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                         THE EXPOSITOR'S BIBLE




                           EDITED BY THE REV.
                    W. ROBERTSON NICOLL, M.A., LL.D.
                      _Editor of "The Expositor"_





                               THE PSALMS


                                   BY
                        ALEXANDER MACLAREN, D.D.




                             _VOLUME III._
                             PSALM XC.-CL.




                                NEW YORK
                        A. C. ARMSTRONG AND SON
                          51 EAST TENTH STREET
                                  1894




                         THE EXPOSITOR'S BIBLE.

             _Crown_ 8_vo, cloth, price_ $1.50 _each vol._


                         FIRST SERIES, 1887-8.

  Colossians.
    By A. MACLAREN, D.D.

  St. Mark.
    By Very Rev. the Dean of Armagh.

  Genesis.
    By Prof. MARCUS DODS, D.D.

  1 Samuel.
    By Prof. W. G. BLAIKIE, D.D.

  2 Samuel.
    By the same Author.

  Hebrews.
    By Principal T. C. EDWARDS, D.D.


                         SECOND SERIES, 1888-9.

  Galatians.
    By Prof. G. G. FINDLAY, B.A.

  The Pastoral Epistles.
    By Rev. A. PLUMMER, D.D.

  Isaiah I.-XXXIX.
    By Prof. G. A. SMITH, D.D. Vol. I.

  The Book of Revelation.
    By Prof. W. MILLIGAN, D.D.

  1 Corinthians.
    By Prof. MARCUS DODS, D.D.

  The Epistles of St. John.
    By Rt. Rev. W. ALEXANDER, D.D.


                         THIRD SERIES, 1889-90.

  Judges and Ruth.
    By R. A. WATSON, M.A., D.D.

  Jeremiah.
    By Rev. C. J. BALL, M.A.

  Isaiah XL.-LXVI.
    By Prof. G. A. SMITH, D.D. Vol. II.

  St. Matthew.
    By Rev. J. MONRO GIBSON, D.D.

  Exodus.
    By Very Rev. the Dean of Armagh.

  St. Luke.
    By Rev. H. BURTON, M.A.


                         FOURTH SERIES, 1890-1.

  Ecclesiastes.
    By Rev. SAMUEL COX, D.D.

  St. James and St. Jude.
    By Rev. A. PLUMMER, D.D.

  Proverbs.
    By Rev. R. F. HORTON, D.D.

  Leviticus.
    By Rev. S. H. KELLOGG, D.D.

  The Gospel of St. John.
    By Prof. M. DODS, D.D. Vol. I.

  The Acts of the Apostles.
    By Prof. STOKES, D.D. Vol. I.


                         FIFTH SERIES, 1891-2.

  The Psalms.
    By A. MACLAREN, D.D. Vol. I.

  1 and 2 Thessalonians.
    By JAMES DENNEY, D.D.

  The Book of Job.
    By R. A. WATSON, M.A., D.D.

  Ephesians.
    By Prof. G. G. FINDLAY, B.A.

  The Gospel of St. John.
    By Prof. M. DODS, D.D. Vol. II.

  The Acts of the Apostles.
    By Prof. STOKES, D.D. Vol. II.


                         SIXTH SERIES, 1892-3.

  1 Kings.
    By Ven. Archdeacon FARRAR.

  Philippians.
    By Principal RAINY, D.D.

  Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther.
    By Prof. W. F. ADENEY, M.A.

  Joshua.
    By Prof. W. G. BLAIKIE, D.D.

  The Psalms.
    By A. MACLAREN, D.D. Vol. II.

  The Epistles of St. Peter.
    By Prof. RAWSON LUMBY, D.D.


                        SEVENTH SERIES, 1893-4.

  2 Kings.
    By Ven. Archdeacon FARRAR.

  Romans.
    By H. C. G. MOULE, M.A.

  The Books of Chronicles.
    By Prof. W. H. BENNETT, M.A.

  2 Corinthians.
    By JAMES DENNEY, D.D.

  Numbers.
    By R. A. WATSON, M.A., D.D.

  The Psalms.
    By A. MACLAREN, D.D. Vol. III.


                         EIGHTH SERIES, 1895-6.

  Daniel.
    By the Ven. Archdeacon F. W. FARRAR.

  The Book of Jeremiah.
    By Prof. W. H. BENNETT, M.A.

  Deuteronomy.
    By Prof. ANDREW HARPER, B.D.

  The Song of Solomon and Lamentations.
    By Prof. W. F. ADENEY, M.A.

  Ezekiel.
    By Prof. JOHN SKINNER, M.A.

  The Minor Prophets.
    By Prof. G. A. SMITH, D.D. Two Vols.




                               THE PSALMS





                                   BY
                        ALEXANDER MACLAREN, D.D.





                              _VOLUME III_
                             PSALMS XC.-CL.





                                NEW YORK
                        A. C. ARMSTRONG AND SON
                          51 EAST TENTH STREET
                                  1894




                                CONTENTS


                                            PAGE

  PSALM XC.                                    3

    "   XCI.                                  14

    "   XCII.                                 26

    "   XCIII.                                33

    "   XCIV.                                 38

    "   XCV.                                  48

    "   XCVI.                                 55

    "   XCVII.                                60

    "   XCVIII.                               68

    "   XCIX.                                 71

    "   C.                                    78

    "   CI.                                   81

    "   CII.                                  87

    "   CIII.                                101

    "   CIV.                                 111

    "   CV.                                  124

    "   CVI.                                 137

    "   CVII.                                155

    "   CVIII.                               169

    "   CIX.                                 172

    "   CX.                                  183

    "   CXI.                                 193

    "   CXII.                                198

    "   CXIII.                               205

    "   CXIV.                                210

    "   CXV.                                 214

    "   CXVI.                                221

    "   CXVII.                               229

    "   CXVIII.                              231

    "   CXIX.                                244

    "   CXX.                                 292

    "   CXXI.                                297

    "   CXXII.                               303

    "   CXXIII.                              307

    "   CXXIV.                               310

    "   CXXV.                                313

    "   CXXVI.                               318

    "   CXXVII.                              323

    "   CXXVIII.                             327

    "   CXXIX.                               331

    "   CXXX.                                335

    "   CXXXI.                               341

    "   CXXXII.                              344

    "   CXXXIII.                             355

    "   CXXXIV.                              359

    "   CXXXV.                               361

    "   CXXXVI.                              366

    "   CXXXVII.                             370

    "   CXXXVIII.                            376

    "   CXXXIX.                              382

    "   CXL.                                 393

    "   CXLI.                                398

    "   CXLII.                               405

    "   CXLIII.                              410

    "   CXLIV.                               418

    "   CXLV.                                424

    "   CXLVI.                               434

    "   CXLVII.                              440

    "   CXLVIII.                             448

    "   CXLIX.                               454

    "   CL.                                  458




                                BOOK IV.

                           _PSALMS XC.-CVI._




                               PSALM XC.

     1 Lord, a dwelling-place hast Thou been for us
       In generation after generation.
     2 Before the mountains were born,
       Or Thou gavest birth to the earth and the world,
       Even from everlasting, Thou art God.
     3 Thou turnest frail man back to dust,
       And sayest, "Return, ye sons of man."
     4 For a thousand years in Thine eyes are as yesterday when it was
           passing,
       And a watch in the night.
     5 Thou dost flood them away, a sleep do they become,
       In the morning they are like grass [which] springs afresh.
     6 In the morning it blooms and springs afresh,
       By evening it is cut down and withers.

     7 For we are wasted away in Thine anger,
       And by Thy wrath have we been panic-struck.
     8 Thou hast set our iniquities before Thee,
       Our secret [sins] in the radiance of Thy face.
     9 For all our days have vanished in Thy wrath,
       We have spent our years as a murmur.
    10 The days of our years--in them are seventy years,
       Or if [we are] in strength, eighty years,
       And their pride is [but] trouble and vanity,
       For it is passed swiftly, and we fly away.
    11 Who knows the power of Thine anger,
       And of Thy wrath according to the [due] fear of Thee?
    12 To number our days--thus teach us,
       That we may win ourselves a heart of wisdom.

    13 Return, Jehovah; how long?
       And have compassion upon Thy servants.
    14 Satisfy us in the morning [with] Thy loving-kindness,
       And we shall ring out joyful cries and be glad all our days.
    15 Gladden us according to the days [when] Thou hast afflicted us,
       The years [when] we have seen adversity.
    16 To Thy servants let Thy working be manifested,
       And Thy majesty upon their children.
    17 And let the graciousness of the Lord our God be upon us,
       And the work of our hands establish upon us,
       Yea, the work of our hands establish it.


The sad and stately music of this great psalm befits the dirge of a
world. How artificial and poor, beside its restrained emotion and
majestic simplicity, do even the most deeply felt strains of other
poets on the same themes sound! It preaches man's mortality in immortal
words. In its awestruck yet trustful gaze on God's eternal being, in
its lofty sadness, in its archaic directness, in its grand images so
clearly cut and so briefly expressed, in its emphatic recognition of
sin as the occasion of death, and in its clinging to the eternal God
who can fill fleeting days with ringing gladness, the psalm utters once
for all the deepest thoughts of devout men. Like the God whom it hymns,
it has been "for generation after generation" an asylum.

The question of its authorship has a literary interest, but little
more. The arguments against the Mosaic authorship, apart from
those derived from the as yet unsettled questions in regard to the
Pentateuch, are weak. The favourite one, adduced by Cheyne after
Hupfeld and others, is that the duration of human life was greater,
according to the history, in Moses' time than seventy years; but
the prolonged lives of certain conspicuous persons in that period
do not warrant a conclusion as to the average length of life; and
the generation that fell in the wilderness can clearly not have
lived beyond the psalmist's limit. The characteristic Mosaic tone in
regarding death as the wages of sin, the massive simplicity and the
entire absence of dependence on other parts of the Psalter, which
separate this psalm from almost all the others of the Fourth Book, are
strongly favourable to the correctness of the superscription. Further,
the section vv. 7-12 is distinctly historical, and is best understood
as referring not to mankind in general, but to Israel; and no period
is so likely to have suggested such a strain of thought as that when
the penalty of sin was laid upon the people, and they were condemned to
find graves in the wilderness. But however the question of authorship
may be settled, the psalm is "not of an age, but for all time."

It falls into three parts, of which the two former contain six
verses each, while the last has but five. In the first section (vv.
1-6), the transitoriness of men is set over against the eternity of
God; in the second, (vv. 7-12) that transitoriness is traced to its
reason, namely sin; and in the third, prayer that God would visit His
servants is built upon both His eternity and their fleeting days.
The short ver. 1 blends both the thoughts which are expanded in the
following verses, while in it the singer breathes awed contemplation
of the eternal God as the dwelling-place or asylum of generations
that follow each other, swift and unremembered, as the waves that
break on some lonely shore. God is invoked as "Lord," the sovereign
ruler, the name which connotes His elevation and authority. But,
though lofty, He is not inaccessible. As some ancestral home shelters
generation after generation of a family, and in its solid strength
stands unmoved, while one after another of its somewhile tenants is
borne forth to his grave, and the descendants sit in the halls where
centuries before their ancestors sat, God is the home of all who find
any real home amidst the fluctuating nothings of this shadowy world.
The contrast of His eternity and our transiency is not bitter, though
it may hush us into wisdom, if we begin with the trust that He is the
abiding abode of short-lived man. For this use of _dwelling-place_
compare Deut. xxxiii. 27.

What God has been to successive generations results from what He is in
Himself before all generations. So ver. 2 soars to the contemplation
of His absolute eternity, stretching boundless on either side of "this
bank and shoal of time"--"From everlasting to everlasting Thou art
God"; and in that name is proclaimed His self-derived strength, which,
being eternal, is neither derived from nor diminished by time, that
first gives to, and then withdraws from, all creatures their feeble
power. The remarkable expressions for the coming forth of the material
world from the abyss of Deity regard creation as a birth. The Hebrew
text reads in ver. 2_b_ as above, "Thou gavest birth to"; but a very
small change in a single vowel gives the possibly preferable reading
which preserves the parallelism of a passive verb in both clauses, "Or
the earth and the world were brought forth."

The poet turns now to the other member of his antithesis. Over
against God's eternal Being is set the succession of man's
generations, which has been already referred to in ver. 1. This
thought of successiveness is lost unless ver. 3_b_ is understood as
the creative fiat which replaces by a new generation those who have
been turned back to dust. Death and life, decay and ever-springing
growth, are in continual alternation. The leaves, which are men,
drop; the buds swell and open. The ever-knitted web is being ever
run down and woven together again. It is a dreary sight, unless one
can say with our psalm, "_Thou_ turnest.... _Thou_ sayest, Return."
Then one understands that it is not aimless or futile. If a living
Person is behind the transiencies of human life, these are still
pathetic and awe-kindling, but not bewildering. In ver. 3_a_ there is
clear allusion to Gen. iii. 19. The word rendered "dust" may be an
adjective taken as neuter = _that which is crushed_, _i.e._ dust; or,
as others suppose, a substantive = _crushing_; but is probably best
understood in the former sense. The psalm significantly uses the word
for _man_ which connotes frailty, and in _b_ the expression "sons of
man" which suggests birth.

The psalmist rises still higher in ver. 4. It is much to say that
God's Being is endless, but it is more to say that He is raised above
Time, and that none of the terms in which men describe duration have
any meaning for Him. A thousand years, which to a man seem so long,
are to Him dwindled to nothing, in comparison with the eternity
of His Being. As Peter has said, the converse must also be true,
and "one day be with the Lord as a thousand years." He can crowd a
fulness of action into narrow limits. Moments can do the work of
centuries. The longest and shortest measures of time are absolutely
equivalent, for both are entirely inapplicable, to His timeless
Being. But what has this great thought to do here, and how is the
"For" justified? It may be that the psalmist is supporting the
representation of ver. 2, God's eternity, rather than that of ver.
3, man's transiency; but, seeing that this verse is followed by one
which strikes the same note as ver. 3, it is more probable that here,
too, the dominant thought is the brevity of human life. It never
seems so short, as when measured against God's timeless existence.
So, the underlying thought of ver. 3, namely, the brevity of man's
time, which is there illustrated by the picture of the endless flux
of generations, is here confirmed by the thought that all measures of
time dwindle to equal insignificance with Him.

The psalmist next takes his stand on the border-moment between to-day
and yesterday. How short looks the day that is gliding away into the
past! "A watch in the night" is still shorter to our consciousness,
for it passes over us unnoted.

The passing of mortal life has hitherto been contemplated in immediate
connection with God's permanence, and the psalmist's tone has been
a wonderful blending of melancholy and trust. But in ver. 5 the
sadder side of his contemplations becomes predominant. Frail man,
frail because sinful, is his theme. The figures which set forth man's
mortality are grand in their unelaborated brevity. They are like some
of Michael Angelo's solemn statues. "Thou floodest them away"--a bold
metaphor, suggesting the rush of a mighty stream, bearing on its tawny
bosom crops, household goods, and corpses, and hurrying with its spoils
to the sea. "They become a sleep." Some would take this to mean falling
into the sleep of death; others would regard life as compared to a
sleep--"for before we are rightly conscious of being alive, we cease
to live" (Luther, quoted by Cheyne); while others find the point of
comparison in the disappearance, without leaving a trace behind, of
the noisy generations, sunk at once into silence, and "occupying no
more space on the scroll of Time than a night's sleep" (so Kay). It is
tempting to attach "in the morning" to "a sleep," but the recurrence
of the expression in ver. 7 points to the retention of the present
division of clauses, according to which the springing grass greets
the eye at dawn, as if created by a night's rain. The word rendered
"springs afresh" is taken in two opposite meanings, being by some
rendered _passes away_, and by others as above. Both meanings come from
the same radical notion of change, but the latter is evidently the
more natural and picturesque here, as preserving, untroubled by any
intrusion of an opposite thought, the cheerful picture of the pastures
rejoicing in the morning sunshine, and so making more impressive the
sudden, sad change wrought by evening, when all the fresh green blades
and bright flowers lie turned already into brown hay by the mower's
scythe and the fierce sunbeams.

    "So passeth, in the passing of an hour,
     Of mortal life, the leaf, the bud, the flower."

The central portion of the psalm (vv. 7-12) narrows the circle of
the poet's vision to Israel, and brings out the connection between
death and sin. The transition from truths of universal application is
marked by the use of _we_ and _us_, while the past tenses indicate
that the psalm is recounting history. That transitoriness assumes
a still more tragic aspect, when regarded as the result of the
collision of God's "wrath" with frail man. How can such stubble but
be wasted into ashes by such fire? And yet this is the same psalmist
who has just discerned that the unchanging Lord is the dwelling-place
of all generations. The change from the previous thought of the
eternal God as the dwelling-place of frail men is very marked in this
section, in which the destructive anger of God is in view. But the
singer felt no contradiction between the two thoughts, and there is
none. We do not understand the full blessedness of believing that God
is our asylum, till we understand that He is our asylum from all that
is destructive in Himself; nor do we know the significance of the
universal experience of decay and death, till we learn that it is not
the result of our finite being, but of sin.

That one note sounds on in solemn persistence through these verses,
therein echoing the characteristic Mosaic lesson, and corresponding
with the history of the people in the desert. In ver. 7 the cause
of their wasting away is declared to be God's wrath, which has
scattered them as in panic (Psalm xlviii. 5). The occasion of that
lightning flash of anger is confessed in ver. 8 to be the sins
which, however hidden, stand revealed before God. The expression for
"the light of Thy face" is slightly different from the usual one,
a word being employed which means a luminary, and is used in Gen.
i. for the heavenly bodies. The ordinary phrase is always used as
expressing favour and blessing; but there is an illumination, as from
an all-revealing light, which flashes into all dark corners of human
experience, and "there is nothing hid from the heat thereof." Sin
smitten by that light must die. Therefore, in ver. 9, the consequence
of its falling on Israel's transgressions is set forth. Their days
vanish as mists before the sun, or as darkness glides out of the
sky in the morning. Their noisy years are but as a murmur, scarce
breaking the deep silence, and forgotten as soon as faintly heard.
The psalmist sums up his sad contemplations in ver. 10, in which
life is regarded as not only rigidly circumscribed within a poor
seventy or, at most, eighty years, but as being, by reason of its
transitoriness, unsatisfying and burdensome. The "pride" which is
but trouble and vanity is that which John calls "the pride of life,"
the objects which, apart from God, men desire to win, and glory in
possessing. The self-gratulation would be less ridiculous or tragic,
if the things which evoke it lasted longer, or we lasted longer to
possess them. But seeing that they swiftly pass and we fly too,
surely it is but "trouble" to fight for what is "vanity" when won,
and what melts away so surely and soon.

Plainly, then, things being so, man's wisdom is to seek to know two
things--the power of God's anger, and the measure of his own days.
But alas for human levity and bondage to sense, how few look beyond
the external, or lay to heart the solemn truth that God's wrath is
inevitably operative against sin, and how few have any such just
conception of it as to lead to reverential awe, proportioned to the
Divine character which should evoke it! Ignorance and inoperative
knowledge divide mankind between them, and but a small remnant have
let the truth plough deep into their inmost being and plant there
holy fear of God. Therefore, the psalmist prays for himself and his
people, as knowing the temptations to inconsiderate disregard and to
inadequate feeling of God's opposition to sin, that His power would
take untaught hearts in hand and teach them this--to count their
days. Then we shall bring home, as from a ripened harvest field,
the best fruit which life can yield, "a heart of wisdom," which,
having learned the power of God's anger, and the number of our days,
turns itself to the eternal dwelling-place, and no more is sad, when
it sees life ebbing away, or the generations moving in unbroken
succession into the darkness.

The third part (vv. 13-17) gathers all the previous meditations into
a prayer, which is peculiarly appropriate to Israel in the wilderness,
but has deep meaning for all God's servants. We note the invocation of
God by the covenant name "Jehovah," as contrasted with the "Lord" of
ver. 1. The psalmist draws nearer to God, and feels the closer bond of
which that name is the pledge. His prayer is the more urgent, by reason
of the brevity of life. So short is his time that he cannot afford to
let God delay in coming to him and to his fellows. "How long?" comes
pathetically from lips which have been declaring that their time of
speech is so short. This is not impatience, but wistful yearning,
which, even while it yearns, leaves God to settle His own time, and,
while it submits, still longs. Night has wrapped Israel, but the
psalmist's faith "awakes the morning," and he prays that its beams may
soon dawn and Israel be satisfied with the longed-for loving-kindness
(compare Psalm xxx. 5); for life at its longest is but brief, and he
would fain have what remains of it be lit with sunshine from God's
face. The only thing that will secure life-long gladness is a heart
satisfied with the experience of God's love. That will make morning in
mirk midnight; that will take all the sorrow out of the transiency of
life. The days which are filled with God are long enough to satisfy us;
and they who have Him for their own will be "full of days," whatever
the number of these may be.

The psalmist believes that God's justice has in store for His
servants joys and blessings proportioned to the duration of their
trials. He is not thinking of any future beyond the grave; but his
prayer is a prophecy, which is often fulfilled even in this life and
always hereafter. Sorrows rightly borne here are factors determining
the glory that shall follow. There is a proportion between the
years of affliction and the millenniums of glory. But the final
prayer, based upon all these thoughts of God's eternity and man's
transitoriness, is not for blessedness, but for vision and Divine
favour on work done for Him. The deepest longing of the devout heart
should be for the manifestation to itself and others of God's work.
The psalmist is not only asking that God would put forth His acts
in interposition for himself and his fellow-servants, but also that
the full glory of these far-reaching deeds may be disclosed to their
understandings as well as experienced in their lives. And since he
knows that "through the ages an increasing purpose runs," he prays
that coming generations may see even more glorious displays of Divine
power than his contemporaries have done. How the sadness of the
thought of fleeting generations succeeded by new ones vanishes when
we think of them all as, in turn, spectators and possessors of God's
"work"! But in that great work we are not to be mere spectators.
Fleeting as our days are, they are ennobled by our being permitted
to be God's tools; and if "the work of our hands" is the reflex or
carrying on of His working, we can confidently ask that, though we
the workers have to pass, it may be "established." "In our embers"
may be "something that doth live," and that life will not all die
which has done the will of God, but it and its doer will "endure for
ever." Only there must be the descent upon us of "the graciousness"
of God, before there can flow from us "deeds which breed not shame,"
but outlast the perishable earth and follow their doers into the
eternal dwelling-place. The psalmist's closing prayer reaches further
than he knew. Lives on which the favour of God has come down like a
dove, and in which His will has been done, are not flooded away, nor
do they die into silence like a whisper, but carry in themselves the
seeds of immortality, and are akin to the eternity of God.




                               PSALM XCI.

       1 He that sits in the secret place of the Most High,
         In the shadow of the Almighty shall he lodge.

       2 I will say to Jehovah, "My refuge and my fortress,
         My God, in whom I will trust."

       3 For He, He shall deliver thee from the snare of the fowler
         From the pestilence that destroys.
       4 With His pinions shall He cover thee,
         And under His wings shalt thou take refuge,
         A shield and target is His Troth.
       5 Thou shalt not be afraid of the terror of the night,
         Of the arrow [that] flies by day,
       6 Of the pestilence [that] stalks in darkness,
         Of the sickness [that] devastates at noonday.
       7 A thousand may fall at thy side,
         And a myriad at thy right hand,
         To thee it shall not reach.
       8 Only with thine eyes shalt thou look on,
         And see the recompense of the wicked.

    9_a_ "For Thou, Jehovah, art my refuge."

    9_b_ The Most High thou hast made thy dwelling-place.
      10 No evil shall befall thee,
         And no scourge shall come near thy tent.
      11 For His angels will He command concerning thee,
         To keep thee in all thy ways.
      12 Upon [their] hands shall they bear thee,
         Lest thou strike thy foot against a stone.
      13 Upon lion and adder shalt thou tread,
         Thou shalt trample upon young lion and dragon.

      14 "Because to Me he clings, therefore will I deliver him
         I will lift him high because he knows My name.

      15 He shall call on Me, and I will answer him;
         With him will I, even I, be in trouble,
         I will rescue him and bring him to honour.
      16 [With] length of days will I satisfy him,
         And give him to gaze on My salvation."


The solemn sadness of Psalm xc. is set in strong relief by the
sunny brightness of this song of happy, perfect trust in the Divine
protection. The juxtaposition is, however, probably due to the verbal
coincidence of the same expression being used in both psalms in
reference to God. In Psalm xc. 1, and in xci. 9, the somewhat unusual
designation "dwelling-place" is applied to Him, and the thought
conveyed in it runs through the whole of this psalm.

An outstanding characteristic of it is its sudden changes of persons;
"He," "I," and "thou" alternate in a bewildering fashion, which has
led to many attempts at explanation. One point is clear--that, in
vv. 14-16, God speaks, and that He speaks of, not to, the person who
loves and clings to Him. At ver. 14, then, we must suppose a change
of speaker, which is unmarked by any introductory formula. Looking
back over the remainder of the psalm, we find that the bulk of it is
addressed directly _to_ a person who must be the same as is spoken _of_
in the Divine promises. The "him" of the latter is the "thee" of the
mass of the psalm. But this mass is broken at two points by clauses
alike in meaning, and containing expressions of trust (vv. 2, 9_a_).
Obviously the unity of the psalm requires that the "I" of these two
verses should be the "thou" of the great portion of the psalm, and the
"he" of the last part. Each profession of trust will then be followed
by assurances of safety thence resulting, ver. 2 having for pendant vv.
3-8, and ver. 9_a_ being followed by vv. 9_b_-13. The two utterances of
personal faith are substantially identical, and the assurances which
succeed them are also in effect the same. It is by some supposed that
this alternation of persons is due simply to the poet expressing partly
"his own feelings as from himself, and partly as if they were uttered
by another" (Perowne after Ewald). But that is not an explanation of
the structure; it is only a statement of the structure which requires
to be explained. No doubt the poet is expressing his own feelings or
convictions all through the psalm: but why does he express them in this
singular fashion?

The explanation which is given by Delitzsch, Stier, Cheyne and many
others takes the psalm to be antiphonal, and distributes the parts
among the voices of a choir, with some variations in the allocation.

But ver. 1 still remains a difficulty. As it stands it sounds flat
and tautological, and hence attempts have been made to amend it,
which will presently be referred to. But it will fall into the
general antiphonal scheme, if it is regarded as a prelude, sung by
the same voice which twice answers the single singer with choral
assurances that reward his trust. We, then, have this distribution
of parts: ver. 1, the broad statement of the blessedness of dwelling
with God; ver. 2, a solo, the voice of a heart encouraged thereby to
exercise personal trust; vv. 3-8, answers, setting forth the security
of such a refuge; ver. 9_a_, solo, reiterating with sweet monotony
the word of trust; vv. 9_b_-13, the first voice or chorus repeating
with some variation the assurances of vv. 3-8; and vv. 14-16, God's
acceptance of the trust and confirmation of the assurances.

There is, no doubt, difficulty in ver. 1; for, if it is taken as
an independent sentence, it sounds tautological, since there is no
well-marked difference between "sitting" and "lodging," nor much
between "secret place" and "shadow." But possibly the idea of safety
is more strongly conveyed by "shadow" than by "secret place," and
the meaning of the apparently identical assertion may be, that he
who quietly enters into communion with God thereby passes into His
protection; or, as Kay puts it, "Loving faith on man's part shall be
met by faithful love on God's part." The LXX. changes the person of
"will say" in ver. 2, and connects it with ver. 1 as its subject ("He
that sits ... that lodges ... shall say"). Ewald, followed by Baethgen
and others, regards ver. 1 as referring to the "I" of ver. 2, and
translates "Sitting ... I say." Hupfeld, whom Cheyne follows, cuts the
knot by assuming that "Blessed is" has dropped out at the beginning of
ver. 1, and so gets a smooth run of construction and thought ("Happy is
he who sits ... who lodges ... who says"). It is suspiciously smooth,
obliterates the characteristic change of persons, of which the psalm
has other instances, and has no support except the thought that the
psalmist would have saved us a great deal of trouble, if he had only
been wise enough to have written so. The existing text is capable of a
meaning in accordance with his general drift. A wide declaration like
that of ver. 1 fittingly preludes the body of the song, and naturally
evokes the pathetic profession of faith which follows.

According to the accents, ver. 2 is to be read "I will say, 'To
Jehovah [belongs] my refuge,'" etc. But it is better to divide as
above. Jehovah _is_ the refuge. The psalmist speaks _to_ Him, with the
exclamation of yearning trust. He can only call Him by precious names,
to use which, in however broken a fashion, is an appeal that goes
straight to His heart, as it comes straight from the suppliant's. The
singer lovingly accumulates the Divine names in these two first verses.
He calls God "Most High," "Almighty," when he utters the general truth
of the safety of souls that enter His secret place; but, when he speaks
his own trust, he addresses Jehovah, and adds to the wide designation
"God" the little word "my," which claims personal possession of His
fulness of Deity. The solo voice does not say much, but it says enough.
There has been much underground work before that clear jet of personal
"appropriating faith" could spring into light.

We might have looked for a Selah here, if this psalm had stood in
the earlier books, but we can feel the brief pause before the choral
answer comes in vv. 3-8. It sets forth in lofty poetry the blessings
that such a trust secures. Its central idea is that of safety. That
safety is guaranteed in regard to two classes of dangers--those from
enemies, and those from diseases. Both are conceived of as divided
into secret and open perils. Ver. 3 proclaims the trustful soul's
immunity, and ver. 4 beautifully describes the Divine protection
which secures it. Vv. 5, 6, expand the general notion of safety, into
defence against secret and open foes and secret and open pestilences;
while vv. 7, 8, sum up the whole, in a vivid contrast between the
multitude of victims and the man sheltered in God, and looking out
from his refuge on the wide-rolling flood of destruction. As in
Psalm xviii. 5, Death is represented as a "fowler" into whose snares
men heedlessly flutter, unless held back by God's delivering hand.
The mention of pestilence in ver. 3 somewhat anticipates the proper
order, as the same idea recurs in its appropriate place in ver. 6.
Hence the rendering "word," which requires no consonantal change, is
adopted from the LXX. by several moderns. But that is feeble, and
the slight irregularity of a double mention of one form of peril,
which is naturally suggested by the previous reference to Death,
is not of much moment. The beautiful description of God sheltering
the trustful man beneath His pinions recalls Deut. xxxii. 11 and
Psalms xvii. 8, lxiii. 7. The mother eagle, spreading her dread wing
over her eaglets, is a wonderful symbol of the union of power and
gentleness. It would be a bold hand which would drag the fledglings
from that warm hiding-place and dare the terrors of that beak and
claws. But this pregnant verse (4) not only tells of the strong
defence which God is, but also, in a word, sets in clear light man's
way of reaching that asylum. "Thou shalt take refuge." It is the word
which is often vaguely rendered "trust," but which, if we retain its
original signification, becomes illuminative as to what that trust
is. The flight of the soul, conscious of nakedness and peril, to
the safe shelter of God's breast is a description of faith which,
in practical value, surpasses much learned dissertation. And this
verse adds yet another point to its comprehensive statements, when,
changing the figure, it calls God's _Troth_, or faithful adherence
to His promises and obligations, our "shield and target." We have
not to fly to a dumb God for shelter, or to risk anything upon a
Peradventure. He has spoken, and His word is inviolable. Therefore,
trust is possible. And between ourselves and all evil we may lift the
shield of His Troth. His faithfulness is our sure defence, and Faith
is our shield only in a secondary sense, its office being but to
grasp our true defence, and to keep us well behind that.

The assaults of enemies and the devastations of pestilence are
taken in vv. 5, 6, as types of all perils. These evils speak of a
less artificial stage of society than that in which our experience
moves, but they serve us as symbols of more complex dangers besetting
outward and inward life. "The terror of the night" seems best
understood as parallel with the "arrow that flies by day," in so far
as both refer to actual attacks by enemies. Nocturnal surprises were
favourite methods of assault in early warfare. Such an explanation
is worthier than the supposition that the psalmist means demons that
haunt the night. In ver. 6 Pestilence is personified as stalking,
shrouded in darkness, the more terrible because it strikes unseen.
Ver. 6_b_ has been understood, as by the Targum and LXX., to refer
to demons who exercise their power in noonday. But this explanation
rests upon a misreading of the word rendered "devastates." The other
translated "sickness" is only found, besides this place, in Deut.
xxxii. 24 ("destruction") and Isa. xxviii. 2 ("a destroying storm,"
lit. a storm of destruction), and in somewhat different form in Hosea
xiii. 14. It comes from a root meaning _to cut_, and seems here to
be a synonym for pestilence. Baethgen sees in "the arrow by day" the
fierce sunbeams, and in "the _heat_ (as he renders) which rages at
noonday" the poisonous simoom. The trustful man, sheltered in God,
looks on while thousands fall round him, as Israel looked from their
homes on the Passover night, and sees that there is a God that judges
and recompenses evil-doers by evil suffered.

Heartened by these great assurances, the single voice once more
declares its trust. Ver. 9_a_ is best separated from _b_, though
Hupfeld here again assumes that "thou hast said" has fallen out
between "For" and "Thou."

This second utterance of trust is almost identical with the first.
Faith has no need to vary its expression. "Thou, Jehovah, art my
refuge" is enough for it. God's mighty name and its personal possession
of all which that name means, as its own hiding-place, are its
treasures, which it does not weary of recounting. Love loves to repeat
itself. The deepest emotions, like song-birds, have but two or three
notes, which they sing over and over again all the long day through. He
that can use this singer's words of trust has a vocabulary rich enough.

The responsive assurances (vv. 9_b_-13) are, in like manner,
substantially identical with the preceding ones, but differences
may be discerned by which these are heightened in comparison with
the former. The promise of immunity is more general. Instead of
two typical forms of danger, the widest possible exemption from
all forms of it is declared in ver. 10. _No_ evil shall come
near, _no_ scourge approach, the "tent" of the man whose real and
permanent "dwelling-place" is Jehovah. There are much beauty and
significance in that contrast of the two homes in which a godly
man lives, housing, as far as his outward life is concerned, in a
transitory abode, which to-morrow may be rolled up and moved to
another camping-place in the desert, but abiding, in so far as his
true being is concerned, in God, the permanent dwelling-place through
all generations. The transitory outward life has reflected on it
some light of peaceful security from that true home. It is further
noteworthy that the second group of assurances is concerned with
active life, while the first only represented a passive condition of
safety beneath God's wing. In vv. 11, 12, His angels take the place
of protectors, and the sphere in which they protect is "in all thy
_ways_"--_i.e._, in the activities of ordinary life. The dangers
_there_ are of stumbling, whether that be construed as referring to
outward difficulties or to temptations to sin.

The perils, further specified in ver. 13, correspond to those
of the previous part in being open and secret: the lion with its
roar and leap, the adder with its stealthy glide among the herbage
and its unlooked-for bite. So, the two sets of assurances, taken
together, cover the whole ground of life, both in its moments of
hidden communion in the secret place of the Most High, and in its
times of diligent discharge of duty on life's common way. Perils
of communion and perils of work are equally real, and equally may
we be sheltered from them. God Himself spreads His wing over the
trustful man, and sends His messengers to keep him, in all the paths
appointed for him by God. The angels have no charge to take stones
out of the way. Hinderances are good for us. Smooth paths weary and
make presumptuous. Rough ones bring out our best and drive us to
look to God. But His messengers have for their task to lift us on
their palms over difficulties, not so that we shall not feel them
to be difficult, but so that we shall not strike our foot against
them. Many a man remembers the elevation and buoyancy of spirit which
strangely came to him when most pressed by work or trouble. God's
angels were bearing him up. Active life is full of open and secret
foes as well as of difficulties. He that keeps near to God will pass
unharmed through them all, and, with a foot made strong and firm by
God's own power infused into it, will be able to crush the life out
of the most formidable and the most sly assailants. "The God of peace
shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly."

Finally, God Himself speaks, and confirms and deepens the previous
assurances. That He is represented as speaking _of_, not _to_, His
servant increases the majesty of the utterance, by seeming to call
the universe to hear, and converts promises to an individual into
promises to every one who will fulfil the requisite conditions. These
are threefold.

God desires that men should cling to Him, know His name, and call
on Him. The word rendered "cling" includes more than "setting love
upon" one. It means to bind or knit oneself to anything, and so
embraces the cleaving of a fixed heart, of a "recollected" mind,
and of an obedient will. Such clinging demands effort; for every
hand relaxes its grasp, unless ever and again tightened. He who thus
clings will come to "know" God's "name," with the knowledge which is
born of experience, and is loving familiarity, not mere intellectual
apprehension. Such clinging and knowledge will find utterance in
continual converse with God, not only when needing deliverance, but
in perpetual aspiration after Him.

The promises to such an one go very deep and stretch very far. "I
will deliver him." So the previous assurance that no evil shall
come nigh him is explained and brought into correspondence with the
facts of life. Evil may be experienced. Sorrows will come. But they
will not touch the central core of the true life, and from them God
will deliver, not only by causing them to cease, but by fitting us
to bear. Clinging to Him, a man will be "drawn out of many waters,"
like Peter on the stormy lake. "I will set him on high" is more than
a parallel promise to that of deliverance. It includes that; for a
man lifted to a height is safe from the flood that sweeps through
the valley, or from the enemies that ravage the plain. But that
elevation, which comes from knowing God's name, brings more than
safety, even a life lived in a higher region than that of things
seen. "I will answer him." How can He fail to hear when they who
trust Him cry? Promises, especially for the troubled, follow, which
do not conflict with the earlier assurances, rightly understood. "I
will be with him in trouble." God's presence is the answer to His
servant's call. God comes nearer to devout and tried souls, as a
mother presses herself caressingly closer to a weeping child. So, no
man need add solitude to sadness, but may have God sitting with him,
like Job's friends, waiting to comfort him with true comfort. And His
presence delivers from, and glorifies after, trouble borne as becomes
God's friend. The bit of dull steel might complain, if it could feel,
of the pain of being polished, but the result is to make it a mirror
fit to flash back the sunlight.

"With length of days will I satisfy him" is, no doubt, a promise
belonging more especially to Old Testament times; but if we put
emphasis on "satisfy," rather than on the extended duration, it may
fairly suggest that, to the trustful soul, life is long enough,
whatever its duration, and that the guest, who has sat at God's table
here, is not unwilling to rise from it, when his time comes, being
"satisfied with favour, and full of the goodness of the Lord." The
vision of God's salvation, which is set last, seems from its position
in the series to point, however dimly, to a vision which comes after
earth's troubles and length of days. The psalmist's language implies
not a mere casual beholding, but a fixed gaze. Delitzsch renders
"revel in My salvation" (English translation). Cheyne has "feast his
eyes with." Such seeing is possession. The crown of God's promises
to the man who makes God his dwelling-place is a full, rapturous
experience of a full salvation, which follows on the troubles and
deliverances of earth, and brings a more dazzling honour and a more
perfect satisfaction.




                              PSALM XCII.

     1 Good is it to give thanks to Jehovah,
       And to harp to Thy name, Most High;
     2 To declare in the morning Thy loving-kindness,
       And thy faithfulness in the night seasons,
     3 Upon a ten-stringed [instrument], even upon the psaltery,
       With skilful music on the lyre.

     4 For Thou hast gladdened me, Jehovah, with Thy working,
       In the works of Thy hands will I shout aloud my joy.
     5 How great are Thy works, Jehovah,
       Exceeding deep are Thy purposes!
     6 A brutish man knows not,
       And a fool understands not this.

     7 When the wicked sprang like herbage,
       And all the workers of iniquity blossomed,
       [It was only] for their being destroyed for ever.
     8 But Thou art [enthroned] on high for evermore, Jehovah!
     9 For behold Thy enemies, Jehovah,
       For behold Thy enemies--shall perish,
       All the workers of iniquity shall be scattered.

    10 But Thou hast exalted my horn like a wild ox,
       I am anointed with fresh oil (?).
    11 My eye also gazed on my adversaries,
       Of them that rose against me as evil-doers my ear heard.
    12 The righteous shall spring like the palm,
       Like a cedar in Lebanon shall he grow.

    13 Planted in the house of Jehovah,
       They shall spring in the courts of our God.
    14 Still shall they bear fruit in old age,
       Full of sap and verdant shall they be.
    15 To declare that Jehovah is upright,
       My Rock, and there is no unrighteousness in Him.


Authorities differ in their arrangement of this psalm. Clearly,
the first three verses are a prelude; and if these are left out of
account, the remainder of the psalm consists of twelve verses, which
fall into two groups of six each, the former of which mainly deals
with the brief prosperity and final overthrow of the wicked, while
the latter paints the converse truth of the security and blessedness
of the righteous. Both illustrate the depth of God's works and
purposes, which is the psalmist's theme. A further division of each
of these six verses into groups of three is adopted by Delitzsch, and
may be accepted. There will then be five strophes of three verses
each, of which the first is introductory; the second and third, a
pair setting forth the aspect of Providence towards the wicked; and
the fourth and fifth, another pair, magnifying its dealings with the
righteous. Perowne takes the eighth verse, which is distinguished
by containing only one clause, as the kernel of the psalm, which
is preceded by seven verses, constituting the first division, and
followed by seven, making the second. But this arrangement, though
tempting, wrenches ver. 9 from its kindred ver. 7.

Vv. 1-3 are in any case introductory. In form they are addressed
to Jehovah, in thankful acknowledgment of the privilege and joy
of praise. In reality they are a summons to men to taste its
gladness, and to fill each day and brighten every night by music of
thanksgiving. The devout heart feels that worship is "good," not
only as being acceptable to God and conformable to man's highest
duty, but as being the source of delight to the worshipper. Nothing
is more characteristic of the Psalter than the joy which often
dances and sings through its strains. Nothing affords a surer test
of the reality of worship than the worshipper's joy in it. With much
significance and beauty, "Thy loving-kindness" is to be the theme of
each morning, as we rise to a new day and find His mercy, radiant as
the fresh sunshine, waiting to bless our eyes, and "Thy faithfulness"
is to be sung in the night seasons, as we part from another day which
has witnessed to His fulfilment of all His promises.

The second strophe contains the reason for praise--namely, the
greatness and depth of the Divine works and purposes. The works
meant are, as is obvious from the whole strain of the psalm, those
of God's government of the world. The theme which exercised earlier
psalmists reappears here, but the struggles of faith with unbelief,
which are so profoundly and pathetically recorded in Psalm lxxiii.,
are ended for this singer. He bows in trustful adoration before the
greatness of the works and the unsearchable depth of the purpose of
God which directs the works. The sequence of vv. 4-6 is noteworthy.
The central place is occupied by ver. 5--a wondering and reverent
exclamation, evoked by the very mysteries of Providence. On either
side of it stand verses describing the contrasted impression made
by these on devout and on gross minds. The psalmist and his fellows
are "gladdened," though he cannot see to the utmost verge or deepest
abyss of Works or Plans. What he does see is good; and if sight does
not go down to the depths, it is because eyes are weak, not because
these are less pellucid than the sunlit shallows. What gladdens the
trustful soul, which is in sympathy with God, only bewilders the
"brutish man"--_i.e._, the man who, by immersing his faculties in
sense, has descended to the animal level; and it is too grave and
weighty for the "fool," the man of incurable levity and self-conceit,
to trouble himself to ponder. The eye sees what it is capable of
seeing. A man's judgment of God's dealings depends on his relation to
God and on the dispositions of his soul.

The sterner aspect of Providence is dealt with in the next strophe
(vv. 7-9). Some recent signal destruction of evil-doers seems
to be referred to. It exemplifies once more the old truth which
another psalmist had sung (Psalm xxxvii. 2), that the prosperity
of evil-doers is short-lived, like the blossoming herbage, and not
only short-lived, but itself the occasion of their destruction. The
apparent success of the wicked is as a pleasant slope that leads
downwards. The quicker the blossoming, the sooner the petals fall.
"The prosperity of fools shall destroy them." As in the previous
strophe the middle verse was central in idea as well as in place, so
in this one. Ver. 8 states the great fact from which the overthrow
of the wicked, which is declared in the verses before and after,
results. God's eternal elevation above the Transitory and the Evil
is not merely contrasted with these, but is assigned as the reason
why what is evil is transitory. We might render "Thou, Jehovah, art
high (lit. a height) for evermore," as, in effect, the LXX. and other
old versions do; but the application of such an epithet to God is
unexampled, and the rendering above is preferable. God's eternal
exaltation "is the great pillar of the universe and of our faith"
(Perowne). From it must one day result that all God's enemies shall
perish, as the psalmist reiterates, with triumphant reduplication
of the designation of the foes, as if he would make plain that the
very name "God's enemies" contained a prophecy of their destruction.
However closely banded, they "shall be scattered." Evil may make
conspiracies for a time, for common hatred of good brings discordant
elements into strange fellowship, but in its real nature it is
divisive, and, sooner or later, allies in wickedness become foes, and
no two of them are left together. The only lasting human association
is that which binds men to one another, because all are bound to God.

