugis, whether from revenge or disease, are by far the most addicted to run AMOK. I should think three-fourths of all the cases I have seen have been by persons of this nation."—_Dr T. Oxley_, in _J. Ind. Archip._, iii. 532. [1869.—"Macassar is the most celebrated place in the East for 'running A MUCK.'"—Wallace, _Malay Archip._ (ed. 1890), p. 134.] [1870.—For a full account of many cases in India, see _Chevers, Med. Jurisprudence_, p. 781 seqq.] 1873.—"They (the English) ... crave governors who, not having bound themselves beforehand to 'RUN AMUCK,' may give the land some chance of repose."—_Blackwood's Magazine_, June, p. 759. 1875.—"On being struck the Malay at once stabbed Arshad with a _kriss_; the blood of the people who had witnessed the deed was aroused, they ran AMOK, attacked Mr Birch, who was bathing in a floating bath close to the shore, stabbed and killed him."—_Sir W. D. Jervois_ to the E. of Carnarvon, Nov. 16, 1875. 1876.—"Twice over, while we were wending our way up the steep hill in Galata, it was our luck to see a Turk 'RUN A MUCK' ... nine times out of ten this frenzy is feigned, but not always, as for instance in the case where a priest took to running _a-muck_ on an Austrian Lloyd's boat on the Black Sea, and after killing one or two passengers, and wounding others, was only stopped by repeated shots from the Captain's pistol."—_Barkley, Five Years in Bulgaria_, 240-41. 1877.—The _Times_ of February 11th mentions a fatal MUCK run by a Spanish sailor, Manuel Alves, at the Sailors' Home, Liverpool; and the _Overland Times of India_ (31st August) another run by a sepoy at Meerut. 1879.—"Running A-MUCK does not seem to be confined to the Malays. At Ravenna, on Monday, when the streets were full of people celebrating the festa of St John the Baptist, a maniac rushed out, snatched up a knife from a butcher's stall and fell upon everyone he came across ... before he was captured he wounded more or less seriously 11 persons, among whom was one little child."—_Pall Mall Gazette_, July 1. " "Captain Shaw mentioned ... that he had known as many as 40 people being injured by a single 'AMOK' runner. When the cry 'AMOK! AMOK!' is raised, people fly to the right and left for shelter, for after the blinded madman's _kris_ has once 'drunk blood,' his fury becomes ungovernable, his sole desire is to kill; he strikes here and there; he stabs fugitives in the back, his _kris_ drips blood, he rushes on yet more wildly, blood and murder in his course; there are shrieks and groans, his bloodshot eyes start from their sockets, his frenzy gives him unnatural strength; then all of a sudden he drops, shot through the heart, or from sudden exhaustion, clutching his bloody _kris_."—_Miss Bird, Golden Chersonese_, 356. ANACONDA, s. This word for a great python, or boa, is of very obscure origin. It is now applied in scientific zoology as the specific name of a great S. American water-snake. Cuvier has "L'ANACONDO (_Boa scytale et murina_, L.—_Boa aquatica_, Prince Max.)," (_Règne Animal_, 1829, ii. 78). Again, in the Official Report prepared by the Brazilian Government for the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876, we find: "Of the genus Boa ... we may mention the ... _sucuriù_ or _sucuriuba_ (B. ANACONDA), whose skins are used for boots and shoes and other purposes." And as the subject was engaging our attention we read the following in the _St James' Gazette_ of April 3, 1882:—"A very unpleasant account is given by a Brazilian paper, the _Voz do Povo_ of Diamantino, of the proceedings of a huge water-snake called the _sucuruyu_, which is to be found in some of the rivers of Brazil.... A slave, with some companions, was fishing with a net in the river, when he was suddenly seized by a _sucuruyu_, who made an effort with his hinder coils to carry off at the same time another of the fishing party." We had naturally supposed the name to be S. American, and its S. American character was rather corroborated by our finding in Ramusio's version of Pietro Martire d'Angheria such S. American names as _Anacauchoa_ and _Anacaona_. Serious doubt was however thrown on the American origin of the word when we found that Mr H. W. Bates entirely disbelieved it, and when we failed to trace the name in any older books about S. America. In fact the oldest authority that we have met with, the famous John Ray, distinctly assigns the name, and the serpent to which the name properly belonged, to Ceylon. This occurs in his _Synopsis Methodica Animalium Quadrupedum et Serpentini Generis_, Lond. 1693. In this he gives a Catalogue of Indian Serpents, which he had received from his friend Dr Tancred Robinson, and which the latter had noted _e Museo Leydensi_. No. 8 in this list runs as follows:— "8. _Serpens Indicus Bubalinus_, ANACANDAIA Zeylonensibus, id est Bubalorum aliorumque jumentorum membra conterens," p. 332. The following passage from St Jerome, giving an etymology, right or wrong, of the word _boa_, which our naturalists now limit to certain great serpents of America, but which is often popularly applied to the pythons of E. Asia, shows a remarkable analogy to Ray's explanation of the name _Anacandaia_:— c. A.D. 395-400.—"Si quidem draco mirae magnitudinis, quos gentili sermone _Boas_ vocant, _ab eo quod tam grandes sint ut_ boves _glutire soleant_, omnem late vastabat provinciam, et non solum armenta et pecudes sed agricolas quoque et pastores tractos ad se vi spiritus absorbebat."—In _Vita Scti. Hilarionis Eremitae_, Opera Scti. Eus. Hieron. Venetiis, 1767, ii. col. 35. Ray adds that on this No. 8 should be read what D. Cleyerus has said in the _Ephem. German._ An 12. obser. 7, entitled: _De Serpente magno Indiae Orientalis Urobubalum deglutiente_. The serpent in question was 25 feet long. Ray quotes in abridgment the description of its treatment of the buffalo; how, if the resistance is great, the victim is dragged to a tree, and compressed against it; how the noise of the crashing bones is heard as far as a cannon: how the crushed carcass is covered with saliva, etc. It is added that the country people (apparently this is in Amboyna) regard this great serpent as most desirable food. The following are extracts from Cleyer's paper, which is, more fully cited, _Miscellanea Curiosa, sive Ephimeridum Medico-Physicarum Germanicarum Academiae Naturae Curiosorum_, Dec. ii.—Annus Secundus, Anni MDCLXXXIII. Norimbergae. Anno MDCLXXXIV. pp. 18-20. It is illustrated by a formidable but inaccurate picture showing the serpent seizing an ox (not a buffalo) by the muzzle, with huge teeth. He tells how he dissected a great snake that he bought from a huntsman in which he found a whole stag of middle age, entire in skin and every part; and another which contained a wild goat with great horns, likewise quite entire; and a third which had swallowed a porcupine armed with all his "sagittiferis aculeis." In Amboyna a woman great with child had been swallowed by such a serpent.... "Quod si animal quoddam robustius renitatur, ut spiris anguinis enecari non possit, serpens crebris cum animali convolutionibus caudâ suâ proximam arborem in auxilium et robur corporis arripit eamque circumdat, quo eo fortius et valentius gyris suis animal comprimere, suffocare, et demum enecare possit...." "Factum est hoc modo, ut (quod ex fide dignissimis habeo) in Regno Aracan ... talis vasti corporis anguis prope flumen quoddam, cum Uro-bubalo, sive sylvestri bubalo aut uro ... immani spectaculo congredi visus fuerit, eumque dicto modo occiderit; quo conflictu et plusquam hostili amplexu fragor ossium in bubalo comminutorum ad distantiam tormenti bellici majoris ... a spectatoribus sat eminus stantibus exaudiri potuit...." The natives said these great snakes had poisonous fangs. These Cleyer could not find, but he believes the teeth to be in some degree venomous, for a servant of his scratched his hand on one of them. It swelled, greatly inflamed, and produced fever and delirium: "Nec prius cessabant symptomata, quam Serpentinus lapis (see SNAKE-STONE) quam Patres Jesuitae hic componunt, vulneri adaptatus omne venenum extraheret, et ubique symptomata convenientibus antidotis essent profligata." Again, in 1768, we find in the _Scots Magazine_, App. p. 673, but quoted from "London pap. Aug. 1768," and signed by _R. Edwin_, a professed eye-witness, a story with the following heading: "Description of the ANACONDA, a monstrous species of serpent. In a letter from an English gentleman, many years resident in the Island of Ceylon in the East Indies.... The Ceylonese seem to know the creature well; they call it ANACONDA, and talked of eating its flesh when they caught it." He describes its seizing and disposing of an enormous "tyger." The serpent darts on the "tyger" from a tree, attacking first with a bite, then partially crushing and dragging it to the tree ... "winding his body round both the tyger and the tree with all his violence, till the ribs and other bones began to give way ... each giving a loud crack when it burst ... the poor creature all this time was living, and at every loud crash of its bones gave a houl, not loud, yet piteous enough to pierce the cruelest heart." Then the serpent drags away its victim, covers it with slaver, swallows it, etc. The whole thing is very cleverly told, but is evidently a romance founded on the description by "D. Cleyerus," which is quoted by Ray. There are no tigers in Ceylon. In fact, "R. Edwin" has developed the Romance of the Anaconda out of the description of D. Cleyerus, exactly as "Mynheer Försch" some years later developed the Romance of the Upas out of the older stories of the poison tree of Macassar. Indeed, when we find "Dr Andrew Cleyer" mentioned among the early relators of these latter stories, the suspicion becomes strong that both romances had the same author, and that "R. Edwin" was also the true author of the wonderful story told under the name of Foersch. (See further under UPAS.) In Percival's _Ceylon_ (1803) we read: "Before I arrived in the island I had heard many stories of a monstrous snake, so vast in size as to devour tigers and buffaloes, and so daring as even to attack the elephant" (p. 303). Also, in Pridham's _Ceylon and its Dependencies_ (1849, ii. 750-51): "Pimbera or ANACONDA is of the genus Python, Cuvier, and is known in English as the rock-snake." Emerson Tennent (_Ceylon_, 4th ed., 1860, i. 196) says: "The great python (the 'boa' as it is commonly designated by Europeans, the 'ANACONDA' of Eastern story) which is supposed to crush the bones of an elephant, and to swallow a tiger".... It may be suspected that the letter of "R. Edwin" was the foundation of all or most of the stories alluded to in these passages. Still we have the authority of Ray's friend that Anaconda, or rather _Anacondaia_, was at Leyden applied as a Ceylonese name to a specimen of this python. The only interpretation of this that we can offer is Tamil _ānai-kondra_ [_āṇaik-kónḍa_], "which killed an elephant"; an appellative, but not a name. We have no authority for the application of this appellative to a snake, though the passages quoted from Percival, Pridham, and Tennent are all suggestive of such stories, and the interpretation of the name _anacondaia_ given to Ray: "_Bubalorum_ ... membra conterens," is at least quite analogous as an appellative. It may be added that in Malay ANAKANDA signifies "one that is well-born," which does not help us.... [Mr Skeat is unable to trace the word in Malay, and rejects the derivation from _anakanda_ given above. A more plausible explanation is that given by Mr D. Ferguson (8 Ser. _N. & Q._ xii. 123), who derives _anacandaia_ from Singhalese _Henakandayâ_ (_hena_, 'lightning'; _kanda_, 'stem, trunk,') which is a name for the whip-snake (_Passerita mycterizans_), the name of the smaller reptile being by a blunder transferred to the greater. It is at least a curious coincidence that Ogilvy (1670) in his "_Description of the African Isles_" (p. 690), gives: "_Anakandef_, a sort of small snakes," which is the Malagasy _Anakandîfy_, 'a snake.'] 1859.—"The skins of ANACONDAS offered at Bangkok come from the northern provinces."—_D. O. King_, in _J. R. G. Soc._, xxx. 184. ANANAS, s. The Pine-apple (_Ananassa sativa_, Lindl.; _Bromelia Ananas_, L.), a native of the hot regions of Mexico and Panama. It abounded, as a cultivated plant, in Hispaniola and all the islands according to Oviedo. The Brazilian _Nana_, or perhaps _Nanas_, gave the Portuguese _Ananas_ or _Ananaz_. This name has, we believe, accompanied the fruit whithersoever, except to England, it has travelled from its home in America. A pine was brought home to Charles V., as related by J. D'Acosta below. The plant is stated to have been first, in Europe, cultivated at Leyden about 1650 (?). In England it first fruited at Richmond, in Sir M. Decker's garden, in 1712.[28] But its diffusion in the East was early and rapid. To one who has seen the hundreds of acres covered with pine-apples on the islands adjoining Singapore, or their profusion in a seemingly wild state in the valleys of the Kasia country on the eastern borders of Bengal, it is hard to conceive of this fruit as introduced in modern times from another hemisphere. But, as in the case of tobacco, the name bewrayeth its true origin, whilst the large natural family of plants to which it belongs is exclusively American. The names given by Oviedo, probably those of Hispaniola, are _Iaiama_ as a general name, and _Boniana_ and _Aiagua_ for two species. Pine-apples used to cost a PARDAO (a coin difficult to determine the value of in those days) when first introduced in Malabar, says Linschoten, but "now there are so many grown in the country, that they are good cheape" (91); [Hak. Soc. ii. 19]. Athanasius Kircher, in the middle of the 17th century, speaks of the _ananas_ as produced in great abundance in the Chinese provinces of Canton, Kiangsu and Fuhkien. In Ibn Muhammad Wali's _H. of the Conquest of Assam_, written in 1662, the pine-apples of that region are commended for size and flavour. In the last years of the preceding century Carletti (1599) already commends the excellent _ananas_ of Malacca. But even some 20 or 30 years earlier the fruit was grown profusely in W. India, as we learn from Chr. d'Acosta (1578). And we know from the _Āīn_ that (about 1590) the _ananas_ was habitually served at the table of Akbar, the price of one being reckoned at only 4 _dams_, or 1/10 of a rupee; whilst Akbar's son Jahāngīr states that the fruit came from the sea-ports in the possession of the Portuguese.—(See _Āīn_, i. 66-68.) In Africa too, this royal fruit has spread, carrying the American name along with it. "The Mānānāzi[29] or pine-apple," says Burton, "grows luxuriantly as far as 3 marches from the coast (of Zanzibar). It is never cultivated, nor have its qualities as a fibrous plant been discovered." (_J.R.G.S._ xxix. 35). On the Ile Ste Marie, of Madagascar, it grew in the first half of the 17th century as _manasse_ (_Flacourt_, 29). Abul Faẓl, in the _Āīn_, mentions that the fruit was also called _kaṭhal-i-safarī_, or 'travel jack-fruit,' "because young plants put into a vessel may be taken on travels and will yield fruits." This seems a nonsensical pretext for the name, especially as another American fruit, the Guava, is sometimes known in Bengal as the _Safarī-ām_, or 'travel mango.' It has been suggested by one of the present writers that these cases may present an uncommon use of the word _safarī_ in the sense of 'foreign' or 'outlandish,' just as Clusius says of the pine-apple in India, "_peregrinus_ est hic fructus," and as we begin this article by speaking of the _ananas_ as having 'travelled' from its home in S. America. In the _Tesoro_ of Cobarruvias (1611) we find "_Çafari_, cosa de Africa o Argel, como grenada" ('a thing from Africa or Algiers, such as a pomegranate'). And on turning to _Dozy and Eng._ we find that in Saracenic Spain a renowned kind of pomegranate was called _rommān safarī_: though this was said to have its name from a certain _Safar ibn-Obaid al Kilāi_, who grew it first. One doubts here, and suspects some connection with the Indian terms, though the link is obscure. The lamented Prof. Blochmann, however, in a note on this suggestion, would not admit the possibility of the use of _safarī_ for 'foreign.' He called attention to the possible analogy of the Ar. _safarjal_ for 'quince.' [Another suggestion may be hazarded. There is an Ar. word, _āsāfīriy_, which the dicts. define as 'a kind of olive.' Burton (_Ar. Nights_, iii. 79) translates this as 'sparrow-olives,' and says that they are so called because they attract sparrows (_āsāfīr_). It is perhaps possible that this name for a variety of olive may have been transferred to the pine-apple, and on reaching India, have been connected by a folk etymology with _safarī_ applied to a 'travelled' fruit.] In Macassar, according to Crawfurd, the _ananas_ is called _Pandang_, from its strong external resemblance, as regards fruit and leaves, to the _Pandanus_. Conversely we have called the latter _screw-pine_, from its resemblance to the _ananas_, or perhaps to the pine-cone, the original owner of the name. Acosta again (1578) describes the _Pandanus odoratissima_ as the 'wild _ananas_,' and in Malayālam the pine-apple is called by a name meaning 'pandanus-jack-fruit.' The term _ananas_ has been Arabized, among the Indian pharmacists at least, as _'aīn-un-nās_ 'the eye of man'; in Burmese _nan-na-si_, and in Singhalese and Tamil as _annāsi_ (see _Moodeen Sheriff_). We should recall attention to the fact that pine-apple was good English long before the discovery of America, its proper meaning being what we have now been driven (for the avoiding of confusion) to call a _pine-cone_. This is the only meaning of the term 'pine-apple' in Minsheu's _Guide into Tongues_ (2nd ed. 1627). And the _ananas_ got this name from its strong resemblance to a pine-cone. This is most striking as regards the large cones of the Stone-Pine of S. Europe. In the following three first quotations 'pine-apple' is used in the old sense: 1563.—"To all such as die so, the people erecteth a chappell, and to each of them a pillar and pole made of _Pine-apple_ for a perpetuall monument."—_Reports of Japan_, in _Hakl._ ii. 567. " "The greater part of the quadrangle set with savage trees, as Okes, Chesnuts, Cypresses, _Pine-apples_, Cedars."—_Reports of China_, tr. by _R. Willes_, in _Hakl._ ii. 559. 1577.—"In these islandes they found no trees knowen vnto them, but _Pine-apple_ trees, and Date trees, and those of marueylous heyght, and exceedyng hardé."—_Peter Martyr_, in Eden's _H. of Trauayle_, fol. 11. Oviedo, in _H. of the_ (Western) _Indies_, fills 2½ folio pages with an enthusiastic description of the _pine-apple_ as first found in Hispaniola, and of the reason why it got this name (_pina_ in Spanish, _pigna_ in Ramusio's Italian, from which we quote). We extract a few fragments. 1535.—"There are in this iland of Spagnuolo certain thistles, each of which bears a _Pigna_, and this is one of the most beautiful fruits that I have seen.... It has all these qualities in combination, viz. beauty of aspect, fragrance of colour, and exquisite flavour. The Christians gave it the name it bears (_Pigna_) because it is, in a manner, like that. But the _pine-apples_ of the Indies of which we are speaking are much more beautiful than the _pigne_ [_i.e._ pine-cones] of Europe, and have nothing of that hardness which is seen in those of Castile, which are in fact nothing but wood," &c.—_Ramusio_, iii. f. 135 v. 1564.—"Their pines be of the bigness of two fists, the outside whereof is of the making of a _pine-apple_ [_i.e._ pine-cone], but it is softe like the rinde of a cucomber, and the inside eateth like an apple, but it is more delicious than any sweet apple sugared."—_Master John Hawkins_, in _Hakl._ iii. 602. 1575.—"Aussi la plus part des Sauuages s'en nourrissent vne bonne partie de l'année, comme aussi ils font d'vne autre espece de fruit, nom̃é NANA, qui est gros com̃e vne moyenne citrouille, et fait autour comme vne pomme de pin...."—_A. Thevet, Cosmographie Vniverselle_, liv. xxii. ff. 935 _v._, 936 (with a pretty good cut). 1590.—"The Pines, or Pine-apples, are of the same fashion and forme outwardly to those of Castille, but within they wholly differ.... One presented one of these Pine-apples to the Emperour Charles the fift, which must have cost much paine and care to bring it so farre, with the plant from the Indies, yet would he not trie the taste."—_Jos. de Acosta_, E. T. of 1604 (Hak. Soc.), 236-7. 1595.—"... with diuers sortes of excellent fruits and rootes, and great abundance of _Pinas_, the princesse of fruits that grow vnder the Sun."—_Ralegh, Disc. of Guiana_ (Hak. Soc.), 73. c. 1610.—"ANANATS, et plusieurs autres fruicts."—_P. de Laval_, i. 236 [Hak. Soc. i. 328]. 1616.—"The ANANAS or Pine, which seems to the taste to be a pleasing compound, made of strawberries, claret-wine, rose-water, and sugar, well tempered together."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1469. 1623.—"The ANANAS is esteemed, and with reason, for it is of excellent flavour, though very peculiar, and rather acid than otherwise, but having an indescribable dash of sweetness that renders it agreeable. And as even these books (Clusius, &c.) don't mention it, if I remember rightly, I will say in brief that when you regard the entire fruit externally, it looks just like one of our pine-cones (_pigna_), with just such scales, and of that very colour."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 582 [Hak. Soc., i. 135]. 1631.—Bontius thus writes of the fruit:— "Qui legitis Cynaras, atque Indica dulcia fraga, Ne nimis haec comedas, fugito hinc, latet anguis in herbâ." Lib. vi. cap. 50, p. 145. 1661.—"I first saw the famous _Queen Pine_ brought from Barbados and presented to his Majestie; but the first that were ever seen in England were those sent to Cromwell House foure years since."—_Evelyn's Diary_, July 19. [c. 1665.—"Among other fruits, they preserve large citrons, such as we have in Europe, a certain delicate root about the length of sarsaparilla, that common fruit of the Indies called _amba_, another called ANANAS...."—_Bernier_ (ed. _Constable_), 438.] 1667.—"Ie peux à très-juste titre appeller l'ANANAS le Roy des fruits, parcequ'il est le plus beau, et le meilleur de tous ceux qui sont sur la terre. C'est sans doute pour cette raison le Roy des Roys luy a mis une couronne sur la teste, qui est comme une marque essentielle de sa Royaute, puis qu'à la cheute du pere, il produit un ieune Roy qui luy succede en toutes ses admirables qualitez."—_P. Du Tertre, Hist. Gén. des Antilles Habitées par les François_, ii. 127. 1668.—"Standing by his Majesty at dinner in the Presence, there was of that rare fruit call'd the _King-pine_, grown in the Barbadoes and the West indies, the first of them I have ever seene. His Majesty having cut it up was pleas'd to give me a piece off his owne plate to taste of, but in my opinion it falls short of those ravishing varieties of deliciousness describ'd in Capt. Ligon's history and others."—_Evelyn_, July 19. 1673.—"The fruit the English call _Pine-Apple_ (the Moors ANANAS) because of the Resemblance."—_Fryer_, 182. 1716.—"I had more reason to wonder that night at the King's table" (at Hanover) "to see a present from a gentleman of this country ... what I thought, worth all the rest, two ripe ANANASSES, which to my taste are a fruit perfectly delicious. You know they are naturally the growth of the Brazil, and I could not imagine how they came here but by enchantment."—_Lady M. W. Montagu_, Letter XIX. 1727.— "Oft in humble station dwells Unboastful worth, above fastidious pomp; Witness, thou best ANANA, thou the pride Of vegetable life, beyond whate'er The poets imaged in the golden age." _Thomson, Summer._ The poet here gives the word an unusual form and accent. c. 1730.—"They (the Portuguese) cultivate the skirts of the hills, and grow the best products, such as sugar-cane, _pine-apples_, and rice."—_Khāfī Khān_, in _Elliot_, vii. 345. A curious question has been raised regarding the _ananas_, similar to that discussed under CUSTARD-APPLE, as in the existence of the pine-apple to the Old World, before the days of Columbus. In Prof. Rawlinson's _Ancient Monarchies_ (i. 578), it is stated in reference to ancient Assyria: "Fruits ... were highly prized; amongst those of most repute were pomegranates, grapes, citrons, and apparently pine-apples." A foot-note adds: "The representation is so exact that I can hardly doubt the pine-apple being intended. Mr Layard expresses himself on this point with some hesitation (_Nineveh and Babylon_, p. 338)." The cut given is something like the conventional figure of a pine-apple, though it seems to us by no means very exact as such. Again, in Winter Jones's tr. of Conti (c. 1430) in _India in the 15th Century_, the traveller, speaking of a place called _Panconia_ (read _Pauconia_ apparently Pegu) is made to say: "they have _pine-apples_, oranges, chestnuts, melons, but small and green, white sandal-wood and camphor." We cannot believe that in either place the object intended was the _Ananas_, which has carried that American name with it round the world. Whatever the Assyrian representation was intended for, Conti seems to have stated, in the words _pinus habent_ (as it runs in Poggio's Latin) merely that they had pine-trees. We do not understand on what ground the translator introduced _pine-apples_. If indeed any fruit was meant, it might have been that of the screw-pine, which though not eaten might perhaps have been seen in the bazars of Pegu, as it is used for some economical purposes. But _pinus_ does not mean a fruit at all. 'Pine-cones' even would have been expressed by _pineas_ or the like. [A reference to Mr L. W. King was thus answered: "The identity of the tree with the date-palm is, I believe, acknowledged by all naturalists who have studied the trees on the Assyrian monuments, and the 'cones' held by the winged figures have obviously some connection with the trees. I think it was Prof. Tylor of Oxford (see _Academy_, June 8, 1886, p. 283) who first identified the ceremony with the fertilization of the palm, and there is much to be said for his suggestion. The date-palm was of very great use to the Babylonians and Assyrians, for it furnished them with food, drink, and building materials, and this fact would explain the frequent repetition on the Assyrian monuments of the ceremony of fertilisation. On the other hand, there is no evidence, so far as I know, that the pine-apple was extensively grown in Assyria." Also see _Maspero, Dawn of Civ._ 556 _seq._; on the use of the pine-cone in Greece, _Fraser, Pausanias_, iii. 65.] ANCHEDIVA, ANJEDIVA, n.p. A small island off the W. coast of India, a little S. of Carwar, which is the subject of frequent and interesting mention in the early narratives. The name is interpreted by Malayālim as _añju-dīvu_, 'Five Islands,' and if this is correct belongs to the whole group. This may, however, be only an endeavour to interpret an old name, which is perhaps traceable in Αἰγιδίων Νῆσος of Ptolemy. It is a remarkable example of the slovenliness of English professional map-making that Keith Johnston's _Royal Atlas_ map of India contains no indication of this famous island. [The _Times Atlas_ and Constable's _Hand Atlas_ also ignore it.] It has, between land surveys and sea-charts, been omitted altogether by the compilers. But it is plain enough in the Admiralty charts; and the way Mr Birch speaks of it in his translation of Alboquerque as an "Indian seaport, no longer marked on the maps," is odd (ii. 168). c. 1345.—Ibn Batuta gives no name, but Anjediva is certainly the island of which he thus speaks: "We left behind us the island (of Sindābūr or Goa), passing close to it, and cast anchor by a small island near the mainland, where there was a temple, with a grove and a reservoir of water. When we had landed on this little island we found there a _Jogi_ leaning against the wall of a _Budkhānah_ or house of idols."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 63. The like may be said of the _Roteiro_ of V. da Gama's voyage, which likewise gives no name, but describes in wonderful correspondence with Ibn Batuta; as does Correa, even to the _Jogi_, still there after 150 years! 1498.—"So the Captain-Major ordered Nicolas Coello to go in an armed boat, and see where the water was; and he found in the same island a building, a church of great ashlar-work, which had been destroyed by the Moors, as the country people said, only the chapel had been covered with straw, and they used to make their prayers to three black stones in the midst of the body of the chapel. Moreover they found, just beyond the church, a _tanque_ of wrought ashlar, in which we took as much water as we wanted; and at the top of the whole island stood a great _tanque_ of the depth of 4 fathoms, and moreover we found in front of the church a beach where we careened the ship."—_Roteiro_, 95. 1510.—"I quitted this place, and went to another island which is called ANZEDIVA.... There is an excellent port between the island and the mainland, and very good water is found in the said island."—_Varthema_, 120. c. 1552.—"Dom Francesco de Almeida arriving at the Island of ANCHEDIVA, the first thing he did was to send João Homem with letters to the factors of Cananor, Cochin, and Coulão...."—_Barros_, I. viii. 9. c. 1561.—"They went and put in at ANGEDIVA, where they enjoyed themselves much; there were good water springs, and there was in the upper part of the island a tank built with stone, with very good water, and much wood; ... there were no inhabitants, only a beggar man whom they called _Joguedes_...."—_Correa_, Hak. Soc. 239. 1727.—"In January, 1664, my Lord (Marlborough) went back to England ... and left Sir Abraham with the rest, to pass the westerly Monsoons, in some Port on the Coast, but being unacquainted, chose a desolate Island called ANJADWA, to winter at.... Here they stayed from April to October, in which time they buried above 200 of their Men."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 182. At p. 274 the name is printed more correctly ANJEDIVA. ANDAMAN, n.p. The name of a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, inhabited by tribes of a negrito race, and now partially occupied as a convict settlement under the Government of India. The name (though perhaps obscurely indicated by Ptolemy—see H. Y. in _P.R.G.S._ 1881, p. 665) first appears distinctly in the Ar. narratives of the 9th century. [The Ar. dual form is said to be from _Agamitae_, the Malay name of the aborigines.] The persistent charge of cannibalism seems to have been unfounded. [See E. H. Man, _On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands_, Intro. xiii. 45.] A.D. 851.—"Beyond are two islands divided by a sea called ANDĀMĀN. The natives of these isles devour men alive; their hue is black, their hair woolly; their countenance and eyes have something frightful in them ... they go naked, and have no boats...."—_Relation des Voyages_, &c. par _Reinaud_, i. 8. c. 1050.—These islands are mentioned in the great Tanjore temple-inscription (11th cent.) as _Tīmaittīvu_, 'Islands of Impurity,' inhabited by cannibals. c. 1292.—"ANGAMANAIN is a very large Island. The people are without a King and are idolators, and are no better than wild beasts ... they are a most cruel generation, and eat everybody that they can catch if not of their own race."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. c. 13. c. 1430.—"... leaving on his right hand an island called ANDEMANIA, which means the island of Gold, the circumference of which is 800 miles. The inhabitants are cannibals. No travellers touch here unless driven to do so by bad weather, for when taken they are torn to pieces and devoured by these cruel savages."—_Conti_, in _India in XV. Cent._, 8. c. 1566.—"Da Nicubar sinò a Pegu é vna catena d'Isole infinite, delle quali molte sono habitate da gente seluaggia, e chiamansi ISOLE D'ANDEMAN ... e se per disgratia si perde in queste Isole qualche naue, come già se n'ha perso, non ne scampa alcuno, che tutti gli amazzano, e mangiano."—_Cesare de' Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 391. 1727.—"The Islands opposite the Coast of _Tanacerin_ are the ANDEMANS. They lie about 80 leagues off, and are surrounded by many dangerous Banks and Rocks; they are all inhabited with _Canibals_, who are so fearless that they will swim off to a Boat if she approach near the shore, and attack her with their wooden Weapons...."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 65. ANDOR, s. Port. 'a litter,' and used in the old Port. writers for a palankin. It was evidently a kind of MUNCHEEL or DANDY, _i.e._ a slung hammock rather than a palankin. But still, as so often is the case, comes in another word to create perplexity. For _andas_ is, in Port., a bier or a _litter_, appearing in Bluteau as a genuine Port. word, and the use of which by the writer of the Roteiro quoted below shows that it is so indeed. And in defining ANDOR the same lexicographer says: "A portable vehicle in India, in those regions where they do not use beasts, as in Malabar and elsewhere. It is a kind of contrivance like an uncovered _Andas_, which men bear on their shoulders, &c.... Among us ANDOR is a machine with four arms in which images or reliques of the saints are borne in processions." This last term is not, as we had imagined an old Port. word. It is Indian, in fact Sanskrit, _hindola_, 'a swing, a swinging cradle or hammock,' whence also Mahr. _hinḍolā_, and H. _hinḍolā_ or _hanḍolā_. It occurs, as will be seen, in the old Ar. work about Indian wonders, published by MM. Van der Lith and Marcel Devic. [To this Mr Skeat adds that in Malay ANDOR means 'a buffalo-sledge for carting rice,' &c. It would appear to be the same as the Port. word, though it is hard to say which is the original.] 1013.—"Le même m'a conté qu'à Sérendîb, les rois et ceux qui se comportent à la façon des rois, se font porter dans le HANDOUL (handūl) qui est semblable à une litière, soutenu sur les épaules de quelques piétons."—_Kitāb 'Ajāīb-al Hind_, p. 118. 1498.—"After two days had passed he (the Catual [COTWAL]) came to the factory in an ANDOR which men carried on their shoulders, and these (_andors_) consist of great canes which are bent overhead and arched, and from these are hung certain cloths of a half fathom wide, and a fathom and a half long, and at the ends are pieces of wood to bear the cloth which hangs from the cane; and laid over the cloth there is a great mattrass of the same size, and this all made of silk-stuff wrought with gold-thread, and with many decorations and fringes and tassels; whilst the ends of the cane are mounted with silver, all very gorgeous, and rich, like the lords who travel so."—_Correa_, i. 102. 1498.—"Alii trouveram ao capitam mor humas ANDAS d'omeens em que os onrrados, custumam em a quella terra d'andar, e alguns mercadores se as querem ter pagam por ello a elrey certa cousa."—_Roteiro_, pp. 54-55. _I.e._ "There they brought for the Captain-Major certain ANDAS, borne by men, in which the persons of distinction in that country are accustomed to travel, and if any merchants desire to have the same they pay to the King for this a certain amount." 1505.—"Il Re se fa portare in vna Barra quale chiamono ANDORA portata da homini."—_Italian version of Dom Manuel's Letter_ to the K. of Castille. (Burnell's Reprint) p. 12. 1552.—"The Moors all were on foot, and their Captain was a valiant Turk, who as being their Captain, for the honour of the thing was carried in an ANDOR on the shoulders of 4 men, from which he gave his orders as if he were on horseback."—_Barros_, II. vi. viii. [1574.—See quotation under PUNDIT.] 1623.—Della Valle describes three kinds of shoulder-borne vehicles in use at Goa: (1) _reti_ or nets, which were evidently the simple hammock, MUNCHEEL or DANDY; (2) the ANDOR; and (3) the palankin. "And these two, the palankins and the ANDORS, also differ from one another, for in the ANDOR the cane which sustains it is, as it is in the _reti_, straight; whereas in the palankin, for the greater convenience of the inmate, and to give more room for raising his head, the cane is arched upward like this, Ω. For this purpose the canes are bent when they are small and tender. And those vehicles are the most commodious and honourable that have the curved canes, for such canes, of good quality and strength to bear the weight, are not numerous; so they sell for 100 or 120 PARDAOS each, or about 60 of our _scudi_."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 610. c. 1760.—"Of the same nature as palankeens, but of a different name, are what they call ANDOLAS ... these are much cheaper, and less esteemed."—_Grose_, i. 155. ANDRUM, s. Malayāl. _āndram_. The form of hydrocele common in S. India. It was first described by Kaempfer, in his _Decas_, Leyden, 1694.—(See also his _Amoenitates Exoticae_, Fascic. iii. pp. 557 _seqq._) ANGELY-WOOD, s. Tam. _anjilī-_, or _anjalī-maram_; _artocarpus hirsuta_ Lam. [in Malabar also known as _Iynee_ (_áyini_) (_Logan_, i. 39)]. A wood of great value on the W. Coast, for shipbuilding, house-building, &c. c. 1550.—"In the most eminent parts of it (Siam) are thick Forests of ANGELIN wood, whereof thousands of ships might be made."—_Pinto_, in _Cogan_, p. 285; see also p. 64. 1598.—"There are in India other wonderfull and thicke trees, whereof Shippes are made: there are trees by Cochiin, that are called ANGELINA, whereof certaine scutes or skiffes called Tones [DONEY] are made ... it is so strong and hard a woode that Iron in tract of time would bee consumed thereby by reason of the hardness of the woode."—_Linschoten_, ch. 58 [Hak. Soc. ii. 56]. 1644.—"Another thing which this province of Mallavar produces, in abundance and of excellent quality, is timber, particularly that called ANGELIM, which is most durable, lasting many years, insomuch that even if you desire to build a great number of ships, or vessels of any kind ... you may make them all in a year."—_Bocarro_, MS. f. 315. ANGENGO, n.p. A place on the Travancore coast, the site of an old English Factory; properly said to be _Añju-tengu_, _Añchutennu_, Malayāl.; the trivial meaning of which would be "five cocoa-nuts." This name gives rise to the marvellous rhapsody of the once famous Abbé Raynal, regarding "Sterne's Eliza," of which we quote below a few sentences from the 3½ pages of close print which it fills. 1711.—"... ANJENGO is a small Fort belonging to the _English East India Company_. There are about 40 Soldiers to defend it ... most of whom are _Topazes_, or mungrel Portuguese."—_Lockyer_, 199. 1782.—"Territoire d'ANJINGA; tu n'es rien; mais tu as donné naissance à Eliza. Un jour, ces entrepôts ... ne subsisteront plus ... mais si mes écrits ont quelque durée, le nom d'ANJINGA restera dans le mémoire des hommes ... ANJINGA, c'est à l'influence de ton heureux climat qu'elle devoit, sans doute, cet accord presqu'incompatible de volupté et de décence qui accompagnoit toute sa personne, et qui se mêloit à tous ses mouvements, &c., &c."—_Hist. Philosophique des Deux Indes_, ii. 72-73. ANICUT, s. Used in the irrigation of the Madras Presidency for the dam constructed across a river to fill and regulate the supply of the channels drawn off from it; the cardinal work in fact of the great irrigation systems. The word, which has of late years become familiar all over India, is the Tam. comp. _aṉai-kaṭṭu_, 'Dam-building.' 1776.—"Sir—We have received your letter of the 24th. If the Rajah pleases to go to the ANACUT, to see the repair of the bank, we can have no objection, but it will not be convenient that you should leave the garrison at present."—_Letter from Council at Madras_ to Lt.-Col. Harper, Comm. at Tanjore, in _E. I. Papers_, 1777, 4to, i. 836. 1784.—"As the cultivation of the Tanjore country appears, by all the surveys and reports of our engineers employed in that service, to depend altogether on a supply of water by the Cauvery, which can only be secured by keeping the ANICUT and banks in repair, we think it necessary to repeat to you our orders of the 4th July, 1777, on the subject of these repairs."—_Desp. of Court of Directors_, Oct. 27th, as amended by Bd. of Control, in _Burke_, iv. 104. 1793.—"The ANNICUT is no doubt a _judicious building_, whether the work of _Solar Rajah_ or anybody else."—_Correspondence between A. Ross, Esq., and G. A. Ram, Esq., at Tanjore_, on the subject of furnishing water to the N. Circars. In _Dalrymple, O. R._, ii. 459. 1862.—"The upper Coleroon ANICUT or weir is constructed at the west end of the Island of Seringham."—_Markham, Peru & India_, 426. [1883.—"Just where it enters the town is a large stone dam called Fischer's ANAIKAT."—_Lefanu, Man. of Salem_, ii. 32.] ANILE, NEEL, s. An old name for indigo, borrowed from the Port. _anil_. They got it from the Ar. _al-nīl_, pron. _an-nīl_; _nīl_ again being the common name of indigo in India, from the Skt. _nīla_, 'blue.' The vernacular (in this instance Bengali) word appears in the title of a native satirical drama _Nīl-Darpan_, 'The Mirror of Indigo (planting),' famous in Calcutta in 1861, in connection with a _cause célèbre_, and with a sentence which discredited the now extinct Supreme Court of Calcutta in a manner unknown since the days of Impey. "_Neel-walla_" is a phrase for an Indigo-planter [and his Factory is "_Neel-kothee_"]. 1501.—Amerigo Vespucci, in his letter from the Id. of Cape Verde to Lorenzo di Piero Francesco de' Medici, reporting his meeting with the Portuguese Fleet from India, mentions among other things brought "ANIB and tuzia," the former a manifest transcriber's error for _anil_.—In _Baldelli Boni_, '_Il Milione_,' p. lvii. 1516.—In Barbosa's price list of Malabar we have: "ANIL nadador (i.e. floating; see _Garcia_ below) very good, per _farazola_ ... _fanams_ 30. ANIL loaded, with much sand, per _farazola_ ... _fanams_ 18 to 20." In _Lisbon Collection_, ii. 393. 1525.—"A load of ANYLL in cakes which weighs 3½ maunds, 353 tangas."—_Lembrança_, 52. 1563.—"ANIL is not a medicinal substance but an article of trade, so we have no need to speak thereof.... The best is pure and clear of earth, and the surest test is to burn it in a candle ... others put it in water, and if it floats then they reckon it good."—_Garcia_, f. 25 v. 1583.—"NEEL, the churle 70 duckats, and a churle is 27 rottles and a half of Aleppo."—_Mr Iohn Newton_, in _Hakl._ ii. 378. 1583.—"They vse to pricke the skinne, and to put on it a kind of ANILE, or blacking which doth continue alwayes."—_Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 395. c. 1610.—"... l'ANIL ou Indique, qui est vne teinture bleüe violette, dont il ne s'en trouue qu'à Cambaye et Suratte."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ii. 158; [Hak. Soc. ii. 246]. [1614.—"I have 30 fardels ANIL Geree." _Foster_, _Letters_, ii. 140. Here _Geree_ is probably H. _jaṛi_ (from _jaṛ_, 'the root'), the crop of indigo growing from the stumps of the plants left from the former year.] 1622.—"E conforme a dita pauta se dispachará o dito ANIL e canella."—In _Archiv. Port. Orient._, fasc. 2, 240. 1638.—"Les autres marchandises, que l'on y débite le plus, sont ... du sel ammoniac, et de l'indigo, que ceux de pais appellent ANIL."—_Mandelslo_, Paris, 1659, 138. 1648.—"... and a good quantity of ANIL, which, after the place where most of it is got, is called _Chirchees_ Indigo."—_Van Twist_, 14. Sharkej or Sirkej, 5 m. from Ahmedabad. "Cirquez Indigo" (1624) occurs in _Sainsbury_, iii. 442. It is the "_Sercase_" of Forbes [_Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 204]. The Dutch, about 1620, established a factory there on account of the indigo. Many of the Sultans of Guzerat were buried there (_Stavorinus_, iii. 109). Some account of the "Sarkhej _Rozas_," or Mausolea, is given in H. Brigg's _Cities of Gujaráshtra_ (Bombay, 1849, pp. 274, _seqq._). ["Indigo of Bian (Biana) _Sicchese_" (1609), _Danvers, Letters_, i. 28; "Indico, of Laher, here worth viij^s the pounde _Serchis_."—_Birdwood, Letter Book_, 287.] 1653.—"Indico est un mot Portugais, dont l'on appelle une teinture bleüe qui vient des Indes Orientales, qui est de contrabande en France, les Turqs et les Arabes la nomment NIL."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, 543. [1670.—"The neighbourhood of Delhi produces ANIL or Indigo."—_Bernier_ (ed. _Constable_), 283.] ANNA, s. Properly H. _āna_, _ānah_, the 16th part of a rupee. The term belongs to the Mohammedan monetary system (RUPEE). There is no coin of one _anna_ only, so that it is a money of account only. The term _anna_ is used in denoting a corresponding fraction of any kind of property, and especially in regard to coparcenary shares in land, or shares in a speculation. Thus a one-_anna_ share is 1/16 of such right, or a share of 1/16 in the speculation; a four-_anna_ is ¼, and so on. In some parts of India the term is used as subdivision (1/16) of the current land measure. Thus, in Saugor, the _anna_ = 16 _rūsīs_, and is itself 1/16 of a _kancha_ (_Elliot, Gloss._ s.v.). The term is also sometimes applied colloquially to persons of mixt parentage. 'Such a one has at least 2 _annas_ of dark blood,' or 'coffee-colour.' This may be compared with the Scotch expression that a person of deficient intellect 'wants twopence in the shilling.' 1708.—"Provided ... that a debt due from Sir Edward Littleton ... of 80,407 Rupees and Eight ANNAS Money of _Bengal_, with Interest and Damages to the said English Company shall still remain to them...."—_Earl of Godolphin's Award_ between the Old and the New E. I. Co., in _Charters_, &c., p. 358. 1727.—"The current money in Surat: Bitter Almonds go 32 to a _Pice_: 1 ANNOE is 4 Pice. 1 Rupee 16 ANNOES. * * * * * In Bengal their Accounts are kept in _Pice_: 12 to an Annoe. 16 ANNOES to a Rupee." _A. Hamilton_, ii. App. pp. 5, 8. ANT, WHITE, s. The insect (_Termes bellicosus_ of naturalists) not properly an ant, of whose destructive powers there are in India so many disagreeable experiences, and so many marvellous stories. The phrase was perhaps taken up by the English from the Port. _formigas branchas_, which is in Bluteau's Dict. (1713, iv. 175). But indeed exactly the same expression is used in the 14th century by our medieval authority. It is, we believe, a fact that these insects have been established at Rochelle in France, for a long period, and more recently at St. Helena. They exist also at the Convent of Mt. Sinai, and a species in Queensland. A.D. c. 250.—It seems probable that Aelian speaks of White Ants.—"But the Indian ants construct a kind of heaped-up dwellings, and these not in depressed or flat positions easily liable to be flooded, but in lofty and elevated positions...."—_De Nat. Animal._ xvi. cap. 15. c. 1328.—"Est etiam unum genus parvissimarum _formicarum_ sicut lana _albarum_, quarum durities dentium tanta est quod etiam ligna rodunt et venas lapidum; et quotquot breviter inveniunt siccum super terram, et pannos laneos, et bombycinos laniant; et faciunt ad modum muri crustam unam de arenâ minutissimâ, ita quod sol non possit eas tangere; et sic remanent coopertae; verum est quod si contingat illam crustam frangi, et solem eas tangere, quam citius moriuntur."—_Fr. Jordanus_, p. 53. 1679.—"But there is yet a far greater inconvenience in this Country, which proceeds from the infinite number of WHITE EMMETS, which though they are but little, have teeth so sharp, that they will eat down a wooden Post in a short time. And if great care be not taken in the places where you lock up your Bales of Silk, in four and twenty hours they will eat through a Bale, as if it had been saw'd in two in the middle."—_Tavernier's Tunquin_, E. T., p. 11. 1688.—"Here are also abundance of Ants of several sorts, and Wood-lice, called by the English in the East Indies, WHITE ANTS."—_Dampier_, ii. 127. 1713.—"On voit encore des fourmis de plusieurs espèces; la plus pernicieuse est celle que les Européens ont nommé FOURMI BLANCHE."—_Lettres Edifiantes_, xii. 98. 1727.—"He then began to form Projects how to clear Accounts with his Master's Creditors, without putting anything in their Pockets. The first was on 500 chests of _Japon_ Copper ... and they were brought into Account of Profit and Loss, for so much eaten up by the WHITE ANTS."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 169. 1751.—"... concerning the Organ, we sent for the Revd. Mr. Bellamy, who declared that when Mr. Frankland applied to him for it that he told him that it was not in his power to give it, but wished it was removed from thence, as Mr. Pearson informed him it was eaten up by the WHITE ANTS."—_Ft. Will. Cons._, Aug. 12. In _Long_, 25. 1789.—"The WHITE ANT is an insect greatly dreaded in every house; and this is not to be wondered at, as the devastation it occasions is almost incredible."—_Munro, Narrative_, 31. 1876.—"The metal cases of his baggage are disagreeably suggestive of WHITE ANTS, and such omnivorous vermin."—_Sat. Review_, No. 1057, p. 6. APĪL, s. Transfer of Eng. 'Appeal'; in general native use, in connection with our Courts. 1872.—"There is no Sindi, however wild, that cannot now understand 'Rasíd' (receipt) [RASEED] and 'APĪL' (appeal)."—_Burton, Sind Revisited_, i. 283. APOLLO BUNDER, n.p. A well-known wharf at Bombay. A street near it is called Apollo Street, and a gate of the Fort leading to it 'the Apollo Gate.' The name is said to be a corruption, and probably is so, but of what it is a corruption is not clear. The quotations given afford different suggestions, and Dr Wilson's dictum is entitled to respect, though we do not know what _pālawā_ here means. Sir G. Birdwood writes that it used to be said in Bombay, that _Apollo-bandar_ was a corr. of _palwa_-bandar, because the pier was the place where the boats used to land _palwa_ fish. But we know of no fish so called; it is however possible that the _palla_ or _Sable-fish_ (HILSA) is meant, which is so called in Bombay, as well as in Sind. [The _Āīn_ (ii. 338) speaks of "a kind of fish called _palwah_ which comes up into the Indus from the sea, unrivalled for its fine and exquisite flavour," which is the HILSA.] On the other hand we may observe that there was at Calcutta in 1748 a frequented tavern called the Apollo (see _Long_, p. 11). And it is not impossible that a house of the same name may have given its title to the Bombay street and wharf. But Sir Michael Westropp's quotation below shows that _Pallo_ was at least the native representation of the name more than 150 years ago. We may add that a native told Mr W. G. Pedder, of the Bombay C.S., from whom we have it, that the name was due to the site having been the place where the "_poli_" cake, eaten at the Holi festival, was baked. And so we leave the matter. [1823.—"Lieut. Mudge had a tent on APOLLO-green for astronomical observations."—_Owen, Narrative_, i. 327.] 1847.—"A little after sunset, on 2nd Jan. 1843, I left my domicile in Ambrolie, and drove to the PÁLAWÁ BANDAR, which receives from our accommodative countrymen the more classical name of _Apollo_ pier."—_Wilson, Lands of the Bible_, p. 4. 1860.—"And atte what place ye Knyghte came to Londe, theyre ye ffolke ... worschyppen II Idolys in cheefe. Ye ffyrste is APOLLO, wherefore yē cheefe londynge place of theyr Metropole is hyght APOLLO-BUNDAR...."—Ext. from a MS. of Sir John Mandeville, lately discovered. (A friend here queries: 'By Mr. Shapira?') 1877.—"This bunder is of comparatively recent date. Its name 'APOLLO' is an English corruption of the native word _Pallow_ (fish), and it was probably not extended and brought into use for passenger traffic till about the year 1819...."—_Maclean, Guide to Bombay_, 167. The last work adds a note: "Sir Michael Westropp gives a different derivation....: _Polo_, a corruption of _Pálwa_, derived from _Pál_, which _inter alia_ means a fighting vessel, by which kind of craft the locality was probably frequented. From _Pálwa_ or _Pálwar_, the bunder now called Apollo is supposed to take its name. In the memorial of a grant of land, dated 5th Dec., 1743, the _pákhádé_ in question is called _Pallo_."—_High Court Reports_, iv. pt. 3. [1880.—"His mind is not prehensile like the tail of the APOLLO BUNDAR."—_Aberigh-Mackay, Twenty-one Days in India_, p. 141.] APRICOT, s. _Prunus Armeniaca_, L. This English word is of curious origin, as Dozy expounds it. The Romans called it _Malum Armeniacum_, and also (_Persicum_?) _praecox_, or 'early.' Of this the Greeks made πραικόκκιον, &c., and the Arab conquerors of Byzantine provinces took this up as _birḳōḳ_ and _barḳōḳ_, with the article _al-barḳōḳ_, whence Sp. _albarcoque_, Port. _albricoque_, _alboquorque_, Ital. _albercocca_, _albicocca_, Prov. _aubricot_, _ambricot_, Fr. _abricot_, Dutch _abricock_, _abrikoos_, Eng. _apricock_, APRICOT. Dozy mentions that Dodonaeus, an old Dutch writer on plants, gives the vernacular name as _Vroege Persen_, 'Early Peaches,' which illustrates the origin. In the Cyprus bazars, apricots are sold as χρυσόμηλα; but the less poetical name of '_kill-johns_' is given by sailors to the small hard kinds common to St. Helena, the Cape, China, &c. _Zard ālū_ [ALOO] (Pers.) 'yellow-plum' is the common name in India. 1615.—"I received a letter from Jorge Durois ... with a baskit of APRECOCKES for my selfe...."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 7. 1711.—"APRICOCKS—the Persians call _Kill Franks_, because Europeans not knowing the Danger are often hurt by them."—_Lockyer_, p. 231. 1738.—"The common APRICOT ... is ... known in the Frank language (in Barbary) by the name of _Matza Franca_, or the Killer of Christians."—_Shaw's Travels_, ed. 1757, p. 144. ARAB, s. This, it may be said, in Anglo-Indian always means 'an Arab horse.' 1298.—"Car il va du port d'Aden en Inde moult grant quantité de bons destriers ARRABINS et chevaus et grans roncins de ij selles."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 36. [See _Sir H. Yule's_ note, 1st ed., vol. ii. 375.] 1338.—"Alexandre descent du destrier ARRABIS."—_Rommant d'Alexandre_ (Bodl. MS.). c. 1590.—"There are fine horses bred in every part of the country; but those of Cachh excell, being equal to ARABS."—_Āīn_, i. 133. 1825.—"ARABS are excessively scarce and dear; and one which was sent for me to look at, at a price of 800 rupees, was a skittish, cat-legged thing."—_Heber_, i. 189 (ed. 1844). c. 1844.—A local magistrate at Simla had returned from an unsuccessful investigation. An acquaintance hailed him next day: 'So I hear you came back _re infectâ_?' 'No such thing,' was the reply; 'I came back on my grey ARAB!' 1856.— "... the true blood-royal of his race, The silver ARAB with his purple veins Translucent, and his nostrils caverned wide, And flaming eye...." _The Banyan Tree._ ARAKAN, ARRACAN, n.p. This is an European form, perhaps through Malay [which Mr Skeat has failed to trace], of _Rakhaing_, the name which the natives give themselves. This is believed by Sir Arthur Phayre [see _Journ. As. Soc. Ben._ xii. 24 _seqq._] to be a corruption of the Skt. _rākshasa_, Pali _rakkhaso_, _i.e._ 'ogre' or the like, a word applied by the early Buddhists to unconverted tribes with whom they came in contact. It is not impossible that the Ἀργυρῆ of Ptolemy, which unquestionably represents Arakan, may disguise the name by which the country is still known to foreigners; at least no trace of the name as 'Silver-land' in old Indian Geography has yet been found. We may notice, without laying any stress upon it, that in Mr. Beal's account of early Chinese pilgrims to India, there twice occurs mention of an Indo-Chinese kingdom called _O-li-ki-lo_, which transliterates fairly into some name like _Argyrē_, and not into any other yet recognisable (see _J.R.A.S._ (N.S.) xiii. 560, 562). c. 1420-30.—"Mari deinceps cum mense integro ad ostium RACHANI fluvii pervenisset."—_N. Conti_, in _Poggius, De Varietate Fortunae_. 1516.—"Dentro fra terra del detto regno di Verma, verso tramontana vi è vn altro regno di Gentili molto grande ... confina similmente col regno di Bẽgala e col regno di Aua, e chiamasi ARACAN."—_Barbosa_, in _Ramusio_, i. 316. [c. 1535.—"_Arquam_": See CAPELAN.] 1545.—"They told me that coming from India in the ship of Jorge Manhoz (who was a householder in Goa), towards the Port of Chatigaon in the kingdom of Bengal, they were wrecked upon the shoals of RACAON owing to a badly-kept watch."—_Pinto_, cap. clxvii. 1552.—"Up to the Cape of Negraes ... will be 100 leagues, in which space are these populated places, Chocoriá, Bacalá, ARRACÃO City, capital of the kingdom so styled...."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1. 1568.—"Questo Re di RACHAN ha il suo stato in mezzo la costa, tra il Regno di Bengala e quello di Pegù, ed è il maggiore nemico che habbia il Re del Pegù."—_Cesare de' Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 396. 1586.—"... Passing by the Island of Sundiua, Porto grande, or the Countrie of Tippera, the Kingdom of RECON and _Mogen_ (MUGG) ... our course was S. and by E. which brought vs to the barre of Negrais."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 391. c. 1590.—"To the S.E. of Bengal is a large country called ARKUNG to which the Bunder of Chittagong properly belongs."—_Gladwin's Ayeen_, ed. 1800, ii. 4. [Ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 119] in orig. (i. 388) ARKHANG. [1599.—ARRACAN. See MACAO. [1608.—RAKHANG. See CHAMPA. [c. 1069.—ARACAN. See PROME. [1659.—Aracan. See TALAPOIN.] 1660.—"Despatches about this time arrived from Mu'azzam Khān, reporting his successive victories and the flight of Shuja to the country of RAKHANG, leaving Bengal undefended."—_Khāfī Khān_, in _Elliot_, vii. 254. [c. 1660.—"The Prince ... sent his eldest son, Sultan Banque, to the King of RACAN, or Mog."—_Bernier_ (ed. _Constable_), 109.] c. 1665.—"Knowing that it is impossible to pass any Cavalry by Land, no, not so much as any Infantry, from _Bengale_ into RAKAN, because of the many channels and rivers upon the Frontiers ... he (the Governor of Bengal) thought upon this experiment, viz. to engage the _Hollanders_ in his design. He therefore sent a kind of Ambassador to Batavia."—_Bernier_, E. T., 55 [(ed. _Constable_, 180)]. 1673.—"... A mixture of that Race, the most accursedly base of all Mankind who are known for their Bastard-brood lurking in the Islands at the Mouths of the Ganges, by the name of RACANNERS."—_Fryer_, 219. (The word is misprinted _Buccaneers_; but see Fryer's _Index_.) 1726.—"It is called by some Portuguese ORRAKAN, by others among them ARRAKAON, and by some again RAKAN (after its capital) and also Mog (MUGG)."—_Valentijn_, v. 140. 1727.—"ARACKAN has a Conveniency of a noble spacious River."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 30. ARBOL TRISTE, s. The tree or shrub, so called by Port. writers, appears to be the _Nyctanthes arbor tristis_, or _Arabian jasmine_ (N. O. _Jasmineae_), a native of the drier parts of India. [The quotations explain the origin of the name.] [c. 1610.—"Many of the trees they call TRISTES, of which they make saffron."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc., i. 411. " "That tree called TRISTE, which is produced in the East Indies, is so named because it blooms only at night."—_Ibid._ ii. 362; and see Burnell's _Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 58-62. 1624.—"I keep among my baggage to show the same in Italy, as also some of the tree TRIFOE (in orig. _Arbor Trisoe_, a misprint for _Tristo_) with its odoriferous flowers, which blow every day and night, and fall at the approach of day."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 406.] ARCOT, n.p. _Arkāt_, a famous fortress and town in the Madras territory, 65 miles from Madras. The name is derived by Bp. Caldwell from Tam. _āṛkāḍ_, the 'Six Forests,' confirmed by the Tam.-Fr. Dict. which gives a form _āṛukāḍu_ = 'Six forêts' ["the abode of six Rishis in former days. There are several places of this name in the southern districts besides the town of Arcot near Vellore. One of these in Tanjore would correspond better than that with Harkatu of Ibn Batuta, who reached it on the first evening of his march inland after landing from Ceylon, apparently on the shallow coast of Madura or Tanjore."—_Madras Ad. Man._ ii. 211]. Notwithstanding the objection made by Maj.-Gen. Cunningham in his _Geog. of Ancient India_, it is probable that Arcot is the Ἀρκατοῦ βασίλειον Σῶρα of Ptolemy, 'Arkatu, residence of K. Sora.' c. 1346.—"We landed with them on the beach, in the country of Ma'bar ... we arrived at the fortress of HARKĀTŪ, where we passed the night."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 187, 188. 1785.—"It may be said that this letter was written by the Nabob of ARCOT in a moody humour.... Certainly it was; but it is in such humours that the truth comes out."—_Burke's Speech_, Feb. 28th. ARECA, s. The seed (in common parlance the nut) of the palm _Areca catechu_, L., commonly, though somewhat improperly, called 'betel-nut'; the term BETEL belonging in reality to the leaf which is chewed along with the _areca_. Though so widely cultivated, the palm is unknown in a truly indigenous state. The word is Malayāl. _aḍakka_ [according to Bp. Caldwell, from _adai_ 'close arrangement of the cluster,' _kay_, 'nut' _N.E.D._], and comes to us through the Port. 1510.—"When they eat the said leaves (betel), they eat with them a certain fruit which is called _coffolo_, and the tree of the said _coffolo_ is called ARECHA."—_Varthema_, Hak. Soc., 144. 1516.—"There arrived there many zambucos [SAMBOOK] ... with ARECA."—_Barbosa_, Hak. Soc., 64. 1521.—"They are always chewing ARECCA, a certaine Fruit like a Peare, cut in quarters and rolled up in leaves of a Tree called _Bettre_ (or _Vettele_), like Bay leaves; which having chewed they spit forth. It makes the mouth red. They say they doe it to comfort the heart, nor could live without it."—_Pigafetta_, in _Purchas_, i. 38. 1548.—"In the _Renda do Betel_, or Betel duties at Goa are included Betel, AREQUA, jacks, green ginger, oranges, lemons, figs, coir, mangos, citrons."—_Botelho, Tombo_, 48. The Port. also formed a word _ariqueira_ for the tree bearing the nuts. 1563.—"... and in Malabar they call it _pac_ (Tam. _pāk_); and the Nairs (who are the gentlemen) call it ARECA."—_Garcia D'O._, f. 91 _b._ c. 1566.—"Great quantitie of ARCHA, which is a fruite of the bignesse of nutmegs, which fruite they eate in all these parts of the Indies, with the leafe of an Herbe, which they call _Bettell_."—_C. Frederike_, transl. in _Hakl._ ii. 350. 1586.—"Their friends come and bring gifts, cocos, figges, ARRECAES, and other fruits."—_Fitch_, in _Hakl._, ii. 395. [1624.—"And therewith they mix a little ashes of sea-shells and some small pieces of an Indian nut sufficiently common, which they here call _Foufel_, and in other places ARECA; a very dry fruit, seeming within like perfect wood; and being of an astringent nature they hold it good to strengthen the Teeth."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 36. Mr Grey says: "As to the Port. name, _Foufel_ or _Fofel_, the origin is uncertain. In Sir J. Maundeville's Travels it is said that black pepper "is called _Fulful_," which is probably the same word as "_Foufel_." But the Ar. _Fawfal_ or _Fufal_ is 'betel-nut.'"] 1689.—"... the _Neri_ which is drawn from the AREQUIES Tree in a fresh earthen vessel, is as sweet and pleasant as Milk."—_Ovington_, 237. [_Neri_ = H. and Mahr. _nīr_, 'sap,' but _neri_ is, we are told, Guzerati for toddy in some form.] ARGEMONE MEXICANA. This American weed (N.O. _Papaveraceae_) is notable as having overrun India, in every part of which it seems to be familiar. It is known by a variety of names, _Firinghī dhatūra_, gamboge thistle, &c. [See Watt, _Dict. Econ. Prod._, i. 306 _seqq._] ARGUS PHEASANT, s. This name, which seems more properly to belong to the splendid bird of the Malay Peninsula (_Argusanus giganteus_, Tem., _Pavo argus_, Lin.), is confusingly applied in Upper India to the Himālayan horned pheasant _Ceriornis_ (Spp. _satyra_, and _melanocephala_) from the round white eyes or spots which mark a great part of the bird's plumage.—See remark under MOONAUL. ARRACK, RACK, s. This word is the Ar. _'araḳ_, properly 'perspiration,' and then, first the exudation or sap drawn from the date palm (_'araḳ al-tamar_); secondly any strong drink, 'distilled spirit,' 'essence,' etc. But it has spread to very remote corners of Asia. Thus it is used in the forms _ariki_ and _arki_ in Mongolia and Manchuria, for spirit distilled from grain. In India it is applied to a variety of common spirits; in S. India to those distilled from the fermented sap of sundry palms; in E. and N. India to the spirit distilled from cane-molasses, and also to that from rice. The Turkish form of the word, _rāḳi_, is applied to a spirit made from grape-skins; and in Syria and Egypt to a spirit flavoured with aniseed, made in the Lebanon. There is a popular or slang Fr. word, _riquiqui_, for brandy, which appears also to be derived from _araḳī_ (_Marcel Devic_). Humboldt (_Examen_, &c., ii. 300) says that the word first appears in Pigafetta's Voyage of Magellan; but this is not correct. c. 1420.—"At every _yam_ (post-house) they give the travellers a sheep, a goose, a fowl ... 'ARAK...."—_Shah Rukh's Embassy to China_, in N. & E., xiv. 396. 1516.—"And they bring cocoa-nuts, HURRACA (which is something to drink)...."—_Barbosa_, Hak. Soc. 59. 1518.—"—que todos os mantimentos asy de pão, como vinhos, ORRACAS, arrozes, carnes, e pescados."—In _Archiv. Port. Orient._, fasc. 2, 57. 1521.—"When these people saw the politeness of the captain, they presented some fish, and a vessel of palm-wine, which they call in their language URACA...."—_Pigafetta_, Hak. Soc. 72. 1544.—"Manueli a cruce ... commendo ut plurimum invigilet duobus illis Christianorum Carearum pagis, diligenter attendere ... nemo potu ORRACAE se inebriet ... si ex hoc deinceps tempore Punicali ORRACHA potetur, ipsos ad mihi suo gravi damno luituros."—_Scti. Fr. Xav. Epistt._, p. 111. 1554.—"And the excise on the _orraquas_ made from palm-trees, of which there are three kinds, viz., _çura_, which is as it is drawn; ORRAQUA, which is _çura_ once boiled (_cozida_, qu. distilled?); _sharab_ (_xarao_) which is boiled two or three times and is stronger than _orraqua_."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 50. 1563.—"One kind (of coco-palm) they keep to bear fruit, the other for the sake of the _çura_, which is _vino mosto_; and this when it has been distilled they call ORRACA."—_Garcia D'O._, f. 67. (The word _surā_, used here, is a very ancient importation from India, for Cosmas (6th century) in his account of the coco-nut, confounding (it would seem) the milk with the toddy of that palm, says: "The _Argellion_ is at first full of a very sweet water, which the Indians drink from the nut, using it instead of wine. This drink is called _rhoncosura_, and is extremely pleasant." It is indeed possible that the RHONCO here may already be the word _arrack_). 1605.—"A Chines borne, but now turned Iauan, who was our next neighbour ... and brewed ARACKE which is a kind of hot drinke, that is vsed in most of these parts of the world, instead of Wine...."—_E. Scot_, in _Purchas_, i. 173. 1631.—"... jecur ... a potu istius maledicti ARAC, non tantum in temperamento immutatum, sed etiam in substantiâ suâ corrumpitur."—_Jac. Bontius_, lib. ii. cap. vii. p. 22. 1687.—"Two jars of ARACK (made of rice as I judged) called by the Chinese _Samshu_ [SAMSHOO]."—_Dampier_, i. 419. 1719.—"We exchanged some of our wares for opium and some ARRACK...."—_Robinson Crusoe_, Pt. II. 1727.—"Mr Boucher had been 14 Months soliciting to procure his _Phirmaund_; but his repeated Petitions ... had no Effect. But he had an _Englishman_, one _Swan_, for his Interpreter, who often took a large Dose of ARRACK.... Swan got pretty near the King (Aurungzeb) ... and cried with a loud Voice in the Persian Language that his Master wanted Justice done him" (see DOAI).—_A. Hamilton_, i. 97. RACK is a further corruption; and RACK-PUNCH is perhaps not quite obsolete. 1603.—"We taking the But-ends of Pikes and Halberts and Faggot-sticks, drave them into a RACKE-house."—_E. Scot_, in _Purchas_, i. 184. Purchas also has VRACA and other forms; and at i. 648 there is mention of a strong kind of spirit called RACK-_apee_ (Malay _āpī_ = 'fire'). See FOOL'S RACK. 1616.—"Some small quantitie of Wine, but not common, is made among them; they call it RAACK, distilled from Sugar and a spicie Rinde of a Tree called _Iagra_ [JAGGERY]."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1470. 1622.—"We'll send him a jar of RACK by next conveyance."—Letter in _Sainsbury_, iii. 40. 1627.—"Java hath been fatal to many of the English, but much through their own distemper with RACK."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 693. 1848.—"Jos ... finally insisted upon having a bowl of RACK PUNCH.... That bowl of RACK PUNCH was the cause of all this history."—_Vanity Fair_, ch. vi. ARSENAL, s. An old and ingenious etymology of this word is _arx navalis_. But it is really Arabic. Hyde derives it from _tars-khānah_, 'domus terroris,' contracted into _tarsānah_, the form (as he says) used at Constantinople (_Syntagma Dissertt._, i. 100). But it is really the Ar. _dār-al-ṣinā'a_, 'domus artificii,' as the quotations from Mas'ūdī clearly show. The old Ital. forms _darsena_, _darsinale_ corroborate this, and the Sp. _ataraçana_, which is rendered in Ar. by Pedro de Alcala, quoted by Dozy, as _dar a cinaa_.—(See details in _Dozy, Oosterlingen_, 16-18.) A.D. 943-4.—"At this day in the year of the Hijra 332, Rhodes (_Rodas_) is an arsenal (_dār-ṣinā'a_) where the Greeks build their war-vessels."—_Mas'ūdī_, ii. 423. And again "_dār-ṣinā'at al marākib_," 'an arsenal of ships,' iii. 67. 1573.—"In this city (Fez) there is a very great building which they call DARAÇANA, where the Christian captives used to labour at blacksmith's work and other crafts under the superintendence and orders of renegade headmen ... here they made cannon and powder, and wrought swords, cross-bows, and arquebusses."—_Marmol, Desc. General de Affrica_, lib. iii. f. 92. 1672.—"On met au TERSHANA deux belles galères à l'eau."—_Antoine Galland, Journ._, i. 80. ART, EUROPEAN. We have heard much, and justly, of late years regarding the corruption of Indian art and artistic instinct by the employment of the artists in working for European patrons, and after European patterns. The copying of such patterns is no new thing, as we may see from this passage of the brightest of writers upon India whilst still under Asiatic government. c. 1665.—"... not that the Indians have not wit enough to make them successful in Arts, they doing very well (as to some of them) in many parts of India, and it being found that they have inclination enough for them, and that some of them make (even without a Master) very pretty workmanship and imitate so well our work of Europe, that the difference thereof will hardly be discerned."—_Bernier_, E. T., 81-82 [ed. _Constable_, 254]. ARTICHOKE, s. The genealogy of this word appears to be somewhat as follows: The Ar. is AL-ḤARSHŪF (perhaps connected with _ḥarash_, 'rough-skinned') or _al-kharshūf_; hence Sp. ALCARCHOFA and It. _carcioffo_ and _arciocco_, Fr. _artichaut_, Eng. _artichoke_. c. 1348.—"The Incense (benzoin) tree is small ... its branches are like those of a thistle or an artichoke (AL-KHARSHAF)."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 240. AL-KHARSHAF in the published text. The spelling with _ḥ_ instead of _k̲h̲_ is believed to be correct (see _Dozy_, s.v. _Alcarchofa_); [also see _N.E.D._ s.v. _Artichoke_]. ARYAN, adj. Skt. _Ārya_, 'noble.' A term frequently used to include all the races (Indo-Persic, Greek, Roman, Celtic, Sclavonic, &c.) which speak languages belonging to the same family as Sanskrit. Much vogue was given to the term by Pictet's publication of _Les Origines Indo-Européennes, ou les Aryas Primitifs_ (Paris, 1859), and this writer seems almost to claim the name in this sense as his own (see quotation below). But it was in use long before the date of his book. Our first quotation is from Ritter, and there it has hardly reached the full extent of application. Ritter seems to have derived the use in this passage from Lassen's _Pentapotamia_. The word has in great measure superseded the older term _Indo-Germanic_, proposed by F. Schlegel at the beginning of the last century. The latter is, however, still sometimes used, and M. Hovelacque, especially, prefers it. We may observe here that the connection which evidently exists between the several languages classed together as Aryan cannot be regarded, as it was formerly, as warranting an assumption of identity of race in all the peoples who speak them. It may be noted as curious that among the Javanese (a people so remote in blood from what we understand by Aryan), the word _ārya_ is commonly used as an honorary prefix to the names of men of rank; a survival of the ancient Hindu influence on the civilisation of the island. The earliest use of _Aryan_ in an ethnic sense is in the Inscription on the tomb of Darius, in which the king calls himself an Aryan, and of Aryan descent, whilst Ormuzd is in the Median version styled, 'God of the Aryans.' B.C. c. 486.—"_Adam Dáryavush Khsháyathiya vazarka ... Pársa, Pársahiyá putra_, ARIYA, ARIYA _chitra_." _i.e._ "I (am) Darius, the Great King, the King of Kings, the King of all inhabited countries, the King of this great Earth far and near, the son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a Persian, an ARIAN, of _Arian_ descent."—In _Rawlinson's Herodotus_, 3rd ed., iv. 250. "These Medes were called anciently by all people ARIANS, but when Medêa, the Colchian, came to them from Athens, they changed their name."—_Herodot._, vii. 62 (Rawlins). 1835.—"Those eastern and proper Indians, whose territory, however, Alexander never touched by a long way, call themselves in the most ancient period _Arians_ (ARIER) (_Manu_, ii. 22, x. 45), a name coinciding with that of the ancient Medes."—_Ritter_, v. 458. 1838.—See also _Ritter_, viii. 17 seqq.; and Potto's art. in _Ersch & Grueber's Encyc._, ii. 18, 46. 1850.—"The ARYAN tribes in conquering India, urged by the Brahmans, made war against the Turanian demon-worship, but not always with complete success."—_Dr. J. Wilson_, in _Life_, 450. 1851.—"We must request the patience of our readers whilst we give a short outline of the component members of the great ARIAN family. The first is the Sanskrit.... The second branch of the Arian family is the Persian.... There are other scions of the Arian stock which struck root in the soil of Asia, before the Arians reached the shores of Europe...."—(_Prof. Max Müller_) _Edinburgh Review_, Oct. 1851, pp. 312-313. 1853.—"Sur les sept premières civilisations, qui sont celles de l'ancien monde, six appartiennent, en partie au moins, à la race ARIANE."—_Gobineau, De l'Inégalité des Races Humaines_, i. 364. 1855.—"I believe that all who have lived in India will bear testimony ... that to natives of India, of whatever class or caste, Mussulman, Hindoo, or Parsee, 'ARYAN or Tamulian,' unless they have had a special training, our European paintings, prints, drawings, and photographs, plain or coloured, if they are landscapes, are absolutely unintelligible."—_Yule, Mission to Ava_, 59 (publ. 1858). 1858.—"The ARYAN tribes—for that is the name they gave themselves, both in their old and new homes—brought with them institutions of a simplicity almost primitive."—_Whitney, Or. & Ling. Studies_, ii. 5. 1861.—"Latin, again, with Greek, and the Celtic, the Teutonic, and Slavonic languages, together likewise with the ancient dialects of India and Persia, must have sprung from an earlier language, the mother of the whole Indo-European or ARYAN family of speech."—_Prof. Max Müller, Lectures_, 1st Ser. 32. We also find the verb _Aryanize_: 1858.—"Thus all India was brought under the sway, physical or intellectual and moral, of the alien race; it was thoroughly ARYANIZED."—_Whitney, u. s._ 7. ASHRAFEE, s. Arab. _ashrafī_, 'noble,' applied to various gold coins (in analogy with the old English 'noble'), especially to the _dīnār_ of Egypt, and to the Gold MOHUR of India.—See XERAFINE. c. 1550.—"There was also the sum of 500,000 Falory ASHRAFIES equal in the currency of Persia to 50,000 royal Irak tomāns."—_Mem. of Humayun_, 125. A note suggests that _Falory_, or _Flori_, indicates _florin_. ASSAM, n.p. The name applied for the last three centuries or more to the great valley of the Brahmaputra River, from the emergence of its chief sources from the mountains till it enters the great plain of Bengal. The name _Āsām_ and sometimes _Āshām_ is a form of _Āhām_ or _Āhom_, a dynasty of Shan race, who entered the country in the middle ages, and long ruled it. Assam politically is now a province embracing much more than the name properly included. c. 1590.—"The dominions of the Rajah of ASHAM join to Kamroop; he is a very powerful prince, lives in great state, and when he dies, his principal attendants, both male and female, are voluntarily buried alive with his corpse."—_Gladwin's Ayeen_ (ed. 1800) ii. 3; [_Jarrett_, trans. ii. 118]. 1682.—"Ye Nabob was very busy dispatching and vesting divers principal officers sent with all possible diligence with recruits for their army, lately overthrown in ASHAM and _Sillet_, two large plentiful countries 8 days' journey distant from this city (Dacca)."—_Hedges, Diary_, Oct. 29th; [Hak. Soc. i. 43]. 1770.—"In the beginning of the present century, some Bramins of Bengal carried their superstitions to ASHAM, where the people were so happy as to be guided solely by the dictates of natural religion."—_Raynal_ (tr. 1777) i. 420. 1788.—"M. Chevalier, the late Governor of Chandernagore, by permission of the King, went up as high as the capital of ASSAM, about the year 1762."—_Rennell's Mem._, 3rd ed. p. 299. ASSEGAY, s. An African throwing-spear. Dozy has shown that this is Berber _zaghāya_, with the Ar. article prefixed (p. 223). Those who use it often seem to take it for a S. African or Eastern word. So Godinho de Eredia seems to use it as if Malay (f. 21_v_). [Mr Skeat remarks that the nearest word in Malay is _seligi_, explained by Klinkert as 'a short wooden throwing-spear,' which is possibly that referred to by G. de Eredia.] c. 1270.—"There was the King standing with three 'exortins' (or men of the guard) by his side armed with javelins [_ab lur_ ATZAGAYES]".—_Chronicle of K. James of Aragon_, tr. by Mr. Foster, 1883, i. 173. c. 1444.—"... They have a quantity of AZAGAIAS, which are a kind of light darts."—_Cadamosto, Navegação primeira_, 32. 1552.—"But in general they all came armed in their fashion, some with AZAGAIAS and shields and others with bows and quivers of arrows."—_Barros_, I. iii. 1. 1572.— "Hum de escudo embraçado, e de AZAGAIA, Outro de arco encurvado, e setta ervada." _Camões_, i. 86. By Burton: "this, targe on arm and ASSEGAI in hand, that, with his bended bow, and venom'd reed." 1586.—"I loro archibugi sono belli, e buoni, come i nostri, e le lance sono fatte con alcune canne piene, e forti, in capo delle quali mettono vn ferro, come uno di quelli delle nostri ZAGAGLIE."—_Balbi_, 111. 1600.—"These they use to make Instruments of wherewith to fish ... as also to make weapons, as Bows, Arrowes, Aponers, and ASSAGAYEN."—_Disc. of Guinea_, from the Dutch, in _Purchas_, ii. 927. 1608.—"Doncques voyant que nous ne pouvions passer, les deux hommes sont venu en nageant auprès de nous, et ayans en leurs mains trois Lancettes ou ASAGAYES."—_Houtman_, 5_b_. [1648.—"The ordinary food of these Cafres is the flesh of this animal (the elephant), and four of them with their ASSEGAIS (in orig. AGEAGAYES), which are a kind of short pike, are able to bring an elephant to the ground and kill it."—_Tavernier_ (ed. _Ball_), ii. 161, cf. ii. 295.] 1666.—"Les autres armes offensives (in India) sont l'arc et la flêche, le javelot ou ZAGAYE...."—_Thevenot_, v. 132 (ed. 1727). 1681.—"... encontraron diez y nueve hombres bazos armados con dardas, y AZAGAYAS, assi llaman los Arabes vnas lanças pequeñas arrojadizas, y pelearon con ellos."—_Martinez de la Puente, Compendio_, 87. 1879.— "Alert to fight, athirst to slay, They shake the dreaded ASSEGAI, And rush with blind and frantic will On all, when few, whose force is skill." _Isandlana_, by _Ld. Stratford de Redcliffe, Times_, March 29. ATAP, ADAP, s. Applied in the Malayo-Javanese regions to any palm-fronds used in thatching, commonly to those of the NIPA (_Nipa fruticans_, Thunb.). [_Atap_, according to Mr Skeat, is also applied to any roofing; thus tiles are called _atap batu_, 'stone _ataps_.'] The Nipa, "although a wild plant, for it is so abundant that its culture is not necessary, it is remarkable that its name should be the same in all the languages from Sumatra to the Philippines."—(_Crawfurd, Dict. Ind. Arch._ 301). ATĔP is Javanese for 'thatch.' 1672.—"ATAP or leaves of Palm-trees...."—_Baldaeus, Ceylon_, 164. 1690.—"ADAPOL (quae folia sunt sicca et vetusta)...."—_Rumphius, Herb. Amb._ i. 14. 1817.—"In the maritime districts, ĀTAP or thatch is made ... from the leaves of the _nipa_."—_Raffles, Java_, i. 166; [2nd ed. i. 186]. 1878.—"The universal roofing of a Perak house is ATTAP stretched over bamboo rafters and ridge-poles. This _attap_ is the dried leaf of the nipah palm, doubled over a small stick of bamboo, or _nibong_."—_McNair, Perak, &c._, 164. ATLAS, s. An obsolete word for 'satin,' from the Ar. _aṭlas_, used in that sense, literally 'bare' or 'bald' (comp. the Ital. _raso_ for 'satin'). The word is still used in German. [The _Draper's Dict._ (s.v.) says that "a silk stuff wrought with threads of gold and silver, and known by this name, was at one time imported from India." Yusuf Ali (_Mon. on Silk Fabrics_, p. 93) writes: "_Atlas_ is the Indian satin, but the term _satan_ (corrupted from the English) is also applied, and sometimes specialised to a thicker form of the fabric. This fabric is always substantial, _i.e._ never so thin or netted as to be semi-transparent; more of the weft showing on the upper surface than of the warp."] 1284.—"Cette même nuit par ordre du Sultan quinze cents de ses Mamlouks furent revêtus de robes d'ATLAS rouges brodées...."—_Makrizi_, t. ii. pt. i. 69. " "The Sultan Mas'ūd clothed his dogs with trappings of AṬLAS of divers colours, and put bracelets upon them."—_Fakhrī_, p. 68. 1505.—"Raso por seda rasa."—ATLĀS, _Vocabular Arauigo of Fr. P. de Alcala_. 1673.—"They go Rich in Apparel, their Turbats of Gold, Damask'd Gold ATLAS Coats to their Heels, Silk, _Alajah_ or Cuttanee breeches."—_Fryer_, 196. 1683.—"I saw ye _Taffaties_ and ATLASSES in ye Warehouse, and gave directions concerning their several colours and stripes."—_Hedges, Diary_, May 6; [Hak. Soc. i. 85]. 1689.—(Surat) "is renown'd for ... rich Silks, such as ATLASSES ... and for Zarbafts [ZERBAFT]...."—_Ovington_, 218. 1712.—In the _Spectator_ of this year are advertised "a purple and gold ATLAS gown" and "a scarlet and gold ATLAS petticoat edged with silver."—Cited in _Malcolm's Anecdotes_ (1808), 429. 1727.—"They are exquisite in the Weaver's Trade and Embroidery, which may be seen in the rich ATLASSES ... made by them."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 160. c. 1750-60.—"The most considerable (manufacture) is that of their ATLASSES or satin flowered with gold and silver."—_Grose_, i. 117. _Note._—I saw not long ago in India a Polish Jew who was called Jacob ATLAS, and he explained to me that when the Jews (about 1800) were forced to assume surnames, this was assigned to his grandfather, because he wore a black satin gaberdine!—(_A. B._ 1879.) ATOLL, s. A group of coral islands forming a ring or chaplet, sometimes of many miles in diameter, inclosing a space of comparatively shallow water, each of the islands being on the same type as the _atoll_. We derive the expression from the Maldive islands, which are the typical examples of this structure, and where the form of the word is _atoḷu_. [P. de Laval (Hak. Soc. i. 93) states that the provinces in the Maldives were known as _Atollon_.] It is probably connected with the Singhalese _ätul_, 'inside'; [or _etula_, as Mr Gray (_P. de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 94) writes the word. The _Mad. Admin. Man._ in the Glossary gives Malayāl. _attālam_, 'a sinking reef']. The term was made a scientific one by Darwin in his publication on Coral Reefs (see below), but our second quotation shows that it had been generalised at an earlier date. c. 1610.—"Estant au milieu d'vn ATOLLON, vous voyez autour de vous ce grand banc de pierre que jay dit, qui environne et qui defend les isles contre l'impetuosité de la mer."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 71 (ed. 1679); [Hak. Soc. i. 94]. 1732.—"ATOLLON, a name applied to such a place in the sea as exhibits a heap of little islands lying close together, and almost hanging on to each other."—_Zeidler's_ (German) _Universal Lexicon_, s.v. 1842.—"I have invariably used in this volume the term ATOLL, which is the name given to these circular groups of coral islets by their inhabitants in the Indian Ocean, and is synonymous with 'lagoon-island.'"—_Darwin, The Structure, &c., of Coral Reefs_, 2. AUMIL, s. Ar. and thence H. _'āmil_ (noun of agency from _'amal_, 'he performed a task or office,' therefore 'an agent'). Under the native governments a collector of Revenue; also a farmer of the Revenue invested with chief authority in his District. Also AUMILDAR. Properly _'amaldār_, 'one holding office'; (Ar. _'amal_, 'work,' with P. term of agency). A factor or manager. Among the Mahrattas the _'Amaldār_ was a collector of revenue under varying conditions—(See details in _Wilson_). The term is now limited to Mysore and a few other parts of India, and does not belong to the standard system of any Presidency. The word in the following passage looks as if intended for _'amaldār_, though there is a term _Māldār_, 'the holder of property.' 1680.—"The MAULDAR or _Didwan_ [DEWAN] that came with the _Ruccas_ [ROOCKA] from Golcondah sent forward to Lingappa at Conjiveram."—_Ft. St. Geo. Cons._, 9th Novr. No. III., 38. c. 1780.—"... having detected various frauds in the management of the AMULDAR or renter ... (M. Lally) paid him 40,000 rupees."—_Orme_, iii. 496 (ed. 1803). 1793.—"The AUMILDARS, or managers of the districts."—_Dirom_, p. 56. 1799.—"I wish that you would desire one of your people to communicate with the AMILDAR of Soondah respecting this road."—_A. Wellesley_ to T. Munro, in _Munro's Life_, i. 335. 1804.—"I know the character of the Peshwah, and his ministers, and of every Mahratta AMILDAR sufficiently well...."—_Wellington_, iii. 38. 1809.—"Of the AUMIL I saw nothing."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 412. AURUNG, s. H. from P. _aurang_, 'a place where goods are manufactured, a depôt for such goods.' During the Company's trading days this term was applied to their factories for the purchase, on advances, of native piece-goods, &c. 1778.—"... Gentoo-factors in their own pay to provide the investments at the different AURUNGS or cloth markets in the province."—_Orme_, ii. 51. 1789.—"I doubt, however, very much whether he has had sufficient experience in the commercial line to enable him to manage so difficult and so important an AURUNG as Luckipore, which is almost the only one of any magnitude which supplies the species of coarse cloths which do not interfere with the British manufacture."—_Cornwallis_, i. 435. AVA, n.p. The name of the city which was for several centuries the capital of the Burmese Empire, and was applied often to that State itself. This name is borrowed, according to Crawfurd, from the form _Awa_ or _Awak_ used by the Malays. The proper Burmese form was _Eng-wa_, or 'the Lake-Mouth,' because the city was built near the opening of a lagoon into the Irawadi; but this was called, even by the Burmese, more popularly _A-wā_, 'The Mouth.' The city was founded A.D. 1364. The first European occurrence of the name, so far as we know, is (c. 1440) in the narrative of Nicolo Conti, and it appears again (no doubt from Conti's information) in the great World-Map of Fra Mauro at Venice (1459). c. 1430.—"Having sailed up this river for the space of a month he arrived at a city more noble than all the others, called AVA, and the circumference of which is 15 miles."—_Conti_, in _India in the XVth Cent._ 11. c. 1490.—"The country (Pegu) is distant 15 days' journey by land from another called AVA in which grow rubies and many other precious stones."—_Hier. di Sto. Stefano_, u. s. p. 6. 1516.—"Inland beyond this Kingdom of Pegu ... there is another Kingdom of Gentiles which has a King who resides in a very great and opulent city called AVA, 8 days' journey from the sea; a place of rich merchants, in which there is a great trade of jewels, rubies, and spinel-rubies, which are gathered in this Kingdom."—_Barbosa_, 186. c. 1610.—"... The King of OVÁ having already sent much people, with cavalry, to relieve Porão (Prome), which marches with the Pozão (?) and city of OVÁ or ANVÁ, (which means 'surrounded on all sides with streams')...."—_Antonio Bocarro, Decada_, 150. 1726.—"The city AVA is surpassing great.... One may not travel by land to Ava, both because this is permitted by the Emperor to none but envoys, on account of the Rubies on the way, and also because it is a very perilous journey on account of the tigers."—_Valentijn, V._ (_Chorom._) 127. AVADAVAT, s. Improperly for _Amadavat_. The name given to a certain pretty little cage-bird (_Estrelda amandava_, L. or 'Red Wax-Bill') found throughout India, but originally brought to Europe from _Aḥmadābād_ in Guzerat, of which the name is a corruption. We also find Aḥmadābād represented by _Madava_: as in old maps _Astarābād_ on the Caspian is represented by _Strava_ (see quotation from _Correa_ below). [One of the native names for the bird is _lāl_, 'ruby,' which appears in the quotation from Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali below.] 1538.—"... o qual veyo d'AMADAVA principall cidade do reino."—In _S. Botelho, Tombo_, 228. 1546.—"The greater the resistance they made, the more of their blood was spilt in their defeat, and when they took to flight, we gave them chase for the space of half a league. And it is my belief that as far as the will of the officers and lascarys went, we should not have halted on this side of MADAVÁ; but as I saw that my people were much fatigued, and that the Moors were in great numbers, I withdrew them and brought them back to the city."—D. João de Castro's despatch to the City of Goa respecting the victory at Diu.—_Correa_, iv. 574. 1648.—"The capital (of Guzerat) lies in the interior of the country and is named _Hamed-Ewat_, _i.e._ the City of King _Hamed_ who built it; nowadays they call it _Amadavar_ or AMADABAT."—_Van Twist_, 4. 1673.—"From AMIDAVAD, small Birds, who, besides that they are spotted with white and Red no bigger than Measles, the principal Chorister beginning, the rest in Consort, Fifty in a Cage, make an admirable Chorus."—_Fryer_, 116. [1777.—"... a few presents now and then—china, shawls, congou tea, AVADAVATS, and Indian crackers."—_The School for Scandal_, v. i.] 1813.—"... AMADAVATS, and other songsters are brought thither (Bombay) from Surat and different countries."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 47. [The 2nd ed. (i. 32) reads AMADAVADS.] [1832.—"The lollah, known to many by the name of HAVER-DEWATT, is a beautiful little creature, about one-third the size of a hedge-sparrow."—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali, Observat._ ii. 54.] AVATAR, s. Skt. _Avatāra_, an incarnation on earth of a divine Being. This word first appears in Baldaeus (1672) in the form AUTAAR (_Afgoderye_, p. 52), which in the German version generally quoted in this book takes the corrupter shape of _Altar_. [c. 1590.—"In the city of Sambal is a temple called Hari Mandal (the temple of Vishnu) belonging to a Brahman, from among whose descendants the tenth AVATAR will appear at this spot."—_Āīn_, tr. Jarrett, ii. 281.] 1672.—"Bey den Benjanen haben auch diese zehen Verwandlungen den Namen daas sie ALTARE heissen, und also hat Mats _Altar_ als dieser erste, gewähret 2500 Jahr."—_Baldaeus_, 472. 1784.—"The ten AVATÁRS or descents of the deity, in his capacity of Preserver."—_Sir W. Jones_, in _Asiat. Res._ (reprint) i. 234. 1812.—"The AWATARS of Vishnu, by which are meant his descents upon earth, are usually counted ten...."—_Maria Graham_, 49. 1821.—"The Irish AVATAR."—_Byron._ 1845.—"In Vishnu-land what AVATAR?"—_Browning, Dramatic Romances, Works_, ed. 1870, iv. pp. 209, 210. 1872.—"... all which cannot blind us to the fact that the Master is merely another AVATAR of Dr Holmes himself."—_Sat. Review_, Dec. 14, p. 768. 1873.—"He ... builds up a curious History of Spiritualism, according to which all matter is mediately or immediately the AVATAR of some Intelligence, not necessarily the highest."