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                                BOOKS BY
                             FRANCES BONKER
                                  AND
                          JOHN JAMES THORNBER

  THE SAGE OF THE DESERT
  DESERT FLOWERS
  THE FANTASTIC CLAN


                            Copyright, 1932,
                       By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

All rights reserved—no part of this book may be reproduced in any form
without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer
who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written
for inclusion in magazine or newspaper.

                        Set up and electrotyped.
                        Published February, 1932
                PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                      NORWOOD PRESS LINOTYPE, INC.
                         NORWOOD, MASS., U.S.A.


                       To the Memory of My Father
                             JAMES THORNBER
                       A Seeker After the Odd and
                        the Beautiful in Nature
                                                                J. J. T.

                               To My Aunt
                          LIDA PLANT TRUMBULL
                A Collector of Rare and Unique Specimens
                      of the Weird Fantastic Clan
                                                                   F. B.

[Illustration: MEXICAN NIGHT BLOOMING CEREUS; REINA DE NOCHE; SERPENT
CACTUS (Cereus serpentinus)]




                THE FANTASTIC CLAN. _THE CACTUS FAMILY._


Studies of that unique and fascinating growth, the Cactus plant, treating
of all the most important groups of Cacti known, with scientific
accuracy, and depicting the charm of the desert land, its magic spell and
wondrous lure, in the great Cactus area of the world, the American desert
of the Southwest.

[Illustration: ]

                    _By_ JOHN JAMES THORNBER, A.M.,
               Professor of Botany, University of Arizona
                         _and_ FRANCES BONKER.


                         THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
                        NEW YORK    MDCCCCXXXII




                                PREFACE


In this book we are going to introduce something new and interesting to
many, the weird cactus plant life of the Southwestern desert—strange and
marvelous growths which we call the Fantastic Clan; and to increase the
reality and charm of the subject we will take an imaginary trip into the
domain of the flowers of the desert. We shall explain here how to come to
know them, and how to grow them in gardens; and we hope that, after
reading, you will desire to have a cactus garden of your own, for the
desert cacti are so different and so beautiful, with their symmetry of
filigree and lacework, their fantastic shapes and marvelous colorings,
and in many cases with a perfection of design that seems to have just
come from the draughting board. We will not attempt to picture _all_ the
wondrous beauty of the Night Blooming Cereus, nor to tell how dainty the
Arizona Rainbow and the California Pincushion really are. We will try,
however, to treat in large measure about them, and about all the most
important groups of cacti known to man, here in Mexico and our own
Southwest, the great cactus area of the earth. We will show where they
live and how they live, and in what manner they grow; and when you
actually see them, in traveling across the Great American Desert, you
will appreciate the wondrous beauty of desert creations and the flashes
of brilliant color, gorgeous beyond description. No artist can paint nor
pen describe the weird Fantastic Clan, as they are glimpsed peering out
from under the rocks or gathered in clusters and patches surrounded with
their dead-looking, drab-colored neighbors; or rearing their stately
heads far above the ordinary walks of life in columnar pillars of
towering strength. There is a fascination away out there on the desert;
nevertheless, unlike the strange weird members of the cactus clan, we
come not to stay, but only to enjoy the charm of the desert, to study and
learn, and then to depart on our way.

Without help from the following persons and organizations, it would have
been impossible for us to make such careful study of these plants, so
widely distributed over the Southwestern deserts:

We thank Dr. James Greenlief Brown and Dr. Rubert Burley Streets of the
University of Arizona for numerous photographs; Professor Andrew
Alexander Nichol of the University of Arizona for rare species of cacti
collected; Dr. Forrest Shreve of the Carnegie Institution of Washington
for specimens of plants and photographs; Evelyn Thornber for pen-and-ink
drawings of cacti; Miss Frances Hamilton, Mr. William Palmer Stockwell,
Mr. Frank Henry Parker, and Mr. Barnard Hendricks for assistance in
making careful studies of the cacti; the University of Arizona and the
Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution for help in
procuring specimens of cacti for comparative study.

We are deeply indebted to Mrs. John Wilmot Estill of Los Angeles,
California, for her exquisite paintings used in this book.

                                                     John James Thornber
                                                         Tucson, Arizona
                                                          Frances Bonker
                                                    Pasadena, California
  October 1, 1931




                                FOREWORD


We believe that many readers are interested in the mysterious plants and
flowers of the desert, especially of the great Southwest. Here in our own
back yard, as it were, in sunny California and also over in that great
sand pile of southwestern Arizona, sometimes called the “Studio of the
Gods,” time has carved and chiseled out wonderful valleys and cañons, and
graced their floors with tiny streams of water like threads of molten
silver on burnished sands. This desert fairyland is brimful of Nature’s
most curious plants and flowers. Here in Nature’s workshop you will find
plants and flowers weird and marvelous, of fantastic shapes and grotesque
design, of glowing hue and exotic fragrance.

Out where rock and sand and gravel, and sagebrush and mesquite and
chaparral struggle hard to hold on to life, the giant cactus, Sahuaro,
the Old Man cactus known as _Cereus senilis_, the Prickly Pear Opuntia,
and the wonderful Night Blooming Cereus live on peacefully and quietly
and seem to smile down on man and beast and reptile, in the magnificent
splendor of their brilliant flowers and fruit in the spring. Drought or
rain in plenty seems to make but little difference to most of these, for
the reason that Nature, the Great Engineer, has given these plants a
unique structure which enables them to store up enough moisture in their
reservoir systems to last, in some cases, as long as _three years_, if
the rains should not come. It would tax man’s ingenuity to the utmost to
beat that!

Do you know how the Cursed Cholla gets its name? or why the cactus spines
are such a puzzle to the botanist? or the romance Time has woven round
the Night Blooming Cereus? or why the Barrel cactus is the Indian’s
friend in time of drought, the traveler’s friend when lost? or why the
Fishhook cactus is called by that name? Would you know a Pipe Organ
cactus if you saw one? Do you know that the Strawberry cactus or Hedgehog
is delicious for food?

“The Fantastic Clan” tells you about all these things. In this book we
take you on a pleasant journey through a wonderland of plant life,
stopping at lonely isolated spots to view the Night Blooming Cereus
cactus, whose ethereal beauty vies with the famous orchids of the South
American forests. And to see this lovely queen in all her pristine beauty
will make you forget the orchid and the rose! We also get a glimpse of
the Hawaiian Night Blooming Cereus, so exquisitely beautiful that, for
ages, in faraway Hawaii magnificent fiestas have marked the opening of
the buds and the blooming of the Night Blooming Cereus.

Then we take you into the presence of the giant cactus, Sahuaro, which in
a previous volume we have called the Sage of the desert; steadfast,
towering pillarlike fifty feet into the air, he gives a sense of power to
all who behold him, some certain realization of the grandeur and the
mystery of God’s creations here on Earth.

The Serpent cacti, with their grotesque angular arms projecting like so
many sinuous tentacles, claim our attention next; and the Prickly Pears,
advance guard for the entire cactus clan, pass before our gaze. Many,
many others, of fantastic shapes and distorted growth, freaks of nature,
also numbers of God’s glorious creations, flowers of ethereal beauty,
trees, majestic and noble, crowd into this picture stretched before our
eyes in one vast scene of limitless sand, the Great American Desert.




                                CONTENTS


  PAGE
      PREFACE                                                         vii
      FOREWORD                                                         ix
  I A DESERT FASHION SHOW                                               1
      (_Cereus_)
  II CACTUS SPINES AND PECULIARITIES                                   27
  III THE BABY CACTUS                                                  32
      (_Pincushion_)
  IV THE PARADE OF THE DESERT FLOWERS                                  62
      (_Hedgehog or Strawberry_)
  V THE PAINTED CANVAS OF THE DESERT                                   88
      (_Prickly Pears_)
  VI MINIATURE FORTRESSES ON THE DESERT                               119
      (_Cholla_)
  VII A DESERT GRAVEYARD                                              153
      (_Barrel or Bisnaga_)
  VIII CONCLUSION                                                     185
      GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY                    187
      INDEX                                                           191




                             ILLUSTRATIONS


  MEXICAN NIGHT BLOOMING CEREUS; REINA DE NOCHE; SERPENT CACTUS
          (_Cereus serpentinus_)                           _Frontispiece_
  PAGE
  SENITA, ZINA, OR SINA (_Cereus Schottii_)                             4
  NIGHT BLOOMING CEREUS; GODDESS OF THE NIGHT; LA REINA DE NOCHE; THE
          QUEEN OF NIGHT (_Cereus Greggii_)                    _Facing_ 8
  SAHUARO OR GIANT CACTUS (_Cereus giganteus_); AND PALO VERDE        ” 9
  SHORT SPINED STRAWBERRY CACTUS (_Echinocereus Bonkeræ_)            ” 28
  HORNED TOAD CACTUS (_Mammillaria Mainæ_)                           ” 40
  SLENDER PINCUSHION CACTUS (_Mammillaria fasciculata_)              ” 40
  SUNSET CACTUS (_Mammillaria Grahamii_)                             ” 41
  BENT SPINE PINCUSHION (_Coryphantha recurvata_)                    ” 41
  GOLDEN SPINED STRAWBERRY CACTUS (_Echinocereus chrysocentrus_)     ” 66
  TURK’S HEAD (_Echinocactus horizonthalonius_)                      ” 66
  TRAVELER’S FRIEND; CANDY CACTUS; TRAVELER’S COMPASS (_Echinocactus
          Covillei_)                                                 ” 66
  DESERT STRAWBERRIES; FENDLER’S HEDGEHOG CACTUS (_Echinocereus
          Fendleri_)                                                 ” 67
  INDIAN STRAWBERRY CACTUS; ENGELMANN’S HEDGEHOG CACTUS
          (_Echinocereus Engelmannii_)                               ” 67
  SHORT SPINED STRAWBERRY CACTUS (Echinocereus Bonkeræ)              ” 72
  SALMON FLOWERED HEDGEHOG CACTUS (_Echinocereus Leeanus_)           ” 72
  CREAM PINCUSHION CACTUS (_Mammillaria Johnstonii_)                 ” 73
  SHOWY PINCUSHION CACTUS (_Coryphantha aggregata_)                  ” 73
  SNOWBALL PINCUSHION (_Mammillaria Oliviæ_)                         ” 73
  CALIFORNIA PINCUSHION (_Mammillaria tetrancistera_)                ” 73
  RAINBOW CACTUS (_Echinocereus rigidissimus_)                       ” 84
  PAPAGO FRUIT CACTUS (_Opuntia Blakeana_)                             91
  DELICATE PRICKLY PEAR (_Opuntia delicata_)                           92
  WHIPPLE’S CHOLLA (_Opuntia Whipplei_)                                93
  PURPLE PRICKLY PEAR (_Opuntia santa rita_)                           93
  SMOOTH PRICKLY PEAR (_Opuntia laevis_)                               95
  FOOTHILL PRICKLY PEAR (_Opuntia Toumeyi_)                            96
  DISCUS PRICKLY PEAR (_Opuntia discata_)                              98
  ENGELMANN’S PRICKLY PEAR (_Opuntia Engelmannii_)                     99
  BEAVER TAIL (_Opuntia basilaris_)                                 ” 100
  FLAPJACK PRICKLY PEAR (_Opuntia chlorotica_)                      ” 100
  PORCUPINE PRICKLY PEAR (_Opuntia hystricina_)                     ” 101
  TEDDY BEAR CACTUS (_Opuntia Bigelovii_)                           ” 101
  GOLDEN PRICKLY PEAR (_Opuntia Covillei_)                            102
  PORCUPINE PRICKLY PEAR (_Opuntia hystricina_)                       105
  LONG SPINED PRICKLY PEAR (_Opuntia macrocentra_)                    105
  GIANT CACTUS OR SAHUARO (_Cereus giganteus_)                      ” 124
  MEXICAN NIGHT BLOOMING CEREUS; SERPENT CACTUS; REINA DE NOCHE
          (_Cereus serpentinus_)                                    ” 125
  DESERT CHRISTMAS CACTUS; TASAJILLO (_Opuntia leptocaulis_)          128
  PROLIFIC TREE CHOLLA (_Opuntia arbuscula_)                          128
  MANY COLORED TREE CHOLLA (_Opuntia versicolor_)                     131
  POPULAR CHOLLA (_Opuntia tetracantha_)                              131
  THORNBER’S CHOLLA (_Opuntia Thornberi_)                             135
  MANY COLORED TREE CHOLLA (_Opuntia versicolor_)                     135
  JUMPING CHOLLA (_Opuntia fulgida_)                                ” 136
  CURSED CHOLLA; DEVIL CACTUS (_Opuntia Stanlyi_)                   ” 137
  BUCKHORN CHOLLA (_Opuntia acanthocarpa_)                          ” 137
  CURSED CHOLLA; DEVIL CHOLLA (_Opuntia Stanlyi_)                     138
  JUMPING CHOLLA (_Opuntia fulgida_)                                  138
  SPINY TREE CHOLLA (_Opuntia spinosior_)                           ” 140
  CANDY BARREL CACTUS; FISHHOOK CACTUS (_Echinocactus Wislizeni_)   ” 160
  PINK FLOWERED VISNAGITA (_Echinocactus Johnsonii_)                ” 160
  MEXICAN FRUIT CACTUS (_Echinocactus hamatacanthus_)               ” 161
  GIANT VISNAGA; GIANT BARREL CACTUS (_Echinocactus Visnaga_)       ” 161




                           THE FANTASTIC CLAN




                               CHAPTER I
                         A DESERT FASHION SHOW


Kipling once said, “When you’ve heard the East a-calling, you won’t have
anything else.” And this is true of the desert. The charm of the desert,
once it gets its hold on you, always brings you back. There are no fears
nor dreads out there; it is the place where mankind can go and rest.

When springtime comes it is time to be on the move, to see new places,
new things, to enjoy, to learn. Early in April we start on a trek or trip
by automobile across the Giant Amphitheater of the Sun, somewhere on the
great desert along the Mexico-California frontier and thence on into
Southern California; seeking out the plants and flowers which appear now
in gay spring tints and hues, scrutinizing their wondrous beauty, their
colorings and fantastic shapes, their scientific make-up and their
dwelling places, and occasionally their grotesque appearance.

The desert is an enormous caldron of burning sand, rolling and rising and
sinking here and there. But in the spring these arid lands present a
striking parade of beautiful flowers—a veritable fashion show! It is
early in the morning of a cloudless April day; the night dew is on most
of the blossoms, and they are fresh from its bath. There is no dust and
their colors are still bright as we inhale the fragrant scent. The desert
glow is brightening, for the sun is rising just over the eastern rim of
the foothills, and we stop to gaze upon the first of a colony of cacti
called the Cereus Group. The name Cereus is musical; we find that it is
from the Latin, meaning torch, and is given to this genus in the family
of Cactaceæ because of the beautiful candelabralike branching of some of
its members.


                          GROWTH AND HABITATS

They are trees, shrubs, or climbers, growing erect or spreading out with
ribbed branches; they are the tallest and largest of the Cactaceæ. The
flowers are funnel-form, some are elongated and very showy, and we find
that they bloom mostly in the darkness of the desert night. Perhaps this
night blooming accounts for the softness and brilliance of their delicate
colorings, as of the orchids, the most gorgeous of which as you know come
from the deep shaded forests of the South American jungles. The genus
Cereus is very large, comprising more than two hundred varieties. Their
native habitats are in South America, Central America, the West Indies,
Mexico, and southern United States.


                  Caterpillar Cactus (_Cereus eruca_)

                  _Lower California, Magdalena Island_

The first of these growths to attract our attention is the weird Creeping
Devil cactus! How apropos is this nomenclature! We see it here in Lower
California, _Cereus eruca_, creeping along the coastal lands and over the
fine drifted sands of the seashore like countless thousands of
caterpillars crawling over the ground, worming their way slowly across
the sandy plains to the sea. This remarkable cactus grows on the coastal
plains of Lower California and is abundant on Magdalena Island in very
sandy soil, preferring the softer sand for its habitat and particularly
the wind-drifted material, over small areas of which it forms a more or
less continuous covering, broken here and there by dead stems. In the
clumps of this cactus the desert foxes live; for in its natural habitat
it prevents the sand from drifting and offers homes for the little
animals of the region.

The stems lie flat on the ground with their tips somewhat upturned, thus
resembling huge caterpillars, head and body; they grow along on the
ground, rooting from their lower surfaces, elongating at the tips, and
dying back behind, which results in a slow forward movement of the whole
plant. When this cactus meets with a log or stone the stem with its
upraised tip gradually grows over this hindrance, up one side and down
the other, and by the dying back of the rear end, in time passes over the
obstruction. The stems, varying from three to nine feet in length and
nearly as large as a man’s arm, are very spiny, with fifteen to twenty
radial and central thorns of a dark brownish hue and dull tan, turning to
grayish white with age, the tips translucent yellow. The flowers are
bright yellow, the fruit delicious and relished by Indians and Mexicans
both as a salad and as a preserve.


                       Senita (_Cereus Schottii_)

          _Lower California, Sonora, and Southwestern Arizona_

[Illustration: SENITA, ZINA, OR SINA (Cereus Schottii)]

The next growth to attract our notice is that called by botanists _Cereus
Schottii_ or _Lophocereus Schottii_. It is named also for convenience
Senita, Zina, and Sina. This is a remarkable cactus found in Sonora (a
state of Northern Mexico), southwestern Arizona, and Lower California
under the most arid conditions. It grows commonly in colonies and patches
in the mountain cañons and there enjoys protection that the individual
plants do not have. The young plants are equipped with silvery, short,
stout spines, and the old ones with slender, long, flexible bristles,
grayish or purplish gray, giving the appearance of old age—hence the
common popular name of Senita. At a little distance these bristlelike
thorns appear like fine purplish bands, from their symmetrically twisted
spiral arrangement on the five- to twenty-foot yellow-green stems, which
are supported by wooden cores or scalloped cylinders. Senita plants are
very striking on the arid mountain slopes, along the foothills, and in
protected valleys and cañons where the winter is warm and the summer hot,
their dense branches often interlocking in huge clumps twenty feet across
and twenty-five feet high. Their bristly stems resemble somewhat a
squirrel’s tail or bottle brush, and in Mexico the plants are grown for
fences which are unique and effective. The flowers are about an inch and
a half long and as wide, shaped like a bell, with very lovely cream-white
and pale pink petals shading into deep pink at the tips. The fruit is a
greenish brown changing to dull red when mature, and globose. The
blossoms and fruit of this species are rather small for the Cereus; the
flowers open in the evening and close in the morning, and while delicate
are not at all showy.


                  Prohibition Cactus (_Cereus Emoryi_)

    _Lower California, Northern Mexico, and Southwestern California_

_Bergorocactus Emoryi_, as he is sometimes called, is a little fellow to
have such a long name. He is odd and rather humble, and very much
resembles the Hedgehog Cactus, another group of Cereus, entirely. He
grows well on the arid hillsides near the southern coast in San Diego
County, California, and in Lower California; perhaps we should call him
the “Prohibition cactus,” for he likes his home place dry. A foot or two
high, he grows in thick impenetrable masses ten to twenty feet across,
and covered with a dense spiny coating; fifteen to thirty slender,
yellowish, needlelike but stiff thorns, half an inch to an inch long or
longer; pale yellowish brown flowers, quite small and clustering toward
the tips of the stems. As we stop a moment here in Lower California to
view him, we see that he is somewhat interesting, but though a member of
the noble tribe of Cereus not attractive to us as a weird cactus, having
little to suggest the dignity and grandeur of the giant Sahuaro, the
uniqueness of the Pipe Organ with its finest of fruit, or the exquisite
blossoms of _la Reina de Noche_, queen among desert flowers.


                   Old Man Cactus (_Cereus senilis_)

                                _Mexico_

Next in line of our fashion parade comes the _Cereus senilis_, sometimes
called by the botanists _Cephalocereus senilis_ (a polite way of saying
“old man”). For a long time he has been one of the most popular of the
Cactus Clan. He grows well in cactus gardens and conservatories, here and
in Europe, and is greatly in demand on both continents; his habitat is
the limestone foothills and mountains in northern and central Mexico, and
is rather inaccessible. We find that the radial spines of the young
plants are transformed into coarse white translucent hairs from four to
twelve inches long, and, being deflexed like long gray hairs, suggest the
name of “Old Man Cactus.” In the varying conditions and locations where
he grows, he is sometimes called the “Bunny” or the “White Persian Cat”
cactus. All the spines are fragile and break easily, and hence the Old
Man cactus should not be handled more than is necessary. In maturity he
grows around his head a dense mass of tawny wool, sometimes longer on one
side suggesting a hat cocked to left or right, which gives the tall plant
a most grotesque and rakish appearance. This cactus is columnar and
little branched; in some instances he grows to a height of forty-five
feet, and is a very imposing sight in the landscape. The stems and
branches are pale green or yellow-green with a scurfy waxy coating over
the surface, are not tough, and sometimes a large tree can be cut down
with a small pocketknife! The rose-colored flowers are bell-shaped or
funnel-shaped and night-blooming, appearing only on the older plants. The
inch-long fruit is rose-colored and covered with scales and tufts of hair
or short wool! How strangely at times Nature does her work!


                 Pipe Organ Cactus (_Cereus Thurberi_)

            _Lower California, Sonora, and Southern Arizona_

An aristocrat of the Cactaceæ claims our attention next, _Cereus
Thurberi_, called also the “Pipe Organ” cactus. It grows well in the arid
mountain regions, on the lower mountains and flats of Lower California
and from Sonora in Mexico to southern Arizona, usually in colonies,
seeking the rocky, gravelly soil in foothills and along the mountain
cañons. Notice how it branches near the base and grows from ten to twenty
feet tall; very erect and stately, the plant makes quite an appearance in
green armor with a thin waxy coat. Surrounded by smaller patches of cacti
where it towers well over them all, _Thurberi_ presents a very striking
picture in this setting of old Mexico or Lower California. We note that
its great columns of yellow-green cuticle look much like the pipes of a
giant organ silhouetted against the sky away out on the desert; hence the
name Pipe Organ cactus or Pitahaya. We might even fancy that the rush of
the wind through mountain and cañon, with its piercing shriek or duller
roar, the song of the desert, is music emanating from the giant pipes of
this great Organ cactus of Arizona and Lower California. The flowers,
like those of many others of its kind, bloom in the night and are usually
closed by nine o’clock in the morning; growing in the tops of clusters of
slender spreading grayish spines, lining the fifteen or twenty ridges of
the stems, and, it is to be noted, appearing only on the tips of the
stems; beautiful blooms three inches long with white margins, the
delicate petals light pink with green and white bands along their edges,
the innermost petals satiny white with some pink above, gradually toning
into the purple-red of the sepals. The fruit of “Pitahaya dulce” as the
Indians call the plant, globose, olive-green, with a crimson sweet fleshy
pulp when ripe, is a rare delicacy and is highly prized by Indians and
Mexicans for the making of jellies and jams, conserves, syrups, and
sweetmeats. From the syrup they also make wine.


                 Serpent Cactus (_Cereus serpentinus_)

                                _Mexico_

In one of the cultivated gardens of Northern Mexico we are introduced by
the hospitable natives (half Mexican, half Spanish), to that weird and
striking growth, the _Cereus serpentinus_, known also in the realm of
botany as _Nyctocereus serpentinus_. Any one of its long sinuous
tentacles, the six to fifteen entangled stems, might easily remind one of
the twisted body of a serpent springing at its intended victim! This is a
Night Blooming Cereus cactus, supposed to be a native of eastern Mexico,
where it grows half wild in hedges and over walls, but its habitat is
uncertain. The stems, eight to fifteen feet long, grow erect for about
ten feet, and then bend over or are pendent for several feet; on top of
the ridges running along them are clusters of slender spreading
cream-white and reddish brown spines, flexible and not stiff like those
of most cacti.

[Illustration: NIGHT BLOOMING CEREUS; GODDESS OF THE NIGHT; LA REINA DE
NOCHE; THE QUEEN OF NIGHT (Cereus Greggii)]

You must come to the desert in the soft shadows of the moonlit night to
see the ethereal beauty of this rare and exquisite flower. For only one
night in each year does the flower queen come forth into bloom, scenting
the warm sweet air of the desert land for miles and miles, while
thousands of people, Indian and white, gather for the brilliant spectacle
of hundreds of thousands of waxy white blossoms. Then no more may the eye
of man behold the lovely colorings, nor sense the exotic perfume of the
Goddess of the Night, until her appointed time comes yet again in the
Desert Land of Plants and Flowers.

[Illustration: SAHUARO OR GIANT CACTUS (Cereus giganteus); AND PALO
VERDE]

The noble “Sage of the Desert,” towering fifty feet into the air, oldest
and largest of the American Cacti, often attaining the age of two hundred
and fifty years, entwining with the Palo Verde.

Why are such names as _la Reina de Noche_ (the Queen of Night), Mexican
Night Blooming Cereus, _Junco Espinoso_, given to this Cereus? We see the
answer in the large bloom nearly a foot long and over _seven_ inches
wide, of a delicate tan-pink in background, shading into the soft
cream-white of the petals, then the corona of stamens, a symphony of pale
yellow and white; touches of green grace the bases of the sepals, and the
whole forms a lovely picture against the background of old adobe
dwellings, evanescent and brilliant in the white rays of the southern
moon. And the fragrance of this lovely Cereus! The perfume from a single
blossom will fill a large room or a whole yard: a pronounced spicy odor
somewhat like that of a tuberose. This beautiful flower resembles that of
the _Cereus Greggii_, our own Night Blooming Cereus. Its delicate
colorings and poignancy of perfume make it one of the finest blossoms of
the flower kingdom, much in demand for cactus gardens and window
decoration. The showy beauties are highly prized by Mexicans and
Spaniards as well, both in Mexico and abroad. Strictly night-blooming,
and opening but one night in a season, the beautiful blossoms begin to
unfold soon after sundown, having increased rapidly in size the day
before, the loosened sepals and petals giving the flower the appearance
of an inverted flask; the blossoms close soon after sunrise unless the
day is cloudy, when they remain open until late afternoon. This
blossoming, however, continues on different plants during April, May, and
even into June. With favorable conditions the weird serpent plants run
wild and grow luxuriantly, forming very striking hedges; and they are
most attractive as climbers over the Mexican adobe walls.


                   Giant Cactus (_Cereus giganteus_)

          _Southern California, Southern Arizona, and Mexico_

That fellow over yonder is _Cereus giganteus_, or _Carnegiea gigantea_;
he is “old Sahuaro” (pronounced “sa-wáh-ro”), Saguaro, or Giant cactus.
Sahuaro is the “Sage of the Desert” because of the great age he attains,
often two hundred fifty years or more. He is the giant tree of the cactus
clan. There are Sahuaro out on the Great American Desert that were old
when the thirteen colonies became a nation in 1776. Proud and dignified
and stately they stand out there in the great alone, silent sentinels of
a long gone past still hardy in the towering strength of their great age,
with yesterday gone forever and looking to the day that is yet to come.

Near sunset we may fancy them in silent meditation as if determining some
mooted question of time or weather. For in case of long continued drought
the reservoir systems of these great trees store up enough moisture to
last them for three years, and they will blossom and fruit just the same
without fail and on time! Over the entire length of these giants, run
long ridges or flutings, which serve the plants as miraculous reservoirs
for water: as the ridges expand, the plant becomes water-filled; and as
the great tree uses up its moisture, these flutings contract into proper
position, thereby exhibiting but one of the many marvels in engineering
consummated by Nature, the Great Engineer. Along his twenty or
twenty-five flutings she has given Sahuaro a formidable array of long
sharp spikes which defy the approach of man and beast alike: grayish
black spines, clustering on the lower ridges of the plant and never
bearing flowers, and clusters of yellowish thorns, on the upper part of
stem and branches, that bear the blossoms and fruit.

Thirty to fifty feet tall, these sentinels of the desert tower above the
baby Pincushion, the Cholla, the Creosote and Desert Sagebrush, and the
other Cerei, which seem but tiny dwarfs in comparison. Columns of their
massive trunks grow singly for a distance of ten to fifteen feet, then
curve abruptly erect in candelabralike branches, terminating in masses of
waxy white blossoms, the whole giving strongly the effect of a lighted
candelabra in the dazzling sunlight. Full-grown Sahuaro weigh six tons or
more; they are very sturdily constructed, vigorous and hardy, caring not
for wind or weather or time. Woodpeckers make their homes in the waxy
green trunks of old Sahuaro, and the injuries made by birds are sealed
over by a coating of tissue from the plant itself. These coverings often
take form of water containers and are so used by the Indians. The spiked
armor causes Sahuaro to be feared by man and bird and beast, and the bold
woodpecker and the hawk are almost alone in venturing to nest in their
trunks.

In flower time the blossoms are produced in abundance on the tips of stem
and branches, large satiny blooms four inches or so long and half as
wide, growing solitary but in such great masses of waxy white bloom as to
give the effect of being clustered; as usual with the Cereus, remaining
open all night and closing in the forenoon. The Department of Commerce at
Washington is taking steps to develop the fruit of the _giganteus_ as an
article of commerce. Shaped like an egg and about the same size, its
crimson red pulp is made into wine by native Indians and Mexicans,
preserved as jam and fruit in clay ollas, and after drying in the sun
served as delicious sweetmeats to the whites trading near by. In June,
when the sun is blazing hot, the Papago Indians camp in forests and
harvest the fruit of old Sahuaro, while the dead plants furnish material
for the building of their huts and adobe dwellings, the “ribs” used for
rafters and poles, and even for fuel. The ceilings of many old buildings
in Tucson, Arizona, were made of Giant cactus ribs, several layers deep.
Many an Indian life has been saved by old Sahuaro in time of severe
drought. Is it any wonder that the Papago begins his New Year in June
with the fruiting of the Giant cactus?

The beautiful blossom of the Sage of the Desert is the state flower of
Arizona. A hundred miles west of Tucson, Arizona, is a great forest of
these noble cacti, the Papago Sahuaro Forest of Arizona, while another
forest of the great trees is a little to the east of the state capital,
Phoenix. The Giant cactus thrives best in the rocky valleys and foothills
along the low mountain slopes and cañons, and prefers a southern
exposure. He likes a sandy, rocky soil where the roots can go down deep,
or run long distances underground. He begins his life under the
protection of some other plant or shrub, and in time crowds out even his
protectors. Near Victorville in Southern California, in northern Mexico,
and through all of southern Arizona, “constellations” of huge massive
Sahuaro, viewed by the traveler for the first time in the ghostly light
of the moon, are a sight never to be forgotten. Like apparitions they
seem in the white rays, strange and noble figures of another world
appearing before us in these fantastic desert plants; it is as if a
graveyard had suddenly delivered its dead! Silent and mute and still they
stand; waiting and watching and never seeming to die. And here we must
leave these majestic plants to their heritage of the desert, above whose
blazing sands they tower serene and untouched by the life struggle
silently going on around them.


                Night Blooming Cereus (_Cereus Greggii_)

       _Southern California, Mexico, Southern Arizona, and Texas_

The fashion show of the desert is about to close, for we see approaching
us in southeastern California the _Cereus Greggii_, the typical night
blooming cereus. Have you been in the Hawaiian Islands? Have you attended
any of the early Spanish fiestas? Have you heard the stories of the Night
Blooming Cereus? If so, you have heard about the most beautiful, the most
fragrant of flowers! No flower garden or conservatory is complete without
this graceful queen of the desert, whose evanescent beauty surpasses the
orchid and the rose; for the delicate shadings and exquisite colorings of
the South American orchid are no finer than those of this night blooming
cactus. Pen or brush in the hand of the genius scarce can do justice to
the loveliness of Nature’s handiwork, the Goddess of the Night. Most
popular of all the cacti, she delights to grow wild on the desert mesas,
where the sensuous spicy fragrance of her beautiful blossoms perfumes the
air for miles around, along the _bajadas_ in western Texas and Southern
California, over the mesas of southern Arizona and far down into old
Mexico. Never in abundance, this rare flower grows in twos and threes
under a creosote, cat’s-claw, or other desert shrub, which affords the
flower goddess protection from the hot desert winds that at times sweep
over the mesas and down the cañons, and from the blazing heat of the
noonday sun. She prefers a deep sandy loam along the swales or draws of
the desert, at altitudes of twenty-five hundred feet and more, though
sometimes she appears on the mountains as far up as forty-five hundred
feet; and related varieties, _Cereus pentagonus_ and _Deeringii_, even
grace the plains at sea level in the swampy lands of Lake Okechobee down
in the south of Florida. Another cousin, the _Cereus undatus_, grows wild
all over the tropics, and is a great favorite among natives and whites in
Honolulu; around Punahou College there, in Punahou Valley, the hedge of
this Night Blooming Cereus is a half-mile long, and on a single night
five thousand blossoms have unfolded! This bloom, often twelve inches
long, is the best known of all the Night Blooming Cereus flowers.

Two to eight feet in height, the blackish green angular grotesque stems
bearing the lovely flower queen, almost like a crooked stick or dead
snake in their fantastic appearance, form a strange contrast to the
ethereal beauty and fragrance of her blossoms. Often mistaken for a dead
stick, these loosely branched and densely fine hairy stems of the _Cereus
Greggii_ are rarely noticed on the desert; but we who are fortunate
enough to have a guide can perceive that the thin half-inch base of the
trunk is narrower here than a few inches higher up, almost like the slim
neck of a snake. Each slender trunk consists of a central woody core
one-fourth inch in diameter, covered by a series of furrows to draw up
the moisture which is stored in the fleshy beetlike root, weighing fifty
to a hundred pounds and buried deep in the ground where it forms a
reservoir of water and food lasting for more than two years. Thus, rain
or shine, the delicate flower goddess may bring forth her lovely blossoms
at their appointed time. Then too, Nature has provided her favorite with
finely barbed, stout stiff hairy spines, about one-eighth inch long,
growing on the areola so as to resemble a small insect of the desert.

The flowers are from seven to ten inches long and about six inches
across, with a delightfully spicy fragrance, which at times is quite
strong. The colorings of the _Greggii_ are a wondrous harmony of tint and
hue. The background of color forms a corona of waxy white and rich creamy
yellow that looks as if it had been chiseled out of a rare old marble,
with no duplicate in all the world; shading beautifully into the white of
the petals, with their hint of pale lavender diffused throughout with
touches of tan and pink; sepals and petals recurving into a graceful
cornucopia.

It is no wonder that Indians and Mexicans revere their lovely “Queen of
Night,” _Reina de Noche_, or that, across the sea in Honolulu, a grand
celebration marks the opening of the blossoms of the Hawaiian variety,
which occurs but once a year! During Queen Liliuokalani’s reign many were
the ceremonies to Pau on occasions of the flowering of the Night Blooming
Cereus.

You must come to the desert in the soft shadows of the moonlit night to
see the ethereal beauty of this rare and exquisite flower. For only one
night in each year does the _Cereus Greggii_ come forth into bloom,
scenting the warm sweet air of the desert land for miles and miles with
poignant fragrance. When the shadows begin to lengthen and the deepening
glow of sunset approaches, the satiny blossoms begin to open (having
already loosened and expanded); in an hour or so they are fully opened,
and as one stands watching them curiously one can actually see them
moving and lifting from minute to minute, the petals seeming to tremble,
so forcibly is Nature causing them to expand. One can detect the lovely
fragrance as soon as the blooms start to unfold. During the night
thousands of people, Indian and white, gather for the brilliant spectacle
of hundreds of thousands of waxy white blossoms; others celebrate in the
popular fiestas of the Southwest in old Mexico, or the luaus of far-away
Hawaii. At sunrise of the day following, or shortly thereafter, the
goddess flowers begin to fold, and by nine or ten o’clock on a cloudless
morning they are entirely closed. No more may the eye of man behold the
lovely colorings, nor sense the exquisite perfume of the Goddess of the
Night, until her appointed time comes yet again in the Desert Land of
Plants and Flowers.


And now the parade of the Desert’s Fashion Show is over and night is
closing in. But if you wish to see the real show and to appreciate the
real beauties of the desert land in flower-time, you must go into the
silent sandy wastes when the sun is gone and the moon is coming over the
mountains, spreading its gossamer silvery sheen over the floor of the
desert in crazy shadow-patch, and watch the blossoms come slowly open,
one by one, to receive the kiss of the night dew and the gentle caress of
the newborn breeze. For you have not looked upon matchless beauty nor
sensed the sweetest perfume, till you have been out there in the great
alone, where Beauty comes and fades and dies, and is born again in the
ceaseless tide of God’s evolution of men and things, in the great
Eternity of Being.


                           HOW TO GROW CACTI

In general cacti like warm or hot sunny southern exposures; they grow
best in sandy, gravelly, or rocky loam or clay soils, according to the
habits of the species; they succeed best with good drainage, a moderate
or limited rainfall or a limited amount of moisture in the soil. They
should have occasional dry periods to harmonize growth with their
original desert habitats, and also all the summer heat possible. This
produces the contracted growth characteristic of cacti with all their
desert beauty and symmetry of colors and arrangement of spines, and their
fine large showy flowers. Cacti do best in regions of limited rainfall
and maximum sunshine, blazing-hot summers, and mild winters where the
temperatures keep well above zero.