From the scattered fugitives the psalmist turns first to joyful
contemplation of his own blessedness, and then to wider thoughts
of the general well-being of all God's friends. The more personal
references are comprised in the fourth strophe (vv. 10-12). The
metaphor of the exalted horn expresses, as in Psalms lxxv. 10,
lxxxix. 17, triumph or the vindication of the psalmist by his
deliverance. Ver. 10_b_ is very doubtful. The word usually rendered
"I am anointed" is peculiar. Another view of the word takes it for
an infinitive used as a noun, with the meaning "growing old," or, as
Cheyne renders, "wasting strength." This translation ("my wasting
strength with rich oil") is that of the LXX. and other ancient
versions, and of Cheyne and Baethgen among moderns. If adopted, the
verb must be understood as repeated from the preceding clause, and
the slight incongruity thence arising can be lessened by giving a
somewhat wider meaning to "exalted," such as "strengthen" or the
like. The psalmist would then represent his deliverance as being like
refreshing a failing old age, by anointing with fresh oil.

Thus triumphant and quickened, he expects to gaze on the downfall
of his foes. He uses the same expression as is found in Psalm xci.
8, with a similar connotation of calm security, and possibly of
satisfaction. There is no need for heightening his feelings into
"desire," as in the Authorised and Revised Versions. The next clause
(ver. 11_b_) "seems to have been expressly framed to correspond with
the other; it occurs nowhere else in this sense" (Perowne). A less
personal verse (ver. 12) forms the transition to the last strophe,
which is concerned with the community of the righteous. Here the
singular number is retained. By "the righteous" the psalmist does not
exactly mean himself, but he blends his own individuality with that
of the ideal character, so that he is both speaking of his own future
and declaring a general truth. The wicked "spring like herbage" (ver.
7), but the righteous "spring like the palm." The point of comparison
is apparently the gracefulness of the tree, which lifts its slender
but upright stem, and is ever verdant and fruitful. The cedar in
its massive strength, its undecaying vigour, and the broad shelves
of its foliage, green among the snows of Lebanon, stands in strong
contrast to the palm. Gracefulness is wedded to strength, and both
are perennial in lives devoted to God and Right. Evil blooms quickly,
and quickly dies. What is good lasts. One cedar outlives a hundred
generations of the grass and flowers that encircle its steadfast feet.

The last part extends the thoughts of ver. 12 to all the righteous.
It does not name them, for it is needless to do so. Imagery and
reality are fused together in this strophe. It is questionable
whether there were trees planted in the courts of the Temple; but
the psalmist's thought is that the righteous will surely be found
there, and that it is their native soil, in which rooted, they are
permanent. The facts underlying the somewhat violent metaphor are
that true righteousness is found only in the dwellers with God, that
they who anchor themselves in Him, as a tree in the earth, are both
stayed on, and fed from, Him. The law of physical decay does not
enfeeble all the powers of devout men, even while they are subject to
it. As aged palm trees bear the heaviest clusters, so lives which are
planted in and nourished from God know no term of their fruitfulness,
and are full of sap and verdant, when lives that have shut themselves
off from Him are like an old stump, gaunt and dry, fit only for
firewood. Such lives are prolonged and made fruitful, as standing
proofs that Jehovah is upright, rewarding all cleaving to Him and
doing of His will, with conservation of strength, and ever-growing
power to do His will.

Ver. 15 is a reminiscence of Deut. xxxii. 4. The last clause is
probably to be taken in connection with the preceding, as by Cheyne
("And that in my Rock there is no unrighteousness"). But it may also
be regarded as a final avowal of the psalmist's faith, the last
result of his contemplations of the mysteries of Providence. These
but drive him to cling close to Jehovah, as his sole refuge and his
sure shelter, and to ring out _this_ as the end which shall one day
be manifest as the net result of Providence--that there is no least
trace of unrighteousness in Him.




                              PSALM XCIII.

    1 Jehovah is King, with majesty has He clothed Himself,
      Jehovah has clothed Himself, has girded Himself with strength,
      Yea, the world is set fast [that] it cannot be moved.
    2 Fast is set Thy throne from of yore,
      From eternity art Thou.

    3 The streams, Jehovah, have lifted up,
      The streams have lifted up their voice,
      The streams lift up their tumult.
    4 Above the voices of many waters,
      Mighty [waters], ocean breakers,
      Mightier is Jehovah on high.

    5 Thy testimonies are utterly to be trusted:
      Holiness fits Thy house,
      Jehovah, for length of days.


This is the first of a group of psalms celebrating Jehovah as King.
It is followed by one which somewhat interrupts the unity of subject
in the group, but may be brought into connection with them by being
regarded as hymning Jehovah's kingly and judicial providence, as
manifested in the subjugation of rebels against His throne. The
remaining members of the group (Psalms xcv.-c.) rise to a height
of lyric exultation in meditating on the reign of Jehovah. Psalms
xciii. and xciv. are followed by two (xcv: vi.) beginning with
ringing calls for new songs to hail the new manifestation of Himself,
by which Jehovah has, as it were, inaugurated a new stage in His
visible reign on earth. Psalm xcvii. again breaks out into the joyful
proclamation "Jehovah is King," which is followed, as if by a chorus,
with a repeated summons for a new song (Psalm xcviii.). Once more
the proclamation "Jehovah is King" is sounded out in Psalm xcix.,
and then the group is closed by Psalm c., with its call to all lands
to crowd round Jehovah's throne with "tumult of acclaim." Probably
the historical fact underlying this new conviction of, and triumph
in, the Kingdom of Jehovah is the return from exile. But the tone of
prophetic anticipation in these exuberant hymns of confident joy can
scarcely fail of recognition. The psalmists sang of an ideal state to
which their most glorious experiences but remotely approximated. They
saw "not yet all things put under Him," but they were sure that He is
King, and they were as sure, though with the certitude of faith fixed
on His word and not with that of sight, that His universal dominion
would one day be universally recognised and rejoiced in.

This short psalm but strikes the keynote for the group. It is
overture to the oratorio, prelude of the symphony. Jehovah's
reign, the stability of His throne, the consequent fixity of the
natural order, His supremacy over all noisy rage of opposition
and lawlessness, either in Nature or among men, are set forth
with magnificent energy and brevity. But the King of the world is
not a mere Nature-compelling Jove. He has spoken to men, and the
stability of the natural order but faintly shadows the firmness of
His "testimonies," which are worthy of absolute reliance, and which
make the souls that do rely on them stable as the firm earth, and
steadfast with a steadfastness derived from Jehovah's throne. He not
only reigns over, but dwells among, men, and His power keeps His
dwelling-place inviolate, and lasting as His reign.

Ver. 1 describes an act rather than a state. "Jehovah has become
King" by some specific manifestation of His sovereignty. Not as
though He had not been King before, as ver. 2 immediately goes on to
point out, but that He has shown the world, by a recent deed, the
eternal truth that He reigns. His coronation has been by His own
hands. No others have arrayed Him in His royal robes. The psalmist
dwells with emphatic reiteration on the thought that Jehovah has
clothed _Himself_ with majesty and girded _Himself_ with strength.
All the stability of Nature is a consequence of His self-created and
self-manifested power. That Strength holds a reeling world steady.
The psalmist knew nothing about the fixity of natural law, but his
thought goes down below that fixity, and finds its reason in the
constant forth-putting of Divine power. Ver. 2 goes far back as well
as deep down or high up, when it travels into the dim, unbounded
past, and sees there, amidst its mists, one shining, solid substance,
Jehovah's throne, which stood firm before every "then." The word
rendered _from of yore_ is literally "from then," as if to express
the priority of that throne to every period of defined time. And even
that grand thought can be capped by a grander climax: "From eternity
art Thou." Therefore the world stands firm.

But there are things in the firm world that are not firm. There
are "streams" or perhaps "floods," which seem to own no control, in
their hoarse dash and devastating rush. The sea is ever the symbol of
rebellious opposition and of ungoverned force. Here both the natural
and symbolic meanings are present. And the picture is superbly
painted. The sound of the blows of the breakers against the rocks,
or as they clash with each other, is vividly repeated in the word
rendered "tumult," which means rather a blow or collision, and here
seems to express the thud of the waves against an obstacle.

Ver. 4 is difficult to construe. The word rendered "mighty" is,
according to the accentuation, attached to "breakers," but stands
in an unusual position if it is to be so taken. It seems better to
disregard the accents, and to take "mighty" as a second adjective
belonging to "waters." These will then be described as both
multitudinous and proud in their strength, while "ocean breakers"
will stand in apposition to _waters_. Jehovah's might is compared
with these. It would be but a poor measure of it to say that it was
more than they; but the comparison means that He subdues the floods,
and proves His power by taming and calming them. Evidently we are
to see shining through the nature-picture Jehovah's triumphant
subjugation of rebellious men, which is one manifestation of His
kingly power. That dominion is not such as to make opposition
impossible. Antagonism of the wildest sort neither casts doubt on its
reality nor impinges a hair's-breadth on its sovereignty. All such
futile rebellion will be subdued. The shriek of the storm, the dash
of the breakers, will be hushed when He says "Peace," and the highest
toss of their spray does not wet, much less shake, His stable throne.
Such was the psalmist's faith as he looked out over a revolted world.
Such may well be ours, who "hear a deeper voice across the storm."

That sweet closing verse comes by its very abruptness with singular
impressiveness. We pass from wild commotion into calm. Jehovah speaks,
and His words are witnesses both of what He is and of what men should
and may be. Power is not an object for trust to fasten on, unless it is
gracious, and gives men account of its motives and ends. Words are not
objects for trust to fasten on, unless they have power for fulfilment
behind them. But if the King, who sets fast earth and bridles seas,
speaks to us, we may utterly confide in His word, and, if we do,
we shall share in His stable being, in so far as man is capable of
resemblance to the changeless God. Trust in firm promises is the secret
of firmness. Jehovah has not only given Israel His word, but His house,
and His kingly power preserves His dwelling-place from wrong.

"Holiness" in ver. 5 expresses an attribute of Jehovah's house, not
a quality of the worshippers therein. It cannot but be preserved
from assault, since He dwells there. A king who cannot keep his own
palace safe from invaders can have little power. If this psalm is,
as it evidently is, post-exilic, how could the singer, remembering
the destruction of the Temple, speak thus? Because he had learned the
lesson of that destruction, that the earthly house in which Jehovah
dwelt among men had ceased to be His, by reason of the sins of its
frequenters. Therefore, it was "burned with fire." The profaned house
is no longer Jehovah's, but, as Jesus said with strong emphasis on the
first word, "_Your_ house is left unto you desolate." The Kingship of
Jehovah is proclaimed eloquently and tragically by the desolated shrine.




                              PSALM XCIV.

     1 God of vengeances, Jehovah,
       God of vengeances, shine forth.
     2 Lift up Thyself, Judge of the earth,
       Return recompense to the proud.

     3 For how long, Jehovah, shall the wicked,
       For how long shall the wicked exult?
     4 They well out, they speak--arrogance,
       They give themselves airs like princes--all these workers of
           iniquity.
     5 Thy people, Jehovah, they crush in pieces,
       And Thine inheritance they afflict.
     6 Widow and stranger they kill,
       And orphans they murder.

     7 And they say, "Jah sees [it] not,
       And the God of Jacob considers it not."
     8 Consider, ye brutish among the people,
       And ye fools, when will ye be wise?
     9 The Planter of the ear, shall He not hear?
       Or the Former of the eye, shall He not see?
    10 The Instructor of the nations, shall He not punish,--
       The Teacher of knowledge to man?
    11 Jehovah knows the thoughts of men,
       For they are [but] a breath.

    12 Happy the man whom Thou instructest, Jehovah,
       And teachest from Thy law,
    13 To give him rest from the days of evil,
       Till there be digged for the wicked a pit.
    14 For Jehovah will not spurn away His people,
       And His inheritance He will not forsake.
    15 For to righteousness shall judgment return,
       And after it shall all the upright in heart [follow].
    16 Who will rise up for me against the evil-doers?
       Who will set himself for me against the workers of iniquity?
    17 Unless Jehovah had been a help for me,
       My soul had soon dwelt in silence.
    18 When I say, "My foot slips,"
       Thy loving-kindness, Jehovah, stays me.
    19 In the multitude of my divided thoughts within me,
       Thy comforts delight my soul.

    20 Can the throne of destruction be confederate with Thee,
       Which frameth mischief by statute?
    21 They come in troops against the soul of the righteous,
       And innocent blood they condemn.
    22 But Jehovah is to me a high tower,
       And my God the rock of my refuge.
    23 And He brings back upon them their iniquities,
       And by their own evil will He root them out,
       Jehovah our God will root them out.


The theme of God the Judge is closely allied to that of God the King,
as other psalms of this group show, in which His coming to judge the
world is the subject of rapturous praise. This psalm hymns Jehovah's
retributive sway, for which it passionately cries, and in which it
confidently trusts. Israel is oppressed by insolent rulers, who have
poisoned the fountains of justice, condemning the innocent, enacting
unrighteous laws, and making a prey of all the helpless. These
"judges of Sodom" are not foreign oppressors, for they are "among the
people"; and even while they scoff at Jehovah's judgments they call
Him by His covenant names of "Jah" and "God of Jacob." There is no
need, therefore, to look beyond Israel for the originals of the dark
picture, nor does it supply data for fixing the period of the psalm.

The structure and course of thought are transparent. First comes an
invocation to God as the Judge of the earth (vv. 1, 2); then follow
groups of four verses each, subdivided into pairs,--the first of
these (vv. 3-6) pictures the doings of the oppressors; the second
(vv. 7-11) quotes their delusion that their crimes are unseen by
Jehovah, and refutes their dream of impunity, and it is closed by
a verse in excess of the normal number, emphatically asserting
the truth which the mockers denied. The third group declares the
blessedness of the men whom God teaches, and the certainty of His
retribution to vindicate the cause of the righteous (vv. 12-15).
Then follow the singer's own cry for help in his own need, as one
of the oppressed community, and a sweet reminiscence of former aid,
which calms his present anxieties. The concluding group goes back to
description of the lawless law-makers and their doings, and ends with
trust that the retribution prayed for in the first verses will verily
be dealt out to them, and that thereby both the singer, as a member
of the nation, and the community will find Jehovah, who is both "my
God" and "our God," a high tower.

The reiterations in the first two verses are not oratorical
embellishments, but reveal intense feeling and pressing need. It is
a cold prayer which contents itself with one utterance. A man in
straits continues to cry for help till it comes, or till he sees it
coming. To this singer, the one aspect of Jehovah's reign which was
forced on him by Israel's dismal circumstances was the judicial.
There are times when no thought of God is so full of strength as
that He is "the God of recompenses," as Jeremiah calls Him (li.
56), and when the longing of good men is that He would flash forth,
and slay evil by the brightness of His coming. They who have no
profound loathing of sin, or who have never felt the crushing weight
of legalised wickedness, may shrink from such aspirations as the
psalmist's, and brand them as ferocious; but hearts longing for the
triumph of righteousness will not take offence at them.

The first group (vv. 3-6) lifts the cry of suffering Faith, which
has almost become impatience, but turns to, not from, God, and so
checks complaints of His delay, and converts them into prayer. "How
long, O Lord?" is the burden of many a tried heart; and the Seer
heard it from the souls beneath the altar. This psalm passes quickly
to dilate on the crimes of the rulers which forced out that prayer.
The portrait has many points of likeness to that drawn in Psalm
lxxiii. Here, as there, boastful speech and haughty carriage are
made prominent, being put before even cruelty and oppression. "They
well out, they speak--arrogance": both verbs have the same object.
Insolent self-exaltation pours from the fountain of their pride in
copious jets. "They give themselves airs like princes." The verb in
this clause may mean _to say among themselves_ or _to boast_, but is
now usually regarded as meaning _to behave like a prince_--_i.e._,
to carry oneself insolently. Vain-glorious arrogance manifest in
boasting speech and masterful demeanour characterises Eastern rulers,
especially those who have risen from low origin. Every little village
tyrant gave himself airs, as if he were a king; and the lower his
rank, the greater his insolence. These oppressors were grinding the
nation to powder, and what made their crime the darker was that
it was Jehovah's people and inheritance which they thus harassed.
Helplessness should be a passport to a ruler's care, but it had
become a mark for murderous attack. Widow, stranger, and orphan are
named as types of defencelessness.

Nothing in this strophe indicates that these oppressors are
foreigners. Nor does the delusion that Jehovah neither saw nor cared
for their doings, which the next strophe (vv. 7-11) states and
confutes, imply that they were so. Cheyne, indeed, adduces the name
"God of Jacob," which is put into their mouths, as evidence that
they are pictured as knowing Jehovah only as one among many tribal
or national deities; but the name is too familiar upon the lips of
Israelites, and its use by others is too conjectural, to allow of such
a conclusion. Rather, the language derives its darkest shade from
being used by Hebrews, who are thereby declaring themselves apostates
from God as well as oppressors of His people. Their mad, practical
atheism makes the psalmist blaze up in indignant rebuke and impetuous
argumentation. He turns to them, and addresses them in rough, plain
words, strangely contrasted with their arrogant utterances regarding
themselves. They are "brutish" (cf. Psalm lxxiii. 22) and "fools."
The psalmist, in his height of moral indignation, towers above these
petty tyrants, and tells them home truths very profitable for such
people, however dangerous to their utterer. There is no obligation
to speak smooth words to rulers whose rule is injustice and their
religion impiety. Ahab had his Elijah, and Herod his John Baptist. The
succession has been continued through the ages.

Delitzsch and others, who take the oppressors to be foreigners,
are obliged to suppose that the psalmist turns in ver. 8 to those
Israelites who had been led to doubt God by the prosperity of the
wicked; but there is nothing, except the exigencies of that mistaken
supposition, to show that any others than the deniers of God's
providence who have just been quoted are addressed as "among the
people." Their denial was the more inexcusable, because they belonged
to the people whose history was one long proof that Jehovah did see
and recompense evil. Two considerations are urged by the psalmist,
who becomes for the moment a philosophical theologian, in confutation
of the error in question. First, he argues that nothing can be in the
effect which is not in the cause, that the Maker of men's eyes cannot
be blind, nor the Planter of their ears deaf. The thought has wide
applications. It hits the centre, in regard to many modern denials as
well as in regard to these blunt, ancient ones. Can a universe plainly
full of purpose have come from a purposeless source? Can finite persons
have emerged from an impersonal Infinity? Have we not a right to argue
upwards from man's make to God his maker, and to find in Him the
archetype of all human capacity. We may mark that, as has been long ago
observed, the psalm avoids gross anthropomorphism, and infers, not that
the Creator of the ear has ears, but that He hears. As Jerome (quoted
by Delitzsch) says, "Membra sustulit, efficientias dedit."

In ver. 10 a second argument is employed, which turns on the thought
that God is the educator of mankind. That office of instructor cannot
be carried out unless He is also their chastiser, when correction
is needed. The psalmist looks beyond the bounds of Israel, the
recipient of special revelation (cf. ver. 12), and recognises, what
seldom appears in the Old Testament, but is unquestionably there, the
great thought that He is teaching all mankind by manifold ways, and
especially by the law written in their hearts. Jewish particularism,
the exaggeration into a lie of the truth of God's special revelation
to Israel, came to forget or deny God's education of mankind. Alas
that the same mistake was inherited by so many epochs of the Church!

The teaching of the strophe is gathered up in ver. 11, which exceeds
the normal number of four verses in each group, and asserts strongly
the conclusion for which the psalmist has been arguing. The rendering
of _b_ is, "For (not That) they (_i.e._ men) are but a breath." "The
ground of the Omniscience which sees the thoughts of men through and
through is profoundly laid in the vanity, _i.e._ the finiteness, of
men, as the correlative of the Infiniteness of God" (Hupfeld).

In the strophe vv. 12-15, the psalmist turns from the oppressors
to their victims, the meek of the earth, and changes his tone from
fiery remonstrance to gracious consolation. The true point of view
from which to regard the oppressors' wrong is to see in it part of
God's educational processes. Jehovah, who "instructs" all men by
conscience, "instructs" Israel, and by the Law "teaches" the right
interpretation of such afflictive providences. Happy he who accepts
that higher education! A further consolation lies in considering the
purpose of the special revelation to Israel, which will be realised
in patient hearts that are made wise thereby--namely, calm repose of
submission and trust, which are not disturbed by any stormy weather.
There is possible for the harassed man "peace subsisting at the heart
of endless agitation."

If we recognise that life is mainly educational, we shall neither
be astonished nor disturbed by sorrows. It is not to be wondered at
that the schoolmaster has a rod, and uses it sometimes. There is
rest from evil even while in evil, if we understand the purpose of
evil. Yet another consolation lies in the steadfast anticipation of
its transiency and of the retribution measured to its doers. That is
no unworthy source of comfort. And the ground on which it rests is
the impossibility of God's forsaking His people, His inheritance.
These designations of Israel look back to ver. 5, where the crushed
and afflicted are designated by the same words. Israel's relation
to Jehovah made the calamities more startling; but it also makes
their cessation, and retribution for them on their inflicters, more
certain. It is the trial and triumph of Faith to be sure, while
tyrants grind and crush, that Jehovah has not deserted their victims.
He cannot change His purpose; therefore, sorrows and prosperity are
but divergent methods, concurring in carrying out His unalterable
design. The individual sufferer may take comfort from his belonging
to the community to which the presence of Jehovah is guaranteed for
ever. The singer puts his convictions as to what is to be the upshot
of all the perplexed riddles of human affairs into epigrammatic
form, in the obscure, gnome-like saying, "To righteousness shall
judgment return," by which he seems to mean that the administration
of justice, which at present was being trampled under foot, "shall
come back to the eternal principle of all judicial action, namely,
righteousness,"--in shorter words, there shall be no schism between
the judgments of earthly tribunals and justice. The psalmist's hope
is that of all good men and sufferers from unjust rulers. All the
upright in heart long for such a state of things and follow after it,
either in the sense of delight in it ("Dem Recht müssen alle frommen
Herzen zufallen"--Luther), or of seeking to bring it about. The
psalmist's hope is realised in the King of Men, whose own judgments
are truth, and who infuses righteousness and the love of it into all
who trust in Him.

The singer comes closer to his own experience in the next strophe
(vv. 16-19), in which he claims his share in these general sources of
rest and patience, and thankfully thinks of past times, when he found
that they yielded him streams in the desert. He looks out upon the
multitude of "evil-doers," and, for a moment, asks the question which
faithless sense is ever suggesting and pronouncing unanswerable: "Where
shall I find a champion?" As long as our eyes range along the level of
earth, they see none such. But the empty earth should turn our gaze to
the occupied throne. There sits the Answer to our almost despairing
question. Rather, there He stands, as the proto-martyr saw Him,
risen to His feet in swift readiness to help His servant. Experience
confirms the hope of Jehovah's aid; for unless in the past He had been
the singer's help, he could not have lived till this hour, but must
have gone down into the silent land. No man who still draws breath is
without tokens of God's sufficient care and ever-present help. The
mystery of continued life is a witness for God. And not only does
the past thus proclaim where a man's help is, but devout reflection
on it will bring to light many times when doubts and tremors were
disappointed. Conscious weakness appeals to confirming strength. If we
feel our foot giving, and fling up our hands towards Him, He will grasp
them and steady us in the most slippery places. Therefore, when divided
thoughts (for so the picturesque word employed in ver. 19 means)
hesitate between hope and fear, God's consolations steal into agitated
minds, and there is a great calm.

The last strophe (vv. 20-23) weaves together in the finale, as a
musician does in the last bars of his composition, the main themes
of the psalm--the evil deeds of unjust rulers, the trust of the
psalmist, his confidence in the final annihilation of the oppressors,
and the consequent manifestation of God as the God of Israel. The
height of crime is reached when rulers use the forms of justice as
masks for injustice, and give legal sanction to "mischief." The
ancient world groaned under such travesties of the sanctity of Law;
and the modern world is not free from them. The question often
tortures faithful hearts, "Can such doings be sanctioned by God,
or in any way be allied to Him?" To the psalmist the worst part
of these rulers' wickedness was that, in his doubting moments, it
raised the terrible suspicion that God was perhaps on the side of
the oppressors. But when such thoughts came surging on him, he fell
back, as we all have to do, on personal experience and on an act of
renewed trust. He remembered what God had been to him in past moments
of peril, and he claimed Him for the same now, his own refuge and
fortress. Strong in that individual experience and conviction, he
won the confidence that all which Jehovah had to do with the throne
of destruction was, not to connive at its evil, but to overthrow
it and root out the evil-doers, whose own sin will be their ruin.
Then Jehovah will be known, not only for the God who belongs to, and
works for, the single soul, but who is "our God," the refuge of the
community, who will not forsake His inheritance.




                               PSALM XCV.

     1 Come, let us raise shrill cries of joy to Jehovah,
       Let us shout aloud to the Rock of our Salvation.
     2 Let us go to meet His face with thanksgiving,
       With songs let us shout aloud to Him.
     3 For Jehovah is a great God,
       And a great King above all gods.
     4 In whose hand are the deep places of the earth,
       And the peaks of the mountains are His.
     5 Whose is the sea, and He made it,
       And the dry land His hands formed.

     6 Come, let us worship and bow down,
       Let us kneel before Jehovah our Maker,
     7 For He is our God,
       And we are the people of His pasture and the sheep of His hand.

       To-day, if ye would listen to His voice,
     8 Harden not your hearts, as [at] Meribah,
       As [in] the day of Massah in the wilderness,
     9 Where your fathers tempted Me,
       Proved Me and saw My work.
    10 Forty years loathed I [that] generation,
       And said, "A people going astray in heart are they,
       And they know not My ways."
    11 So that I sware in My wrath,
       "Surely they shall not come into My rest."


This psalm is obviously divided into two parts, but there is no
reason for seeing in these two originally unconnected fragments.
Rather does each part derive force from the other; and nothing is
more natural than that, after the congregation has spoken its joyful
summons to itself to worship, Jehovah should speak warning words as
to the requisite heart-preparation, without which worship is vain.
The supposed fragments are fragmentary indeed, if considered apart.
Surely a singer has the liberty of being abrupt and of suddenly
changing his tone. Surely he may as well be credited with discerning
the harmony of the change of key as some later compiler. There could
be no more impressive way of teaching the conditions of acceptable
worship than to set side by side a glad call to praise and a solemn
warning against repeating the rebellions of the wilderness. These
would be still more appropriate if this were a post-exilic hymn; for
the second return from captivity would be felt to be the analogue of
the first, and the dark story of former hard-heartedness would fit
very close to present circumstances.

The invocation to praise in vv. 1, 2, gives a striking picture of
the joyful tumult of the Temple worship. Shrill cries of gladness,
loud shouts of praise, songs with musical accompaniments, rang
simultaneously through the courts, and to Western ears would have
sounded as din rather than as music, and as more exuberant than
reverent. The spirit expressed is, alas! almost as strange to many
moderns as the manner of its expression. That swelling joy which
throbs in the summons, that consciousness that jubilation is a
conspicuous element in worship, that effort to rise to a height of
joyful emotion, are very foreign to much of our worship. And their
absence, or presence only in minute amount, flattens much devotion,
and robs the Church of one of its chief treasures. No doubt, there
must often be sad strains blended with praise. But it is a part of
Christian duty, and certainly of Christian wisdom, to try to catch
that tone of joy in worship which rings in this psalm.

The three following verses (3-5) give Jehovah's creative and
sustaining power, and His consequent ownership of this fair world, as
the reasons for worship. He is King by right of creation. Surely it
is forcing unnatural meanings on words to maintain that the psalmist
believed in the real existence of the "gods" whom he disparagingly
contrasts with Jehovah. The fact that these were worshipped
sufficiently warrants the comparison. To treat it as in any degree
inconsistent with Monotheism is unnecessary, and would scarcely
have occurred to a reader but for the exigencies of a theory. The
repeated reference to the "hand" of Jehovah is striking. In it are
held the deeps; it is a plastic hand, "forming" the land, as a potter
fashioning his clay; it is a shepherd's hand, protecting and feeding
his flock (ver. 7). The same power created and sustains the physical
universe, and guides and guards Israel. The psalmist has no time
for details; he can only single out extremes, and leave us to infer
that what is true of these is true of all that is enclosed between
them. The depths and the heights are Jehovah's. The word rendered
"peaks" is doubtful. Etymologically it should mean "fatigue," but
it is not found in that sense in any of the places where it occurs.
The parallelism requires the meaning of _heights_ to contrast with
_depths_, and this rendering is found in the LXX., and is adopted by
most moderns. The word is then taken to come from a root meaning "to
be high." Some of those who adopt the translation _summits_ attempt
to get that meaning out of the root meaning _fatigue_, by supposing
that the labour of getting to the top of the mountain is alluded to
in the name. Thus Kay renders "the mountains' toilsome heights," and
so also Hengstenberg. But it is simpler to trace the word to the
other root, _to be high_. The ownerless sea is owned by Him; He made
both its watery waste and the solid earth.

But that all-creating Hand has put forth more wondrous energies than
those of which heights and depths, sea and land, witness. Therefore,
the summons is again addressed to Israel to bow before "Jehovah our
Maker." The creation of a people to serve Him is the work of His
grace, and is a nobler effect of His power than material things. It
is remarkable that the call to glad praise should be associated with
thoughts of His greatness as shown in creation, while lowly reverence
is enforced by remembrance of His special relation to Israel. We
should have expected the converse. The revelation of God's love,
in His work of creating a people for Himself, is most fittingly
adored by spirits prostrate before Him. Another instance of apparent
transposition of thoughts occurs in ver. 7_b_, where we might have
expected "people of His hand and sheep of His pasture." Hupfeld
proposes to correct accordingly, and Cheyne follows him. But the
correction buys prosaic accuracy at the cost of losing the forcible
incorrectness which blends figure and fact, and by keeping sight
of both enhances each. "The sheep of His hand" suggests not merely
the creative but the sustaining and protecting power of God. It is
hallowed for ever by our Lord's words, which may be an echo of it:
"No man is able to snatch them out of the Father's hand."

The sudden turn from jubilant praise and recognition of Israel's
prerogative as its occasion to grave warning is made more impressive
by its occurring in the middle of a verse. God's voice breaks in upon
the joyful acclamations with solemn effect. The shouts of the adoring
multitude die on the poet's trembling ear, as that deeper Voice is
heard. We cannot persuade ourselves that this magnificent transition,
so weighty with instruction, so fine in poetic effect, is due to the
after-thought of a compiler. Such an one would surely have stitched
his fragments more neatly together than to make the seam run through
the centre of a verse--an irregularity which would seem small to a
singer in the heat of his inspiration. Ver. 7_c_ may be either a wish
or the protasis to the apodosis in ver. 8. "If ye would but listen to
His voice!" is an exclamation, made more forcible by the omission of
what would happen then. But it is not necessary to regard the clause as
optative. The conditional meaning, which connects it with what follows,
is probably preferable, and is not set aside by the expression "His
voice" instead of "My voice"; for "similar change of persons is very
common in utterances of Jehovah, especially in the Prophets" (Hupfeld).
"To-day" stands first with strong emphasis, to enforce the critical
character of the present moment. It may be the last opportunity. At all
events, it is an opportunity, and therefore to be grasped and used.
A doleful history of unthankfulness lay behind; but still the Divine
voice sounds, and still the fleeting moments offer space for softening
of heart and docile hearkening. The madness of delay when time is
hurrying on, and the longsuffering patience of God, are wonderfully
proclaimed in that one word, which the Epistle to the Hebrews lays hold
of, with so deep insight, as all-important.

The warning points Israel back to ancestral sins, the tempting
of God in the second year of the Exodus, by the demand for water
(Exod. xvii. 1-7). The scene of that murmuring received both
names, Massah (temptation) and Meribah (strife). It is difficult
to decide the exact force of ver. 9_b_. "Saw My work" is most
naturally taken as referring to the Divine acts of deliverance and
protection seen by Israel in the desert, which aggravated the guilt
of their faithlessness. But the word rendered "and" will, in that
case, have to be taken as meaning "although"--a sense which cannot
be established. It seems better, therefore, to take "work" in the
unusual meaning of acts of judgment--His "strange work." Israel's
tempting of God was the more indicative of hardheartedness that it
was persisted in, in spite of chastisements. Possibly both thoughts
are to be combined, and the whole varied stream of blessings and
punishments is referred to in the wide expression. Both forms of
God's work should have touched these hard hearts. It mattered not
whether He blessed or punished. They were impervious to both. The
awful issue of this obstinate rebellion is set forth in terrible
words. The sensation of physical loathing followed by sickness is
daringly ascribed to God. We cannot but remember what John heard in
Patmos from the lips into which grace was poured: "I will spue thee
out of My mouth."

But before He cast Israel out, He pled with them, as ver. 10_b_ goes
on to tell: "He said, 'A people going astray in heart are they.'" He
said so, by many a prophet and many a judgment, in order that they
might come back to the true path. The desert-wanderings were but a
symbol, as they were a consequence, of their wanderings in heart.
They did not know His ways; therefore they chose their own. They
strayed in heart; therefore they had an ever-increasing ignorance of
the right road. For the averted heart and the blind understanding
produce each other.

The issue of the long-protracted departure from the path which God
had marked was, as it ever is, condemnation to continue in the
pathless wilderness, and exclusion from the land of rest which God
had promised them, and in which He Himself had said that He would
make His resting-place in their midst. But what befell Israel in
outward fact was symbolical of universal spiritual truth. The hearts
that love devious ways can never be restful. The path which leads
to calm is traced by God, and only those who tread it with softened
hearts, earnestly listening to His voice, will find repose even on
the road, and come at last to the land of peace. For others, they
have chosen the desert, and in it they will wander wearily, "for ever
roaming with a hungry heart."

The author of the Epistle to the Hebrews is laying hold of the very
kernel of the psalm, when he adduces the fact that, so many centuries
after Moses, the warning was still addressed to Israel, and the
possibility of entering the Rest of God, and the danger of missing
it, still urged, as showing that the Rest of God remained to be won
by later generations, and proclaiming the eternal truth that "we
which have believed do enter into rest."




                              PSALM XCVI.

     1 Sing to Jehovah a new song,
       Sing to Jehovah, all the earth.
     2 Sing to Jehovah, bless His name,
       Publish the glad tidings of His salvation from day to day.
     3 Recount among the nations His glory,
       Among all peoples His wonders.

     4 For great is Jehovah, and to be praised exceedingly,
       Dread is He above all gods.
     5 For all the gods of the people are Nothings,
       And Jehovah made the heavens.
     6 Honour and majesty are before Him,
       Strength and beauty are in His sanctuary.

     7 Give to Jehovah, ye families of the peoples,
       Give to Jehovah glory and strength.
     8 Give to Jehovah the glory of His name,
       Take an offering and come into His courts.
     9 Worship Jehovah in holy attire,
       Tremble before Him, all the earth.

    10 Say among the nations, "Jehovah is King,"
       Yea, the world is set fast [that] it cannot be moved,
       He shall deal judgment to the peoples in equity.
    11 Let the heavens rejoice and let the earth exult,
       Let the sea thunder and its fulness,
    12 Let the plain rejoice and all that is in it,
       Then shall all the trees of the forest ring out joyful cries,
    13 Before Jehovah, for He comes,
       He comes to judge the earth,
       He will judge the world in righteousness,
       And peoples in His faithfulness.


The praise of Jehovah as King has, in the preceding psalms, chiefly
celebrated His reign over Israel. But this grand coronation anthem
takes a wider sweep, and hymns that kingdom as extending to all
nations, and as reaching beyond men, for the joy and blessing of a
renovated earth. It falls into four strophes, of which the first three
contain three verses each, while the last extends to four. These
strophes are like concentric circles, drawn round that eternal throne.
The first summons Israel to its high vocation of Jehovah's evangelist,
the herald who proclaims the enthronement of the King. The second sets
Him above all the "Nothings" which usurp the name of gods, and thus
prepares the way for His sole monarchy. The third summons outlying
nations to bring their homage, and flings open the Temple gates to
all men, inviting them to put on priestly robes, and do priestly acts
there. The fourth calls on Nature in its heights and depths, heaven and
earth, sea, plain and forest, to add their acclaim to the shouts which
hail the establishment of Jehovah's visible dominion.

The song is to be new, because a new manifestation of Jehovah's
Kinghood has wakened once more the long-silent harps, which had been
hung on the willows of Babylon. The psalm is probably a lyric echo of
the Restoration, in which the prophet-singer sees the beginning of
Jehovah's world-wide display of His dominion. He knew not how many
weary years were to pass in a weary and God-defying world, before his
raptures became facts. But though His vision tarries, His song is no
over-heated imagining, which has been chilled down for succeeding
generations into a baseless hope. The perspective of the world's
chronology hid from him the deep valley between His standpoint and the
fulfilment of his glowing words. Mankind still marches burdened, down
among the mists, but it marches towards the sunlit heights. The call
to sing a new song is quoted from Isa. xlii. 10. The word in ver. 2_b_
rendered "publish glad tidings" is also a favourite word with Isaiah
II. (xl. 9, lii. 7, etc.). Ver. 3_a_ closely resembles Isa. lxvi. 19.

The second strophe is full of allusions to earlier psalms and
prophets. The new manifestation of Jehovah's power has vindicated
His supremacy above the vanities which the peoples call gods, and
has thereby given new force to old triumphant words which magnified
His exalted name. Long ago a psalmist had sung, after a signal
defeat of assailants of Jerusalem, that God was "great and greatly
to be praised" (Psalm xlviii. 1), and this psalmist makes the old
words new. "Dread" reminds us of Psalm xlvii. 2. The contemptuous
name of the nations' gods as "Nothings" is frequent in Isaiah.
The heavens, which roof over all the earth, declare to every land
Jehovah's creative power, and His supremacy above all gods. But the
singer's eye pierces their abysses, and sees some gleams of that
higher sanctuary of which they are but the floor. There stand Honour
and Majesty, Strength and Beauty. The psalmist does not speak of
"attributes." His vivid imagination conceives of these as servants,
attending on Jehovah's royal state. Whatsoever things are lovely, and
whatsoever are august, are at home in that sanctuary. Strength and
beauty are often separated in a disordered world, and each is maimed
thereby, but, in their perfection, they are indissolubly blended.
Men call many things strong and fair which have no affinity with
holiness; but the archetypes of both excellences are in the Holy
Place, and any strength which has not its roots there is weakness,
and any beauty which is not a reflection from "the beauty of the Lord
our God" is but a mask concealing ugliness.

The third strophe builds on this supremacy of Jehovah, whose
dwelling-place is the seat of all things worthy to be admired,
the summons to all nations to render praise to Him. It is mainly
a variation of Psalm xxix. 1, 2, where the summons is addressed
to angels. Here "the families of the peoples" are called on to
ascribe to Jehovah "glory and strength," or "the glory of His name"
(_i.e._, of His character as revealed). The call presupposes a new
manifestation of His Kingship, as conspicuous and earth-shaking
as the thunder-storm of the original psalm. As in it the "sons of
God" were called to worship in priestly garb, so here, still more
emphatically, Gentile nations are invited to assume the priestly
office, to "take an offering and come into His courts." The issue
of Jehovah's manifestation of kingly sway will be that Israel's
prerogative of priestly access to Him will be extended to all men,
and that the lowly worship of earth will have characteristics which
assimilate it to that of the elder brethren who ever stand before
Him, and also characteristics which distinguish it from that, and
are necessary while the worshippers are housed in flesh. Material
offerings and places consecrated to worship belong to earth. The
"sons of God" above have them not, for they need them not.

The last strophe has four verses, instead of the normal three.
The psalmist's chief purpose in it is to extend his summons for
praise to the whole creation; but he cannot refrain from once more
ringing out the glad tidings for which praise is to be rendered. He
falls back in ver. 10 on Psalm xciii. 1, and Psalm ix. 8. In his
quotation from the former psalm, he brings more closely together the
thoughts of Jehovah's reign and the fixity of the world, whether
that is taken with a material reference, or as predicting the calm
perpetuity of the moral order established by His merciful rule and
equitable judgment. The thought that inanimate nature will share
in the joy of renovated humanity inspires many glowing prophetic
utterances, eminently those of Isaiah--as, _e.g._, Isa. xxxv. The
converse thought, that it shared in the consequences of man's sin, is
deeply stamped on the Genesis narrative. The same note is struck with
unhesitating force in Rom. viii., and elsewhere in the New Testament.
A poet invests Nature with the hues of his own emotions, but this
summons of the psalmist is more than poetry. How the transformation
is to be effected is not revealed, but the consuming fires will
refine, and at last man will have a dwelling-place where environment
will correspond to character, where the external will image the
inward state, where a new form of the material will be the perpetual
ally of the spiritual, and perfected manhood will walk in a "new
heaven and new earth, where dwelleth righteousness."

In the last verse of the psalm, the singer appears to extend his
prophetic gaze from the immediate redeeming act by which Jehovah
assumes royal majesty, to a still future "coming," in which He will
judge the earth. "The accession is a single act; the judging is a
continual process. Note that 'judging' has no terrible sound to a
Hebrew" (Cheyne, _in loc._). Ver. 13_c_ is again a verbatim quotation
from Psalm ix. 8.




                              PSALM XCVII.

     1 Jehovah is King, let the earth exult,
       Let many lands be glad.
     2 Cloud and deep darkness are round Him,
       Righteousness and judgment are the foundation of His throne.
     3 Fire goes before Him,
       And devours His enemies round about.

     4 His lightnings lighted up the world,
       The earth saw and trembled.
     5 Mountains melted like wax, from before the face of Jehovah,
       From before the face of the Lord of the whole earth.
     6 The heavens declared His righteousness,
       And all the peoples saw His glory.

     7 Shamed are all they who serve graven images,
       Who boast themselves of the Nothings.
       Worship Him, all ye gods!
     8 Zion heard and was glad,
       And the daughters of Judah exulted,
       Because of Thy judgments, Jehovah.
     9 For Thou, Jehovah, art most high above all the earth,
       Thou art exceedingly exalted above all gods.

    10 Ye who love Jehovah, hate evil;
       He keeps the souls of His favoured ones,
       From the hand of the wicked He delivers them.
    11 Light is sown for the righteous man,
       And for the upright-hearted, gladness.
    12 Be glad, ye righteous, in Jehovah,
       And give thanks to His holy memorial.


The summons to praise the King with a new song (Psalm xcvi.) is
followed by this psalm, which repeats the dominant idea of the group,
"Jehovah is King," but from a fresh point of view. It represents His
rule under the form of a theophany, which may possibly be regarded
as the fuller description of that coming of Jehovah to judgment with
which Psalm xcvi. closes. The structure of both psalms is the same,
each being divided into four strophes, normally consisting of three
verses each, though the last strophe of Psalm xcvi. runs over into
four verses. In this psalm, the first group of verses celebrates the
royal state of the King (vv. 1-3); the second describes His coming
as a past fact (vv. 4-6); the third portrays the twofold effects
of Jehovah's appearance on the heathen and on Zion (vv. 7-9); and
the last applies the lessons of the whole to the righteous, in
exhortation and encouragement (vv. 10-12). The same dependence on
earlier psalms and prophets which marks others of this group is
obvious here. The psalmist's mind is saturated with old sayings,
which he finds flashed up into new meaning by recent experiences. He
is not "original," and does not try to be so; but he has drunk in the
spirit of his predecessors, and words which to others were antiquated
and cold blaze with light for him, and seem made for his lips. He
who reads aright the solemn significance of to-day will find it no
less sacred than any past, and may transfer to it all which seers and
singers have said and sung of Jehovah's presence of old.

The first strophe is mosaic-work. Ver. 1 (_lands_=_isles_) may be
compared with Isa. xlii. 10, li. 5. Ver. 2_a_ is from Exod. xix. 9,
16, etc., and Psalm xviii. 9. Ver. 2_b_ is quoted from Psalm lxxxix.
14. Ver. 3_a_ recalls Psalms l. 3 and xviii. 8. The appearance of God
on Sinai is the type of all later theophanies, and the reproduction
of its principal features witnesses to the conviction that that
transient manifestation was the unveiling of permanent reality. The
veil had dropped again, but what had been once seen continued always,
though unseen; and the veil could and would be drawn aside, and the
long-hidden splendour blaze forth again. The combination of the pieces
of mosaic in a new pattern here is striking. Three thoughts fill the
singer's mind. God is King, and His reign gladdens the world, even away
out to the dimly seen lands that are washed by the western ocean. "The
islands" drew Isaiah's gaze. Prophecy began in him to look seawards and
westwards, little knowing how the course of empire was to take its way
thither, but feeling that whatever lands might lie towards the setting
sun were ruled, and would be gladdened, by Jehovah.