—_Academy_, May 15th, 172_b_. 1875.—"Balzac's AVATARS were a hundredfold as numerous as those of Vishnu."—_Ibid._, April 24th, p. 421. AVERAGE, s. Skeat derives this in all its senses from L. Latin _averia_, used for cattle; for his deduction of meanings we must refer to his Dictionary. But it is worthy of consideration whether _average_, in its special marine use for a proportionate contribution towards losses of those whose goods are cast into the sea to save a ship, &c., is not directly connected with the Fr. _avarie_, which has quite that signification. And this last Dozy shows most plausibly to be from the Ar. '_awār_, spoilt merchandise.' [This is rejected by the _N.E.D._, which concludes that the Ar. _'awār_ is "merely a mod. Arabic translation and adaptation of the Western term in its latest sense."] Note that many European words of trade are from the Arabic; and that _avarie_ is in Dutch _avarij_, _averij_, or _haverij_.—(See Dozy, _Oosterlingen_.) AYAH, s. A native lady's-maid or nurse-maid. The word has been adopted into most of the Indian vernaculars in the forms _āya_ or _āyā_, but it is really Portuguese (f. AIA, 'a nurse, or governess'; m. _aio_, 'the governor of a young noble'). [These again have been connected with L. Latin _aidus_, Fr. _aide_, 'a helper.'] 1779.—"I was sitting in my own house in the compound, when the IYA came down and told me that her mistress wanted a candle."—_Kitmutgar's evidence_, in the case of _Grand v. Francis_. Ext. in _Echoes of Old Calcutta_, 225. 1782.—(A Table of Wages):— "_Consumah_.........10 (rupees a month). * * * * * * EYAH....................5."—_India Gazette_, Oct. 12. 1810.—"The female who attends a lady while she is dressing, etc., is called an AYAH."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 337. 1826.—"The lieutenant's visits were now less frequent than usual; one day, however, he came ... and on leaving the house I observed him slip something, which I doubted not was money, into the hand of the AYAH, or serving woman, of Jane."—_Pandurang Hari_, 71; [ed. 1873, i. 99]. 1842.—"Here (at Simla) there is a great preponderence of Mahometans. I am told that the guns produced absolute consternation, visible in their countenances. One AYAH threw herself upon the ground in an agony of despair.... I fired 42 guns for Ghuzni and Cabul; the 22nd (42nd?) gun—which announced that all was finished—was what overcame the Mahometans."—_Lord Ellenborough_, in _Indian Administration_ 295. This stuff was written to the great Duke of Wellington! 1873.—"The white-robed AYAH flits in and out of the tents, finding a home for our various possessions, and thither we soon retire."—_Fraser's Mag._, June, i. 99. 1879.—"He was exceedingly fond of his two children, and got for them servants; a man to cook their dinner, and an AYAH to take care of them."—_Miss Stokes, Indian Fairy Tales_, 7. B BABA, s. This is the word usually applied in Anglo-Indian families, by both Europeans and natives, to the children—often in the plural form, _bābā lōg_ (_lōg_ = folk). The word is not used by the natives among themselves in the same way, at least not habitually: and it would seem as if our word _baby_ had influenced the use. The word _bābā_ is properly Turki = 'father'; sometimes used to a child as a term of endearment (or forming part of such a term, as in the P. _Bābājān_, 'Life of your Father'). Compare the Russian use of _batushka_. [_Bābājī_ is a common form of address to a Faḳīr, usually a member of one of the Musulman sects. And hence it is used generally as a title of respect.] [1685.—"A Letter from the Pettepolle BOBBA."—_Pringle, Diary, Fort St. Geo._ iv. 92.] 1826.—"I reached the hut of a Gossein ... and reluctantly tapped at the wicket, calling, 'O BABA, O Maharaj.'"—_Pandurang Hari_ [ed. 1873, i. 76]. [1880.—"While SUNNY BABA is at large, and might at any time make a raid on Mamma, who is dozing over a novel on the spider chair near the mouth of the thermantidote, the Ayah and Bearer dare not leave their charge."—_Aberigh-Mackay, Twenty-one Days_, p. 94.] BABAGOOREE, s. H. _Bābāghūrī_, the white agate (or chalcedony?) of Cambay. [For these stones see _Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 323: _Tavernier_, ed. Ball, i. 68.] It is apparently so called from the patron saint or martyr of the district containing the mines, under whose special protection the miners place themselves before descending into the shafts. Tradition alleges that he was a prince of the great Ghori dynasty, who was killed in a great battle in that region. But this prince will hardly be found in history. 1516.—"They also find in this town (Limadura in Guzerat) much chalcedony, which they call BABAGORE. They make beads with it, and other things which they wear about them."—_Barbosa_, 67. 1554.—"In this country (Guzerat) is a profusion of BĀBĀGHŪRĪ and carnelians; but the best of these last are those coming from Yaman."—_Sidi 'Ali Kapudān_, in _J.A.S.B._ v. 463. 1590.—"By the command of his Majesty grain weights of BĀBĀGHŪRĪ were made, which were used in weighing."—_Āīn_, i. 35, and note, p. 615 (_Blochmann_). 1818.—"On the summit stands the tomb ... of the titular saint of the country, BABA GHOR, to whom a devotion is paid more as a deity than as a saint...."—_Copland_, in _Tr. Lit. Soc. Bo._, i. 294. 1849.—Among ten kinds of carnelians specified in H. Briggs's _Cities of Gujaráshtra_ we find "BAWA GORI Akik, a veined kind."—p. 183. BABBS, n.p. This name is given to the I. of Perim, in the St. of Babelmandel, in the quotation from Ovington. It was probably English sea-slang only. [Mr Whiteway points out that this is clearly from _albabo_, the Port. form of the Ar. word. João de Castro in Roteiro (1541), p. 34, says: "This strait is called by the neighbouring people, as well as those who dwell on the shores of the Indian Ocean, ALBABO, which in Arabic signifies 'gates.'"] [1610.—"We attempting to work up to the BABE."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 52.] [1611.—"There is at the BABB a ship come from Swahell."—_Ibid._ i. 111.] 1690.—"The BABBS is a small island opening to the _Red Sea_.... Between this and the Main Land is a safe Passage...."—_Ovington_, 458. [1769.—"Yet they made no estimation of the currents without the BABS"; (note), "This is the common sailors' phrase for the Straits of Babelmandel."—_Bruce, Travels to discover the Source of the Nile_, ed. 1790, Bk. i. cap. ii.] BABER, BHABUR, s. H. _bābar_, _bhābar_. A name given to those districts of the N.W. Provinces which lie immediately under the Himālaya to the dry forest belt on the talus of the hills, at the lower edge of which the moisture comes to the surface and forms the wet forest belt called Tarāī. (See TERAI.) The following extract from the report of a lecture on Indian Forests is rather a happy example of the danger of "a little learning" to a reporter: 1877.—"Beyond that (the Tarāī) lay another district of about the same breadth, called in the native dialect the BAHADAR. That in fact was a great filter-bed of sand and vegetation."—_London Morning Paper of 26th May._ BABI-ROUSSA, s. Malay _babi_[30] ('hog') _rūsa_ ('stag'). The 'Stag-hog,' a remarkable animal of the swine genus (_Sus babirussa_, L.; _Babirussa alfurus_, F. Cuvier), found in the island of Bourou, and some others of the I. Archipelago, but nowhere on continental Asia. Yet it seems difficult to apply the description of Pliny below, or the name and drawing given by Cosmas, to any other animal. The 4-horned swine of Aelian is more probably the African Wart-hog, called accordingly by F. Cuvier _Phacochoerus Aeliani_. c. A.D. 70.—"The wild bores of India have two bowing fangs or tuskes of a cubit length, growing out of their mouth, and as many out of their foreheads like calves hornes."—_Pliny_, viii. 52 (_Holland's Tr._ i. 231). c. 250. "Λέγει δὲ Δίνων ἐν Αἰθιωπίᾳ γίνεσθαι ... ὕς τετράκερως."—_Aelian, De Nat. Anim._ xvii. 10. c. 545.—"The _Choirelaphus_ ('Hog-stag') I have both seen and eaten."—_Cosmas Indicopleustes_, in _Cathay_, &c., p. clxxv. 1555.—"There are _hogs also with hornes_, and parats which prattle much which they call _noris_ (LORY)."—_Galvano, Discoveries of the World_, Hak. Soc. 120. 1658.—"Quadrupes hoc inusitatatae figurae monstrosis bestiis ascribunt Indi quod adversae speciei animalibus, Porco scilicet et Cervo, pronatum putent ... ita ut primo intuitu quatuor cornibus juxta se positis videatur armatum hoc animal BABY-ROUSSA."—_Piso_, App. to _Bontius_, p. 61. [1869.—"The wild pig seems to be of a species peculiar to the island (Celebes); but a much more curious animal of this family is the BABIRUSA or Pig-deer, so named by the Malays from its long and slender legs, and curved tusks resembling horns. This extraordinary creature resembles a pig in general appearance, but it does not dig with its snout, as it feeds on fallen fruits.... Here again we have a resemblance to the Wart-hogs of Africa, whose upper canines grow outwards and curve up so as to form a transition from the usual mode of growth to that of the _Babirusa_. In other respects there seems no affinity between these animals, and the _Babirusa_ stands completely isolated, having no resemblance to the pigs of any other part of the world."—_Wallace, Malay Archip._ (ed. 1890), p. 211, _seqq._] BABOO, s. Beng. and H. _Bābū_ [Skt. _vapra_, 'a father']. Properly a term of respect attached to a name, like _Master_ or _Mr._, and formerly in some parts of Hindustan applied to certain persons of distinction. Its application as a term of respect is now almost or altogether confined to Lower Bengal (though C. P. Brown states that it is also used in S. India for 'Sir, My lord, your Honour'). In Bengal and elsewhere, among Anglo-Indians, it is often used with a slight savour of disparagement, as characterizing a superficially cultivated, but too often effeminate, Bengali. And from the extensive employment of the class, to which the term was applied as a title, in the capacity of clerks in English offices, the word has come often to signify 'a native clerk who writes English.' 1781.—"I said.... From my youth to this day I am a servant to the English. I have never gone to any Rajahs or BAUBOOS nor will I go to them."—Depn. of _Dooud Sing_, Commandant. In _Narr. of Insurn. at Banaras_ in 1781. Calc. 1782. Reprinted at Roorkee, 1853. App., p. 165. 1782.—"_Cantoo_ BABOO" appears as a subscriber to a famine fund at Madras for 200 Sicca Rupees.—_India Gazette_, Oct. 12. 1791. "Here Edmund was making a monstrous ado, About some bloody Letter and Conta BAH-BOOH."[31] _Letters of Simkin the Second_, 147. 1803.—"... Calling on Mr. Neave I found there BABOO Dheep Narrain, brother to Oodit Narrain, Rajah at Benares."—_Lord Valentia's Travels_, i. 112. 1824.—"... the immense convent-like mansion of some of the more wealthy BABOOS...."—_Heber_, i. 31, ed. 1844. 1834.—"The BABOO and other Tales, descriptive of Society in India."—Smith & Elder, London. (By Augustus Prinsep.) 1850.—"If instruction were sought for from them (the Mohammedan historians) we should no longer hear bombastic BABOOS, enjoying under our Government the highest degree of personal liberty ... rave about patriotism, and the degradation of their present position."—_Sir H. M. Elliot_, Orig. Preface to _Mahom. Historians of India_, in Dowson's ed., I. xxii. c. 1866. "But I'd sooner be robbed by a tall man who showed me a yard of steel, Than be fleeced by a sneaking BABOO, with a peon and badge at his heel." _Sir A. C. Lyall, The Old Pindaree._ 1873.—"The pliable, plastic, receptive BABOO of Bengal eagerly avails himself of this system (of English education) partly from a servile wish to please the _Sahib logue_, and partly from a desire to obtain a Government appointment."—_Fraser's Mag._, August, 209. [1880.—"English officers who have become de-Europeanised from long residence among undomesticated natives.... Such officials are what Lord Lytton calls White BABOOS."—_Aberigh-Mackay, Twenty-one Days_, p. 104.] _N.B._—In Java and the further East _bābū_ means a nurse or female servant (Javanese word). BABOOL, s. H. _babūl_, _babūr_ (though often mispronounced _bābul_, as in two quotations below); also called _kīkar_. A thorny mimosa common in most parts of India except the Malabar Coast; the _Acacia arabica_, Willd. The Bhils use the gum as food. 1666.—"L'eau de Vie de ce Païs ... qu'on y boit ordinairement, est faicte de _jagre_ ou sucre noir, qu'on met dans l'eau avec de l'écorce de l'arbre BABOUL, pour y donner quelque force, et ensuite on les distile ensemble."—_Thevenot_, v. 50. 1780.—"Price Current. _Country Produce_: BABLE Trees, large, 5 pc. each tree."—_Hickey's Bengal Gazette_, April 29. [This is _bāblā_, the Bengali form of the word.] 1824.—"Rampoor is ... chiefly remarkable for the sort of fortification which surrounds it. This is a high thick hedge ... of bamboos ... faced on the outside by a formidable underwood of cactus and BÂBOOL."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 290. 1849.—"Look at that great tract from Deesa to the Hāla mountains. It is all sand; sometimes it has a little ragged clothing of BĀBUL or milk-bush."—_Dry Leaves from Young Egypt_, 1. BABOON, s. This, no doubt, comes to us through the Ital. _babuino_; but it is probable that the latter word is a corruption of Pers. _maimūn_ ['the auspicious one'], and then applied by way of euphemism or irony to the baboon or monkey. It also occurs in Ital. under the more direct form of _maimone_ in _gatto-maimone_, 'cat-monkey,' or rather 'monkey-cat.' [The _N.E.D._ leaves the origin of the word doubtful, and does not discuss this among other suggested derivations.] BACANORE and BARCELORE, nn.pp. Two ports of Canara often coupled together in old narratives, but which have entirely disappeared from modern maps and books of navigation, insomuch that it is not quite easy to indicate their precise position. But it would seem that Bacanore, Malayāl. _Vakkanūr_, is the place called in Canarese _Bārkūr_, the _Barcoor-pettah_ of some maps, in lat. 13° 28½′. This was the site of a very old and important city, "the capital of the Jain kings of Tulava ... and subsequently a stronghold of the Vijiyanagar Rajas."—_Imp. Gazet._ [Also see Stuart, _Man. S. Canara_, ii. 264.] Also that _Barcelore_ is a Port. corruption of _Basrūr_ [the Canarese _Basarūru_, 'the town of the waved-leaf fig tree.' (_Mad. Adm. Man. Gloss._, s.v.).] It must have stood immediately below the 'Barsilur Peak' of the Admiralty charts, and was apparently identical with, or near to, the place called Seroor in Scott's Map of the Madras Presidency, in about lat. 13° 55′. [See Stuart, _ibid._ ii. 242. Seroor is perhaps the _Shirūr_ of Mr Stuart (_ibid._ p. 243).] c. 1330.—"Thence (from Hannaur) the traveller came to BĀSARŪR, a small city...."—_Abulfeda_, in _Gildemeister_, 184. c. 1343.—"The first town of Mulaibār that we visited was ABU-SARŪR, which is small, situated on a great estuary, and abounding in coco-nut trees.... Two days after our departure from that town we arrived at FĀKANŪR, which is large and situated on an estuary. One sees there an abundance of sugar-cane, such as has no equal in that country."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 77-78. c. 1420.—"Duas praeterea ad maritimas urbes, alteram PACHAMURIAM ... nomine, xx diebus transiit."—_Conti_, in _Poggius de Var. Fort._ iv. 1501.—"BACANUT," for Bacanur, is named in Amerigo Vespucci's letter, giving an account of Da Gama's discoveries, first published by Baldelli Boni, _Il Milione_, pp. liii. _seqq._ 1516.—"Passing further forward ... along the coast, there are two little rivers on which stand two places, the one called BACANOR, and the other BRACALOR, belonging to the kingdom of Narsyngua and the province of Tolinate (_Tulu-nāḍa_, _Tuluva_ or S. Canara). And in them is much good rice grown round about these places, and this is loaded in many foreign ships and in many of Malabar...."—_Barbosa_, in Lisbon Coll. 294. 1548.—"The Port of the River of BARCALOR pays 500 loads (of rice as tribute)."—_Botelho, Tombo_, 246. 1552.—"Having dispatched this vessel, he (V. da Gama) turned to follow his voyage, desiring to erect the _padrão_ (votive pillar) of which we have spoken; and not finding a place that pleased him better, he erected one on certain islets joined (as it were) to the land, giving it the name of Sancta Maria, whence these islands are now called Saint Mary's Isles, standing between BACANOR and Baticalá, two notable places on that coast."—_De Barros_, I. iv. 11. " "... the city Onor, capital of the kingdom, Baticalá, Bendor, BRACELOR, BACANOR."—_Ibid._ I. ix. 1. 1726.—"In BARSELOOR or BASSELOOR have we still a factory ... a little south of Basseloor lies BAQUANOOR and the little River Vier."—_Valentijn_, v. (Malabar) 6. 1727.—"The next town to the Southward of _Batacola_ [BATCUL] is BARCELOAR, standing on the Banks of a broad River about 4 Miles from the Sea.... The Dutch have a Factory here, only to bring up Rice for their Garrisons.... BACCANOAR and _Molkey_ lie between BARCELOAR and _Mangalore_, both having the benefit of Rivers to export the large quantities of Rice that the Fields produce."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 284-5. [_Molkey_ is _Mulki_, see Stuart, _op. cit._ ii. 259.] 1780.—"St Mary's Islands lie along the coast N. and S. as far as off the river of BACANOR, or Callianpoor, being about 6 leagues.... In lat. 13° 50′ N., 5 leagues from _Bacanor_, runs the river BARSALOR."—_Dunn's N. Directory_, 5th ed. 105. 1814.—"BARCELORE, now frequently called Cundapore."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iv. 109, also see 113; [2nd ed. II. 464]. BACKDORE, s. H. _bāg-ḍor_ ('bridle-cord'); a halter or leading rein. BACKSEE. Sea H. _bāksī_: nautical 'aback,' from which it has been formed (_Roebuck_). BADEGA, n.p. The Tamil _Vaḍagar_, _i.e._ 'Northerners.' The name has at least two specific applications: A. To the Telegu people who invaded the Tamil country from the kingdom of Vijayanagara (the BISNAGA or NARSINGA of the Portuguese and old travellers) during the later Middle Ages, but especially in the 16th century. This word first occurs in the letters of St. Francis Xavier (1544), whose Parava converts on the Tinnevelly Coast were much oppressed by these people. The _Badega_ language of Lucena, and other writers regarding that time, is the Telegu. The Badagas of St. Fr. Xavier's time were in fact the emissaries of the Nāyaka rulers of Madura, using violence to exact tribute for those rulers, whilst the Portuguese had conferred on the Paravas "the somewhat dangerous privilege of being Portuguese subjects."—See _Caldwell, H. of Tinnevelly_, 69 _seqq._ 1544.—"Ego ad Comorinum Promontorium contendo eòque naviculas deduco xx. cibariis onustas, ut miseris illis subveniam Neophytis, qui BAGADARUM (read BADAGARUM) acerrimorum Christiani nominis hostium terrore perculsi, relictis vicis, in desertas insulas se abdiderunt."—_S. F. Xav. Epistt._ I. vi., ed. 1677. 1572.—"Gens est in regno Bisnagae quos BADAGAS vocant."—_E. Acosta_, 4 _b._ 1737.—"In eâ parte missionis Carnatensis in quâ _Telougou_, ut aiunt, lingua viget, seu inter BADAGOS, quinque annos versatus sum; neque quamdiu viguerunt vires ab illâ dilectissimâ et sanctissimâ Missione Pudecherium veni."—In _Norbert_, iii. 230. 1875.—"Mr C. P. Brown informs me that the early French missionaries in the Guntur country wrote a vocabulary 'de la langue Talenga, dite vulgairement le BADEGA."—_Bp. Caldwell, Dravidian Grammar_, Intr. p. 33. B. To one of the races occupying the Nilgiri Hills, speaking an old Canarese dialect, and being apparently a Canarese colony, long separated from the parent stock.—(See _Bp. Caldwell's Grammar_, 2nd ed., pp. 34, 125, &c.) [The best recent account of this people is that by Mr Thurston in _Bulletin of the Madras Museum_, vol. ii. No. 1.] The name of these people is usually in English corrupted to BURGHERS. BADGEER, s. P. _bād-gīr_, 'wind-catch.' An arrangement acting as a windsail to bring the wind down into a house; it is common in Persia and in Sind. [It is the _Bādhanj_ of Arabia, and the _Malkaf_ of Egypt (_Burton, Ar. Nights_, i. 237; _Lane, Mod. Egypt_, i. 23.] 1298.—"The heat is tremendous (at Hormus), and on that account the houses are built with ventilators (_ventiers_) to catch the wind. These ventilators are placed on the side from which the wind comes, and they bring the wind down into the house to cool it."—_Marco Polo_, ii. 450. [1598.—A similar arrangement at the same place is described by _Linschoten_, i. 51, Hak. Soc.] 1682.—At Gamron (GOMBROON) "most of the houses have a square tower which stands up far above the roof, and which in the upper part towards the four winds has ports and openings to admit air and catch the wind, which plays through these, and ventilates the whole house. In the heat of summer people lie at night at the bottom of these towers, so as to get good rest."—_Nieuhof, Zee en Lant-Reize_, ii. 79. [1798.—"The air in it was continually refreshed and renewed by a cool-sail, made like a funnel, in the manner of M. du Hamel."—_Stavorinus, Voyage_, ii. 104.] 1817. "The _wind-tower_ on the Emir's dome Can scarcely win a breath from heaven." _Moore, Fire-worshippers._ 1872.—"... BADGIRS or windcatchers. You see on every roof these diminutive screens of wattle and dab, forming acute angles with the hatches over which they project. Some are moveable, so as to be turned to the S.W. between March and the end of July, when the monsoon sets in from that quarter."—_Burton's Sind Revisited_, 254. 1881.—"A number of square turrets stick up all over the town; these are BADGIRS or ventilators, open sometimes to all the winds, sometimes only to one or two, and divided inside like the flues of a great chimney, either to catch the draught, or to carry it to the several rooms below."—_Pioneer Mail, March 8th._ BADJOE, BAJOO, s. The Malay jacket (Mal. _bājū_) [of which many varieties are described by Dennys (_Disc. Dict._ p. 107)]. [c. 1610.—"The women (Portuguese) take their ease in their smocks or BAJUS, which are more transparent and fine than the most delicate crape of those parts."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 112.] 1784.—"Over this they wear the BADJOO, which resembles a morning gown, open at the neck, but fastened close at the wrist, and half-way up the arm."—_Marsden, H. of Sumatra_, 2nd ed. 44. 1878.—"The general Malay costume ... consists of an inner vest, having a collar to button tight round the neck, and the BAJU, or jacket, often of light coloured dimity, for undress."—_McNair_, 147. 1883.—"They wear above it a short-sleeved jacket, the BAJU, beautifully made, and often very tastefully decorated in fine needlework."—_Miss Bird, Golden Chersonese_, 139. BAEL, s. H. _bel_, Mahr. _bail_, from Skt. _vilva_, the Tree and Fruit of _Aegle marmelos_ (Correa), or 'Bengal Quince,' as it is sometimes called, after the name (_Marmelos de Benguala_) given it by Garcia de Orta, who first described the virtues of this fruit in the treatment of dysentery, &c. These are noticed also by P. Vincenzo Maria and others, and have always been familiar in India. Yet they do not appear to have attracted serious attention in Europe till about the year 1850. It is a small tree, a native of various parts of India. The dried fruit is now imported into England.—(See _Hanbury and Flückiger_, 116); [_Watt, Econ. Dict._ i. 117 _seqq._]. The shelly rind of the bel is in the Punjab made into carved snuff-boxes for sale to the Afghans. 1563.—"And as I knew that it was called BELI in Baçaim, I enquired of those native physicians which was its proper name, _cirifole_ or _beli_, and they told me that _cirifole_ [_śriphala_] was the physician's name for it."—_Garcia De O._, ff. 221 _v._, 222. [1614.—"One jar of BYLE at ru. 5 per maund."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 41.] 1631.—Jac. Bontius describes the BEL as _malum cydonium_ (_i.e._ a quince), and speaks of its pulp as good for dysentery and the _cholerae immanem orgasmum_.—Lib. vi. cap. viii. 1672.—"The BILI plant grows to no greater height than that of a man [this is incorrect], all thorny ... the fruit in size and hardness, and nature of rind, resembles a pomegranate, dotted over the surface with little dark spots equally distributed.... With the fruit they make a decoction, which is a most efficacious remedy for dysenteries or fluxes, proceeding from excessive heat...."—_P. Vincenzo_, 353. 1879.—"... On this plain you will see a large BÉL-tree, and on it one big BÉL-fruit."—_Miss Stokes, Indian Fairy Tales_, 140. BAFTA, s. A kind of calico, made especially at Baroch; from the Pers. _bāfta_, 'woven.' The old Baroch _baftas_ seem to have been fine goods. Nothing is harder than to find intelligible explanations of the distinction between the numerous varieties of cotton stuffs formerly exported from India to Europe under a still greater variety of names; names and trade being generally alike obsolete. _Baftas_ however survived in the Tariffs till recently. [_Bafta_ is at present the name applied to a silk fabric. (See quotation from _Yusuf Ali_ below.) In Bengal, Charpata and Noakhali in the Chittagong Division were also noted for their cotton _baftas_ (_Birdwood, Industr. Arts_, 249).] 1598.—"There is made great store of Cotton Linnen of diuers sort ... BOFFETAS."—_Linschoten_, p. 18. [Hak. Soc. i. 60.] [1605-6.—"_Patta Kassa_ of the ffinest _Totya_, BAFFA."—_Birdwood, First Letter Book_, 73. We have also "Black BAFFATTA."—_Ibid._ 74.] [1610.—"BAFFATA, the corge Rs. 100."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 72.] 1612.—"BAFTAS or white Callicos, from twentie to fortie Royals the _corge_."—_Capt. Saris_, in _Purchas_, i. 347. 1638.—"... tisserans qui y font cette sorte de toiles de cotton, que l'on appelle BAFTAS, qui sont les plus fines de toutes celles qui se font dans la Prouince de Guzaratta."—_Mandelslo_, 128. 1653.—"BAFTAS est un nom Indien qui signifie des toiles fort serrées de cotton, lesquelles la pluspart viennent de Baroche, ville du Royaume de Guzerat, appartenant au Grand Mogol."—_De la B. le Gouz_, 515. 1665.—"The BAFTAS, or Calicuts painted red, blue, and black, are carried white to _Agra_ and _Amadabad_, in regard those cities are nearest the places where the _Indigo_ is made that is us'd in colouring."—_Tavernier_, (E. T.) p. 127; [ed. _Ball_, ii. 5]. 1672.—"_Broach_ BAFTAS, broad and narrow."—_Fryer_, 86. 1727.—"The _Baroach_ BAFTAS are famous throughout all India, the country producing the best Cotton in the World."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 144. 1875.—In the Calcutta Tariff valuation of this year we find Piece Goods, Cotton: BAFTAHS, score, Rs. 30. [1900.—"Akin to the _pot thāns_ is a fabric known as BAFTA (literally woven), produced in Benares; body pure silk, with _butis_ in _kalabatun_ or cloth; ... used for _angarkhas_, _kots_, and women's _paijamas_ (Musulmans)."—_Yusuf Ali, Mon. on Silk Fabrics_, 97.] It is curious to find this word now current on Lake Nyanza. The burial of King Mtesa's mother is spoken of: 1883.—"The chiefs half filled the nicely-padded coffin with BUFTA (bleached calico) ... after that the corpse and then the coffin was filled up with more BUFTA...."—In _Ch. Missy. Intelligencer_, N.S., viii. p. 543. BAHAR, s. Ar. _bahār_, Malayāl. _bhāram_, from Skt. _bhāra_, 'a load.' A weight used in large trading transactions; it varied much in different localities; and though the name is of Indian origin it was naturalised by the Arabs, and carried by them to the far East, being found in use, when the Portuguese arrived in those seas, at least as far as the Moluccas. In the Indian islands the _bahār_ is generally reckoned as equal to 3 PECULS (q.v.), or 400 avoirdupois. But there was a different _bahār_ in use for different articles of merchandise; or, rather, each article had a special surplus allowance in weighing, which practically made a different _bahār_ (see PICOTA). [Mr. Skeat says that it is now uniformly equal to 400 lbs. av. in the British dominions in the Malay Peninsula; but Klinkert gives it as the equivalent of 12 _pikuls_ of AGAR-AGAR; 6 of cinnamon; 3 of TRIPANG.] 1498.—"... and begged him to send to the King his Lord a BAGAR of cinnamon, and another of clove ... for sample" (_a mostra_).—_Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 78. 1506.—"In Cananor el suo Re si è zentil, e qui nasce zz. (_i.e._ _zenzeri_ or 'ginger'); ma li zz. pochi e non cusi boni come quelli de Colcut, e suo peso si chiama BAAR, che sono K. (Cantari) 4 da Lisbona."—_Relazione di Leonardo Ca' Masser_, 26. 1510.—"If the merchandise about which they treat be spices, they deal by the _bahar_, which BAHAR weighs three of our _cantari_."—_Varthema_, p. 170. 1516.—"It (Malacca) has got such a quantity of gold, that the great merchants do not estimate their property, nor reckon otherwise than by _bahars_ of gold, which are 4 quintals to each BAHAR."—_Barbosa_, 193. 1552.—"300 BAHARES of pepper."—_Castanheda_, ii. 301. Correa writes BARES, as does also Couto. 1554.—"The BAAR of nuts (_noz_) contains 20 faraçolas, and 5 maunds more of PICOTA; thus the _baar_, with its _picota_, contains 20½ faraçolas...."—_A. Nunes_, 6. c. 1569.—"After this I saw one that would have given a BARRE of Pepper, which is two Quintals and a halfe, for a little Measure of water, and he could not have it."—_C. Fredericke_, in _Hakl._ ii. 358. 1598.—"Each BHAR of _Sunda_ weigheth 330 _catten_ of China."—_Linschoten_, 34: [Hak. Soc. i. 113]. 1606.—"... their came in his company a Portugall Souldier, which brought a Warrant from the Capitaine to the Gouernor of _Manillia_, to trade with vs, and likewise to giue _John Rogers_, for his pains a BAHAR of Cloues."—_Middleton's Voyage_, D. 2. _b_. 1613.—"Porque os naturaes na quelle tempo possuyão muytos BÂRES de ouro."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 4 v. [1802.—"That at the proper season for gathering the pepper and for a _Pallam_ weighing 13 rupees and 1½ _Viessam_ 120 of which are equal to a _Tulam_ or _Maund_ weighing 1,732 rupees, calculating, at which standard for one BAROM or _Candy_ the Sircar's price is Rs. 120."—_Procl. at Malabar_, in _Logan_, iii. 348. This makes the BAROM equal to 650 lbs.] BAHAUDUR, s. H. _Bahādur_, 'a hero, or champion.' It is a title affixed commonly to the names of European officers in Indian documents, or when spoken of ceremoniously by natives (_e.g._ "Jones Ṣāhib _Bahādur_"), in which use it may be compared with "the gallant officer" of Parliamentary courtesy, or the _Illustrissimo Signore_ of the Italians. It was conferred as a title of honour by the Great Mogul and by other native princes [while in Persia it was often applied to slaves (Burton, _Ar. Nights_, iii. 114)]. Thus it was particularly affected to the end of his life by Hyder Ali, to whom it had been given by the Raja of Mysore (see quotation from John Lindsay below [and Wilks, _Mysoor_, Madras reprint, i. 280]). _Bahādur_ and _Sirdār Bahādur_ are also the official titles of members of the 2nd and 1st classes respectively of the Order of British India, established for native officers of the army in 1837. [The title of _Rāē Bahādur_ is also conferred upon Hindu civil officers.] As conferred by the Court of Delhi the usual gradation of titles was (ascending):—1. _Bahādur_; 2. _Bahādur Jang_; 3. _Bahādur ud-Daulah_; 4. _Bahādur ul-mulk_. At Hyderabad they had also _Bahādur ul-Umrā_ (_Kirkpatrick_, in _Tippoo's Letters_, 354). [Many such titles of Europeans will be found in _North Indian N. & Q._, i. 35, 143, 179; iv. 17.] In Anglo-Indian colloquial parlance the word denotes a haughty or pompous personage, exercising his brief authority with a strong sense of his own importance; a _don_ rather than a swaggerer. Thackeray, who derived from his Indian birth and connections a humorous felicity in the use of Anglo-Indian expressions, has not omitted this serviceable word. In that brilliant burlesque, the _Memoirs of Major Gahagan_, we have the Mahratta traitor _Bobachee Bahauder_. It is said also that Mr Canning's malicious wit bestowed on Sir John Malcolm, who was not less great as a talker than as a soldier and statesman, the title, not included in the Great Mogul's repertory, of _Bahauder Jaw_.[32] _Bahādur_ is one of the terms which the hosts of Chingiz Khan brought with them from the Mongol Steppes. In the Mongol genealogies we find Yesugai _Bahādur_, the father of Chingiz, and many more. Subutai _Bahādur_, one of the great soldiers of the Mongol host, twice led it to the conquest of Southern Russia, twice to that of Northern China. In Sanang Setzen's poetical annals of the Mongols, as rendered by I. J. Schmidt, the word is written _Baghatur_, whence in Russian _Bogatir_ still survives as a memento probably of the Tartar domination, meaning 'a hero or champion.' It occurs often in the old Russian epic ballads in this sense; and is also applied to Samson of the Bible. It occurs in a Russian chronicler as early as 1240, but in application to Mongol leaders. In Polish it is found as _Bohatyr_, and in Hungarian as _Bátor_,—this last being in fact the popular Mongol pronunciation of _Baghatur_. In Turki also this elision of the guttural extends to the spelling, and the word becomes _Bātur_, as we find it in the Dicts. of Vambéry and Pavet de Courteille. In Manchu also the word takes the form of _Baturu_, expressed in Chinese characters as _Pa-tu-lu_;[33] the Kirghiz has it as _Batyr_; the Altai-Tataric as _Paattyr_, and the other dialects even as _Magathyr_. But the singular history of the word is not yet entirely told. Benfey has suggested that the word originated in Skt. _bhaga-dhara_ ('happiness-possessing').[34] But the late lamented Prof. A. Schiefner, who favoured us with a note on the subject, was strongly of opinion that the word was rather a corruption "through dissimulation of the consonant," of the Zend _bagha-puthra_ 'Son of God,' and thus but another form of the famous term FAGHFŪR, by which the old Persians rendered the Chinese _Tien-tsz_ ('Son of Heaven'), applying it to the Emperor of China. 1280-90.—In an eccentric Persian poem purposely stuffed with Mongol expressions, written by Purbahā Jāmī in praise of Arghūn Khān of Persia, of which Hammer has given a German translation, we have the following:— "The Great Kaan names thee his _Ulugh-Bitekchī_ [Great Secretary], Seeing thou art _bitekchi_ and BEHĀDIR to boot; O Well-beloved, the _yarlīgh_ [rescript] that thou dost issue is obeyed By Turk and Mongol, by Persian, Greek, and Barbarian!" _Gesch. der Gold. Horde_, 461. c. 1400.—"I ordained that every Ameer who should reduce a Kingdom, or defeat an army, should be exalted by three things: by a title of honour, by the _Tugh_ [Yak's tail standard], and by the _Nakkára_ [great kettle drum]; and should be dignified by the title of BAHAUDUR."—_Timour's Institutes_, 283; see also 291-293. 1404.—"E elles le dixeron q̃ aquel era uno de los valiẽtes e BAHADURES q'en el linage del Señor auia."—_Clavijo_, § lxxxix. " "E el home q̃ este haze e mas vino beue dizen que es BAHADUR, que dizen elles por homem rezio."—Do. § cxii. 1407.—"The Prince mounted, escorted by a troop of BAHADURS, who were always about his person."—_Abdurrazāk's Hist._ in _Not. et Ext._ xiv. 126. 1536.—(As a proper name.) "Itaq̃ ille potentissimus Rex BADUR, Indiae universae terror, a quo nonulli regnũ Pori maximi quõdam regis teneri affirmant...."—Letter from _John III. of Portugal_ to Pope Paul III. Hardly any native name occurs more frequently in the Portuguese Hist. of India than this of _Badur_—viz. Bahādur Shāh, the warlike and powerful king of Guzerat (1526-37), killed in a fray which closed an interview with the Viceroy, Nuno da Cunha, at Diu. 1754.—"The _Kirgeese Tartars_ ... are divided into three _Hordas_, under the Government of a _Khan_. That part which borders on the Russian dominions was under the authority of _Jean Beek_, whose name on all occasions was honoured with the title of BATER."—_Hanway_, i. 239. The name _Jean Beek_ is probably _Janibek_, a name which one finds among the hordes as far back as the early part of the 14th century (see _Ibn Batuta_, ii. 397). 1759.—"From Shah Alum BAHADRE, son of Alum Guire, the Great Mogul, and successor of the Empire, to Colonel Sabut Jung BAHADRE" (_i.e._ Clive).—Letter in _Long_, p. 163. We have said that the title _Behauder_ (_Bahādur_) was one by which Hyder Ali of Mysore was commonly known in his day. Thus in the two next quotations: 1781.—"Sheikh Hussein upon the guard tells me that our army has beat the BEHAUDER [_i.e._ Hyder Ali], and that peace was making. Another sepoy in the afternoon tells us that the BEHAUDER had destroyed our army, and was besieging Madras."—_Captivity of Hon. John Lindsay_, in _Lives of the Lindsays_, iii. 296. 1800.—"One lac of BEHAUDRY pagodas."—_Wellington_, i. 148. 1801.—"Thomas, who was much in liquor, now turned round to his _sowars_, and said—'Could any one have stopped Sahib BAHAUDOOR at this gate but one month ago?' 'No, no,' replied they; on which——"—_Skinner, Mil. Mem._ i. 236. 1872.—"... the word 'BAHÁDUR' ... (at the Mogul's Court) ... was only used as an epithet. Ahmed Shah used it as a title and ordered his name to be read in the Friday prayer as 'Mujahid ud dín Muhammad Abú naçr Ahmad Sháh BAHÁDUR. Hence also '_Kampaní_ BAHADUR,' the name by which the E. I. Company is still known in India. The modern 'Khan BAHÁDUR' is, in Bengal, by permission assumed by Muhammedan Deputy Magistrates, whilst Hindu Deputy Magistrates assume 'Rái BAHÁDUR'; it stands, of course, for 'Khán-i-BAHÁDUR,' 'the courageous Khán.' The compound, however, is a modern abnormal one; for 'Khán' was conferred by the Dihli Emperors, and so also 'Bahádur' and 'Bahádur Khán,' but not 'Khán Bahádur.'"—_Prof. Blochmann_, in _Ind. Antiquary_, i. 261. 1876.—"Reverencing at the same time bravery, dash, and boldness, and loving their freedom, they (the Kirghiz) were always ready to follow the standard of any BATYR, or hero, ... who might appear on the stage."—_Schuyler's Turkistan_, i. 33. 1878.—"Peacock feathers for some of the subordinate officers, a yellow jacket for the successful general, and the bestowal of the Manchoo title of BATURU, or 'Brave,' on some of the most distinguished brigadiers, are probably all the honours which await the return of a triumphal army. The reward which fell to the share of 'Chinese Gordon' for the part he took in the suppression of the Taiping rebellion was a yellow jacket, and the title of _Baturu_ has lately been bestowed on Mr Mesny for years of faithful service against the rebels in the province of Kweichow."—_Saturday Rev._, Aug. 10, p. 182. " "There is nothing of the great BAHAWDER about him."—_Athenaeum_, No. 2670, p. 851. 1879.—"This strictly prohibitive Proclamation is issued by the Provincial Administrative Board of Likim ... and Chang, Brevet-Provincial Judge, chief of the Foochow Likim Central Office, Taot'ai for special service, and BAT'URU with the title of 'Awe-inspiring Brave'"—Transl. of _Proclamation against the cultivation of the Poppy_ in Foochow, July 1879. BAHIRWUTTEEA, s. Guj. _bāhirwatū_. A species of outlawry in Guzerat; _bāhirwatīā_, the individual practising the offence. It consists "in the Rajpoots or GRASSIAS making their ryots and dependants quit their native village, which is suffered to remain waste; the _Grassia_ with his brethren then retires to some asylum, whence he may carry on his depredations with impunity. Being well acquainted with the country, and the redress of injuries being common cause with the members of every family, the _Bahirwutteea_ has little to fear from those who are not in the immediate interest of his enemy, and he is in consequence enabled to commit very extensive mischief."—_Col. Walker_, quoted in _Forbes, Rās Māla_, 2nd ed., p. 254-5. Col. Walker derives the name from _bāhir_, 'out,' and _wāt_, 'a road.' [Tod, in a note to the passage quoted below, says "this term is a compound of _bār_ (_bāhir_) and _wuttan_ (_wat̤an_), literally _ex patriâ_."] [1829.—"This petty chieftain, who enjoyed the distinctive epithet of outlaw (_barwattia_), was of the Sonigurra clan."...—_Pers. Narr._, in _Annals of Raj_. (Calcutta reprint), i. 724.] The origin of most of the brigandage in Sicily is almost what is here described in Kattiwār. BAIKREE, s. The Bombay name for the BARKING-DEER. It is Guzarātī _bekṛī_; and acc. to Jerdon and [Blandford, _Mammalia_, 533] Mahr. _bekra_ or _bekar_, but this is not in Molesworth's Dict. [Forsyth (_Highlands of C. I._, p. 470) gives the Gond and Korku names as _Bherki_, which may be the original]. 1879.—"Any one who has shot BAIKRI on the spurs of the Ghats can tell how it is possible unerringly to mark down these little beasts, taking up their position for the day in the early dawn."—_Overl. Times of India_, Suppt. May 12, 7_b_. BAJRA, s. H. _bājrā_ and _bājrī_ (_Penicillaria spicata_, Willden.). One of the tall millets forming a dry crop in many parts of India. Forbes calls it _bahjeree_ (_Or. Mem._ ii. 406; [2nd ed. i. 167), and _bajeree_ (i. 23)]. 1844.—"The ground (at Maharajpore) was generally covered with BAJREE, full 5 or 6 feet high."—_Lord Ellenborough_, in _Ind. Admin._ 414. BĀKIR-KHĀNĪ, s. P.—H. _bāqir-khānī_; a kind of cake almost exactly resembling pie-crust, said to owe its name to its inventor, _Bākir Khān_. [1871.—"The best kind (of native cakes) are BAKA KANAH and '_sheer mahl_' (SHEER-MAUL)."—_Riddell, Ind. Domest. Econ._ 386.] BALÁCHONG, BLACHONG, s. Malay _balāchān_; [acc. to Mr Skeat the standard Malay is _blachan_, in full _belachan_.] The characteristic condiment of the Indo-Chinese and Malayan races, composed of prawns, sardines, and other small fish, allowed to ferment in a heap, and then mashed up with salt. [Mr Skeat says that it is often, if not always, trodden out like grapes.] Marsden calls it 'a species of caviare,' which is hardly fair to caviare. It is the _ngāpi_ (NGAPEE) of the Burmese, and _trāsi_ of the Javanese, and is probably, as Crawfurd says, the Roman _garum_. One of us, who has witnessed the process of preparing _ngāpi_ on the island of Negrais, is almost disposed to agree with the Venetian Gasparo Balbi (1583), who says "he would rather smell a dead dog, to say nothing of eating it" (f. 125_v_). But when this experience is absent it may be more tolerable. 1688.—Dampier writes it BALACHAUN, ii. 28. 1727.—"_Bankasay_ is famous for making BALLICHANG, a Sauce made of dried Shrimps, Cod-pepper, Salt, and a Sea-weed or Grass, all well mixed and beaten up to the Consistency of thick Mustard."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 194. The same author, in speaking of Pegu, calls the like sauce _Prock_ (44), which was probably the Talain name. It appears also in Sonnerat under the form _Prox_ (ii. 305). 1784.—"BLACHANG ... is esteemed a great delicacy among the Malays, and is by them exported to the west of India.... It is a species of caviare, and is extremely offensive and disgusting to persons who are not accustomed to it."—_Marsden's H. of Sumatra_, 2nd ed. 57. [1871.—Riddell (_Ind. Domest. Econ._ p. 227) gives a receipt for BALLACHONG, of which the basis is prawns, to which are added chillies, salt, garlic, tamarind juice, &c.] 1883.—"... BLACHANG—a Malay preparation much relished by European lovers of decomposed cheese...."—_Miss Bird, Golden Chersonese_, 96. BALAGHAUT, used as n.p.; P. _bālā_, 'above,' H. Mahr., &c., _ghāt_, 'a pass,'—the country 'above the passes,' _i.e._ above the passes over the range of mountains which we call the "Western GHAUTS." The mistaken idea that _ghāt_ means 'mountains' causes Forbes to give a nonsensical explanation, cited below. The expression may be illustrated by the old Scotch phrases regarding "below and above the Pass" of so and so, implying Lowlands and Highlands. c. 1562.—"All these things were brought by the Moors, who traded in pepper which they brought from the hills where it grew, by land in Bisnega, and BALAGATE, and Cambay."—_Correa_, ed. Ld. Stanley, Hak. Soc. p. 344. 1563.—"_R._ Let us get on horseback and go for a ride; and as we go you shall tell me what is the meaning of _Nizamosha_ (NIZAMALUCO), for you often speak to me of such a person. "_O._ I will tell you now that he is King in the BAGALATE (misprint for _Balagate_), whose father I have often attended medically, and the son himself sometimes. From him I have received from time to time more than 12,000 PARDAOS; and he offered me a salary of 40,000 pardaos if I would visit him for so many months every year, but I would not accept."—_Garcia de Orta_, f. 33_v_. 1598.—"This high land on the toppe is very flatte and good to build upon, called BALAGATTE."—_Linschoten_, 20; [Hak. Soc. i. 65; cf. i. 235]. " "BALLAGATE, that is to say, above the hill, for _Balla_ is above, and _Gate_ is a hill...."—_Ibid._ 49; [Hak. Soc. i. 169]. 1614.—"The coast of Coromandel, BALAGATT or Telingana."—_Sainsbury_, i. 301. 1666.—"BALAGATE est une des riches Provinces du Grand Mogol.... Elle est au midi de celle de Candich."—_Thevenot_, v. 216. 1673.—"... opening the ways to BALIGAOT, that Merchants might with safety bring down their Goods to Port."—_Fryer_, 78. c. 1760.—"The BALL-A-GAT Mountains, which are extremely high, and so called from _Bal_, mountain, and _gatt_, flat [!], because one part of them affords large and delicious plains on their summit, little known to Europeans."—_Grose_, i. 231. This is nonsense, but the following are also absurd misdescriptions:— 1805.—"BALA GHAUT, the higher or upper _Gaut_ or _Ghaut_, a range of mountains so called to distinguish them from the Payen Ghauts, the lower Ghauts or Passes."—_Dict. of Words used in E. Indies_, 28. 1813.—"In some parts this tract is called the BALLA-GAUT, or high mountains; to distinguish them from the lower Gaut, nearer the sea."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 206; [2nd ed. i. 119]. BALASORE, n.p. A town and district of Orissa; the site of one of the earliest English factories in the "BAY," established in 1642, and then an important seaport; supposed to be properly _Bāleśvara_, Skt. _bāla_, 'strong,' _īśvara_, 'lord,' perhaps with reference to Krishna. Another place of the same name in Madras, an isolated peak, 6762′ high, lat. 11° 41′ 43″, is said to take its name from the Asura Bana. 1676.— "When in the vale of BALASER I fought, And from Bengal the captive Monarch brought." _Dryden, Aurungzebe_, ii. 1. 1727.—"The Sea-shore of BALASORE being very low, and the Depths of Water very gradual from the Strand, make Ships in BALLASORE Road keep a good Distance from the Shore; for in 4 or 5 Fathoms, they ride 3 Leagues off."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 397. BALASS, s. A kind of ruby, or rather a rose-red spinelle. This is not an Anglo-Indian word, but it is a word of Asiatic origin, occurring frequently in old travellers. It is a corruption of _Balakhshī_, a popular form of _Badakhshī_, because these rubies came from the famous mines on the Upper Oxus, in one of the districts subject to Badakhshān. [See _Vambéry, Sketches_, 255; _Ball, Tavernier_, i. 382 _n._] c. 1350.—"The mountains of Badakhshān have given their name to the Badakhshi ruby, vulgarly called _al_-BALAKHSH."—_Ibn Batuta_, iii. 59, 394. 1404.—"Tenia (Tamerlan) vestido vna ropa et vn paño de seda raso sin lavores e ẽ la cabeça tenia vn sombrero blãco alto con un BALAX en cima e con aljofar e piedras."—_Clavijo_, § cx. 1516.—"These BALASSES are found in Balaxayo, which is a kingdom of the mainland near Pegu and Bengal."—_Barbosa_, 213. This is very bad geography for Barbosa, who is usually accurate and judicious, but it is surpassed in much later days. 1581.—"I could never understand from whence those that be called BALASSI come."—_Caesar Fredericke_, in _Hakl._ ii. 372. [1598.—"The BALLAYESES are likewise sold by weight."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 156.] 1611.—"Of BALLACE Rubies little and great, good and bad, there are single two thousand pieces" (in Akbar's treasury).—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, i. 217. [1616.—"Fair pearls, BALLAST rubies."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 243.] 1653.—"Les Royaumes de Pegou, d'où viennent les rubis BALETS."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, 126. 1673.—"The last sort is called a BALLACE Ruby, which is not in so much esteem as the Spinell, because it is not so well coloured."—_Fryer_, 215. 1681.—"... ay ciertos BALAXES, que llmana candidos, que son como los diamantes."—_Martinez de la Puente_, 12. 1689.—"... The BALACE Ruby is supposed by some to have taken its name from _Palatium_, or Palace; ... the most probable Conjecture is that of _Marcus Paulus Venetus_, that it is borrow'd from the Country, where they are found in greatest Plentie...."—_Ovington_, 588. BALCONY, s. Not an Anglo-Indian word, but sometimes regarded as of Oriental origin; a thing more than doubtful. The etymology alluded to by Mr. Schuyler and by the lamented William Gill in the quotations below, is not new, though we do not know who first suggested it. Neither do we know whether the word _balagani_, which Erman (_Tr. in Siberia_, E. T. i. 115) tells us is the name given to the wooden booths at the Nijnei Fair, be the same P. word or no. Wedgwood, Littré, [and the _N.E.D._] connect _balcony_ with the word which appears in English as _balk_, and with the Italian _balco_, 'a scaffolding' and the like, also used for 'a box' at the play. _Balco_, as well as _palco_, is a form occurring in early Italian. Thus Franc. da Buti, commenting on Dante (1385-87), says: "_Balco_ è luogo alto doue si monta e scende." Hence naturally would be formed _balcone_, which we have in Giov. Villani, in Boccaccio and in Petrarch. Manuzzi (_Vocabolario It._) defines _balcone_ as = _finestra_ (?). It may be noted as to the modern pronunciation that whilst ordinary mortals (including among verse-writers Scott and Lockhart, Tennyson and Hood) accent the word as a dactyl (_bālcŏny̆_), the _crême de la crême_, if we are not mistaken, makes it, or did in the last generation make it, as Cowper does below, an amphibrach (_bălcōny̆_): "Xanthus his name with those of heavenly birth, But called Scamander by the sons of earth!" [According to the _N.E.D._ the present pronunciation, "which," said Sam. Rogers, "makes me sick," was established about 1825.] c. 1348.—"E al continuo v'era pieno di belle donne a' BALCONI."—_Giov. Villani_, x. 132-4. c. 1340-50.— "Il figliuol di Latona avea già nove Volte guardato dal BALCON sovrano, Per quella, ch'alcun tempo mosse I suoi sospir, ed or gli altrui commove in vano." _Petrarca, Rime_, Pte. i. Sonn. 35, ed. Pisa, 1805. c. 1340-50.— "Ma si com' uom talor che piange, a parte Vede cosa che gli occhi, e 'l cor alletta, Così colei per ch'io son in prigione Standosi ad un BALCONE, Che fù sola a' suoi di cosa perfetta Cominciai a mirar con tale desío Che me stesso, e 'l mio mal pose in oblío: I'era in terra, e 'l cor mio in Paradiso." _Petrarca, Rime_, Pte. ii. Canzone 4. 1645-52.—"When the King sits to do Justice, I observe that he comes into the BALCONE that looks into the Piazza."—_Tavernier_, E. T. ii. 64; [ed. _Ball_, i. 152]. 1667.—"And be it further enacted, That in the Front of all Houses, hereafter to be erected in any such Streets as by Act of Common Council shall be declared to be High Streets, _Balconies_ Four Foot broad with Rails and Bars of Iron ... shall be placed...."—Act 19 Car. II., cap. 3, sect. 13. (Act for Rebuilding the City of London.) 1783. "At Edmonton his loving wife From the BALCŌNY spied Her tender husband, wond'ring much To see how he did ride." _John Gilpin._ 1805.— "For from the lofty BALCŎNY, Rung trumpet, shalm and psaltery." _Lay of the Last Minstrel._ 1833.— "Under tower and BALCŎNY, By garden-wall and gallery, A gleaming shape she floated by, Dead pale between the houses high." _Tennyson's Lady of Shalott._ 1876.—"The houses (in Turkistan) are generally of but one story, though sometimes there is a small upper room called _bala-khana_ (P. _bala_, upper, and _khana_, room) whence we get our BALCONY."—_Schuyler's Turkistan_, i. 120. 1880.—"_Bālā khānă_ means 'upper house,' or 'upper place,' and is applied to the room built over the archway by which the _chăppă khānă_ is entered, and from it, by the way, we got our word 'BALCONY.'"—MS. Journal in Persia of _Captain W. J. Gill_, R.E. BALOON, BALLOON, &c., s. A rowing vessel formerly used in various parts of the Indies, the basis of which was a large canoe, or 'dug-out.' There is a Mahr. word _balyānw_, a kind of barge, which is probably the original. [See _Bombay Gazetteer_, xiv. 26.] 1539.—"E embarcando-se ... partio, eo forão accompanhando dez ou doze BALÕES ate a Ilha de Upe...."—_Pinto_, ch. xiv. 1634.— "Neste tempo da terra para a armada BALÕES, e cal' luzes cruzar vimos...." _Malaca Conquistada_, iii. 44. 1673.—"The President commanded his own BALOON (a Barge of State, of Two and Twenty Oars) to attend me."—_Fryer_, 70. 1755.—"The Burmas has now Eighty BALLONGS, none of which as [_sic_] great Guns."—Letter from _Capt. R. Jackson_, in _Dalrymple Or. Repert._ i. 195. 1811.—"This is the simplest of all boats, and consists merely of the trunk of a tree hollowed out, to the extremities of which pieces of wood are applied, to represent a stern and prow; the two sides are boards joined by rottins or small bambous without nails; no iron whatsoever enters into their construction.... The BALAUMS are used in the district of Chittagong."—_Solvyns_, iii. BALSORA, BUSSORA, &c., n.p. These old forms used to be familiar from their use in the popular version of the Arabian Nights after Galland. The place is the sea-port city of _Basra_ at the mouth of the Shat-al-'Arab, or United Euphrates and Tigris. [Burton (_Ar. Nights_, x. 1) writes _Bassorah_.] 1298.—"There is also on the river as you go from Baudas to Kisi, a great city called BASTRA surrounded by woods in which grow the best dates in the world."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. i. ch. 6. c. 1580.—"BALSARA, altrimente detta BASSORA, è una città posta nell' Arabia, la quale al presente e signoreggiata dal Turco ... è città di gran negocio di spetiarie, di droghe, e altre merci che uengono di Ormus; è abondante di dattoli, risi, e grani."—_Balbi_, f. 32_f_. [1598.—"The town of BALSORA; also BASSORA."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. i. 45.] 1671.— "From Atropatia and the neighbouring plains Of Adiabene, Media, and the south Of Susiana to BALSARA'S Haven...." _Paradise Regained_, iii. 1747.—"He (the Prest. of Bombay) further advises us that they have wrote our Honble. Masters of the Loss of Madrass by way of BUSSERO, the 7th of November."—_Ft. St. David Consn._, 8th January 1746-7. MS. in India Office. [Also see CONGO.] BALTY, s. H. _bāltī_, 'a bucket,' [which Platts very improbably connects with Skt. _vări_, 'water'], is the Port. _balde_. BÁLWAR, s. This is the native servant's form of 'barber,' shaped by the 'striving after meaning' as _bālwār_, for _bālwālā_, _i.e._ 'capillarius,' 'hair-man.' It often takes the further form BĀL-BŪR, another factitious hybrid, shaped by P. _būrīdan_, 'to cut,' quasi 'hair-cutter.' But though now obsolete, there was also (see both _Meninski_ and _Vullers_ s.v.) a Persian word _bărbăr_, for a barber or surgeon, from which came this Turkish term "Le _Berber_-bachi, qui fait la barbe au Pacha," which we find (c. 1674) in the Appendix to the journal of Antoine Galland, pubd. at Paris, 1881 (ii. 190). It looks as if this must have been an early loan from Europe. BAMBOO, s. Applied to many gigantic grasses, of which _Bambusa arundinacea_ and _B. vulgaris_ are the most commonly cultivated; but there are many other species of the same and allied genera in use; natives of tropical Asia, Africa, and America. This word, one of the commonest in Anglo-Indian daily use, and thoroughly naturalised in English, is of exceedingly obscure origin. According to Wilson it is Canarese _bănbŭ_ [or as the _Madras Admin. Man._ (_Gloss._ s.v.) writes it, _bombu_, which is said to be "onomatopaeic from the crackling and explosions when they burn"]. Marsden inserts it in his dictionary as good Malay. Crawfurd says it is certainly used on the west coast of Sumatra as a native word, but that it is elsewhere unknown to the Malay languages. The usual Malay word is _buluh_. He thinks it more likely to have found its way into English from Sumatra than from Canara. But there is evidence enough of its familiarity among the Portuguese before the end of the 16th century to indicate the probability that we adopted the word, like so many others, through them. We believe that the correct Canarese word is _baṇwu_. In the 16th century the form in the Concan appears to have been _mambu_, or at least it was so represented by the Portuguese. Rumphius seems to suggest a quaint _onomatopoeia_: "vehementissimos edunt ictus et sonitus, quum incendio comburuntur, quando notum ejus nomen _Bambu, Bambu_, facile exauditur."—(_Herb. Amb._ iv. 17.) [Mr. Skeat writes: "Although _buluh_ is the standard Malay, and _bambu_ apparently introduced, I think _bambu_ is the form used in the low Javanese vernacular, which is quite a different language from high Javanese. Even in low Javanese, however, it may be a borrowed word. It looks curiously like a trade corruption of the common Malay word _samambu_, which means the well-known 'Malacca cane,' both the bamboo and the Malacca cane being articles of export. Klinkert says that the _samambu_ is a kind of rattan, which was used as a walking-stick, and which was called the Malacca cane by the English. This Malacca cane and the rattan 'bamboo cane' referred to by Sir H. Yule must surely be identical. The fuller Malay name is actually _rotan samambu_, which is given as the equivalent of _Calamus Scipionum_, Lour. by Mr. Ridley in his Plant List (_J.R.A.S._, July 1897).] The term applied to _ṭābāshīr_ (TABASHEER), a siliceous concretion in the bamboo, in our first quotation seems to show that _bambu_ or _mambu_ was one of the words which the Portuguese inherited from an earlier use by Persian or Arab traders. But we have not been successful in finding other proof of this. With reference to _sakkar-mambu_ Ritter says: "That this drug (_Tabashir_), as a product of the bamboo-cane, is to this day known in India by the name of _Sacar Mambu_ is a thing which no one needs to be told" (ix. 334). But in fact the name seems now entirely unknown. It is possible that the Canarese word is a vernacular corruption, or development, of the Skt. _vaṇśa_ [or _vambha_], from the former of which comes the H. _bāṇs_. _Bamboo_ does not occur, so far as we can find, in any of the _earlier_ 16th-century books, which employ _canna_ or the like. In England the term _bamboo-cane_ is habitually applied to a kind of walking-stick, which is formed not from any bamboo but from a species of _rattan_. It may be noted that some 30 to 35 years ago there existed along the high road between Putney Station and West Hill a garden fence of bamboos of considerable extent; it often attracted the attention of one of the present writers. 1563.—"The people from whom it (_tabashir_) is got call it _sacar_-MAMBUM ... because the canes of that plant are called by the Indians MAMBU."—_Garcia_, f. 194. 1578.—"Some of these (canes), especially in Malabar, are found so large that the people make use of them as boats (_embarcaciones_) not opening them out, but cutting one of the canes right across and using the natural knots to stop the ends, and so a couple of naked blacks go upon it ... each of them at his own end of the MAMBU [in orig. _mãbu_] (so they call it), being provided with two paddles, one in each hand ... and so upon a cane of this kind the folk pass across, and sitting with their legs clinging naked."—_C. Acosta, Tractado_, 296. Again: "... and many people on that river (of Cranganor) make use of these canes in place of boats, to be safe from the numerous Crocodiles or _Caymoins_ (as they call them) which are in the river (which are in fact great and ferocious lizards)" [_lagartos_].—_Ibid._ 297. These passages are curious as explaining, if they hardly justify, Ctesias, in what we have regarded as one of his greatest bounces, viz. his story of Indian canes big enough to be used as boats. 1586.—"All the houses are made of canes, which they call BAMBOS, and bee covered with Strawe."—_Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 391. 1598.—"... a thicke reede as big as a man's legge, which is called BAMBUS."—_Linschoten_, 56; [Hak. Soc. i. 195]. 1608.—"Iava multas producit arundines grossas, quas MANBU vocant."—_Prima Pars Desc. Itin. Navalis in Indiam_ (Houtman's _Voyage_), p. 36. c. 1610.—"Les Portugais et les Indiens ne se seruent point d'autres bastons pour porter leurs palanquins ou litieres. Ils l'appellent partout BAMBOU."—_Pyrard_, i. 237; [Hak. Soc. i. 329]. 1615.—"These two kings (of Camboja and Siam) have neyther Horses, nor any fiery Instruments: but make use only of bowes, and a certaine kind of pike, made of a knottie wood like Canes, called BAMBUC, which is exceeding strong, though pliant and supple for vse."—_De Monfart_, 33. 1621.—"These Forts will better appeare by the Draught thereof, herewith sent to your Worships, inclosed in a BAMBOO."—Letter in _Purchas_, i. 699. 1623.—"Among the other trees there was an immense quantity of BAMBÙ, or very large Indian canes, and all clothed and covered with pretty green foliage that went creeping up them."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 640; [Hak. Soc. ii. 220]. c. 1666.—"Cette machine est suspendue à une longue barre que l'on appelle PAMBOU."—_Thevenot_, v. 162. (This spelling recurs throughout a chapter describing palankins, though elsewhere the traveller writes _bambou_.) 1673.—"A BAMBO, which is a long hollow cane."—_Fryer_, 34. 1727.—"The City (Ava) tho' great and populous, is only built of BAMBOU canes."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 47. 1855.—"When I speak of bamboo huts, I mean to say that post and walls, wall-plates and rafters, floor and thatch and the withes that bind them, are all of bamboo. In fact it might almost be said that among the Indo-Chinese nations the staff of life is _a_ BAMBOO. Scaffolding and ladders, landing-jetties, fishing apparatus, irrigation-wheels and scoops, oars, masts and yards, spears and arrows, hats and helmets, bow, bow-string and quiver, oil-cans, water-stoups and cooking-pots, pipe-sticks, conduits, clothes-boxes, pan-boxes, dinner-trays, pickles, preserves, and melodious musical instruments, torches, footballs, cordage, bellows, mats, paper, these are but a few of the articles that are made from the bamboo."—_Yule, Mission to Ava_, p. 153. To these may be added, from a cursory inspection of a collection in one of the museums at Kew, combs, mugs, sun-blinds, cages, grotesque carvings, brushes, fans, shirts, sails, teapots, pipes and harps. Bamboos are sometimes popularly distinguished (after a native idiom) as male and female; the latter embracing all the common species with hollow stems, the former title being applied to a certain kind (in fact, a sp. of a distinct genus, _Dendrocalamus strictus_), which has a solid or nearly solid core, and is much used for bludgeons (see LATTEE) and spear-shafts. It is remarkable that this popular distinction by sex was known to Ctesias (c. B.C. 400) who says that the Indian reeds were divided into male and female, the male having no ἐντερώνην. One of the present writers has seen (and partaken of) rice cooked in a joint of bamboo, among the Khyens, a hill-people of Arakan. And Mr Markham mentions the same practice as prevalent among the Chunchos and savage aborigines on the eastern slopes of the Andes (_J. R. Geog. Soc._ xxv. 155). An endeavour was made in Pegu in 1855 to procure the largest obtainable bamboo. It was a little over 10 inches in diameter. But Clusius states that he had seen two great specimens in the University at Leyden, 30 feet long and from 14 to 16 inches in diameter. And E. Haeckel, in his _Visit to Ceylon_ (1882), speaks of bamboo-stems at Peridenia, "each from a foot to two feet thick." We can obtain no corroboration of anything approaching 2 feet.—[See Gray's note on _Pyrard_, Hak. Soc. i. 330.] BAMÓ, n.p. Burm. _Bha-maw_, Shan _Manmaw_; in Chinese _Sin-Kai_, 'New-market.' A town on the upper Irawadi, where one of the chief routes from China abuts on that river; regarded as the early home of the Karens. [(_McMahon, Karens of the Golden Cher._, 103.)] The old Shan town of Bamó was on the Tapeng R., about 20 m. east of the Irawadi, and it is supposed that the English factory alluded to in the quotations was there. [1684.—"A Settlement at _Bammoo_ upon the confines of China."—_Pringle, Madras Cons._, iii. 102.] 1759.—"This branch seems formerly to have been driven from the Establishment at _Prammoo_."—_Dalrymple, Or. Rep._, i. 111. BANANA, s. The fruit of _Musa paradisaica_, and _M. sapientum_ of Linnaeus, but now reduced to one species under the latter name by R. Brown. This word is not used in India, though one hears it in the Straits Settlements. The word itself is said by De Orta to have come from Guinea; so also Pigafetta (see below). The matter will be more conveniently treated under PLANTAIN. Prof. Robertson Smith points out that the coincidence of this name with the Ar. _banān_, 'fingers or toes,' and _banāna_, 'a single finger or toe,' can hardly be accidental. The fruit, as we learn from Muḳaddasī, grew in Palestine before the Crusades; and that it is known in literature only as _mauz_ would not prove that the fruit was not somewhere popularly known as 'fingers.' It is possible that the Arabs, through whom probably the fruit found its way to W. Africa, may have transmitted with it a name like this; though historical evidence is still to seek. [Mr. Skeat writes: "It is curious that in Norwegian and Danish (and I believe in Swedish), the exact Malay word _pisang_, which is unknown in England, is used. Prof. Skeat thinks this may be because we had adopted the word _banana_ before the word _pisang_ was brought to Europe at all."] 1563.—"The Arab calls these _musa_ or _amusa_; there are chapters on the subject in Avicenna and Serapion, and they call them by this name, as does Rasis also. Moreover, in Guinea they have these figs, and call them BANANAS."—_Garcia_, 93_v_. 1598.—"Other fruits there are termed BANANA, which we think to be the _Muses_ of Egypt and Soria ... but here they cut them yearly, to the end they may bear the better."—Tr. of _Pigafetta's Congo_, in Harleian Coll. ii. 553 (also in _Purchas_, ii. 1008.) c. 1610.—"Des _bannes_ (marginal rubric BANNANES) que les Portugais appellent figues d'Inde, et aux Maldives _Quella_."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 85; [Hak. Soc. i. 113]. The Maldive word is here the same as H. _kelā_ (Skt. _kadala_). 1673.—"BONANOES, which are a sort of _Plantain_, though less, yet much more grateful."—_Fryer_, 40. 1686.—"The BONANO tree is exactly like the Plantain for shape and bigness, not easily distinguishable from it but by the Fruit, which is a great deal smaller."—_Dampier_, i. 316. BANCHOOT, BETEECHOOT, ss. Terms of abuse, which we should hesitate to print if their odious meaning were not obscure "to the general." If it were known to the Englishmen who sometimes use the words, we believe there are few who would not shrink from such brutality. Somewhat similar in character seem the words which Saul in his rage flings at his noble son (1 Sam. xx. 30). 1638.—"L'on nous monstra à vne demy lieue de la ville vn sepulchre, qu'ils appellent BETY-CHUIT, c'est à dire la vergogne de la fille decouverte."—_Mandelslo_, Paris, 1659, 142. See also _Valentijn_, iv. 157. There is a handsome tomb and mosque to the N. of Ahmedabad, erected by Hajji Malik Bahā-ud-dīn, a wazīr of Sultan Mohammed Bigara, in memory of his wife _Bībī Achut_ or _Achhūt_; and probably the vile story to which the 17th-century travellers refer is founded only on a vulgar misrepresentation of this name. 1648.—"BETY-CHUIT; dat is (onder eerbredinge gesproocken) in onse tale te seggen, u Dochters Schaemelheyt."—_Van Twist_, 16. 1792.—"The officer (of Tippoo's troops) who led, on being challenged in Moors answered (_Agari que logue_), 'We belong to the advance'—the title of Lally's brigade, supposing the people he saw to be their own Europeans, whose uniform also is red; but soon discovering his mistake the commandant called out (_Feringhy_ BANCHOOT!—_chelow_) 'they are the rascally English! Make off'; in which he set the corps a ready example."—_Dirom's Narrative_, 147. BANCOCK, n.p. The modern capital of Siam, properly _Bang-kok_; see explanation by Bp. Pallegoix in quotation. It had been the site of forts erected on the ascent of the Menam to the old capital Ayuthia, by Constantine Phaulcon in 1675; here the modern city was established as the seat of government in 1767, after the capture of Ayuthia (see JUDEA) by the Burmese in that year. It is uncertain if the first quotation refer to BANCOCK. 1552.—"... and BAMPLACOT, which stands at the mouth of the Menam."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1. 1611.—"They had arrived in the Road of _Syam_ the fifteenth of August, and cast Anchor at three fathome high water.... The Towne lyeth some thirtie leagues vp along the Riuer, whither they sent newes of their arrivall. The Sabander (see SHAHBUNDER) and the Governor of MANCOCK (a place scituated by the Riuer), came backe with the Messengers to receiue his Majesties Letters, but chiefly for the presents expected."—_P. Williamson Floris_, in _Purchas_, i. 321. 1727.—The Ship arrived at BENCOCK, a Castle about half-way up, where it is customary for all Ships to put their Guns ashore."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 363. 1850.—"Civitas regia tria habet nomina: ... _ban măkōk_, per contractionem BANGKŌK, pagus oleastrorum, est nomen primitivum quod hodie etiam vulgo usurpatur."—_Pallegoix, Gram. Linguae Thai._, Bangkok, 1850, p. 167. BANDANNA, s. This term is properly applied to the rich yellow or red silk handkerchief, with diamond spots left white by pressure applied to prevent their receiving the dye. The etymology may be gathered from Shakespear's Dict., which gives "_Bāndhnū_: 1. A mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied in different places, to prevent the parts tied from receiving the dye;... 3. A kind of silk cloth." A class or caste in Guzerat who do this kind of preparation for dyeing are called _Bandhārā_ (_Drummond_). [Such handkerchiefs are known in S. India as PULICAT handkerchiefs. Cloth dyed in this way is in Upper India known as _Chūnrī_. A full account of the process will be found in _Journ. Ind. Art_, ii. 63, and _S. M. Hadi's Mon. on Dyes and Dyeing_, p. 35.] c. 1590.—"His Majesty improved this department in four ways.... _Thirdly_, in stuffs as ... BÁNDHNÚN, _Chhínt_, _Alchah_."—_Āīn_, i. 91. 1752.—"The Cossembazar merchants having fallen short in gurrahs, plain taffaties, ordinary BANDANNOES, and chappas."—In _Long_, 31. 1813.—"BANDANNOES ... 800."—_Milburn_ (List of Bengal Piece-goods, and no. to the ton), ii. 221. 1848.—"Mr Scape, lately admitted partner into the great Calcutta House of Fogle, Fake, and Cracksman ... taking Fake's place, who retired to a princely Park in Sussex (the Fogles have long been out of the firm, and Sir Horace Fogle is about to be raised to the peerage as Baron BANDANNA), ... two years before it failed for a million, and plunged half the Indian public into misery and ruin."—_Vanity Fair_, ii. ch. 25. 1866.—"'Of course,' said Toogood, wiping his eyes with a large red BANDANA handkerchief. 'By all means, come along, Major.' The major had turned his face away, and he also was weeping."—_Last Chronicle of Barset_, ii. 362. 1875.—"In Calcutta Tariff Valuations: 'Piece goods silk: BANDANAH Choppahs, per piece of 7 handkerchiefs ... score ... 115 _Rs._" BANDAREE, s. Mahr. _Bhanḍārī_, the name of the caste or occupation. It is applied at Bombay to the class of people (of a low caste) who tend the coco-palm gardens in the island, and draw toddy, and who at one time formed a local militia. [It has no connection with the more common _Bhândârî_, 'a treasurer or storekeeper.'] 1548.—"... certain duties collected from the BANDARYS who draw the toddy (_sura_) from the aldeas...."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 203. 1644.—"The people ... are all Christians, or at least the greater part of them consisting of artizans, carpenters, _chaudaris_ (this word is manifestly a mistranscription of BANDARIS), whose business is to gather nuts from the coco-palms, and _corumbis_ (see KOONBEE) who till the ground...."—_Bocarro, MS._ 1673.—"The President ... if he go abroad, the BANDARINES and Moors under two Standards march before him."—_Fryer_, 68. " "... besides 60 Field-pieces ready in their Carriages upon occasion to attend the Militia and BANDARINES."—_Ibid._ 66. c. 1760.—"There is also on the island kept up a sort of militia, composed of the land-tillers, and BANDAREES, whose living depends chiefly on the cultivation of the coco-nut trees."—_Grose_, i. 46. 1808.—"... whilst on the BRAB trees the cast of BHUNDAREES paid a due for extracting the liquor."—_Bombay Regulation_, i. of 1808, sect. vi. para. 2. 1810.—"Her husband came home, laden with toddy for distilling. He is a BANDARI or toddy-gatherer."—_Maria Graham_, 26. c. 1836.—"Of the BHUNDAREES the most remarkable usage is their fondness for a peculiar species of long trumpet, called _Bhongalee_, which, ever since the dominion of the Portuguese, they have had the privilege of carrying and blowing on certain State occasions."—_R. Murphy_, in _Tr. Bo. Geog. Soc._ i. 131. 1883.—"We have received a letter from one of the large BHUNDARRIES in the city, pointing out that the tax on toddy trees is now Rs. 18 (? _Rs._ 1, 8 _as._) per tapped toddy tree per annum, whereas in 1872 it was only Re. 1 per tree; ... he urges that the Bombay toddy-drawers are entitled to the privilege of practising their trade free of license, in consideration of the military services rendered by their ancestors in garrisoning Bombay town and island, when the Dutch fleet advanced towards it in 1670."—_Times of India_ (_Mail_), July 17th. BANDEJAH, s. Port. _bandeja_, 'a salver,' 'a tray to put presents on.' We have seen the word used only in the following passages:— 1621.—"We and the Hollanders went to vizet Semi Dono, and we carid hym a bottell of strong water, and an other of Spanish wine, with a great box (or BANDEJA) of sweet bread."—_Cocks's Diary_, ii. 143. [1717.—"Received the _Phirmaund_ (see FIRMAUN) from Captain Boddam in a BANDAYE couered with a rich piece of Atlass (see ATLAS)."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. ccclx.] 1747.—"Making a small Cott (see COT) and a rattan BANDIJAS for the Nabob.... (Pagodas) 4: 32: 21."—_Acct. Expenses at Fort St. David_, Jany., _MS. Records in India Office_. c. 1760.—"(_Betel_) in large companies is brought in ready made up on Japan chargers, which they call from the Portuguese name, BANDEJAHS, something like our tea-boards."—_Grose_, i. 237. 1766.—"To Monurbad Dowla Nabob— R. A. P. 1 Pair Pistols 216 0 0 2 China BANDAZES 172 12 9" —_Lord Clive's Durbar Charges_, in _Long_, 433. BANDEJA appears in the _Manilla Vocabular_ of Blumentritt as used there for the present of cakes and sweetmeats, tastefully packed in an elegant basket, and sent to the priest, from the wedding feast. It corresponds therefore to the Indian _ḍāli_ (see DOLLY). BANDEL, n.p. The name of the old Portuguese settlement in Bengal about a mile above Hoogly, where there still exists a monastery, said to be the oldest church in Bengal (see _Imp. Gazeteer_). The name is a Port. corruption of _bandar_, 'the wharf'; and in this shape the word was applied among the Portuguese to a variety of places. Thus in Correa, under 1541-42, we find mention of a port in the Red Sea, near the mouth, called _Bandel dos Malemos_ ('of the Pilots'). Chittagong is called _Bandel de Chatigão_ (_e.g._ in _Bocarro_, p. 444), corresponding to _Bandar Chātgām_ in the Autobiog. of Jahāngīr (_Elliot_, vi. 326). [In the Diary of Sir T. Roe (see below) it is applied to GOMBROON], and in the following passage the original no doubt runs _Bandar-i-Hūghlī_ or _Hūglī-Bandar_. [1616.—"To this Purpose took BANDELL theyr foort on the Mayne."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. i. 129.] 1631.—"... these Europeans increased in number, and erected large substantial buildings, which they fortified with cannons, muskets, and other implements of war. In due course a considerable place grew up, which was known by the name of PORT OF HŪGLĪ."—_'Abdul Hamīd_, in _Elliot_, vii. 32. 1753.—"... les établissements formés pour assurer leur commerce sont situés sur les bords de cette rivière. Celui des Portugais, qu'ils ont appelé BANDEL, en adoptant le terme Persan de _Bender_, qui signifie port, est aujourd'hui reduit à peu de chose ... et il est presque contigu à Ugli en remontant."—_D'Anville, Éclaircissemens_, p. 64. 1782.—"There are five European factories within the space of 20 miles, on the opposite banks of the river Ganges in Bengal; Houghly, or BANDELL, the Portuguese Presidency; Chinsura, the Dutch; Chandernagore, the French; Sirampore, the Danish; and Calcutta, the English."—_Price's Observations_, &c., p. 51. In _Price's Tracts_, i. BANDICOOT, s. Corr. from the Telegu _pandi-kokku_, lit. 'pig-rat.' The name has spread all over India, as applied to the great rat called by naturalists _Mus malabaricus_ (Shaw), _Mus giganteus_ (Hardwicke), _Mus bandicota_ (Bechstein), [_Nesocia bandicota_ (Blanford, p. 425)]. The word is now used also in Queensland, [and is the origin of the name of the famous _Bendigo_ gold-field (3 ser. _N. & Q._ ix. 97)]. c. 1330.—"In Lesser India there be some rats as big as foxes, and venomous exceedingly."—_Friar Jordanus_, Hak. Soc. 29. c. 1343.—"They imprison in the dungeons (of Dwaigīr, _i.e._ Daulatābād) those who have been guilty of great crimes. There are in those dungeons enormous rats, bigger than cats. In fact, these latter animals run away from them, and can't stand against them, for they would get the worst of it. So they are only caught by stratagem. I have seen these rats at Dwaigīr, and much amazed I was!"—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 47. Fryer seems to exaggerate worse than the Moor: 1673.—"For Vermin, the strongest huge Rats as big as our Pigs, which burrow under the Houses, and are bold enough to venture on Poultry."—_Fryer_, 116. The following surprisingly confounds two entirely different animals: 1789.—"The BANDICOOT, or musk rat, is another troublesome animal, more indeed from its offensive smell than anything else."—_Munro, Narrative_, 32. See MUSK-RAT. [1828.—"They be called BRANDY-CUTES."—_Or. Sporting Mag._ i. 128.] 1879.—"I shall never forget my first night here (on the Cocos Islands). As soon as the Sun had gone down, and the moon risen, thousands upon thousands of rats, in size equal to a BANDICOOT, appeared."—_Pollok, Sport in B. Burmah_, &c., ii. 14. 1880.—"They (wild dogs in Queensland) hunted Kangaroo when in numbers ... but usually preferred smaller and more easily obtained prey, as rats, BANDICOOTS, and 'possums.'"—_Blackwood's Mag._, Jan., p. 65. [1880.—"In England the Collector is to be found riding at anchor in the BANDICOOT Club."—_Aberigh-Mackay, Twenty-one Days_, 87.] BANDICOY, s. The colloquial name in S. India of the fruit of _Hibiscus esculentus_; Tamil _veṇḍai-khāi_, _i.e._ unripe fruit of the _veṇḍai_, called in H. _bhenḍi_. See BENDY. BANDO! H. imperative _bāndho_, 'tie or make fast.' "This and probably other Indian words have been naturalised in the docks on the Thames frequented by Lascar crews. I have heard a London lighter-man, in the Victoria Docks, throw a rope ashore to another Londoner, calling out, BANDO!"—(_M.-Gen. Keatinge._) BANDY, s. A carriage, bullock-carriage, buggy, or cart. This word is usual in both the S. and W. Presidencies, but is unknown in Bengal, and in the N.W.P. It is the Tamil _vaṇḍi_, Telug. _baṇḍi_, 'a cart or vehicle.' The word, as _bendi_, is also used in Java. [Mr Skeat writes—"Klinkert has Mal. _bendi_, 'a chaise or caleche,' but I have not heard the word in standard Malay, though Clifford and Swett. have _bendu_, 'a kind of sedan-chair carried by men,' and the commoner word _tandu_ 'a sedan-chair or litter,' which I have heard in Selangor. Wilkinson says that _kereta_ (_i.e. kreta bendi_) is used to signify any two-wheeled vehicle in Johor."] 1791.—"To be sold, an elegant new and fashionable BANDY, with copper panels, lined with Morocco leather."—_Madras Courier_, 29th Sept. 1800.—"No wheel-carriages can be used in Canara, not even a buffalo-BANDY."—Letter of _Sir T. Munro_, in _Life_, i. 243. 1810.—"None but open carriages are used in Ceylon; we therefore went in BANDIES, or, in plain English, _gigs_."—_Maria Graham_, 88. 1826.—"Those persons who have not European coachmen have the horses of their ... 'BANDIES' or gigs, led by these men.... Gigs and hackeries all go here (in Ceylon) by the name of _bandy_."—_Heber_ (ed. 1844), ii. 152. 1829.—"A mighty solemn old man, seated in an open BUNDY (read _bandy_) (as a gig with a head that has an opening behind is called) at Madras."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 2nd ed. 84. 1860.—"Bullock BANDIES, covered with cajans met us."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 146. 1862.—"At Coimbatore I bought a BANDY or country cart of the simplest construction."—_Markham's Peru and India_, 393. BANG, BHANG, s. H. _bhāng_, the dried leaves and small stalks of hemp (_i.e._ _Cannabis indica_), used to cause intoxication, either by smoking, or when eaten mixed up into a sweetmeat (see MAJOON). _Ḥashīsh_ of the Arabs is substantially the same; Birdwood says it "consists of the tender tops of the plants after flowering." [_Bhang_ is usually derived from Skt. _bhaṇga_, 'breaking,' but Burton derives both it and the Ar. _banj_ from the old Coptic _Nibanj_, "meaning a preparation of hemp; and here it is easy to recognise the Homeric _Nepenthe_." "On the other hand, not a few apply the word to the henbane (_hyoscyamus niger_) so much used in mediæval Europe. The Kámús evidently means henbane, distinguishing it from Hashísh _al haráfísh_, 'rascal's grass,' _i.e._ the herb Pantagruelion.... The use of Bhang doubtless dates from the dawn of civilisation, whose earliest social pleasures would be inebriants. Herodotus (iv. c. 75) shows the Scythians burning the seeds (leaves and capsules) in worship and becoming drunk upon the fumes, as do the S. African Bushmen of the present day."—(_Arab. Nights_, i. 65.)] 1563.—"The great Sultan Badur told Martim Affonzo de Souza, for whom he had a great liking, and to whom he told all his secrets, that when in the night he had a desire to visit Portugal, and the Brazil, and Turkey, and Arabia, and Persia, all he had to do was to eat a little BANGUE...."—_Garcia_, f. 26. 1578.—"BANGUE is a plant resembling hemp, or the Cannabis of the Latins ... the Arabs call this BANGUE '_Axis_'" (_i.e._ Ḥashīsh).—_C. Acosta_, 360-61. 1598.—"They have ... also many kinds of Drogues, as Amfion, or Opium, Camfora, BANGUE and Sandall Wood."—_Linschoten_, 19; [Hak. Soc. i. 61; also see ii. 115]. 1606.—"O mais de tẽpo estava cheo de BANGUE."—_Gouvea_, 93. 1638.—"Il se fit apporter vn petit cabinet d'or ... dont il tira deux layettes, et prit dans l'vne de l'_offion_, ou opium, et dans l'autre du BENGI, qui est vne certaine drogue ou poudre, dont ils se seruent pour s'exciter à la luxure."—_Mandelslo_, Paris, 1659, 150. 1685.—"I have two sorts of the BANGUE, which were sent from two several places of the East Indies; they both differ much from our Hemp, although they seem to differ most as to their magnitude."—_Dr. Hans Sloane to Mr. Ray_, in _Ray's Correspondence_, 1848, p. 160. 1673.—"BANG (a pleasant intoxicating Seed mixed with Milk)...."—_Fryer_, 91. 1711.—"BANG has likewise its Vertues attributed to it; for being used as Tea, it inebriates, or exhilarates them according to the Quantity they take."—_Lockyer_, 61. 1727.—"Before they engage in a Fight, they drink BANG, which is made of a Seed like Hemp-seed, that has an intoxicating Quality."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 131. 1763.—"Most of the troops, as is customary during the agitations of this festival, had eaten plentifully of BANG...."—_Orme_, i. 194. 1784.—"... it does not appear that the use of BANK, an intoxicating weed which resembles the hemp of Europe, ... is considered even by the most rigid (Hindoo) a breach of the law."—_G. Forster, Journey_, ed. 1808, ii. 291. 1789.—"A shop of BANG may be kept with a capital of no more than two shillings, or one rupee. It is only some mats stretched under some tree, where the _Bangeras_ of the town, that is, the vilest of mankind, assemble to drink BANG."—Note on _Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 308. 1868.— "The Hemp—with which we used to hang Our prison pets, yon felon gang,— In Eastern climes produces BANG, Esteemed a drug divine. As Hashish dressed, its magic powers Can lap us in Elysian bowers; But sweeter far our social hours, O'er a flask of rosy wine." _Lord Neaves._ BANGED—is also used as a participle, for 'stimulated by _bang_,' _e.g._ "_banged_ up to the eyes." BANGLE, s. H. _bangṛī_ or _bangrī_. The original word properly means a ring of coloured glass worn on the wrist by women; [the _chūrī_ of N. India;] but _bangle_ is applied to any native ring-bracelet, and also to an _anklet_ or ring of any kind worn on the ankle or leg. Indian silver bangles on the wrist have recently come into common use among English girls. 1803.—"To the _cutwahl_ he gave a heavy pair of gold BANGLES, of which he considerably enhanced the value by putting them on his wrists with his own hands."—Journal of _Sir J. Nicholls_, in note to _Wellington Despatches_, ed. 1837, ii. 373. 1809.—"BANGLES, or bracelets."—_Maria Graham_, 13. 1810.—"Some wear ... a stout silver ornament of the ring kind, called a BANGLE, or _karrah_ [_kaṛā_] on either wrist."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 305. 1826.—"I am paid with the silver BANGLES of my enemy, and his cash to boot."—_Pandurang Hari_, 27; [ed. 1873, i. 36]. 1873.—"Year after year he found some excuse for coming up to Sirmoori—now a proposal for a tax on BANGLES, now a scheme for a new mode of Hindustani pronunciation."—_The True Reformer_, i. 24. BANGUN, s.—See BRINJAUL. BANGUR, s. Hind. _bāngar_. In Upper India this name is given to the higher parts of the plain country on which the towns stand—the older alluvium—in contradistinction to the _khāḍar_ [KHĀDIR] or lower alluvium immediately bordering the great rivers, and forming the limit of their inundation and modern divagations; the _khāḍar_ having been cut out from the _bāngar_ by the river. Medlicott spells _bhāngar_ (_Man. of Geol. of India_, i. 404). BANGY, BANGHY, &c. s. H. _bahaṅgī_, Mahr. _baṅgī_; Skt. _vihaṅgamā_, and _vihaṅgikā_. A. A shoulder-yoke for carrying loads, the yoke or bangy resting on the shoulder, while the load is apportioned at either end in two equal weights, and generally hung by cords. The milkmaid's yoke is the nearest approach to a survival of the bangy-staff in England. Also such a yoke with its pair of baskets or boxes.—(See PITARRAH). B. Hence a parcel post, carried originally in this way, was called BANGY or dawk-BANGY, even when the primitive mode of transport had long become obsolete. "A BANGY parcel" is a parcel received or sent by such post. A.— 1789.— "But I'll give them 2000, with BHANGES and _Coolies_, With elephants, camels, with hackeries and _doolies_." _Letters of Simpkin the Second_, p. 57. 1803.—"We take with us indeed, in six BANGHYS, sufficient changes of linen."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 67. 1810.—"The BANGY-_wollah_, that is the bearer who carries the BANGY, supports the bamboo on his shoulder, so as to equipoise the baskets suspended at each end."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 323. [1843.—"I engaged eight bearers to carry my palankeen. Besides these I had four BANGHY-_burdars_, men who are each obliged to carry forty pound weight, in small wooden or tin boxes, called _petarrahs_."—_Traveller's account, Carey, Good Old Days_, ii. 91.] B.— c. 1844.—"I will forward with this by BHANGY _dâk_ a copy of Capt. Moresby's Survey of the Red Sea."—_Sir G. Arthur_, in _Ind. Admin. of Lord Ellenborough_, p. 221. 1873.—"The officers of his regiment ... subscribed to buy the young people a set of crockery, and a plated tea and coffee service (got up by DAWK BANGHEE ... at not much more than 200 per cent. in advance of the English price."—_The True Reformer_, i. 57. BANJO, s. Though this is a West- and not East-Indian term, it may be worth while to introduce the following older form of the word: 1764.— "Permit thy slaves to lead the choral dance To the wild BANSHAW'S melancholy sound."—_Grainger_, iv. See also _Davies_, for example of BANJORE, [and _N.E.D_ for BANJER]. BANKSHALL, s. A. A warehouse. B. The office of a Harbour Master or other Port Authority. In the former sense the word is still used in S. India; in Bengal the latter is the only sense recognised, at least among Anglo-Indians; in Northern India the word is not in use. As the Calcutta office stands on the _banks_ of the Hoogly, the name is, we believe, often accepted as having some indefinite reference to this position. And in a late work we find a positive and plausible, but entirely unfounded, explanation of this kind, which we quote below. In Java the word has a specific application to the open hall of audience, supported by wooden pillars without walls, which forms part of every princely residence. The word is used in Sea Hindustani, in the forms _bansār_, and _bangsāl_ for a 'store-room' (_Roebuck_). _Bankshall_ is in fact one of the oldest of the words taken up by foreign traders in India. And its use not only by Correa (c. 1561) but by King John (1524), with the regularly-formed Portuguese plural of words in _-al_, shows how early it was adopted by the Portuguese. Indeed, Correa does not even explain it, as is his usual practice with Indian terms. More than one serious etymology has been suggested:—(1). Crawfurd takes it to be the Malay word _bangsal_, defined by him in his Malay Dict. thus: "(J.) A shed; a storehouse; a workshop; a porch; a covered passage" (see _J. Ind. Archip._ iv. 182). [Mr Skeat adds that it also means in Malay 'half-husked paddy,' and 'fallen timber, of which the outer layer has rotted and only the core remains.'] But it is probable that the Malay word, though marked by Crawfurd ("J.") as Javanese in origin, is a corruption of one of the two following: (2) Beng. _baṇkaśāla_, from Skt. _baṇik_ or _vaṇik_, 'trade,' and _śāla_, 'a hall.' This is Wilson's etymology. (3). Skt. _bhāṇḍaśāla_, Canar. _bhaṇdaśāle_, Malayāl. _pāṇḍiśāla_, Tam. _paṇḍaśālai_ or _paṇḍakaśālai_, 'a storehouse or magazine.' It is difficult to decide which of the two last is the original word; the prevalence of the second in S. India is an argument in its favour; and the substitution of _g_ for _ḍ_ would be in accordance with a phonetic practice of not uncommon occurrence. A.— c. 1345.—"For the _bandar_ there is in every island (of the Maldives) a wooden building, which they call BAJANṢĀR [evidently for _banjaṣār_, _i.e._ Arabic spelling for _bangaṣār_] where the Governor ... collects all the goods, and there sells or barters them."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 120. [1520.—"Collected in his BAMGASAL" (in the Maldives).—_Doc. da Torre do Tombo_, p. 452.] 1524.—A grant from K. John to the City of Goa, says: "that henceforward even if no market rent in the city is collected from the BACACÉS, viz. those at which are sold honey, oil, butter, _betre_ (_i.e._ betel), spices, and cloths, for permission to sell such things in the said _bacacés_, it is our pleasure that they shall sell them freely." A note says: "Apparently the word should be _bacaçaes_, or BANCACAES, or _bangaçaes_, which then signified any place to sell things, but now particularly a wooden house."—_Archiv. Portug. Or._, Fasc. ii. 43. 1561.—"... in the BENGAÇAES, in which stand the goods ready for shipment."—_Correa, Lendas_, i. 2, 260. 1610.—The form and use of the word have led P. Teixeira into a curious confusion (as it would seem) when, speaking of foreigners at Ormus, he says: "hay muchos gentiles, Baneanes [see BANYAN], BANGASALYS, y Cambayatys"—where the word in italics probably represents _Bangalys_, _i.e._ Bengālis (_Rel. de Harmuz_, 18). c. 1610.—"Le facteur du Roy chrestien des Maldiues tenoit sa BANQUESALLE ou plustost cellier, sur le bord de la mer en l'isle de Malé."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ed. 1679, i. 65; [Hak. Soc. i. 85; also see i. 267]. 1613.—"The other settlement of Yler ... with houses of wood thatched extends ... to the fields of Tanjonpacer, where there is a BANGASAL or sentry's house without other defense."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 6. 1623.—"BANGSAL, a shed (or barn), or often also a roof without walls to sit under, sheltered from the rain or sun."