The bad effects of heavy rainfall can be overcome largely by including in
the soil a large proportion of sand or gravel or cobblestones and by
growing the plants on ridges or raised borders. The effects of fog and
extreme humidity can be corrected somewhat by growing them in dry
conservatories. Where the temperatures fall below the lowest temperatures
given in the section on “How to Grow” for each species, cacti must be
grown in warm greenhouses in winter and preferably throughout the
year—with the exception of the hedgehog cacti, which rarely grow
successfully in greenhouses. With the specific information given under
the heading “How to Grow” for each species, it is possible to grow cacti
successfully in the tropics and over a large part of the temperate zone.
The important things are: warm sunshine, protection from too low
temperatures, the right kind of soil, and limited watering or irrigation.


                       LOCATIONS FOR CULTIVATION

Cacti may be grown out of doors in the entire southwestern section of the
United States, in Mexico, Central America, and South America (except the
southern part), where the temperatures are never colder than fifteen to
twenty-five degrees below freezing. Also, they can be grown successfully
out of doors in parts of Spain and Portugal, and in the region
immediately bordering the Mediterranean Sea, over much of Africa lying at
the lower altitudes, in Arabia, Persia, India, southern China, extreme
southern Japan, and the northern half of Australia, in addition to the
islands of the Pacific, nearly all of which lie between the 33°
parallels, north and south (except where the temperatures are modified by
mountains or other natural features).

They can be grown indoors generally in the north and south temperate
zones between the 34° and 54° parallels, north and south, where the
temperatures reach as low as twenty to thirty degrees below zero. This
includes the northern two-thirds of the United States, the lower half of
the Dominion of Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria,
the northern half of the Chinese Republic, Japan, and the southern part
of South America.


           The Cereus Group or Torch Flower Cacti (_Cereus_)


How to identify and how they grow

Many species of this group can be identified by the beautiful
candelabralike branching of the plants. They are trees, shrubs, or
climbers, and grow erect or spread out, the tallest and largest trees or
plants of the cactus family. They are the “torch flower” cacti, are
tropical or subtropical, the stems growing single or clustered, with
prominent ridges or flutes which in many instances expand or contract as
the plant fills with water or loses its moisture. The tubercles are not
conspicuous and grow in rows on the ridges. There are no leaves nor
spicules. The spines are of one or two kinds, sharp and dangerous in some
species, inconspicuous in others, growing from one-fourth inch to
_twelve_ inches in length. The flowers are funnel-form, of brilliant or
delicate colorings, large and showy, and unlike many cactus blossoms are
fragrant, often with a pronounced spicy odor. In some instances they
crown the candelabralike branches in a becoming aureola of light, giving
the effect of a lighted candelabrum; hence the designation “torch flower”
cacti. Most species bloom only at night. As a rule the calyx tube is
found to be very long. The fruit is usually quite large, has shallow
tubercles, and is covered with many scales, but is rarely spiny.


How to grow

Only a few of the different kinds of the Cereus Group grow well from
cuttings, including _Cereus serpentinus_. Set the cuttings of such plants
as this Serpent Cactus a few inches deep in moist sandy soil and irrigate
sufficiently to keep the soil moist. The cuttings grow best in part
shade. Cereus plants grow readily from seeds sown in sandy loam mixed
with a small amount of pulverized charcoal and some leaf mold; plant in
pots or flats one-fourth inch to one inch deep in the soil in partial
shade, and keep the soil moist. The young plants can be transplanted to
pots when one-half inch to one inch tall. They grow indoors or out; a
southern exposure is preferable, being warmer and more sunny.


 Caterpillar Cactus; Creeping Devil Cactus; Chirinola (_Cereus eruca_)

 (Named “eruca,” or “caterpillar cactus,” because the stems turn upward
        at their tips, resembling a caterpillar, head and body)


How to identify and how it grows

The prostrate stems, three to nine feet long, lie flat on the ground with
their tips upturned, resembling huge caterpillars. They grow in light
sandy soils or sand, and root from below, the tips of the stems
elongating and growing forward, the bases of the stems dying; thus the
plant slowly moves forward over the sand. These prostrate stems, two or
three inches in diameter, are very spiny, with fifteen radial and four
central spines clustering an inch or so apart on the twelve to seventeen
ridges which run lengthwise on the stems. These fierce, sharp thorns are
dark brown and dull tan and turn white with age; the tips are translucent
yellow. The radials are less than an inch long and flattened, the
centrals grow to two inches in length, one very stout and strongly
flattened, resembling a dagger and with a white body. The large flowers
are bright yellow and grow four or five inches in length, narrow and
funnel-shaped, about two inches across. The fruit is very spiny; but the
thorns fall away at maturity, and it becomes quite edible and is relished
by Indians and Mexicans.


How to grow

Plant in sand or sandy soil, preferably fine sand, with the tips slightly
upward, and keep the sand lightly moist. The plant requires a hot, sunny
location and will grow out of doors in the Southwest where the
temperatures do not drop more than a few degrees below freezing, and in
hot dry conservatories and greenhouses where the temperatures drop lower.


               Senita, Zina, or Sina (_Cereus Schottii_)

(Named from its appearance of old age, and for F. A. Schott, a botanical
                   explorer of western United States)


How to identify and how it grows

These plants grow in colonies or patches in the mountain cañons, twenty
to fifty stems in a clump, the dense branches interlocking in huge
clusters twenty-five feet high and twenty feet or more across. The
yellow-green stems are scalloped and cylindric, five or six inches in
diameter, growing four to twenty feet or more in height, with five to
nine ridges running lengthwise from top to bottom. On these ridges
cluster the spines, silvery stout thorns about one-fourth inch long on
the young plants; the older spines are really dense bristles, slender,
flexible, symmetrically twisted, appearing like fine purplish gray bands,
one and one-half to three inches long, and giving the appearance of old
age. The flowers are shaped like a bell an inch and a half long and about
as broad, pale pink and cream-white petals shading into deep pink at
their tips, opening only at night. The fruit is globose, an inch or more
in diameter, of a deep reddish tinge, and fleshy.


How to grow

Plants may be grown from seed in sandy soil in flats or pots; young
plants may be transplanted in spring in sandy, gravelly, or rocky soil.
Water during dry weather enough to moisten the soil well. The plants can
be grown out of doors only where the coldest winter temperatures are but
a few degrees below freezing. In other parts of the country, grow in hot,
dry conservatories or greenhouses.


                  Prohibition Cactus (_Cereus Emoryi_)

 (Named in honor of Lieutenant Colonel Emory, who was in charge of the
                        Mexican Boundary Survey)


How to identify and how it grows

This is a low-branched plant a foot or two high, growing prostrate with
erect branches in thick impenetrable masses ten to twenty feet across.
Numerous stiff, needlelike thorns form a dense spiny yellowish coating
over the entire mass. There are many pale yellow to yellow-brown flowers
an inch and a half long which cluster near the tips of the stems. The
fruit is globose and densely spiny, an inch or so in diameter. The plant
is not attractive nor very cereus-like.


How to grow

This species can be transplanted in the spring by digging rooted stems,
planting in gravelly clay soil, and irrigating sufficiently to moisten
the soil in dry periods; or by digging a shallow hole and partly covering
the stems with soil kept moist but not wet. The plants will grow out of
doors and endure only a few degrees of frost; where the temperature drops
more than fifteen degrees below freezing they must be protected outside,
or grown indoors or in a warm, sunny greenhouse.


Old Man Cactus; White Persian Cat Cactus; Bunny Cactus (_Cereus senilis_)

   (Named from the long white hairs or beards found on young plants)


How to identify and how it grows

This cactus is columnar, and some mature plants reach a height of
forty-five feet. It is native to Mexico and not easily accessible. The
trunk is usually unbranched, cylindrical in young plants, two or three
inches in diameter, yellow-green with a scurfy waxy coating; and it is
not tough. A large tree can be cut down with a small pocketknife in some
instances. The twenty or twenty-five radial spines are changed over into
long coarse white hairs, four to twelve inches long or even longer, and
form a dense covering; hence the common and specific names, Old Man
Cactus and _senilis_. These radials are crooked, flattened, and twisted,
while the one to four central thorns are easily pulled out, all spines
very fragile. In maturity a dense mass of tawny wool appears around the
head of the plant. The rose-colored blossoms are two inches long, shaped
like a bell or funnel, and appear only on the older cacti. They open at
night and close in the early morning. The fruit is about the size of a
large strawberry; it, too, is rose-colored and covered with scales and
tufts of wool.


How to grow

Plants may be grown from seed in flats or pots, but the seed is rare and
difficult to get. Commonly young plants are purchased and grown in pots
in gravelly, sandy limestone soil. Water sufficiently to keep the soil
slightly moist. A bright sunny location is best. The plants are tender to
frost and thrive best in warm conservatories or greenhouses. The Old Man
Cactus is a popular plant for rock gardens and is found in many homes
both in this country and abroad.


            Pipe Organ Cactus; Pitahaya (_Cereus Thurberi_)

  (Named in honor of George Thurber, botanist of the Mexican Boundary
                              Commission)


How to identify and how it grows

These are large, columnar, symmetrical plants ten to twenty feet tall;
the large columns of yellow-green stems, in six to thirty branches
ascending from near the base, look much like the pipes of a great organ
at a distance. The stems are from six inches to nearly two feet in
diameter and are cylindrical, with fifteen to nineteen ridges lined with
clusters of slender, spreading, grayish spines. The flowers, which appear
only at the tips of the stems, are three inches long and half as wide,
and open always at night; their delicate pink petals are suffused with
green and banded in white or green, and their purple sepals are tinged
with red. The fruit is very delicious, sweet and juicy, olive-green,
globular, with scarlet fleshy pulp. The Pipe Organ Cactus is shown on the
cover of this book. It is one of the finest of the Cactus Clan.


How to grow

Sow seed in sandy soil in pots or flats with partial shade; young plants
may be transplanted in spring or early summer in rocky or gravelly soil
and watered during dry spells once a month to moisten the soil well. The
plants can be grown out of doors in the Southwest where the lowest winter
temperatures are only a few degrees below freezing. In other parts of the
country they may be grown indoors in rock gardens or in warm sunny
conservatories.


 Serpent Cactus; Mexican Night Blooming Cereus; Reina de Noche (_Cereus
                             serpentinus_)

             (Named specifically from the snakelike stems)


How to identify and how it grows

The six to fifteen entangled stems of this weird cactus resemble a
serpent. They are eight to fifteen feet tall, about an inch in diameter,
generally growing erect for about ten feet, then bending over and
climbing for several feet. Each bears a dozen or so low ridges lined with
clusters of slender spines a half-inch or so long, translucent white or
dull cream color. The large brilliant blooms are eight to nine inches
long and when fully open five to seven inches across, with soft
cream-white petals and pink and tan sepals touched with green, both
strongly reflexed. The strong spicy fragrance is much like that of a
tuberose. Each plant blooms at night and only one night in the year. The
different plants blossom from April into June. The plants run wild in
Mexico and form a luxuriant growth; they are prized as rare beauties by
the Mexicans and Indians.


How to grow

Set cuttings about a foot long in moist soil, and water weekly; or lay
the stems down and cover with moist sand or soil. When grown outside in
sunny exposures but in the protection of dwellings the plants are not
injured by twenty degrees of frost. In colder weather than this they may
be grown in warm, sunny conservatories.


    Giant Cactus or Sahuaro; Sage of the Desert (_Cereus giganteus_)


How to identify and how it grows

These are majestic trees thirty to fifty feet tall, with columnar massive
trunks which grow singly ten to fifteen feet, then curve sharply erect in
branches like a giant candelabrum. Twenty to twenty-five ridges run the
entire length of the trunk, and these flutings expand as the plant fills
with water and contract as it loses its moisture. They are covered with
long sharp spikes which stick out like diminutive swords closely packed
along the tops of the ridges. The flowers are night blooming, four or
five inches long and half as wide, growing solitary but in such masses as
to appear clustered, with large satiny, waxy white petals strongly
reflexed. The fruit is about the shape and size of an egg, with crimson
pulp, palatable and prized highly by the Indians. The Giant Cactus is one
of the largest cacti in the world and can blossom and bear fruit for
three years without rain, using the reservoir of water that Nature
provides.


How to grow

The plants grow readily from seed sown in sandy soil in pots or flats and
may be transplanted when a half-inch tall. The soil should be kept moist
but never wet. Transplant young plants one to six feet high in spring,
taking two feet of the roots with care not to injure them, and set in
gravelly clay soil, irrigating once a month during dry seasons. Giant
cactus plants one foot tall or taller thrive out of doors and will endure
a temperature twenty degrees below freezing without injury. Where the
weather is colder than this they must be protected in winter, or grown in
dry sunny conservatories or indoor rock gardens.


Night Blooming Cereus; Reina de Noche; Queen of Night (_Cereus Greggii_)

(Named in honor of Dr. J. Gregg, student of cacti and plant explorer of
                            Northern Mexico)


How to identify and how it grows

One of the most beautiful of all cactus flowers. The plants grow two to
three feet tall, rarely eight feet, the blackish grotesque stems densely
fine hairy and loosely branched, resembling a crooked stick or a snake.
They are very slender, a half-inch or so in diameter, and are fluted with
four to six blackish gray-green ridges, lined with spines less than a
fourth-inch long. The latter are arranged in such manner as to resemble a
small insect, and have thick bulbous bases. Each slender trunk is
supported by a central woody core. There is a fleshy root a foot or so
below the ground, weighing fifty to a hundred pounds, which acts as a
reservoir for water and food, so that the _Greggii_ blossoms every year,
rain or no rain. The flowers are from seven to ten inches long and about
six inches across, showing a beautiful combination of coloring, a
background of soft waxy white shading into pale lavender in the forty or
more petals, with touches of pink and tan in the sepals, forming into a
cornucopia. The stamens form a corona extending beyond the petals. The
fragrance is delightfully spicy, strong, and persistent; the plants
blossom only one night each year, generally in the latter part of June.
This most beautiful of all the cacti in our Southwest usually grows in
the lee of a creosote or other desert shrub in sandy loam.


How to grow

Grow plants from seed in pots or flats, in sandy loam with partial shade,
or transplant without injuring the large fleshy root, setting the top of
the root about a foot below the surface in loamy soil in the protection
of shrubs; mature plants will blossom within two years of transplanting.
Water well during the growing season, in dry weather about once a month.
Do not cultivate. Plants grow out of doors or indoors and will endure a
temperature of twenty-five degrees below freezing without injury. In
localities where the winter weather is colder than this the plants must
be protected or grown under glass.




                               CHAPTER II
                    CACTUS SPINES AND PECULIARITIES


And now we will pause in our trip across Cactus Land to take up the many
peculiar features which characterize and differentiate these odd desert
plants, and to tell of those individual and unique growths, the terrible
swordlike thorns of the strange Fantastic Clan.


                             PECULIARITIES

Cacti are not closely related to any other family of plants, and there is
no certainty as to which group of plants they developed from. Their
immediate ancestors perhaps have disappeared in the hazy past. They
stand, therefore, alone. In this respect few other plants resemble them;
only one or two other families, for instance the Ocotillos or
Fouquieriaceæ, are in a like position.

Cacti are generally thought of as limited to North and South America and
the outlying islands. However, about eleven species of one genus,
Rhipsalis, grow, apparently native, in South Africa, Madagascar, and
Ceylon, though these are identical with the same species growing in South
America. There is a strong belief that these species were distributed in
Africa by birds eating their ripe fruit in South America and then flying
across the ocean to Africa, and there dropping the seeds, which
germinated and grew into plants on another continent. The most widely
distributed of the various groups of cacti is the prickly pear group of
the genus Opuntia. The prickly pears grow wild from Argentina through
Central America, Mexico, and the United States to British Columbia,
within four or five hundred miles of the Arctic Circle. Prickly pears may
be regarded as the advance guard of the cactus invasion of the United
States from Mexico, and there are nearly as many kinds in our country as
in Mexico. Prickly pears are most abundant in the temperate zones; the
species grow larger in tropical parts than in cooler temperate regions.

All told, there are more than twelve hundred species or kinds of cacti,
of which about two hundred twenty-five occur in the United States and the
rest in Mexico, Central America, South America and outlying islands. Of
the two hundred twenty-five species occurring in the United States, about
one hundred are native of Arizona, the premier cactus state, and nearly
two hundred grow in the four southwestern states, California, Arizona,
New Mexico, and Texas, with a few in Nevada and Utah. Arizona contains
almost one-tenth of the cacti of the entire earth. Our four southwestern
states together with Mexico constitute the great cactus area of the
world, not alone in numbers but in variety and weirdness of types,
containing many of the most peculiar and fantastic forms of these
grotesque plants.

Doubtless because the cacti are such odd, weird, fantastic growths, they
have been popular with mankind since the earliest times. To-day forty or
fifty species are known only in cultivation; and they have been under
culture so long that their native habitats and original distribution have
been forgotten, and are no longer known. This is due largely to the fact
that several very popular species have been dug up and removed from their
own haunts to cultivated lands, or planted in gardens to such an extent
that the last specimens have been taken and they no longer grow wild or
under natural conditions. This uprooting is taking place continuously,
doubtless much faster now than formerly, and in future we shall have many
additional instances to record, as it is quite likely that new species
are originating under experimentation through careful selection and
ingenious plant breeding.

[Illustration: SHORT SPINED STRAWBERRY CACTUS (Echinocereus Bonkeræ)]

A new and handsome little strawberry cactus, named in honor of Frances
Bonker for her writings depicting the beauty and charm of the desert
land.


                           SPINES AND FLOWERS

The spines of cacti are ever an interesting subject for study, and the
very name “cactus” is suggestive of thorns. It is generally known that
cactus spines develop from their bases and that they are impregnated with
resin or a resinlike substance, while the spines of nearly all other
plants (as for instance the plum) grow from their tips and are not
resinous in character. A young growing cactus spine has a very soft
yielding base while the tip is hard and sharp, and the sides retrorsely
barbed. Because of their resinous nature the thorns persist on the desert
long after the cactus body has disappeared, and often fragments of the
thick cuticle remain with them, still firm, sharp and translucent. Such
spines about a spot where a noble Sahuaro or Giant Cactus has fallen and
gone back to Nature as dust may persist for a long period unchanged,
without crumbling or otherwise disintegrating; this is true also of those
of the bisnaga or barrel cactus. Thorns grow on the Giant Cacti for a
hundred, even two hundred years, unalterable, sharp and hard and
dangerous. Some species of cactus have as many as three kinds of spines:
centrals, the inner thorns, usually the largest and stoutest; radials,
the outer spines; and what are termed “bristles” but are more accurately
described as “antennalike” spines. In some groups, as the bisnaga, the
spines are cross-ridged or marked transversely, with the tips smooth,
straight, or hooked. Many cactus spines are marked with brilliant
colorings, and some are transversely banded with bright variegated
“zones” of color. When held to the light they are translucent and show
beautiful colorings: red, orange, yellow, brown, and purple. Generally
cactus spines are glabrous, that is, smooth and without hairs, but the
spines of some cacti are densely fine-hairy or distinctly hairy; and this
can be seen easily with a pocket lens or the unaided eye: their
pubescence commonly produces a grayish layer overlying the true color of
the spines beneath. The thorns of Cholla differ from those of other cacti
in that they are covered with sheaths which can be removed very easily,
and then are not replaced. The significance of these sheaths is not
clear, except that they help form a barrier against the intense heat of
the sun and the burning desert sands.

We find, too, that the cacti with most pronounced thorny growth live in
the hottest parts of the desert, where the thermometer often registers
130° Fahrenheit during the long summer days and sometimes up to 150°!
Their dense layer of spines becomes a shield of lacework, protecting the
plants by cutting off over twenty per cent of the light, and reducing the
terrible heat by raising the humidity within the network of spines, which
in turn reduces evaporation from the plant. If it were not for their
thorns and sheaths cacti would be scalded by the burning temperatures of
even one summer day in the great desert amphitheater of the sun. Being
resinous, cactus thorns are very inflammable, and if ignited they all
burn to a cinder before the fire ceases, for one cluster of spines will
set others aflame and so the fire sweeps over the entire plant, rapidly
changing the beautifully colored, symmetrical and translucent spines into
ugly charred masses.

The cactus is encased in a thick cuticle which is continuous over the
whole surface of the plant, except at the numerous, small, rounded or
oval areas of growth called areolas. In the cactus all growth, of leaves,
spines, spicules, flowers, and even roots (in the case of cuttings) and
branches, takes place from these areolas, which are truly areas or
centers of growth; and if all these areolas are cut away on the stem and
its tip cut off, the plant ceases to grow and dies. Spines are generally
understood to represent branches, since they grow from the tissues of the
plant under the epidermis and not from the epidermis. The inordinate
multiplication of spines in cacti is not well understood by botanists.
Some cacti add thorns to their spine clusters in the areolas each year,
and thus in time the cluster may come to have as many as fifty or even a
hundred spines on old stems and large branches. Occasionally cactus
spines replace themselves in areolas after the former thorns have been
destroyed or burned off. The thorns of some cacti may grow as long as six
inches and even longer, and as broad as one-fourth inch at their bases.
After they complete their growth toward the close of the season and the
bases become hard and firm, they do not elongate farther nor make further
growth.

The flowers of cacti are generally large and showy and are quite
responsive to light in their opening and closing. They have many stamens,
from thirty or fifty to as many as three thousand in the Giant Cactus.
This development of stamens is rare among flowering plants, and is due to
a splitting process that takes place early in the development of the
stamens of the embryo flower. The stamens of many cacti are sensitive to
touch and when being worked by insects for pollen are constantly moving
backward and forward. Cactus flowers differ also from nearly all other
flowers in the number of sepals and petals, which is variable and
relatively large, and in the fact that their sepals and petals are not
distinct in character. Rather there is a gradual transition between the
bracts of the ovary, if such are present, and the sepals; and likewise a
gradual gradation in form, color, and size between the sepals and petals.
There are usually several whorls or circles of petals in the flower;
commonly such flowers are spoken of as being double.




                              CHAPTER III
                            THE BABY CACTUS


Out in the vast desert land in ages long gone by, the stifling sun had
burned everything to a cinder. This seeming annihilation was but part of
that great plan wherein the desert regions of the earth have been
transformed into the greatest flower garden of all creation; where Time
has chiseled out the filigree of lacework and pattern for the hills and
valleys; where erosion has painted the beautiful pictures on the faces of
mountains and hills; where volcanic action has juggled the rocks and
mountain sides into fantastic shapes and designs, piling them up and
leveling them out again for ages untold, until the Divine decree was
accomplished. For God has walked amidst all this seeming turbulence, and
with infinite patience has brought forth verdure and flowers the like of
which do not exist anywhere else on earth; and to-day when Man ventures
into the great arid wastes it would seem that he little anticipates the
hidden loveliness to be found there—the wonder of desert creations,
flowers and then more flowers, blossoms of rare and seductive beauty, of
exotic and sensuous fragrance. Flowers that cannot be painted by brush or
in coloring to do justice to the delicate waxlike originals. Flowers that
seem like delicate souls wrapped in somber lifeless bodies, trying to
gain expression through their beautiful colorings and evanescent perfume
in the dry atmosphere of their monotonous existence, out in the great
stillness of the arid spaces with only the midnight blue of the heavens
to caress them, and the dew of the night zephyrs to kiss them when the
torrid sun has gone.

Early in the morning of a fine April day near Needles, California, on the
Arizona border, we continue our journey into the desert. Before us
stretches a panorama the like of which few among us have ever beheld; a
picture majestic, tremendous, suggestive of the grandeur of Nature’s
workshop, the vastness of those great sweeps of arid lands, covered with
symmetrical, cross-patch, lacework, fantastic growths, of every size and
shape and color imaginable. The Cholla are there, Giant Sahuaro rear
their great trunks high into the air, and fantastic Joshua Trees lean
toward us, their weird grotesque arms with long grasping fingers all
pointing in one direction as if to guide the weary traveler on his way.
And peering forth from among rocks, in the lee of a Giant Sahuaro or
growing in a forest of the grotesque Joshua whose fantastic arms seem to
engulf these tiny cacti, we find the Baby Pincushion, our Mammillaria
(Coryphantha) or _Cactus Mammillaria_. He is a funny little ball-like
plant, two or three inches in diameter, full of star-shaped spines, with
an extra-long one in each star cluster and rather hooked over on the
ends. These little aristocrats of the desert often cling together in
groups, like a colony of sea urchins, and are very dainty when in bloom
in the balmy month of April, when all the desert life is arraying itself
in gay spring color and blossom.

Out on the desert mesas and along the _bajadas_, or mountain slopes, we
find so many fantastic objects that it is hard to decide just where to
start. Nature has provided many wonderful mysterious growths for her
desert land of plants and flowers, and she has been careful to place them
where they will be able to thrive and to evolve. Many will be found
hidden away under rocks and in deep cañon recesses; others out on the
foothills, where it would seem that the sun would burn them up; still
others are placed boldly on the mesas where wind and rain and sandstorms
play hide and seek around them. Naturally the question of growth, which
is next to the most vital problem of all “Where do they get their
moisture?” now presents itself. We will begin at the bottom of the
ladder, to-day, and will select the Baby Pincushion, the smallest of the
cactus family.


                                 GROWTH

Several natural groups or genera go to make up the Pincushion Cacti, and
of these the two most important in the great desert of the Southwest are
the interesting plants of Coryphantha and Mammillaria. The name
“Coryphantha” alludes to the plant’s habit of bearing the flowers at its
top; Mammillaria is from _mammilla_, a nipple, referring to the tubercles
or knobs of the plant. They are the smallest of the large and important
cactus family (Cactaceæ), the Fantastic Clan, and their stems are single
or in clusters and from one to twelve inches in height and diameter,
often as broad as long, or broader. Often, too, the upper surface is
almost flattened, while the main part of the plant is a carrot-shaped
fleshy root, which Nature, the great Builder, has made a reservoir of
food and water for this, her baby of the Fantastic Clan, to withstand the
drying desert winds that sweep across the mesas and up the cañons, and
the months of drought and fiery heat in the desert sun, when no rains
come to freshen and beautify the earth and to gladden the hearts of
native dwellers on the desert. The stem is studded with tubercles
spirally arranged, and each crowned with an areola bearing a cluster of
slender but stout spines, often hooked like the tines on a spear; and
usually with hairs. This spiral arrangement gives the plant a very
attractive appearance. Some species have a thick milky juice in their
stems, others a colorless watery sap.

The flowers are day-blooming, both opening and closing with surprising
rapidity. Mammillaria blossoms are relatively small, while those of
Coryphantha are much larger, often two or three inches across; yellowish,
white, pink, rose, red, or purple. There are usually many sepals, petals,
and stamens, all beautifully and symmetrically arranged, and the harmony
of color in the flowers is often commented upon with delight. While the
flowers last at most but a few days, many of the different plants are in
bloom for a considerable length of time, and some blossom two or three
times a year during the spring and summer. The fruit of Pincushion Cacti
are naked and smooth, rarely with a few scales in some species, and when
mature red, green, yellowish, or dull purplish, and club-shaped or nearly
globose. They are borne at the bases of the tubercles; in Coryphantha, at
the bases of young tubercles near the top of the plant, so that they
appear terminal; in Mammillaria, at the bases of old tubercles some
distance from the top of the plant.

Pincushion Cacti are very popular for window gardens and miniature cactus
gardens on account of their smallness, their symmetry and beauty, their
fantastic shapes and designs, and their bright-colored dainty flowers.
They are considered to be among the most highly developed of the cacti,
inasmuch as the greatest reduction of the plant body has taken place, the
plants having no leaves nor even trace of leaves. In the evolution of
cacti the tendency of the different groups and species is to become
leafless, and most cacti either are without leaves or have leaflets that
soon disappear.

Baby cacti grow readily from seed, preferably new seed, which is Nature’s
method for their reproduction. For this gallon tin cans or large flower
pots, with holes in the bottom for drainage, half or two-thirds filled
with gravel and sand and the remainder with light sandy soil, or wooden
flats twelve by twelve inches or larger and three inches deep, filled to
a depth of two and a half inches with fine light sandy soil, answer well.
The soil must be free from alkali, but may contain some finely divided
organic matter. Level the surface of the soil firmly to prevent water
from collecting, sow the seed an eighth of an inch deep, cover carefully,
set in a sunny location, and give just enough water to keep the surface
moist but not wet. (Out in the open, cover the frame with glass painted
white or with white cheesecloth, and raise the glass slightly to insure
ventilation.) The seeds should be sown in warm weather, and they should
begin growth within one to three or four weeks. After the plants have
grown a half-inch or more, transplant to two-inch pots, using paper pots
or the usual flower pot, and with the soil somewhat heavier but drainage
good. From this time their growth is more rapid and far more interesting,
and they should be kept in a sunny location and given frequent light
waterings, and, later, less frequent but heavier waterings. Do not
attempt to force growth by heavy watering or heavy fertilizing. Once
established and having grown to a considerable size, many of the
Pincushion Cacti propagate by means of offshoots from the axils of
tubercles below the surface of the ground, and thus form clumps of
several larger plants with numerous smaller ones about them.


                 Foxtail Cactus (_Coryphantha deserti_)

    _Southern California, Northwestern Arizona, and Southern Nevada_

The desert is noted for its many forms of mirage, and because of the
rarefied or clear atmosphere due to lack of moisture, things are not
always what they seem there. In the distance ahead numberless baby foxes
appear to be moving slowly toward us, their heads and bodies hidden from
view, their white and reddish tails waving in the hot desert breezes. Now
our guide smiles, and as we drive closer and stop he points out several
clumps of short cylindric Foxtail Cacti, covered with dense masses of
stiff radiating spines, white or whitish with darker tips, and stout
central spines white at their bases, then black, shading into reddish
brown, the whole resembling a fox’s tail and creating a striking
appearance. Light pink are the dainty flowers, and when full open (only
in the brightest sunlight) nearly an inch and a half wide and long, the
sepals hairy and the beautiful petals narrowly lance-shaped. It is no
wonder that our baby cacti are so popular for winter rock gardens with
their almost perfect symmetry, and their wonderful uniformity of spines
so often beautifully mottled, with exquisite patterns of color and
design, brilliant, cross-patch, symmetrical, running through the
individual thorns. Care should be taken that such rock gardens are _arid_
gardens, and that the soil is not enriched, with just sufficient water to
encourage a natural, compact, symmetrical growth. A heavy flooding
occasionally is good. If over-watered, or fertilized too much, or if
shaded, these tiny cacti make a rapid artificial growth, usually
non-symmetrical in part, called “storied” or “zoned.”


                Cream Cactus (_Mammillaria MacDougalii_)

          _Western and Southern Arizona, and Northern Sonora_

Especially is this true of the Cream Cactus, a very odd and interesting
Pincushion, with a thick conical fleshy root which transplants easily and
grows with little care from the hand of man. This fellow is broader than
he is tall, four to ten inches in diameter, only two to six inches high,
having a flat head around which radiate his clusters of thirteen or so
cream-white short stout spines, and one or two pale red central thorns
with purplish brown curved tips and yellow bulbous bases; into this
harmony of color come the flowers in bloom, twenty-five or more
cream-colored or light yellow petals recurving into a lovely cornucopia
effect, very pretty in the dazzling sun of spring and summer on the
desert. When injured by small rodents or other enemies, _MacDougalii_
yields a thick creamy fluid which immediately heals the wounds, and is
pleasant to taste. Hence his name.


  Recurved Spine Pincushion (_Coryphantha_ or _Mammillaria recurvata_)

                 _Southern Arizona and Northern Sonora_

Hidden under a crevice in the rocks along our dusty track, we spy that
little fellow, _Coryphantha recurvata_, with his dense coat of
interlocking thorns, stout but slender and often hooked on the ends,
recurving downward and inward toward the plant body with yellow and
orange-brown hooks, and almost hiding the plants from our view. Rightly
are the Pincushion Cacti named: with their tiny compactness and beautiful
symmetry, they resemble nothing so much as an old-fashioned pincushion,
with twenty or more sharp stout needles stuck into each brilliantly
colored, soft downy cushion. Although among the larger Pincushion Cacti,
this little fellow grows only six inches tall, more often four inches,
and is three to six inches wide, a broad and rounded dwarf, flattened and
depressed on top; often as many as fifty of his companions, their heads
occasionally peering over one another, grow in a clump two or three feet
across and half a foot high. The blossoms with their tan and brownish
sepals and the inner petals lemon-yellow, tone into the brown and
orange-brown spines, the sharp needles of our pretty pincushion; the
whole producing a happy symphony in brown and orange, so that many feel
tempted to purloin this prize and take it back to adorn conservatories at
home. And how many are transported and grown in our homes in lovely rock
gardens! For _recurvata_ is much in demand for cactus collections and is
very easy to transplant. Plant him in sand or among rocks, and let him
have plenty of bright sunshine and occasionally a little water, and he
will thrive with neither care nor trouble to any one.


    Devil’s Pincushion (_Coryphantha_ or _Mammillaria robustispina_)

    _Southern Arizona, Southwestern New Mexico, and Northern Sonora_

The Devil’s Pincushion is our largest and finest, resembling a pineapple
in color and appearance, with his cone-shaped stems three to nine inches
tall and three to six inches across, his big tubercles in spirals of
thirteen or more rows, coarse yellowish thorns, and large fruit and
seeds. The dozen or so spines in a comb-like radial arrangement from a
common center, the areola, and graduated, are not alone beautiful and
symmetrical, but provide a coat of mail for _robustispina_ protecting him
against excessive light or heat and cold. It is from this armament of
stout wide-spreading thorns that he is so aptly named “The Devil’s
Pincushion.” However, this cactus is endowed not only with a strong set
of needles, but with lovely patterns in flower array as well: beautiful,
showy blossoms, two or three inches long and wide, of a brilliant yellow
against their reddish brown background of thorns, coming forth in one
glorious splash of color for but a day, then fading away from eye of man,
and no more to be seen until another year has passed.


   Slender Pincushion Cactus (_Mammillaria fasciculata_ [_Mammillaria
                              Thornberi_])

                           _Southern Arizona_

The Slender Pincushion Cactus, typical native of the desert, is commonly
so called because of the tiny slender stems an inch or less in diameter
and seven or eight inches tall, growing in dense clumps of fifty to two
hundred or more plants of all sizes; some growing from seed, some from
offshoots of the axils near their bases. Out from the dozen or so rows of
tubercles spring the white thorns with their black tips, and the central
hooked spine twisted from its bulbous base; then the funnel-shaped pale
purple and pink blossoms, giving a decidedly pinkish cast to this whole
lovely pincushion. The bright scarlet berries, while they are odd, are
pretty and also are edible. This plant was first discovered by Lieutenant
Colonel Emory in 1846; it was never seen again until 1902, when it was
rediscovered by one of the writers and Mr. Orcutt, along the Gila River
in Arizona, from which the Gila monster is named.


           Cream Pincushion Cactus (_Mammillaria Johnstonii_)

                 _Southern Arizona and Northern Sonora_

This gayly decorated Pincushion we see peering over solitary rocks and
gladdening the hearts of the tired travelers along the desert track, with
his pink and white daintiness of blossom and comb of brown and white
thorns is another “Cream Cactus”; for it is said many an Indian has owed
his life to the thick milk-white fluid which this unique growth yields to
those who know the secret. This fat fellow looks like a huge coconut,
with a green body, and stout thorns curved both upward and downward.
Little bells are the flowers peeping out in a circle at the bases of the
old tubercles and laughing up at us gayly as we motor slowly along the
hot dusty road.

[Illustration: HORNED TOAD CACTUS (Mammillaria Mainæ)]

[Illustration: SLENDER PINCUSHION CACTUS (Mammillaria fasciculata)]

[Illustration: SUNSET CACTUS (Mammillaria Grahamii)]

The bright pink and rose tints of the bell-like blossoms tone into the
pink glow of the desert sunset in a circle of full open, brilliant
flowers, their many brightly glowing segments spreading out like so many
iridescent rays of the setting sun.

[Illustration: BENT SPINE PINCUSHION (Coryphantha recurvata)]


                 SUNSET CACTUS (_Mammillaria Grahamii_)

 _Southern Arizona, Western Texas, Southern California, Southern Utah,
                              and Mexico_

We have come more than two hundred miles on this second springtime trek
across the ocean of sand and sagebrush and mesquite, with its brilliant
flashes of color and fragrance, and still the clumps of dainty
pincushions attract us almost against our will. As the sun completes his
journey across the western skies, one of the most beautiful of all
Nature’s creations claims our attention; this pincushion has earned a
title appropriate to its lovely self, the bright pink and rose tints of
its bell-like blossoms toning into the pink glow of the desert sunset in
a circle of full open brilliant flowers, their many brightly glowing
segments spreading out like so many iridescent rays of the setting sun.
What name could be more apropos than “Sunset Cactus”? With her evanescent
beauty and delicate perfume she is one of the most popular as well as the
most abundant of the Mammillaria, ranging from Mexico through Southern
California and Arizona to southern Utah. From two to ten inches tall,
only a little more than two inches in breadth, she grows more slender
than her brothers; her twenty rows of compact tubercles are set in a
beautiful gray-green symmetrical spiral, and bear twenty or so slender
grayish white radiating spines with dark tips, a half-inch long or less,
and two central thorns sticking out stouter than the others, their bodies
pale pink and their sharp tips curving upward in a transparent golden
fringe of color.