Gladness passes into awe in ver. 2_a_, as the seer beholds the cloud
and gloom which encircle the throne. The transcending infinitude of the
Divine nature, the mystery of much of the Divine acts, are symbolised
by these; but the curtain is the picture. To know that God cannot
be known is a large part of the knowledge of Him. Faith, built on
experience, enters into the cloud, and is not afraid, but confidently
tells what it knows to be within the darkness. "Righteousness and
judgment"--the eternal principle and the activity thereof in the
several acts of the King--are the bases of His throne, more solid
than the covering cloud. Earth can rejoice in His reign, even though
darkness may make parts of it painful riddles, if the assurance is held
fast that absolute righteousness is at the centre, and that the solid
core of all is judgment. Destructive power, symbolised in ver. 3 by
fire which devours His adversaries, the fire which flashed first on
Sinai, is part of the reason for the gladness of earth in His reign.
For His foes are the world's foes too; and a God who could not smite
into nothingness that which lifted itself against His dominion would
be no God for whom the isles could wait. These three characteristics,
mystery, righteousness, power to consume, attach to Jehovah's royalty,
and should make every heart rejoice.

In the second strophe, the tenses suddenly change into pure narrative.
The change may be simply due, as Cheyne suggests, to the influence
of the earlier passages descriptive of theophanies, and in which the
same tense occurs; but more probably it points to some event fresh in
the experience of Israel, such as the return from Babylon. In this
strophe again, we have mosaic. Ver. 4_a_ is quoted from Psalm lxxvii.
18. With ver. 4_b_ may be compared Psalm lxxvii. 16. Ver. 5_a_ is like
Micah i. 4, and, in a less degree, Psalm lxviii. 2. "The Lord of the
whole earth" is an unusual designation, first found in a significant
connection in Josh. iii. 11, 13, as emphasising His triumph over
heathen gods, in leading the people into Canaan, and afterwards found
in Zech. iv. 14, vi. 5, and Micah iv. 13. Ver. 6_a_ comes from the
theophany in Psalm l. 6; and ver. 6_b_ has parallels in both parts of
Isaiah--_e.g._, Isa. xxxv. 2, xl. 5, lii. 10--passages which refer
to the restoration from Babylon. The picture is grand as a piece of
word-painting. The world lies wrapped in thunder-gloom, and is suddenly
illumined by the fierce blaze of lightning. The awestruck silence of
Nature is wonderfully given by ver. 4_b_: "The earth saw and trembled."
But the picture is symbol, and the lightning-flash is meant to set
forth the sudden, swift forth-darting of God's delivering power, which
awes a gazing world, while the hills melting like wax from before His
face solemnly proclaim how terrible its radiance is, and how easily
the mere showing of Himself annihilates all high things that oppose
themselves. Solid-seeming and august powers, which tower above His
people's ability to overcome them, vanish when He looks out from the
deep darkness. The end of His appearance and of the consequent removal
of obstacles is the manifestation of His righteousness and glory. The
heavens are the scene of the Divine appearance, though earth is the
theatre of its working. They "declare His righteousness," not because,
as in Psalm xix. they are said to tell forth His glory by their myriad
lights, but because in them He has shone forth, in His great act of
deliverance of His oppressed people. Israel receives the primary
blessing, but is blessed, not for itself alone, but that all peoples
may see in it Jehovah's glory. Thus once more the psalm recognises the
world-wide destination of national mercies, and Israel's place in the
Divine economy as being of universal significance.

The third strophe (vv. 7-9) sets forth the results of the theophany
on foes and friends. The worshippers of "the Nothings" (xcvi. 5)
are put to confusion by the demonstration by fact of Jehovah's
sovereignty over their helpless deities. Ver. 7_a_, _b_, recall
Isa. xlii. 17, xliv. 9. As the worshippers are ashamed, so the gods
themselves are summoned to fall down before this triumphant Jehovah,
as Dagon did before the Ark. Surely it is a piece of most prosaic
pedantry to argue, from this flash of scorn, that the psalmist
believed that the gods whom he had just called "Nothings" had a real
existence, and that therefore he was not a pure Monotheist.

The shame of the idolaters and the prostration of their gods
heighten the gladness of Zion, which the psalm describes in old words
that had once celebrated another flashing forth of Jehovah's power
(Psalm xlviii. 11). Hupfeld, whom Cheyne follows, would transpose
vv. 7 and 8, on the grounds that "the transposition explains what
Zion heard, and brings the summons to the false gods into connection
with the emphatic claim on behalf of Jehovah in ver. 9." But there is
no need for the change, since there is no ambiguity as to what Zion
heard, if the existing order is retained, and her gladness is quite
as worthy a consequence of the exaltation of Jehovah in ver. 9 as the
subjugation of the false gods would be. With ver. 9 compare Psalm
lxxxiii. 18, and Psalm xlvii. 2.

The last strophe (vv. 10-12) draws exhortation and promises from
the preceding. There is a marked diminution of dependence on earlier
passages in this strophe, in which the psalmist points for his own
generation the lessons of the great deliverance which he has been
celebrating. Ver. 12_a_ is like Psalm xxxii. 11; ver. 12_b_ is
from Psalm xxx. 4; but the remainder is the psalmist's own earnest
exhortation and firm faith, cast into words which come warm from
his own heart's depths. Love to Jehovah necessarily implies hatred
of evil, which is His antagonist, and which He hates. That higher
love will not be kept in energy, unless it is guarded by wholesome
antipathy to everything foul. The capacity for love of the noble is
maimed unless there is hearty hatred of the ignoble. Love to God is
no idle affection, but withdraws a man from rival loves. The stronger
the attraction, the stronger the recoil. The closer we cleave to
God, the more decided our shrinking from all that would weaken our
hold of Him. A specific reference in the exhortation to temptations
to idolatry is possible, though not necessary. All times have their
"evil," with which God's lovers are ever tempted to comply. The
exhortation is never out of place, nor the encouragement which
accompanies it ever illusory. In such firm adherence to Jehovah,
many difficulties will rise, and foes be made; but those who obey it
will not lack protection. Mark the alternation of names for such.
They are first called "lovers of God"; they are then designated as
His "favoured ones." That which is first in time is last in mention.
The effect is in view before it is traced to its cause. "We love Him
because He first loved us." Then follow names drawn from the moral
perfecting which will ensue on recognition and reception of God's
favour, and on the cherishing of the love which fulfils the law. They
who love because they are loved, become righteous and upright-hearted
because they love. For such the psalmist has promise as well as
exhortation. Not only are they preserved in and from dangers, but
"light is sown" for them. Many commentators think that the figure
of light being sown, as seeds are buried in the ground to shoot up
in beauty in a future spring-time, is too violent, and they propose
to understand "sown" in the sense of _scattered on_, not _deposited
in_, the earth, "so that he, the righteous, goes forward step by step
in the light" (Delitzsch). Others would correct into "is risen" or
"arises." But one is reluctant to part with the figure, the violence
of which is permissible in an Eastern singer. Darkness often wraps
the righteous, and it is not true to experience to say that his way
is always in the sunlight. But it is consolation to know that light
is sown, invisible and buried, as it were, but sure to germinate
and fruit. The metaphor mingles figures and offends purists, but it
fits closer to fact than the weakening of it which fits the rules of
composition. If we are God's lovers, present darkness may be quieted
by hope, and we may have the "fruit of the light" in our lives now,
and the expectation of a time when we shall possess in fulness and in
perpetuity all that light of knowledge, purity, and gladness which
Jesus the Sower went forth to sow, and which had been ripened by
struggles and sorrows and hatred of evil while we were here.

Therefore, because of this magnificent theophany, and because of
its blessed consequences for loving souls, the psalmist ends with
the exhortation to the righteous to rejoice. He began with bidding
the world be glad. He now bids each of us concentrate that universal
gladness in our own hearts. Whether earth obeys Him or not, it is for
us to clasp firmly the great facts which will feed the lamp of our
joy. God's holy memorial is His name, or His self-revealed character.
He desires to be known and remembered by His acts. If we rightly
retain and ponder His utterance of Himself, not in syllables, but in
deeds, we shall not be silent in His praise. The righteous man should
not be harsh and crabbed, but his soul should dwell in a serene
atmosphere of joy in Jehovah, and his life be one thanksgiving to
that mighty, never-to-be-forgotten Name.




                             PSALM XCVIII.

    1 Sing to Jehovah a new song,
      For wonders He has done,
      His right hand has brought Him salvation, and His holy arm
    2 Jehovah has made known His salvation,
      To the eyes of the nations He has revealed His righteousness.
    3 He has remembered His loving-kindness and His faithfulness
      to the house of Israel,
      All the ends of the earth have seen the salvation of our God.

    4 Shout aloud to Jehovah, all the earth,
      Break forth into shrill cries of joy and make melody,
    5 Make melody to Jehovah with the lyre,
      With lyre and voice of melody.
    6 With trumpets and blast of horn,
      Shout aloud before Jehovah, the King.

    7 Let the sea thunder and its fulness,
      The world and the dwellers therein,
    8 Let streams clap hands,
      Together let mountains ring out joyful cries,
    9 Before Jehovah, for He comes to judge the earth,
      He will judge the world in righteousness,
      And peoples in equity.


The two preceding psalms correspond in number and division of
verses. The first begins with a summons to sing to Jehovah; the
second, with a proclamation that He is King. A precisely similar
connection exists between this and the following psalm. Psalm xcviii.
is an echo of Psalm xcvi., and Psalm xcix. of Psalm xcvii. The number
of verses in each of the second pair is nine, and in each there is
a threefold division. The general theme of both pairs is the same,
but with considerable modifications. The abundant allusions to older
passages continue here, and the second part of Isaiah is especially
familiar to the singer.

The first strophe (vv. 1-3), though modelled on the first of Psalm
xcvi., presents the theme in a different fashion. Instead of
reiterating through three verses the summons to Israel to praise
Jehovah, and declare His glory to the nations, this psalm passes at
once from the summons to praise, in order to set forth the Divine
deed which evokes the praise, and which, the psalmist thinks, will
shine by its own lustre to "the ends of the earth," whether it has
human voices to celebrate it or not. This psalmist speaks more
definitely of Jehovah's wonders of deliverance. Israel appears rather
as the recipient than as the celebrator of God's loving-kindness. The
sun shines to all nations, whether any voices say "Look," or no. Ver.
1_a_ is from Psalm xcvi. 1; vv. 1_c_-3 weave together snatches of
various passages in the second part of Isaiah, especially Isa. lii.
10, lix. 16, lxiii. 5. The remarkable expression "brought salvation
to Him" (from the second passage in Isaiah) is rendered by many
"helped Him," and that rendering gives the sense but obliterates
the connection with "salvation," emphatically repeated in the two
following verses. The return from Babylon is naturally suggested as
best corresponding to the psalmist's words. That was "the salvation
of our God," who seemed to have forgotten His people, as Isa. xlix.
2 represents Israel as complaining, but now, before "the eyes of
all nations," has shown how well He remembers and faithfully keeps
His covenant obligations. Israel is, indeed, Jehovah's witness, and
should ring out her grateful joy; but Jehovah's deed speaks more
loudly than Israel's proclamation of it can ever do.

The second strophe (vv. 4-6) corresponds to the third of Psalm
xcvi.; but whereas there the Gentiles were summoned to bring
offerings into the courts of Jehovah, here it is rather the glad
tumult of vocal praise, mingled with the twang of harps, and the
blare of trumpets and horns, which is present to the singer's
imagination. He hears the swelling chorus echoing through the courts,
which are conceived as wide enough to hold "all the earth." He has
some inkling of the great thought that the upshot of God's redeeming
self-manifestation will be glad music from a redeemed world. His
call to mankind throbs with emotion, and sounds like a prelude to
the melodious commingling of voice and instrument which he at once
enjoins and foretells. His words are largely echoes of Isaiah.
Compare Isa. xliv. 23, xlix. 13, lii. 9, for "break forth into," and
li. 3 for "voice of melody."

The final strophe is almost identical with that of Psalm xcvi., but,
in accordance with the variation found in vv. 1-3, omits the summons to
Israel to proclaim God's Kinghood among the nations. It also inverts
the order of clauses in ver. 7, and in ver. 7_b_ quotes from Psalm
xxiv. 1, where also "the fulness of it" precedes, with the result of
having no verb expressed which suits the nouns, since "the world and
the dwellers therein" cannot well be called on to "thunder." Instead
of the "plain" and "trees of the forest" in the original, ver. 8
substitutes streams and mountains. The bold figure of the streams
clapping hands, in token of homage to the King (2 Kings xi. 12; Psalm
xlvii. 1) occurs in Isa. lv. 12. The meeting waves are conceived of as
striking against each other, with a sound resembling that of applauding
palms. Ver. 9 is quoted from Psalm xcvi., with the omission of the
second "He cometh" (which many versions of the LXX. retain), and the
substitution of "equity" for "His faithfulness."




                              PSALM XCIX.

    1 Jehovah is King--the peoples tremble;
      Throned [on] the cherubim--the earth totters.
    2 Jehovah in Zion is great,
      And exalted above all the peoples.
    3 Let them praise Thy great and dread name,
      Holy is He.

    4 And the strength of the King loves judgment,
      Thou, Thou hast established equity,
      Judgment and righteousness in Jacob hast Thou wrought.
    5 Exalt Jehovah our God,
      And prostrate yourselves at His footstool,
      Holy is He.

    6 Moses and Aaron among His priests,
      And Samuel among them that call [on] His name;
      They called on Jehovah, and He, He answered them.
    7 In a pillar of cloud He spoke to them,
      They kept His testimonies,
      And the statute [which] He gave them.
    8 Jehovah our God! Thou, Thou didst answer them,
      A forgiving God wast Thou unto them,
      And executing retribution for their deeds.
    9 Exalt Jehovah our God,
      And prostrate yourselves at His holy mountain,
      For holy is Jehovah our God.


Delitzsch has well called this psalm "an earthly echo of the
seraphic Trisagion," the threefold proclamation of the Divine
holiness, which Isaiah heard (Isa. vi. 3). It is, as already noted, a
pendant to Psalm xcviii., but is distinguished from the other psalms
of this group by its greater originality, the absence of distinct
allusion to the great act of deliverance celebrated in them, and its
absorption in the one thought of the Divine holiness. Their theme
is the event by which Jehovah manifested to the world His sovereign
rule; this psalm passes beyond the event, and grasps the eternal
central principle of that rule--namely, holiness. The same thought
has been touched on in the other members of the group, but here it
is the single subject of praise. Its exhibition in God's dealings
with Israel is here traced in ancient examples, rather than in recent
instances; but the view-point of the other psalms is retained, in so
far as the Divine dealings with Israel are regarded as the occasion
for the world's praise.

The first strophe (vv. 1-3) dwells in general terms on Jehovah's
holiness, by which august conception is meant, not only moral purity,
but separation from, by elevation above, the finite and imperfect. Ver.
1 vividly paints in each clause the glory reigning in heaven, and its
effect on an awestruck world. We might render the verbs in the second
part of each clause as futures or as optatives (_shall tremble, shall
totter_, or _Let peoples tremble_, etc.), but the thought is more
animated if they are taken as describing the result of the theophany.
The participial clause "throned on the cherubim" adds detail to the
picture of Jehovah as King. It should not, strictly speaking, be
rendered with a finite verb. When that vision of Him sitting in royal
state is unveiled, all people are touched with reverence, and the solid
earth staggers. But the glory which is made visible to all men has its
earthly seat in Zion, and shines from thence into all lands. It is by
His deeds in Israel that God's exaltation is made known. The psalmist
does not call on men to bow before a veiled Majesty, of which they
only know that it is free from all creatural limitations, lowliness
and imperfections; but before a God, who has revealed Himself in acts,
and has thereby made Himself a name. "Great and dread" is that name,
but it is a sign of His loving-kindness that it is known by men, and
thanksgiving, not dumb trembling, befits men who know it. The refrain
might be rendered "It is holy," referring to the name, but vv. 5
and 9 make the rendering _Holy is He_ more probable. The meaning is
unaffected whichever translation is adopted.

Jehovah is holy, not only because lifted above and separated from
creatural limitations, but because of His righteousness. The second
strophe therefore proclaims that all His dominion is based on
uprightness, and is a continual passing of that into acts of "judgment
and righteousness." The "And" at the beginning of ver. 4, following the
refrain, is singular, and has led many commentators to link the words
with ver. 3_a_, and, taking the refrain as parenthetical, to render,
"Let them give thanks to Thy great and dread name, [for it is holy],
and [to] the strength of the King [who] loveth," etc. But the presence
of the refrain is an insuperable bar to this rendering. Others, as
Delitzsch and Cheyne, regard "the strength of the king" as dependent
on "established" in ver. 4_b_, and suppose that the theocratic monarch
of Israel is represented as under Jehovah's protection, if he reigns
righteously. But surely one King only is spoken of in this psalm,
and it is the inmost principle and outward acts of His rule which
are stated as the psalmist's reason for summoning men to prostrate
themselves at His footstool. The "And" at the beginning of the strophe
links its whole thought with that of the preceding, and declares
eloquently how closely knit together are Jehovah's exaltation and His
righteousness. The singer is in haste to assert the essentially moral
character of infinite power. Delitzsch thinks that love cannot be
predicated of "strength," but only of the possessor of strength; but
surely that is applying the measuring line of prosaic accuracy to lyric
fervour. The intertwining of Divine power and righteousness could not
be more strongly asserted than by that very intelligible attribution to
His power of the emotion of love, impelling it ever to seek union with
uprightness. He is no arbitrary ruler. His reign is for the furtherance
of justice. Its basis is "equity," and its separate acts are "judgment
and righteousness." These have been done in and for Jacob. Therefore
the call to worship rings out again. It is addressed to an undefined
multitude, which, as the tone of all this group of psalms leads us to
suppose, includes the whole race of man. They are summoned to lift high
the praise of Him who in Himself is so high, and to cast themselves low
in prostrate adoration at His footstool--_i.e._, at His sanctuary on
Zion (ver. 9). Thus again, in the centre strophe of this psalm, as in
Psalms xcvi. and xcviii., mankind are called to praise the God who has
revealed Himself in Israel; but while in the former of these two psalms
worship was represented as sacrificial, and in the second as loud music
of voice and instrument, here silent prostration is the fitting praise
of the holiness of the infinitely exalted Jehovah.

The third strophe turns to examples drawn from the great ones of
old, which at once encourage to worship and teach the true nature of
worship, while they also set in clear light Jehovah's holiness in
dealing with His worshippers. Priestly functions were exercised by
Moses, as in sprinkling the blood of the covenant (Exod. xxiv.), and
in the ceremonial connected with the consecration of Aaron and his
sons (Lev. viii.), as well as at the first celebration of worship in
the Tabernacle (Exod. xl. 18 _sqq._). In the wider sense of the word
_priest_, he acted as mediator and intercessor, as in Exod. xvii. 12,
in the fight against Amalek, and xxxii. 30-32, after the worship of the
golden calf. Samuel, too, interceded for Israel after their seeking a
king (1 Sam. xii. 19 _sqq._), and offered sacrifices (1 Sam. vii. 9).
Jeremiah couples them together as intercessors with God (xv. 1).

From these venerable examples the psalmist draws instruction as
to the nature of the worship befitting the holiness of Jehovah.
He goes deeper than all sacrifices, or than silent awe. To call
on God is the best adoration. The cry of a soul, conscious of
emptiness and need, and convinced of His fulness and of the love
which is the soul of His power, is never in vain. "They called, and
He"--even He in all the unreachable separation of His loftiness from
their lowliness--"answered them." There is a commerce of desire
and bestowal between the holy Jehovah and us. But these answers
come on certain conditions, which are plain consequences of His
holiness--namely, that His worshippers should keep His testimonies,
by which He has witnessed both to His own character and to their
duty. The psalmist seems to lose sight of his special examples, and
to extend his view to the whole people, when he speaks of answers
from the pillar of cloud, which cannot apply to Samuel's experience.
The persons spoken of in ver. 8 as receiving answers may indeed be
Moses, Aaron, and Samuel, all of whom were punished for evil deeds,
as well as answered when they cried; but more probably they are the
whole community. The great principle, firmly grasped and clearly
proclaimed by the singer, is that a holy God is a forgiving God,
willing to hearken to men's cry, and rich to answer with needed
gifts, and that indissolubly interwoven with the pardon, which He
in His holiness gives, is retribution for evil. God loves too well
to grant impunity. Forgiveness is something far better than escape
from penalties. It cannot be worthy of God to bestow or salutary
for men to receive, unless it is accompanied with such retribution
as may show the pardoned man how deadly his sin was. "Whatsoever
a man soweth that shall he also reap" is a law not abrogated by
forgiveness. The worst penalty of sin, indeed--namely, separation
from God--is wholly turned aside by repentance and forgiveness; but
for the most part the penalties which are inflicted on earth, and
which are the natural results of sin, whether in character, memory,
habit, or circumstances, are not removed by pardon. Their character
is changed; they become loving chastisement for our profit.

Such, then, is the worship which all men are invited to render to
the holy Jehovah. Prostrate awe should pass into the cry of need,
desire, and aspiration. It will be heard, if it is verified as real
by obedience to God's known will. The answers will be fresh witnesses
of God's holiness, which declares itself equally in forgiveness and
in retribution. Therefore, once more the clear summons to all mankind
rings out, and once more the proclamation of His holiness is made.

There is joyful confidence of access to the Inaccessible in the
reiteration in ver. 9 of _Jehovah our God_. "Holy is He," sang the
psalmist at first, but all the gulf between Jehovah and us is bridged
over when to the name which emphasises the eternal, self-existent
being of the holy One we can add "our God." Then humble prostration
is reconcilable with confident approach; and His worshippers have not
only to lie lowly at His footstool, but to draw near, with children's
frankness, to His heart.




                                PSALM C.

    1 Shout aloud to Jehovah, all the earth.
    2 Serve Jehovah with gladness,
      Come before His face with joyful cry.
    3 Know ye that Jehovah He is God,
      He, He has made us, and His are we,
      His people and the sheep of His pasture.
    4 Enter His gates with thanksgiving,
      His courts with praise,
      Give thanks to Him, bless His name.
    5 For Jehovah is good, for ever endures His loving-kindness,
      And to generation after generation His faithfulness.


The Psalms of the King end with this full-toned call to all the earth
to do Him homage. It differs from the others of the group, by making no
distinct mention either of Jehovah's royal title or of the great act
of deliverance which was His visible exercise of sovereignty. But it
resembles them in its jubilant tone, its urgent invitation to all men
to walk in the light which shone on Israel, and its conviction that the
mercies shown to the nation had blessing in them for all the world. The
structure is simple. A call to praise Jehovah is twice given, and each
is followed by reasons for His praise, which is grounded, in the first
instance (ver. 3), on His dealings with Israel, and, in the second, on
His character as revealed by all His works.

Ver. 1 consists of but a single clause, and, as Delitzsch says, is
like the signal-blast of a trumpet. It rings out a summons to "all
the earth," as in Psalm xcviii. 4, which is expanded in ver. 2. The
service there enjoined is that of worship in the Temple, as in ver.
4. Thus, the characteristic tone of this group of psalms echoes here,
in its close, and all men are called and welcomed to the Sanctuary.
There is no more a Court of the Gentiles. Not less striking than the
universality of the psalm is its pulsating gladness. The depths of
sorrow, both of that which springs from outward calamities and of
that more heart-breaking sort which wells up from dark fountains in
the soul, have been sounded in many a psalm. But the Psalter would
not reflect all the moods of the devout soul, unless it had some
strains of unmingled joy. The Christian Year has perfect days of
sunlit splendour, when all the winds are still, and no cloud darkens
the unbroken blue. There is no music without passages in minor keys;
but joy has its rights and place too, and they know but little of the
highest kind of worship who do not sometimes feel their hearts swell
with gladness more poignant and exuberant than earth can minister.

The reason for the world's gladness is given in ver. 3. It is
Jehovah's special relation to Israel. So far as the language of the
verse is concerned, it depends on Psalm xcv. 7. "He hath made us"
does not refer to creation, but to the constituting of Israel the
people of God. "We are His" is the reading of the Hebrew margin, and
is evidently to be preferred to that of the text, "Not we ourselves."
The difference in Hebrew is only in one letter, and the pronunciation
of both readings would be the same. Jewish text-critics count fifteen
passages, in which a similar mistake has been made in the text. Here,
the comparison of Psalm xcv. and the connection with the next clause
of ver. 3 are decidedly in favour of the amended reading. It is to
be observed that this is the only place in the psalm in which "we"
and "us" are used; and it is natural to lay stress on the opposition
between "ye" in ver. 3_a_, and "we" and "us" in _b_. The collective
Israel speaks, and calls all men to rejoice in Jehovah, because of
His grace to it. The psalm is, then, not, as Cheyne calls it, "a
national song of thanksgiving, with which an universalistic element
is not completely fused," but a song which starts from national
blessings, and discerns in them a message of hope and joy for all
men. Israel was meant to be a sacred hearth on which a fire was
kindled, that was to warm all the house. God revealed Himself _in_
Israel, but _to_ the world.

The call to praise is repeated in ver. 4 with more distinct
reference to the open Temple gates into which all the nations may now
enter. The psalmist sees, in prophetic hope, crowds pouring in with
glad alacrity through the portals, and then hears the joyful tumult
of their many voices rising in a melodious surge of praise. His eager
desire and large-hearted confidence that so it will one day be are
vividly expressed by the fourfold call in ver. 4. And the reason
which should draw all men to bless God's revealed character is that
His self-revelation, whether to Israel or to others, shows that the
basis of that character is goodness--_i.e._, kindness or love--and
that, as older singers have sung, "His loving-kindness endures for
ever," and, as a thousand generations in Israel and throughout the
earth have proved, His faithful adherence to His word, and discharge
of all obligations under which He has come to His creatures, give
a basis for trust and a perpetual theme for joyful thanksgiving.
Therefore, all the world has an interest in Jehovah's royalty, and
should, and one day shall, compass His throne with joyful homage, and
obey His behests with willing service.




                               PSALM CI.

    1 Of loving-kindness and judgment will I sing,
      To Thee, Jehovah, will I harp.
    2 I will give heed to the way of perfectness,
      When wilt Thou come to me?
      I will walk with a perfect heart
      Within my house.
    3 I will not set before my eyes any villainous thing,
      The doing of transgressions do I hate,
      It shall not cleave to me.
    4 A perverse heart shall depart from me,
      Evil will I not know.

    5 The secret slanderer of his neighbour,
      Him will I root out,
      The lofty-eyed and proud-hearted,
      Him will I not endure.
    6 My eyes are on the faithful of the land,
      That they may dwell with me,
      He who walks in the way of perfectness,
      He shall serve me.
    7 He shall not dwell in my house
      Who practises deceit,
      He that speaks lies
      Shall not be established before my eyes.
    8 Every morning will I root out
      All the wicked of the land,
      To cut off from the city of Jehovah
      All workers of iniquity.


The contents of this psalm go far towards confirming the correctness
of the superscription in ascribing it to David, as Ewald acknowledges.
To call it an ideal description of a Jewish king, dramatically put into
such a ruler's mouth, does not do justice to the ring of earnestness
in it. No doubt, subjective impressions are unreliable guides, but it
is difficult to resist the impression that a kingly voice is audible
here, speaking no ideal description, but his own stern resolves. It is
a royal "proclamation against vice and immorality," appropriate to the
beginning of a reign. If we accept the superscription, and interpret
the abrupt question in ver. 2 "When wilt Thou come to me?" as the
utterance of David's longing to see the Ark set in Jerusalem, we get
a most fitting period for the psalm. He had but recently ascended the
throne. The abuses and confusions of Saul's last troubled years had
to be reformed. The new king felt that he was God's viceroy, and here
declares what he will strive to make his monarchy--a copy of God's. He
gives evil-doers fair warning, and bids all true men be sure of his
favour. But he will take heed to himself, before he seeks to purge his
court. So the psalm, though it has no strophical arrangement, falls
into two main parts, in the first of which the king lays down the rule
of his own conduct, and, in the second, declares war against the vermin
that infest especially an Eastern court--slanderers, arrogant upstarts,
traffickers in lies. His ambition is to have Jehovah's city worthy of
its true King, when He shall deign to come and dwell in it. Therefore
his face will be gracious to all good men, and his hand heavy on all
evil-doers. The psalm is "A Mirror for Magistrates," to quote the title
of an old English book.

The first words of the psalm seem at first sight incongruous with
its contents, which are singularly devoid of praise. But they are not
meant to refer to the psalm, but declare the singer's purpose for his
whole life. If the speaker is a real character, he is a poet-king. Of
whom is that singular combination of royalty and minstrelsy so true
as of David? If the speaker is an ideal, is it not peculiar that the
first qualification of the ideal king should be that he is a poet?
The suggestion that "loving-kindness and judgment" are here the
monarch's virtues, not Divine attributes, is negatived by usage and
by the following clause, "To Thee, _Jehovah_, will I sing." But it is
as a king that the psalmist vows to praise these twin characteristics
of the Divine rule; and his song is to be accompanied by melodious
deeds, which shape themselves after that pattern for rulers and all
men. Earthly power is then strongest when, like God's, it is informed
by loving-kindness and based on righteousness. In this connection,
it is significant that this psalm, describing what a king should be,
has been placed immediately after the series which tells who the true
King of Israel and the world is, in whom these same attributes are
ever linked together.

Vv. 2-4 outline the king's resolves for himself. With noble
self-control, this ruler of men sets before himself the narrow,
thorny way of perfectness, not the broad, flowery road of indulgence.
He owns a law above himself and a far-off goal of moral completeness,
which, he humbly feels, is yet unattained, but which he vows will
never be hidden from his undazzled eyes, by the glitter of lower
earthly good, or the rank mists of sensual pleasures. He had abundant
facilities for reaching lower aims, but he turns from these to "give
heed" to the way of perfectness. That resolve must be clearly and
strongly made by every man, prince or peasant, who would attain to
the dominion over self and externals, which is man's true royalty.

The suddenly interjected question of longing, "When wilt Thou come to
me?" is best explained by connecting it with David's desire that the
Ark should be permanently domiciled in Jerusalem--a desire which was
checked by his reflections on his own unworthiness (2 Sam. vi. 9).
Now he feels that, on the one hand, his whole-hearted desire after
righteousness makes him capable of receiving such a guest; and that,
on the other, his firmest resolves will be evanescent, without God's
presence to confirm his wavering and to help him to make his resolves
into acts. He longed for that "coming" of the symbol of God's dwelling
with men, not with heathenish desire to have it as a magic-working
charm against outward foes, but as helping his faith to grasp the fact
that God was with him, as his ally in the nobler fight against his own
baseness and his position's temptations. We dare not ask God to come
to us, unless we are conscious of desire to be pure; we cannot hope to
realise that desire, unless He is with us. So, the natural sequel of
determination to give heed to the way of perfectness is petition to
Him, to come very near and take up His abode with us.

After this most significant interruption, the stream of resolutions
runs on again. In the comparative privacy of his house, he will "walk
with a perfect heart," ever seeking to translate his convictions of
right into practice, and regulating his activities by conscience.
The recesses of an Eastern palace were often foul with lust, and hid
extravagances of caprice and self-indulgence; but this ruler will
behave there as one who has Jehovah for a guest. The language of ver.
3 is very energetic. "Any villainous thing" is literally "a thing
of Belial"; "the doing of transgressions" is literally "doing deeds
that turn aside", _i.e._ from the course prescribed. He will not take
the former as models for imitation or objects of desire. The latter
kindle wholesome hatred; and if ever he is tempted to dally with sin,
he will shake it off, as a venomous reptile that has fastened on him.
"A perfect heart" will expel "a perverse heart," but neither will the
one be gained nor the other banished without vehement and persistent
effort. This man does not trust the improvement of his character to
chance or expect it to come of itself. He means to bend his strength
to effect it. He cannot but "know evil," in the sense of being aware
of it and conscious of its seductions; but he will _not_ "know"
it, in the sense of letting it into his inner nature, or with the
knowledge which is experience and love.

From ver. 5 onwards, the king lays down the principles of his public
action, and that mainly in reference to bad men. One verse suffices
to tell of his fostering care of good men. The rest describes how he
means to be a terror to evil-doers. The vices against which he will
implacably war are not gross crimes such as ordinarily bring down
the sword of public justice. This monarch has regard to more subtle
evils--slander, superciliousness, inflated vanity ("proud-hearted" in
ver. 5 is literally wide in heart, _i.e._ dilated with self-sufficiency
or ambition). His eyes are quick to mark "the faithful in the land."
He looks for those whose faithfulness to God guarantees their fidelity
to men and general reliableness. His servants shall be like himself,
followers of "the way of perfectness." In that court, dignity and
office will go, not to talent, or to crafty arts of servility, or to
birth, but to moral and religious qualities.

In the last two verses, the psalm returns to evil-doers. The actors
and speakers of lies shall be cleared out of the palace. Such base
creatures crawl and sting about the purlieus of courts, but this
prince will have his immediate _entourage_ free from them. He longs
to get rid of the stifling atmosphere of deceit, and to have honest
men round him, as many a ruler before and since has longed. But not
only palace, but city, has to be swept clean, and one cleansing at
the beginning of a reign will not be enough. So "every morning" the
work has to be done again. "Ill weeds grow apace," and the mower must
not get weary of his scythe. God's city must be pure. "Without are
... whatsoever worketh and maketh a lie."

The psalm is a God-given vision of what a king and a kingdom might
and should be. If David wrote it, his early resolves were sadly
falsified. "I will set no villainous things before my eyes"--yet from
his "house," where he vowed to "walk with a perfect heart," he looked
on Bathsheba. "He that speaks lies shall not be established in my
sight"--yet Absalom, Ahithophel, and the sons of Zeruiah stood round
his throne. The shortcomings of the earthly shadows of God's rule
force us to turn away to the only perfect King and Kingdom, Jesus
Christ and His realm, and to the city "into which shall in nowise
enter anything that defileth."




                               PSALM CII.

     1 Jehovah, hear my prayer,
       And let my cry come to Thee.
     2 Hide not Thy face from me in the day of my trouble,
       Bend to me Thine ear,
       In the day that I call answer me speedily.

     3 For my days are consumed in smoke,
       And my bones are burned like a brand.
     4 Smitten like herbage and dried up is my heart,
       For I have forgotten to eat my bread.
     5 Because of the noise of my groaning,
       My bones stick to my flesh.
     6 I am like a pelican of the desert,
       I am become like an owl of the ruins.
     7 I am sleepless,
       And am become like a sparrow lonely on the roof.
     8 All day long my enemies reproach me,
       They that are mad at me curse by me.
     9 For ashes like bread have I eaten,
       And my drink with tears have I mingled.
    10 Because of Thy indignation and Thy wrath,
       For Thou hast caught me up and flung me away
    11 My days are like a long-drawn-out shadow,
       And I like herbage am dried up.

    12 But Thou, Jehovah, sittest enthroned for ever,
       And Thy memorial is to generation after generation.
    13 Thou, Thou shalt arise, shalt pity Zion,
       For it is time to show her favour,
       For the appointed time is come.
    14 For Thy servants delight in her stones,
       And [to] her dust they show favour.
    15 And the nations shall fear the name of Jehovah,
       And all the kings of the earth His glory,

    16 Because Jehovah has built up Zion,
       He has been seen in His glory,
    17 He has turned to the prayer of the destitute,
       And has not despised their prayer.
    18 This shall be written for the generation after,
       And a people [yet] to be created shall praise Jah.
    19 Because He has looked down from His holy height,
       Jehovah has gazed from heaven upon the earth,
    20 To hear the sighing of the captive,
       To free the children of death,
    21 That they may tell in Zion the name of Jehovah,
       And His praise in Jerusalem,
    22 When the peoples are assembled together,
       And the kingdoms to serve Jehovah.

    23 He has brought down my strength in the way,
       He has cut short my days.
    24 I said, "My God, take me not away at the half of my days,"
       [Since] Thy years endure through all generations.
    25 Of old Thou didst found the earth,
       And the heavens are the work of Thy hands.
    26 They, they shall perish, but Thou, Thou shalt continue,
       And all of them like a garment shall wear out,
       Like a robe shalt Thou change them, and they shall be changed.
    27 But Thou art He,
       And Thy years shall never end.
    28 The sons of Thy servants shall dwell,
       And their seed shall be established before Thee.


Verses 13, 14, show that the psalm was written when Zion was in
ruins and the time of her restoration at hand. Sadness shot with
hope, as a cloud with sunlight, is the singer's mood. The pressure
of present sorrows points to the time of the Exile; the lightening
of these, by the expectation that the hour for their cessation has
all but struck, points to the close of that period. There is a
general consensus of opinion on this, though Baethgen is hesitatingly
inclined to adopt the Maccabean date, and Cheyne prefers the time of
Nehemiah, mainly because the references to the "stones" and "dust"
recall to him "Nehemiah's lonely ride round the burned walls," and
"Sanballat's mocking at the Jews for attempting to revive the stones
out of heaps of rubbish" ("Orig. of Psalt.," p. 70). These references
would equally suit any period of desolation; but the point of time
indicated by ver. 13 is more probably the eve of restoration than the
completion of the begun and interrupted re-establishment of Israel
in its land. Like many of the later psalms, this is largely coloured
by earlier ones, as well as by Deuteronomy, Job, and the second
half of Isaiah, while it has also reminiscences of Jeremiah. Some
commentators have, indeed, supposed it to be his work.

The turns of thought are simple. While there is no clear strophical
arrangement, there are four broadly distinguished parts: a prelude,
invoking God to hearken (vv. 1, 2); a plaintive bemoaning of the
psalmist's condition (vv. 3-11); a triumphant rising above his
sorrows, and rejoicing in the fair vision of a restored Jerusalem,
whose Temple-courts the nations tread (vv. 12-22); and a momentary
glance at his sorrows and brief life, which but spurs him to lay hold
the more joyously on God's eternity, wherein he finds the pledge of
the fulfilment of his hopes and of God's promises (vv. 23-28).

The opening invocations in vv. 1, 2, are mostly found in other
psalms. "Let my cry come unto Thee" recalls Psalm xviii. 6. "Hide not
Thy face" is like Psalm xxvii. 9. "In the day of my straits" recurs
in Psalm lix. 16. "Bend to me Thy ear" is in Psalm xxxi. 2. "In the
day when I call" is as in Psalm lvi. 9. "Answer me speedily" is found
in Psalm lxix. 17. But the psalmist is not a cold-blooded compiler,
weaving a web from old threads, but a suffering man, fain to give his
desires voice, in words which sufferers before him had hallowed, and
securing a certain solace by reiterating familiar petitions. They are
none the less his own, because they have been the cry of others. Some
aroma of the answers that they drew down in the past clings to them
still, and makes them fragrant to him.

Sorrow and pain are sometimes dumb, but, in Eastern natures,
more often eloquent; finding ease in recounting their pangs. The
psalmist's first words of self-lamentation echo familiar strains, as
he bases his cry for speedy answer on the swiftness with which his
days are being whirled away, and melting like smoke as it escapes
from a chimney. The image suggests another. The fire that makes
the smoke is that in which his very bones are smouldering like a
brand. The word for _bones_ is in the singular, the bony framework
being thought of as articulated into a whole. "Brand" is a doubtful
rendering of a word which the Authorised Version, following some
ancient Jewish authorities, renders _hearth_, as do Delitzsch and
Cheyne. It is used in Isa. xxxiii. 14 as = "burning," but "brand"
is required to make out the metaphor. The same theme of physical
decay is continued in ver. 4, with a new image struck out by the
ingenuity of pain. His heart is "smitten" as by sunstroke (compare
Psalm cxxi. 6, Isa. xlix. 10, and for still closer parallels Hosea
ix. 16, Jonah iv. 7, in both of which the same effect of fierce
sunshine is described as the sufferer here bewails). His heart
withers like Jonah's gourd. The "For" in ver. 4_b_ can scarcely
be taken as giving the reason for this withering. It must rather
be taken as giving the proof that it was so withered, as might
be concluded by beholders from the fact that he refused his food
(Baethgen). The psalmist apparently intends in ver. 5 to describe
himself as worn to a skeleton by long-continued and passionate
lamentations. But his phrase is singular. One can understand that
emaciation should be described by saying that the bones adhered to
the skin, the flesh having wasted away, but that they stick to the
flesh can only describe it, by giving a wide meaning to "flesh," as
including the whole outward part of the frame in contrast with the
internal framework. Lam. iv. 8 gives the more natural expression.
The psalmist has groaned himself into emaciation. Sadness and
solitude go well together. We plunge into lonely places when we
would give voice to our grief. The poet's imagination sees his own
likeness in solitude-loving creatures. The pelican is never now seen
in Palestine but on Lake Huleh. Thomson ("Land and Book," p. 260:
London, 1861) speaks of having found it there only, and describes
it as "the most sombre, austere bird I ever saw." "The owl of the
ruins" is identified by Tristram ("Land of Israel," p. 67) with the
small owl _Athene meridionalis_, the emblem of Minerva, which "is
very characteristic of all the hilly and rocky portions of Syria."
The _sparrow_ may be here a generic term for any small song-bird, but
there is no need for departing from the narrower meaning. Thomson
(p. 43) says: "When one of them has lost his mate--an every-day
occurrence--he will sit on the housetop alone and lament by the hour."

The division of ver. 7 is singular, as the main pause in it falls
on "am become," to the disruption of the logical continuity. The
difficulty is removed by Wickes ("Accentuation of the Poetical
Books," p. 29), who gives several instances which seem to establish
the law that, in the musical accentuation, there is "an apparent
reluctance to place the main dividing accent after the first, or
before the last, word of the verse." The division is not logical, and
we may venture to neglect it, and arrange as above, restoring the
dividing accent to its place after the first word. Others turn the
flank of the difficulty by altering the text to read, "I am sleepless
and must moan aloud" (so Cheyne, following Olshausen).

Yet another drop of bitterness in the psalmist's cup is the frantic
hatred which pours itself out in voluble mockery all day long, making
a running accompaniment to his wail. Solitary as he is, he cannot get
beyond hearing of shrill insults. So miserable does he seem, that
enemies take him and his distresses for a formula of imprecation, and
can find no blacker curse to launch at other foes than to wish that
they may be like him. So ashes, the token of mourning, are his food,
instead of the bread which he had forgotten to eat, and there are
more tears than wine in the cup he drinks.

But all this only tells how sad he is. A deeper depth opens when he
remembers why he is sad. The bitterest thought to a sufferer is that
his sufferings indicate God's displeasure; but it may be wholesome
bitterness, which, leading to the recognition of the sin which evokes
the wrath, may change into a solemn thankfulness for sorrows which
are discerned to be chastisements, inflicted by that Love of which
indignation is one form. The psalmist confesses sin in the act of
bewailing sorrow, and sees behind all his pains the working of that
hand whose interposition for him he ventures to implore. The tremendous
metaphor of ver. 10_b_ pictures it as thrust forth from heaven to grasp
the feeble sufferer, as an eagle stoops to plunge its talons into a
lamb. It lifts him high, only to give more destructive impetus to the
force with which it flings him down, to the place where he lies, a
huddled heap of broken bones and wounds. His plaint returns to its
beginning, lamenting the brief life which is being wasted away by sore
distress. Lengthening shadows tell of approaching night. His day is
nearing sunset. It will be dark soon, and, as he has said (ver. 4), his
very self is withering and becoming like dried-up herbage.