—_Gaspar Willens, Vocabularium_, &c., ins' Gravenhaage; repr. Batavia, 1706. 1734-5.—"Paid the BANKSHALL Merchants for the house poles, country REAPERS, &c., necessary for housebuilding."—In _Wheeler_, iii. 148. 1748.—"A little below the town of Wampo.... These people (_compradores_) build a house for each ship.... They are called by us BANKSALLS. In these we deposit the rigging and yards of the vessel, chests, water-casks, and every thing that incommodes us aboard."—_A Voyage to the E. Indies_ in 1747 and 1748 (1762), p. 294. It appears from this book (p. 118) that the place in Canton River was known as BANKSALL Island. 1750-52.—"One of the first things on arriving here (Canton River) is to procure a BANCSHALL, that is, a great house, constructed of bamboo and mats ... in which the stores of the ship are laid up."—_A Voyage_, &c., by _Olof Toreen_ ... in a series of letters to Dr Linnæus, Transl. by J. R. Forster (with Osbeck's Voyage), 1771. 1783.—"These people (_Chulias_, &c., from India, at Achin) ... on their arrival immediately build, by contract with the natives, houses of bamboo, like what in China at Wampo is called BANKSHALL, very regular, on a convenient spot close to the river."—_Forrest, V. to Mergui_, 41. 1788.—"BANKSAULS—Storehouses for depositing ships' stores in, while the ships are unlading and refitting."—_Indian Vocab._ (Stockdale). 1813.—"The East India Company for seventy years had a large BANKSAUL, or warehouse, at Mirzee, for the reception of the pepper and sandalwood purchased in the dominions of the Mysore Rajah."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iv. 109. 1817.—"The BĀNGSAL or _mendōpo_ is a large open hall, supported by a double row of pillars, and covered with shingles, the interior being richly decorated with paint and gilding."—_Raffles, Java_ (2nd ed.), i. 93. The Javanese use, as in this passage, corresponds to the meaning given in Jansz, Javanese Dict.: "BANGSAL, Vorstelijke Zitplaats" (Prince's Sitting-place). B.— [1614.—"The custom house or BANKSALL at Masulpatam."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 86.] 1623.—"And on the Place by the sea there was the Custom-house, which the Persians in their language call BENKSAL, a building of no great size, with some open outer porticoes."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 465. 1673.—"... Their BANK SOLLS, or Custom House Keys, where they land, are Two; but mean, and shut only with ordinary Gates at Night."—_Fryer_, 27. 1683.—"I came ashore in Capt. Goyer's Pinnace to ye BANKSHALL, about 7 miles from Ballasore."—_Hedges, Diary_, Feb. 2; [Hak. Soc. i. 65]. 1687.—"The Mayor and Aldermen, etc., do humbly request the Honourable President and Council would please to grant and assign over to the Corporation the petty dues of BANKSALL Tolls."—In _Wheeler_, i. 207. 1727.—"Above it is the _Dutch_ BANKSHALL, a Place where their Ships ride when they cannot get further up for the too swift Currents."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 6. 1789.—"And that no one may plead ignorance of this order, it is hereby directed that it be placed constantly in view at the BANKSHALL in the English and country languages."—_Procl. against Slave-Trading_ in _Seton-Karr_, ii. 5. 1878.—"The term 'BANKSOLL' has always been a puzzle to the English in India. It is borrowed from the Dutch. The 'Soll' is the Dutch or Danish 'Zoll,' the English 'Toll.' The BANKSOLL was then the place on the 'bank' where all tolls or duties were levied on landing goods."—_Talboys Wheeler, Early Records of B. India_, 196. (Quite erroneous, as already said; and _Zoll_ is not Dutch.) BANTAM, n.p. The province which forms the western extremity of Java, properly _Bāntan_. [Mr Skeat gives _Bantan_, Crawfurd, _Bantân_.] It formed an independent kingdom at the beginning of the 17th century, and then produced much pepper (no longer grown), which caused it to be greatly frequented by European traders. An English factory was established here in 1603, and continued till 1682, when the Dutch succeeded in expelling us as interlopers. [1615.—"They were all valued in my invoice at BANTAN."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 93.] 1727.—"The only Product of BANTAM is Pepper, wherein it abounds so much, that they can export 10,000 Tuns per annum."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 127. BANTAM FOWLS, s. According to Crawfurd, the dwarf poultry which we call by this name were imported from Japan, and received the name "not from the place that produced them, but from that where our voyagers first found them."—(_Desc. Dict._ s.v. _Bantam_). The following evidently in Pegu describes Bantams: 1586.—"They also eat certain cocks and hens called _lorine_, which are the size of a turtle-dove, and have feathered feet; but so pretty, that I never saw so pretty a bird. I brought a cock and hen with me as far as Chaul, and then, suspecting they might be taken from me, I gave them to the Capuchin fathers belonging to the Madre de Dios."—_Balbi_, f. 125_v_, 126. 1673.—"From Siam are brought hither little _Champore_ Cocks with ruffled Feet, well armed with Spurs, which have a strutting Gate with them, the truest mettled in the World."—_Fryer_, 116. [1703.—"Wilde cocks and hens ... much like the small sort called _Champores_, severall of which we have had brought us from Camboja."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cccxxxiii. This looks as if they came from CHAMPA (q.v.). (1) BANYAN, s. A. A Hindu trader, and especially of the Province of Guzerat, many of which class have for ages been settled in Arabian ports and known by this name; but the term is often applied by early travellers in Western India to persons of the Hindu religion generally. B. In Calcutta also it is (or perhaps rather was) specifically applied to the native brokers attached to houses of business, or to persons in the employment of a private gentleman doing analogous duties (now usually called SIRCAR). The word was adopted from _Vāṇiya_, a man of the trading caste (in Gujarāti _vāṇiyo_), and that comes from Skt. _vaṇij_, 'a merchant.' The terminal nasal may be a Portuguese addition (as in _palanquin_, _mandarin_, _Bassein_), or it may be taken from the plural form _vāṇiyān_. It is probable, however, that the Portuguese found the word already in use by the Arab traders. Sidi 'Ali, the Turkish Admiral, uses it in precisely the same form, applying it to the Hindus generally; and in the poem of Sassui and Panhu, the Sindian Romeo and Juliet, as given by Burton in his _Sindh_ (p. 101), we have the form _Wāniyān_. P. F. Vincenzo Maria, who is quoted below absurdly alleges that the Portuguese called these Hindus of Guzerat BAGNANI, because they were always washing themselves "... chiamati da Portughesi _Bagnani_, per la frequenza e superstitione, con quale si lauano piu volte il giorno" (251). See also Luillier below. The men of this class profess an extravagant respect for animal life; but after Stanley brought home Dr. Livingstone's letters they became notorious as chief promoters of slave-trade in Eastern Africa. A. K. Forbes speaks of the mediæval WĀNIAS at the Court of Anhilwāra as "equally gallant in the field (with Rajputs), and wiser in council ... already in profession puritans of peace, but not yet drained enough of their fiery Kshatri blood."—(_Rās Māla_, i. 240; [ed. 1878, 184].) _Bunya_ is the form in which _vāṇiya_ appears in the Anglo-Indian use of Bengal, with a different shade of meaning, and generally indicating a grain-dealer. 1516.—"There are three qualities of these Gentiles, that is to say, some are called Razbuts ... others are called BANIANS, and are merchants and traders."—_Barbosa_, 51. 1552.—"... Among whom came certain men who are called BANEANES of the same heathen of the Kingdom of Cambaia ... coming on board the ship of Vasco da Gama, and seeing in his cabin a pictorial image of Our Lady, to which our people did reverence, they also made adoration with much more fervency...."—_Barros_, Dec., I. liv. iv. cap. 6. 1555.—"We may mention that the inhabitants of Guzerat call the unbelievers BANYĀNS, whilst the inhabitants of Hindustan call them Hindū."—_Sidi 'Ali Kapudān_, in J. As., 1^{ère} S. ix. 197-8. 1563.—"_R._ If the fruits were all as good as this (mango) it would be no such great matter in the BANEANES, as you tell me, not to eat flesh. And since I touch on this matter, tell me, prithee, who are these BANEANES ... who do not eat flesh?..."—_Garcia_, f. 136. 1608.—"The Gouernour of the Towne of _Gandeuee_ is a BANNYAN, and one of those kind of people that obserue the Law of Pythagoras."—_Jones_, in _Purchas_, i. 231. [1610.—"BANEANES." See quotation under BANKSHALL, A.] 1623.—"One of these races of Indians is that of those which call themselves _Vanià_, but who are called, somewhat corruptly by the Portuguese, and by all our other Franks, BANIANS; they are all, for the most part, traders and brokers."—_P. della Valle_, i. 486-7; [and see i. 78 Hak. Soc.]. 1630.—"A people presented themselves to mine eyes, cloathed in linnen garments, somewhat low descending, of a gesture and garbe, as I may say, maidenly and well nigh effeminate; of a countenance shy, and somewhat estranged; yet smiling out a glosed and bashful familiarity.... I asked what manner of people these were, so strangely notable, and notably strange. Reply was made that they were BANIANS."—_Lord, Preface._ 1665.—"In trade these BANIANS are a thousand times worse than the _Jews_; more expert in all sorts of cunning tricks, and more maliciously mischievous in their revenge."—_Tavernier_, E. T. ii. 58; [ed. _Ball_, i. 136, and see i. 91]. c. 1666.—"Aussi chacun a son BANIAN dans les Indes, et il y a des personnes de qualité qui leur confient tout ce qu'ils ont...."—_Thevenot_, v. 166. This passage shows in anticipation the transition to the Calcutta use (B., below). 1672.—"The inhabitants are called Guizeratts and BENYANS."—_Baldaeus_, 2. " "It is the custom to say that to make one BAGNAN (so they call the Gentile Merchants) you need three Chinese, and to make one Chinese three Hebrews."—_P. F. Vincenzo di Maria_, 114. 1673.—"The BANYAN follows the Soldier, though as contrary in Humour as the Antipodes in the same Meridian are opposite to one another.... In Cases of Trade they are not so hide-bound, giving their Consciences more Scope, and boggle at no Villainy for an Emolument."—_Fryer_, 193. 1677.—"In their letter to Ft. St. George, 15th March, the Court offer £20 reward to any of our servants or soldiers as shall be able to speak, write, and translate the BANIAN language, and to learn their arithmetic."—In Madras _Notes and Exts._, No. I. p. 18. 1705.—"... ceux des premieres castes, comme les BAIGNANS."—_Luillier_, 106. 1813.—"... it will, I believe, be generally allowed by those who have dealt much with BANIANS and merchants in the larger trading towns of India, that their moral character cannot be held in high estimation."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 456. 1877.—"Of the _Wani_, BANYAN, or trader-caste there are five great families in this country."—_Burton, Sind Revisited_, ii. 281. B.— 1761.—"We expect and positively direct that if our servants employ BANIANS or black people under them, they shall be accountable for their conduct."—_The Court of Directors_, in _Long_, 254. 1764.—"_Resolutions and Orders._ That no Moonshee, Linguist, BANIAN, or Writer, be allowed to any officer, excepting the Commander-in-Chief."—_Ft. William Proc._, in _Long_, 382. 1775.—"We have reason to suspect that the intention was to make him (Nundcomar) BANYAN to General Clavering, to surround the General and us with the Governor's creatures, and to keep us totally unacquainted with the real state of the Government."—_Minute by Clavering, Monson, and Francis, Ft. William_, 11th April. In _Price's Tracts_, ii. 138. 1780.—"We are informed that the Juty Wallahs or Makers and Vendors of Bengal Shoes in and about Calcutta ... intend sending a Joint Petition to the Supreme Council ... on account of the great decay of their Trade, entirely owing to the Luxury of the Bengalies, chiefly the BANGANS (_sic_) and Sarcars, as there are scarce any of them to be found who does not keep a Chariot, Phaeton, Buggy or Pallanquin, and some all four...."—In _Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, June 24th. 1783.—"Mr. Hastings' BANNIAN was, after this auction, found possessed of territories yielding a rent of £140,000 a year."—_Burke, Speech on E. I. Bill_, in _Writings_, &c., iii. 490. 1786.—"The said Warren Hastings did permit and suffer his own BANYAN or principal black steward, named Canto Baboo, to hold farms ... to the amount of 13 lacs of rupees per annum."—_Art. agst. Hastings, Burke_, vii. 111. " "A practice has gradually crept in among the BANIANS and other rich men of Calcutta, of dressing some of their servants ... nearly in the uniform of the Honourable Company's Sepoys and Lascars...."—_Notification_, in _Seton Karr_, i. 122. 1788.—"BANYAN—A Gentoo servant employed in the management of commercial affairs. Every English gentleman at Bengal has a BANYAN who either acts of himself, or as the substitute of some great man or black merchant."—_Indian Vocabulary_ (Stockdale). 1810.—"The same person frequently was BANIAN to several European gentlemen; all of whose concerns were of course accurately known to him, and thus became the subject of conversation at those meetings the BANIANS of Calcutta invariably held...."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 189. 1817.—"The European functionary ... has first his BANYAN or native secretary."—_Mill, Hist._ (ed. 1840), iii. 14. Mr. Mill does not here accurately interpret the word. (2). BANYAN, s. An undershirt, originally of muslin, and so called as resembling the body garment of the Hindus; but now commonly applied to under body-clothing of elastic cotton, woollen, or silk web. The following quotations illustrate the stages by which the word reached its present application. And they show that our predecessors in India used to adopt the native or BANYAN costume in their hours of ease. C. P. Brown defines BANYAN as "a _loose dressing-gown_, such as Hindu tradesmen wear." Probably this may have been the original use; but it is never so employed in Northern India. 1672.—"It is likewise ordered that both Officers and Souldiers in the Fort shall, both on every Sabbath Day, and on every day when they exercise, _weare English apparel_; in respect the garbe is most becoming as Souldiers, and correspondent to their profession."—_Sir W. Langhorne's Standing Order_, in _Wheeler_, iii. 426. 1731.—"The Ensign (as it proved, for his first appearance, being undressed and in his BANYON coat, I did not know him) came off from his cot, and in a very haughty manner cried out, 'None of your disturbance, Gentlemen.'"—In _Wheeler_, iii. 109. 1781.—"I am an Old Stager in this Country, having arrived in Calcutta in the Year 1736.... Those were the days, when Gentlemen studied _Ease_ instead of _Fashion_; when even the Hon. Members of the Council met in BANYAN SHIRTS, LONG DRAWERS (q.v.), and Conjee (CONGEE) caps; with a Case Bottle of good old Arrack, and a Gouglet of Water placed on the Table, which the Secretary (a Skilful Hand) frequently converted into Punch...."—Letter from _An Old Country Captain_, in _India Gazette_, Feb. 24th. [1773.—In a letter from Horace Walpole to the Countess of Upper Ossory, dated April 30th, 1773 (_Cunningham's_ ed., v. 459) he describes a ball at Lord Stanley's, at which two of the dancers, Mr. Storer and Miss Wrottesley, were dressed "in BANIANS with furs, for winter, cock and hen." It would be interesting to have further details of these garments, which were, it may be hoped, different from the modern BANYAN.] 1810.—"... an undershirt, commonly called a BANIAN."—_Williamson, V.M._ i. 19. (3) BANYAN, s. See BANYAN-TREE. BANYAN-DAY, s. This is sea-slang for a _jour maigre_, or a day on which no ration of meat was allowed; when (as one of our quotations above expresses it) the crew had "to observe the Law of Pythagoras." 1690.—"Of this (_Kitchery_ or KEDGEREE, q.v.) the _European_ Sailors feed in these parts once or twice a Week, and are forc'd at those times to a Pagan Abstinence from Flesh, which creates in them a perfect Dislike and utter Detestation to those BANNIAN DAYS, as they commonly call them."—_Ovington_, 310, 311. BANYAN-FIGHT, s. Thus: 1690.—"This Tongue Tempest is termed there a BANNIAN-FIGHT, for it never rises to blows or bloodshed."—_Ovington_, 275. Sir G. Birdwood tells us that this is a phrase still current in Bombay. BANYAN-TREE, also elliptically BANYAN, s. The Indian Fig-Tree (_Ficus Indica_, or _Ficus bengalensis_, L.), called in H. _baṛ_ [or _baṛgat_, the latter the "_Bourgade_" of Bernier (ed. _Constable_, p. 309).] The name appears to have been first bestowed popularly on a famous tree of this species growing near GOMBROON (q.v.), under which the _Banyans_ or Hindu traders settled at that port, had built a little pagoda. So says Tavernier below. This original _Banyan-tree_ is described by P. della Valle (ii. 453), and by Valentijn (v. 202). P. della Valle's account (1622) is extremely interesting, but too long for quotation. He calls it by the Persian name, _lūl_. The tree still stood, within half a mile of the English factory, in 1758, when it was visited by Ives, who quotes Tickell's verses given below. [Also see CUBEER BURR.] c. A.D. 70.—"First and foremost, there is a Fig-tree there (in India) which beareth very small and slender figges. The propertie of this Tree, is to plant and set it selfe without mans helpe. For it spreadeth out with mightie armes, and the lowest water-boughes underneath, do bend so downeward to the very earth, that they touch it againe, and lie upon it: whereby, within one years space they will take fast root in the ground, and put foorth a new Spring round about the Mother-tree: so as these braunches, thus growing, seeme like a traile or border of arbours most curiously and artificially made," &c.—_Plinies Nat. Historie_, by _Philemon Holland_, i. 360. 1624.— "... The goodly bole being got To certain cubits' height, from every side The boughs decline, which, taking root afresh, Spring up new boles, and these spring new, and newer, Till the whole tree become a porticus, Or arched arbour, able to receive A numerous troop." _Ben Jonson, Neptune's Triumph._ c. 1650.—"Cet Arbre estoit de même espece que celuy qui est a une lieue du Bander, et qui passe pour une merveille; mais dans les Indes il y en a quantité. Les Persans l'appellent _Lul_, les Portugais _Arber de Reys_, et les Français L'ARBRE DES BANIANES; parce que les Banianes ont fait bâtir dessous une Pagode avec un carvansera accompagné de plusieurs petits étangs pour se laver."—_Tavernier, V. de Perse_, liv. v. ch. 23. [Also see ed. _Ball_, ii. 198.] c. 1650.—"Near to the City of Ormus was a BANNIANS TREE, being the only tree that grew in the Island."—_Tavernier_, Eng. Tr. i. 255. c. 1666.—"Nous vimes à cent ou cent cinquante pas de ce jardin, l'arbre _War_ dans toute son etenduë. On l'appelle aussi _Ber_, et ARBRE DES BANIANS, et _arbre des racines_...."—_Thevenot_, v. 76. 1667.— "The fig-tree, not that kind for fruit renown'd; But such as at this day, to Indians known, In Malabar or Decan spreads her arms Branching so broad and long, that in the ground The bended twigs take root, and daughters grow About the mother-tree, a pillar'd shade High over-arch'd, and echoing walks between." _Paradise Lost_, ix. 1101. [Warton points out that Milton must have had in view a description of the Banyan-tree in _Gerard's Herbal_ under the heading "of the arched Indian fig-tree."] 1672.—"_Eastward of Surat_ two _Courses_, _i.e._ a League, we pitched our Tent under a Tree that besides its Leafs, the Branches bear its own Roots, therefore called by the _Portugals_, _Arbor de Raiz_; For the Adoration the _Banyans_ pay it, the BANYAN-TREE."—_Fryer_, 105. 1691.—"About a (Dutch) mile from Gamron ... stands a tree, heretofore described by Mandelslo and others.... Beside this tree is an idol temple where the BANYANS do their worship."—_Valentijn_, v. 267-8. 1717.— "The fair descendants of thy sacred bed Wide-branching o'er the Western World shall spread, Like the fam'd BANIAN TREE, whose pliant shoot To earthward bending of itself takes root, Till like their mother plant ten thousand stand In verdant arches on the fertile land; Beneath her shade the tawny Indians rove, Or hunt at large through the wide-echoing grove." _Tickell, Epistle from a Lady in England to a Lady in Avignon._ 1726.—"On the north side of the city (Surat) is there an uncommonly great Pichar or _Waringin_[35] tree.... The Portuguese call this tree Albero de laiz, _i.e._ Root-tree.... Under it is a small chapel built by a _Benyan_.... Day and night lamps are alight there, and BENYANS constantly come in pilgrimage, to offer their prayers to this saint."—_Valentijn_, iv. 145. 1771.—"... being employed to construct a military work at the fort of Triplasore (afterwards called Marsden's Bastion) it was necessary to cut down a BANYAN-TREE which so incensed the brahmans of that place, that they found means to poison him" (_i.e._ Thomas Marsden of the Madras Engineers).—_Mem. of W. Marsden_, 7-8. 1809.—"Their greatest enemy (_i.e._ of the buildings) is the BANYAN-TREE."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 396. 1810.— "In the midst an aged BANIAN grew. It was a goodly sight to see That venerable tree, For o'er the lawn, irregularly spread, Fifty straight columns propt its lofty head; And many a long depending shoot, Seeking to strike its root, Straight like a plummet grew towards the ground, Some on the lower boughs which crost their way, Fixing their bearded fibres, round and round, With many a ring and wild contortion wound; Some to the passing wind at times, with sway Of gentle motion swung; Others of younger growth, unmoved, were hung Like stone-drops from the cavern's fretted height." _Southey, Curse of Kehama_, xiii. 51. [Southey takes his account from _Williamson, Orient. Field Sports_, ii. 113.] 1821.— "Des BANIANS touffus, par les brames adorés, Depuis longtemps la langueur nous implore, Courbés par le midi, dont l'ardeur les dévore, Ils étendent vers nous leurs rameaux altérés." _Casimir Delavigne, Le Paria_, iii. 6. A note of the publishers on the preceding passage, in the edition of 1855, is diverting: "Un journaliste allemand a accusé M. Casimir Delavigne d'avoir pris pour un arbre une secte religieuse de l'Inde...." The German journalist was wrong here, but he might have found plenty of matter for ridicule in the play. Thus the Brahmins (men) are _Akebar_ (!), _Idamore_ (!!), and _Empsael_ (!!!); their women _Néala_ (?), _Zaide_ (!), and _Mirza_ (!!). 1825.—"Near this village was the finest BANYAN-TREE which I had ever seen, literally a grove rising from a single primary stem, whose massive secondary trunks, with their straightness, orderly arrangement, and evident connexion with the parent stock, gave the general effect of a vast vegetable organ. The first impression which I felt on coming under its shade was, 'What a noble place of worship!'"—_Heber_, ii. 93 (ed. 1844). 1834.—"Cast forth thy word into the everliving, everworking universe; it is a seed-grain that cannot die; unnoticed to-day, it will be found flourishing as a BANYAN-GROVE—(perhaps alas! as a hemlock forest) after a thousand years."—_Sartor Resartus._ 1856.— "... its pendant branches, rooting in the air, Yearn to the parent earth and grappling fast, Grow up huge stems again, which shooting forth In massy branches, these again despatch Their drooping heralds, till a labyrinth Of root and stem and branch commingling, forms A great cathedral, aisled and choired in wood." _The_ BANYAN TREE, a Poem. 1865.—"A family tends to multiply families around it, till it becomes the centre of a tribe, just as the BANYAN tends to surround itself with a forest of its own offspring."—_Maclennan, Primitive Marriage_, 269. 1878.—"... des BANYANS soutenus par des racines aëriennes et dont les branches tombantes engendrent en touchant terre des sujets nouveaux."—_Rev. des Deux Mondes_, Oct. 15, p. 832. BĀRASINHĀ, s. The H. name of the widely-spread _Cervus Wallichii_, Cuvier. This H. name ('12-horn') is no doubt taken from the number of tines being approximately twelve. The name is also applied by sportsmen in Bengal to the _Rucervus Duvaucellii_, or _Swamp-Deer_. [See _Blanford, Mamm._ 538 _seqq._]. [1875.—"I know of no flesh equal to that of the ibex; and the _navo_, a species of gigantic antelope of Chinese Tibet, with the BARRA-SINGH, a red deer of Kashmir, are nearly equally good."—_Wilson, Abode of Snow_, 91.] [BARBER'S BRIDGE, n.p. This is a curious native corruption of an English name. The bridge in Madras, known as BARBER'S BRIDGE, was built by an engineer named Hamilton. This was turned by the natives into _Ambuton_, and in course of time the name _Ambuton_ was identified with the Tamil _ambattan_, 'barber,' and so it came to be called _Barber's Bridge_.—See _Le Fanu, Man. of the Salem Dist._ ii. 169, note.] BARBICAN, s. This term of mediæval fortification is derived by Littré, and by Marcel Devic, from Ar. _barbakh_, which means a sewer-pipe or water-pipe. And _one_ of the meanings given by Littré is, "une ouverture longue et étroite pour l'écoulement des eaux." Apart from the possible, but untraced, history which this alleged meaning may involve, it seems probable, considering the usual meaning of the word as 'an outwork before a gate,' that it is from Ar. P. _bāb-khāna_, 'gate-house.' This etymology was suggested in print about 50 years ago by one of the present writers,[36] and confirmed to his mind some years later, when in going through the native town of Cawnpore, not long before the Mutiny, he saw a brand-new double-towered gateway, or gate-house, on the face of which was the inscription in Persian characters: "_Bāb-Khāna_-i-Mahommed Bakhsh," or whatever was his name, _i.e._ "The BARBICAN of _Mahommed Bakhsh_." [The _N.E.D._ suggests P. _barbar-khānah_, 'house on the wall,' it being difficult to derive the Romanic forms in _bar-_ from _bāb-khāna_.] The editor of the Chron. of K. James of Aragon (1833, p. 423) says that _barbacana_ in Spain means a second, outermost and lower wall; _i.e._ a fausse-braye. And this agrees with facts in that work, and with the definition in Cobarruvias; but not at all with Joinville's use, nor with V.-le-Duc's explanation. c. 1250.—"Tuit le baron ... s'acorderent que en un tertre ... féist l'en une forteresse qui fust bien garnie de gent, si qui se li Tur fesoient saillies ... cell tore fust einsi come BARBACANE (orig. '_quasi antemurale_') de l'oste."—The Med. Fr. tr. of _William of Tyre_, ed. _Paul Paris_, i. 158. c. 1270.—"... on condition of his at once putting me in possession of the albarrana tower ... and should besides make his Saracens construct a BARBACANA round the tower."—_James of Aragon_, as above. 1309.—"Pour requerre sa gent plus sauvement, fist le roys faire une BARBAQUANE devant le pont qui estoit entre nos dous os, en tel maniere que l'on pooit entrer de dous pars en la BARBAQUANE à cheval."—_Joinville_, p. 162. 1552.—"Lourenço de Brito ordered an intrenchment of great strength to be dug, in the fashion of a BARBICAN (BARBACÃ) outside the wall of the fort ... on account of a well, a stone-cast distant...."—_Barros_, II. i. 5. c. 1870.—"_Barbacane._ Défense extérieure protégeant une entrée, et permettant de réunir un assez grand nombre d'hommes pour disposer des sorties ou protéger une retraite."—_Viollet-le-Duc, H. d'une Forteresse_, 361. BARBIERS, s. This is a term which was formerly very current in the East, as the name of a kind of paralysis, often occasioned by exposure to chills. It began with numbness and imperfect command of the power of movement, sometimes also affecting the muscles of the neck and power of articulation, and often followed by loss of appetite, emaciation, and death. It has often been identified with BERIBERI, and medical opinion seems to have come back to the view that the two are _forms_ of one disorder, though this was not admitted by some older authors of the last century. The allegation of Lind and others, that the most frequent subjects of _barbiers_ were Europeans of the lower class who, when in drink, went to sleep in the open air, must be contrasted with the general experience that _beriberi_ rarely attacks Europeans. The name now seems obsolete. 1673.—"Whence follows Fluxes, Dropsy, Scurvy, BARBIERS (which is an enervating (_sic_) the whole Body, being neither able to use hands or Feet), Gout, Stone, Malignant and Putrid Fevers."—_Fryer_, 68. 1690.—"Another Distemper with which the Europeans are sometimes afflicted, is the BARBEERS, or a deprivation of the Vse and Activity of their Limbs, whereby they are rendered unable to move either Hand or Foot."—_Ovington_, 350. 1755.—(If the land wind blow on a person sleeping) "the consequence of this is always dangerous, as it seldom fails to bring on a fit of the BARBIERS (as it is called in this country), that is, a total deprivation of the use of the limbs."—_Ives_, 77. [c. 1757.—"There was a disease common to the lower class of Europeans, called the BARBERS, a species of palsy, owing to exposure to the land winds after a fit of intoxication."—In _Carey, Good Old Days_, ii. 266.] 1768.—"The BARBIERS, a species of palsy, is a disease most frequent in India. It distresses chiefly the lower class of Europeans, who when intoxicated with liquors frequently sleep in the open air, exposed to the land winds."—_Lind_ on _Diseases of Hot Climates_, 260. (See BERIBERI.) BARGANY, BRAGANY, H. _bārakānī_. The name of a small silver coin current in W. India at the time of the Portuguese occupation of Goa, and afterwards valued at 40 _reis_ (then about 5¼_d._). The name of the coin was apparently a survival of a very old system of coinage-nomenclature. _Kānī_ is an old Indian word, perhaps Dravidian in origin, indicating ¼ of ¼ of ¼, or 1-64th part. It was applied to the _jital_ (see JEETUL) or 64th part of the mediæval Delhi silver _tanka_—this latter coin being the prototype in weight and position of the Rupee, as the _kānī_ therefore was of the modern Anglo-Indian pice (= 1-64th of a Rupee). There were in the currency of Mohammed Tughlak (1324-1351) of Delhi, aliquot parts of the _tanka_, _Dokānīs_, _Shash-kānīs_, _Hasht-kānīs_, _Dwāzda-kānīs_, and _Shānzda-kānīs_, representing, as the Persian numerals indicate, pieces of 2, 6, 8, 12, and 16 _kānīs_ or _jitals_. (See _E. Thomas, Pathan Kings of Delhi_, pp. 218-219.) Other fractional pieces were added by Fīroz Shāh, Mohammed's son and successor (see _Id._ 276 _seqq._ and quotation under c. 1360, below). Some of these terms long survived, _e.g._ _do-kānī_ in localities of Western and Southern India, and in Western India in the present case the _bārakānī_ or 12 _kānī_, a vernacular form of the _dwāzda-kānī_ of Mohammed Tughlak. 1330.—"Thousands of men from various quarters, who possessed thousands of these copper coins ... now brought them to the treasury, and received in exchange gold _tankas_ and silver _tankas_ (TANGA), _shash-gānīs_ and _du-gānīs_, which they carried to their homes."—_Táríkh-i-Fíroz-Sháhi_, in _Elliot_, iii. 240-241. c. 1350—"Sultan Fíroz issued several varieties of coins. There was the gold _tanka_ and the silver _tanka_. There were also distinct coins of the respective value of 48, 25, 24, 12, 10, 8 and 6, and one _jītal_, known as _chihal-o-hasht-gānī_, _bist-o-panjgānī_, _bist-o-chahār-gānī_, _dwāzdah-gānī_, _dah-gānī_, _hasht-gānī_, _shāsh-gānī_, and _yak jītal_."—_Ibid._ 357-358. 1510.—BARGANYM, in quotation from Correa under PARDAO. 1554.—"E as _tamgas_ brancas que se recebem dos foros, são de 4 BARGANIS a _tamga_, e de 24 leaes o BARGANY ..." _i.e._ "And the white _tangas_ that are received in payment of land revenues are at the rate of 4 BARGANIS to the _tanga_, and of 24 _leals_ to the BARGANY."—_A. Nunez_, in _Subsidios_, p. 31. " "_Statement of the Revenues which the King our Lord holds in the Island and City of Guoa._ "Item—The Islands of _Tiçoary_, and _Divar_, and that of _Chorão_, and _Johão_, all of them, pay in land revenue (_de foro_) according to ancient custom 36,474 white _tanguas_, 3 BARGUANIS, and 21 _leals_, at the tale of 3 BARGUANIS to the _tangua_ and 24 _leals_ to the BARGUANIM, the same thing as 24 _bazarucos_, amounting to 14,006 _pardaos_, 1 _tangua_ and 47 _leals_, making 4,201,916-2/5 _reis_. The Isle of Tiçoary (SALSETTE) is the largest, and on it stands the city of Guoa; the others are much smaller and are annexed to it, they being all contiguous, only separated by rivers."—_Botelho, Tombo_, _ibid._ pp. 46-7. 1584.—"They vse also in Goa amongst the common sort to bargain for coals, wood, lime and such like, at so many BRAGANINES, accounting 24 _basaruchies_ for one _braganine_, albeit there is no such money stamped."—_Barret_, in _Hakl._ ii. 411; (but it is copied from _G. Balbi's_ Italian, f. 71_v_). BARGEER, s. H. from P. _bārgīr_. A trooper of irregular cavalry who is not the owner of his troop horse and arms (as is the normal practice (see SILLADAR)), but is either put in by another person, perhaps a native officer in the regiment, who supplies horses and arms and receives the man's full pay, allowing him a reduced rate, or has his horse from the State in whose service he is. The P. word properly means 'a load-taker,' 'a baggage horse.' The transfer of use is not quite clear. ["According to a man's reputation or connections, or the number of his followers, would be the rank (_mansab_) assigned to him. As a rule, his followers brought their own horses and other equipment; but sometimes a man with a little money would buy extra horses, and mount relations or dependants upon them. When this was the case, the man riding his own horse was called, in later parlance, a _silaḥdār_ (literally, 'equipment-holder'), and one riding somebody else's horse was a _bārgīr_ ('burden-taker')."—_W. Irvine, The Army of the Indian Moghuls, J.R.A.S._ July 1896, p. 539.] 1844.—"If the man again has not the cash to purchase a horse, he rides one belonging to a native officer, or to some privileged person, and becomes what is called his BARGEER...."—_Calcutta Rev._, vol ii. p. 57. BARKING-DEER, s. The popular name of a small species of deer (_Cervulus aureus_, Jerdon) called in H. _kākar_, and in Nepal _ratwā_; also called _Ribfaced-Deer_, and in Bombay BAIKREE. Its common name is from its call, which is a kind of short bark, like that of a fox but louder, and may be heard in the jungles which it frequents, both by day and by night.—(_Jerdon_). [1873.—"I caught the cry of a little BARKING-DEER."—_Cooper, Mishmee Hills_, 177.] BARODA, n.p. Usually called by the Dutch and older English writers _Brodera_; proper name according to the _Imp. Gazetteer_, _Wadodra_; a large city of Guzerat, which has been since 1732 the capital of the Mahratta dynasty of Guzerat, the Gaikwārs. (See GUICOWAR). 1552.—In Barros, "Cidade de BARODAR," IV. vi. 8. 1555.—"In a few days we arrived at _Barūj_; some days after at BALOUDRA, and then took the road towards _Champaïz_ (read _Champanīr_?)."—_Sidī 'Alī_, p. 91. 1606.—"That city (Champanel) may be a day's journey from DEBERADORA or BARODAR, which we commonly call VERDORA."—_Couto_, IV. ix. 5. [1614.—"We are to go to Amadavar, Cambaia and BROTHERA."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 213; also see iv. 197.] 1638.—-"La ville de BRODRA est située dans une plaine sablonneuse, sur la petite riviere de _Wasset_, a trente _Cos_, ou quinze lieües de _Broitschea_."—_Mandelslo_, 130. 1813.—BRODERA, in _Forbes, Or. Mem._, iii. 268; [2nd ed. ii. 282, 389]. 1857.—"The town of BARODA, originally _Barpatra_ (or a bar leaf, _i.e._ leaf of the _Ficus indica_, in shape), was the first large city I had seen."—_Autob. of Lutfullah_, 39. BAROS, n.p. A fort on the West Coast of Sumatra, from which the chief export of Sumatra camphor, so highly valued in China, long took place. [The name in standard Malay is, according to Mr Skeat, _Barus_.] It is perhaps identical with the _Panṣūr_ or _Fanṣūr_ of the Middle Ages, which gave its name to the _Fanṣūrī_ camphor, famous among Oriental writers, and which by the perpetuation of a misreading is often styled _Ḳaiṣūrī_ camphor, &c. (See CAMPHOR, and _Marco Polo_, 2nd ed. ii. 282, 285 _seqq._) The place is called BARROWSE in the _E. I. Colonial Papers_, ii. 52, 153. 1727.—"BAROS is the next place that abounds in Gold, Camphire, and Benzoin, but admits of no foreign Commerce."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 113. BARRACKPORE, n.p. The auxiliary Cantonment of Calcutta, from which it is 15 m. distant, established in 1772. Here also is the country residence of the Governor-General, built by Lord Minto, and much frequented in former days before the annual migration to Simla was established. The name is a hybrid. (See ACHANOCK). BARRAMUHUL, n.p. H. _Bāramaḥall_, 'Twelve estates'; an old designation of a large part of what is now the district of Salem in the Madras Presidency. The identification of the Twelve Estates is not free from difficulty; [see a full note in _Le Fanu's Man. of Salem_, i. 83, _seqq._]. 1881.—"The BARAMAHAL and Dindigal was placed under the Government of Madras; but owing to the deficiency in that Presidency of civil servants possessing a competent knowledge of the native languages, and to the unsatisfactory manner in which the revenue administration of the older possessions of the Company under the Madras Presidency had been conducted, Lord Cornwallis resolved to employ military officers for a time in the management of the Baramahl."—_Arbuthnot, Mem. of Sir T. Munro_, xxxviii. BASHAW, s. The old form of what we now call _pasha_, the former being taken from _bāshā_, the Ar. form of the word, which is itself generally believed to be a corruption of the P. _pādishāh_. Of this the first part is Skt. _patis_, Zend. _paitis_, Old P. _pati_, 'a lord or master' (comp. Gr. δεσπότης). _Pechah_, indeed, for 'Governor' (but with the _ch_ guttural) occurs in I. Kings x. 15, II. Chron. ix. 14, and in Daniel iii. 2, 3, 27. Prof. Max Müller notices this, but it would seem merely as a curious coincidence.—(See _Pusey on Daniel_, 567.) 1554.—"Hujusmodi BASSARUM sermonibus reliquorum Turcarum sermones congruebant."—_Busbeq._ Epist. ii. (p. 124). 1584.— "Great kings of Barbary and my portly BASSAS." _Marlowe, Tamburlane the Great_, 1st Part, iii. 1. c. 1590.—"Filius alter Osmanis, Vrchanis frater, alium non habet in Annalibus titulum, quam Alis BASSA: quod _bassae_ vocabulum Turcis caput significat."—_Lennclavius, Annales Sultanorum Othmanidarum_, ed. 1650, p. 402. This etymology connecting _bāshā_ with the Turkish _bāsh_, 'head,' must be rejected. c. 1610.—"Un BASCHA estoit venu en sa Cour pour luy rendre compte du tribut qu'il luy apportoit; mais il fut neuf mois entiers à attendre que celuy qui a la charge ... eut le temps et le loisir de le compter...."—_Pyrard de Laval_ (of the Great Mogul), ii. 161. 1702.—"... The most notorious injustice we have suffered from the Arabs of Muscat, and the BASHAW of Judda."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 7. 1727.—"It (Bagdad) is now a prodigious large City, and the Seat of a _Beglerbeg_.... The BASHAWS of _Bassora_, _Comera_, and _Musol_ (the ancient Nineveh) are subordinate to him."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 78. BASIN, s. H. _besan_. Pease-meal, generally made of GRAM (q.v.) and used, sometimes mixed with ground orange-peel or other aromatic substance, to cleanse the hair, or for other toilette purposes. [1832.—"The attendants present first the powdered peas, called BASUN, which answers the purpose of soap."—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali, Observations_, i. 328.] BASSADORE, n.p. A town upon the island of KISHM in the Persian Gulf, which belonged in the 16th century to the Portuguese. The place was ceded to the British Crown in 1817, though the claim now seems dormant. The permission for the English to occupy the place as a naval station was granted by Saiyyid Sultan bin Aḥmad of 'Omān, about the end of the 18th century; but it was not actually occupied by us till 1821, from which time it was the depôt of our Naval Squadron in the Gulf till 1882. The real form of the name is, according to Dr. Badger's transliterated map (in _H. of Imâns, &c. of Omân_), _Bāsīdū_. 1673.—"At noon we came to BASSATU, an old ruined town of the Portugals, fronting Congo."—_Fryer_, 320. BASSAN, s. H. _bāsan_, 'a dinner-plate'; from Port. _bacia_ (_Panjab N. & Q._ ii. 117). BASSEIN, n.p. This is a corruption of three entirely different names, and is applied to various places remote from each other. (1) _Wasāi_, an old port on the coast, 26 m. north of Bombay, called by the Portuguese, to whom it long pertained, BAÇAIM (_e.g._ _Barros_, I. ix. 1). c. 1565.—"Dopo Daman si troua BASAIN con molte ville ... ne di questa altro si caua che risi, frumenti, e molto ligname."—_Cesare de' Federici_ in _Ramusio_, iii. 387v. 1756.—"Bandar BASSAI."—_Mirat-i-Ahmadi_, Bird's tr., 129. 1781.—"General Goddard after having taken the fortress of BESSI, which is one of the strongest and most important fortresses under the Mahratta power...."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 327. (2) A town and port on the river which forms the westernmost delta-arm of the Irawadi in the Province of Pegu. The Burmese name BATHEIN, was, according to Prof. Forchammer, a change, made by the Burmese conqueror Alompra, from the former name _Kuthein_ (_i.e._ _Kusein_), which was a native corruption of the old name _Kusima_ (see COSMIN). We cannot explain the old European corruption _Persaim_. [It has been supposed that the name represents the _Besynga_ of Ptolemy (_Geog._ ii. 4; see _M‘Crindle_ in _Ind. Ant._ xiii. 372); but (_ibid._ xxii. 20) Col. Temple denies this on the ground that the name BASSEIN does not date earlier than about 1780. According to the same authority (_ibid._ xxii. 19), the modern Burmese name is _Patheng_, by ordinary phonetics used for _Putheng_, and spelt _Pusin_ or _Pusim_. He disputes the statement that the change of name was made by Alaungp'aya or Alompra. The Talaing pronunciation of the name is _Pasem_ or _Pasim_, according to dialect.] [1781.—"Intanto piaciutto era alla Congregazione di Propagando che il Regno di Ava fosse allora coltivato nella fede da' Sacerdoti secolari di essa Congregazione, e a' nostri destino li Regni di BATTIAM, Martaban, e Pegu."—_Quirini, Percoto_, 93. [1801.—"An ineffectual attempt was made to repossess and defend BASSIEN by the late Chekey or Lieutenant."—_Symes, Mission_, 16.] The form PERSAIM occurs in _Dalrymple_, (1759) (_Or. Repert._, i. 127 and _passim_). (3) _Basim_, or properly _Wāsim_; an old town in Berar, the chief place of the district so-called. [See _Berar Gazett._ 176.] BATÁRA, s. This is a term applied to divinities in old Javanese inscriptions, &c., the use of which was spread over the Archipelago. It was regarded by W. von Humboldt as taken from the Skt. _avatāra_ (see AVATAR); but this derivation is now rejected. The word is used among R. C. Christians in the Philippines now as synonymous with 'God'; and is applied to the infant Jesus (_Blumentritt, Vocabular_). [Mr. Skeat (_Malay Magic_, 86 _seqq._) discusses the origin of the word, and prefers the derivation given by Favre and Wilkin, Skt. _bhaṭṭāra_, 'lord.' A full account of the "_Petara_, or Sea Dyak gods," by Archdeacon J. Perham, will be found in _Roth, Natives of Sarawak_, I. 168 _seqq._] BATAVIA, n.p. The famous capital of the Dutch possessions in the Indies; occupying the site of the old city of Jakatra, the seat of a Javanese kingdom which combined the present Dutch Provinces of Bantam, Buitenzorg, Krawang, and the Preanger Regencies. 1619.—"On the day of the capture of Jakatra, 30th May 1619, it was certainly time and place to speak of the Governor-General's dissatisfaction that the name of BATAVIA had been given to the Castle."—_Valentijn_, iv. 489. The Governor-General, Jan Pietersen Coen, who had taken Jakatra, desired to have called the new fortress _New Hoorn_, from his own birth-place, Hoorn, on the Zuider Zee. c. 1649.—"While I stay'd at BATAVIA, my Brother dy'd; and it was pretty to consider what the _Dutch_ made me pay for his Funeral."—_Tavernier_ (E.T.), i. 203. BATCUL, BATCOLE, BATECALA, &c., n.p. _Bhatkal_. A place often named in the older narratives. It is on the coast of Canara, just S. of Pigeon Island and Hog Island, in lat. 13° 59′, and is not to be confounded (as it has been) with BEITCUL. 1328.—"... there is also the King of BATIGALA, but he is of the Saracens."—_Friar Jordanus_, p. 41. 1510.—The "BATHECALA, a very noble city of India," of Varthema (119), though misplaced, must we think be this place and not BEITCUL. 1548.—"Trelado (_i.e._ 'Copy') do Contrato que o Gouernador Gracia de Saa fez com a Raynha de BATECALAA por não aver Reey e ela reger o Reeyno."—In _S. Botelho, Tombo_, 242. 1599.—"... part is subject to the Queene of BATICOLA, who selleth great store of pepper to the Portugals, at a towne called Onor...."—_Sir Fulke Greville_ to Sir Fr. Walsingham, in _Bruce's Annals_, i. 125. 1618.—"The fift of March we anchored at BATACHALA, shooting three Peeces to give notice of our arriuall...."—_Wm. Hore_, in _Purchas_, i. 657. See also _Sainsbury_, ii. p. 374. [1624.—"We had the wind still contrary, and having sail'd three other leagues, at the usual hour we cast anchor near the Rocks of BATICALA."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 390.] 1727.—"The next Sea-port, to the Southward of _Onoar_, is BATACOLA, which has the _vestigia_ of a very large city...."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 282. [1785.—"BYTE KOAL." See quotation under DHOW.] BATEL, BATELO, BOTELLA, s. A sort of boat used in Western India, Sind, and Bengal. Port. _batell_, a word which occurs in the _Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 91 [cf. PATTELLO]. [1686.—"About four or five hundred houses burnt down with a great number of their BETTILOS, Boras and boats."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. 55.] 1838.—"The BOTELLA may be described as a Dow in miniature.... It has invariably a square flat stern, and a long grab-like head."—_Vaupell_, in _Trans. Bo. Geog. Soc._ vii. 98. 1857.—"A Sindhi BATTÉLA, called _Rahmatí_, under the Tindal Kasim, laden with dry fish, was about to proceed to Bombay."—_Lutfullah_, 347. See also _Burton, Sind Revisited_ (1877), 32, 33. [1900.—"The Sheikh has some fine war-vessels, called BATILS."—_Bent, Southern Arabia_, 8.] BATTA, s. Two different words are thus expressed in Anglo-Indian colloquial, and in a manner confounded. A. H. _bhata_ or _bhātā_: an extra allowance made to officers, soldiers, or other public servants, when in the field, or on other special grounds; also subsistence money to witnesses, prisoners, and the like. Military BATTA, originally an occasional allowance, as defined, grew to be a constant addition to the pay of officers in India, and constituted the chief part of the excess of Indian over English military emoluments. The question of the right to _batta_ on several occasions created great agitation among the officers of the Indian army, and the measure of economy carried out by Lord William Bentinck when Governor-General (G. O. of the Gov.-Gen. in Council, 29th November 1828) in the reduction of full _batta_ to half _batta_, in the allowances received by all regimental officers serving at stations within a certain distance of the Presidency in Bengal (viz. Barrackpore, Dumdum, Berhampore, and Dinapore) caused an enduring bitterness against that upright ruler. It is difficult to arrive at the origin of this word. There are, however, several Hindi words in rural use, such as _bhāt_, _bhantā_, 'advances made to ploughmen without interest,' and _bhaṭṭa_, _bhaṇṭā_, 'ploughmen's wages in kind,' with which it is possibly connected. It has also been suggested, without much probability, that it may be allied to _bahut_, 'much, excess,' an idea entering into the meaning of both A and B. It is just possible that the familiar military use of the term in India may have been influenced by the existence of the European military term _bât_ or _bât-money_. The latter is from _bât_, 'a pack-saddle,' [Late Lat. _bastum_], and implies an allowance for carrying baggage in the field. It will be seen that one writer below seems to confound the two words. B. H. _baṭṭā_ and _bāṭṭā_: agio, or difference in exchange, discount on coins not current, or of short weight. We may notice that Sir H. Elliot does not recognize an absolute separation between the two senses of BATTA. His definition runs thus: "Difference of exchange; anything extra; an extra allowance; discount on uncurrent, or short-weight coins; usually called BATTA. The word has been supposed to be a corruption of _Bharta_, increase, but it is a pure Hindi vocable, and is more usually applied to discount than to premium."—(_Supp. Gloss._ ii. 41.) [Platts, on the other hand, distinguishes the two words—_Baṭṭa_, Skt. _vṛitta_, 'turned,' or _varta_, 'livelihood'—"Exchange, discount, difference of exchange, deduction, &c.," and _Bhaṭṭa_, Skt. _bhakta_ 'allotted,'—"advances to ploughmen without interest; ploughman's wages in kind."] It will be seen that we have early Portuguese instances of the word apparently in both senses. The most probable explanation is that the word (and I may add, the thing) originated in the Portuguese practice, and in the use of the Canarese word _bhatta_, Mahr. _bhāt_, 'rice' in 'the husk,' called by the Portuguese _bate_ and _bata_, for a maintenance allowance. The word _batty_, for what is more generally called _paddy_, is or was commonly used by the English also in S. and W. India (see _Linschoten_, _Lucena_ and _Fryer_ quoted s.v. PADDY, and _Wilson's Glossary_, s.v. _Bhatta_). The practice of giving a special allowance for _mantimento_ began from a very early date in the Indian history of the Portuguese, and it evidently became a recognised augmentation of pay, corresponding closely to our _batta_, whilst the quotation from Botelho below shows also that _bata_ and _mantimento_ were used, more or less interchangeably, for this allowance. The correspondence with our Anglo-Indian _batta_ went very far, and a case singularly parallel to the discontent raised in the Indian army by the reduction of full-_batta_ to half-_batta_ is spoken of by Correa (iv. 256). The _mantimento_ had been paid all the year round, but the Governor, Martin Afonso de Sousa, in 1542, "desiring," says the historian, "a way to curry favour for himself, whilst going against the people and sending his soul to hell," ordered that in future the _mantimento_ should be paid only during the 6 months of WINTER (_i.e._ of the rainy season), when the force was on shore, and not for the other 6 months when they were on board the cruisers, and received rations. This created great bitterness, perfectly analogous in depth and in expression to that entertained with regard to Lord W. Bentinck and Sir John Malcolm, in 1829. Correa's utterance, just quoted, illustrates this, and a little lower down he adds: "And thus he took away from the troops the half of their _mantimento_ (_half their batta_, in fact), and whether he did well or ill in that, he'll find in the next world."—(See also _ibid._ p. 430). The following quotations illustrate the Portuguese practice from an early date: 1502.—"The Captain-major ... between officers and men-at-arms, left 60 men (at Cochin), to whom the factor was to give their pay, and every month a _cruzado_ of _mantimento_, and to the officers when on service 2 _cruzados_...."—_Correa_, i. 328. 1507.—(In establishing the settlement at Mozambique) "And the Captains took counsel among themselves, and from the money in the chest, paid the force each a _cruzado_ a month for _mantimento_, with which the men greatly refreshed themselves...."—_Ibid._ 786. 1511.—"All the people who served in Malaca, whether by sea or by land, were paid their pay for six months in advance, and also received monthly _two cruzados_ of _mantimento_, cash in hand" (_i.e._ they had _double batta_).—_Ibid._ ii. 267. A. 1548.—"And for 2 _ffarazes_ (see FARASH) 2 pardaos a month for the two and 4 tangas for BATA."...—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 233. The editor thinks this is for _bate_, _i.e._ _paddy_. But even if so it is used exactly like BATTA or maintenance money. A following entry has: "To the constable 38,920 reis a year, in which is comprised maintenance (_mantimento_)." 1554.—An example of BATEE for rice will be found s.v. MOORAH. The following quotation shows _battee_ (or _batty_) used at Madras in a way that also indicates the original identity of _batty_, 'rice,' and BATTA, 'extra allowance':— 1680.—"The _Peons_ and _Tarryars_ (see TALIAR) sent in quest of two soldiers who had deserted from the garrison returned with answer that they could not light of them, whereupon the Peons were turned out of service, but upon Verona's intercession were taken in again, and fined each one month's pay, and to repay the money paid them for BATTEE...."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consn._, Feb. 10. In _Notes and Exts._ No. iii. p. 3. 1707.—"... that they would allow BATTA or subsistence money to all that should desert us."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 63. 1765.—"... orders were accordingly issued ... that on the 1st January, 1766, the double BATTA should cease...."—_Caraccioli's Clive_, iv. 160. 1789.—"... BATTA, or as it is termed in England, _bât_ and forage money, which is here, in the field, almost double the peace allowance."—_Munro's Narrative_, p. 97. 1799.—"He would rather live on half-pay, in a garrison that could boast of a fives court, than vegetate on _full_ BATTA, where there was none."—_Life of Sir T. Munro_, i. 227. The following shows Batty used for rice in Bombay: [1813.—"Rice, or BATTY, is sown in June."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 23.] 1829.—"_To the Editor of the Bengal Hurkaru._—Sir,—Is it understood that the Wives and daughters of officers on _half_ BATTA are included in the order to mourn for the Queen of Wirtemberg; or will _half_-mourning be considered sufficient for them?"—Letter in above, dated 15th April 1829. 1857.—"They have made me a K.C.B. I may confess to you that I would much rather have got a year's BATTA, because the latter would enable me to leave this country a year sooner."—_Sir Hope Grant_, in _Incidents of the Sepoy War_. B.— 1554.—"And gold, if of 10 _mates_ or 24 carats, is worth 10 cruzados the tael ... if of 9 _mates_, 9 cruzados; and according to whatever the _mates_ may be it is valued; but moreover it has its BATAO, _i.e._ its shroffage (_çarrafagem_) or agio (_caibo_) varying with the season."—_A. Nunes_, 40. 1680.—"The payment or receipt of BATTA or VATUM upon the exchange of Pollicat for Madras pagodas prohibited, both coines being of the same MATT and weight, upon pain of forfeiture of 24 pagodas for every offence together with the loss of the BATTA."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consn._, Feb. 10. In _Notes and Exts._, p. 17. 1760.—"The Nabob receives his revenues in the SICCAS of the current year only ... and all SICCAS of a lower date being esteemed, like the coin of foreign provinces, only a merchandize, are bought and sold at a certain discount called BATTA, which rises and falls like the price of other goods in the market...."—_Ft. Wm. Cons._, June 30, in _Long_, 216. 1810.—"... he immediately tells master that the BATTA, _i.e._ the exchange, is altered."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 203. BATTAS, BATAKS, &c. n.p. [the latter, according to Mr. Skeat, being the standard Malay name]; a nation of Sumatra, noted especially for their singular cannibal institutions, combined with the possession of a written character of their own and some approach to literature. c. 1430.—"In ejus insulae, quam dicunt BATHECH, parte, anthropophagi habitant ... capita humana in thesauris habent, quae ex hostibus captis abscissa, esis carnibus recondunt, iisque utuntur pro nummis."—_Conti_, in _Poggius, De Var. Fort._ lib. iv. c. 1539.—"This Embassador, that was Brother-in-law to the King of BATTAS ... brought him a rich Present of Wood of Aloes, Calambaa, and five quintals of Benjamon in flowers."—_Cogan's Pinto_, 15. c. 1555.—"This Island of Sumatra is the first land wherein we know man's flesh to be eaten by certaine people which liue in the mountains, called BACAS (read BATAS), who vse to gilde their teethe."—_Galvano, Discoveries of the World_, Hak. Soc. 108. 1586.—"Nel regno del Dacin sono alcuni luoghi, ne' quali si ritrouano certe genti, che mangiano le creature humane, e tali genti, si chaimano BATACCHI, e quando frà loro i padri, e le madri sono vechhi, si accordano i vicinati di mangiarli, e li mangiano."—_G. Balbi_, f. 130. 1613.—"In the woods of the interior dwelt Anthropophagi, eaters of human flesh ... and to the present day continues that abuse and evil custom among the BATTAS of Sumatra."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 23_v_. [The fact that the Battas are cannibals has recently been confirmed by Dr. Volz and H. von Autenrieth (_Geogr. Jour._, June 1898, p. 672.] BAWUSTYE, s. Corr. of _bobstay_ in Lascar dialect (_Roebuck_). BAY, The, n.p. In the language of the old Company and its servants in the 17th century, _The_ BAY meant the Bay of Bengal, and their factories in that quarter. 1683.—"And the Councell of the BAY is as expressly distinguished from the Councell of Hugly, over which they have noe such power."—In _Hedges_, under Sept. 24. [Hak. Soc. i. 114.] 1747.—"We have therefore laden on her 1784 Bales ... which we sincerely wish may arrive safe with You, as We do that the Gentlemen at the BAY had according to our repeated Requests, furnished us with an earlier conveyance...."—_Letter from Ft. St. David_, 2nd May, to the Court (MS. in India Office). BAYA, s. H. _baiā_ [_bayā_], the Weaver-bird, as it is called in books of Nat. Hist., _Ploceus baya_, Blyth (Fam. _Fringillidae_). This clever little bird is not only in its natural state the builder of those remarkable pendant nests which are such striking objects, hanging from eaves or palm-branches; but it is also docile to a singular degree in domestication, and is often exhibited by itinerant natives as the performer of the most delightful tricks, as we have seen, and as is detailed in a paper of Mr Blyth's quoted by Jerdon. "The usual procedure is, when ladies are present, for the bird on a sign from its master to take a cardamom or sweatmeat in its bill, and deposit it between a lady's lips.... A miniature cannon is then brought, which the bird loads with coarse grains of powder one by one ... it next seizes and skilfully uses a small ramrod: and then takes a lighted match from its master, which it applies to the touch-hole." Another common performance is to scatter small beads on a sheet; the bird is provided with a needle and thread, and proceeds in the prettiest way to thread the beads successively. [The quotation from Abul Faẓl shows that these performances are as old as the time of Akbar and probably older still.] [c. 1590.—"The BAYA is like a wild sparrow but yellow. It is extremely intelligent, obedient and docile. It will take small coins from the hand and bring them to its master, and will come to a call from a long distance. Its nests are so ingeniously constructed as to defy the rivalry of clever artificers."—_Āīn_ (trans. Jarrett), iii. 122.] 1790.—"The young Hindu women of Banáras ... wear very thin plates of gold, called _tíca's_, slightly fixed by way of ornament between the eyebrows; and when they pass through the streets, it is not uncommon for the youthful libertines, who amuse themselves with training BAYĀ'S, to give them a sign, which they understand, and to send them to pluck the pieces of gold from the foreheads of their mistresses."—_Asiat. Researches_, ii. 110. [1813.—Forbes gives a similar account of the nests and tricks of the BAYA.—_Or. Mem._, 2nd ed. i. 33.] BAYADÈRE, s. A Hindu dancing-girl. The word is especially used by French writers, from whom it has been sometimes borrowed as if it were a genuine Indian word, particularly characteristic of the persons in question. The word is in fact only a Gallicized form of the Portuguese _bailadeira_, from _bailar_, to dance. Some 50 to 60 years ago there was a famous ballet called _Le dieu et la_ BAYADÈRE, and under this title _Punch_ made one of the most famous hits of his early days by presenting a cartoon of Lord Ellenborough as the BAYADÈRE dancing before the idol of Somnāth; [also see DANCING-GIRL]. 1513.—"There also came to the ground many dancing women (_molheres_ BAILADEIRAS) with their instruments of music, who make their living by that business, and these danced and sang all the time of the banquet...."—_Correa_, ii. 364. 1526.—"XLVII. The dancers and danceresses (bayladores e BAYLADEIRAS) who come to perform at a village shall first go and perform at the house of the principal man of the village" (_Gancar_, see GAUM).—_Foral de usos costumes dos Gancares e Lavradores de esta Ilha de Goa_, in _Arch. Port. Or._, fascic. 5, 132. 1598.—"The heathenish whore called BALLIADERA, who is a dancer."—_Linschoten_, 74; [Hak. Soc. i. 264]. 1599.—"In hâc icone primum proponitur _Inda_ BALLIADERA, id est saltatrix, quae in publicis ludis aliisque solennitatibus saltando spectaculum exhibet."—_De Bry_, Text to pl. xii. in vol. ii. (also see p. 90, and vol. vii. 26), etc. [c. 1676.—"All the BALADINES of Gombroon were present to dance in their own manner according to custom."—_Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, ii. 335.] 1782.—"Surate est renommé par ses BAYADÈRES, dont le véritable nom est _Dévédassi_: celui de _Bayadères_ que nous leur donnons, vient du mot BALLADEIRAS, qui signifie en Portugais _Danseuses_."—_Sonnerat_, i. 7. 1794.—"The name of BALLIADERE, we never heard applied to the dancing girls; or saw but in Raynal, and 'War in Asia, by an Officer of Colonel Baillie's Detachment;' it is a corrupt Portuguese word."—_Moor's Narrative of Little's Detachment_, 356. 1825.—"This was the first specimen I had seen of the southern BAYADÈRE, who differ considerably from the nâch girls of northern India, being all in the service of different temples, for which they are purchased young."—_Heber_, ii. 180. c. 1836.—"On one occasion a rumour reached London that a great success had been achieved in Paris by the performance of a set of Hindoo dancers, called LES BAYADÈRES, who were supposed to be priestesses of a certain sect, and the London theatrical managers were at once on the _qui vive_ to secure the new attraction.... My father had concluded the arrangement with the Bayadères before his brother managers arrived in Paris. Shortly afterwards, the Hindoo priestesses appeared at the Adelphi. They were utterly uninteresting, wholly unattractive. My father lost £2000 by the speculation; and in the family they were known as the 'BUY-EM-DEARS' ever after."—_Edmund Yates, Recollections_, i. 29, 30 (1884). BAYPARREE, BEOPARRY, s. H. _bepārī_, and _byopārī_ (from Skt. _vyāpārin_); a trader, and especially a petty trader or dealer. A friend long engaged in business in Calcutta (Mr J. F. Ogilvy, of Gillanders & Co.) communicates a letter from an intelligent Bengalee gentleman, illustrating the course of trade in country produce before it reaches the hands of the European shipper: 1878.—"... the enhanced rates ... do not practically benefit the producer in a marked, or even in a corresponding degree; for the lion's share goes into the pockets of certain intermediate classes, who are the growth of the above system of business. "Following the course of trade as it flows into Calcutta, we find that between the cultivators and the exporter these are: 1st. The BEPPARREE, or petty trader; 2nd. The _Aurut-dar_;[37] and 3rd. The MAHAJUN, interested in the Calcutta trade. As soon as the crops are cut, BEPPARREE appears upon the scene; he visits village after village, and goes from homestead to homestead, buying there, or at the village marts, from the RYOTS; he then takes his purchases to the _Aurut-dar_, who is stationed at a centre of trade, and to whom he is perhaps under advances, and from the _Aurut-dar_ the Calcutta Mahajun obtains his supplies ... for eventual despatch to the capital. There is also a fourth class of dealers called _Phoreas_, who buy from the Mahajun and sell to the European exporter. Thus, between the cultivator and the shipper there are so many middlemen, whose participation in the trade involves a multiplication of profits, which goes a great way towards enhancing the price of commodities before they reach the shipper's hands."—_Letter from Baboo Nobokissin Ghose._ [Similar details for Northern India will be found in _Hoey, Mon. Trade and Manufactures of Lucknow_, 59 _seqq._] BAZAAR, s. H. &c. From P. _bāzār_, a permanent market or street of shops. The word has spread westward into Arabic, Turkish, and, in special senses, into European languages, and eastward into India, where it has generally been adopted into the vernaculars. The popular pronunciation is _băzár_. In S. India and Ceylon the word is used for a single shop or stall kept by a native. The word seems to have come to S. Europe very early. F. Balducci Pegolotti, in his Mercantile Handbook (c. 1340) gives BAZARRA as a Genoese word for 'market-place' (_Cathay_, &c. ii. 286). The word is adopted into Malay as _pāsār_, [or in the poems _pasara_]. 1474.—Ambrose Contarini writes of Kazan, that it is "walled like Como, and with BAZARS (_bazzari_) like it."—_Ramusio_, ii. f. 117. 1478.—Josafat Barbaro writes: "An Armenian Choza Mirech, a rich merchant in the BAZAR" (_bazarro_).—_Ibid._ f. 111_v_. 1563.—"... BAZAR, as much as to say the place where things are sold."—_Garcia_, f. 170. 1564.—A privilege by Don Sebastian of Portugal gives authority "to sell garden produce freely in the BAZARS (_bazares_), markets, and streets (of Goa) without necessity for consent or license from the farmers of the garden produce, or from any other person whatsoever."—_Arch. Port. Or._, fasc. 2, 157. c. 1566.—"La Pescaria delle Perle ... si fa ogn' anno ... e su la costa all' in contro piantano vna villa di case, e BAZARRI di paglia."—_Cesare de' Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 390. 1606.—"... the Christians of the BAZAR."—_Gouvea_, 29. 1610.—"En la Ville de Cananor il y a vn beau marché tous les jours, qu'ils appellent BASARE."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 325; [Hak. Soc. i. 448]. [1615.—"To buy pepper as cheap as we could in the BUSSER."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 114.] [ " "He forbad all the BEZAR to sell us victuals or else...."—_Ibid._ iv. 80.] [1623.—"They call it BEZARI KELAN, that is the Great Merkat...."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 96. (P. _Kalān_, 'great').] 1638.—"We came into a BUSSAR, or very faire Market place."—_W. Bruton_, in _Hakl._ v. 50. 1666.—"Les BAZARDS ou Marchés sont dans une grande rue qui est au pié de la montagne."—_Thevenot_, v. 18. 1672.—"... Let us now pass the Pale to the Heathen Town (of Madras) only parted by a wide Parrade, which is used for a BUZZAR or Mercate-place."—_Fryer_, 38. [1826.—"The Kotwall went to the BAZAAR-MASTER."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, p. 156.] 1837.—"Lord, there is a honey BAZAR, repair thither."—_Turnour's_ transl. of _Mahawanso_, 24. 1873.—"This, remarked my handsome Greek friend from Vienna, is the finest wife-BAZAAR in this part of Europe.... Go a little way east of this, say to Roumania, and you will find wife-BAZAAR completely undisguised, the ladies seated in their carriages, the youths filing by, and pausing before this or that beauty, to bargain with papa about the dower, under her very nose."—_Fraser's Mag. N. S._ vii. p. 617 (_Vienna_, by _M. D. Conway_). BDELLIUM, s. This aromatic gum-resin has been identified with that of the _Balsamodendron Mukul_, Hooker, inhabiting the dry regions of Arabia and Western India; _gugal_ of Western India, and _moḳl_ in Arabic, called in P. _bo-i-jahūdān_ (Jews' scent). What the Hebrew _bdolah_ of the R. Phison was, which was rendered _bdellium_ since the time of Josephus, remains very doubtful. Lassen has suggested _musk_ as possible. But the argument is only this: that Dioscorides says some called bdellium μάδελκον; that μάδελκον perhaps represents _Madālaka_, and though there is no such Skt. word as _madālaka_, there _might_ be _madāraka_, because there is _madāra_, which means some perfume, no one knows what! (_Ind. Alterth._ i. 292.) Dr. Royle says the Persian authors describe the BDELLIUM as being the product of the Doom palm (see _Hindu Medicine_, p. 90). But this we imagine is due to some ambiguity in the sense of _moḳl_. [See the authorities quoted in _Encycl. Bibl._ s.v. BDELLIUM which still leave the question in some doubt.] c. A.D. 90.—"In exchange are exported from Barbarice (Indus Delta) costus, BDELLA...."—_Periplus_, ch. 39. c. 1230.—"BDALLYŪN. A Greek word which as some learned men think, means 'The Lion's Repose.' This plant is the same as _moḳl_."—_Ebn El-Baithár_, i. 125. 1612.—"BDELLIUM, the pund ... xxs."—Rates and Valuatiouns (_Scotland_), p. 298. BEADALA, n.p. Formerly a port of some note for native craft on the Rāmnād coast (Madura district) of the Gulf of Manar, _Vadaulay_ in the Atlas of India. The proper name seems to be _Vēdālai_, by which it is mentioned in Bishop Caldwell's _Hist. of Tinnevelly_ (p. 235), [and which is derived from Tam. _vedu_, 'hunting,' and _al_, 'a banyan-tree' (_Mad. Adm. Man. Gloss._ p. 953)]. The place was famous in the Portuguese History of India for a victory gained there by Martin Affonso de Sousa (_Capitão Mór do Mar_) over a strong land and sea force of the Zamorin, commanded by a famous Mahommedan Captain, whom the Portuguese called Pate Marcar, and the Tuḥfat-al Mujāhidīn calls 'Ali Ibrahīm Markār, 15th February, 1538. Barros styles it "one of the best fought battles that ever came off in India." This occurred under the viceroyalty of Nuno da Cunha, not of Stephen da Gama, as the allusions in Camões seem to indicate. Captain Burton has too hastily identified _Beadala_ with a place on the coast of Malabar, a fact which has perhaps been the cause of this article (see _Lusiads_, Commentary, p. 477). 1552.—"Martin Affonso, with this light fleet, on which he had not more than 400 soldiers, went round Cape Comorin, being aware that the enemy were at BEADALÁ...."—_Barros_, Dec. IV., liv. viii. cap. 13. 1562.—"The Governor, departing from Cochym, coasted as far as Cape Comoryn, doubled that Cape, and ran for BEADALÁ, which is a place adjoining the Shoals of CHILAO [CHILAW]...."—_Correa_, iv. 324. c. 1570.—"And about this time Alee Ibrahim Murkar, and his brother-in-law Kunjee-Alee-Murkar, sailed out with 22 grabs in the direction of Kaeel, and arriving off BENTALAH, they landed, leaving their grabs at anchor.... But destruction overtook them at the arrival of the Franks, who came upon them in their galliots, attacking and capturing all their grabs.... Now this capture by the Franks took place in the latter part of the month of Shaban, in the year 944 [end of January, 1538]."—_Tohfut-ul-Mujahideen_, tr. by Rowlandson, 141. 1572.— "E despois junto ao Cabo Comorim Huma façanha faz esclarecida, A frota principal do Samorim, Que destruir o mundo não duvida, Vencerá co o furor do ferro e fogo; Em si verá BEADÁLA o martio jogo." _Camões_, x. 65. By Burton (but whose misconception of the locality has here affected his translation): "then _well nigh reached_ the Cape 'clept Comorin, another wreath of Fame by him is won; the strongest squadron of the Samorim who doubted not to see the world undone, he shall destroy with rage of fire and steel: BE'ADÁLÁ'S self his martial yoke shall feel." 1814.—"VAIDÁLAI, a pretty populous village on the coast, situated 13 miles east of Mutupetta, inhabited chiefly by Musulmans and Shánárs, the former carrying on a wood trade."—_Account of the Prov. of Ramnad_, from Mackenzie Collections in _J. R. As. Soc._ iii. 170. BEAR-TREE, BAIR, &c. s. H. _ber_, Mahr. _bora_, in Central Provinces _bor_, [Malay _bedara_ or _bidara China_,] (Skt. _badara_ and _vadara_) _Zizyphus jujuba_, Lam. This is one of the most widely diffused trees in India, and is found wild from the Punjab to Burma, in all which region it is probably native. It is cultivated from Queensland and China to Morocco and Guinea. "Sir H. Elliot identifies it with the lotus of the ancients, but although the large juicy product of the garden _Zizyphus_ is by no means bad, yet, as Madden quaintly remarks, one might eat any quantity of it without risk of forgetting home and friends."—(_Punjab Plants_, 43.) 1563.—"_O._ The name in Canarese is _bor_, and in the Decan BÉR, and the Malays call them _vidaras_, and they are better than ours; yet not so good as those of Balagate ... which are very tasty."—_Garcia De O._, 33.] [1609.—"Here is also great quantity of gum-lack to be had, but is of the tree called BER, and is in grain like unto red mastic."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 30.] BEARER, s. The word has two meanings in Anglo-Indian colloquial: A. A palanquin-carrier; B. (In the Bengal Presidency) a domestic servant who has charge of his master's clothes, household furniture, and (often) of his ready money. The word in the latter meaning has been regarded as distinct in origin, and is stated by Wilson to be a corruption of the Bengali _vehārā_ from Skt. _vyavahāri_, a domestic servant. There seems, however, to be no _historical_ evidence for such an origin, _e.g._ in any habitual use of the term _vehārā_, whilst as a matter of fact the domestic bearer (or _sirdār-bearer_, as he is usually styled by his fellow-servants, often even when he has no one under him) was in Calcutta, in the penultimate generation when English gentlemen still kept palankins, usually just what this literally implies, viz. the head-man of a set of palankin-bearers. And throughout the Presidency the BEARER, or valet, still, as a rule, belongs to the caste of _Kahārs_ (see KUHAR), or palki-bearers. [See BOY.] A.— c. 1760.—"... The poles which ... are carried by six, but most commonly four BEARERS."—_Grose_, i. 153. 1768-71.—"Every house has likewise ... one or two sets of BERRAS, or palankeen-bearers."—_Stavorinus_, i. 523. 1771.—"Le bout le plus court du Palanquin est en devant, et porté par deux BERAS, que l'on nomme BOYS à la Côte (c'est-à-dire _Garçons_, _Serviteurs_, en Anglois). Le long bout est par derrière et porte par trois BERAS."—_Anquetil du Perron, Desc. Prelim._ p. xxiii. _note_. 1778.—"They came on foot, the town having neither horses nor palankin-BEARERS to carry them, and Colonel Coote received them at his headquarters...."—_Orme_, iii. 719. 1803.—"I was ... detained by the scarcity of BEARERS."—_Lord Valentia_, i. 372. B.— 1782.—"... imposition ... that a gentleman should pay a rascal of a _Sirdar_ BEARER monthly wages for 8 or 10 men ... out of whom he gives 4, or may perhaps indulge his master with 5, to carry his palankeen."—_India Gazette_, Sept. 2. c. 1815.—"_Henry and his_ BEARER."—(Title of a well-known book of Mrs. Sherwood's.) 1824.—"... I called to my _sirdar_-BEARER who was lying on the floor, outside the bedroom."—_Seely, Ellora_, ch. i. 1831.—"... le grand maître de ma garde-robe, _sirdar_ BEEHRAH."—_Jacquemont, Correspondance_, i. 114. 1876.—"My BEARER who was to go with us (Eva's ayah had struck at the last moment and stopped behind) had literally girt up his loins, and was loading a diminutive mule with a miscellaneous assortment of brass pots and blankets."—_A True Reformer_, ch. iv. BEEBEE, s. H. from P. _bībī_, a lady. [In its contracted form _bī_, it is added as a title of distinction to the names of Musulman ladies.] On the principle of degradation of titles which is so general, this word in application to European ladies has been superseded by the hybrids _Mem-Ṣāhib_, or _Madam-Ṣāhib_, though it is often applied to European maid-servants or other Englishwomen of that rank of life. [It retains its dignity as the title of the _Bībī_ of Cananore, known as _Bībī Valiya_, Malayāl., 'great lady,' who rules in that neighbourhood and exercises authority over three of the islands of the Laccadives, and is by race a Moplah Mohammedan.] The word also is sometimes applied to a prostitute. It is originally, it would seem, Oriental Turki. In Pavet de Courteille's Dict. we have "_Bībī_, dame, épouse légitime" (p. 181). In W. India the word is said to be pronounced _bobo_ (see _Burton's Sind_). It is curious that among the Sákaláva of Madagascar the wives of chiefs are termed _biby_; but there seems hardly a possibility of this having come from Persia or India. [But for Indian influence on the island, see _Encycl. Britt._ 9th ed. xv. 174.] The word in Hova means 'animal.'—(_Sibree's Madagascar_, p. 253.) [c. 1610.—"Nobles in blood ... call their wives BYBIS."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 217.] 1611.—"... the title BIBI ... is in Persian the same as among us, sennora, or doña."—_Teixeira, Relacion ... de Hormuz._ 19. c. 1786.—"The word _Lowndika_, which means the son of a slave-girl, was also continually on the tongue of the Nawaub, and if he was angry with any one he called him by this name; but it was also used as an endearing fond appellation to which was attached great favour,[38] until one day, Ali Zumán Khan ... represented to him that the word was low, discreditable, and not fit for the use of men of knowledge and rank. The Nawaub smiled, and said, 'O friend, you and I are both the sons of slave women, and the two Husseins only (on whom be good wishes and Paradise!) are the sons of a BIBI."—_Hist. of Hydur Naik_, tr. by Miles, 486. [1793.—"I, BEEBEE BULEA, the Princess of Cannanore and of the Laccadives Islands, &c., do acknowledge and give in writing that I will pay to the Government of the English East India Company the moiety of whatever is the produce of my country...."—_Engagement_ in _Logan, Malabar_, iii. 181.] BEECH-DE-MER, s. The old trade way of writing and pronouncing the name, _bicho-de-mar_ (borrowed from the Portuguese) of the sea-slug or _holothuria_, so highly valued in China. [See menu of a dinner to which the Duke of Connaught was invited, in _Ball, Things Chinese_, 3rd ed. p. 247.] It is split, cleaned, dried, and then carried to the Straits for export to China, from the Maldives, the Gulf of Manar, and other parts of the Indian seas further east. The most complete account of the way in which this somewhat important article of commerce is prepared, will be found in the _Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie_, Jaarg. xvii. pt. i. See also SWALLOW and TRIPANG. BEECHMÁN, also MEECHILMÁN, s. Sea-H. for 'midshipman.' (_Roebuck_). BEEGAH, s. H. _bīghā_. The most common Hindu measure of land-area, and varying much in different parts of India, whilst in every part that has a _bīghā_ there is also certain to be a _pucka beegah_ and a _kutcha beegah_ (vide CUTCHA and PUCKA), the latter being some fraction of the former. The _beegah_ formerly adopted in the Revenue Survey of the N.W. Provinces, and in the Canal Department there, was one of 3025 sq. yards or ⅝ of an acre. This was apparently founded on Akbar's _beegah_, which contained 3600 sq. _Ilāhi gaz_, of about 33 inches each. [For which see Āīn, trans. _Jarrett_, ii. 62.] But it is now in official returns superseded by the English acre. 1763.—"I never seized a BEEGA or _beswa_ (1/20 _bīghā_) belonging to Calcutta, nor have I ever impressed your gomastahs." ... _Nawāb Kāsim 'Ali_, in _Gleig's Mem. of Hastings_, i. 129. 1823.—"A BEGAH has been computed at one-third of an acre, but its size differs in almost every province. The smallest _Begah_ may perhaps be computed at one-third, and the largest at two-thirds of an acre."—Malcolm's _Central India_, ii. 15. 1877.—"The Resident was gratified at the low rate of assessment, which was on the general average eleven annas or 1_s._ 4½_d._ per BEEGAH, that for the Nizam's country being upwards of four rupees."—_Meadows Taylor, Story of my Life_, ii. 5. BEEGUM, BEGUM, &c. s. A Princess, a Mistress, a Lady of Rank; applied to Mahommedan ladies, and in the well-known case of the _Beegum Sumroo_ to the professedly Christian (native) wife of a European. The word appears to be Or. Turki. _bīgam_, [which some connect with Skt. _bhaga_, 'lord,'] a feminine formation from _Beg_, 'chief, or lord,' like _Khānum_ from _Khān_; hence P. _begam_. [_Beg_ appears in the early travellers as _Beage_.] [1614.—"Narranse saith he standeth bound before BEAGE for 4,800 and odd mamoodies."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 282.] [1505.—"BEGUM." See quotation under KHANUM.] [1617.—"Their Company that offered to rob the BEAGAM'S junck."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 454.] 1619.—"Behind the girl came another BEGUM, also an old woman, but lean and feeble, holding on to life with her teeth, as one might say."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 6. 1653.—"BEGUN, Reine, ou espouse du Schah."—_De la Boullaye le Gouz_, 127. [1708.—"They are called for this reason 'BEGOM,' which means Free from Care or Solicitude" (as if P. _be-gham_, 'without care'!)—_Catrou, H. of the Mogul Dynasty in India_, E. T., 287.] 1787.—"Among the charges (against Hastings) there is but one engaged, two at most—the BEGUM'S to Sheridan; the Rannee of Goheed (Gohud) to Sir James Erskine. So please your palate."—_Ed. Burke_ to Sir G. Elliot. _L. of Ld. Minto_, i. 119. BEEJOO, s. Or 'Indian badger,' as it is sometimes called, H. _bījū_ [_bijjū_], _Mellivora indica_, Jerdon, [_Blanford, Mammalia_, 176]. It is also often called in Upper India the _Grave-digger_, [_gorkhodo_] from a belief in its bad practices, probably unjust. BEER, s. This liquor, imported from England, [and now largely made in the country], has been a favourite in India from an early date. _Porter_ seems to have been common in the 18th century, judging from the advertisements in the _Calcutta Gazette_; and the _Pale Ale_ made, it is presumed, expressly for the India market, appears in the earliest years of that publication. That expression has long been disused in India, and _beer_, simply, has represented the thing. Hodgson's at the beginning of this century, was the beer in almost universal use, replaced by Bass, and Allsopp, and of late years by a variety of other brands. [Hodgson's ale is immortalised in _Bon Gualtier_.] 1638.—"... the Captain ... was well provided with ... excellent good Sack, _English_ BEER, French Wines, _Arak_, and other refreshments."—_Mandelslo, E. T._, p. 10. 1690.—(At Surat in the English Factory) "... _Europe_ Wines and _English_ BEER, because of their former acquaintance with our Palates, are most coveted and most desirable Liquors, and tho' sold at high Rates, are yet purchased and drunk with pleasure."—_Ovington_, 395. 1784.—"London Porter and _Pale Ale_, light and excellent ... 150 Sicca Rs. per hhd...."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 39. 1810.—"Porter, pale-ale and table-BEER of great strength, are often drank after meals."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 122. 1814.— "What are the luxuries they boast them here? The lolling couch, the joys of bottled BEER." From '_The Cadet_, a Poem in 6 parts, &c. by a late resident in the East.' This is a most lugubrious production, the author finding nothing to his taste in India. In this respect it reads something like a caricature of "Oakfield," without the noble character and sentiment of that book. As the Rev. Hobart Caunter, the author seems to have come to a less doleful view of things Indian, and for some years he wrote the letter-press of the "Oriental Annual." BEER, COUNTRY. At present, at least in Upper India, this expression simply indicates ale made in India (see COUNTRY) as at Masūri, Kasauli, and Ootacamund Breweries. But it formerly was (and in Madras perhaps still is) applied to ginger-beer, or to a beverage described in some of the quotations below, which must have become obsolete early in the last century. A drink of this nature called _Sugar-beer_ was the ordinary drink at Batavia in the 17th century, and to its use some travellers ascribed the prevalent unhealthiness. This is probably what is described by Jacob Bontius in the first quotation: 1631.—There is a recipe given for a BEER of this kind, "not at all less good than Dutch beer.... Take a hooped cask of 30 _amphorae_ (?), fill with pure river water; add 2lb. black Java sugar, 4oz. tamarinds, 3 lemons cut up, cork well and put in a cool place. After 14 hours it will boil as if on a fire," &c.—_Hist. Nat. et Med. Indiae Orient._, p. 8. We doubt the result anticipated. 1789.—"They use a pleasant kind of drink, called COUNTRY-BEER, with their victuals; which is composed of toddy ... porter, and brown-sugar; is of a brisk nature, but when cooled with saltpetre and water, becomes a very refreshing draught."—_Munro, Narrative_, 42. 1810.—"A temporary beverage, suited to the very hot weather, and called COUNTRY-BEER, is in rather _general_ use, though water artificially cooled is commonly drunk during the repasts."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 122. BEER-DRINKING. Up to about 1850, and a little later, an ordinary exchange of courtesies at an Anglo-Indian dinner-table in the provinces, especially a mess-table, was to ask a guest, perhaps many yards distant, to "drink beer" with you; in imitation of the English custom of drinking wine together, which became obsolete somewhat earlier. In Western India, when such an invitation was given at a mess-table, two tumblers, holding half a bottle each, were brought to the inviter, who carefully divided the bottle between the two, and then sent one to the guest whom he invited to drink with him. 1848.—"'He aint got distangy manners, dammy,' Bragg observed to his first mate; 'he wouldn't do at Government House, Roper, where his Lordship and Lady William was as kind to me ... and asking me at dinner to TAKE BEER with him before the Commander-in-Chief himself....'"—_Vanity Fair_, II. ch. xxii. 1853.—"First one officer, and then another, asked him to DRINK BEER at mess, as a kind of tacit suspension of hostilities."—_Oakfield_, ii. 52. BEETLEFAKEE, n.p. "In some old Voyages coins used at Mocha are so called. The word is _Bait-ul-fākiha_, the 'Fruit-market,' the name of a bazar there." So C. P. Brown. The place is in fact the Coffee-mart of which Hodeida is the port, from which it is about 30 m. distant inland, and 4 marches north of Mocha. And the name is really _Bait-al-Faḳīh_, 'The House of the Divine,' from the tomb of the Saint Aḥmad Ibn Mūsā, which was the nucleus of the place.—(See _Ritter_, xii. 872; see also BEETLE-FACKIE, _Milburn_, i. 96.) 1690.—"Coffee ... grows in abundance at BEETLE-FUCKEE ... and other parts."—_Ovington_, 465. 1710.—"They daily bring down coffee from the mountains to BETELFAQUY, which is not above 3 leagues off, where there is a market for it every day of the week."—_(French) Voyage to Arabia the Happy_, E. T., London, 1726, p. 99. 1770.—"The tree that produces the Coffee grows in the territory of BETEL-FAQUI, a town belonging to Yemen."—_Raynal_ (tr. 1777), i. 352. BEGAR, BIGARRY, s. H. _begārī_, from P. _begār_, 'forced labour' [_be_ 'without,' _gār_ (for _kār_), 'one who works']; a person pressed to carry a load, or do other work really or professedly for public service. In some provinces _begār_ is the forced labour, and _bigārī_ the pressed man; whilst in Karnāta, _begārī_ is the performance of the lowest village offices without money payment, but with remuneration in grain or land (_Wilson_). C. P. Brown says the word is Canarese; but the P. origin is hardly doubtful. [1519.—"It happened that one day sixty BIGAIRIS went from the Comorin side towards the fort loaded with oyster-shells."—_Castanheda_, Bk. V. ch. 38.] [1525.—"The inhabitants of the villages are bound to supply BEGARINS who are workmen."—_Archiv. Port. Orient._ Fasc. V. p. 126.] [1535.—"Telling him that they fought like heroes and worked (at building the fort) like BYGAIRYS."—_Correa_, iii. 625.] 1554.—"And to 4 BEGGUARYNS, who serve as water carriers to the Portuguese and others in the said intrenchment, 15 leals a day to each...."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 78. 1673.—"_Gocurn_, whither I took a Pilgrimage, with one other of the Factors, Four Peons, and Two BIGGEREENS, or Porters only."—_Fryer_, 158. 1800.—"The BYGARRY system is not bearable: it must be abolished entirely."—_Wellington_, i. 244. 1815.—_Aitchison's Indian Treaties_, &c., contains under this year numerous _sunnuds_ issued, in Nepāl War, to Hill Chiefs, stipulating for attendance when required with "BEGAREES and sepoys."—ii. 339 _seqq._ 1882.—"The Malauna people were some time back ordered to make a practicable road, but they flatly refused to do anything of the kind, saying they had never done any BEGÂR labour, and did not intend to do any."—(_ref. wanting._) BEHAR, n.p. H. _Bihār_. That province of the Mogul Empire which lay on the Ganges immediately above Bengal, was so called, and still retains the name and character of a province, under the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, and embracing the ten modern districts of Patna, Sāran, Gāya, Shāhābād, Tirhut, Champāran, the Santāl Parganas, Bhāgalpūr, Monghyr, and Purnīah. The name was taken from the old city of BIHĀR, and that derived its title from being the site of a famous VIHĀRA in Buddhist times. In the later days of Mahommedan rule the three provinces of Bengal, Behar and Orissa were under one Subadar, viz. the Nawāb, who resided latterly at Murshidābād. [c. 1590.—"Sarkar of BEHAR; containing 46 Mahals...."—_Āīn_ (tr. _Jarrett_), ii. 153.] [1676.—"Translate of a letter from Shausteth Caukne (Shaista Khan) ... in answer to one from Wares Cawne, Great Chancellor of the Province of BEARRA about the English."—In _Birdwood, Rep._ 80]. The following is the first example we have noted of the occurrence of the three famous names in combination: 1679.—"On perusal of several letters relating to the procuring of the Great Mogul's Phyrmaund for trade, custome free, in the Bay of Bengall, the Chief in Council at Hugly is ordered to procure the same, for the English to be Customs free in BENGAL, ORIXA and BEARRA...."—_Ft. St. Geo. Cons._, 20th Feb. in _Notes and Exts._, Pt. ii. p. 7. BEHUT, n.p. H. _Behat_. One of the names, and in fact the proper name, of the Punjab river which we now call Jelum (_i.e._ _Jhīlam_) from a town on its banks: the _Hydaspes_ or _Bidaspes_ of the ancients. Both _Behat_ and the Greek name are corruptions, in different ways, of the Skt. name _Vitastā_. Sidi 'Alī (p. 200) calls it the river of _Bahra_. Bahra or Bhera was a district on the river, and the town and taḥsīl still remain, in Shahpur Dist. [It "is called by the natives of Kaśmīr, where it rises, the _Bedasta_, which is but a slightly-altered form of its Skt. name, the _Vitastā_, which means 'wide-spread.'"—_McCrindle, Invasion of India_, 93 _seqq._] BEIRAMEE, BYRAMEE, also BYRAMPAUT, s. P. _bairam_, _bairamī_. The name of a kind of cotton stuff which appears frequently during the flourishing period of the export of these from India; but the exact character of which we have been unable to ascertain. In earlier times, as appears from the first quotation, it was a very fine stuff. [From the quotation dated 1609 below, they appear to have resembled the fine linen known as "Holland" (for which see _Draper's Dict._ s.v.).] c. 1343.—Ibn Batuta mentions, among presents sent by Sultan Mahommed Tughlak of Delhi to the great Kaan, "100 suits of raiment called BAIRAMĪYAH, _i.e._ of a cotton stuff, which were of unequalled beauty, and were each worth 100 dīnārs [rupees]."—iv. 2. [1498.—"20 pieces of white stuff, very fine, with gold embroidery which they call BEYRAMIES."—_Correa_, Hak. Soc. 197.] 1510.—"Fifty ships are laden every year in this place (Bengala) with cotton and silk stuffs ... that is to say BAIRAM."—_Varthema_, 212. [1513.—"And captured two Chaul ships laden with BEIRAMES."—_Albuquerque, Cartas_, p. 166.] 1554.—"From this country come the muslins called Candaharians, and those of Daulatābād, Berūpātri, and BAIRAMI."—_Sidi 'Ali_, in _J.A.S.B._, v. 460. " "And for 6 BEIRAMES for 6 surplices, which are given annually ... which may be worth 7 pardaos."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 129. [1609.—"A sort of cloth called BYRAMY resembling Holland cloths."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 29.] [1610.—"BEARAMS white will vent better than the black."—_Ibid._ i. 75]. 1615.—"10 pec. BYRAMS nill (see ANILE) of 51 Rs. per corg...."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 4. [1648.—"BERONIS." Quotation from Van Twist, s.v. GINGHAM.] [c. 1700.—"50 blew BYRAMPANTS" (read BYRAMPAUTS, H. _pāt_, 'a length of cloth').