               Brown Pincushion (_Mammillaria Wilcoxii_)

                  _Southern and Southeastern Arizona_

The Brown Pincushion is one of the most attractive of the southwestern
cacti, and is a rare creation indeed. This tiny cactus is two or three
inches tall and about as broad, with a beautiful halo of red-brown thorns
covering the whole plant, the hooked central spines and whitish radials
slender, sharp, needlelike, with pointed tips. Through these the tiny
flowers peep in two rows of thirty-five or forty bright purple or pink
petals, recurved into the pretty cornucopia effect that we have seen so
often among the clumps of Pincushions on our way across the desert. But
beware of pressing the fingers against this dainty pincushion too hard,
for if the sharp points of the central spines get hooked into the hand it
is only with great difficulty and discomfort that one can get free. When
the first offenders are released other spines hook into the flesh, and
the plant seems to play with the victim for some time to see just how far
it can go in provoking one so lacking in desert knowledge.


                Horned Toad Cactus (_Mammillaria Mainæ_)

                 _Southern Arizona and Northern Sonora_

This rare little cactus was found in Arizona for the first time in 1931.
Two or three inches high and nearly as broad, he seems to be sitting up
in front of us like a horned toad, looking us over, his head flattened
out in a slightly grotesque posture, pale green tubercles in thirteen or
more spiral rows covering his flabby body, from which spring the dozen or
so white and yellow radial thorns and the hooked central spines, also
forming into a regular spiral twist. The brown and red striped flowers,
an inch or so long, are not the lovely showy beauties of his brother baby
cacti. Perhaps his easy life in grassy lands away from hottest sun and
arid habitat needs not the compensation of the beauty afforded his less
fortunate brothers and sisters. Does Nature make up for the hot aridity
of the desert and the barren wastes of sand and more sand, by brilliance
of flower and wealth of fantastic design? It would seem so, for nowhere
else in the world are to be found the weird, grotesque shapes, the
flaming splendor and fragrance of blossom, the kaleidoscopic changes of
color and pattern which are created far out on the dry expanses, under
the burning sun and during seasons of inconceivable drought.


                 Snowball Cactus (_Mammillaria Oliviæ_)

                           _Southern Arizona_

Next we see _Oliviæ_, the rose-tinted Snowball Pincushion, clad in a
white coat of twenty-five or thirty radiating spines crowded together in
a comb-like arrangement pressed closely against her body and looking like
a snowball lying on the hot sand before us; the delicate rose-colored
blossoms edged with a narrow band of white form a beautifully designed
pincushion; even the stamens are deep rose, the styles light pink with
olive-green stigmas, the fruit bright scarlet, and the seeds black. Is it
any wonder that this riot of color, a rare desert form of the
_Mammillaria Grahamii_, is also called the Sunset Cactus?


         Green Flowered Pincushion (_Mammillaria viridiflora_)

                    _Southeastern Arizona_ (_Globe_)

The Green Flowered Pincushion would make a lovely addition to my lady’s
bower in a window rock garden. Not a desert species, it inhabits the
higher mountain levels, often in oak woodlands; it is a rare beauty,
difficult to find. Two or three inches in length and diameter, its stem
and tiny bell-like flowers are both green, the radial spines loosely
interlocking over the body of the plant, slender flexible thorns, white
or reddish brown with sharp hooked tips. It is a near cousin to
_Mammillaria Wilcoxii_.


      Showy Pincushion (_Coryphantha_ or _Mammillaria aggregata_)

      _Southern Arizona, Western New Mexico, and Northern Sonora_

A handsome baby cactus, _aggregata_ occurs usually in clumps, is two to
five inches tall and almost as broad, with twenty or forty sharp
needlelike thorns a half-inch or so long, tan or light pink, their ends
forming twisted tips of white or reddish brown, and intermixed with
fifteen or more rows of angled tubercles which bear the spine clusters.
Beware of getting a “retrorsely barbed” thorn into the hand! Laceration
ensues and much difficulty in extraction, for Nature has given these, her
baby cacti, sharp and relentless protectors. A popular fellow for rock
gardens is _aggregata_ on account of his symmetrical and globose head,
forming a cushion of bright pink or rose-purple blossoms which come forth
to greet the world for but a day, then fold their dainty petals and are
no more.


     Arizona Pincushion (_Coryphantha_ or _Mammillaria arizonica_)

               _Northern Arizona_ (_Kingman_, _Phoenix_)

We have traveled over halfway across the premier cactus state, and are
approaching the mighty Grand Cañon of the Colorado, that great fissure in
the earth’s surface worn by water erosion throughout the ages. Hereabouts
several new colonies of cacti are to be seen. The Arizona Pincushion is a
conspicuous but not at all common fellow, easily recognized by his
abundant dark-colored spines, in fact almost hidden by this dense growth
of stout dangerous-looking reddish brown and black thorns, borne on the
tubercles and about half an inch long. _Arizonica_ is the tiniest of all
the baby cacti, scarcely more than an inch tall and just as broad;
occasionally reaching the height of two or three inches. The flowers,
clustering in groups of three and five blossoms, are like a dainty bell,
the petals and sepals narrow and lance-shaped, occurring in attractive
rose or rose-purple and tan shades.


          California Pincushion (_Mammillaria tetrancistera_)

 _Northern and Central Arizona, Southern California, Southern Utah, and
                            Southern Nevada_

Heading southward from the Grand Cañon we find in the area north of
Phoenix, Arizona, a most beautiful distinctive Pincushion which we
recognize as native to California. Indeed so abundant is it in the
foothills back from Los Angeles, on the road from Big Bear Lake and out
on the Mojave Desert, that this round cactus is known as California’s
Pincushion. Two to twelve inches tall, about two and one-half inches
broad, it has eight rows of tubercles set in a symmetrical spiral over
the pale green body, protected by forty to sixty delicate white radial
thorns, slender as a needle, covering the entire plant, and one to four
reddish brown hooked central spines, surrounded by a dark halo of deep
purple blossoms. Bright scarlet is the fruit, but not edible as are the
fruits of several related species.


            Black Spined Pincushion (_Mammillaria Milleri_)

               _Northern Arizona_ (_Phoenix_, _Kingman_)

Again the sun is fading over the western rim of the foothills, leaving a
flood of glory in his wake, and we are glad to sight the famous old
Superstition Mountains, which are not far from Phoenix, Arizona. We hope
to find one more baby cactus before the twilight passes into the
deepening shadows of night, for then the end of our long hot trek is at
hand. _Milleri_ is a handsome fellow of mesa and foothill, boasting
rose-purple or pink flowers, a showy Pincushion, reflecting the
brightness and beauty of Nature around him, especially the flaming rays
of a gorgeous desert sunset; indeed, he most clearly resembles our Sunset
Cactus. Seldom alone, he and his companions form in symmetrical clumps,
two to nine inches high and two or three inches across, encased in weak
slender white spines with swollen pink bases, often curved and bent on
their dozen or so spiral rows of interlocking tubercles, the firm hooked
central spines of a rich brownish red, appearing black at a distance.


                                HABITATS

Along the highway from Lake Arrowhead in Southern California toward
Victorville and Palm Springs, out on the Mojave Desert, southward to San
Diego and old Mexico, we may find these odd little baby cacti blossoming
forth in early spring into striking clumps of variegated bloom, dotting
the landscape far and wide—their only mission in life, to look beautiful.
For above the ordinary tourist trails as high as five thousand feet,
farther down in sandy and gravelly places on the foothills and _bajadas_
or mesa-like mountain slopes, and along the lower levels around Los
Angeles, California Pincushions make their homes. In sunny exposures
where Nature’s boon of rain is scarce, preferring common sand and rock,
these tiniest of the Fantastic Clan thrive best.

Out on the great Arizona desert the Pincushion Cacti appear in abundance;
the vast stretches contain a surprise for the tourist and the wearied
student in these bits of desert growth, peering from between rocks and
cobblestones or lying in clumps in crevices of the rocks among the
foothills. All colors of the rainbow, it would seem, are woven into
exquisite patterns by Nature in her baby cacti, their brilliantly painted
flowering segments spreading out in spring array like so many gilded rays
of the spectrum and creating the mirage of a gayly tinted rainbow,
dazzling the eyes of the traveler as he speeds along the highway across
the desert. Deep in the recesses of the Grand Cañon of the Colorado,
northward into southern Utah and Nevada, and southward again around the
Superstition Mountains in Arizona and the Santa Ritas (near Tucson),
these dainty cacti, when in bloom, color the landscape far and near, on
the mesas and along the bajadas into Southern California, and far south
into old Mexico, where they come forth in dozens of flowering varieties.
And here we must leave our tiny symbols of the Cactacea clan, for the
shadows are beginning to lengthen; the sun has finished his journey
across the western heavens and we bid farewell to our baby cacti,
beautiful rainbows of the desert, for to-morrow we continue our journey
over sandy arid lands, and travel a different way among the weird
Fantastic Clan.


   The Pincushion Group; Baby Cacti (_Mammillaria_ and _Coryphantha_)


How to identify and how they grow

These are funny little ball-like plants, an inch to a foot in diameter
and height, often broader than they are tall, the upper surface almost
flattened, while the main part of the plant is a carrot-shaped fleshy
root. The stems are mostly simple, sometimes branched; they grow singly
or occasionally in clusters, and are not ribbed but studded with numerous
tubercles spirally arranged. These are the smallest of the Cactaceæ,
hence called the Baby Cacti, and are full of star-shaped spines with an
extra-long one in each cluster, all thorns hooked over on the ends. The
spines are slender but stout, mostly of two kinds and generally less than
a half-inch long, sharp and needlelike, and usually with hairs. There are
no spicules nor leaves. The flowers are small or medium-sized and open in
the forenoon, closing in the afternoon of the same day. The fruit is
rather small, is smooth and has no tubercles, scales, nor bracts. These
dainty cacti often cling together in groups, and the symmetrical
arrangement of the flowers and spines, the brilliant harmony of colorings
in both, and the spirally arranged tubercles give the plants a most
attractive appearance.


How to grow

Transplant at any season, preferably early in spring, to a southern
exposure if possible, in soil similar to that of the native habitat of
the plant, irrigate once in two or three weeks sufficiently to keep the
soil lightly moist but not wet. Provide some shade for species growing in
their native habitats at high altitudes or in partial shade. These plants
grow easily from seed sown a quarter- to a half-inch deep in sandy soil
mixed with a small amount of ground charcoal and leaf mold in flats or
pots, kept slightly moist in part shade. When a half-inch tall they may
be transplanted to small pots. They grow indoors and outside.


       Foxtail Cactus; Desert Pincushion (_Coryphantha deserti_)


How to identify and how it grows

The Foxtail Cactus grows as a single stem or in clumps. The stems are
cylindrical and two or three inches in diameter, with tubercles nearly an
inch long and also cylindrical. The whole plant is covered with a dense
growth of white radial spines with dark tips, and a group of six to a
dozen central spines whitish below, and with the upper half black shading
off to a reddish brown. This gives the plant a striking appearance. All
of the spines are very stiff. The flowers are straw-colored, about an
inch and a half long, and have light pink tips. The petals are
lance-shaped and narrow.


How to grow

Plants may be grown out of doors where the temperatures in winter are not
lower than fifteen or twenty degrees below freezing, that is 12° to 17°
Fahrenheit. In colder climates than this the plants must be protected in
winter or grown in sunny, warm conservatories. They may be grown from
seed in pots in sandy soil with partial shade and with enough watering to
keep the soil moist but not wet. Transplant larger plants in sandy or
gravelly soil in bright sunny exposures and give only occasional
irrigation during dry periods.


                Cream Cactus (_Mammillaria MacDougalii_)

    (Named for Dr. D. T. MacDougal, collector of western plants and
Director of the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution)


How to identify and how it grows

The Cream Cactus grows from solitary stems or heads, and in many
instances in clusters four inches high and six inches in diameter. The
tops of the plants are flattened with the centers depressed, or often
growing level with the ground. The older plants are much taller and
broader. The tubercles are placed spirally and are a half-inch long. If
injured they yield a white creamy fluid. There are eleven to thirteen
radial spines with one to three centrals whose bases are yellow and
bulbous. The spine body is a pale red with brown or purple-brown tips.
The flowers are a little more than one inch long and one inch wide, and
of cream color to light yellow. The fruit is a deep rose-red and the
seeds are reddish purple. This plant likes the gravelly clay loam soils
best.


How to grow

These plants can be grown nearly anywhere with temperatures no lower than
twenty degrees of frost; but with zero temperatures protection should be
given, or the plants grown in rock gardens in sunny conservatories. They
grow easily from seed in sandy or gravelly clay loam soil with partial
shade and enough irrigation to keep the soil moist. Plants transplant
readily to rocky or gravelly clay soils at almost any season, if the
thick fleshy roots are not injured in digging. Water moderately once a
month, and where convenient set plants among rocks.


     Recurved Spine Pincushion; Bent Spine Pincushion (_Coryphantha
                              recurvata_)

  (Named _recurvata_ from the spines, which are bent down against the
                                 plant)


How to identify and how it grows

The Recurved Spine Pincushion grows in clumps about three feet across,
sometimes less, and has several stems four to eight inches long, which
are globose, that is, longer than broad. These stems bear twenty-seven or
so spirally arranged rows on which appear the angled tubercles. These
rows or ridges also have the twenty-five radially grouped spines and one
light yellow or translucent grayish yellow central spine. This
arrangement of the spines forms a dense impenetrable mass or layer over
the surface of the plant. The flowers are about the length of a walnut
and have lemon-yellow petals and brown sepals. The fruit is quite small
and is light yellow-green. This species differs from the others of the
group in that the flowers are borne in a circle two or three inches in
diameter about the center of the plant.


How to grow

These plants will endure twenty degrees of frost without injury; where
the winters are colder than this the plants should be covered or grown
indoors, preferably under glass. They may be grown from seed in sandy
soil or sandy loam in pots with partial shade and with enough watering to
keep the soil moist. Field plants may be transplanted at almost any
season in gravelly or clay loam soils and given enough water to moisten
the soil during dry spells.


   Devil’s Pincushion; Pineapple Cactus (_Coryphantha robustispina_)


How to identify and how it grows

The Pineapple Cactus is the largest of the Pincushion cacti, with its
large tubercles and coarse spines. It grows as high as nine inches, and
six inches in diameter, single or several stems in clumps. They form in
hemispherical mounds as wide as eighteen inches, with the larger stems
suggesting a pineapple. The spines are straight and stout and slightly
curved, and grow in groups of eleven to fifteen, one of which, a central,
is a little longer than the rest; erect, and of a dull straw color fading
to yellow-tan. The bases of the spines are bulbous. The flowers, about
two inches long, are yellow or straw-colored or yellow-brown and are very
showy, remaining open all day. The fruit is large, about two inches, and
narrow or oblong and of a yellow-green with large light brown seeds.


How to grow

Plants will endure twenty degrees of frost without injury; where the
winters are colder than this, protection must be given or the plants must
be grown under glass. They grow readily from seed in sandy or clay loam
in pots or flats, with just enough water to keep the soil moist, not wet.
Large plants transplant with difficulty; the roots should not be injured
in digging, and the plants should be set in gravelly clay and watered
occasionally during dry spells.


   Slender Pincushion Cactus (_Mammillaria fasciculata_—_Mammillaria
                              Thornberi_)

(Named _fasciculata_ from its habit of growing in clumps; _Thornberi_ in
     honor of one of the authors of this book, who rediscovered it)


How to identify and how it grows

The Slender Pincushion Cactus grows in the form of slender stems in dense
clusters of fifty to two hundred plants of many sizes, all crowded
closely together. The stems are four to seven inches tall, and an inch or
so in diameter. They seem to be thickened a bit in the middle and taper
off toward the bases and tips. The tubercles are arranged in eight to
twelve spiral rows, all less than a quarter of an inch long, and somewhat
four-angled in shape. The flowers are an inch or more wide and as long,
with the inner petals broad and acute and of a purplish pink color. The
fruit is club-shaped, a half-inch or so in length, and of a scarlet hue.


How to grow

This Pincushion is difficult to transplant. Plant in partial shade or in
the protection of shrubs in very sandy soil. Water frequently to keep the
soil barely moist. It is best set in clumps as it grew in the field. The
plants will endure twenty to twenty-five degrees of frost without injury;
with colder winters they must be protected or grown under glass or in
conservatories.


           Cream Pincushion Cactus (_Mammillaria Johnstonii_)

     (Named for Ivan M. Johnston who collected the plant in Sonora)


How to identify and how it grows

The Cream Pincushion Cactus grows from solitary stems having several
thick roots, which, however, are not deeply implanted. In outline the
stems are hemispherical or depressed globose and have a deep green color.
There are many angular tubercles, all spirally arranged, and as many as
thirteen white radial spines with brown tips. The central spines are
about a half-inch long and red-brown; one is directed upward, and the
other downward. The flowers are bell-shaped and are formed in a circle
about the center of the head, having white margins and pink or pink-tan
centers. Like _Mammillaria MacDougalii_, the tubercles when injured exude
a thick white milky fluid.


How to grow

Plants may be grown out of doors where temperatures are not lower than
twenty or twenty-five degrees below freezing; where the winter weather is
colder than this, the plants should be grown in conservatories. They grow
from seed in clay loam in pots with enough water to keep the soil moist,
preferably with part shade. Large plants transplant quite readily if the
roots are not injured. They grow well in gravelly soil or among rocks and
should be watered once a month.


    Sunset Cactus; Common Pincushion Cactus (_Mammillaria Grahamii_)

 (Named in honor of Colonel J. D. Graham of the United States Corps of
                        Topographical Engineers)


How to identify and how it grows

The Sunset Cactus, or Common Pincushion Cactus, is one of the most
popular of the Pincushion Cactus species, perhaps because of its wide
range from Texas to California and into old Mexico. It is quite
symmetrical and small. It grows as a stem from two to ten inches tall and
as much as two and one-half or three inches in diameter, in single stems
or several together in a clump. They are cylindrical or globose and bear
the tubercles closely set in a spiral arrangement of twenty to
twenty-three rows; these tubercles are about a quarter-inch long and
gray-green. There are about seventeen grouped radial spines a half-inch
or so long, of a dull white with darker tips, and one or two central
spines which are longer and stouter, whitish, with purple-brown or
red-brown tips which are curved sharply upward. The flowers are formed in
a circle near the tops of the stems and are about an inch long. The
petals are rose-pink with pink or white margins, while the sepals are
purple-brown with pink or white ciliate edges. The fruit is club-shaped
and scarlet, about an inch long.


How to grow

These plants are not injured by temperatures of twenty or twenty-five
degrees below freezing, and where the winter temperatures drop as low as
zero they grow easily in warm, sunny conservatories. Plants grow readily
from seed in pots or flats in moist clay loam, with part shade, and
transplant easily at any season, growing well in sandy or gravelly soils
with watering once or twice a month during the dry periods.


               Brown Pincushion (_Mammillaria Wilcoxii_)

(Named in honor of General Timothy A. Wilcox of the United States Army,
     who collected many plants in Arizona and other western states)


How to identify and how it grows

The Brown Pincushion Cactus grows with flabby stems, two or three inches
tall with as great a diameter. It is hemispherical or subglobose, and
somewhat depressed at the top. The tubercles are loosely set and spirally
placed, narrow and conical. There are eighteen to twenty sharp, slender,
needlelike, wide-spreading radial spines which interlock with those of
the other spine clusters; they are white with the tips a bright reddish
brown. There are two to six slender but much stronger central spines
which are spreading and erect with the hooked ends turned in several
directions. These are a translucent red-brown throughout, which gives to
the plant a reddish brown halo over the mass of the white radials. The
light pink flowers are a little more than an inch long, and when full
open are wider than they are long. There are from thirty-five to forty
petals, narrow lance-shaped and somewhat recurved. The fifteen or twenty
white sepals form in fringes.


How to grow

These plants will grow outside in temperatures nearly as low as zero.
With colder winter weather they should be covered or grown in greenhouses
or conservatories. Plants grow easily from seed in fine sandy soil in
pots or flats, with part shade and with occasional watering to keep the
soil moist. They transplant readily in gravelly clay with watering twice
a month during dry spells, and should be set in partial shade.


                Horned Toad Cactus (_Mammillaria Mainæ_)

(Named for Mrs. F. M. Main, who first collected the plant near Nogales,
                                Mexico)


How to identify and how it grows

The Horned Toad Cactus grows from single stems, or several in loose
clumps and is depressed globose or hemispherical, growing as short as two
or three inches, with a diameter of three or four inches. The tubercles
are of a pale green, arranged in thirteen spiral rows with compressed
bases tapering above and upturned. The texture of the plant is flabby and
loose. There are not many spines in this species, twelve wide-spreading
yellowish radial spines and one central which is much stronger than the
radials and somewhat twisted and curved. The flowers are quite slender
and about one inch long, both sepals and petals pointed. The former have
a brownish center while the latter have reddish centers with
white-fringed margins. The style is much longer than the stamens. This
plant is not conspicuous because it grows quite close to the ground and
is not easily seen with its light-colored spines.


How to grow

Plants grow outside in twenty degrees of frost, but with colder weather
than this they must be protected or grown in warm conservatories. They
grow easily from seed in the usual way in pots with part shade and with
occasional watering to keep the soil moist. They may be transplanted at
any season in sandy or gravelly clay, and given enough water to moisten
the soil well once in two or three weeks during dry months.


               Snowball Pincushion (_Mammillaria Oliviæ_)

(Named _Oliviæ_ in honor of Mrs. C. R. Orcutt, who shared her husband’s
                       interest in these plants)


How to identify and how it grows

The Snowball Pincushion is covered with a dense coat of white spines,
looking much like a snowball lying on the ground. It grows on solitary
stems or in some instances in clumps, is globose, and has twenty-five to
thirty-five thorns. The plant is covered with radially placed spines
about half an inch long, translucent white and somewhat twisted. There
are four centrals in the spine groups. The flowers of this plant resemble
those of the Sunset Cactus, and are pink and pink-rose with the margins
fringed in white. They are very showy and about an inch long. The pink
flowers contrast well with the glistening white spines, making this
cactus one of the handsomest of its kind, growing on the deserts and
foothills of southern Arizona.


How to grow

The same care and treatment is suggested as for the Sunset Cactus.


         Green Flowered Pincushion (_Mammillaria viridiflora_)

  (Named from its green flowers, which are very uncommon among cacti)


How to identify and how it grows

The Green Flowered Pincushion Cactus grows from single stems or in small
clusters and is cylindrical or globose. The stems are two to four inches
long and as much as three inches in diameter. This plant, also, has a
flabby texture, with the tubercles arranged in eight to twelve spiral
rows, which are disposed rather loosely. The radial spines, slender and
needlelike and wide-spreading, loosely interlocking with those of the
other spine clusters, are white with brown tips. The central spines are
hooked and slender, longer and stouter than the radials, about two inches
in length, brown and brown-red. The flowers are not at all showy and are
less than an inch long and wide; the sepals and petals are green. The
fruit is ovoid and less than an inch long, with a dull purplish or
green-purple color.


How to grow

Plants will endure outdoor temperatures of twenty or twenty-five degrees
below freezing. In colder climates they will thrive in warm, sunny
conservatories. Plants grow readily from seed in sandy loam with
occasional watering and part shade. Transplant older plants in gravelly
clay with enough water to keep the soil moist. Watering once in two weeks
during droughty spells is sufficient. This cactus is very attractive as a
potted plant, and outside should be given some shade.


           Showy Pincushion Cactus (_Coryphantha aggregata_)

          (Named from the plant’s habit of growing in clumps)


How to identify and how it grows

This plant is a fine and showy Pincushion cactus growing from single
stems or in clumps, six to fifteen inches in diameter across the top of
the clump, the stems globose or cylindrical, two to four inches in
diameter. The tubercles are arranged spirally in fifteen to seventeen
rows, with twenty to forty radially placed spines in two series like the
teeth of a comb. They are less than a half-inch long. There are six
central spines in the more mature plants, and all the spines are of a
translucent white, toning into the reddish brown tips. The flowers are
very showy and are formed around the center of the plant, two or three
inches in diameter and bright pink to rose-purple. They remain open all
day, and are quite abundant in southeastern Arizona and New Mexico on
prairie lands and _bajadas_.


How to grow

Plants grow outside and are not injured by temperatures as low as zero.
They grow easily from seed in sandy or clay loam in flats or pots with
some shade; transplant at any season in almost any soil; give enough
water to keep the soil moist during dry spells, about five gallons of
water at a time.


          Arizona Pincushion Cactus (_Coryphantha arizonica_)


How to identify and how it grows

This cactus grows in dense clumps six inches to two feet or more across,
with the heads close together. They are shortened, globose or
cylindrical, one to two inches in diameter, and as high. The plants are
almost hidden by the dense growth of reddish brown or almost black
spines. There are from fifteen to thirty radially placed spines and three
to seven stouter central thorns, all of which have yellowish bulbous
bases, with red-brown or almost black tips. The flowers are about an inch
and a half long and as wide. The petals and sepals are narrow and
lance-shaped, and from tan-purple to rose or rose-purple. The fruit is
oval and light green. This cactus grows in the prairie lands and on
foothill slopes, and needs a little modern irrigation.


How to grow

This Pincushion is not injured by temperatures of twenty to twenty-five
degrees below zero and hence is well suited for growing in cactus gardens
throughout the country. It thrives also in the warm Southwest. Young
plants grow readily from seed in pots or flats, in sandy or loamy soil,
with enough irrigation to keep the soil moist; part shade is desirable.
Large plants prefer sandy or loamy soil, especially limestone soil with
irrigation about once a month, and some shade.


          California Pincushion (_Mammillaria tetrancistera_)

     (Named _tetrancistera_ in allusion to the four central spines)


How to identify and how it grows

The California Pincushion grows from single stems a foot high and two and
one-half inches in diameter, or several in a cluster. Sometimes the stems
are branched and cylindrical with a loose flabby texture. The root is
narrow, conical, and fleshy. The tubercles are usually less than a
half-inch long and loosely set in eight spiral rows. There are from forty
to sixty-five radial spines placed in two whorls, slender and white with
red-brown tips; also one to four central spines which are strongly
hooked, dark reddish brown or blackish. The flowers are usually about two
inches long and are purplish. The sepals and petals are ciliate and
covered with many fine hairs.


How to grow

This pincushion is not injured by temperatures fifteen or twenty degrees
below freezing and hence grows indoors or out; it thrives in hot, sunny
conservatories or greenhouses. The plants grow easily from seed sown in
sandy soil with partial shade, the soil moist but not wet. Plants may be
transplanted at any season in sandy, stony, or gravelly soil, and watered
once in two or three weeks during dry spells.


         Black Spined Pincushion Cactus (_Mammillaria Milleri_)

   (Named for Dr. Gerrett S. Miller, Jr., who first collected it near
                           Phoenix, Arizona)


How to identify and how it grows

The Black Spined Pincushion, another of the _Mammillaria_ genus of
Cactaceæ, grows from single stems or several stems in clumps which are
sometimes branched, and from two to nine inches high, two to three inches
in diameter. The stems are globose or cylindrical with the tubercles
crowded close together on their lower parts. These tubercles are about
one-third of an inch long, and are arranged symmetrically in eleven to
fourteen rows. There are from seventeen to twenty radially placed spines,
widely spreading and about a half-inch long, with a white body and
reddish brown tips; also one to three central spines with upturned hooks,
brownish red appearing black at a distance. The flowers are purple fading
out to a pink, and bell-shaped. This handsome desert species strongly
resembles the beautiful Sunset Cactus, but has much stouter and darker
central spines.


How to grow

This plant should be treated similarly to the Sunset Cactus. Young plants
grow readily from seed in moist sandy or loamy soil in pots or flats in
part shade. Older plants may be transplanted at almost any season in
rocky or gravelly soils and watered once or twice a month during dry
seasons. They are not injured by temperatures twenty or twenty-five
degrees below freezing, but with greater cold than this must be protected
or grown in warm sunny conservatories.




                               CHAPTER IV
                    THE PARADE OF THE DESERT FLOWERS


The lover of plants and flowers which thrive on the desert wastes has
often but little conception of the mystic beauty which lingers there,
wrapped up in the delicate waxlike coverings of these wondrous blossoms.
Exotic and strikingly beautiful, some of them are. It would seem that
Nature, the Great Gardener, has caused the mountains to grow their huge
trees bedecked in evergreen, snow-crowned and haloed in gorgeous golden
sunsets with tints of spectral beauty; the humid plains to grow their
grasses, somber and uninviting, the providers of mankind, and their
trees, low and squatty, with shade for the tired herd and the dusty
traveler, and also their velvet grassy slopes lovely to look upon.

But what of the desert! Well, we do not intend to paint you a picture of
desolation, where no living thing can grow. Out of the débris of worlds
in the making, so to speak, there was left the great Amphitheater of the
Sun where the scorching rays beat down. In this hot caldron of alkali and
sand and rock Nature went to work, and soon there appeared tiny spiny
shoots, leafy but devoid of color. All were hungry and thirsty, and soon
rain came, and then the transformation! Water appeared under the surface,
and slowly rose saturating the tiny roots. The hot winds of the day
turned to cooling zephyrs of the night which gently kissed each plant and
flower until the coming of the sun. With each kiss of the dew-laden night
air came the delicate perfume and the wonderful color scheme which make
all the cacti so attractive to the eye and so stirring to the senses.
From crannies and nooks, crevices and rock-cracks, along the foothills
and on the slopes, began to appear the haciendas of the flowers; in time
they thrived and multiplied. To-day on the great deserts of the Southwest
along the Arizona-California line and eastward, there are vast stretches
of cacti of every weave and pattern imaginable, as symmetrical in design
as though each were first wrought on the Infinite Draughting Board and
then carefully and wisely planted by the Great Gardener to live forever.

Our third trek starts from one of the beautiful California or Arizona
sites that dot the Colorado River bounding these two states, leading into
the gullies, draws, or cañons that are so numerous there, in search of a
peculiar and striking growth commonly known as the Hedgehog Cactus. Since
the species are very thorny, the comparison to the little animal so full
of bristles is an apt one. The scientific name, _Echinocereus_, taken
from the Latin _echinus_, hedgehog, and _cereus_, torch, or the
Hedgehog-Torch.


                          GROWTH AND HABITATS

The Hedgehog cacti are of the easiest culture in out-of-door gardens,
blossoming and fruiting profusely, but in greenhouse cultivation they
rarely flower; they thrive in any ordinary clay loam with some gravel or
coarse sand and with good drainage, and the desert species will even
tolerate some alkali. The fruit looks like a mass of enormous bright red
strawberries, and when cooled in the refrigerator, sliced and served with
cream and sugar is delicious, and sought after as a great delicacy by the
Indians and Mexicans. This marked resemblance has earned for
_Echinocereus_ Cacti the common name, also, of “Strawberry Cactus.” When
the berries ripen, their spine clusters fall away or may be removed with
the least effort. The writers have tasted this delicious fruit served
cold and also as a sauce and made into jam.

Strawberry Cacti are among the most popular plants for southwestern
cactus gardens and rock gardens because of their fine showy flowers, and
their profuse blooming and fruiting. A single plant in the University of
Arizona Cactus Garden during the present year had fifty full-blown
flowers at one time and continued in blossom for fully two weeks. In
culture the plants may be watered regularly once a month in the absence
of rain during the growing season; they require little other care. They
may be transplanted at any season provided the roots are not seriously
injured, and when transplanted early in spring they blossom during that
same season. Like other desert cacti, the Hedgehog or Strawberry Cactus
grows best in sunny locations. The plants grow with single stems or in
clumps, and from three inches to a foot and a half tall; others are
solitary, and some in large flat masses or hemispherical mounds. The
flowers are crimson and scarlet and pink and deep purple, and grow in
heavy masses; some are funnel-shaped and bell-shaped.

As we start on our journey early in May, we travel down a long, broad,
well paved highway, straight toward the rising sun. It is still quite
cool, but the day will be blazing-hot before long. In the distance a blue
haze hovers over Superstition Range for whose almost roadless cañons and
draws we are bound. As we proceed along the highway, the cacti get
thicker and thicker, and as far as the eye can see are many kinds of
Cholla, Pincushion, and Barrel cacti. Here and there is a stranger to us.
We are at last in a veritable museum of desert cacti and their flowers.
It might be called the “Parade of the Cactus Flowers,” for they are all
around and about us. We are hunting for the little Hedgehog, and indeed
we find him in plenty. There are about sixty different varieties of this
particular group of the Cactus Family—all very beautiful and interesting,
and some of them hide away so carefully and select such forbidden haunts
that it takes a long time to find them.


         California Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus mojavensis_)

     _Southeastern California, Southern Utah, Southern Nevada, and
                         Northwestern Arizona_

The California Hedgehog Cactus, or the Mojave Hedgehog, we espy first,
and how could one miss seeing the scarlet bloom suffused with nopal red
of this strange and beautiful Strawberry Cactus? The flaming blossoms,
two or three inches long and an inch or so across, with short broad thick
petals, borne singly though many grow on a single stem, remain open for
several days at a time, and cause the California Hedgehog to become one
of the most brilliant of the Strawberry group. The massive mounds of
white-spined stems, two to six or seven inches long, often several
hundred in a clump, covered with flashes of crimson flowers form a
bright-colored zone which in full blossom is a splendid sight, and at a
distance suggests a fire burning, with nothing to burn and sans smoke.
This species is called the Desert-Afire, or Burning Cactus, or the Mojave
Hedgehog as it was discovered on the Mojave Desert, and the name
_Echinocereus_ or Torch Cactus was first given to it. A close cousin is
the Crimson Flowered Hedgehog Cactus of northern Arizona and New Mexico
and Utah.


     Golden Spined Strawberry Cactus (_Echinocereus chrysocentrus_)

    _Southeastern California, Western Arizona, and Northern Mexico_

Here in Southern California thrives the Golden Spined Albino, a foot or
so in height; the two-inch stems are furrowed with a dozen or so ridges,
on the sides of which appear interlocking scallops, of a yellow or medium
deep greenish cast. It has golden or light yellow spines like the pale
yellow or cream-colored hair of the albino, hence the common name is
quite apropos. It is to the circle of eight to thirteen radial spines
with their lovely golden hue that the specific title _chrysocentrus_
refers. The Golden Spined Strawberry Cactus with its pink and
lavender-pink flowers is a rare and beautiful sight on the desert here
before us, set in the dull tan or brown background of sand and rocks, and
with scarcely a green leaf or other color now in sight. The inch-long
fruit is densely spiny, covered with long, slender golden thorns, edible
and sweet; it ripens in August, a month or so later than the fruit of the
_Echinocereus Engelmannii_, its nearest relative.


         Indian Strawberry Cactus (_Echinocereus Engelmannii_)

 _Western Arizona, Northern Mexico, Southern Utah, Southern Nevada, and
                          Southern California_

Here is the _Echinocereus Engelmannii_, or Engelmann’s Hedgehog Cactus.
This fine Strawberry Cactus may be found clinging to the foothills and
low mountains in arid, sandy or gravelly desert land, growing in clumps
of a few to twenty or more stems, six inches to a foot or more high and
two or three inches through, rather cylindrical. This fine species is
very appropriately named in honor of Dr. George Engelmann of St. Louis,
one of the greatest authorities on cacti. Deep purple-pink flowers appear
in early spring, seeming at times to be clustered because of the masses
of brilliantly tinged blossoms three to four inches long; though in
reality they grow singly on the stems, and bloom for several days,
opening in the forenoon and closing toward evening. The thirteen to
seventeen stiff awl-shaped radial spines, one-fourth inch to one inch
long, and the three or four stout firm central thorns remind one of stiff
tousled medium brown hair partly turned gray, the colors being grayish,
tan, and brownish, all mixed together. The fruit, enormous
“strawberries,” is covered by many spine clusters which at maturity are
easily rubbed off, leaving it quite smooth, of a deep purple-red, with
many small black seeds set in a pinkish mass of sweet tender pulp. The
Pima and Papago Indians are very fond of this luscious cactus strawberry
when fully ripe and served with cream and sugar or cooked into the most
delicious conserves and jam; they gather it in considerable quantities
and occasionally one can buy the fruit or preserves in their markets, in
Arizona, Southern California or old Mexico. And so Dr. Engelmann’s
Strawberry Cactus has earned the name, also, of the Indian Strawberry
Cactus, or “Desert Strawberry.”