One can scarcely miss the tone of individual sorrow in the preceding
verses; but national restoration, not personal deliverance, is
the theme of the triumphant central part of the psalm. That is no
reason for flattening the previous verses into the voice of the
personified Israel, but rather for hearing in them the sighing of
one exile, on whom the general burden weighed sorely. He lifts his
tear-laden eyes to heaven, and catches a vision there which changes,
as by magic, the key of his song--Jehovah sitting in royal state
(compare Psalms ix. 7, xxix. 10) for ever. That silences complaints,
breathes courage into the feeble and hope into the despairing. In
another mood the thought of the eternal rule of God might make man's
mortality more bitter, but Faith grasps it, as enfolding assurances
which turn groaning into ringing praise. For the vision is not only
of an everlasting Some One who works a sovereign will, but of the
age-long dominion of Him whose name is Jehovah; and since that name
is the revelation of His nature, it, too, endures for ever. It is
the name of Israel's covenant-making and keeping God. Therefore,
ancient promises have not gone to water, though Israel is an exile,
and all the old comfort and confidence are still welling up from
the Name. Zion cannot die while Zion's God lives. Lam. v. 19 is
probably the original of this verse, but the psalmist has changed
"throne" into "memorial," _i.e._ _name_, and thereby deepened the
thought. The assurance that God will restore Zion rests not only on
His faithfulness, but on signs which show that the sky is reddening
towards the day of redemption. The singer sees the indication that
the hour fixed in God's eternal counsels is at hand, because he sees
how God's servants, who have a claim on Him and are in sympathy
with His purposes, yearn lovingly after the sad ruins and dust of
the forlorn city. Some new access of such feelings must have been
stirring among the devouter part of the exiles. Many large truths are
wrapped in the psalmist's words. The desolations of Zion knit true
hearts to her more closely. The more the Church or any good cause
is depressed, the more need for its friends to cling to it. God's
servants should see that their sympathies go toward the same objects
as God's do. They are proved to be His servants, because they favour
what He favours. Their regards, turned to existing evils, are the
precursors of Divine intervention for the remedy of these. When good
men begin to lay the Church's or the world's miseries to heart, it is
a sign that God is beginning to heal them. The cry of God's servants
can "hasten the day of the Lord," and preludes His appearance like
the keen morning air stirring the sleeping flowers before sunrise.

The psalmist anticipates that a rebuilt Zion will ensure a worshipping
world. He expresses that confidence, which he shares with Isa.
xl.-lxvi., in vv. 15-18. The name and glory of Jehovah will become
objects of reverence to all the earth, because of the manifestation of
them by the rebuilding of Zion, which is a witness to all men of His
power and tender regard to His people's cry. The past tenses of vv.
16, 17, do not indicate that the psalm is later than the Restoration.
It is contemplated as already accomplished, because it is the occasion
of the "fear" prophesied in ver. 15, and consequently prior in time to
it. "Destitute," in ver. 17, is literally _naked_ or _stript_. It is
used in Jer. xvii. 6 as the name of a desert plant, probably a dwarf
juniper, stunted and dry, but seems to be employed here as simply
designating utter destitution. Israel had been stripped of every beauty
and made naked before her enemies. Despised, she had cried to God,
and now is clothed again with the garments of salvation, "as a bride
adorneth herself with her jewels."

A wondering world will adore her delivering God. The glowing hopes
of psalmist and prophet seem to be dreams, since the restored Israel
attracted no such observance and wrought no such convictions. But the
singer was not wrong in believing that the coming of Jehovah in His
glory for the rebuilding of Zion would sway the world to homage. His
facts were right, but he did not know their perspective, nor could he
understand how many weary years lay, like a deep gorge hidden from
the eye of one who looks over a wide prospect, between the rebuilding
of which he was thinking, and that truer establishment of the city of
God, which is again parted from the period of universal recognition
of Jehovah's glory by so many sad and stormy generations. But the
vision is true. The coming of Jehovah in His glory will be followed
by a world's recognition of its light.

That praise accruing to Jehovah shall be not only universal, but
shall go on sounding, with increasing volume in its tone, through
coming generations. This expectation is set forth in vv. 18-22,
which substantially reiterate the thought of the preceding, with
the addition that there is to be a new Israel, a people yet to be
created (Psalm xxii. 31). The psalmist did not know "the deep things
he spoke." He did know that Israel was immortal, and that the seed
of life was in the tree that had cast its leaves and stood bare and
apparently dead. But he did not know the process by which that new
Israel was to be created, nor the new elements of which it was to
consist. His confidence teaches us never to despair of the future
of God's Church, however low its present state, but to look down
the ages, in calm certainty that, however externals may change, the
succession of God's children will never fail, nor the voice of their
praise ever fall silent.

The course of God's intervention for Israel is described in vv. 19,
20. His looking down from heaven is equivalent to His observance, as
the all-seeing Witness and Judge (compare Psalms xiv. 2, xxxiii. 13,
14, etc.), and is preparatory to His hearing the sighing of the captive
Israel, doomed to death. The language of ver. 20 is apparently drawn
from Psalm lxxix. 11. The thought corresponds to that of ver. 17. The
purpose of His intervention is set forth in vv. 21, 22, as being the
declaration of Jehovah's name and praise in Jerusalem before a gathered
world. The aim of Jehovah's dealings is that all men, through all
generations, may know and praise Him. That is but another way of saying
that He infinitely desires, and perpetually works for, men's highest
good. For our sakes, He desires so much that we should know Him, since
the knowledge is life eternal. He is not greedy of adulation nor
dependent on recognition, but He loves men too well not to rejoice in
being understood and loved by them, since Love ever hungers for return.
The psalmist saw what shall one day be, when, far down the ages, he
beheld the world gathered in the temple-courts, and heard the shout of
their praise borne to him up the stream of time. He penetrated to the
inmost meaning of the Divine acts, when he proclaimed that they were
all done for the manifestation of the Name, which cannot but be praised
when it is known.

If the poet was one of the exiles, on whom the burden of the general
calamity weighed as a personal sorrow, it is very natural that
his glowing anticipations of national restoration should be, as
in this psalm, enclosed in a setting of more individual complaint
and petition. The transition from these to the purely impersonal
centre of the psalm, and the recurrence to them in vv. 23-28, are
inexplicable, if the "I" of the first and last parts is Israel, but
perfectly intelligible if it is one Israelite. For a moment the tone
of sadness is heard in ver. 23; but the thought of his own afflicted
and brief life is but a stimulus to the psalmist to lay hold of God's
immutability and to find rest there. The Hebrew text reads "_His_
strength," and is followed by the LXX., Vulgate, Hengstenberg, and
Kay ("He afflicted on the way with His power"); but the reading
of the Hebrew margin, adopted above and by most commentators, is
preferable, as supplying an object for the verb, which is lacking in
the former reading, and as corresponding to "_my_ days" in _b_.

The psalmist has felt the exhaustion of long sorrow and the shortness
of his term. Will God do all these glorious things of which he has
been singing, and he, the singer, not be there to see? That would
mingle bitterness in his triumphant anticipations; for it would be
little to him, lying in his grave, that Zion should be built again. The
hopes with which some would console us for the loss of the Christian
assurance of immortality, that the race shall march on to new power and
nobleness, are poor substitutes for continuance of our own lives and
for our own participation in the glories of the future. The psalmist's
prayer, which takes God's eternity as its reason for deprecating his
own premature death, echoes the inextinguishable confidence of the
devout heart, that somehow even its fleeting being has a claim to be
assimilated in duration to its Eternal Object of trust and aspiration.
The contrast between God's years and man's days may be brooded on in
bitterness or in hope. They who are driven by thinking of their own
mortality to clutch, with prayerful faith, God's eternity, use the one
aright, and will not be deprived of the other.

The solemn grandeur of vv. 25, 26, needs little commentary, but it
may be noted that a reminiscence of Isaiah II. runs through them,
both in the description of the act of creation of heaven and earth
(Isa. xlviii. 13, xliv. 24), and in that of their decaying like
a garment (Isa. li. 6, liv. 10). That which has been created can
be removed. The creatural is necessarily the transient. Possibly,
too, the remarkable expression "changed," as applied to the visible
creation, may imply the thought which had already been expressed in
Isaiah, and was destined to receive such deepening by the Christian
truth of the new heavens and new earth--a truth the contents of
which are dim to us until it is fulfilled. But whatever may be the
fate of creatures, He who receives no accession to His stable being
by originating suffers no diminution by extinguishing them. Man's
days, the earth's ages, and the æons of the heavens pass, and still
"Thou art He," the same Unchanging Author of change. Measures of time
fail when applied to His being, whose years have not that which all
divisions of time have--an end. An unending year is a paradox, which,
in relation to God, is a truth.

It is remarkable that the psalmist does not draw the conclusion
that he himself shall receive an answer to his prayer, but that
"the children of Thy servants shall dwell," _i.e._ in the land,
and that there will always be an Israel "established before Thee."
He contemplates successive generations as in turn dwelling in the
promised land (and perhaps in the ancient "dwelling-place to all
generations," even in God); but of his own continuance he is silent.
Was he not assured of that? or was he so certain of the answer to his
prayer that he had forgotten himself in the vision of the eternal God
and the abiding Israel? Having regard to the late date of the psalm,
it is hard to believe that silence meant ignorance, while it may
well be that it means a less vivid and assured hope of immortality,
and a smaller space occupied by that hope than with us. But the
other explanation is not to be left out of view, and the psalmist's
oblivion of self in rapt gazing on God's eternal being--the pledge of
His servants' perpetuity--may teach us that we reach the summit of
Faith when we lose ourselves in God.

The Epistle to the Hebrews quotes vv. 25-27 as spoken of "the Son."
Such an application of the words rests on the fact that the psalm
speaks of the coming of Jehovah for redemption, who is none other
than Jehovah manifested fully in the Messiah. But Jehovah whose
coming brings redemption and His recognition by the world is also
Creator. Since, then, the Incarnation is, in truth, the coming of
Jehovah, which the psalmist, like all the prophets, looked for as
the consummation, He in whom the redeeming Jehovah was manifested
is He in whom Jehovah the Creator "made the worlds." The writer of
the Epistle is not asserting that the psalmist consciously spoke of
the Messiah, but he is declaring that his words, read in the light
of history, point to Jesus as the crowning manifestation of the
redeeming, and therefore necessarily of the creating, God.




                              PSALM CIII.

     1 Bless Jehovah, my soul,
       And all within me [bless] His holy name!
     2 Bless Jehovah, my soul!
       And forget not all His benefits,
     3 Who forgives all thy iniquity,
       Who heals all thy diseases,
     4 Who redeems thy life from the pit,
       Who crowns thee [with] loving-kindness and compassions,
     5 Who satisfies thy mouth (?) with good,
       [So that] thy youth is renewed like the eagle.

     6 Jehovah executes righteousness
       And judgments for all the oppressed.
     7 He made known His ways to Moses,
       To the children of Israel His great deeds.
     8 Full of compassion and gracious is Jehovah,
       Slow to anger and abundant in loving-kindness.
     9 He will not continually contend,
       And will not keep His anger for ever.
    10 Not according to our sins has He dealt with us,
       And not according to our iniquities has He recompensed us.
    11 For as high as the heavens are above the earth,
       [So] great is His loving-kindness to them that fear Him.
    12 As far as sunrise is from sunset,
       [So] far has He put our transgressions from us.
    13 As a father has compassion on his children,
       Jehovah has compassion on them that fear Him.
    14 For He--He knows our frame,
       Being mindful that we are dust.
    15 Frail man--like grass are his days,
       Like a flower of the field, so he flowers.
    16 For a wind passes over him and he is not,
       And his place knows him no more.
    17 But the loving-kindness of Jehovah is from everlasting even to
           everlasting upon them that fear Him,
       And His righteousness is to children's children;
    18 To those who keep His covenant,
       And to those who remember His statutes to do them.

    19 Jehovah has established His throne in the heavens,
       And His kingdom rules over all.
    20 Bless Jehovah, ye His angels,
       Ye mighty in strength, who perform His word,
       Hearkening to the voice of His word!
    21 Bless Jehovah, all His hosts,
       Ye His ministers, who perform His will!
    22 Bless Jehovah, all His works,
       In all places of His dominion!
       Bless Jehovah, my soul!


There are no clouds in the horizon, nor notes of sadness in the
music, of this psalm. No purer outburst of thankfulness enriches the
Church. It is well that, amid the many psalms which give voice to
mingled pain and trust, there should be one of unalloyed gladness,
as untouched by sorrow as if sung by spirits in heaven. Because it
is thus purely an outburst of thankful joy, it is the more fit to be
pondered in times of sorrow.

The psalmist's praise flows in one unbroken stream. There are no
clear marks of division, but the river broadens as it runs, and
personal benefits and individual praise open out into gifts which are
seen to fill the universe, and thanksgiving which is heard from every
extremity of His wide dominion of loving-kindness.

In ver. 1-5 the psalmist sings of his own experience. His _spirit_,
or _ruling self_, calls on his "soul," the weaker and more feminine
part, which may be cast down (Psalms xlii., xliii.) by sorrow, and
needs stimulus and control, to contemplate God's gifts and to praise
Him. A good man will rouse himself to such exercise, and coerce
his more sensuous and sluggish faculties to their noblest use.
Especially must memory be directed, for it keeps woefully short-lived
records of mercies, especially of continuous ones. God's gifts are
all "benefits," whether they are bright or dark. The catalogue of
blessings lavished on the singer's soul begins with forgiveness and
ends with immortal youth. The profound consciousness of sin, which
it was one aim of the Law to evoke, underlies the psalmist's praise;
and he who does not feel that no blessings could come from heaven,
unless forgiveness cleared the way for them, has yet to learn the
deepest music of thankfulness. It is followed by "healing" of "all
thy diseases," which is no cure of merely bodily ailments, any more
than redeeming of life "from the pit" is simply preservation of
physical existence. In both there is at least included, even if we do
not say that it only is in view, the operation of the pardoning God
in delivering from the sicknesses and death of the spirit.

The soul thus forgiven and healed is crowned with "loving-kindness
and compassions," wreathed into a garland for a festive brow, and its
adornment is not only a result of these Divine attributes, but the
very things themselves, so that an effluence from God beautifies the
soul. Nor is even this all, for the same gifts which are beauty are
also sustenance, and God satisfies the soul with good, especially
with the only real good, Himself. The word rendered above "mouth" is
extremely difficult. It is found in Psalm xxxii. 9, where it seems
best taken in the meaning of _trappings_ or _harness_. That meaning
is inappropriate here, though Hupfeld tries to retain it. The LXX.
renders "desire," which fits well, but can scarcely be established.
Other renderings, such as "age" or "duration"--_i.e._, the whole
extent of life--have been suggested. Hengstenberg and others regard
the word as a designation of the soul, somewhat resembling the other
term applied to it, "glory"; but the fact that it is the soul which
is addressed negatives that explanation. Graetz and others resort to
a slight textual alteration, resulting in the reading "thy misery."
Delitzsch, in his latest editions, adopts this emendation doubtingly,
and supposes that with the word _misery_ or _affliction_ there is
associated the idea "of beseeching and therefore of longing," whence
the LXX. rendering would originate. "Mouth" is the most natural word
in such a connection, and its retention here is sanctioned by "the
interpretation of the older versions in Psalm xxxii. 9 and the Arabic
cognate" (Perowne). It is therefore retained above, though with some
reluctance.

How should a man thus dealt with grow old? The body may, but not the
soul. Rather it will drop powers that can decay, and for each thus
lost will gain a stronger--moulting, and not being stripped of its
wings, though it changes their feathers. There is no need to make
the psalmist responsible for the fables of the eagle's renewal of
its youth. The comparison with the monarch of the air does not refer
to the process by which the soul's wings are made strong, but to the
result in wings that never tire, but bear their possessor far up in
the blue and towards the throne.

In vv. 6-18 the psalmist sweeps a greater circle, and deals with
God's blessings to mankind. He has Israel specifically in view in the
earlier verses, but passes beyond Israel to all "who fear Him." It
is very instructive that he begins with the definite fact of God's
revelation through Moses. He is not spinning a filmy idea of a God
out of his own consciousness, but he has learned all that he knows of
Him from His historical self-revelation. A hymn of praise which has
not revelation for its basis will have many a quaver of doubt. The
God of men's imaginations, consciences, or yearnings is a dim shadow.
The God to whom love turns undoubting and praise rises without one
note of discord is the God who has spoken His own name by deeds
which have entered into the history of the world. And what has He
revealed Himself to be? The psalmist answers almost in the words of
the proclamation made to Moses (vv. 8, 9). The lawgiver had prayed,
"I beseech Thee . . . show me now Thy ways, that I may know Thee";
and the prayer had been granted, when "the Lord passed by before
him," and proclaimed His name as "full of compassion and gracious,
slow to anger, and plenteous in mercy and truth." That proclamation
fills the singer's heart, and his whole soul leaps up in him, as he
meditates on its depth and sweetness. Now, after so many centuries
of experience, Israel can repeat with full assurance the ancient
self-revelation, which has been proved true by many "mighty deeds."

The psalmist's thoughts are still circling round the idea of
forgiveness, with which he began his contemplations. He and his
people equally need it; and all that revelation of God's character
bears directly on His relation to sin. Jehovah is "long of
anger"--_i.e._, slow to allow it to flash out in punishment--and as
lavish of loving-kindness as sparing of wrath. That character is
disclosed by deeds. Jehovah's graciousness forces Him to "contend"
against a man's sins for the man's sake. But it forbids Him to be
perpetually chastising and condemning, like a harsh taskmaster.
Nor does He keep His anger ever burning, though He does keep His
loving-kindness aflame for a thousand generations. Lightning is
transitory; sunshine, constant. Whatever His chastisements, they have
been less than our sins. The heaviest is "light," and "for a moment,"
when compared with the "exceeding weight of" our guilt.

The glorious metaphors in vv. 11, 12, traverse heaven to the zenith,
and from sunrise to sunset, to find distances distant enough to
express the towering height of God's mercy and the completeness of
His removal from us of our sins. That pure arch, the topstone of
which nor wings nor thoughts can reach, sheds down all light and heat
which make growth and cherish life. It is high above us, but it pours
blessings on us, and it bends down all round the horizon to kiss the
low, dark earth. The loving-kindness of Jehovah is similarly lofty,
boundless, all-fructifying. In ver. 11_b_ the parallelism would be
more complete if a small textual alteration were adopted, which would
give "high" instead of "great"; but the slight departure which the
existing text makes from precise correspondence with _a_ is of little
moment, and the thought is sufficiently intelligible as the words
stand. Between East and West all distances lie. To the eye they bound
the world. So far does God's mercy bear away our sins. Forgiveness
and cleansing are inseparably united.

But the song drops--or shall we say rises?--from these magnificent
measures of the immeasurable to the homely image of a father's
pity. We may lose ourselves amid the amplitudes of the lofty,
wide-stretching sky, but this emblem of paternal love goes straight
to our hearts. A pitying God! What can be added to that? But that
fatherly pity is decisively limited to "them that fear Him." It is
possible, then, to put oneself outside the range of that abundant
dew, and the universality of God's blessings does not hinder
self-exclusion from them.

In vv. 14-16 man's brief life is brought in, not as a sorrow or as
a cloud darkening the sunny joy of the song, but as one reason for
the Divine compassion. "He, He knows our frame." The word rendered
"frame" is literally "formation" or "fashioning," and comes from
the same root as the verb employed in Gen. ii. 7 to describe man's
creation, "The Lord God _formed_ man of the dust of the ground." It
is also used for the potter's action in moulding earthen vessels
(Isa. xxix. 16, etc.). So, in the next clause, "dust" carries on
the allusion to Genesis, and the general idea conveyed is that of
frailty. Made from dust and fragile as an earthen vessel, man by his
weakness appeals to Jehovah's compassion. A blow, delivered with the
full force of that almighty hand, would "break him as a potter's
vessel is broken." Therefore God handles us tenderly, as mindful of
the brittle material with which He has to deal. The familiar figure
of fading vegetation, so dear to the psalmists, recurs here; but it
is touched with peculiar delicacy, and there is something very sweet
and uncomplaining in the singer's tone. The image of the fading
flower, burned up by the simoom, and leaving one little spot in the
desert robbed of its beauty, veils much of the terror of death, and
expresses no shrinking, though great pathos. Ver. 16 may either
describe the withering of the flower, or the passing away of frail
man. In the former case, the pronouns would be rendered by "it" and
"its"; in the latter, by "he," "him," and "his." The latter seems the
preferable explanation. Ver. 16_b_ is verbally the same as Job vii.
10. The contemplation of mortality tinges the song with a momentary
sadness, which melts into the pensive, yet cheerful, assurance that
mortality has an accompanying blessing, in that it makes a plea for
pity from a Father's heart.

But another, more triumphant thought springs up. A devout soul,
full-charged with thankfulness based on faith in God's name and ways,
cannot but be led by remembering man's brief life to think of God's
eternal years. So, the key changes at ver. 17 from plaintive minors
to jubilant notes. The psalmist pulls out all the stops of his organ,
and rolls along his music in a great _crescendo_ to the close. The
contrast of God's eternity with man's transitoriness is like the
similar trend of thought in Psalms xc., cii. The extension of His
loving-kindness to children's children, and its limitation to those
who fear Him and keep His covenant in obedience, rest upon Exod.
xx. 6, xxxiv. 7; Deut. vii. 9. That limitation has been laid down
twice already (vv. 11-13). All men share in that loving-kindness,
and receive the best gifts from it of which they are capable; but
those who cling to God in loving reverence, and who are moved by that
blissful "fear" which has no torment, to yield their wills to Him
in inward submission and outward obedience, do enter into the inner
recesses of that loving-kindness, and are replenished with good, of
which others are incapable.

If God's loving-kindness is "from everlasting to everlasting," will
not His children share in it for as long? The psalm has no articulate
doctrine of a future life; but is there not in that thought of
an eternal outgoing of God's heart to its objects some (perhaps
half-conscious) implication that these will continue to exist?
May not the psalmist have felt that, though the flower of earthly
life "passed in the passing of an hour," the root would be somehow
transplanted to the higher "house of the Lord," and "flourish in
the courts of our God," as long as His everlasting mercy poured its
sunshine? We, at all events, know that His eternity is the pledge of
ours. "Because I live, ye shall live also."

From ver. 19 to the end, the psalm takes a still wider sweep. It now
embraces the universe. But it is noticeable that there is no more
about "loving-kindness" in these verses. Man's sin and frailty make
him a fit recipient of it, but we do not know that in all creation
another being, capable of and needing it, is found. Amid starry
distances, amid heights and depths, far beyond sunrise and sunset,
God's all-including kingdom stretches and blesses all. Therefore, all
creatures are called on to bless Him, since all are blessed by Him,
each according to its nature and need. If they have consciousness,
they owe Him praise. If they have not, they praise Him by being.
The angels, "heroes of strength," as the words literally read, are
"His," and they not only execute His behests, but stand attent before
Him, listening to catch the first whispered indication of His will.
"His hosts" are by some taken to mean the stars; but surely it is
more congruous to suppose that beings who are His "ministers" and
perform His "will" are intelligent beings. Their praise consists in
hearkening to and doing His word. But obedience is not all their
praise; for they, too, bring Him tribute of conscious adoration
in more melodious music than ever sounded on earth. That "choir
invisible" praises the King of heaven; but later revelation has
taught us that men shall teach a new song to "principalities and
powers in heavenly places," because men only can praise Him whose
loving-kindness to them, sinful and dying, redeemed them by His blood.

Therefore, it is no drop from these heavenly anthems, when the psalm
circles round at last to its beginning, and the singer calls on his
soul to add its "little human praise" to the thunderous chorus.
The rest of the universe praises the mighty Ruler; he blesses the
forgiving, pitying Jehovah. Nature and angels, stars and suns, seas
and forests, magnify their Maker and Sustainer; we can bless the God
who pardons iniquities and heals diseases which our fellow-choristers
never knew.




                               PSALM CIV.

     1 My soul, bless Jehovah,
       Jehovah my God, Thou art exceeding great,
       Thou hast clothed Thyself with honour and majesty;
     2 Covering Thyself with light as with a garment,
       Stretching out the heavens like a curtain.
     3 Who lays the beams of His chambers in the waters,
       Who makes clouds His chariot,
       Who walks on the wings of the wind,
     4 Making winds His messengers,
       Flaming fire His servants.

     5 He sets fast the earth upon its foundations,
       [That] it should not be moved for ever and aye.
     6 [With] the deep as [with] a garment Thou didst cover it,
       Above the mountains stood the waters.
     7 At Thy rebuke they fled,
       At the voice of Thy thunder they were scared away.
     8 --Up rose the mountains, down sank the valleys--
       To the place which Thou hadst founded for them.
     9 A bound hast Thou set [that] they should not pass over,
       Nor return to cover the earth.

    10 He sends forth springs into the glens,
       Between the hills they take their way.
    11 They give drink to every beast of the field,
       The wild asses slake their thirst.
    12 Above them dwell the birds of heaven,
       From between the branches do they give their note.
    13 He waters the mountains from His chambers,
       With the fruit of Thy works the earth is satisfied.
    14 He makes grass to spring for the cattle,
       And the green herb for the service of men,
       To bring forth bread from the earth,
    15 And that wine may gladden the heart of feeble man;
       To cause his face to shine with oil,
       And that bread may sustain the heart of feeble man.
    16 The trees of Jehovah are satisfied,
       The cedars of Lebanon which He has planted,
    17 Wherein the birds nest;
       The stork--the cypresses are her house.
    18 The high mountains are for the wild goats,
       The rocks are a refuge for the conies.

    19 He has made the moon for (_i.e._, to measure) seasons,
       The sun knows its going down.
    20 Thou appointest darkness and it is night,
       Wherein all the beasts of the forest creep forth.
    21 The young lions roar for their prey,
       And to seek from God their meat.
    22 The sun rises--they steal away,
       And lay them down in their dens.
    23 Forth goes man to his work
       And to his labour till evening.
    24 How manifold are Thy works, Jehovah!
       In wisdom hast Thou made them all,
       The earth is full of Thy possessions.
    25 Yonder [is] the sea, great and spread on either hand,
       There are creeping things without number,
       Living creatures small and great.
    26 There the ships go on,
       [There is] that Leviathan whom Thou hast formed to sport in it.
    27 All these look to Thee,
       To give their food in its season.
    28 Thou givest to them--they gather;
       Thou openest Thy hand--they are filled [with] good.
    29 Thou hidest Thy face--they are panic-struck;
       Thou withdrawest their breath--they expire,
       And return to their dust.
    30 Thou sendest forth Thy breath--they are created,
       And Thou renewest the face of the earth.

    31 Let the glory of Jehovah endure for ever,
       Let Jehovah rejoice in His works.
    32 Who looks on the earth and it trembles,
       He touches the mountains and they smoke.
    33 Let me sing to Jehovah while I live,
       Let me harp to my God while I have being.
    34 Be my meditation sweet to Him!
       I, I will rejoice in Jehovah.
    35 Be sinners consumed from the earth,
       And the wicked be no more!
       Bless Jehovah, my soul!
                              Hallelujah!


Like the preceding psalm, this one begins and ends with the
psalmist's call to his soul to bless Jehovah. The inference has
been drawn that both psalms have the same author, but that is much
too large a conclusion from such a fact. The true lesson from it
is that Nature, when looked at by an eye that sees it to be full
of God, yields material for devout gratitude no less than do His
fatherly "mercies to them that fear Him." The key-note of the psalm
is struck in ver. 24, which breaks into an exclamation concerning
the manifoldness of God's works and the wisdom that has shaped
them all. The psalm is a gallery of vivid Nature-pictures, touched
with wonderful grace and sureness of hand. Clearness of vision and
sympathy with every living thing make the swift outlines inimitably
firm and lovely. The poet's mind is like a crystal mirror, in which
the Cosmos is reflected. He is true to the uniform Old Testament
point of view, and regards Nature neither from the scientific
nor æsthetic standpoint. To him it is the garment of God, the
apocalypse of a present Deity, whose sustaining energy is but the
prolongation of His creative act. All creatures depend on Him; His
continuous action is their life. He rejoices in His works. The
Creation narrative in Genesis underlies the psalm, and is in the main
followed, though not slavishly.

Ver. 1 would be normal in structure if the initial invocation were
omitted, and as ver. 35 would also be complete without it, the
suggestion that it is, in both verses, a liturgical addition is
plausible. The verse sums up the whole of the creative act in one grand
thought. In that act the invisible God has arrayed Himself in splendour
and glory, making visible these inherent attributes. That is the
deepest meaning of Creation. The Universe is the garment of God.

This general idea lays the foundation for the following picture
of the process of creation which is coloured by reminiscences of
Genesis. Here, as there, Light is the first-born of Heaven; but the
influence of the preceding thought shapes the language, and Light
is regarded as God's vesture. The Uncreated Light, who is darkness
to our eyes, arrays Himself in created light, which reveals while
it veils Him. Everywhere diffused, all-penetrating, all-gladdening,
it tells of the Presence in which all creatures live. This clause
is the poetic rendering of the work of the first creative day. The
next clause in like manner deals with that of the second. The mighty
arch of heaven is lifted and expanded over earth, as easily as a
man draws the cloth or skin sides and canopy of his circular tent
over its framework. But our roof is His floor; and, according to
Genesis, the firmament (lit. expanse) separates the waters above from
those beneath. So the psalm pictures the Divine Architect as laying
the beams of His _upper chambers_ (for so the word means) in these
waters, above the tent roof. The fluid is solid at His will, and the
most mobile becomes fixed enough to be the foundation of His royal
abode. The custom of having chambers on the roof, for privacy and
freshness, suggests the image.

In these introductory verses the poet is dealing with the grander
instances of creative power, especially as realised in the heavens.
Not till ver. 5 does he drop to earth. His first theme is God's
dominion over the elemental forces, and so he goes on to represent
the clouds as His chariot, the wind as bearing Him on its swift
pinions, and, as the parallelism requires, the winds as His
messengers, and devouring fire as His servants. The rendering of ver.
4 adopted in Hebrews from the LXX. is less relevant to the psalmist's
purpose of gathering all the forces which sweep through the wide
heavens into one company of obedient servants of God, than that
adopted above, and now generally recognised. It is to be observed
that the verbs in vv. 2-4 are participles, which express continuous
action. These creative acts were not done once for all, but are going
on still and always. Preservation is continued creation.

With ver. 6 we pass to the work of the third of the Genesis days,
and the verb is in the form which describes a historical fact. The
earth is conceived of as formed, and already moulded into mountains
and valleys, but all covered with "the deep" like a vesture--a sadly
different one from the robe of Light which He wears. That weltering
deep is bidden back to its future appointed bounds; and the process is
grandly described, as if the waters were sentient, and, panic-struck
at God's voice, took to flight. Ver. 8_a_ throws in a vivid touch,
to the disturbance of grammatical smoothness. The poet has the scene
before his eye, and as the waters flee he sees the earth emerging, the
mountains soaring, and the vales sinking, and he breaks his sentence,
as if in wonder at the lovely apparition, but returns, in ver. 8_b_,
to tell whither the fugitive waters fled--namely, to the ocean-depths.
There they are hemmed in by God's will, and, as was promised to Noah,
shall not again run wasting over a drowned world.

The picture of the emerging earth, with its variations of valleys
and mountains, remains before the psalmist's eye throughout vv. 10-18,
which describe how it is clothed and peopled. These effects are due to
the beneficent ministry of the same element, when guided and restrained
by God, which swathed the world with desolation. Water runs through
the vales, and rain falls on the mountains. Therefore the former bear
herbs and corn, vines and olives, and the latter are clothed with
trees not planted by human hand, the mighty cedars which spread their
broad shelves of steadfast green high up among the clouds. "Everything
lives whithersoever water cometh," as Easterns know. Therefore round
the drinking-places in the vales thirsty creatures gather, birds flit
and sing; up among the cedars are peaceful nests, and inaccessible
cliffs have their sure-footed inhabitants. All depend on water, and
water is God's gift. The psalmist's view of Nature is characteristic
in the direct ascription of all its processes to God. He makes the
springs flow, and sends rain on the peaks. Equally characteristic is
the absence of any expression of a sense of beauty in the sparkling
streams tinkling down the gloomy wadies, or in the rain-storms
darkening the hills, or in the green mantle of earth, or in the bright
creatures. The psalmist is thinking of use, not of beauty. And yet it
is a poet's clear and kindly eye which looks upon all, and sees the
central characteristic of each,--the eager drinking of the wild ass;
the music of the birds blending with the brawling of the stream, and
sweeter because the singers are hidden among the branches; the freshly
watered earth, "satisfied" with "the fruit of Thy works" (_i.e._, the
rain which God has sent from His "upper chambers"), the manifold gifts
which by His wondrous alchemy are produced from the ground by help of
one agency, water; the forest trees with their foliage glistening,
as if glad for the rain; the stork on her nest; the goats on the
mountains; the "conies" (for which we have no popular name) hurrying
to their holes in the cliffs. Man appears as depending, like the lower
creatures, on the fruit of the ground; but he has more varied supplies,
bread and wine and oil, and these not only satisfy material wants,
but "gladden" and "strengthen" the heart. According to some, the word
rendered "service" in ver. 14 means "tillage," a meaning which is
supported by ver. 23, where the same word is rendered "labour," and
which fits in well with the next clause of ver. 14, "to bring forth
bread from the earth," which would describe the purpose of the tillage.
His prerogative of labour is man's special differentia in creation.
It is a token of his superiority to the happy, careless creatures who
toil not nor spin. Earth does not yield him its best products without
his co-operation. There would thus be an allusion to him as the only
worker in creation, similar to that in ver. 23, and to the reference to
the "ships" in ver. 26. But probably the meaning of "service," which is
suggested by the parallelism, and does not introduce the new thought of
co-operation with Nature or God, is to be preferred. The construction
is somewhat difficult, but the rendering of vv. 14, 15, given above
seems best. The two clauses with infinitive verbs (_to bring forth_
and _to cause to shine_) are each followed by a clause in which the
construction is varied into that with a finite verb, the meaning
remaining the same; and all four clauses express the Divine purpose in
causing vegetation to spring. Then the psalmist looks up once more to
the hills. "The trees of Jehovah" are so called, not so much because
they are great, as because, unlike vines and olives, they have not been
planted or tended by man, nor belong to him. Far above the valleys,
where men and the cattle dependent on him live on earth's cultivated
bounties, the unowned woods stand and drink God's gift of rain, while
wild creatures lead free lives amid mountains and rocks.

With ver. 19 the psalmist passes to the fourth day, but thinks of
moon and sun only in relation to the alternation of day and night as
affecting creatural life on earth. The moon is named first, because
the Hebrew day began with the evening. It is the _measurer_, by whose
phases seasons (or, according to some, _festivals_) are reckoned. The
sun is a punctual servant, knowing the hour to set and duly keeping
it. "Thou appointest darkness and it is night." God wills, and His
will effects material changes. He says to His servant Night, "Come,"
and she "comes." The psalmist had peopled the vales and mountains of
his picture. Everywhere he had seen life fitted to its environment;
and night is populous too. He had outlined swift sketches of tame
and wild creatures, and now he half shows us beasts of prey stealing
through the gloom. He puts his finger on two characteristics--their
stealthy motions, and their cries which made night hideous. Even
their roar was a kind of prayer, though they knew it not; it was
God from whom they sought their food. It would not have answered
the purpose to have spoken of "all the loves, Now sleeping in those
quiet groves." The poet desired to show how there were creatures that
found possibilities of happy life in all the variety of conditions
fashioned by the creative Hand, which was thus shown to be moved by
Wisdom and Love. The sunrise sends these nocturnal animals back to
their dens, and the world is ready for man. "The sun looked over the
mountain's rim," and the beasts of prey slunk to their lairs, and
man's day of toil began--the mark of his pre-eminence, God's gift for
his good, by which he uses creation for its highest end and fulfils
God's purpose. Grateful is the evening rest when the day has been
filled with strenuous toil.

The picture of earth and its inhabitants is now complete, and the
dominant thought which it leaves on the psalmist's heart is cast into
the exultant and wondering exclamation of ver. 24. The variety as well
as multitude of the forms in which God's creative idea is embodied,
the Wisdom which shapes all, His ownership of all, are the impressions
made by the devout contemplation of Nature. The scientist and the
artist are left free to pursue their respective lines of investigation
and impression; but scientist and artist must rise to the psalmist's
point of view, if they are to learn the deepest lesson from the ordered
kingdoms of Nature and from the beauty which floods the world.

With the exclamation in ver. 24 the psalmist has finished his
picture of the earth, which he had seen as if emerging from the
abyss, and watched as it was gradually clothed with fertility and
peopled with happy life. He turns, in vv. 25, 26, to the other half
of his Vision of Creation, and portrays the gathered and curbed
waters which he now calls the "sea." As always in Scripture, it
is described as it looks to a landsman, gazing out on it from the
safe shore. The characteristics specified betray unfamiliarity with
maritime pursuits. The far-stretching roll of the waters away out to
the horizon, the mystery veiling the strange lives swarming in its
depths, the extreme contrasts in the magnitude of its inhabitants,
strike the poet. He sees "the stately ships go on." The introduction
of these into the picture is unexpected. We should have looked for
an instance of the "small" creatures, to pair off with the "great"
one, Leviathan, in the next words. "A modern poet," says Cheyne, _in
loc._, "would have joined the mighty whale to the fairy nautilus." It
has been suggested that "ship" here is a name for the nautilus, which
is common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The suggestion is a tempting
one, as fitting in more smoothly with the antithesis of _small_ and
_great_ in the previous clause. But, in the absence of any proof that
the word has any other meaning than "ship," the suggestion cannot be
taken as more than a probable conjecture. The introduction of "ships"
into the picture is quite in harmony with the allusions to man's
works in the former parts of the psalm, such as ver. 23, and possibly
ver. 14. The psalmist seems to intend to insert such reference to
man, the only toiler, in all his pictures. "Leviathan" is probably
here the whale. Ewald, Hitzig, Baethgen, Kay, and Cheyne follow the
LXX. and Vulgate in reading "Leviathan whom Thou hast formed to sport
with him," and take the words to refer to Job xli. 5. The thought
would then be that God's power can control the mightiest creatures'
plunges; but "the two preceding 'there's are in favour of the usual
interpretation, 'therein'" (Hupfeld), and consequently of taking the
"sporting" to be that of the unwieldy gambols of the sea-monster.

Verses 27-30 mass all creatures of earth and sea, including man,
as alike dependent on God for sustenance and for life. Dumbly these
look expectant to Him, though man only knows to whom all living eyes
are directed. The swift clauses in vv. 28-30, without connecting
particles, vividly represent the Divine acts as immediately followed
by the creatural consequences. To this psalmist the links in the
chain were of little consequence. His thoughts were fixed on its two
ends--the Hand that sent its power thrilling through the links, and
the result realised in the creature's life. All natural phenomena
are issues of God's present will. Preservation is as much His act,
as inexplicable without Him, as creation. There would be nothing to
"gather" unless He "gave." All sorts of supplies, which make the
"good" of physical life, are in His hand, whether they be the food
of the wild asses by the streams, or of the conies among the cliffs,
or of the young lions in the night, or of Leviathan tumbling amidst
the waves, or of toiling man. Nor is it only the nourishment of life
which comes straight from God to all, but life itself depends on His
continual inbreathing. His face is creation's light; breath from Him
is its life. The withdrawal of it is death. Every change in creatural
condition is wrought by Him. He is the only Fountain of Life, and the
reservoir of all the forces that minister to life or to inanimate
being. But the psalmist will not end his contemplations with the
thought of the fair creation returning to nothingness. Therefore
he adds another verse (30); which tells of "life re-orient out of
dust." Individuals pass; the type remains. New generations spring.
The yearly miracle of Spring brings greenness over the snow-covered
or brown pastures and green shoots from stiffened boughs. Many of
last year's birds are dead, but there are nests in the cypresses,
and twitterings among the branches in the wadies. Life, not death,
prevails in God's world.

So the psalmist gathers all up into a burst of praise. He desires
that the glory of God, which accrues to Him from His works, may ever
be rendered through devout recognition of Him as working them all
by man, the only creature who can be the spokesman of creation. He
further desires that, as God at first saw that all was "very good,"
He may ever continue thus to rejoice in His works, or, in other
words, that these may fulfil His purpose. Possibly His rejoicing in
His works is regarded as following upon man's giving glory to Him for
them. That rejoicing, which is the manifestation both of His love and
of His satisfaction, is all the more desired, because, if His works
do _not_ please Him, there lies in Him a dread abyss of destructive
power, which could sweep them into nothingness. Superficial readers
may feel that the tone of ver. 32 strikes a discord, but it is a
discord which can be resolved into deeper harmony. One frown from
God, and the solid earth trembles, as conscious to its depths of His
displeasure. One touch of the hand that is filled with good, and the
mountains smoke. Creation perishes if He is displeased. Well then may
the psalmist pray that He may for ever rejoice in His works, and make
them live by His smile.

Very beautifully and profoundly does the psalmist ask, in vv. 33,
34, that some echo of the Divine joy may gladden his own heart, and
that his praise may be coeval with God's glory and his own life. This
is the Divine purpose in creation--that God may rejoice in it and
chiefly in man its crown, and that man may rejoice in Him. Such sweet
commerce is possible between heaven and earth; and they have learned
the lesson of creative power and love aright who by it have been
led to share in the joy of God. The psalm has been shaped in part
by reminiscences of the creative days of creation. It ends with the
Divine Sabbath, and with the prayer, which is also a hope, that man
may enter into God's rest.

But there is one discordant note in creation's full-toned hymn, "the
fair music that all creatures made." There are sinners on earth; and
the last prayer of the psalmist is that that blot may be removed, and
so nothing may mar the realisation of God's ideal, nor be left to
lessen the completeness of His delight in His work. And so the psalm
ends, as it began, with the singer's call to his own soul to bless
Jehovah.

This is the first psalm which closes with Hallelujah (Praise Jehovah).
It is appended to the two following psalms, which close Book IV., and
is again found in Book V., in Psalms cxi.-cxiii., cxv.-cxvii., and in
the final group, Psalms cxlvi.-cl. It is probably a liturgical addition.




                               PSALM CV.

     1 Give thanks to Jehovah, call on His name,
       Make known among the peoples His deeds.
     2 Sing to Him, harp to Him,
       Speak musingly of all His wonders.
     3 Glory in His holy name,
       Glad be the heart of them that seek Jehovah!
     4 Inquire after Jehovah and His strength,
       Seek His face continually.
     5 Remember His wonders which He has done,
       His marvels and the judgments of His mouth.
     6 O seed of Abraham His servant,
       Sons of Jacob, His chosen ones.

     7 He, Jehovah, is our God,
       In all the earth are His judgments.
     8 He remembers His covenant for ever,
       The word which He commanded for a thousand generations;
     9 Which He made with Abraham,
       And His oath to Isaac.
    10 And He established it with Jacob for a statute,
       To Israel for an everlasting covenant,
    11 Saying, "To thee will I give the land of Canaan,
       [As] your measured allotment;"
    12 Whilst they were easily counted,
       Very few, and but sojourners therein;
    13 And they went about from nation to nation,
       From [one] kingdom to another people.
    14 He suffered no man to oppress them,
       And reproved kings for their sakes;
    15 [Saying], "Touch not Mine anointed ones,
       And to My prophets do no harm."

    16 And He called for a famine on the land,
       Every staff of bread He broke.
    17 He sent before them a man,
       For a slave was Joseph sold.
    18 They afflicted his feet with the fetter,
       He was put in irons.
    19 Till the time [when] his word came [to pass],
       The promise of Jehovah tested him.
    20 The king sent and loosed him,
       The ruler of peoples, and let him go.
    21 He made him lord over his house,
       And ruler over all his substance;
    22 To bind princes at his pleasure,
       And to make his elders wise.

    23 So Israel came to Egypt,
       And Jacob sojourned in the land of Ham.
    24 And He made His people fruitful exceedingly,
       And made them stronger than their foes.
    25 He turned their heart to hate His people,
       To deal craftily with His servants.
    26 He sent Moses His servant,
       [And] Aaron whom He had chosen.
    27 They set [forth] among them His signs,
       And wonders in the land of Ham.

    28 He sent darkness, and made it dark,
       And they rebelled not against His words.
    29 He turned their waters to blood,
       And slew their fish.
    30 Their land swarmed [with] frogs,
       In the chambers of their kings.
    31 He spake and the gad-fly came,
       Gnats in all their borders.
    32 He gave hail [for] their rains,
       Flaming fire in their land.
    33 And He smote their vine and their fig-tree,
       And broke the trees of their borders.
    34 He spoke and the locust came,
       And caterpillar-locusts without number,
    35 And ate up every herb in their land,
       And ate up the fruit of their ground.
    36 And He smote every first-born in their land,
       The firstlings of all their strength.
    37 And He brought them out with silver and gold,
       And there was not one among His tribes who stumbled.
    38 Glad was Egypt at their departure,
       For the fear of them had fallen upon them.
    39 He spread a cloud for a covering,
       And fire to light the night.
    40 They asked and He brought quails,
       And [with] bread from heaven He satisfied them.
    41 He opened the rock and forth gushed waters,
       They flowed through the deserts, a river.
    42 For He remembered His holy word,
       [And] Abraham His servant;
    43 And He brought out His people [with] joy,
       With glad cries His chosen [ones];
    44 And He gave them the lands of the nations,
       And they took possession of the toil of the peoples,
    45 To the end that they might observe His statutes,
       And keep His laws.
                          Hallelujah!