—In _Notes and Queries_, 7th Ser. ix. 29.] 1727.—"Some Surat _Baftaes_ dyed blue, and some BERAMS dyed red, which are both coarse cotton cloth."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 125. 1813.—"BYRAMS of sorts," among Surat piece-goods, in _Milburn_, i. 124. BEITCUL, n.p. We do not know how this name should be properly written. The place occupies the isthmus connecting Carwar Head in Canara with the land, and lies close to the Harbour of Carwar, the inner part of which is _Beitcul Cove_. 1711.—"Ships may ride secure from the South West Monsoon at _Batte Cove_ (qu. BATTECOLE?), and the River is navigable for the largest, after they have once got in."—_Lockyer_, 272. 1727.—"The _Portugueze_ have an Island called Anjediva [see ANCHEDIVA] ... about two miles from BATCOAL."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 277. BELGAUM, n.p. A town and district of the Bombay Presidency, in the S. Mahratta country. The proper name is said to be Canarese _Vennu-grāmā_, 'Bamboo-Town.' [The name of a place of the same designation in the Vizagapatam district in Madras is said to be derived from Skt. _bila-grāma_, 'cave-village.'—_Mad. Admin. Man. Gloss._ s.v.] The name occurs in De Barros under the form "Cidade de BILGAN" (Dec. IV., liv. vii. cap. 5). BENAMEE, adj. P.—H. _be-nāmī_, 'anonymous'; a term specially applied to documents of transfer or other contract in which the name entered as that of one of the chief parties (_e.g._ of a purchaser) is not that of the person really interested. Such transactions are for various reasons very common in India, especially in Bengal, and are not by any means necessarily fradulent, though they have often been so. ["There probably is no country in the world except India, where it would be necessary to write a chapter 'On the practice of putting property into a false name.'"—(_Mayne, Hindu Law_, 373).] In the Indian Penal Code (Act XLV. of 1860), sections 421-423, "on fraudulent deeds and dispositions of Property," appear to be especially directed against the dishonest use of this _benamee_ system. It is alleged by C. P. Brown on the authority of a statement in the _Friend of India_ (without specific reference) that the proper term is _banāmī_, adopted from such a phrase as _banāmī chiṭṭhī_, 'a transferable note of hand,' such notes commencing, '_ba-nām-i-fulāna_,' 'to the name or address of' (Abraham Newlands). This is conceivable, and probably true, but we have not the evidence, and it is opposed to all the authorities: and in any case the present form and interpretation of the term _be-nāmī_ has become established. 1854.—"It is very much the habit in India to make purchases in the name of others, and from whatever causes the practice may have arisen, it has existed for a series of years: and these transactions are known as 'BENAMEE transactions'; they are noticed at least as early as the year 1778, in Mr. Justice Hyde's Notes."—_Ld. Justice Knight Bruce_, in Moore's Reports of Cases on Appeal before the P. C., vol. vi. p. 72. "The presumption of the Hindoo law, in a joint undivided family, is that the whole property of the family is joint estate ... where a purchase of real estate is made by a Hindoo in the name of one of his sons, the presumption of the Hindoo law is in favour of its being a BENAMEE purchase, and the burthen of proof lies on the party in whose name it was purchased, to prove that he was solely entitled."—_Note by the Editor of above Vol._, p. 53. 1861.—"The decree Sale law is also one chief cause of that nuisance, the BENAMEE system.... It is a peculiar contrivance for getting the benefits and credit of property, and avoiding its charges and liabilities. It consists in one man holding land, nominally for himself, but really in secret trust for another, and by ringing the changes between the two ... relieving the land from being attached for any liability personal to the proprietor."—_W. Money, Java_, ii. 261. 1862.—"Two ingredients are necessary to make up the offence in this section (§ 423 of Penal Code). First a fraudulent intention, and secondly a false statement as to the consideration. The mere fact that an assignment has been taken in the name of a person not really interested, will not be sufficient. Such ... known in Bengal as BENAMEE transactions ... have nothing necessarily fraudulent."—_J. D. Mayne's Comm. on the Penal Code_, Madras, 1862, p. 257. BENARES, n.p. The famous and holy city on the Ganges. H. _Banāras_ from Skt. _Vārānasī_. The popular Pundit etymology is from the names of the streams _Varaṇā_ (mod. _Barnā_) and _Āsī_, the former a river of some size on the north and east of the city, the latter a rivulet now embraced within its area; [or from the mythical founder, _Rājā Bānār_]. This origin is very questionable. The name, as that of a city, has been (according to Dr. F. Hall) familiar to Sanscrit literature since B.C. 120. The Buddhist legends would carry it much further back, the name being in them very familiar. [c. 250 A.D.—"... and the ERRENYSIS from the Mathai, an Indian tribe, unite with the Ganges."—_Aelian, Indika_, iv.] c. 637.—"The Kingdom of _P'o-lo-nis-se_ (VÂRÂNAÇÎ _Bénarès_) is 4000 _li_ in compass. On the west the capital adjoins the Ganges...."—_Hiouen Thsang_, in _Pèl. Boudd._ ii. 354. c. 1020.—"If you go from Bárí on the banks of the Ganges, in an easterly direction, you come to Ajodh, at the distance of 25 parasangs; thence to the great Benares (BĀNĀRAS) about 20."—_Al-Birūnī_, in _Elliot_, i. 56. 1665.—"BANAROU is a large City, and handsomely built; the most part of the Houses being either of Brick or Stone ... but the inconveniency is that the Streets are very narrow."—_Tavernier_, E. T., ii. 52; [ed. _Ball_, i. 118. He also uses the forms BENAREZ and BANAROUS, _Ibid._ ii. 182, 225]. BENCOOLEN, n.p. A settlement on the West Coast of Sumatra, which long pertained to England, viz. from 1685 to 1824, when it was given over to Holland in exchange for Malacca, by the Treaty of London. The name is a corruption of Malay _Bangkaulu_, and it appears as _Mangkoulou_ or _Wénkouléou_ in Pauthier's Chinese geographical quotations, of which the date is not given (_Marc. Pol._, p. 566, note). The English factory at Bencoolen was from 1714 called Fort Marlborough. 1501.—"BENCOLU" is mentioned among the ports of the East Indies by Amerigo Vespucci in his letter quoted under BACANORE. 1690.—"We ... were forced to bear away to BENCOULI, another English Factory on the same Coast.... It was two days before I went ashoar, and then I was importuned by the Governour to stay there, to be Gunner of the Fort."—_Dampier_, i. 512. 1727.—"BENCOLON is an English colony, but the European inhabitants not very numerous."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 114. 1788.—"It is nearly an equal absurdity, though upon a smaller scale, to have an establishment that costs nearly 40,000_l._ at BENCOOLEN, to facilitate the purchase of one cargo of pepper."—_Cornwallis_, i. 390. BENDAMEER, n.p. Pers. _Bandamīr_. A popular name, at least among foreigners, of the River Kur (_Araxes_) near Shiraz. Properly speaking, the word is the name of a dam constructed across the river by the Amīr Fanā Khusruh, otherwise called Aded-ud-daulah, a prince of the Buweih family (A.D. 965), which was thence known in later days as the _Band-i-Amīr_, "The Prince's Dam." The work is mentioned in the Geog. Dict. of Yāḳūt (c. 1220) under the name of _Sikru Fannā-Khusrah Khurrah_ and _Kirdu Fannā Khusrah_ (see _Barb. Meynard, Dict. de la Perse_, 313, 480). Fryer repeats a rigmarole that he heard about the miraculous formation of the dam or bridge by BAND HAIMERO (!) a prophet, "wherefore both the Bridge and the Plain, as well as the River, by Boterus is corruptly called BINDAMIRE" (_Fryer_, 258). c. 1475.—"And from thense, a daies iorney, ye come to a great bridge vpon the BYNDAMYR, which is a notable great ryver. This bridge they said Salomon caused to be made."—_Barbaro_ (Old E. T.), Hak. Soc. 80. 1621.—"... having to pass the Kur by a longer way across another bridge called BEND' EMIR, which is as much as to say the Tie (_ligatura_), or in other words the Bridge, of the Emir, which is two leagues distant from Chehil minar ... and which is so called after a certain Emir Hamza the Dilemite who built it.... Fra Filippo Ferrari, in his Geographical Epitome, attributes the name of _Bendemir_ to the river, but he is wrong, for _Bendemir_ is the name of the bridge and not of the river."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 264. 1686.—"Il est bon d'observer, vue le commun Peuple appelle le BEND-EMIR en cet endroit _ab pulneu_, c'est à dire le Fleuve du Pont Neuf; qu'on ne l'appelle par son nom de BEND-EMIR que proche de la _Digue_, qui lui a fait donner ce nom."—_Chardin_ (ed. 1711), ix. 45. 1809.—"We proceeded three miles further, and crossing the River BEND-EMIR, entered the real plain of Merdasht."—_Morier_ (First Journey), 124. See also (1811) 2nd Journey, pp. 73-74, where there is a view of the _Band-Amir_. 1813.—"The river BUND EMEER, by some ancient Geographers called the _Cyrus_,[39] takes its present name from a dyke (in Persian a _bund_) erected by the celebrated Ameer Azad-a-Doulah Delemi."—_Macdonald Kinneir, Geog. Mem. of the Persian Empire_, 59. 1817.— "There's a bower of roses by BENDAMEER'S stream, And the nightingale sings round it all the day long."—_Lalla Rookh._ 1850.—"The water (of Lake Neyriz) ... is almost entirely derived from the Kur (known to us as the BUND AMIR River)...."—_Abbott_, in _J.R.G.S._, xxv. 73. 1878.—We do not know whether the BAND-I-AMĪR is identical with the quasi-synonymous _Pul-i-Khān_ by which Col. Macgregor crossed the Kur on his way from Shiraz to Yezd. See his _Khorassan_, i. 45. BENDÁRA, s. A term used in the Malay countries as a title of one of the higher ministers of state—Malay _bandahāra_, Jav. _bendårå_, 'Lord.' The word enters into the numerous series of purely honorary Javanese titles, and the etiquette in regard to it is very complicated. (See _Tijdschr. v. Nederl. Indie_, year viii. No. 12, 253 _seqq._). It would seem that the title is properly _bānḍārā_, 'a treasurer,' and taken from the Skt. _bhāṇḍārin_, 'a steward or treasurer.' Haex in his Malay-Latin Dict. gives _Banḍàri_, 'Oeconomus, quaestor, expenditor.' [Mr. Skeat writes that Clifford derives it from _Benda-hara-an_, 'a treasury,' which he again derives from Malay _benda_, 'a thing,' without explaining _hara_, while Wilkinson with more probability classes it as Skt.] 1509.—"Whilst Sequeira was consulting with his people over this matter, the King sent his BENDHARA or Treasure-Master on board."—_Valentijn_, v. 322. 1539.—"There the BANDARA (_Bendara_) of _Malaca_, (who is as it were Chief Justicer among the Mahometans), (_o supremo no mando, na honra e ne justica dos mouros_) was present in person by the express commandment of _Pedro de Faria_ for to entertain him."—_Pinto_ (orig. cap. xiv.), in _Cogan_, p. 17. 1552.—"And as the BENDARA was by nature a traitor and a tyrant, the counsel they gave him seemed good to him."—_Castanheda_, ii. 359, also iii. 433. 1561.—"Então manson ... que dizer que matára o seu BANDARA polo mao conselho que lhe deve."—_Correa, Lendas_, ii. 225. [1610.—An official at the Maldives is called _Rana_-BANDERY _Tacourou_, which Mr. Gray interprets—Singh. _ran_, 'gold,' _bandhara_, 'treasury,' _ṭhakkura_, Skt., 'an idol.'—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 58.] 1613.—"This administration (of Malacca) is provided for a three years' space with a governor ... and with royal officers of revenue and justice, and with the native BENDARA in charge of the government of the lower class of subjects and foreigners."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 6_v._ 1631.—"There were in Malaca five principal officers of dignity ... the second is BENDARÁ, he is the superintendent of the executive (_veador da fazenda_) and governs the Kingdom: sometimes the _Bendará_ holds both offices, that of Puduca raja and of BENDARÁ."—_D'Alboquerque, Commentaries_ (orig.), 358-359. 1634.— "O principal sogeito no governo De Mahomet, e privanca, era o BENDÁRA, Magistrado supremo." _Malaca Conquistada_, iii. 6. 1726.—"BANDARES or _Adassing_ are those who are at the Court as Dukes, Counts, or even Princes of the Royal House."—_Valentijn_ (Ceylon), _Names of Officers, &c._, 8. 1810.—"After the Raja had amused himself with their speaking, and was tired of it ... the BINTARA with the green eyes (for it is the custom that the eldest BINTARA should have green shades before his eyes, that he may not be dazzled by the greatness of the Raja, and forget his duty) brought the books and packets, and delivered them to the BINTARA with the black _baju_, from whose hands the Raja received them, one by one, in order to present them to the youths."—A _Malay's_ account of a visit to Govt. House, Calcutta, transl. by Dr. Leyden in _Maria Graham_, p. 202. 1883.—"In most of the States the reigning prince has regular officers under him, chief among whom ... the BANDAHARA or treasurer, who is the first minister...."—_Miss Bird, The Golden Chersonese_, 26. BENDY, BINDY, s.: also BANDICOY (q.v.), the form in S. India; H. _bhinḍī_, [_bhenḍī_], Dakh. _bhenḍī_, Mahr. _bhenḍā_; also in H. _rāmturἀī_; the fruit of the plant _Abelmoschus esculentus_, also _Hibiscus esc._ It is called in Arab. _bāmiyah_ (_Lane, Mod. Egypt_, ed. 1837, i. 199: [5th ed. i. 184: _Burton, Ar. Nights_, xi. 57]), whence the modern Greek μπάμια. In Italy the vegetable is called _corni de' Greci_. The Latin name _Abelmoschus_ is from the Ar. _ḥabb-ul-mushk_, 'grain of musk' (_Dozy_). 1810.—"The BENDY, called in the West Indies _okree_, is a pretty plant resembling a hollyhock; the fruit is about the length and thickness of one's finger ... when boiled it is soft and mucilaginous."—_Maria Graham_, 24. 1813.—"The BANDA (_Hibiscus esculentus_) is a nutritious oriental vegetable."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 32; [2nd ed. i. 22]. 1880.—"I recollect the West Indian _Ookroo_ ... being some years ago recommended for introduction in India. The seed was largely advertised, and sold at about 8_s._ the ounce to eager horticulturists, who ... found that it came up nothing other than the familiar BENDY, the seed of which sells at Bombay for 1_d._ the ounce. Yet ... _ookroo_ seed continued to be advertised and sold at 8_s._ the ounce...."—_Note_ by _Sir G. Birdwood_. BENDY-TREE, s. This, according to Sir G. Birdwood, is the _Thespesia populnea_, Lam. [_Watt, Econ. Dict._ vi. pt. iv. 45 _seqq._], and gives a name to the '_Bendy Bazar_' in Bombay. (See PORTIA.) BENGAL, n.p. The region of the Ganges Delta and the districts immediately above it; but often in English use with a wide application to the whole territory garrisoned by the Bengal army. This name does not appear, so far as we have been able to learn, in any Mahommedan or Western writing before the latter part of the 13th century. In the earlier part of that century the Mahommedan writers generally call the province _Lakhnaotī_, after the chief city, but we have also the old form _Bang_, from the indigenous _Vaṅga_. Already, however, in the 11th century we have it as _Vaṅgālam_ on the Inscription of the great Tanjore Pagoda. This is the oldest occurrence that we can cite. The alleged _City_ of _Bengala_ of the Portuguese which has greatly perplexed geographers, probably originated with the Arab custom of giving an important foreign city or seaport the name of the country in which it lay (compare the city of _Solmandala_, under COROMANDEL). It long kept a place in maps. The last occurrence that we know of is in a chart of 1743, in Dalrymple's Collection, which identifies it with Chittagong, and it may be considered certain that Chittagong was the place intended by the older writers (see _Varthema_ and _Ovington_). The former, as regards his visiting _Banghella_, deals in fiction—a thing clear from internal evidence, and expressly alleged, by the judicious Garcia de Orta: "As to what you say of Ludovico Vartomano, I have spoken, both here and in Portugal, with men who knew him here in India, and they told me that he went about here in the garb of a Moor, and then reverted to us, doing penance for his sins; and that the man never went further than Calecut and Cochin."—_Colloquios_, f. 30. c. 1250.—"Muhammad Bakhtiyár ... returned to Behár. Great fear of him prevailed in the minds of the infidels of the territories of Lakhnauti, Behar, BANG, and Kámrúp."—_Tabakát-i-Násiri_, in _Elliot_, ii. 307. 1298.—"BANGALA is a Province towards the south, which up to the year 1290 ... had not yet been conquered...." (&c.).—_Marco Polo_, Bk. ii. ch. 55. c. 1300.—"... then to Bijalár (but better reading BANGĀLĀ), which from of old is subject to Delhi...."—_Rashīduddīn_, in _Elliot_, i. 72. c. 1345.—"... we were at sea 43 days and then arrived in the country of BANJĀLA, which is a vast region abounding in rice. I have seen no country in the world where provisions are cheaper than in this; but it is muggy, and those who come from Khorāsān call it 'a hell full of good things.'"—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 211. (But the Emperor Aurungzebe is alleged to have "emphatically styled it the _Paradise of Nations_."—Note in _Stavorinus_, i. 291.) c. 1350.— "_Shukr shikan shawand hama ṭūṭiān-i-Hind Zīn ḳand-i-Pārsī kih ba_ BANGĀLA _mi rawad_." _Hāfiz._ _i.e._, "Sugar nibbling are all the parrots of Ind From this Persian candy that travels to BENGAL" (viz. his own poems). 1498.—"BEMGALA: in this Kingdom are many Moors, and few Christians, and the King is a Moor ... in this land are many cotton cloths, and silk cloths, and much silver; it is 40 days with a fair wind from Calicut."—_Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 2nd ed. p. 110. 1506.—"A BANZELO, el suo Re è Moro, e li se fa el forzo de' panni de gotton...."—_Leonardo do Ca' Masser_, 28. 1510.—"We took the route towards the city of BANGHELLA ... one of the best that I had hitherto seen."—_Varthema_, 210. 1516.—"... the Kingdom of BENGALA, in which there are many towns.... Those of the interior are inhabited by Gentiles subject to the King of Bengala, who is a Moor; and the seaports are inhabited by Moors and Gentiles, amongst whom there is much trade and much shipping to many parts, because this sea is a gulf ... and at its inner extremity there is a very great city inhabited by Moors, which is called BENGALA, with a very good harbour."—_Barbosa_, 178-9. c. 1590.—"BUNGALEH originally was called BUNG; it derived the additional _al_ from that being the name given to the mounds of earth which the ancient Rajahs caused to be raised in the low lands, at the foot of the hills."—_Ayeen Akbery_, tr. _Gladwin_, ii. 4 (ed. 1800); [tr. _Jarrett_, ii. 120]. 1690.—"Arracan ... is bounded on the _North-West_ by the Kingdom of _Bengala_, some Authors making _Chatigam_ to be its first Frontier City; but _Teixeira_, and generally the _Portuguese_ Writers, reckon that as a City of BENGALA; and not only so, but place the City of _Bengala_ it self ... more South than _Chatigam_. Tho' I confess a late _French_ Geographer has put _Bengala_ into his Catalogue of imaginary Cities...."—_Ovington_, 554. BENGAL, s. This was also the designation of a kind of piece-goods exported from that country to England, in the 17th century. But long before, among the Moors of Spain, a fine muslin seems to have been known as _al-bangala_, surviving in Spanish _albengala_. (See _Dozy and Eng._ s.v. [What were called "_Bengal_ Stripes" were striped ginghams brought first from Bengal and first made in Great Britain at Paisley. (_Draper's Dict._ s.v.). So a particular kind of silk was known as "_Bengal_ wound," because it was "rolled in the rude and artless manner immemorially practised by the natives of that country." (_Milburn_, in _Watt, Econ. Dict._ vi. pt. 3, 185.) See _N.E.D._ for examples of the use of the word as late as Lord Macaulay.] 1696.—"Tis granted that BENGALS and stain'd Callicoes, and other _East India_ Goods, do hinder the Consumption of Norwich stuffs...."—_Davenant, An Essay on the East India Trade_, 31. BENGALA, s. This is or was also applied in Portuguese to a sort of cane carried in the army by sergeants, &c. (_Bluteau_). BENGALEE, n.p. A native of Bengal [BABOO]. In the following early occurrence in Portuguese, _Bengala_ is used: 1552.—"In the defence of the bridge died three of the King's captains and Tuam Bandam, to whose charge it was committed, a _Bengali_ (BENGALA) by nation, and a man sagacious and crafty in stratagems rather than a soldier (cavalheiro)."—_Barros_, II., vi. iii. [1610.—"BANGASALYS." See quotation from Teixeira under BANKSHALL.] A note to the _Seir Mutaqherin_ quotes a Hindustani proverb: BANGĀLĪ _jangālī, Kashmīrī bepīrī_, _i.e._ 'The Bengalee is ever an entangler, the Cashmeeree without religion.' [In modern Anglo-Indian parlance the title is often applied in provinces other than Bengal to officers from N. India. The following from Madras is a curious early instance of the same use of the word:— [1699.—"Two BENGALLES here of Council."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cclxvii.] BENIGHTED, THE, adj. An epithet applied by the denizens of the other Presidencies, in facetious disparagement to Madras. At Madras itself "all Carnatic fashion" is an habitual expression among older English-speaking natives, which appears to convey a similar idea. (See MADRAS, MULL.) 1860.—"... to ye Londe of St Thomé. It ys ane darke Londe, & ther dwellen ye Cimmerians whereof speketh HOMERUS Poeta in hys ODYSSEIA & to thys Daye thei clepen TENEBROSI, OR YE BENYHTED FOLKE."—_Fragments of Sir J. Maundevile, from a MS. lately discovered._ BENJAMIN, BENZOIN, &c., s. A kind of incense, derived from the resin of the _Styrax benzoin_, Dryander, in Sumatra, and from an undetermined species in Siam. It got from the Arab traders the name _lubān-Jāwī_, _i.e._ 'Java Frankincense,' corrupted in the Middle Ages into such forms as we give. The first syllable of the Arabic term was doubtless taken as an article—_lo bengioi_, whence _bengioi_, _benzoin_, and so forth. This etymology is given correctly by De Orta, and by Valentijn, and suggested by Barbosa in the quotation below. Spanish forms are _benjui_, _menjui_; Modern Port. _beijoim_, _beijuim_; Ital. _belzuino_, &c. The terms _Jāwā_, _Jāwī_ were applied by the Arabs to the Malay countries generally (especially Sumatra) and their products. (See _Marco Polo_, ii. 266; [_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 96] and the first quotation here.) c. 1350.—"After a voyage of 25 days we arrived at the Island of Jāwa (here Sumatra) which gives its name to the _Jāwī_ incense (al-LUBĀN al-JĀWĪ)."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 228. 1461.—"Have these things that I have written to thee next thy heart, and God grant that we may be always at peace. The presents (herewith): BENZOI, rotoli 30. Legno Aloë, rotoli 20. Due paja di tapeti...."—Letter from the _Soldan of Egypt_ to the Doge Pasquale Malipiero, in the Lives of the Doges, _Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores_, xxii. col. 1170. 1498.—"_Xarnauz_ ... is from Calecut 50 days' sail with a fair wind (see SARNAU) ... in this land there is much BEIJOIM, which costs iii cruzados the _farazalla_, and much _aloee_ which costs xxv cruzados the farazalla" (see FRAZALA).—_Roteiro da Viagem de V. da Gama_, 109-110. 1516.—"BENJUY, each farazola lx, and the very good lxx fanams."—_Barbosa_ (Tariff of Prices at Calicut), 222. " "BENJUY, which is a resin of trees which the Moors call _luban javi_."—_Ibid._ 188. 1539.—"Cinco quintais de BEIJOIM de boninas."[40]—_Pinto_, cap. xiii. 1563.—"And all these species of BENJUY the inhabitants of the country call _cominham_,[41] but the Moors call them LOUAN JAOY, _i.e._ 'incense of Java' ... for the Arabs call incense _louan_."—_Garcia_, f. 29_v_. 1584.—"BELZUINUM mandolalo[40] from Sian and Baros. Belzuinum, burned, from Bonnia" (Borneo?).—_Barret_, in _Hakl._ ii. 413. 1612.—"BENIAMIN, the pund iiii _li._"—_Rates and Valuatioun of Merchandize_ (Scotland), pub. by the Treasury, Edin. 1867, p. 298. BENUA, n.p. This word, Malay _banuwa_, [in standard Malay, according to Mr. Skeat, _benuwa_ or _benua_], properly means 'land, country,' and the Malays use _orang-banuwa_ in the sense of aborigines, applying it to the wilder tribes of the Malay Peninsula. Hence "Benuas" has been used by Europeans as a proper name of those tribes.—See _Crawfurd, Dict. Ind. Arch._ sub voce. 1613.—"The natives of the interior of Viontana (UJONG-TANA, q.v.) are properly those BANUAS, black anthropophagi, and hairy, like satyrs."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 20. BERBERYN, BARBERYN, n.p. Otherwise called _Beruwala_, a small port with an anchorage for ships and a considerable coasting trade, in Ceylon, about 35 m. south of Columbo. c. 1350.—"Thus, led by the Divine mercy, on the morrow of the Invention of the Holy Cross, we found ourselves brought safely into port in a harbour of Seyllan, called PERVILIS, over against Paradise."—_Marignolli_, in _Cathay_, ii. 357. c. 1618.—"At the same time Barreto made an attack on BERBELIM, killing the Moorish modeliar [MODELLIAR] and all his kinsfolk."—_Bocarro, Decada_, 713. 1780.—"BARBARIEN Island."—_Dunn, New Directory_, 5th ed. 77. 1836.—"BERBERYN Island.... There is said to be an anchorage north of it, in 6 or 7 fathoms, and a small bay further in ... where small craft may anchor."—_Horsburgh_, 5th ed. 551. [1859.—Tennent in his map (_Ceylon_, 3rd ed.) gives BARBERYN, BARBERY, BARBERRY.] BERIBERI, s. An acute disease, obscure in its nature and pathology, generally but not always presenting dropsical symptoms, as well as paralytic weakness and numbness of the lower extremities, with oppressed breathing. In cases where debility, oppression, anxiety and dyspnœa are extremely severe, the patient sometimes dies in 6 to 30 hours. Though recent reports seem to refer to this disease as almost confined to natives, it is on record that in 1795, in Trincomalee, 200 Europeans died of it. The word has been alleged to be Singhalese _beri_ [the _Mad. Admin. Man. Gloss._ s.v. gives _baribari_], 'debility.' This kind of reduplication is really a common Singhalese practice. It is also sometimes alleged to be a W. Indian Negro term; and other worthless guesses have been made at its origin. The Singhalese origin is on the whole most probable [and is accepted by the _N.E.D._]. In the quotations from Bontius and Bluteau, the disease described seems to be that formerly known as BARBIERS. Some authorities have considered these diseases as quite distinct, but Sir Joseph Fayrer, who has paid attention to _beriberi_ and written upon it (see _The Practitioner_, January 1877), regards Barbiers as "the dry form of _beri-beri_," and Dr. Lodewijks, quoted below, says briefly that "the Barbiers of some French writers is incontestably the same disease." (On this it is necessary to remark that the use of the term _Barbiers_ is by no means confined to French writers, as a glance at the quotations under that word will show). The disease prevails endemically in Ceylon, and in Peninsular India in the coast-tracts, and up to 40 or 60 m. inland; also in Burma and the Malay region, including all the islands, at least so far as New Guinea, and also Japan, where it is known as _kakké_: [see _Chamberlain, Things Japanese_, 3rd ed. p. 238 _seqq._]. It is very prevalent in certain Madras Jails. The name has become somewhat old-fashioned, but it has recurred of late years, especially in hospital reports from Madras and Burma. It is frequently epidemic, and some of the Dutch physicians regard it as infectious. See a pamphlet, BERI-BERI _door J. A. Lodewijks, ondofficier van Gezondheit bij het Ned. Indische Leger_, Harderwijk, 1882. In this pamphlet it is stated that in 1879 the total number of _beri-beri_ patients in the military hospitals of Netherlands-India, amounted to 9873, and the deaths among these to 1682. In the great military hospitals at Achin there died of _beri-beri_ between 1st November 1879, and 1st April 1880, 574 persons, of whom the great majority were _dwangarbeiders_, _i.e._ 'forced labourers.' These statistics show the extraordinary prevalence and fatality of the disease in the Archipelago. Dutch literature on the subject is considerable. Sir George Birdwood tells us that during the Persian Expedition of 1857 he witnessed _beri-beri_ of extraordinary virulence, especially among the East African stokers on board the steamers. The sufferers became dropsically distended to a vast extent, and died in a few hours. In the second quotation _scurvy_ is evidently meant. This seems much allied by _causes_ to _beriberi_ though different in character. [1568.—"Our people sickened of a disease called BERBERE, the belly and legs swell, and in a few days they die, as there died many, ten or twelve a day."—_Couto_, viii. ch. 25.] c. 1610.—"Ce ne fut pas tout, car i'eus encor ceste fascheuse maladie de _louende_ que les Portugais appellent autrement BERBER et les Hollandais _scurbut_."—_Mocquet_, 221. 1613.—"And under the orders of the said General André Furtado de Mendoça, the discoverer departed to the court of Goa, being ill with the malady of the BEREBERE, in order to get himself treated."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 58. 1631.—"... Constat frequenti illorum usu, praesertim liquoris _saguier_ dicti, non solum diarrhaeas ... sed et paralysin BERIBERI dictam hinc natam esse."—_Jac. Bontii_, Dial. iv. See also Lib. ii. cap. iii., and Lib. iii. p. 40. 1659.—"There is also another sickness which prevails in Banda and Ceylon, and is called BARBERI; it does not vex the natives so much as foreigners."—_Sarr_, 37. 1682.—"The Indian and Portuguese women draw from the green flowers and cloves, by means of firing with a still, a water or spirit of marvellous sweet smell ... especially is it good against a certain kind of paralysis called BEREBERY."—_Nieuhof, Zee en Lant-Reize_, ii. 33. 1685.—"The Portuguese in the Island suffer from another sickness which the natives call BÉRI-BÉRI."—_Ribeiro_, f. 55. 1720.—"BEREBERE (termo da India). Huma _Paralysia_ bastarde, ou entorpecemento, com que fica o corpo como tolhido."—_Bluteau, Dict._ s.v. 1809.—"A complaint, as far as I have learnt, peculiar to the island (Ceylon), the BERRI-BERRI; it is in fact a dropsy that frequently destroys in a few days."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 318. 1835.—(On the Maldives) "... the crew of the vessels during the survey ... suffered mostly from two diseases; the BERI-BERI which attacked the Indians only, and generally proved fatal."—_Young and Christopher_, in _Tr. Ro. Geog. Soc._, vol. i. 1837.—"Empyreumatic oil called _oleum nigrum_, from the seeds of _Celastrus nutans_ (_Malkungnee_) described in Mr. Malcolmson's able prize Essay on the Hist. and Treatment of BERIBERI ... the most efficacious remedy in that intractable complaint."—_Royle on Hindu Medicine_, 46. 1880.—"A malady much dreaded by the Japanese, called _Kakké_.... It excites a most singular dread. It is considered to be the same disease as that which, under the name of BERIBERI, makes such havoc at times on crowded jails and barracks."—_Miss Bird's Japan_, i. 288. 1882.—"BERBÁ, a disease which consists in great swelling of the abdomen."—_Blumentritt, Vocabular_, s.v. 1885.—"Dr. Wallace Taylor, of Osaka, Japan, reports important discoveries respecting the origin of the disease known as BERI-BERI. He has traced it to a microscopic spore largely developed in rice. He has finally detected the same organism in the earth of certain alluvial and damp localities."—_St. James's Gazette_, Aug. 9th. Also see Report on Prison Admin. in Br. Burma, for 1878, p. 26. BERYL, s. This word is perhaps a very ancient importation from India to the West, it having been supposed that its origin was the Skt. _vaidūrya_, Prak. _velūriya_, whence [Malay _baiduri_ and _biduri_], P. _billaur_, and Greek βήρυλλος. Bochart points out the probable identity of the two last words by the transposition of _l_ and _r_. Another transposition appears to have given Ptolemy his Ὀρούδια ὄρη (for the Western Ghats), representing probably the native _Vaidūrya_ mountains. In Ezekiel xxvii. 13, the Sept. has Βηρύλλιον, where the Hebrew now has _tarshīsh_, [another word with probably the same meaning being _shohsm_ (see Professor Ridgeway in _Encycl. Bibl._ s.v. _Beryl_)]. Professor Max Müller has treated of the possible relation between _vaidūrya_ and _vidāla_, 'a cat,' and in connection with this observes that "we should, at all events, have learnt the useful lesson that the chapter of accidents is sometimes larger than we suppose."—(_India, What can it Teach us?_" p. 267). This is a lesson which many articles in our book suggest; and in dealing with the same words, it may be indicated that the resemblance between the Greek αἴλουρος, _bilaur_, a common H. word for a cat, and the P. _billaur_, 'beryl,' are at least additional illustrations of the remark quoted. c. A.D. 70.—"BERYLS ... from India they come as from their native place, for seldom are they to be found elsewhere.... Those are best accounted of which carrie a sea-water greene."—_Pliny_, Bk. XXXVII. cap. 20 (in _P. Holland_, ii. 613). c. 150.—"Πυννάτα ἐν ᾗ βήρυλλος."—_Ptolemy_, l. vii. BETEL, s. The leaf of the _Piper betel_, L., chewed with the dried ARECA-nut (which is thence improperly called _betel-nut_, a mistake as old as Fryer—1673,—see p. 40), _chunam_, etc., by the natives of India and the Indo-Chinese countries. The word is Malayāl. _veṭṭila_, _i.e._ _veru_ + _ila_ = 'simple or mere leaf,' and comes to us through the Port. _betre_ and _betle_. PAWN (q.v.) is the term more generally used by modern Anglo-Indians. In former times the _betel-leaf_ was in S. India the subject of a monopoly of the E. I. Co. 1298.—"All the people of this city (Cael) as well as of the rest of India, have a custom of perpetually keeping in the mouth a certain leaf called _Tembul_ ... the lords and gentlefolks and the King have these leaves prepared with camphor and other aromatic spices, and also mixt with quicklime...."—_Marco Polo_, ii. 358. See also _Abdurrazzāk_, in _India in XV. Cent._, p. 32. 1498.—In Vasco da Gama's _Roteiro_, p. 59, the word used is _atombor_, _i.e._ _al-tambūl_ (Arab.) from the Skt. _tāmbūla_. See also _Acosta_, p. 139. [See TEMBOOL.] 1510.—"This BETEL resembles the leaves of the sour orange, and they are constantly eating it."—_Varthema_, p. 144. 1516.—"We call this BETEL Indian leaf."[42]—_Barbosa_, 73. [1521.—"BETTRE (or VETTELE)." See under ARECA.] 1552.—"... at one side of the bed ... stood a man ... who held in his hand a gold plate with leaves of BETELLE...."—_De Barros_, Dec. I. liv. iv. cap. viii. 1563.—"We call it BETRE, because the first land known by the Portuguese was Malabar, and it comes to my remembrance that in Portugal they used to speak of their coming not to _India_, but to Calecut ... insomuch that in all the names that occur, which are not Portuguese, are Malabar, like BETRE."—_Garcia_, f. 37_g_. 1582.—The transl. of _Castañeda_ by N. L. has BETELE (f. 35), and also VITELE (f. 44). 1585.—A King's letter grants the revenue from betel (BETRE) to the bishop and clergy of Goa.—In _Arch. Port. Or._, fasc. 3, p. 38. 1615.—"He sent for Coco-Nuts to give the Company, himselfe chewing BITTLE and lime of Oyster-shels, with a Kernell of Nut called _Arracca_, like an Akorne, it bites in the mouth, accords rheume, cooles the head, strengthens the teeth, & is all their Phisicke."—_Sir T. Roe_, in _Purchas_, i. 537; [with some trifling variations in _Foster's_ ed. (Hak. Soc.) i. 19]. 1623.—"Celebratur in universo oriente radix quaedam vocata BETEL, quam Indi et reliqui in ore habere et mandere consueverunt, atque ex eâ mansione mire recreantur, et ad labores tolerandos, et ad languores discutiendos ... videtur autem esse ex _narcoticis_, quia magnopere denigrat dentes."—_Bacon, Historia Vitae et Mortis_, ed. Amst. 1673, p. 97. 1672.—"They pass the greater part of the day in indolence, occupied only with talk, and chewing BETEL and Areca, by which means their lips and teeth are always stained."—_P. di Vincenzo Maria_, 232. 1677.—The Court of the E. I. Co. in a letter to Ft. St. George, Dec. 12, disapprove of allowing "Valentine Nurse 20 Rupees a month for diet, 7 Rs. for house-rent, 2 for a cook, 1 for BEETLE, and 2 for a Porter, which is a most extravagant rate, which we shall not allow him or any other."—_Notes and Exts._, No. i. p. 21. 1727.—"I presented the Officer that waited on me to the Sea-side (at Calicut) with 5 zequeens for a feast of BETTLE to him and his companions."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 306. BETTEELA, BEATELLE, &c., s. The name of a kind of muslin constantly mentioned in old trading-lists and narratives. This seems to be a Sp. and Port. word _beatilla_ or _beatilha_, for 'a veil,' derived, according to Cobarruvias, from "certain _beatas_, who invented or used the like." _Beata_ is a _religieuse_. ["The BETILLA is a certain kind of white E. I. chintz made at Masulipatam, and known under the name of _Organdi_."—_Mad. Admin. Man. Gloss._ p. 233.] [1566.—"A score BYATILHAS, which were worth 200 pardaos."—_Correa_, iii. 479.] 1572.— "Vestida huma camisa preciosa Trazida de delgada BEATILHA, Que o corpo crystallino deixa ver-se; Que tanto bem não he para esconder-se." _Camões_, vi. 21. 1598.—"... this linnen is of divers sorts, and is called Serampuras, Cassas, Comsas, BEATTILLIAS, Satopassas, and a thousand such names."—_Linschoten_, 28; [Hak. Soc. i. 95; and cf. i. 56]. 1685.—"To servants, 3 pieces BETEELAES."—In _Wheeler_, i. 149. 1727.—"Before _Aurangzeb_ conquered _Visiapore_, this country (Sundah) produced the finest BETTEELAS or Muslins in India."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 264. [1788.—"There are various kinds of muslins brought from the East Indies, chiefly from Bengal: BETELLES, &c."—_Chambers' Cycl._, quoted in 3 ser. _Notes & Q._ iv. 88.] BEWAURIS, adj. P.—H. _be-wāris_, 'without heir.' Unclaimed, without heir or owner. BEYPOOR, n.p. Properly _Veppūr_, or _Bēppūr_, [derived from Malayāl. _veppu_, 'deposit,' _ur_, 'village,' a place formed by the receding of the sea, which has been turned into the Skt. form _Vāyupura_, 'the town of the Wind-god']. The terminal town of the Madras Railway on the Malabar coast. It stands north of the river; whilst the railway station is on the S. of the river—(see CHALIA). Tippoo Sahib tried to make a great port of Beypoor, and to call it Sultanpatnam. [It is one of the many places which have been suggested as the site of Ophir (_Logan, Malabar_, i. 246), and is probably the _Belliporto_ of Tavernier, "where there was a fort which the Dutch had made with palms" (ed. _Ball_, i. 235).] 1572.— "Chamará o Samorim mais gente nova; Virão Reis de BIPUR, e de Tanor...." _Camões_, x. 14. 1727.—"About two Leagues to the Southward of _Calecut_, is a fine River called BAYPORE, capable to receive ships of 3 or 400 Tuns."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 322. BEZOAR, s. This word belongs, not to the A.-Indian colloquial, but to the language of old oriental trade and _materia medica_. The word is a corruption of the P. name of the thing, _pādzahr_, 'pellens venenum,' or _pāzahr_. The first form is given by Meninski as the etymology of the word, and this is accepted by Littré [and the _N.E.D._]. The quotations of Littré from Ambrose Paré show that the word was used generically for 'an antidote,' and in this sense it is used habitually by Avicenna. No doubt the term came to us, with so many others, from Arab medical writers, so much studied in the Middle Ages, and this accounts for the _b_, as Arabic has no _p_, and writes _bāzahr_. But its usual application was, and is, limited to certain hard concretions found in the bodies of animals, to which antidotal virtues were ascribed, and especially to one obtained from the stomach of a wild goat in the Persian province of Lar. Of this animal and the _bezoar_ an account is given in Kaempfer's _Amoenitates Exoticae_, pp. 398 _seqq._ The _Bezoar_ was sometimes called SNAKE-STONE, and erroneously supposed to be found in the head of a snake. It may have been called so really because, as Ibn Baithar states, such a stone was laid upon the bite of a venomous creature (and was believed) to extract the poison. Moodeen Sheriff, in his Suppt. to the Indian Pharmacopœia, says there are various _bezoars_ in use (in native _mat. med._), distinguished according to the animal producing them, as a goat-, camel-, fish-, and snake-_bezoar_; the last quite distinct from SNAKE-STONE (q.v.). [A false Bezoar stone gave occasion for the establishment of one of the great distinctions in our Common Law, viz. between actions founded upon contract, and those founded upon wrongs: _Chandelor_ v. _Lopus_ was decided in 1604 (reported in 2. _Croke_, and in _Smith's Leading Cases_). The head-note runs—"The defendant sold to the plaintiff a stone, which he affirmed to be a Bezoar stone, but which proved not to be so. No action lies against him, unless he either knew that it was not a Bezoar stone, or warranted it to be a Bezoar stone" (quoted by _Gray, Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 484).] 1516.—Barbosa writes PAJAR. [1528.—"Near this city (Lara) in a small mountain are bred some animals of the size of a buck, in whose stomach grows a stone they call BAZAR."—_Tenreiro_, ch. iii. p. 14.] [1554.—Castanheda (I. ch. 46) calls the animal whence bezoar comes _bagoldaf_, which he considers an Indian word.] c. 1580.—"... adeo ut ex solis BEZAHAR nonnulla vasa conflata viderim, maxime apud eos qui a venenis sibi cavere student."—_Prosper Alpinus_, Pt. i. p. 56. 1599.—"Body o' me, a shrewd mischance. Why, had you no unicorn's horn, nor BEZOAR'S stone about you, ha?"—_B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour_, Act v. sc. 4. [ " "BEZAR sive BAZAR"; see quotation under MACE.] 1605.—The King of Bantam sends K. James I. "two BEASAR stones."—_Sainsbury_, i. 143. 1610.—"The Persian calls it, _par excellence_, PAZAHAR, which is as much as to say 'antidote' or more strictly 'remedy of poison or venom,' from _Zahar_, which is the general name of any poison, and _pá_, 'remedy'; and as the Arabic lacks the letter _p_, they replace it by _b_, or _f_, and so they say, instead of _Pázahar_, _Bázahar_, and we with a little additional corruption BEZAR."—_P. Teixeira, Relaciones, &c._, p. 157. 1613.—"... elks, and great snakes, and apes of BAZAR stone, and every kind of game birds."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 10_v._ 1617.—"... late at night I drunke a little BEZAS stone, which gave me much paine most parte of night, as though 100 Wormes had byn knawing at my hart; yet it gave me ease afterward."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 301; [in i. 154 he speaks of "BEZA stone"]. 1634.—Bontius claims the etymology just quoted from Teixeira, erroneously, as his own.—Lib. iv. p. 47. 1673.—"The Persians then call this stone PAZAHAR, being a compound of _Pa_ and _Zahar_, the first of which is _against_, and the other is _Poyson_."—_Fryer_, 238. " "The Monkey BEZOARS which are long, are the best...."—_Ibid._ 212. 1711.—"In this animal (Hog-deer of Sumatra, apparently a sort of chevrotain or _Tragulus_) is found the bitter BEZOAR, called _Pedra di Porco Siacca_, valued at ten times its Weight in Gold."—_Lockyer_, 49. 1826.—"What is spikenard? what is _mumiai_? what is PAHZER? compared even to a twinkle of a royal eye-lash?"—_Hajji Baba_, ed. 1835, p. 148. BHAT, s. H. &c. _bhāṭ_ (Skt. _bhàṭṭa_, a title of respect, probably connected with _bhàrtṛi_, 'a supporter or master'), a man of a tribe of mixed descent, whose members are professed genealogists and poets; a bard. These men in Rājputāna and Guzerat had also extraordinary privileges as the guarantors of travellers, whom they accompanied, against attack and robbery. See an account of them in _Forbes's Rās Mālā_, I. ix. &c., reprint 558 _seqq._; [for Bengal, _Risley, Tribes & Castes_, i. 101 seqq.; for the N.W.P., _Crooke, Tribes & Castes_, ii. 20 _seqq._ [1554.—"BATS," see quotation under RAJPUT.] c. 1555.—"Among the infidel Bānyāns in this country (Guzerat) there is a class of _literati_ known as BĀTS. These undertake to be guides to traders and other travellers ... when the caravans are waylaid on the road by _Rāshbūts_, _i.e._ Indian horsemen, coming to pillage them, the BĀT takes out his dagger, points it at his own breast, and says: 'I have become surety! If aught befals the caravan I must kill myself!' On these words the Rāshbūts let the caravan pass unharmed."—_Sidi 'Ali_, 95. [1623.—"Those who perform the office of Priests, whom they call BOTI."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 80.] 1775.—"The Hindoo rajahs and Mahratta chieftains have generally a BHAUT in the family, who attends them on public occasions ... sounds their praise, and proclaims their titles in hyperbolical and figurative language ... many of them have another mode of living; they offer themselves as security to the different governments for payment of their revenue, and the good behaviour of the Zemindars, patels, and public farmers; they also become guarantees for treaties between native princes, and the performance of bonds by individuals."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 89; [2nd ed. i. 377; also see ii. 258]. See TRAGA. 1810.—"India, like the nations of Europe, had its minstrels and poets, concerning whom there is the following tradition: At the marriage of Siva and Parvatty, the immortals having exhausted all the amusements then known, wished for something new, when Siva, wiping the drops of sweat from his brow, shook them to earth, upon which the BAWTS, or Bards, immediately sprang up."—_Maria Graham_, 169. 1828.—"A 'BHAT' or Bard came to ask a gratuity."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, ii. 53. BHEEL, n.p. Skt. _Bhilla_; H. _Bhīl_. The name of a race inhabiting the hills and forests of the Vindhya, Malwa, and of the N.-Western Deccan, and believed to have been the aborigines of Rājputāna; some have supposed them to be the Φυλλῖται of Ptolemy. They are closely allied to the COOLIES (q.v.) of Guzerat, and are believed to belong to the _Kolarian_ division of Indian aborigines. But no distinct Bhīl language survives. 1785.—"A most infernal yell suddenly issued from the deep ravines. Our guides informed us that this was the noise always made by the BHEELS previous to an attack."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iii. 480. 1825.—"All the BHEELS whom we saw to-day were small, slender men, less broad-shouldered ... and with faces less Celtic than the Puharees of the Rajmahal.... Two of them had rude swords and shields, the remainder had all bows and arrows."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, ii. 75. BHEEL, s. A word used in Bengal—_bhīl_: a marsh or lagoon; same as JEEL (q.v.) [1860.—"The natives distinguish a lake so formed by a change in a river's course from one of usual origin or shape by calling the former a _bowr_—whilst the latter is termed a BHEEL."—_Grant, Rural Life in Bengal_, 35.] 1879.—"Below Shouy-doung there used to be a big BHEEL, wherein I have shot a few duck, teal, and snipe."—_Pollok, Sport in B. Burmah_, i. 26. BHEESTY, s. The universal word in the Anglo-Indian households of N. India for the domestic (corresponding to the _saḳḳā_ of Egypt) who supplies the family with water, carrying it in a MUSSUCK, (q.v.), or goatskin, slung on his back. The word is P. _bihishtī_, a person of _bihisht_ or paradise, though the application appears to be peculiar to Hindustan. We have not been able to trace the history of this term, which does not apparently occur in the _Āīn_, even in the curious account of the way in which water was cooled and supplied in the Court of Akbar (_Blochmann_, tr. i. 55 _seqq._), or in the old travellers, and is not given in Meninski's lexicon. Vullers gives it only as from Shakespear's Hindustani Dict. [The trade must be of ancient origin in India, as the leather bag is mentioned in the Veda and Manu (_Wilson, Rig Veda_, ii. 28; _Institutes_, ii. 79.) Hence Col. Temple (_Ind. Ant._, xi. 117) suggests that the word is Indian, and connects it with the Skt. _vish_, 'to sprinkle.'] It is one of the fine titles which Indian servants rejoice to bestow on one another, like _Mehtar_, _Khalīfa_, &c. The title in this case has some justification. No class of men (as all Anglo-Indians will agree) is so diligent, so faithful, so unobtrusive, and uncomplaining as that of the _bihishtīs_. And often in battle they have shown their courage and fidelity in supplying water to the wounded in face of much personal danger. [c. 1660.—"Even the menials and carriers of water belonging to that nation (the Pathāns) are high-spirited and war-like."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 207.] 1773.—"BHEESTEE, Waterman" (etc.)—_Fergusson, Dict. of the Hindostan Language_, &c. 1781.—"I have the happiness to inform you of the fall of Bijah Gurh on the 9th inst. with the loss of only 1 sepoy, 1 BEASTY, and a cossy (? COSSID) killed...."—Letter in _India Gazette_ of Nov. 24th. 1782.—(Table of Wages in Calcutta), Consummah............10 Rs. Kistmutdar............6 " BEASTY................5 " _India Gazette_, Oct. 12. Five Rupees continued to be the standard wage of a _bihishtī_ for full 80 years after the date given. 1810.—"... If he carries the water himself in the skin of a goat, prepared for that purpose, he then receives the designation of BHEESTY."—_Williamson, V.M._ i. 229. 1829.—"Dressing in a hurry, find the drunken BHEESTY ... has mistaken your boot for the goglet in which you carry your water on the line of march."—_Camp Miseries_, in _John Shipp_, ii. 149. N.B.—We never knew a drunken _bheesty_. 1878.—"Here comes a seal carrying a porpoise on its back. No! it is only our friend the BHEESTY."—_In my Indian Garden_, 79. [1898. "Of all them black-faced crew, The finest man I knew Was our regimental BHISTI, Ganga Din." _R. Kipling, Barrack-room Ballads_, p. 23.] BHIKTY, s. The usual Calcutta name for the fish _Lates calcarifer_. See COCKUP. [BHOOSA, s. H. Mahr. _bhus_, _bhusa_; the husks and straw of various kinds of corn, beaten up into chaff by the feet of the oxen on the threshing-floor; used as the common food of cattle all over India. [1829.—"Every commune is surrounded with a circumvallation of thorns ... and the stacks of BHOOS, or 'chaff,' which are placed at intervals, give it the appearance of a respectable fortification. These _bhoos_ stacks are erected to provide provender for the cattle in scanty rainy seasons."—_Tod, Annals_, Calcutta reprint, i. 737.] [BHOOT, s. H. &c., _bhūt_, _bhūta_, Skt. _bhūta_, 'formed, existent,' the common term for the multitudinous ghosts and demons of various kinds by whom the Indian peasant is so constantly beset.] [1623.—"All confessing that it was BUTO, _i.e._ the Devil."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 341.] [1826.—"The sepoys started up, and cried 'B,HOOH, _b,hooh, arry arry_.' This cry of 'a ghost' reached the ears of the officer, who bid his men fire into the tree, and that would bring him down, if there."—_Pandurang Hari_, ed. 1873, i. 107.] BHOUNSLA, n.p. Properly _Bhoslah_ or _Bhonslah_, the surname of Sivaji, the founder of the Mahratta empire. It was also the surname of Parsoji and Raghuji, the founders of the Mahratta dynasty of Berar, though not of the same family as Sivaji. 1673.—"Seva Gi, derived from an Ancient Line of Rajahs, of the Cast of the BOUNCELOES, a Warlike and Active Offspring."—_Fryer_, 171. c. 1730.—"At this time two _parganas_, named Púna and Súpa, became the _jagír_ of Sáhú BHOSLAH. Sívají became the manager.... He was distinguished in his tribe for courage and intelligence; and for craft and trickery he was reckoned a sharp son of the devil."—_Khāfī Khān_, in _Elliot_, vii. 257. 1780.—"It was at first a particular tribe governed by the family of BHOSSELAH, which has since lost the sovereignty."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 214. 1782.—"... le BONZOLO, les Marates, et les Mogols."—_Sonnerat_, i. 60. BHYACHARRA, s. H. _bhayāchārā_. This is a term applied to settlements made with the village as a community, the several claims and liabilities being regulated by established customs, or special traditional rights. Wilson interprets it as "fraternal establishments." [This hardly explains the tenure, at least as found in the N.W.P., and it would be difficult to do so without much detail. In its perhaps most common form each man's holding is the measure of his interest in the estate, irrespective of the share to which he may be entitled by ancestral right.] BICHÁNA, s. Bedding of any kind. H. _bichhānā_. 1689.—"The Heat of the Day is spent in Rest and Sleeping ... sometimes upon Cotts, and sometimes upon BECHANAHS, which are thick Quilts."—_Ovington_, 313. BIDREE, BIDRY, s. H. _Bidrī_; the name applied to a kind of ornamental metal-work, made in the Deccan, and deriving its name from the city of Bīdar (or Bedar), which was the chief place of manufacture. The work was, amongst natives, chiefly applied to hooka-bells, rose-water bottles and the like. The term has acquired vogue in England of late amongst amateurs of "art manufacture." The ground of the work is pewter alloyed with one-fourth copper: this is inlaid (or damascened) with patterns in silver; and then the pewter ground is blackened. A short description of the manufacture is given by Dr. G. Smith in the _Madras Lit. Soc. Journ._, N.S. i. 81-84; [by Sir G. Birdwood, _Indust. Arts_, 163 _seqq._; _Journ. Ind. Art_, i. 41 _seqq._] The ware was first descrbed by B. Heyne in 1813. BILABUNDY, s. H. _bilabandī_. An account of the revenue settlement of a district, specifying the name of each _mahal_ (estate), the farmer of it, and the amount of the rent (_Wilson_). In the N.W.P. it usually means an arrangement for securing the payment of revenue (_Elliot_). C. P. Brown says, quoting Raikes (p. 109), that the word is _bila-bandī_, 'hole-stopping,' viz. stopping those vents through which the coin of the proprietor might ooze out. This, however, looks very like a 'striving after meaning,' and Wilson's suggestion that it is a corruption of _behrī-bandī_, from _behrī_, 'a share,' 'a quota,' is probably right. [1858.—"This transfer of responsibility, from the landholder to his tenants, is called '_Jumog Lagána_,' or transfer of _jumma_. The assembly of the tenants, for the purpose of such adjustment, is called _zunjeer bundee_, or linking together. The adjustment thus made is called the BILABUNDEE."—_Sleeman, Journey through Oudh_, i. 208.] BILAYUT, BILLAÏT, &c. n.p. Europe. The word is properly Ar. _Wilāyat_, 'a kingdom, a province,' variously used with specific denotation, as the Afghans term their own country often by this name; and in India again it has come to be employed for distant Europe. In Sicily _Il Regno_ is used for the interior of the island, as we use _Mofussil_ in India. _Wilāyat_ is the usual form in Bombay. BILAYUTEE PAWNEE, BILÁTEE PANEE. The adject. _bilāyatī_ or _wilāyatī_ is applied specifically to a variety of exotic articles, _e.g._ _bilāyatī baingan_ (see BRINJAUL), to the tomato, and most especially _bilāyatī pānī_, 'European water,' the usual name for soda-water in Anglo-India. 1885.—"'But look at us English,' I urged, 'we are ordered thousands of miles away from home, and we go without a murmur.' 'It is true, _Khudawund_,' said Gunga Pursad, 'but you _sahebs_ drink ENGLISH-WATER (soda-water), and the strength of it enables you to bear up under all fatigues and sorrows.' His idea (adds Mr. Knighton) was that the effervescing force of the soda-water, and the strength of it which drove out the cork so violently, gave strength to the drinker of it."—_Times of India Mail_, Aug. 11, 1885. BILDÁR, s. H. from P. _beldār_, 'a spade-wielder,' an excavator or digging labourer. Term usual in the Public Works Department of Upper India for men employed in that way. 1847.— "Ye Lyme is alle oute! Ye Masouns lounge aboute! Ye BELDARS have alle strucke, and are smoaking atte their Eese! Ye Brickes are alle done! Ye Kyne are Skynne and Bone, And ye Threasurour has bolted with xii thousand Rupeese!" _Ye Dreme of an Executive Engineere._ BILOOCH, BELOOCH. n.p. The name (_Balūch or Bilūch_) applied to the race inhabiting the regions west of the Lower Indus, and S.E. of Persia, called from them _Bilūchistān_; they were dominant in Sind till the English conquest in 1843. [Prof. Max Müller (_Lectures_, i. 97, note) identified the name with Skt. _mlechcha_, used in the sense of the Greek βάρβαρος for a despised foreigner.] A.D. 643.—"In the year 32 H. 'Abdulla bin 'A'mar bin Rabi' invaded Kirmán and took the capital Kuwáshír, so that the aid of 'the men of Kúj and BALÚJ' was solicited in vain by the Kirmánis."—In _Elliot_, i. 417. c. 1200.—"He gave with him from Kandahār and Lār, mighty BALOCHIS, servants ... with nobles of many castes, horses, elephants, men, carriages, charioteers, and chariots."—_The Poem of Chand Bardāi_, in _Ind. Ant._ i. 272. c. 1211.—"In the desert of Khabis there was a body ... of BULUCHÍS who robbed on the highway.... These people came out and carried off all the presents and rarities in his possession."—_'Utbi_, in _Elliot_, ii. 193. 1556.—"We proceeded to Gwādir, a trading town. The people here are called BALŬJ; their prince was Malik Jalaluddīn, son of Malik Dīnār."—_Sidi 'Ali_, p. 73. [c. 1590.—"This tract is inhabited by an important BALOCH tribe called Kalmani."—_Āīn_, trans. _Jarret_, ii. 337.] 1613.—The BOLOCHES are of Mahomet's Religion. They deale much in Camels, most of them robbers...."—_N. Whittington_, in _Purchas_, i. 485. 1648.—"Among the Machumatists next to the Pattans are the BLOTIAS of great strength" [? _Wilāyatī_].—_Van Twist_, 58. 1727.—"They were lodged in a _Caravanseray_, when the BALLOWCHES came with about 300 to attack them; but they had a brave warm Reception, and left four Score of their Number dead on the Spot, without the loss of one _Dutch_ Man."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 107. 1813.—_Milburn_ calls them BLOACHES (_Or. Com._ i. 145). 1844.—"Officers must not shoot Peacocks: if they do the BELOOCHES will shoot officers—at least so they have threatened, and M.-G. Napier has not the slightest doubt but that they will keep their word. There are no wild peacocks in Scinde,—they are all private property and sacred birds, and no man has any right whatever to shoot them."—_Gen. Orders_ by _Sir C. Napier_. BINKY-NABOB, s. This title occurs in documents regarding Hyder and Tippoo, _e.g._ in Gen. Stewart's desp. of 8th March 1799: "Mohammed Rezza, the Binky Nabob." [Also see _Wilks, Mysoor_, Madras reprint, ii. 346.] It is properly _benkī-nawāb_, from Canarese _benkī_, 'fire,' and means the Commandant of the Artillery. BIRD OF PARADISE. The name given to various beautiful birds of the family _Paradiseidae_, of which many species are now known, inhabiting N. Guinea and the smaller islands adjoining it. The largest species was called by Linnæus _Paradisaea apoda_, in allusion to the fable that these birds had no feet (the dried skins brought for sale to the Moluccas having usually none attached to them). The name _Manucode_ which Buffon adopted for these birds occurs in the form _Manucodiata_ in some of the following quotations. It is a corruption of the Javanese name _Manuk-devata_, 'the Bird of the Gods,' which our popular term renders with sufficient accuracy. [The Siamese word for 'bird,' according to Mr. Skeat, is _nok_, perhaps from _manok_.] c. 1430.—"In majori Java avis præcipua reperitur sine pedibus, instar palumbi, pluma levi, cauda oblonga, semper in arboribus quiescens: caro non editur, pellis et cauda habentur pretiosiores, quibus pro ornamento capitis utuntur."—_N. Conti_, in _Poggius de Varietate Fortunae_, lib. iv. 1552.—"The Kings of the said (Moluccas) began only a few years ago to believe in the immortality of souls, taught by no other argument than this, that they had seen a most beautiful little bird, which never alighted on the ground or on any other terrestrial object, but which they had sometimes seen to come from the sky, that is to say, when it was dead and fell to the ground. And the Machometan traders who traffic in those islands assured them that this little bird was a NATIVE OF PARADISE, and that _Paradise_ was the place where the souls of the dead are; and on this account the princes attached themselves to the sect of the Machometans, because it promised them many marvellous things regarding this place of souls. This little bird they called by the name of _Manucodiata_...."—Letter of _Maximilian of Transylvania_, Sec. to the Emp. Charles V., in _Ramusio_, i. f. 351_v_; see also f. 352. c. 1524.—"He also (the K. of Bachian) gave us for the King of Spain two most beautiful dead birds. These birds are as large as thrushes; they have small heads, long beaks, legs slender like a writing pen, and a span in length; they have no wings, but instead of them long feathers of different colours, like plumes; their tail is like that of the thrush. All the feathers, except those of the wings (?), are of a dark colour; they never fly except when the wind blows. They told us that these BIRDS _come from the terrestrial_ PARADISE, and they call them '_bolon dinata_,' [_burung-dewata_, same as Javanese _Manuk-dewata_, _supra_] that is, divine birds."—_Pigafetta_, Hak. Soc. 143. 1598.—"... in these Ilands (Moluccas) onlie is found the bird, which the Portingales call _Passaros de Sol_, that is Foule of the Sunne, the Italians call it _Manu codiatas_, and the Latinists _Paradiseas_, by us called PARADICE BIRDES, for ye beauty of their feathers which passe al other birds: these birds are never seene alive, but being dead they are found vpon the Iland; they flie, as it is said, alwaies into the Sunne, and keepe themselues continually in the ayre ... for they haue neither feet nor wings, but onely head and bodie, and the most part tayle...."—_Linschoten_, 35; [Hak. Soc. i. 118]. 1572.— "Olha cá pelos mares do Oriente As infinitas ilhas espalhadas * * * * * * * Aqui as aureas aves, que não decem Nunca á terra, e só mortas aparecem." _Camões_, x. 132. Englished by Burton: "Here see o'er oriental seas bespread infinite island-groups and alwhere strewed * * * * * * * here dwell the golden fowls, whose home is air, and never earthward save in death may fare." 1645.—"... the male and female _Manucodiatae_, the male having a hollow in the back, in which 'tis reported the female both layes and hatches her eggs."—_Evelyn's Diary_, 4th Feb. 1674.— "The strangest long-wing'd hawk that flies, That like a BIRD OF PARADISE, Or herald's martlet, has no legs...." _Hudibras_, Pt. ii. cant. 3. 1591.—"As for the story of the _Manucodiata_ or BIRD OF PARADISE, which in the former Age was generally received and accepted for true, even by the Learned, it is now discovered to be a fable, and rejected and exploded by all men" (_i.e._ that it has no feet).—_Ray, Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation_, ed. 1692, Pt. ii. 147. 1705.—"The BIRDS OF PARADICE are about the bigness of a Pidgeon. They are of varying Colours, and are never found or seen alive; neither is it known from whence they come...."—_Funnel_, in _Dampier's Voyages_, iii. 266-7. 1868.—"When seen in this attitude, the BIRD OF PARADISE really deserves its name, and must be ranked as one of the most beautiful and wonderful of living things."—_Wallace, Malay Archip._, 7th ed., 464. BIRDS' NESTS. The famous edible nests, formed with mucus, by certain swiftlets, _Collocalia nidifica_, and _C. linchi_. Both have long been known on the eastern coasts of the B. of Bengal, in the Malay Islands [and, according to Mr. Skeat in the islands of the Inland Sea (_Tale Sap_) at Singora]. The former is also now known to visit Darjeeling, the Assam Hills, the Western Ghats, &c., and to breed on the islets off Malabar and the Concan. BISCOBRA, s. H. _biskhoprā_ or _biskhaprā_. The name popularly applied to a large lizard alleged, and commonly believed, to be mortally venomous. It is very doubtful whether there is any real lizard to which this name applies, and it may be taken as certain that there is none in India with the qualities attributed. It is probable that the name does carry to many the terrific character which the ingenious author of _Tribes on My Frontier_ alleges. But the name has nothing to do with either _bis_ in the sense of 'twice,' or _cobra_ in that of 'snake.' The first element is no doubt BISH, (q.v.) 'poison,' and the second is probably _khoprā_, 'a shell or skull.' [See _J. L. Kipling, Beast and Man in India_ (p. 317), who gives the scientific name as _varanus dracaena_, and says that the name _biscobra_ is sometimes applied to the lizard generally known as the _ghoṛpad_, for which see GUANA.] 1883.—"But of all the things on earth that bite or sting, the palm belongs to the BISCOBRA, a creature whose very name seems to indicate that it is twice as bad as the cobra. Though known by the terror of its name to natives and Europeans alike, it has never been described in the Proceedings of any learned Society, nor has it yet received a scientific name.... The awful deadliness of its bite admits of no question, being supported by countless authentic instances.... The points on which evidence is required are—first, whether there is any such animal; second, whether, if it does exist, it is a snake with legs, or a lizard without them."—_Tribes on my Frontier_, p. 205. BISH, BIKH, &c., n. H. from Skt. _visha_, 'poison.' The word has several specific applications, as (A) to the poison of various species of aconite, particularly _Aconitum ferox_, otherwise more specifically called in Skt. _vatsanābha_, 'calf's navel,' corrupted into _bachnābh_ or _bachnāg_, &c. But it is also applied (B) in the Himālaya to the effect of the rarefied atmosphere at great heights on the body, an effect which there and over Central Asia is attributed to poisonous emanations from the soil, or from plants; a doctrine somewhat naïvely accepted by Huc in his famous narrative. The Central Asiatic (Turki) expression for this is _Esh_, 'smell.' A.— 1554.—"Entre les singularités que le consul de Florentins me monstra, me feist gouster vne racine que les Arabes nomment _Bisch_: laquelle me causa si grande chaleur en la bouche, qui me dura deux iours, qu'il me sembloit y auoir du feu.... Elle est bien petite comme vn petit naueau: les autres (_auteurs?_) l'ont nommée _Napellus_...."—_Pierre Belon, Observations, &c._, f. 97. B.— 1624.—Antonio Andrada in his journey across the Himālaya, speaking of the sufferings of travellers from the POISONOUS EMANATIONS.—See _Ritter, Asien._, iii. 444. 1661-2.—"Est autem Langur mons omnium altissimus, ita ut in summitate ejus viatores vix respirare ob aëris subtilitatim queant: neque is ob VIRULENTAS nonnullarum HERBARUM EXHALATIONES aestivo tempore, sine manifesto vitae periculo transire possit."—_PP. Dorville and Grueber_, in _Kircher, China Illustrata_, 65. It is curious to see these intelligent Jesuits recognise the true cause, but accept the fancy of their guides as an additional one! (?) "La partie supérieure de cette montagne est remplie D'EXHALAISONS PESTILENTIELLES."—_Chinese Itinerary to Hlassa_, in _Klaproth, Magasin Asiatique_, ii. 112. 1812.—"Here begins the ESH—this is a Turkish word signifying Smell ... it implies something the odour of which induces indisposition; far from hence the breathing of horse and man, and especially of the former, becomes affected."—_Mir Izzet Ullah_, in _J. R. As. Soc._ i. 283. 1815.—"Many of the coolies, and several of the Mewattee and Ghoorkha sepoys and chuprasees now lagged, and every one complained of the BĪS or poisoned wind. I now suspected that the supposed poison was nothing more than the effect of the rarefaction of the atmosphere from our great elevation."—_Fraser, Journal of a Tour, &c._, 1820, p. 442. 1819.—"The difficulty of breathing which at an earlier date Andrada, and more recently Moorcroft had experienced in this region, was confirmed by Webb; the Butias themselves felt it, and call it BIS KI HUWA, _i.e._ poisonous air; even horses and yaks ... suffer from it."—_Webb's Narrative_, quoted in _Ritter, Asien._, ii. 532, 649. 1845.—"Nous arrivâmes à neuf heures au pied du Bourhan-Bota. La caravane s'arrêta un instant ... on se montrait avec anxiété un gaz subtil et léger, qu'on nommait VAPEUR PESTILENTIELLE, et tout le monde paraissait abattu et découragé.... Bientot les chevaux se refusent à porter leurs cavaliers, et chacun avance à pied et à petits pas ... tous les visages blémissent, on sent le cœur s'affadir, et les jambes ne pouvent plus fonctionner.... Une partie de la troupe, par mesure de prudence s'arrêta ... le reste par prudence aussi épuisa tous les efforts pour arriver jusqu'au bout, et ne pas mourir asphyxié au milieu de cet air chargé d'acide carbonique," &c.,—_Huc et Gabet_, ii. 211: [E. T., ii. 114]. [BISMILLAH, intj., lit. "In the name of God"; a pious ejaculation used by Mahommedans at the commencement of any undertaking. The ordinary form runs—_Bi-'smi 'llāhi 'r-raḥmāni 'r-raḥīm_, _i.e._ "In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful," is of Jewish origin, and is used at the commencement of meals, putting on new clothes, beginning any new work, &c. In the second form, used at the time of going into battle or slaughtering animals, the allusion to the attribute of mercy is omitted. [1535.—"As they were killed after the Portuguese manner without the BYSMELA, which they did not say over them."—_Correa_, iii. 746.] BISNAGAR, BISNAGA, BEEJANUGGER, n.p. These and other forms stand for the name of the ancient city which was the capital of the most important Hindu kingdom that existed in the peninsula of India, during the later Middle Ages, ruled by the _Rāya_ dynasty. The place is now known as _Humpy_ (_Hampī_), and is entirely in ruins. [The modern name is corrupted from _Pampa_, that of the river near which it stood. (_Rice, Mysore_, ii. 487.)] It stands on the S. of the Tungabhadra R., 36 m. to the N.W. of Bellary. The name is a corruption of _Vijayanagara_ (City of Victory), or _Vidyanagara_ (City of learning), [the latter and earlier name being changed into the former (_Rice, Ibid._ i. 342, note).] Others believe that the latter name was applied only since the place, in the 13th century, became the seat of a great revival of Hinduism, under the famous Sayana Mādhava, who wrote commentaries on the Vedas, and much besides. Both the city and the kingdom were commonly called by the early Portuguese NARSINGA (q.v.), from _Narasimha_ (c. 1490-1508), who was king at the time of their first arrival. [Rice gives his dates as 1488-1508.] c. 1420.—"Profectus hinc est procul a mari milliaribus trecentis, ad civitatem ingentem, nomine BIZENEGALIAM, ambitu milliarum sexaginta, circa praeruptos montes sitam."—_Conti_, in _Poggius de Var. Fortunae_, iv. 1442.—"... the chances of a maritime voyage had led Abd-er-razzak, the author of this work, to the city of BIDJANAGAR. He saw a place extremely large and thickly peopled, and a King possessing greatness and sovereignty to the highest degree, whose dominion extends from the frontier of Serendib to the extremity of the county of Kalbergah—from the frontiers of Bengal to the environs of Malabar."—_Abdurrazzāk_, in _India in XV. Cent._, 22. c. 1470.—"The Hindu sultan Kadam is a very powerful prince. He possesses a numerous army, and resides on a mountain at BICHENEGHER."—_Athan. Nikitin_, in _India in XV. Cent._, 29. 1516.—"45 leagues from these mountains inland, there is a very great city, which is called BIJANAGHER...."—_Barbosa_, 85. 1611.—"Le Roy de BISNAGAR, qu'on appelle aussi quelquefois le Roy de Narzinga, est puissant."—_Wytfliet, H. des Indes_, ii. 64. BISON, s. The popular name, among Southern Anglo-Indian sportsmen, of the great wild-ox called in Bengal _gaur_ and _gaviāl_ (_Gavaeus gaurus_, Jerdon); [_Bos gaurus_, Blanford]. It inhabits sparsely all the large forests of India, from near Cape Comorin to the foot of the Himālayas (at least in their Eastern portion), and from Malabar to Tenasserim. 1881.—"Once an unfortunate native superintendent or _mistari_ [MAISTRY] was pounded to death by a savage and solitary BISON."—_Saty. Review_, Sept. 10, p. 335. BLACAN-MATEE, n.p. This is the name of an island adjoining Singapore, which forms the beautiful 'New Harbour' of that port; Malay _bĕlākang_, or _blakang-māti_, lit. 'Dead-Back island,' [of which, writes Mr. Skeat, no satisfactory explanation has been given. According to Dennys (_Discr. Dict._, 51), "one explanation is that the Southern, or as regards Singapore, hinder, face was so unhealthy that the Malays gave it a designation signifying by _onomatopoea_ that death was to be found behind its ridge"]. The island (_Blacan-mati_) appears in one of the charts of Godinho de Eredia (1613) published in his _Malaca_, &c. (Brussels, 1882), and though, from the excessive looseness of such old charts, the island seems too far from Singapore, we are satisfied after careful comparison with the modern charts that the island now so-called is intended. BLACK, s. Adj. and substantive denoting natives of India. Old-fashioned, and heard, if still heard, only from the lower class of Europeans; even in the last generation its habitual use was chiefly confined to these, and to old officers of the Queen's Army. [1614.—"The 5th ditto came in a ship from Mollacco with 28 Portugals and 36 BLACKS."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 31.] 1676.—"We do not approve of your sending any persons to St. Helena against their wills. One of them you sent there makes a great complaint, and we have ordered his liberty to return again if he desires it; for we know not what effect it may have if complaints should be made to the King that we send away the natives; besides that it is against our inclination to buy any BLACKS, and to transport them from their wives and children without their own consent."—_Court's Letter to Ft. St. Geo._, in _Notes and Exts._ No. i. p. 12. 1747.—"Vencatachlam, the Commanding Officer of the BLACK Military, having behaved very commendably on several occasions against the French; In consideration thereof _Agreed_ that a Present be made him of Six hundred Rupees to buy a Horse, that it may encourage him to act in like manner."—_Ft. St. David Cons._, Feb. 6. (MS. Record, in India Office). 1750.—"Having received information that some BLACKS residing in this town were dealing with the French for goods proper for the Europe market, we told them if we found any proof against any residing under your Honors' protection, that such should suffer our utmost displeasure."—_Ft. Wm. Cons._, Feb. 4, in _Long_, 24. 1753.—"John Wood, a free merchant, applies for a pass which, if refused him, he says 'it will reduce a free merchant to the condition of a foreigner, or indeed of the meanest BLACK fellow.'"—_Ft. Wm. Cons._, in _Long_, p. 41. 1761.—"You will also receive several private letters from Hastings and Sykes, which must convince me as Circumstances did me at the time, that the Dutch forces were not sent with a View only of defending their own Settlements, but absolutely with a Design of disputing our Influence and Possessions; certain Ruin must have been the Consequence to the East India Company. They were raising BLACK Forces at Patna, Cossimbazar, Chinsura, &c., and were working Night and day to compleat a Field Artillery ... all these preparations previous to the commencement of Hostilities plainly prove the Dutch meant to act offensively not defensively."—_Holograph Letter from Clive_ (unpublished) _in the_ India Office Records. _Dated_ Berkeley Square, and _indorsed_ "27th Decr. 1761." 1762.—"The BLACK inhabitants send in a petition setting forth the great hardship they labour under in being required to sit as arbitrators in the Court of Cutcherry."—_Ft. Wm. Cons._, in _Long_, 277. 1782.—See quotation under SEPOY, from _Price_. " "... the 35th Regiment, commanded by Major Popham, which had lately behaved in a mutinous manner ... was broke with infamy.... The BLACK officers with halters about their necks, and the sepoys stript of their coats and turbands were drummed out of the Cantonments."—_India Gazette_, March 30. 1787.—"As to yesterday's particular charge, the thing that has made me most inveterate and unrelenting in it is only that it related to cruelty or oppression inflicted on two BLACK ladies...."—_Lord Minto_, in _Life, &c._, i. 128. 1789.—"I have just learned from a Friend at the India House, y^t the object of Treves' ambition at present is to be appointed to the _Adaulet_ of Benares, w^h is now held by a BLACK named Alii Caun. Understanding that most of the _Adaulets_ are now held by Europeans, and as I am informed y^t it is the intention y^t the Europeans are to be so placed in future, I s^{hd} be vastly happy if without committing any injustice you c^d place young Treves in y^t situation."—_George P. of Wales_, to Lord Cornwallis, in _C.'s Corresp._ ii. 29. 1832-3.—"And be it further enacted that ... in all captures which shall be made by H. M.'s Army, Royal Artillery, provincial, BLACK, or other troops...."—_Act_ 2 & 3 Will. IV., ch. 53, sec. 2. The phrase is in use among natives, we know not whether originating with them, or adopted from the usage of the foreigner. But _Kālā ādmī_ 'BLACK MAN,' is often used by them in speaking to Europeans of other natives. A case in point is perhaps worth recording. A statue of Lord William Bentinck, on foot, and in bronze, stands in front of the Calcutta Town Hall. Many years ago a native officer, returning from duty at Calcutta to Barrackpore, where his regiment was, reported himself to his adjutant (from whom we had the story in later days). 'Anything new, Sūbadār, Sāhib?' said the Adjutant. 'Yes,' said the Sūbadār, 'there is a figure of the former Lord Sahib arrived.' 'And what do you think of it?' '_Sāhib_,' said the Sūbadār, '_abhi hai_ kālā ādmī _kā sā, jab potā ho jaegā jab achchhā hogā_!' ('It is now just like a native—'a BLACK MAN'; when the whitewash is applied it will be excellent.') In some few phrases the term has become crystallised and semi-official. Thus the native dressers in a hospital were, and possibly still are, called BLACK DOCTORS. 1787.—"The Surgeon's assistant and BLACK DOCTOR take their station 100 paces in the rear, or in any place of security to which the Doolies may readily carry the wounded."—_Regulations for the H. C.'s Troops on the Coast of Coromandel_. In the following the meaning is special: 1788.—"_For Sale._ That small upper-roomed Garden House, with about 5 biggahs (see BEEGAH) of ground, on the road leading from Cheringhee to the Burying Ground, which formerly belonged to the Moravians; it is very private, from the number of trees on the ground, and having lately received considerable additions and repairs, is well adapted for a BLACK _Family_. [hand] Apply to Mr. Camac."—_In Seton-Karr_, i. 282. BLACK ACT. This was the name given in odium by the non-official Europeans in India to Act XI., 1836, of the Indian Legislature, which laid down that no person should by reason of his place of birth or of his descent be, in any civil proceeding, excepted from the jurisdiction of the Courts named, viz.: Sudder Dewanny Adawlut, Zillah and City Judge's Courts, Principal Sudder Ameens, Sudder Ameens, and Moonsiff's Court, or, in other words, it placed European subjects on a level with natives as to their subjection in civil causes to all the Company's Courts, including those under Native Judges. This Act was drafted by T. B. Macaulay, then Legislative Member of the Governor-General's Council, and brought great abuse on his head. Recent agitation caused by the "Ilbert Bill," proposing to make Europeans subject to native magistrates in regard to police and criminal charges, has been, by advocates of the latter measure, put on all fours with the agitation of 1836. But there is much that discriminates the two cases. 1876.—"The motive of the scurrility with which Macaulay was assailed by a handful of sorry scribblers was his advocacy of the Act, familiarly known as the BLACK ACT, which withdrew from British subjects resident in the provinces their so called privilege of bringing civil appeals before the Supreme Court at Calcutta."—_Trevelyan's Life of Macaulay_, 2nd ed., i. 398. [BLACK BEER, s. A beverage mentioned by early travellers in Japan. It was probably not a malt liquor. Dr. Aston suggests that it was _kuro-hi_, a dark-coloured _saké_ used in the service of the Shinto gods. [1616.—"One jar of BLACK BEER."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 270.] BLACK-BUCK, s. The ordinary name of the male antelope (_Antilope bezoartica_, Jerdon) [_A. cervicapra_, Blanford], from the dark hue of its back, by no means however literally black. 1690.—"The _Indians_ remark, _'tis_ September's _Sun which caused the black lines on the Antelopes' Backs_."—_Ovington_, 139. BLACK COTTON SOIL.—(See REGUR.) [BLACK JEWS, a term applied to the Jews of S. India; see 2 ser. _N. & Q._, iv. 4. 429; viii. 232, 418, 521; _Logan, Malabar_, i. 246 _seqq._] BLACK LANGUAGE. An old-fashioned expression, for Hindustani and other vernaculars, which used to be common among officers and men of the Royal Army, but was almost confined to them. BLACK PARTRIDGE, s. The popular Indian name of the common francolin of S.E. Europe and Western Asia (_Francolinus vulgaris_, Stephens), notable for its harsh quasi-articulate call, interpreted in various parts of the world into very different syllables. The rhythm of the call is fairly represented by two of the imitations which come nearest one another, viz. that given by Sultan Baber (Persian): '_Shīr dāram, shakrak_' ('I've got milk and sugar'!) and (Hind.) one given by Jerdon: '_Lahsan piyāz adrak_' ('Garlic, onion, and ginger'!) A more pious one is: _Khudā terī ḳudrat_, 'God is thy strength!' Another mentioned by Capt. Baldwin is very like the truth: 'Be quick, pay your debts!' But perhaps the Greek interpretation recorded by Athenaeus (ix. 39) is best of all: τρὶς τοῖς κακούργοις κακά 'Three-fold ills to the ill-doers!' see _Marco Polo_, Bk. i. ch. xviii. and note 1; [_Burton, Ar. Nights_, iii. 234, iv. 17]. BLACK TOWN, n.p. Still the popular name of the native city of Madras, as distinguished from the Fort and southern suburbs occupied by the English residents, and the bazars which supply their wants. The term is also used at Bombay. 1673.—Fryer calls the native town of Madras "the Heathen Town," and "the Indian Town." 1727.—"The BLACK TOWN (of Madras) is inhabited by _Gentows_, _Mahometans_, and _Indian Christians_.... It was walled in towards the Land, when Governor _Pit_ ruled it."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 367. 1780.—"Adjoining the glacis of Fort St. George, to the northward, is a large town commonly called the BLACK TOWN, and which is fortified sufficiently to prevent any surprise by a body of horse."—_Hodges_, p. 6. 1780.—"... Cadets upon their arrival in the country, many of whom ... are obliged to take up their residence in dirty punch-houses in the BLACK TOWN...."—_Munro's Narrative_, 22. 1782.—"When Mr. Hastings came to the government he added some new regulations ... divided the BLACK and white TOWN (Calcutta) into 35 wards, and purchased the consent of the natives to go a little further off."—_Price, Some Observations, &c._, p. 60. In _Tracts_, vol. i. [1813.—"The large bazar, or the street in the BLACK TOWN, (Bombay) ... contained many good Asiatic houses."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._, 2nd ed., i. 96. Also see quotation (1809) under BOMBAY.] 1827.—"Hartley hastened from the BLACK TOWN, more satisfied than before that some deceit was about to be practised towards Menie Gray."—_Walter Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. xi. BLACK WOOD. The popular name for what is in England termed 'rose-wood'; produced chiefly by several species of _Dalbergia_, and from which the celebrated carved furniture of Bombay is made. [The same name is applied to the Chinese ebony used in carving (_Ball, Things Chinese_, 3rd ed., 107).] (See SISSOO.) [1615.—"Her lading is BLACK WOOD, I think ebony."—_Cocks's Diary_, Hak. Soc. i. 35. [1813.—"BLACK WOOD furniture becomes like heated metal."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._, 2nd ed., i. 106.] 1879.—(In Babylonia). "In a mound to the south of the mass of city ruins called Jumjuma, Mr. Rassam discovered the remains of a rich hall or palace ... the cornices were of painted brick, and the roof of rich Indian BLACKWOOD."—_Athenaeum_, July 5, 22. BLANKS, s. The word is used for 'whites' or 'Europeans' (Port. _branco_) in the following, but we know not if anywhere else in English: 1718.—"The Heathens ... too shy to venture into the Churches of the BLANKS (so they call the Christians), since these were generally adorned with fine cloaths and all manner of proud apparel."—(_Ziegenbalg and Plutscho_), _Propagation of the Gospel, &c._ Pt. I., 3rd ed., p. 70. [BLATTY, adj. A corr. of _wilāyatī_, 'foreign' (see BILAYUT). A name applied to two plants in S. India, the _Sonneratia acida_, and _Hydrolea zeylanica_ (see _Mad. Admin. Man. Gloss._ s.v.). In the old records it is applied to a kind of cloth. Owen (_Narrative_, i. 349) uses BLAT as a name for the land-wind in Arabia, of which the origin is perhaps the same. [1610.—"BLATTY, the corge Rs. 060."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 72.] BLIMBEE, s. Malayāl. _vilimbi_; H. _belambū_ [or _bilambū_;] Malay. _bălimbing_ or _belimbing_. The fruit of _Averrhoa bilimbi_, L. The genus was so called by Linnæus in honour of Averrhoes, the Arab commentator on Aristotle and Avicenna. It embraces two species cultivated in India for their fruits; neither known in a wild state. See for the other CARAMBOLA. BLOOD-SUCKER, s. A harmless lizard (_Lacerta cristata_) is so called, because when excited it changes in colour (especially about the neck) from a dirty yellow or grey, to a dark red. 1810.—"On the morn, however, I discovered it to be a large lizard, termed a BLOOD-SUCKER."—_Morton's Life of Leyden_, 110. [1813.—"The large seroor, or lacerta, commonly called the BLOODSUCKER."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 110 (2nd ed.).] BOBACHEE, s. A cook (male). This is an Anglo-Indian vulgarisation of _bāwarchī_, a term originally brought, according to Hammer, by the hordes of Chingiz Khan into Western Asia. At the Mongol Court the _Bāwarchī_ was a high dignitary, 'Lord Sewer' or the like (see _Hammer's Golden Horde_, 235, 461). The late Prof. A. Schiefner, however, stated to us that he could not trace a Mongol origin for the word, which appears to be Or. Turki. [Platts derives it from P. _bāwar_, 'confidence.'] c. 1333.—"Chaque émir a un BÂWERDJY, et lorsque la table a éte dressée, cet officier s'assied devant son maître ... le _bâwerdjy_ coupe la viande en petits morceaux. Ces gens-là possèdent une grande habileté pour dépecer la viande."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 407. c. 1590.—BĀWARCHĪ is the word used for cook in the original of the _Āīn_ (_Blochmann's_ Eng. Tr. i. 58). 1810.—"... the dripping ... is returned to the meat by a bunch of feathers ... tied to the end of a short stick. This little neat, _cleanly_, and cheap dripping-ladle, answers admirably; it being in the power of the BABACHY to baste any part with great precision."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 238. 1866.— "And every night and morning The BOBACHEE shall kill The sempiternal _moorghee_, And we'll all have a grill." _The Dawk Bungalow_, 223. BOBACHEE CONNAH, s. H. _Bāwarchī-khāna_, 'Cook-house,' _i.e._ Kitchen; generally in a cottage detached from the residence of a European household. [1829.—"In defiance of all BAWURCHEE-KHANA rules and regulations."—_Or. Sport Mag._, i. 118.] BOBBERY, s. For the origin see BOBBERY-BOB. A noise, a disturbance, a row. [1710.—"And beat with their hand on the mouth, making a certain noise, which we Portuguese call BABARE. BABARE is a word composed of _baba_, 'a child' and _are_, an adverb implying 'to call.'"—_Oriente Conquistado_, vol ii.; _Conquista_, i. div. i. sec. 8.] 1830.—"When the band struck up (my Arab) was much frightened, made BOBBERY, set his foot in a hole and nearly pitched me."—_Mem. of Col. Mountain_, 2nd ed., 106. 1866.—"But what is the meaning of all this BOBBERY?"—_The Dawk Bungalow_, p. 387. _Bobbery_ is used in 'pigeon English,' and of course a Chinese origin is found for it, viz. _pa-pi_, Cantonese, 'a noise.' [The idea that there is a similar English word (see 7 ser. _N. & Q._, v. 205, 271, 338, 415, 513) is rejected by the _N.E.D._] BOBBERY-BOB! interj. The Anglo-Indian colloquial representation of a common exclamation of Hindus when in surprise or grief—'BĀP-RĒ! or BAP-RĒ BĀP,' 'O Father!' (we have known a friend from north of Tweed whose ordinary interjection was 'My great-grandmother!'). Blumenroth's _Philippine Vocabulary_ gives _Nacú!_ = _Madre mia_, as a vulgar exclamation of admiration. 1782.—"Captain Cowe being again examined ... if he had any opportunity to make any observations concerning the execution of Nundcomar? said, he had; that he saw the whole except the immediate act of execution ... there were 8 or 10,000 people assembled; who at the moment the Rajah was turned off, dispersed suddenly, crying 'AH-BAUPAREE!' leaving nobody about the gallows but the Sheriff and his attendants, and a few European spectators. He explains the term AH-BAUP-AREE, to be an exclamation of the BLACK people, upon the appearance of anything very alarming, and when they are in great pain."—_Price's 2nd Letter to E. Burke_, p. 5. In _Tracts_, vol. ii. " "If an Hindoo was to see a house on fire, to receive a smart slap on the face, break a china basin, cut his finger, see two Europeans boxing, or a sparrow shot, he would call out AH-BAUP-AREE!"—From _Report of Select Committee of H. of C., Ibid._ pp. 9-10. 1834.—"They both hastened to the spot, where the man lay senseless, and the syce by his side muttering BĀPRE BĀPRE."—_The Baboo_, i. 48. 1863-64.—"My men soon became aware of the unwelcome visitor, and raised the cry, 'A bear, a bear!' "'AHI! BAP-RE-BAP! Oh, my father! go and drive him away,' said a timorous voice from under a blanket close by."—_Lt.-Col. Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, 142. BOBBERY-PACK, s. A pack of hounds of different breeds, or (oftener) of no breed at all, wherewith young officers hunt jackals or the like; presumably so called from the noise and disturbance that such a pack are apt to raise. And hence a 'scratch pack' of any kind, as a 'scratch match' at cricket, &c. (See a quotation under BUNOW.) 1878.—"... on the mornings when the 'BOBBERA' PACK went out, of which Macpherson was 'master,' and I 'whip,' we used to be up by 4 A.M."—_Life in the Mofussil_, i. 142. The following occurs in a letter received from an old Indian by one of the authors, some years ago: "What a Cabinet —— has put together!—a regular BOBBERY-PACK." BOCCA TIGRIS, n.p. The name applied to the estuary of the Canton River. It appears to be an inaccurate reproduction of the Portuguese _Boca do Tigre_, and that to be a rendering of the Chinese name _Hu-mēn_, "Tiger Gate." Hence in the second quotation _Tigris_ is supposed to be the name of the river. 1747.—"At 8 o'clock we passed the BOG OF TYGERS, and at noon the Lyon's Tower."—_A Voy. to the E. Indies in 1747 and 1748._ 1770.—"The City of Canton is situated on the banks of the TIGRIS, a large river...."—_Raynal_ (tr. 1771), ii. 258. 1782.—"... à sept lieues de la BOUCHE DU TIGRE, on apperçoit la Tour du Lion."—_Sonnerat, Voyage_, ii. 234. [1900.—"The launch was taken up the Canton River and abandoned near the BOCCA TIGRIS (the Bogue)."—_The Times_, 29 Oct.] BOCHA, s. H. _bochā_. A kind of chair-palankin formerly in use in Bengal, but now quite forgotten. 1810.—"Ladies are usually conveyed about Calcutta ... in a kind of palanquin called a BOCHAH ... being a compound of our sedan chair with the body of a chariot.... I should have observed that most of the gentlemen residing at Calcutta ride in BOCHAHS."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 322. BOGUE, n.p. This name is applied by seamen to the narrows at the mouth of the Canton River, and is a corruption of _Boca_. (See BOCCA TIGRIS.) BOLIAH, BAULEAH, s. Beng. _bāūlīa_. A kind of light accommodation boat with a cabin, in use on the Bengal rivers. We do not find the word in any of the dictionaries. Ives, in the middle of the 18th century, describes it as a boat very long, but so narrow that only one man could sit in the breadth, though it carried a multitude of rowers. This is not the character of the boat so called now. [Buchanan Hamilton, writing about 1820, says: "The BHAULIYA is intended for the same purpose, [conveyance of passengers], and is about the same size as the _Pansi_ (see PAUNCHWAY). It is sharp at both ends, rises at the ends less than the _Pansi_, and its tilt is placed in the middle, the rowers standing both before and behind the place of accommodation of passengers. On the Kosi, the _Bhauliya_ is a large fishing-boat, carrying six or seven men." (_Eastern India_, iii. 345.) Grant (_Rural Life_, p. 5) gives a drawing and description of the modern boat.] 1757.