[Illustration: GOLDEN SPINED STRAWBERRY CACTUS (Echinocereus
chrysocentrus)]

Lovely strawberries on the end of an armored stick, delicate colorings,
enticing, inviting.

[Illustration: TURK’S HEAD (Echinocactus horizonthalonius)]

Quite like a Turk’s head when in flower with the pinkish purple tassel at
the tip.

[Illustration: TRAVELER’S FRIEND; CANDY CACTUS; TRAVELER’S COMPASS
(Echinocactus Covillei)]

If one gingerly cuts off the top of the plant, crushing the fleshy part,
cool refreshing water is revealed.

[Illustration: DESERT STRAWBERRIES; FENDLER’S HEDGEHOG CACTUS
(Echinocereus Fendleri)]

A large plant bears one or two quarts of delicious “cactus strawberry”
fruit.

[Illustration: INDIAN STRAWBERRY CACTUS; ENGELMANN’S HEDGEHOG CACTUS
(Echinocereus Engelmannii)]

The Pima and Papago Indians are very fond of this luscious cactus
strawberry when sliced and served cold with cream and sugar or cooked
into the most delicious conserves and jam.


          Spiny Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus polyacanthus_)

             _Northern Mexico, Southern Arizona, and Texas_

It is in Northern Mexico that we glimpse the Spiny Hedgehog Cactus, or,
as the scientist names him for his many spines, _Echinocereus
polyacanthus_, a fierce thorny little fellow. He has fifteen sharp stout
spines, somewhat flask-shaped at the bases, and spreading, at first pale
yellow, then becoming pinkish gray or grayish purple with the tips mostly
darker, deep yellow to blackish shades. His flame-red blossoms, sometimes
tinged with orange, are called single though they seem to be clustered
when abundant—large striking flowers, several blooming at one time in
early and late spring, and remaining open for days, not closing up at
night. Though not specially abundant, _polyacanthus_ is one of the
commoner varieties of the low mountains and foothills on the desert.


        Salmon Flowered Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus Leeanus_)

                           _Northern Mexico_

A lustrous mass of flame-colored blossoms attracts our attention next, as
we speed along the highway intent on making camp for the night across the
United States line from Mexico. It is the Salmon Flowered Hedgehog
Cactus, whose large, wide-spreading petals (two or three inches across
the flower), are of a brilliant salmon hue, showy and attractive, and
remain open for several days at a time in the spring, not even closing at
night. The blossoms are borne near the tips of the stems, and as many as
ten or twelve are in bloom at a time. Though not native to the United
States, the Salmon Flowered Hedgehog is occasionally found in cactus
gardens in Arizona and California, and is well known to cactus
connoisseurs and gardens in Europe. The species was named _Leeanus_ in
honor of James Lee of England, who presented the type specimen to the
Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew about 1842.


             Rose’s Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus Rosei_)

     _Southeastern Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, and Northern Mexico_

We have crossed the boundary line into the United States at Nogales,
Arizona, and now in the early morning sunlight are approaching the low
Gila Range in southeastern Arizona. We have come to study a cactus which
closely resembles that fierce little fellow, the Spiny Hedgehog Cactus,
from which it differs in having very short and sparse hairs on the fruit
and calyx tube. It has been described only recently, and thrives in
western Texas, southern New Mexico, old Mexico, and southern Arizona,
along the _bajadas_ in rocky or gravelly soil, sometimes in sandy soil on
the dry mesas and low mountain sides. Growing in clumps of fifteen to
forty stems, four to ten inches tall, pale green or blue-green, it has
fourteen or more firm needlelike radial and central spines, pinkish and
brownish gray, and bright scarlet flowers bearing six hundred or more
stamens, purple anthers, and dull scarlet filaments. Unlike most cactus
flowers these blossoms remain open for several days and nights in
succession, in April, occasionally blooming into May. The berries ripen
in June, dropping their spine clusters then. The fruit of Rose’s Hedgehog
Cactus is about an inch long, greenish purple when ripe, edible, with a
pleasant, tart, gooseberrylike taste.


          Fendler’s Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus Fendleri_)

  _Southeastern Arizona, Mexico, Western Texas, Utah, and New Mexico_

Like many of his kind Fendler’s Hedgehog Cactus blooms during the day and
folds up his petals at night. There are eight to thirteen stout radial
spines, spreading and occasionally appearing comb-like in arrangement,
white fading to gray, and usually tipped with brown; also a very stout
central thorn or two, sometimes an inch and a half long, dark-colored and
curving upward. He has deep pink, rose and rose-purple bloom nearly four
inches long and about as wide, appearing in April and May. This is one of
the finest and most abundant of our Strawberry or Hedgehog Cacti;
occasionally plants will have as many as fifty blossoms open at a time.
Amidst desert surroundings with the gray or brown of the great arid
spaces for a background they make a glorious sight, and one wonders how
it is possible for so fine a flower to grow on the sandy gravelly
foothills without any attention or care from the hand of man. Here again
it is Nature, the Great Gardener, with her marvelous science and daring
ingenuity, who enables her plants to receive life and sustenance through
the miraculous reservoirs of root and stem, even amid the burning sun and
drying winds of the great desert of the Southwest.

The fruit, about an inch and a half long, is armed with numerous clusters
of short brown-tipped spines. When ripe it is light yellow, pink, or
purple-red, and the thorns, then, are easily rubbed off leaving the
surface entirely smooth. The mature fruit served with cream and sugar is
delicious and suggests strawberries; it is used as an article of food and
for barter among the Indians and Mexicans. A large plant bears one or two
quarts of the luscious fruit, in late May or early June. Hence this
cactus, too, is called the Indian or Desert Strawberry Cactus. The
species is named in honor of August Fendler, who collected extensively in
New Mexico and Arizona in the early days.


              Rainbow Cactus (_Echinocereus rigidissimus_)

                   _Southeastern Arizona and Sonora_

Here is a real beauty, _Echinocereus rigidissimus_, the lovely Rainbow
Cactus, so called from the many colors of her spines arranged in bands a
half-inch to an inch wide, one following another in quick succession
extending around the plant. This beautiful desert growth is a great
favorite in cactus collections, but unfortunately, when removed from her
natural habitat, she pines away and is short-lived. The scientific name
_rigidissimus_ refers to her spines, which are noticeably stiff.

Among rocks and stones on hillsides in exposed and sunny locations, we
find the beauteous Rainbow, her bright rose-purple flowers with their
yellowish eyes, large and showy and funnel-shaped. Solitary they are, and
grow only a few on a plant; and the rose-pink and purple petals and
stamens, with their orange-red anthers forming a circle about the
rose-purple style and olive-green stigmas, are a sight truly admired by
every one fortunate enough to see it in full bloom. The Mexicans have
nicknamed her _Cabecita del Viejo_ because she clings to the foothills
and rocky mountain slopes. Four to fifteen inches tall, at a little
distance she appears banded with white or cream-colored, yellow,
rose-purple, pink, or maroon-purple bands, while the two dozen or so
ridges appearing vertically around the stems about a half-inch apart are
green and yellow-green in hue. The beautifully mottled thorns, a
half-inch or so long, are pressed closely against the plant, arranged
mostly in two comb-like groups and forming a continuous dense spiny layer
over the entire growth. The last spines of each season are rose-purple or
maroon, the earlier ones pink, yellowish, or whitish; and thus are formed
the zones of color extending around the plant, the brighter or deeper
hues of the spines appearing during periods of slow growth, the yellow or
whitish coloring during the time of faster growth in the spring. The
inner part of the stems of _rigidissimus_, along with the sweet and pulpy
ripe fruit, is relished and eaten by Indians and Mexicans, who consider
it a rare delicacy.


        Short Spined Strawberry Cactus (_Echinocereus Bonkeræ_)

                         _Southeastern Arizona_

We are nearing the beautiful Pinal Mountains in southeastern Arizona,
nearing also the end of our journey over the broad expanse of the
Arizona-California desert. After all it is one desert; California,
Arizona—what are mere geographical lines or names in the desert land of
plants and flowers, in that vast natural amphitheater of the great
Southwest? Here in the long low rays of the afternoon sun we see at a
distance the purple haze gathering over the mountain peaks, and we know
that our day’s work is nearing completion with the coming of the
beautiful sunset hour. And here it is, four thousand feet up in the rocky
foothills, that we espy the rare little beauty _Echinocereus Bonkeræ_,
named for Frances Bonker, one of the authors of this book. It is a new
Strawberry Cactus, growing in the foothills and low mountain ranges of
southeastern Arizona, and was discovered only last year in the Pinal
Mountains and also near Oracle, Arizona. It differs from all other
species of its kind in that all the spines are very short, and its fruit
is sweet and more nearly the size of a strawberry than any of the others;
also the spines do not suggest the Hedgehog Cactus, so that the common
name of Short Spined Strawberry Cactus is given to _Bonkeræ_, as more
nearly resembling a strawberry in its fruit than any other of the
Strawberry Cactus clan. The juicy, luscious berries, less than an inch
long, are delicious as jam or served cold with cream; they are always the
first to appear in the spring.

Often but two inches tall, sometimes reaching six or eight inches, this
little Strawberry Cactus grows in clumps of two or three to ten stems
which are densely ridged and tubercled. The flowers, nearly three inches
long and about the same in width, are a deep rose-purple, and appear in
April, the first of the purple-flowered species to bloom. It is easily
recognized by its many ridges and very short spines, all less than a
half-inch long, which are whitish or yellowish when young and reddish
brown when mature, and by its bright purple blossoms, borne well up on
the stems, which open in the forenoon and close in late afternoon,
lasting for several days. Under cultivation the larger plants grow as
much as three inches in a season.

[Illustration: SHORT SPINED STRAWBERRY CACTUS (Echinocereus Bonkeræ)]

A new Cactus species named in honor of Frances Bonker.

[Illustration: SALMON FLOWERED HEDGEHOG CACTUS (Echinocereus Leeanus)]

A lustrous mass of flame colored blossoms. The species was named in honor
of James Lee of England who presented the type specimen to the Royal
Botanic Gardens at Kew about 1842, and is well known to cactus
connoisseurs and in gardens in Europe.

[Illustration: CREAM PINCUSHION CACTUS (Mammillaria Johnstonii)]

[Illustration: SHOWY PINCUSHION CACTUS (Coryphantha aggregata)]

[Illustration: SNOWBALL PINCUSHION (Mammillaria Oliviæ)]

[Illustration: CALIFORNIA PINCUSHION (Mammillaria tetrancistera)]

Our journey is almost ended, and our notebooks are filled with much
interesting matter about cacti heretofore unknown; we have found and
studied many interesting specimens of the cactus family perhaps never
before seen by the majority of travelers. We know now that it is
necessary to see them from both far and near to appreciate the loveliness
of these weird desert growths; and it seems very strange to us that so
much glorious color and beauty has to be hidden away out here underneath
the midnight blue of the sky, for only a privileged few to enjoy.


      Crimson Flowered Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus coccineus_)

           _Northern Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado_

Yet one more of the lovely Strawberry group must be added to our list,
growing far up in the towering mountains of northern Arizona and hence
not included in this present trek. The Crimson Flowered Hedgehog Cactus
is this flaming cactus flower, which grows generally at altitudes of five
to seven thousand feet, its scarlet blossoms flashing here and there over
the mountain slopes, or dotting the oak, juniper, and pine formations in
dense masses of brilliant hue, compact clumps one to six feet across of
twenty to three hundred stems all closely set together; usually growing
in rounded mounds which exclude all other growth, and sometimes
comprising an important part of the pine and juniper plant coverings. The
stems are five to seven inches high, green and yellow-green, forming a
pleasing contrast to the crimson blossoms. The translucent whitish
spines, about a dozen in number, are flask-shaped at their bases and
spreading, while the flowers are slightly fragrant, a rare characteristic
among the _Echinocereus_ group. The fruit is spiny, and grows from
densely felted masses which remain as scars on the stems for years. This
Hedgehog Cactus may be easily distinguished from _Echinocereus Rosei_ by
its white or yellowish white spines.


And now the desert flower parade of color and beauty has passed in
review. One is not sorry to have come, for even when the days are hot and
dusty, the cooling desert winds appear with the approach of night. We
recall having read a great deal about the magic and lure of the desert
and its wondrous plants and flowers, and we realize now that one must
come and _see_ them to appreciate the beauty that lives and thrives away
out there underneath the stars, forever guarded by that All-seeing
Providence which placed them there so carefully and wisely that they
might tell us something of His Plan of things entire, wherein the
smallest blade of grass receives from Nature as does the wisest seer; for
the Infinite Mind of Nature is no respecter of persons or things, and
treats plants and animals and humans without favor or prejudice,
portraying therein God’s eternal care and watchfulness over all.


        The Hedgehog or Strawberry Cactus Group (_Echinocereus_)


How to identify and how they grow

Plants grow with single stems or more often in clumps from three inches
to a foot and a half or so tall, sometimes in large flat masses or in
hemispherical mounds. The stems are simple, rarely branched, tubercled,
and covered with a series of ridges running lengthwise from top to
bottom; these ridges are almost hidden by a dense network of spines
spreading out over the entire plant, and causing such a marked
resemblance to the hedgehog that the group is named the “Hedgehog Cacti.”
The Hedgehog Cacti can be distinguished from young Sahuaro by the fact
that the thorns of _Echinocerei_ form a lacework extending across the
ridges, almost hiding them, while in the Sahuaro the network of spines is
along the tops of the ridges and does not extend across them. The thorns
are mostly of two kinds, centrals and radials, growing from less than
half an inch to three inches long. There are no spicules. The flowers are
funnel-shaped and bell-shaped, crimson and scarlet, also occurring in
pink and deep purples, large and showy, and growing in heavy masses. They
open in the forenoon and close in the afternoon, lasting several days, or
remain open for three or four days or longer without closing. The fruit
looks like a mass of enormous bright red strawberries and is delicious
served with cream and sugar; hence the name “Strawberry Cacti.” The
unripe fruit is exceedingly spiny, the thorns generally falling off at
maturity or easily dislodged. It has small tubercles which bear the spine
clusters and bracts.


How to grow

The Hedgehog Cacti are of the easiest culture in out-of-door gardens,
blossoming and fruiting profusely; in greenhouse cultivation they rarely
flower. They thrive in any ordinary clay loam with some gravel or coarse
sand (even tolerating a little alkali), and with good drainage. The
plants may be watered regularly once a month in the absence of rain
during the growing season; they require little other care. They may be
transplanted at any season provided the roots are not seriously injured;
when transplanted early in spring, they blossom during the same season.
Sometimes Hedgehog Cacti can be grown from cuttings made from the stems;
the cut surface should be allowed to dry and the cutting set about two
inches deep in moist sandy soil. The usual method is to grow these plants
from seeds sown in sandy soil mixed with a small amount of powdered
charcoal and leaf mold, a quarter-inch deep in flats or pots set in part
shade and with enough water to keep the soil moist. When a half-inch
high, the seedlings are transplanted to small pots, and later from there
to the garden. A southern exposure is very desirable.


    California or Mojave Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus mojavensis_)

         (Named for the Mojave Desert where it was discovered)


How to identify and how it grows

The stems of the Mojave Hedgehog Cactus are as long as seven inches and
of a pale green. The structure of the stems furnishes a dozen or so ribs,
and this arrangement provides the necessary strength for support. The
plant is covered with a whitish system of spines, slender and bent and in
age becoming gray. The spines are radial; they are not long but are
dangerous to touch. The flowers of this little plant are scarlet and
remain open for several days; they are rather small, not more than an
inch and a half across. The petals are mostly thick and broad and have
obtuse tips that are sometimes notched, while the ovary has white felted
areolas covered with short needlelike spines for protection. The fruit is
elliptical, about the size of an English walnut, and ripens in May and
June. We have found that the plants grow in loose clumps, forming into
mounds among the shifting sands, a conspicuous feature on the desert and
foothills with their flaming bloom, hence called also the Desert-Afire.


How to grow

These plants will grow outdoors where temperatures descend to twenty or
twenty-five degrees below freezing; in colder climates they may be grown
in hot, dry conservatories or rock gardens. Like others of this group the
plants may be transplanted at almost any season, and if planted in early
spring they blossom the same year. They grow in sandy or loamy soil with
enough water to keep the soil moist during the growing season; they
endure prolonged drought in their native habitats and hence should not be
watered excessively in cultivation.


              Golden Spined Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus
  chrysocentrus_—_Echinocereus Engelmannii_, variety _chrysocentrus_)

    (Named “chrysocentrus” from its beautiful golden or light yellow
                          translucent spines)


How to identify and how it grows

The physical structure of the Golden Spined Hedgehog Cactus consists of
cylindrical stems to fifteen inches in height, tapering off towards the
ends or tops and covered with many scalloped ridges on which the radial
spines are placed—which, by the way, as usual in all cactus plants, are
dangerous because they are so sharp and so thickly intertwined. The
scallops of adjacent ridges are interlocking, and light green or yellow.
It is here that the areolas, or centers of growth, appear, densely
covered with tiny hairs. The spine system is grouped and spreading, with
four to seven central spines sometimes three inches in length, often
crooked or twisted, and surrounded by smaller radials scattered along the
stem ridges, not more than a fourth-inch to an inch long, all thorns of a
beautiful golden or light translucent yellow. The spines often vary in
their general characteristics, long and short, twisted and bulbous,
straight and bent and twisted, flat and grooved, tough and easily broken.
The flowers are about the length of a large duck egg, and consist of the
usual sepals and petals. The colorings vary from a light pink toning into
beautiful deeper lavender tints, then lavender filaments and yellow
anthers and stigma lobes of deep green, presenting a very beautiful color
combination. Golden Spined Cacti grow well in clumps along the arid
gravelly slopes of the rocky foothills of southeastern California,
western Arizona, and Sonora.


How to grow

Plants can be grown out of doors, and are not injured with twenty degrees
of frost. They grow readily from seed in pots or flats in moist sandy
soil, preferably with part shade for the first few months, but with a dry
atmosphere. Large plants can be transplanted late in winter or early in
spring in gravelly or rocky soil with a sunny exposure, and watered once
or twice a month during the growing season to keep the soil slightly
moist.


Indian or Desert Strawberry; Engelmann’s Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus
                             Engelmannii_)

    (Named in honor of Dr. George Engelmann of St. Louis, one of the
                     greatest authorities on cacti)


How to identify and how it grows

The Indian or Desert Strawberry Cactus, like others of the Hedgehog clan,
has a system of cylindrical stems which grow about fifteen inches tall,
with a diameter of two to three inches, and the usual ridges along which
are placed the many sharp spines. The stems are yellow or greenish yellow
and of course fade a little with age. Quite regularly along the ridges
there are radially placed spines an inch long or less, and these make a
formidable armor against intrusion. The stout, firm, erect, or spreading
central spines are twice as long as the radials. All these thorns have
bulbous bases and most are grooved, curved, and twisted; the colors are
whitish to red-brown. The large flowers are about the width of a teacup,
the sepals and petals usually bright pink with beautiful light purple
tinting, while the filaments are pale lavender and the anthers
yellow—another striking color scheme of Nature’s combination. The fruit
is elliptical, of the size of a very small egg, and quite spiny. This
cactus grows well in groups of twenty or so on the sandy gravelly mesas
or along the rocky slopes, and is a very characteristic species on the
arid southwestern deserts.


How to grow

These plants grow outside without injury from twenty or twenty-five
degrees of frost; in colder climates they should be protected out of
doors or grown in a dry, hot, sunny glass house. Large plants are
transplanted easily in early spring, with care not to injure the roots or
stems; they thrive in gravelly, stony soils with occasional watering to
keep moisture in the soil during the growing season. Young plants grow
easily from seed with the usual care, moist sandy soil, partial shade,
and a dry atmosphere.


          Spiny Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus polyacanthus_)

 (Named _polyacanthus_ from its many spines, though it is not as spiny
                         as some other species)


How to identify and how it grows

The Spiny Hedgehog Cactus consists of a cylindrical system of stems
growing to ten inches in height, about two inches in diameter, with the
usual system of ridges, nine to eleven or so. It has the same spine
clusters along these ridges, radially arranged, and with the central
spines the longer, nearly two inches in length. In this case the spine
bases are flask-shaped and spreading. At first the colors are pale
yellow, later becoming grayish, pink-gray, or purple-gray with darker
tips. This change denotes the age of the plant. The flowers appear near
the tips of the stems and are about three inches long, with eighteen
petals that are thick and firm and spatulate, colorings ranging from
yellowish green bases to flame or orange-red blades. There are six sepals
of orange-red. The ovary has yellow spines with dense tufts of long
cottony hairs in the areolas. The plants grow on foothills and low
mountains from western Texas to southeastern Arizona in clumps of ten to
twenty or more. They often form in compact mounds, and they bloom during
April and May.


How to grow

Plants are not injured by temperatures as low as zero, but in lower
temperatures they require protection. They may be grown in cool, sunny
greenhouses, but they blossom best with outdoor planting. The plant may
be set out at almost any season—but early spring is best—in gravelly loam
or among rocks, with care not to injure the root or stem. The seed grow
readily in sandy loam in pots or flats, in diffused sunlight, with just
enough water to keep the soil moist. In cactus gardens the plants should
be given only enough water to keep the soil moist during dry spells, and
growth should not be forced.


        Salmon Flowered Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus Leeanus_)

  (Named _Leeanus_ in honor of James Lee of England, who presented the
     type specimen to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew about 1842)


How to identify and how it grows

The _Leeanus_, or Salmon Flowered Cactus, is identified by the general
characteristics of the entire Hedgehog Group. It is cylindrical, with the
stems tapered toward the tips, about four inches through near the base,
and with ten to twelve rounded ridges with acute apexes. Along these
ridges the usual system of spines is placed, with the shorter ones
radially arranged and very sharp. These radial spines are unequal in
length and are spreading from their bases, while the centrals are
stouter, the lowest two inches or so long, all thorns having bulbous
bases and a tannish brown color scheme, toning off to gray. The flowers
are among the largest of the salmon or scarlet forms—when opened, about
the length of a large egg—and have twenty-seven broad thick petals, the
tips well rounded; or the petals may be notched or tipped with a short
point. The general colorings are from orange-red to a flaming salmon;
hence the common name. There are many stamens of about the same length as
the style and stigmas. The style branches are light green and are
incurved. The stems of this cactus grow singly or in loose clusters, and
thrive well in sandy or gravelly loam.


How to grow

Little is known about growing this species under cultivation; it
transplants readily at almost any season and thrives in sandy or gravelly
loam with occasional irrigation to keep the soil moist during dry
periods. It may be grown outside in temperatures not below twenty or
twenty-five degrees of frost; in colder weather it should have
protection. It grows well in cool conservatories, but does not blossom
freely there.


             Rose’s Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus Rosei_)

  (Named for Dr. John Nelson Rose, Associate in Botany, United States
                  National Museum, Washington, D. C.)


How to identify and how it grows

Dr. Rose’s Hedgehog Cactus is also of the cylindrical stem variety, has
nine to a dozen obtuse ribs in its structure, and is pale green or bluish
green. The usual ridges prevail and are armored with clustering radial
spines of unequal length, very sharp and needlelike. Both radials and the
longer centrals are pinkish to brownish gray and have bulbous bases which
spread at the roots. In most of the other Hedgehog species the colorings
of the thorns vary somewhat. The bright scarlet blossoms are about three
inches long and remain open for several days and nights. The petals are
broad and spatulate and a bit thick, not opening wide. The filaments are
dull scarlet, the anthers purple, and the stigma lobes bright green. The
scarlet hue in the color scheme gives the plant a striking appearance on
the desert, beautiful to see. The fruit is elliptical and very spiny, a
greenish purple, and has a pleasant tart, gooseberrylike taste. The stems
grow in clumps of as many as forty, and range from the low foothills and
dry _bajadas_ of southwestern Texas to southern New Mexico and eastern
Arizona.


How to grow

These plants grow well out of doors and are not injured by zero
temperatures. They will grow in cool, sunny greenhouses. Transplant early
in spring without injuring roots or stems, in gravelly clay or rocky
soils; give enough water to keep the soil moist but not wet. Plants may
be grown from seed in the usual way, in pots or flats in sandy or loamy
soil in part shade, with enough water to keep the soil moist.


     Desert or Indian Strawberry Cactus; Fendler’s Hedgehog Cactus
                       (_Echinocereus Fendleri_)

  (Named in honor of August Fendler, who collected extensively in New
                 Mexico and Arizona in the early days)


How to identify and how it grows

The Indian Strawberry Cactus, also, is built up of cylindrical tapered
stems, in groups of ten or twelve, of uneven heights up to a foot, with a
dozen or so wavy ribs and clustered radially formed spines, a half-inch
or so in length, wide-spreading and lying close to the stem. The stems
are a medium deep green. The radials are of a white cast toning into
brown at the tips, the stout centrals dark brown and curving upwards. All
the thorns have swollen bases and are more or less variable in color. The
flowers are of deep purple and about three inches broad and long. There
are as many as twenty petals and fourteen sepals varying from rose-pink
to purple shades. The petals are spatulate and somewhat broad, the
margins finely toothed. The stamens are rather short, and the anthers are
yellow, while the filaments are of a light pink, toning off to green. The
flowers open in the forenoon and close in the afternoon for several days
in succession. The fruit is not large, no larger than a very small egg,
and matures in May, when the colorings range from pink to red or yellow.
When fully ripe the little spine clusters are easily rubbed off, so that
it is not hard for natives to handle the fruit.


How to grow

Larger plants are not injured by zero temperatures; in colder winter
weather plants require some protection or may be grown in cool, sunny
glass houses. They may be transplanted at any season in gravelly or loamy
soil irrigated enough to retain moisture during the growing season. Young
plants grow easily from seed sown in flats or pots in sandy or loamy soil
with some shade and with enough water to keep the soil moist.


    Rainbow Cactus; Cabecita del Viejo (_Echinocereus rigidissimus_)

              (Named _rigidissimus_ from the stiff spines)


How to identify and how it grows

The _rigidissimus_, or Rainbow Cactus, another of the cylindrically
formed cacti, is easily identified by the noticeably stiff spines, which
are very numerous. The stems grow to about fifteen inches tall, four
inches or less in diameter with a rounded-off top, singly, or branched
above. The cylinder is composed of about twenty-four ridges well covered
with very sharp radials, but with no central spines, a characteristic
uncommon in the Hedgehog group. There are great numbers of radially
placed spines, closely pressed to the sides of the stem. They are
arranged in two comb-like groups, one on each side of the areolas, and
interlock with thorns of adjacent spine clusters. This makes a dense
spine layer over the entire surface of the plant. These spines are less
than a half-inch long, and have swollen bases. They form in many colored
zones, or whitish, yellow, rose-purple to maroon-purple bands about the
plant. The flowers are about three inches long and as wide when full
open, and have some forty petals and thirty sepals. The petals have
pointed tips and are bright rose-purple with yellowish bases. The fruit
is covered with many spines, is about the size of a strawberry, fleshy
and sweet. The _rigidissimus_ invariably grows along the rock ridges and
rocky foothill slopes at altitudes of thirty-five hundred to fifty-five
hundred feet, the roots growing among the rocks. Its distinguishing
characteristic is the many colored bands of the spines around the plant,
suggesting a rainbow.


How to grow

Rainbow Cacti are not injured in zero temperatures out of doors, but with
colder weather than this they require some protection. They may be grown
in cool, dry, sunny conservatories. The Rainbow is one of the most
difficult of the cacti to grow under cultivation. Unless planted in rocky
soil, preferably early in spring, it will grow for only a year or two.
Young plants transplant more readily than older ones, and neither the
roots nor the stems should be injured in digging. Give enough water to
keep the soil moist during the growing season. Plants may be grown from
seed in moist sandy soil in part shade or diffused sunlight. When mature
plants are used and transplanted in early spring they blossom the same
season.

[Illustration: RAINBOW CACTUS (Echinocereus rigidissimus)]

A popular beauty, named from the brilliantly colored spines arranged
around the plant in many-hued bands or “zones.” Called by the Mexicans
Cabecita Del Viejo.


        Short Spined Strawberry Cactus (_Echinocereus Bonkeræ_)

      (Named for Frances Bonker, one of the authors of this book)


How to identify and how it grows

_Bonkeræ_, or the Short Spined Strawberry Cactus, is oblong-cylindrical
with the tips somewhat depressed. It has low obtuse ridges, fewer than
twenty, of a light green. These ridges are covered with a network of
radial spines, the younger ones whitish, fading to gray-white, yellow or
yellowish brown in age. The centrals are yellow-brown changing to
red-brown in older thorns. All the spines are less than a half-inch long
and vary in coloring, with brown bulbous bases and translucent tips. This
cactus is to be found in clusters of from two to ten stems, and is very
attractive with its rose-purple to deep rose-purple flowers nearly three
inches long, and its many stamens, stigmas, and filaments in bright and
light green. The fourteen petals and nine sepals have obtuse tips and
short points; the styles are longer than the stamens. Plants grow along
the dry foothills and low mountains in clumps of a foot or less across.


How to grow

This species grows outdoors and is not injured by temperatures twenty or
twenty-five degrees below freezing; in colder climates than this it must
be given some protection or grown in cool, dry, sunny greenhouses. Plants
may be grown at any season in gravelly or sandy clay soils with light
irrigation every two or three weeks to moisten the soil during the
growing season or in droughty periods. Or they may be grown readily from
seed sown in sandy loam in flats or pots, with partial shade and with
enough water to keep the soil moist. The species is a handsome one for
rock gardens, as yet little known. Mature specimens transplanted early in
spring blossom the same season.


      Crimson Flowered Hedgehog Cactus (_Echinocereus coccineus_)

     (Named _coccineus_ in allusion to the bright scarlet flowers)


How to identify and how it grows

_Coccineus_, or the Crimson Flowered Hedgehog Cactus, is built up of
stems four to seven inches long and about two inches in diameter. The
tips of the stem are rounded and covered with radial spines no more than
three-quarters of an inch long. It has three central spines which are
much stronger than the radials, all thorns erect and spreading. They are
flask-shaped at their bases and are white to yellowish white. The flowers
are a beautiful bright crimson, about three inches long, and remain open
for several days before they close. The petals and sepals are thick and
firm, bright scarlet, and brownish or orange toward their bases, while
the tips of the petals are broadly rounded. The fruit pods are very
spiny. These plants grow in dense clumps one to six feet across and two
to three hundred stems in a cluster, at altitudes of five to seven
thousand feet in the foothills and cañons and along the lakes in northern
Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah, and in oak, juniper, and pine
formations of prairie lands. They prefer the gravelly clay loam of the
slopes in sunny exposures and are to be found also among rocks on the
high mesas.


How to grow

This species is not injured by temperatures twenty-five degrees below
zero, and hence may be grown out of doors throughout the country
generally. It furnishes very interesting specimens for rock gardens.
Plants grow readily in gravelly loam or limestone soils and may be
transplanted at any season. They thrive even in the hot Southwest but
should be given partial shade there and moderate irrigation. In these
warmer climates they blossom as early as April but rarely mature fruit.
They grow easily from seed in moist sandy soil or clay loam with part
shade, and preferably in cooler climates.




                               CHAPTER V
                    THE PAINTED CANVAS OF THE DESERT


There is nothing so beautiful as the dash of color painted by that great
artist, Nature, on the canvas of the desert in the springtime and early
summer. It is here that plant and flower families vie with each other in
their parade of color and fashion. Likewise man, who is tired and hungry
for the great open spaces with his year’s work behind him in the spring,
seeks the hidden byways trodden only by the few, where he may tramp and
meditate and commune with Nature. He loves to hunt new places, to see new
things, and then on some winter’s evening to lean back in his comfortable
chair and blow smoke rings around the places come back to him again in
fancy, where he found that odd piece of cactus lacework and that
patch-pattern of thorns and spikes and stems. And he wonders, then, how
such marvelous colorings could be, and _why_ they should be, away out in
those forgotten places far from the hoof-mark of a burro or the footprint
of an Indian or a daring tenderfoot.

The desert is not unlike some huge canvas stretched out over vast
distances of mesa and foothill, valley and mountain, which takes on
mysterious splashes of color during each cycle of the spring, fading then
in the heat of summer and fall. Imagine if you can this tremendous
stretch of the desert-canvas tinted with all the minute tracings of the
aurora borealis. For to be sure the image of the great painted canvas of
the desert, if inverted and hung high in the heavens so as to be seen in
all its brilliance, might well make a more splendid curtain than our own
aurora borealis, flashing intermittently across the northern skies in
flaming letters of crimson and gold.

It seems strange that some of the desert cacti select the daytime, while
others of the same family select the nighttime to unfold their matchless
bloom. It seems strange that a plant with coarse colorless bark, gray and
hoary as with age, can have such delicate and splendid blossoms. It seems
strange that so brilliant a coloring can come from such desolation as the
desert seems to possess, where there is little or no water and the days
are hot and dry. It is strange, indeed, but Nature works in mysterious
and devious ways her wonders to perform.


                           GROWTH AND HABITAT

This chapter treats of the _Opuntia_ genus of Cactaceæ, the well known
group of Prickly Pears whose flower colorings are remembered as being so
exquisite and delicate, so vivid and attractive both near and afar, the
lovely tints and hues so well graduated from the bases of the petals to
their tips and so symmetrical of distribution, that attention is at once
focused upon them. There are about two hundred sixty species of the
_Opuntia_, of which eighty-eight are in the United States, eighty-seven
in Mexico, and the remainder in South America and the outlying islands.
The genus _Opuntia_ includes not only the beautiful Prickly Pear but also
the familiar Cholla, that tall, stately, antlered plant of the desert
domain which frowns at you from along the highway as you approach our no
man’s land from almost any direction. Starting on a fourth trek into the
habitats of cactus plants early in May, we shall look for only the
colorful Prickly Pears, characterized by their large pear-shaped joints,
the “flapjacks” of the desert; characterized also by their large flaming
orange and yellow, or occasionally rich purple and red blossoms, which
open for only a short time during the day and close when the shadows of
the sun begin to bathe the hills in orange and purples as the desert
sunset approaches. In a few cases they unfold for a short time the
following day, but most bloom for but the one period of five to seven
hours or so. Commonly the blossoms change from yellow when they open to
orange in the afternoon, and in some species to red-orange. It is also
noted that when the flowers unfold for a second day, their bright
colorings deepen and darken in orange or red. We find that the clan of
the Prickly Pear nearly always have thorns different from those of most
other groups of Cactaceæ in that they are only of one kind, though the
sizes may vary. In the genus of _Opuntia_ there are no radial nor central
spines; the thorns are merely spines in the full sense of the word. We
note that the Prickly Pear is really a shrub with many stems branching
from the base, and that their pear-shaped joints are in reality stems or
branches and are not just leaves as many suppose; the true leaves being
very small and scalelike and disappearing after a short time, withering
away and falling off. The species grow readily from these pearlike
joints, and this is a common method of propagating _Opuntia_. They will
also grow from seeds, but these develop very slowly and require a long
time in the ground before they germinate.


                Papago Fruit Cactus (_Opuntia Blakeana_)

                           _Southern Arizona_

It is from Tucson, in the rocky foothills of southeastern Arizona, that
we start on our long trip across the state and into old Mexico and
California. The first of the lovely auroral coloring to attract our
notice is the low spreading Prickly Pear called _Opuntia Blakeana_ in
honor of Dr. William Blake, who was formerly Geologist and Director of
the College of Mines and Engineering of the University of Arizona.
Forming in loosely branched clumps on the desert, eight feet or more
across and only a foot or so high, this growth is most strikingly
characterized by its translucent brown fringe of spicules along the
margins of the areolas and its needlelike purplish brown thorns suffused
with gray toward the bases. The brilliant orange-red and yellow blossoms,
nearly three inches long and as broad, like most of their sister species
open and close in the daytime, the sepals greenish yellow toning off to
an orange-red base. Blooming time is in April and May, the fruit comes on
in July; the latter when ripe is used for food by the Pima and Papago
Indians of Arizona, and while they eat it both raw and cooked it is not
utilized as is that of some of the other and larger varieties.

[Illustration: PAPAGO FRUIT CACTUS (Opuntia Blakeana)]


               Delicate Prickly Pear (_Opuntia delicata_)

                           _Southern Arizona_

At altitudes of three to five thousand feet in the sandy and clay loams
across southern Arizona one may see a prickly pear called _delicata_ on
account of its small size and its slender joints and spines. This baby
_Opuntia_ was only recently discovered and is considered a rare find,
though little is known about its distribution. The tiny plants are
sometimes but three inches high, growing to ten inches in different
specimens, with one or several stems, long needlelike spines and large
yellow flowers, as usual blooming in the morning and closing up their
petals in the afternoon. New and interesting specimens of the cactus clan
are discovered now and then, and it gives the botanist and the layman
much pleasure to study and classify them, to look up their haunts and
habits and place them where they belong, so that all may see and know
them.