It is a reasonable conjecture that the Hallelujah at the end of
Psalm civ., where it is superfluous, properly belongs to this psalm,
which would then be assimilated to Psalm cvi., which is obviously
a companion psalm. Both are retrospective and didactic; but Psalm
cv. deals entirely with God's unfailing faithfulness to Israel,
while Psalm cvi. sets forth the sad contrast presented by Israel's
continual faithlessness to God. Each theme is made more impressive by
being pursued separately, and then set over against the other. The
long series of God's mercies massed together here confronts the dark
uniformity of Israel's unworthy requital of them there. Half of the
sky is pure blue and radiant sunshine; half is piled with unbroken
clouds. Nothing drives home the consciousness of sin so surely
as contemplation of God's loving acts. Probably this psalm, like
others of similar contents, is of late date. The habit of historical
retrospect for religious purposes is likely to belong to times remote
from the events recorded. Vv. 1-15 are found in 1 Chron. xvi. as part
of the hymn at David's setting up of the Ark on Zion. But that hymn
is unmistakably a compilation from extant psalms, and cannot be taken
as deciding the Davidic authorship of the psalm.

Vv. 1-6 are a ringing summons to extol and contemplate God's
great deeds for Israel. They are full of exultation, and, in their
reiterated short clauses, are like the joyful cries of a herald
bringing good tidings to Zion. There is a beautiful progress of
thought in these verses. They begin with the call to thank and
praise Jehovah and to proclaim His doings among the people. That
recognition of Israel's office as the world's evangelist does not
require the supposition that the nation was dispersed in captivity,
but simply shows that the singer understood the reason for the long
series of mercies heaped on it. It is significant that God's "deeds"
are Israel's message to the world. By such deeds His "name" is
spoken. What God has done is the best revelation of what God is. His
messengers are not to speak their own thoughts about Him, but to tell
the story of His acts and let these speak for Him. Revelation is not
a set of propositions, but a history of Divine facts. The foundation
of audible praise and proclamation is contemplation. Therefore the
exhortation in ver. 2_b_ follows, which means not merely "speak," but
may be translated, as in margin of the Revised Version, "meditate,"
and is probably best rendered so as to combine both ideas, "musingly
speak." Let not the words be mere words, but feel the great deeds
which you proclaim. In like manner, ver. 3 calls upon the heralds to
"glory" for themselves in the name of Jehovah, and to make efforts
to possess Him more fully and to rejoice in finding Him. Aspiration
after clearer and closer knowledge and experience of God should ever
underlie glad pealing forth of His name. If it does not, eloquent
tongues will fall silent, and Israel's proclamation will be cold and
powerless. To seek Jehovah is to find His strength investing our
feebleness. To turn our faces towards His in devout desire is to
have our faces made bright by reflected light. And one chief way of
seeking Jehovah is the remembrance of His merciful wonders of old,
"He hath made His wonderful works to be remembered" (Psalm cxi. 4),
and His design in them is that men should have solid basis for their
hopes, and be thereby encouraged to seek Him, as well as be taught
what He is. Thus the psalmist reaches his main theme, which is to
build a memorial of these deeds for an everlasting possession. The
"wonders" referred to in ver. 5 are chiefly those wrought in Egypt,
as the subsequent verses show.

Ver. 6 contains, in the names given to Israel, the reason for their
obeying the preceding summonses. Their hereditary relation to God
gives them the material, and imposes on them the obligation and the
honour, of being "secretaries of God's praise." In ver. 6_a_ "His
servant" may be intended to designate the nation, as it often does in
Isa. xl.-lxvi. "His chosen ones" in ver. 6_b_ would then be an exact
parallel; but the recurrence of the expression in ver. 42, with the
individual reference, makes that reference more probable here.

The fundamental fact underlying all Israel's experience of God's
care is His own loving will, which, self-moved, entered into
covenant obligations, so that thereafter His mercies are ensured by
His veracity, no less than by His kindness. Hence the psalm begins
its proper theme by hymning the faithfulness of God to His oath,
and painting the insignificance of the beginnings of the nation,
as showing that the ground of God's covenant relation was laid in
Himself, not in them. Israel's consciousness of holding a special
relation to God never obscured, in the minds of psalmists and
prophets, the twin truth that all the earth waited on Him, and was
the theatre of His manifestations. Baser souls might hug themselves
on their prerogative. The nobler spirits ever confessed that it
laid on them duties to the world, and that God had not left Himself
without witness in any land. These two truths have often been rent
asunder, both in Israel and in Christendom, but each needs the other
for its full comprehension. "Jehovah is our God" may become the
war-cry of bitter hostility to them that are without, or of contempt,
which is quite as irreligious. "In all the earth are His judgments"
may lead to a vague theism, incredulous of special revelation. He who
is most truly penetrated with the first will be most joyfully ready
to proclaim the second of these sister-thoughts, and will neither
shut up all God's mercies within the circle of revelation, nor lose
sight of His clearest utterances while looking on His more diffused
and less perfect ones.

The obligations under which God has come to Israel are represented
as a covenant, a word and an oath. In all the general idea of
explicit declaration of Divine purpose, which henceforth becomes
binding on God by reason of His faithfulness, is contained; but the
conception of a _covenant_ implies mutual obligations, failure to
discharge which on one side relieves the other contracting party
from his promise, while that of a _word_ simply includes the notion
of articulate utterance, and that of an _oath_ adds the thought of
a solemn sanction and a pledge given. God swears by Himself--that
is, His own character is the guarantee of His promise. These various
designations are thus heaped together, in order to heighten the
thought of the firmness of His promise. It stands "for ever," "to a
thousand generations"; it is an "everlasting covenant." The psalmist
triumphs, as it were, in the manifold repetition of it. Each of the
fathers of the nation had it confirmed to himself,--Abraham; Isaac
when, ready to flee from the land in famine, he had renewed to
him (Gen. xxvi. 3) the oath which he had first heard as he stood,
trembling but unharmed, by the rude altar where the ram lay in his
stead (Gen. xxii. 16); Jacob as he lay beneath the stars at Bethel.
With Jacob (Israel) the singer passes from the individuals to the
nation, as is shown by the alternation of "thee" and "you" in ver. 11.

The lowly condition of the recipients of the promise not only exalts
the love which chose them, but the power which preserved them and
fulfilled it. And if, as may be the case, the psalm is exilic or
post-exilic, its picture of ancient days is like a mirror, reflecting
present depression and bidding the downcast be of good cheer. He who
made a strong nation out of that little horde of wanderers must have
been moved by His own heart, not by anything in them; and what He
did long ago He can do to-day. God's past is the prophecy of God's
future. Literally rendered, ver. 12_a_ runs "Whilst they were men of
number," _i.e._, easily numbered (Gen. xxxiv. 30, where Jacob uses
the same phrase). "Very few" in _b_ is literally "like a little,"
and may either apply to number or to worth. It is used in the latter
sense, in reference to "the heart of the wicked," in Prov. x. 20, and
may have the same meaning here. That little band of wanderers, who
went about as sojourners among the kinglets of Canaan and Philistia,
with occasional visits to Egypt, seemed very vulnerable; but God
was, as He had promised to the first of them at a moment of extreme
peril, their "shield," and in their lives there were instances of
strange protection afforded them, which curbed kings, as in the case
of Abram in Egypt (Gen. xii.) and Gerar (Gen. xx.), and of Isaac in
the latter place (Gen. xxvi.). The patriarchs were not, technically
speaking, "anointed," but they had that of which anointing was but
a symbol. They were Divinely set apart and endowed for their tasks,
and, as consecrated to God's service, their persons were inviolable.
In a very profound sense all God's servants are thus anointed, and
are "immortal till their work is done." "Prophets" in the narrower
sense of the word the patriarchs were not, but Abraham is called
so by God in one of the places already referred to (Gen. xx. 7).
Prior to prophetic utterance is prophetic inspiration; and these
men received Divine communications, and were, in a special degree,
possessed of the counsels of Heaven. The designation is equivalent
to Abraham's name of the "friend of God." Thus both titles, which
guaranteed a charmed, invulnerable life to their bearers, go deep
into the permanent privileges of God-trusting souls. All such "have
an anointing from the Holy One," and receive whispers from His lips.
They are all under the ægis of His protection, and for their sakes
kings of many a dynasty and age have been rebuked.

In vv. 16-22 the history of Joseph is poetically and summarily
treated, as a link in the chain of providences which brought about
the fulfilment of the Covenant. Possibly the singer is thinking about
a captive Israel in the present, while speaking about a captive
Joseph in the past. In God's dealings humiliation and affliction are
often, he thinks, the precursors of glory and triumph. Calamities
prepare the way for prosperity. So it was in that old time; and so
it is still. In this _résumé_ of the history of Joseph, the points
signalised are God's direct agency in the whole--the errand on which
Joseph was sent ("before them") as a forerunner to "prepare a place
for them," the severity of his sufferings, the trial of his faith by
the contrast which his condition presented to what God had promised,
and his final exaltation. The description of Joseph's imprisonment
adds some dark touches to the account in Genesis, whether these are
due to poetic idealising or to tradition. In ver. 18_b_ some would
translate "Iron came over his soul." So Delitzsch, following the
Vulgate ("Ferrum pertransiit animam ejus"), and the picturesque
Prayer-Book Version, "The iron entered into his soul." But the
original is against this, as the word for _iron_ is masculine and the
verb is feminine, agreeing with the feminine noun _soul_. The clause
is simply a parallel to the preceding. "His soul" is best taken as
a mere periphrasis for _he_, though it may be used emphatically to
suggest that "his soul entered, whole and entire, in its resolve to
obey God, into the cruel torture" (Kay). The meaning is conveyed by
the free rendering above.

Ver. 19 is also ambiguous, from the uncertainty as to whose word is
intended in _a_. It may be either God's or Joseph's. The latter is
the more probable, as there appears to be an intentional contrast
between "His word" in _a_, and "the promise of Jehovah" in _b_. If this
explanation is adopted, a choice is still possible between Joseph's
interpretation of his fellow-prisoners' dreams, the fulfilment of
which led to his liberation, and his earlier word recounting his own
dreams, which led to his being sold by his brethren. In any case, the
thought of the verse is a great and ever true one, that God's promise,
while it remains unfulfilled, and seems contradicted by present facts,
serves as a test of the genuineness and firmness of a man's reliance
on Him and it. That promise is by the psalmist almost personified, as
putting Joseph to the test. Such testing is the deepest meaning of all
afflictions. Fire will burn off a thin plating of silver from a copper
coin and reveal the base metal beneath, but it will only brighten into
a glow the one which is all silver.

There is a ring of triumph in the singer's voice as he tells of the
honour and power heaped on the captive, and of how the king of many
nations "sent," as the mightier King in heaven had done (vv. 20 and
17), and not only liberated but exalted him, giving him, whose soul
had been bound in fetters, power to "bind princes according to his
soul," and to instruct and command the elders of Egypt.

Vv. 23-27 carry on the story to the next step in the evolution of
God's purposes. The long years of the sojourn in Egypt are summarily
dealt with, as they are in the narrative in Genesis and Exodus, and the
salient points of its close alone are touched--the numerical growth of
the people, the consequent hostility of the Egyptians, and the mission
of Moses and Aaron. The direct ascription to God of all the incidents
mentioned is to be noted. The psalmist sees only one hand moving, and
has no hesitation in tracing to God the turning of the Egyptians'
hearts to hatred. Many commentators, both old and new, try to weaken
the expression, by the explanation that the hatred was "indirectly
the work of God, inasmuch as He lent increasing might to the people"
(Delitzsch). But the psalmist means much more than this, just as Exodus
does in attributing the hardening of Pharaoh's heart to God.

Ver. 27, according to the existing text, breaks the series of verses
beginning with a singular verb of which God is the subject, which
stretch with only one other interruption from ver. 24 to ver. 37. It
seems most probable, therefore, that the LXX. is right in reading
_He_ instead of _They_. The change is but the omission of one
letter, and the error supposed is a frequent one. The word literally
means _set_ or _planted_, and _did_ is an explanation rather than a
rendering. The whole expression is remarkable. Literally, we should
translate "He" (or "They") "set among them words" (or "matters")
"of His signs"; but this would be unintelligible, and we must have
recourse to reproduction of the meaning rather than of the words.

If "words of His signs" is not merely pleonastic, it may be rendered,
as by Kay, "His long record of signs," or as by Cheyne, "His varied
signs." But it is better to take the expression as suggesting that
the _miracles_ were indeed _words_, as being declarations of God's
will and commands to let His people go. The phrase in ver. 5, "the
judgments of His mouth," would then be roughly parallel. God's deeds
are words. His signs have tongues. "He speaks and it is done"; but
also, "He does and it is spoken." The expression, however, may be
like Psalm lxv. 4, where the same form of phrase is applied to sins,
and where it seems to mean "deeds of iniquity." It would then mean
here "His works which were signs."

The following enumeration of the "signs" does not follow the order
in Exodus, but begins with the ninth plague, perhaps because of its
severity, and then in the main adheres to the original sequence,
though it inverts the order of the third and forth plagues (flies and
gnats or mosquitoes, not "lice") and omits the fifth and sixth. The
reason for this divergence is far from clear, but it may be noted
that the first two in the psalmist's order attack the elements; the
next three (frogs, flies, gnats) have to do with animal life; and the
next two (hail and locusts), which embrace both these categories, are
considered chiefly as affecting vegetable products. The emphasis is
laid in all on God's direct act. _He_ sends darkness, _He_ turns the
waters into blood, and so on. The only other point needing notice
in these verses is the statement in ver. 28_b_. "They rebelled not
against His word," which obviously is true only in reference to Moses
and Aaron, who shrank not from their perilous embassage.

The tenth plague is briefly told, for the psalm is hurrying on to
the triumphant climax of the Exodus, when, enriched with silver and
gold, the tribes went forth, strong for their desert march, and Egypt
rejoiced to see the last of them, "for they said, We be all dead men"
(Exod. xii. 33). There may be a veiled hope in this exultant picture
of the Exodus, that present oppression will end in like manner. The
wilderness sojourn is so treated in ver. 39 _sqq._ as to bring into
sight only the leading instances, sung in many psalms, of God's
protection, without one disturbing reference to the sins and failures
which darkened the forty years. These are spread out at length, without
flattery or minimising, in the next psalm; but here the theme is
God's wonders. Therefore, the pillar of cloud which guided, covered,
and illumined the camp, the miracles which provided food and water,
are touched on in vv. 39-41, and then the psalmist gathers up the
lessons which he would teach in three great thoughts. The reason for
God's merciful dealings with His people is His remembrance of His
covenant, and of His servant Abraham, whose faith made a claim on God,
for the fulfilment which would vindicate it. That covenant has been
amply fulfilled, for Israel came forth with ringing songs, and took
possession of lands which they had not tilled, and houses which they
had not built. The purpose of covenant and fulfilment is that the
nation, thus admitted into special relations with God, should by His
mercies be drawn to keep His commandments, and in obedience find rest
and closer fellowship with its God. The psalmist had learned that God
gives before He demands or commands, and that "Love," springing from
grateful reception of His benefits, "is the fulfilling of the Law." He
anticipates the full Christian exhortation, "I beseech you, brethren,
by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice."




                               PSALM CVI.

     1              Hallelujah!
       Give thanks to Jehovah, for He is good,
       For His loving-kindness [endures] for ever.
     2 Who can speak forth the mighty deeds of Jehovah?
       [Who] can cause all His praise to be heard?
     3 Blessed are they who observe right,
       He who does righteousness at all times.
     4 Remember me, Jehovah, with the favour which Thou bearest to Thy
           people,
       Visit me with Thy salvation;
     5 That I may look on the prosperity of Thy chosen ones,
       That I may joy in the joy of Thy nation,
       That I may triumph with Thine inheritance.

     6 We have sinned with our fathers,
       We have done perversely, have done wickedly.
     7 Our fathers in Egypt considered not Thy wonders,
       They remembered not the multitude of Thy loving-kindnesses,
       And rebelled at the Sea, by the Red Sea.
     8 And He saved them for His name's sake,
       To make known His might;
     9 And He rebuked the Red Sea and it was dried up,
       And He led them in the depths as in a wilderness;
    10 And He saved them from the hand of the hater,
       And redeemed them from the hand of the enemy;
    11 And the waters covered their oppressors,
       Not one of them was left;
    12 And they believed on His words,
       They sang His praise.

    13 They hasted [and] forgot His works,
       They waited not for His counsel;
    14 And they lusted a lust in the wilderness,
       And tempted God in the desert;
    15 And He gave them what they asked for,
       And sent wasting sickness into their soul.
    16 They were jealous against Moses in the camp,
       Against Aaron, the holy one of Jehovah.
    17 The earth opened and swallowed Dathan,
       And covered the company of Abiram;
    18 And fire blazed out on their company,
       Flame consumed the wicked ones.

    19 They made a calf in Horeb,
       And bowed down to a molten image;
    20 And they changed their Glory
       For the likeness of a grass-eating ox.
    21 They forgot God their Saviour,
       Who did great things in Egypt,
    22 Wonders in the land of Ham,
       Dread things by the Red Sea.
    23 And He said that He would annihilate them,
       Had not Moses, His chosen one, stood in the breach confronting
           Him
       To turn His anger from destroying.

    24 And they despised the delightsome land,
       They trusted not to His word;
    25 And they murmured in their tents,
       They hearkened not to the voice of Jehovah;
    26 And He lifted up His hand to them, [swearing]
       That He would make them fall in the wilderness,
    27 And that He would make their seed fall among the nations,
       And scatter them in the lands.

    28 And they yoked themselves to Baal-Peor,
       And ate the sacrifices of dead [gods];
    29 And they provoked Him by their doings,
       And a plague broke in upon them;
    30 And Phinehas stood up and did judgment,
       And the plague was stayed;
    31 And it was reckoned to him for righteousness,
       To generation after generation, for ever.

    32 And they moved indignation at the waters of Meribah,
       And it fared ill with Moses on their account.
    33 For they rebelled against [His] Spirit,
       And he spoke rashly with his lips.
    34 They destroyed not the peoples
       [Of] whom Jehovah spoke to them;
    35 And they mixed themselves with the nations
       And learned their works;
    36 And they served their idols
       And they became to them a snare;
    37 And they sacrificed their sons
       And their daughters to demons;
    38 And they shed innocent blood, the blood of their sons and
           daughters,
       Whom they sacrificed to the idols of Canaan,
       And the land was profaned by bloodshed.
    39 And they became unclean through their works,
       And committed whoredom through their doings.

    40 And the anger of Jehovah kindled on His people,
       And He abhorred His inheritance;
    41 And He gave them into the hand of the nations,
       And their haters lorded it over them;
    42 And their enemies oppressed them,
       And they were bowed down under their hand.
    43 Many times did He deliver them,
       And they--they rebelliously followed their own counsel,
       And were brought low through their iniquity;
    44 And He looked on their distress
       When He heard their cry;
    45 And He remembered for them His covenant,
       And repented according to the multitude of His loving-kindness,
    46 And caused them to find compassion,
       In the presence of all their captors.

    47 Save us, Jehovah, our God,
       And gather us from among the nations,
       That we may thank Thy holy name,
       That we may make our boast in Thy praise.

    48 Blessed be Jehovah, the God of Israel,
       From everlasting and to everlasting,
       And let all the people say Amen.
                                Hallelujah!


The history of God's past is a record of continuous mercies, the
history of man's, one of as continuous sin. The memory of the former
quickened the psalmist into his sunny song of thankfulness in the
previous psalm. That of the latter moves him to the confessions in this
one. They are complements of each other, and are connected not only as
being both retrospective, but by the identity of their beginnings and
the difference of their points of view. The parts of the early history
dealt with in the one are lightly touched or altogether omitted in the
other. The key-note of Psalm cv. is, "Remember His mighty deeds"; that
of Psalm cvi. is, "They forgot His mighty deeds."

Surely never but in Israel has patriotism chosen a nation's sins for
the themes of song, or, in celebrating its victories, written but one
name, the name of Jehovah, on its trophies. But in the Psalter we have
several instances of such hymns of national confession; and, in other
books, there are the formulary at the presentation of the first-fruits
(Deut. xxvi.), Solomon's prayer at the dedication of the Temple (1
Kings viii.), Nehemiah's prayer (Neh. ix.), and Daniel's (Dan. ix.).

An exilic date is implied by the prayer of ver. 47, for the gathering
of the people from among the nations. The occurrence of vv. 1 and 47,
48, in the compilation in 1 Chron. xvi. shows that this psalm, which
marks the close of the Fourth Book, was in existence prior to the
date of 1 Chronicles.

No trace of strophical arrangement is discernible. But, after an
introduction in some measure like that in Psalm cv., the psalmist
plunges into his theme, and draws out the long, sad story of Israel's
faithlessness. He recounts seven instances during the wilderness
sojourn (vv. 7-33), and then passes to those occurring in the Land
(vv. 34-39), with which he connects the alternations of punishment
and relenting on God's part and the obstinacy of transgression on
Israel's, even down to the moment in which he speaks (vv. 40-46). The
whole closes with a prayer for restoration to the Land (ver. 47); to
which is appended the doxology (ver. 48), the mark of the end of Book
IV., and not a part of the psalm.

The psalmist preludes his confession and contemplation of his
people's sins by a glad remembrance of God's goodness and enduring
loving-kindness and by a prayer for himself. Some commentators regard
these introductory verses as incongruous with the tone of the psalm,
and as mere liturgical commonplace, which has been tacked on without
much heed to fitness. But surely the thought of God's unspeakable
goodness most appropriately precedes the psalmist's confession, for
nothing so melts a heart in penitence as the remembrance of God's
love, and nothing so heightens the evil of sin as the consideration
of the patient goodness which it has long flouted. The blessing
pronounced in ver. 3 on those who "do righteousness" and keep the law
is not less natural, before a psalm which sets forth in melancholy
detail the converse truth of the misery that dogs breaking the law.

In vv. 4, 5, the psalmist interjects a prayer for himself, the
abruptness of which strongly reminds us of similar jets of personal
supplication in Nehemiah. The determination to make the "I" of the
Psalter the nation perversely insists on that personification here,
in spite of the clear distinction thrice drawn in ver. 5 between
the psalmist and his people. The "salvation" in which he desires
to share is the deliverance from exile for which he prays in the
closing verse of the psalm. There is something very pathetic in this
momentary thought of self. It breathes wistful yearning, absolute
confidence in the unrealised deliverance, lowly humility which bases
its claim with God on that of the nation. Such a prayer stands in the
closest relation to the theme of the psalm, which draws out the dark
record of national sin, in order to lead to that national repentance
which, as all the history shows, is the necessary condition of
"the prosperity of Thy chosen ones." Precisely because the hope of
restoration is strong, the delineation of sin is unsparing.

With ver. 6 the theme of the psalm is given forth, in language which
recalls Solomon's and Daniel's similar confessions (1 Kings viii.
47; Dan. ix. 5). The accumulation of synonyms for sin witnesses
at once to the gravity and manifoldness of the offences, and to
the earnestness and comprehensiveness of the acknowledgment. The
remarkable expression "We have sinned _with_ our fathers" is not to
be weakened to mean merely that the present generation had sinned
like their ancestors, but gives expression to the profound sense of
national solidarity, which speaks in many other places of Scripture,
and rests on very deep facts in the life of nations and their
individual members. The enumeration of ancestral sin begins with the
murmurings of the faint-hearted fugitives by the Red Sea. In Psalm
cv. the wonders in Egypt were dilated on and the events at the Red
Sea unmentioned. Here the signs in Egypt are barely referred to
and treated as past at the point where the psalm begins, while the
incidents by the Red Sea fill a large space in the song. Clearly,
the two psalms supplement each other. The reason given for Israel's
rebellion in Psalm cvi. is its forgetfulness of God's mighty deeds
(ver. 7_a_, _b_), while in Psalm cv. the remembrance of these is
urgently enjoined. Thus, again, the connection of thought in the
pair of psalms is evident. Every man has experiences enough of God's
goodness stored away in the chambers of his memory to cure him of
distrust, if he would only look at them. But they lie unnoticed, and
so fear has sway over him. No small part of the discipline needed for
vigorous hope lies in vigorous exercise of remembrance. The drying
up of the Red Sea is here poetically represented, with omission of
Moses' outstretched rod and the strong east wind, as the immediate
consequence of God's omnipotent rebuke. Ver. 9_b_ is from Isa. lxiii.
13, and picturesquely describes the march through that terrible
gorge of heaped-up waters as being easy and safe, as if it had
been across some wide-stretching plain, with springy turf to tread
on. The triumphant description of the completeness of the enemies'
destruction in ver. 11_b_ is from Exod. xiv. 28, and "they believed
on His words" is in part quoted from Exod. xiv. 31, while Miriam's
song is referred to in ver. 12_b_.

The next instance of departure is the lusting for food (vv. 13-15).
Again the evil is traced to forgetfulness of God's doings, to which in
ver. 13_b_ is added impatient disinclination to wait the unfolding of
His counsel or plan. These evils cropped up with strange celerity. The
memory of benefits was transient, as if they had been written on the
blown sands of the desert. "They hasted, they forgot His works." Of
how many of us that has to be said! We remember pain and sorrow longer
than joy and pleasure. It is always difficult to bridle desires and be
still until God discloses His purposes. We are all apt to try to force
His hand open, and to impose our wishes on Him, rather than to let
His will mould us. So, on forgetfulness and impatience there followed
then, as there follow still, eager longings after material good and
a tempting of God. "They lusted a lust" is from Num. xi. 4. "Tempted
God" is found in reference to the same incident in the other psalm of
historical retrospect (lxxviii. 18). He is "tempted" when unbelief
demands proofs of His power, instead of waiting patiently for Him. In
Num. xi. 33 Jehovah is said to have smitten the people "with a very
great plague." The psalm specifies more particularly the nature of the
stroke by calling it "wasting sickness," which invaded the life of the
sinners. The words are true in a deeper sense, though not so meant. For
whoever sets his hot desires in self-willed fashion on material good,
and succeeds in securing their gratification, gains with the satiety
of his lower sense the loss of a shrivelled spiritual nature. Full-fed
flesh makes starved souls.

The third instance is the revolt headed by Korah, Dathan, and
Abiram against the exclusive Aaronic priesthood (vv. 16-18). It was
rebellion against God, for He had set apart Aaron as His own, and
therefore the unusual title of "the holy one of Jehovah" is here
given to the high priest. The expression recalls the fierce protest
of the mutineers, addressed to Moses and Aaron, "Ye take too much
upon you, seeing all the congregation are holy" (Num. xvi. 3); and
also Moses' answer, "Jehovah will show ... who is holy." Envy often
masquerades as the champion of the rights of the community, when it
only wishes to grasp these for itself. These aristocratic democrats
cared nothing for the prerogatives of the nation, though they talked
about them. They wanted to pull down Aaron, not to lift up Israel.
Their end is described with stern brevity, in language coloured by
the narrative in Numbers, from which the phrases "opened" (_i.e._,
her mouth) and "covered" are drawn. Korah is not mentioned here,
in which the psalm follows Num. xvi. and Deut. xi. 6, whereas Num.
xxvi. 10 includes Korah in the destruction. The difficulty does not
seem to have received any satisfactory solution. But Cheyne is too
peremptory when he undertakes to divine the reason for the omission
of Korah here and in Deut. xi. 6, "because he was a Levite and his
name was dear to temple-poets." Such clairvoyance as to motives is
beyond ordinary vision. In ver. 18 the fate of the two hundred and
fifty "princes of Israel" who took part in the revolt is recorded as
in Num. xvi. 35.

The worship of the calf is the fourth instance (vv. 19-23) in the
narrative of which the psalmist follows Exod. xxxii., but seems
also to have Deut. ix. 8-12 floating in his mind, as appears from
the use of the name "Horeb," which is rare in Exodus and frequent
in Deuteronomy. Ver. 20 is apparently modelled on Jer. ii. 11: "My
people have changed their glory for that which doth not profit."
Compare also Paul's "_changed_ the _glory_ of the incorruptible God
for the _likeness_," etc. (Rom. i. 23). "His glory" is read instead
"their glory" by Noldeke, Graetz, and Cheyne, following an old
Jewish authority. The LXX., in Codd. Alex. and Sin. (second hand),
has this reading, and Paul seems to follow it in the passage just
quoted. It yields a worthy meaning, but the existing text is quite
appropriate. It scarcely means that God was the source of Israel's
glory or their boast, for the word is not found in that sense. It is
much rather the name for the collective attributes of the revealed
Godhead, and is here substantially equivalent to "their God," that
lustrous Light which, in a special manner, belonged to the people
of revelation, on whom its first and brightest beams shone. The
strange perverseness which turned away from such a radiance of glory
to bow down before an idol is strikingly set forth by the figure of
bartering it for an image, and that of an ox that ate grass. The one
true Substance given away for a shadow! The lofty Being whose light
filled space surrendered: and for what? A brute that had to feed,
and that on herbage! Men usually make a profit, or think they do, on
their barter: but what do they gain by exchanging God for anything?
Yet _we_ keep making the same mistake of parting with Substance for
shadows. And the reason which moved Israel is still operative. As
before, the psalmist traces their mad apostasy to forgetfulness of
God's deeds. The list of these is now increased by the addition of
those at the Red Sea. With every step new links were added to the
chain that should have bound the recipients of so many mercies to
God. Therefore each new act of departure was of a darker hue of
guilt, and drew on the apostates severer punishment, which also,
rightly understood, was greater mercy.

"He said that He would annihilate them" is quoted from Deut. ix. 25.
Moses' intercession for the people is here most vividly represented
under the figure of a champion, who rushes into the breach by which
the enemy is about to pour into some beleaguered town, and with his
own body closes the gap and arrests the assault (cf. Ezek. xxii. 30).

The fifth instance is the refusal to go up to the land, which
followed on the report of the spies (vv. 24-27). These verses are
full of reminiscences of the Pentateuch and other parts of Scripture.
"The delightsome land" (lit. "land of desire") is found in Jer. iii.
19 and Zech. vii. 14. "They despised" is from Num. xiv. 31. "They
murmured in their tents" is from Deut. i. 27 (the only other place
in which the word for murmuring occurs in this form). Lifting up
the hand is used, as here, not in the usual sense of threatening to
strike, but in that of swearing, in Exod. vi. 8, and the oath itself
is given in Num. xiv. 28 _sqq._, while the expression "lifted up My
hand" occurs in that context, in reference to God's original oath
to the patriarch. The threat of exile (ver. 27) does not occur in
Numbers, but is found as the punishment of apostasy in Lev. xxvi. 33
and Deut. xxviii. 64. The verse, however, is found almost exactly
in Ezek. xx. 23, with the exception that there "scatter" stands in
_a_ instead of _make to fall_. The difference in the Hebrew is only
in the final letter of the words, and the reading in Ezekiel should
probably be adopted here. So the LXX. and other ancient authorities
and many of the moderns.

The sixth instance is the participation in the abominable Moabitish
worship of "Baal-Peor," recorded in Num. xxv. The peculiar phrase
"yoked themselves to" is taken from that chapter, and seems to refer
to "the mystic, quasi-physical union supposed to exist between a god
and his worshippers, and to be kept up by sacrificial meals" (Cheyne).
These are called sacrifices of the dead, inasmuch as idols are dead
in contrast with the living God. The judicial retribution inflicted
according to Divine command by the judges of Israel slaying "every
one his man" is here called a "plague," as in the foundation passage,
Num. xxv. 9. The word (lit. "a stroke," _i.e._ from God) is usually
applied to punitive sickness; but God smites when He bids men smite.
Both the narrative in Numbers and the psalm bring out vividly the
picture of the indignant Phinehas springing to his feet from the midst
of the passive crowd. He "rose up," says the former; he "stood up,"
says the latter. And his deed is described in the psalm in relation to
its solemn judicial character, without particularising its details.
The psalmist would partially veil both the sin and the horror of its
punishment. Phinehas' javelin was a minister of God's justice, and
the death of the two culprits satisfied that justice and stayed the
plague. The word rendered "did judgment" has that meaning only, and
such renderings as _mediated_ or _appeased_ give the effect of the deed
and not the description of it contained in the word. "It was reckoned
to him for righteousness," as Abraham's faith was (Gen. xv. 6). It was
indeed an act which had its origin "in the faithfulness that had its
root in faith, and which, for the sake of this its ultimate ground,
gained him the acceptation of a righteous man, inasmuch as it proved
him to be such" (Delitzsch, Eng. Trans.). He showed himself a true son
of Abraham in the midst of these degenerate descendants, and it was
the same impulse of faith which drove his spear, and which filled the
patriarch's heart when he gazed into the silent sky and saw in its
numberless lights the promise of his seed. Phinehas' reward was the
permanence of the priesthood in his family.

The seventh instance is the rebellion at the waters of Meribah
(Strife), in the fortieth year (Num. xx. 2-13). The chronological
order is here set aside, for the events recorded in vv. 28-31
followed those dealt with in vv. 32, 33. The reason is probably
that here Moses himself is hurried into sin, through the people's
faithlessness, and so a climax is reached. The leader, long-tried,
fell at last, and was shut out from entering the land. That was in
some aspects the master-piece and triumph of the nation's sin. "It
fared ill with Moses on their account," as in Deut. i. 37, iii. 26,
"Jehovah was angry with me for your sakes." "His Spirit," in ver.
33, is best taken as meaning the Spirit of God. The people's sin is
repeatedly specified in the psalm as being rebellion against God,
and the absence of a more distinct definition of the person referred
to is like the expression in ver. 32, where "indignation" is that of
God, though His name is not mentioned. Isa. lxiii. 10 is a parallel
to this clause, as other parts of the same chapter are to other parts
of the psalm. The question which has been often raised, as to what
was Moses' sin, is solved in ver. 33_b_, which makes his passionate
words, wherein he lost his temper and arrogated to himself the power
of fetching water from the rock, the head and front of his offending.
The psalmist has finished his melancholy catalogue of sins in the
wilderness with this picture of the great leader dragged down by the
prevailing tone, and he next turns to the sins done in the land.

Two flagrant instances are given--disobedience to the command to
exterminate the inhabitants, and the adoption of their bloody worship.
The conquest of Canaan was partial; and, as often is the case, the
conquerors were conquered and the invaders caught the manners of
the invaded. Intermarriage poured a large infusion of alien blood
into Israel; and the Canaanitish strain is perceptible to-day in the
fellahin of the Holy Land. The proclivity to idolatry, which was
natural in that stage of the world's history, and was intensified
by universal example, became more irresistible, when reinforced by
kinship and neighbourhood, and the result foretold was realised--the
idols "became a snare" (Judg. ii. 1-3). The poet dwells with special
abhorrence on the hideous practice of human sacrifices, which exercised
so strong and horrible a fascination over the inhabitants of Canaan.
The word in ver. 37 _demons_ is found only here and in Deut. xxxii. 17.
The above rendering is that of the LXX. Its literal meaning seems to
be "lords." It is thus a synonym for "Baalim." The epithet "Shaddai"
exclusively applied to Jehovah may be compared.

In vv. 40-46 the whole history of Israel is summed up as alternating
periods of sin, punishment, deliverance, recurring in constantly
repeated cycles, in which the mystery of human obstinacy is set over
against that of Divine long-suffering, and one knows not whether
to wonder most at the incurable levity which learned nothing from
experience, or the inexhaustible long-suffering which wearied not in
giving wasted gifts. Chastisement and mercies were equally in vain.
The outcome of God's many deliverances was, "they rebelled in their
counsel"--_i.e._, went on their own stiff-necked way, instead of
waiting for and following God's merciful plan, which would have made
them secure and blessed. The end of such obstinacy of disobedience
can only be, "they were brought low through their iniquity." The
psalmist appears to be quoting Lev. xxvi. 39, "they that are left of
you shall pine away in their iniquity"; but he intentionally slightly
alters the word, substituting one of nearly the same sound, but with
the meaning of _being brought low_ instead of _fading away_. To
follow one's own will is to secure humiliation and degradation. Sin
weakens the true strength and darkens the true glory of men.

In vv. 44-46 the singer rises from these sad and stern thoughts
to recreate his spirit with the contemplation of the patient
loving-kindness of God. It persists through all man's sin and God's
anger. The multitude of its manifestations far outnumbers that of our
sins. His eye looks on Israel's distress with pity, and every sorrow
on which He looks He desires to remove. Calamities melt away beneath
His gaze, like damp-stains in sunlight. His merciful "look" swiftly
follows the afflicted man's cry. No voice acknowledges sin and calls
for help in vain. The covenant forgotten by men is none the less
remembered by Him. The numberless number of His loving-kindnesses,
greater than that of all men's sins, secures forgiveness after the
most repeated transgressions. The law and measure of His "repenting"
lie in the endless depths of His own heart. As the psalmist had sung
at the beginning, that loving-kindness endures for ever; therefore
none of Israel's many sins went unchastised, and no chastisement
outlasted their repentance. Solomon had prayed that God would "give
them compassion before those who carried them captive" (1 Kings viii.
50); and thus has it been, as the psalmist joyfully sees. He may
have written when the Babylonian captivity was near an end, and such
instances as those of Daniel or Nehemiah may have been in his mind.
In any case, it is beautifully significant that a psalm, which tells
the doleful story of centuries of faithlessness, should end with
God's faithfulness to His promises, His inexhaustible forgiveness,
and the multitude of His loving-kindnesses. Such will be the last
result of the world's history no less than of Israel's.

The psalm closes with the prayer in ver. 47, which shows that it was
written in exile. It corresponds in part with the closing words of
Psalm cv. Just as there the purpose of God's mercies to Israel was
said to be that they might be thereby moved to keep His statutes,
so here the psalmist hopes and vows that the issue of his people's
restoration will be thankfulness to God's holy name, and triumphant
pealing forth from ransomed lips of His high praises.

Ver. 48 is the concluding doxology of the Fourth Book. Some
commentators suppose it an integral part of the psalm, but it is more
probably an editorial addition.




                                BOOK V.

                           _PSALMS CVII.-CL._




                              PSALM CVII.

     1 Give thanks to Jehovah, for He is good,
       For His loving-kindness [endures] for ever.
     2 Let the redeemed of Jehovah say [thus],
       Whom He has redeemed from the gripe of distress,
     3 And gathered them from the lands,
       From east and west,
       From north and from [the] sea.

     4 They wandered in the wilderness, in a waste of a way,
       An inhabited city they found not.
     5 Hungry and thirsty,
       Their soul languished within them,
     6 And they cried to Jehovah in their distress,
       From their troubles He delivered them,
     7 And He led them by a straight way,
       To go to an inhabited city.
     8 Let them give thanks to Jehovah [for] His loving-kindness,
       And His wonders to the sons of men.
     9 For He satisfies the longing soul,
       And the hungry soul He fills with good.

    10 Those who sat in darkness and in deepest gloom,
       Bound in affliction and iron,
    11 Because they rebelled against the words of God,
       And the counsel of the Most High they rejected.
    12 And He brought down their heart with sorrow,
       They stumbled, and helper there was none.
    13 And they cried to Jehovah in their distress,
       From their troubles He saved them.
    14 He brought them out from darkness and deepest gloom,
       And broke their bonds [asunder].
    15 Let them give thanks to Jehovah [for] His loving-kindness,
       And His wonders to the sons of men.
    16 For He broke the doors of brass,
       And the bars of iron He hewed in pieces.
    17 Foolish men, because of the course of their transgression,
       And because of their iniquities, brought on themselves
           affliction.
    18 All food their soul loathed,
       And they drew near to the gates of death.
    19 And they cried to Jehovah in their distress,
       From their troubles He saved them.
    20 He sent His word and healed them,
       And rescued them from their graves.
    21 Let them give thanks to Jehovah [for] His loving-kindness
       And His wonders to the sons of men.
    22 And let them offer sacrifices of thanksgiving,
       And tell His works with joyful joy.

    23 They who go down to the sea in ships,
       Who do business on the great waters,
    24 They see the works of Jehovah,
       And His wonders in the foaming deep.
    25 And He spoke and raised a stormy wind,
       Which rolled high the waves thereof.
    26 They went up to the sky, they went down to the depths,
       Their soul melted in trouble.
    27 They went round and round and staggered like one drunk,
       And all their wisdom forsook them [was swallowed up].
    28 And they cried to Jehovah in their distress,
       From their trouble He brought them out.
    29 He stilled the storm into a light air,
       And hushed were their waves.
    30 And they were glad because these were quieted,
       And He brought them to the haven of their desire.
    31 Let them give thanks to Jehovah [for] His loving-kindness
       And His wonders to the sons of men.
    32 And let them exalt Him in the assembly of the people,
       And praise Him in the session of the elders.

    33 He turned rivers into a wilderness,
       And water-springs into thirsty ground,
    34 A land of fruit into a salt desert,
       For the wickedness of the dwellers in it.
    35 He turned a wilderness into a pool of water,
       And a dry land into water-springs.
    36 And He made the hungry to dwell there,
       And they found an inhabited city.
    37 And they sowed fields and planted vineyards,
       And these yielded fruits of increase.
    38 And He blessed them and they multiplied exceedingly,
       And their cattle He diminished not.

    39 And they were diminished and brought low,
       By the pressure of ill and sorrow.
    40 "He pours contempt on princes,
       And makes them wander in a pathless waste."
    41 He lifted the needy out of affliction,
       And made families like a flock.
    42 The upright see it and rejoice,
       And all perverseness stops its mouth.

    43 Whoso is wise, let him observe these things,
       And let them understand the loving-kindnesses of Jehovah.


Notwithstanding the division of Books which separates Psalm cvii.
from the two preceding, it is a pendant to these. The "gathering
from among the heathen" prayed for in Psalm cvi. 47 has here come
to pass (ver. 3). The thanksgiving which there is regarded as the
purpose of that restoration is here rendered for it. Psalm cv. had
for theme God's mercies to the fathers. Psalm cvi. confessed the
hereditary faithlessness of Israel and its chastisement by calamity
and exile. Psalm cvii. begins with summoning Israel as "the redeemed
of Jehovah," to praise Him for His enduring loving-kindness in
bringing them back from bondage, and then takes a wider flight, and
celebrates the loving Providence which delivers, in all varieties
of peril and calamity, those who cry to God. Its vivid pictures of
distress and rescue begin, indeed, with one which may fairly be
supposed to have been suggested by the incidents of the return from
exile; and the second of these, that of the liberated prisoners, is
possibly coloured by similar reminiscences; but the great restoration
is only the starting-point, and the bulk of the psalm goes further
afield. Its instances of Divine deliverance, though cast into
narrative form, describe not specific acts, but God's uniform way
of working. Wherever there are trouble and trust, there will be
triumph and praise. The psalmist is propounding a partial solution
of the old problem--the existence of pain and sorrow. They come as
chastisements. If terror or misery drive men to God, God answers,
and deliverance is assured, from which fuller-toned praise should
spring. It is by no means a complete vindication of Providence, and
experience does not bear out the assumption of uniform answers to
prayers for deliverance from external calamities, which was more
warranted before Christ than it is now; but the essence of the
psalmist's faith is ever true--that God hears the cry of a man driven
to cry by crushing burdens, and will give him strength to bear and
profit by them, even if He does not take them away.

The psalm passes before us a series of pictures, all alike in the
disposition of their parts, and selected from the sad abundance
of troubles which attack humanity. Travellers who have lost their
way, captives, sick men, storm-tossed sailors, make a strangely
miscellaneous company, the very unlikenesses of which suggest the
width of the ocean of human misery. The artistic regularity of
structure in all the four strophes relating to these cannot escape
notice. But it is more than artistic. Whatever be a man's trouble,
there is but one way out of it--to cry to God. That way is never
vain. Always deliverance comes, and always the obligation of praise
lies on the "redeemed of Jehovah."

With ver. 33 the psalm changes its structure. The refrains, which came
in so strikingly in the preceding strophes, are dropped. The complete
pictures give place to mere outline sketches. These diversities have
suggested to some that vv. 33-43 are an excrescence; but they have some
points of connection with the preceding, such as the peculiar phrase
for "inhabited city" (vv. 4, 5, 36), "hungry" (vv. 5, 36), and the
fondness for references to Isaiah and Job. In these latter verses the
psalmist does not describe deliverances from peril or pain, but the
sudden alternations effected by Providence on lands and men, which pass
from fertility and prosperity to barrenness and trouble, and again from
these to their opposites. Loving-kindness, which hears and rescues, is
the theme of the first part; loving-kindness, which "changes all things
and is itself unchanged," is the theme of the second. Both converge
on the final thought (ver. 43), that the observance of God's ways is
the part of true wisdom, and will win the clear perception of the
all-embracing "loving-kindness of Jehovah."