—"To get two BOLIAS, a Goordore, and 87 dandies from the Nazir."—_Ives_, 157. 1810.—"On one side the picturesque boats of the natives, with their floating huts; on the other the BOLIOS and pleasure-boats of the English."—_Maria Graham_, 142. 1811.—"The extreme lightness of its construction gave it incredible ... speed. An example is cited of a Governor General who in his BAWALEEA performed in 8 days the voyage from Lucknow to Calcutta, a distance of 400 marine leagues."—_Solvyns_, iii. The drawing represents a very light skiff, with only a small kiosque at the stern. 1824.—"We found two BHOLIAHS, or large row-boats, with convenient cabins...."—_Heber_, i. 26. 1834.—"Rivers's attention had been attracted by seeing a large BEAULIAH in the act of swinging to the tide."—_The Baboo_, i. 14. BOLTA, s. A turn of a rope; sea H. from Port. _volta_ (_Roebuck_). BOMBASA, n.p. The Island of Mombasa, off the E. African Coast, is so called in some old works. _Bombāsī_ is used in Persia for a negro slave; see quotation. 1516.—"... another island, in which there is a city of the Moors called BOMBAZA, very large and beautiful."—_Barbosa_, 11. See also _Colonial Papers_ under 1609, i. 188. 1883.—"... the BOMBASSI, or coal-black negro of the interior, being of much less price, and usually only used as a cook."—_Wills, Modern Persia_, 326. BOMBAY, n.p. It has been alleged, often and positively (as in the quotations below from Fryer and Grose), that this name is an English corruption from the Portuguese _Bombahia_, 'good bay.' The grammar of the alleged etymon is bad, and the history is no better; for the name can be traced long before the Portuguese occupation, long before the arrival of the Portuguese in India. C. 1430, we find the islands of Mahim and _Mumba_-Devi, which united form the existing island of Bombay, held, along with Salsette, by a Hindu Rāī, who was tributary to the Mohammedan King of Guzerat. (See _Rās Mālā_, ii. 350); [ed. 1878, p. 270]. The same form reappears (1516) in Barbosa's Tana-_Mayambu_ (p. 68), in the _Estado da India_ under 1525, and (1563) in Garcia de Orta, who writes both _Mombaim_ and _Bombaim_. The latter author, mentioning the excellence of the areca produced there, speaks of himself having had a grant of the island from the King of Portugal (see below). It is customarily called _Bombaim_ on the earliest English Rupee coinage. (See under RUPEE.) The shrine of the goddess MUMBA-_Devī_ from whom the name is supposed to have been taken, stood on the Esplanade till the middle of the 17th century, when it was removed to its present site in the middle of what is now the most frequented part of the native town. 1507.—"Sultan Mahommed Bigarrah of Guzerat having carried an army against Chaiwal, in the year of the Hijra 913, in order to destroy the Europeans, he effected his designs against the towns of Bassai (see BASSEIN) and MANBAI, and returned to his own capital...."—_Mirat-i-Ahmedi_ (Bird's transl.), 214-15. 1508.—"The Viceroy quitted Dabul, passing by Chaul, where he did not care to go in, to avoid delay, and anchored at BOMBAIM, whence the people fled when they saw the fleet, and our men carried off many cows, and caught some blacks whom they found hiding in the woods, and of these they took away those that were good, and killed the rest."—_Correa_, i. 926. 1516.—"... a fortress of the before-named King (of Guzerat), called Tana-MAYAMBU, and near it is a Moorish town, very pleasant, with many gardens ... a town of very great Moorish mosques, and temples of worship of the Gentiles ... it is likewise a sea port, but of little trade."—_Barbosa_, 69. The name here appears to combine, in a common oriental fashion, the name of the adjoining town of Thana (see TANA) and Bombay. 1525.—"E a Ilha de MOMBAYN, que no forall velho estaua em catorze mill e quatro cento fedeas ... j̃ xiiij. iiii.^c fedeas. "E os anos otros estaua arrendada por mill trezentos setenta e cinque pardaos ... j̃ iii.^c lxxv. pardaos. "Foy aforada a mestre Dioguo pelo dito governador, por mill quatro centos trinta dous pardaos méo ... j̃ iiij.^c xxxij. pardaos méo."—_Tombo do Estada da India_, 160-161. 1531.—"The Governor at the island of BOMBAIM awaited the junction of the whole expedition, of which he made a muster, taking a roll from each captain, of the Portuguese soldiers and sailors and of the captive slaves who could fight and help, and of the number of musketeers, and of other people, such as servants. And all taken together he found in the whole fleet some 3560 soldiers (_homens d'armas_), counting captains and gentlemen; and some 1450 Portuguese seamen, with the pilots and masters; and some 2000 soldiers who were Malabars and Goa Canarines; and 8000 slaves fit to fight; and among these he found more than 3000 musketeers (_espingardeiros_), and 4000 country seamen who could row (_marinheiros de terra remeiros_), besides the mariners of the junks who were more than 800; and with married and single women, and people taking goods and provisions to sell, and menial servants, the whole together was more than 30,000 souls...."—_Correa_, iii. 392. 1538.—"The Isle of BOMBAY has on the south the waters of the bay which is called after it, and the island of Chaul; on the N. the island of SALSETE; on the east Salsete also; and on the west the Indian Ocean. The land of this island is very low, and covered with great and beautiful groves of trees. There is much game, and abundance of meat and rice, and there is no memory of any scarcity. Nowadays it is called the island of BOA-VIDA; a name given to it by Hector da Silveira, because when his fleet was cruising on this coast his soldiers had great refreshment and enjoyment there."—_J. de Castro, Primeiro Roteiro_, p. 81. 1552.—"... a small stream called _Bate_ which runs into the Bay of BOMBAIN, and which is regarded as the demarcation between the Kingdom of Guzurate and the Kingdom of Decan."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1. 1552.—"The Governor advanced against BOMBAYM on the 6th February, which was moreover the very day on which Ash Wednesday fell."—_Couto_, IV., v. 5. 1554.—"Item of Mazaguao 8500 _fedeas_. "Item of MONBAYM, 17,000 _fedeas_. "Rents of the land surrendered by the King of Canbaya in 1543, from 1535 to 1548."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 139. 1563.—"... and better still is (that the ARECA) of MOMBAIM, an estate and island which the King our Lord has graciously granted me on perpetual lease."[43]—_Garcia De Orta_, f. 91_v_. " "SERVANT. Sir, here is Simon Toscano, your tenant at BOMBAIM, who has brought this basket of mangoes for you to make a present to the Governor; and he says that when he has moored his vessel he will come here to put up."—_Ibid._ f. 134_v_. 1644.—"_Description of the Port of_ MOMBAYM.... The Viceroy Conde de Linhares sent the 8 councillors to fortify this Bay, so that no European enemy should be able to enter. These Ministers visited the place, and were of opinion that the width (of the entrance) being so great, becoming even wider and more unobstructed further in, there was no place that you could fortify so as to defend the entrance...."—_Bocarro_, MS. f. 227. 1666.—"Ces Tchérons ... demeurent pour la plupart à Baroche, à BAMBAYE et à Amedabad."—_Thevenot_, v. 40. " "De Bacaim à BOMBAIIM il y a six lieues."—_Ibid._ 248. 1673.—"December the Eighth we paid our Homage to the Union-flag flying on the Fort of BOMBAIM."—_Fryer_, 59. " "Bombaim ... ventures furthest out into the Sea, making the Mouth of a spacious Bay, whence it has its Etymology; BOMBAIM, quasi _Boon bay_."—_Ibid._ 62. 1676.—"Since the present King of _England_ married the Princess of _Portugall_, who had in Portion the famous Port of BOMBEYE ... they coin both Silver, Copper, and Tinn."—_Tavernier_, E. T., ii. 6. 1677.—"Quod dicta Insula de BOMBAIM, una cum dependentiis suis, nobis ab origine bonâ fide ex pacto (sicut oportuit) tradita non fuerit."—_King Charles II._ to the Viceroy L. de Mendoza Furtado, in _Descn., &c. of the Port and Island of_ BOMBAY, 1724, p. 77. 1690.—"This Island has its Denomination from the Harbour, which ... was originally called BOON BAY, _i.e._ in the _Portuguese_ Language, a Good Bay or Harbour."—_Ovington_, 129. 1711.—Lockyer declares it to be impossible, with all the Company's Strength and Art, to make BOMBAY "a Mart of great Business."—P. 83. c. 1760.—"... one of the most commodious bays perhaps in the world, from which distinction it received the denomination of BOMBAY, by corruption from the Portuguese _Buona-Bahia_, though now usually written by them BOMBAIM."—_Grose_, i. 29. 1770.—"No man chose to settle in a country so unhealthy as to give rise to the proverb _That at_ BOMBAY _a man's life did not exceed two monsoons_."—_Raynal_ (E. T., 1777), i. 389. 1809.—"The largest pagoda in BOMBAY is in the Black Town.... It is dedicated to _Momba Devee_ ... who by her images and attributes seems to be Parvati, the wife of Siva."—_Maria Graham_, 14. BOMBAY BOX-WORK. This well-known manufacture, consisting in the decoration of boxes, desks, &c., with veneers of geometrical mosaic, somewhat after the fashion of Tunbridge ware, is said to have been introduced from Shiraz to Surat more than a century ago, and some 30 years later from Surat to Bombay. The veneers are formed by cementing together fine triangular prisms of ebony, ivory, green-stained ivory, stag's horn, and tin, so that the sections when sawn across form the required pattern, and such thin sections are then attached to the panels of the box with strong glue. BOMBAY DUCK.—See BUMMELO. BOMBAY MARINE. This was the title borne for many years by the meritorious but somewhat depressed service which in 1830 acquired the style of the "Indian Navy," and on 30th April, 1863, ceased to exist. The detachments of this force which took part in the China War (1841-42) were known to their brethren of the Royal Navy, under the temptation of alliteration, as the "Bombay Buccaneers." In their earliest employment against the pirates of Western India and the Persian Gulf, they had been known as "the GRAB Service." But, no matter for these names, the history of this Navy is full of brilliant actions and services. We will quote two noble examples of public virtue: (1) In July 1811, a squadron under Commodore John Hayes took two large junks issuing from Batavia, then under blockade. These were lawful prize, laden with Dutch property, valued at £600,000. But Hayes knew that such a capture would create great difficulties and embarrassments in the English trade at Canton, and he directed the release of this splendid prize. (2) 30th June 1815, Lieut. Boyce in the brig 'Nautilus' (180 tons, carrying ten 18-pr. carronades, and four 9-prs.) encountered the U. S. sloop-of-war 'Peacock' (539 tons, carrying twenty 32-pr. carronades, and two long 18-prs.). After he had informed the American of the ratification of peace, Boyce was peremptorily ordered to haul down his colours, which he answered by a flat refusal. The 'Peacock' opened fire, and a short but brisk action followed, in which Boyce and his first lieutenant were shot down. The gallant Boyce had a special pension from the Company (£435 in all) and lived to his 93rd year to enjoy it. We take the facts from the History of this Navy by one of its officers, Lieut. C. R. Low (i. 294), but he erroneously states the pension to have been granted by the U.S. Govt. 1780.—"The Hon. Company's schooner, Carinjar, with Lieut. Murry Commander, of the BOMBAY MARINES, is going to Archin (_sic_, see ACHEEN) to meet the Ceres and the other Europe ships from Madrass, to put on board of them the St. Helena stores."—_Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, April 8th. BONITO, s. A fish (_Thynnus pelamys_, Day) of the same family (_Scombridae_) as mackerel and tunny, very common in the Indian seas. The name is Port., and apparently is the adj. BONITO, 'fine.' c. 1610.—"On y pesche vne quantité admirable de gros poissons, de sept ou huit sortes, qui sont néantmoins quasi de mesme race et espece ... commes BONITES, albachores, daurades, et autres."—_Pyrard_, i. 137. 1615.—"BONITOES and albicores are in colour, shape, and taste much like to Mackerils, but grow to be very large."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1464. c. 1620.— "How many sail of well-mann'd ships As the BONITO does the Flying-fish Have we pursued...." _Beaum. & Flet., The Double Marriage_, ii. 1. c. 1760.—"The fish undoubtedly takes its name from relishing so well to the taste of the Portuguese ... that they call it BONITO, which answers in our tongue to delicious."—_Grose_, i. 5. 1764.— "While on the yard-arm the harpooner sits, Strikes the BONETA, or the shark ensnares."—_Grainger_, B. ii. 1773.—"The Captain informed us he had named his ship the BONNETTA, out of gratitude to Providence; for once ... the ship in which he then sailed was becalmed for five weeks, and during all that time, numbers of the fish BONNETTA swam close to her, and were caught for food; he resolved therefore that the ship he should next get should be called the _Bonnetta_."—_Boswell, Journal of a Tour, &c._, under Oct. 16, 1773. BONZE, s. A term long applied by Europeans in China to the Buddhist clergy, but originating with early visitors to Japan. Its origin is however not quite clear. The Chinese _Fán-sēng_, 'a religious person' is in Japanese _bonzi_ or _bonzô_; but Köppen prefers _fă-sze_, 'Teacher of the Law,' pron. in Japanese _bo-zi_ (_Die Rel. des Buddha_, i. 321, and also Schott's _Zur Litt. des Chin. Buddhismus_, 1873, p. 46). It will be seen that some of the old quotations favour one, and some the other, of these sources. On the other hand, _Bandhya_ (for Skt. _vandya_, 'to whom worship or reverence is due, very reverend') seems to be applied in Nepal to the Buddhist clergy, and Hodgson considers the Japanese bonze (_bonzô?_) traceable to this. (_Essays_, 1874, p. 63.) The same word, as _bandhe_ or _bande_, is in Tibetan similarly applied.—(See _Jaeschke's Dict._, p. 365.) The word first occurs in Jorge Alvarez's account of Japan, and next, a little later, in the letters of St. Francis Xavier. Cocks in his Diary uses forms approaching _boze_. 1549.—"I find the common secular people here less impure and more obedient to reason than their priests, whom they call BONZOS."—_Letter of St. F. Xavier_, in _Coleridge's Life_, ii. 238. 1552.—"Erubescunt enim, et incredibiliter confunduntur BONZII, ubi male cohaerere, ac pugnare inter sese ea, quae docent, palam ostenditur."—_Scti. Fr. Xaverii Epistt._ V. xvii., ed. 1667. 1572.—"... sacerdotes ... qui ipsorum linguâ BONZII appellantur."—_E. Acosta_, 58. 1585.—"They have amongst them (in Japan) many priests of their idols whom they call BONSOS, of the which there be great convents."—_Parkes's Tr. of Mendoza_ (1589), ii. 300. 1590.—"This doctrine doe all they embrace, which are in China called _Cen_, but with us at Iapon are named BONZI."—_An Exct. Treatise of the Kingd. of China, &c., Hakl._ ii. 580. c. 1606.—"Capt. Saris has BONZEES."—_Purchas_, i. 374. 1618.—"And their is 300 BOZE (or pagon pristes) have alowance and mentaynance for eaver to pray for his sole, in the same sorte as munkes and fryres use to doe amongst the Roman papistes."—_Cocks's Diary_, ii. 75; [in i. 117, BOSE]; BOSSES (i. 143). [1676.—"It is estimated that there are in this country (Siam) more than 200,000 priests called BONZES."—_Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, ii. 293.] 1727.—"... or perhaps make him fadge in a China BONZEE in his Calendar, under the name of a Christian Saint."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 253. 1794-7.— "Alike to me encas'd in Grecian bronze Koran or Vulgate, Veda, Priest, or BONZE." _Pursuits of Literature_, 6th ed., p. 335. c. 1814.— "While Fum deals in Mandarins, BONZES, Bohea— Peers, Bishops, and Punch, Hum—are sacred to thee." _T. Moore, Hum and Fum._ [(1) BORA, BOORA, s. Beng. _bhada_, a kind of cargo-boat used in the rivers of Bengal. [1675.—"About noone overtook the eight BORAES."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. ccxxxvii. [1680.—"The BOORA ... being a very floaty light boat, rowinge with 20 to 30 Owars, these carry Salt Peeter and other goods from Hugly downewards, and some trade to Dacca with salt; they also serve for tow boats for ye ships bound up or downe ye river."—_Ibid._ ii. 15.] (2) BORA s. H. and Guz. _bohrā_ and _bohorā_, which H. H. Wilson refers to the Skt. _vyavahārī_, 'a trader, or man of affairs,' from which are formed the ordinary H. words _byoharā_, _byohariyā_ (and a Guzerati form which comes very near _bohorā_). This is confirmed by the quotation from Nurullah below, but it is not quite certain. Dr. John Wilson (see below) gives an Arabic derivation which we have been unable to verify. [There can be no reasonable doubt that this is incorrect.] There are two classes of Bohrās belonging to different Mohammedan sects, and different in habit of life. 1. The Shī'a _Bohrās_, who are essentially townspeople, and especially congregate in Surat, Burhanpur, Ujjain, &c. They are those best known far and wide by the name, and are usually devoted to trading and money-lending. Their original seat was in Guzerat, and they are most numerous there, and in the Bombay territory generally, but are also to be found in various parts of Central India and the N.-W. Provinces, [where they are all Hindus]. The word in Bombay is often used as synonymous with pedlar or BOXWALLAH. They are generally well-to-do people, keeping very cleanly and comfortable houses. [See an account of them in _Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 470 _seqq._ 2nd ed.] These BOHRAS appear to form one of the numerous Shī'a sects, akin in character to, and apparently of the same origin as, the Ismāīlīyah (or _Assassins_ of the Middle Ages), and claim as their original head and doctor in India one Ya'ḳūb, who emigrated from Egypt, and landed in Cambay A.D. 1137. But the chief seat of the doctrine is alleged to have been in Yemen, till that country was conquered by the Turks in 1538. A large exodus of the sect to India then took place. Like the Ismāīlīs they attach a divine character to their Mullah or chief Pontiff, who now resides at Surat. They are guided by him in all things, and they pay him a percentage on their profits. But there are several sectarian subdivisions: _Dāūdi_ Bohrās, _Sulaimāni_ Bohrās, &c. [See _Forbes, Rās Mālā_, ed. 1878, p. 264 _seqq._] 2. The Sunni _Bohrās_. These are very numerous in the Northern Concan and Guzerat. They are essentially peasants, sturdy, thrifty, and excellent cultivators, retaining much of Hindu habit; and are, though they have dropped caste distinctions, very exclusive and "denominational" (as the _Bombay Gazetteer_ expresses it). Exceptionally, at Pattan, in Baroda State, there is a rich and thriving community of trading Bohrās of the Sunni section; they have no intercourse with their Shī'a namesakes. The history of the Bohrās is still very obscure; nor does it seem ascertained whether the two sections were originally one. Some things indicate that the Shī'a Bohrās may be, in accordance with their tradition, in some considerable part of foreign descent, and that the Sunni Bohrās, who are unquestionably of Hindu descent, may have been native converts of the foreign immigrants, afterwards forcibly brought over to Sunnism by the Guzerat Sultans. But all this must be said with much reserve. The history is worthy of investigation. The quotation from Ibn Batuta, which refers to Gandari on the Baroda river, south of Cambay, alludes most probably to the Bohrās, and may perhaps, though not necessarily, indicate an origin for the name different from either of those suggested. c. 1343.—"When we arrived at Ḳandahār ... we received a visit from the principal Musulmans dwelling at his (the pagan King's) Capital, such as the _Children of Khojah_ BOHRAH, among whom was the Nākhoda Ibrahīm, who had 6 vessels belonging to him."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 58. c. 1620.—Nurullah of Shuster, quoted by Colebrooke, speaks of this class as having been converted to Islam 300 years before. He says also: "Most of them subsist by commerce and mechanical trades; as is indicated by the name BOHRAH, which signifies 'merchant' in the dialect of Gujerat."—In _As. Res._, vii. 338. 1673.—"... The rest (of the Mohammedans) are adopted under the name of the Province or Kingdom they are born in, as _Mogul_ ... or Schisms they have made, as _Bilhim_, _Jemottee_, and the lowest of all is BORRAH."—_Fryer_, 93. c. 1780.—"Among the rest was the whole of the property of a certain Muhammad Mokrim, a man of the BOHRA tribe, the Chief of all the merchants, and the owner of three or four merchant ships."—_H. of Hydur Naik_, 383. 1810.—"The BORAHS are an inferior set of travelling merchants. The inside of a _Borah's_ box is like that of an English country shop, spelling-books, prayer-books, lavender water, eau de luce, soap, tapes, scissors, knives, needles, and thread make but a small part of the variety."—_Maria Graham_, 33. 1825.—"The BORAS (at Broach) in general are unpopular, and held in the same estimation for parsimony that the Jews are in England."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, ii. 119; also see 72. 1853.—"I had the pleasure of baptizing Ismail Ibraim, the first BOHORÁ who, as far as we know, has yet embraced Christianity in India.... He appears thoroughly divorced from Muhammad, and from 'Ali the son-in-law of Muhammad, whom the _Bohorás_ or _Initiated_, according to the meaning of the Arabic word, from which the name is derived, esteem as an improvement on his father-in-law, having a higher degree of inspiration, which has in good measure, as they imagine, manifested itself among his successors, recognised by the BOHORAS and by the Ansariyah, Ismaeliyah, Drus, and Metawileh of Syria...."—_Letter of Dr. John Wilson_, in _Life_, p. 456. 1863.—"... India, between which and the north-east coast of Africa, a considerable trade is carried on, chiefly by BORAH merchants of Guzerat and Cutch."—_Badger, Introd. to Varthema_, Hak. Soc. xlix. BORNEO, n.p. This name, as applied to the great Island in its entirety, is taken from that of the capital town of the chief Malay State existing on it when it became known to Europeans, _Bruné_, _Burné_, _Brunai_, or _Burnai_, still existing and known as _Brunei_. 1516.—"In this island much camphor for eating is gathered, and the Indians value it highly.... This island is called BORNEY."—_Barbosa_, 203-4. 1521.—"The two ships departed thence, and running among many islands came on one which contained much cinnamon of the finest kind. And then again running among many islands they came to the Island of BORNEO, where in the harbour they found many junks belonging to merchants from all the parts about Malacca, who make a great mart in that BORNEO."—_Correa_, ii. 631. 1584.—"Camphora from BRIMEO (misreading probably for BRUNEO) neare to China."—_Barret_, in _Hakl._ ii. 412. [1610.—"BORNELAYA are with white and black quarls, like checkers, such as Polingknytsy are."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 72.] The cloth called BORNELAYA perhaps took its name from this island. [ " "There is brimstone, pepper, BOURNESH camphor."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 79.] 1614.—In _Sainsbury_, i. 313 [and in _Foster, Letters_, ii. 94], it is written BURNEA. 1727.—"The great island of BORNEW or BORNEO, the largest except _California_ in the known world."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 44. BORO-BODOR, or -BUDUR, n.p. The name of a great Buddhistic monument of Indian character in the district of Kadū in Java; one of the most remarkable in the world. It is a quasi-pyramidal structure occupying the summit of a hill, which apparently forms the core of the building. It is quadrangular in plan, the sides, however, broken by successive projections; each side of the basement, 406 feet. Including the basement, it rises in six successive terraces, four of them forming corridors, the sides of which are panelled with bas-reliefs, which Mr. Fergusson calculated would, if extended in a single line, cover three miles of ground. These represent scenes in the life of Sakya Muni, scenes from the Jātakas, or pre-existences of Sakya, and other series of Buddhistic groups. Above the corridors the structure becomes circular, rising in three shallower stages, bordered with small dagobas (72 in number), and a large dagoba crowns the whole. The 72 dagobas are hollow, built in a kind of stone lattice, and each contains, or has contained, within, a stone Buddha in the usual attitude. In niches of the corridors also are numerous Buddhas larger than life, and about 400 in number. Mr. Fergusson concludes from various data that this wonderful structure must date from A.D. 650 to 800. This monument is not mentioned in Valentijn's great History of the Dutch Indies (1726), nor does its name ever seem to have reached Europe till Sir Stamford Raffles, the British Lieut.-Governor of Java, visited the district in January 1814. The structure was then covered with soil and vegetation, even with trees of considerable size. Raffles caused it to be cleared, and drawings and measurements to be made. His _History of Java_, and Crawfurd's _Hist. of the Indian Archipelago_, made it known to the world. The Dutch Government, in 1874, published a great collection of illustrative plates, with a descriptive text. The meaning of the name by which this monument is known in the neighbourhood has been much debated. Raffles writes it _Bóro Bódo_ [_Hist. of Java_, 2nd ed., ii. 30 _seqq._]. [Crawfurd, _Descr. Dict._ (s.v.), says: "_Boro_ is, in Javanese, the name of a kind of fish-trap, and _budor_ may possibly be a corruption of the Sanscrit _buda_, 'old.'"] The most probable interpretation, and accepted by Friedrich and other scholars of weight, is that of '_Myriad Buddhas_.' This would be in some analogy to another famous Buddhist monument in a neighbouring district, at Brambánan, which is called _Chandi Sewu_, or the "Thousand Temples," though the number has been really 238. BOSH, s. and interj. This is alleged to be taken from the Turkish _bosh_, signifying "empty, vain, useless, void of sense, meaning or utility" (_Redhouse's Dict._). But we have not been able to trace its history or first appearance in English. [According to the _N.E.D._ the word seems to have come into use about 1834 under the influence of Morier's novels, _Ayesha_, _Hajji Baba_, &c. For various speculations on its origin see 5 ser. _N. & Q._ iii. 114, 173, 257. [1843.—"The people flatter the Envoy into the belief that the tumult is BASH (nothing)."—_Lady Sale, Journal_, 47.] BOSMÁN, BOCHMÁN, s. Boatswain. Lascar's H. (_Roebuck_). BOTICKEER, s. Port. _botiqueiro_. A shop or stall-keeper. (See BOUTIQUE.) 1567.—"Item, pareceo que ... os BOTIQUEIROS não tenhão as BUTICAS apertas nos dias de festa, senão depois la messa da terça."—Decree 31 of Council of Goa, in _Archiv. Port. Orient._, fasc. 4. 1727.—"... he past all over, and was forced to relieve the poor BOTICKEERS or Shopkeepers, who before could pay him Taxes."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 268. BO TREE, s. The name given in Ceylon to the Pipal tree (see PEEPUL) as reverenced by the Buddhists; Singh. _bo-gās_. See in _Emerson Tennent_ (_Ceylon_, ii. 632 _seqq._), a chronological series of notices of the Bo-tree from B.C. 288 to A.D. 1739. 1675.—"Of their (the Veddas') worship there is little to tell, except that like the Cingaleze, they set round the high trees BOGAS, which our people call _Pagod-trees_, with a stone base and put lamps upon it."—_Ryklof Van Goens_, in _Valentijn_ (Ceylon), 209. 1681.—"I shall mention but one Tree more as famous and highly set by as any of the rest, if not more so, tho' it bear no fruit, the benefit consisting chiefly in the Holiness of it. This tree they call BOGAHAH; we the _God-tree_."—_Knox_, 18. BOTTLE-TREE, s. Qu. _Adansonia digitata_, or 'baobab'? Its aspect is somewhat suggestive of the name, but we have not been able to ascertain. [It has also been suggested that it refers to the BABOOL, on which the BAYA, often builds its nest. "These are formed in a very ingenious manner, by long grass woven together in the shape of a BOTTLE." _Forbes, Or. Mem._, 2nd ed., i. 33.)] 1880.—"Look at this prisoner slumbering peacefully under the suggestive BOTTLE-TREE."—_Ali Baba_, 153. [BOUND-HEDGE, s. A corruption of _boundary-hedge_, and applied in old military writers to the thick plantation of bamboo or prickly-pear which used to surround native forts. 1792.—"A BOUND HEDGE, formed of a wide belt of thorny plants (at Seringapatam)."—_Wilks, Historical Sketches_, iii. 217.] BOUTIQUE, s. A common word in Ceylon and the Madras Presidency (to which it is now peculiar) for a small native shop or booth: Port. _butica_ or _boteca_. From Bluteau (Suppt.) it would seem that the use of _butica_ was peculiar to Portuguese India. [1548.—BUTICAS. See quotation under SIND.] 1554.—"... nas quaes BUTICAS ninguem pode vender senão os que se concertam com o Rendeiro."—_Botelho, Tombo do Estado da India_, 50. c. 1561.—"The Malabars who sold in the BOTECAS."—_Correa_, i. 2, 267. 1739.—"That there are many BATTECAS built close under the Town-wall."—_Remarks on Fortfns. of Fort St. George_, in _Wheeler_, iii. 188. 1742.—In a grant of this date the word appears as BUTTECA.—_Selections from Records of S. Arcot District_, ii. 114. 1767.—"Mr. Russell, as Collector-General, begs leave to represent to the Board that of late years the Street by the river side ... has been greatly encroached upon by a number of GOLAHS, little straw huts, and BOUTIQUES...."—In _Long_, 501. 1772.—"... a BOUTIQUE merchant having died the 12th inst., his widow was desirous of being burnt with his body."—_Papers relating to E. I. Affairs_, 1821, p. 268. 1780.—"You must know that Mrs. Henpeck ... is a great buyer of Bargains, so that she will often go out to the Europe Shops and the BOUTIQUES, and lay out 5 or 600 Rupees in articles that we have not the least occasion for."—_India Gazette_, Dec. 9. 1782.—"For Sale at No. 18 of the range BOTIQUES to the northward of Lyon's Buildings, where MUSTERS (q.v.) may be seen...." _India Gazette_, Oct. 12. 1834.—"The BOUTIQUES are ranged along both sides of the street."—_Chitty, Ceylon Gazetteer_, 172. BOWLA, s. A portmanteau. H. _bāolā_, from Port. _baul_, and _bahu_, 'a trunk.' BOWLY, BOWRY, s. H. _bāolī_, and _bāorī_, Mahr. _bāvaḍi_. C. P. Brown (_Zillah Dict._ s.v.) says it is the Telegu _bāviḍi_; _bāvī_ and _bāviḍi_, = 'well.' This is doubtless the same word, but in all its forms it is probably connected with Skt. _vavra_, 'a hole, a well,' or with _vāpi_, 'an oblong reservoir, a pool or lake.' There is also in Singhalese _væva_, 'a lake or pond,' and in inscriptions _vaviya_. There is again Maldivian _weu_, 'a well,' which comes near the Guzerati forms mentioned below. A great and deep rectangular well (or tank dug down to the springs), furnished with a descent to the water by means of long flights of steps, and generally with landings and _loggie_ where travellers may rest in the shade. This kind of structure, almost peculiar to Western and Central India, though occasionally met with in Northern India also, is a favourite object of private native munificence, and though chiefly beneath the level of the ground, is often made the subject of most effective architecture. Some of the finest specimens are in Guzerat, where other forms of the word appear to be _wāo_ and _wāīn_. One of the most splendid of these structures is that at Asārwa in the suburbs of Ahmedabad, known as the Well of Dhāī (or 'the Nurse') Harīr, built in 1485 by a lady of the household of Sultan Mohammed Bigara (that famous 'Prince of Cambay' celebrated by Butler—see under CAMBAY), at a cost of 3 lakhs of rupees. There is an elaborate model of a great Guzerati _bāolī_ in the Indian Museum at S. Kensington. We have seen in the suburbs of Palermo a regular _bāolī_, excavated in the tufaceous rock that covers the plain. It was said to have been made at the expense of an ancestor of the present proprietor (Count Ranchibile) to employ people in a time of scarcity. c. 1343.—"There was also a BĀĪN, a name by which the Indians designate a very spacious kind of well, revetted with stone, and provided with steps for descent to the water's brink. Some of these wells have in the middle and on each side pavilions of stone, with seats and benches. The Kings and chief men of the country rival each other in the construction of such reservoirs on roads that are not supplied with water."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 13. 1526.—"There was an empty space within the fort (of Agra) between Ibrahim's palace and the ramparts. I directed a large WÂIN to be constructed on it, ten gez by ten. In the language of Hindostân they denominate a large well having a staircase down it WÂIN."—_Baber, Mem._, 342. 1775.—"Near a village called Sevasee Contra I left the line of march to sketch a remarkable building ... on a near approach I discerned it to be a well of very superior workmanship, of that kind which the natives call BHOUREE or BHOULIE."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 102; [2nd ed. i. 387]. 1808.—"'Who-so digs a well deserves the love of creatures and the grace of God,' but a VAVIDEE is said to value 10 _Kooas_ (or wells) because the water is available to bipeds without the aid of a rope."—_R. Drummond, Illustrations of Guzerattee, &c._ 1825.—"These BOOLEES are singular contrivances, and some of them extremely handsome and striking...."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, ii. 37. 1856.—"The WĀV (Sansk. _wápeeká_) is a large edifice of a picturesque and stately as well as peculiar character. Above the level of the ground a row of four or five open pavilions at regular distances from each other ... is alone visible.... The entrance to the WĀV is by one of the end pavilions."—_Forbes, Rās Mālā_, i. 257; [reprint 1878, p. 197]. 1876.—"To persons not familiar with the East such an architectural object as a BOWLEE may seem a strange perversion of ingenuity, but the grateful coolness of all subterranean apartments, especially when accompanied by water, and the quiet gloom of these recesses, fully compensate in the eyes of the Hindu for the more attractive magnificence of the ghâts. Consequently the descending flights of which we are now speaking, have often been more elaborate and expensive pieces of architecture than any of the buildings above-ground found in their vicinity."—_Fergusson, Indian and Eastern Architecture_, 486. BOXWALLAH, s. Hybrid H. _Bakas-_ (_i.e._ box) _wālā_. A native itinerant pedlar, or _packman_, as he would be called in Scotland by an analogous term. The _Boxwālā_ sells cutlery, cheap nick-nacks, and small wares of all kinds, chiefly European. In former days he was a welcome visitor to small stations and solitary bungalows. The BORĀ of Bombay is often a _boxwālā_, and the _boxwālā_ in that region is commonly called _Borā_. (See BORA.) BOY, s. A. A servant. In Southern India and in China a native personal servant is so termed, and is habitually summoned with the vocative 'BOY!' The same was formerly common in Jamaica and other W. I. Islands. Similar uses are familiar of _puer_ (_e.g._ in the Vulgate _Dixit Giezi_ puer _Viri Dei_. II Kings v. 20), Ar. _walad_, παιδάριον, _garçon_, _knave_ (Germ. _Knabe_); and this same word is used for a camp-servant in Shakespeare, where Fluelen says: "Kill the POYS and the luggage! 'tis expressly against the laws of arms."—See also _Grose's Mil. Antiquities_, i. 183, and Latin quotation from Xavier under CONICOPOLY. The word, however, came to be especially used for 'Slave-boy,' and applied to slaves of any age. The Portuguese used _moço_ in the same way. In 'Pigeon English' also 'servant' is _Boy_, whilst 'boy' in our ordinary sense is discriminated as '_smallo-boy_!' B. A Palankin-bearer. From the name of the caste, Telug. and Malayāl. _bōyi_, Tam. _bōvi_, &c. Wilson gives _bhoi_ as H. and Mahr. also. The word is in use northward at least to the Nerbudda R. In the Konkan, people of this class are called _Kahār bhūī_ (see _Ind. Ant._ ii. 154, iii. 77). P. Paolino is therefore in error, as he often is, when he says that the word _boy_ as applied by the English and other Europeans to the coolies or _facchini_ who carry the dooly, "has nothing to do with any Indian language." In the first and third quotations (under B), the use is more like A, but any connection with English at the dates seems impossible. A.— 1609.—"I bought of them a _Portugall_ BOY (which the Hollanders had given unto the King) ... hee cost mee fortie-five Dollers."—_Keeling_, in _Purchas_, i. 196. " "My BOY Stephen Grovenor."—_Hawkins_, in _Purchas_, 211. See also 267, 296. 1681.—"We had a _black_ BOY my Father brought from Porto Nova to attend upon him, who seeing his Master to be a Prisoner in the hands of the People of his own Complexion, would not now obey his Command."—_Knox_, 124. 1696.—"Being informed where the Chief man of the Choultry lived, he (Dr. Brown) took his sword and pistol, and being followed by his BOY with another pistol, and his horse keeper...."—In _Wheeler_, i. 300. 1784.—"_Eloped._ From his master's House at Moidapore, a few days since, A Malay Slave BOY."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 45; see also pp. 120, 179. 1836.—"The real Indian ladies lie on a sofa, and if they drop their handkerchief, they just lower their voices and say BOY! in a very gentle tone."—_Letters from Madras_, 38. 1866.—"Yes, Sahib, I Christian BOY. Plenty poojah do. Sunday time never no work do."—_Trevelyan, The Dawk Bungalow_, p. 226. Also used by the French in the East: 1872.—"Mon BOY m'accompagnait pour me servir à l'occasion de guide et d'interprète."—_Rev. des Deux Mondes_, xcviii. 957. 1875.—"He was a faithful servant, or BOY, as they are here called, about forty years of age."—_Thomson's Malacca_, 228. 1876.—"A Portuguese BOY ... from Bombay."—_Blackwood's Mag._, Nov., p. 578. B.— 1554.—(At Goa) "also to a _naique_, with 6 _peons_ (_piães_) and a _mocadam_ with 6 torch-bearers (_tochas_), one umbrella BOY (_hum_ BÓY _do sombreiro_), two washermen (_mainatos_), 6 water-carriers (BÓYS _d'aguoa_) all serving the governor ... in all 280 pardaos and 4 tangas annually, or 84,240 reis."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 57. [1563.—"And there are men who carry this umbrella so dexterously to ward off the sun, that although their master trots on his horse, the sun does not touch any part of his body, and such men are called in India BOI."—_Barros_, Dec. 3, Bk. x. ch. 9.] 1591.—A proclamation of the viceroy, Matthias d'Alboquerque, orders: "that no person, of what quality or condition soever, shall go in a _palanquim_ without my express licence, save they be over 60 years of age, to be first proved before the Auditor-General of Police ... and those who contravene this shall pay a penalty of 200 cruzados, and persons of mean estate the half, the _palanquys_ and their belongings to be forfeited, and the BOIS or mouços who carry such _palanquys_ shall be condemned to his Majesty's galleys."—_Archiv. Port. Orient._, fasc. 3, 324. 1608-10.—"... faisans les graues et obseruans le _Sossiego_ à l'Espagnole, ayans tousiours leur BOAY qui porte leur parasol, sans lequel ils n'osent sortir de logis, ou autrement on les estimeroit _picaros_ et miserables."—_Mocquet, Voyages_, 305. 1610.—"... autres Gentils qui sont comme Crocheteurs et Porte-faix, qu'ils appellent BOYE, c'est a dire Bœuf pour porter quelque pesãt faix que ce soit."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ii. 27; [Hak. Soc. ii. 44. On this Mr. Gray notes: "Pyrard's fanciful interpretation 'ox,' Port. _boi_, may be due either to himself or to some Portuguese friend who would have his joke. It is repeated by Boullaye-de-Gouz (p. 211), who finds a parallel indignity in the use of the term _mulets_ by the French gentry towards their chair-men."] 1673.—"We might recite the Coolies ... and _Palenkeen_ BOYS; by the very Heathens esteemed a degenerate Offspring of the _Holencores_ (see HALALCORE)."—_Fryer_, 34. 1720.—"BOIS. In Portuguese India are those who carry the _Andores_ (see ANDOR), and in Salsete there is a village of them which pays its dues from the fish which they sell, buying it from the fishermen of the shores."—_Bluteau, Dict._ s.v. 1755-60.—"... Palankin-BOYS."—_Ives_, 50. 1778.—"BOYS _de palanquim_, Kàhàr."—_Gramatica Indostana_ (Port.), Roma, 86. 1782.—"... un bambou arqué dans le milieu, qui tient au palanquin, et sur les bouts duquel se mettent 5 ou 6 porteurs qu'on appelle BOUÉS."—_Sonnerat, Voyage_, i. 58. 1785.—"The BOYS with Colonel Lawrence's palankeen having straggled a little out of the line of march, were picked up by the Morattas."—_Carraccioli, Life of Clive_, i. 207. 1804.—"My palanquin BOYS will be laid on the road on Monday."—_Wellington_, iii. 553. 1809.—"My BOYS were in high spirits, laughing and singing through the whole night."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 326. 1810.—"The palankeen-bearers are called BHOIS, and are remarkable for strength and swiftness."—_Maria Graham_, 128. BOYA, s. A buoy. Sea H. (_Roebuck_). [Mr. Skeat adds: "The Malay word is also _boya_ or _bai-rop_, which latter I cannot trace."] [BOYANORE, BAONOR, s. A corr. of the Malayāl. _Vāllunavar_, 'Ruler.' [1887.—"Somewhere about 1694-95 ... the Kadattunād Raja, known to the early English as the BOYANORE or BAONOR of Badagara, was in semi-independent possession of Kaduttanād, that is, of the territory lying between the Mahé and Kōtta rivers."—_Logan, Man. of Malabar_, i. 345.] BRAB, s. The Palmyra Tree (see PALMYRA) or _Borassus flabelliformis_. The Portuguese called this Palmeira BRAVA ('wild' palm), whence the English corruption. The term is unknown in Bengal, where the tree is called 'fan-palm,' 'palmyra,' or by the H. name _tāl_ or _tār_. 1623.—"The book is made after the fashion of this country, _i.e._ not of paper which is seldom or never used, but of palm leaves, viz. of the leaves of that which the Portuguese call _palmum_ BRAMA (_sic_), or wild palm."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 681; [Hak. Soc. ii. 291]. c. 1666.—"Tous les Malabares écrivent comme nous de gauche à droit sur les feuïlles des _Palmeras_ BRAVAS."—_Thevenot_, v. 268. 1673.—"Another Tree called BRABB, bodied like the Cocoe, but the leaves grow round like a Peacock's Tail set upright."—_Fryer_, 76. 1759.—"BRABB, so called at Bombay: _Palmira_ on the coast; and _Tall_ at Bengal."—_Ives_, 458. c. 1760.—"There are also here and there interspersed a few BRAB-trees, or rather wild palm-trees (the word _brab_ being derived from BRABO, which in Portuguese signifies wild) ... the chief profit from that is the toddy."—_Grose_, i. 48. [1808.—See quotation under BANDAREE.] 1809.—"The _Palmyra_ ... here called the BRAB, furnishes the best leaves for thatching, and the dead ones serve for fuel."—_Maria Graham_, 5. BRAHMIN, BRAHMAN, BRAMIN, s. In some parts of India called _Bahman_; Skt. _Brāhmaṇa_. This word now means a member of the priestly caste, but the original meaning and use were different. Haug, (_Brahma und die Brahmanen_, pp. 8-11) traces the word to the root _brih_, 'to increase,' and shows how it has come to have its present signification. The older English form is BRACHMAN, which comes to us through the Greek and Latin authors. c. B.C. 330.—"... τῶν ἐν Ταξίλοις σοφιστῶν ἰδεῖν δύο φησὶ, Βραχμᾶνας ἀμφοτέρους, τὸν μὲν πρεσβύτερον ἐξυρημένον, τὸν δὲ νεώτερον κομήτην, ἀμφοτέροις δ' ἀκολουθεῖν μαθητάς...."—_Aristobulus_, quoted in _Strabo_, xv. c. 61. c. B.C. 300.—"Ἄλλην δὲ διαίρεσιν ποιεῖται περὶ τῶν φιλοσόφων δύο γενη φάσκων, ὥν τοὺς μὲν Βραχμᾶνας καλεῖ, τοὺς δὲ Γαρμάνας [Σαρμάνας?]"—From _Megasthenes_, in _Strabo_, xv. c. 59. c. A.D. 150.—"But the evil stars have not forced the BRAHMINS to do evil and abominable things; nor have the good stars persuaded the rest of the (Indians) to abstain from evil things."—_Bardesanes_, in _Cureton's Spicilegium_, 18. c. A.D. 500.—"Βραχμᾶνες; Ἰνδικὸν ἔθνος σοφώτατον οὓς καὶ βράχμας καλοῦσιν."—_Stephanus Byzantinus._ 1298.—Marco Polo writes (pl.) ABRAIAMAN or _Abraiamin_, which seems to represent an incorrect Ar. plural (_e.g._ _Abrāhamīn_) picked up from Arab sailors; the correct Ar. plural is _Barāhima_. 1444.—Poggio taking down the reminiscences of Nicolo Conti writes BRAMMONES. 1555.—"Among these is ther a people called BRACHMANES, whiche (as Didimus their Kinge wrote unto Alexandre ...) live a pure and simple life, led with no likerous lustes of other mennes vanities."—_W. Watreman, Fardle of Faciouns_. 1572.— "BRAHMENES são os seus religiosos, Nome antiguo, e de grande preeminencia: Observam os preceitos tão famosos D'hum, que primeiro poz nomo á sciencia." _Camões_, vii. 40. 1578.—Acosta has BRAGMEN. 1582.—"Castañeda, tr. by N. L.," has _Bramane_. 1630.—"The BRAMANES ... Origen, cap. 13 & 15, affirmeth to bee descended from Abraham by Cheturah, who seated themselves in India, and that so they were called ABRAHMANES."—_Lord, Desc. of the Banian Rel._, 71. 1676.— "Comes he to upbraid us with his innocence? Seize him, and take this preaching BRACHMAN hence." _Dryden, Aurungzebe_, iii. 3. 1688.—"The public worship of the pagods was tolerated at Goa, and the sect of the BRACHMANS daily increased in power, because these Pagan priests had bribed the Portuguese officers."—_Dryden, Life of Xavier._ 1714.—"The Dervis at first made some scruple of violating his promise to the dying BRACHMAN."—_The Spectator_, No. 578. BRAHMINY BULL, s. A bull devoted to Śiva and let loose; generally found frequenting Hindu bazars, and fattened by the run of the Bunyas' shops. The term is sometimes used more generally (_Brahminy_ bull, -ox, or -cow) to denote the humped Indian ox as a species. 1872.—"He could stop a huge BRAMINI BULL, when running in fury, by catching hold of its horns."—_Govinda Samanta_, i. 85. [1889.—"Herbert Edwards made his mark as a writer of the BRAHMINEE BULL LETTERS in the Delhi Gazette."—_Calcutta Rev._, app. xxii.] BRAHMINY BUTTER, s. This seems to have been an old name for GHEE (q.v.). In MS. "Acct. Charges, Dieting, &c., at Fort St. David for Nov.-Jany., 1746-47," in India Office, we find: "BUTTER _Pagodas_ 2 2 0 BRAHMINY do. " 1 34 0." BRAHMINY DUCK, s. The common Anglo-Indian name of the handsome bird _Casarca rutila_ (Pallas), or 'Ruddy Shieldrake'; constantly seen on the sandy shores of the Gangetic rivers in single pairs, the pair almost always at some distance apart. The Hindi name is _chakwā_, and the _chakwā-chakwī_ (male and female of the species) afford a commonplace comparison in Hindi literature for faithful lovers and spouses. "The Hindus have a legend that two lovers for their indiscretion were transformed into Brahminy Ducks, that they are condemned to pass the night apart from each other, on opposite banks of the river, and that all night long each, in its turn, asks its mate if it shall come across, but the question is always met by a negative—"Chakwa, shall I come?" "No, Chakwi." "Chakwi, shall I come?" "No, Chakwa."—(_Jerdon._) The same author says the bird is occasionally killed in England. BRAHMINY KITE, s. The _Milvus Pondicerianus_ of Jerdon, _Haliastur Indus_, Boddaert. The name is given because the bird is regarded with some reverence by the Hindus as sacred to Vishnu. It is found throughout India. c. 1328.—"There is also in this India a certain bird, big, like a KITE, having a white head and belly, but all red above, which boldly snatches fish out of the hands of fishermen and other people, and indeed [these birds] go on just like dogs."—_Friar Jordanus_, 36. 1673.—"... 'tis Sacrilege with them to kill a Cow or Calf; but highly piacular to shoot a KITE, _dedicated to the_ BRACHMINS, for which Money will hardly pacify."—_Fryer_, 33. [1813.—"We had a still bolder and more ravenous enemy in the hawks and BRAHMINEE KITES."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._, 2nd ed., ii. 162.] BRAHMO-SOMÁJ, s. The Bengali pronunciation of Skt. _Brahma Samāja_, 'assembly of Brahmists'; Brahma being the Supreme Being according to the Indian philosophic systems. The reform of Hinduism so called was begun by Ram Mohun Roy (_Rāma Mohana Rāī_) in 1830. Professor A. Weber has shown that it does not constitute an independent Indian movement, but is derived from European Theism. [Also see _Monier-Williams, Brahmanism_, 486.] 1876.—"The BRAHMO SOMAJ, or Theistic Church of India, is an experiment hitherto unique in religious history."—_Collet, Brahmo Year-book_, 5. BRANDUL, s. 'Backstay,' in Sea H. Port. _brandal_ (_Roebuck_). BRANDY COORTEE, -COATEE, s. Or sometimes simply _Brandy_. A corruption of _bārānī_, 'a cloak,' literally pluviale, from P. _bārān_, 'rain.' BĀRĀNĪ-KURTĪ seems to be a kind of hybrid shaped by the English word _coat_, though _kurtā_ and _kurtī_ are true P. words for various forms of jacket or tunic. [1754.—"Their women also being not less than 6000, were dressed with great coats (these are called BARANNI) of crimson cloth, after the manner of the men, and not to be distinguished at a distance; so that the whole made a very formidable appearance."—_H. of Nadir Shah_, in _Hanway_, 367.] 1788.—"BARRANNEE—a cloak to cover one from the rain."—_Ind. Vocab._ (Stockdale). [The word BĀRĀNĪ is now commonly used to describe those crops which are dependent on the annual rains, not on artificial irrigation. [1900.—"The recent rain has improved the BARANI crops."—_Pioneer Mail_, 19th Feb.] BRANDYPAWNEE, s. Brandy and water; a specimen of genuine _Urdū_, _i.e._ Camp jargon, which hardly needs interpretation. H. _panī_, 'water.' Williamson (1810) has _brandy-shraub-pauny_ (_V. M._ ii. 123). [1854.—"I'm sorry to see you gentlemen drinking BRANDY-PAWNEE," says he; "it plays the deuce with our young men in India."—_Thackeray, Newcomes_, ch. i.] 1866.—"The BRANDY PAWNEE of the East, and the 'sangaree' of the West Indies, are happily now almost things of the past, or exist in a very modified form."—_Waring, Tropical Resident_, 177. BRASS, s. A brace. Sea dialect.—(_Roebuck._) [BRASS-KNOCKER, s. A term applied to a _réchauffé_ or serving up again of yesterday's dinner or supper. It is said to be found in a novel by Winwood Reade called _Liberty Hall_, as a piece of Anglo-Indian slang; and it is supposed to be a corruption of _bāsī khāna_, H. 'stale food'; see 5 ser. _N. & Q._, 34, 77.] BRATTY, s. A word, used only in the South, for cakes of dry cow-dung, used as fuel more or less all over India. It is Tam. _varaṭṭi_, [or _virāṭṭi_], 'dried dung.' Various terms are current elsewhere, but in Upper India the most common is _uplā_.—(Vide OOPLA). BRAVA, n.p. A sea-port on the east coast of Africa, lat. 1° 7′ N., long. 44° 3′, properly BARĀWA. 1516.—"... a town of the Moors, well walled, and built of good stone and whitewash, which is called BRAVA.... It is a place of trade, which has already been destroyed by the Portuguese, with great slaughter of the inhabitants...."—_Barbosa_, 15. BRAZIL-WOOD, s. This name is now applied in trade to the dye-wood imported from Pernambuco, which is derived from certain species of _Caesalpinia_ indigenous there. But it originally applied to a dye-wood of the same genus which was imported from India, and which is now known in trade as SAPPAN (q.v.). [It is the _andam_ or _baḳḳam_ of the Arabs (_Burton, Ar. Nights_, iii. 49).] The history of the word is very curious. For when the name was applied to the newly discovered region in S. America, probably, as Barros alleges, because it produced a dye-wood similar in character to the BRAZIL of the East, the trade-name gradually became appropriated to the S. American product, and was taken away from that of the E. Indies. See some further remarks in _Marco Polo_, 2nd ed., ii. 368-370 [and _Encycl. Bibl._ i. 120]. This is alluded to also by _Camões_ (x. 140): "But here where Earth spreads wider, ye shall claim realms by the _ruddy Dye-wood_ made renown'd; these of the 'Sacred Cross' shall win the name: by your first Navy shall that world be found." _Burton._ The medieval forms of _brazil_ were many; in Italian it is generally _verzi_, _verzino_, or the like. 1330.—"And here they burn the BRAZIL-wood (_verzino_) for fuel...."—_Fr. Odoric_, in _Cathay_, &c., p. 77. 1552.—"... when it came to the 3d of May, and Pedralvares was about to set sail, in order to give a name to the land thus newly discovered, he ordered a very great Cross to be hoisted at the top of a tree, after mass had been said at the foot of the tree, and it had been set up with the solemn benediction of the priests, and then he gave the country the name of _Sancta Cruz_.... But as it was through the symbol of the Cross that the Devil lost his dominion over us ... as soon as the red wood called BRAZIL began to arrive from that country, he wrought that _that_ name should abide in the mouth of the people, and that the name of _Holy Cross_ should be lost, as if the name of a wood for colouring cloth were of more moment than that wood which imbues all the sacraments with the tincture of salvation, which is the Blood of Jesus Christ."—_Barros_, I. v. 2. 1554.—"The baar (BAHAR) of BRAZIL contains 20 faraçolas (see FRAZALA), weighing it in a coir rope, and there is no _picotaa_ (see PICOTA)"—_A. Nunes_, 18. 1641.—"We went to see the Rasp-house where the lusty knaves are compelled to labour, and the rasping of BRAZILL and Logwood is very hard labour."—_Evelyn's Diary, August [19]._ BREECH-CANDY, n.p. A locality on the shore of Bombay Island to the north of Malabar Hill. The true name, as Dr. Murray Mitchell tells me, is believed to be _Burj-khāḍī_, 'the Tower of the Creek.' BRIDGEMÁN, s. Anglo-Sepoy H. _brijmān_, denoting a military _prisoner_, of which word it is a quaint corruption. BRINJARRY, s. Also BINJARREE, BUNJARREE, and so on. But the first form has become classical from its constant occurrence in the Indian Despatches of Sir A. Wellesley. The word is properly H. _banjārā_, and Wilson derives it from Skt. _baṇij_, 'trade,' _kāra_, 'doer.' It is possible that the form _brinjārā_ may have been suggested by a supposed connection with the Pers. _birinj_, 'rice.' (It is alleged in the _Dict. of Words used in the E. Indies_, 2nd ed., 1805, to be derived from _brinj_, 'rice,' and _ara_, 'bring'!) The _Brinjarries_ of the Deccan are dealers in grain and salt, who move about, in numerous parties with cattle, carrying their goods to different markets, and who in the days of the Deccan wars were the great resource of the commissariat, as they followed the armies with supplies for sale. They talk a kind of Mahratta or Hindi patois. Most classes of Banjārās in the west appear to have a tradition of having first come to the Deccan with Moghul camps as commissariat carriers. In a pamphlet called _Some Account of the Bunjarrah Class_, by N. R. Cumberlege, _District Sup. of Police, Basein, Berar_ (Bombay, 1882; [_North Indian N. & Q._ iv. 163 _seqq._]), the author attempts to distinguish between _brinjarees_ as 'grain-carriers,' and _bunjarrahs_, from _bunjār_, 'waste land' (meaning _banjar_ or _bānjaṛ_). But this seems fanciful. In the N.-W. Provinces the name is also in use, and is applied to a numerous tribe spread along the skirt of the Himālaya from Hardwār to Gorakhpur, some of whom are settled, whilst the rest move about with their cattle, sometimes transporting goods for hire, and sometimes carrying grain, salt, lime, forest produce, or other merchandise for sale. [See _Crooke, Tribes and Castes_, i. 149 _seqq._] VANJĀRĀS, as they are called about Bombay, used to come down from Rajputāna and Central India, with large droves of cattle, laden with grain, &c., taking back with them salt for the most part. These were not mere carriers, but the actual dealers, paying ready money, and they were orderly in conduct. c. 1505.—"As scarcity was felt in his camp (Sultan Sikandar Lodi's) in consequence of the non-arrival of the BANJÁRAS, he despatched 'Azam Humáyun for the purpose of bringing in supplies."—_Ni'amat Ullah_, in _Elliot_, v. 100 (written c. 1612). 1516.—"The Moors and Gentiles of the cities and towns throughout the country come to set up their shops and cloths at Cheul ... they bring these in great caravans of domestic oxen, with packs, like donkeys, and on the top of these long white sacks placed crosswise, in which they bring their goods; and one man drives 30 or 40 beasts before him."—_Barbosa_, 71. 1563.—"... This King of Dely took the Balagat from certain very powerful gentoos, whose tribe are those whom we now call VENEZARAS, and from others dwelling in the country, who are called _Colles_; and all these, Colles, and _Venezaras_, and Reisbutos, live by theft and robbery to this day."—_Garcia De O._, f. 34. c. 1632.—"The very first step which Mohabut Khan [Khān Khānān] took in the Deccan, was to present the BUNJARAS of Hindostan with elephants, horses, and cloths; and he collected (by these conciliatory measures) so many of them that he had one chief _Bunjara_ at Agrah, another in Goojrat, and another above the Ghats, and established the advanced price of 10 _sers_ per rupee (in his camp) to enable him to buy it cheaper."—MS. _Life of Mohabut Khan_ (_Khan Khanan_), in _Briggs's_ paper quoted below, 183. 1638.—"Il y a dans le Royaume de _Cuncam_ vn certain peuple qu'ils appellent VENESARS, qui achettent le bled et le ris ... pour le reuendre dans _l'Indosthan_ ... ou ils vont auec des _Caffilas_ ou _Caravances_ de cinq ou six, et quelque fois de neuf ou dix mille bestes de somme...."—_Mandelslo_, 245. 1793.—"Whilst the army halted on the 23rd, accounts were received from Captain Read ... that his convoy of BRINJARRIES had been attacked by a body of horse."—_Dirom_, 2. 1800.—"The BINJARRIES I look upon in the light of servants of the public, of whose grain I have a right to regulate the sale ... always taking care that they have a proportionate advantage."—_A. Wellesley_, in _Life of Sir T. Munro_, i. 264. " "The BRINJARRIES drop in by degrees."—_Wellington_, i. 175. 1810.—"Immediately facing us a troop of BRINJAREES had taken up their residence for the night. These people travel from one end of India to the other, carrying salt, grain, assafœtida, almost as necessary to an army as salt."—_Maria Graham_, 61. 1813.—"We met there a number of VANJARRAHS, or merchants, with large droves of oxen, laden with valuable articles from the interior country, to commute for salt on the sea-coast."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 206; [2nd ed. i. 118; also see ii. 276 _seqq._]. " "As the Deccan is devoid of a single navigable river, and has no roads that admit of wheel-carriages, the whole of this extensive intercourse is carried on by laden bullocks, the property of that class of people known as BUNJARAS."—_Acc. of Origin, Hist., and Manners of ... Bunjaras_, by _Capt. John Briggs_, in _Tr. Lit. Soc. Bo._ i. 61. 1825.—"We passed a number of BRINJARREES who were carrying salt.... They ... had all bows ... arrows, sword and shield.... Even the children had, many of them, bows and arrows suited to their strength, and I saw one young woman equipped in the same manner."—_Heber_, ii. 94. 1877.—"They were BRINJARRIES, or carriers of grain, and were quietly encamped at a village about 24 miles off; trading most unsuspiciously in grain and salt."—_Meadows Taylor, Life_, ii. 17. BRINJAUL, s. The name of a vegetable called in the W. Indies the _Egg-plant_, and more commonly known to the English in Bengal under that of _bangun_ (prop. _baingan_). It is the _Solanum Melongena_, L., very commonly cultivated on the shores of the Mediterranean as well as in India and the East generally. Though not known in a wild state under this form, there is no reasonable doubt that _S. Melongena_ is a derivative of the common Indian _S. insanum_, L. The word in the form _brinjaul_ is from the Portuguese, as we shall see. But probably there is no word of the kind which has undergone such extraordinary variety of modifications, whilst retaining the same meaning, as this. The Skt. is _bhaṇṭākī_, H. _bhāṇṭā_, _baigan_, _baingan_, P. _badingān_, _badilgān_, Ar. _badinjān_, Span. _alberengena_, _berengena_, Port. _beringela_, _bringiela_, BRINGELLA, Low Latin _melangolus_, _merangolus_, Ital. _melangola_, _melanzana_, _mela insana_, &c. (see _P. della Valle_, below), French _aubergine_ (from _alberengena_), _melongène_, _merangène_, and provincially _belingène_, _albergaine_, _albergine_, _albergame_. (See _Marcel Devic_, p. 46.) Littré, we may remark, explains (_dormitante Homero?_) _aubergine_ as '_espèce de morelle_,' giving the etym. as "diminutif de _auberge_" (in the sense of a kind of peach). _Melongena_ is no real Latin word, but a factitious rendering of _melanzana_, or, as Marcel Devic says, "Latin du botaniste." It looks as if the Skt. word were the original of all. The H. _baingan_ again seems to have been modified from the P. _badingān_, [or, as Platts asserts, direct from the Skt. _vanga_, _vangana_, 'the plant of Bengal,'] and _baingan_ also through the Ar. to have been the parent of the Span. _berengena_, and so of all the other European names except the English 'egg-plant.' The Ital. _mela insana_ is the most curious of these corruptions, framed by the usual effort after meaning, and connecting itself with the somewhat indigestible reputation of the vegetable as it is eaten in Italy, which is a fact. When cholera is abroad it is considered (_e.g._ in Sicily) to be an act of folly to eat the _melanzana_. There is, however, behind this, some notion (exemplified in the quotation from _Lane's Mod. Egypt._ below) connecting the _badinjān_ with madness. [_Burton, Ar. Nights_, iii. 417.] And it would seem that the old Arab medical writers give it a bad character as an article of diet. Thus Avicenna says the _badinjān_ generates melancholy and obstructions. To the N. O. _Solanaceae_ many poisonous plants belong. The word has been carried, with the vegetable, to the Archipelago, probably by the Portuguese, for the Malays call it _berinjalā_. [On this Mr. Skeat writes: "The Malay form _brinjal_, from the Port., not _berinjalā_, is given by Clifford and Swettenham, but it cannot be established as a Malay word, being almost certainly the Eng. _brinjaul_ done into Malay. It finds no place in Klinkert, and the native Malay word, which is the only word used in pure Peninsular Malay, is _terong_ or _trong_. The form _berinjalā_, I believe, must have come from the Islands if it really exists."] 1554.—(At Goa). "And the excise from garden stuff under which are comprised these things, viz.: Radishes, beetroot, garlick, onions green and dry, green tamarinds, lettuces, _conbalinguas_, ginger, oranges, dill, coriander, mint, cabbage, salted mangoes, BRINJELAS, lemons, gourds, citrons, cucumbers, which articles none may sell in retail except the Rendeiro of this excise, or some one who has got permission from him...."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 49. c. 1580.—"Trifolium quoque virens comedunt _Arabes_, mentham _Judaei_ crudam, ... MALA INSANA...."—_Prosper Alpinus_, i. 65. 1611.—"We had a market there kept upon the Strand of diuers sorts of prouisions, towit ... PALLINGENIES, cucumbers...."—_N. Dounton_, in _Purchas_, i. 298. 1616.—"It seems to me to be one of those fruits which are called in good Tuscan _petronciani_, but which by the Lombards are called MELANZANE, and by the vulgar at Rome _marignani_; and if my memory does not deceive me, by the Neapolitans in their patois _molegnane_."—_P. della Valle_, i. 197. 1673.—"The Garden ... planted with Potatoes, Yawms, BERENJAWS, both hot plants...."—_Fryer_, 104. 1738.—"Then follow during the rest of the summer, _calabashas_ ... BEDIN-JANAS, and tomatas."—_Shaw's Travels_, 2nd ed. 1757, p. 141. c. 1740.—"This man (Balaji Rao), who had become absolute in Hindostan as well as in Decan, was fond of bread made of Badjrah ... he lived on raw BRINGELAS, on unripe mangoes, and on raw red pepper."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 229. 1782.—Sonnerat writes BÉRINGÉDES.—i. 186. 1783.—Forrest spells brinjalles (_V. to Mergui_, 40); and (1810) Williamson BIRINGAL (_V. M._ i. 133). Forbes (1813), BRINGAL and BERENJAL (_Or. Mem._ i. 32) [in 2nd ed. i. 22, BUNGAL,] ii. 50; [in 2nd ed. i. 348]. 1810.—"I saw last night at least two acres covered with BRINJAAL, a species of Solanum."—_Maria Graham_, 24. 1826.—"A plate of poached eggs, fried in sugar and butter; a dish of BADENJÂNS, slit in the middle and boiled in grease."—_Hajji Baba_, ed. 1835, p. 150. 1835.—"The neighbours unanimously declared that the husband was mad.... One exclaimed: 'There is no strength nor power but in God! God restore thee!' Another said: 'How sad! He was really a worthy man.' A third remarked: 'BADINGÂNS are very abundant just now.'"—_Lane, Mod. Egyptians_, ed. 1860, 299. 1860.—"Amongst other triumphs of the native cuisine were some singular, but by no means inelegant _chefs d'œuvre_, BRINJALS boiled and stuffed with savoury meats, but exhibiting ripe and undressed fruit growing on the same branch."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 161. This dish is mentioned in the Sanskrit Cookery Book, which passes as by King Nala. It is managed by wrapping part of the fruit in wet cloths whilst the rest is being cooked. BROACH, n.p. _Bharōch_, an ancient and still surviving city of Guzerat, on the River Nerbudda. The original forms of the name are _Bhṛigu-kachchha_, and _Bhāru-Kachchha_, which last form appears in the Sunnar Cave Inscription No. ix., and this was written with fair correctness by the Greeks as Βαρυγάζα and Βαργόση. "Illiterate Guzerattees would in attempting to articulate _Bhreeghoo-Kshetra_ (_sic_), lose the half in coalescence, and call it _Barigache_."—_Drummond, Illus. of Guzerattee_, &c. c. B.C. 20.—"And then laughing, and stript naked, anointed and with his loin-cloth on, he leaped upon the pyre. And this inscription was set upon his tomb: _Zarmanochēgas the Indian from_ BARGÓSĒ _having rendered himself immortal after the hereditary custom of the Indians lieth here_."—_Nicolaus Damascenus_, in _Strabo_, xv. 72. [Lassen takes the name Zarmanochēgas to represent the Skt. _Śrámanácharya_, teacher of the _Śrámanas_, from which it would appear that he was a Buddhist priest.] c. A.D. 80.—"On the right, at the very mouth of the gulf, there is a long and narrow strip of shoal.... And if one succeeds in getting into the gulf, still it is hard to hit the mouth of the river leading to BARYGAZA, owing to the land being so low ... and when found it is difficult to enter, owing to the shoals of the river near the mouth. On this account there are at the entrances fishermen employed by the King ... to meet ships as far off as Syrastrene, and by these they are piloted up to Barygaza."—_Periplus_, sect. 43. It is very interesting to compare Horsburgh with this ancient account. "From the sands of Swallow to Broach a continued bank extends along the shore, which at BROACH river projects out about 5 miles.... The tide flows here ... velocity 6 knots ... rising nearly 30 feet.... On the north side of the river, a great way up, the town of Broach is situated; vessels of considerable burden may proceed to this place, as the channels are deep in many places, but too intricate to be navigated without a pilot."—_India Directory_ (_in loco_). c. 718.—BARÚS is mentioned as one of the places against which Arab attacks were directed.—See _Elliot_, i. 441. c. 1300.—"... a river which lies between the Sarsut and Ganges ... has a south-westerly course till it falls into the sea near BAHRÚCH."—_Al-Birūni_, in _Elliot_, i. 49. A.D. 1321.—"After their blessed martyrdom, which occurred on the Thursday before Palm Sunday, in Thana of India, I baptised about 90 persons in a certain city called PAROCCO, 10 days' journey distant therefrom...."—_Friar Jordanus_, in _Cathay_, &c., 226. 1552.—"A great and rich ship said to belong to Meleque Gupij, Lord of BAROCHE."—_Barros_, II. vi. 2. 1555.—"Sultan Ahmed on his part marched upon BARŪJ."—_Sidī 'Ali_, 85. [1615.—"It would be necessary to give credit unto two or three Guzzaratts for some cloth to make a voyage to BURROUSE."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 94.] 1617.—"We gave our host ... a peece of _backar_ BAROCHE to his children to make them 2 coates."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 330. [_Backar_ here seems to represent a port connected with Broach, called in the _Āīn_ (ii. 243) _Bhankora_ or _Bhakor_; Bayley gives _Bhakorah_ as a village on the frontier of Gujerat.] 1623.—"Before the hour of complines ... we arrived at the city of BAROCHI, or BEHRUG as they call it in Persian, under the walls of which, on the south side, flows a river called Nerbedà."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 529; [Hak. Soc. i. 60]. 1648.—In _Van Twist_ (p. 11), it is written BROICHIA. [1676.—"From Surat to BAROCHE, 22 coss."—_Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, i. 66.] 1756.—"Bandar of BHRŌCH."—(Bird's tr. of) _Mirat-i-Ahmadi_, 115. 1803.—"I have the honour to enclose ... papers which contain a detailed account of the ... capture of BAROACH."—_Wellington_, ii. 289. BUCK, v. To prate, to chatter, to talk much and egotistically. H. _baknā_. [A _buck-stick_ is a chatterer.] 1880.—"And then ... he BUCKS with a quiet stubborn determination that would fill an American editor, or an Under Secretary of State with despair. He belongs to the 12-foot-tiger school, so perhaps he can't help it."—_Ali Baba_, 164. BUCKAUL, s. Ar. H. _baḳḳāl_, 'a shopkeeper;' a _bunya_ (q.v. under BANYAN). In Ar. it means rather a 'second-hand' dealer. [c. 1590.—"There is one cast of the Vaiśyas called Banik, more commonly termed Baniya (grain-merchant). The Persians name them BAKKÁL...."—_Āīn_, _tr. Jarrett_, iii. 118.] 1800.—"... a BUCCAL of this place told me he would let me have 500 bags to-morrow."—_Wellington_, i. 196. 1826.—"Should I find our neighbour the BAQUAL ... at whose shop I used to spend in sweetmeats all the copper money that I could purloin from my father."—_Hajji Baba_, ed. 1835, 295. BUCKSHAW, s. We have not been able to identify the fish so called, or the true form of the name. Perhaps it is only H. _bachchā_, Mahr. _bachchā_ (P. _bacha_, Skt. _vatsa_), 'the young of any creature.' But the Konkani Dict. gives '_boussa_—peixe pequeno de qualquer sorte,' 'little fish of any kind.' This is perhaps the real word; but it also may represent _bachcha_. The practice of manuring the coco-palms with putrid fish is still rife, as residents of the Government House at Parell never forget. The fish in use is refuse BUMMELO (q.v.). [The word is really the H. _bachhuā_, a well-known edible fish which abounds in the Ganges and other N. Indian rivers. It is either the _Pseudoutropius garua_, or P. _murius_ of Day, _Fish. Ind._, nos. 474 or 471; _Fau. Br. Ind._ i. 141, 137.] 1673.—"... Cocoe Nuts, for Oyl, which latter they dunging with (BUBSHO) Fish, the Land-Breezes brought a poysonous Smell on board Ship."—_Fryer_, 55. [Also see _Wheeler, Early Rec._, 40.] 1727.—"The Air is somewhat unhealthful, which is chiefly imputed to their dunging their Cocoa-nut trees with BUCKSHOE, a sort of small Fishes which their Sea abounds in."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 181. c. 1760.—"... manure for the coconut-tree ... consisting of the small fry of fish, and called by the country name of BUCKSHAW."—_Grose_, i. 31. [1883.—"_Mahsīr_, rohū and BATCHWA are found in the river Jumna."—_Gazetteer of Delhi District_, 21.] BUCKSHAW, s. This is also used in _Cocks's Diary_ (i. 63, 99) for some kind of Indian piece-goods, we know not what. [The word is not found in modern lists of piece-goods. It is perhaps a corruption of Pers. _buḳchah_, 'a bundle,' used specially of clothes. Tavernier (see below) uses the word in its ordinary sense.] [1614.—"Percalla, BOXSHAES."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 88. [1615.—"80 pieces BOXSHA gingams"; "Per PUXSHAWS, double piece, at 9 mas."—_Ibid._ iii. 156; iv. 50. [1665.—"I went to lie down, my BOUCHHA being all the time in the same place, half under the head of my bed and half outside."—_Tavernier_, ed. _Ball_, ii. 166.] BUCKSHEESH, BUXEES, s. P. through P.—H. _bakhshish_. Buonamano, Trinkgeld, pourboire; we don't seem to have in England any exact equivalent for the word, though the thing is so general; 'something for (the driver)' is a poor expression; _tip_ is accurate, but is slang; gratuity is official or dictionary English. [1625.—"Bacsheese (as they say in the Arabicke tongue) that is gratis freely."—_Purchas_, ii. 1340 [N.E.D.]. 1759.—"To Presents:— R. A. P. 2 Pieces of flowered Velvet 532 7 0 1 ditto of Broad Cloth 50 0 0 BUXIS to the Servants 50 0 0" _Cost of Entertainment to Jugget Set._ In _Long_, 190. c. 1760.—"... BUXIE money."—_Ives_, 51. 1810.—"... each mile will cost full one rupee (_i.e._ 2_s._ 6_d._), besides various little disbursements by way of BUXEES, or presents, to every set of bearers."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 235. 1823.—"These Christmas-boxes are said to be an ancient custom here, and I could almost fancy that our name of _box_ for this particular kind of present ... is a corruption of BUCKSHISH, a gift or gratuity, in Turkish, Persian, and Hindoostanee."—_Heber_, i. 45. 1853.—"The relieved bearers opened the shutters, thrust in their torch, and their black heads, and most unceremoniously demanded BUXEES."—_W. Arnold, Oakfield_, i. 239. BUCKYNE, s. H. _bakāyan_, the tree _Melia sempervivens_, Roxb. (N. O. _Meliaceae_). It has a considerable resemblance to the _nīm_ tree (see NEEM); and in Bengali is called _mahā-nīm_, which is also the Skt. name, _mahā-nimba_. It is sometimes erroneously called Persian Lilac. BUDDHA, BUDDHISM, BUDDHIST. These words are often written with a quite erroneous assumption of precision _Bhudda_, &c. All that we shall do here is to collect some of the earlier mentions of Buddha and the religion called by his name. c. 200.—"Εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν Ἰνδῶν οἱ τοῖς Βούττα πειθόμενοι παραγγέλμασιν· ὃν δι' ὑπερβολὴν σεμνότητος εἰς θεὸν τετιμήκασι."—_Clemens Alexandrinus_, Strōmatōn, Liber I. (Oxford ed., 1715, i. 359). c. 240.—"Wisdom and deeds have always from time to time been brought to mankind by the messengers of God. So in one age they have been brought to mankind by the messenger called BUDDHA to India, in another by Zarâdusht to Persia, in another by Jesus to the West. Thereupon this revelation has come down, this prophecy in this last age, through me, Mânî, the messenger of the God of truth to Babylonia."—The Book of _Mānī_, called _Shābūrkān_, quoted by _Albirūnī_, in his _Chronology_, tr. by Sachau, p. 190. c. 400.—"Apud Gymnosophistas Indiae quasi per manus hujus opinionis auctoritas traditur, quod BUDDAM principem dogmatis eorum, e latere suo virgo generaret. Nec hoc mirum de barbaris, quum Minervam quoque de capite Jovis, et Liberum patrem de femore ejus procreatos, docta finxit Graecia."—_St. Jerome, Adv. Jovinianum_, Lib. i. ed. Vallarsii, ii. 309. c. 440.—"... Τηνικαῦτα γαρ τὸ Ἐμπεδοκλέους τοῦ παρ' Ἕλλησι φιλοσόφου δόγμα, διὰ τοῦ Μανιχαίου χριστιανισμὸν ὑπεκρίνατο ... τούτου δὲ τοῦ Σκυθιανοῦ μαθητὴς γίνεται Βούδδας, πρότερον Τερέβινθος καλούμενος ... κ. τ. λ." (see the same matter from _Georgius Cedrenus_ below).—_Socratis, Hist. Eccles._ Lib. I. cap. 22. c. 840.—"An certè Bragmanorum sequemur opinionem, ut quemadmodum illi sectae suae auctorem BUBDAM, per virginis latus narrant exortum, ita nos Christum fuisse praedicemus? Vel magis sic nascitur Dei sapientia de virginis cerebro, quomodo Minerva de Jovis vertice, tamquam Liber Pater de femore? Ut Christicolam de virginis partu non solennis natura, vel auctoritas sacrae lectionis, sed superstitio Gentilis, et commenta perdoceant fabulosa."—_Ratramni Corbeiensis L. de Nativitate Xti._, cap. iii. in _L. D'Achery, Spicilegium_, tom. i. p. 54, Paris, 1723. c. 870.—"The Indians give in general the name of BUDD to anything connected with their worship, or which forms the object of their veneration. So, an idol is called _budd_."—_Biládurí_, in _Elliot_, i. 123. c. 904.—"BUDĀSAF was the founder of the Sabaean Religion ... he preached to mankind renunciation (of this world) and the intimate contemplation of the superior worlds.... There was to be read on the gate of the Naobihar[44] at Balkh an inscription in the Persian tongue of which this is the interpretation: 'The words of BUDĀSAF: In the courts of kings three things are needed, Sense, Patience, Wealth.' Below had been written in Arabic: 'BUDĀSAF lies. If a free man possesses any of the three, he will flee from the courts of Kings.'"—_Mas'ūdī_, iv. 45 and 49. 1000.—"... pseudo-prophets came forward, the number and history of whom it would be impossible to detail.... The first mentioned is BÛDHÂSAF, who came forward in India."—_Albirûnî, Chronology_, by Sachau, p. 186. This name given to Buddha is specially interesting as showing a step nearer the true _Bodhisattva_, the origin of the name Ἰωάσαφ, under which Buddha became a Saint of the Church, and as elucidating Prof. Max Müller's ingenious suggestion of that origin (see _Chips_, &c., iv. 184; see also _Academy_, Sept. 1, 1883, p. 146). c. 1030.—"A stone was found there in the temple of the great BUDDA on which an inscription ... purporting that the temple had been founded 50,000 years ago...."—_Al 'Utbi_, in _Elliot_, ii. 39. c. 1060.—"This madman then, Manēs (also called Scythianus) was by race a Brachman, and he had for his teacher BUDAS, formerly called Terebinthus, who having been brought up by Scythianus in the learning of the Greeks became a follower of the sect of Empedocles (who said there were two first principles opposed to one another), and when he entered Persia declared that he had been born of a virgin, and had been brought up among the hills ... and this BUDAS (alias Terebinthus) did perish, crushed by an unclean spirit."—_Georg. Cedrenus, Hist. Comp._, Bonn ed., 455 (old ed. i. 259). This wonderful jumble, mainly copied, as we see, from Socrates (_supra_), seems to bring Buddha and Manes together. "Many of the ideas of Manicheism were but fragments of Buddhism."—_E. B. Cowell_, in _Smith's Dict. of Christ. Biog._ c. 1190.—"Very grieved was Sārang Deva. Constantly he performed the worship of the Arihant; the BUDDHIST religion he adopted; he wore no sword."—_The Poem of Chand Bardai_, paraphr. by _Beames_, in _Ind. Ant._ i. 271. 1610.—"... This Prince is called in the histories of him by many names: his proper name was _Dramá Rajo_; but that by which he has been known since they have held him for a saint is the BUDAO, which is as much as to say 'Sage' ... and to this name the Gentiles throughout all India have dedicated great and superb Pagodas."—_Couto_, Dec. V., liv. vi. cap. 2. [1615.—"The image of DIBOTTES, with the hudge collosso or bras imadg (or rather idoll) in it."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 200.] c. 1666.—"There is indeed another, a seventh Sect, which is called BAUTÉ, whence do proceed 12 other different sects; but this is not so common as the others, the Votaries of it being hated and despised as a company of irreligious and atheistical people, nor do they live like the rest."—_Bernier_, E. T., ii. 107; [ed. _Constable_, 336]. 1685.—"Above all these they have one to whom they pay much veneration, whom they call BODU; his figure is that of a man."—_Ribeiro_, f. 40_b_. 1728.—"Before Gautama BUDHUM there have been known 26 _Budhums_—viz.:...."—_Valentijn_, v. (Ceylon) 369. 1753.—"Edrisi nous instruit de cette circonstance, en disant que le _Balahar_ est adorateur de BODDA. Les Brahmènes du Malabar disent que c'est le nom que Vishtnu a pris dans une de ses apparitions, et on connoît Vishtnu pour une des trois principales divinités Indiennes. Suivant St. Jerôme et St. Clément d'Alexandrie, BUDDA ou BUTTA est le legislateur des Gymno-Sophistes de l'Inde. La secte des SHAMANS ou Samanéens, qui est demeurée la dominante dans tous les royaumes d'au delà du Gange, a fait de BUDDA en cette qualité son objet d'adoration. C'est la première des divinités Chingulaises ou de Ceilan, selon Ribeiro. Samano-Codom (see GAUTAMA), la grande idole des Siamois, est par eux appelé Putti."—_D'Anville, Éclaircissemens_, 75. What knowledge and apprehension, on a subject then so obscure, is shown by this great Geographer! Compare the pretentious ignorance of the flashy Abbé Raynal in the quotations under 1770. 1770.—"Among the deities of the second order, particular honours are paid to BUDDOU, who descended upon earth to take upon himself the office of mediator between God and mankind."—_Raynal_ (tr. 1777), i. 91. "The _Budzoists_ are another sect of Japan, of which BUDZO was the founder.... The spirit of _Budzoism_ is dreadful. It breathes nothing but penitence, excessive fear, and cruel severity."—_Ibid._ i. 138. Raynal in the two preceding passages shows that he was not aware that the religions alluded to in Ceylon and in Japan were the same. 1779.—"Il y avoit alors dans ces parties de l'Inde, et principalement à la Côte de Coromandel et à Ceylan, un Culte dont on ignore absolument les Dogmes; le Dieu BAOUTH, dont on ne connoit aujourd'hui, dans l'Inde que le Nom et l'objet de ce Culte; mais il est tout-à-fait aboli, si ce n'est, qu'il se trouve encore quelques familles d'Indiens séparées et méprisées des autres Castes, qui sont restées fidèles à BAOUTH, et qui ne reconnoissent pas la religion des Brames."—_Voyage de M. Gentil_, quoted by _W. Chambers_, in _As. Res._ i. 170. 1801.—"It is generally known that the religion of BOUDDHOU is the religion of the people of _Ceylon_, but no one is acquainted with its forms and precepts. I shall here relate what I have heard upon the subject."—_M. Joinville_, in _As. Res._ vii. 399. 1806.—"... The head is covered with the cone that ever adorns the head of the Chinese deity Fo, who has been often supposed to be the same as BOUDAH."—_Salt, Caves of Salsette_, in _Tr. Lit. Soc. Bo._ i. 50. 1810.—"Among the BHUDDISTS there are no distinct castes."—_Maria Graham_, 89. It is remarkable how many poems on the subject of Buddha have appeared of late years. We have noted: 1. BUDDHA, _Epische Dichtung in Zwanzig Gesängen_, _i.e._ an Epic Poem in 20 cantos (in _ottava rima_). Von Joseph Vittor Widmann, Bern. 1869. 2. _The Story of_ GAUTAMA BUDDHA _and his Creed_: An Epic by Richard Phillips, Longmans, 1871. This is also printed in octaves, but each octave consists of 4 heroic couplets. 3. _Vasadavatta_, a BUDDHIST _Idyll_; by Dean Plumtre. Republished in _Things New and Old_, 1884. The subject is the story of the Courtesan of Mathura ("Vāsavadattā and Upagupta"), which is given in Burnouf's _Introd. a l'Histoire du Buddhisme Indien_, 146-148; a touching story, even in its original crude form. It opens: "Where proud MATHOURA rears her hundred towers...." The Skt. Dict. gives indeed as an alternative _Mathūra_, but _Mathŭra_ is the usual name, whence Anglo-Ind. MUTTRA. 4. The brilliant Poem of Sir Edwin Arnold, called _The Light of Asia, or the Great Renunciation, being the Life and Teaching of_ GAUTAMA, _Prince of India, and Founder of_ BUDDHISM, _as told in verse by an Indian_ BUDDHIST, 1879. BUDGE-BUDGE, n.p. A village on the Hooghly R., 15 m. below Calcutta, where stood a fort which was captured by Clive when advancing on Calcutta to recapture it, in December, 1756. The _Imperial Gazetteer_ gives the true name as _Baj-baj_, [but Hamilton writes _Bhuja-bhuj_]. 1756.—"On the 29th _December_, at six o'clock in the morning, the admiral having landed the Company's troops the evening before at _Mayapour_, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Clive, cannonaded BOUGEE BOUGEE Fort, which was strong and built of mud, and had a wet ditch round it."—_Ives_, 99. 1757.—The Author of _Memoir of the Revolution in Bengal_ calls it BUSBUDGIA; (1763), Luke Scrafton BUDGE BOODJEE. BUDGEROW, s. A lumbering keelless barge, formerly much used by Europeans travelling on the Gangetic rivers. Two-thirds of the length aft was occupied by cabins with Venetian windows. Wilson gives the word as H. and B. _bajrā_; Shakespear gives H. _bajrā_ and _bajra_, with an improbable suggestion of derivation from _bajar_, 'hard or heavy.' Among Blochmann's extracts from Mahommedan accounts of the conquest of Assam we find, in a detail of Mīr Jumla's fleet in his expedition of 1662, mention of 4 _bajras_ (_J. As. Soc. Ben._ xli. pt. i. 73). The same extracts contain mention of war-sloops called _bach'haris_ (pp. 57, 75, 81), but these last must be different. _Bajra_ may possibly have been applied in the sense of 'thunder-bolt.' This may seem unsuited to the modern budgerow, but is not more so than the title of 'lightning-darter' is to the modern BURKUNDAUZE (q.v.)! We remember how Joinville says of the approach of the great galley of the Count of Jaffa:—"_Sembloit que foudre cheist des ciex_." It is however perhaps more probable that _bajrā_ may have been a variation of _baglā_. And this is especially suggested by the existence of the Portuguese form _pajeres_, and of the Ar. form _bagara_ (see under BUGGALOW). Mr. Edye, Master Shipwright of the Naval Yard in Trincomalee, in a paper on the Native Craft of India and Ceylon, speaks of the BAGGALA or BUDGEROW, as if he had been accustomed to hear the words used indiscriminately. (See _J. R. A. S._, vol. i. p. 12). [There is a drawing of a modern Budgerow in _Grant, Rural Life_, p. 5.] c. 1570.—"Their barkes be light and armed with oares, like to Foistes ... and they call these barkes BAZARAS and Patuas" (in Bengal).—_Cæsar Frederick_, E. T. in _Hakl._ ii. 358. 1662.—(Blochmann's Ext. as above). 1705.—"... des BAZARAS qui sont de grands bateaux."—_Luillier_, 52. 1723.—"Le lendemain nous passâmes sur les BAZARAS de la compagnie de France."—_Lett. Edif._ xiii. 269. 1727.—"... in the evening to recreate themselves in Chaises or Palankins; ... or by water in their BUDGEROES, which is a convenient Boat."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 12. 1737.—"Charges, BUDGROWS ... Rs. 281. 6. 3."—MS. _Account from Ft. William_, in India Office. 1780.—"A gentleman's BUGEROW was drove ashore near Chaun-paul Gaut...."—_Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, May 13th. 1781.—"The boats used by the natives for travelling, and also by the Europeans, are the BUDGEROWS, which both sail and row."—_Hodges_, 39. 1783.—"... his boat, which, though in Kashmire (it) was thought magnificent, would not have been disgraced in the station of a Kitchen-tender to a Bengal BUDGERO."—_G. Forster, Journey_, ii. 10. 1784.—"I shall not be at liberty to enter my BUDGEROW till the end of July, and must be again at Calcutta on the 22nd of October."—_Sir W. Jones_, in _Mem._ ii. 38. 1785.—"Mr. Hastings went aboard his BUDGEROW, and proceeded down the river, as soon as the tide served, to embark for Europe on the Berrington."—In _Seton-Karr_, i. 86. 1794.—"By order of the Governor-General in Council ... will be sold the Hon'ble Company's BUDGEROW, named the Sonamookhee[45] ... the Budgerow lays in the nullah opposite to Chitpore."—_Ibid._ ii. 114. 1830.— "Upon the bosom of the tide Vessels of every fabric ride; The fisher's skiff, the light canoe, * * * * * * The BUJRA broad, the _Bholia_ trim, Or _Pinnaces_ that gallant swim, With favouring breeze—or dull and slow Against the heady current go...." _H. H. Wilson_, in _Bengal Annual_, 29. BUDGROOK, s. Port. _bazarucco_. A coin of low denomination, and of varying value and metal (copper, tin, lead, and tutenague), formerly current at Goa and elsewhere on the Western Coast, as well as at some other places on the Indian seas. It was also adopted from the Portuguese in the earliest English coinage at Bombay. In the earliest Goa coinage, that of Albuquerque (1510), the _leal_ or _bazarucco_ was equal to 2 _reis_, of which _reis_ there went 420 to the gold _cruzado_ (_Gerson da Cunha_). The name appears to have been a native one in use in Goa at the time of the conquest, but its etymology is uncertain. In Van Noort's Voyage (1648) the word is derived from _bāzār_, and said to mean 'market-money' (perhaps _bāzār-rūka_, the last word being used for a copper coin in Canarese). [This view is accepted by Gray in his notes on _Pyrard_ (Hak. Soc. ii. 68), and by Burnell (_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 143). The _Madras. Admin. Man. Gloss._ (s.v.) gives the Can. form as _bajāra-rokkha_, 'market-money.'] C. P. Brown (MS. notes) makes the word = _baḍaga-rūka_, which he says would in Canarese be 'base-penny,' and he ingeniously quotes Shakspeare's "beggarly denier," and Horace's "_vilem assem_." This is adopted in substance by Mr. E. Thomas, who points out that _rukā_ or _rukkā_ is in Mahratti (see _Molesworth_, s.v.) one-twelfth of an anna. But the words of Khāfi Khān below suggest that the word may be a corruption of the P. _buzurg_, 'big,' and according to Wilson, _budrūkh_ (s.v.) is used in Mahratti as a dialectic corruption of _buzūrg_. This derivation may be partially corroborated by the fact that at Mocha there is, or was formerly, a coin (which had become a money of account only, 80 to the dollar) called _kabīr_, _i.e._ 'big' (see _Ovington_, 463, and _Milburn_, i. 98). If we could attach any value to Pyrard's spelling—_bousuruques_—this would be in favour of the same etymology; as is also the form _besorg_ given by Mandelslo. [For a full examination of the value of the _budgrook_ based on the most recent authorities, see _Whiteway, Rise of the Port. Power_, p. 68.] 1554.—_Bazarucos_ at Maluco (Moluccas) 50 = 1 tanga, at 60 reis to the tanga, 5 tangas = 1 pardao. "Os quaes bazarucos se faz comta de 200 caixas" (_i.e._ to the tanga).—_A. Nunes_, 41. [1584.—BASARUCHIES, _Barret_, in _Hakl._ See SHROFF.] 1598.—"They pay two BASARUKES, which is as much as a Hollander's Doit.... It is molten money of badde Tinne."—_Linschoten_, 52, 69; [Hak. Soc. i. 180, 242]. 1609.—"Le plus bas argent, sont BASARUCOS ... et sont fait de mauvais Estain."—_Houtmann_, in _Navigation des Hollandois_, i. 53_v_. c. 1610.—"Il y en a de plusieurs sortes. La premiere est appellée BOUSURUQUES, dont il en faut 75 pour une _Tangue_. Il y a d'autre BOUSURUQUES vieilles, dont il en faut 105 pour le Tangue.... Il y a de cette monnoye qui est de fer; et d'autre de _callin_, metal de Chine" (see CALAY).—_Pyrard_, ii. 39; see also 21; [Hak. Soc. ii. 33, 68]. 1611.—"Or a Viceroy coins false money; for so I may call it, as the people lose by it. For copper is worth 40 _xerafims_ (see XERAFINE) the hundred weight, but they coin the BASARUCCOS at the rate of 60 and 70. The Moors on the other hand, keeping a keen eye on our affairs, and seeing what a huge profit there is, coin there on the mainland a great quantity of BASARUCOS, and gradually smuggle them into Goa, making a pitful of gold."—_Couto, Dialogo do Soldado Pratico_, 138. 1638.—"They have (at Gombroon) a certain Copper Coin which they call BESORG, whereof 6 make a _Peys_, and 10 _Peys_ make a _Chay_ (_Shāhī_) which is worth about 5_d._ English."—_V. and Tr. of J. A. Mandelslo into the E. Indies_, E. T. 1669, p. 8. 1672.—"Their coins (at TANOR in Malabar) ... of Copper, a BUSEROOK, 20 of which make a Fanam."—_Fryer_, 53. [He also spells the word BASROOK. See quotation under REAS.] 1677.—"Rupees, Pices and BUDGROOKS."—_Letters Patent of Charles II._ in _Charters of the E. I. Co._, p. 111. 1711.—"The BUDGEROOKS (at Muskat) are mixt Mettle, rather like Iron than anything else, have a Cross on one side, and were coin'd by the Portuguese. Thirty of them make a silver _Mamooda_, of about Eight Pence Value."—_Lockyer_, 211. c. 1720-30.—"They (the Portuguese) also use bits of copper which they call _buzurg_, and four of these BUZURGS pass for a _fulús_."—_Khāfī Khān_, in _Elliot_, v. 345. c. 1760.—"At Goa the sceraphim is worth 240 Portugal _reas_, or about 16_d._ sterling; 2 _reas_ make a BASARACO, 15 BASARACOS a _vintin_, 42 _vintins_ a _tanga_, 4 _tangas_ a _paru_, 2½ _parues_ a pagoda of gold."—_Grose_, i. 282. 1838.—"Only eight or ten loads (of coffee) were imported this year, including two loads of 'Kopes' (see COPECK), the copper currency of Russia, known in this country by the name of BUGHRUKCHA. They are converted to the same uses as copper."—_Report from Kabul_, by _A. Burnes_; in _Punjab Trade Report_, App. p. iii. This may possibly contain some indication of the true form of this obscure word, but I have derived no light from it myself. The _budgrook_ was apparently current at Muscat down to the beginning of last century (see _Milburn_, i. 116). BUDLEE, s. A substitute in public or domestic service. H. _badlī_, 'exchange; a person taken in exchange; a _locum tenens_'; from Ar. _badal_, 'he changed.' (See MUDDLE.) BUDMÁSH, s. One following evil courses; Fr. _mauvais sujet_; It. _malandrino_. Properly _bad-ma'āsh_, from P. _bad_, 'evil,' and Ar. _ma'āsh_, 'means of livelihood.' 