[Illustration: DELICATE PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia delicata)]


               Purple Prickly Pear (_Opuntia santa rita_)

                           _Southern Arizona_

[Illustration: WHIPPLE’S CHOLLA (Opuntia Whipplei)]

[Illustration: PURPLE PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia santa rita)]

We are approaching the beautiful Santa Rita Mountains not far from
Tucson, Arizona, nearing also the end of our long afternoon’s work, for
the blue and purple haze that betokens the close of a hot desert day is
gathering around the distant peaks and the sun hangs low over the
horizon, seeming loath to bid farewell to mountain and desert cañons and
to weary mortals here below. A symphony in purple and yellow greets our
tired eyes and brightens our jaded spirits as we motor slowly along the
highroad; and we stop to get a closer view of this handsomest of all the
brilliant _Opuntia_, the Purple Prickly Pear. A dash of purple in the
sepals tones into golden yellow in petals and stamens of the large
beautiful blooms, three inches across when full open and nearly four
inches in length, the lemon and deep yellow flowers in vivid contrast to
the bright purple joints of _santa rita_ in the spring. Then in summer
the densely glaucous gray-blue joints form a striking color scheme
together with the bright purple fruit. Two to five feet tall, the plants
branch from a short thick trunk in numerous stemlike appendages which
look like so many “flapjacks” on the desert. They prefer the gravelly or
rocky soils at levels of three to five thousand feet, and grow over drab
_bajadas_ and somber foothill slopes near the high Santa Ritas, where
they were discovered by Dr. David Griffiths and named for this majestic
range which towers in sight of these brilliantly beautiful and
slender-spined pearlike cacti. These rare plants are finding a place in
many gardens throughout the Southwest, and even abroad in England they
may be grown satisfactorily in indoor cactus gardens.


                 Smooth Prickly Pear (_Opuntia laevis_)

                           _Southern Arizona_

The Smooth Prickly Pear is a dainty morsel, and how the cattle like to
espy it in the few open spaces where it ventures to grow! For this cactus
is nearly spineless and clings to the inaccessible cañon slopes where
stock cannot prey upon it. In April and May it forms a striking picture
on the desert canvas, a great patch of large, showy, lemon-colored
blossoms peering forth from the jutting and protecting rocks on all sides
of the steep mountain cliffs here in southern Arizona; in July it changes
this brilliant coloring with almost kaleidoscopic swiftness to purple and
pink splashes of the fine large fruit. Truly the desert is aflame with
glory when the prickly pears come forth in bloom! Is it the soul of the
Flower trying to find expression in beauty and fragrance, attuned to the
soul of the poet and the lover of desert creation, striving to grow in
tune with the Universe? Here is a lesson, perchance, that he who runs may
read; for those who can pierce the vale of mysteries it is called “in
tune with the Infinite.”

_Opuntia laevis_ is three to six feet tall with erect wide-spreading
branches ascending from the base. A very few needlelike spicules develop
along the stem, crowned by the large striking lemon-colored flowers with
orange-red centers, nearly three inches long and as broad, opening in the
morning and folding up in late afternoon.

[Illustration: SMOOTH PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia laevis)]


               Foothill Prickly Pear (_Opuntia Toumeyi_)

                     _Southern Arizona and Sonora_

_Opuntia Toumeyi_ is a most attractive species and a distinctive type
among cacti, covering the foothills of southern Arizona mountains with
its waxy green joints and pink spines, sometimes brownish white thorns,
and bright golden satiny blooms shading into red and orange at their
bases and yellow-green toward the margins, suffused with purple-brown, a
lovely harmony of color splashing across the painted canvas of brilliant
desert flowers. Appearing in loose golden clumps, one and one-half to
three feet tall, with the spicules forming a dense pinkish gray fringe
about the upper half of the areolas, this prickly pear roams the rocky,
gravelly foothills and mountains here in southern Arizona and in Sonora.

[Illustration: FOOTHILL PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia Toumeyi)]


                 Cow’s Tongue (_Opuntia linguiformis_)

                            _Southern Texas_

We leave the foothills and _bajadas_ of southern Arizona and cross the
Rio Grande into the prairie lands of southern Texas in search of a
peculiar Prickly Pear growing in the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas; this
_Opuntia_ is widely cultivated now in cactus gardens, and one should not
miss it even though it takes several hours to reach the destination. A
striking plant on account of its long lance-shaped joints, Cow’s Tongue
grows three to five feet tall with a spread of three to six feet, in
spring covered with great satiny yellow blossoms nearly four inches long,
tinted in green and golden shades, and forming in numerous patches, great
splashes of gold against the dull brown and grays of desert prairie lands
in southern Texas. The fruit is quite tasty (it is commercialized by
Mexicans), eaten raw and made into spicy jam or syrup. We note the
characteristic tongue-shaped joints, a foot or two long, which give the
plant its specific name _linguiformis_ (tongue-shaped), and also its
common name Cow’s Tongue. The late afternoon shadows begin to creep over
the rolling prairies and the sun is sinking low on the horizon in one
last attempt to linger here awhile, ere it sweeps our no man’s land in a
vast flood of glory and is no more. Many tourists prefer to travel at
this hour and while the desert moon is shining, for the cool and alluring
night breezes render motoring delightful over the arid sands during the
latter part of May.


                Discus Prickly Pear (_Opuntia discata_)

                 _Northern Sonora and Southern Arizona_

[Illustration: DISCUS PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia discata)]

We have crossed the international border once more, this time driving to
Nogales, Arizona, then across the street into Nogales, Sonora, looking
for a well-known Prickly Pear growing on the grassy mesas and _bajadas_
of northern Sonora and of southern Arizona. Its name _discata_ refers to
the large circular and disklike joints of the stems, nearly a foot in
diameter and about half an inch thick, which form the many ascending and
spreading branches of this shrub; and it seems to us we could almost use
them in throwing the discus in the marvelous Olympiad Games to be held
this summer, here in the giant amphitheater of the sun. The beautiful
plants grow in large clumps about five feet high and five to ten feet
across, standing forth as most striking figures on the desert canvas with
their erect spreading pear-like arms and the vivid harmony of color in
their large and brilliant blooms; glossy lemon-yellow shading into deep
orange, then the yellow-green tints of the sepals and the cream-white
suffused with a delicate pinkish cast of the club-like styles. There is a
little animal living on the desert known as the trade rat or pack rat
which invariably seeks the _Opuntia discata_ for building his home; if
the habitat of this little rat is investigated about five bushels of
débris will be found including cactus joints, stems, sticks, and even
stones, all carefully piled away in and under these plants. This is a
sure sign of the pack rat’s nest, for in such a home his needs are all
taken care of; the _discata_ gives him protection from wandering coyotes
and dogs, water and food in its succulent stems, and still more food in
the ripe sweet fruit. The latter is covered with many fine spicules and
the Indians skillfully remove these by rubbing, so as not to get the
prickers into the fingers; for they are very annoying and irritating if
they find their way into the flesh. The ripe fruit is gathered for food
by Mexicans and Indians, who make from it a fine syrup, delicious
preserves and other delicacies.

[Illustration: ENGELMANN’S PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia Engelmannii)]


            Engelmann’s Prickly Pear (_Opuntia Engelmannii_)

                 _Northern Mexico, Arizona, and Texas_

Next in our journey across the land of the burning sun we find
Engelmann’s Prickly Pear here in Northern Mexico—a very fine, large
Opuntia which grows also in Texas and Arizona. This cactus like several
others has been named in honor of Dr. George Engelmann, an early
outstanding student of cacti. The plant is a rather large shrub six to
twelve feet across and three to five feet tall, with many divergent and
ascending branches from the base, these often rooting and forming an
impenetrable growth. Its large bluish green joints contrast vividly in
the spring with the huge golden or lemon-yellow flowers which appear in
great numbers in April and May; while again in July there is another
marked contrast to the deep purple or maroon-purple fruit, which is
pear-shaped and often three inches long. As many as sixteen fruit are
borne on a single joint or pad of the Prickly Pear. These the Mexicans
and Indians eat when ripe, and the natives make a most palatable syrup
from the jams or conserves.


            Long Spined Prickly Pear (_Opuntia macrocentra_)

         _Northern Mexico, Central Arizona, and Western Texas_

The _Opuntia macrocentra_ grows in sandy soil or clay loam at levels of
three to five thousand feet. The plants are no more than three feet tall
and are called _macrocentra_ in allusion to the long spines, over three
inches in length. The large showy blossoms are about three inches long
with light yellow petals and bright red or orange-red centers. This
flower also opens and closes in the daytime and lasts for one day only.
The olive-green joints of the plants, which are suffused with purple or
sometimes purple throughout, the dark purple-brown spines, and the yellow
bloom create an uncommon sight here on the open desert out over the mesas
and _bajadas_ in Northern Mexico.


                   Beaver Tail (_Opuntia basilaris_)

  _Southeastern California, Western Arizona, Northern Sonora, Southern
                       Nevada, and Southern Utah_

[Illustration: BEAVER TAIL (Opuntia basilaris)]

An odd and interesting little Prickly Pear, with its many spicules
appearing each like a small fuzzy tail, and called by the natives Beaver
Tail.

[Illustration: FLAPJACK PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia chlorotica)]

[Illustration: PORCUPINE PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia hystricina)]

[Illustration: TEDDY BEAR CACTUS (Opuntia Bigelovii)]

In southeastern California we run across that odd and interesting little
Prickly Pear with its many spicules appearing like a small fuzzy tail,
and hence called by the natives Beaver Tail. Because of its habit of
growth and its spineless joints of light blue or blue-gray and bright
rose-colored flowers, the _basilaris_ is different from all other Prickly
Pear cacti. Beaver Tail blooms profusely, and when in blossom the clumps
of plants on the mesas are bright rose and purple, the flowers almost
completely hiding the shrubs and forming a brilliant splash of hue and
tint, a solid, unbroken patch of color on the gray or brown stretches of
mesa and foothill.

_Basilaris_ prefers the most arid and sterile sandy or gravelly soil at
altitudes of a thousand feet and less, on the _bajadas_ of Nevada, Utah,
western Arizona, and here in Southern California. This cactus does not
grow very tall, seldom more than a foot, and the spread of the
rosettelike growth is about three feet across. The large beautiful
blooms, three inches long and nearly as broad, appear in clusters on the
margin of a joint, opening in the forenoon and closing as the sunlight
fades. There are no spines, and the closely set areolas, crowded with
spicules which are easily dislodged, form the chief protection of the
shrub; spicules are very small and light and when dried fall off, and
carried by the wind are easily caught in one’s clothing or body; they are
effective protectors and neither rodents nor grazing animals eat plants
where they appear and even man fears them more than cactus thorns because
of the difficulty of extracting them and on account of the pain and sores
which they cause.


                Golden Prickly Pear (_Opuntia Covillei_)

                         _Southern California_

[Illustration: GOLDEN PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia Covillei)]

We are approaching the lovely Santa Monica range in Southern California.
Mt. San Bernardino with his crown of snow towers in the distance; Mt.
Baldy with his white head bald almost the entire year round, we perceive
even farther west; and magnificent old San Gorgonio rears his stately
crest far above all the surrounding peaks. This is one of the most
beauteous spots in Southern California. The vast depths of that great
natural amphitheater near Redlands and Riverside as viewed from Smiley
Heights form a panorama gorgeous beyond description, with every color of
the rainbow brilliantly present, a marvelous thrilling picture painted
against the landscape far and near: marvelous in its splashes of purples
and greens and pinks and orange-reds against the somber background of the
grand old mountains; thrilling in the vastness of the limitless panorama
spread out before us on all sides, as we stand here on Smiley Heights
gazing into the great cañons below, which seem to magnetize us against
our will and to draw us down into their depths by the sheer force of
distance immeasurable. Truly a fit setting for our little _Opuntia
Covillei_, playing his humble part in all this gorgeous portraiture of
plant and flower, mountain and valley and rocky cliff; and with the touch
of the Master Artist he takes his modest place in the great aurora
borealis of the desert. Bright yellow and nearly four inches long are his
large beautiful blooms, toning into the green of the stigma lobes in a
happy combination of Nature’s making, and forming, over the two- or
three-foot stems with their pale blue-green joints or dull green pearlike
appendages, a becoming aureole of gold, quite dazzling in the brilliant
sunlight. Sometimes he grows in dense thickets several yards across and
fringed with thick clusters of inch-long brown and yellowish white spines
and spicules, sharp and needlelike, harshly repulsing the daring tourist
who presumes to pluck his beautiful blossoms too rashly.


              Flapjack Prickly Pear (_Opuntia chlorotica_)

 _Southern California, Arizona, Lower California, Northern Mexico, New
                          Mexico, and Nevada_

We are nearing the end of our long quest for the brilliant Prickly Pears,
having crossed the Arizona and California deserts on our way, dipped down
into southern Texas and Northern Mexico, and now are intent on finding a
distinctive growth here in southwestern California called _Opuntia
chlorotica_. Light purple is the fruit of this typical cactus, the stems
yellow or light green; straw-colored and brownish are the slender
bristlelike spines, translucent yellow the spicules. Almost a gay rainbow
of itself, _chlorotica_ graces the mountain cañons and foothills of six
great sections of the vast southwestern desert. A short trunk, half a
foot or a foot tall, branches into many jointed “flapjacks” six to ten
inches long and about as wide, which combine to form a compact rounded
head three to six feet high. The scaly fissured faces of the pearlike
basal joints so typical of the prickly pear are light brown and purplish,
the others pale green and bluish green; the slender yellowish spicules
are not quite half an inch long, the bristling spines a trifle longer.
The bloom, as of so many of the prickly pear species, is of a light
lemon-yellow with a brilliant orange-red center, about two and one-half
inches long and across; like others of this clan it opens early in the
morning, closing when the late afternoon shadows begin to spell the end
of the hot desert day. Seldom appearing in clumps, generally growing
alone, _chlorotica_ delights to cover the foothills and low mountain
cañons with her pretty lemon blossoms, her short stout trunks, and their
numerous flat pearlike joints.


             Porcupine Prickly Pear (_Opuntia hystricina_)

               _Northern Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada_

As we approach Los Angeles, California, we recall a peculiar little
growth in northern Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico called _Opuntia
hystricina_; also the Porcupine Prickly Pear, its long slender needlelike
spines, reddish or red-brown, giving the plant a shaggy appearance
strongly resembling that bristling little animal. In fact the name of the
species _hystricina_ comes from the Greek word for “porcupine.” Only a
foot or so tall, its thorny stems spread out into loose clumps, the flat
hairy joints, five or six inches long, looking just like so many
bristling young porcupines; then with a crescent mass of light yellowish
spicules an eighth-inch long or less, and six to ten finely grooved white
and brownish spines, encircled sometimes with white and brown bands. In
lovely contrast appear the beautiful large purple blossoms, three inches
long and with as great a spread when fully expanded in April or May,
opening but once, then closing in late afternoon never to open again.
Thriving in the clay loam and gravelly soils of mountains and rocky
cañons in northern Arizona and Nevada, ranging far up from five to seven
thousand feet, this hardy cactus will endure temperatures even below zero
without the slightest injury.

[Illustration: PORCUPINE PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia hystricina)]

[Illustration: LONG SPINED PRICKLY PEAR (Opuntia macrocentra)]


And now the borealis of desert color has passed us by in its rush to the
coolness and stillness of the desert night, only to recuperate and renew
its gay attire and appear in fresh array of hue and tint in the morrow’s
pearly dawn. In ages long gone by, when worlds were in the making, with
the swish of the eternal paintbrush the flowers received their colorings,
and it is with awe and admiration we have greeted these colorful
creations come forth at the touch of the Master Artist; for we find them
only here in the land of the burning sun, where they are born to their
lonely vigil under the sky and stars, but to live and thrive and to fade
and die, only to reappear anon in eternal and varied expressions of the
Infinite Mind of Nature. Thus to-day passes into to-morrow, when new
fields are waiting to be painted on the glorious canvas of the desert,
and so we must take our leave of gorgeous bloom and brilliant filigree
alike, and hurry along as the setting sun traces a last fiery pattern
across the flaming heavens.


            The Prickly Pear Group or Nopals (_Platopuntia_)


How to identify and how they grow

These plants are large or small shrubs, consisting of several jointed
stems, the flat platelike joints or branches pear-shaped, elongated,
thorny, but not distinctly tubercled, the clumps of joints from one to
six or more feet in height, and from two to ten or twelve feet across.
Spicules, sometimes called glochidia, are always present. The plants
always have scalelike leaves which soon fall off. The Prickly Pears, like
the Cholla, have spines of but one kind and of many different sizes, but
they are not fierce nor as dangerous as the thorns of the Cholla, and
they are never sheathed. The flowers are symmetrical and very beautiful,
among the most brilliant of all the gorgeous cactus bloom, large flaming
orange or yellow blossoms, usually. They open in the forenoon and close
in the late afternoon of the same day, generally, soon falling away from
the young fruit. The latter is covered with tubercles and always has
spicules, scales, and generally spines, is either fleshy or dry, and is
edible, often purple, falling away soon after maturity.


How to grow

Plants grow readily from cuttings of one or two joints set a few inches
deep in moist sandy soil and given enough water to keep the soil moist;
the cut surfaces should be allowed to dry thoroughly before planting. If
mature cuttings are used and planted in early spring, many species will
blossom the same season. Plants can be grown also from seeds planted a
half-inch deep in sandy soil out of doors or in flats, with part shade
and watered enough to keep the soil moist but not wet; but these develop
very slowly and remain a long time in the soil before they germinate. All
species grow indoors or out, preferably in a southern exposure.


                Papago Fruit Cactus (_Opuntia Blakeana_)

  (Named in honor of Dr. William P. Blake, professor of geology in the
      University of Arizona and director of the College of Mines)


How to identify and how it grows

_Blakeana_, or the Papago Fruit Cactus, is formed by stems a foot or so
high which grow on the desert in clumps eight feet or more in diameter.
The branches or joints are pear-shaped, about three inches wide and eight
inches long, colored a medium green suffused with beautiful purples. The
spicules and spines are very distinctive, the former growing in fringes
and easily dislodged. The spine colors are brown or purple and tone off
into gray, and the thorns are very sharp and needlelike, dangerous when
the plant is not handled cautiously. The flowers—beautiful and also very
showy, from two to three inches long, bright satin-yellow with red-brown
centers—appear in April and May; the fruit ripens in July and is of a
pale pink-purple, quite sweet.


How to grow

This species will grow outside and is not injured by temperatures as low
as twenty-five degrees below freezing. With temperatures lower than this
it should be protected or grown indoors. Mature cuttings composed of one
joint planted at almost any season, but preferably early in spring, with
a half of the cutting covered, grow very readily. They may be planted in
any position or simply laid on the surface of moist soil. Very little
irrigation is necessary, but watering once a month during the growing
season is beneficial. Grown indoors or out.


               Delicate Prickly Pear (_Opuntia delicata_)

           (Named from its small size and delicate structure)


How to identify and how it grows

_Delicata_, or the Delicate Prickly Pear, is formed by stems three to ten
inches long which are thin, wrinkled or dished joints of bluish green and
purplish tones. These joints or stems are covered with bright yellowish
spicules which seem to be arranged in circular bundles, and with three
twisted spines one-fourth inch to three inches long, all three very
slender, delicate and whitish. The flowers are two or three inches long
and wide, of a bright satiny yellowish hue; the fruit is pear-shaped and
slender. This plant has small joints, and with its long weak slender
spines and large beautiful flowers is a very attractive species. At the
same time it is quite a rare specimen of the Cactacea Family.


How to grow

Plants grow indoors and out, and are not injured by temperatures of
twenty-five or thirty degrees below freezing. With colder weather they
require protection. They are difficult to transplant on account of the
fleshy spindle-shaped roots, which decay if injured. Plants grow readily
from the cuttings of two joints or stems with the lower cutting covered
with soil, and prefer a sandy soil. They may be grown also from seeds,
but these germinate slowly. The _delicata_ thrives with moderate
irrigation and should be watered once a month during its growing season
and given good drainage.


               Purple Prickly Pear (_Opuntia santa rita_)

   (Named from the Santa Rita Mountains near Tucson, Arizona, in the
                  vicinity of which it was discovered)


How to identify and how it grows

_Santa rita_, or the Purple Prickly Pear, is a plant from two to five
feet tall composed of jointed compact stems, a foot or less in length and
half as wide, forming into a head. These joints are a bluish gray
suffused with purple tones and are circular. This characteristic shape
distinguishes the species from the ordinary Prickly Pear, which has
oblong or elongated joints. The spicules form in a translucent yellowish
fringe; there are one or two twisted yellow spines, growing on many
specimens to three inches in length. The flowers are about three inches
long, and are very showy with their satiny lemon-yellow colorings
appearing in April and May. The light green and purple fruit is
elliptical. This plant is the handsomest of all the southwestern Prickly
Pears, while the purplish circular joints with but a few slender spines
make it quite distinctive.


How to grow

This variety is popular in cactus gardens and grows easily from mature
cuttings; if they are set in the ground early in spring, the plants
blossom during the same season. Half of the cutting should be covered,
and then the plant should be watered lightly during the growing season to
keep the soil moist. The plant prefers gravelly or loamy soils. Fine
symmetrical plants are grown from seeds, though these germinate slowly.
This plant is not injured by zero temperatures, and grows indoors or out.


                 Smooth Prickly Pear (_Opuntia laevis_)

              (The specific name _laevis_ means “smooth”)


How to identify and how it grows

The Smooth Prickly Pear is practically devoid of the spines so prevalent
in the cactus family. Many specimens reach a height of six feet; the
joints or branches are from six to twelve inches long and loosely
branched from the base, and are a yellowish green. The spicules are
yellow and brown or a mixture of these two colors, while the one or two
slender deflexed spines are white or tan. The flowers are large and quite
showy, and with their lemon-yellow petals and orange centers present a
very beautiful color scheme. The bloom is about three inches long and as
broad, blossoming in April and May; the purple fruit ripens in July, and
is about the size of a large walnut; its flesh is pink fading into
purple.


How to grow

These plants grow indoors or out and will endure temperatures twenty-five
or thirty degrees below freezing without injury. Young plants may be
transplanted at any season, or mature cuttings may be planted early in
spring. They grow well in any ordinary soil, preferably gravelly loam or
rocky soil, and should be watered once a month to keep the soil moist
during the growing season. The seeds are slow to germinate.


               Foothill Prickly Pear (_Opuntia Toumeyi_)

 (Named in honor of James W. Toumey, former professor of botany at the
                         University of Arizona)


How to identify and how it grows

The Foothill Prickly Pear is another of the clump-growing variety of the
cactus clan, reaching to a height of about three feet. The stems form
readily in large clumps along the foothills and low-lying mesas and
swales in sunny exposures, where the plants do best. This species has the
usual system of spicules and spines, the former a fourth-inch, the latter
about three inches long. The spicules are tawny or yellow and brown,
while the needlelike crooked spines are white or a light red-brown. In
the gathering shadows these thorns give the plant a pinkish gray cast.
The bright showy blossoms are about the length and width of a teacup, are
a bright yellow with orange centers, and appear in April and May. The
elliptical purple fruit ripens in July.


How to grow

Plants grow indoors and out and are not injured by thirty degrees of
frost, but require protection for temperatures below zero. They grow
easily from mature cuttings planted at almost any season. Before
planting, place cuttings in shade for about two weeks to allow cut to
heal. Cover about half of the cutting with soil and plant in rocky or
gravelly clay; water lightly during the growing season and in droughty
periods.


         Cow’s Tongue; Lengua de Vaca (_Opuntia linguiformis_)

   (All three names refer to the characteristic tongue-shaped joints)


How to identify and how it grows

The Cow’s Tongue is an oddly formed Prickly Pear which grows
tongue-shaped joints a foot to thirty inches long. These flattened,
tongue-shaped joints are about as wide as a man’s hand and a little
thinner, covered with well spaced spicules and spines. The edges of the
joints are also fringed with needlelike thorns which are dangerous to
handle. These light greenish stems or joints form into thickets growing
from three to five feet high and creating a very good hedge. The spicules
are a light yellowish; some of the spines are a straw color, and it is to
be noted that about half of them are a pale purple and brown, not more
than two inches long, the spicules about half as long. The flowers are
about the diameter of a large cup and are very showy, of a beautiful
satiny yellowish hue. The fruit is light purple, the flesh greenish,
ripening in July.

This odd-looking cactus may be easily recognized among all other Prickly
Pears by its characteristic tongue-shaped joints.


How to grow

Plants are not injured in outdoor zero temperatures, but for colder
weather they should be covered or grown indoors. They grow readily from
cuttings set about six inches deep in moist soil and watered lightly
bi-weekly during the growing season. Cuttings should remain out of the
ground for two weeks in shade before planting, to callus over the cut
ends. Almost any kind of soil will answer.


                Discus Prickly Pear (_Opuntia discata_)

              (The names refer to the disk-shaped joints)


How to identify and how it grows

The Discus Prickly Pear, or _discata_, also grows in clumps from three to
five feet high and as much as ten feet across, and has numerous ascending
and spreading branches. This plant, too, will make an excellent cactus
hedge. Its spreading branches are the disk-shaped joints of the stems,
nearly a foot in diameter and circular and platelike, of a pale
blue-green which in some lights is changeable. These disks are covered
with fringes of yellow and brown spicules, needlelike and tough, and the
edges also are fringed with them. Placed among the spicules are three or
four twisted stout spines, white with yellow tips, and awl-shaped. The
large flowers are three or four inches long, and are very showy and
conspicuous with their bright satiny yellow tints. They bloom in April
and May, and the pear-shaped deep purple fruit, three inches or so long,
comes in July.


How to grow

Plants grow outside and indoors, enduring zero temperatures without
injury. Plant mature cuttings of one joint six inches deep in moist soil
early in spring and water about once a month to keep the soil lightly
moist. They will grow in almost any soil, but best in sandy loam. Plants
also grow from seed, but these are slow to germinate.


            Engelmann’s Prickly Pear (_Opuntia Engelmannii_)

   (Named in honor of Dr. George Engelmann, an early and outstanding
                           student of cacti)


How to identify and how it grows

Engelmann’s Prickly Pear is a large spreading shrub six to twelve feet in
diameter growing to five feet in height, with distinctive “pancakelike”
greenish joints, about the size of a medium-sized meat platter, but
somewhat elliptical and ascending from the base. The general color of
this plant is greenish. Its spicules are abundant in fringes along the
joints, colored orange-yellow or brownish, while the four spines are
awl-shaped with purplish and tawny yellow bodies, and slightly banded.
The brilliant satiny yellow flowers are large and very showy. They have
the curious characteristic of changing to orange in the afternoon and
orange-red in the evening, and are a little less than five inches in
width and length. The plant blossoms in May and June, and the pear-shaped
purple fruit comes in July.


How to grow

Treat cuttings in all respects as _Opuntia discata_. _Engelmannii_ are
not injured by zero temperatures.


            Long Spined Prickly Pear (_Opuntia macrocentra_)

           (The name _macrocentra_ refers to the long spines)


How to identify and how it grows

The Long Spined Prickly Pear is a plant about three feet tall growing
from stems which ascend from the base. These joints are about the size of
a man’s hand, circular or egg-shaped, and are of a dull olive-green
suffused with purple, sometimes purple throughout. This plant has a
system of spicules and spines arranged much in the usual cactus fashion.
The spicules are formed in bundles, generally crescent-shaped and
red-brown or tawny. The young spines are a deep red-purple, while the
older spines are often cross-banded, purple-brown, reddish, or nearly
black, three inches long, or longer, fierce and needlelike and sometimes
twisted. The flowers, about three inches long and broad, are yellow with
bright red or orange-red centers which make them quite attractive. The
pink-purple fruit is elliptical and comes in July; the fruit-meat is
light greenish.


How to grow

Plants may be grown in zero temperatures without injury, and thrive
outdoors or indoors. They grow easily from mature cuttings set out at
almost any time, but preferably early in spring; the cut should be
allowed to callus over before planting. They should be watered once a
month or so during the growing season to keep the soil slightly moist.
Gravelly clay soils are preferred, though the plants grow well in sandy
clay or loam.


                   Beaver Tail (_Opuntia basilaris_)


How to identify and how it grows

The Beaver Tail, or _Opuntia basilaris_, gets both its common and its
specific name from the appearance of the joints growing from the base,
which are covered with spicules and resemble a beaver’s tail. This plant
is usually about a foot tall and two or three feet across the spread of
the rosettelike growth, with the fanlike or beaver-tail joints coming
from the bases. These joints are about six by nine inches and of a
blue-green suffused with purple and covered with fine white hairs. The
older joints become crosswise wrinkled. The red-brown spicules are very
abundant, short and easily dislodged. There are no spines on the plant.
The purple flowers are very numerous, about three inches in width and
length. They appear in April and May, and the fruit, which is covered
with many fine hairs, comes in July.


How to grow

Plants are uninjured by temperatures twenty-five degrees below freezing.
Transplant at any season; mature cuttings planted early in spring will
blossom the same season. Plants may be set in gravelly or sandy soils
with good drainage and watered lightly once a month during the growing
season or droughty spells.


                Golden Prickly Pear (_Opuntia Covillei_)

  (Named in honor of Dr. Frederick V. Coville, curator of the National
                     Herbarium, Washington, D. C.)


How to identify and how it grows

_Covillei_, or the Golden Prickly Pear, is a plant two to three feet tall
and three to four feet in diameter growing with ascending or spreading
branches in jointed form, which are seven to ten inches long and four to
six inches across. The general color of the plant is pale blue-green.
This plant often forms in thickets during growth and is covered with
numerous brown spicules occurring in bundles or growing in a fringe.
There are about four spines of light brown and yellow suffused with
white, sharp and needlelike. The flowers are very showy and of a bright
golden color, about three inches in length and width. The fruit is
pear-shaped and purple.


How to grow

Transplant at any season, or grow from mature cuttings planted five or
six inches deep early in spring—they will then blossom the same season.
Water about once a month to keep the soil slightly moist. Occasionally
used in Southern California as a hedge plant. Plants will endure twenty
degrees of frost without injury; for colder temperatures protection is
needed. Grown indoors or outside.


              Flapjack Prickly Pear (_Opuntia chlorotica_)

(The name _chlorotica_ refers to the light green coloring of the plant)


How to identify and how it grows

The Flapjack Prickly Pear grows from three to six feet high from short
trunks but a few inches long. The branches are erect, forming a rounded
head which is quite attractive. The upper joints look very much like
“flapjacks” from six to ten inches long and about as wide. The color of
the plant is light yellow-green with sometimes a blue-green cast. The
spicules are very conspicuous and are slender and very sharp, about
one-quarter inch long, of a translucent yellow and arranged in a crescent
form. The four or five spines are a little longer than the spicules,
sharp, slender, and bristlelike, yellow and brown. The flowers are nearly
three inches in length and width, are light lemon-yellow with orange-red
centers, and blossom in May and June.


How to grow

This Prickly Pear grows indoors or outside and is not injured by
temperatures twenty or twenty-five degrees below freezing. It can be
transplanted at any season. If mature plants are transplanted early in
spring they blossom the same season. Cuttings do not root readily and
sometimes remain in the ground a year without growing. They should be
planted early in spring in sandy or gravelly clay loam; the plants should
be watered about once a month to insure good growth.


             Porcupine Prickly Pear (_Opuntia hystricina_)

            (Named from its long reddish or brownish spines)


How to identify and how it grows

The Porcupine Prickly Pear is formed of stems a foot or so high covered
with finely grooved spines, long and slender and needlelike, up to four
inches long, white and brownish red. The spicules occur in a
crescent-shaped mass of light brown or yellowish colorings. The flowers
are two to three inches long and as broad. They are very showy and bright
purple or yellowish; they appear in April and May, while the fruit ripens
in July and August. The Porcupine Prickly Pear grows at high altitudes
and will endure temperatures below zero without injury.


How to grow

A popular beauty in gardens, it grows readily from mature cuttings
planted at almost any season. If planted in early spring, they should
blossom the same season. The cuttings should be dried off first to give
the cut time to heal over, planted in gravelly or loamy soil with about
one-half of the cutting covered, and watered once a month during the
growing season. The species may be grown also from seed in flats or pots
in moist soil with partial shade but with dry air. The plants are not
injured by temperatures of twenty-five degrees below zero, and hence with
proper soil, drainage, and limited irrigation may be grown out of doors
in almost any part of the United States or of the temperate zones.




                               CHAPTER VI
                   MINIATURE FORTRESSES ON THE DESERT


Some of the first inhabitants of the plant kingdom to greet the traveler
approaching the desert from almost any direction are most unfriendly,
fierce, and strongly armored, as if they would resist intrusion into
their own special domain. These fierce cacti are small fortresses of the
desert. Out there under burning-hot dry winds, where water is mighty
scarce, where the soil is pulverized rock or shale or wastes of alkali
sand, life at best is but little more than a fight to survive against
yearly drought, seasonal storm, and blazing heat; even the bold
woodpeckers, the rodents, and the sly sand foxes play their part in this
silent drama Nature stages in the struggle for existence. Among the first
greeters of the desert are the Cholla members of the great genus
_Opuntia_, the fighters of the strange Fantastic Clan. Their flower
colorings are many and variegated, mostly beautiful yellows and
orange-yellows, purples, reds and browns, maroons, orange-reds and
lavenders; some species possess nearly all colors of the spectrum and are
veritable rainbows of tint and hue, with the desert for a dark and
picturesque setting. What could be more beautiful than the desert rim
with its towering peaks unrolling into low vistas of _bajadas_, receding
into still lower valleys and swales, piled here and there with rocks of
volcanic outcroppings, and then the great splashes of Cholla flowers with
their brilliant patchwork of colorings stuck at random on their drab,
gray, somber, twisted, thornlike, armored trunks? No artist has painted
this glorious desert canvas in all the gorgeous tints and hues, the
wonderful shadings and tones of the Great Builder’s masterpiece, save
One, the Master Mind who conceived and created all.


                                 GROWTH

Strange as it may seem, these fierce Cholla, called also Cane Cacti,
belong to the same genus, _Opuntia_, with the Prickly Pears. These two
groups form the two sections of the genus _Opuntia_, the _Cylindropuntia_
representing the Cholla, the _Platopuntia_ the Prickly Pears. One sees at
a glance that the latter name applies to our platelike “flapjacks” of the
desert, while the former name _Cylindropuntia_ applies to the Cholla
section because the joints are cylindrical and not flattened as in their
cousin _Platopuntia_. “Opuntia” is derived from the Greek town of Opus,
where some plant like the cactus is said to have existed; “cholla”
(pronounced chōlya, commonly choya) is of Spanish derivation and means
literally “head.” The name was given because a large number of these
fierce species form their branches into broad rounded heads. The
designation “Cane Cacti” is also applied to the Cholla in allusion to
their stems, from which cactus canes are manufactured.

The two cousins in the same genus, so to speak, will be found upon
examination to differ greatly in several respects. While the Prickly Pear
is built up of thick or flattened platelike joints which sometimes look
like pancakes, with the spicules and spikes growing from little clusters
over the surface (which by the way are most treacherous), the structure
of the Cholla is found to be cylindrical, with very prominent tubercles.
Since the Cholla is a very fascinating, mysterious, and unique member of
the great cactus clan it will be well to be a little graphic in his
description, for he is all that we may say about him, and more. He has as
a rule a short main stem or trunk, from which branch many grotesque,
weird-looking arms and legs that cause the whole plant to resemble a
dwarf tree though it is typically shrubby in habit. A few of these
fantastic forms have the joints club-shaped, sometimes quite slender, and
these types are intermediate between the Prickly Pears and the Cholla,
growing mostly as prostrate shrubs rather than as dwarfed trees. Prickly
Pears and Cane Cacti alike have only one kind of spines in the areolas,
though these are usually of several lengths, and both bear spicules along
with their thorns. In the Cholla the tubercles are arranged spirally on
the cylindrical joints, each bearing an areola which in turn has the
spines and spicules and also the small, greatly reduced fleshy leaves
half an inch long or longer; these always wither and fall off in a few
days, showing no doubt that they are but remnants from an earlier age,
when possibly the prehistoric cactus bore much larger leaves. Cholla
thorns have very thin and transparent sheaths, which persist unless
destroyed or rubbed off, thus differing from Prickly Pear thorns. Cholla
spines are not messengers of harmony, nor do they welcome the tenderfoot
tourist in his journey across the desert, for sheathed Cholla thorns
constitute the most treacherous and dangerous of the cactus spines, a
formidable fortress of strong, sharp, dangerously recurved spikes; and
woe to the careless stranger who is inadvertently stabbed by one of these
terrible Cholla swords!

We have noted that the Prickly Pear blooms open in the early morning,
closing in late afternoon with one or two exceptions. Among the very
unusual Cane Cacti the opening of the flowers seems to be on a sort of
schedule, for we observe that they unfold at different times, as at eight
o’clock in the morning, at nine, at ten, at one o’clock, at three, and at
four, then all close in the evening usually never to open again. So if
you are to see this phenomenon you will have to be on time, for Cholla
never wait. The flowers open wide very quickly, in the course of fifteen
or twenty minutes, especially on bright sunshiny days. An occasional
Cholla may bloom for the second day, but this is a very uncommon
occurrence.