New mercies give new meaning to old praises. Fresh outpourings of
thankfulness willingly run in well-worn channels. The children can
repeat the fathers' doxology, and words hallowed by having borne the
gratitude of many generations are the best vehicles for to-day's
praise. Therefore, the psalm begins with venerable words, which it
bids the recipients of God's last great mercy ring out once more. They
who have yesterday been "redeemed from captivity" have proof that "His
loving-kindness endures for ever," since it has come down to them
through centuries. The characteristic fondness for quotations, which
marks the psalm, is in full force in the three introductory verses.
Ver. 1 is, of course, quoted from several psalms. "The redeemed of
Jehovah" is from Isa. lxii. 12. "Gathered out of the lands" looks back
to Psalm cvi. 47, and to many prophetic passages. The word rendered
above "distress" may mean _oppressor_, and is frequently rendered so
here, which rendering fits better the preceding word "hand." But the
recurrence of the same word in the subsequent refrains (vv. 6, 13,
19, 28) makes the rendering _distress_ preferable here. To ascribe to
_distress_ a "hand" is poetical personification, or the latter word
may be taken in a somewhat wider sense as equivalent to a grasp or
grip, as above. The return from Babylon is evidently in the poet's
thoughts, but he widens it out into a restoration from every quarter.
His enumeration of the points from which the exiles flock is irregular,
in that he says "from north and from the _sea_," which always means
the Mediterranean, and stands for the west. That quarter has, however,
already been mentioned, and, therefore, it has been supposed that
sea here means, abnormally, the Red Sea, or "the southern portion
of the Mediterranean." A textual alteration has also been proposed,
which, by the addition of two letters to the word for _sea_, gives
that for _south_. This reading would complete the enumeration of
cardinal points; but possibly the psalmist is quoting Isa. xlix. 12,
where the same phrase occurs, and the _north_ is set over against the
sea--_i.e._, the west. The slight irregularity does not interfere with
the picture of the streams of returning exiles from every quarter.

The first scene, that of a caravan lost in a desert, is probably
suggested by the previous reference to the return of the "redeemed
of Jehovah," but is not to be taken as referring only to that. It
is a perfectly general sketch of a frequent incident of travel.
It is a remarkable trace of a state of society very unlike modern
life, that two of the four instances of "distress" are due to the
perils of journeying. By land and by sea men took their lives in
their hands, when they left their homes. Two points are signalised
in this description,--the first, the loss of the track; the second,
the wanderers' hunger and thirst. "A waste of a way" is a singular
expression, which has suggested various unnecessary textual
emendations. It is like "a wild ass of a man" (Gen. xvi. 12), which
several commentators quote as a parallel, and means a way which is
desert (compare Acts viii. 26). The bewildered, devious march leads
nowhither. Vainly the travellers look for some elevation,

    "From whence the lightened spirit sees
     That shady city of Palm Trees."

No place where men dwell appears in the wide expanse of pathless
wilderness. The psalmist does not think of a particular city, but
of any inhabited spot, where rest and shelter might be found. The
water-skins are empty; food is finished; hopelessness follows
physical exhaustion, and gloom wraps their souls; for ver. 5_b_,
literally translated, is, "Their soul covered itself"--_i.e._, with
despondency (Psalm lxxvii. 3).

The picture is not an allegory or a parable, but a transcript of
a common fact. Still, one can scarcely help seeing in it a vivid
representation of the inmost reality of a life apart from God.
Such a life ever strays from the right road. "The labour of the
foolish wearieth every one of them, because he knoweth not how to
come to the city." The deepest needs of the soul are unsatisfied;
and however outward good abounds, gnawing hunger and fierce thirst
torment at times; and however mirth and success seem to smile, joys
are superficial, and but mask a central sadness, as vineyards which
clothe the outside of a volcano and lie above sulphurous fires.

The travellers are driven to God by their "distress." Happy they
who, when lost in a desert, bethink themselves of the only Guide.
He does not reject the cry which is forced out by the pressure of
calamity; but, as the structure of vv. 6, 7, shows, His answer is
simultaneous with the appeal to Him, and it is complete, as well as
immediate. The track appears as suddenly as it had faded. God Himself
goes at the head of the march. The path is straight as an arrow's
flight, and soon they are in the city.

Ver. 6 is the first instance of the refrain, which, in each of the
four pictures, is followed by a verse (or, in the last of the four,
by two verses) descriptive of the act of deliverance, which again is
followed by the second refrain, calling on those who have experienced
such a mercy to thank Jehovah. This is followed in the first two
groups by a verse reiterating the reason for praise--namely, the
deliverance just granted; and, in the last two, by a verse expanding
the summons. Various may be the forms of need. But the supply of them
all is one, and the way to get it is one, and one is the experience
of the suppliants, and one should be their praise. Life's diversities
have underlying them identity of soul's wants. Waiters on God have
very different outward fortunes, but the broad outlines of their
inward history are identical. This is the law of His providence--they
cry, He delivers. This should be the harvest from His sowing of
benefits--"Let them give thanks to Jehovah." Some would translate
ver. 8, "Let them thankfully confess to Jehovah His loving-kindness,
and to the children of men [confess] His wonders"; but the usual
rendering as above is better, as not introducing a thought which,
however important, is scarcely in the psalmist's view here, and as
preserving the great thought of the psalm--namely, that of God's
providence to all mankind.

The second scene, that of captives, probably retains some allusion to
Babylon, though an even fainter one than in the preceding strophe. It
has several quotations and references to Isaiah, especially to the
latter half (Isa. xl.-lxvi.). The deliverance is described in ver. 16
in words borrowed from the prophecy as to Cyrus, the instrument of
Israel's restoration (Isa. xlv. 2). The gloom of the prison-house is
described in language closely resembling Isa. xlii. 7, xlix. 9. The
combination of "darkness and the shade of deepest gloom" is found in
Isa. ix. 2. The cause of the captivity described is rebellion against
God's counsel and word. These things point to Israel's Babylonian
bondage; but the picture in the psalm draws its colour rather than its
subject from that event, and is quite general. The psalmist thinks that
such bondage, and deliverance on repentance and prayer, are standing
facts in Providence, both as regards nations and individuals. One may
see, too, a certain parabolic aspect hinted at, as if the poet would
have us catch a half-revealed intention to present calamity of any
kind under this image of captivity. We note the slipping in of words
that are not required for the picture, as when the fetters are said
to be "affliction" as well as "iron." Ver. 12, too, is not specially
appropriate to the condition of prisoners; persons in fetters and
gloom do not _stumble_, for they do not move. There may, therefore,
be a half-glance at the parabolic aspect of captivity, such as poetic
imagination, and especially Oriental poetry, loves. At most it is a
delicate suggestion, shyly hiding while it shows itself, and made too
much of if drawn out in prosaic exposition.

We may perceive also the allegorical pertinence of this second
picture, though we do not suppose that the singer intended such a
use. For is not godless life ever bondage? and is not rebellion
against God the sure cause of falling under a harsher dominion? and
does He not listen to the cry of a soul that feels the slavery of
subjection to self and sin? and is not true enlargement found in
His free service? and does He not give power to break the strongest
chains of habit? The synagogue at Nazareth, where the carpenter's
Son stood up to read and found the place where it was written, "The
Spirit of the Lord is upon Me. . . . He hath sent Me to proclaim
liberty to the captives," warrants the symbolical use of the
psalmist's imagery, which is, as we have seen, largely influenced by
the prophet whose words Jesus quoted. The first scene taught that
devout hearts never lack guidance from God. The second adds to their
blessings freedom, the true liberty which comes with submission and
acceptance of His law.

Sickness, which yields the third type of suffering, is a commoner
experience than the two preceding. The picture is lightly sketched,
emphasis being laid on the cause of the sickness, which is sin,
in accordance with the prevailing view in the Old Testament. The
psalmist introduces the persons of whom he is to speak by the
strongly condemnatory term "foolish ones," which refers not to
intellectual feebleness, but to moral perversity. All sin is folly.
Nothing is so insane as to do wrong. An ingenious correction has
been suggested, and is accepted by Cheyne in the wake of Dyserinck,
Graetz, and others, by which "sick men" is read for "foolish men."
But it does not appear to the present writer to be so impossible as
Cheyne thinks to "conceive the psalmist introducing a fresh tableau
by an ethical term such as fools." The whole verse (17) lays more
stress on the sin than on the sickness, and the initial designation
of the sufferers as "fools" is quite in harmony with its tone. They
are habitual evil-doers, as is expressed by the weighty expression
"the way (or course) of their transgression." Not by one or two
breaches of moral law, but by inveterate, customary sins, men ruin
their physical health. So the psalmist uses a form of the verb in
ver. 17_b_ which expresses that the sinner drags down his punishment
with his own hands. That is, of course, eminently true in such gross
forms of sin as sow to the flesh, and of the flesh reap corruption.
But it is no less really true of all transgression, since all brings
sickness to the soul. Ver. 18 is apparently quoted from Job xxxiii.
20-22. It paints with impressive simplicity the failing appetite and
consequent ebbing strength. The grim portals, of which Death keeps
the keys, have all but received the sick men; but, before they pass
into their shadow, they cry to Jehovah, and, like the other men in
distress, they too are heard, feeble as their sick voice may be.
The manner of their deliverance is strikingly portrayed. "He sent
His word and healed them." As in Psalm cv. 19, God's word is almost
personified. It is the channel of the Divine power. God's uttered
will has power on material things. It is the same great thought as is
expressed in "He spake and it was done." The psalmist did not know
the Christian teaching that the personal Word of God is the agent
of all the Divine energy in the realm of nature and of history, and
that a far deeper sense than that which he attached to them would one
day be found in his words, when the Incarnate Word was manifested,
as Himself bearing and bearing away the sicknesses of humanity,
and rescuing not only the dying from going down to the grave, but
bringing up the dead who had long lain there. God, who is Guide and
Emancipator, is also Healer and Life-giver, and He is all these in
the Word, which has become flesh, and dwelt and dwells among men.

Another travel-scene follows. The storm at sea is painted as a
landsman would do it; but a landsman who had seen, from a safe shore,
what he so vividly describes. He is impressed with the strange things
that the bold men who venture to sea must meet, away out there
beyond the point where sea and sky touch. With sure poetic instinct,
he spends no time on trivial details, but dashes on his canvas the
salient features of the tempest,--the sudden springing up of the
gale; the swift response of the waves rolling high, with new force in
their mass and a new voice in their breaking; the pitching craft, now
on the crest, now in the trough; the terror of the helpless crew; the
loss of steering power; the heavy rolling of the unmanageable, clumsy
ship; and the desperation of the sailors, whose wisdom or skill was
"swallowed up," or came to nothing.

Their cry to Jehovah was heard above the shriek of the storm, and
the tempest fell as suddenly as it rose. The description of the
deliverance is extended beyond the normal single verse, just as that
of the peril had been prolonged. It comes like a benediction after
the hurly-burly of the gale. How gently the words echo the softness
of the light air into which it has died down, and the music which
the wavelets make as they lap against the ship's sides! With what
sympathy the poet thinks of the glad hearts on board, and of their
reaching the safe harbour, for which they had longed when they
thought they would never see it more! Surely it is a permissible
application of these lovely words to read into them the Christian
hope of preservation amid life's tempests,--

    "Safe into the haven guide,
     O receive my soul at last."

God the guide, the emancipator, the healer, is also the stiller of the
storm, and they who cry to Him from the unquiet sea will reach the
stable shore. "And so it came to pass, they all came safe to land."

As already observed, the tone changes with ver. 33, from which point
onwards the psalmist adduces instances of Providential working of a
different kind from those in the four vivid pictures preceding, and
drops the refrains. In vv. 33-38 he describes a double change wrought
on a land. The barrenness which blasts fertile soil is painted in
language largely borrowed from Isaiah. "Ver. 33_a_ recalls Isa. l.
2_b_; ver. 33_b_ is like Isa. xxxv. 7_a_" (Delitzsch). The opposite
change of desert into fertile ground is pictured as in Isa. xli. 18.
The references in ver. 36 to "the hungry" and to "an inhabited city"
connect with the previous part of the psalm, and are against the
supposition that the latter half is not originally part of it. The
incidents described refer to no particular instance, but are as general
as those of the former part. Many a land, which has been blasted by the
vices of its inhabitants, has been transformed into a garden by new
settlers. "Where the Turks' horse has trod, no grass will grow."

Ver. 39 introduces the reverse, which often befalls prosperous
communities, especially in times when it is dangerous to seem rich for
fear of rapacious rulers. "The pressure" referred to in ver. 39 is
the oppression of such. If so, ver. 40, which is quoted from Job xii.
21, 24, though introduced abruptly, does not disturb the sequence of
thought. It grandly paints the judgment of God on such robber-princes,
who are hunted from their seats by popular execration, and have to hide
themselves in the pathless waste, from which those who cry to God were
delivered (vv. 41_b_ and 4_a_). On the other hand, the oppressed are
lifted, as by His strong arm, out of the depths and set on high, like
a man perched safely on some crag above high-water mark. Prosperity
returning is followed by large increase and happy, peaceful family
life, the chief good of man on earth. The outcome of the various
methods of God's unvarying purpose is that all which is good is glad,
and all which is evil is struck dumb. The two clauses of ver. 42, which
describe this double effect, are quoted from two passages in Job--_a_
from xxii. 19, and _b_ from v. 16.

The psalm began with hymning the enduring loving-kindness of Jehovah.
It ends with a call to all who would be wise to give heed to the
various dealings of God, as exemplified in the specimens chosen in it,
that they may comprehend how in all these one purpose rules, and all
are examples of the manifold loving-kindnesses of Jehovah. This closing
note is an echo of the last words of Hosea's prophecy. It is the broad
truth which all thoughtful observance of Providence brings home to a
man, notwithstanding many mysteries and apparent contradictions. "All
things work together for good to them that love God"; and the more they
love Him, the more clearly will they see, and the more happily will
they feel, that so it is. How can a man contemplate the painful riddle
of the world, and keep his sanity, without that faith? He who has it
for his faith will have it for his experience.




                              PSALM CVIII.

     1 Steadfast is my heart, O God,
       I will sing and harp, yea, my glory [shall sing].
     2 Awake, harp and lute,
       I will wake the dawn.
     3 I will give Thee thanks among the peoples, Jehovah,
       And I will harp to Thee among the nations.
     4 For great above the heavens is Thy loving-kindness,
       And to the clouds Thy troth.
     5 Exalt Thyself above the heavens, O God,
       And above all the earth Thy glory.

     6 That Thy beloved ones may be delivered,
       Save with Thy right hand and answer me.
     7 God has spoken in His holiness,
       I will divide Shechem and measure out the valley of Succoth.
     8 Mine is Gilead, mine Manasseh,
       And Ephraim is the strength of my head,
       Judah my baton of command.
     9 Moab is my wash-basin,
       Upon Edom will I throw my shoe,
       Over Philistia will I shout aloud.
    10 Who will bring me into the fortified city?
       Who has guided me into Edom?
    11 Hast not Thou, O God, cast us off,
       And goest not out, O God, with our hosts?
    12 Give us help from trouble,
       For vain is help of man.
    13 In God we shall do prowess,
       And He, He will tread down our oppressors.


Two fragments of Davidic psalms are here tacked together with
slight variations. Vv. 1-5 are from Psalm lvii. 7-11; and vv. 6-13
from Psalm lx. 5-12. The return from Babylon would be an appropriate
occasion for thus revivifying ancient words. We have seen in
preceding psalms that Israel's past drew the thoughts of the singers
of that period, and the conjecture may be hazarded that the recent
deliverance suggested to some devout man, whose mind was steeped
in the songs of former days, the closeness with which old strains
suited new joys. If so, there is pathetic meaning in the summons to
the "psaltery and harp," which had hung silent on the willows of
Babylon so long, to wake their ancient minstrelsy once more, as well
as exultant confidence that the God who had led David to victory
still leads His people. The hopes of conquest in the second part, the
consciousness that while much has been achieved by God's help, much
still remains to be won before Israel can sit secure, the bar or two
in the minor key in ver. 11, which heighten the exultation of the
rest of the song, and the cry for help against adversaries too strong
for Israel's unassisted might, are all appropriate to the early
stages of the return.

The variations from the original psalms are of slight moment. In ver.
1 the reduplication of the clause "Steadfast is my heart" is omitted,
and "my glory" is detached from ver. 2, where it stands in Psalm
lvii., and is made a second subject, equivalent to "I." In ver. 3_a_
_Jehovah_ is substituted for _Lord_, and the copula "and" prefixed
to _b_. Ver. 4 is not improved by the change of "unto the heavens"
to "above the heavens," for an anti-climax is produced by following
"_above_ the heavens" with "_unto_ the clouds."

In the second part, the only change affecting the sense is in ver. 9,
where the summons to Philistia to "shout aloud because of me," which
is probably meant in sarcasm, is transformed into the plain expression
of triumph, "Over Philistia will I shout aloud." The other changes are
"me" for "us" in ver. 6, the omission of "and" before "mine Manasseh"
in ver. 8, the substitution of a more usual synonym for "fenced" in
ver. 10, and the omission of the pronoun "Thou" in ver. 11.




                               PSALM CIX.

     1 God of my praise, be not silent,
     2 For a wicked man's mouth and a mouth of deceit have they opened
           on me.
     3 And with words of hate have they compassed me,
       And have fought [against] me causelessly.
     4 In return for my love, they have been my adversaries,
       But I--I was [all] prayer.
     5 And they have laid upon me evil in return for good,
       And hate in return for my love.

     6 Set in office over him a wicked man,
       And may an adversary stand at his right hand!
     7 When he is judged, let him go out guilty,
       And let his prayer be [counted] for sin!
     8 Be his days few,
       His office may another take!
     9 Be his children orphans,
       And his wife a widow!
    10 And may his children wander up and down and beg,
       May they seek [bread] [far] from the ruins [of their house]!
    11 May a creditor get into his nets all that he has,
       And may strangers plunder [the fruit of] his toil!
    12 May there be no one to continue loving-kindness to him,
       And may there be no one that shows favour to his orphans!
    13 May his posterity be cut off,
       In the next generation may their name be blotted out!
    14 Let the iniquity of his fathers be remembered before Jehovah,
       And the sin of his mother not be blotted out!
    15 May they be before Jehovah continually,
       And may He cut off their memory from the earth!

    16 Because he remembered not to show loving-kindness,
       And persecuted the afflicted and poor man,
       And the heart-stricken, to do him to death.
    17 And he loved cursing--and it came on him,
       And delighted not in blessing--and it remained far from him.
    18 And he clothed himself [with] cursing like his garment,
       And it came like water into his inwards,
       And like oil into his bones.
    19 May it be to him like a robe [with which] he covers himself,
       And for a girdle [which] he continually girds on!
    20 Be this the wage of my adversaries from Jehovah,
       And of those who speak evil against my soul!

    21 But Thou, Jehovah, Lord, deal with me for Thy name's sake,
       Because Thy loving-kindness is good, deliver me,
    22 Because afflicted and poor am I,
       And my heart is pierced within me.
    23 Like a shadow when it stretches out am I gone,
       I am shaken out, like the locust.
    24 My knees give out through fasting,
       And my flesh falls away from fatness.
    25 And I--I have become a reproach to them,
       They see me, they nod their head.
    26 Help me, Jehovah, my God,
       Save me, according to Thy loving-kindness:
    27 That they may know that this is Thy hand,
       Thou--Thou, Jehovah, hast done it.
    28 They--they curse, but Thou--Thou dost bless;
       They arose, and were put to shame,
       And Thy servant rejoices.
    29 My adversaries clothe themselves [with] disgrace,
       And cover themselves like a mantle with their shame.
    30 I will praise Jehovah greatly with my mouth,
       And amidst many will I praise Him.
    31 For He stands at the right hand of the poor,
       To save him from those that judge his soul.


This is the last and the most terrible of the imprecatory psalms.
Its central portion (vv. 6-20) consists of a series of wishes,
addressed to God, for the heaping of all miseries on the heads of
one "adversary" and of all his kith and kin. These maledictions are
enclosed in prayers, which make the most striking contrast to them;
vv. 1-5 being the plaint of a loving soul, shrinkingly conscious of
an atmosphere of hatred, and appealing gently to God; while vv. 21-31
expatiate in the presentation to Him of the suppliant's feebleness
and cries for deliverance, but barely touch on the wished-for
requital of enemies. The combination of devout meekness and trust
with the fiery imprecations in the core of the psalm is startling
to Christian consciousness, and calls for an effort of "historical
imagination" to deal with it fairly. The attempts to attenuate the
difficulty, either by making out that the wishes are not wishes,
but prophecies of the fate of evil-doers, or that vv. 6-20 are the
psalmist's quotation of his enemies' wishes about him, or that the
whole is Messianic prediction of the fate of Judas or of the enemies
of the Christ, are too obviously makeshifts. It is far better to
recognise the discordance between the temper of the psalmist and that
enjoined by Christ than to try to cover it over. Our Lord Himself has
signalised the difference between His teaching and that addressed
to "them of old time" on the very point of forgiveness of enemies,
and we are but following His guidance when we recognise that the
psalmist's mood is distinctly inferior to that which has now become
the law for devout men.

Divine retribution for evil was the truth of the Old Testament, as
forgiveness is that of the New. The conflict between God's kingdom
and its enemies was being keenly and perpetually waged, in most
literal fashion. Devout men could not but long for the triumph of
that with which all good was associated, and therefore for the
defeat and destruction of its opposite. For no private injuries,
or for these only in so far as the suffering singer is a member of
the community which represents God's cause, does he ask the descent
of God's vengeance, but for the insults and hurts inflicted on
righteousness. The form of these maledictions belongs to a lower
stage of revelation; the substance of them, considered as passionate
desires for the destruction of evil, burning zeal for the triumph of
Truth, which is God's cause, and unquenchable faith that He is just,
is a part of Christian perfection.

The usual variety of conjectures as to authorship exists. Delitzsch
hesitatingly accepts the superscription as correct in assigning the
psalm to David. Olshausen, as is his custom, says, "Maccabean"; Cheyne
inclines to "the time of Nehemiah (in which case the enemy might be
Sanballat), or even perhaps the close of the Persian age" ("Orig. of
Psalt.," 65). He thinks that the "magnanimous David" could not have
uttered "these laboured imprecations," and that the speaker is "not a
brave and bold warrior, but a sensitive poet." Might he not be both?

To address God as the "God of my praise," even at such a moment of
dejection, is a triumph of faith. The name recalls to the psalmist past
mercies, and expresses his confidence that he will still have cause to
extol his Deliverer, while it also pleads with God what He has done as
a reason for doing the like in new circumstances of need. The suppliant
speaks in praise and prayer; he asks God to speak in acts of rescuing
power. A praying man cannot have a dumb God. And His mighty Voice,
which hushes all others and sets His suppliants free from fears and
foes, is all the more longed for and required, because of those cruel
voices that yelp and snarl round the psalmist. The contrast between the
three utterances--his, God's, and his enemies'--is most vivid. The foes
have come at him with open mouths. "A wicked man's mouth" would read,
by a slight alteration, "a mouth of wickedness"; but the recurrence of
the word "wicked man" in ver. 6 seems to look back to this verse, and
to make the rendering above probable. Lies and hatred ring the psalmist
round, but his conscience is clear. "They have hated me without a
cause" is the experience of this ancient sufferer for righteousness'
sake, as of the Prince of all such. This singer, who is charged with
pouring out a flood of "unpurified passion," had, at any rate, striven
to win over hatred by meekness; and if he is bitter, it is the pain
and bitterness of love flung back with contumely, and only serving to
exacerbate enmity. Nor had he met with evil the first returns of evil
for good, but, as he says, "I was [all] prayer" (compare Psalm cxx. 7,
"I am--peace"). Repelled, his whole being turned to God, and in calm
communion with Him found defence and repose. But his patient meekness
availed nothing, for his foes still "laid evil" on him in return for
good. The prayer is a short record of a long martyrdom. Many a foiled
attempt of patient love preceded the psalm. Not till the other way had
been tried long enough to show that malignity was beyond the reach of
conciliation did the psalmist appeal to the God of recompenses. Let
that be remembered in judging the next part of the psalm.

The terrible maledictions (vv. 6-20) need little commentary. They
may be left in all their awfulness, which is neither to be extenuated
nor degraded into an outburst of fierce personal vindictiveness. It
is something far more noble than that. These terrible verses are
prophecy, but they are prayers too; and prayers which can only be
accounted for by remembering the spirit of the old dispensation.
They are the more intense, because they are launched against an
individual, probably the chief among the foes. In vv. 6-15 we have
imprecations pure and simple, and it is noteworthy that so large a
part of these verses refers to the family of the evil-doer. In vv.
16-20 the grounds of the wished-for destruction are laid in the
sinner's perverted choice, and the automatic action of sin working
its own punishment is vividly set forth.

Vv. 6-8 are best taken in close connection, as representing the
trial and condemnation of the object of the psalmist's imprecations,
before a tribunal. He prays that the man may be haled before a wicked
judge. The word rendered "set" is the root from which that rendered
"office" in ver. 8 comes, and here means to set in a position of
authority--_i.e._, in a judicial one. His judge is to be "a wicked
man" like himself, for such have no mercy on each other. An accuser
is to stand at his right hand. The word rendered _adversary_ (the
verb cognate with which is used in ver. 4) is "Satan"; but the
general meaning of hostile accuser is to be preferred here. With
such a judge and prosecutor the issue of the cause is certain--"May
he go out [from the judgment-hall] guilty." A more terrible petition
follows, which is best taken in its most terrible sense. The
condemned man cries for mercy, not to his earthly judge, but to God,
and the psalmist can ask that the last despairing cry to Heaven may
be unanswered, and even counted sin. It could only be so, if the
heart that framed it was still an evil heart, despairing, indeed, but
obdurate. Then comes the end: the sentence is executed. The criminal
dies, and his office falls to another; his wife is a widow, and his
children fatherless. This view of the connection gives unity to
what is otherwise a mere heap of unconnected maledictions. It also
brings out more clearly that the psalmist is seeking not merely the
gratification of private animosity, but the vindication of public
justice, even if ministered by an unjust judge. Peter's quotation of
ver. 8_b_ in reference to Judas (Acts i. 20) does not involve the
Messianic character of the psalm.

Vv. 10-15 extend the maledictions to the enemy's children and
parents, in accordance with the ancient strong sense of family
solidarity, which was often expressed in practice by visiting
the kindred of a convicted criminal with ruin, and levelling his
house with the ground. The psalmist wishes these consequences to
fall in all their cruel severity, and pictures the children as
vagabonds, driven from the desolation which had, in happier days,
been their home, and seeking a scanty subsistence among strangers.
The imprecations of ver. 11 at first sight seem to hark back to an
earlier stage in the wicked man's career, contemplating him as still
in life. But the wish that his wealth may be "ensnared" by creditors
and stolen by strangers is quite appropriate as a consequence of his
sentence and execution; and the prayer in ver. 12, that there may
be no one to "draw out loving-kindness" to him, is probably best
explained by the parallel clause. A dead man lives a quasi-life in
his children, and what is done to them is a prolongation of what
was done to him. Thus helpless, beggars, homeless, and plundered,
"the seed of evil-doers" would naturally be short-lived, and the
psalmist desires that they may be cut off, and the world freed from
an evil race. His wishes go backwards too, and reach to the previous
as well as the subsequent generation. The foe had come of a bad
stock--parents, son, and son's sons are to be involved in a common
doom, because partakers of a common sin. The special reason for
the terrible desire that the iniquity of his father and mother may
never be blotted out seems to be, the desire that the accumulated
consequences of hereditary sin may fall on the heads of the third
generation--a dread wish, which experience shows is often tragically
fulfilled, even when the sufferers are far less guilty than their
ancestors. "Father, forgive them" is the strongest conceivable
contrast to these awful prayers. But the psalmist's petition implies
that the sins in question were unrepented sins, and is, in fact, a
cry that, as such, they should be requited in the "cutting off the
memory" of such a brood of evil-doers "from the earth."

In ver. 16 a new turn of thought begins, which is pursued till
ver. 20--namely, that of the self-retributive action of a perverted
choice of evil. "He remembered not" to be gracious to him who needed
compassion; therefore it is just that he should not be remembered
on earth, and that his sin should be remembered in heaven. He
deliberately chose cursing rather than blessing as his attitude and
act towards others; therefore cursing comes to him and blessing
remains far from him, as others' attitude and act to him. The world
is a mirror which, on the whole, gives back the smile or the frown
which we present to it. Though the psalmist has complained that
he had loved and been hated in return, he does not doubt that, in
general, the curser is cursed back again and the blesser blessed.
Outwardly and inwardly, the man is wrapped in and saturated with
"cursing." Like a robe or a girdle, it encompasses him; like a
draught of water, it passes into his inmost nature; like anointing
oil oozing into the bones, it steals into every corner of his soul.
His own doings come back to poison him. The kick of the gun which
he fires is sure to hurt his own shoulder, and it is better to be
in front of the muzzle than behind the trigger. The last word of
these maledictions is not only a wish, but a declaration of the Law
of Divine Retribution. The psalmist could not have found it in his
heart to pray such a prayer unless he had been sure that Jehovah paid
men's wages punctually in full, and that conviction is the kernel of
his awful words. He is equally sure that his cause is God's--because
he is sure that God's cause is his, and that he suffers for
righteousness and for the righteous Jehovah.

The final part (vv. 21-31) returns to lowly, sad petitions for
deliverance, of the kind common to many psalms. Very pathetically, and
as with a tightening of his grasp, does the singer call on his helper
by the double name "Jehovah, Lord," and plead all the pleas with God
which are hived in these names. The prayer in ver. 21_b_ resembles that
in Psalm lxix. 16, another of the psalms of imprecation. The image of
the long-drawn-out shadow recurs in Psalm cii. 11. The word rendered
"am I gone" occurs here only, and implies compulsory departure. The
same idea of external force hurrying one out of life is picturesquely
presented in the parallel clause. "I am shaken out," as a thing which a
man wishes to get rid of is shaken out of the folds of a garment. The
psalmist thinks of himself as being whirled away, helpless, as a swarm
of locusts blown into the sea. The physical feebleness in ver. 24 is
probably to be taken literally, as descriptive of the havoc wrought
on him by his persecutions and trouble of soul, but may be, as often,
metaphor for that trouble itself.

The expression in ver. 24_b_ rendered above "_falls away_ from
fatness" is literally "has become a liar," or faithless, which is
probably a picturesque way of saying that the psalmist's flesh had, as
it were, become a renegade from its former well-nourished condition,
and was emaciated by his sorrow. Others would keep the literal meaning
of the word rendered "fatness"--_i.e._, oil--and translate "My flesh
has shrunk up for lack of oil" (so Baethgen and Kay).

One more glance at the enemies, now again regarded as many, and one
more flash of confidence that his prayer is heard, close the psalm.
Once again God is invoked by His name Jehovah, and the suppliant
presses close to Him as "my God"; once again he casts himself on that
loving-kindness, whose measure is wider than his thoughts and will
ensure him larger answers than his desires; once again he builds
all his hope on it, and pleads no claims of his own. He longs for
personal deliverance; but not only for personal ends, but rather
that it may be an undeniable manifestation of Jehovah's power. That
is a high range of feeling which subordinates self to God even while
longing for deliverance, and wishes more that He should be glorified
than that self should be blessed. There is almost a smile on the
psalmist's face as he contrasts his enemies' curses with God's
blessing, and thinks how ineffectual are these and how omnipotent
is that. He takes the issue of the strife between cursing men and a
blessing God to be as good as already decided. So he can look with
new equanimity on the energetic preparations of his foes; for he sees
in faith their confusion and defeat, and already feels some springing
in his heart of the joy of victory, and is sure of already clothing
themselves with shame. It is the prerogative of Faith to behold
things that are not as though they were, and to live as in the hour
of triumph even while in the thick of the fight.

The psalm began with addressing "the God of my _praise_"; it ends
with the confidence and the vow that the singer will yet _praise_
Him. It painted an adversary standing at the right hand of the wicked
to condemn him; it ends with the assurance that Jehovah stands at the
right hand of His afflicted servant, as his advocate to protect him.
The wicked man was to "go out guilty"; he whom God defends shall come
forth from all that would judge his soul. "If God be for us, who can
be against us? It is God that justifieth: who is he that condemneth?"




                               PSALM CX.

    1 The oracle of Jehovah to my lord;
      Sit Thou [enthroned] at My right hand,
      Until I make Thine enemies the stool for Thy feet.
    2 The sceptre of Thy might shall Jehovah stretch forth from Zion,
      "Rule Thou in the midst of Thine enemies."
    3 Thy people are free-will offerings in the day of Thine army;
      In holy attire,
      From the womb of the dawn,
      [Comes] to Thee the dew of Thy youth[s].
    4 Jehovah has sworn and will not repent,
      Thou art a priest for ever,
      After the manner of Melchizedek.

    5 The Lord at Thy right hand
      Has crushed kings in the day of His wrath.
    6 He shall judge among the nations,
      He has filled [the land] with corpses,
      He has crushed the head over a wide land.
    7 Of the brook shall He drink on the way,
      Therefore shall He lift up [His] head.


Does our Lord's attribution of this psalm to David foreclose the
question of its authorship for those who accept His authority?
Many, who fully recognise and reverently bow to that authority,
think that it does not, and appeal for support of their view to the
unquestionable limitations of His earthly knowledge. It is urged
that His object in His argument with the Pharisees, in which this
psalm is quoted by Him (Matt. xxii. 41-46 and parallels), is not to
instruct them on the authorship of the psalm, but to argue from its
contents; and though He assumes the Davidic authorship, accepted
generally at the time, yet the cogency of His argument is unimpaired,
so long as it is recognised that the psalm is a Messianic one, and
that the august language used in it of the Messiah is not compatible
with the position of One who was a mere human son of David (Driver,
"Introd.," p. 363, note). So also Dr. Sanday ("Inspiration," p. 420)
says that "the Pharisees were taken upon their own ground, and the
fallacy of their conclusion was shown on their own premises." But
our Lord's argument is not drawn from the "august language" of the
psalm, but from David's relationship to the Messiah, and crumbles to
pieces if he is not the singer. It may freely be admitted that there
are instances in our Lord's references to the Old Testament in which
He speaks from the point of view of His hearers in regard to it; but
these are cases in which nothing turned on the question whether that
point of view was correct or not. Here everything turns on it; and
to maintain that, in so important a crisis, He based His arguments
on an error comes perilously near to imputing fallibility to Him as
our teacher. Most of recent writers who advocate the view in question
would recoil from such a consequence; but their position is divided
from it by a thin line. Whatever the limitations of our Lord's human
knowledge, they did not affect His authority in regard to what He did
teach; and the present writer ventures to believe that He did teach
that _David_ in this psalm calls Messiah his Lord.

If so, the psalm stands alone, as not having primary reference to an
earthly king. It is not, like other Messianic psalms, typical, but
directly prophetic of Messiah, and of Him only. We are not warranted
in denying the possibility of such direct prophecy; and the picture
drawn in this psalm, so far transcending any possible original among
the sons of men, has not full justice done to its majestic lines,
unless it is recognised as setting forth none other than the personal
Messiah. True, it is drawn with colours supplied from earthly
experiences, and paints a warrior-monarch. The prophet-psalmist, no
doubt, conceived of literal warfare; but a prophet did not always
understand the oracles which he spoke.

The psalm falls into two parts: the Vision of the Priest-King and His
army (vv. 1-4); the King's Warfare and Victory (vv. 5-7).

"The oracle of Jehovah" introduces a fresh utterance of God's,
heard by the psalmist, who thus claims to be the mouthpiece of the
Divine will. It is a familiar prophetic phrase, but usually found
at the close--not, as here, at the beginning--of the utterance to
which it refers (see, however, Isa. lvi. 8; Zech. xii. 1). The
unusual position makes the Divine origin of the following words more
emphatic. "My Lord" is a customary title of respect in addressing
a superior, but not in speaking _of_ him. Its use here evidently
implies that the psalmist regards Messiah as his king, and the best
comment on it is Matt. xxii. 43: "How then doth David in spirit call
Him Lord?" The substance of the oracle follows. He who is exalted to
sit at the right hand of a king is installed thereby as his associate
in rule. He who is seated by God at His right hand is received into
such mystery of participation in Divine authority and power, as
cannot be imposed on frail humanity. The rigid monotheism of the
Jewish singers makes this tremendous "oracle" the more remarkable.
Greek gods might have their assessors from among mortals, but who
shall share Jehovah's throne? "Solomon sat on the throne of the Lord
as king" (1 Chron. xxix. 23); but that is no parallel, nor does
it show that the oracle of this psalm simply states the dignity
of the theocratic king. Solomon's throne was Jehovah's, as being
established by Him, and since he represented Jehovah on earth; but to
sit at Jehovah's right hand means far more than this. That session
of Messiah is represented as the prelude to the exercise of Divine
power for His triumph over His foes; and that apparent repose, while
Jehovah fights for him, is singularly contrasted with his activity
as described in verses 6, 7. The singer speaks riddles about a union
of undisturbed tranquillity and of warlike strenuousness, which are
only solved when we see their fulfilment in Him who sitteth at the
right hand of God, and who yet goes with His armies where they go.
"He was received up, and sat on the right hand of God, . . . the Lord
also working with them" (Mark xvi. 19, 20). The opened heavens showed
to Stephen his Master, not sitting, but standing in the posture of
readiness to help him dying, and to receive him made more alive by
death. His foot shall be on the neck of His foes, as Joshua bade
the men of Israel put theirs on the conquered kings'. Opposition
shall not only be subdued, but shall become subsidiary to Messiah's
dominion, "a stepping-stone to higher things."

The Divine oracle is silent, and the strain is taken up by the
psalmist himself, who speaks "in the spirit," in the remainder of the
psalm, no less than he did when uttering Jehovah's word. Messiah's
dominion has a definite earthly centre. From Zion is this King to
rule. His mighty sceptre, the symbol and instrument of His God-given
power, is to stretch thence. How far? No limit is named to the sweep of
His sway. But since Jehovah is to extend it, it must be conterminous
with the reach of His omnipotence. Ver. 2_b_ may be taken as the
words of Jehovah, but more probably they are the loyal exclamation of
the psalmist, moved to his heart's depths by the vision which makes
the bliss of his solitude. The word rendered "rule" is found also in
Balaam's prophecy of Messiah (Numb. xxiv. 19) and in the Messianic
Psalm lxxii. 8. The kingdom is to subsist in the midst of enemies. The
normal state of the Church on earth is militant. Yet the enemies are
not only a ring of antagonists round a centre of submission, but into
their midst His power penetrates, and Messiah dominates them too, for
all their embattled hostility. A throne round which storms of rebellion
rage is an insecure seat. But this throne is established through
enmity, because it is upheld by Jehovah.

The kingdom in relation to its subjects is the theme of ver. 3,
which accords with the warlike tone of the whole psalm, by describing
them as an army. The period spoken of is "the day of Thy host,"
or array--the time when the forces are mustered and set in order
for battle. The word rendered _free-will offerings_ may possibly
mean simply "willingnesses," and the abstract noun may be used as
in "I am--prayer" (Psalm cix. 4)--_i.e._, most willing; but it is
better to retain the fuller and more picturesque meaning of glad,
spontaneous sacrifices, which corresponds with the priestly character
afterwards ascribed to the people, and goes very deep into the
essence of Christian service. There are to be no pressed men or
mercenaries in that host. As Deborah sang of her warriors, these
"offer themselves willingly." Glad consecration of self, issuing in
spontaneous enlisting for the wars of the King, is to characterise
all His subjects. The army is the nation. These soldiers are to be
priests. They are clad in holy attire, "fine linen, clean and white."
That representation goes as deep into the nature of the warfare they
have to wage and the weapons they have to wield, as the former did
into the impulse which sends them to serve under Messiah's flag.
The priestly function is to bring God and man near to one another.
Their warfare can only be for the carrying out of their office. Their
weapons are sympathy, gentleness, purity. Like the Templars, the
Christian soldier must bear the cross on his shield and the hilt of
his sword. Another reading of this phrase is "on the holy mountains,"
which is preferred by many, among whom are Hupfeld and Cheyne. But
the great preponderance of evidence is against the change, which
obliterates a very striking and profound thought.

Ver. 3_c_, _d_ gives another picture of the host. The usual
explanation of the clause takes "youth" as meaning, not the young
vigour of the King, but, in a collective sense, the assembled
warriors, whom it paints as in the bloom of early manhood. The
principal point of comparison of the army with the dew is probably
its multitude (2 Sam. xvii. 12). The warriors have the gift of
un-aging youth, as all those have who renew their strength by serving
Christ. And it is permissible to take other characteristics of the
dew than its abundance, and to think of the mystery of its origin,
of the tiny mirrors of the sunshine hanging on every cobweb, of its
power to refresh, as well as of the myriads of its drops.

But this explanation, beautiful and deep as it is, is challenged
by many. The word rendered "dawn" is unusual. "Youth" is not found
elsewhere in the sense thus assigned to it. "Dew" is thought to be
an infelicitous emblem. "From a linguistic point of view" Cheyne
pronounces both "dawn" and "dew" to be intolerable. Singularly
enough, in the next sentence, he deprecates a previous opinion of his
own as premature "until we know something certain of the Hebrew of
the Davidic age" ("Orig. of Psalt.," p. 482). But if such certainty
is lacking, why should these two words be "intolerable"? He approves
Bickell's conjectural emendation, "From the womb, from the dawn [of
life], Thy youthful band is devoted to Thee."

Ver. 4 again enshrines a Divine utterance, which is presented
in an even more solemn manner than that of ver. 1. The oath of
Jehovah by Himself represents the thing sworn as guaranteed by the
Divine character. God, as it were, pledges His own name, with its
fulness of unchanging power, to the fulfilment of the word; and this
irrevocable and omnipotent decree is made still more impressive by
the added assurance that He "will not repent." Thus inextricably
intertwined with the augustness of God's nature, the union of the
royal and priestly offices in the person of Messiah shall endure
for ever. Some commentators contend that every theocratic king of
Israel was a priest, inasmuch as he was king of a priestly nation.
But since the national priestliness did not hinder the appointment
of a special order of priests, it is most natural to assume that
the special order is here referred to. Why should the singer have
gone back into the mists of antiquity, in order to find the type
of a priest-king, if the union of offices belonged, by virtue of
his kinghood, to every Jewish monarch? Clearly the combination was
unexampled; and such an incident as that of Uzziah's leprosy shows
how carefully the two great offices were kept apart. Their opposition
has resulted in many tragedies: probably their union would be still
more fatal, except in the case of One whose priestly sacrifice of
Himself as a willing offering is the basis of His royal sway. The
"order of Melchizedek" has received unexpected elucidation from the
Tel-el-Amarna tablets, which bring to light, as a correspondent of
the Pharaoh, one Ebed-tob, king of Uru-salim (the city of Salim, the
god of peace). In one of his letters he says, "Behold, neither my
father nor my mother have exalted me in this place; the prophecy [or
perhaps, arm] of the mighty King has caused me to enter the house of
my father." By the mighty King is meant the god whose sanctuary stood
on the summit of Mount Moriah. He was king of Jerusalem, because
he was priest of its god (Sayce, "Criticism and the Monuments," p.
175). The psalm lays stress on the eternal duration of the royalty
and priesthood of Messiah; and although in other Messianic psalms the
promised perpetuity may be taken to refer to the dynasty rather than
the individual monarch, that explanation is impossible here, where a
person is the theme.

Many attempts have been made to fit the language of the psalm to
one or other of the kings of Israel; but, not to mention other
difficulties, this ver. 4 remains as an insuperable obstacle. In
default of Israelite kings, one or other of the Maccabean family has
been thought of. Cheyne strongly pronounces for Simon Maccabæus,
and refers, as others have done, to a popular decree in his favour,
declaring him "ruler and high priest for ever" ("Orig. of Psalt.," p.
26). On this identification, Baethgen asks if it is probable that the
singer should have taken his theme from a popular decree, and have
transformed it (_umgestempelt_) into a Divine oath. It may be added
that Simon was not a king, and that he was by birth a priest.