1844.—"... the reputation which John Lawrence acquired ... by the masterly manœuvring of a body of police with whom he descended on a nest of gamblers and cut-throats, 'BUDMASHES' of every description, and took them all prisoners."—_Bosworth Smith's Life of Ld. Lawrence_, i. 178. 1866.—"The truth of the matter is that I was foolish enough to pay these BUDMASHES beforehand, and they have thrown me over."—_The Dawk Bungalow_, by _G. O. Trevelyan_, in _Fraser_, p. 385. BUDZAT, s. H. from P. _badzāt_, 'evil race,' a low fellow, 'a bad lot,' a blackguard. 1866.—"_Cholmondeley_. Why the shaitan didn't you come before, you lazy old BUDZART?"—_The Dawk Bungalow_, p. 215. BUFFALO, s. This is of course originally from the Latin _bubalus_, which we have in older English forms, _buffle_ and _buff_ and _bugle_, through the French. The present form probably came from India, as it seems to be the Port. _bufalo_. The proper meaning of _bubalus_, according to Pliny, was not an animal of the ox-kind (βοόβαλις was a kind of African antelope); but in Martial, as quoted, it would seem to bear the vulgar sense, rejected by Pliny. At an early period of our connection with India the name of _buffalo_ appears to have been given erroneously to the common Indian ox, whence came the still surviving misnomer of London shops, '_buffalo_ humps.' (See also the quotation from _Ovington_.) The _buffalo_ has no hump. Buffalo _tongues_ are another matter, and an old luxury, as the third quotation shows. The ox having appropriated the name of the buffalo, the true Indian domestic buffalo was differentiated as the '_water buffalo_,' a phrase still maintained by the British soldier in India. This has probably misled Mr. Blochmann, who uses the term '_water buffalo_,' in his excellent English version of the _Āīn_ (_e.g._ i. 219). We find the same phrase in _Barkley's Five Years in Bulgaria_, 1876: "Besides their bullocks every well-to-do Turk had a drove of _water-buffaloes_" (32). Also in _Collingwood's Rambles of a Naturalist_ (1868), p. 43, and in _Miss Bird's Golden Chersonese_ (1883), 60, 274. [The unscientific use of the word as applied to the American Bison is as old as the end of the 18th century (see _N.E.D._).] The domestic buffalo is apparently derived from the wild buffalo (_Bubalus arni_, Jerd.; _Bos bubalus_, Blanf.), whose favourite habitat is in the swampy sites of the Sunderbunds and Eastern Bengal, but whose haunts extend north-eastward to the head of the Assam valley, in the Terai west to Oudh, and south nearly to the Godavery; not beyond this in the Peninsula, though the animal is found in the north and north-east of Ceylon. The domestic buffalo exists not only in India but in Java, Sumatra, and Manilla, in Mazanderan, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Adherbijan, Egypt, Turkey, and Italy. It does not seem to be known how or when it was introduced into Italy.—(See _Hehn_.) [According to the _Encycl. Britt._ (9th ed. iv. 442), it was introduced into Greece and Italy towards the close of the 6th century.] c. A.D. 70.—"Howbeit that country bringeth forth certain kinds of goodly great wild bœufes: to wit the Bisontes, mained with a collar, like Lions; and the Vri [Urus], a mightie strong beast, and a swift, which the ignorant people call _Buffles_ (BUBALOS), whereas indeed the _Buffle_ is bred in Affrica, and carieth some resemblance of a calfe rather, or a Stag."—_Pliny_, by _Ph. Hollande_, i. 199-200. c. A.D. 90.— "Ille tulit geminos facili cervice juvencos Illi cessit atrox BUBALUS atque bison." _Martial, De Spectaculis_, xxiv. c. 1580.—"Veneti mercatores linguas BUBALORUM, tanquam mensis optimas, sale conditas, in magna copia Venetias mittunt."—_Prosperi Alpini, Hist. Nat. Aegypti_, P. I. p. 228. 1585.—"Here be many Tigers, wild BUFS, and great store of wilde Foule...."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 389. "Here are many wilde BUFFES and Elephants."—_Ibid._ 394. "The King (Akbar) hath ... as they doe credibly report, 1000 Elephants, 30,000 horses, 1400 tame deere, 800 concubines; such store of ounces, tigers, BUFFLES, cocks and Haukes, that it is very strange to see."—_Ibid._ 386. 1589.—"They doo plough and till their ground with kine, BUFALOS, and bulles."—_Mendoza's China_, tr. by _Parkes_, ii. 56. [c. 1590.—Two methods of snaring the BUFFALO are described in _Āīn, Blochmann_, tr. i. 293.] 1598.—"There is also an infinite number of wild BUFFS that go wandering about the desarts."—_Pigafetta, E. T._ in _Harleian Coll. of Voyages_, ii. 546. [1623.—"The inhabitants (of Malabar) keep Cows, or BUFFALLS."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 207.] 1630.—"As to Kine and BUFFALOES ... they besmeare the floores of their houses with their dung, and thinke the ground sanctified by such pollution."—_Lord, Discoverie of the Banian Religion_, 60-61. 1644.—"We tooke coach to Livorno, thro' the Great Duke's new Parke, full of huge corke-trees; the underwood all myrtills, amongst which were many BUFFALOS feeding, a kind of wild ox, short nos'd, horns reversed."—_Evelyn_, Oct. 21. 1666.—"... it produces Elephants in great number, oxen and BUFFALOES" (_bufaros_).—_Faria y Souza_, i. 189. 1689.—"... both of this kind (of Oxen), and the BUFFALOES, are remarkable for a big piece of Flesh that rises above Six Inches high between their Shoulders, which is the choicest and delicatest piece of Meat upon them, especially put into a dish of Palau."—_Ovington_, 254. 1808.—"... the BUFFALA milk, and curd, and butter simply churned and clarified, is in common use among these Indians, whilst the dainties of the Cow Dairy is prescribed to valetudinarians, as Hectics, and preferred by vicicous (_sic_) appetites, or impotents alone, as that of the caprine and assine is at home."—_Drummond, Illus. of Guzerattee_, &c. 1810.— "The tank which fed his fields was there ... There from the intolerable heat The BUFFALOES retreat; Only their nostrils raised to meet the air, Amid the shelt'ring element they rest." _Curse of Kehama_ ix. 7. 1878.—"I had in my possession a head of a cow BUFFALO that measures 13 feet 8 inches in circumference, and 6 feet 6 inches between the tips—the largest BUFFALO head in the world."—_Pollok, Sport in Br. Burmah_, &c., i. 107. BUGGALOW, s. Mahr. _baglā_, _bagalā_. A name commonly given on the W. coast of India to Arab vessels of the old native form. It is also in common use in the Red Sea (_bakalā_) for the larger native vessels, all built of teak from India. It seems to be a corruption of the Span. and Port. _bajel_, _baxel_, _baixel_, _baxella_, from the Lat. _vascellum_ (see _Diez, Etym. Wörterb._ i. 439, s.v.). Cobarruvias (1611) gives in his Sp. Dict. "_Baxel_, quasi _vasel_" as a generic name for a vessel of any kind going on the sea, and quotes St. Isidore, who identifies it with _phaselus_, and from whom we transcribe the passage below. It remains doubtful whether this word was introduced into the East by the Portuguese, or had at an earlier date passed into Arabic marine use. The latter is most probable. In _Correa_ (c. 1561) this word occurs in the form _pajer_, pl. _pajeres_ (_j_ and _x_ being interchangeable in Sp. and Port. See _Lendas_, i. 2, pp. 592, 619, &c.). In Pinto we have another form. Among the models in the Fisheries Exhibition (1883), there was "A _Zaroogat_ or BAGARAH from Aden." [On the other hand Burton (_Ar. Nights_, i. 119) derives the word from the Ar. _baghlah_, 'a she-mule.' Also see BUDGEROW.] c. 636.—"PHASELUS est navigium quod nos corrupte _baselum_ dicimus. De quo Virgilius: _Pictisque phaselis_."—_Isodorus Hispalensis, Originum et Etymol._ lib. xix. c. 1539.—"Partida a nao pera Goa, Fernão de Morais ... seguio sua viage na volta do porto de Dabul, onde chegou ao outro dia as nove horas, e tomando nelle hũ PAGUEL de Malavares, carregado de algodao e de pimenta, poz logo a tormento o Capitano e o piloto delle, os quaes confessarão...."—_Pinto_, ch. viii. 1842.—"As store and horse boats for that service, Capt. Oliver, I find, would prefer the large class of native BUGGALAS, by which so much of the trade of this coast with Scinde, Cutch ... is carried on."—_Sir G. Arthur_, in _Ind. Admin. of Lord Ellenborough_, 222. [1900.—"His tiny BAGGALA, which mounted ten tiny guns, is now employed in trade."—_Bent, Southern Arabia_, 8.] BUGGY, s. In India this is a (two-wheeled) gig with a hood, like the gentleman's cab that was in vogue in London about 1830-40, before broughams came in. Latham puts a (?) after the word, and the earliest examples that he gives are from the second quarter of this century (from Praed and I. D'Israeli). Though we trace the word much further back, we have not discovered its birthplace or etymology. The word, though used in England, has never been very common there; it is better known both in Ireland and in America. Littré gives _boghei_ as French also. The American _buggy_ is defined by Noah Webster as "a light, one-horse, four-wheel vehicle, usually with one seat, and with or without a calash-top." Cuthbert Bede shows (_N. & Q._ 5 ser. v. p. 445) that the adjective 'buggy' is used in the Eastern Midlands for 'conceited.' This suggests a possible origin. "When the Hunterian spelling-controversy raged in India, a learned Member of Council is said to have stated that he approved the change until —— —— began to spell _buggy_ as _bagī_. Then he gave it up."—(_M.-G. Keatinge._) I have recently seen this spelling in print. [The _N.E.D._ leaves the etymology unsettled, merely saying that it has been connected with _bogie_ and _bug_. The earliest quotation given is that of 1773 below.] 1773.—"Thursday 3d (June). At the sessions at Hicks's Hall two boys were indicted for driving a post-coach and four against a single horse-chaise, throwing out the driver of it, and breaking the chaise to pieces. Justice Welch, the Chairman, took notice of the frequency of the brutish custom among the post drivers, and their insensibility in making it a matter of sport, ludicrously denominating mischief of this kind 'Running down the BUGGIES.'—The prisoners were sentenced to be confined in Newgate for 12 months."—_Gentleman's Magazine_, xliii. 297. 1780.— "Shall D(_onal_)d come with Butts and tons And knock down Epegrams and Puns? With Chairs, old Cots, and BUGGIES trick ye? Forbid it, Phœbus, and forbid it, Hicky!" In _Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, May 13th. " "... go twice round the Race-Course as hard as we can set legs to ground, but we are beat hollow by Bob Crochet's Horses driven by Miss Fanny Hardheart, who in her career oversets Tim Capias the Attorney in his BUGGY...."—In _India Gazette_, Dec. 23rd. 1782.—"Wanted, an excellent BUGGY Horse about 15 Hands high, that will trot 15 miles an hour."—_India Gazette_, Sept. 14. 1784.—"For sale at Mr. Mann's, Rada Bazar. A Phaeton, a four-spring'd BUGGY, and a two-spring'd ditto...."—_Calcutta Gazette_, in _Seton-Karr_, i. 41. 1793.—"For sale. A good BUGGY and Horse...."—_Bombay Courier_, Jan. 20th. 1824.—"... the Archdeacon's BUGGY and horse had every appearance of issuing from the back-gate of a college in Cambridge on Sunday morning."—_Heber_, i. 192 (ed. 1844). [1837.—"The vehicles of the place (Monghir), amounting to four BUGGIES (that is a foolish term for a cabriolet, but as it is the only vehicle in use in India, and as _buggy_ is the only name for said vehicle, I give it up), ... were assembled for our use."—_Miss Eden, Up the Country_, i. 14.] c. 1838.—"But substitute for him an average ordinary, uninteresting Minister; obese, dumpy ... with a second-rate wife—dusty, deliquescent—... or let him be seen in one of those Shem-Ham-and-Japhet BUGGIES, made on Mount Ararat soon after the subsidence of the waters...."—_Sydney Smith_, 3rd Letter to Archdeacon Singleton. 1848.—"'Joseph wants me to see if his—his BUGGY is at the door.' "'What is a BUGGY, papa?' "'It is a one-horse palanquin,' said the old gentleman, who was a wag in his way."—_Vanity Fair_, ch. iii. 1872.—"He drove his charger in his old BUGGY."—_A True Reformer_, ch. i. 1878.—"I don't like your new Bombay BUGGY. With much practice I have learned to get into it, I am hanged if I can ever get out."—_Overland Times of India_, 4th Feb. 1879.—"Driven by that hunger for news which impels special correspondents, he had actually ventured to drive in a 'spider,' apparently a kind of BUGGY, from the Tugela to Ginglihovo."—_Spectator_, May 24th. BUGIS, n.p. Name given by the Malays to the dominant race of the island of Celébes, originating in the S.-Western limb of the island; the people calling themselves _Wugi_. But the name used to be applied in the Archipelago to native soldiers in European service, raised in any of the islands. Compare the analogous use of TELINGA (q.v.) formerly in India. [1615.—"All these in the kingdom of Macassar ... besides BUGIES, Mander and Tollova."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 152.] 1656.—"Thereupon the _Hollanders_ resolv'd to unite their forces with the BOUQUISES, that were in rebellion against their Soveraign."—_Tavernier_, E. T. ii. 192. 1688.—"These BUGGASSES are a sort of warlike trading Malayans and mercenary soldiers of India. I know not well whence they come, unless from Macassar in the Isle of Celebes."—_Dampier_, ii. 108. [1697.—"... with the help of BUGGESSES...."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cxvii.] 1758.—"The Dutch were commanded by Colonel Roussely, a French soldier of fortune. They consisted of nearly 700 Europeans, and as many BUGGOSES, besides country troops."—_Narr. of Dutch attempt in Hoogly_, in _Malcolm's Clive_, ii. 87. 1783.—"BUGGESSES, inhabitants of Celebes."—_Forrest, Voyage to Mergui_, p. 59. 1783.—"The word BUGGESS has become among Europeans consonant to soldier, in the east of India, as Sepoy is in the West."—_Ibid._ 78. 1811.—"We had fallen in with a fleet of nine BUGGESE prows, when we went out towards Pulo Mancap."—_Lord Minto in India_, 279. 1878.—"The BUGIS are evidently a distinct race from the Malays, and come originally from the southern part of the Island of Celebes."—_McNair, Perak_, 130. BULBUL, s. The word _bulbul_ is originally Persian (no doubt intended to imitate the bird's note), and applied to a bird which does duty with Persian poets for the nightingale. Whatever the Persian _bulbul_ may be correctly, the application of the name to certain species in India "has led to many misconceptions about their powers of voice and song," says Jerdon. These species belong to the family _Brachipodidae_, or short-legged thrushes, and the true bulbuls to the sub-family _Pycnonotinae_, _e.g._ genera _Hypsipetes_, _Hemixos_, _Alcurus_, _Criniger_, _Ixos_, _Kelaartia_, _Rubigula_, _Brachipodius_, _Otocompsa_, _Pycnonotus_ (_P. pygaeus_, common Bengal Bulbul; _P. haemorhous_, common Madras Bulbul). Another sub-family, _Phyllornithinae_, contains various species which Jerdon calls _green Bulbuls_. [A lady having asked the late Lord Robertson, a Judge of the Court of Session, "What sort of animal is the _bull-bull_?" he replied, "I suppose, Ma'am, it must be the mate of the _coo-coo_."—3rd ser., _N. & Q._ v. 81.] 1784.—"We are literally lulled to sleep by Persian nightingales, and cease to wonder that the BULBUL, with a thousand tales, makes such a figure in Persian poetry."—_Sir W. Jones_, in _Memoirs_, &c., ii. 37. 1813.—"The BULBUL or Persian nightingale.... I never heard one that possessed the charming variety of the English nightingale ... whether the Indian BULBUL and that of Iran entirely correspond I have some doubts."—_Forbes, Oriental Memoirs_, i. 50; [2nd ed. i. 34]. 1848.—"'It is one's nature to sing and the other's to hoot,' he said, laughing, 'and with such a sweet voice as you have yourself, you must belong to the BULBUL faction.'"—_Vanity Fair_, ii. ch. xxvii. BULGAR, BOLGAR, s. P. _bulghār_. The general Asiatic name for what we call 'Russia leather,' from the fact that the region of manufacture and export was originally BOLGHĀR on the Volga, a kingdom which stood for many centuries, and gave place to Kazan in the beginning of the 15th century. The word was usual also among Anglo-Indians till the beginning of last century, and is still in native Hindustani use. A native (mythical) account of the manufacture is given in _Baden-Powell's Punjab Handbook_, 1872, and this fanciful etymology: "as the scent is derived from soaking in the pits (_ghār_), the leather is called _Balghār_" (p. 124). 1298.—"He bestows on each of those 12,000 Barons ... likewise a pair of boots of BORGAL, curiously wrought with silver thread."—_Marco Polo_, 2nd ed. i. 381. See also the note on this passage. c. 1333.—"I wore on my feet boots (or stockings) of wool; over these a pair of linen lined, and over all a thin pair of BORGHĀLI, _i.e._ of horse-leather lined with wolf skin."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 445. [1614.—"Of your BULLGARYAN hides there are brought hither some 150."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 67.] 1623.—Offer of Sheriff Freeman and Mr. Coxe to furnish the Company with "BULGARY red hides."—_Court Minutes_, in _Sainsbury_, iii. 184. 1624.—"Purefy and Hayward, Factors at Ispahan to the E. I. Co., have bartered morse-teeth and 'BULGARS' for carpets."—_Ibid._ p. 268. 1673.—"They carry also BULGAR-Hides, which they form into Tanks to bathe themselves."—_Fryer_, 398. c. 1680.—"Putting on a certain dress made of BULGAR-leather, stuffed with cotton."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 387. 1759.—Among expenses on account of the Nabob of Bengal's visit to Calcutta we find: "To 50 pair of BULGER Hides at 13 per pair, Rs. 702 : 0 : 0."—_Long_, 193. 1786.—Among "a very capital and choice assortment of Europe goods" we find "BULGAR Hides."—_Cal. Gazette_, June 8, in _Seton-Karr_, i. 177. 1811.—"Most of us furnished at least one of our servants with a kind of bottle, holding nearly three quarts, made of BULGHÁR ... or Russia-leather."—_W. Ousely's Travels_, i. 247. In Tibetan the word is BULHARI. BULKUT, s. A large decked ferry-boat; from Telug. _balla_, a board. (C. P. Brown). BULLUMTEER, s. Anglo-Sepoy dialect for '_Volunteer_.' This distinctive title was applied to certain regiments of the old Bengal Army, whose terms of enlistment embraced service beyond sea; and in the days of that army various ludicrous stories were current in connection with the name. BUMBA, s. H. _bamba_, from Port. _bomba_, 'a pump.' Haex (1631) gives: "_Bomba_, organum pneumaticum quo aqua hauritur," as a Malay word. This is incorrect, of course, as to the origin of the word, but it shows its early adoption into an Eastern language. The word is applied at Ahmedabad to the water-towers, but this is modern; [and so is the general application of the word in N. India to a canal distributary]. 1572.— "'Alija, disse o mestre rijamente, Alija tudo ao mar, não falte acordo Vão outros dar á BOMBA, não cessando; Á BOMBA que nos imos alagando.'" _Camões_, vi. 72. By Burton: "'Heave!' roared the Master with a mighty roar, 'Heave overboard your all, together's the word! Others go work the pumps, and with a will: The pumps! and sharp, look sharp, before she fill!'" BUMMELO, s. A small fish, abounding on all the coasts of India and the Archipelago; _Harpodon nehereus_ of Buch. Hamilton; the specific name being taken from the Bengali name _nehare_. The fish is a great delicacy when fresh caught and fried. When dried it becomes the famous Bombay Duck (see DUCKS, BOMBAY), which is now imported into England. The origin of either name is obscure. Molesworth gives the word as Mahratti with the spelling _bombīl_, or _bombīla_ (p. 595 a). _Bummelo_ occurs in the Supp. (1727) to Bluteau's Dict. in the Portuguese form bambulim, as "the name of a very savoury fish in India." The same word _bambulim_ is also explained to mean '_humas pregas na saya a moda_,' 'certain plaits in the fashionable ruff,' but we know not if there is any connection between the two. The form _Bombay Duck_ has an analogy to _Digby Chicks_ which are sold in the London shops, also a kind of dried fish, pilchards we believe, and the name may have originated in imitation of this or some similar English name. [The _Digby Chick_ is said to be a small herring cured in a peculiar manner at _Digby_, in Lincolnshire: but the Americans derive them from _Digby_ in Nova Scotia; see 8 ser. _N. & Q._ vii. 247.] In an old chart of Chittagong River (by B. Plaisted, 1764, published by A. Dalrymple, 1785) we find a point called _Bumbello Point_. 1673.—"Up the Bay a Mile lies Massigoung, a great Fishing-Town, peculiarly notable for a Fish called BUMBELOW, the Sustenance of the Poorer sort."—_Fryer_, 67. 1785.—"My friend General Campbell, Governor of Madras, tells me that they make Speldings in the East Indies, particularly at Bombay, where they call them BUMBALOES."—Note by _Boswell_ in his _Tour to the Hebrides_, under August 18th, 1773. 1810.—"The BUMBELO is like a large sand-eel; it is dried in the sun, and is usually eaten at breakfast with kedgeree."—_Maria Graham_, 25. 1813.—Forbes has BUMBALO; _Or. Mem._, i. 53; [2nd ed., i. 36]. 1877.—"BUMMALOW or _Bobil_, the dried fish still called 'Bombay Duck.'"—_Burton, Sind Revisited_, i. 68. BUNCUS, BUNCO, s. An old word for cheroot. Apparently from the Malay _bungkus_, 'a wrapper, bundle, thing wrapped.' 1711.—"Tobacco ... for want of Pipes they smoke in BUNCOS, as on the _Coromándel_ Coast. A BUNCO is a little Tobacco wrapt up in the Leaf of a Tree, about the Bigness of one's little Finger, they light one End, and draw the Smoke thro' the other ... these are curiously made up, and sold 20 or 30 in a bundle."—_Lockyer_, 61. 1726.—"After a meal, and on other occasions it is one of their greatest delights, both men and women, old and young, to eat _Pinang_ (areca), and to smoke tobacco, which the women do with a BONGKOS, or dry leaf rolled up, and the men with a _Gorregorri_ (a little can or flower pot) whereby they both manage to pass most of their time."—_Valentijn_, v. _Chorom._, 55. [_Gorregorri_ is Malay _guri-guri_, 'a small earthenware pot, also used for holding provisions' (_Klinkert_).] " (In the retinue of Grandees in Java): "One with a coconut shell mounted in gold or silver to hold their tobacco or BONGKOOSES (i.e. tobacco in rolled leaves)."—_Valentijn_, iv. 61. c. 1760.—"The tobacco leaf, simply rolled up, in about a finger's length, which they call a BUNCUS, and is, I fancy, of the same make as what the West Indians term a segar; and of this the Gentoos chiefly make use."—_Grose_, i. 146. BUND, s. Any artificial embankment, a dam, dyke, or causeway. H. _band_. The root is both Skt. (_bandh_) and P., but the common word, used as it is without aspirate, seems to have come from the latter. The word is common in Persia (_e.g._ see BENDAMEER). It is also naturalised in the Anglo-Chinese ports. It is there applied especially to the embanked quay along the shore of the settlements. In Hong Kong alone this is called (not _bund_, but) _praia_ (Port. 'shore' [see PRAYA]), probably adopted from Macao. 1810.—"The great BUND or dyke."—_Williamson, V. M._ ii. 279. 1860.—"The natives have a tradition that the destruction of the BUND was effected by a foreign enemy."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 504. 1875.—"... it is pleasant to see the Chinese ... being propelled along the BUND in their hand carts."—_Thomson's Malacca_, &c., 408. 1876.—"... so I took a stroll on Tien-Tsin BUND."—_Gill, River of Golden Sand_, i. 28. BUNDER, s. P. _bandar_, a landing-place or quay; a seaport; a harbour; (and sometimes also a custom-house). The old Ital. _scala_, mod. _scalo_, is the nearest equivalent in most of the senses that occurs to us. We have (c. 1565) the _Mīr-bandar_, or Port Master, in Sind (_Elliot_, i. 277) [cf. SHABUNDER]. The Portuguese often wrote the word BANDEL. BUNDER is in S. India the popular native name of MASULIPATAM, or _Machli-bandar_. c. 1344.—"The profit of the treasury, which they call BANDAR, consists in the right of buying a certain portion of all sorts of cargo at a fixed price, whether the goods be only worth that or more; and this is called the _Law of the Bandar_."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 120. c. 1346.—"So we landed at the BANDAR, which is a large collection of houses on the sea-shore."—_Ibid._ 228. 1552.—"Coga-atar sent word to Affonzo d'Alboquerque that on the coast of the main land opposite, at a port which is called BANDAR Angon ... were arrived two ambassadors of the King of Shiraz."—_Barros_, II. ii. 4. [1616.—"Besides the danger in intercepting our boats to and from the shore, &c., their firing from the BANDA would be with much difficulty."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 328.] 1673.—"We fortify our Houses, have BUNDERS or Docks for our Vessels, to which belong Yards for Seamen, Soldiers, and Stores."—_Fryer_, 115. 1809.—"On the new BUNDER or pier."—_Maria Graham_, 11. [1847, 1860.—See quotations under APOLLO BUNDER.] BUNDER-BOAT, s. A boat in use on the Bombay and Madras coast for communicating with ships at anchor, and also much employed by officers of the civil departments (Salt, &c.) in going up and down the coast. It is rigged as Bp. Heber describes, with a cabin amidships. 1825.—"We crossed over ... in a stout boat called here a BUNDUR BOAT. I suppose from '_bundur_' a harbour, with two masts, and two lateen sails...."—_Heber_, ii. 121, ed. 1844. BUNDOBUST, s. P.—H.—_band-o-bast_, lit. 'tying and binding.' Any system or mode of regulation; discipline; a revenue settlement. [1768.—"Mr. Rumbold advises us ... he proposes making a tour through that province ... and to settle the BANDOBUST for the ensuing year."—_Letter to the Court of Directors_, in _Verelst, View of Bengal_, App. 77.] c. 1843.—"There must be _bahut achch'hā bandobast_ (_i.e._ very good order or discipline) in your country," said an aged Khānsamā (in Hindustani) to one of the present writers. "When I have gone to the Sandheads to meet a young gentleman from _Bilāyat_, if I gave him a cup of tea, '_tānki tānki_,' said he. Three months afterwards this was all changed; bad language, violence, no more _tānki_." 1880.—"There is not a more fearful wild-fowl than your travelling M.P. This unhappy creature, whose mind is a perfect blank regarding _Faujdari_ and BANDOBAST...."—_Ali Baba_, 181. BUNDOOK, s. H. _bandūḳ_, from Ar. _bunduḳ_. The common H. term for a musket or matchlock. The history of the word is very curious. Bunduḳ, pl. _banādiḳ_, was a name applied by the Arabs to filberts (as some allege) because they came from Venice (_Banadiḳ_, comp. German _Venedig_). The name was transferred to the nut-like pellets shot from cross-bows, and thence the cross-bows or arblasts were called _bunduḳ_, elliptically for _kaus al-b._, 'pellet-bow.' From cross-bows the name was transferred again to firearms, as in the parallel case of _arquebus_. [Al-Banduḳāni, 'the man of the pellet-bow,' was one of the names by which the Caliph Hārūn-al-Rashīd was known, and Al Zahir Baybars al-Banduḳdāri, the fourth Baharite Soldan (A.D. 1260-77) was so entitled because he had been slave to a Bandukdār, or Master of Artillery (_Burton, Ar. Nights_, xii. 38).] [1875.—"BANDŪQIS, or orderlies of the Maharaja, carrying long guns in a loose red cloth cover."—_Drew, Jummoo and Kashmir_, 74.] BUNGALOW, s. H. and Mahr. _banglā_. The most usual class of house occupied by Europeans in the interior of India; being on one story, and covered by a pyramidal roof, which in the normal bungalow is of thatch, but may be of tiles without impairing its title to be called a _bungalow_. Most of the houses of officers in Indian cantonments are of this character. In reference to the style of the house, _bungalow_ is sometimes employed in contradistinction to the (usually more pretentious) _pucka house_; by which latter term is implied a masonry house with a terraced roof. A _bungalow_ may also be a small building of the type which we have described, but of temporary material, in a garden, on a terraced roof for sleeping in, &c., &c. The word has also been adopted by the French in the East, and by Europeans generally in Ceylon, China, Japan, and the coast of Africa. Wilson writes the word _bānglā_, giving it as a Bengālī word, and as probably derived from _Banga_, Bengal. This is fundamentally the etymology mentioned by Bp. Heber in his _Journal_ (see below), and that etymology is corroborated by our first quotation, from a native historian, as well as by that from F. Buchanan. It is to be remembered that in Hindustan proper the adjective 'of or belonging to Bengal' is constantly pronounced as _bangălā_ or _banglā_. Thus one of the eras used in E. India is distinguished as the _Banglā_ era. The probability is that, when Europeans began to build houses of this character in Behar and Upper India, these were called _Banglā_ or 'Bengal-fashion' houses; that the name was adopted by the Europeans themselves and their followers, and so was brought back to Bengal itself, as well as carried to other parts of India. ["In Bengal, and notably in the districts near Calcutta, native houses to this day are divided into _ath-chala_, _chau-chala_, and _Bangala_, or eight-roofed, four-roofed, and Bengali, or common huts. The first term does not imply that the house has eight coverings, but that the roof has four distinct sides with four more projections, so as to cover a verandah all round the house, which is square. The _Bangala_, or Bengali house, or _bungalow_ has a sloping roof on two sides and two gable ends. Doubtless the term was taken up by the first settlers in Bengal from the native style of edifice, was materially improved, and was thence carried to other parts of India. It is not necessary to assume that the first bungalows were erected in Behar." (_Saturday Rev._, 17th April 1886, in a review of the first ed. of this book).] A.H. 1041 = A.D. 1633.—"Under the rule of the Bengalis (_darahd-i-Bangālīyān_) a party of Frank merchants, who are inhabitants of Sundíp, came trading to Sátgánw. One kos above that place they occupied some ground on the banks of the estuary. Under the pretence that a building was necessary for their transactions in buying and selling, they erected several houses in the BENGÁLÍ style."—_Bādshāhnāma_, in _Elliot_, vii. 31. c. 1680.—In the tracing of an old Dutch chart in the India Office, which may be assigned to about this date, as it has no indication of Calcutta, we find at Hoogly: "_Ougli_ ... _Hollantze Logie_ ... BANGELAER _of Speelhuys_," _i.e._ "Hoogly ... Dutch Factory ... BUNGALOW, or Pleasure-house." 1711.—"_Mr. Herring, the Pilot's, Directions for bringing of Ships down the River of Hughley._ "From _Gull Gat_ all along the _Hughley_ Shore until below the _New Chaney_ almost as far as the _Dutch_ BUNGELOW lies a Sand...."—_Thornton, The English Pilot_, Pt. III. p. 54. 1711.—"_Natty_ BUNGELO or _Nedds_ BANGALLA River lies in this Reach (Tanna) on the Larboard side...."—_Ibid._ 56. The place in the chart is _Nedds_ BENGALLA, and seems to have been near the present Akra on the Hoogly. 1747.—"Nabob's Camp near the Hedge of the Bounds, building a BANGALLAA, raising Mudd Walls round the Camp, making Gun Carriages, &c. ... (Pagodas) 55:10:73."—_Acct. of Extraordinary Charges_ ... January, at _Fort St. David, MS. Records in India Office_. 1758.—"I was talking with my friends in Dr. Fullerton's BANGLA when news came of Ram Narain's being defeated."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, ii. 103. 1780.—"To be Sold or Let, A Commodious BUNGALO and out Houses ... situated on the Road leading from the Hospital to the Burying Ground, and directly opposite to the Avenue in front of Sir Elijah Impey's House...."—_The India Gazette_, Dec. 23. 1781-83.—"BUNGELOWS are buildings in India, generally raised on a base of brick, one, two, or three feet from the ground, and consist of only one story: the plan of them usually is a large room in the center for an eating and sitting room, and rooms at each corner for sleeping; the whole is covered with one general thatch, which comes low to each side; the spaces between the angle rooms are _viranders_ or open porticoes ... sometimes the center _viranders_ at each end are converted into rooms."—_Hodges, Travels_, 146. 1784.—"To be let at Chinsurah.... That large and commodious House.... The out-buildings are—a warehouse and two large _bottle-connahs_, 6 store-rooms, a cook-room, and a garden, with a BUNGALOW near the house."—_Cal. Gazette_, in _Seton-Karr_, i. 40. 1787.—"At Barrackpore many of the BUNGALOWS much damaged, though none entirely destroyed."—_Ibid._ p. 213. 1793.—"... the BUNGALO, or Summer-house...."—_Dirom_, 211. " "For Sale, a BUNGALO situated between the two Tombstones, in the Island of Coulaba."—_Bombay Courier_, Jan. 12. 1794.—"The candid critic will not however expect the parched plains of India, or BUNGALOES in the land-winds, will hardly tempt the Aonian maids wont to disport on the banks of Tiber and Thames...."—_Hugh Boyd_, 170. 1809.—"We came to a small BUNGALO or garden-house, at the point of the hill, from which there is, I think, the finest view I ever saw."—_Maria Graham_, 10. c. 1810.—"The style of private edifices that is proper and peculiar to Bengal consists of a hut with a pent roof constructed of two sloping sides which meet in a ridge forming the segment of a circle.... This kind of hut, it is said, from being peculiar to Bengal, is called by the natives BANGGOLO, a name which has been somewhat altered by Europeans, and applied by them to all their buildings in the cottage style, although none of them have the proper shape, and many of them are excellent brick houses."—_Buchanan's Dinagepore_ (in _Eastern India_, ii. 922). 1817.—"The _Yorŭ-bangala_ is made like two thatched houses or BANGALAS, placed side by side.... These temples are dedicated to different gods, but are not now frequently seen in Bengal."—_Ward's Hindoos_, Bk. II. ch. i. c. 1818.—"As soon as the sun is down we will go over to the Captain's BUNGALOW."—_Mrs Sherwood, Stories_, &c., ed. 1873, p. 1. The original editions of this book contain an engraving of "The Captain's Bungalow at Cawnpore" (c. 1811-12), which shows that no material change has occurred in the character of such dwellings down to the present time. 1824.—"The house itself of Barrackpore ... barely accommodates Lord Amherst's own family; and his aides-de-camp and visitors sleep in bungalows built at some little distance from it in the Park. BUNGALOW, a corruption of Bengalee, is the general name in this country for any structure in the cottage style, and only of one floor. Some of these are spacious and comfortable dwellings...."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, i. 33. 1872.—"L'emplacement du BUNGALOU avait été choisi avec un soin tout particulier."—_Rev. des Deux Mondes_, tom. xcviii. 930. 1875.—"The little groups of officers dispersed to their respective BUNGALOWS to dress and breakfast."—_The Dilemma_, ch. i. [In Oudh the name was specially applied to Fyzabad. [1858.—"Fyzabad ... was founded by the first rulers of the reigning family, and called for some time BUNGALOW, from a bungalow which they built on the verge of the stream."—_Sleeman, Journey through the Kingdom of Oudh_, i. 137.] BUNGALOW, DAWK-, s. A rest-house for the accommodation of travellers, formerly maintained (and still to a reduced extent) by the paternal care of the Government of India. The _matériel_ of the accommodation was humble enough, but comprised the things essential for the weary traveller—shelter, a bed and table, a bathroom, and a servant furnishing food at a very moderate cost. On principal lines of thoroughfare these bungalows were at a distance of 10 to 15 miles apart, so that it was possible for a traveller to make his journey by marches without carrying a tent. On some less frequented roads they were 40 or 50 miles apart, adapted to a night's run in a palankin. 1853.—"DÂK-BUNGALOWS have been described by some Oriental travellers as the 'Inns of India.' Playful satirists!"—_Oakfield_, ii. 17. 1866.—"The DAWK BUNGALOW; or, Is his Appointment Pucka?"—By _G. O. Trevelyan_, in _Fraser's Magazine_, vol. 73, p. 215. 1878.—"I am inclined to think the value of life to a DAK BUNGALOW fowl must be very trifling."—_In my Indian Garden_, 11. BUNGY, s. H. _bhangī_. The name of a low caste, habitually employed as sweepers, and in the lowest menial offices, the man being a house sweeper and dog-boy, [his wife an AYAH]. Its members are found throughout Northern and Western India, and every European household has a servant of this class. The colloquial application of the term _bungy_ to such servants is however peculiar to Bombay, [but the word is commonly used in the N.W.P. but always with a contemptuous significance]. In the Bengal Pry. he is generally called MEHTAR (q.v.), and by politer natives Halālkhor (see HALALCORE), &c. In Madras _totī_ (see TOTY) is the usual word; [in W. India _Dheṛ_ or _Dheḍ_]. Wilson suggests that the caste name may be derived from _bhang_ (see BANG), and this is possible enough, as the class is generally given to strong drink and intoxicating drugs. 1826.—"The _Kalpa_ or Skinner, and the BUNGHEE, or Sweeper, are yet one step below the _Dher_."—_Tr. Lit. Soc. Bombay_, iii. 362. BUNOW, s. and v. H. _banāo_, used in the sense of 'preparation, fabrication,' &c., but properly the imperative of _banānā_, 'to make, prepare, fabricate.' The Anglo-Indian word is applied to anything fictitious or factitious, 'a cram, a shave, a sham'; or, as a verb, to the manufacture of the like. The following lines have been found among old papers belonging to an officer who was at the Court of the Nawāb Sa'ādat 'Ali at Lucknow, at the beginning of the last century:— "Young Grant and Ford the other day Would fain have had some Sport, But Hound nor Beagle none had they, Nor aught of Canine sort. A luckless _Parry_[46] came most pat When Ford—'we've Dogs enow! Here _Maitre—Kawn aur Doom ko Kaut_ _Juld_! Terrier BUNNOW!'[47] "So Saadut with the like design (I mean, to form a Pack) To * * * * * t gave a Feather fine And Red Coat to his Back; A Persian Sword to clog his side, And Boots Hussar _sub-nyah_,[48] Then eyed his Handiwork with Pride, Crying _Meejir myn_ BUNNAYAH!!!"[49] "Appointed to be said or sung in all Mosques, Mutts, Tuckeahs, or Eedgahs within the Reserved Dominions."[50] 1853.—"You will see within a week if this is anything more than a BANAU."—_Oakfield_, ii. 58. [1870.—"We shall be satisfied with choosing for illustration, out of many, one kind of BENOWED or prepared evidence."—_Chevers, Med. Jurisprud._, 86.] BURDWÁN, n.p. A town 67 m. N.W. of Calcutta—_Bardwān_, but in its original Skt. form _Vardhamāna_, 'thriving, prosperous,' a name which we find in Ptolemy (_Bardamana_), though in another part of India. Some closer approximation to the ancient form must have been current till the middle of 18th century, for Holwell, writing in 1765, speaks of "_Burdwan_, the principal town of _Burdomaan_" (_Hist. Events_, &c., 1. 112; see also 122, 125). BURGHER. This word has three distinct applications. A. s. This is only used in Ceylon. It is the Dutch word _burger_, 'citizen.' The Dutch admitted people of mixt descent to a kind of citizenship, and these people were distinguished by this name from pure natives. The word now indicates any persons who claim to be of partly European descent, and is used in the same sense as '_half-caste_' and '_Eurasian_' in India Proper. [In its higher sense it is still used by the Boers of the Transvaal.] 1807.—"The greater part of them were admitted by the Dutch to all the privileges of citizens under the denomination of BURGHERS."—_Cordiner, Desc. of Ceylon._ 1877.—"About 60 years ago the BURGHERS of Ceylon occupied a position similar to that of the Eurasians of India at the present moment."—_Calcutta Review_, cxvii. 180-1. B. n.p. People of the NILGHERRY Hills, properly _Baḍagas_, or Northerners.'—See under BADEGA. C. s. A rafter, H. _bargā_. BURKUNDAUZE, s. An armed retainer; an armed policeman, or other armed unmounted employé of a civil department; from Ar.-P. _barḳandāz_, 'lightning-darter,' a word of the same class as _jān-bāz_, &c. [Also see BUXERRY.] 1726.—"2000 men on foot, called BIRCANDES, and 2000 pioneers to make the road, called _Bieldars_ (see BILDAR)."—_Valentijn_, iv. _Suratte_, 276. 1793.—"Capt. Welsh has succeeded in driving the Bengal BERKENDOSSES out of Assam."—_Cornwallis_, ii. 207. 1794.—"Notice is hereby given that persons desirous of sending escorts of BURKUNDAZES or other armed men, with merchandise, are to apply for passports."—In _Seton-Karr_, ii. 139. [1832.—"The whole line of march is guarded in each procession by BURKHANDHARS (matchlock men), who fire singly, at intervals, on the way."—_Mrs Meer Hassan Ali_, i. 87.] BURMA, BURMAH (with BURMESE, &c.) n.p. The name by which we designate the ancient kingdom and nation occupying the central basin of the Irawadi River. "British Burma" is constituted of the provinces conquered from that kingdom in the two wars of 1824-26 and 1852-53, viz. (in the first) Arakan, Martaban, Tenasserim, and (in the second) Pegu. [Upper Burma and the Shan States were annexed after the third war of 1885.] The name is taken from MRAN-MĀ, the national name of the Burmese people, which they themselves generally pronounce _Bam-mā_, unless when speaking formally and emphatically. Sir Arthur Phayre considers that this name was in all probability adopted by the Mongoloid tribes of the Upper Irawadi, on their conversion to Buddhism by missionaries from Gangetic India, and is identical with that (_Brām-mā_) by which the first and holy inhabitants of the world are styled in the (Pali) Buddhist Scriptures. _Brahma-desa_ was the term applied to the country by a Singhalese monk returning thence to Ceylon, in conversation with one of the present writers. It is however the view of Bp. Bigandet and of Prof. Forchhammer, supported by considerable arguments, that _Mran_, _Myan_, or _Myen_ was the original name of the Burmese people, and is traceable in the names given to them by their neighbours; _e.g._ by Chinese _Mien_ (and in Marco Polo); by Kakhyens, _Myen_ or _Mren_; by Shans, _Mān_; by Sgaw Karens, _Payo_; by Pgaw Karens, _Payān_; by Paloungs, _Parān_, &c.[51] Prof. F. considers that Mran-_mā_ (with this honorific suffix) does not date beyond the 14th century. [In _J. R. A. Soc._ (1894, p. 152 _seqq._), Mr. St John suggests that the word _Myamma_ is derived from _myan_, 'swift,' and _ma_, 'strong,' and was taken as a soubriquet by the people at some early date, perhaps in the time of Anawrahta, A.D. 1150.] 1516.—"Having passed the Kingdom of Bengale, along the coast which turns to the South, there is another Kingdom of Gentiles, called BERMA.... They frequently are at war with the King of Peigu. We have no further information respecting this country, because it has no shipping."—_Barbosa_, 181. [ " "VERMA." See quotation under ARAKAN. [1538.—"But the war lasted on and the BRAMÃS took all the kingdom."—_Correa_, iii. 851.] 1543.—"And folk coming to know of the secrecy with which the force was being despatched, a great desire took possession of all to know whither the Governor intended to send so large an armament, there being no Rumis to go after, and nothing being known of any other cause why ships should be despatched in secret at such a time. So some gentlemen spoke of it to the Governor, and much importuned him to tell them whither they were going, and the Governor, all the more bent on concealment of his intentions, told them that the expedition was going to Pegu to fight with the BRAMAS who had taken that Kingdom."—_Ibid._ iv. 298. c. 1545.—"_How the King of_ BRAMÂ _undertook the conquest of this kingdom of Sião_ (Siam), _and of what happened till his arrival at the City of Odiâ_."—_F. M. Pinto_ (orig.) cap. 185. [1553.—"BREMÁ." See quotation under JANGOMAY.] 1606.—"Although one's whole life were wasted in describing the superstitions of these Gentiles—the Pegus and the BRAMAS—one could not have done with the half, therefore I only treat of some, in passing, as I am now about to do."—_Couto_, viii. cap. xii. [1639.—"His (King of Pegu's) Guard consists of a great number of Souldiers, with them called BRAHMANS, is kept at the second Port."—_Mandelslo, Travels_, E. T. ii. 118.] 1680.—"ARTICLES of COMMERCE to be proposed to the King of BARMA and Pegu, in behalfe of the English Nation for the settling of a Trade in those countrys."—_Ft. St. Geo. Cons._, in _Notes and Exts._, iii. 7. 1727.—"The Dominions of BARMA are at present very large, reaching from _Moravi_ near _Tanacerin_, to the Province of _Yunan_ in _China_."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 41. 1759.—"The BÛRAGHMAHS are much more numerous than the Peguese and more addicted to commerce; even in Pegu their numbers are 100 to 1."—Letter in _Dalrymple, O. R._, i. 99. The writer appears desirous to convey by his unusual spelling some accurate reproduction of the name as he had heard it. His testimony as to the predominance of Burmese in Pegu, at that date even, is remarkable. [1763.—"BURMAH." See quotation under MUNNEEPORE. [1767.—"BURAGHMAGH." See quotation under SONAPARANTA. [1782.—"BAHMANS." See quotation under GAUTAMA.] 1793.—"BURMAH borders on Pegu to the north, and occupies both banks of the river as far as the frontiers of China."—_Rennell's Memoir_, 297. [1795.—"BIRMAN." See quotation under SHAN. [c. 1819.—"In fact in their own language, their name is not BURMESE, which we have borrowed from the Portuguese, but BIAMMA."—_Sangermano_, 36.] BURRA-BEEBEE, s. H. _baṛī bībī_, 'Grande dame.' This is a kind of slang word applied in Anglo-Indian society to the lady who claims precedence at a party. [Nowadays _Baṛī Mem_ is the term applied to the chief lady in a Station.] 1807.—"At table I have hitherto been allowed but one dish, namely the BURRO BEBEE, or lady of the highest rank."—_Lord Minto in India_, 29. 1848.—"The ladies carry their BURRAH-BIBISHIP into the steamers when they go to England.... My friend endeavoured in vain to persuade them that whatever their social importance in the 'City of Palaces,' they would be but small folk in London."—_Chow Chow_, by _Viscountess Falkland_, i. 92. [BURRA-DIN, s. H. _baṛā-din_. A 'great day,' the term applied by natives to a great festival of Europeans, particularly to Christmas Day. [1880.—"This being the BURRA DIN, or great day, the fact of an animal being shot was interpreted by the men as a favourable augury."—_Ball, Jungle Life_, 279.] BURRA-KHANA, s. H. _baṛā khāna_, 'big dinner'; a term of the same character as the two last, applied to a vast and solemn entertainment. [1880.—"To go out to a BURRA KHANA, or big dinner, which is succeeded in the same or some other house by a larger evening party."—_Wilson, Abode of Snow_, 51.] BURRA SAHIB. H. _baṛā_, 'great'; 'the great _Ṣāḥib_ (or Master),' a term constantly occurring, whether in a family to distinguish the father or the elder brother, in a station to indicate the Collector, Commissioner, or whatever officer may be the recognised head of the society, or in a department to designate the head of that department, local or remote. [1889.—"At any rate a few of the great lords and ladies (BURRA SAHIB and BURRA MEM SAHIB) did speak to me without being driven to it."—_Lady Dufferin_, 34.] BURRAMPOOTER, n.p. Properly (Skt.) _Brahmaputra_ ('the son of Brahmā'), the great river _Brahmputr_ of which Assam is the valley. Rising within 100 miles of the source of the Ganges, these rivers, after being separated by 17 degrees of longitude, join before entering the sea. There is no distinct recognition of this great river by the ancients, but the _Diardanes_ or _Oidanes_, of Curtius and Strabo, described as a large river in the remoter parts of India, abounding in dolphins and crocodiles, probably represents this river under one of its Skt. names, _Hlādini_. 1552.—Barros does not mention the name before us, but the Brahmaputra seems to be the river of _Caor_, which traversing the kingdom so called (GOUR) and that of COMOTAY, and that of _Cirote_ (see SILHET), issues above _Chatigão_ (see CHITTAGONG), in that notable arm of the Ganges which passes through the island of Sornagam. c. 1590.—"There is another very large river called BERHUMPUTTER, which runs from Khatai to Coach (see COOCH BEHAR) and from thence through Bazoohah to the sea."—_Ayeen Akberry_ (Gladwin) ed. 1800, ii. 6; [ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 121]. 1726.—"Out of the same mountains we see ... a great river flowing which ... divides into two branches, whereof the easterly one on account of its size is called the Great BARREMPOOTER."—_Valentijn_, v. 154. 1753.—"Un peu au-dessous de Daka, le Gange est joint par une grosse rivière, qui sort de la frontière du Tibet. Le nom de BRAMANPOUTRE qu'on lui trouve dans quelques cartes est une corruption de celui de BRAHMAPUTREN, qui dans le langage du pays signifie tirant son origine de Brahma."—_D'Anville, Éclaircissemens_, 62. 1767.—"Just before the Ganges falls into ye Bay of Bengall, it receives the BARAMPUTREY or Assam River. The Assam River is larger than the Ganges ... it is a perfect Sea of fresh Water after the Junction of the two Rivers...."—_MS. Letter_ of _James Rennell_, d. 10th March. 1793.—"... till the year 1765, the BURRAMPOOTER, as a capital river, was unknown in Europe. On tracing this river in 1765, I was no less surprised at finding it rather larger than the Ganges, than at its course previous to its entering Bengal.... I could no longer doubt that the BURRAMPOOTER and Sanpoo were one and the same river."—_Rennell, Memoir_, 3rd ed. 356. BURREL, s. H. _bharal_; _Ovis nahura_, Hodgson. The blue wild sheep of the Himālaya. [_Blanford, Mamm._ 499, with illustration.] BURSAUTEE, s. H. _barsātī_, from _barsāt_, 'the Rains.' A. The word properly is applied to a disease to which horses are liable in the rains, pustular eruptions breaking out on the head and fore parts of the body. [1828.—"That very extraordinary disease, the BURSATTEE."—_Or. Sport. Mag._, reprint, 1873, i. 125. [1832.—"Horses are subject to an infectious disease, which generally makes its appearance in the rainy season, and therefore called BURRHSAATIE."—_Mrs Meer Hassan Ali_, ii. 27.] B. But the word is also applied to a waterproof cloak, or the like. (See BRANDY COORTEE.) 1880.—"The scenery has now been arranged for the second part of the Simla season ... and the appropriate costume for both sexes is the decorous BURSATTI."—_Pioneer Mail_, July 8. BUS, adv. P.-H. _bas_, 'enough.' Used commonly as a kind of interjection: 'Enough! Stop! _Ohe jam satis! Basta, basta!_' Few Hindustani words stick closer by the returned Anglo-Indian. The Italian expression, though of obscure etymology, can hardly have any connection with _bas_. But in use it always feels like a mere expansion of it! 1853.—"'And if you pass,' say my dear good-natured friends, 'you may get an appointment. BUS! (you see my Hindostanee knowledge already carries me the length of that emphatic monosyllable)....'"—_Oakfield_, 2nd ed. i. 42. BUSHIRE, n.p. The principal modern Persian seaport on the Persian Gulf; properly _Abūshahr_. 1727.—"BOWCHIER is also a Maritim Town.... It stands on an Island, and has a pretty good Trade."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 90. BUSTEE, s. An inhabited quarter, a village. H. _bastī_, from Skt. _vas_ = 'dwell.' Many years ago a native in Upper India said to a European assistant in the Canal Department: "You Feringis talk much of your country and its power, but we know that the whole of you come from five villages" (_pānch_ BASTI). The word is applied in Calcutta to the separate groups of huts in the humbler native quarters, the sanitary state of which has often been held up to reprobation. [1889.—"There is a dreary BUSTEE in the neighbourhood which is said to make the most of any cholera that may be going."—_R. Kipling, City of Dreadful Night_, 54.] BUTLER, s. In the Madras and Bombay Presidencies this is the title usually applied to the head-servant of any English or quasi-English household. He generally makes the daily market, has charge of domestic stores, and superintends the table. As his profession is one which affords a large scope for feathering a nest at the expense of a foreign master, it is often followed at Madras by men of comparatively good caste. (See CONSUMAH.) 1616.—"Yosky the BUTLER, being sick, asked lycense to goe to his howse to take phisick."—_Cocks_, i. 135. 1689.—"... the BUTLERS are enjoin'd to take an account of the Place each Night, before they depart home, that they (the Peons) might be examin'd before they stir, if ought be wanting."—_Ovington_, 393. 1782.—"Wanted a Person to act as Steward or BUTLER in a Gentleman's House, _he must understand Hairdressing_."—_India Gazette_, March 2. 1789.—"No person considers himself as comfortably accommodated without entertaining a _Dubash_ at 4 pagodas per month, a BUTLER at 3, a Peon at 2, a Cook at 3, a Compradore at 2, and kitchen boy at 1 pagoda."—_Munro's Narrative of Operations_, p. 27. 1873.—"Glancing round, my eye fell on the pantry department ... and the BUTLER trimming the reading lamps."—_Camp Life in India, Fraser's Mag._, June, 696. 1879.—"... the moment when it occurred to him (_i.e._ the Nyoung-young Prince of Burma) that he ought really to assume the guise of a Madras BUTLER, and be off to the Residency, was the happiest inspiration of his life."—_Standard_, July 11. BUTLER-ENGLISH. The broken English spoken by native servants in the Madras Presidency; which is not very much better than the PIGEON-ENGLISH of China. It is a singular dialect; the present participle (_e.g._) being used for the future indicative, and the preterite indicative being formed by 'done'; thus _I telling_ = 'I will tell'; _I done tell_ = 'I have told'; _done come_ = 'actually arrived.' Peculiar meanings are also attached to words; thus _family_ = 'wife.' The oddest characteristic about this jargon is (or was) that masters used it in speaking to their servants as well as servants to their masters. BUXEE, s. A military paymaster; H. _bakhshī_. This is a word of complex and curious history. In origin it is believed to be the Mongol or Turki corruption of the Skt. _bhikshu_, 'a beggar,' and thence a Buddhist or religious mendicant or member of the ascetic order, bound by his discipline to obtain his daily food by begging.[52] _Bakshi_ was the word commonly applied by the Tartars of the host of Chingiz and his successors, and after them by the Persian writers of the Mongol era, to the regular Buddhist clergy; and thus the word appears under various forms in the works of medieval European writers from whom examples are quoted below. Many of the class came to Persia and the west with Hulākū and with Bātū Khān; and as the writers in the Tartar camps were probably found chiefly among the _bakshis_, the word underwent exactly the same transfer of meaning as our _clerk_, and came to signify a _literatus_, scribe or secretary. Thus in the Latino-Perso-Turkish vocabulary, which belonged to Petrarch and is preserved at Venice, the word _scriba_ is rendered in Comanian, _i.e._ the then Turkish of the Crimea, as _Bacsi_. The change of meaning did not stop here. Abu'l-Faẓl in his account of Kashmīr (in the _Āīn_, [ed. _Jarrett_, iii. 212]) recalls the fact that _bakhshī_ was the title given by the learned among Persian and Arabic writers to the Buddhist priests whom the Tibetans styled _lāmās_. But in the time of Baber, say circa 1500, among the Mongols the word had come to mean _surgeon_; a change analogous again, in some measure, to our colloquial use of _doctor_. The modern Mongols, according to Pallas, use the word in the sense of 'Teacher,' and apply it to the most venerable or learned priest of a community. Among the Kirghiz Kazzāks, who profess Mahommedanism, it has come to bear the character which Marco Polo more or less associates with it, and means a mere conjurer or medicine-man; whilst in Western Turkestan it signifies a 'Bard' or 'Minstrel.' [Vambéry in his _Sketches of Central Asia_ (p. 81) speaks of a _Bakhshi_ as a troubadour.] By a further transfer of meaning, of which all the steps are not clear, in another direction, under the Mohammedan Emperors of India the word _bakhshi_ was applied to an officer high in military administration, whose office is sometimes rendered 'Master of the Horse' (of horse, it is to be remembered, the whole substance of the army consisted), but whose duties sometimes, if not habitually, embraced those of Paymaster-General, as well as, in a manner, of Commander-in-Chief, or Chief of the Staff. [Mr. Irvine, who gives a detailed account of the Bakhshi under the latter Moguls (_J. R. A. Soc._, July 1896, p. 539 _seqq._), prefers to call him Adjutant-General.] More properly perhaps this was the position of the _Mīr Bakhshī_, who had other _bakhshīs_ under him. _Bakhshīs_ in military command continued in the armies of the Mahrattas, of Hyder Ali, and of other native powers. But both the Persian spelling and the modern connection of the title with _pay_ indicate a probability that some confusion of association had arisen between the old Tartar title and the P. _bakhsh_, 'portion,' _bakhshīdan_, 'to give,' _bakhshīsh_, 'payment.' In the early days of the Council of Fort William we find the title BUXEE applied to a European Civil officer, through whom payments were made (see _Long_ and _Seton-Karr_, passim). This is obsolete, but the word is still in the Anglo-Indian Army the recognised designation of a _Paymaster_. This is the best known existing use of the word. But under some Native Governments it is still the designation of a high officer of state. And according to the _Calcutta Glossary_ it has been used in the N.W.P. for 'a collector of a house tax' (?) and the like; in Bengal for 'a superintendent of peons'; in Mysore for 'a treasurer,' &c. [In the N.W.P. the _Bakhshī_, popularly known to natives as '_Bakhshī Tikkas_,' 'Tax Bakhshi,' is the person in charge of one of the minor towns which are not under a Municipal Board, but are managed by a _Panch_, or body of assessors, who raise the income needed for watch and ward and conservancy by means of a graduated house assessment.] See an interesting note on this word in _Quatremère, H. des Mongols_, 184 _seqq._; also see _Marco Polo_, Bk. i. ch. 61, note. 1298.—"There is another marvel performed by those BACSI, of whom I have been speaking as knowing so many enchantments...."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. I. ch. 61. c. 1300.—"Although there are many BAKHSHIS, Chinese, Indian and others, those of Tibet are most esteemed."—_Rashid-uddín_, quoted by _D'Ohsson_, ii. 370. c. 1300.—"Et sciendum, quod Tartar quosdam homines super omnes de mundo honorant: BOXITAS, scilicet quosdam pontifices ydolorum."—_Ricoldus de Montecrucis_, in _Peregrinatores, IV._ p. 117. c. 1308.—"Ταῦτα γὰρ Κουτζίμπαξις ἐπανήκων πρὸς βασιλέα διεβεβαίον· πρῶτος δὲ τῶν ἱερομάγων, τοὔνομα τοῦτο ἐξελληνίζεται."—_Georg. Pachymeres de Andronico Palaeologo, Lib._ vii. The last part of the name of this _Kutzimpaxis_, 'the first of the sacred magi,' appears to be BAKHSHI; the whole perhaps to be _Khoja_-BAKHSHI, or _Kūchin-Bakhshi_. c. 1340.—"The Kings of this country sprung from Jinghiz Khan ... followed exactly the _yassah_ (or laws) of that Prince and the dogmas received in his family, which consisted in revering the sun, and conforming in all things to the advice of the BAKSHIS."—_Shihābuddīn_, in _Not. et Extr._ xiii. 237. 1420.—"In this city of Kamcheu there is an idol temple 500 cubits square. In the middle is an idol lying at length, which measures 50 paces.... Behind this image ... figures of BAKSHIS as large as life...."—_Shah Rukh's Mission to China_, in _Cathay_, i: cciii. 1615.—"Then I moved him for his favor for an _English_ Factory to be Resident in the Towne, which hee willingly granted, and gave present order to the BUXY, to draw a _Firma_ both for their comming vp, and for their residence."—_Sir T. Roe_, in _Purchas_, i. 541; [Hak. Soc. i. 93.] c. 1660.—"... obliged me to take a Salary from the _Grand Mogol_ in the quality of a Phisitian, and a little after from _Danechmend-Kan_, the most knowing man of _Asia_, who had been BAKCHIS, or Great Master of the Horse."—_Bernier_, E.T. p. 2; [ed. _Constable_, p. 4]. 1701.—"The friendship of the BUXIE is not so much desired for the post he is now in, but that he is of a very good family, and has many relations near the King."—In _Wheeler_, i. 378. 1706-7.—"So the Emperor appointed a nobleman to act as the BAKSHÍ of Kám Bakhsh, and to him he intrusted the Prince, with instructions to take care of him. The BAKSHÍ was Sultan Hasan, otherwise called Mír Malang."—_Dowson's Elliot_, vii. 385. 1711.—"To his Excellency Zulfikar Khan Bahadur, Nurzerat Sing (_Nasrat-Jang?_) BACKSHEE of the whole Empire."—_Address of a Letter from President and Council of Fort St. George_, in _Wheeler_, ii. 160. 1712.—"Chan Dhjehaan ... first BAKSI general, or Muster-Master of the horsemen."—_Valentijn_, iv. (Suratte), 295. 1753.—"The BUXEY acquaints the Board he has been using his endeavours to get sundry artificers for the Negrais."—In _Long_, 43. 1756.—Barth. Plaisted represents the bad treatment he had met with for "strictly adhering to his duty during the BUXY-ship of Messrs. Bellamy and Kempe"; and "the abuses in the post of BUXY."—_Letter to the Hon. the Court of Directors, &c._, p. 3. 1763.—"The BUXEY or general of the army, at the head of a select body, closed the procession."—_Orme_, i. 26 (reprint). 1766.—"The BUXEY lays before the Board an account of charges incurred in the BUXEY CONNAH ... for the relief of people saved from the _Falmouth_."—_Ft. William, Cons., Long_, 457. 1793.—"The BUKSHEY allowed it would be prudent in the Sultan not to hazard the event."—_Dirom_, 50. 1804.—"A BUCKSHEE and a body of horse belonging to this same man were opposed to me in the action of the 5th; whom I daresay that I shall have the pleasure of meeting shortly at the Peshwah's durbar."—_Wellington_, iii. 80. 1811.—"There appear to have been different descriptions of BUKTSHIES (in Tippoo's service). The BUKTSHIES of Kushoons were a sort of commissaries and paymasters, and were subordinate to the _sipahdâr_, if not to the Resâladâr, or commandant of a battalion. The MEER BUKTSHY, however, took rank of the Sipahdâr. The BUKTSHIES of the _Ehsham_ and JYSHE were, I believe, the superior officers of these corps respectively."—Note to _Tippoo's Letters_, 165. 1823.—"In the Mahratta armies the prince is deemed the Sirdar or Commander; next to him is the BUKSHEE or Paymaster, who is vested with the principal charge and responsibility, and is considered accountable for all military expenses and disbursements."—_Malcolm, Central India_, i. 534. 1827.—"Doubt it not—the soldiers of the Beegum Mootee Mahul ... are less hers than mine. I am myself the BUKSHEE ... and her Sirdars are at my devotion."—_Walter Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter_, ch. xii. 1861.—"To the best of my memory he was accused of having done his best to urge the people of Dhar to rise against our Government, and several of the witnesses deposed to this effect; amongst them the BUKSHI."—_Memo. on Dhar_, by _Major McMullen_. 1874.—"Before the depositions were taken down, the gomasta of the planter drew aside the BAKSHÍ, who is a police-officer next to the darogá."—_Govinda Samanta_, ii. 235. BUXERRY, s. A matchlock man; apparently used in much the same sense as BURKUNDAUZE (q.v.) now obsolete. We have not found this term excepting in documents pertaining to the middle decades of 18th century in Bengal; [but see references supplied by Mr. Irvine below;] nor have we found any satisfactory etymology. _Buxo_ is in Port. a gun-barrel (Germ. _Buchse_); which suggests some possible word _buxeiro_. There is however none such in Bluteau, who has, on the other hand, "_Butgeros_, an Indian term, artillery-men, &c.," and quotes from _Hist. Orient._ iii. 7: "_Butgeri_ sunt hi qui quinque tormentis praeficiuntur." This does not throw much light. _Bajjar_, 'thunderbolt,' may have given vogue to a word in analogy to P. _barḳandāz_, 'lightning-darter,' but we find no such word. As an additional conjecture, however, we may suggest _Baksāris_, from the possible circumstance that such men were recruited in the country about _Baksār_ (_Buxar_), _i.e._ the _Shāhābād_ district, which up to 1857 was a great recruiting ground for sepoys. [There can be no doubt that this last suggestion gives the correct origin of the word. _Buchanan Hamilton, Eastern India_, i. 471, describes the large number of men who joined the native army from this part of the country.] [1690.—The Mogul army was divided into three classes—_Suwārān_, or mounted men; _Topkhānah_, artillery; _Aḥshām_, infantry and artificers. ["_Aḥshām—Bandūqchī-i-jangī—Baksariyah wa Bundelah Aḥshām_, _i.e._ regular matchlock-men, BAKSARIYAHS and Bundelahs."—_Dastūr-ul-'amal_, written about 1690-1; _B. Museum MS._, No. 1641, fol. 58_b_.] 1748.—"Ordered the Zemindars to send BUXERRIES to clear the boats and bring them up as Prisoners."—_Ft. William Cons._, April, in _Long_, p. 6. " "We received a letter from ... Council at Cossimbazar ... advising of their having sent Ensign McKion with all the Military that were able to travel, 150 BUXERRIES, 4 field pieces, and a large quantity of ammunition to Cutway."—_Ibid._ p. 1. 1749.—"Having frequent reports of several straggling parties of this banditti plundering about this place, we on the 2d November ordered the Zemindars to entertain one hundred BUXERIES and fifty pike-men over and above what were then in pay for the protection of the outskirts of your Honor's town."—_Letter to Court_, Jan. 13, _Ibid._ p. 21. 1755.—"Agreed, we despatch Lieutenant John Harding of a command of soldiers 25 BUXARIES in order to clear these boats if stopped in their way to this place."—_Ibid._ 55. " "In an account for this year we find among charges on behalf of William Wallis, Esq., Chief at Cossimbazar: Rs. "'4 BUXERIES 20 (year) 240.'" _MS. Records in India Office._ 1761.—"The 5th they made their last effort with all the Sepoys and BUXERRIES they could assemble."—In _Long_, 254. " "The number of BUXERRIÉS or matchlockmen was therefore augmented to 1500."—_Orme_ (reprint), ii. 59. " "In a few minutes they killed 6 BUXERRIES."—_Ibid._ 65; see also 279. 1772.—"BUCKSERRIAS. Foot soldiers whose common arms are only sword and target."—_Glossary in Grose's Voyage_, 2nd ed. [This is copied, as Mr. Irvine shows, from the Glossary of 1757 prefixed to _An Address to the Proprietors of E. I. Stock_, in _Holwell's Indian Tracts_, 3rd ed., 1779.] 1788.—"BUXERRIES—Foot soldiers, whose common arms are swords and targets or spears."—_Indian Vocabulary_ (Stockdale's). 1850.—"Another point to which Clive turned his attention ... was the organization of an efficient native regular force.... Hitherto the native troops employed at Calcutta ... designated BUXARRIES were nothing more than _Burkandāz_, armed and equipped in the usual native manner."—_Broome, Hist. of the Rise and Progress of the Bengal Army_, i. 92. BYDE, or BEDE HORSE, s. A note by Kirkpatrick to the passage below from _Tippoo's Letters_ says _Byde Horse_ are "the same as _Pindârehs_, _Looties_, and _Kuzzâks_" (see PINDARRY, LOOTY, COSSACK). In the _Life of Hyder Ali_ by Hussain 'Ali Khān Kirmāni, tr. by Miles, we read that Hyder's Kuzzaks were under the command of "Ghazi Khan BEDE." But whether this leader was so called from leading the "BEDE" Horse, or gave his name to them, does not appear. Miles has the highly intelligent note: 'Bede is another name for (Kuzzak): Kirkpatrick supposed the word Bede meant infantry, which, I believe, it does not' (p. 36). The quotation from the _Life of Tippoo_ seems to indicate that it was the name of a caste. And we find in _Sherring's Indian Tribes and Castes_, among those of Mysore, mention of the BEDAR as a tribe, probably of huntsmen, dark, tall, and warlike. Formerly many were employed as soldiers, and served in Hyder's wars (iii. 153; see also the same tribe in the S. Mahratta country, ii. 321). Assuming _-ar_ to be a plural sign, we have here probably the "BEDES" who gave their name to these plundering horse. The BEDAR are mentioned as one of the predatory classes of the peninsula, along with Marawars, Kallars, Ramūsis (see RAMOOSY), &c., in Sir Walter Elliot's paper (_J. Ethnol. Soc._, 1869, N.S. pp. 112-13). But more will be found regarding them in a paper by the late Gen. Briggs, the translator of Ferishta's Hist. (_J. R. A. Soc._ xiii.). Besides Bedar, BEDNOR (or Nagar) in Mysore seems to take its name from this tribe. [See _Rice, Mysore_, i. 255.] 1758.—"... The Cavalry of the Rao ... received such a defeat from Hydur's BEDES or Kuzzaks that they fled and never looked behind them until they arrived at Goori Bundar."—_Hist. of Hydur Naik_, p. 120. 1785.—"BYDE HORSE, out of employ, have committed great excesses and depredations in the Sircar's dominions."—_Letters of Tippoo Sultan_, 6. 1802.—"The Kakur and Chapao horse.... (Although these are included in the BEDE tribe, they carry off the palm even from them in the arts of robbery)...."—_H. of Tipú_, by _Hussein 'Ali Khan Kirmāni_, tr. by Miles, p. 76. [BYLEE, s. A small two-wheeled vehicle drawn by two oxen. H. _bahal_, _bahlī_, _bailī_, which has no connection, as is generally supposed, with _bail_, 'an ox'; but is derived from the Skt. _vah_, 'to carry.' The _bylee_ is used only for passengers, and a larger and more imposing vehicle of the same class is the RUT. There is a good drawing of a Panjab _bylee_ in _Kipling's Beast and Man_ (p. 117); also see the note on the quotation from Forbes under HACKERY. [1841.—"A native BYLEE will usually produce, in gold and silver of great purity, ten times the weight of precious metals to be obtained from a general officer's equipage."—_Society in India_, i. 162. [1854.—"Most of the party ... were in a barouch, but the rich man himself [one of the Muttra Seths] still adheres to the primitive conveyance of a BYLIS, a thing like a footboard on two wheels, generally drawn by two oxen, but in which he drives a splendid pair of white horses, sitting cross-legged the while!"—_Mrs Mackenzie, Life in the Mission_, &c., ii. 205.] C CABAYA, s. This word, though of Asiatic origin, was perhaps introduced into India by the Portuguese, whose writers of the 16th century apply it to the surcoat or long tunic of muslin, which is one of the most common native garments of the better classes in India. The word seems to be one of those which the Portuguese had received in older times from the Arabic (_ḳabā_, 'a vesture'). From Dozy's remarks this would seem in Barbary to take the form _ḳabāya_. Whether from Arabic or from Portuguese, the word has been introduced into the Malay countries, and is in common use in Java for the light cotton surcoat worn by Europeans, both ladies and gentlemen, in dishabille. The word is not now used in India Proper, unless by the Portuguese. But it has become familiar in Dutch, from its use in Java. [Mr. Gray, in his notes to _Pyrard_ (i. 372), thinks that the word was introduced before the time of the Portuguese, and remarks that KABAYA in Ceylon means a coat or jacket worn by a European or native.] c. 1540.—"There was in her an Embassador who had brought _Hidalcan_ [IDALCAN] a very rich CABAYA ... which he would not accept of, for that thereby he would not acknowledge himself subject to the Turk."—_Cogan's Pinto_, pp. 10-11. 1552.—"... he ordered him then to bestow a CABAYA."—_Castanheda_, iv. 438. See also Stanley's _Correa_, 132. 1554.—"And moreover there are given to these Kings (Malabar Rajas) when they come to receive these allowances, to each of them a CABAYA of silk, or of scarlet, of 4 cubits, and a cap or two, and two sheath-knives."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 26. 1572.— "Luzem da fina purpura as CABAYAS, Lustram os pannos da tecida seda." _Camões_, ii. 93. "CABAYA de damasco rico e dino Da Tyria cor, entre elles estimada." _Ibid._ 95. In these two passages Burton translates _caftan_. 1585.—"The King is apparelled with a CABIE made like a shirt tied with strings on one side."—_R. Fitch_, in _Hakl._, ii. 386. 1598.—"They wear sometimes when they go abroad a thinne cotton linnen gowne called CABAIA...."—_Linschoten_, 70; [Hak. Soc. i. 247]. c. 1610.—"Cette jaquette ou soutane, qu'ils appellent _Libasse_ (P. _libās_, 'clothing') ou CABAYE, est de toile de Cotton fort fine et blanche, qui leur va jusqu'aux talons."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 265; [Hak. Soc. i. 372]. [1614.—"The white CABAS which you have with you at Bantam would sell here."—_Foster, Letters_, ii. 44.] 1645.—"Vne CABAYE qui est vne sorte de vestement comme vne large soutane couverte par le devant, à manches fort larges."—_Cardim, Rel. de la Prov. du Japon_, 56. 1689.—"It is a distinction between the _Moors_ and _Bannians_, the _Moors_ tie their CABA'S always on the Right side, and the _Bannians_ on the left...."—_Ovington_, 314. This distinction is still true. 1860.—"I afterwards understood that the dress they were wearing was a sort of native garment, which there in the country they call _sarong_ or KABAAI, but I found it very unbecoming."—_Max Havelaar_, 43. [There is some mistake here, SARONG and _Kabaya_ are quite different.] 1878.—"Over all this is worn (by Malay women) a long loose dressing-gown style of garment called the KABAYA. This robe falls to the middle of the leg, and is fastened down the front with circular brooches."—_McNair, Perak_, &c., 151. CABOB, s. Ar.-H. _kabāb_. This word is used in Anglo-Indian households generically for roast meat. [It usually follows the name of the dish, _e.g. murghī kabāb_, 'roast fowl'.] But specifically it is applied to the dish described in the quotations from Fryer and Ovington. c. 1580.—"Altero modo ... ipsam (carnem) in parva frustra dissectam, et veruculis ferreis acuum modo infixam, super crates ferreas igne supposito positam torrefaciunt, quam succo limonum aspersam avidè esitant."—_Prosper Alpinus_, Pt. i. 229. 1673.—"CABOB is Rostmeat on Skewers, cut in little round pieces no bigger than a Sixpence, and Ginger and Garlick put between each."—_Fryer_, 404. 1689.—"CABOB, that is Beef or Mutton cut in small pieces, sprinkled with salt and pepper, and dipt with Oil and Garlick, which have been mixt together in a dish, and then roasted on a Spit, with sweet Herbs put between and stuff in them, and basted with Oil and Garlick all the while."—_Ovington_, 397. 1814.—"I often partook with my Arabs of a dish common in Arabia called KABOB or KAB-AB, which is meat cut into small pieces and placed on thin skewers, alternately between slices of onion and green ginger, seasoned with pepper, salt, and Kian, fried in ghee, to be ate with rice and dholl."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ ii. 480; [2nd ed. ii. 82; in i. 315 he writes KEBABS]. [1876.—"... _kavap_ (a name which is naturalised with us as CABOBS), small bits of meat roasted on a spit...."—_Schuyler, Turkistan_, i. 125.] CABOOK, s. This is the Ceylon term for the substance called in India LATERITE (q.v.), and in Madras by the native name MOORUM (q.v.). The word is perhaps the Port. _cabouco_ or _cavouco_, 'a quarry.' It is not in Singh. Dictionaries. [Mr. Ferguson says that it is a corruption of the Port. _pedras de cavouco_, 'quarry-stones,' the last word being by a misapprehension applied to the stones themselves. The earliest instance of the use of the word he has met with occurs in the _Travels_ of Dr. Aegidius Daalmans (1687-89), who describes KAPHOK stone as 'like small pebbles lying in a hard clay, so that if a large square stone is allowed to lie for some time in the water, the clay dissolves and the pebbles fall in a heap together; but if this stone is laid in good mortar, so that the water cannot get at it, it does good service' (_J. As. Soc. Ceylon_, x. 162). The word is not in the ordinary Singhalese Dicts., but A. Mendis Gunasekara in his Singhalese Grammar (1891), among words derived from the Port., gives _kabuk-gal_ (_cabouco_), _cabook_ (stone), 'laterite.'] 1834.—"The soil varies in different situations on the Island. In the country round Colombo it consists of a strong red clay, or marl, called CABOOK, mixed with sandy ferruginous particles."—_Ceylon Gazetteer_, 33. " "The houses are built with CABOOK, and neatly whitewashed with chunam."—_Ibid._ 75. 1860.—"A peculiarity which is one of the first to strike a stranger who lands at Galle or Colombo is the bright red colour of the streets and roads ... and the ubiquity of the fine red dust which penetrates every crevice and imparts its own tint to every neglected article. Natives resident in these localities are easily recognisable elsewhere by the general hue of their dress. This is occasioned by the prevalence ... of _laterite_, or, as the Singhalese call it, CABOOK."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, i. 17. CABUL, CAUBOOL, &c., n.p. This name (_Kābul_) of the chief city of N. Afghanistan, now so familiar, is perhaps traceable in Ptolemy, who gives in that same region a people called Καβολῖται, and a city called Κάβουρα. Perhaps, however, one or both may be corroborated by the νάρδος Καβαλίτη of the Periplus. The accent of Kābul is most distinctly on the first and long syllable, but English mouths are very perverse in error here. Moore accents the last syllable: "... pomegranates full Of melting sweetness, and the pears And sunniest apples that CAUBUL In all its thousand gardens bears." _Light of the Harem._ Mr. Arnold does likewise in _Sohrab and Rustam_: "But as a troop of pedlars from CABOOL, Cross underneath the Indian Caucasus...." It was told characteristically of the late Lord Ellenborough that, after his arrival in India, though for months he heard the name correctly spoken by his councillors and his staff, he persisted in calling it _Căbōol_ till he met Dost Mahommed Khan. After the interview the Governor-General announced as a new discovery, from the Amir's pronunciation, that _Cābŭl_ was the correct form. 1552.—Barros calls it "a Cidade CABOL, Metropoli dos Mogoles."—IV. vi. 1. [c. 1590.—"The territory of KÁBUL comprises twenty Tumáns."—_Āīn_, tr. _Jarrett_, ii. 410.] 1856.— "Ah CABUL! word of woe and bitter shame; Where proud old England's flag, dishonoured, sank Beneath the Crescent; and the butcher knives Beat down like reeds the bayonets that had flashed From Plassey on to snow-capt Caucasus, In triumph through a hundred years of war." _The Banyan Tree_, a Poem. CACOULI, s. This occurs in the App. to the _Journal d'Antoine Galland_, at Constantinople in 1673: "Dragmes de CACOULI, drogue qu'on use dans le Cahue," _i.e._ in coffee (ii. 206). This is Pers. Arab. _ḳāḳula_ for Cardamom, as in the quotation from Garcia. We may remark that _Ḳāḳula_ was a place somewhere on the Gulf of Siam, famous for its fine aloes-wood (see _Ibn Batuta_, iv. 240-44). And a bastard kind of Cardamom appears to be exported from Siam, _Amomum xanthoides_, Wal. 1563.—"O. Avicena gives a chapter on the CACULLÁ, dividing it into the _bigger_ and the _less_ ... calling one of them _cacollá quebir_, and the other _cacollá ceguer_ [Ar. _kabīr_, _ṣaghīr_], which is as much as to say _greater cardamom_ and _smaller cardamom_."—_Garcia De O._, f. 47_v_. 1759.—"These Vakeels ... stated that the Rani (of Bednore) would pay a yearly sum of 100,000 _Hoons_ or Pagodas, besides a tribute of other valuable articles, such as _Foful_ (betel), Dates, Sandal-wood, KAKUL ... black pepper, &c."—_Hist. of Hydur Naik_, 133. CADDY, s. _i.e._ tea-caddy. This is possibly, as Crawfurd suggests, from CATTY (q.v.), and may have been originally applied to a small box containing a _catty_ or two of tea. The suggestion is confirmed by this advertisement: 1792.—"By R. Henderson.... A Quantity of Tea in Quarter Chests and CADDIES, imported last season...."—_Madras Courier_, Dec. 2. CADET, s. (From Prov. _capdet_, and Low Lat. _capitettum_, [dim. of _caput_, 'head'] Skeat). This word is of course by no means exclusively Anglo-Indian, but it was in exceptionally common and familiar use in India, as all young officers appointed to the Indian army went out to that country as _cadets_, and were only promoted to ensigncies and posted to regiments after their arrival—in olden days sometimes a considerable time after their arrival. In those days there was a building in Fort William known as the 'Cadet Barrack'; and for some time early in last century the cadets after their arrival were sent to a sort of college at Baraset; a system which led to no good, and was speedily abolished. 1763.—"We should very gladly comply with your request for sending you young persons to be brought up as assistants in the Engineering branch, but as we find it extremely difficult to procure such, you will do well to employ any who have a talent that way among the CADETS or others."—_Court's Letter_, in _Long_, 290. 1769.—"Upon our leaving England, the CADETS and WRITERS used the great cabin promiscuously; but finding they were troublesome and quarrelsome, we brought a Bill into the house for their ejectment."—_Life of Lord Teignmouth_, i. 15. 1781.—"The CADETS of the end of the years 1771 and beginning of 1772 served in the country four years as CADETS and carried the musket all the time."—Letter in _Hicky's Bengal Gazette_, Sept. 29. CADJAN, s. Jav. and Malay _ḳājāng_, [or according to Mr. Skeat, _kajang_], meaning 'palm-leaves,' especially those of the NIPA (q.v.) palm, dressed for thatching or matting. Favre's Dict. renders the word _feuilles entrelacées_. It has been introduced by foreigners into S. and W. India, where it is used in two senses: A. Coco-palm leaves matted, the common substitute for thatch in S. India. 1673.—"... flags especially in their Villages (by them called CAJANS, being Cocoe-tree branches) upheld with some few sticks, supplying both Sides and Coverings to their Cottages."—_Fryer_, 17. In his Explanatory Index Fryer gives 'CAJAN, a bough of a Toddy-tree.' c. 1680.—"Ex iis (foliis) quoque rudiores mattae, CADJANG vocatae, conficiuntur, quibus aedium muri et navium orae, quum frumentum aliquod in iis deponere velimus, obteguntur."—_Rumphius_, i. 71. 1727.—"We travelled 8 or 10 miles before we came to his (the Cananore Raja's) Palace, which was built with Twigs, and covered with CADJANS or Cocoa-nut Tree Leaves woven together."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 296. 1809.—"The lower classes (at Bombay) content themselves with small huts, mostly of clay, and roofed with CADJAN."—_Maria Graham_, 4. 1860.—"Houses are timbered with its wood, and roofed with its plaited fronds, which under the name of CADJANS, are likewise employed for constructing partitions and fences."—_Tennent's Ceylon_, ii. 126. B. A strip of fan-palm leaf, i.e. either of the TALIPOT (q.v.) or of the PALMYRA, prepared for writing on; and so a document written on such a strip. (See OLLAH.) 1707.—"The officer at the Bridge Gate bringing in this morning to the Governor a CAJAN letter that he found hung upon a post near the Gate, which when translated seemed to be from a body of the Right Hand Caste."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 78. 1716.—"The President acquaints the Board that he has intercepted a villainous letter or CAJAN."—_Ibid._ ii. 231. 1839.—"At Rajahmundry ... the people used to sit in our reading room for hours, copying our books on their own little CADJAN leaves."—_Letters from Madras_, 275. CADJOWA, s. [P. _kajāwah_]. A kind of frame or pannier, of which a pair are slung across a camel, sometimes made like litters to carry women or sick persons, sometimes to contain sundries of camp equipage. 1645.—"He entered the town with 8 or 10 camels, the two CAJAVAS or Litters on each side of the Camel being close shut.... But instead of Women, he had put into every CAJAVA two Souldiers."—_Tavernier_, E. T. ii. 61; [ed. _Ball_, i. 144]. 1790.—"The camel appropriated to the accommodation of passengers, carries two persons, who are lodged in a kind of pannier, laid loosely on the back of the animal. This pannier, termed in the Persic KIDJAHWAH, is a wooden frame, with the sides and bottom of netted cords, of about 3 feet long and 2 broad, and 2 in depth ... the journey being usually made in the night-time, it becomes the only place of his rest.... Had I been even much accustomed to this manner of travelling, it must have been irksome; but a total want of practice made it excessively grievous."—_Forster's Journey_, ed. 1808, ii. 104-5. CAEL, n.p. Properly _Kāyal_ [Tam. _kāyu_, 'to be hot'], 'a lagoon' or 'backwater.' Once a famous port near the extreme south of India at the mouth of the Tamraparni R., in the Gulf of Manaar, and on the coast of Tinnevelly, now long abandoned. Two or three miles higher up the river lies the site of _Korkai_ or _Kolkai_, the Κόλχοι ἐμπόριον of the Greeks, each port in succession having been destroyed by the retirement of the sea. Tutikorin, six miles N., may be considered the modern and humbler representative of those ancient marts; [see _Stuart, Man. of Tinnevelly_, 38 _seqq._]. 1298.—"CAIL is a great and noble city.... It is at this city that all the ships touch that come from the west."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 21. 1442.—"The Coast, which includes Calicut with some neighbouring ports, and which extends as far as Kabel (read ḲĀYEL) a place situated opposite the Island of Serendib...."—_Abdurrazzāk_, in _India in the XVth Cent._, 19. 1444.—"Ultra eas urbs est CAHILA, qui locus margaritas ... producit."—_Conti_, in _Poggius, De Var. Fortunae_. 1498.—"Another Kingdom, CAELL, which has a Moorish King, whilst the people are Christian. It is ten days from Calecut by sea ... here there be many pearls."—_Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 108. 1514.—"Passando oltre al Cavo Comedi (C. Comorin), sono gentili; e intra esso e GAEL è dove si pesca le perle."—_Giov. da Empoli_, 79. 1516.—"Further along the coast is a city called CAEL, which also belongs to the King of Coulam, peopled by Moors and Gentoos, great traders. It has a good harbour, whither come many ships of Malabar; others of Charamandel and Benguala."—_Barbosa_, in _Lisbon Coll._, 357-8. CAFFER, CAFFRE, COFFREE, &c., n.p. The word is properly the Ar. _Kāfir_, pl. _Kofra_, 'an infidel, an unbeliever in Islām.' As the Arabs applied this to Pagan negroes, among others, the Portuguese at an early date took it up in this sense, and our countrymen from them. A further appropriation in one direction has since made the name specifically that of the black tribes of South Africa, whom we now call, or till recently did call, CAFFRES. It was also applied in the Philippine Islands to the Papuas of N. Guinea, and the Alfuras of the Moluccas, brought into the slave-market. In another direction the word has become a quasi-proper name of the (more or less) fair, and non-Mahommedan, tribes of Hindu-Kush, sometimes called more specifically the _Siāhposh_ or 'black-robed' CAFIRS. The term is often applied malevolently by Mahommedans to Christians, and this is probably the origin of the mistake pervading some of the early Portuguese narratives, especially the _Roteiro of Vasco da Gama_, which described many of the Hindu and Indo-Chinese States as being Christian.[53] [c. 1300.—"KĀFIR." See under LACK.] c. 1404.—Of a people near China: "They were Christians after the manner of those of Cathay."—_Clavijo_ by _Markham_, 141. " And of India: "The people of India are Christians, the Lord and most part of the people, after the manner of the Greeks; and among them also are other Christians who mark themselves with fire in the face, and their creed is different from that of the others; for those who thus mark themselves with fire are less esteemed than the others. And among them are Moors and Jews, but they are subject to the Christians."—_Clavijo_, (orig.) § cxxi.; comp. _Markham_, 153-4. Here we have (1) the confusion of CAFFER and Christian; and (2) the confusion of Abyssinia (_India Tertia_ or _Middle India_ of some medieval writers) with India Proper. c. 1470.—"The sea is infested with pirates, all of whom are KOFARS, neither Christians nor Mussulmans; they pray to stone idols, and know not Christ."—_Athan. Nitikin_, in _India in the XVth Cent._, p. 11. 1552.—"... he learned that the whole people of the Island of S. Lourenço ... were black CAFRES with curly hair like those of Mozambique."—_Barros_, II. i. 1. 1563.—"In the year 1484 there came to Portugal the King of Benin, a CAFFRE by nation, and he became a Christian."—_Stanley's Correa_, p. 8. 1572.— "Verão os CAFRES asperos e avaros Tirar a linda dama seus vestidos." _Camões_, v. 47. By Burton: "shall see the CAFFRES, greedy race and fere "strip the fair Ladye of her raiment torn." 1582.—"These men are called CAFRES and are Gentiles."—_Castañeda_ (by N.L.), f. 42_b_. c. 1610.—"Il estoit fils d'vn CAFRE d'Ethiopie, et d'vne femme de ces isles, ce qu'on appelle Mulastre."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 220; [Hak. Soc. i. 307]. [c. 1610.—"... a Christian whom they call CAPAROU."—_Ibid._, Hak. Soc. i. 261.] 1614.—"That knave Simon the CAFFRO, not what the writer took him for—he is a knave, and better lost than found."—_Sainsbury_, i. 356. [1615.—"Odola and Gala are CAPHARRS which signifieth misbelievers."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. i. 23.] 1653.—"... toy mesme qui passe pour vn KIAFFER, ou homme sans Dieu, parmi les Mausulmans."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, 310 (ed. 1657). c. 1665.—"It will appear in the sequel of this History, that the pretence used by _Aureng-Zebe_, his third Brother, to cut off his (_Dara's_) head, was that he was turned KAFER, that is to say, an Infidel, of no Religion, an Idolater."—_Bernier_, E. T. p. 3; [ed. _Constable_, p. 7]. 1673.—"They show their Greatness by their number of Sumbreeroes and COFFERIES, whereby it is dangerous to walk late."—_Fryer_, 74. " "Beggars of the Musslemen Cast, that if they see a Christian in good Clothes ... are presently upon their Punctilios with God Almighty, and interrogate him, Why he suffers him to go afoot and in Rags, and this COFFERY (Unbeliever) to vaunt it thus?"—_Ibid._ 91. 1678.—"The Justices of the Choultry to turn Padry Pasquall, a Popish Priest, out of town, not to return again, and if it proves to be true that he attempted to seduce Mr. Mohun's COFFRE Franck from the Protestant religion."—_Ft. St. Geo. Cons._ in _Notes and Exts._, Pt. i. p. 72. 1759.—"Blacks, whites, COFFRIES, and even the natives of the country (Pegu) have not been exempted, but all universally have been subject to intermittent Fevers and Fluxes" (at Negrais).—In _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 124. " Among expenses of the Council at Calcutta in entertaining the Nabob we find "Purchasing a COFFRE boy, Rs. 500."—In _Long_, 194. 1781.—"_To be sold by Private Sale_—Two COFFREE Boys, who can play remarkably well on the French Horn, about 18 Years of Age: belonging to a Portuguese Paddrie lately deceased. For particulars apply to the Vicar of the Portuguese Church, Calcutta, March 17th, 1781."—_The India Gazette or Public Advertiser_, No. 19. 1781.—"Run away from his Master, a good-looking COFFREE Boy, about 20 years old, and about _6 feet 7 inches in height.... When he went off he had a high toupie_."—_Ibid._ Dec. 29. 1782.—"On Tuesday next will be sold three COFFREE Boys, two of whom play the French Horn ... a three-wheel'd Buggy, and a variety of other articles."—_India Gazette_, June 15. 1799.—"He (Tippoo) had given himself out as a Champion of the Faith, who was to drive the English CAFFERS out of India."—Letter in _Life of Sir T. Munro_, i. 221. 1800.—"The CAFFRE slaves, who had been introduced for the purpose of cultivating the lands, rose upon their masters, and seizing on the boats belonging to the island, effected their escape."—_Symes, Embassy to Ava_, p. 10. c. 1866.— "And if I were forty years younger, and my life before me to choose, I wouldn't be lectured by KAFIRS, or swindled by fat Hindoos." _Sir A. C. Lyall, The Old Pindaree._ CAFILA, s. Arab. _ḳāfila_; a body or convoy of travellers, a CARAVAN (q.v.). Also used in some of the following quotations for a sea convoy. 1552.—"Those roads of which we speak are the general routes of the CAFILAS, which are sometimes of 3,000 or 4,000 men ... for the country is very perilous because of both hill-people and plain-people, who haunt the roads to rob travellers."—_Barros_, IV. vi. 1. 1596.—"The ships of _Chatins_ (see CHETTY) of these parts are not to sail along the coast of Malavar or to the north except in a CAFILLA, that they may come and go more securely, and not be cut off by the Malavars and other corsairs."—_Proclamation of Goa Viceroy_, in _Archiv. Port. Or._, fasc. iii. 661. [1598.—"Two CAFFYLEN, that is companies of people and Camelles."—_Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 159.] [1616.—"A CAFILOWE consisting of 200 broadcloths," &c.—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 276.] [1617.—"By the failing of the Goa CAFFILA."