In speaking of the fruit of Cane Cacti we must tell you that they, too,
are very irregular and mysterious and fascinating in their manner of
growth; for the Cholla fruit are different, and if you will but follow
the fruit cycle you will see that it is grotesque, irregular, and a
phenomenon in itself. Can you imagine fruit remaining on a tree for one
year or for several years, and for that matter as long as ten years at a
time, all hard, green, or ripe or juicy? This is what happens on the
Cholla dwarf trees. Most of the fruit stay on the plants for a year or
longer without spoiling or softening, and will continue to remain for
several seasons, ripe and juicy and unchanged for long periods of time.
The chain-store idea did not originate in modern times by any means, for
ages ago Nature introduced this plan into her scheme of things by
implanting a very interesting peculiarity in some varieties of the Cane
Cacti, wherein new fruit and flowers grow out from the ends of old ones
or from the tips of old fruit, and in such manner start a chain of some
ten or twelve fruit, all fresh, hard, green, or ripe, the first nine or
ten years older than the last, while the oldest will become larger,
firmer, and perhaps more woody but scarcely less succulent than the later
fruit.

Still another interesting phenomenon in the growth cycle of the Cholla is
the manner in which he grows on and on in the process of evolution. In
some varieties the fruit, falling to the ground, develop roots and grow
into new plants immediately, while the seeds within remain unchanged and
do not germinate, though viable and capable of growth at some later time.
When the Cholla grows to maturity, he sometimes reaches the height of
fifteen or twenty feet, with a large defiant trunk on which appear the
fantastic arms full of spicules and thorns that defy the intrusion of
man, beast, or bird. He is one of the first of the desert greeters to
meet the traveler coming to his habitat to get acquainted, and if one
arrives in fruit and flower time he will dress up in his best array of
color and will be found most interesting and fascinating—if, of course,
you keep your distance; for Cholla will not tolerate any intimacy. When
he is maturing and getting along in years and the wind is gently blowing,
he will nod with little jumps of the lateral branches as if saying
“Buenas noches” or “Adiós, señor,” or more characteristically “Fuera!”
Begone! This seems to be his usual greeting, and, the natives claim, has
given him his unofficial title of the “Jumping Cholla.”


                                HABITATS

Among the great groups of the cactus clan the Pincushion, the Hedgehog,
the Giant Sahuaro, and the Bisnaga, or Barrel Cacti, have retreated
before civilization. The first named cannot endure close grazing of the
ranges, nor trampling by stock, nor being continually dug up and carried
away from their native habitats. They are rapidly disappearing from their
original haunts. This, notwithstanding the fact that they are the most
highly evolved of all cacti. The Giant Cactus is too proud, too dignified
to fight or to offer resistance; only his size saves him from
destruction. He reproduces very slowly; from some areas he is clearly
disappearing, though in others he is making some progress. Before the
inroads of civilization, the Hedgehog and the Bisnaga (Barrel Cacti)
though strongly fortified are slowly receding, gradually retreating from
their far-flung outposts to their native habitats, where they are better
able to defend themselves. Even their strong armor cannot withstand the
attacks of man in his efforts to convert them into sordid cash.

But the _Opuntia_, the Prickly Pears and the Cholla, advance guards of
the great cactus invasion from Mexico northward, are the only members of
the Fantastic Clan to withstand the inroads of civilization and the only
cacti that have prospered and increased in numbers, notwithstanding man’s
activities. Man has cut them down, and they have grown up again in
greater numbers; he has grazed them with his stock, and they have spread
over the prairies, mesas, foothills, and _bajadas_; he has transplanted
them to new environments and transported them across the seas to new
lands, and they have driven him out of his own home and taken his fields
away from him, and have grown up to his very doorstep, almost closing up
his home. On the southwestern deserts his close grazing of the ranges has
made impossible prairie fires, the great enemy of the cacti, and this has
spread Prickly Pears and Cholla over the ranges and carried them to the
uttermost parts of the desert, where they have taken root and created new
plants again. As a result of all this the Cholla have increased a
hundredfold on the deserts and foothills in less than half a century, and
in time they threaten to become a menace to mankind.

The Cholla have never retreated before man. They thrive on trampling and
grazing by stock; unlike the Sahuaro or Giant Cactus they are defiant and
challenge man! They elbow themselves in where they are not wanted. They
ask nothing from man and have little to give in return. With the least
disturbance they break into many pieces, each part becoming a new plant.
Not only the joints but also the fruit of many varieties upon falling to
the ground develop roots and immediately grow anew. Drought has no ill
effects on them, for their supply of water will last for over a season.
Man and his domestic animals fear Cholla more than any other plant on the
desert! For their joints are easily dislodged and the dangerous
retrorsely barbed thorns are difficult to remove from the flesh. They are
cruel plants, for many an innocent young animal becomes entangled in
their spiny meshes, and not being able to free himself dies a horrible
death. On the other hand they are veritable fortresses on the desert and
are a haven of refuge for such wild life as the rattlesnake, the
chuckwalla, an enormous lizard of the desert, and the large cactus wren
which lives practically its whole life in the Cholla bush, where the
female rears her young in absolute safety and without danger of being
disturbed.

[Illustration: GIANT CACTUS OR SAHUARO (Cereus giganteus)]

Steadfast, pillarlike, towering fifty feet into the air, he gives a sense
of _power_ to all who behold him, some certain realization of the
grandeur and mystery of God’s creations here on earth.

[Illustration: MEXICAN NIGHT BLOOMING CEREUS; SERPENT CACTUS; REINA DE
NOCHE (Cereus serpentinus)]

A weird striking growth, any one of its long sinuous tentacles, the six
to fifteen entangled stems, might easily remind one of the twisted body
of a serpent springing at its intended victim.

Cholla never relinquishes his right to land that he has acquired, for
when he dies of old age or even before that, a host of young Cane Cacti,
his children, spring up to take his place. Thus it is that the Cholla
prospers and multiplies in the face of adversity, and even the hand of
man cannot stay his progress.

Cholla and Prickly Pears have advanced farther north in the great cactus
invasion from Mexico than any other group of cacti, and Prickly Pears
have extended farther north than Cholla. Vast areas in Colorado, Kansas,
Nebraska, and even South Dakota are grown over with Prickly Pears; some
of these species have spread east to the Atlantic Ocean and northward far
into Canada, and it is said of one small species that it has penetrated
to within a short distance of the Arctic Circle.


From Los Angeles during the early part of June we start on yet another
trek over the California-Arizona desert. Have our long travel across the
great amphitheater of the sun through trackless wastes of torrid heat and
blazing rays of sunlight, our parched throats and fierce thirst for cool
clear springs of water, been worth our while, in the joy of new and
surprising finds, in the marvelous thrills, the awe and admiration of
beauty unsurpassed, in the wonderful changing kaleidoscope of the
brilliant painted desert? It must be that we adjudge the majesty of the
grand old mountains and deep cañon recesses, the lure of fantastic growth
and wonderful flower creations, the magical charm of the desert which
never stops its calling—the call that brings you back—as balancing the
scales and tipping them just far enough to bring us back again for
further exploration in the fantastic realm of cactus land. And so we
travel along.


                  California Cholla (_Opuntia Parryi_)

                         _Southern California_

The first member of the dangerous Cholla clan to greet us is the
California Cholla, growing in the interior arid valleys of Southern
California, seeking the gravelly or rocky soils of mesa and cañon, and
thriving along the lower mountain levels. It is named in honor of Dr. C.
C. Parry who first collected it in 1851. The sharp stout thorns, a
half-inch to an inch or so long, yellow mellowing to brown with age and
covered with thin light yellow sheaths, appear in thick spreading
clusters over this two- to four-foot plant, forming an impenetrable
defense against animal or humankind. We also note the dense semicircular
mass of light-colored spicules, a sixteenth- to an eighth-inch long, near
the top of the areola. The flowers, which have long since disappeared,
are generally yellow-green suffused with pink above, and the petals are
nearly an inch long, golden with light red tips. The fruit becomes dry
after ripening, and like many a Cholla fruit remains green upon the plant
for a year or even longer.


            Desert Christmas Cactus (_Opuntia leptocaulis_)

       _Southern California, Arizona, Texas, and Northern Mexico_

The Desert Christmas Cactus is a flaming Cholla shrub with its mass of
bright red fruit in winter a brilliant sight on the desert. The sprays of
ripe fruit, sometimes used for Christmas decoration, would undoubtedly be
in great demand were it not for the many fine reddish brown spicules
which dry and in falling become lodged in the clothing and flesh. One of
the writers has seen bushes on the desert several feet in height, as one
solid mass of brilliant carmine in winter, and some of the ripe fruit
stays on the plants practically all the time. A very peculiar phenomenon
has been observed from time to time: a fruit or short branch will
sometimes appear growing directly out of another fruit on this fantastic
_Opuntia leptocaulis_, and thus Nature impregnates her seeming freaks of
fancy in thoughtful system and design upon these strange Cactaceæ. This
miniature fortress, _leptocaulis_, is covered with sheathed Cholla thorns
which are sharp and pointed, tan with translucent yellow tips and loose
whitish sheaths. The inch-long flowers are pale yellowish or greenish
yellow, and these lazy blossoms have a bad habit of opening their
greenish yellow eyes at three o’clock in the afternoon, then closing
their petals towards evening.


                Buckhorn Cholla (_Opuntia acanthocarpa_)

   _Southern California, Western and Central Arizona, Southern Utah,
                 Northern Mexico, and Southern Nevada_

Fierce and thorny cacti are _Opuntia acanthocarpa_, sometimes appearing
on the broad desert land as dwarf trees four to six feet tall, again
growing as densely spiny shrubs, impregnable fortresses defying man and
beast. Over the arid sandy or gravelly soils of the southwestern desert,
this fierce Cholla has fought his way and proved his right to existence,
asking nothing from the hand of man and having little to give. Yet we
cannot help admiring his sturdy race, their courage and their challenge,
standing up to man and even laying down the law in some instances where
they have spread over the ranges, elbowing in unwanted and unasked, never
relinquishing to mankind their right to land they have once acquired.
“Buckhorn Cholla” is surely a good name for this aggressive fellow. He
has two dozen or so sharp red-brown thorns only partly sheathed, greenish
yellow blossoms a couple of inches long, tipped with light red and
suffused with purplish tints, extremely spiny fruit which become dry at
maturity when they fall to the ground. The stems have each a woody core
or cylinder from which cactus canes are made to some extent, but the
species has no economic use and is regarded as worthless on the range.

[Illustration: DESERT CHRISTMAS CACTUS; TASAJILLO (Opuntia leptocaulis)]

[Illustration: PROLIFIC TREE CHOLLA (Opuntia arbuscula)]


           Golden Spined Jumping Cholla (_Opuntia Bigelovii_)

 _Southern and Western Arizona, Northern Sonora, Lower California, and
                            Southern Nevada_

We are approaching one of the hottest parts of the California deserts,
Death Valley, in search of perhaps the spiniest and most dangerous of all
the Cholla, the Golden Spined Jumping Cholla. Four to eight feet tall,
with numerous stout fantastic arms seemingly pointed at each tenderfoot
tourist hurrying across the desert, like unholy messengers of evil omen,
this remarkable cactus is very conspicuous in its rocky habitats. It
grows luxuriantly in all the hottest locations on our American desert,
Coachella and Imperial valleys in Southern California, southwestern
Arizona, as well as here before us in the sweltering heat of that great
cañon so aptly designated as our “Death Valley” of the Southland. With
his dense armor of interlocking thorns _Bigelovii_ is immune to grazing
animals or rodents, nor is he injured by the extreme heat or light of the
hottest desert lands; all the spines, an inch and a half long or longer,
are light golden-yellow, glistening in the brilliant sunlight of cactus
land and easily recognized from afar. Loose, papery, straw-colored
sheaths cover them and the stout sharp thorns are nearly always broken
off in a strong wind, or with the slightest disturbance, and stick to
one’s clothing as readily as burrs; then once they get lodged in the
flesh are difficult and exceedingly painful to extract. They form a
golden shield for the lovely blossoms, an inch or more in length, pale
green or yellow-green suffused with tints of purple. This member of the
Cholla clan reproduces himself very readily, for the loosely attached
young joints, falling to the ground, take root and grow into new young
plants. The Golden Spined Jumping Cholla and also the common Jumping
Cholla are sanctuaries where the desert wren can build her nest and rear
her young undisturbed among the thorns; there, too, the chuckwalla, a
large lizard, can rest in peace, safe from attack of animal enemy and
protected from the burning heat and fierce desert winds that sometimes
sweep across the mesas and down the mountain cañons, in the great
amphitheater of the sun.


            Many Colored Tree Cholla (_Opuntia versicolor_)

           _Western and Southern Arizona and Northern Mexico_

A spectrum of coloring is _Opuntia versicolor_, with green or dull purple
joints, green-yellow, red, purple, or deep maroon blossoms, not so very
showy but a maze of tints and hues. The countless flowers give the
landscape a rich tone in April and May, and the plants in their armament
of mottled spines, brown, gray, and purple, are a picturesque sight at
any season. The stems grow six to twelve feet tall, with a trunk two or
three feet high from which appear many fantastic arms intricately
branched to form a broad rounded head, five to ten feet across. This
dwarf tree is adequately protected from the hot sun and animal marauder
by sharp sheathed thorns about a half-inch long, encasing its entire body
in an impenetrable suit of armor far more effective than any coat of mail
donned by warrior of old. The flowers cluster at the tips of the brightly
colored joints, which are two to ten inches long; the small fruit remain
green on the plant for about a year. _Versicolor_ is a good name for this
bright Cholla since it means “variegated or diversified in color.”

[Illustration: MANY COLORED TREE CHOLLA (Opuntia versicolor)]

[Illustration: POPULAR CHOLLA (Opuntia tetracantha)]


                 Popular Cholla (_Opuntia tetracantha_)

                           _Southern Arizona_

This slender little Cholla is interesting because of its inch-long
purple-brown and yellow flowers, unfolding once in the afternoon, then
closing at night never to open again. Many of them seem to sulk on their
heavy moisture-laden stems during the hot dry hours of the desert day,
and then swiftly to unfold themselves and parade in evanescent beauty
when the long shadows of a departing day begin to paint the mountain
slopes, bidding the day to hurry and beckoning night to approach for the
fashion show of the desert flowers. _Tetracantha_ is a very popular
addition to a cactus garden, and many are the tourists who carry one or
more of these smallest of the Cholla back to their homes to preserve as
relics from the land of the burning sun. The bloom, yellow-green suffused
with purple, reminds one of a small old-fashioned dahlia; May and June is
blossoming time, and only a few minutes is required for a flower to open
in full. A rare and attractive species is this matchless little beauty,
spreading over the sandy desert mesas and in gravelly or rocky foothills
in southern Arizona. The name _tetracantha_ alludes to the four reddish
brown thorns enclosed in loose straw-colored sheaths.


               Prolific Tree Cholla (_Opuntia arbuscula_)

                           _Southern Arizona_

This Cholla in southern Arizona is considered very valuable as stock feed
in time of drought. _Arbuscula_ (the name means “a small tree”) will
produce from sixty to seventy pounds of fruit in a season from one single
tree, this fruit remaining on the plant in good condition for over two
years; in fact if the trees are not grazed annually they break down under
their enormous loads of fruit. Like others of this fantastic genus, the
fruit upon falling to the ground develop roots and grow into new plants;
almost like the earthworm in this habit, which if cut in two reproduces
itself again and again. Blossoms, also, are produced from the ends of
this prolific fruit of last season’s growth, and the green and yellow and
red blooms grow, too, in dense clusters at the tips of the gray-green
joints. There is another color combination to be seen in April or May
when these glossy flowers come forth into bloom, red-brown and
orange-brown sepals and petals appearing on bright green joints. The
Papago Indians prepare a most palatable salad from the young flower-buds
of this Cane Cactus. The unopened buds are gathered and plunged into hot
water for a few minutes, allowed to dry in the sun and stored in ollas
until winter; then they are shaken in a sack or stirred briskly in a pan
to dislodge the fine spicules, cooked, and served with dressing, a tasty
dish served to the many tourists who travel across the desert during
vacation and pleasure time, in search of the various new and interesting
plant creations to be found in this fantastic cactus land.


                Thornber’s Cholla (_Opuntia Thornberi_)

                           _Southern Arizona_

_Opuntia Thornberi_ is quite distinct among Cane Cacti in having long
tubercles and long angular joints, the latter a foot to two feet in
length. Two to four feet tall, this Cholla covers the arid, sandy, or
gravelly and rocky soils along the foothills and broad desert mesas in
south central Arizona, a striking characteristic shrub, his fantastic
arms irregularly whorled and appearing angular because of the long,
prominent tubercles; the tri-colored flowers, yellow and green and
purple-red, nearly three inches in length, receive boundless protection
from the sharp sheathed thorns encircled with bright bands of
yellow-brown and tan. Though so beautifully mottled, these are spines of
which to beware. For so cruel are the spikes of Cholla and so painful the
process of removing them from the flesh, if one is unfortunate enough to
become entangled in their meshes, that medical advice is to leave the
thorns in hand or body and allow them gradually to work their way out,
rather than to risk laceration by extraction. _Opuntia Thornberi_ has
been described only very recently; it is named in honor of Professor J.
J. Thornber, botanist of the University of Arizona and one of the authors
of this book, for his outstanding work on desert plants and flowers.


                Spiny Tree Cholla (_Opuntia spinosior_)

          _Northern Mexico, New Mexico, and Southern Arizona_

We go south into the rocky foothills and _bajadas_ of Northern Mexico,
then up to altitudes from three to five thousand feet to find this
brilliant and beautiful cactus, the Spiny Cholla, called also Tasajo by
the natives; and given the specific title of _spinosior_, meaning “more
spiny.” Six to fifteen feet, _spinosior_ towers into the air, crowned by
a brilliant rainbow of color, the large lovely blooms, almost three
inches long and nearly as wide, clustering around the tips of his thorny
arms, bright harmonies of white, orange, red, copper color, maroon, and
shadings of purple, brown, pink, with tints of lavender and brownish
purple, a glorious color combination among these largest of the Cholla
blossoms, blooming all through May and occasionally a month earlier; and
replaced in July by the light yellow fruit, which remains on the trees
for a year or even longer.

[Illustration: THORNBER’S CHOLLA (Opuntia Thornberi)]

[Illustration: MANY COLORED TREE CHOLLA (Opuntia versicolor)]


                   Jumping Cholla (_Opuntia fulgida_)

                 _Northern Mexico and Southern Arizona_

Along the highway in Northern Mexico here and there dwarf trees appear,
five to fifteen feet high, with stout woody trunks branching quite near
their bases into many spreading candelabralike arms, covered with
striking rose-purple bloom. A handsome tree Cholla, _Opuntia fulgida_ is
called also the “Jumping Cholla” from the sharp spiny joints which are
very loosely attached, so that one can scarcely walk among the plants
without some of the joints “jumping forth” as it were and becoming
attached to the clothing; a strong wind will carry them, too, for some
distance or the least disturbance will dislodge them, and woe to the
human or animal caught by these cruel thorns; difficulty and extreme pain
are experienced in extracting a spine from the flesh, and it leaves its
mark behind, a wound which turns blackish and later a sickly greenish
hue. The pear-shaped young fruit and also flowers grow from the tips of
old fruit! thus forming broomlike growths or chains of ten to fifteen
fruit which remain on the plants for several years unchanged, sometimes
weighing two or three hundred pounds. Fruit that fall to the ground grow
into new plants, as do the spiny joints.

The Jumping Cholla are among the most abundant and characteristic Cane
Cacti on the ranges of southern Arizona, often excluding all other growth
and spreading rapidly over the broad grazing grounds. They are a
beautiful sight on the desert with their translucent white spines covered
with loose silvery sheaths glistening in the bright sunshine, and a sight
that will not easily be forgotten. The plants blossom from June to
September and in Mexico are known as “Vela de Cojote” because of the
shining spines; in the noonday rays of the sun at a distance of a mile or
more, a forest of these plants on a hot day resembles a wavering,
glistening white sheet of light, because of the tremendous heat
vibrations of the vertical rays of the sun.

[Illustration: JUMPING CHOLLA (Opuntia fulgida)]

One can scarcely walk among these plants without some of the joints
“jumping forth” as it were and becoming attached to the clothing; a
strong wind will dislodge them, and woe to the human or animal caught by
these cruel thorns.

[Illustration: CURSED CHOLLA; DEVIL CACTUS (Opuntia Stanlyi)]

A creeping crawling mass of rough hairy spines and sheaths, stout sharp
swords, dangerous and effective in harshly repulsing advance of animal or
ignorant human, is the Devil Cactus or Cursed Cholla, a veritable
fortress on the desert.

[Illustration: BUCKHORN CHOLLA (Opuntia acanthocarpa)]

Over the arid sandy or gravelly soils of the southwestern desert, this
fierce Cholla has fought his way and proved his right to existence,
asking nothing from the hand of man and having little to give.


                   Cursed Cholla (_Opuntia Stanlyi_)

          _Northern Mexico, Southern Arizona, and New Mexico_

Prostrate stems worming their way in impenetrable patches of six to
twelve feet across the sandy soils of southern Arizona and Northern
Mexico, a creeping, crawling mass of rough hairy spines and sheaths,
stout sharp swords dangerous and effective in harshly repulsing advance
of animal or ignorant human, is the Devil Cactus or Cursed Cholla, a
veritable fortress on the desert. A welcome retreat for small rodents,
snakes, and lizards, this terrible growth, _Opuntia Stanlyi_, is an
object of fear to man and beast alike! spreading over the grazing lands
and creating impenetrable areas dangerous and worthless for stock. One
shudders when he sees the awful thing, repellent yet strangely magnetic,
and generally tourists are glad to turn from it and retrace their steps
to the highway.


                 Whipple’s Cholla (_Opuntia Whipplei_)

  _Northern Arizona, New Mexico, Western Colorado, and Southern Utah_

One more of the fierce Cholla group must claim our attention, bringing to
a close our search for these cruel, relentless growths, awful to
contemplate in many instances yet strangely enticing as well. It is a
cultivated specimen of a low and typical Cane Cactus which grows wild in
northern Arizona, New Mexico, and spreads north even into southern Utah
and Colorado, thriving at altitudes from five to seven thousand feet in
loamy soils of oak, juniper, and pine formations and high grassy lands.
This is the “farthest north” for a Cholla to grow. One to two feet high,
the shrubs form in rather pretty clumps of silvery glossy slender spines,
golden flowers suffused with pink and green tinting, and purple joints on
greenish stems. A characteristic cactus of more northern parts and named
for Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, in charge of the Whipple Expedition of 1853
and 1854. This ends our long trek over sultry desert lands as we cross
the boundary line into southeastern Arizona at the customs in Nogales,
Mexico.

[Illustration: CURSED CHOLLA; DEVIL CHOLLA (Opuntia Stanlyi)]

[Illustration: JUMPING CHOLLA (Opuntia fulgida)]


And so the greeters of the desert, advance guard of the cactus invasion
from Mexico, see us depart now for a time from the mysterious land of the
Fantastic Clan, wherein we have learned of the charm of color, and the
strange devices of Nature in her scheme of Cholla growth; and where the
fierce, uninviting heat of the desert fails to keep us from entering that
domain of silence where the midday sun burns all to a crisp under the
relentless bombardment of its energy, which after all gives alluring
beauty to the wondrous cactus flowers; and where the cooler shades of
evening loose the mild zephyrs that kiss our parched brows and gently
lull us to sleep at night with moonbeams playing at random among the
cañon shadows, gossamerlike and eerie in the ghostly light of the stars.
And once again in fancy we behold these armored Cholla, silent fortresses
of the desert, looming against the mountain sides, with their beautiful
rainbows of gorgeous hue blossoming forth but to fade and die, never to
appear anew in their shimmering colorful sheens of glory against
background of sheaths and terrible thorns, the swords of the fierce
Cholla group.

Then comes the dawn. Slowly the eastern rim of the landscape is bathed in
soft pearly light, haloed over the mountains. The night has passed and
another day is on, and we, too, have passed on and left the strange
alluring land of the weird Cholla group; but the beauty we have found out
there among fierce relentless growths lingers on in the background of our
conscious minds, and we wonder how it came there and why it is; after all
is it not part of the glory that God has given us to use and to try to
understand?


           The Cholla Group, or Cane Cacti (_Cylindropuntia_)


How to identify and how they grow

The Cholla has a fierce armor of thorns, long and stout, sharp and
dangerous, a group of Cholla on the mesas comprising a veritable fortress
of the desert. These spines are of one kind but of different sizes, and
they are sheathed. On account of their sheathed thorns the Cholla are the
most dangerous of all the cactus groups, and feared most of all Cactaceæ.
The spines vary from an inch or less to three inches or more in length,
and occasionally are half an inch or more through. The stems of these
species are cylindrical, from a foot or less to fifteen feet tall, the
branches generally forming into a broad rounded head. They are not ridged
or fluted, but are covered with tubercles arranged spirally. The plants
are often grotesque and generally resemble dwarf trees, though typically
shrubby in habit. The leaves are scalelike and soon fall off. Spicules
are always present, generally half an inch or so in length, easily
dislodged, so easily blown off by the wind that two species of this genus
are called “Jumping Cholla.” The flowers are showy and very conspicuous,
large, and of all colors of the rainbow in many instances; opening and
closing on the same day and at different hours in different species,
rarely appearing the second day. A peculiar phenomenon is observed: the
flower buds sometimes grow out from mature fruit, thus producing chains
of fruit lasting for years. The fruit varies in character and is found to
be tubercled or smooth or shiny, but always bearing the customary
spicules. It is sometimes dry, sometimes fleshy, often remaining
unchanged and edible for several years on the plants. Another curious
fact is that the fruits of many species when planted in soft moist soil,
or even falling to the ground, develop roots and grow into new plants,
the seeds within remaining viable and capable of growth later on.

[Illustration: SPINY TREE CHOLLA (Opuntia spinosior)]


How to grow

Most species grow readily from cuttings of one to several joints set a
few inches deep in sandy soil and given enough water to keep the soil
moist; it is better to allow the cut surfaces time to dry before
planting. Plants can be grown also from seed planted a half-inch deep in
sandy soil out of doors or in flats, with part shade and watered enough
to keep the soil moist but not wet. Also, the fruits of many species when
planted in moist soil develop roots and grow into plants. Cuttings or
plants grow indoors or outside. A south exposure is preferable.


                  California Cholla (_Opuntia Parryi_)

  (Named in honor of Dr. C. C. Parry, who first collected it in 1851)


How to identify and how it grows

The California Cholla is a very interesting and fascinating plant and
grows as several stems two to four feet tall, branching from the base and
quite erect. These stems are cylindrical yellow-green joints six to
twenty-four inches long and an inch thick. They bear the usual cactuslike
spicules and spines. The spicules are a light yellow semicircular mass,
while the five to twenty sharp, slender needlelike spines are crowded
together, a half-inch to an inch long in many instances. These are yellow
but turn brown with age and have thin light yellow sheaths. The flowers
are yellow tinged with red and are an inch or more in diameter and
length. The fruit is tubercled and very spiny, less than an inch long,
and has the peculiar characteristic of becoming quite dry when ripe. This
Cholla grows best in gravelly or rocky soils in the hot interior valleys
of Southern California.


How to grow

Though not very attractive, this Cholla is occasionally grown in cactus
collections because of its rather fascinating and peculiar
characteristics noted above. Young plants may be transplanted at any
season; also the species can be grown from cuttings and planted in the
spring in moist soil. The plants thrive in sandy or gravelly soil and may
be given a light irrigation once a month during droughty periods; they
grow inside or outdoors and are not injured by temperatures twenty
degrees below freezing.


       Desert Christmas Cactus; Tasajillo (_Opuntia leptocaulis_)


How to identify and how it grows

_Leptocaulis_, or the Desert Christmas Cactus, is a plant growing as a
dense low shrub only a foot high in many instances with numerous stems or
joints ascending from the base, and in clumps three or four feet across.
The little joints are sometimes only an inch long, growing to four inches
in many cases, and are gray-green covered by numerous brown spicules
forming in bundles. One sharp, slender, flattened, bent spine is present,
a half-inch to two inches long, with a tan body and a yellow tip, covered
with a white sheath which soon falls off. The flowers are a pale yellow
and quite small, while the fruit forms in clusters near the ends of the
branches, elliptical, about one inch long and scarlet. A fantastic
phenomenon is sometimes noticed in this species: that of a branch growing
directly out from a fruit.


How to grow

Transplant at any season. Joints broken off and partly covered with soil
grow at once into new plants. Young plants also grow quite easily from
seed, and ripe fruit can be gathered from the plant almost the year
round. The plant has a very wide distribution, grown indoors and out of
doors in almost any kind of soil with no care except to water monthly
during dry periods. It is not injured by temperatures as low as zero, and
with protection in winter can be grown in much colder climates.


                Buckhorn Cholla (_Opuntia acanthocarpa_)

            (Named _acanthocarpa_ from its very spiny fruit)


How to identify and how it grows

The Buckhorn Cholla is a dwarf tree or shrub composed of many stems
ascending from the base and forming into a compact head of dangerously
thorny branches, very woody in appearance. These branches or joints are
four inches or more in length, cylindrical and yellow-green. They are
tubercled and have a fringe of yellowish or red-brown spicules, very
short and sharp, and many loose clusters of fierce red-brown thorns about
an inch long, partly sheathed. The flowers are two inches or more in
length, greenish yellow with the tips suffused with red. The fruit is
pear-shaped and very thorny, and has the peculiarity noted quite often
among Cholla of becoming dry when fully ripe. This species bears its
fruit in June and July.


How to grow

Young plants grow readily if set out in the spring in rocky or gravelly
soil with occasional watering to moisten the soil until the plants become
established. Cuttings grow quite easily if planted in spring, and also
the plant can be grown from seed sown in sandy soil in pots or flats.
This species is not injured by a temperature of twenty degrees below
freezing and grows readily outside or indoors.


 Golden Spined Jumping Cholla; Teddy Bear Cactus (_Opuntia Bigelovii_)

     (Named for Dr. J. M. Bigelow, an early enthusiastic student of
                          southwestern botany)


How to identify and how it grows

The Golden Spined Jumping Cholla, or Teddy Bear Cactus, is a very
conspicuous and attractive plant among the Cholla species, and is the
spiniest of all this clan, growing as high as twelve feet, and with a
very tough stout main trunk sometimes eight feet tall and three or four
inches in diameter, from which appear numerous ascending branches forming
a dense rounded head. The joints or branches are three to six inches long
and are yellow-green. There is a dense armor of light golden-yellow
spines, dark at their tips, eleven to fifteen of them interlocking, an
inch of more in length and covered with paperlike sheaths which are
somewhat loosely placed. The spicules are straw-colored and appear in the
form of bundles. The flowers of this Cholla are borne at the tips of the
joints and are pale green suffused with purple. The fruit is covered with
tubercles or knobs and is yellowish green. This plant grows best in the
most arid parts of the Southwest and in the hottest southern exposures of
rocky foothills and slopes.


How to grow

Young plants may be transplanted at any season, or joints may be planted
in gravelly rocky soils. The plants should be watered once a month during
the growing season until well established, after that less frequently.
They will grow indoors and out, and are not injured by a temperature of
twenty degrees below freezing. With colder temperatures they require
protection.


            Many Colored Tree Cholla (_Opuntia versicolor_)

         (Named from the many colors of its joints and flowers)


How to identify and how it grows

The Many Colored Tree Cholla, or _Opuntia versicolor_, grows as a main
trunk two or three feet high, with many ascending intricate branches
which form a broad rounded head from five to ten feet across at the
widest part and six to twelve feet high. The bark is coarse and fissured,
gray or tan, latterly scaling off. The joints or branches are from two to
ten inches long, are green or brown and tubercled. The spicules form in a
flattened mass and are yellow or brown. The spines, five to fifteen, are
awl-shaped and about three-fourths of an inch long with brownish bases.
The body is of gray-brown or purplish hues covered with close-fitting
thin light yellowish sheaths. The flowers form in clusters at the tips of
the joints and are a yellow-green suffused with red, pink, orange, or
sometimes a deep maroon. The fruit is also yellowish green suffused with
purple and is pear-shaped. Sometimes one fruit is found growing out from
the end of another on this fantastic growth, all fruit remaining on the
plant for a year or longer.


How to grow

Plants may be transplanted at any season, or joints may be planted in
gravelly rocky soils. The plants should be watered once a month during
the growing season until well established, after that less frequently.
They will grow indoors and out and are not injured by a temperature of
twenty degrees below freezing. With colder temperatures they require
protection.


                 Popular Cholla (_Opuntia tetracantha_)

      (Named _tetracantha_ from the four spines commonly present)


How to identify and how it grows

The Popular Cholla is a loose irregular growth about four feet tall with
several stems coming from the base, but not jointed. The brownish
spicules are formed in bundles. There are from one to four spines, all
less than an inch long, slender and stiff and brownish or light brownish
gray, with one spine longer and stouter than the others, and covered with
thin straw-colored sheaths. The flowers are of a pale yellow-green
suffused with purplish tints, and open in the afternoon. The fruit is
about one inch long and smooth, elliptical, and orange-red.


How to grow

This species may be transplanted at any season, or cuttings may be
planted early in spring, in sandy or gravelly soil and watered monthly
with light irrigation. The cuttings are less certain to grow. Plants grow
also quite readily from seed. They are not injured by twenty-five degrees
of frost and grow outdoors or in; in colder weather than this they should
be given protection outside.


               Prolific Tree Cholla (_Opuntia arbuscula_)

              (The name _arbuscula_ means “a small tree”)


How to identify and how it grows

_Arbuscula_, or the Prolific Tree Cholla, grows from three to eight feet
tall and has a short stout trunk three to six inches in diameter. There
are several branches which are intricately arranged, forming a rounded
head from six to ten feet across; the gray-brown bark is coarse and
fissured. The branch-joints are from two to ten inches long or longer,
and are bright green. The light brownish spicules form as a small tuft.
Usually only one or two spines are present, sometimes none at all, less
than two inches long when they occur, bent, slender, needlelike, and a
dull straw or brown. The thorns are covered with thin, amber, or
brownish, loose, translucent sheaths. The flowers are a greenish yellow
suffused with red and appear in dense clusters at the tips of the joints;
they are produced at the ends of last year’s fruit. This often forms a
chainlike cycle. The fruit is bright green and nearly smooth. This dwarf
tree or shrub grows in the sandy desert areas and flood plains of
southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico.


How to grow

This cactus spreads from the roots. Young plants may be planted at any
season, or branches consisting of several joints maybe planted early in
spring; from these, plants grow readily. Also the fleshy fruit develop
roots and grow into plants. They thrive best in heavy clay loam with
light irrigation once a month until well established. They are not
injured by a temperature of twenty-five degrees below freezing and grow
both outdoors and in; but with zero weather they require protection.


                Thornber’s Cholla (_Opuntia Thornberi_)

(Named in honor of Professor J. J. Thornber, botanist of the University
            of Arizona and one of the authors of this book)


How to identify and how it grows

Thornber’s Cholla is a shrub growing from two to four feet tall, with
fantastic branches irregularly whorled and long angular joints six to
twenty-four inches in length and yellowish green. It appears waxy, is
densely covered with long tubercles or knobs, and has short light-colored
spicules. The spines are three to twelve, one-quarter inch or less in
length, and very sharp. They are covered with thin straw-colored or
brownish yellow sheaths. The flowers of this Cholla are of yellowish and
red shadings, appearing mostly at the tips of the branches. The fruit is
quite dry when matured and is distinctly tubercled.


How to grow

Young plants may be set out at any season, also cuttings in spring; they
thrive best in rocky or gravelly soil, watered once a month until the
plants are established. They grow outdoors or indoors and are not injured
by twenty-five degrees of freezing; but at zero they need protection.


            Spiny Tree Cholla; Tasajo (_Opuntia spinosior_)

 (The name _spinosior_ means “more spiny,” referring to the many spines
                     of the joints of this species)


How to identify and how it grows

The Spiny Tree Cholla grows to a height of fifteen feet and has a woody
trunk several feet long with ascending branches forming into a broad
irregular open head, and with tubercled joints three to nine inches long,
which are set in spiral rows. They are gray-green suffused with yellow
and purple. The straw-colored spicules are formed in bundles, while the
six to fifteen spines are gray suffused with pink or brown; this produces
a characteristic grayish pink coloring. These thorns are covered with
thin yellowish sheaths. The flowers are very showy and appear in
abundance at the tips of the joints, which are three to nine inches in
length. The fruit is light yellow, broadly elliptical, tubercled and
firm, with thick walls, and it remains on the plant for a year or longer.
This Cholla grows in the rocky foothills and _bajadas_ and in the sandy
desert areas of the southern part of New Mexico and Arizona at fifteen
hundred to five thousand feet.