The second part of the psalm carries the King into the battle-field.
He comes forth from the throne, where He sat at Jehovah's right
hand, and now Jehovah stands at His right hand. The word rendered
_Lord_ in ver. 5 is never used of any but God, and it is best to
take it so here, even though to do so involves the necessity of
supposing a change in the subject either in ver. 6 or ver. 7, which
latter verse can only refer to the Messiah. The destructive conflict
described is said to take place "in the day of His wrath"--_i.e._, of
Jehovah's. If this is strictly interpreted, the period intended is
not that of "the day of Thine army," when by His priestly warriors
the Priest-King wages a warfare among His enemies, which wins them
to be His lovers, but that dread hour when He comes forth from His
ascended glory to pronounce doom among the nations and to crush all
opposition. Such a final apocalypse of the wrath of the Lamb is
declared to us in clearer words, which may well be permitted to cast
a light back on this psalm (Rev. xix. 11). "He has crushed kings" is
the perfect of prophetic certainty or intuition, the scene being so
vividly bodied before the singer that he regards it as accomplished.
"He shall judge" or give doom "among the nations,"--the future of
pure prediction. Ver. 6_b_ is capable of various renderings. It may
be rendered as above, or the verb may be intransitive and the whole
clause translated, _It becomes full of corpses_ (so Delitzsch); or
the word may be taken as an adjective, in which case the meaning
would be the same as if it were an intransitive verb. "The head over
a wide land" is also ambiguous. If "head" is taken as a collective
noun, it means rulers. But it may be also regarded as referring
to a person, the principal antagonist of the Messiah. This is the
explanation of many of the older interpreters, who think of Death or
"the prince of this world," but is too fanciful to be adopted.

Ver. 7 is usually taken as depicting the King as pausing in His
victorious pursuit of the flying foe, to drink, like Gideon's men,
from the brook, and then with renewed vigour pressing on. But is not
the idea of the Messiah needing refreshment in that final conflict
somewhat harsh?--and may there not be here a certain desertion of
the order of sequence, so that we are carried back to the time
prior to the enthronement of the King? One is tempted to suggest
the possibility of this closing verse being a full parallel with
Phil. ii. 7-9. Christ on the way to His throne drank of "waters of
affliction," and precisely therefore is He "highly exalted."

The choice for every man is, being crushed beneath His foot, or
being exalted to sit with Him on His throne. "He that overcometh,
to him will I give to sit down with Me on My throne, even as I also
overcame, and am set down with My Father on His throne." It is better
to sit on His throne than to be His footstool.




                               PSALM CXI.

                            Hallelujah.
     1 א I will thank Jehovah with my whole heart,
       ב In the council of the upright and in the congregation.
     2 ג Great are the works of Jehovah,
       ד Inquired into by all who delight in them.
     3 ה Honour and majesty is His working,
       ו And His righteousness stands fast for aye.
     4 ז He has made a memorial for His wonders,
       ח Gracious and compassionate is Jehovah.
     5 ט Food has He given to those who fear Him,
       י He remembers His covenant for ever.
     6 כ The power of His works has He showed to His people,
       ל In giving them the inheritance of the nations.
     7 מ The works of His hands are truth and judgment
       נ Trustworthy are all His commandments;
     8 ס Established for aye and for ever,
       ע Done in truth and uprightness.
     9 פ Redemption has He sent to His people,
       צ He has ordained His covenant for ever,
       ק Holy and dread is His name.
    10 ר The fear of Jehovah is the beginning of wisdom,
       ש Good understanding [belongs] to all who do them;
       ת His praise stands fast for aye.


Another series of psalms headed with Hallelujah begins here, and
includes the two following psalms. The prefix apparently indicates
liturgical use. The present psalm is closely allied to the next. Both
are acrostic, and correspond verse to verse, as will appear in the
exposition. Together they represent God and the godly, this psalm
magnifying the Divine character and acts, the other painting the ideal
godly man as, in some real fashion, an "imitator of God as a beloved
child." Both are gnomic, and built up by accumulation of slightly
connected particulars, rather than flowing continuously in a sequence
which springs from one pregnant thought. Both have allusions to other
psalms and to the Book of Proverbs, and share with many of the psalms
of Book V. the character of being mainly working over of old materials.

The Psalmist begins by a vow to thank Jehovah with his whole heart,
and immediately proceeds to carry it out. "The upright" is by
some understood as a national designation, and "council" taken as
equivalent to "congregation." But it is more in accordance with usage
to regard the psalmist as referring first to a narrower circle of
like-minded lovers of good, to whose congenial ears he rejoices to
sing. There was an Israel within Israel, who would sympathise with
his song. The "congregation" is then either the wider audience of the
gathered people, or, as Delitzsch takes it, equivalent to "_their_
congregation"--_i.e._, of the upright.

The theme of thanksgiving is, as ever, God's works for Israel; and
the first characteristic of these which the psalmist sings is their
greatness. He will come closer presently, and discern more delicate
features, but now, the magnitude of these colossal manifestations
chiefly animates his song. Far-stretching in their mass and in their
consequences, deep-rooted in God's own character, His great deeds draw
the eager search of "those who delight in them." These are the same
sympathetic auditors to whom the song is primarily addressed. There
were indolent beholders in Israel, before whom the works of God were
passed without exciting the faintest desire to know more of their
depth. Such careless onlookers, who see and see not, are rife in all
ages. God shines out in His deeds, and they will not give one glance of
sharpened interest. But the test of caring for His doings is the effort
to comprehend their greatness, and plunge oneself into their depths.
The more one gazes, the more one sees. What was at first but dimly
apprehended as great resolves itself, as we look; and, first, "Honour
and majesty," the splendour of His reflected character, shine out from
His deeds, and then, when still more deeply they are pondered, the
central fact of their righteousness, their conformity to the highest
standard of rectitude, becomes patent. Greatness and majesty, divorced
from righteousness, would be no theme for praise. Such greatness is
littleness, such splendour is phosphorescent corruption.

These general contemplations are followed in vv. 4-6 by references
to Israel's history as the greatest example of God's working. "He
has made a memorial for His wonders." Some find here a reference to
the Passover and other feasts commemorative of the deliverance from
Egypt. But it is better to think of Israel itself as the "memorial,"
or of the deeds themselves, in their remembrance by men, as being,
as it were, a monument of His power. The men whom God has blessed
are standing evidences of His wonders. "Ye are My witnesses, saith
the Lord." And the great attribute, which is commemorated by that
"memorial," is Jehovah's gracious compassion. The psalmist presses
steadily towards the centre of the Divine nature. God's works become
eloquent of more and more precious truth as he listens to their
voice. They spoke of greatness, honour, majesty, righteousness, but
tenderer qualities are revealed to the loving and patient gazer. The
two standing proofs of Divine kindness are the miraculous provision
of food in the desert and the possession of the promised land. But
to the psalmist these are not past deeds to be remembered only, but
continually repeated operations. "He remembers His covenant for
ever," and so the experiences of the fathers are lived over again by
the children, and to-day is as full of God as yesterday was. Still He
feeds _us_, still He gives us _our_ heritage.

From ver. 7 onwards a new thought comes in. God has spoken as well
as wrought. His very works carry messages of "truth and judgment,"
and they are interpreted further by articulate precepts, which are at
once a revelation of what He is and a law for what we should be. His
law stands as fast as His righteousness (vv. 3, 8). A man may utterly
trust His commandments. They abide eternally, for Duty is ever Duty,
and His Law, while it has a surface of temporary ceremonial, has a
core of immutable requirement. His commandments are _done_--_i.e._,
appointed by Him--"in truth and uprightness." They are tokens of His
grace and revelations of His character.

The two closing verses have three clauses each, partly from the
exigencies of the acrostic structure, and partly to secure a more
impressive ending. Ver. 9 sums up all God's works in the two chief
manifestations of His goodness which should ever live in Israel's
thanks, His sending redemption and His establishing His everlasting
covenant--the two facts which are as fresh to-day, under new and
better forms, as when long ago this unknown psalmist sang. And
he gathers up the total impression which God's dealings should
leave, in the great saying, "Holy and dread is His name." In ver.
10 he somewhat passes the limits of his theme, and trenches on the
territory of the next psalm, which is already beginning to shape
itself in his mind. The designation of the fear of the Jehovah as
"the beginning of wisdom" is from Prov. i. 7, ix. 10. "Beginning"
may rather mean "principal part" (Prov. iv. 7, "principal thing").
The "them" of ver. 10_b_ is best referred, though the expression
is awkward, to "commandments" in ver. 7. Less probably it is taken
to allude to the "fear" and "wisdom" of the previous clause. The
two clauses of this verse descriptive of the godly correspond in
structure to _a_ and _b_ of ver. 9, and the last clause corresponds
to the last of that verse, expressing the continual praise which
should rise to that holy and dread Name. Note that the perpetual
duration, which has been predicated of God's attributes, precepts,
and covenant (vv. 3, 5, 8, 9), is here ascribed to His praise. Man's
songs cannot fall dumb, so long as God pours out Himself in such
deeds. As long as that Sun streams across the desert, stony lips will
part in music to hail its beams.




                              PSALM CXII.

                          Hallelujah.
     1 א Happy the man who fears Jehovah,
       ב [Who] delights exceedingly in His commandments.
     2 ג Mighty on the earth shall his seed be,
       ד The generation of the upright shall be blessed.
     3 ה Wealth and riches are in his house,
       ו And his righteousness stands fast for aye.
     4 ז There riseth in the darkness light to the upright,--
       ח Gracious and pitiful and righteous is he.
     5 ט Well is the man who pities and lends,
       י He shall maintain his causes in [the] judgment.
     6 כ For he shall not be moved for ever,
       ל In everlasting remembrance shall the righteous be held.
     7 מ Of evil tidings he shall not be afraid,
       נ Steadfast is his heart, trusting in Jehovah.
     8 ס Established is his heart, he shall not fear,
       ע Until he looks on his adversaries.
     9 פ He has scattered abroad, he has given to the poor,
       צ His righteousness stands fast for aye,
       ק His horn shall be exalted with glory.
    10 ר The wicked man shall see it and be grieved,
       ש He shall gnash his teeth and melt away,
       ת The desire of wicked men shall perish.


"Be ye perfect, as your Father in heaven is perfect," might be
inscribed on this picture of a godly man, which, in structure and
substance, reflects the contemplation of God's character and works
contained in the preceding psalm. The idea that the godly man is, in
some real sense, an image of God runs through the whole, and comes out
strongly, at several points, in the repetition of the same expressions
in reference to both. The portrait of the ideal good man, outlined in
this psalm, may be compared with those in Psalms xv. and xxiv. Its
most characteristic feature is the prominence given to beneficence,
which is regarded as eminently a reflection of God's. The foundation
of righteousness is laid in ver. 1, in devout awe and inward delight
in the commandments. But the bulk of the psalm describes the blessed
consequences, rather than the essential characteristics, of godliness.

The basis of righteousness and beneficence to men must be laid in
reverence and conformity of will towards God. Therefore the psalm
begins with proclaiming that, apart from all external consequences,
these dispositions carry blessedness in themselves. The close of the
preceding psalm had somewhat overpassed its limits, when it declared
that "the fear of Jehovah" was the beginning of wisdom and that to do
His commandments was sound discretion.

This psalm echoes these sayings, and so links itself to the former
one. It deepens them by pointing out that the fear of Jehovah is a
fountain of joy as well as of wisdom, and that inward delight in the
Law must precede outward doing of it. The familiar blessing attached
in the Old Testament to godliness, namely, prosperous posterity, is
the first of the consequences of righteousness which the psalm holds
out. That promise belongs to another order of things from that of
the New Testament; but the essence of it is true still, namely, that
the only secure foundation for permanent prosperity is in the fear
of Jehovah. "The generation of the upright" (ver. 2) does not merely
mean the natural descendants of a good man--"It is a moral rather than
a genealogical term" (Hupfeld)--as is usually the case with the word
"generation." Another result of righteousness is declared to be "wealth
and riches" (ver. 3), which, again, must be taken as applying more
fully to the Old Testament system of Providence than to that of the New.

A parallelism of the most striking character between God and the
godly emerges in ver. 3_b_, where the same words are applied to the
latter as were used of the former, in the corresponding verse of
Psalm cxi. It would be giving too great evangelical definiteness
to the psalmist's words, to read into them the Christian teaching
that man's righteousness is God's gift through Christ, but it
unwarrantably eviscerates them of their meaning, if we go to the
other extreme, and, with Hupfeld, suppose that the psalmist put in
the clause under stress of the exigencies of the acrostic structure,
and regard it as a "makeshift" and "stop-gap." The psalmist has
a very definite and noble thought. Man's righteousness is the
reflection of God's; and has in it some kindred with its original,
which guarantees stability not all unlike the eternity of that
source. Since ver. 3_b_ thus brings into prominence the ruling
thought of the two psalms, possibly we may venture to see a fainter
utterance of that thought, in the first clause of the verse, in which
the "wealth and riches" in the righteous man's house may correspond
to the "honour and majesty" attendant on God's works (cxi. 3_a_).

Ver. 4 blends consequences of righteousness and characterisation
of it, in a remarkable way. The construction is doubtful. In _a_,
"upright" is in the plural, and the adjectives in _b_ are in the
singular number. They are appended abruptly to the preceding clause;
and the loose structure has occasioned difficulty to expositors,
which has been increased by the scruples of some, who have not given
due weight to the leading thought of correspondence between the human
and Divine, and have hesitated to regard ver. 4_b_ as referring to
the righteous man, seeing that in Psalm cxi. 4_b_ it refers to God.
Hence efforts have been made to find other renderings. Delitzsch
would refer the clause to God, whom he takes to be meant by "light"
in the previous clause, while Hitzig, followed by Baethgen, would
translate, "As a light, he (the righteous) rises in darkness for the
upright," and would then consider "gracious," etc., as in apposition
with "light," and descriptive of the righteous man's character as
such. But the very fact that the words are applied to God in the
corresponding verse of the previous psalm suggests their application
here to the godly man, and the sudden change of number is not so
harsh as to require the ordinary translation to be abandoned. However
dark may be a good man's road, the very midnight blackness is a
prophecy of sunrise; or, to use another figure,

    "If winter comes, can spring be far behind?"

(Compare Psalm xcvii. 11.) The fountain of pity in human hearts must
be fed from the great source of compassion in God's, if it is to gush
out unremittingly and bless the deserts of sorrow and misery. He who
has received "grace" will surely exercise grace. "Be ye merciful,
even as your Father is merciful" (Luke vi. 36).

Ver. 5 blends characteristics and consequences of goodness in
reverse order from that in ver. 4. The compassionate man of ver.
4_b_ does not let pity evaporate, but is moved by it to act and to
lend (primarily money, but secondarily) any needful help or solace.
Benevolence which is not translated into beneficence is a poor
affair. There is no blessing in it or for it; but it is well with
the man who turns emotions into deeds. Lazy compassion hurts him
who indulges in it, but that which "lends" gets joy in the act of
bestowing aid. The result of such active compassion is stated in ver.
5_b_ as being that such a one will "maintain his causes in judgment,"
by which seems to be meant the judgment of earthly tribunals. If
compassion and charity guide a life, it will have few disputes, and
will contain nothing for which a judge can condemn. He who obeys the
higher law will not break the lower.

Vv. 6-8 dwell mainly on one consequence of righteousness, namely,
the stability which it imparts. While such a man lives, he shall
be unmoved by shocks, and after he dies, his memory will live,
like a summer evening's glow which lingers in the west till a
new morning dawns. In ver. 7 the resemblance of the godly to God
comes very beautifully to the surface. Psalm cxi. 7 deals with
God's commandments as "trustworthy." The human parallel is an
_established_ heart. He who has learned to lean upon Jehovah (for
such is the literal force of "trusting" here), and has proved the
commandments utterly reliable as basis for his life, will have his
heart steadfast. The same idea is repeated in ver. 8 with direct
quotation of the corresponding verse of Psalm cxi. In both the word
for "established" is the same. The heart that delights in God's
established commandments is established by them, and, sooner or
later, will look in calm security on the fading away of all evil
things and men, while it rests indeed, because it rests in God. He
who builds his transient life on and into the Rock of Ages wins
rocklike steadfastness, and some share in the perpetuity of his
Refuge. Lives rooted in God are never uprooted.

The two final verses are elongated, like the corresponding ones
in Psalm cxi. Again, beneficence is put in the forefront, as a
kind of shorthand summing up of all virtues. And, again, in ver. 9
the analogy is drawn out between God and the godly. "He has sent
redemption to His people"; and they, in their degree, are to be
communicative of the gifts of which they have been made recipient.
Little can they give, compared with what they have received; but what
they have they hold in trust for those who need it, and the sure test
of having obtained "redemption" is a "heart open as day to melting
charity." In the former psalm, ver. 9_b_ declared that God has
"ordained His covenant for ever"; and here the corresponding clause
re-affirms that the good man's righteousness endures for ever. The
final clauses of both verses also correspond, in so far as, in the
former psalm, God's Name is represented as "holy and dread"--_i.e._,
the total impression made by His deeds exalts Him--and in the latter,
the righteous man's "horn" is represented as "exalted in glory" or
honour--_i.e._, the total impression made by his deeds exalts _him_.
Paul quotes the two former clauses of ver. 9 in 2 Cor. ix. 9 as
involving the truth that Christian giving does not impoverish. The
exercise of a disposition strengthens it; and God takes care that
the means of beneficence shall not be wanting to him who has the
spirit of it. The later Jewish use of "righteousness" as a synonym
for _almsgiving_ has probably been influenced by this psalm, in which
beneficence is the principal trait in the righteous man's character,
but there is no reason for supposing that the psalmist uses the word
in that restricted sense.

Ver. 10 is not parallel with the last verse of Psalm cxi., which
stands, as we have seen, somewhat beyond the scope of the rest of
that psalm. It gives one brief glimpse of the fate of the evil-doer,
in opposition to the loving picture of the blessedness of the
righteous. Thus it too is rather beyond the immediate object of the
psalm of which it forms part. The wicked _sees_, in contrast with the
righteous man's _seeing_ in ver. 8. The one looks with peace on the
short duration of antagonistic power, and rejoices that there is a
God of recompenses; the other grinds his teeth in envious rage, as
he beholds the perpetuity of the righteous. He "shall melt away,"
_i.e._, in jealousy or despair. Opposition to goodness, since it is
enmity towards God, is self-condemned to impotence and final failure.
Desires turned for satisfaction elsewhere than to God are sure to
perish. The sharp contrast between the righteousness of the good man,
which endures for ever, in his steadfast because trustful heart, and
the crumbling schemes and disappointed hopes which gnaw the life
of the man whose aims go athwart God's will, solemnly proclaims an
eternal truth. This psalm, like Psalm i., touches the two poles of
possible human experience, in its first and last words, beginning
with "happy the man" and ending with "shall perish."




                              PSALM CXIII.

                    Hallelujah.

    1 Praise, ye servants of Jehovah,
      Praise the name of Jehovah.
    2 Be the name of Jehovah blessed
      From henceforth and for evermore!
    3 From the rising of the sun to its going down,
      Praised be the name of Jehovah.

    4 High above all nations is Jehovah,
      Above the heavens His glory.
    5 Who is like Jehovah our God?
      Who sits enthroned on high,
    6 Who looks far below
      On the heavens and on the earth;

    7 Who raises the helpless from the dust,
      From the rubbish-heap He lifts the needy,
    8 To seat him with nobles,
      With the nobles of His people;
    9 Who seats the barren [woman] in a house,
      --A glad mother of her children.


This pure burst of praise is the first of the psalms composing
the Hallel, which was sung at the three great feasts (Passover,
Pentecost, and the Feast of Tabernacles), as well as at the festival
of Dedication and at the new moons. "In the domestic celebration of
the Passover night 'the Hallel' is divided into two parts; the one
half, Psalms cxiii., cxiv., being sung before the repast, before
the emptying of the second festal cup, and the other half, Psalms
cxv.-cxviii., after the repast, after the filling of the fourth cup,
to which the 'having sung an hymn' in Matt. xxvi. 30, Mark xiv. 26,
... may refer" (Delitzsch, _in loc._).

Three strophes of three verses each may be recognised, of which the
first summons Israel to praise Jehovah, and reaches out through all
time and over all space, in longing that God's name may be known
and praised. The second strophe (vv. 4-6) magnifies God's exalted
greatness; while the third (vv. 7-9) adores His condescension,
manifested in His stooping to lift the lowly. The second and third
of these strophes, however, overlap in the song, as the facts which
they celebrate do. God's loftiness can never be adequately measured,
unless His condescension is taken into account; and His condescension
never sufficiently wondered at, unless His loftiness is felt.

The call to praise is addressed to Israel, whose designation "servants
of Jehovah" recalls Isaiah II.'s characteristic use of that name in
the singular number for the nation. With strong emphasis, the _name_
of Jehovah is declared as the theme of praise. God's revelation of His
character by deed and word must precede man's thanksgiving. They, to
whom that Name has been entrusted, by their reception of His mercies
are bound to ring it out to all the world. And in the Name itself,
there lies enshrined the certainty that through all ages it shall be
blessed, and in every spot lit by the sun shall shine as a brighter
light, and be hailed with praises. The psalmist has learned the
world-wide significance of Israel's position as the depository of the
Name, and the fair vision of a universal adoration of it fills his
heart. Ver. 3_b_ may be rendered "worthy to be praised is the name,"
but the context seems to suggest the rendering above.

The infinite exaltation of Jehovah above all dwellers on this
low earth and above the very heavens does not lift Him too high
for man's praise, for it is wedded to condescension as infinite.
Incomparable is He; but still adoration can reach Him, and men do
not clasp mist, but solid substance, when they grasp His Name. That
incomparable uniqueness of Jehovah is celebrated in ver. 5_a_ in
strains borrowed from Exod. xv. 11, while the striking description
of loftiness combined with condescension in vv. 5_b_ and 6 resembles
Isa. lvii. 15. The literal rendering of vv. 5_b_ and 6_a_ is, "Who
makes high to sit, Who makes low to behold," which is best understood
as above. It may be questioned whether "On the heavens and on the
earth" designates the objects on which His gaze is said to be
turned; or whether, as some understand the construction, it is to be
taken with "Who is like Jehovah our God?" the intervening clauses
being parenthetical; or whether, as others prefer, "in heaven"
points back to "enthroned on high," and "on earth" to "looks far
below." But the construction which regards the totality of created
things, represented by the familiar phrase "the heavens and the
earth," as being the objects on which Jehovah looks down from His
inconceivable loftiness, accords best with the context and yields an
altogether worthy meaning. Transcendent elevation, condescension, and
omniscience are blended in the poet's thought. So high is Jehovah
that the highest heavens are far beneath Him, and, unless His gaze
were all-discerning, would be but a dim speck. That He should enter
into relations with creatures, and that there should be creatures
for Him to enter into relations with, are due to His stooping
graciousness. These far-darting looks are looks of tenderness, and
signify care as well as knowledge. Since all things lie in His sight,
all receive from His hand.

The third strophe pursues the thought of the Divine condescension as
especially shown in stooping to the dejected and helpless and lifting
them. The effect of the descent of One so high must be to raise the
lowliness to which He bends. The words in vv. 7, 8, are quoted from
Hannah's song (1 Sam. ii. 8). Probably the singer has in his mind
Israel's restoration from exile, that great act in which Jehovah had
shown His condescending loftiness, and had lifted His helpless people
as from the ash-heap, where they lay as outcasts. The same event
seems to be referred to in ver. 9, under a metaphor suggested by the
story of Hannah, whose words have just been quoted. The "barren"
is Israel (comp. Isa. liv. 1). The expression in the original is
somewhat obscure. It stands literally "the barren of the house," and
is susceptible of different explanations; but probably the simplest
is to regard it as a contracted expression for the unfruitful wife in
a house, "a housewife, but yet not a mother. Such an one has in her
husband's house no sure position.... If God bestows children upon her,
He by that very fact makes her for the first time thoroughly at home
and rooted in her husband's house" (Delitzsch, _in loc._). The joy
of motherhood is tenderly touched in the closing line, in which the
definite article is irregularly prefixed to "sons," as if the poet
"points with his finger to the children with whom God blesses her"
(Delitzsch, _u.s._). Thus Israel, with her restored children about
her, is secure in her home. That restoration was the signal instance
of Jehovah's condescension and delight in raising the lowly. It was
therefore the great occasion for world-wide and age-long praise.

The singer did not know how far it would be transcended by a more
wonderful, more heart-touching manifestation of stooping love, when
"The Word became flesh." How much more exultant and world-filling
should be the praises from the lips of those who do know how low that
Word has stooped, how high He has risen, and how surely all who hold
His hand will be lifted from any ash-heap and set on His throne,
sharers in the royalty of Him who has been partaker of their weakness!




                              PSALM CXIV.

    1 When Israel went forth from Egypt,
      The house of Jacob from a stammering people,
    2 Judah became His sanctuary,
      Israel His dominion.

    3 The sea beheld and fled,
      Jordan turned back.
    4 The mountains leaped like rams,
      The hills like the sons of a flock.

    5 What ails thee, Sea, that thou fleest?
      Jordan, that thou art turned back?
    6 Mountains, that ye leap like rams?
      Hills, like the sons of a flock?

    7 At the presence of the Lord, writhe in pangs, O earth,
      At the presence of the God of Jacob,
    8 Who turns the rock into a pool of water,
      The flint into a fountain of waters.


It is possible that in this psalm Israel, restored from Babylon,
is looking back to the earlier Exodus, and thrilling with the great
thought that that old past lives again in the present. Such a
historical parallel would minister courage and hope. But the eyes of
psalmists were ever turning to the great days when a nation was born,
and there are no data in this psalm which connect it with a special
period, except certain peculiarities in the form of the words "turns"
and "fountain" in ver. 8, both of which have a vowel appended (_i_ in
the former, _o_ in the latter word), which is probably an archaism,
used by a late poet for ornament's sake. The same peculiarity is
found in Psalm cxiii. 5-9, where it occurs five times.

A familiar theme is treated here with singular force and lyric
fervour. The singer does not heap details together, but grasps one
great thought. To him there are but two outstanding characteristics
of the Exodus one, its place and purpose as the beginning of Israel's
prerogative, and another, its apocalypse of the Majesty of Jehovah,
the Ruler of Nature in its mightiest forms. These he hymns, and then
leaves them to make their own impression. He has no word of "moral,"
no application, counsel, warning, or encouragement to give. Whoso
will can draw these. Enough for him to lift his soaring song, and to
check it into silence in the midst of its full music. He would be a
consummate artist, if he were not something much better. The limpid
clearness, the eloquent brevity of the psalm are not more obvious
than its masterly structure. Its four pairs of verses, each laden
with one thought, the dramatic vividness of the sudden questions in
the third pair, the skilful suppression of the Divine name till the
close, where it is pealed out in full tones of triumph, make this
little psalm a gem.

In vv. 1, 2, the slighting glance at the land left by the ransomed
people is striking. The Egyptians are to this singer "a stammering
people," talking a language which sounded to him barely articulate.
The word carries a similar contempt to that in the Greek "barbarian,"
which imitates the unmeaning babble of a foreign tongue. To such
insignificance in the psalmist's mind had the once dreaded oppressors
sunk! The great fact about the Exodus was that it was the birthday of
the Nation, the beginning of its entrance on its high prerogatives.
If the consecration of Judah as "His sanctuary" took place when
Israel went forth from Egypt, there can be no reference to the later
erection of the material sanctuary in Jerusalem, and the names of
Judah and Israel must both apply to the people, not to the land,
which it would be an anachronism to introduce here. That deliverance
from Egypt was in order to God's dwelling in Israel, and thereby
sanctifying or setting it apart to Himself, "a kingdom of priests
and an holy nation." Dwelling in the midst of them, He wrought
wonders for them, as the psalm goes on to hymn; but this is the grand
foundation fact, that Israel was brought out of bondage to be God's
temple and kingdom. The higher deliverance of which that Exodus is
a foreshadowing is, in like manner, intended to effect a still more
wonderful and intimate indwelling of God in His Church. Redeemed
humanity is meant to be God's temple and realm.

The historical substratum for vv. 3, 4, is the twin miracles of
drying up the Red Sea and the Jordan, which began and closed the
Exodus, and the "quaking" of Sinai at the Theophany accompanying the
giving of the Law. These physical facts are imaginatively conceived
as the effects of panic produced by some dread vision; and the
psalmist heightens his representation by leaving unnamed the sight
which dried the sea, and shook the steadfast granite cliffs. In
the third pair of verses he changes his point of view from that of
narrator to that of a wondering spectator, and asks what terrible
thing, unseen by him, strikes such awe? All is silent now, and the
wonders long since past. The sea rolls its waters again over the
place where Pharaoh's host lie. Jordan rushes down its steep valley
as of old, the savage peaks of Sinai know no tremors;--but these
momentary wonders proclaimed an eternal truth.

So the psalmist answers his own question, and goes beyond it in
summoning the whole earth to tremble, as sea, river, and mountain had
done, for the same Vision before which they had shrunk is present
to all Nature. Now the psalmist can peal forth the Name of Him, the
sight of whom wrought these wonders. It is "the Lord," the Sovereign
Ruler, whose omnipotence and plastic power over all creatures were
shown when His touch made rock and flint forget their solidity and
become fluid, even as His will made the waves solid as a wall, and
His presence shook Sinai. He is still Lord of Nature. And, more
blessed still, the Lord of Nature is the God of Jacob. Both these
names were magnified in the two miracles (which, like those named in
ver. 3, are a pair) of giving drink to the thirsty pilgrims. With
that thought of omnipotence blended with gracious care, the singer
ceases. He has said enough to breed faith and hearten courage, and he
drops his harp without a formal close. The effect is all the greater,
though some critics prosaically insist that the text is defective and
put a row or two of asterisks at the end of ver. 8, "since it is not
discernible what purpose the representation [_i.e._, the whole psalm]
is to serve" (Graetz)!




                               PSALM CXV.

     1 Not to us, not to us, Jehovah,
       But to Thy name give glory,
       For the sake of Thy lovingkindness, for the sake of Thy troth.
     2 Why should the nations say,
       "Where, then, is their God?"

     3 But our God is in the heavens,
       Whatsoever He willed, He has done.
     4 Their idols are silver and gold,
       The work of the hands of men.
     5 A mouth is theirs--and they cannot speak,
       Eyes are theirs--and they cannot see,
     6 Ears are theirs--and they cannot hear,
       A nose is theirs--and they cannot smell.
     7 Their hands--[with them] they cannot handle
       Their feet--[with them] they cannot walk,
       Not a sound can they utter with their throat.
     8 Like them shall those who make them be,
       [Even] every one that trusts in them.

     9 Israel, trust thou in Jehovah,
        Their help and shield is He.
    10 House of Aaron, trust in Jehovah,
        Their help and shield is He.
    11 Ye who fear Jehovah, trust in Jehovah,
        Their help and shield is He.

    12 Jehovah has remembered us--He will bless,
       He will bless the house of Israel,
       He will bless the house of Aaron,
    13 He will bless those who fear Jehovah,
       The small as well as the great.
    14 Jehovah will add to you,
       To you and to your children.
    15 Blessed be ye of Jehovah,
       Who made heaven and earth!

    16 The heavens are Jehovah's heavens,
       But the earth He has given to the children of men.
    17 It is not the dead who praise Jehovah,
       Neither all they who descend into silence.
    18 But we--we will bless Jehovah,
       From henceforth and for evermore.
                                Hallelujah.


Israel is in straits from heathen enemies, and cries to Jehovah to
vindicate His own Name by delivering it. Strengthened by faith, which
has been stung into action by taunts aimed at both the nation and
its Protector, the psalmist triumphantly contrasts Jehovah in the
heavens, moving all things according to His will, with idols which
had the semblance of powers the reality of which was not theirs.
Sarcastic contempt, indignation, and profound insight into the effect
of idolatry in assimilating the worshipper to his god, unite in
the picture (vv. 3-8). The tone swiftly changes into a summons to
withdraw trust from such vanities, and set it on Jehovah, who can
and will bless His servants (vv. 9-15); and the psalm closes with
recognition of Jehovah's exaltation and beneficence, and with the vow
to return blessing to Him for the blessings, already apprehended by
faith, which He bestows on Israel.

Obviously the psalm is intended for temple worship, and was
meant to be sung by various voices. The distribution of its parts
may be doubtful. Ewald would regard vv. 1-11 as the voice of the
congregation while the sacrifice was being offered; vv. 12-15 as that
of the priest announcing its acceptance; and vv. 16-18 as again the
song of the congregation. But there is plainly a change of singer at
ver. 9; and the threefold summons to trust in Jehovah in the first
clauses of vv. 9, 10, 11, may with some probability be allotted to a
ministering official, while the refrain, in the second clause of each
of these verses, may be regarded as pealed out with choral force. The
solo voice next pronounces the benediction on the same three classes
to whom it had addressed the call to trust. And the congregation,
thus receiving Jehovah's blessing, sends back its praise, as sunshine
from a mirror, in vv. 16-18.

The circumstances presupposed in the psalm suit many periods of
Israel's history. But probably this, like the neighbouring psalms, is
a product of the early days after the return from Babylon, when the
feeble settlers were ringed round by scoffing foes, and had brought
back from exile a more intimate knowledge and contemptuous aversion
for idols and idolatry than had before been felt in Israel. Cheyne
takes the psalm to be Maccabean, but acknowledges that there is
nothing in it to fix that date, which he seeks to establish for the
whole group mainly because he is sure of it for one member of the
group, namely, Psalm cxviii. (_Orig. of Psalt._, 18 _sq._).

The prayer in vv. 1, 2, beautifully blends profound consciousness
of demerit and confidence that, unworthy as Israel is, its welfare
is inextricably interwoven with Jehovah's honour. It goes very deep
into the logic of supplication, even though the thing desired is but
deliverance from human foes. Men win their pleas with God, when they
sue _in formâ pauperis_. There must be thorough abnegation of all
claims based on self, before there can be faithful urging of the one
prevalent motive, God's care for His own fair fame. The under side of
faith is self-distrust, the upper side is affiance on Jehovah. God
has given pledges for His future by His past acts of self-revelation,
and cannot but be true to His Name. His lovingkindness is no
transient mood, but rests on the solid basis of His faithfulness,
like flowers rooted in the clefts of a rock. The taunts that had
tortured another psalmist long before (Psalm xlii. 3) have been flung
now from heathen lips, with still more bitterness, and call for
Jehovah's thunderous answer. If Israel goes down before its foes, the
heathen will have warrant to scoff.

But, from their bitter tongues and his own fears, the singer turns,
in the name of the sorely harassed congregation, to ring out the
proclamation which answers the heathen taunt, before God answers it
by deeds. "Our God is in heaven"--that is where He is; and He is not
too far away to make His hand felt on earth. He is no impotent image;
He does what He wills, executing to the last tittle His purposes; and
conversely, He wills what He does, being constrained by no outward
force, but drawing the determinations of His actions from the depths
of His being. Therefore, whatever evil has befallen Israel is not a
sign that it has lost Him, but a proof that He is near. The brief,
pregnant assertion of God's omnipotence and sovereign freedom, which
should tame the heathens' arrogance and teach the meaning of Israel's
disasters, is set in eloquent opposition to the fiery indignation
which dashes off the sarcastic picture of an idol. The tone of the
description is like that of the manufacture of an image in Isa. xliv.
9-20. Psalm cxxxv. 15-18 repeats it verbatim. The vehemence of scorn
in these verses suggests a previous, compelled familiarity with
idolatry such as the exiles had. It corresponds with the revolution
which that familiarity produced, by extirpating for ever the former
hankering after the gods of the nations. No doubt, there are higher
weapons than sarcasm; and, no doubt, a Babylonian wise man could have
drawn distinctions between the deity and its image, but such cobwebs
are too fine-spun for rough fingers to handle, and the idolatry both
of pagans and of Christians identifies the two.

But a deeper note is struck in ver. 8, in the assertion that, as
is the god, so becomes the worshipper. The psalmist probably means
chiefly, if not exclusively, in respect to the impotence just spoken
of. So the worshipper and his idol are called by the same name (Isa.
xliv. 9, _vanity_), and, in the tragic summary of Israel's sins and
punishment in 2 Kings xvii. 15, it is said, that "they followed after
vanity and became vain." But the statement is true in a wider sense.
Worship is sure to breed likeness. A lustful, cruel god will make his
devotees so. Men make gods after their own image, and, when made, the
gods make men after theirs. The same principle which degrades the
idolater lifts the Christian to the likeness of Christ. The aim and
effect of adoration is assimilation.

Probably the congregation is now silent, and a single voice takes up
the song, with the call, which the hollowness of idolatry makes so
urgent and reasonable, to trust in Jehovah, not in vanities. It is
thrice repeated, being first addressed to the congregation, then to
the house of Aaron, and finally to a wider circle, those who "fear
Jehovah." These are most naturally understood as proselytes, and, in
the prominence given to them, we see the increasing consciousness in
Israel of its Divine destination to be God's witness to the world.
Exile had widened the horizon, and fair hopes that men who were not
of Israel's blood would share Israel's faith and shelter under the
wings of Israel's God stirred in many hearts. The crash of the triple
choral answer to the summons comes with magnificent effect, in the
second clauses of vv. 9, 10, 11, triumphantly telling how safe are
they who take refuge behind that strong buckler. The same threefold
division into _Israel_, _house of Aaron_, and _they who fear Jehovah_
occurs in Psalm cxviii. 2-4, and, with the addition of "house of
Levi," in Psalm cxxxv.

Promises of blessing occupy vv. 12-15, which may probably have been
sung by priests, or rather by Levites, the musicians of the Temple
service. In any case, these benedictions are authoritative assurances
from commissioned lips, not utterances of hopeful faith. They are
Jehovah's response to Israel's obedience to the preceding summons;
swiftly sent, as His answers ever are. Calm certainty that He will
bless comes at once into the heart that deeply feels that He is its
shield, however His manifestation of outward help may be lovingly
delayed. The blessing is parted among those who had severally been
called to trust, and had obeyed the call. Universal blessings have
special destinations. The fiery mass breaks up into cloven tongues,
and sits on each. Distinctions of position make no difference in its
reception. Small vessels are filled, and great ones can be no more
than full. Cedars and hyssop rejoice in impartial sunshine. Israel,
when blessed, increases in number, and there is an inheritance of good
from generation to generation. The seal of such hopes is the Name of
Him who blesses, "the Maker of heaven and earth," to whose omnipotent,
universal sway these impotent gods in human form are as a foil.

Finally, we may hear the united voices of the congregation thus
blessed breaking into full-throated praise in vv. 16-18. As in ver. 3
God's dwelling in heaven symbolised His loftiness and power, so here
the thought that "the heavens are Jehovah's heavens" implies both
the worshippers' trust in His mighty help and their lowliness even
in trust. The earth is man's, but by Jehovah's gift. Therefore its
inhabitants should remember the terms of their tenure, and thankfully
recognise His giving love. But heaven and earth do not include all the
universe. There is another region, the land of silence, whither the
dead descend. No voice of praise wakes its dumb sleep. (Comp. Isa.
xxxviii. 18, 19.) That pensive contemplation, on which the light of
the New Testament assurance of Immortality has not shone, gives keener
edge to the bliss of present ability to praise Jehovah. We who know
that to die is to have a new song put into immortal lips may still be
stimulated to fill our brief lives here with the music of thanksgiving,
by the thought that, so far as our witness for God to men is concerned,
most of us will "descend into silence" when we pass into the grave.
Therefore we should shun silence, and bless Him while we live here.




                              PSALM CXVI.

     1 I love--for Jehovah hears
       My voice, my supplications.
     2 For He has bent His ear to me,
       And throughout my days will I call.
     3 The cords of death ringed me round,
       And the narrows of Sheol found me,
       Distress and trouble did I find.
     4 And on the name of Jehovah I called,
       "I beseech Thee, Jehovah, deliver my soul."

     5 Gracious is Jehovah and righteous,
       And our God is compassionate.
     6 The keeper of the simple is Jehovah,
       I was brought low and He saved me.
     7 Return, my soul, to thy rest,
       For Jehovah has lavished good on thee.
     8 For Thou hast delivered my soul from death,
       My eye from tears,
       My foot from stumbling.
     9 I shall walk before Jehovah in the lands of the living.

    10 I believed when I [thus] spake,
       "I am greatly afflicted."
    11 I said in my agitation,
       "All men deceive."
    12 What shall I return to Jehovah,
       [For] all His goodness lavished on me?
    13 The cup of salvations will I lift,
       And on the name of Jehovah will I call.
    14 My vows will I repay to Jehovah,
       Oh! may I [do it] before all His people!

    15 Precious in the eyes of Jehovah
       Is the death of His favoured ones.
    16 I beseech Thee, Jehovah--for I am Thy servant,
       I am Thy servant, the son of Thy handmaid,
       Thou hast loosed my bonds.
    17 To Thee will I offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving,
       And on the name of Jehovah will I call.
    18 My vows will I repay to Jehovah,
       Oh! may I [do it] before all His people!
    19 In the courts of the house of Jehovah,
       In the midst of thee, Jerusalem.
                        Hallelujah.


This psalm is intensely individual. "I," "me," or "my" occurs
in every verse but two (vv. 5, 19). The singer is but recently
delivered from some peril, and his song heaves with a ground-swell
of emotion after the storm. Hupfeld takes offence at its "continual
alternation of petition and recognition of the Divine beneficence and
deliverance, or vows of thanksgiving," but surely that very blending
is natural to one just rescued and still panting from his danger.
Certain grammatical forms indicate a late date, and the frequent
allusions to earlier psalms point in the same direction. The words
of former psalmists were part of this singer's mental furniture, and
came to his lips, when he brought his own thanksgivings. Hupfeld
thinks it "strange" that "such a patched-up (_zusammengestoppelter_)
psalm" has "imposed" upon commentators, who speak of its depth and
tenderness; it is perhaps stranger that its use of older songs has
imposed upon so good a critic and hid these characteristics from
him. Four parts may be discerned, of which the first (vv. 1-4)
mainly describes the psalmist's peril; the second (vv. 5-9), his
deliverance; the third glances back to his alarm and thence draws
reasons for his vow of praise (vv. 10-14); and the fourth bases the
same vow on the remembrance of Jehovah's having loosed his bonds.

The early verses of Psalm xviii. obviously colour the psalmist's
description of his distress. That psalm begins with an expression
of love to Jehovah, which is echoed here, though a different word
is employed. "I love" stands in ver. 1 without an object, just as
"I will call" does in ver. 2, and "I believed" and "I spoke" in
ver. 10. Probably "Thee" has fallen out, which would be the more
easy, as the next word begins with the letter which stands for it in
Hebrew. Cheyne follows Graetz in the conjectural adoption of the same
beginning as in ver. 10, "I am confident." This change necessitates
translating the following "for" as "that," whereas it is plainly to
be taken, like the "for" at the beginning of ver. 2, as causal. Ver.
3 is moulded on Psalm xviii. 5, with a modification of the metaphors
by the unusual expression "the narrows of Sheol." The word rendered
_narrows_ may be employed simply as = distress or straits, but it is
allowable to take it as picturing that gloomy realm as a confined
gorge, like the throat of a pass, from which the psalmist could find
no escape. He is like a creature caught in the toils of the hunter
Death. The stern rocks of a dark defile have all but closed upon him,
but, like a man from the bottom of a pit, he can send out one cry
before the earth falls in and buries him. He cried to Jehovah, and
the rocks flung his voice heavenwards. Sorrow is meant to drive to
God. When cries become prayers, they are not in vain. The revealed
character of Jehovah is the ground of a desperate man's hope. His
own Name is a plea which Jehovah will certainly honour. Many words
are needless when peril is sore and the suppliant is sure of God.
To name Him and to cry for deliverance are enough. "I beseech Thee"
represents a particle which is used frequently in this psalm, and by
some peculiarities in its use here indicates a late date.

The psalmist does not pause to say definitely that he was delivered,
but breaks into the celebration of the Name on which he had called,
and from which the certainty of an answer followed. Since Jehovah
is gracious, righteous (as strictly adhering to the conditions He
has laid down), and merciful (as condescending in love to lowly and
imperfect men), there can be no doubt how He will deal with trustful
suppliants. The psalmist turns for a moment from his own experience
to sun himself in the great thought of the Name, and thereby to come
into touch with all who share his faith. The cry for help is wrung
out by personal need, but the answer received brings into fellowship
with a great multitude. Jehovah's character leads up in ver. 6 to a
broad truth as to His acts, for it ensures that He cannot but care
for the "simple," whose simplicity lays them open to assailants,
and whose single-hearted adhesion to God appeals unfailingly to His
heart. Happy the man who, like the psalmist, can give confirmation
from his own experience to the broad truths of God's protection to
ingenuous and guileless souls! Each individual may, if he will, thus
narrow to his own use the widest promises, and put "I" and "me"
wherever God has put "whosoever." If he does he will be able to turn
his own experience into universal maxims, and encourage others to put
"whosoever" where his grateful heart has put "I" and "me."