—_Sir T. Roe_, Hak. Soc. ii. 402.] 1623.—"Non navigammo di notte, perchè la CAFILA era molto grande, al mio parere di più di ducento vascelli."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 587; [and comp. Hak. Soc. i. 18]. 1630.—"... some of the Raiahs ... making Outroades prey on the CAFFALOES passing by the Way...."—_Lord, Banian's Religion_, 81. 1672.—"Several times yearly numerous CAFILAS of merchant barques, collected in the Portuguese towns, traverse this channel (the Gulf of Cambay), and these always await the greater security of the full moon. It is also observed that the vessels which go through with this voyage should not be joined and fastened with iron, for so great is the abundance of loadstone in the bottom, that indubitably such vessels go to pieces and break up."—_P. Vincenzo_, 109. A curious survival of the old legend of the Loadstone Rocks. 1673.—"... Time enough before the CAPHALAS out of the Country come with their Wares."—_Fryer_, 86. 1727.—"_In Anno_ 1699, a pretty rich CAFFILA was robbed by a Band of 4 or 5000 villains ... which struck Terror on all that had commerce at _Tatta_."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 116. 1867.—"It was a curious sight to see, as was seen in those days, a carriage enter one of the northern gates of Palermo preceded and followed by a large convoy of armed and mounted travellers, a kind of KAFILA, that would have been more in place in the opening chapters of one of James's romances than in the latter half of the 19th century."—_Quarterly Review_, Jan., 101-2. CAFIRISTAN, n.p. P. _Kāfiristān_, the country of _Kāfirs_, _i.e._ of the pagan tribes of the Hindu Kush noticed in the article CAFFER. c. 1514.—"In Cheghânserâi there are neither grapes nor vineyards; but they bring the wines down the river from KAFERISTÂN.... So prevalent is the use of wine among them that every KAFER has a _khig_, or leathern bottle of wine about his neck; they drink wine instead of water."—_Autobiog. of Baber_, p. 144. [c. 1590.—The KÁFIRS in the Túmáns of Alishang and Najrao are mentioned in the _Āīn_, tr. _Jarrett_, ii. 406.] 1603.—"... they fell in with a certain pilgrim and devotee, from whom they learned that at a distance of 30 days' journey there was a city called CAPPERSTAM, into which no Mahomedan was allowed to enter...."—_Journey of Bened. Goës_, in _Cathay_, &c. ii. 554. CAIMAL, s. A Nair chief; a word often occurring in the old Portuguese historians. It is Malayāl. _kaimal_. 1504.—"So they consulted with the Zamorin, and the Moors offered their agency to send and poison the wells at Cochin, so as to kill all the Portuguese, and also to send Nairs in disguise to kill any of our people that they found in the palm-woods, and away from the town.... And meanwhile the Mangate CAIMAL, and the CAIMAL of Primbalam, and the CAIMAL of Diamper, seeing that the Zamorin's affairs were going from bad to worse, and that the castles which the Italians were making were all wind and nonsense, that it was already August when ships might be arriving from Portugal ... departed to their own estates with a multitude of their followers, and sent to the King of Cochin their OLLAS of allegiance."—_Correa_, i. 482. 1566.—"... certain lords bearing title, whom they call CAIMALS" (_caimães_).—_Damian de Goës, Chron. del Rei Dom Emmanuel_, p. 49. 1606.—"The Malabars give the name of CAIMALS (_Caimães_) to certain great lords of vassals, who are with their governments haughty as kings; but most of them have confederation and alliance with some of the great kings, whom they stand bound to aid and defend...."—_Gouvea_, f. 27_v_. 1634.— "Ficarão seus CAIMAIS prezos e mortos." _Malaca Conquistada_, v. 10. CAIQUE, s. The small skiff used at Constantinople, Turkish _ḳāīḳ_. Is it by accident, or by a radical connection through Turkish tribes on the Arctic shores of Siberia, that the Greenlander's _kayak_ is so closely identical? [The _Stanf. Dict._ says that the latter word is Esquimaux, and recognises no connection with the former.] CAJAN, s. This is a name given by Sprengel (_Cajanus indicus_), and by Linnæus (_Cytisus cajan_), to the leguminous shrub which gives DHALL (q.v.). A kindred plant has been called _Dolichos catjang_, Willdenow. We do not know the origin of this name. The _Cajan_ was introduced to America by the slave-traders from Africa. De Candolle finds it impossible to say whether its native region is India or Africa. (See DHALL, CALAVANCE.) [According to Mr. Skeat the word is Malay. _poko'kachang_, 'the plant which gives beans,' quite a different word from _kajang_ which gives us CADJAN.] CAJEPUT, s. The name of a fragrant essential oil produced especially in Celebes and the neighbouring island of Bouro. A large quantity is exported from Singapore and Batavia. It is used most frequently as an external application, but also internally, especially (of late) in cases of cholera. The name is taken from the Malay _kayu-putih_, _i.e._ '_Lignum album_.' Filet (see p. 140) gives six different trees as producing the oil, which is derived from the distillation of the leaves. The chief of these trees is _Melaleuca leucadendron_, L., a tree diffused from the Malay Peninsula to N.S. Wales. The drug and tree were first described by Rumphius, who died 1693. (See _Hanbury and Flückiger_, 247 [and _Wallace, Malay Arch._, ed. 1890, p. 294].) CAKSEN, s. This is Sea H. for _Coxswain_ (_Roebuck_). CALALUZ, s. A kind of swift rowing vessel often mentioned by the Portuguese writers as used in the Indian Archipelago. We do not know the etymology, nor the exact character of the craft. [According to Mr. Skeat, the word is Jav. _kelulus_, _kalulus_, spelt _keloeles_ by Klinkert, and explained by him as a kind of vessel. The word seems to be derived from _loeloes_, 'to go right through anything,' and thus the literal translation would be 'the threader,' the reference being, as in the case of most Malay boat names, to the special figure-head from which the boat was supposed to derive its whole character.] [1513.—CALAUZ, according to Mr. Whiteway, is the form of the word in _Andrade's Letter to Albuquerque of Feb. 22nd_.—_India Office MS._] 1525.—"4 great _lancharas_, and 6 CALALUZES and _manchuas_ which row very fast."—_Lembrança_, 8. 1539.—"The King (of Achin) set forward with the greatest possible despatch, a great armament of 200 rowing vessels, of which the greater part were _lancharas_, _joangas_, and CALALUZES, besides 15 high-sided junks."—_F. M. Pinto_, cap. xxxii. 1552.—"The King of Siam ... ordered to be built a fleet of some 200 sail, almost all _lancharas_ and CALALUZES, which are rowing-vessels."—_Barros_, II. vi. 1. 1613.—"And having embarked with some companions in a CALELUZ or rowing vessel...."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 51. CALAMANDER WOOD, s. A beautiful kind of rose-wood got from a Ceylon tree (_Diospyros quaesita_). Tennent regards the name as a Dutch corruption of _Coromandel_ wood (i. 118), and Drury, we see, calls one of the ebony-trees (_D. melanoxylon_) "Coromandel-ebony." Forbes Watson gives as Singhalese names of the wood _Calumidiriya_, _Kalumederiye_, &c., and the term _Kalumadīriya_ is given with this meaning in Clough's Singh. Dict.; still in absence of further information, it may remain doubtful if this be not a borrowed word. It may be worth while to observe that, according to Tavernier, [ed. _Ball_, ii. 4] the "painted calicoes" or "chites" of Masulipatam were called "_Calmendar_, that is to say, done with a pencil" (_Ḳalam-dār_?), and possibly this appellation may have been given by traders to a delicately veined wood. [The _N.E.D._ suggests that the Singh. terms quoted above may be adaptations from the Dutch.] 1777.—"In the Cingalese language CALAMINDER is said to signify a black flaming tree. The heart, or woody part of it, is extremely handsome, with whitish or pale yellow and black or brown veins, streaks and waves."—_Thunberg_, iv. 205-6. 1813.—"CALAMINDER wood" appears among Ceylon products in _Milburn_, i. 345. 1825.—"A great deal of the furniture in Ceylon is made of ebony, as well as of the CALAMANDER tree ... which is become scarce from the improvident use formerly made of it."—_Heber_ (1844), ii. 161. 1834.—"The forests in the neighbourhood afford timber of every kind (CALAMANDER excepted)."—_Chitty, Ceylon Gazetteer_, 198. CALAMBAC, s. The finest kind of aloes-wood. Crawfurd gives the word as Javanese, _kalambak_, but it perhaps came with the article from CHAMPA (q.v.). 1510.—"There are three sorts of aloes-wood. The first and most perfect sort is called CALAMPAT."—_Varthema_, 235. 1516.—"... It must be said that the very fine CALEMBUCO and the other eagle-wood is worth at Calicut 1000 maravedis the pound."—_Barbosa_, 204. 1539.—"This Embassador, that was Brother-in-law to the King of the Batas ... brought him a rich Present of Wood of Aloes, CALAMBAA, and 5 quintals of Benjamon in flowers."—_F. M. Pinto_, in Cogan's tr. p. 15 (orig. cap. xiii.). 1551.—(Campar, in Sumatra) "has nothing but forests which yield aloeswood, called in India CALAMBUCO."—_Castanheda_, bk. iii. cap. 63, p. 218, quoted by _Crawfurd_, Des. Dic. 7. 1552.—"Past this kingdom of Camboja begins the other Kingdom called Campa (CHAMPA), in the mountains of which grows the genuine aloes-wood, which the Moors of those parts call CALAMBUC."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1. [c. 1590.—"KALANBAK (calembic) is the wood of a tree brought from ZÍRBÁD; it is heavy and full of veins. Some believe it to be the raw wood of aloes."—_Āīn_, ed. _Blochmann_, i. 81. [c. 1610.—"From this river (the Ganges) comes that excellent wood CALAMBA, which is believed to come from the Earthly Paradise."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 335.] 1613.—"And the CALAMBA is the most fragrant _medulla_ of the said tree."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 15_v_. [1615.—"Lumra (a black gum), gumlack, COLLOMBACK."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 87.] 1618.—"We opened the ij chistes which came from Syam with CALLAMBACK and silk, and waid it out."—_Cocks's Diary_, ii. 51. 1774.—"Les Mahometans font de ce KALAMBAC des chapelets qu'ils portent à la main par amusement. Ce bois quand il est échauffé ou un peu frotté, rend un odeur agréable."—_Niebuhr, Desc. de l'Arabie_, 127. See EAGLE-WOOD and ALOES. CALASH, s. French _calèche_, said by Littré to be a Slav word, [and so _N.E.D._]. In Bayly's Dict. it is _calash_ and _caloche_. [The _N.E.D._ does not recognise the latter form; the former is as early as 1679]. This seems to have been the earliest precursor of the BUGGY in Eastern settlements. Bayly defines it as 'a small open chariot.' The quotation below refers to Batavia, and the President in question was the Prest. of the English Factory at Chusan, who, with his council, had been expelled from China, and was halting at Batavia on his way to India. 1702.—"The Shabander riding home in his CALASH this Morning, and seeing the President sitting without the door at his Lodgings, alighted and came and Sat with the President near an hour ... what moved the Shabander to speak so plainly to the President thereof he knew not, But observed that the Shahbander was in his Glasses at his first alighting from his CALASH."—_Procgs._ "Munday, 30th March," _MS. Report in India Office_. CALAVANCE, s. A kind of bean; acc. to the quotation from Osbeck, _Dolichos sinensis_. The word was once common in English use, but seems forgotten, unless still used at sea. Sir Joseph Hooker writes: "When I was in the Navy, haricot beans were in constant use as a substitute for potatoes and in Brazil and elsewhere, were called CALAVANCES. I do not remember whether they were the seed of _Phaseolus lunatus_ or _vulgaris_, or of _Dolichos sinensis_, alias _Catjang_" (see CAJAN). The word comes from the Span. _garbanzos_, which De Candolle mentions as Castilian for '_pois chiche_,' or _Cicer arietinum_, and as used also in Basque under the form _garbantzua_, [or _garbatzu_, from _garau_, 'seed,' _antzu_, 'dry,' _N.E.D._] 1620.—"... from hence they make their provition in aboundance, viz. beefe and porke ... GARVANCES, or small peaze or beanes...."—_Cocks's Diary_, ii. 311. c. 1630.—"... in their Canoos brought us ... green pepper, CARAVANCE, Buffols, Hens, Eggs, and other things."—_Sir T. Herbert_, ed. 1665, p. 350. 1719.—"I was forc'd to give them an extraordinary meal every day, either of _Farina_ or CALAVANCES, which at once made a considerable consumption of our water and firing."—_Shelvocke's Voyage_, 62. 1738.—"But GARVANÇOS are prepared in a different manner, neither do they grow soft like other pulse, by boiling...."—_Shaw's Travels_, ed. 1757, p. 140. 1752.—"... CALLVANSES (_Dolichos sinensis_)."—_Osbeck_, i. 304. 1774.—"When I asked any of the men of Dory why they had no gardens of plantains and KALAVANSAS ... I learnt ... that the Haraforas supply them."—_Forrest, V. to N. Guinea_, 109. 1814.—"His Majesty is authorised to permit for a limited time by Order in Council, the Importation from any Port or Place whatever of ... any Beans called Kidney, French Beans, Tares, Lentiles, CALLIVANCES, and all other sorts of Pulse."—Act 54 Geo. III. cap. xxxvi. CALAY, s. Tin; also v., to tin copper vessels—H. _ḳala'ī karnā_. The word is Ar. _ḳala'i_, 'tin,' which according to certain Arabic writers was so called from a mine in India called _ḳala'_. In spite of the different initial and terminal letters, it seems at least possible that the place meant was the same that the old Arab geographers called _Kalah_, near which they place mines of tin (_al-ḳala'i_), and which was certainly somewhere about the coast of Malacca, possibly, as has been suggested, at _Kadah_[54] or as we write it, QUEDDA. [See _Āīn_, tr. _Jarrett_, iii. 48.] The tin produce of that region is well known. _Kalang_ is indeed also a name of tin in Malay, which may have been the true origin of the word before us. It may be added that the small State of Salangor between Malacca and Perak was formerly known as _Nagri_-KALANG, or the 'Tin Country,' and that the place on the coast where the British Resident lives is called KLANG (see _Miss Bird, Golden Chersonese_, 210, 215). The Portuguese have the forms _calaim_ and _calin_, with the nasal termination so frequent in their Eastern borrowings. Bluteau explains _calaim_ as 'Tin of India, finer than ours.' The old writers seem to have hesitated about the identity with tin, and the word is confounded in one quotation below with TOOTNAGUE (q.v.). The French use _calin_. In the P. version of the Book of Numbers (ch. xxxi. v. 22) _ḳala'ī_ is used for 'tin.' See on this word Quatremère in the _Journal des Savans_, Dec. 1846. c. 920.—"Kalah is the focus of the trade in aloeswood, in camphor, in sandalwood, in ivory, in the lead which is called AL-KALA'I."—_Relation des Voyages, &c._, i. 94. c. 1154.—"Thence to the Isles of Lankiāliūs is reckoned two days, and from the latter to the Island of Kalah 5.... There is in this last island an abundant mine of tin (AL-KALA'I). The metal is very pure and brilliant."—_Edrisi_, by _Jaubert_, i. 80. 1552.—"—Tin, which the people of the country call CALEM."—_Castanheda_, iii. 213. It is mentioned as a staple of Malacca in ii. 186. 1606.—"That all the chalices which were neither of gold, nor silver, nor of tin, nor of CALAIM, should be broken up and destroyed."—_Gouvea, Synodo_, f. 29_b_. 1610.—"They carry (to Hormuz) ... clove, cinnamon, pepper, cardamom, ginger, mace, nutmeg, sugar, CALAYN, or tin."—_Relaciones de P. Teixeira_, 382. c. 1610.—"... money ... not only of gold and silver, but also of another metal, which is called CALIN, which is white like tin, but harder, purer, and finer, and which is much used in the Indies."—_Pyrard de Laval_ (1679) i. 164; [Hak. Soc. i. 234, with Gray's note]. 1613.—"And he also reconnoitred all the sites of mines, of gold, silver, mercury, tin or CALEM, and iron and other metals...."—_Godinho de Eredia_, f. 58. [1644.—"CALLAYM." See quotation under TOOTNAGUE.] 1646.—"... il y a (_i.e._ in Siam) plusieurs minieres de CALAIN, qui est vn metal metoyen, entre le plomb et l'estain."—_Cardim, Rel. de la Prov. de Japon_, 163. 1726.—"The goods exported hither (from Pegu) are ... KALIN (a metal coming very near silver)...."—_Valentijn_, v. 128. 1770.—"They send only one vessel (viz. the Dutch to Siam) which transports Javanese horses, and is freighted with sugar, spices, and linen; for which they receive in return CALIN, at 70 livres 100 weight."—_Raynal_ (tr. 1777), i. 208. 1780.—"... the port of Quedah; there is a trade for CALIN or tutenague ... to export to different parts of the Indies."—In _Dunn, N. Directory_, 338. 1794-5.—In the _Travels to China_ of the younger Deguignes, CALIN is mentioned as a kind of tin imported into China from Batavia and Malacca.—iii. 367. CALCUTTA, n.p. B. _Kalikātā_, or _Kalikattā_, a name of uncertain etymology. The first mention that we are aware of occurs in the _Āīn-i-Akbari_. It is well to note that in some early charts, such as that in Valentijn, and the oldest in the _English Pilot_, though Calcutta is not entered, there is a place on the Hoogly _Calcula_, or _Calcuta_, which leads to mistake. It is far below, near the modern Fulta. [With reference to the quotations below from Luillier and Sonnerat, Sir H. Yule writes (_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. xcvi.): "In Orme's _Historical Fragments_, Job Charnock is described as 'Governor of the Factory at Golgot near Hughley.' This name Golgot and the corresponding Golghāt in an extract from Muhabbat Khān indicate the name of the particular locality where the English Factory at Hugli was situated. And some confusion of this name with that of Calcutta may have led to the curious error of the Frenchman Luiller and Sonnerat, the former of whom calls Calcutta _Golgouthe_, while the latter says: 'Les Anglais prononcent et ecrivent _Golgota_.'"] c. 1590.—"KALIKATĀ _wa Bakoya wa Barbakpūr_, 3 _Mahal_."—_Āīn_. (orig.) i. 408; [tr. _Jarrett_, ii. 141]. [1688.—"Soe myself accompanyed with Capt. Haddock and the 120 soldiers we carryed from hence embarked, and about the 20th September arrived at CALCUTTA."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. lxxix.] 1698.—"This avaricious disposition the English plied with presents, which in 1698 obtained his permission to purchase from the Zemindar ... the towns of Sootanutty, CALCUTTA, and Goomopore, with their districts extending about 3 miles along the eastern bank of the river."—_Orme_, repr. ii. 71. 1702.—"The next Morning we pass'd by the _English_ Factory belonging to the old Company, which they call GOLGOTHA, and is a handsome Building, to which were adding stately Warehouses."—_Voyage to the E. Indies, by Le Sieur Luillier_, E. T. 1715, p. 259. 1726.—"The ships which sail thither (to Hugli) first pass by the English Lodge in COLLECATTE, 9 miles (Dutch miles) lower down than ours, and after that the French one called _Chandarnagor_...."—_Valentijn_, v. 162. 1727.—"The Company has a pretty good Hospital at CALCUTTA, where many go in to undergo the Penance of Physic, but few come out to give an Account of its Operation.... One Year I was there, and there were reckoned in August about 1200 _English_, some Military, some Servants to the Company, some private Merchants residing in the Town, and some Seamen belong to Shipping lying at the Town, and before the beginning of _January_ there were 460 Burials registred in the Clerk's Books of Mortality."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 9 and 6. c. 1742.—"I had occasion to stop at the city of Firáshdánga (Chandernagore) which is inhabited by a tribe of Frenchmen. The city of CALCUTTA, which is on the other side of the water, and inhabited by a tribe of English who have settled there, is much more extensive and thickly populated...."—_'Abdul Karím Khán_, in _Elliot_, viii. 127. 1753.—"Au dessous d'Ugli immédiatement, est l'établissement Hollandois de SHINSURA, puis SHANDERNAGOR, établissement François, puis la loge Danoise (Serampore), et plus bas, sur la rivage opposé, qui est celui de la gauche en descendant, Banki-bazar, où les Ostendois n'ont pû se maintenir; enfin COLICOTTA aux Anglois, à quelques lieues de Banki-bazar, et du même côté."—_D'Anville, Éclaircissemens_, 64. With this compare: "Almost opposite to the _Danes_ Factory is _Banke-banksal_, a Place where the Ostend Company settled a Factory, but, in _Anno_ 1723, they quarrelled with the _Fouzdaar_ or Governor of _Hughly_, and he forced the _Ostenders_ to quit...."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 18. 1782.—"Les Anglais pourroient retirer aujourd'hui des sommes immenses de l'Inde, s'ils avoient eu l'attention de mieux composer le conseil suprême de CALECUTA."[55]—_Sonnerat, Voyage_, i. 14. CALEEFA, s. Ar. _Khalīfa_, the Caliph or Vice-gerent, a word which we do not introduce here in its high Mahommedan use, but because of its quaint application in Anglo-Indian households, at least in Upper India, to two classes of domestic servants, the tailor and the cook, and sometimes to the barber and farrier. The first is _always_ so addressed by his fellow-servants (_Khalīfa-jī_). In South India the cook is called MAISTRY, _i.e._ _artiste_. In Sicily, we may note, he is always called _Monsù_ (!) an indication of what ought to be his nationality. The root of the word _Khalīfa_, according to Prof. Sayce, means 'to change,' and another derivative, _khālif_, 'exchange or agio' is the origin of the Greek κολλύβος (_Princ. of Philology_, 2nd ed., 213). c. 1253.—"... vindrent marcheant en l'ost qui nous distrent et conterent que li roys des Tartarins avoit prise la citei de Baudas et l'apostole des Sarrazins ... lequel on appeloit le CALIFE de Baudas...."—_Joinville_, cxiv. 1298.—"Baudas is a great city, which used to be the seat of the CALIF of all the Saracens in the world, just as Rome is the seat of the Pope of all the Christians."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. I. ch. 6. 1552.—"To which the Sheikh replied that he was the vassal of the Soldan of Cairo, and that without his permission who was the sovereign CALIFA of the Prophet Mahamed, he could hold no communication with people who so persecuted his followers...."—_Barros_, II. i. 2. 1738.—"Muzeratty, the late KALEEFA, or lieutenant of this province, assured me that he saw a bone belonging to one of them (ancient stone coffins) which was near two of their _drass_ (_i.e._ 36 inches) in length."—_Shaw's Travels in Barbary_, ed. 1757, p. 30. 1747.—"As to the house, and the patrimonial lands, together with the appendages of the murdered minister, they were presented by the QHALIF of the age, that is by the Emperor himself, to his own daughter."—_Seir Mutaqherin_, iii. 37. c. 1760 (?).— "I hate all Kings and the thrones they sit on, From the King of France to the Caliph of Britain." These lines were found among the papers of Pr. Charles Edward, and supposed to be his. But Lord Stanhope, in the 2nd ed. of his _Miscellanies_, says he finds that they are slightly altered from a poem by Lord Rochester. This we cannot find. [The original lines of Rochester (_Poems on State Affairs_, i. 171) run: "I hate all Monarchs, and the thrones they sit on, From the Hector of France to the Cully of Britain."] [1813.—"The most skilful among them (the wrestlers) is appointed KHULEEFU, or superintendent for the season...."—_Broughton, Letters_, ed. 1892, p. 164.] CALEEOON, CALYOON, s. P. _kaliyūn_, a water-pipe for smoking; the Persian form of the HUBBLE-BUBBLE (q.v.). [1812.—"A Persian visit, when the guest is a distinguished personage, generally consists of three acts: first, the KALEOUN, or water pipe...."—_Morier, Journey through Persia_, &c., p. 13.] 1828.—"The elder of the men met to smoke their CALLEOONS under the shade."—_The Kuzzilbash_, i. 59. [1880.—"KALLIÚNS." See quotation under JULIBDAR.] CALICO, s. Cotton cloth, ordinarily of tolerably fine texture. The word appears in the 17th century sometimes in the form of _Calicut_, but possibly this may have been a purism, for _calicoe_ or _callico_ occurs in English earlier, or at least more commonly in early voyages. [_Callaca_ in 1578, _Draper's Dict._ p. 42.] The word may have come to us through the French _calicot_, which though retaining the _t_ to the eye, does not do so to the ear. The quotations sufficiently illustrate the use of the word and its origin from Calicut. The fine cotton stuffs of Malabar are already mentioned by Marco Polo (ii. 379). Possibly they may have been all brought from beyond the Ghauts, as the Malabar cotton, ripening during the rains, is not usable, and the cotton stuffs now used in Malabar all come from Madura (see _Fryer_ below; and _Terry_ under CALICUT). The Germans, we may note, call the turkey _Calecutische Hahn_, though it comes no more from Calicut than it does from Turkey. [See TURKEY.] 1579.—"3 great and large Canowes, in each whereof were certaine of the greatest personages that were about him, attired all of them in white Lawne, or cloth of CALECUT."—_Drake, World Encompassed_, Hak. Soc. 139. 1591.—"The commodities of the shippes that come from Bengala bee ... fine CALICUT cloth, _Pintados_, and Rice."—_Barker's Lancaster_, in _Hakl._ ii. 592. 1592.—"The CALICOS were book-CALICOS, CALICO launes, broad white CALICOS, fine starched CALICOS, coarse white CALICOS, browne coarse CALICOS."—_Desc. of the Great Carrack Madre de Dios._ 1602.—"And at his departure gaue a robe, and a Tucke of CALICO wrought with gold."—_Lancaster's Voyage_, in _Purchas_, i. 153. 1604.—"It doth appear by the abbreviate of the Accounts sent home out of the Indies, that there remained in the hands of the Agent, Master Starkey, 482 fardels of CALICOS."—In _Middleton's Voyage_, Hak. Soc. App. iii. 13. " "I can fit you, gentlemen, with fine CALLICOES too, for doublets; the only sweet fashion now, most delicate and courtly: a meek gentle CALLICO, cut upon two double affable taffatas; all most neat, feat, and unmatchable."—_Dekker, The Honest Whore_, Act. II. Sc. v. 1605.—"... about their loynes they (the Javanese) weare a kind of CALLICO-cloth."—_Edm. Scot, ibid._ 165. 1608.—"They esteem not so much of money as of CALECUT clothes, Pintados, and such like stuffs."—_Iohn Davis, ibid._ 136. 1612.—"CALICO copboord claiths, the piece ... xls."—_Rates and Valuatiouns_, &c. (Scotland), p. 294. 1616.—"Angarezia ... inhabited by Moores trading with the Maine, and other three Easterne Ilands with their Cattell and fruits, for CALLICOES or other linnen to cover them."—_Sir T. Roe_, in _Purchas_; [with some verbal differences in Hak. Soc. i. 17]. 1627.—"CALICOE, _tela delicata Indica_. H. Calicúd, _dicta_ à Calecút, _Indiae regione ubi conficitur_."—_Minsheu_, 2nd ed., s.v. 1673.—"Staple Commodities are CALICUTS, white and painted."—_Fryer_, 34. " "Calecut for Spice ... and no Cloath, though it give the name of CALECUT to all in India, it being the first Port from whence they are known to be brought into Europe."—_Ibid._ 86. 1707.—"The Governor lays before the Council the insolent action of Captain Leaton, who on Sunday last marched part of his company ... over the Company's CALICOES that lay a dyeing."—Minute in _Wheeler_, ii. 48. 1720.—Act 7 Geo. I. cap. vii. "An Act to preserve and encourage the woollen and silk manufacture of this kingdom, and for more effectual employing of the Poor, by prohibiting the Use and Wear of all printed, painted, stained or dyed CALLICOES in Apparel, Houshold Stuff, Furniture, or otherwise...."—_Stat. at Large_, v. 229. 1812.— "Like Iris' bow down darts the painted clue, Starred, striped, and spotted, yellow, red, and blue, Old CALICO, torn silk, and muslin new." _Rejected Addresses (Crabbe)._ CALICUT, n.p. In the Middle Ages the chief city, and one of the chief ports of Malabar, and the residence of the ZAMORIN (q.v.). The name _Kōl̤ikōḍu_ is said to mean the 'Cock-Fortress.' [Logan (_Man. Malabar_, i. 241 note) gives _koli_, 'fowl,' and _kottu_, 'corner or empty space,' or _kotta_, 'a fort.' There was a legend, of the Dido type, that all the space within cock-crow was once granted to the Zamorin.] c. 1343.—"We proceeded from Fandaraina to ḲALIḲŪT, one of the chief ports of Mulībār. The people of Chīn, of Java, of Sailān, of Mahal (Maldives), of Yemen, and Fārs frequent it, and the traders of different regions meet there. Its port is among the greatest in the world."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 89. c. 1430.—"COLLICUTHIAM deinceps petiit, urbem maritimam, octo millibus passuum ambitu, nobile totius Indiae emporium, pipere, lacca, gingibere, cinnamomo crassiore,[56] kebulis, zedoaria fertilis."—_Conti_, in _Poggius, De Var. Fortunae_. 1442.—"CALICUT is a perfectly secure harbour, which like that of Ormuz brings together merchants from every city and from every country."—_Abdurrazzāk_, in _India in XVth Cent._, p. 13. c. 1475.—"CALECUT is a port for the whole Indian sea.... The country produces pepper, ginger, colour plants, muscat [nutmeg?], cloves, cinnamon, aromatic roots, _adrach_ [green ginger] ... and everything is cheap, and servants and maids are very good."—_Ath. Nikitin., ibid._ p. 20. 1498.—"We departed thence, with the pilot whom the king gave us, for a city which is called QUALECUT."—_Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 49. 1572.— "Já fóra de tormenta, e dos primeiros Mares, o temor vão do peito voa; Disse alegre o Piloto Melindano, 'Terra he de CALECUT, se não me engano.'" _Camões_, vi. 92. By Burton: "now, 'scaped the tempest and the first sea-dread, fled from each bosom terrors vain, and cried the Melindanian Pilot in delight, 'Calecut-land, if aught I see aright!'" 1616.—"Of that wool they make divers sorts of _Callico_, which had that name (as I suppose) from CALLICUTTS, not far from Goa, where that kind of cloth was first bought by the Portuguese."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_. [In ed. 1777, p. 105, CALLICUTE.] CALINGULA, s. A sluice or escape. Tam. _kalingal_; much used in reports of irrigation works in S. India. [1883.—"Much has been done in the way of providing sluices for minor channels of supply, and CALINGULAHS, or water weirs for surplus vents."—_Venkasami Row, Man. of Tanjore_, p. 332.] CALPUTTEE, s. A caulker; also the process of caulking; H. and Beng. _kālāpattī_ and _kalāpāttī_, and these no doubt from the Port. _calafate_. But this again is oriental in origin, from the Arabic _ḳālāfat_, the 'process of caulking.' It is true that Dozy (see p. 376) and also Jal (see his _Index_, ii. 589) doubt the last derivation, and are disposed to connect the Portuguese and Spanish words, and the Italian _calafattare_, &c., with the Latin _calefacere_, a view which M. Marcel Devic rejects. The latter word would apply well enough to the process of _pitching_ a vessel as practised in the Mediterranean, where we have seen the vessel careened over, and a great fire of thorns kindled under it to keep the pitch fluid. But caulking is not pitching; and when both form and meaning correspond so exactly, and when we know so many other marine terms in the Mediterranean to have been taken from the Arabic, there does not seem to be room for reasonable doubt in this case. The Emperor Michael V. (A.D. 1041) was called καλαφάτης, because he was the son of a caulker (see _Ducange, Gloss. Graec._, who quotes _Zonaras_). 1554.—(At Mozambique) ... "To two CALAFATTES ... of the said brigantines, at the rate annually of 20,000 _reis_ each, with 9000 _reis_ each for maintenance and 6 measures of millet to each, of which no count is taken."—_Simão Botelho, Tombo_, 11. c. 1620.—"S'il estoit besoin de CALFADER le Vaisseau ... on y auroit beaucoup de peine dans ce Port, principalement si on est constraint de se seruir des Charpentiers et des CALFADEURS du Pays; parce qu'ils dependent tous du Gouverneur de Bombain."—_Routier ... des Indes Orient._, par Aleixo da Motta, in Thevenot's Collection. CALUAT, s. This in some old travels is used for Ar. _khilwat_, 'privacy, a private interview' (_C. P. Brown, MS._). 1404.—"And this Garden they call _Talicia_, and in their tongue they call it CALBET."—_Clavijo_, § cix. Comp. _Markham_, 130. [1670.—"Still deeper in the square is the third tent, called CALUET-KANE, the retired spot, or the place of the privy Council."—_Bernier_, ed. _Constable_, 361.] 1822.—"I must tell you what a good fellow the little Raja of Tallaca is. When I visited him we sat on two musnads without exchanging one single word, in a very respectable durbar; but the moment we retired to a KHILWUT the Raja produced his Civil and Criminal Register, and his Minute of demands, collections and balances for the 1st quarter, and began explaining the state of his country as eagerly as a young Collector."—_Elphinstone_, in _Life_, ii. 144. [1824.—"The KHELWET or private room in which the doctor was seated."—_Hajji Baba_, p. 87.] CALUETE, CALOETE, s. The punishment of impalement; Malayāl. _kaluekki_ (pron. _etti_). [See IMPALE.] 1510.—"The said wood is fixed in the middle of the back of the malefactor, and passes through his body ... this torture is called 'UNCALVET.'"—_Varthema_, 147. 1582.—"The Capitaine General for to encourage them the more, commanded before them all to pitch a long staffe in the ground, the which was made sharp at ye one end. The same among the Malabars is called CALVETE, upon ye which they do execute justice of death, unto the poorest or vilest people of the country."—_Castañeda_, tr. by N. L., ff. 142_v_, 143. 1606.—"The Queen marvelled much at the thing, and to content them she ordered the sorcerer to be delivered over for punishment, and to be set on the CALOETE, which is a very sharp stake fixed firmly in the ground...." &c.—_Gouvea_, f. 47_v_; see also f. 163. CALYAN, n.p. The name of more than one city of fame in W. and S. India; Skt. _Kalyāna_, 'beautiful, noble, propitious,' One of these is the place still known as _Kalyān_, on the Ulas river, more usually called by the name of the city, 33 m. N.E. of Bombay. This is a very ancient port, and is probably the one mentioned by Cosmas below. It appears as the residence of a donor in an inscription on the Kanheri caves in Salsette (see _Fergusson and Burgess_, p. 349). Another KALYĀNA was the capital of the Chalukyas of the Deccan in the 9th-12th centuries. This is in the Nizam's district of Naldrūg, about 40 miles E.N.E. of the fortress called by that name. A third KALYĀNA was a port of Canara, between Mangalore and Kundapur, in lat. 13° 28′ or thereabouts, on the same river as BACANORE (q.v.). [This is apparently the place which Tavernier (ed. _Ball_, ii. 206) calls _Callian Bondi_ or _Kalyān Bandar_.] The quotations refer to the first Calyan. c. A.D. 80-90.—"The local marts which occur in order after Barygaza are Akabaru, Suppara, KALLIENA, a city which was raised to the rank of a regular mart in the time of Saraganes, but, since Sandanes became its master, its trade has been put under restrictions; for if Greek vessels, even by accident, enter its ports, a guard is put on board, and they are taken to Barygaza."—_Periplus_, § 52. c. A.D. 545.—"And the most notable places of trade are these: Sindu, Orrhotha, KALLIANA, Sibor...."—_Cosmas_, in _Cathay, &c._, p. clxxviii. 1673.—On both sides are placed stately _Aldeas_, and dwellings of the _Portugal Fidalgos_; till on the Right, within a Mile or more of GULLEAN, they yield possession to the neighbouring _Seva Gi_, at which City (the key this way into that Rebel's Country), Wind and Tide favouring us, we landed."—_Fryer_, p. 123. 1825.—"Near Candaulah is a waterfall ... its stream winds to join the sea, nearly opposite to Tannah, under the name of the CALLIANEE river."—_Heber_, ii. 137. Prof. Forchhammer has lately described the great remains of a Pagoda and other buildings with inscriptions, near the city of Pegu, called KALYĀNI. CAMBAY, n.p. Written by Mahommedan writers _Kanbāyat_, sometimes _Kinbāyat_. According to Col. Tod, the original Hindu name was _Khambavati_, 'City of the Pillar'; [the _Mad. Admin. Man. Gloss._ gives _stambha-tīrtha_, 'sacred pillar pool']. Long a very famous port of Guzerat, at the head of the Gulf to which it gives its name. Under the Mahommedan Kings of Guzerat it was one of their chief residences, and they are often called Kings of Cambay. Cambay is still a feudatory State under a Nawab. The place is in decay, owing partly to the shoals, and the extraordinary rise and fall of the tides in the Gulf, impeding navigation. [See _Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 313 _seqq._]. c. 951.—"From KAMBÁYA to the sea about 2 parasangs. From Kambáya to Súrabáya (?) about 4 days."—_Istakhri_, in _Elliot_, i. 30. 1298.—"CAMBAET is a great kingdom.... There is a great deal of trade.... Merchants come here with many ships and cargoes...."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 28. 1320.—"Hoc vero Oceanum mare in illis partibus principaliter habet duos portus: quorum vnus nominatur _Mahabar_, et alius CAMBETH."—_Marino Sanudo_, near beginning. c. 1420.—"CAMBAY is situated near to the sea, and is 12 miles in circuit; it abounds in spikenard, lac, indigo, myrabolans, and silk."—_Conti_, in _India in XVth Cent._, 20. 1498.—"In which Gulf, as we were informed, there are many cities of Christians and Moors, and a city which is called QUAMBAYA."—_Roteiro_, 49. 1506.—"In COMBEA è terra de Mori, e il suo Re è Moro; el è una gran terra, e li nasce turbiti, e spigonardo, e milo (read _nilo_—see ANIL), lache, corniole, calcedonie, gotoni...."—_Rel. di Leonardo Ca' Masser_, in _Archivio Stor. Italiano_, App. 1674.— "The Prince of CAMBAY'S daily food Is asp and basilisk and toad, Which makes him have so strong a breath, Each night he stinks a queen to death." _Hudibras_, Pt. ii. Canto i. Butler had evidently read the stories of Mahmūd Bigara, Sultan of Guzerat, in Varthema or Purchas. CAMBOJA, n.p. An ancient kingdom in the eastern part of Indo-China, once great and powerful: now fallen, and under the 'protectorate' of France, whose Saigon colony it adjoins. The name, like so many others of Indo-China since the days of Ptolemy, is of Skt. origin, being apparently a transfer of the name of a nation and country on the N.W. frontier of India, _Kamboja_, supposed to have been about the locality of Chitral or Kafiristan. Ignoring this, fantastic Chinese and other etymologies have been invented for the name. In the older Chinese annals (c. 1200 B.C.) this region had the name of _Fu-nan_; from the period after our era, when the kingdom of Camboja had become powerful, it was known to the Chinese as _Chin-la_. Its power seems to have extended at one time westward, perhaps to the shores of the B. of Bengal. Ruins of extraordinary vastness and architectural elaboration are numerous, and have attracted great attention since M. Mouhot's visit in 1859; though they had been mentioned by 16th century missionaries, and some of the buildings when standing in splendour were described by a Chinese visitor at the end of the 13th century. The Cambojans proper call themselves _Khmer_, a name which seems to have given rise to singular confusions (see COMAR). The gum GAMBOGE (_Cambodiam_ in the early records [_Birdwood, Rep. on Old Rec._, 27]) so familiar in use, derives its name from this country, the chief source of supply. c. 1161.—"... although ... because the belief of the people of Rámánya (Pegu) was the same as that of the Buddha-believing men of Ceylon.... Parakrama the king was living in peace with the king of Rámánya—yet the ruler of Rámánya ... forsook the old custom of providing maintenance for the ambassadors ... saying: 'These messengers are sent to go to KÁMBOJA,' and so plundered all their goods and put them in prison in the Malaya country.... Soon after this he seized some royal virgins sent by the King of Ceylon to the King of KÁMBOJA...."—Ext. from _Ceylonese Annals_, by _T. Rhys Davids_, in _J.A.S.B._ xli. Pt. i. p. 198. 1295.—"Le pays de Tchin-la.... Les gens du pays le nomment KAN-PHOU-TCHI. Sous la dynastie actuelle, les livres sacrés des Tibétains nomment ce pays KAN-PHOU-TCHI...."—Chinese _Account of Chinla_, in _Abel Rémusat, Nouv. Mél._ i. 100. c. 1535.—"Passing from Siam towards China by the coast we find the kingdom of Cambaia (read CAMBOIA) ... the people are great warriors ... and the country of CAMBOIA abounds in all sorts of victuals ... in this land the lords voluntarily burn themselves when the king dies...."—_Sommario de' Regni_, in _Ramusio_, i. f. 336. 1552.—"And the next State adjoining Siam is the kingdom of CAMBOJA, through the middle of which flows that splendid river the Mecon, the source of which is in the regions of China...."—_Barros_, Dec. I. Liv. ix. cap. 1. 1572.— "Vês, passa por CAMBOJA Mecom rio, Que capitão das aguas se interpreta...." _Camões_, x. 127. [1616.—"22 cattes CAMBOJA (gamboge)."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 188.] CAMEEZE, s. This word (_ḳamīṣ_) is used in colloquial H. and Tamil for 'a shirt.' It comes from the Port. _camisa_. But that word is directly from the Arab _ḳamīṣ_, 'a tunic.' Was St. Jerome's Latin word an earlier loan from the Arabic, or the source of the Arabic word? probably the latter; [so _N.E.D._ s.v. _Camise_]. The Mod. Greek Dict. of Sophocles has καμίσιον. _Camesa_ is, according to the _Slang Dictionary_, used in the cant of English thieves; and in more ancient slang it was made into '_commission_.' c. 400.—"Solent militantes habere lineas quas CAMISIAS vocant, sic aptas membris et adstrictas corporibus, ut expediti sint vel ad cursum, vel ad praelia ... quocumque necessitas traxerit."—_Scti. Hieronymi Epist._ (lxiv.) _ad Fabiolam_, § 11. 1404.—"And to the said Ruy Gonzalez he gave a big horse, an ambler, for they prize a horse that ambles, furnished with saddle and bridle, very well according to their fashion; and besides he gave him a CAMISA and an umbrella" (see SOMBRERO).—_Clavijo_, § lxxxix.; _Markham_, 100. 1464.—"to William and Richard my sons, all my fair CAMISES...."—_Will of Richard Strode_, of Newnham, Devon. 1498.—"That a very fine CAMYSA, which in Portugal would be worth 300 _reis_, was given here for 2 _fanons_, which in that country is the equivalent of 30 _reis_, though the value of 30 _reis_ is in that country no small matter."—_Roteiro de V. da Gama_, 77. 1573.—"The richest of all (the shops in Fez) are where they sell CAMISAS...."—_Marmol. Desc. General de Affrica_, Pt. I. Bk. iii. f. 87_v_. CAMP, s. In the Madras Presidency [as well as in N. India] an official not at his headquarters is always addressed as 'in Camp.' CAMPHOR, s. There are three camphors:— A. The Bornean and Sumatran camphor from _Dryobalanops aromatica_. B. The camphor of China and Japan, from _Cinnamomum Camphora_. (These are the two chief camphors of commerce; the first immensely exceeding the second in market value: see _Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. xi. Note 3.) C. The camphor of _Blumea balsamifera_, D.C., produced and used in China under the name of _ngai_ camphor. The relative ratios of value in the Canton market may be roundly given as B, 1; C, 10; A, 80. The first Western mention of this drug, as was pointed out by Messrs Hanbury and Flückiger, occurs in the Greek medical writer Aëtius (see below), but it probably came through the Arabs, as is indicated by the _ph_, or _f_ of the Arab _kāfūr_, representing the Skt. _karpūra_. It has been suggested that the word was originally Javanese, in which language _kāpūr_ appears to mean both 'lime' and 'camphor.' Moodeen Sheriff says that _kăfūr_ is used (in Ind. Materia Medica) for 'amber.' _Tābashīr_ (see TABASHEER), is, according to the same writer, called _bāns-kāfūr_ 'bamboo-camphor'; and _ras-kāfūr_ (mercury-camphor) is an impure subchloride of mercury. According to the same authority, the varieties of camphor now met with in the bazars of S. India are—1. _kāfūr-i-ḳaiṣūrī_, which is in Tamil called _pach'ch'ai_ (_i.e._ crude _karuppuram_; 2. _Ṣūratī kāfūr_; 3. _chīnī_; 4. _batai_ (from the _Batta_ country?). The first of these names is a curious instance of the perpetuation of a blunder, originating in the misreading of loose Arabic writing. The name is unquestionably _fanṣūrī_, which carelessness as to points has converted into _ḳaiṣūrī_ (as above, and in _Blochmann's Āīn_, i. 79). The camphor _alfanṣūrī_ is mentioned as early as by Avicenna, and by Marco Polo, and came from a place called _Pansūr_ in Sumatra, perhaps the same as Barus, which has now long given its name to the costly Sumatran drug. A curious notion of Ibn Batuta's (iv. 241) that the camphor of Sumatra (and Borneo) was produced in the inside of a cane, filling the joints between knot and knot, may be explained by the statement of Barbosa (p. 204), that the Borneo camphor as exported was packed in tubes of bamboo. This camphor is by Barbosa and some other old writers called 'eatable camphor' (_da mangiare_), because used in medicine and with betel. Our form of the word seems to have come from the Sp. _alcanfor_ and _canfora_, through the French _camphre_. Dozy points out that one Italian form retains the truer name _cafura_, and an old German one (Mid. High Germ.) is _gaffer_ (_Oosterl._ 47). c. A.D. 540.—"Hygromyri cõfectio, olei salca lib. ij, opobalsami lib. i., spicænardi, folij singu. unc. iiii. carpobalsami, arnabonis, amomi, ligni aloes, sing. unc. ij. mastichae, moschi, sing. scrup. vi. quod si etiã CAPHURA non deerit ex ea unc. ij adjicito...."—_Aetii Amideni_, Librorum xvi. Tomi Dvo.... Latinitate donati, Basil, MDXXXV., Liv. xvi. cap. cxx. c. 940.—"These (islands called al-Ramīn) abound in gold mines, and are near the country of Ḳansūr, famous for its CAMPHOR...."—_Maṣ'ūdī_, i. 338. The same work at iii. 49, refers back to this passage as "the country of _Manṣūrah_." Probably Maṣ'ūdī wrote correctly _Fanṣūrah_. 1298.—"In this kingdom of _Fansur_ grows the best _camphor_ in the world, called CAMFERA _Fansuri_."—_Marco Polo_, bk. iii. ch. xi. 1506.—"... e de li (Tenasserim) vien pevere, canella ... CAMFORA _da manzar_ e de _quella non se manza_...." (_i.e._ both camphor to eat and not to eat, or Sumatra and China camphor).—_Leonardo Ca' Masser._ c. 1590.—"The CAMPHOR _tree_ is a large tree growing in the ghauts of Hindostan and in China. A hundred horsemen and upwards may rest in the shade of a single tree.... Of the various kinds of camphor the best is called _Ribáhi_ or _Qaiçúri_.... In some books camphor in its natural state is called ... _Bhimsíni_."—_Āīn, Blochmann_ ed. i. 78-9. [_Bhimsínī_ is more properly _bhimsenī_, and takes its name from the demi-god Bhīmsen, second son of Pandu.] 1623.—"In this shipp we have laden a small parcell of CAMPHIRE of _Barouse_, being in all 60 _catis_."—_Batavian Letter_, pubd. in _Cocks's Diary_, ii. 343. 1726.—"The Persians name the Camphor of Baros, and also of Borneo to this day KAFUR _Canfuri_, as it also appears in the printed text of Avicenna ... and _Bellunensis_ notes that in some MSS. of the author is found KAFUR FANSURI...."—_Valentijn_, iv. 67. 1786.—"The CAMPHOR Tree has been recently discovered in this part of the Sircar's country. We have sent two bottles of the essential oil made from it for your use."—_Letter of Tippoo, Kirkpatrick_, p. 231. 1875.— "CAMPHOR, Bhimsaini (barus), valuation 1 lb. 80 rs. Refined cake 1 cwt. 65 rs." _Table of Customs Duties on Imports into Br. India up to 1875._ The first of these is the fine Sumatran camphor; the second at 1/138 of the price is China camphor. CAMPOO, s. H. _kampū_, corr. of the English '_camp_,' or more properly of the Port. '_campo_.' It is used for 'a camp,' but formerly was specifically applied to the partially disciplined brigades under European commanders in the Mahratta service. [1525.—Mr. Whiteway notes that Castanheda (bk. vi. ch. ci. p. 217) and Barros (iii. 10, 3) speak of a ward of Malacca as CAMPU _China_; and de Eredia (1613) calls it CAMPON _China_, which may supply a link between CAMPOO and _Kampung_. (See COMPOUND). 1803.—"Begum Sumroo's CAMPOO has come up the ghauts, and I am afraid ... joined Scindiah yesterday. Two deserters ... declared that Pohlman's CAMPOO was following it."—_Wellington_, ii. 264. 1883.—"... its unhappy plains were swept over, this way and that, by the cavalry of rival Mahratta powers, Mogul and Rohilla horsemen, or CAMPOS and _pultuns_ (battalions) under European adventurers...."—_Quarterly Review_, April, p. 294. CANARA, n.p. Properly _Kannaḍa_. This name has long been given to that part of the West coast which lies below the Ghauts, from Mt. Dely northward to the Goa territory; and now to the two British districts constituted out of that tract, viz. N. and S. Canara. This appropriation of the name, however, appears to be of European origin. The name, probably meaning 'black country' [Dravid. _kar_, 'black,' _nādu_, 'country'], from the black cotton soil prevailing there, was properly synonymous with _Karṇātaka_ (see CARNATIC), and apparently a corruption of that word. Our quotations show that throughout the sixteenth century the term was applied to the country above the Ghauts, sometimes to the whole kingdom of NARSINGA or Vijayanagar (see BISNAGAR). Gradually, and probably owing to local application at Goa, where the natives seem to have been from the first known to the Portuguese as _Canarijs_, a term which in the old Portuguese works means the Konkani people and language of Goa, the name became appropriated to the low country on the coast between Goa and Malabar, which was subject to the kingdom in question, much in the same way that the name _Carnatic_ came at a later date to be misapplied on the other side of the Peninsula. The _Kanara_ or Canarese language is spoken over a large tract above the Ghauts, and as far north as Bidar (see _Caldwell, Introd._ p. 33). It is only one of several languages spoken in the British districts of Canara, and that only in a small portion, viz. near Kundāpur. _Tuḷu_ is the chief language in the Southern District. KANAḌAM occurs in the great Tanjore inscription of the 11th century. 1516.—"Beyond this river commences the Kingdom of Narsinga, which contains five very large provinces, each with a language of its own. The first, which stretches along the coast to Malabar, is Tulinate (_i.e._ _Tuḷu-nādu_, or the modern district of S. Canara); another lies in the interior ...; another has the name of Telinga, which confines with the Kingdom of Orisa; another is CANARI, in which is the great city of Bisnaga; and then the Kingdom of Charamendel, the language of which is Tamul."—_Barbosa._ This passage is exceedingly corrupt, and the version (necessarily imperfect) is made up from three—viz. Stanley's English, from a Sp. MS., Hak. Soc. p. 79; the Portuguese of the Lisbon Academy, p. 291; and Ramusio's Italian (i. f. 299_v_). c. 1535.—"The last Kingdom of the First India is called the Province CANARIM; it is bordered on one side by the Kingdom of Goa and by Anjadiva, and on the other side by Middle India or Malabar. In the interior is the King of Narsinga, who is chief of this country. The speech of those of CANARIM is different from that of the Kingdom of Decan and of Goa."—Portuguese _Summary of Eastern Kingdoms_, in _Ramusio_, i. f. 330. 1552.—"The third province is called CANARÁ, also in the interior...."—_Castanheda_, ii. 50. And as applied to the language:— "The language of the Gentoos is CANARÁ."—_Ibid._ 78. 1552.—"The whole coast that we speak of back to the Ghaut (_Gate_) mountain range ... they call Concan, and the people properly Concanese (_Conquenijs_), though our people call them CANARESE (_Canarijs_).... And as from the Ghauts to the sea on the west of the Decan all that strip is called Concan, so from the Ghauts to the sea on the west of CANARÁ, always excepting that stretch of 46 leagues of which we have spoken [north of Mount Dely] which belongs to the same _Canará_, the strip which stretches to Cape Comorin is called Malabar."—_Barros_, Dec. I. liv. ix. cap. 1. 1552.—"... The Kingdom of CANARÁ, which extends from the river called Gate, north of Chaul, to Cape Comorin (so far as concerns the interior region east of the Ghats) ... and which in the east marches with the kingdom of Orisa; and the Gentoo Kings of this great Province of CANARÁ were those from whom sprang the present Kings of Bisnaga."—_Ibid._ Dec. II. liv. v. cap. 2. 1572.— "Aqui se enxerga lá do mar undoso Hum monte alto, que corre longamente Servindo ao Malabar de forte muro, Com que do CANARÁ vive seguro." _Camões_, vii. 21. Englished by Burton: "Here seen yonside where wavy waters play a range of mountains skirts the murmuring main serving the Malabar for mighty mure, who thus from him of CANARÁ dwells secure." 1598.—"The land itselfe is called Decan, and also CANARA."—_Linschoten_, 49; [Hak. Soc. i. 169]. 1614.—"Its proper name is _Charnathaca_, which from corruption to corruption has come to be called CANARA."—_Couto_, Dec. VI. liv. v. cap. 5. In the following quotations the term is applied, either inclusively or exclusively, to the territory which we _now_ call Canara:— 1615.—"CANARA. Thence to the Kingdome of the CANNARINS, which is but a little one, and 5 dayes journey from _Damans_. They are tall of stature, idle, for the most part, and therefore the greater theeves."—_De Monfart_, p. 23. 1623.—"Having found a good opportunity, such as I desired, of getting out of Goa, and penetrating further into India, that is more to the south, to CANARA...."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 601; [Hak. Soc. ii. 168]. 1672.—"The strip of land CANARA, the inhabitants of which are called CANARINS, is fruitful in rice and other food-stuffs."—_Baldaeus_, 98. There is a good map in this work, which shows 'Canara' in the modern acceptation. 1672.—"_Description of_ CANARA _and Journey to Goa_.—This kingdom is one of the finest in India, all plain country near the sea, and even among the mountains all peopled."—_P. Vincenzo Maria_, 420. Here the title seems used in the modern sense, but the same writer applies _Canara_ to the whole Kingdom of Bisnagar. 1673.—"At Mirja the Protector of CANORA came on board."—_Fryer_ (margin), p. 57. 1726.—"The Kingdom CANARA (under which Onor, Batticala, and Garcopa are dependent) comprises all the western lands lying between Walkan (_Konkan_?) and Malabar, two great coast countries."—_Valentijn_, v. 2. 1727.—"The country of CANARA is generally governed by a Lady, who keeps her Court at a Town called _Baydour_, two Days journey from the Sea."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 280. CANARIN, n.p. This name is applied in some of the quotations under CANARA to the people of the district now so called by us. But the Portuguese applied it to the (_Konkani_) people of Goa and their language. Thus a Konkani grammar, originally prepared about 1600 by the Jesuit, Thomas Estevão (Stephens, an Englishman), printed at Goa, 1640, bears the title _Arte da Lingoa_ CANARIN. (See A. B(urnell) in _Ind. Antiq._ ii. 98). [1823.—"CANAREEN, an appellation given to the Creole Portuguese of Goa and their other Indian settlements."—_Owen, Narrative_, i. 191.] CANAUT, CONAUT, CONNAUGHT, s. H. from Ar. _ḳanāt_, the side wall of a tent, or canvas enclosure. [See SURRAPURDA.] [1616.—"High CANNATTES of a coarse stuff made like arras."—_Sir T. Roe, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. 325.] " "The King's Tents are red, reared on poles very high, and placed in the midst of the Camp, covering a large Compasse, encircled with CANATS (made of red calico stiffened with Canes at every breadth) standing upright about nine foot high, guarded round every night with Souldiers."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1481. c. 1660.—"And (what is hard enough to believe in _Indostan_, where the Grandees especially are so jealous ...) I was so near to the wife of this Prince (Dara), that the cords of the KANATES ... which enclosed them (for they had not so much as a poor tent), were fastened to the wheels of my chariot."—_Bernier_, E. T. 29; [ed. _Constable_, 89]. 1792.—"They passed close to Tippoo's tents: the CANAUT (misprinted CANAUL) was standing, but the green tent had been removed."—_T. Munro_, in _Life_, iii. 73. 1793.—"The CANAUT of canvas ... was painted of a beautiful sea-green colour."—_Dirom_, 230. [c. 1798.—"On passing a skreen of Indian CONNAUGHTS, we proceeded to the front of the Tusbeah Khanah."—_Asiatic Res._, iv. 444.] 1817.—"A species of silk of which they make tents and KANAUTS."—_Mill_, ii. 201. 1825.—Heber writes CONNAUT.—Orig. ed. ii. 257. [1838.—"The KHENAUTS (the space between the outer covering and the lining of our tents)."—_Miss Eden, Up the Country_, ii. 63.] CANDAHAR, n.p. _Ḳandahār_. The application of this name is now exclusively to (A) the well-known city of Western Afghanistan, which is the object of so much political interest. But by the Ar. geographers of the 9th to 11th centuries the name is applied to (B) the country about Peshāwar, as the equivalent of the ancient Indian _Gandhāra_, and the _Gandaritis_ of Strabo. Some think the name was transferred to (A) in consequence of a migration of the people of Gandhāra carrying with them the begging-pot of Buddha, believed by Sir H. Rawlinson to be identical with a large sacred vessel of stone preserved in a mosque of Candahar. Others think that Candahar may represent _Alexandropolis_ in Arachosia. We find a third application of the name (C) in Ibn Batuta, as well as in earlier and later writers, to a former port on the east shore of the Gulf of Cambay, Ghandhar in the Broach District. A.—1552.—"Those who go from Persia, from the kingdom of Horaçam (Khorasan), from Bohára, and all the Western Regions, travel to the city which the natives corruptly call CANDAR, instead of Scandar, the name by which the Persians call Alexander...."—_Barros_, IV. vi. 1. 1664.—"All these great preparations give us cause to apprehend that, instead of going to _Kachemire_, we be not led to besiege that important city of KANDAHAR, which is the Frontier to Persia, Indostan, and Usbeck, and the Capital of an excellent Country."—_Bernier_, E. T., p. 113; [ed. _Constable_, 352]. 1671.— "From Arachosia, from CANDAOR east, And Margiana to the Hyrcanian cliffs Of Caucasus...." _Paradise Regained_, iii. 316 _seqq._ B.—c. 1030.—"... thence to the river Chandráha (Chináb) 12 (parasangs); thence to Jailam on the West of the Báyat (or Hydaspes) 18; thence to Waihind, capital of ḲANDAHÁR ... 20; thence to Parsháwar 14...."—_Al-Birūni_, in _Elliot_, i. 63 (corrected). C.—c. 1343.—"From Kinbāya (Cambay) we went to the town of Kāwi (_Kānvi_, opp. Cambay), on an estuary where the tide rises and falls ... thence to ḲANDAHĀR, a considerable city belonging to the Infidels, and situated on an estuary from the sea."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 57-8. 1516.—"Further on ... there is another place, in the mouth of a small river, which is called GUENDARI.... And it is a very good town, a seaport."—_Barbosa_, 64. 1814.—"CANDHAR, eighteen miles from the wells, is pleasantly situated on the banks of a river; and a place of considerable trade; being a great thoroughfare from the sea coast to the Gaut mountains."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 206; [2nd ed. i. 116]. CANDAREEN, s. In Malay, to which language the word apparently belongs, _kandūrī_. A term formerly applied to the hundredth of the Chinese ounce or weight, commonly called by the Malay name _tāhil_ (see TAEL). Fryer (1673) gives the Chinese weights thus:— 1 _Cattee_ is nearest 16 _Taies_ 1 _Teen_ (Taie?) is 10 _Mass_ 1 _Mass_ in Silver is 10 QUANDREENS 1 QUANDREEN is 10 _Cash_ 733 _Cash_ make 1 _Royal_ 1 grain English weight is 2 cash. 1554.—"In Malacca the weight used for gold, musk, &c., the _cate_, contains 20 _taels_, each tael 16 _mazes_, each maz 20 CUMDURYNS; also 1 paual 4 mazes, each maz 4 _cupongs_; each cupong 5 CUMDURYNS."—_A. Nunes_, 39. 1615.—"We bought 5 greate square postes of the Kinges master carpenter; cost 2 _mas_ 6 CONDRINS per peece."—_Cocks_, i. 1. (1) CANDY, n.p. A town in the hill country of Ceylon, which became the deposit of the sacred tooth of Buddha at the beginning of the 14th century, and was adopted as the native capital about 1592. Chitty says the name is unknown to the natives, who call the place _Mahā nuvera_, 'great city.' The name seems to have arisen out of some misapprehension by the Portuguese, which may be illustrated by the quotation from Valentijn. c. 1530.—"And passing into the heart of the Island, there came to the Kingdom of CANDIA, a certain Friar Pascoal with two companions, who were well received by the King of the country Javira Bandar ... in so much that he gave them a great piece of ground, and everything needful to build a church, and houses for them to dwell in."—_Couto_, Dec. VI. liv. iv. cap. 7. 1552.—"... and at three or four places, like the passes of the Alps of Italy, one finds entrance within this circuit (of mountains) which forms a Kingdom called CANDE."—_Barros_, Dec. III. Liv. ii. cap. 1. 1645.—"Now then as soon as the Emperor was come to his Castle in CANDI he gave order that the 600 captive Hollanders should be distributed throughout his country among the peasants, and in the City."—_J. J. Saar's 15-Jährige Kriegs-Dienst_, 97. 1681.—"The First is the City of _Candy_, so generally called by the _Christians_, probably from _Conde_, which in the _Chingulays_ Language signifies _Hills_, for among them it is situated, but by the Inhabitants called _Hingodagul-neure_, as much as to say 'The City of the _Chingulay_ people,' and _Mauneur_, signifying the 'Chief or Royal City.'"—_R. Knox_, p. 5. 1726.—"CANDI, otherwise _Candia_, or named in Cingalees _Conde Ouda_, _i.e._ the high mountain country."—_Valentijn_ (_Ceylon_), 19. (2) CANDY, s. A weight used in S. India, which may be stated roughly at about 500 lbs., but varying much in different parts. It corresponds broadly with the Arabian BAHAR (q.v.), and was generally equivalent to 20 MAUNDS, varying therefore with the maund. The word is Mahr. and Tel. _khaṇḍi_, written in Tam. and Mal. _kaṇḍi_, or Mal. _kaṇṭi_, [and comes from the Skt. _khaṇḍ_, 'to divide.' A CANDY of land is supposed to be as much as will produce a _candy_ of grain, approximately 75 acres]. The Portuguese write the word _candil_. 1563.—"A CANDIL which amounts to 522 pounds" (_arrateis_).—_Garcia_, f. 55. 1598.—"One CANDIEL (v.l. _candiil_) is little more or less than 14 bushels, wherewith they measure Rice, Corne, and all graine."—_Linschoten_, 69; [Hak. Soc. i. 245]. 1618.—"The CANDEE at this place (Batecala) containeth neere 500 pounds."—_W. Hore_, in _Purchas_, i. 657. 1710.—"They advised that they have supplied Habib Khan with ten CANDY of country gunpowder."—In _Wheeler_, ii. 136. c. 1760.—Grose gives the Bombay CANDY as 20 maunds of 28 lbs. each = 560 lbs.; the Surat ditto as 20 maunds of 37⅓ lbs. = 746⅔ lbs.; the Anjengo ditto 560 lbs.; the Carwar ditto 575 lbs.; the Coromandel ditto at 500 lbs. &c. (3) CANDY (SUGAR-). This name of crystallized sugar, though it came no doubt to Europe from the P.-Ar. _ḳand_ (P. also _shakar ḳand_; Sp. _azucar cande_; It. _candi_ and _zucchero candito_; Fr. _sucre candi_) is of Indian origin. There is a Skt. root _khaṇḍ_, 'to break,' whence _khaṇḍa_, 'broken,' also applied in various compounds to granulated and candied sugar. But there is also Tam. _kar-kaṇḍa_, _kala-kaṇḍa_, Mal. _kaṇḍi_, _kalkaṇḍi_, and _kalkaṇṭu_, which may have been the direct source of the P. and Ar. adoption of the word, and perhaps its original, from a Dravidian word = 'lump.' [The Dravidian terms mean 'stone-piece.'] A German writer, long within last century (as we learn from Mahn, quoted in Diez's Lexicon), appears to derive CANDY from Candia, "because most of the sugar which the Venetians imported was brought from that island"—a fact probably invented for the nonce. But the writer was the same wiseacre who (in the year 1829) characterised the book of Marco Polo as a "clumsily compiled ecclesiastical fiction disguised as a Book of Travels" (see _Introduction_ to _Marco Polo_, 2nd ed. pp. 112-113). c. 1343.—"A centinajo si vende giengiovo, cannella, lacca, incenso, indaco ... verzino scorzuto, zucchero ... ZUCCHERO CANDI ... porcellane ... costo...."—_Pegolotti_, p. 134. 1461.—"... Un ampoletto di balsamo. Teriaca bossoletti 15. Zuccheri Moccari (?) panni 42. ZUCCHERI CANDITI, scattole 5...."—_List of Presents from Sultan of Egypt to the Doge._ (See under BENJAMIN.) c. 1596.—"White sugar candy (ḲANDĪ _safed_) ... 5½ _dams_ per _ser._"—_Āīn_, i. 63. 1627.—"SUGAR CANDIE, or Stone Sugar."—_Minshew_, 2nd ed. s.v. 1727.—"The Trade they have to China is divided between them and _Surat_ ... the Gross of their own Cargo, which consists in Sugar, SUGAR-CANDY, Allom, and some Drugs ... are all for the _Surat_ Market."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 371. CANGUE, s. A square board, or portable pillory of wood, used in China as a punishment, or rather, as Dr. Wells Williams says, as a kind of censure, carrying no disgrace; strange as that seems to us, with whom the essence of the pillory is disgrace. The frame weighs up to 30 lbs., a weight limited by law. It is made to rest on the shoulders without chafing the neck, but so broad as to prevent the wearer from feeding himself. It is generally taken off at night (_Giles_, [and see _Gray, China_, i. 55 _seqq._]). The _Cangue_ was introduced into China by the Tartar dynasty of Wei in the 5th century, and is first mentioned under A.D. 481. In the _Kwang-yun_ (a Chin. Dict. published A.D. 1009) it is called _kanggiai_ (modern mandarin _hiang-hiai_), _i.e._ 'Neck-fetter.' From this old form probably the Anamites have derived their word for it, _gong_, and the Cantonese _k'ang-ka_, 'to wear the _Cangue_,' a survival (as frequently happens in Chinese vernaculars) of an ancient term with a new orthography. It is probable that the Portuguese took the word from one of these latter forms, and associated it with their own _canga_, 'an ox-yoke,' or 'porter's yoke for carrying burdens.' [This view is rejected by the _N.E.D._ on the authority of Prof. Legge, and the word is regarded as derived from the Port. form given above. In reply to an enquiry, Prof. Giles writes: "I am entirely of opinion that the word is from the Port., and not from any Chinese term."] The thing is alluded to by F. M. Pinto and other early writers on China, who do not give it a name. Something of this kind was in use in countries of Western Asia, called in P. _doshāka_ (_bilignum_). And this word is applied to the Chinese _cangue_ in one of our quotations. _Doshāka_, however, is explained in the lexicon _Burhān-i-Ḳāṭi_ as 'a piece of timber with two branches placed on the neck of a criminal' (_Quatremère_, in _Not. et Extr._ xiv. 172, 173). 1420.—"... made the ambassadors come forward side by side with certain prisoners.... Some of these had a _doshāka_ on their necks."—_Shah Rukh's Mission to China_, in _Cathay_, p. cciv. [1525.—Castanheda (Bk. VI. ch. 71, p. 154) speaks of women who had come from Portugal in the ships without leave, being tied up in a CAGA and whipped.] c. 1540.—"... Ordered us to be put in a horrid prison with fetters on our feet, manacles on our hands, and _collars_ on our necks...."—_F. M. Pinto_, (orig.) ch. lxxxiv. 1585.—"Also they doo lay on them a certaine covering of timber, wherein remaineth no more space of hollownesse than their bodies doth make: thus they are vsed that are condemned to death."—_Mendoza_ (tr. by Parke, 1599), Hak. Soc. i. 117-118. 1696.—"He was imprisoned, CONGOED, tormented, but making friends with his Money ... was cleared, and made Under-Customer...."—_Bowyer's Journal_ at Cochin China, in _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 81. [1705.—"All the people were under confinement in separate houses and also in CONGASS."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. cccxl.] " "I desir'd several Times to wait upon the Governour; but could not, he was so taken up with over-halling the Goods, that came from _Pulo Condore_, and weighing the Money, which was found to amount to 21,300 Tale. At last upon the 28th, I was obliged to appear as a Criminal in CONGAS, before the Governour and his Grand Council, attended with all the Slaves in the CONGAS."—Letter from _Mr. James Conyngham_, survivor of the Pulo Condore massacre, in _Lockyer_, p. 93. Lockyer adds: "I understood the CONGAS to be Thumbolts" (p. 95). 1727.—"With his neck in the CONGOES which are a pair of Stocks made of bamboos."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 175. 1779.—"Aussitôt on les mit tous trois en prison, des chaines aux pieds, une CANGUE au cou."—_Lettres Edif._ xxv. 427. 1797.—"The punishment of the _cha_, usually called by Europeans the CANGUE, is generally inflicted for petty crimes."—_Staunton, Embassy_, &c., ii. 492. 1878.—"... frapper sur les joues a l'aide d'une petite lame de cuir; c'est, je crois, la seule correction infligée aux femmes, car je n'en ai jamais vu aucune porter la CANGUE."—_Léon Rousset, À Travers la Chine_, 124. CANHAMEIRA, CONIMERE, [COONIMODE], n.p. _Kanyimeḍu_ [or _Kunimeḍu_, Tam. _kūni_, 'humped,' _meḍu_, 'mound']; a place on the Coromandel coast, which was formerly the site of European factories (1682-1698) between Pondicherry and Madras, about 13 m. N. of the former. 1501.—In Amerigo Vespucci's letter from C. Verde to Lorenzo de' Medici, giving an account of the Portuguese discoveries in India, he mentions on the coast, before _Mailepur_, "CONIMAL."—In _Baldelli-Boni_, Introd. to _Il Milione_, p. liii. 1561.—"On this coast there is a place called CANHAMEIRA, where there are so many deer and wild cattle that if a man wants to buy 500 deer-skins, within eight days the blacks of the place will give him delivery, catching them in snares, and giving two or three skins for a fanam."—_Correa_, ii. 772. 1680.—"It is resolved to apply to the Soobidar of Sevagee's Country of Chengy for a Cowle to settle factories at Cooraboor (?) and COONEMERRO, and also at Porto Novo, if desired."—_Ft. St. Geo. Consns._, 7th Jan., in _Notes and Exts._, No. iii. p. 44. [1689.—"We therefore conclude it more safe and expedient that the Chief of CONIMERE ... do go and visit Rama Raja."—In _Wheeler, Early Rec._, p. 97.] 1727.—"CONNYMERE or CONJEMEER is the next Place, where the _English_ had a Factory many Years, but, on their purchasing Fort St. _David_, it was broken up.... At present its name is hardly seen in the Map of Trade."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 357. 1753.—"De Pondicheri, à Madras, la côte court en général nord-nord-est quelques degrés est. Le premier endroit de remarque est CONGI-MEDU, vulgairement dit CONGIMER, à quatre lieues marines plus que moins de Pondicheri."—_D'Anville_, p. 123. CANNANORE, n.p. A port on the coast of northern Malabar, famous in the early Portuguese history, and which still is the chief British military station on that coast, with a European regiment. The name is _Kaṇṇūr_ or _Kaṇṇanūr_, 'Krishna's Town.' [The _Madras Gloss._ gives Mal. _kannu_, 'eye,' _ur_, 'village,' _i.e._ 'beautiful village.'] c. 1506.—"In CANANOR il suo Re si è zentil, e qui nasce zz. (_i.e._ _zenzari_, 'ginger'); ma li zz. pochi e non cusi boni come quelli de Colcut."—_Leonardo Ca' Masser_, in _Archivio Storico Ital._, Append. 1510.—"CANONOR is a fine and large city, in which the King of Portugal has a very strong castle.... This Canonor is a port at which horses which come from Persia disembark."—_Varthema_, 123. 1572.— "Chamará o Samorim mais gente nova * * * * * Fará que todo o Nayre em fim se mova Que entre Calecut jaz, e CANANOR." _Camões_, x. 14. By Burton: "The Samorin shall summon fresh allies; * * * * * lo! at his bidding every Nayr-man hies, that dwells 'twixt Calecut and CANANOR." [1611.—"The old Nahuda Mahomet of CAINNOR goeth aboard in this boat."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 95.] CANONGO, s. P. _ḳānūn-go_, _i.e._ 'Law-utterer' (the first part being Arab. from Gr. κανών). In upper India, and formerly in Bengal, the registrar of a _taḥṣīl_, or other revenue subdivision, who receives the reports of the _patwārīs_, or village registrars. 1758.—"Add to this that the King's CONNEGOES were maintained at our expense, as well as the Gomastahs and other servants belonging to the Zemindars, whose accounts we sent for."—_Letter to Court_, Dec. 31, in _Long_, 157. 1765.—"I have to struggle with every difficulty that can be thrown in my way by ministers, _mutseddies_, CONGOES (!), &c., and their dependents."—Letter from _F. Sykes_, in _Carraccioli's Life of Clive_, i. 542. CANTEROY, s. A gold coin formerly used in the S.E. part of Madras territory. It was worth 3 rs. Properly _Kanṭhiravi hun_ (or pagoda) from _Kanṭhiravā Rāyā_, 'the lion-voiced,' [Skt. _kaṇṭha_, 'throat,' _rava_, 'noise'], who ruled in Mysore from 1638 to 1659 (_C. P. Brown, MS._; [_Rice, Mysore_, i. 803]. See _Dirom's Narrative_, p. 279, where the revenues of the territory taken from Tippoo in 1792 are stated in CANTERAY pagodas. 1790.—"The full collections amounted to five Crores and ninety-two lacks of CANTEROY pagodas of 3 Rupees each."—_Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 237. 1800.—"Accounts are commonly kept in Canter'raia PALAMS, and in an imaginary money containing 10 of these, by the Musulmans called _chucrams_ [see CHUCKRUM], and by the English CANTEROY Pagodas...."—_Buchanan's Mysore_, i. 129. CANTON, n.p. The great seaport of Southern China, the chief city of the Province of Kwang-tung, whence we take the name, through the Portuguese, whose older writers call it _Cantão_. The proper name of the city is _Kwang-chau-fu_. The Chin. name _Kwang-tung_ (= 'Broad East') is an ellipsis for "capital of the E. Division of the Province _Liang-Kwang_ (or 'Two Broad Realms')."—(_Bp. Moule_). 1516.—"So as this went on Fernão Peres arrived from Pacem with his cargo (of pepper), and having furnished himself with necessaries set off on his voyage in June 1516 ... they were 7 sail altogether, and they made their voyage with the aid of good pilots whom they had taken, and went without harming anybody touching at certain ports, most of which were subject to the King of China, who called himself the Son of God and Lord of the World. Fernão Peres arrived at the islands of China, and when he was seen there came an armed squadron of 12 junks, which in the season of navigation always cruized about, guarding the sea, to prevent the numerous pirates from attacking the ships. Fernão Peres knew about this from the pilots, and as it was late, and he could not double a certain island there, he anchored, sending word to his captains to have their guns ready for defence if the Chins desired to fight. Next day he made sail towards the island of Veniaga, which is 18 leagues from the city of CANTÃO. It is on that island that all the traders buy and sell, without licence from the rulers of the city.... And 3 leagues from that island of Veniaga is another island, where is posted the Admiral or Captain-Major of the Sea, who immediately on the arrival of strangers at the island of Veniaga reports to the rulers of CANTÃO, who they are, and what goods they bring or wish to buy; that the rulers may send orders what course to take."—_Correa_, ii. 524. c. 1535.—"... queste cose ... vanno alla China con li lor giunchi, e a CAMTON, che è Città grande...."—_Sommario de' Regni, Ramusio_, i. f. 337. 1585.—"The Chinos do vse in their pronunciation to terme their cities with this sylable, Fu, that is as much as to say, citie, as Taybin fu, CANTON fu, and their townes with this syllable, Cheu."—_Mendoza_, Parke's old E. T. (1588) Hak. Soc. i. 24. 1727.—"CANTON or _Quantung_ (as the Chinese express it) is the next maritime Province."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 217. CANTONMENT, s. (Pron. _Cantoonment_, with accent on penult.). This English word has become almost appropriated as Anglo-Indian, being so constantly used in India, and so little used elsewhere. It is applied to military stations in India, built usually on a plan which is originally that of a standing camp or 'cantonment.' 1783.—"I know not the full meaning of the word CANTONMENT, and a camp this singular place cannot well be termed; it more resembles a large town, very many miles in circumference. The officers' bungalos on the banks of the Tappee are large and convenient," &c.—_Forbes_, Letter in _Or. Mem._ describing the "Bengal Cantonments near Surat," iv. 239. 1825.—"The fact, however, is certain ... the CANTONMENTS at Lucknow, nay Calcutta itself, are abominably situated. I have heard the same of Madras; and now the lately-settled CANTONMENT of Nusseerabad appears to be as objectionable as any of them."—_Heber_, ed. 1844, ii. 7. 1848.—"Her ladyship, our old acquaintance, is as much at home at Madras as at Brussels—in the CANTONMENT as under the tents."—_Vanity Fair_, ii. ch. 8. CAPASS, s. The cotton plant and cotton-wool. H. _kapās_, from Skt. _karpasa_, which seems as if it must be the origin of κάρπασος, though the latter is applied to flax. 1753.—"... They cannot any way conceive the musters of 1738 to be a fit standard for judging by them of the cloth sent us this year, as the COPASS or country cotton has not been for these two years past under nine or ten rupees...."—_Ft. Wm. Cons._, in _Long_, 40. [1813.—"Guzerat cows are very fond of the CAPAUSSIA, or cotton-seed."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. ii. 35.] CAPEL, s. Malayāl. _kappal_, 'a ship.' This word has been imported into Malay, _kāpal_, and Javanese. [It appears to be still in use on the W. Coast; see _Bombay Gazetteer_, xiii. (2) 470.] 1498.—In the vocabulary of the language of Calicut given in the _Roteiro de V. de Gama_ we have— "_Naoo_; CAPELL."—p. 118. 1510.—"Some others which are made like ours, that is in the bottom, they call CAPEL."—_Varthema_, 154. CAPELAN, n.p. This is a name which was given by several 16th-century travellers to the mountains in Burma from which the rubies purchased at Pegu were said to come; the idea of their distance, &c., being very vague. It is not in our power to say what name was intended. [It was perhaps _Kyat-pyen_.] The real position of the 'ruby-mines' is 60 or 70 m. N.E. of Mandalay. [See Ball's _Tavernier_, ii. 99, 465 _seqq._] 1506.—"... e qui è uno porto appresso uno loco che si chiama ACAPLEN, dove li se trova molti rubini, e spinade, e zoie d'ogni sorte."—_Leonardo di Ca' Masser_, p. 28. 1510.—"The sole merchandise of these people is jewels, that is, rubies, which come from another city called CAPELLAN, which is distant from this (Pegu) 30 days' journey."—_Varthema_, 218. 1516.—"Further inland than the said Kingdom of Ava, at five days journey to the south-east, is another city of Gentiles ... called CAPELAN, and all round are likewise found many and excellent rubies, which they bring to sell at the city and fair of Ava, and which are better than those of Ava."—_Barbosa_, 187. c. 1535.—"This region of Arquam borders on the interior with the great mountain called CAPELANGAM, where are many places inhabited by a not very civilised people. These carry musk and rubies to the great city of Ava, which is the capital of the Kingdom of Arquam...."—_Sommario de Regni_, in _Ramusio_, i. 334_v_. c. 1660.—"... A mountain 12 days journey or thereabouts, from _Siren_ towards the North-east; the name whereof is CAPELAN. In this mine are found great quantities of Rubies."—_Tavernier_ (E. T.) ii. 143; [ed. _Ball_, ii. 99]. Phillip's Mineralogy (according to Col. Burney) mentions the locality of the ruby as "the CAPELAN mountains, sixty miles from Pegue, a city in Ceylon!"—(_J. As. Soc. Bengal_, ii. 75). This writer is certainly very loose in his geography, and Dana (ed. 1850) is not much better: "The best ruby sapphires occur in the CAPELAN mountains, near Syrian, a city of Pegu."—_Mineralogy_, p. 222. CAPUCAT, n.p. The name of a place on the sea near Calicut, mentioned by several old authors, but which has now disappeared from the maps, and probably no longer exists. The proper name is uncertain. [It is the little port of Kāppatt or Kappaṭ-ṭangadi (Mal. _kāval_, 'guard,' _pātu_, 'place,') in the Cooroombranaud Taluka of the Malabar District. (_Logan, Man. of Malabar_, i. 73). The _Madras Gloss._ calls it _Caupaud_. Also see Gray, _Pyrard_, i. 360.] 1498.—In the _Roteiro_ it is called CAPUA. 1500.—"This being done the Captain-Major (Pedralvares Cabral) made sail with the foresail and mizen, and went to the port of CAPOCATE which was attached to the same city of Calecut, and was a haven where there was a great loading of vessels, and where many ships were moored that were all engaged in the trade of Calicut...."—_Correa_, i. 207. 1510.—"... another place called CAPOGATTO, which is also subject to the King of Calecut. This place has a very beautiful palace, built in the ancient style."—_Varthema_, 133-134. 1516.—"Further on ... is another town, at which there is a small river, which is called CAPUCAD, where there are many country-born Moors, and much shipping."—_Barbosa_, 152. 1562.—"And they seized a great number of grabs and vessels belonging to the people of KABKAD, and the new port, and Calicut, and Funan [_i.e._ _Ponany_], these all being subject to the Zamorin."—_Tohfat-ul-Mujahideen_, tr. by _Rowlandson_, p. 157. The want of editing in this last book is deplorable. CARACOA, CARACOLLE, KARKOLLEN, &c., s. Malay _kōra-kōra_ or _kūra-kūra_, which is [either a transferred use of the Malay _kūra-kūra_, or _ku-kūra_, 'a tortoise,' alluding, one would suppose, either to the shape or pace of the boat, but perhaps the tortoise was named from the boat, or the two words are independent; or from the Ar. _ḳurḳūr_, pl. _ḳarāḳīr_, 'a large merchant vessel.' Scott (s.v. _Coracora_), says: "In the absence of proof to the contrary, we may assume _kora-kora_ to be native Malayan."] Dozy (s.v. _Carraca_) says that the Ar. _ḳura-ḳūra_ was, among the Arabs, a merchant vessel, sometimes of very great size. Crawfurd describes the Malay _ḳura-ḳura_, as 'a large kind of sailing vessel'; but the quotation from Jarric shows it to have been the Malay galley. Marre (_Kata-Kata Malayou_, 87) says: "The Malay KORA-KORA is a great row-boat; still in use in the Moluccas. Many measure 100 feet long and 10 wide. Some have as many as 90 rowers." c. 1330.—"We embarked on the sea at Lādhikiya in a big _ḳurḳūra_ belonging to Genoese people, the master of which was called Martalamin."—_Ibn Batuta_, ii. 254. 1349.—"I took the sea on a small _ḳurḳūra_ belonging to a Tunisian."—_Ibid._ iv. 327. 1606.—"The foremost of these galleys or CARACOLLES recovered our Shippe, wherein was the King of Tarnata."—_Middleton's Voyage_, E. 2. " "... Nave conscensâ, quam linguâ patriâ CARACORA noncupant. Navigii genus est oblõgum, et angustum, triremis instar, velis simul et remis impellitur."—_Jarric, Thesaurus_, i. 192. [1613.—"CURRA-CURRA." See quotation under ORANKAY.] 1627.—"They have Gallies after their manner, formed like Dragons, which they row very swiftly, they call them KARKOLLEN."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 606. 1659.—"They (natives of Ceram, &c.) hawked these dry heads backwards and forwards in their KORREKORRES as a special rarity."—_Walter Schultzen's Ost-Indische Reise, &c._, p. 41. 1711.—"Les Philippines nomment ces batimens CARACOAS. C'est vne espèce de petite galère à rames et à voiles."—_Lettres Edif._ iv. 27. 1774.—"A COROCORO is a vessel generally fitted with outriggers, having a high arched stem and stern, like the points of a half moon.... The Dutch have fleets of them at Amboyna, which they employ as guarda-costos."—_Forrest, Voyage to N. Guinea_, 23. Forrest has a plate of a COROCORO, p. 64. [1869.—"The boat was one of the kind called KORA-KORA, quite open, very low, and about four tons burden. It had out-riggers of bamboo, about five off each side, which supported a bamboo platform extending the whole length of the vessel. On the extreme outside of this sat the twenty rowers, while within was a convenient passage fore and aft. The middle of the boat was covered with a thatch-house, in which baggage and passengers are stowed; the gunwale was not more than a foot above water, and from the great side and top weight, and general clumsiness, these boats are dangerous in heavy weather, and are not infrequently lost."—_Wallace, Malay Arch._, ed. 1890, p. 266.] CARAFFE, s. Dozy shows that this word, which in English we use for a water-bottle, is of Arabic origin, and comes from the root _gharaf_, 'to draw' (water), through the Sp. _garráfa_. But the precise Arabic word is not in the dictionaries. (See under CARBOY.) CARAMBOLA, s. The name given by various old writers on Western India to the beautiful acid fruit of the tree (_N.O. Oxalideae_) called by Linn. from this word, _Averrhoa carambola_. This name was that used by the Portuguese. De Orta tells us that it was the Malabar name. The word _karanbal_ is also given by Molesworth as the Mahratti name; [another form is _karambela_, which comes from the Skt. _karmara_ given below in the sense of 'food-appetizer']. In Upper India the fruit is called _kamranga_, _kamrakh_, or _khamrak_ (Skt. _karmara_, _karmāra_, _karmaraka_, _karmaranga_).[57] (See also BLIMBEE.) Why a cannon at billiards should be called by the French _carambolage_ we do not know. [If Mr. Ball be right, the fruit has a name, Cape-Gooseberry, in China which in India is used for the Tiparry.—_Things Chinese_, 3rd ed. 253.] c. 1530.—"Another fruit is the KERMERIK. It is fluted with five sides," &c.—_Erskine's Baber_, 325. 1563.—"_O._ Antonia, pluck me from that tree a CARAMBOLA or two (for so they call them in Malavar, and we have adopted the Malavar name, because that was the first region where we got acquainted with them). "_A._ Here they are. "_R._ They are beautiful; a sort of sour-sweet, not _very_ acid. "_O._ They are called in Canarin and Decan _camariz_, and in Malay _balimba_ ... they make with sugar a very pleasant conserve of these.... Antonia! bring hither a preserved CARAMBOLA."—_Garcia_, ff. 46_v_, 47. 1598.—"There is another fruite called CARAMBOLAS, which hath 8 (5 really) corners, as bigge as a smal aple, sower in eating, like vnripe plums, and most vsed to make Conserues. (_Note by Paludanus_). The fruite which the Malabars and Portingales call CARAMBOLAS, is in Decan called CAMARIX, in Canar, _Camarix_ and _Carabeli_; in Malaio, _Bolumba_, and by the Persians CHAMAROCH."—_Linschoten_, 96; [Hak. Soc. ii. 33]. 1672.—"The CARAMBOLA ... as large as a pear, all sculptured (as it were) and divided into ribs, the ridges of which are not round but sharp, resembling the heads of those iron maces that were anciently in use."—_P. Vincenzo Maria_, 352. 1878.—"... the oxalic KAMRAK."—_In my Indian Garden_, 50. [1900.—"... that most curious of fruits, the CARAMBOLA, called by the Chinese the _yong-t'o_, or foreign peach, though why this name should have been selected is a mystery, for when cut through, it looks like a star with five rays. By Europeans it is also known as the _Cape gooseberry_."—_Ball, Things Chinese_, 3rd ed. p. 253.] CARAT, s. Arab _ḳirrāt_, which is taken from the Gr. κεράτιον, a bean of the κερατεία or carob tree (_Ceratonia siliqua_, L.). This bean, like the Indian _rati_ (see RUTTEE) was used as a weight, and thence also it gave name to a coin of account, if not actual. To discuss the carat fully would be a task of extreme complexity, and would occupy several pages. Under the name of _siliqua_ it was the 24th part of the golden solidus of Constantine, which was again = 1/6 of an ounce. Hence this carat was = 1/144 of an ounce. In the passage from St. Isidore quoted below, the _cerates_ is distinct from the _siliqua_, and = 1½ _siliquae_. This we cannot explain, but the _siliqua Graeca_ was the κεράτιον; and the _siliqua_ as 1/24 of a solidus is the parent of the _carat_ in all its uses. [See Prof. Gardner, in Smith, _Dict. Ant._ 3rd ed. ii. 675.] Thus we find the _carat_ at Constantinople in the 14th century = 1/24 of the _hyperpera_ or Greek _bezant_, which was a debased representative of the solidus; and at Alexandria 1/24 of the Arabic _dīnār_, which was a purer representative of the solidus. And so, as the Roman _uncia_ signified 1/12 of any unit (compare _ounce_, _inch_), so to a certain extent _carat_ came to signify 1/24. Dictionaries give Arab. _ḳirrāṭ_ as "1/24 of an ounce." Of this we do not know the evidence. The _English Cyclopaedia_ (s.v.) again states that "the _carat_ was originally the 24th part of the _marc_, or half-pound, among the French, from whom the word came." This sentence perhaps contains more than one error; but still both of these allegations exhibit the _carat_ as 1/24th part. Among our goldsmiths the term is still used to measure the proportionate quality of gold; pure gold being put at 24 _carats_, gold with 1/12 alloy at 22 _carats_, with ¼ alloy at 18 _carats_, &c. And the word seems also (like ANNA, q.v.) sometimes to have been used to express a proportionate scale in other matters, as is illustrated by a curious passage in Marco Polo, quoted below. The _carat_ is also used as a weight for diamonds. As 1/144 of an ounce troy this ought to make it 3⅓ grains. But these carats really run 151½ to the ounce troy, so that the diamond _carat_ is 3-1/6 grs. nearly. This we presume was adopted direct from some foreign system in which the carat _was_ 1/144 of the local ounce. [See Ball, _Tavernier_, ii. 447.] c. A.D. 636.—"Siliqua vigesima quarta pars solidi est, ab arboris semine vocabulum tenens. _Cerates_ oboli pars media est siliquã habens unam semis. Hanc latinitas semiobulũ vocat; CERATES autem Graece, Latine siliqua cornuũ interpretatur. Obulus siliquis tribus appenditur, habens _cerates_ duos, calcos quatuor."—_Isidori Hispalensis Opera_ (ed. Paris, 1601), p. 224. 1298.—"The Great Kaan sends his commissioners to the Province to select four or five hundred ... of the most beautiful young women, according to the scale of beauty enjoined upon them. The commissioners ... assemble all the girls of the province, in presence of appraisers appointed for the purpose. These carefully survey the points of each girl.... They will then set down some as estimated at 16 CARATS, some at 17, 18, 20, or more or less, according to the sum of the beauties or defects of each. And whatever standard the Great Kaan may have fixed for those that are to be brought to him, whether it be 20 carats or 21, the commissioners select the required number from those who have attained to that standard."—_Marco Polo_, 2nd ed. i. 350-351. 1673.—"A stone of one Carrack is worth 10_l._"—_Fryer_, 214. CARAVAN, s. P. _karwān_; a convoy of travellers. The Ar. _ḳāfila_ is more generally used in India. The word is found in French as early as the 13th century (_Littré_). A quotation below shows that the English transfer of the word to a wheeled conveyance for travellers (now for goods also) dates from the 17th century. The abbreviation _van_ in this sense seems to have acquired rights as an English word, though the altogether analogous _bus_ is still looked on as slang. c. 1270.—"Meanwhile the convoy (la CARAVANA) from Tortosa ... armed seven vessels in such wise that any one of them could take a galley if it ran alongside."—_Chronicle of James of Aragon_, tr. by _Foster_, i. 379. 1330.—"De hac civitate recedens cum CARAVANIS et cum quadam societate, ivi versus Indiam Superiorem."—_Friar Odoric_, in _Cathay_, &c., ii. App. iii. 1384.—"Rimonda che l'avemo, vedemo venire una grandissima CAROVANA di cammelli e di Saracini, che recavano spezierie delle parti d'India."—_Frescobaldi_, 64. c. 1420.—"Is adolescens ab Damasco Syriae, ubi mercaturae gratiâ erat, perceptâ prius Arabum linguâ, in coetu mercatorum—hi sexcenti erant—quam vulgo CAROANAM dicunt...."—_N. Conti_, in _Poggius de Varietate Fortunae_. 1627.—"A CARAVAN is a convoy of souldiers for the safety of merchants that trauell in the East Countreys."—_Minshew_, 2nd ed. s.v. 1674.—"CARAVAN or KARAVAN (Fr. _caravane_) a Convoy of Souldiers for the safety of Merchants that travel by Land. Also of late corruptly used with us for a kind of Waggon to carry passengers to and from London."—_Glossographia_, &c., by J. E. CARAVANSERAY, s. P. _karwānsarāī_; a SERAI (q.v.) for the reception of CARAVANS (q.v.). 1404.—"And the next day being Tuesday, they departed thence and going about 2 leagues arrived at a great house like an Inn, which they call CARABANSACA (read _-sara_), and here were Chacatays looking after the Emperor's horses."—_Clavijo_, § xcviii. Comp. _Markham_, p. 114. [1528.—"In the Persian language they call these houses CARVANCARAS, which means resting-place for caravans and strangers."—_Tenreiro_, ii. p. 11.] 1554.—"I'ay à parler souuent de ce nom de CARBACHARA: ... Ie ne peux le nommer autrement en François, sinon vn CARBACHARA: et pour le sçauoir donner à entendre, il fault supposer qu'il n'y a point d'hostelleries es pays ou domaine le Turc, ne de lieux pour se loger, sinon dedens celles maisons publiques appellée CARBACHARA...."—_Observations_ par _P. Belon_, f. 59. 1564.—"Hic diverti in diversorium publicum, CARAVASARAI Turcae vocant ... vastum est aedificium ... in cujus medio patet area ponendis sarcinis et camelis."—_Busbequii, Epist._ i. (p. 35). 1619.