How to grow

Set out young plants at any season or plant cuttings in spring in sandy
or gravelly clay soil and water once a month to keep the soil slightly
moist until the plants are well established. They grow very easily from
cuttings. This Cholla is not injured by zero temperature and grows well
outdoors or in the house; but with temperatures below zero it requires
protection.


                   Jumping Cholla (_Opuntia fulgida_)

(Named _fulgida_ from the silvery sheathed spines, which glisten in the
                        strong desert sunlight)


How to identify and how it grows

The Jumping Cholla is a handsome dwarf tree growing as high as fifteen
feet, deeply fissured, with a stout woody trunk as much as four feet
long, and with candelabralike branches of blackish or brownish bark.
These branches form the broadly rounded head of the tree. The joints are
three to six inches long, succulent and easily broken off, and covered
with tubercles in a spiral arrangement. The spicules are white and are
formed in tufts, while the spines, seven to thirteen, are usually bent
and less than two inches long. They are slender and needlelike with loose
papery sheaths, silvery-white and glistening, giving the species its
specific name. The flowers are of a bright rose-purple with yellow and
pinkish tinges. The fruit is pear-shaped and green. It will be noted that
both the fruit and the flowers grow out from the tips of old fruit, thus
forming chains of ten to fifteen fruit. The Jumping Cholla grows well in
sandy or gravelly clay soils in the low rocky foothills of southern
Arizona and Northern Mexico.


How to grow

Plants can be transplanted at any season, or the joints or even fruit may
be planted or laid on the surface of the ground, covered partly with soil
and watered occasionally, whereupon they grow into new plants, making a
few inches’ growth the first season. Plants grow best in clay or gravelly
clay soil and may be given light irrigation monthly until well
established. They are not injured by temperatures of twenty or
twenty-five degrees below freezing, and grow indoors and out; in zero
weather they require protection.


            Cursed Cholla; Devil Cholla (_Opuntia Stanlyi_)

    (Named for J. M. Stanly, artist of the Mexican Boundary Survey)


How to identify and how it grows

The Cursed Cholla, or Devil Cholla, is very appropriately named. Plants
grow with prostrate and creeping stems, forming impenetrable masses
several feet across. The stems are from a common center with the tips
ascending, and the joints, which are as much as six inches long, are
club-shaped and tubercled. The spines are very numerous and stout, also
very sharp and swordlike, and will cause grief unless one is very
careful. They grow a little more than two inches long, are a light
yellow, and have short sheaths over their tips. The flowers are about
three inches long and are yellow, and the fruit, which is club-shaped and
about three inches long, is covered with white cottony hairs and
needlelike spicules. These plants grow in the sandy soils of the desert
areas of southern New Mexico and southern Arizona and adjacent old
Mexico.


How to grow

Either prostrate rooted stems or joints planted at any season grow into
plants. The seed sown in moist sandy soil grow easily. The plants grow in
sandy or gravelly clay soils and should be watered monthly until well
established. Temperatures as low as zero do not injure the plants, but
with lower temperatures they should be protected. They grow outdoors or
indoors.


                 Whipple’s Cholla (_Opuntia Whipplei_)

(Named after Lieutenant Whipple, in charge of the Whipple Expedition of
                             1853 and 1854)


How to identify and how it grows

Whipple’s Cholla grows farther north than any other species of Cholla,
and reaches three feet in height, composed of several stems that form a
low compact clump. The joints are two to ten inches long, are a light
green suffused with purple, and are covered with tubercles arranged in
spirals. The tan spicules are very short, about an eighth of an inch long
and appear in tufts. The two to five spines are a half-inch to an inch
long, one of them longer than the others. The thorns have yellowish tips
and light red-brown bodies covered with loose papery sheaths of a silvery
sheen. The beautiful yellow flowers are very showy, about two inches
long, appearing from April to June; the fruit is about two inches long
with prominent tubercles. _Whipplei_ grows in northern Arizona, southern
Utah, New Mexico, and western Colorado, and will be found in loamy,
gravelly soils in oak, juniper, pine, and prairie-grass lands between
altitudes of five and seven thousand feet.


How to grow

Transplant rooted plants at any season. Cuttings or joints may be planted
in the spring in sandy or clay loam, and given enough water to keep the
soil moderately moist. This Cholla endures weather twenty-five degrees
below zero without, injury and hence may be grown in cactus gardens over
a large part of our country both out of doors and in the house. It is an
attractive cactus and well worth cultivation.




                              CHAPTER VII
                           A DESERT GRAVEYARD


In the blue ending of a desert day with the sun in the setting and the
somber shadows creeping over the desert hills and down into the lowlands
and swales, we would if we could build a dream-city story of a ghostly
desert village, spectral and silent and lonely with only the dismal howl
of the coyote to punctuate our tale. Since we are on a trek into the
forbidden land of thorns and spikes and spines, we have but to add the
Song of the Desert and the setting of our story is complete.

It is near the sunset time, when the cooling of the desert wind begins
and we can view the horizon pierced by the distant mountains and perhaps
the many trees on the mountain slopes, while out on the mesas and down in
the valleys Nature has painted the floor of the desert with lacework of
many kinds of brush, filigree of strange fantastic plants, tall and
shaftlike or sinuous and creepy, covered with countless spikes and
thorns, armed with innumerable spines or darts; all this is the desert,
hot and dry and dusty by day, delightfully cool and alluring when the sun
has gone and the moonbeams flit about among the strangely weird fantastic
clan. It is the beckoning call to spend the twilight in meditation and
rest, and then to sleep in comfort. Here then is the amphitheater of the
sun, and ere the Goddess of Night bids adieu to the day, she takes up her
baton and the music of a soft desert night begins. It comes rushing in
over yonder rim of mountain peaks and down through the trees with a great
crescendo till it reaches the mesas and valleys. Then lightly, gently,
comes the fading diminuendo, dimming the tones of the desert song,
faintly and sweetly with the swish of the evening zephyrs, and the land
of the cacti is again at peace.

We are once more on our way to the desert land of flower mysteries and
weird plant phenomena. Along the dusty highway one may notice from time
to time many curious-looking mounds which seem almost like monuments
standing out in the great alone, in silent eulogy to some departed world
perhaps. In the hot dry heat of a desert day they are just some more of
Nature’s plants and flowers, but in the dusk of the desert twilight these
fantastic growths look like some immense graveyard, and we might fancy
that we can even read the epitaphs on their beautiful spiny shafts. For
in this fancied graveyard of the desert there are many wonders, and now
we shall invade their tomblike resting place and get acquainted with
still another group of the weird Fantastic Clan. This is the Visnaga
Cactus or Bisnaga, meaning “barrel,” commonly known as the Barrel Cactus,
friend of the Indian or the lost traveler on the desert. Science gives
him the name _Echinocactus_ (derived from the Greek _echinos_,
“hedgehog,” and _kaktos_, a kind of spiny plant) followed by some less
pretentious appendage to denote his species.


                          GROWTH AND HABITATS

The genus _Echinocactus_ is thought to have originated on the great arid
plateaus of Mexico and to have extended northward to the southwestern
borders of the United States, where as many as forty species are known to
grow. The group is a large one, including as many as one hundred forty
species in the two countries where they are most abundant. There are no
varieties in Central America, but a number in the driest parts of South
America, thriving always in the gravelly or stony soils along the
foothills and _bajadas_ and out on the broad desert mesas. The plants are
globular or cylindric and strongly ribbed with sharp stout thorns,
suggesting at once a barrel in size and shape, with its numerous nails
protruding from the circular staves. They grow singly or in groups of two
to four or more, from a foot to three or four feet in height, sometimes
reaching nine feet. The central spines are the strongest and stoutest,
usually one or more hooked, the radial spines also stout; the radial
bristles or threads if present are at times rather firm and sometimes
quite weak in texture. The _Echinocacti_ have no spines on the ovaries or
fruit—a characteristic which differentiates them from the _Echinocereus_
Cactus.

In this great field of Bisnaga, the Barrel Cacti, or Visnagita, the
little fellows, we have selected about fifteen typical species although
there are many other varieties. It is early in the morning of a hot June
day in southeastern Arizona that we start on our sixth and last trek
across the desert, armed with notebooks and other paraphernalia of the
student or tourist, having selected our locale late the preceding day.


         Interlacing Spine Cactus (_Echinocactus intertextus_)

    _Southeastern Arizona, Southwestern Texas, and Northern Mexico_

_Echinocactus intertextus_, the Interlacing Spine Cactus, signals our
attention first, a rare and brightly flowered little fellow. It is
interesting to note that the name _intertextus_ refers to the numerous
radial interlacing spines covering this Visnagita in two or three whorls,
and on the older plants forming a dense lacework over the entire plant.
Only an inch and a half tall in many cases, sometimes reaching the height
of six inches, his stems are deeply ridged in spirals a half-inch or so
apart, of a dull green or yellow-green and scurfy. The thorns are stout
and awl-shaped, abruptly pointed, and translucent pink-yellow with darker
tips, becoming dull gray or black near the base of the plant; twenty or
thirty spines radiating like the spokes of a wheel and interlocking with
others, four or five centrals, dull gray with reddish brown tips.
_Intertextus_ thrives in rocky, gravelly soils at altitudes of four or
five thousand feet; his bright and beautiful bloom may be glimpsed from
quite a distance, light purplish flowers with yellow stamens, growing in
clusters near the centers or tops of the stems. The blossoms of
_Echinocactus_ nearly always appear in a circle around the head of the
plant, just above the young spine-bearing areolas, the flowers continuing
to develop on the inside of the circle in areolas that are continuously
forming by further growth of the plant.


         Purple Spined Visnagita (_Echinocactus erectocentrus_)

                         _Southeastern Arizona_

Purple Spined Visnagita is a gayly tinted beauty which grows only in
limited areas. Indeed not only is it rare and beautiful but the species
is fast disappearing; indicative perhaps that Nature in her wise
prescience of coming events is already taking care of the problem of
overproduction. The flowers are white or flesh-color diffused with pink,
most delicately shaded sometimes with a hint of lavender, and are very
lovely and fragrant though they do not open fully; they come in clusters
surmounting the stem, opening in the forenoon and closing in the
afternoon, for four or five days in April and May. It is not strange that
the deeper-tinted blossoms appear on the plants with the more brightly
hued spines. The latter form a dense, almost impenetrable coat over the
entire plant, giving a dull rose-purple effect which can be seen
unmistakably for two or three hundred feet or farther in its arid rocky
habitat. Purple Spined Visnagita is much in demand by collectors, being
easily recognized at a distance by the eighteen or so brightly colored
thorns; because of these gayly hued spines it is one of the handsomest of
all our smaller cacti, sometimes compared to that beautiful splash of
color, the Rainbow Cactus, near which it is often found growing.


              Traveler’s Friend (_Echinocactus Covillei_)

               _Southern and Western Arizona, and Sonora_

The Traveler’s Friend! This name sounds rather interesting, and upon
examination _Echinocactus Covillei_ is found to merit his friendly title.
If one gingerly cuts off the top of the plant, crushing the fleshy part
into a pulpy mass with a handy stick, cool refreshing water is revealed,
fit for drinking and sufficient for one person. This Bisnaga has proven a
good friend to the desert wanderer, but it is Nature, the marvelous
architect, who is our real friend, by providing an ingenious structure
which enables this cactus to store water in its fleshy-ribbed stems which
grow from one to five feet tall and a foot or so in diameter; thereby
permitting it to thrive and blossom in the terrible heat of the desert,
and during the long, long seasons of drought to save many an Indian and
other desert traveler from dying of starvation or thirst out on the broad
mesas in this land of blazing sunlight. Also, if you are in cactus
country and should ever become lost on the desert, look for _Covillei_,
for he always leans toward the southwest and when other signs fail you
can depend upon him to guide you in the right direction. Many a lost
Indian or Mexican has obtained water and directions from _Covillei_, the
Traveler’s Compass, and thus has saved his life through knowledge of
desert lore, while a stranger schooled in books but lacking the wisdom
which comes from long association with desert life could easily lose
himself in the arid wastes, only to perish anon.

This Traveler’s Friend is a handsome fellow; the crimson and orange-red
hues of the brilliant blossoms shade into the yellow and purple-red tints
of the style and its branches, harmonizing with eight or nine pink and
reddish spines and their translucent yellow tips, a splash of gay rainbow
hues against the drab background of rocky, gravelly soil along the
foothills of southern and western Arizona and out on the mesas of
Northern Mexico. In old Mexico the natives still utilize this Bisnaga by
making from it the delicious cactus candy which is so prized by tourists,
and seized upon with delight as one of their first discoveries in the
land of the cactus clan.


             Turk’s Head (_Echinocactus horizonthalonius_)

         _Southern Arizona, Northern Mexico, and Western Texas_

This species grows sparingly in arid, rocky, or stony soil of slopes and
hillsides from western Texas to southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. It
differs from others of its kind in the coloring of the blossoms, which
are the most delicately tinted of all the cactus flowers, pale rose to
deep pink suffused with lavender hues, and in the light blue-green of the
stems, which are nearly a foot high and about half as wide; also in the
spiny characteristics, the stout twisted, awl-shaped thorns converging
toward the tip of the plant. The flowers are large for the species, two
and one-half inches long or more and nearly as broad when fully open,
blossoming for but one day and only in the very brightest of sunshine.
_Horizonthalonius_ looks quite like a Turk’s head when in flower, with
the pinkish purple tassel at the tip of his head in a dense mass of long,
tangled, cream-white wool.


             Candy Barrel Cactus (_Echinocactus Wislizeni_)

         _Southern Arizona, Northern Mexico, and Western Texas_

The stems of this peculiar growth are used largely in making the highly
priced cactus candy, the fleshy part sliced and soaked in water
overnight, then cooked until tender in a strong sugar solution and
allowed to harden and crystallize. A most tasty delicacy is produced
which is sold all over the world as “cactus candy,” and so popular is
this rare sweet both in the East and abroad as well as among tourists to
the desert that the industry threatens to eradicate _Wislizeni_ and
several other species of the Barrel Cacti. “Nigger Head” is another
designation for the Candy Barrel Cactus, since this unique desert growth
with its fringe of a dozen or so needlelike bristles resembles an
affrighted southern “nigger” with his hair all standing on end. The young
plants are globose and the older ones cylindric, from one to seven feet
tall and a foot or two in diameter; the threadlike bristles are light
gray and resemble an insect’s antennæ, the four or five stout central
thorns rose-pink and yellowish mottled, the lower one longest and
strongly hooked, one to five inches long. _Ferocactus Wislizeni_ or
Fishhook Cactus, as this Bisnaga is also called, is one of the most
striking cacti of the desert areas, and its presence always inspires
considerable interest; the spines are densely fine hairy, a
characteristic rarely noted among cacti.

The Candy Cactus, also, goes under the name of “Traveler’s Friend” or
“Compass Cactus,” and like _Covillei_ it invariably leans toward the
southwest and will direct aright a lost traveler who is versed in desert
lore and can read the signs of the land. Then too, if the top of stem or
trunk is removed with a sharp knife or machete and the fleshy part is
crushed, or pommeled into a pulp, a considerable amount of water can be
secured for drinking from this friendly cactus, which though a little
saline and not very palatable is a life-saver in time of stress.
_Wislizeni_ grows well in the sandy loamy clay soils of the desert
_bajadas_ and along the foothills. The name of the species honors Dr. A.
Wislizenus, who was in charge of a botanical expedition to the Southwest
in 1848.


                 Nigger Head (_Echinocactus Le Contei_)

 _Western Arizona, Southern Utah, Southern Nevada, Southern California,
                     Lower California, and Sonora_

This species, also, is given the name “Nigger Head” because the spines
and bristles are curled and bent down closely against its trunk like a
“nigger’s head” with coarse curly hair. To be sure, one never has seen a
negro with pink hair, but this Nigger Head Cactus has a coat of
interlocking densely fine hairy spines of lovely pink and mottled rose
shades, some pointing upward, some downward, some laterally, and a fringe
of ten to fourteen grayish threadlike radial bristles; such an
impenetrable coat affords much-needed protection against heat and cold,
and hungry rodents or range animals. _Echinocactus Le Contei_ is among
the most attractive of the Barrel group with its bright roseate spines,
and its deep yellow blossoms with purple-red centers, creating the
impression of a purple bloom within an orange-red flower. The flowers
come forth in April and May, the fruit matures in July. The plant grows
nearly always on a single stem, rarely two or more in a clump, from one
to seven feet tall and about eighteen inches in diameter, with twenty to
twenty-four ridges encircling trunk and stems. The latter are utilized by
Mexicans and Indians for the making of cactus candy.

[Illustration: CANDY BARREL CACTUS; FISHHOOK CACTUS (Echinocactus
Wislizeni)]

The stems of this peculiar growth are used in making the famed “cactus
candy,” the fleshy part sliced and soaked in water over night, then
cooked until tender and allowed to harden and crystallize, a most
delicious delicacy.

[Illustration: PINK FLOWERED VISNAGITA (Echinocactus Johnsonii)]

[Illustration: MEXICAN FRUIT CACTUS (Echinocactus hamatacanthus)]

The dried fruit of this cactus, sweet and very sugary, is considered a
rare delicacy by hundreds of thousands of tourists.

[Illustration: GIANT VISNAGA; GIANT BARREL CACTUS (Echinocactus Visnaga).
(Baby specimen)]

A monster growth, six to nine feet tall in mature specimens, three to
four feet in diameter, weighing over four thousand pounds and estimated
by scientists to attain the age of a thousand years!

This growth was named by scientists for Dr. John Le Conte, who discovered
it in the lower Gila River country of Arizona. It is a very interesting
specimen and has the following names, any and all of which seem to fit:
_Echinocactus Le Contei_, _Ferocactus Le Contei_, Barrel Cactus, Nigger
Head Cactus, and Candy Cactus. It prefers the arid rocky or gravelly
desert lands, _bajadas_ and foothill slopes, and seeks always the hottest
exposures with very little rainfall.


           Pink Flowered Visnagita (_Echinocactus Johnsonii_)

 _Eastern California, Northwestern Arizona, Western Utah, and Southern
                                Nevada_

This very attractive and interesting Visnagita rarely grows in any
abundance. It is quite outstanding because of its symphony of color
radiating rose and gray and purple hues from the thorns, and the large
deep pink blooms two and one-half inches long and broad, bell-shaped
panicles clustering in a mass of cream-white hairs. The erect ascending
spines grow straight or slightly curved, in dense layers, and sharp.
_Johnsonii_ likes the sunny exposures and seeks the arid rocky or
gravelly soils. The species is named for Joseph Ellis Johnson, an amateur
botanist of southern Utah.


          Golden Spined Barrel Cactus (_Echinocactus Rostii_)

    _Southeastern California, Western Arizona, and Lower California_

_Echinocactus Rostii_, or the beautiful Golden Spined Barrel Cactus, with
its bright yellow stamens and petals tinged with red, when in bloom, and
the striking golden-yellow spines, appears at a distance like a bundle of
straw. The flowers, an inch or so long and about as broad, are borne in a
circle clustering around the tops of the stems, which grow singly or in
clumps of two to ten, four to nine feet high according to age; the spine
clusters are about an inch apart, golden and straw-yellow suffused with
pink near the bases, sometimes pink banded with the tips growing straight
or curved, all spines very fine hairy. The species is named for E. P.
Rost, who discovered it, and is found in a very restricted area among the
arid, gravelly or rocky foothills and _bajadas_ or mesalike mountain
slopes and cañons. The plant is a striking object against the landscape
in its dense spiny armament, rendered impenetrable by the beautifully
mottled stout spines extending in every direction; then in April come the
golden blossoms encircling the tips of the stems in a flashing aureole of
light.


          California Barrel Cactus (_Echinocactus acanthodes_)

    _Southeastern California, Lower California, and Southern Nevada_

The California Barrel Cactus, _Echinocactus acanthodes_, grows in arid,
gravelly or rocky foothills and arroyos on the deserts of southeastern
California in the Imperial Valley, and in northern Lower California. This
species grew formerly in great abundance on the rocky, gravelly mesas of
the Coachella Desert near Palm Springs, California; now, however, many of
the fine large specimens have been removed, and the sticky pulp of the
stems utilized for cactus candy manufacture. The name _acanthodes_ refers
to its many spines, a gray-yellow fringe of seven or eight stout
needlelike bristles, and eight or nine pink and yellow banded radial and
central thorns one to two inches long, the lowest one sharply hooked. The
plants grow nine feet tall at times, occasionally only a foot or so in
height, generally with single stems seven to twelve inches in diameter
according to age; the flowers are bell-shaped, blossoms of rare beauty
giving a lovely golden cast to the landscape in April and May; the fruit
is borne in a circle of greenish yellow suffused with purple, around the
tops of the stems, and matures in July.


          Many Hooked Visnagita (_Echinocactus polyancistrus_)

    _Southeastern California, Western Arizona, and Southern Nevada_

The meaning of _polyancistrus_ is “many fishhooks”; but why should there
be fishhooks on the desert? _Echinocactus polyancistrus_ is a very
interesting and showy Visnagita growing on mesas and deserts; though
widely distributed, it never appears in abundance, and is rather rare. It
is densely and conspicuously spiny, covered with sharp needlelike thorns
placed radially, a half-inch long or longer, dangerously hooked,
spreading, and very formidable; resembling the common fishhook and far
more fearful. This cactus is most conspicuous and attractive in its white
shining armor of spines. The blossoms are large and showy and remain open
for several days. At first rose-purple, they change to a deep crimson,
while the throat of the flower is broad and covered with yellow stamens;
the styles are bright red, and even the mature fruit is a brilliant red.
The flowers grow in clusters from near the tops of the plants and create
a splash of fiery crimson over the mesas, beautiful to behold, flaming
against the dark background of mesquite and sagebrush and other desert
cacti.


           Green Stemmed Visnaga (_Echinocactus viridescens_)

               _Southern California and Lower California_

_Echinocactus viridescens_ is a small Bisnaga growing in the vicinity of
San Diego, California, and is found along the beaches there, and in the
dry ridges and hills of Lower California. It gets its name from the
greenish flowers and stems (_viridescens_ is Latin for “growing green”).
The stems grow a little over a foot high; the numerous stout sharp thorns
are finely hairy, encircling the plants in red and yellow and rose-pink
bands of coloring; while the blossoms form a bright halo of gold and
purple tints around their tips, the margins of petals and sepals yellow
and the thickened midribs yellow or purple-red, the whole producing a
strongly greenish cast in flower and plant. The fruit can be eaten, and
has a slightly acid taste like that of the common gooseberry.


               Harem Cactus (_Echinocactus polycephalus_)

        _Southern California, Western Arizona, Nevada, and Utah_

The many-headed Barrel Cacti are composed of the older stems, a couple of
feet or so in height, each surrounded by twenty to forty smaller ones,
and we might give this group the name “Harem Cactus.” These many-stemmed
Barrel Cacti form large hemispherical mounds three to five feet across
with the largest stems or trunks in the center. Hence the suggestion of
an old man and his many wives; hence also the designation “Mound Cactus.”
The group thrives well on stony and gravelly hills of our hottest
southwestern deserts where the rainfall is three inches or less. Clad in
an impenetrable armor of silver-gray spikes and spines, banded in pink
and pinkish gray zones of color and in a densely fine fuzzy growth,
_polycephalus_ blossoms in many showy attractive blooms, bright yellow
petals and stamens in striking contrast to the purple-red sepals and
scales. The clusters of flowers are hidden among the dense masses of
stout ascending or incurved spines and rarely open in full, both fruit
and blossoms deriving protection against the ravages of sun and storm,
rodents and other desert animals from their strong armament of thorns and
spikes. This cactus is interesting because it is so different from any of
its relatives.


          Mexican Fruit Cactus (_Echinocactus hamatacanthus_)

           _Northern Mexico, Southern Texas, and New Mexico_

This quite odd little Barrel Cactus is highly prized by the Mexicans and
Indians who know it for its fine fruit, which is slender, two or three
inches long, and very sweet with many dark brown seeds. The ripe fruit
gradually dries, and is eaten as a sweetmeat without any sort of
treatment; firm and sweet and very sugary, it is considered a rare
delicacy by the hundreds of thousands of tourists who journey to the
Southwest in quest of unique desert growths. It is used very largely as a
food product by the natives; from the appearance of the thorns the
species is named _hamatacanthus_ (“hooked spine”). We note that the
flowers are rather large, about three inches long and two inches or more
across, golden or yellow suffused with red, and appear in clusters at the
ends of the stems, which are generally two or three feet high; the spines
harmonizing in reds, purples, and tans.


             Mexican Lime Cactus (_Echinocactus Pringlei_)

                     _Central Mexico_ (_Coahuila_)

And here is the Mexican Lime Cactus, which is used for a refreshing drink
that is similar to the well-known limeade, and often called the Lemonade
Cactus. A little Mexican cactus juice, some sugar and ice-water, a hot
day, and you have a cool delightful drink. This species is made striking
by its great size, mature plants reaching a height of nine feet, with
several stems forming in clumps or growing singly, and by the light red
hooked spines which give the stems a reddish coloring when seen at a
distance. The blossoms are group flowers of orange-yellow, having the
appearance of red on the outside and golden within, and clustering in a
circle around the tops of the stems. This fine Fruit Cactus is native to
the foothills and mountains of Central Mexico in the Mexican states of
Coahuila and Zacatecas.


                 Giant Visnaga (_Echinocactus visnaga_)

                  _Central Mexico_ (_San Luis Potosí_)

It is late on a sultry day in June and we are speeding along the dusty
highways of Central Mexico, intent on our quest for a certain queer
specimen of the weird Fantastic Clan, when the long low shadows of the
afternoon begin to slant over the singular cactus growths for which we
have been searching, and the blue haze of a waning day is seen to gather
over the distant mountains. We pause in our hurried flight across the
Mexican _bajadas_, as a strange and lurid spectacle comes into view. It
is a forest of the Giant Visnaga, greenish monsters of the desert,
appearing to rise out of the ground in front of us, towering on their
fantastic yellow-green bodies and leaning toward us, like some strange
messengers of a departed world come back to us in this graveyard of the
desert. The Giant Barrel is the cactus in search of which we have
traveled all the way from Southern California to San Luis Potosí, in
Central Mexico, a monster growth six to nine feet tall, three to four
feet in diameter, weighing over four thousand pounds; and estimated by
scientists to attain the age of a thousand years! One of these Giant
Bisnaga has been growing in the University of Arizona gardens for
thirty-five years, is only about two feet tall and eighteen inches
through, even after the lapse of a third of a century. It is in the
highlands of San Luis Potosí that we have discovered this giant, just as
our long hot trek is drawing to a close. We see that his trunk is single
and unbranched, cylindrical, and greenish or yellow-green. The four
straight sharp stout thorns are all brownish central spines; no radials
are present. The flowers are bright yellow and showy, and the tops of the
plants where they appear are covered with dense layers of long woolly
cream-yellow hairs. The large blossoms, two and one-half inches long and
as broad, come forth in early June, spreading wide open in the forenoon
and closing in late afternoon.


             Whipple’s Visnagita (_Echinocactus Whipplei_)

  _Northern Arizona, Northern Utah, Western Colorado, and New Mexico_

But one more growth of this strange cactus land must claim our attention
ere the sun completes his journey across the western skies and the
goddess of Evening draws the mantle of night over the land of the burning
sun. It is a Bisnaga native to the foothills and high mesas of northern
Arizona and Utah, western Colorado, and New Mexico, but we cannot take
the time on this trip to study in northern parts. Science tells us that
Whipple’s Visnagita is one of the smaller of the cactus clan and is
generally to be seen peering out from under other desert shrubs. Little
is known about this very interesting but tiny growth. It is far removed
from all of its near relatives in distribution, and is to be found as far
north as Pleasant Valley near Great Salt Lake in Utah. The ashy-white
thorns are half an inch long or longer, many of them dangerously recurved
and hooked; its large bell-shaped blossoms form a halo of rose and purple
about the tips of this diminutive cactus, quite pretty with the lavender
filaments and reddish styles; the styles are finely hairy their entire
length, a very rare characteristic among cacti.


And now the trek of a long desert day is done. Tired and thirsty, we jot
down our notes for future study and reference, and sit down in the shade
of some desert rock or hummock, to gaze out over the receding panorama
before us, wondering if, after all, it doesn’t look like a great desert
graveyard, the big and little Visnaga strangely enigmatic monuments of
some buried past, standing by till Time shall obliterate all.


    The Barrel Cactus Group; Visnaga and Visnagita (_Echinocactus_)


How to identify and how they grow

Small or large plants that are globular or cylindric and strongly ribbed
with sharp stout thorns, suggesting a barrel in size and shape, from a
foot to three or four feet high, sometimes reaching nine feet, growing
singly or in groups of two to four or more. The central spines are the
strongest, usually one or more hooked; the radial spines also are stout,
the radial bristles or threads if present are somewhat firm or rather
weak in texture. The ridges run lengthwise over the whole plant body, and
are covered with a dense lacework of thorns which are often cross-ridged
and of several kinds, forming in clusters, a network over the entire
plant. This lacework of spines is rather similar to the network of thorns
covering the Hedgehog Cactus. But the _Echinocactus_ can be identified by
its barrel shape. The stems are mostly simple. There are no leaves nor
spicules. The flowers are of medium size and are borne toward the tips of
the plants, opening in the forenoon and closing in the afternoon of the
same day. The blossoms persist on the mature fruit, which is shallowly
tubercled, and scaly. The _Echinocacti_ have no spines on the ovaries or
fruit, which differentiates them from the _Echinocereus_ Cacti. The stems
of some species contain a fluid which, though a little saline, is
palatable on the desert.


How to grow

The plants are grown from seed sown a quarter- to a half-inch deep in
sandy soil mixed with a small amount of powdered charcoal and leaf mold
in flats or pots, in part shade and given enough water to keep the soil
moist but not wet. When a half-inch high or so the seedling plants should
be planted in small pots. A south exposure is preferable for growing
these species. They will thrive outside or indoors.


         Interlacing Spine Cactus (_Echinocactus intertextus_)

   (Named from the numerous interlacing or overlapping radial spines)


How to identify and how it grows

The Interlacing Spine Cactus looks very much like a flattened cylinder,
growing from one and one-half to six inches high and to four inches in
diameter. It has thirteen spiral ribs spaced about three-quarters of an
inch apart, obtuse and sometimes rounded. The ridges of these are dull
green and scurfy. The areolas are very short and crowded close together.
There are from twenty to thirty radial spines, a half-inch long, which
radiate much like the spokes of a wheel. All these spines are
interlocking with one another and incurving. The four central spines do
not appear till after the plant has begun to flower; usually three turn
upward while the other one grows outward. They are a dull gray suffused
with red or brown, or in some instances are brownish. The flowers form in
a cluster at the top of the plant and are about an inch and a half long,
having light purple sepals and from eighteen to twenty petals, the latter
oblanceolate with a white center that changes to light pink or purple.
The style of the flower is a pale yellow-green suffused with purple. The
fruit is very small and is covered with scales which are colorless. These
plants grow singly in coarse gravelly or sandy soils at altitudes of four
or five thousand feet, and their blossoms come forth in May.


How to grow

Set out plants at any season, preferably in the spring, in sandy or
gravelly clay loam in part shade and give some irrigation monthly to keep
the soil moist. They may be grown from seed in sandy loam in flats with
sufficient water to keep the soil moist. The flats should be in part
shade. The plants grow indoors and out and are not injured by zero
temperatures. In colder climates they can be grown in dry sunny
conservatories or indoor rock gardens.


  Purple Spined Visnagita (_Echinocactus erectocentrus_—_Echinomastus
                            erectocentrus_)

         (Named _erectocentrus_ from the erect central spines)


How to identify and how it grows

The stems of the Purple Spined Visnagita grow singly and to the height of
nine inches, are conical or cylindrical, and have twenty or more ridges
which are spirally arranged. The areolas are set closely together and are
gray-green. There are as many as sixteen radial spines, less than an inch
long, which rotate like the spokes of a wheel. The central spines, of
which there are only one or two, are less than one inch long and erect.
All of the spines have thickened bases, are a dull light rose-purple, and
are covered with a fine gray scurf. The flowers form at the tops of the
stems and are about two inches in length and breadth, white suffused with
pink or lavender, and have a delicate fragrance. The flower is composed
of twenty petals which are oblanceolate. The fruit is quite small, less
than an inch, and is oblong, yellowish green, thin-walled; it dries very
soon after maturity in June. These plants thrive best in rocky or
limestone ridges and slopes. They are a handsome species, and are easily
seen in the distance when coming into blossom in April and May.


How to grow

Transplant early in spring in rocky or gravelly soil, using care not to
injure the roots and watering monthly to keep the soil moist. The seeds
grow readily if planted in May or June in sandy loam in flats in part
shade with enough water to keep the soil slightly moist. The plants grow
indoors and out and are not injured by zero temperatures.


          Traveler’s Friend; Traveler’s Compass (_Echinocactus
                    Covillei_—_Ferocactus Covillei_)

(Named in honor of Dr. F. V. Coville, curator of the National Herbarium,
                           Washington, D. C.)


How to identify and how it grows

The Traveler’s Compass has a peculiarity which helps to identify it,
usually leaning toward the southwest, and this gives it the common name.
The plants grow as solitary stems to the height of about five feet and
the diameter of a foot and a half. The plants are globose when young,
gradually becoming cylindrical and having as many as thirty ribs, two
inches high and three inches apart. The rib crests are obtuse and are
constricted between the areolas. There are from six to eight radial
spines, an inch or two long, which are stout and straight with cross
ridges, and spreading. They are gray, or dull red and pink, with the tips
a translucent yellow. The central spines are much stronger than the
radials, as long as three inches, extending outward and not hooked; but
the tips are curved. The flowers, which are bell-shaped, are about three
inches long and have forty petals and twenty sepals. The petals have
acute tips and are oblanceolate. The colors vary from yellow to crimson
and red shadings with the margins of a lighter red. The fruit is
elliptical, about two inches long and a dull yellow.


How to grow

Transplant in sandy gravelly or rocky soil at any season, with enough
water to keep the soil moist during the growing season. Plants grow
easily from seed in flats in sandy loam with part shade, watered
occasionally to keep the soil slightly moist. The plants grow inside and
outdoors and are not injured by temperatures twenty-five degrees below
freezing; in colder weather they should be protected.


             Turk’s Head (_Echinocactus horizonthalonius_)

(The specific name _horizonthalonius_ is of unknown origin but no doubt
                 refers to the position of the spines)


How to identify and how it grows

The Turk’s Head has as many as eight radial spines, three to five of
which grow directly upward and two to four extend laterally. Many of them
grow to one and one-half inches long. The central spines are much stouter
and longer, extending outward, also, and downward, about two inches in
length. All the thorns are quite stout, are strongly cross-ridged and
curved, and in many instances are twisted. Near the lower ends they are
grayish and tone off to a dull brown at the tips. This plant is of the
solitary-stem variety and grows to about one foot high and six inches or
less in diameter. It is cylindrical and usually is found with eight
spiral ridges less than an inch high and two inches apart, which are
rounded and light gray or light blue-green. The areolas are rather well
crowded together. The flowers are about two inches long and have a
delicate deep pink to rose-pink coloring, opening only in the bright
sunshine and for just one day. The flower is composed of thirty-eight
spatulate petals and fourteen sepals. The style is a bright pink. The
fruit is oblong and has a dense woolly growth of long cream-white hairs;
when ripe it is red. These plants grow well in the arid rocky or stony
soils of the open desert and foothills, never in great abundance.


How to grow

Set plants in the spring in gravelly or stony soil in sunny locations
with good drainage, and give enough irrigation to retain the moisture in
the soil during the growing season. Plants grow readily from seed in pots
or flats in sandy loam, in part shade, with enough water to keep the soil
lightly moist. The plants grow outside and inside and are not injured by
a temperature of twenty-five degrees below freezing.


          Fishhook Cactus; Candy Barrel Cactus (_Echinocactus
                   Wislizeni_—_Ferocactus Wislizeni_)

 (Named in honor of Dr. A. Wislizenus, who was in charge of a botanical
                  expedition to the Southwest in 1848)


How to identify and how it grows

The Candy Barrel Cactus is a very fine plant which grows as high as seven
feet and has twenty to thirty ridges running lengthwise. The lower half
of the areola is fringed with a dozen or so threadlike bristles about two
inches long. Along the ridges are grouped the spines, and in each group
it will be noticed that the lowest spine is the longest and has a good
strong hook at the tip. The four to eight radials are cross-ridged and
stout, one or two inches long. The centrals are from three to five inches
long. The upper spine is quite erect, and the central pair no more than
two inches long. All the spines are light pink or gray-pink with
translucent tips. The flowers are from two to three inches long and half
as wide, and have forty or more petals and twenty sepals, the colors
being yellow to orange-red. They are formed in a circle at the top of the
plant, blooming from July to September. The fruit is elliptical,
yellowish, and covered with fan-shaped scales. The plants grow best in
sandy or gravelly clay loam of desert areas and the _bajadas_ and
foothills.