—"... a great bazar, enclosed and roofed in, where they sell stuffs, cloths, &c. with the House of the Mint, and the great CARAVANSERAI, which bears the name of _Lala Beig_ (because Lala Beig the Treasurer gives audiences, and does his business there) and another little CARAVANSERAI, called that of the _Ghilac_ or people of Ghilan."—_P. della Valle_ (from Ispahan), ii. 8; [comp. Hak. Soc. i. 95]. 1627.—"At _Band Ally_ we found a neat CARRAVANSRAW or Inne ... built by mens charity, to give all civill passengers a resting place _gratis_; to keepe them from the injury of theeves, beasts, weather, &c."—_Herbert_, p. 124. CARAVEL, s. This often occurs in the old Portuguese narratives. The word is alleged to be not Oriental, but Celtic, and connected in its origin with the old British _coracle_; see the quotation from Isidore of Seville, the indication of which we owe to Bluteau, s.v. The Portuguese _caravel_ is described by the latter as a 'round vessel' (_i.e._ not long and sharp like a galley), with lateen sails, ordinarily of 200 tons burthen. The character of swiftness attributed to the _caravel_ (see both Damian and Bacon below) has suggested to us whether the word has not come rather from the Persian Gulf—Turki _ḳarāwul_, 'a scout, an outpost, a vanguard.' Doubtless there are difficulties. [The _N.E.D._ says that it is probably the dim. of Sp. _caraba_.] The word is found in the following passage, quoted from the Life of St. Nilus, who died c. 1000, a date hardly consistent with Turkish origin. But the Latin translation is by Cardinal Sirlet, c. 1550, and the word may have been changed or modified:— "Cogitavit enim in unaquaque Calabriae regione perficere navigia.... Id autem non ferentes Russani cives ... simul irruentes ac tumultuantes navigia combusserunt et eas quae CARAVELLAE appellantur secuerunt."—In the Collection of _Martene_ and _Durand_, vi. col. 930. c. 638.—"CARABUS, parua scafa ex vimine facta, quae contexta crudo corio genus navigii praebet."—_Isidori Hispal. Opera._ (Paris, 1601), p. 255. 1492.—"So being one day importuned by the said Christopher, the Catholic King was persuaded by him that nothing should keep him from making this experiment; and so effectual was this persuasion that they fitted out for him a ship and two CARAVELS, with which at the beginning of August 1492, with 120 men, sail was made from Gades."—_Summary of the H. of the Western Indies_, by _Pietro Martire_ in _Ramusio_, iii. f. 1. 1506.—"Item traze della Mina d'oro de Ginea ogn anno ducati 120 mila che vien ogni mise do' CARAVELLE con ducati 10 mila."—_Leonardo di Ca' Masser_, p. 30. 1549.—"Viginti et quinque agiles naues, quas et CARAVELLAS dicimus, quo genere nauium soli Lusitani utuntur."—_Damiani a Goës, Diensis Oppugnatio_, ed. 1602, p. 289. 1552.—"Ils lâchèrent les bordées de leurs KARAWELLES; ornèrent leurs vaisseaux de pavillons, et s'avancèrent sur nous."—_Sidi Ali_, p. 70. c. 1615.—"She may spare me her mizen and her bonnets; I am a CARVEL to her."—_Beaum. & Flet., Wit without Money_, i. 1. 1624.—"Sunt etiam naves quaedam nunciae quae ad officium celeritatis apposite exstructae sunt (quas CARUELLAS vocant)."—_Bacon, Hist. Ventorum._ 1883.—"The deep-sea fishing boats called _Machoās_ ... are CARVEL built, and now generally iron fastened...."—_Short Account of Bombay Fisheries_, by _D. G. Macdonald_, M.D. CARBOY, s. A large glass bottle holding several gallons, and generally covered with wicker-work, well known in England, where it is chiefly used to convey acids and corrosive liquids in bulk. Though it is not an Anglo-Indian word, it comes (in the form _ḳarāba_) from Persia, as Wedgwood has pointed out. Kaempfer, whom we quote from his description of the wine trade at Shiraz, gives an exact etching of a carboy. Littré mentions that the late M. Mohl referred CARAFFE to the same original; but see that word. _Ḳarāba_ is no doubt connected with Ar. _ḳirba_, 'a large leathern milk-bottle.' 1712.—"Vasa vitrea, alia sunt majora, ampullacea et circumducto scirpo tunicata, quae vocant KARABÀ.... Venit _Karaba_ una apud vitriarios duobus mamudi, raro carius."—_Kaempfer, Amoen. Exot._ 379. 1754.—"I delivered a present to the Governor, consisting of oranges and lemons, with several sorts of dried fruits, and six KARBOYS of Isfahan wine."—_Hanway_, i. 102. 1800.—"Six CORABAHS of rose-water."—_Symes, Emb. to Ava_, p. 488. 1813.—"CARBOY of Rosewater...."—_Milburn_, ii. 330. 1875.—"People who make it (Shiraz Wine) generally bottle it themselves, or else sell it in huge bottles called 'KURABA' holding about a dozen quarts."—_Macgregor, Journey through Khorassan_, &c., 1879, i. 37. CARCANA, CARCONNA, s. H. from P. _kārkhāna_, 'a place where business is done'; a workshop; a departmental establishment such as that of the commissariat, or the artillery park, in the field. 1663.—"There are also found many raised Walks and Tents in sundry Places, that are the offices of several Officers. Besides these there are many great Halls that are called KAR-KANAYS, or places where Handy-craftsmen do work."—_Bernier_, E. T. 83; [ed. _Constable_, 258]. c. 1756.—"In reply, Hydur pleaded his poverty ... but he promised that as soon as he should have established his power, and had time to regulate his departments (KĀRKHĀNAJĀT), the amount should be paid."—_Hussein Ali Khan, History of Hydur Naik_, p. 87. 1800.—"The elephant belongs to the KARKANA, but you may as well keep him till we meet."—_Wellington_, i. 144. 1804.—"If the (bullock) establishment should be formed, it should be in regular KARKANAS."—_Ibid._ iii. 512. CARCOON, s. Mahr. _kārkūn_, 'a clerk,' H.—P. _kār-kun_, (_faciendorum factor_) or 'manager.' [c. 1590.—"In the same way as the KARKUN sets down the transactions of the assessments, the _muḳaddam_ and the _patwāri_ shall keep their respective accounts."—_Āīn_, tr. _Jarrett_, ii. 45. [1615.—"Made means to the CORCONE or Scrivano to help us to the copia of the King's licence."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 122. [1616.—"Addick Raia Pongolo, CORCON of this place."—_Ibid._ iv. 167.] 1826.—"My benefactor's chief CARCOON or clerk allowed me to sort out and direct despatches to officers at a distance who belonged to the command of the great Sawant Rao."—_Pandurang Hari_, 21; [ed. 1873, i. 28.] CARÉNS, n.p. Burm. _Ka-reng_, [a word of which the meaning is very uncertain. It is said to mean 'dirty-feeders,' or 'low-caste people,' and it has been connected with the _Kirāta_ tribe (see the question discussed by _McMahon, The Karens of the Golden Chersonese_, 43 _seqq._)]. A name applied to a group of non-Burmese tribes, settled in the forest and hill tracts of Pegu and the adjoining parts of Burma, from Mergui in the south, to beyond Toungoo in the north, and from Arakan to the Salwen, and beyond that river far into Siamese territory. They do not know the name _Kareng_, nor have they one name for their own race; distinguishing, among these whom we call Karens, three tribes, _Sgaw_, _Pwo_, and _Bghai_, which differ somewhat in customs and traditions, and especially in language. "The results of the labours among them of the American Baptist Mission have the appearance of being almost miraculous, and it is not going too far to state that the cessation of blood feuds, and the peaceable way in which the various tribes are living ... and have lived together since they came under British rule, is far more due to the influence exercised over them by the missionaries than to the measures adopted by the English Government, beneficial as these doubtless have been" (_Br. Burma Gazetteer_, [ii. 226]). The author of this excellent work should not, however, have admitted the quotation of Dr. Mason's fanciful notion about the identity of Marco Polo's _Carajan_ with Karen, which is totally groundless. 1759.—"There is another people in this country called CARIANNERS, whiter than either (Burmans or Peguans), distinguished into _Buraghmah_ and _Pegu_ CARIANNERS; they live in the _woods_, in small Societies, of ten or twelve _houses_; are not wanting in industry, though it goes no further than to procure them an annual subsistence."—In _Dalrymple, Or. Rep._ i. 100. 1799—"From this reverend father (V. Sangermano) I received much useful information. He told me of a singular description of people called CARAYNERS or CARIANERS, that inhabit different parts of the country, particularly the western provinces of Dalla and Bassein, several societies of whom also dwell in the district adjacent to Rangoon. He represented them as a simple, innocent race, speaking a language distinct from that of the Birmans, and entertaining rude notions of religion.... They are timorous, honest, mild in their manners, and exceedingly hospitable to strangers."—_Symes_, 207. c. 1819.—"We must not omit here the CARIAN, a good and peaceable people, who live dispersed through the forests of Pegù, in small villages consisting of 4 or 5 houses ... they are totally dependent upon the despotic government of the Burmese."—_Sangermano_, p. 34. CARICAL, n.p. Etymology doubtful; Tam. _Karaikkāl_, [which is either _kārai_, 'masonry' or 'the plant, thorny webera': _kāl_, 'channel' (_Madras Adm. Man._ ii. 212, _Gloss._ s.v.)]. A French settlement within the limits of Tanjore district. CARNATIC, n.p. _Karṇāṭaka_ and _Kārṇāṭaka_, Skt. adjective forms from _Karṇāṭa_ or _Kārṇāṭa_, [Tam. _kar_, 'black,' _nādu_, 'country']. This word in native use, according to Bp. Caldwell, denoted the Telegu and Canarese people and their language, but in process of time became specially the appellation of the people speaking Canarese and their language (_Drav. Gram._ 2nd ed. Introd. p. 34). The Mahommedans on their arrival in S. India found a region which embraces Mysore and part of Telingāna (in fact the kingdom of Vijayanagara), called the _Karṇāṭaka_ country, and this was identical in application (and probably in etymology) with the CANARA country (q.v.) of the older Portuguese writers. The _Karṇāṭaka_ became extended, especially in connection with the rule of the Nabobs of Arcot, who partially occupied the Vijayanagara territory, and were known as Nawābs of the _Karṇāṭaka_, to the country below the Ghauts, on the eastern side of the Peninsula, just as the other form _Canara_ had become extended to the country below the Western Ghauts; and eventually among the English the term _Carnatic_ came to be understood in a sense more or less restricted to the eastern low country, though never quite so absolutely as Canara has become restricted to the western low country. The term _Carnatic_ is now obsolete. c. A.D. 550.—In the _Bṛihat-Saṅhitā_ of Varāhamihira, in the enumeration of peoples and regions of the south, we have in Kern's translation (_J. R. As. Soc._ N.S. v. 83) _Karnatic_; the original form, which is not given by Kern, is KARNĀTA. c. A.D. 1100.—In the later Sanskrit literature this name often occurs, _e.g._ in the _Kathasaritsāgara_, or 'Ocean of Rivers of Stories,' a collection of tales (in verse) of the beginning of the 12th century, by Somadeva, of Kashmir; but it is not possible to attach any very precise meaning to the word as there used. [See refs. in _Tawney_, tr. ii. 651.] A.D. 1400.—The word also occurs in the inscriptions of the Vijayanagara dynasty, _e.g._ in one of A.D. 1400.—(_Elem. of S. Indian Palaeography_, 2nd ed. pl. xxx.) 1608.—"In the land of KARṆĀṬA and Vidyānagara was the King Mahendra."—_Taranatha's H. of Buddhism_, by _Schiefner_, p. 267. c. 1610.—"The Zamindars of Singaldip (Ceylon) and KARNÁTAK came up with their forces and expelled Sheo Rai, the ruler of the Dakhin."—_Firishta_, in _Elliot_, vi. 549. 1614.—See quotation from Couto under CANARA. [1623.—"His Tributaries, one of whom was the Queen of CURNAT."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 314.] c. 1652.—"Gandicot is one of the strongest Cities in the Kingdom of CARNATICA."—_Tavernier_, E. T. ii. 98; [ed. _Ball_, i. 284]. c. 1660.—"The Ráís of the KARNÁTIK, Mahratta (country), and Telingana, were subject to the Ráí of Bidar."—_'Amal-i-Sálih_, in _Elliot_ vii. 126. 1673.—"I received this information from the natives, that the CANATICK country reaches from _Gongola_ to the _Zamerhin's_ Country of the _Malabars_ along the Sea, and inland up to the Pepper Mountains of _Sunda_.... _Bedmure_, four Days Journey hence, is the Capital City."—_Fryer_, 162, in Letter IV., _A Relation of the_ CANATICK _Country_.—Here he identifies the "Canatick" with Canara below the Ghauts. So also the coast of Canara seems meant in the following:— c. 1760.—"Though the navigation from the CARNATIC coast to Bombay is of a very short run, of not above six or seven degrees...."—_Grose_, i. 232. " "The CARNATIC or province of Arcot ... its limits now are greatly inferior to those which bounded the ancient CARNATIC; for the Nabobs of Arcot have never extended their authority beyond the river Gondegama to the north; the great chain of mountains to the west; and the branches of the Kingdom of Trichinopoli, Tanjore, and Maissore to the south; the sea bounds it on the east."—_Ibid._ II. vii. 1762.—"Siwaee Madhoo Rao ... with this immense force ... made an incursion into the KARNATIC Balaghaut."—_Hussein Ali Khan, History of Hydur Naik_, 148. 1792.—"I hope that our acquisitions by this peace will give so much additional strength and compactness to the frontier of our possessions, both in the CARNATIC, and on the coast of Malabar, as to render it difficult for any power above the Ghauts to invade us."—_Lord Cornwallis's_ Despatch from Seringapatam, in _Seton-Karr_, ii. 96. 1826.—"Camp near Chillumbrum (CARNATIC), March 21st." This date of a letter of Bp. Heber's is probably one of the latest instances of the use of the term in a natural way. CARNATIC FASHION. See under BENIGHTED. (1). CARRACK, n.p. An island in the upper part of the Persian Gulf, which has been more than once in British occupation. Properly KHĀRAK. It is so written in _Jaubert's Edrisi_ (i. 364, 372). But Dr. Badger gives the modern Arabic as _el-Khārij_, which would represent old P. _Khārig_. c. 830.—"KHAREK ... cette isle qui a un farsakh en long et en large, produit du blé, des palmiers, et des vignes."—_Ibn Khurdādba_, in _J. As._ ser. vi. tom. v. 283. c. 1563.—"Partendosi da Basora si passa 200 miglia di Golfo co'l mare a banda destra sino che si giunge nell' isola di CARICHI...."—_C. Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 386v. 1727.—"The Islands of CARRICK ly, about West North West, 12 Leagues from _Bowchier_."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 90. 1758.—"The Baron ... immediately sailed for the little island of KAREC, where he safely landed; having attentively surveyed the spot he at that time laid the plan, which he afterwards executed with so much success."—_Ives_, 212. (2). CARRACK, s. A kind of vessel of burden from the Middle Ages down to the end of the 17th century. The character of the earlier _carrack_ cannot be precisely defined. But the larger cargo-ships of the Portuguese in the trade of the 16th century were generally so styled, and these were sometimes of enormous tonnage, with 3 or 4 decks. Charnock (_Marine Architecture_, ii. p. 9) has a plate of a Genoese carrack of 1542. He also quotes the description of a Portuguese carrack taken by Sir John Barrough in 1592. It was of 1,600 tons burden, whereof 900 merchandize; carried 32 brass pieces and between 600 and 700 passengers (?); was built with 7 decks. The word (L. Lat.) _carraca_ is regarded by Skeat as properly _carrica_, from _carricare_, It. _caricare_, 'to lade, to charge.' This is possible; but it would be well to examine if it be not from the Ar. _ḥarāḳah_, a word which the dictionaries explain as 'fire-ship'; though this is certainly not always the meaning. Dozy is inclined to derive _carraca_ (which is old in Sp. he says) from _ḳarāḳir_, the pl. of _ḳurḳūr_ or _ḳurḳūra_ (see CARACOA). And _ḳurḳūra_ itself he thinks may have come from _carricare_, which already occurs in St. Jerome. So that Mr. Skeat's origin is possibly correct. [The _N.E.D._ refers to _carraca_, of which the origin is said to be uncertain.] Ibn Batuta uses the word twice at least for a state barge or something of that kind (see _Cathay_ p. 499, and _Ibn Bat._ ii. 116; iv. 289). The like use occurs several times in _Makrizi_ (_e.g._ I. i. 143; I. ii. 66; and II. i. 24). Quatremère at the place first quoted observes that the _ḥarāḳah_ was not a fire ship in our sense, but a vessel with a high deck from which fire could be thrown; but that it could also be used as a transport vessel, and was so used on sea and land. 1338.—"... after that we embarked at Venice on board a certain CARRACK, and sailed down the Adriatic Sea."—_Friar Pasqual_, in _Cathay_, &c., 231. 1383.—"Eodem tempore venit in magnâ tempestate ad Sandevici portum navis quam dicunt CARIKA (mirae) magnitudinis, plena divitiis, quae facile inopiam totius terrae relevare potuisset, si incolarum invidia permisisset."—_T. Walsingham, Hist. Anglic._, by _H. T. Riley_, 1864, ii. 83-84. 1403.—"The prayer being concluded, and the storm still going on, a light like a candle appeared in the cage at the mast-head of the CARRACA, and another light on the spar that they call bowsprit (_bauprés_) which is fixed in the forecastle; and another light like a candle _in una vara de espinelo_ (?) over the poop, and these lights were seen by as many as were in the CARRACK, and were called up to see them, and they lasted awhile and then disappeared, and all this while the storm did not cease, and by-and-by all went to sleep except the steersman and certain sailors of the watch."—_Clavijo_, § xiii. Comp. _Markham_, p. 13. 1548.—"De Thesauro nostro munitionum artillariorum, Tentorum, Pavilionum, pro Equis navibus CARACATIS, Galeis et aliis navibus quibuscumque...."—Act of Edw. VI. in _Rymer_, xv. 175. 1552.—"Ils avaient 4 barques, grandes comme des _ḳarrāḳa_...."—_Sidi 'Ali_, p. 67. 1566-68.—"... about the middle of the month of Ramazan, in the year 974, the inhabitants of Funan and Fandreeah [_i.e._ Ponany and PANDARĀNI, q.v.], having sailed out of the former of these ports in a fleet of 12 grabs, captured a CARACCA belonging to the Franks, which had arrived from Bengal, and which was laden with rice and sugar ... in the year 976 another party ... in a fleet of 17 grabs ... made capture off Shaleeat (see CHALIA) of a large CARACCA, which had sailed from Cochin, having on board nearly 1,000 Franks...."—_Tohfut-ul-Mujahideen_, p. 159. 1596.—"It comes as farre short as ... a cocke-boate of a CARRICK."—_T. Nash, Have with you to Saffron Walden_, repr. by _J. P. Collier_, p. 72. 1613.—"They are made like CARRACKS, only strength and storage."—_Beaum. & Flet., The Coxcomb_, i. 3. 1615.—"After we had given her chase for about 5 hours, her colours and bulk discovered her to be a very great Portugal CARRACK bound for Goa."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_; [ed. 1777, p. 34]. 1620.—"The harbor at Nangasaque is the best in all Japon, wheare there may be 1000 seale of shipps ride landlockt, and the greatest shipps or CARICKES in the world ... ride before the towne within a cable's length of the shore in 7 or 8 fathom water at least."—_Cocks, Letter to Batavia_, ii. 313. c. 1620.—"Il faut attendre là des Pilotes du lieu, que les Gouverneurs de Bombaim et de Marsagão ont soin d'envoyer tout à l'heure, pour conduire le Vaisseau à Turumba [_i.e._ Trombay] où les CARAQUES ont coustume d'hyverner."—_Routier ... des Indes Or._, by _Aleixo da Motta_, in _Thevenot_. c. 1635.— "The bigger Whale, like some huge CARRACK lay Which wanted Sea room for her foes to play...." _Waller, Battle of the Summer Islands._ 1653.—"... pour moy il me vouloit loger en son Palais, et que si i'auois la volonté de retourner a Lisbone par mer, il me feroit embarquer sur les premieres KARAQUES...."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, ed. 1657, p. 213. 1660.—"And further, That every Merchant Denizen who shall hereafter ship any Goods or Merchandize in any CARRACK or Galley shall pay to your Majesty all manner of Customs, and all the Subsidies aforesaid, as any Alien born out of the Realm."—Act 12 Car. II. cap. iv. s. iv. (Tonnage and Poundage). c. 1680.—"To this City of the floating ... which foreigners, with a little variation from _carroços_, call CARRACAS."—_Vieira_, quoted by _Bluteau_. 1684.—"... there was a CARACK of Portugal cast away upon the Reef having on board at that Time 4,000,000 of Guilders in Gold ... a present from the King of Siam to the King of Portugal."—_Cowley_, 32, in _Dampier's Voyages_, iv. CARRAWAY, s. This word for the seed of _Carum carui_, L., is (probably through Sp. _alcaravea_) from the Arabic _karawiyā_. It is curious that the English form is thus closer to the Arabic than either the Spanish, or the French and Italian _carvi_, which last has passed into Scotch as _carvy_. But the Arabic itself is a corruption [not immediately, _N.E.D._] of Lat. _careum_, or Gr. κάρον (_Dozy_). CARTMEEL, s. This is, at least in the Punjab, the ordinary form that 'mail-cart' takes among the natives. Such inversions are not uncommon. Thus Sir David Ochterlony was always called by the Sepoys _Loni-okhtar_. In our memory an officer named _Holroyd_ was always called by the Sepoys _Roydāl_, [and _Brownlow_, _Lobrūn_. By another curious corruption _Mackintosh_ becomes _Makkhanī-tosh_, 'buttered toast'!] CARTOOCE, s. A cartridge; _kārtūs_, Sepoy H.; [comp. TOSTDAUN]. CARYOTA, s. This is the botanical name (_Caryota urens_, L.) of a magnificent palm growing in the moister forest regions, as in the Western Ghauts and in Eastern Bengal, in Ceylon, and in Burma. A conspicuous character is presented by its enormous bipinnate leaves, somewhat resembling colossal bracken-fronds, 15 to 25 feet long, 10 to 12 in width; also by the huge pendent clusters of its inflorescence and seeds, the latter like masses of rosaries 10 feet long and upwards. It affords much TODDY (q.v.) made into spirit and sugar, and is the tree chiefly affording these products in Ceylon, where it is called _Kitul_. It also affords a kind of sago, and a woolly substance found at the foot of the leaf-stalks is sometimes used for caulking, and forms a good tinder. The sp. name _urens_ is derived from the acrid, burning taste of the fruit. It is called, according to Brandis, the _Mhār_-palm in Western India. We know of no Hindustani or familiar Anglo-Indian name. [Watt, (_Econ. Dict._ ii. 206) says that it is known in Bombay as the _Hill_ or _Sago_ palm. It has penetrated in Upper India as far as Chunār.] The name _Caryota_ seems taken from Pliny, but his application is to a kind of date-palm; his statement that it afforded the best wine of the East probably suggested the transfer. c. A.D. 70.—"Ab his CARYOTAE maxume celebrantur, et cibo quidem et suco uberrimae, ex quibus praecipua vina orienti, iniqua capiti, unde pomo nomen."—_Pliny_, xiii. § 9. 1681.—"The next tree is the _Kettule_. It groweth straight, but not so tall or big as a _Coker-Nut-Tree_; the inside nothing but a white pith, as the former. It yieldeth a sort of Liquor ... very sweet and pleasing to the Pallate.... The which Liquor they boyl and make a kind of brown sugar called _Jaggory_ [see JAGGERY], &c."—_Knox_, p. 15. 1777.—"The CARYOTA _urens_, called the Saguer tree, grew between Salatiga and Kopping, and was said to be the real tree from which sago is made."—_Thunberg_, E. T. iv. 149. A mistake, however. 1861.—See quotation under PEEPUL. CASH, s. A name applied by Europeans to sundry coins of low value in various parts of the Indies. The word in its original form is of extreme antiquity, "Skt. _karsha_ ... a weight of silver or gold equal to 1/400 of a _Tulā_" (_Williams, Skt. Dict._; and see also a Note on the _Kārsha_, or rather _kārshāpaṇa_, as a copper coin of great antiquity, in _E. Thomas's Pathân Kings of Delhi_, 361-362). From the Tam. form _kāsu_, or perhaps from some Konkani form which we have not traced, the Portuguese seem to have made _caixa_, whence the English _cash_. In Singalese also _kāsi_ is used for 'coin' in general. The English term was appropriated in the monetary system which prevailed in S. India up to 1818; thus there was a copper coin for use in Madras struck in England in 1803, which bears on the reverse, "XX Cash." A figure of this coin is given in _Ruding_. Under this system 80 cash = 1 fanam, 42 fanams = 1 star pagoda. But from an early date the Portuguese had applied _caixa_ to the small money of foreign systems, such as those of the Malay Islands, and especially to that of the Chinese. In China the word _cash_ is used, by Europeans and their hangers-on, as the synonym of the Chinese _le_ and _tsien_, which are those coins made of an alloy of copper and lead with a square hole in the middle, which in former days ran 1000 to the _liang_ or TAEL (q.v.), and which are strung in certain numbers on cords. [This type of money, as was recently pointed out by Lord Avebury, is a survival of the primitive currency, which was in the shape of an axe.] Rouleaux of coin thus strung are represented on the surviving bank-notes of the Ming dynasty (A.D. 1368 onwards), and probably were also on the notes of their Mongol predecessors. The existence of the distinct English word _cash_ may probably have affected the form of the corruption before us. This word had a European origin from It. _cassa_, French _caisse_, 'the money-chest': this word in book-keeping having given name to the heading of account under which actual disbursements of coin were entered (see _Wedgwood_ and _N.E.D._ s.v.). In Minsheu (2nd ed. 1627) the present sense of the word is not attained. He only gives "a tradesman's CASH, or Counter to keepe money in." 1510.—"They have also another coin called CAS, 16 of which go to a _tare_ of silver."—_Varthema_, 130. " "In this country (Calicut) a great number of apes are produced, one of which is worth 4 CASSE, and one CASSE is worth a _quattrino_."—_Ibid._ 172. (Why a monkey should be worth 4 _casse_ is obscure.) 1598.—"You must understand that in _Sunda_ there is also no other kind of money than certaine copper mynt called CAIXA, of the bignes of a Hollãdes doite, but not half so thicke, in the middle whereof is a hole to hang it on a string, for that commonlie they put two hundreth or a thousand vpon one string."—_Linschoten_, 34; [Hak. Soc. i. 113]. 1600.—"Those (coins) of Lead are called CAXAS, whereof 1600 make one mas."—_John Davis_, in _Purchas_, i. 117. 1609.—"Ils (les Chinois) apportent la monnoye qui a le cours en toute l'isle de Iava, et Isles circonvoisines, laquelle en lãgue Malaique est appellee CAS.... Cette monnoye est jettée en moule en Chine, a la Ville de Chincheu."—_Houtman_, in _Nav. des Hollandois_, i. 30_b_. [1621.—"In many places they threw abroad CASHES (or brasse money) in great quantety."—_Cocks, Diary_, ii. 202.] 1711.—"Doodoos and CASH are Copper Coins, eight of the former make one Fanham, and ten of the latter one Doodoo."—_Lockyer_, 8. [_Doodoo_ is the Tel. _duddu_, Skt. _dvi_, 'two'; a more modern scale is: 2 _dooggaunies_ = 1 _doody_: 3 _doodies_ = 1 _anna_.—_Mad. Gloss._ s.v.] 1718.—"CASS (a very small coin, eighty whereof make one Fano)."—_Propagation of the Gospel in the East_, ii. 52. 1727.—"At Atcheen they have a small coin of leaden Money called CASH, from 12 to 1600 of them goes to one _Mace_, or _Masscie_."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 109. c. 1750-60.—"At Madras and other parts of the coast of Coromandel, 80 CASCHES make a fanam, or 3d. sterling; and 36 fanams a silver pagoda, or 7s. 8d. sterling."—_Grose_, i. 282. 1790.—"So far am I from giving credit to the late Government (of Madras) for œconomy, in not making the necessary preparations for war, according to the positive orders of the Supreme Government, after having received the most gross insult that could be offered to any nation! I think it very possible that every CASH of that ill-judged saving may cost the company a crore of rupees."—Letter of _Lord Cornwallis_ to E. J. Hollond, Esq., see the _Madras Courier_, 22nd Sept. 1791. [1792.—"Whereas the sum of Raheties 1223, 6 fanams and 30 KHAS has been deducted."—Agreement in _Logan, Malabar_, iii. 226.] 1813.—At Madras, according to Milburn, the coinage ran: "10 CASH = 1 _doodee_; 2 _doodees_ = 1 pice; 8 _doodees_ = 1 single fanam," &c. The following shows a singular corruption, probably of the Chinese _tsien_, and illustrates how the striving after meaning shapes such corruptions:— 1876.—"All money transactions (at Manwyne on the Burman-Chinese frontier) are effected in the copper coin of China called '_change_,' of which about 400 or 500 go to the rupee. These coins are generally strung on cord," &c.—_Report on the Country through which the Force passed to meet the Governor_, by _W. J. Charlton, M.D._ An intermediate step in this transformation is found in Cocks's _Japan Journal_, _passim_, _e.g._, ii. 89: "But that which I tooke most note of was of the liberalitee and devotion of these heathen people, who thronged into the Pagod in multetudes one after another to cast money into a littel chapell before the idalles, most parte ... being _gins_ or brass money, whereof 100 of them may vallie som 10d. str., and are about the bignes of a 3d. English money." CASHEW, s. The tree, fruit, or nut of the _Anacardium occidentale_, an American tree which must have been introduced early into India by the Portuguese, for it was widely diffused apparently as a wild tree long before the end of the 17th century, and it is described as an Indian tree by Acosta, who wrote in 1578. Crawfurd also speaks of it as abundant, and in full bearing, in the jungly islets of Hastings Archipelago, off the coast of Camboja (_Emb. to Siam, &c._, i. 103) [see _Teele's_ note on _Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 27]. The name appears to be S. American, _acajou_, of which an Indian form, _kājū_, [and Malay _gajus_], have been made. The so-called fruit is the fleshy top of the peduncle which bears the nut. The oil in the shell of the nut is acrid to an extraordinary degree, whilst the kernels, which are roasted and eaten, are quite bland. The tree yields a gum imported under the name of _Cadju_ gum. 1578.—"This tree gives a fruit called commonly CAIU; which being a good stomachic, and of good flavour, is much esteemed by all who know it.... This fruit does not grow everywhere, but is found in gardens at the city of Santa Cruz in the Kingdom of Cochin."—_C. Acosta, Tractado_, 324 _seqq._ 1598.—"CAJUS groweth on trees like apple-trees, and are of the bignes of a Peare."—_Linschoten_, p. 94; [Hak. Soc. ii. 28]. [1623.—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 135, calls it CAGIU.] 1658.—In _Piso, De Indiae utriusque Re Naturali et Medicâ_, Amst., we have a good cut of the tree as one of Brasil, called _Acaibaa_ "et fructus ejus ACAJU." 1672.—"... il CAGIU.... Questo è l'Amandola ordinaria dell'India, per il che se ne raccoglie grandissima quantità, essendo la pianta fertilissima e molto frequente, ancora nelli luoghi più deserti et inculti."—_Vincenzo Maria_, 354. 1673.—Fryer describes the tree under the name _Cheruse_ (apparently some mistake), p. 182. 1764.— "... Yet if The ACAJOU haply in the garden bloom...." _Grainger_, iv. [1813.—Forbes calls it "the _chashew_-apple," and the "_cajew_-apple."—_Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 232, 238.] c. 1830.—"The CASHEW, with its apple like that of the cities of the Plain, fair to look at, but acrid to the taste, to which the far-famed nut is appended like a bud."—_Tom Cringle_, ed. 1863, p. 140. 1875.—"CAJOO kernels."—_Table of Customs Duties imposed in Br. India up to 1875._ CASHMERE, n.p. The famous valley province of the Western Himālaya, H. and P. _Kashmīr_, from Skt. _Kaśmīra_, and sometimes _Kāśmīra_, alleged by Burnouf to be a contraction of _Kaśyapamīra_. [The name is more probably connected with the _Khasa_ tribe.] Whether or not it be the _Kaspatyrus_ or _Kaspapyrus_ of Herodotus, we believe it undoubtedly to be the _Kaspeiria_ (kingdom) of Ptolemy. Several of the old Arabian geographers write the name with the guttural _ḳ_, but this is not so used in modern times. c. 630.—"The Kingdom of KIA-SHI-MI-LO (_Kaśmīra_) has about 7000 _li_ of circuit. On all sides its frontiers are surrounded by mountains; these are of prodigious height; and although there are paths affording access to it, these are extremely narrow."—_Hwen T'sang_ (_Pèl. Bouddh._) ii. 167. c. 940.—"ḲASHMĪR ... is a mountainous country, forming a large kingdom, containing not less than 60,000 or 70,000 towns or villages. It is inaccessible except on one side, and can only be entered by one gate."—_Mas'ūdi_, i. 373. 1275.—"ḲASHMĪR, a province of India, adjoining the Turks; and its people of mixt Turk and Indian blood excel all others in beauty."—_Zakarīya Kazvīni_, in _Gildemeister_, 210. 1298.—"KESHIMUR also is a province inhabited by a people who are idolaters and have a language of their own ... this country is the very source from which idolatry has spread abroad."—_Marco Polo_, i. 175. 1552.—"The Mogols hold especially towards the N.E. the region Sogdiana, which they now call QUEXIMIR, and also Mount Caucasus which divides India from the other Provinces."—_Barros_, IV. vi. 1. 1615.—"CHISHMEERE, the chiefe Citie is called _Sirinakar_."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1467; [so in _Roe's_ Map, vol. ii. Hak. Soc. ed.; CHISMER in _Foster, Letters_, iii. 283]. 1664.—"From all that hath been said, one may easily conjecture, that I am somewhat charmed with KACHEMIRE, and that I pretend there is nothing in the world like it for so small a kingdom."—_Bernier_, E. T. 128; [ed. _Constable_, 400]. 1676.— "A trial of your kindness I must make; Though not for mine, so much as virtue's sake, The Queen of CASSIMERE...." _Dryden's Aurungzebe_, iii. 1. 1814.—"The shawls of CASSIMER and the silks of Iran."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ iii. 177; [2nd ed. ii. 232]. (See KERSEYMERE.) CASIS, CAXIS, CACIZ, &c., s. This Spanish and Portuguese word, though Dozy gives it only as _prêtre chrétien_, is frequently employed by old travellers, and writers on Eastern subjects, to denote Mahommedan divines (_mullas_ and the like). It may be suspected to have arisen from a confusion of two Arabic terms—_kāḍi_ (see CAZEE) and _ḳashīsh_ or _ḳasīs_, 'a Christian Presbyter' (from a Syriac root signifying _senuit_). Indeed we sometimes find the precise word _ḳashīsh_ (_Caxix_) used by Christian writers as if it were the special title of a Mahommedan theologian, instead of being, as it really is, the special and technical title of a Christian priest (a fact which gives Mount Athos its common Turkish name of _Ḳashīsh Dāgh_). In the first of the following quotations the word appears to be applied by the Mussulman historian to _pagan_ priests, and the word for churches to pagan temples. In the others, except that from Major Millingen, it is applied by Christian writers to Mahommedan divines, which is indeed its recognised signification in Spanish and Portuguese. In Jarric's _Thesaurus_ (Jesuit Missions, 1606) the word _Cacizius_ is constantly used in this sense. c. 1310.—"There are 700 churches (_kalīsīa_) resembling fortresses, and every one of them overflowing with presbyters (ḲASHĪSHĀN) without faith, and monks without religion."—_Description of the Chinese City of Khanzai_ (Hangchau) in _Wasāf's History_ (see also _Marco Polo_, ii. 196). 1404.—"The town was inhabited by Moorish hermits called CAXIXES; and many people came to them on pilgrimage, and they healed many diseases."—_Markham's Clavijo_, 79. 1514.—"And so, from one to another, the message passed through four or five hands, till it came to a GAZIZI, whom we should call a bishop or prelate, who stood at the King's feet...."—Letter of _Giov. de Empoli_, in _Archiv. Stor. Ital._ Append. p. 56. 1538.—"Just as the Cryer was offering to deliver me unto whomsoever would buy me, in comes that very CACIS Moulana, whom they held for a Saint, with 10 or 11 other CACIS his Inferiors, all Priests like himself of their wicked sect."—_F. M. Pinto_ (tr. by H. C.), p. 8. 1552.—CACIZ in the same sense used by _Barros_, II. ii. 1. [1553.—See quotation from _Barros_ under LAR. [1554.—"Who was a CACIZ of the Moors, which means in Portuguese an ecclesiastic."—_Castañeda_, Bk. I. ch. 7.] 1561.—"The King sent off the Moor, and with him his CASIS, an old man of much authority, who was the principal priest of his Mosque."—_Correa_, by _Ld. Stanley_, 113. 1567.—"... The Holy Synod declares it necessary to remove from the territories of His Highness all the infidels whose office it is to maintain their false religion, such as are the CĀCIZES of the Moors, and the preachers of the Gentoos, _jogues_, sorcerers, (_feiticeiros_), _jousis_, _grous_ (_i.e._ _joshis_ or astrologers, and _gurūs_), and whatsoever others make a business of religion among the infidels, and so also the bramans and _paibus_ (? _prabhūs_, see PURVOE)."—_Decree 6 of the Sacred Council of Goa_, in _Arch. Port. Or._ fasc. 4. 1580.—"... e foi sepultado no campo per CACISES."—_Primor e Honra_, &c., f. 13_v_. 1582.—"And for pledge of the same, he would give him his sonne, and one of his chief chaplaines, the which they call CACIS."—_Castañeda_, by N. L. 1603.—"And now those initiated priests of theirs called _Cashishes_ (CASCISCIS) were endeavouring to lay violent hands upon his property."—_Benedict Goës_, in _Cathay_, &c., ii. 568. 1648.—"Here is to be seen an admirably wrought tomb in which a certain CASIS lies buried, who was the _Pedagogue_ or Tutor of a King of _Guzuratte_."—_Van Twist_, 15. 1672.—"They call the common priests CASIS, or by another name _Schierifi_ (see SHEREEF), who like their bishops are in no way distinguished in dress from simple laymen, except by a bigger turban ... and a longer mantle...."—_P. Vincenzo Maria_, 55. 1688.—"While they were thus disputing, a CACIZ, or doctor of the law, joined company with them."—_Dryden, L. of Xavier, Works_, ed. 1821, xvi. 68. 1870.—"A hierarchical body of priests, known to the people (Nestorians) under the names of KIESHISHES and _Abunas_, is at the head of the tribes and villages, entrusted with both spiritual and temporal powers."—_Millingen, Wild Life among the Koords_, 270. CASSANAR, CATTANAR, s. A priest of the Syrian Church of Malabar; Malayāl. _kattanār_, meaning originally 'a chief,' and formed eventually from the Skt. _kartṛi_. 1606.—"The Christians of St. Thomas call their priests CAÇANARES."—_Gouvea_, f. 28_b_. This author gives CATATIARA and CAÇANEIRA as feminine forms, 'a Cassanar's wife.' The former is Malayāl. _kàttatti_, the latter a Port. formation. 1612.—"A few years ago there arose a dispute between a Brahman and a certain CASSANAR on a matter of jurisdiction."—_P. Vincenzo Maria_, 152. [1887.—"Mgr. Joseph ... consecrated as a bishop ... a CATENAR."—_Logan, Man. of Malabar_, i. 211.] CASSAY, n.p. A name often given in former days to the people of MUNNEEPORE (Manipur), on the eastern frontier of Bengal. It is the Burmese name of this people, _Kasé_, or as the Burmese pronounce it, _Kathé_. It must not be confounded with CATHAY (q.v.) with which it has nothing to do. [See SHAN.] 1759.—In _Dalrymple's Orient. Repert._ we find CASSAY (i. 116). 1795.—"All the troopers in the King's service are natives of CASSAY, who are much better horsemen than the Burmans."—_Symes_, p. 318. CASSOWARY, s. The name of this great bird, of which the first species known (_Casuarius galeatus_) is found only in Ceram Island (_Moluccas_), is Malay _kasavārī_ or _kasuārī_; [according to Scott, the proper reading is _kasuwārī_, and he remarks that no Malay Dict. records the word before 1863]. Other species have been observed in N. Guinea, N. Britain, and N. Australia. [1611.—"St. James his Ginny Hens, the CASSAWARWAY moreover."—(_Note by Coryat._) "An East Indian bird at St. James in the keeping of Mr. Walker, that will carry no coales, but eat them as whot you will."—_Peacham_, in _Paneg. verses_ on Coryat's _Crudities_, sig. 1. 3r. (1776); quoted by Scott.] 1631.—"De Emeu, vulgo CASOARIS. In insula Ceram, aliisque Moluccensibus vicinis insulis, celebris haec avis reperitur."—_Jac. Bontii_, lib. v. c. 18. 1659.—"This aforesaid bird COSSEBÀRES also will swallow iron and lead, as we once learned by experience. For when our Connestabel once had been casting bullets on the Admiral's Bastion, and then went to dinner, there came one of these COSSEBÀRES on the bastion, and swallowed 50 of the bullets. And ... next day I found that the bird after keeping them a while in his maw had regularly cast up again all the 50."—_J. J. Saar_, 86. 1682.—"On the islands Sumatra (?) Banda, and the other adjoining islands of the Moluccas there is a certain bird, which by the natives is called _Emeu_ or _Eme_, but otherwise is commonly named by us KASUARIS."—_Nieuhof_, ii. 281. 1705.—"The CASSAWARIS is about the bigness of a large Virginia Turkey. His head is the same as a Turkey's; and he has a long stiff hairy Beard upon his Breast before, like a Turkey...."—_Funnel_, in _Dampier_, iv. 266. CASTE, s. "The artificial divisions of society in India, first made known to us by the Portuguese, and described by them under their term _caste_, signifying 'breed, race, kind,' which has been retained in English under the supposition that it was the native name" (_Wedgwood_, s.v.). [See the extraordinary derivation of Hamilton below.] Mr. Elphinstone prefers to write "_Cast_." We do not find that the early Portuguese writer Barbosa (1516) applies the word _casta_ to the divisions of Hindu society. He calls these divisions in Narsinga and Malabar so many _leis de gentios_, _i.e._ 'laws' of the heathen, in the sense of sectarian rules of life. But he uses the word _casta_ in a less technical way, which shows how it should easily have passed into the technical sense. Thus, speaking of the King of Calicut: "This King keeps 1000 women, to whom he gives regular maintenance, and they always go to his court to act as the sweepers of his palaces ... these are ladies, and of good family" (_estas saom fidalgas e de boa_ CASTA.—In _Coll. of Lisbon Academy_, ii. 316). So also Castanheda: "There fled a knight who was called Fernão Lopez, _homem de boa_ CASTA" (iii. 239). In the quotations from Barros, Correa, and Garcia de Orta, we have the word in what we may call the technical sense. c. 1444.—"Whence I conclude that this race (CASTA) of men is the most agile and dexterous that there is in the world."—_Cadamosto, Navegação_, i. 14. 1552.—"The Admiral ... received these Naires with honour and joy, showing great contentment with the King for sending his message by such persons, saying that he expected this coming of theirs to prosper, as there did not enter into the business any man of the CASTE of the Moors."—_Barros_, I. vi. 5. 1561.—"Some of them asserted that they were of the CASTE (_casta_) of the Christians."—_Correa, Lendas_, i. 2, 685. 1563.—"One thing is to be noted ... that no one changes from his father's trade, and all those of the same CASTE (_casta_) of shoemakers are the same."—_Garcia_, f. 213_b_. 1567.—"In some parts of this Province (of Goa) the Gentoos divide themselves into distinct races or CASTES (_castas_) of greater or less dignity, holding the Christians as of lower degree, and keep these so superstitiously that no one of a higher caste can eat or drink with those of a lower...."—Decree 2nd of the _Sacred Council of Goa_, in _Archiv. Port. Orient._, fasc. 4. 1572.— "Dous modos ha de gente; porque a nobre Nairos chamados são, e a menos dina Poleas tem por nome, a quem obriga A lei não misturar a CASTÀ antiga."— _Camões_, vii. 37. By Burton: "Two modes of men are known; the nobles know the name of Nayrs, who call the lower CASTE Poléas, whom their haughty laws contain from intermingling with the higher strain." 1612.—"As regards the CASTES (_castas_) the great impediment to the conversion of the Gentoos is the superstition which they maintain in relation to their CASTES, and which prevents them from touching, communicating, or mingling with others, whether superior or inferior; these of one observance with those of another."—_Couto_, Dec. V. vi. 4. See also as regards the Portuguese use of the word, _Gouvea_, ff. 103, 104, 105, 106_b_, 129_b_; _Synodo_, 18_b_, &c. 1613.—"The Banians kill nothing; there are thirtie and odd severall CASTS of these that differ something in Religion, and may not eat with each other."—_N. Withington_, in _Purchas_, i. 485; see also _Pilgrimage_, pp. 997, 1003. 1630.—"The common _Bramane_ hath eighty two CASTS or Tribes, assuming to themselves the name of that tribe...."—_Lord's Display of the Banians_, p. 72. 1673.—"The mixture of CASTS or Tribes of all India are distinguished by the different modes of binding their Turbats."—_Fryer_, 115. c. 1760.—"The distinction of the Gentoos into their tribes or CASTS, forms another considerable object of their religion."—_Grose_, i. 201. 1763.—"The CASTS or tribes into which the Indians are divided, are reckoned by travellers to be eighty-four."—_Orme_ (ed. 1803), i. 4. [1820.—"The Kayasthas (pronounced Kaists, hence the word CASTE) follow next."—_W. Hamilton, Descr. of Hindostan_, i. 109.] 1878.—"There are thousands and thousands of these so-called CASTES; no man knows their number, no man can know it; for the conception is a very flexible one, and moreover new _castes_ continually spring up and pass away."—_F. Jagor, Ost-Indische Handwerk und Gewerbe_, 13. CASTES are, according to Indian social views, either high or low. 1876.—"LOW-CASTE Hindoos in their own land are, to all ordinary apprehension, slovenly, dirty, ungraceful, generally unacceptable in person and surroundings.... Yet offensive as is the _low-caste_ Indian, were I estate-owner, or colonial governor, I had rather see the lowest Pariahs of the low, than a single trim, smooth-faced, smooth-wayed, clever HIGH-CASTE Hindoo, on my lands or in my colony."—_W. G. Palgrave_, in _Fortnightly Rev._, cx. 226. In the Madras Pres. _castes_ are also '_Right-hand_' and '_Left-hand_.' This distinction represents the agricultural classes on the one hand, and the artizans, &c., on the other, as was pointed out by F. W. Ellis. In the old days of Ft. St. George, faction-fights between the two were very common, and the terms _right-hand_ and _left-hand_ castes occur early in the old records of that settlement, and frequently in Mr. Talboys Wheeler's extracts from them. They are mentioned by Couto. [See _Nelson, Madura_, Pt. ii. p. 4; _Oppert, Orig. Inhab._ p. 57.] Sir Walter Elliot considers this feud to be "nothing else than the occasional outbreak of the smouldering antagonism between Brahmanism and Buddhism, although in the lapse of ages both parties have lost sight of the fact. The points on which they split now are mere trifles, such as parading on horse-back or in a palankeen in procession, erecting a PANDAL or marriage-shed on a given number of pillars, and claiming to carry certain flags, &c. The right-hand party is headed by the Brahmans, and includes the Parias, who assume the van, beating their tom-toms when they come to blows. The chief of the left-hand are the Panchalars [_i.e._ the Five Classes, workers in metal and stone, &c.], followed by the Pallars and workers in leather, who sound their long trumpets and engage the Parias." (In _Journ. Ethnol. Soc._ N.S. 1869, p. 112.) 1612.—"From these four CASTES are derived 196; and those again are divided into two parties, which they call _Valanga_ and _Elange_ [Tam. _valangai_, _idangai_], which is as much as to say 'the right hand' and 'the left hand'...."—_Couto_, u. s. The word is current in French: 1842.—"Il est clair que les CASTES n'ont jamais pu exister solidement sans une veritable conservation religieuse."—_Comte, Cours de Phil. Positive_, vi. 505. 1877.—"Nous avons aboli les CASTES et les privilèges, nous avons inscrit partout le principe de l'égalité devant la loi, nous avons donné le suffrage à tous, mais voilà qu'on réclame maintenant l'égalité des conditions."—_E. de Laveleye, De la Propriété_, p. iv. CASTE is also applied to breeds of animals, as 'a HIGH-CASTE Arab.' In such cases the usage may possibly have come directly from the Port. _alta casta_, _casta baixa_, in the sense of breed or strain. CASTEES, s. Obsolete. The Indo-Portuguese formed from _casta_ the word _castiço_, which they used to denote children born in India of Portuguese parents; much as _creole_ was used in the W. Indies. 1599.—"Liberi vero nati in Indiâ, utroque parente Lusitano, CASTISOS vocantur, in omnibus fere Lusitanis similes, colore tamen modicum differunt, ut qui ad gilvum non nihil deflectant. Ex CASTISIS deinde nati magis magisque gilvi fiunt, a parentibus et _mesticis_ magis deflectentes; porro et _mesticis_ nati per omnia indigenis respondent, ita ut in tertiâ generatione Lusitani reliquis Indis sunt simillimi."—_De Bry_, ii. 76; (_Linschoten_ [Hak. Soc. i. 184]). 1638.—"Les habitans sont ou CASTIZES, c'est à dire Portugais naturels, et nez de pere et de mere Portugais, ou _Mestizes_, c'est à dire, nez d'vn pere Portugais et d'vne mere Indienne."—_Mandelslo._ 1653.—"Les CASTISSOS sont ceux qui sont nays de pere et mere reinols (REINOL); ce mot vient de Casta, qui signifie Race, ils sont mesprizez des Reynols...."—_Le Gouz, Voyages_, 26 (ed. 1657). 1661.—"Die Stadt (Negapatam) ist zimlich volksreich, doch mehrentheils von Mastycen CASTYCEN, und Portugesichen Christen."—_Walter Schulze_, 108. 1699.—"CASTEES wives at Fort St. George."—_Census of English on the Coast_, in _Wheeler_, i. 356. 1701-2.—In the MS. _Returns of Persons in the Service of the Rt. Honble. the E. I. Company_, in the India Office, for this year, we find, "4th (in Council) Matt. Empson, Sea Customer, marry'd CASTEES," and under 1702, "13. Charles Bugden ... marry'd CASTEEZ." 1726.—"... or the offspring of the same by native women, to wit _Mistices_ and CASTICES, or blacks ... and Moors."—_Valentijn_, v. 3. CASUARINA, s. A tree (_Casuarina muricata_, Roxb.—_N. O. Casuarineae_) indigenous on the coast of Chittagong and the Burmese provinces, and southward as far as Queensland. It was introduced into Bengal by Dr. F. Buchanan, and has been largely adopted as an ornamental tree both in Bengal and in Southern India. The tree has a considerable superficial resemblance to a larch or other finely-feathered conifer, making a very acceptable variety in the hot plains, where real pines will not grow. [The name, according to Mr. Scott, appears to be based on a Malayan name associating the tree with the CASSOWARY, as Mr. Skeat suggests from the resemblance of its needles to the quills of the bird.] 1861.—See quotation under PEEPUL. 1867.—"Our road lay chiefly by the sea-coast, along the white sands, which were fringed for miles by one grand continuous line or border of CASUARINA trees."—_Lt.-Col. Lewin, A Fly on the Wheel_, 362. 1879.—"It was lovely in the white moonlight, with the curving shadows of palms on the dewy grass, the grace of the drooping CASUARINAS, the shining water, and the long drift of surf...."—_Miss Bird, Golden Chersonese_, 275. CATAMARÁN, s. Also CUTMURRAM, CUTMURÁL. Tam. _kaṭṭu_, 'binding,' _maram_, 'wood.' A raft formed of three or four logs of wood lashed together. The Anglo-Indian accentuation of the last syllable is not correct. 1583.—"Seven round timbers lashed together for each of the said boats, and of the said seven timbers five form the bottom; one in the middle longer than the rest makes a cutwater, and another makes a poop which is under water, and on which a man sits.... These boats are called GATAMERONI."—_Balbi, Viaggio_, f. 82. 1673.—"Coasting along some CATTAMARANS (Logs lashed to that advantage that they waft off all their Goods, only having a Sail in the midst and Paddles to guide them) made after us...."—_Fryer_, 24. 1698.—"Some time after the CATTAMARAN brought a letter...."—In _Wheeler_, i. 334. 1700.—"Un pecheur assis sur un CATIMARON, c'est à dire sur quelques grosses pièces de bois liées ensemble en manière de radeau."—_Lett. Edif._ x. 58. c. 1780.—"The wind was high, and the ship had but two anchors, and in the next forenoon parted from that by which she was riding, before that one who was coming from the shore on a CATAMARAN could reach her."—_Orme_, iii. 300. 1810.—Williamson (_V. M._ i. 65) applies the term to the rafts of the Brazilian fishermen. 1836.—"None can compare to the CATAMARANS and the wonderful people that manage them ... each CATAMARAN has one, two, or three men ... they sit crouched upon their heels, throwing their paddles about very dexterously, but very unlike rowing."—_Letters from Madras_, 34. 1860.—"The CATTAMARAN is common to Ceylon and Coromandel."—_Tennent, Ceylon_, i. 442. [During the war with Napoleon, the word came to be applied to a sort of fire-ship. "Great hopes have been formed at the Admiralty (in 1804) of certain vessels which were filled with combustibles and called CATAMARANS."—(_Ld. Stanhope, Life of Pitt_, iv. 218.) This may have introduced the word in English and led to its use as 'old cat' for a shrewish hag.] CATECHU, also CUTCH and CAUT, s. An astringent extract from the wood of several species of Acacia (_Acacia catechu_, Willd.), the _khair_, and _Acacia suma_, Kurz, _Ac. sundra_, D. C. and probably more. The extract is called in H. _kaṭh_, [Skt. _kvath_, 'to decoct'], but the two first commercial names which we have given are doubtless taken from the southern forms of the word, e.g. Can. _kāchu_, Tam. _kāsu_, Malay _kachu_. De Orta, whose judgments are always worthy of respect, considered it to be the _lycium_ of the ancients, and always applied that name to it; but Dr. Royle has shown that _lycium_ was an extract from certain species of _berberis_, known in the bazars as _rasōt_. Cutch is first mentioned by Barbosa, among the drugs imported into Malacca. But it remained unknown in Europe till brought from Japan about the middle of the 17th century. In the 4th ed. of Schröder's _Pharmacop. Medico-chymica_, Lyons, 1654, it is briefly described as _Catechu_ or _Terra Japonica_, "_genus terrae exoticae_" (_Hanbury and Flückiger_, 214). This misnomer has long survived. 1516.—"... drugs from Cambay; amongst which there is a drug which we do not possess, and which they call _puchô_ (see PUTCHOCK) and another called CACHÔ."—_Barbosa_, 191. 1554.—"The bahar of CATE, which here (at Ormuz) they call CACHO, is the same as that of rice."—_A. Nunes_, 22. 1563.—"Colloquio XXXI. Concerning the wood vulgarly called CATE; and containing profitable matter on that subject."—_Garcia_, f. 125. 1578.—"The Indians use this CATE mixt with Areca, and with Betel, and by itself without other mixture."—_Acosta, Tract._ 150. 1585.—Sassetti mentions CATU as derived from the _Khadira_ tree, _i.e._ in modern Hindi the _Khair_ (Skt. _khadira_). [1616.—"010 bags CATCHA."—_Foster, Letters_, iv. 127.] 1617.—"And there was rec. out of the _Adviz,_ viz. ... 7 hhds. drugs CACHA; 5 hampers pochok" (see PUTCHOCK).—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 294. 1759.—"_Hortal_ [see HURTAUL] and COTCH, Earth-oil, and Wood-oil."—_List of Burma Products in Dalrymple, Oriental Repert._ i. 109. c. 1760.—"To these three articles (betel, areca, and chunam) is often added for luxury what they call CACHOONDA, a Japan-earth, which from perfumes and other mixtures, chiefly manufactured at Goa, receives such improvement as to be sold to advantage when re-imported to Japan.... Another addition too they use of what they call CATCHOO, being a blackish granulated perfumed composition...."—_Grose_, i. 238. 1813.—"... The peasants manufacture CATECHU, or _terra Japonica_, from the _Keiri_ [_khair_] tree (_Mimosa catechu_) which grows wild on the hills of Kankana, but in no other part of the Indian Peninsula" [erroneous].—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 303; [2nd ed. i. 193]. CATHAY, n.p. China; originally Northern China. The origin of the name is given in the quotation below from the Introduction to Marco Polo. In the 16th century, and even later, from a misunderstanding of the medieval travellers, Cathay was supposed to be a country north of China, and is so represented in many maps. Its identity with China was fully recognised by P. Martin Martini in his _Atlas Sinensis_; also by Valentijn, iv. _China_, 2. 1247.—"KITAI autem ... homines sunt pagani, qui habent literam specialem ... homines benigni et humani satis esse videantur. Barbam non habent, et in dispositione faciei satis concordant cum Mongalis, non tamen sunt in facie ita lati ... meliores artifices non inveniuntur in toto mundo ... terra eorum est opulenta valde."—_J. de Plano Carpini, Hist. Mongalorum_, 653-4. 1253.—"Ultra est magna CATAYA, qui antiquitus, ut credo, dicebantur Seres.... Isti Catai sunt parvi homines, loquendo multum aspirantes per nares et ... habent parvam aperturam oculorum," &c.—_Itin. Wilhelmi de Rubruk_, 291-2. c. 1330.—"CATHAY is a very great Empire, which extendeth over more than c. days' journey, and it hath only one lord...."—_Friar Jordanus_, p. 54. 1404.—"E lo mas alxofar [see ALJOFAR] que en el mundo se ha, se pesia e falla en aq̃l mar del CATAY."—_Clavijo_, f. 32. 1555.—"The Yndians called CATHEIES have eche man many wiues."—_Watreman, Fardle of Faciouns_, M. ii. 1598.—"In the lande lying westward from China, they say there are white people, and the land called CATHAIA, where (as it is thought) are many Christians, and that it should confine and border upon _Persia_."—_Linschoten_, 57; [Hak. Soc. i. 126]. [1602.—"... and arriued at any porte within the dominions of the kingdomes of CATAYA, China, or Japan."—_Birdwood, First Letter Book_, 24. Here _China_ and _Cataya_ are spoken of as different countries. Comp. _Birdwood, Rep. on Old Rec._, 168 note.] Before 1633.— "I'll wish you in the Indies or CATAIA...." _Beaum. & Fletch., The Woman's Prize_, iv. 5. 1634.— "Domadores das terras e dos mares Não so im Malaca, Indo e Perseu streito Mas na China, CATAI, Japão estranho Lei nova introduzindo em sacro banho." _Malaca Conquistada._ 1664.—"'Tis not yet twenty years, that there went caravans every year from _Kachemire_, which crossed all those mountains of the great _Tibet_, entred into Tartary, and arrived in about three months at CATAJA...."—_Bernier_, E. T., 136; [ed. _Constable_, 425]. 1842.— "Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of CATHAY." _Tennyson, Locksley Hall._ 1871.—"For about three centuries the Northern Provinces of China had been detached from native rule, and subject to foreign dynasties; first to the _Khitan_ ... whose rule subsisted for 200 years, and originated the name of _Khitai_, Khata, or CATHAY, by which for nearly 1000 years China has been known to the nations of Inner Asia, and to those whose acquaintance with it was got by that channel."—_Marco Polo, Introd._ ch. ii. CAT'S-EYE, s. A stone of value found in Ceylon. It is described by Dana as a form of chalcedony of a greenish grey, with glowing internal reflections, whence the Portuguese call it _Olho de gato_, which our word translates. It appears from the quotation below from Dr. Royle that the _Beli oculus_ of Pliny has been identified with the _cat's-eye_, which may well be the case, though the odd circumstance noticed by Royle may be only a curious coincidence. [The phrase _billī kī ānkh_ does not appear in _Platt's Dict._ The usual name is _lahsaniyā_, 'like garlic.' The Burmese are said to call it _kyoung_, 'a cat.'] c. A.D. 70.—"The stone called _Belus eye_ is white, and hath within it a black apple, the mids whereof a man shall see to glitter like gold...."—_Holland's Plinie_, ii. 625. c. 1340.—"Quaedam regiones monetam non habent, sed pro ea utuntur lapidibus quos dicimus CATI OCULOS."—_Conti_, in _Poggius, De Var. Fortunae_, lib. iv. 1516.—"And there are found likewise other stones, such as OLHO DE GATO, Chrysolites, and amethysts, of which I do not treat because they are of little value."—_Barbosa_, in _Lisbon Acad._, ii. 390. 1599.—"Lapis insuper alius ibi vulgaris est, quem Lusitani OLHOS DE GATTO, id est, _oculum felinum_ vocant, propterea quod cum eo et colore et facie conveniat. Nihil autem aliud quam achates est."—_De Bry_, iv. 84 (after _Linschoten_); [Hak. Soc. i. 61, ii. 141]. 1672.—"The CAT'S-EYES, by the Portuguese called _Olhos de Gatos_, occur in _Zeylon_, _Cambaya_, and _Pegu_; they are more esteemed by the Indians than by the Portuguese; for some Indians believe that if a man wears this stone his power and riches will never diminish, but always increase."—_Baldaeus_, Germ. ed. 160. 1837.—"Beli oculus, mentioned by Pliny, xxxvii. c. 55, is considered by Hardouin to be equivalent to ŒIL DE CHAT—named in India _billi ke ankh_."—_Royle's Hindu Medicine_, p. 103. CATTY, s. A. A weight used in China, and by the Chinese introduced into the Archipelago. The Chinese name is _kin_ or _chin_. The word _kātī_ or _katī_ is Malayo-Javanese. It is equal to 16 taels, _i.e._ 1⅓ lb. avoird. or 625 grammes. This is the weight fixed by treaty; but in Chinese trade it varies from 4 oz. to 28 oz.; the lowest value being used by tea-vendors at Peking, the highest by coal-merchants in Honan. [1554.—"CATE." See quotation under PECUL.] 1598.—"Everie CATTE is as much as 20 Portingall ounces."—_Linschoten_, 34; [Hak. Soc. i. 113]. 1604.—"Their pound they call a CATE, which is one and twentie of our ounces."—_Capt. John Davis_, in _Purchas_, i. 123. 1609.—"Offering to enact among them the penaltie of death to such as would sel one CATTIE of spice to the Hollanders."—_Keeling, ibid._ i. 199. 1610.—"And (I prayse God) I have aboord one hundred thirtie nine Tunnes, six CATHAYES, one quarterne two pound of nutmegs and sixe hundred two and twenty suckettes of Mace, which maketh thirtie sixe Tunnes, fifteene CATHAYES one quarterne, one and twentie pound."—_David Midleton, ibid._ i. 247. In this passage, however, _Cathayes_ seems to be a strange blunder of Purchas or his copyist for _Cwt. Suckette_ is probably Malay _sukat_, "a measure, a stated quantity." [The word appears as _suckell_ in a letter of 1615 (_Foster_, iii. 175). Mr. Skeat suggests that it is a misreading for PECUL. _Sukat_, he says, means 'to measure anything' (indefinitely), but is never used for a definite measure.] B. The word CATTY occurs in another sense in the following passage. A note says that "_Catty_ or more literally _Kuttoo_ is a Tamil word signifying BATTA" (q.v.). But may it not rather be a clerical error for _batty_? 1659.—"If we should detain them longer we are to give them CATTY."—Letter in _Wheeler_, i. 162. CATUR, s. A light rowing vessel used on the coast of Malabar in the early days of the Portuguese. We have not been able to trace the name to any Indian source, [unless possibly Skt. _chatura_, 'swift']. Is it not probably the origin of our '_cutter_'? We see that Sir R. Burton in his Commentary on Camoens (vol. iv. 391) says: "_Catur_ is the Arab. _katīreh_, a small craft, our 'cutter.'" [This view is rejected by the _N.E.D._, which regards it as an English word from 'to cut.'] We cannot say when _cutter_ was introduced in marine use. We cannot find it in Dampier, nor in _Robinson Crusoe_; the first instance we have found is that quoted below from _Anson's Voyage_. [The _N.E.D._ has nothing earlier than 1745.] Bluteau gives _catur_ as an Indian term indicating a small war vessel, which in a calm can be aided by oars. Jal (_Archéologie Navale_, ii. 259) quotes Witsen as saying that the _Caturi_ or ALMADIAS were Calicut vessels, having a length of 12 to 13 paces (60 to 65 feet), sharp at both ends, and curving back, using both sails and oars. But there was a larger kind, 80 feet long, with only 7 or 8 feet beam. 1510.—"There is also another kind of vessel.... These are all made of one piece ... sharp at both ends. These ships are called CHATURI, and go either with a sail or oars more swiftly than any galley, _fusta_, or brigantine."—_Varthema_, 154. 1544.—"... navigium majus quod vocant CATUREM."—_Scti. Franc. Xav. Epistolae_, 121. 1549.—"Naves item duas (quas Indi CATURES vocant) summâ celeritate armari jussit, vt oram maritimam legentes, hostes commeatu prohiberent."—_Goës, de Bello Cambaico_, 1331. 1552.—"And this winter the Governor sent to have built in Cochin thirty CATURES, which are vessels with oars, but smaller than brigantines."—_Castanheda_, iii. 271. 1588.—"Cambaicam oram Jacobus Lacteus duobos CATURIBUS tueri jussus...."—_Maffei_, lib. xiii. ed. 1752, p. 283. 1601.—"Biremes, seu CATHURIS quam plurimae conduntur in Lassaon, Javae civitate...."—_De Bry_, iii. 109 (where there is a plate, iii. No. xxxvii.). 1688.—"No man was so bold to contradict the man of God; and they all went to the Arsenal. There they found a good and sufficient bark of those they call CATUR, besides seven old foysts."—_Dryden, Life of Xavier_, in _Works_, 1821, xvi. 200. 1742.—"... to prevent even the possibility of the galeons escaping us in the night, the two CUTTERS belonging to the _Centurion_ and the _Gloucester_ were both manned and sent in shore...."—_Anson's Voyage_, 9th ed. 1756, p. 251. CUTTER also occurs pp. 111, 129, 150, and other places. CAUVERY, n.p. The great river of S. India. Properly Tam. _Kāviri_, or rather _Kāveri_, and Sanscritized _Kāvērī_. The earliest mention is that of Ptolemy, who writes the name (after the Skt. form) Χάβηρος (sc. ποταμός). The Καμάρα of the Periplus (c. A.D. 80-90) probably, however, represents the same name, the Χαβηρὶς ἐμποριόν of Ptolemy. The meaning of the name has been much debated, and several plausible but unsatisfactory explanations have been given. Thus the Skt. form _Kāvērī_ has been explained from that language by _kāvēra_ 'saffron.' A river in the Tamil country is, however, hardly likely to have a non-mythological Skt. name. The Cauvery in flood, like other S. Indian rivers, assumes a reddish hue. And the form _Kāvēri_ has been explained by Bp. Caldwell as possibly from the Dravidian _kāvi_, 'red ochre' or _kā_ (_kā-va_), 'a grove,' and _ēr-u_, Tel. 'a river,' _ēr-i_, Tam. 'a sheet of water'; thus either 'red river' or 'grove river.' [The _Madras Admin. Gloss._ takes it from _kā_, Tam. 'grove,' and _ēri_, Tam. 'tank,' from its original source in a garden tank.] _Kā-viri_, however, the form found in inscriptions, affords a more satisfactory Tamil interpretation, viz. _Kā-viri_, 'grove-extender,' or developer. Any one who has travelled along the river will have noticed the thick groves all along the banks, which form a remarkable feature of the stream. c. 150 A.D.— "Χαβήρου ποταμοῦ ἐκβολάι Χαβηρὶς ἐμποριόν."—_Ptolemy_, lib. vii. 1. The last was probably represented by _Kaveripatan_. c. 545.—"Then there is Sieledēba, _i.e._ Taprobane ... and then again on the Continent, and further back, is Marallo, which exports conch-shells; KABER, which exports alabandinum."—_Cosmas, Topog. Christ._ in _Cathay_, &c. clxxviii. 1310-11.—"After traversing the passes, they arrived at night on the banks of the river KĀNOBARĪ, and bivouacked on the sands."—_Amīr Khusrū_, in _Elliot_, ii. 90. The _Cauvery_ appears to be ignored in the older European account and maps. CAVALLY, s. This is mentioned as a fish of Ceylon by _Ives_, 1775 (p. 57). It is no doubt the same that is described in the quotation from Pyrard [see _Gray's_ note, Hak. Soc. i. 388]. It may represent the genus _Equula_, of which 12 spp. are described by Day (_Fishes of India_, pp. 237-242), two being named by different zoologists E. _caballa_. But Dr. Day hesitates to identify the fish now in question. The fish mentioned in the fourth and fifth quotations may be the same species; but that in the fifth seems doubtful. Many of the spp. are extensively sun-dried, and eaten by the poor. c. 1610.—"Ces Moucois pescheurs prennent entr'autres grande quantité d'vne sorte de petit poisson, qui n'est pas plus grande que la main et large comme vn petit bremeau. Les Portugais l'appellent Pesche CAUALLO. Il est le plus commun de toute ceste coste, et c'est de quoy ils font le plus grand trafic; car ils le fendent par la moitié, ils le salent, et le font secher au soleil."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 278; see also 309; [Hak. Soc. i. 427; ii. 127, 294, 299]. 1626.—"The Ile inricht us with many good things; Buffols, ... oysters, Breams, CAVALLOES, and store of other fish."—_Sir T. Herbert_, 28. 1652.—"There is another very small fish vulgarly called CAVALLE, which is good enough to eat, but not very wholesome."—_Philippus a Sanct. Trinitate_, in Fr. Tr. 383. 1796.—"The _ayla_, called in Portuguese CAVALA, has a good taste when fresh, but when salted becomes like the herring."—_Fra Paolini_, E. T., p. 240. 1875.—"_Caranx denter_ (Bl. Schn.). This fish of wide range from the Mediterranean to the coast of Brazil, at St. Helena is known as the CAVALLEY, and is one of the best table fish, being indeed the salmon of St. Helena. It is taken in considerable numbers, chiefly during the summer months, around the coast, in not very deep water: it varies in length from nine inches up to two or three feet."—_St. Helena_, by _J. C. Melliss_, p. 106. CAWNEY, CAWNY, s. Tam. _kāni_, 'property,' hence 'land,' [from Tam. _kan_, 'to see,' what is known and recognised,] and so a measure of land used in the Madras Presidency. It varies, of course, but the standard _Cawny_ is considered to be = 24 _manai_ or GROUNDS (q.v.), of 2,400 sq. f. each, hence 57,600 sq. f. or ac. 1.322. This is the only sense in which the word is used in the Madras dialect of the Anglo-Indian tongue. The 'Indian Vocabulary' of 1788 has the word in the form CONNYS, but with an unintelligible explanation. 1807.—"The land measure of the _Jaghire_ is as follows: 24 Adies square = 1 Culy; 100 Culies = 1 CANAY. Out of what is called charity however the Culy is in fact a Bamboo 26 Adies or 22 feet 8 inches in length ... the _Ady_ or Malabar foot is therefore 10-46/100 inches nearly; and the customary CANAY contains 51,375 sq. feet, or 1-18/100 acres nearly; while the proper CANAY would only contain 43,778 feet."—_F. Buchanan, Mysore, &c._ i. 6. CAWNPORE, n.p. The correct name is _Kānhpur_, 'the town of Kānh, Kanhaiya or Krishna.' The city of the Doab so called, having in 1891 a population of 188,712, has grown up entirely under British rule, at first as the bazar and dependence of the cantonment established here under a treaty made with the Nabob of Oudh in 1766, and afterwards as a great mart of trade. CAYMAN, s. This is not used in India. It is an American name for an alligator; from the Carib _acayuman_ (_Littré_). But it appears formerly to have been in general use among the Dutch in the East. [It is one of those words "which the Portuguese or Spaniards very early caught up in one part of the world, and naturalised in another." (_N.E.D._)]. 1530.—"The country is extravagantly hot; and the rivers are full of CAIMANS, which are certain water-lizards (_lagarti_)."—_Nunno de Guzman_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 339. 1598.—"In this river (Zaire or Congo) there are living divers kinds of creatures, and in particular, mighty great crocodiles, which the country people there call CAIMAN."—_Pigafetta_, in Harleian Coll. of Voyages, ii. 533. This is an instance of the way in which we so often see a word belonging to a different quarter of the world undoubtingly ascribed to Africa or Asia, as the case may be. In the next quotation we find it ascribed to India. 1631.—"Lib. v. cap. iii. De Crocodilo qui per totam Indiam CAYMAN audit."—_Bontius, Hist. Nat. et Med._ 1672.—"The figures so represented in Adam's footsteps were ... 41. The King of the CAIMANS or Crocodiles."—_Baldaeus_ (_Germ. ed._), 148. 1692.—"Anno 1692 there were 3 newly arrived soldiers ... near a certain gibbet that stood by the river outside the boom, so sharply pursued by a KAIEMAN that they were obliged to climb the gibbet for safety whilst the creature standing up on his hind feet reached with his snout to the very top of the gibbet."—_Valentijn_, iv. 231. CAYOLAQUE, s. _Kayu_ = 'wood,' in Malay. _Laka_ is given in Crawfurd's Malay Dict. as "name of a red wood used as incense, _Myristica iners_." In his _Descr. Dict._ he calls it the "_Tanarius major_; a tree with a red-coloured wood, a native of Sumatra, used in dyeing and in pharmacy. It is an article of considerable native trade, and is chiefly exported to China" (p. 204). [The word, according to Mr. Skeat, is probably kayu, 'wood,' _lakh_, 'red dye' (see LAC), but the combined form is not in Klinkert, nor are these trees in Ridley's plant list. He gives _Laka-laka_ or _Malaka_ as the name of the _phyllanthus emblica_.] 1510.—"There also grows here a very great quantity of LACCA for making red colour, and the tree of this is formed like our trees which produce walnuts."—_Varthema_, p. 238. c. 1560.—"I being in Cantan there was a rich (bed) made wrought with Iuorie, and of a sweet wood which they call CAYOLAQUE, and of _Sandalum_, that was prized at 1500 Crownes."—_Gaspar Da Cruz_, in _Purchas_, iii. 177. 1585.—"Euerie morning and euening they do offer vnto their idolles frankensence, benjamin, wood of aguila, and CAYOLAQUE, the which is maruelous sweete...."—_Mendoza's China_, i. 58. CAZEE, KAJEE, &c., s. Arab. _ḳāḍi_, 'a judge,' the letter _ẓwād_ with which it is spelt being always pronounced in India like a _z_. The form _Cadi_, familiar from its use in the old version of the Arabian Nights, comes to us from the Levant. The word with the article, _al-ḳāḍi_, becomes in Spanish _alcalde_;[58] not _alcaide_, which is from _ḳā'īd_, 'a chief'; nor _alguacil_, which is from _wazīr_. So Dozy and Engelmann, no doubt correctly. But in Pinto, cap. 8, we find "ao _guazil_ da justica q̃ em elles he como corregedor entre nos"; where _guazil_ seems to stand for _ḳāẓī_. It is not easy to give an accurate account of the position of the _Ḳāẓī_ in British India, which has gone through variations of which a distinct record cannot be found. But the following outline is believed to be substantially correct. Under ADAWLUT I have given a brief sketch of the history of the judiciary under the Company in the Bengal Presidency. Down to 1790 the greater part of the administration of criminal justice was still in the hands of native judges, and other native officials of various kinds, though under European supervision in varying forms. But the native judiciary, except in positions of a quite subordinate character, then ceased. It was, however, still in substance Mahommedan law that was administered in criminal cases, and also in civil cases between Mahommedans as affecting succession, &c. And a _Ḳāẓī_ and a _Muftī_ were retained in the Provincial Courts of Appeal and Circuit as the exponents of Mahommedan law, and the deliverers of a formal FUTWA. There was also a _Ḳāẓī-al-Ḳoẓāt_, or chief _Ḳāẓī_ of Bengal, Behar and Orissa, attached to the Sudder Courts of Dewanny and Nizamut, assisted by two _Muftis_, and these also gave written _futwas_ on references from the District Courts. The style of _Ḳāẓī_ and _Muftī_ presumably continued in formal existence in connection with the Sudder Courts till the abolition of these in 1862; but with the earlier abolition of the Provincial Courts in 1829-31 it had quite ceased, in this sense, to be familiar. In the District Courts the corresponding exponents were in English officially designated LAW-OFFICERS, and, I believe, in official vernacular, as well as commonly among Anglo-Indians, MOOLVEES (q.v.). Under the article LAW-OFFICER, it will be seen that certain trivial cases were, at the discretion of the magistrate, referred for disposal by the Law-officer of the district. And the latter, from this fact, as well as, perhaps, from the tradition of the elders, was in some parts of Bengal popularly known as 'the _Ḳāẓī_.' "In the Magistrate's office," writes my friend Mr. Seton-Karr, "it was quite common to speak of this case as referred to the joint magistrate, and that to the _Chhoṭā Ṣāḥib_ (the Assistant), and that again to the _Ḳāẓī_." But the duties of the _Ḳāẓī_ popularly so styled and officially recognised, had, almost from the beginning of the century, become limited to certain notarial functions, to the performance and registration of Mahommedan marriages, and some other matters connected with the social life of their co-religionists. To these functions must also be added as regards the 18th century and the earlier years of the 19th, duties in connection with distraint for rent on behalf of Zemindars. There were such _Ḳāẓīs_ nominated by Government in towns and pergunnas, with great variation in the area of the localities over which they officiated. The Act XI. of 1864, which repealed the laws relating to law-officers, put an end also to the appointment by Government of _Kāẓīs_. But this seems to have led to inconveniences which were complained of by Mahommedans in some parts of India, and it was enacted in 1880 (Act XII., styled "The _Ḳāẓīs_ Act") that with reference to any particular locality, and after consultation with the chief Musulman residents therein, the Local Government might select and nominate a _Ḳāẓī_ or _Ḳāẓīs_ for that local area (see FUTWA, LAW-OFFICER, MUFTY). 1338.—"They treated me civilly and set me in front of their mosque during their Easter; at which mosque, on account of its being their Easter, there were assembled from divers quarters a number of their CADINI, _i.e._ of their bishops."—Letter of _Friar Pascal_, in _Cathay, &c._, 235. c. 1461.— "Au tems que Alexandre regna Ung hom, nommé Diomedès Devant luy, on luy amena Engrilloné poulces et detz Comme ung larron; car il fut des Escumeurs que voyons courir Si fut mys devant le CADÈS, Pour estre jugé à mourir." _Gd. Testament de Fr. Villon._ [c. 1610.—"The Pandiare is called CADY in the Arabic tongue."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 199.] 1648.—"The Government of the city (Ahmedabad) and surrounding villages rests with the Governor _Coutewael_, and the Judge (whom they call CASGY)."—_Van Twist_, 15. [1670.—"The Shawbunder, COZZY."—_Hedges, Diary_, Hak. Soc. ii. ccxxix.] 1673.—"Their Law-Disputes, they are soon ended; the Governor hearing; and the CADI or Judge determining every Morning."—_Fryer_, 32. " "The CAZY or Judge ... marries them."—_Ibid._ 94. 1683.—"... more than that 3000 poor men gathered together, complaining with full mouths of his exaction and injustice towards them: some demanding Rupees 10, others Rupees 20 per man, which Bulchund very generously paid them in the CAZEE'S presence...."—_Hedges_, Nov. 5; [Hak. Soc. i. 134; CAZZE in i. 85]. 1684.—"_January 12._—From Cassumbazar 'tis advised ye Merchants and Picars appeal again to ye CAZEE for Justice against Mr. Charnock. Ye CAZEE cites Mr. Charnock to appear...."—_Ibid._ i. 147. 1689.—"A COGEE ... who is a Person skilled in their Law."—_Ovington_, 206. Here there is perhaps a confusion with COJA. 1727.—"When the Man sees his Spouse, and likes her, they agree on the Price and Term of Weeks, Months, or Years, and then appear before the CADJEE or Judge."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 52. 1763.—"The CADI holds court in which are tried all disputes of property."—_Orme_, i. 26 (ed. 1803). 1773.—"That they should be mean, weak, ignorant, and corrupt, is not surprising, when the salary of the principal judge, the CAZI, does not exceed Rs. 100 per month."—_From_ Impey's _Judgment in the Patna Cause_, quoted by _Stephen_, ii. 176. 1790.—"_Regulations for the Court of Circuit._ "24. That each of the Courts of Circuit be superintended by two covenanted civil servants of the Company, to be denominated Judges of the Courts of Circuit ... assisted by a KAZI and a Mufti."—_Regns. for the Adm. of Justice in the Foujdarry or Criminal Courts in Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa._ Passed by the G.-G. in C., Dec. 3, 1790. "32. ... The charge against the prisoner, his confession, which is always to be received with circumspection and tenderness ... &c. ... being all heard and gone through in his presence and that of the KAZI and Mufti of the Court, the KAZI and Mufti are then to write at the bottom of the record of the proceedings held in the trial, the _futwa_ or law as applicable to the circumstances of the case.... The Judges of the Court shall attentively consider such _futwa_, &c."—_Ibid._ 1791.—"The Judges of the Courts of Circuit shall refer to the KAZI and Mufti of their respective Courts all questions on points of law ... regarding which they may not have been furnished with specific instructions from the G.-G. in C. or the _Nizamut Adawlut_...."—_Regn. No. XXXV._ 1792.—Revenue Regulation of July 20, No. lxxv., empowers Landholders and Farmers of Land to distrain for Arrears of Rent or Revenue. The "KAZI of the Pegunnah" is the official under the Collector, repeatedly referred to as regulating and carrying out the distraint. So, again, in _Regn._ XVII. of 1793. 1793.—"lxvi. The Nizamut Adaulat shall continue to be held at Calcutta. "lxvii. The Court shall consist of the Governor-General, and the members of the Supreme Council, assisted by the head CAUZY of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa, and two Muftis." (This was already in the Regulations of 1791.)—_Regn. IX. of 1793._ See also quotation under MUFTY. 1793.—"I. CAUZIES are stationed at the Cities of Patna, Dacca, and Moorshedabad, and the principal towns, and in the pergunnahs, for the purpose of preparing and attesting deeds of transfer, and other law papers, celebrating marriages, and performing such religious duties or ceremonies prescribed by the Mahommedan law, as have been hitherto discharged by them under the British Government."—_Reg. XXXIX. of 1793._ 1803.—Regulation XLVI. regulates the appointment of CAUZY in towns and pergunnahs, "for the purpose of preparing and attesting deeds of transfer, and other law papers, celebrating marriages," &c., but makes no allusion to judicial duties. 1824.—"Have you not learned this common saying—'Every one's teeth are blunted by acids except the CADI'S, which are by sweets.'"—_Hajji Baba_, ed. 1835, p. 316. 1864.—"Whereas it is unnecessary to continue the offices of Hindoo and Mahomedan LAW-OFFICERS, and is inexpedient that the appointment of CAZEE-_ool-Cozaat_, or of City, Town, or Pergunnah CAZEES should be made by Government, it is enacted as follows:— * * * * * "II. Nothing contained in this Act shall be construed so as to prevent a CAZEE-_ool-Cozaat_ or other CAZEE from performing, when required to do so, any duties or ceremonies prescribed by the Mahomedan Law."—_Act No. XI. of 1864._ 1880.—"... whereas by the usage of the Muhammadan community in some parts of India the presence of KÁZÍS appointed by the Government is required at the celebration of marriages...."—_Bill introduced into the Council of Gov.-Gen._, January 30, 1880. " "An Act for the appointment of persons to the office of KÁZÍ. "Whereas by the preamble to Act No. XI. of 1864 ... it was (among other things declared inexpedient, &c.) ... and whereas by the usage of the Muhammadan community in some parts of India the presence of KÁZÍS appointed by the Government is required at the celebration of marriages and the performance of certain other rites and ceremonies, and it is therefore expedient that the Government should again be empowered to appoint such persons to the office of KÁZÍ; It is hereby enacted...."—_Act No. XII. of 1880._ 1885.—"To come to something more specific. 'There were instances in which men of the most venerable dignity, persecuted without a cause by extortioners, died of rage and shame in the gripe of the vile alguazils of Impey'" [Macaulay's _Essay on Hastings_]. "Here we see one CAZI turned into an indefinite number of 'men of the most venerable dignity'; a man found guilty by legal process of corruptly oppressing a helpless widow into 'men of the most venerable dignity' persecuted by extortioners without a cause; and a guard of sepoys, with which the Supreme Court had nothing to do, into 'vile alguazils of Impey.'"—_Stephen, Story of Nuncomar_, ii. 250-251. CAZEE also is a title used in Nepal for Ministers of State. 1848.—"KAJEES, Counsellors, and mitred Lamas were there, to the number of twenty, all planted with their backs to the wall, mute and motionless as statues."—_Hooker's Himalayan Journals_, ed. 1855, i. 286. 1868.—"The Durbar (of Nepal) have written to the four KAJEES of Thibet enquiring the reason."—Letter from _Col. R. Lawrence_, dated 1st April, regarding persecution of R. C. Missions in Tibet. 1873.— "Ho, lamas, get ye ready, Ho, KAZIS, clear the way; The chief will ride in all his pride To the Rungeet Stream to-day." _Wilfrid Heeley, A Lay of Modern Darjeeling._ CEDED DISTRICTS, n.p. A name applied familiarly at the beginning of the last century to the territory south of the Tungabhadra river, which was ceded to the Company by the Nizam in 1800, after the defeat and death of Tippoo Sultan. This territory embraced the present districts of Bellary, Cuddapah, and Karnúl, with the Palnād, which is now a subdivision of the Kistna District. The name perhaps became best known in England from _Gleig's Life of Sir Thomas Munro_, that great man having administered these provinces for 7 years. 1873.—"We regret to announce the death of Lieut.-General Sir Hector Jones, G.C.B., at the advanced age of 86. The gallant officer now deceased belonged to the Madras Establishment of the E. I. Co.'s forces, and bore a distinguished part in many of the great achievements of that army, including the celebrated march into the CEDED DISTRICTS under the Collector of Canara, and the campaign against the Zemindar of Madura."—_The True Reformer_, p. 7 ("wrot serkestick"). CELÉBES, n.p. According to Crawfurd this name is unknown to the natives, not only of the great island itself, but of the Archipelago generally, and must have arisen from some Portuguese misunderstanding or corruption. There appears to be no general name for the island in the Malay language, unless _Tanah Bugis_, 'the Land of the Bugis people' [see BUGIS]. It seems sometimes to have been called the Isle of Macassar. In form _Celebes_ is apparently a Portuguese plural, and several of their early writers speak of _Celebes_ as a _group_ of islands. Crawfurd makes a suggestion, but not very confidently, that _Pulo sālabih_, 'the islands over and above,' might have been vaguely spoken of by the Malays, and understood by the Portuguese as a name. [Mr. Skeat doubts the correctness of this explanation: "The standard Malay form would be _Pulau Sălĕbih_, which in some dialects might be _Să-lĕbis_, and this may have been a variant of _Si-Lĕbih_, a man's name, the _si_ corresponding to the def. art. in the Germ. phrase '_der_ Hans.' Numerous Malay place-names are derived from those of people."] 1516.—"Having passed these islands of Maluco ... at a distance of 130 leagues, there are other islands to the west, from which sometimes there come white people, naked from the waist upwards.... These people eat human flesh, and if the King of Maluco has any person to execute, they beg for him to eat him, just as one would ask for a pig, and the islands from which they come are called CELEBE."—_Barbosa_, 202-3. c. 1544.—"In this street (of Pegu) there were six and thirty thousand strangers of two and forty different Nations, namely ... _Papuaas_, SELEBRES, _Mindanaos_ ... and many others whose names I know not."—_F. M. Pinto_, in _Cogan's_ tr., p. 200. 1552.—"In the previous November (1529) arrived at Ternate D. Jorge de Castro who came from Malaca by way of Borneo in a junk ... and going astray passed along the _Isle of Macaçar_...."—_Barros_, Dec. IV. i. 18. " "The first thing that the Samarao did in this was to make Tristão de Taide believe that in the ISLES OF THE CELEBES, and of the _Macaçares_ and in that of Mindinão there was much gold."—_Ibid._ vi. 25. 1579.—"The 16 Day (December) wee had sight of the Iland CELEBES or SILEBIS."—_Drake, World Encompassed_ (Hak. Soc.), p. 150. 1610.—"At the same time there were at Ternate certain ambassadors from the _Isles of the Macaçás_ (which are to the west of those of Maluco—the nearest of them about 60 leagues).... These islands are many, and joined together, and appear in the sea-charts thrown into one very big island, extending, as the sailors say, North and South, and having near 100 leagues of compass. And this island imitates the shape of a big locust, the head of which (stretching to the south to 5½ degrees) is formed by the CELLEBES (_são os Cellebes_), which have a King over them.... These islands are ruled by many Kings, differing in language, in laws, and customs...."—_Couto_, Dec. V. vii. 2. CENTIPEDE, s. This word was perhaps borrowed directly from the Portuguese in India (_centopèa_). [The _N.E.D._ refers it to Sp.] 1662.—"There is a kind of worm which the Portuguese call _un_ CENTOPÈ, and the Dutch also 'thousand-legs' (_tausend-bein_)."—_T. Saal_, 68. CERAM, n.p. A large island in the Molucca Sea, the Serang of the Malays. [Klinkert gives the name _Seran_, which Mr. Skeat thinks more likely to be correct.] CERAME, CARAME, &c., s. The Malayālim _śrāmbi_, a gatehouse with a room over the gate, and generally fortified. This is a feature of temples, &c., as well as of private houses, in Malabar [see _Logan_, i. 82]. The word is also applied to a chamber raised on four posts. [The word, as Mr. Skeat notes, has come into Malay as _sarambi_ or _serambi_, 'a house veranda.'] [1500.—"He was taken to a CERAME, which is a one-storied house of wood, which the King had erected for their meeting-place."—_Castañeda_, Bk. I. cap. 33, p. 103.] 1551.—"... where stood the ÇARAME of the King, which is his temple...."—_Ibid._ iii. 2. 1552.—"Pedralvares ... was carried ashore on men's shoulders in an ANDOR till he was set among the Gentoo Princes whom the Çamorin had sent to receive him at the beach, whilst the said Çamorin himself was standing within sight in the CERAME awaiting his arrival."—_Barros_, I. v. 5. 1557.—The word occurs also in D'Alboquerque's Commentaries (_Hak. Soc._ tr. i. 115), but it is there erroneously rendered "jetty." 1566.—"Antes de entrar no CERAME vierão receber alguns senhores dos que ficarão com el Rei."—_Dam. de Goes, Chron._ 76 (ch. lviii.). CEYLON, n.p. This name, as applied to the great island which hangs from India like a dependent jewel, becomes usual about the 13th century. But it can be traced much earlier. For it appears undoubtedly to be formed from _Sinhala_ or _Sihala_, 'lions' abode,' the name adopted in the island itself at an early date. This, with the addition of 'Island,' _Sihala-dvīpa_, comes down to us in Cosmas as Σιελεδίβα. There was a Pali form _Sihalan_, which, at an early date, must have been colloquially shortened to _Silan_, as appears from the old Tamil name _Ilam_ (the Tamil having no proper sibilant), and probably from this was formed the _Sarandīp_ and _Sarandīb_ which was long the name in use by mariners of the Persian Gulf. It has been suggested by Mr. Van der Tuuk, that the name _Sailan_ or _Silan_ was really of Javanese origin, as _sela_ (from Skt. _śilā_, 'a rock, a stone') in Javanese (and in Malay) means 'a precious stone,' hence _Pulo Selan_ would be 'Isle of Gems.' ["This," writes Mr. Skeat, "is possible, but it remains to be proved that the gem was not named after the island (_i.e._ 'Ceylon stone'). The full phrase in standard Malay is _batu Sēlan_, where _batu_ means 'stone.' Klinkert merely marks _Sailan_ (Ceylon) as Persian."] The island was really called anciently _Ratnadvīpa_, 'Isle of Gems,' and is termed by an Arab historian of the 9th century _Jazīrat-al yaḳūt_, 'Isle of Rubies.' So that there is considerable plausibility in Van der Tuuk's suggestion. But the genealogy of the name from _Sihala_ is so legitimate that the utmost that can be conceded is the possibility that the Malay form _Selan_ may have been shaped by the consideration suggested, and may have influenced the general adoption of the form _Sailān_, through the predominance of Malay navigation in the Middle Ages. c. 362.—"Unde nationibus Indicis certatim cum donis optimates mittentibus ante tempus, ab usque Divis et SERENDIVIS."—_Ammianus Marcellinus_, XXI. vii. c. 430.—"The island of Lanka was called SIHALA after the Lion; listen ye to the narration of the island which I (am going to) tell: 'The daughter of the Vanga King cohabited in the forest with a lion.'"—_Dipavanso_, IX. i. 2. c. 545.—"This is the great island in the ocean, lying in the Indian Sea. By the Indians it is called SIELEDIBA, but by the Greeks Taprobane."—_Cosmas_, Bk. xi. 851.—"Near SARANDĪB is the pearl-fishery. _Sarandīb_ is entirely surrounded by the sea."—_Relation des Voyages_, i. p. 5. c. 940.—"Mas'ūdi proceeds: In the Island SARANDĪB, I myself witnessed that when the King was dead, he was placed on a chariot with low wheels so that his hair dragged upon the ground."—In _Gildemeister_, 154. c. 1020.—"There you enter the country of Lárán, where is Jaimúr, then Malia, then Kánji, then Darúd, where there is a great gulf in which is SINKALDÍP (_Sinhala dvīpa_), or the island of SARANDÍP."—_Al Birūnī_, as given by _Rashíduddín_, in _Elliot_, i. 66. 1275.—"The island SAILAN is a vast island between China and India, 80 parasangs in circuit.... It produces wonderful things, sandal-wood, spikenard, cinnamon, cloves, brazil, and various spices...."—_Kazvīnī_, in _Gildem