How to grow

Transplant at any season in sandy or gravelly clay loam, give enough
water to keep the soil moist during the growing season. The seed grow
readily in sandy loam in pots or flats, planted in May or June, in part
shade with just enough water to keep the soil lightly moist. The plants
grow indoors and out and are not injured at twenty-five degrees below
freezing, but in zero weather they require some protection.


     Nigger Head (_Echinocactus Le Contei_—_Ferocactus Le Contei_)

(Named in honor of Dr. John Lawrence Le Conte, who discovered it on the
                      lower Gila River in Arizona)


How to identify and how it grows

The Nigger Head Cactus has spines or bristles which interlock and form an
impenetrable coat. The plant grows from a single stalk or stem, a foot
and a half in diameter, as high as seven feet, and with twenty to
twenty-four ridges. The ten to fourteen grouped bristles are placed
radially, are about two inches long and are white or mottled much like a
negro’s fuzzy hair. There are also from nine to twelve radial spines one
and one-half inches long, while the three or four centrals are larger and
stouter than the others, about two and one-half inches long. All the
central and radial spines are cross-ridged in mottled pink or light rose
shadings, and have yellow tips. The flowers, which open in April and May,
are yellow, and the midribs of the petals and sepals are a reddish purple
on the outside. The blossoms are about the length and breadth of an egg
and very rarely open in full. The fruit matures in July. This species
grows best in rocky soils and in the hottest and dryest exposures.


How to grow

Set out plants preferably early in spring in gravelly or rocky clay loam
with good drainage and sunny exposures, giving just enough irrigation to
keep the soil moist during the growing season. Plants grow easily from
seed in sandy loam in flats or pots in part shade. Keep the soil lightly
moist, never wet. The plants grow indoors and out and are not injured by
a temperature of twenty-five degrees below freezing; in zero weather they
require protection.


Pink Flowered Visnagita (_Echinocactus Johnsonii_—_Ferocactus Johnsonii_)

    (Named in honor of Joseph Ellis Johnson, an amateur botanist of
                             southern Utah)


How to identify and how it grows

The Pink Flowered Visnagita grows from single cylindrical stems one foot
tall or less and three to four inches in diameter, with its ribs of pale
green well hidden by the dense layer of interlaced spines which are so
prevalent in the _Ferocactus_ group. These dense spines are a gray
rose-purple, or a light yellow. The bell-shaped flowers are about three
inches long and are composed of quite small oblong petals, deep pink or
red. This blending of colors in blossoms and spines gives the plant a
very pleasing appearance. It grows best in sandy or gravelly soils and
sunny exposures.


How to grow

Plant this Visnagita in sandy or gravelly soil, preferably early in
spring in sunny exposures, water enough to keep the soil moist during the
growing period. Sow the seed in May or June in a sandy loam in flats or
pots with part shade, and water occasionally to keep the soil moist. The
plants grow indoors or out and tolerate a temperature of twenty-five
degrees below freezing; in zero weather they should be grown in dry sunny
greenhouses or conservatories.


Golden Spined Barrel Cactus (_Echinocactus Rostii_—_Ferocactus Rostii_)

   (Named _Rostii_ in honor of E. P. Rost, who discovered the plant)


How to identify and how it grows

The Golden Spined Barrel Cactus grows singly or in small clumps, from
four to nine feet high with stems as much as ten inches in diameter.
Their fifteen to twenty-two ridges are about two inches apart. The spines
are grouped in clusters about an inch apart, with six to nine radial
bristles an inch and a half long which are cream-colored. There are five
to seven radial spines which are cross-ridged, nearly two inches long and
a light yellow. The four central spines are also cross-ridged, with the
upper ones incurved and erect while the lower ones are spreading. All of
these centrals are golden-yellow suffused with pink at their bases. The
flowers form in a circle at the top of the plant. The petals are yellow,
and the sepals are suffused with red. It will be noticed that this
arrangement makes the blossoms appear golden-yellow in a reddish cup.


How to grow

Transplant early in spring in gravelly or rocky soil in sunny exposures,
and give light irrigation monthly to keep the soil moist during the
growing season. Plants grow readily from seed in moist sandy loam in
flats or pots and with part shade. This species is grown indoors and out
and is hardy to fifteen or twenty degrees of frost, but with zero weather
it requires protection.


    California Barrel Cactus (_Echinocactus acanthodes_—_Ferocactus
                              acanthodes_)

                   (The specific name means “thorny”)


How to identify and how it grows

The stems of the California Barrel Cactus generally grow singly, as high
as nine feet, and one foot in diameter, with seven or more grouped radial
bristles, which are very sharp and needlelike, fringing the twenty-seven
to thirty ridges along the stems. These bristles are about two inches
long and a grayish yellow. In the spine system there are four to six
radials that are stout, and four central spines that are wide-spreading
and slightly hooked and cross-ridged, with beautiful rose-pink and yellow
shadings. The flowers are bell-shaped and form in a circle around the
tops of the stems; they are yellow and about two inches in length and
breadth, opening in spring. The fruit comes on in July. _Acanthodes_
grows best in gravelly, sandy, or rocky soils.


How to grow

Plant out early in spring in sandy or gravelly soil and give enough water
to keep the soil lightly moist. Plants grow easily from seed in a sandy
loam in flats, with part shade and with enough water to keep the soil
slightly moist. Sow the seed preferably in May or June. The plants are
not hurt by fifteen or twenty degrees of frost, and grow indoors or
outside. This species grows best in sunny exposures.


         Many Hooked Visnagita; Fishhook Cactus (_Echinocactus
              polyancistrus_—_Sclerocactus polyancistrus_)

           (The name _polyancistrus_ means “many fishhooks”)


How to identify and how it grows

The Many Hooked Visnagita, or Fishhook Cactus, grows from single stems as
high as one foot, and four inches in diameter. The plant has from
thirteen to seventeen ribs, on which twenty or more sharp needlelike
radial spines appear, white, and a half-inch or so long. The central
spines number six to ten, from one to five inches long, and are flattened
with the lower thorns a brownish purple. All the spines are dangerously
hooked and formidable, resembling a common fishhook. The flowers form in
a central cluster and are about three inches in length and breadth,
rose-purple changing to a beautiful rose-red. The petals are oblong; the
pistils are a crimson shade. The fruit pods are covered with a few
scales; they are bright rose-red. The flowers remain open for several
days.


How to grow

Set plants in sandy or gravelly soil in sunny exposures, and give enough
water to keep the soil moist. Sow the seed in June in sandy loam with
enough water to keep the soil lightly moist, and give part shade. The
plants grow indoors and out and will endure zero weather without injury.
In colder weather they may be grown in dry sunny conservatories and
indoor rock gardens.


     Green Stemmed Visnaga (_Echinocactus viridescens_—_Ferocactus
                             viridescens_)

                 (_Viridescens_ means “growing green”)


How to identify and how it grows

The Green Stemmed Visnaga is another of the single growths, from five to
fifteen inches high and a foot or so in diameter, and with thirteen to
twenty ribs of glossy deep green or medium green, wavy-crested, and
fringed with eight to twenty grouped radial spines about three-quarters
of an inch long, very stout and sharp; these radials are slightly curved,
with translucent yellow tips and reddish bodies. The four central spines
are a dull gray-pink, sometimes yellowish. The flowers are about an inch
and a half in length and breadth, form a circle around the tops of the
stems, and are bell-shaped with yellow petals which have a reddish purple
midrib. The reddish green fruit is less than an inch long and has a
pleasant acid taste. This plant grows along the beaches and foothills of
Southern California and blossoms in May and June.


How to grow

Transplant at almost any season in sandy or loamy soil, and give moderate
irrigation to keep the soil well moistened. Plants grow readily from seed
sown in flats in sandy loam, with part shade and with enough irrigation
to keep the soil moist. They grow outside and indoors and are not injured
by twenty degrees of frost; in colder climates they may be grown in
conservatories or given protection out of doors.


        Harem Cactus; Mound Cactus (_Echinocactus polycephalus_)

    (Named _polycephalus_ from the many heads or stems of the plant)


How to identify and how it grows

The Harem Cactus is so called because on the desert these plants grow in
great clumps or colonies, one in the group much taller than all the
others. These large clumps have forty or more stems in mounds five feet
or so across, and from six to eighteen inches tall, with one or more
large stems in the center of each mound. Some of these stems are as much
as eight inches in diameter. On them appear twelve to eighteen ridges
whose crests are sharp and waxy. The main body of the plant is almost
hidden by its dense stout coat of spines, of which there are four to
eight radials and four centrals. All thorns are cross-ridged and a
grayish pink with occasional bands of a deeper color. The flowers form in
a cluster in the center of the stem heads and are about two and one-half
inches long. Each flower is composed of nearly one hundred petals and
sepals, together, bright yellow and purple-red. These blossoms are partly
hidden by the long sharp stout spines. The fruit is elliptical and
covered with dense woolly creamy white hairs. This plant grows in stony
or rocky soils with plenty of exposure.


How to grow

Set out plants early in spring in rocky or stony soil with sunny
exposures, and give enough irrigation to keep the soil moist. Sow the
seed in fine sandy loam in flats or pots in part shade, and water enough
to keep the soil lightly moist. The plants grow indoors and out and are
not injured by twenty degrees of frost; in colder weather they require
protection.


    Mexican Fruit Cactus (_Echinocactus hamatacanthus_—_Echinocactus
                             longihamatus_)

             (Named _hamatacanthus_ from the hooked spines)


How to identify and how it grows

This species grows with solitary stems, only occasionally two to three
together, a foot or so high, nearly a foot through and cylindrical. Along
the stems run thirteen to seventeen quite prominent ribs covered with
coarse tubercles, and a dozen or so two-inch radial spines and one to
four central thorns, three to six inches long. These grooved spines are
all crooked and twisted, also quite slender and brittle, sometimes
breaking or splitting lengthwise. The radials are purplish, the centrals
gray or tan. The flowers are three inches long, yellow tinged with tans
and reds. The fruit is oblong, sweet, and edible. From it the dried
sweetmeats are made.


How to grow

Transplant at any season, preferably in the spring, in sandy or gravelly
clay loam in sunny exposures, with enough irrigation to keep the soil
moist. The plants grow readily from seed sown in sandy loam in flats with
part shade and watered sufficiently to keep the soil lightly moist. They
grow inside and out and are uninjured by zero temperature, but with
colder weather they should have protection.


          Mexican Lime Cactus; Limos de Visnaga (_Echinocactus
                    Pringlei_—_Ferocactus Pringlei_)

      (Named in honor of C. G. Pringle, botanist and collector of
                          southwestern plants)


How to identify and how it grows

The stems of this species grow singly or occasionally in clumps of a few.
They are three to nine feet tall, something over a foot in diameter.
Their ribs are quite prominent. The spines form in a marginal fringe of
white bristlelike inch-long hairs that are bent and twisted, four to
eight radials and four centrals, two inches long or less, cross-ridged
and light red and yellow at their bases. The flowers encircle the tips of
the stems in an orange-yellow cluster of twenty petals and sepals, each
one an inch or so long and broad, and formed like a bell. The fruit is
elliptical, orange or red, and is filled with a colorless limelike juice
from which delicious lemonade is made; hence the common name, Lime
Cactus. The plants thrive in the loamy soil of foothills and mountains in
Central Mexico.


How to grow

Set out in spring in loamy soil or sandy loam in a sunny exposure with
moderate irrigation. The seed may be sown in June in sandy loam, in flats
in part shade and with enough irrigation to keep the soil moist. The
plants thrive either out of doors or within and are not injured at
twenty-five degrees below freezing; but with zero weather they require
some protection.


                 Giant Visnaga (_Echinocactus Visnaga_)

              (“Visnaga” is the Mexican name of the plant)


How to identify and how it grows

These are giant barrel plants, greenish monsters growing to nine feet in
height, a single trunk often four feet through, cylindrical, the top
broadly rounded with the center somewhat sunken. Along this stem run
thirty to forty inch-high glossy green ribs with wavy crests, and a dense
mass of long tan woolly areolas. There are four straight, stout, sharp
one- or two-inch thorns with smooth surfaces, creamy yellow or
translucent with brownish tips. The bright yellow flowers are quite
narrow, a little less than three inches in length, and covered with a
dense layer of cream-yellow hairs. These great plants grow singly on the
highlands of San Luis Potosí, Central Mexico, and often attain an age of
a thousand years and a weight of over five thousand pounds.


How to grow

This rare cactus grows very slowly. It thrives in sandy or gravelly clay
loam with sunny exposures, and with occasional irrigation to moisten the
soil during dry periods and during the growing season. The plants will
grow out of doors or indoors and are not injured by a temperature
twenty-five degrees below freezing; from zero weather they should be
given protection.


 Whipple’s Visnagita (_Echinocactus Whipplei_—_Sclerocactus Whipplei_)

 (Named in honor of Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, in charge of the Whipple
        Expedition in 1853-1854, when this plant was discovered)


How to identify and how it grows

This little cactus grows only three to six inches tall, and about the
same in diameter, singly or occasionally in clumps. It is generally to be
seen growing in the protection of shrubs at about five thousand feet. The
stem is lined with thirteen to fifteen prominent spiraled ribs, and seven
to eleven white radial spines. There are also four black and white
central thorns which turn red and finally ash-colored, and the lowest of
these spines is sharply hooked. The flowers cluster at the top of the
plant, bell-shaped blossoms purplish or rose-tinged, with a reddish style
hairy its full length. The reddish fruit is oblong and has colorless
scales, each of which bears a tuft of hairs in the axil.


How to grow

Transplant at almost any season but preferably in spring in clay loam or
clay soil with part shade, and give enough water to keep the soil moist.
Plants can be grown easily from seed sown in sandy loam in pots or flats
with part shade, and watered enough to retain moisture in the soil. This
Visnagita grows outdoors or inside and endures a temperature of twenty
degrees below zero; hence it can be grown in cactus gardens throughout a
large part of our country.




                              CHAPTER VIII
                               CONCLUSION


Finis cannot be written to any story which deals with the desert; for the
desert call is a charm, it will etch away the heart of you until it
brings you back; back to the long trek across burning arid wastes where
you wondered first how any living thing could exist and where you _found_
life and beauty and music, back to the giant amphitheater of the desert
where the moonbeams flit about at night among the weird Fantastic Clan
and the sun boils everything up by day, defying you then to tarry long.
But you take the dare and come again if you can, and yet again, wending
your way farther each time across the foothills and mountains, ever in
search of that evanescent something called the desert-spell or the thing
that calls you back.

In our domestic lives we work hard for the few little things we have;
many homes are devoid of the animation and color and the thrill of flower
creations; for to have the beauty of plants and blossoms is to work for
them and then to keep them, by dint of much effort and labor of love. But
how different it is on the desert! There the flowers just grow and
blossom and keep on blooming without care or cultivation from the hand of
man. It seems never to rain in that great natural amphitheater of the
sun, but the plants Nature has placed there, so carelessly, we fancy,
just bloom and thrive and bloom again. Yet there is no confusion in their
placement and pattern; they are filigree and patchwork, scroll and
lacework; they represent all that is beautiful and symmetrical in
Nature’s handiwork in this realm of desert bloom.

Man comes and goes through life, dancing in and out of the Great Scheme,
but he has missed much of the picture and the skein of life if he has not
gone out to see the desert. For it is there on the broad high mesas of
these vast arid stretches that life begins and ends; it is this desert
land of plants and flowers, the great dry region of the earth, that
haunts us, fascinates us, beckons us, allures us, just as it did the
ancient pueblo and cave dweller, in ages long gone by.

We have finished our long trip into the mysterious realm of the Fantastic
Clan, and we hope that you have gone with us in fancy along all the
devious and rocky paths into the habitats of the cactus plants, and
sensed something of their strange and matchless growth, and much of their
beauty and charm. For you have not seen Life in all its many and varied
forms till you have viewed at least once the wondrous parade of the
brilliant cactus flowers, and surveyed the gorgeous painted canvas flung
far out over the burning mesas on the Great American Desert. And
remember, too, the words of the poet:

  “If you have not, then I could not tell,
  For you could not understand.”
                                    (Madge Morris: “Lure of the Desert”)




                           GLOSSARY OF TERMS


  _acute_—ending in a point less than a right angle.
  _Adiós, señor_—(Spanish) Good day, sir.
  _anther_—the pollen-bearing body at the tip of the stamen.
  _areola_—area or center of growth.
  _ascending_—growing upward at an angle of forty or fifty degrees.
  _ascending spreading_—growing at an angle of less than forty degrees.
  _awl-shaped_—sharp-pointed from a broader base.

  _bajadas_—mesalike mountain slopes.
  _Bisnaga_—Barrel Cacti.
  _bract_—a scale or small leaf.
  _Buenas noches_—(Spanish) Good night.
  _bulbous_—somewhat thickened or bulblike.

  _Cactaceæ_—the botanical name for cacti or the cactus family of plants.
  _calyx tube_—the tube formed by the union of the sepals.
  _candelabralike_—with the branches growing somewhat regularly outward
          and upward.
  _central spines, or centrals_—the inner spines of a spine cluster.
  _ciliate_—with a fringe of hairs.
  _compressed_—flattened on opposite sides.
  _constricted_—contracted at regular intervals.
  _corona_—a crownlike circle or whorl of flower parts.
  _creosote_—a desert shrub.
  _cross-ridged_—marked transversely.

  _deflexed_—bent downwards.
  _dished_—concave or sunken in the center.
  _divergent_—spreading.
  _dwarf trees_—plants smaller than trees but with a main trunk.

  _elliptical_—oval or oblong with the ends rounded.

  _filaments_—the threadlike stalks of stamens.
  _fissure_—a furrow caused by the bark splitting.
  _fluted_—grooved or channeled vertically.
  _Fuera_—(Spanish) Begone, get you gone.

  _genera_—plural of “genus.”
  _genus_—a group or division of a family of plants.
  _glochidium_ (plural, _glochidia_)—a small fine needlelike body, a
          spicule.

  _mesa_—a broad high table-land or plateau.
  _Mojave_—a desert in Southern California.

  _obtuse_—blunt or rounded at the tip.

  _persistent_—remaining in place beyond the usual time.
  _petals_—the inner circle of flower leaves, usually bright-colored.
  _prostrate_—lying flat on the ground.

  _radial spines_, or _radials_—the outer spines of a cluster.
  _recurved_—curved outward and backward.

  _scale_—a thin colorless body, usually a reduced bract.
  _scurfy_—with small transparent scales on the surface.
  _sepals_—the outer circle of flower leaves, green or colored.
  _shrub_—a woody plant branching from the base.
  _spatulate_—shaped like an old-fashioned spatula with the tip broadened
          and rounded.
  _spicule_—a small fine needlelike body, also called a glochidium.
  _spine_—a hardened and sharp-pointed modified branch or leaf, called
          also a thorn.
  _spinescent_—tipped with a spine or sharp point.
  _stamen_—the male bearing organ consisting of anther and filament.
  _stigma_—the tip of the style on which the pollen is deposited.
  _style_—the stalk joining the ovary and the stigma.
  _style branches_—the divisions of the style bearing the stigmas.

  _translucent_—partially transparent.
  _trek_—usually a trip by wagon, used here to signify a trip by
          automobile, or simply a trip.
  _tubercles_—knobby projections.

  _Visnaga_—Barrel Cacti.
  _viable_—capable of growth.
  _Visnagita_—smaller plants of the Echinocactus Genus.

  _whorls_—arrangement of plant parts in a circle around a stem.




                         PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY


  _Adiós, señor_ (ä dē ôs´    sān yôr´)
  Aggregata (ä grā gä´tä)
  Arizonica (ăr ĭ zōn´ĭ kä)
  Acanthocarpa (ä kän thō kär´pä)
  Acanthodes (ä kän´thō dēs)

  _Bajadas_ (bȧ hä´dȧs)
  Basilaris (bäs ĭl ä´rĭs)
  Bisnaga (bĭs nä´gȧ)
  Bigelovii (bĭg ĕl ō´vē ē)
  Blakeana (blāk ä´nä)
  _Buenas noches_ (bo&#862;o ā´nȧs    nô´chās)
  Bonkeræ (bŏn´kēr ī&#860;&#865;ē)

  _Cabecita del Viejo_ (kä vā cē´tȧ    dĕl    vē ā´hō)
  Cactaceæ (kăk tā´cē ē)
  Chlorotica (klō röt´ĭ kä)
  Cereus (cē´rē ŭs)
  Cholla (chōl´yȧ); _commonly_ (choy´ȧ)
  Coccineus (kŏk ĭn´nā üs)
  Coryphantha (kôr ĭ fän´thä)
  Covillei (kō vĭl´ē)

  Deeringii (dēr ĭn´jĭ ē)
  Deserti (dĕz ēr´tē)
  Delicata (dĕl ĭ kä´tä)
  Discata (dĭs kä´tä)

  Echinocereus (ĕk ī nō cē´rē ŭs)
  Echinocactus (ĕk ī nō căc´tŭs)
  Emoryi (ĕm´ôr ē)
  Engelmannii (ĕn gĕl män´ē ē)

  Fasciculata (fä sĭk o&#862;o lä´tä)
  Fendleri (fĕnd´lēr ē)
  _Fuera_ (fo&#862;o ā´rȧ)
  Fulgida (fŭl´gĭ dä)

  Genus (jē´nŭs)
  Genera (jĕn´ēr ȧ)
  Giganteus (jī găn tē´ŭs)
  Gila (hē´lȧ)
  Greggii (grĕg´gē ē)
  Grahamii (grā´ȧm ē)

  Hamatacanthus (häm ä tä kän´thüs)
  Horizonthalonius (hôr ĭ zŏn thä lō nē üs)
  Hystricina (hĭs trĭ cē´nä)

  Johnsonii (jŏn´sŭn ē)
  Junco Espinoso (hün´kō    ās pē nō´sō)

  Lævis (lī&#860;&#865;ē´vĭs)
  Le Contei (lĕ    kŏn´tē)
  Leeanus (lē ä´nüs)
  Leptocaulis (lĕp tō cau´lĭs)
  Linguiformis (Lĭn gwĭ fôr´mĭs)

  Mainæ (mān´ī&#860;&#865;ē)
  MacDougalii (măk do&#862;o´gȧl ē)
  Mammilla (măm mĭl´lȧ)
  Mammillaria (măm mĭl lā´rē ȧ)
  Macrocentra (mä krō cĕn´trä)
  Mesa (mā´sȧ)
  Mojave (mō hä´vā)
  Mojavensis (mō hä vĕn´sēs)

  Nogales (nō găl´ĕs)

  Oliviæ (ō lĭv´ĭ ī&#860;&#865;ē)
  Olla (ŏl´ȧ); _commonly_ (ôy´ȧ)
  Opuntia (ō pŭn´shĭ ȧ)

  Papago (pä pȧ gō´)
  Parryi (păr´rĭ ē)
  Pima (pē´mȧ)
  Pentagonus (pĕn tä gō´nüs)
  Platopuntia (plăt ō pŭn´shĭ ȧ)
  Polyacanthus (pŏl ĭ ä kän´thüs)
  Polyancistrus (pŏl ĭ än cĭs´trüs)
  Polycephalus (pŏl ĭ cĕf´ä lüs)
  Pitahaya (pĭt ȧ hī´yȧ)
  Pringlei (prĭn´gȧl ē)

  Recurvata (rā ko&#862;or vä´tä)
  Rigidissimus (rĭj ĭ dĭs´sĭ müs)
  Robustispina (rō bŭs tĭs pē´nä)
  Rosei (rōz´ē)
  Rostii (rŏs´tĭ ē)

  San Gorgonio (săn    gôr gôn´ē ō)
  San Bernardino (săn    bēr när dē´nō)
  Sahuaro (sȧ wah´rō)
  San Luis Potosí (săn    lü ēs´    pôt ō sē´)
  Santa Monica (săn tȧ    mŏn´ĭ kȧ)
  Santa Rita (săn tȧ    rē´tȧ)
  Schottii (shŏt´ĭ ē)
  Senilis (sĕn´ĭl ĭs)
  Serpentinus (sĕr pĕn tē´nüs)
  Sonora (sō nôr´ȧ)
  Spinosior (spin ō´sĭ ôr)
  Stanlyi (stăn´lĭ ē)

  Tasajo (tȧ sä´hō)
  Tetrancistera (tĕt rän cĭs tĕr´ä)
  Tetracantha (tĕt rä kän´thä)
  Thornberi (thôrn´bēr ē)
  Thurberi (thŭr´bēr ē)
  Toumeyi (to&#862;o´mē ē)
  Tucson (to&#862;o sŏn´)

  Versicolor (vēr sĭ´cȯl ôr)
  Viridescens (vĭr ĭ dĕs´ĕns)
  Viridiflora (vĭr ĭd ĭ flôr´ä)
  Visnaga (vĭs nä´gȧ)
  Visnagita (vĭs nȧ gē´tȧ)

  Whipplei (whĭp´pȧl ē)
  Wislizeni (wĭs lĭ zĕn´ē)




                                 INDEX


                                   A
  Areola, 30-31
  Arizona Pincushion, 44, 59-60


                                    B
  Baby Cacti, 32-61
  Barrel Cacti, 123, 154-84
  Beaver Tail, 100, 115
  Bent Spine Pincushion, 50-51
  _Bergorocactus Emoryi_, 5
  Bisnaga, 123, 154-84
  Black Spined Pincushion, 45, 61
  Brown Pincushion, 42, 55
  Buckhorn Cholla, 127, 143-44
  Bunny Cactus, 6, 21-22
  Burning Cactus, 65


                                    C
  _Cabecita del Viejo_, 71, 83-85
  Cacti
      distribution of, 2, 27-28, 89
      how to grow, 16-17
      locations for cultivation of, 17
      peculiarities of, 27-29, 35
      spines and flowers of, 29-31
  California Barrel Cactus, 162, 177-78
  California Cholla, 126, 141-42
  California Hedgehog Cactus, 65, 76
  California Pincushion, 45, 60
  Candy Barrel Cactus, 159, 173-74
  Candy Cactus, 161
  Cane Cacti, 120-52
  _Carnegiea gigantea_, 9
  Caterpillar Cactus, 2-3, 19
  _Cephalocereus senilis_, 6
  _Cereus_ Genus, 1-26
      _Deeringii_, 13
      _Emoryi_, 5-6, 21
      _eruca_, 2-3, 19
      _giganteus_, 9-12, 24-25
      _Greggii_, 12-15, 25-26
      growth and habitats, 2
      how to identify and how to grow, 17-18
      _pentagonus_, 13
      _Schottii_, 3-5, 20
      _senilis_, 6-7, 21-22
      _serpentinus_, 8-9, 18, 23-24
      _Thurberi_, 7-8, 22-23
      _undatus_, 13
  Chirinola, 2-3, 19
  Cholla, 89, 93
  Common Pincushion Cactus, 41, 54
  Compass Cactus, 159
  _Coryphantha_ Genus, 23, 34-37, 38-39, 44, 47-49, 50-52, 58-60
      _aggregata_, 44, 58-59
      _arizonica_, 44, 59-60
      _deserti_, 36, 48-49
      habitats, 46
      how to identify and how to grow, 47-48
      _recurvata_, 38, 50-51
      _robustispina_, 39, 51-52
  Cow’s Tongue, 96, 112
  Cream Cactus, 37, 49-50
  Cream Pincushion Cactus, 40, 53
  Creeping Devil Cactus, 2, 19
  Crimson Flowered Hedgehog Cactus, 65, 73, 86-87
  Cursed Cholla, 137, 138, 150-51
  Cylindropuntia, 120-52


                                    D
  Delicate Prickly Pear, 91-92, 108-109
  Desert-Afire, 65, 76
  Desert Christmas Cactus, 127, 128, 142-43
  Desert Pincushion, 48-49
  Desert Strawberry Cactus, 67, 70, 78, 82-83
  Devil Cholla, 137, 138, 150-51
  Devil’s Pincushion, 39, 51-52
  Discus Prickly Pear, 97-99, 113


                                    E
  _Echinocactus_ Genus, 154-84
      _acanthodes_, 162, 177-78
      _Covillei_, 157, 171-72
      _erectocentrus_, 156, 170-71
      growth and habitats, 154
      _hamatacanthus_, 165, 181
      _horizonthalonius_, 158, 172-73
      how to identify and how to grow, 168-69
      _intertextus_, 155, 169-70
      _Johnsonii_, 161, 175-76
      _Le Contei_, 160, 174-75
      _longihamatus_, 181
      _polyancistrus_, 163, 178
      _polycephalus_, 164, 180
      _Pringlei_, 165, 181-82
      _Rostii_, 161, 176-77
      _viridescens_, 164, 179
      _Visnaga_, 166, 182-83
      _Whipplei_, 167, 183-84
      _Wislizeni_, 159, 173-74
  _Echinocereus_ Genus, 63-87
      _Bonkeræ_, 71-73, 85
      _chrysocentrus_, 65-66, 77-78
      _coccineus_, 73, 86-87
      _Engelmannii_, 66, 78-79
      _Fendleri_, 69, 82-83
      growth and habitats, 63-65
      how to identify and how to grow, 74-76
      _Leeanus_, 68, 80-81
      _mojavensis_, 65, 76
      _polyacanthus_, 67, 79-80
      _rigidissimus_, 71, 83-85
      _Rosei_, 68, 81-82
  _Echinomastus erectocentrus_, 170-71
  Engelmann’s Hedgehog Cactus, 66, 78
  Engelmann’s Prickly Pear, 99, 113-14
  Engelmann’s Strawberry Cactus, 67


                                    F
  Fendler’s Hedgehog Cactus, 69, 82-83
  _Ferocactus_
      _acanthodes_, 177-78
      _Covillei_, 171-72
      _Johnsonii_, 175-76
      _Le Contei_, 161, 174-75
      _Pringlei_, 181-82
      _Rostii_, 176-77
      _viridescens_, 179
      _Wislizeni_, 159, 173-74
  Fishhook Cactus, 159, 173-74, 178
  Flapjack Prickly Pear, 103, 116-17
  Foothill Prickly Pear, 95, 96, 111
  Foxtail Cactus, 36-37, 48-49


                                    G
  Giant Cactus, 9-12, 24-25, 123
  Giant Visnaga, 166, 182-83
  Goddess of the Night, 13, 15
  Golden Prickly Pear, 101-103, 116
  Golden Spined Barrel Cactus, 129, 144-45, 161, 176-77
  Golden Spined Strawberry Cactus, 65, 77-78
  Green Flowered Pincushion, 43, 57-58
  Green Stemmed Visnaga, 164, 179


                                    H
  Harem Cactus, 164, 180
  Hedgehog Cactus, 5, 63-87, 123
  Horned Toad Cactus, 42, 56
  How to identify and how to grow,
      Barrel Cacti, 168-69
      Cereus Cacti, 17-18
      Cholla Cacti, 140-41
      Hedgehog or Strawberry Cacti, 74-76
      Pincushion Cacti, 47-48
      Prickly Pear Cacti, 106-107


                                    I
  Indian Strawberry Cactus, 66, 70, 78, 82-83
  Interlacing Spine Cactus, 155, 169-70


                                    J
  Jumping Cholla, 136, 138, 149-50
  _Junco Espinoso_, 8


                                    L
  Lemonade Cactus, 166
  Lengua de Vaca, 96, 112
  Limos de Visnaga, 181-82
  Long Spined Prickly Pear, 100, 105, 114-15
  _Lophocereus Schottii_, 3


                                    M
  Mammillaria Genus, 33, 34-36, 37, 40-44, 45-46, 47-48, 49-50,
          52-58, 60-61
      _fasciculata_, 40, 52
      _Grahamii_, 41, 54
      growth of, 34-36
      habitats of, 46-47
      how to identify and how to grow, 47-48
      _Johnstonii_, 40, 53
      _MacDougalii_, 37, 49-50
      _Mainæ_, 42, 56
      _Milleri_, 45, 61
      _Olivæ_, 43, 57
      _tetrancistera_, 45, 60
      _Thornberi_, 40, 52
      _viridiflora_, 43, 57-58
      _Wilcoxii_, 41, 55
  Many Colored Tree Cholla, 130-32, 135, 145-46
  Many Hooked Visnagita, 163, 178
  Mexican Fruit Cactus, 165, 181
  Mexican Lime Cactus, 165, 181-82
  Mexican Night Blooming Cereus, 8, 23-24
  Mojave Hedgehog, 65, 76
  Mound Cactus, 164, 180


                                    N
  Nigger Head, 159, 160-61, 174-75
  Night Blooming Cereus, 12-15, 25-26
  Nopals, 106
  _Nyctocereus serpentinus_, 8


                                    O
  Old Man Cactus, 6-7, 21-22
  _Opuntia_ Genus (Cholla), 89, 93, 119-52
      _acanthocarpa_, 127, 143-44
      _arbuscula_, 128, 133, 147
      _Bigelovii_, 129, 144-45
      _fulgida_, 136, 138, 149-50
      growth and habitats, 120-25
      how to identify and how to grow, 140-41
      _leptocaulis_, 127, 128, 142-43
      _Parryi_, 126, 141-42
      _spinosior_, 134, 148
      _Stanlyi_, 137, 138, 150-51
      _tetracantha_, 131, 132, 146
      _Thornberi_, 133, 135, 148
      _versicolor_, 130-32, 135, 145-46
      _Whipplei_, 93, 137, 151-52
  _Opuntia_ Genus (Prickly Pears), 89-118
      _basilaris_, 100, 115
      _Blakeana_, 90-91, 107-108
      _chlorotica_, 103, 116-17
      _Covillei_, 101-103, 116
      _delicata_, 91-92, 108-109
      _discata_, 97-99, 113
      _Engelmannii_, 99, 113-14
      growth and habitat, 89-90, 120-21, 123-25
      how to identify and how to grow, 106-107
      _hystricina_, 104-106, 117-18
      _laevis_, 94-95, 110
      _linguiformis_, 96, 112
      _macrocentra_, 100, 105, 114-15
      _santa rita_, 92-94, 109-10
      _Toumeyi_, 95-96, 111


                                    P
  Papago Fruit Cactus, 90-91, 107-108
  Pincushion Cacti, 33, 34-61, 123
  Pineapple Cactus, 51-52
  Pink-Flowered Visnagita, 161, 175-76
  Pipe Organ Cactus, 7-8, 22-23
  Pitahaya, 7, 22-23
  Pitahaya dulce, 8
  Platopuntia, 106, 120
  Popular Cholla, 131, 132, 146
  Porcupine Prickly Pear, 104-106, 117-18
  Prickly Pear Cacti, 89-118, 120-21, 124-25
  Prohibition Cactus, 5-6, 21
  Prolific Tree Cholla, 128, 133, 147
  Purple Prickly Pear, 92-94, 109-10
  Purple Spined Visnagita, 156, 170-71


                                    Q
  Queen of Night, 8, 14, 25-26


                                    R
  Rainbow Cactus, 70, 83-85
  Recurved Spine Pincushion, 38, 50-51
  Reina de Noche, 8, 14, 23-24, 25-26
  _Rhipsalis_ Genus, 27
  Rose’s Hedgehog Cactus, 68, 81-82


                                    S
  Sage of the Desert, 10, 11, 24-25
  Sahuaro, 9-12, 24-25
  Salmon-Flowered Hedgehog Cactus, 68, 80-81
  _Schottii_, 3-5, 20
  _Sclerocactus_
      _polyancistrus_, 178
      _Whipplei_, 183-84
  Senita, 3-5, 20
  Serpent Cactus, 8-9, 18, 23-24
  Short Spined Strawberry Cactus, 71-73, 85
  Showy Pincushion, 44, 58-59
  Sina, 3-5, 20
  Slender Pincushion Cactus, 40, 52
  Smooth Prickly Pear, 94-95, 110
  Snowball Cactus, 43, 57
  Spiny Hedgehog Cactus, 67
  Spiny Tree Cholla, 134, 148
  Strawberry Cacti, 63-87
  Sunset Cactus, 41, 54


                                    T
  Tasajillo, 128, 142-43
  Tasajo, 134, 148
  Teddy Bear Cactus, 144-45
  Thornber’s Cholla, 133, 135, 148
  Traveler’s Compass, 158, 171-72
  Traveler’s Friend, 157-58, 159, 171-72
  Turk’s Head, 158, 172-73


                                    V
  Vela de Cojote, 137
  Visnaga, 154-84


                                    W
  Whipple’s Cholla, 93, 137, 151-52
  Whipple’s Visnagita, 167, 183-84
  White Persian Cat Cactus, 6, 21-22


                                    Z
  Zina, 3-5, 20

  [Illustration: Distribution Map, West ]

  [Illustration: Distribution Map, East ]




                          Transcriber’s Notes


--Silently corrected a number of palpable typos and
  inconsistently-formatted items.

--In HTML and UTF versions, represented all diacritical marks; some marks
  were omitted in ASCII.

--In the text versions, delimited text in italics by _underscores_.