The deliverance, which is thus the direct result of the Divine
character, and which extends to all the simple, and therefore included
the psalmist, leads to calm repose. The singer does not say so in cold
words, but beautifully wooes his "soul," his sensitive nature, which
had trembled with fear in death's net, to come back to its rest. The
word is in the plural, which may be only another indication of late
date, but is more worthily understood as expressing the completeness of
the repose, which in its fulness is only found in God, and is made the
more deep by contrast with previous "agitation."

Vv. 8, 9, are quoted from Psalm lvi. 13 with slight variations, the
most significant of which is the change of "light" into "lands."
It is noticeable that the Divine deliverance is thus described as
surpassing the psalmist's petition. He asked, "Deliver my soul."
Bare escape was all that he craved, but he received, not only the
deliverance of his soul from death, but, over and above, his tears
were wiped away by a loving hand, his feet stayed by a strong arm.
God over-answers trustful cries, and does not give the minimum
consistent with safety, but the maximum of which we are capable. What
shall a grateful heart do with such benefits? "I will walk before
Jehovah in the lands of the living," joyously and unconstrainedly
(for so the form of the word "walk" implies), as ever conscious of
that presence which brings blessedness and requires holiness. The
paths appointed may carry the traveller far, but into whatever lands
he goes, he will have the same glad heart within to urge his feet and
the same loving eye above to beam guidance on him.

The third part (vv. 10-14) recurs to the psalmist's mood in his
trouble, and bases on the retrospect of that and of God's mercy the
vow of praise. Ver. 10 may be variously understood. The "speaking"
may be taken as referring to the preceding expressions of trust or
thanksgivings for deliverance. The sentiment would then be that the
psalmist was confident that he should one day thus speak. So Cheyne;
or the rendering may be "I believed in that I spake thus"--_i.e._,
that he spake those trustful words of ver. 9 was the result of sheer
faith (so Kay). The thing spoken may also be the expressions which
follow, and this seems to yield the most satisfactory meaning. "Even
when I said, I am afflicted and men fail me, I had not lost my
faith." He is re-calling the agitation which shook him, but feels
that, through it all, there was an unshaken centre of rest in God.
The presence of doubt and fear does not prove the absence of trust.
There may live a spark of it, though almost buried below masses of
cold unbelief. What he said was the complaint that he was greatly
afflicted, and the bitter wail that all men deceive or disappoint. He
said so in his agitation (Psalm xxxi. 22). But even in recognising
the folly of trusting in men, he was in some measure trusting God,
and the trust, though tremulous, was rewarded.

Again he hurries on to sing the issues of deliverance, without
waiting to describe it. That little dialogue of the devout soul with
itself (vv. 12, 13) goes very deep. It is an illuminative word as
to God's character, an emancipating word as to the true notion of
service to Him, a guiding word as to common life. For it declares
that men honour God most by taking His gifts with recognition of
the Giver, and that the return which He in His love seeks is only
our thankful reception of His mercy. A giver who desires but these
results is surely Love. A religion which consists first in accepting
God's gift and then in praising by lip and life Him who gives
banishes the religion of fear, of barter, of unwelcome restrictions
and commands. It is the exact opposite of the slavery which says,
"Thou art an austere man, reaping where thou didst not sow." It is
the religion of which the initial act is faith, and the continual
activity, the appropriation of God's spiritual gifts. In daily life
there would be less despondency and weakening regrets over vanished
blessings, if men were more careful to take and enjoy thankfully all
that God gives. But many of us have no eyes for other blessings,
because some one blessing is withdrawn or denied. If we treasured all
that is given, we should be richer than most of us are.

In ver. 14 the particle of beseeching is added to "before," a
singular form of expression which seems to imply desire that the
psalmist may come into the temple with his vows. He may have
been thinking of the "sacrificial meal in connection with the
peace-offerings." In any case, blessings received in solitude should
impel to public gratitude. God delivers His suppliants that they may
magnify Him before men.

The last part (vv. 15-19) repeats the refrain of ver. 14, but with
a different setting. Here the singer generalises his own experience,
and finds increase of joy in the thought of the multitude who dwell
safe under the same protection. The more usual form of expression
for the idea in ver. 15 is "their _blood_ is precious" (Psalm lxxii.
14). The meaning is that the death of God's saints is no trivial
thing in God's eyes, to be lightly permitted. (Compare the contrasted
thought, xliv. 12.) Then, on the basis of that general truth, is built
ver. 16, which begins singularly with the same beseeching word which
has already occurred in vv. 4 and 14. Here it is not followed by an
expressed petition, but is a yearning of desire for continued or
fuller manifestation of God's favour. The largest gifts, most fully
accepted and most thankfully recognised, still leave room for longing
which is not pain, because it is conscious of tender relations with
God that guarantee its fulfilment. "I am Thy servant." Therefore the
longing which has no words needs none. "Thou hast loosed my bonds." His
thoughts go back to "the cords of death" (ver. 3), which had held him
so tightly. God's hand has slackened them, and, by freeing him from
that bondage, has bound him more closely than before to Himself. "Being
made free from sin, ye became the slaves of righteousness." So, in the
full blessedness of received deliverance, the grateful heart offers
itself to God, as moved by His mercies to become a living sacrifice,
and calls on the Name of Jehovah, in its hour of thankful surrender,
as it had called on that Name in its time of deep distress. Once more
the lonely suppliant, who had waded such deep waters without companion
but Jehovah, seeks to feel himself one of the glad multitude in the
courts of the house of Jehovah, and to blend his single voice in the
shout of a nation's praise. We suffer and struggle for the most part
alone. Grief is a hermit, but Joy is sociable; and thankfulness desires
listeners to its praise. The perfect song is the chorus of a great
"multitude which no man can number."




                              PSALM CXVII.

    1 Praise Jehovah, all nations,
      Laud Him, all peoples.
    2 For great is His lovingkindness over us,
      And the troth of Jehovah endures for ever.
                      Hallelujah.


This shortest of the psalms is not a fragment, though some MSS. attach
it to the preceding and some to the following psalm. It contains
large "riches in a narrow room," and its very brevity gives force to
it. Paul laid his finger on its special significance, when he quoted
it in proof that God meant His salvation to be for the whole race.
Jewish narrowness was an after-growth and a corruption. The historical
limitations of God's manifestation to a special nation were means to
its universal diffusion. The fire was gathered in a grate, that it
might warm the whole house. All men have a share in what God does for
Israel. His grace was intended to fructify through it to all. The
consciousness of being the special recipients of Jehovah's mercy was
saved from abuse, by being united with the consciousness of being
endowed with blessing that they might diffuse blessing.

Nor is the psalmist's thought of what Israel's experience
proclaimed concerning God's character less noteworthy. As often,
lovingkindness is united with troth or faithfulness as twin stars
which shine out in all God's dealings with His people. That
lovingkindness is "mighty over us"--the word used for _being mighty_
has the sense of _prevailing_, and so "where sin abounded, grace did
much more abound." The permanence of the Divine Lovingkindness is
guaranteed by God's Troth, by which the fulfilment of every promise
and the prolongation of every mercy are sealed to men. These two fair
messengers have appeared in yet fairer form than the psalmist knew,
and the world has to praise Jehovah for a world-wide gift, first
bestowed on and rejected by a degenerate Israel, which thought that
it owned the inheritance, and so lost it.




                             PSALM CXVIII.

     1 Give thanks to Jehovah, for He is good,
       For His lovingkindness endures for ever.
     2 O let Israel say,
       That His lovingkindness endures for ever.
     3 O let the house of Aaron say,
       That His lovingkindness endures for ever.
     4 O let those who fear Jah say,
       That His lovingkindness endures for ever.

     5 Out of the strait place I called on Jah,
       Jah answered me [by bringing me out] into an open place.
     6 Jehovah is for me, I will not fear,
       What can man do to me?
     7 Jehovah is for me, as my helper,
       And I shall gaze on my haters.

     8 Better is it to take refuge in Jehovah
       Than to trust in man.
     9 Better is it to take refuge in Jehovah
       Than to trust in princes.

    10 All nations beset me round about;
       In the name of Jehovah will I cut them down.
    11 They have beset me round about, yea, round about beset me;
       In the name of Jehovah will I cut them down.
    12 They beset me round about like bees,
       They were extinguished like a thorn fire;
       In the name of Jehovah will I cut them down.
    13 Thou didst thrust sore at me that I might fall,
       But Jehovah helped me.
    14 Jah is my strength and song,
       And He is become my salvation.
    15 The sound of shrill shouts of joy and salvation is [heard] in
           the tents of the righteous;
       The right hand of Jehovah does prowess.
    16 The right hand of Jehovah is exalted,
       The right hand of Jehovah does prowess.

    17 I shall not die, but live,
       And I tell forth the works of Jah.
    18 Jah has chastened me sore,
       But to death He has not given me up.
    19 Open ye to me the gates of righteousness,
       I will go in by them, I will thank Jah.

    20 This is the gate of Jehovah:
       The righteous may go in by it.

    21 I will thank Thee, for Thou hast answered me,
       And art become my salvation.

    22 The stone [which] the builders rejected
       Is become the head [stone] of the corner.
    23 From Jehovah did this come to pass,
       It is wonderful in our eyes.
    24 This is the day [which] Jehovah has made,
       Let us leap for joy and be glad in it.

    25 O, I beseech Thee, Jehovah, save, I beseech;
       O, I beseech Thee, Jehovah, give prosperity.

    26 Blessed be he that comes in the name of Jehovah,
       We bless you from the house of Jehovah.
    27 Jehovah is God, and He has given us light;
       Order the bough-bearing procession,--
       To the horns of the altar!

    28 My God art Thou, and I will thank Thee,
       My God, I will exalt Thee.

    29 Give thanks to Jehovah, for He is good,
       For His lovingkindness endures for ever.


This is unmistakably a psalm for use in the Temple worship, and
probably meant to be sung antiphonally, on some day of national
rejoicing (ver. 24). A general concurrence of opinion points to the
period of the Restoration from Babylon as its date, as in the case
of many psalms in this Book V., but different events connected with
that restoration have been selected. The psalm implies the completion
of the Temple, and therefore shuts out any point prior to that.
Delitzsch fixes on the dedication of the Temple as the occasion; but
the view is still more probable which supposes that it was sung on
the great celebration of the Feast of Tabernacles, recorded in Neh.
viii. 14-18. In later times ver. 25 was the festal cry raised while
the altar of burnt-offering was solemnly compassed, once on each of
the first six days of the Feast of Tabernacles, and seven times on
the seventh. This seventh day was called the "Great Hosanna; and not
only the prayers at the Feast of Tabernacles, but even the branches
of osiers (including the myrtles), which are bound to the palm branch
(_Lulab_), were called Hosannas" (Delitzsch). The allusions in the
psalm fit the circumstances of the time in question. Stier, Perowne,
and Baethgen concur in preferring this date: the last-named critic,
who is very slow to recognise indications of specific dates, speaks
with unwonted decisiveness, when he writes, "I believe that I can
say with certainty, Psalm cxviii. was sung for the first time at
the Feast of Tabernacles in the year 444 B.C." Cheyne follows his
usual guides in pointing to the purification and reconstruction of
the Temple by Judas Maccabæus as "fully adequate to explain alike
the tone and the expressions." He is "the terrible hero," to whose
character the refrain, "In the name of Jehovah I will cut them down,"
corresponds. But the allusions in the psalm are quite as appropriate
to any other times of national jubilation and yet of danger, such as
that of the Restoration, and Judas the Maccabee had no monopoly of
the warrior trust which flames in that refrain.

Apparently the psalm falls into two halves, of which the former
(vv. 1-16) seems to have been sung as a processional hymn while
approaching the sanctuary, and the latter (vv. 17-29), partly at the
Temple gates, partly by a chorus of priests within, and partly by the
procession when it had entered. Every reader recognises traces of
antiphonal singing; but it is difficult to separate the parts with
certainty. A clue may possibly be found by noting that verses marked
by the occurrence of "I," "me," and "my" are mingled with others more
impersonal. The personified nation is clearly the speaker of the
former class of verses, which tells a connected story of distress,
deliverance, and grateful triumph; while the other less personal
verses generalise the experience of the first speaker, and sustain
substantially the part of the chorus in a Greek play. In the first
part of the psalm we may suppose that a part of the procession sang
the one and another portion the other series; while in the second
part (vv. 17-29) the more personal verses were sung by the whole
_cortège_ arrived at the Temple, and the more generalised other part
was taken by a chorus of priests or Levites within the sanctuary.
This distribution of verses is occasionally uncertain, but on the
whole is clear, and aids the understanding of the psalm.

First rings out from the full choir the summons to praise, which
peculiarly belonged to the period of the Restoration (Ezra iii. 11;
Psalms cvi. 1, cvii. 1). As in Psalm cxv., three classes are called
on: the whole house of Israel, the priests, and "those who fear
Jehovah"--_i.e._, aliens who have taken refuge beneath the wings of
Israel's God. The threefold designation expresses the thrill of joy
in the recovery of national life; the high estimate of the priesthood
as the only remaining God-appointed order, now that the monarchy
was swept away; and the growing desire to draw the nations into the
community of God's people.

Then, with ver. 5, the single voice begins. His experience, now to
be told, is the reason for the praise called for in the previous
verses. It is the familiar sequence reiterated in many a psalm and
many a life,--distress, or "a strait place" (Psalm cxvi. 3), a cry
to Jehovah, His answer by enlargement, and a consequent triumphant
confidence, which has warrant in the past for believing that no hand
can hurt him whom Jehovah's hand helps. Many a man passes through
the psalmist's experience without thereby achieving the psalmist's
settled faith and power to despise threatening calamities. We fail
both in recounting clearly to ourselves our deliverances and in
drawing assurance from them for the future. Ver. 5_b_ is a pregnant
construction. He "answered me in [or, into] an open place"--_i.e._,
by bringing me into it. The contrast of a narrow gorge and a wide
plain picturesquely expresses past restraints and present freedom
of movement. Ver. 6 is taken from Psalm lvi. 9, 11; and ver. 7 is
influenced by Psalm liv. 4, and reproduces the peculiar expression
occurring there, "Jehovah is among my helpers,"--on which compare
remarks on that passage.

Vv. 8, 9, are impersonal, and generalise the experience of the
preceding verses. They ring out loud, like a trumpet, and are the
more intense for reiteration. Israel was but a feeble handful. Its
very existence seemed to depend on the caprice of the protecting
kings who had permitted its return. It had had bitter experience of
the unreliableness of a monarch's whim. Now, with superb reliance,
which was felt by the psalmist to be the true lesson of the immediate
past, it peals out its choral confidence in Jehovah with a "heroism
of faith which may well put us to the blush." These verses surpass
the preceding in that they avow that faith in Jehovah makes men
independent of human helpers, while the former verses declared that
it makes superior to mortal foes. Fear of and confidence in man are
both removed by trust in God. But it is perhaps harder to be weaned
from the confidence than to rise above the fear.

The individual experience is resumed in vv. 10-14. The energetic
reduplications strengthen the impression of multiplied attacks,
corresponding with the facts of the Restoration period. The same
impression is accentuated by the use in ver. 11_a_ of two forms of
the same verb, and in ver. 12_a_ by the metaphor of a swarm of angry
bees (Deut. i. 44). Numerous, venomous, swift, and hard to strike
at as the enemies were, buzzing and stinging around, they were but
insects after all, and a strong hand could crush them. The psalmist
does not merely look to God to interpose for him, as in vv. 6, 7, but
expects that God will give him power to conquer by the use of his
own strengthened arm. We are not only objects of Divine protection,
but organs of Divine power. Trusting in the revealed character of
Jehovah, we shall find conquering energy flowing into us from Him,
and the most fierce assaults will die out as quickly as a fire of
dry thorn twigs, which sinks into ashes the sooner the more it
crackles and blazes. Then the psalmist individualises the multitude
of foes, just as the collective Israel is individualised, and brings
assailants and assailed down to two antagonists, engaged in desperate
duel. But a third Person intervenes. "Jehovah helped me" (ver. 13);
as in old legends, the gods on their immortal steeds charged at the
head of the hosts of their worshippers. Thus delivered, the singer
breaks into the ancient strain, which had gone up on the shores of
the sullen sea that rolled over Pharaoh's army, and is still true
after centuries have intervened: "Jah is my strength and song, and He
is become my salvation." Miriam sang it, the restored exiles sang it,
tried and trustful men in every age have sung and will sing it, till
there are no more foes; and then, by the shores of the sea of glass
mingled with fire, the calm victors will lift again the undying "song
of Moses and of the Lamb."

Vv. 15, 16, are probably best taken as sung by the chorus,
generalising and giving voice to the emotions excited by the
preceding verses. The same reiteration which characterised vv. 8,
9, reappears here. Two broad truths are built on the individual
voice's autobiography: namely, that trust in Jehovah and consequent
conformity to His law are never in vain, but always issue in joy; and
that God's power, when put forth, always conquers. "The tents of the
righteous" may possibly allude to the "tabernacles" constructed for
the feast, at which the song was probably sung.

Vv. 17-19 belong to the individual voice. The procession has reached
the Temple. Deeper thoughts than before now mark the retrospect of past
trial and deliverance. Both are recognised to be from Jehovah. It is
He who has corrected, severely indeed, but still "in measure, not to
bring to nothing, but to make capable and recipient of fuller life."
The enemy thrust sore, with intent to make Israel fall; but God's
strokes are meant to make us stand the firmer. It is beautiful that
all thought of human foes has faded away, and God only is seen in all
the sorrow. But His chastisement has wider purposes than individual
blessedness. It is intended to make its objects the heralds of His
name to the world. Israel is beginning to lay to heart more earnestly
its world-wide vocation to "tell forth the works of Jehovah." The
imperative obligation of all who have received delivering help from Him
is to become missionaries of His name. The reed is cut and pared thin
and bored with hot irons, and the very pith of it extracted, that it
may be fit to be put to the owner's lips, and give out music from his
breath. Thus conscious of its vocation and eager to render its due of
sacrifice and praise, Israel asks that "the gates of righteousness" may
be opened for the entrance of the long procession. The Temple doors are
so called, because Righteousness is the condition of entrance (Isa.
xxvi. 2: compare Psalm xxiv.).

Ver. 20 may belong to the individual voice, but is perhaps better
taken as the answer from within the Temple, of the priests or Levites
who guarded the closed doors, and who now proclaim what must be
the character of those who would tread the sacred courts. The gate
(not as in ver. 19, _gates_) belongs to Jehovah, and therefore
access by it is permitted to none but the righteous. That is an
everlasting truth. It is possible to translate, "This is the gate
_to_ Jehovah"--_i.e._, by which one comes to His presence; and that
rendering would bring out still more emphatically the necessity of
the condition laid down: "Without holiness no man shall see the Lord."

The condition is supposed to be met; for in ver. 21 the individual
voice again breaks into thanksgiving, for being allowed once more to
stand in the house of Jehovah. "Thou hast answered me": the psalmist
had already sung that Jah had answered him (ver. 5). "And art become
my salvation": he had already hailed Jehovah as having become such
(ver. 14). God's deliverance is not complete till full communion
with Him is enjoyed. Dwelling in His house is the crown of all His
blessings. We are set free from enemies, from sins and fears and
struggles, that we may abide for ever with Him, and only then do we
realise the full sweetness of His redeeming hand, when we stand in
His presence and commune evermore with Him.

Vv. 22, 23, 24, probably belong to the priestly chorus. They set
forth the great truth made manifest by restored Israel's presence
in the rebuilt Temple. The metaphor is suggested by the incidents
connected with the rebuilding. The "stone" is obviously Israel, weak,
contemptible, but now once more laid as the very foundation stone
of God's house in the world. The broad truth taught by its history
is that God lays as the basis of His building--_i.e._, uses for the
execution of His purposes--that which the wisdom of man despises and
tosses aside. There had been abundant faint-heartedness among even the
restored exiles. The nations around had scoffed at these "feeble Jews,"
and the scoffs had not been without echoes in Israel itself. Chiefly,
the men of position and influence, who ought to have strengthened
drooping courage, had been infected with the tendency to rate low the
nation's power, and to think that their enterprise was destined to
disaster. But now the Temple is built, and the worshippers stand in it.
What does that teach but that all has been God's doing? So wonderful is
it, so far beyond expectation, that the very objects of such marvellous
intervention are amazed to find themselves where they stand. So rooted
is our tendency to unbelief that, when God does what He has sworn
to do, we are apt to be astonished with a wonder which reveals the
greatness of our past incredulity. No man who trusts God ought to be
surprised at God's answers to trust.

The general truth contained here is that of Paul's great saying, "God
hath chosen the weak things of the world that He might put to shame
the things that are strong." It is the constant law, not because
God chooses unfit instruments, but because the world's estimates of
fitness are false, and the qualities which it admires are irrelevant
with regard to His designs, while the requisite qualities are of
another sort altogether. Therefore, it is a law which finds its
highest exemplification in _the_ foundation for God's true temple,
other than which can no man lay. "Israel is not only a figure of
Christ--there is an organic unity between Him and them. Whatever,
therefore, is true of Israel in a lower sense is true in its highest
sense of Christ. If Israel is the rejected stone made the head of the
corner, this is far truer of Him who was indeed rejected of men, but
chosen of God and precious, the corner stone of the one great living
temple of the redeemed" (Perowne).

Ver. 24 is best regarded as the continuation of the choral praise
in vv. 22, 23. "The day" is that of the festival now in process, the
joyful culmination of God's manifold deliverances. It is a day in
which joy is duty, and no heart has a right to be too heavy to leap
for gladness. Private sorrows enough many of the jubilant worshippers
no doubt had, but the sight of the Stone laid as the head of the
corner should bring joy even to such. If sadness was ingratitude
and almost treason then, what sorrow should now be so dense that it
cannot be pierced by the Light which lighteth every man? The joy of
the Lord should float, like oil on stormy waves, above our troublous
sorrows, and smooth their tossing.

Again the single voice rises, but not now in thanksgiving, as might
have been expected, but in plaintive tones of earnest imploring
(ver. 25). Standing in the sanctuary, Israel is conscious of its
perils, its need, its weakness, and so with pathetic reiteration of
the particle of entreaty, which occurs twice in each clause of the
verse, cries for continued deliverance from continuing evils, and
for prosperity in the course opening before it. The "day" in which
unmingled gladness inspires our songs has not yet dawned, fair as
are the many days which Jehovah has made. In the earthly house of
the Lord thanksgiving must ever pass into petition. An unending day
comes, when there will be nothing to dread, and no need for the
sadder notes occasioned by felt weakness and feared foes.

Vv. 26, 27, come from the chorus of priests, who welcome the entering
procession, and solemnly pronounce on them the benediction of
Jehovah. They answer, in His name, the prayer of ver. 25, and bless
the single leader of the procession and the multitudes following. The
use of ver. 26_a_ and of the "Hosanna" (an attempted transliteration
of the Hebrew "Save I beseech") from ver. 25 at Christ's entrance
into Jerusalem probably shows that the psalm was regarded as
Messianic. It is so, in virtue of the relation already referred to
between Israel and Christ. He "cometh in the name of Jehovah" in a
deeper sense than did Israel, the servant of the Lord.

Ver. 27_a_ recalls the priestly benediction (Numb. vi. 25), and
thankfully recognises its ample fulfilment in Israel's history,
and especially in the dawning of new prosperity now. Ver. 27_b_,
_c_, is difficult. Obviously it should be a summons to worship, as
thanksgiving for the benefits acknowledged in _a_. But what is the
act of worship intended is hard to say. The rendering "Bind the
sacrifice with cords, even unto the horns of the altar," has against
it the usual meaning of the word rendered _sacrifice_, which is
rather _festival_, and the fact that the last words of the verse
cannot possibly be translated "_to_ the horns," etc., but must mean
"as far as" or "even up to the horns," etc. There must therefore
be a good deal supplied in the sentence; and commentators differ
as to how to fill the gap. Delitzsch supposes that "the number of
the sacrificial animals is to be so great that the whole space of
the courts of the priests becomes full of them, and the binding of
them has therefore to take place even up to the horns of the altar."
Perowne takes the expression to be a pregnant one for "till [the
victim] is sacrificed and its blood sprinkled on the horns of the
altar." So Hupfeld, following Chaldee and some Jewish interpreters.
Others regard the supposed ellipsis as too great to be natural, and
take an entirely different view. The word rendered _sacrifice_ in the
former explanation is taken to mean a _procession_ round the altar,
which is etymologically justifiable, and is supported by the known
custom of making such a circuit during the Feast of Tabernacles. For
"cords" this explanation would read _branches_ or _boughs_, which
is also warranted. But what does "binding a procession with boughs"
mean? Various answers are given. Cheyne supposes that the branches
borne in the hands of the members of the procession were in some
unknown way used to bind or link them together before they left the
Temple. Baethgen takes "with boughs" as = "bearing boughs," with
which he supposes that the bearers touched the altar horns, for the
purpose of transferring to themselves the holiness concentrated
there. Either explanation has difficulties,--the former in requiring
an unusual sense for the word rendered _sacrifice_; the latter in
finding a suitable meaning for that translated _bind_. In either
_c_ is but loosely connected with _b_, and is best understood as
an exclamation. The verb rendered _bind_ is used in 1 Kings xx.
14, 2 Chron. xiii. 3, in a sense which fits well with "procession"
here--_i.e._, that of marshalling an army for battle. If this meaning
is adopted, _b_ will be the summons to order the bough-bearing
procession, and _c_ a call to march onwards, so as to encircle
the altar. This meaning of the obscure verse may be provisionally
accepted, while owning that our ignorance of the ceremonial referred
to prevents complete understanding of the words.

Once more Miriam's song supplies ancient language of praise for
recent mercies, and the personified Israel compasses the altar with
thanksgiving (ver. 28). Then the whole multitude, both of those who
had come up to the Temple and of those who had welcomed them there,
join in the chorus of praise with which the psalm begins and ends,
and which was so often pealed forth in those days of early joy for
the new manifestations of that Lovingkindness which endures through
all days, both those of past evil and those of future hoped-for good.




                              PSALM CXIX.


It is lost labour to seek for close continuity or progress in this
psalm. One thought pervades it--the surpassing excellence of the
Law; and the beauty and power of the psalm lie in the unwearied
reiteration of that single idea. There is music in its monotony,
which is subtilely varied. Its verses are like the ripples on a sunny
sea, alike and impressive in their continual march, and yet each
catching the light with a difference, and breaking on the shore in a
tone of its own. A few elements are combined into these hundred and
seventy-six gnomic sentences. One or other of the usual synonyms for
the Law--viz., word, saying, statutes, commandments, testimonies,
judgments--occurs in every verse, except vv. 122 and 132. The prayers
"Teach me, revive me, preserve me--according to Thy word," and the
vows "I will keep, observe, meditate on, delight in---Thy law," are
frequently repeated. There are but few pieces in the psalmist's
kaleidoscope, but they fall into many shapes of beauty; and though
all his sentences are moulded after the same general plan, the
variety within such narrow limits is equally a witness of poetic
power which turns the fetters of the acrostic structure into helps,
and of devout heartfelt love for the Law of Jehovah.

The psalm is probably of late date; but its allusions to the
singer's circumstances, whether they are taken as autobiographical or
as having reference to the nation, are too vague to be used as clues
to the period of its composition. An early poet is not likely to have
adopted such an elaborate acrostic plan, and the praises of the Law
naturally suggest a time when it was familiar in an approximately
complete form. It may be that the rulers referred to in vv. 23,
46, were foreigners, but the expression is too general to draw a
conclusion from. It may be that the double-minded (ver. 113), who err
from God's statutes (ver. 118), and forsake His law (ver. 53), are
Israelites who have yielded to the temptations to apostatise, which
came with the early Greek period, to which Baethgen, Cheyne, and
others would assign the psalm. But these expressions, too, are of so
general a nature that they do not give clear testimony of date.


                                 § א

    1 Blessed the perfect in [their] way,
      Who walk in the law of Jehovah!
    2 Blessed they who keep His testimonies,
      That seek Him with the whole heart,
    3 [Who] also have done no iniquity,
      [But] have walked in His ways!
    4 Thou hast commanded Thy precepts,
      That we should observe them diligently.
    5 O that my ways were established
      To observe Thy statutes!
    6 Then shall I not be ashamed,
      When I give heed to all Thy commandments.
    7 I will thank Thee with uprightness of heart,
      When I learn Thy righteous judgments.
    8 Thy statutes will I observe;
      Forsake me not utterly.

The first three verses are closely connected. They set forth in
general terms the elements of the blessedness of the doers of the
Law. To walk in it--_i.e._, to order the active life in conformity
with its requirements--ensures perfectness. To keep God's testimonies
is at once the consequence and the proof of seeking Him with
whole-hearted devotion and determination. To walk in His ways is the
preservative from evil-doing. And such men cannot but be blessed with
a deep sacred blessedness, which puts to shame coarse and turbulent
delights, and feeds its pure fires from God Himself. Whether these
verses are taken as exclamation or declaration, they lead up
naturally to ver. 4, which reverently gazes upon the loving act of
God in the revelation of His will in the Law, and bethinks itself of
the obligations bound on us by that act. It is of God's mercy that
He has commanded, and His words are meant to sway our wills, since
He has broken the awful silence, not merely to instruct us, but to
command; and nothing short of practical obedience will discharge
our duties to His revelation. So the psalmist betakes himself to
prayer, that he may be helped to realise the purpose of God in giving
the Law. His contemplation of the blessedness of obedience and of
the Divine act of declaring His will moves him to longing, and
his consciousness of weakness and wavering makes the longing into
prayer that his wavering may be consolidated into fixity of purpose
and continuity of obedience. When a man's ways are established to
observe, they will be established by observing, God's statutes. For
nothing can put to the blush one whose eye is directed to these.

    "Whatever record leap to light,
     He never shall be shamed."

Nor will he cherish hopes that fail, nor desires that when
accomplished, are bitter of taste. To give heed to the commandments
is the condition of learning them and recognising how righteous they
are; and such learning makes the learner's heart righteous like them,
and causes it to run over in thankfulness for the boon of knowledge
of God's will. By all these thoughts the psalmist is brought to his
fixed resolve in ver. 8, to do what God meant him to do when He gave
the Law; and what the singer had just longed that he might be able to
do--namely, to observe the statutes. But in his resolve he remembers
his weakness, and therefore he glides into prayer for that Presence
without which resolves are transient and abortive.


                                 § ב

     9 Wherewith shall a young man cleanse his path?
       By taking heed, according to Thy word.
    10 With my whole heart have I sought Thee,
       Let me not wander from Thy commandments.
    11 In my heart have I hid Thy saying,
       That I may not sin against Thee.
    12 Blessed art Thou, Jehovah,
       Teach me Thy statutes.
    13 With my lips have I rehearsed
       All the judgments of Thy mouth.
    14 In the way of Thy testimonies have I rejoiced,
       As over all [kinds of] wealth.
    15 In Thy precepts will I meditate,
       And will have respect to all Thy paths.
    16 In Thy statutes will I delight myself,
       I will not forget Thy word.

The inference drawn from ver. 9, that the psalmist was a young man,
is precarious. The language would be quite as appropriate to an aged
teacher desirous of guiding impetuous youth to sober self-control.
While some verses favour the hypothesis of the author's youth (ver.
141, and perhaps vv. 99, 100), the tone of the whole, its rich
experience and comprehensive grasp of the manifold relations of the
Law to life, imply maturity of years and length of meditation. The
psalm is the ripe fruit of a life which is surely past its spring.
But it is extremely questionable whether these apparently personal
traits are really so. Much rather is the poet "thinking ... of the
individuals of different ages and spiritual attainments who may use
his works" (Cheyne, _in loc._).

The word rendered "By taking heed" has already occurred in vv. 4, 5
("observe"). The careful study of the Word must be accompanied with
as careful study of self. The object observed there was the Law;
here, it is the man himself. Study God's law, says the psalmist, and
study Thyself in its light; so shall youthful impulses be bridled,
and the life's path be kept pure. That does not sound so like a young
man's thought as an old man's maxim, in which are crystallised many
experiences.

The rest of the section intermingles petitions, professions, and
vows, and is purely personal. The psalmist claims that he is one of
those whom he has pronounced blessed, inasmuch as he _has_ "sought"
God with his "whole heart." Such longing is no mere idle aspiration,
but must be manifested in obedience, as ver. 2 has declared. If a
man longs for God, he will best find Him by doing His will. But no
heart-desire is so rooted as to guarantee that it shall not die, nor
is past obedience a certain pledge of a like future. Wherefore the
psalmist prays, not in reliance on his past, but in dread that he
may falsify it, "Let me not wander." He had not only sought God in
his heart, but had there hid God's law, as its best treasure, and as
an inward power controlling and stimulating. Evil cannot flow from a
heart in which God's law is lodged. That is the tree which sweetens
the waters of the fountain. But the cry "Teach me Thy statutes"
would be but faltering, if the singer could not rise above himself,
and take heart by gazing upon God, whose own great character is the
guarantee that He will not leave a seeking soul in ignorance.

Professions and vows now take the place of petitions. "From the
abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh," and the word hid in it
will certainly not be concealed. It is buried deep, that it may grow
high. It is hidden, that it may come abroad. Therefore ver. 13 tells
of bold utterance, which is as incumbent on men as obedient deeds.

A sane estimate of earthly good will put it decisively below the
knowledge of God and of His will. Lives which despise what the world
calls riches, because they are smitten with the desire of any sort
of wisdom, are ever nobler than those which keep the low levels. And
highest of all is the life which gives effect to its conviction that
man's true treasure is to know God's mind and will. To rejoice in
His testimonies is to have wealth that cannot be lost and pleasures
that cannot wither. That glad estimate will surely lead to happy
meditation on them, by which their worth shall be disclosed and their
sweep made plain. The miser loves to tell his gold; the saint, to
ponder his wealth in God. The same double direction of the mind,
already noted, reappears in ver. 15, where quiet meditation on God's
statutes is associated with attention to the ways which are called
His, as being pointed out by, and pleasing to, Him, but are ours, as
being walked in by us. Inward delight in, and practical remembrance
of, the Law are vowed in ver. 16, which covers the whole field of
contemplative and active life.


                                 § ג

    17 Deal bountifully with Thy servant, that I may live,
       So will I observe Thy word.
    18 Open my eyes, that I may behold
       Wonders out of Thy law.
    19 A stranger am I on the earth,
       Hide not from me Thy commandments.
    20 Crushed is my soul with longing
       Towards Thy judgments at all times.
    21 Thou hast rebuked the proud [so that they are] cursed,
       Those who wander from Thy commandments.
    22 Remove from me reproach and shame,
       For Thy testimonies do I keep.
    23 Princes also sit and speak with one another against me,
       Thy servant meditates on Thy statutes.
    24 Also Thy testimonies are my delight,
       The men of my counsel.

In ver. 17 the psalmist desires continued life, mainly because it
affords the opportunity of continued obedience. He will "observe Thy
word," not only in token of gratitude, but because to him life is
precious chiefly because in its activities he can serve God. Such
a reason for wishing to live may easily change to a willingness to
die, as it did with Paul, who had learned that a better obedience was
possible when he had passed through the dark gates, and therefore
could say, "To die is gain." Vv. 18, 19, are connected, in so far as
the former desires subjective illumination and the latter objective
revelation. Opened eyes are useless, if commandments are hidden; and
the disclosure of the latter is in vain unless there are eyes to
see them. Two great truths lie in the former petition--namely, that
scales cover our spiritual vision which only God can take away, and
that His revelation has in its depths truths and treasures which can
only be discerned by His help. The cognate petition in ver. 19 is
based upon the pathetic thought that man is a stranger on earth, and
therefore needs what will take away his sense of homelessness and
unrest. All other creatures are adapted to their environments, but he
has a consciousness that he is an exile here, a haunting, stinging
sense, which vaguely feels after repose in his native land. "Thy
commandments" can still it. To know God's will, with knowledge which
is acceptance and love, gives rest, and makes every place a mansion
in the Father's house.

There may possibly be a connection between vv. 20 and 21--the
terrible fate of those who wander from the commandments, as described
in the latter verse, being the motive for the psalmist's longing
expressed in the former. The "judgments" for which he longed,
with a yearning which seemed to bruise his soul are not, as might
be supposed, God's judicial acts, but the word is a synonym for
"commandments," as throughout the psalm.

The last three verses of the section appear to be linked together.
They relate to the persecutions of the psalmist for his faithfulness
to God's law. In ver. 22 he prays that reproach and shame, which
wrapped him like a covering, may be lifted from him; and his plea
in ver. 22_b_ declares that he lay under these because he was true
to God's statutes. In ver. 23 we see the source of the reproach and
shame, in the conclave of men in authority, whether foreign princes
or Jewish rulers, who were busy slandering him and plotting his ruin;
while, with wonderful beauty, the contrasted picture in _b_ shows the
object of that busy talk, sitting silently absorbed in meditation on
the higher things of God's statutes. As long as a man can do that,
he has a magic circle drawn round him, across which fears and cares
cannot step. Ver. 24 heightens the impression of the psalmist's rest.
"Also Thy testimonies are my delight"--not only the subjects of his
meditation, but bringing inward sweetness, though earth is in arms
against him; and not only are they his delights, but "the men of his
counsel," in whom he, solitary as he is, finds companionship that
arms him with resources against that knot of whispering enemies.


                                 § ד

    25 My soul cleaves to the dust,
       Revive me according to Thy word.
    26 My ways I told and Thou answeredst me,
       Teach me Thy statutes.
    27 The way of Thy precepts make me understand,
       And I will meditate on Thy wonders.
    28 My soul weeps itself away for grief,
       Raise me up according to Thy word.
    29 The way of lying remove from me,
       And [with] Thy law be gracious to me.
    30 The way of faithfulness I have chosen,
       Thy judgments have I set [before me].
    31 I have cleaved to Thy testimonies;
       Jehovah, put me not to shame.
    32 The way of Thy commandments will I run,
       For Thou dost enlarge my heart.

The exigencies of the acrostic plan are very obvious in this
section, five of the verses of which begin with "way" or "ways," and
two of the remaining three with "cleaves." The variety secured under
such conditions is remarkable. The psalmist's soul cleaves to the
dust--_i.e._, is bowed in mourning (cf. xliv. 25); but still, though
thus darkened by sorrow and weeping itself away for grief (ver. 28),
it cleaves to "Thy testimonies" (ver. 31). Happy in their sorrow are
they who, by reason of the force which bows their sensitive nature to
the dust, cling the more closely in their true selves to the declared
will of God! Their sorrow appeals to God's heart, and is blessed if
it dictates the prayer for His quickening (ver. 25). Their cleaving
to His law warrants their hope that He will not put them to shame.

The first pair of verses in which "way" is the acrostic word (vv.
26, 27) sets "my ways" over against "the way of Thy precepts." The
psalmist has made God his confidant, telling Him all his life's
story, and has found continual answers, in gifts of mercy and inward
whispers. He asks, therefore, for further illumination, which will
be in accordance with these past mutual communications. Tell God thy
ways and He will teach thee His statutes. The franker our confession,
the more fervent our longing for fuller knowledge of His will. "The
way of Thy precepts" is the practical life according to these, the
ideal which shall rebuke and transform "my ways." The singer's
crooked course is spread before God, and he longs to see clearly
the straight path of duty, on which he vows that he will meditate,
and find wonders in the revelation of God's will. Many a sunbeam is
wasted for want of intent eyes. The prayer for understanding is vain
without the vow of pondering. The next pair of "way-" verses (vv. 29,
30) contrasts ways of "lying" and of "faithfulness"--_i.e._, sinful
life which is false towards God and erroneous in its foundation
maxims, and life which is true in practice to Him and to man's
obligations. The psalmist prays that the former may be put far from
him; for he feels that it is only too near, and his unhelped feet too
ready to enter on it. He recognises the inmost meaning of the Law as
an outcome of God's favour. It is not harsh, but glowing with love,
God's best gift. The prayer in ver. 29 has the psalmist's deliberate
choice in ver. 30 as its plea. That choice does not lift him above
the need of God's help, and it gives him a claim thereon. Our wills
may seem fixed, but the gap between choice and practice is wide, and
our feebleness will not bridge it, unless He strengthens us. So the
last verse of this section humbly vows to transform meditation and
choice into action, and to "run the way of God's commandments," in
thanksgiving for the joy with which, while the psalmist prays, he
feels that his heart swells.


                                 § ה

    33 Teach me, Jehovah, the way of Thy statutes,
       And I will keep it to the end.
    34 Make me understand so that I may keep Thy law,
       And I will observe it with [my] whole heart.
    35 Make me walk in the path of Thy commandments,
       For in it I delight.
    36 Incline my heart to Thy testimonies,
       And not to plunder.
    37 Make my eyes go aside from beholding vanity,
       In Thy ways revive me.
    38 Confirm to Thy servant Thy promise,
       Which tends to Thy fear.
    39 Make my reproach pass away which I dread,
       For Thy judgments are good.
    40 Behold, I have longed for Thy precepts,
       In Thy righteousness revive me.

Vv. 33 and 34 are substantially identical in their prayer for
enlightenment and their vow of obedience. Both are based on the
conviction that outward revelation is incomplete without inward
illumination. Both recognise the necessary priority of enlightened
reason as condition of obedient action, and such action as the test
and issue of enlightenment. Both vow that knowledge shall not remain
barren. They differ in that the former verse pledges the psalmist
to obedience unlimited in time and the latter to obedience without
reservation. But even in uttering his vow the singer remembers his need
of God's help to keep it, and turns it, in ver. 35, into petition,
which he very significantly grounds on his heart's delight in the Law.
Warm as that delight may be, circumstances and flesh will cool it,
and it is ever a struggle to translate desires into deeds. Therefore
we need the sweet constraint of our Divine Helper to make us walk in
the right way. Again, in ver. 36 the preceding profession is caught
up and modulated into petition. "Incline my heart" stands to "In it
I delight," just as "Make me walk" does to "I will observe it." Our
purest joys in God and in His Will depend on Him for their permanence
and increase. Our hearts are apt to spill their affection on the earth,
even while we would bear the cup filled to God. And one chief rival of
"Thy testimonies" is worldly gain, from which there must be forcible
detachment in order to, and as accompaniment of, attachment to God. All
possessions which come between us and Him are "plunder," unjust gain.

The heart is often led astray by the eyes. The senses bring fuel to
its unholy flames. Therefore, the next petition (ver. 37) asks that
they may be made, as it were, to pass on one side of tempting things,
which are branded as being "vanity," without real substance or worth,
however they may glitter and solicit the gaze. To look longingly on
earth's good makes us torpid in God's ways; and to be earnest in the
latter makes us dead to the former. There is but one real life for
men, the life of union with God and of obedience to His commandments.
Therefore, the singer prays to be revived in God's ways. Experience of
God's faithfulness to His plighted word will do much to deliver from
earth's glamour, as ver. 38 implies. The second clause is elliptical
in Hebrew, and is now usually taken as above, meaning that God's
promise fulfilled leads men to reverence Him. But the rendering "who is
[devoted] to Thy fear" is tenable and perhaps better. The "reproach" in
ver. 39 is probably that which would fall on the psalmist if he were
unfaithful to God's law. This interpretation gives the best meaning to
ver. 39_b_, which would then contain the reason for his desire to keep
the "judgments"--_i.e._, the commandments, not the judicial acts--which
he feels to be good. The section ends with a constantly recurring
strain. God's righteousness, His strict discharge of all obligations,
guarantees that no longing, turned to Him, can be left unsatisfied. The
languishing desire will be changed into fuller joy of more vigorous
life. The necessary precursor of deeper draughts from the Fountain
of Life is thirst for it, which faithfully turns aside from earth's
sparkling but drugged potions.


                                 § ו

    41 And let Thy lovingkindnesses come to me, Jehovah,
       Thy salvation according to Thy promise.
    42 And I shall have a word to answer him that reproaches me,
       For I trust in Thy word.
    43 And pluck not the word of truth out of my mouth utterly,
       For I have waited for Thy judgments.
    44 And I would observe Thy law continually,
       For ever and aye.
    45 And I would walk at liberty,
       For I have sought Thy precepts.
    46 And I would speak of Thy testimonies before kings,
       And not be ashamed.
    47 And I will delight myself in Thy judgments,
       Which I love.
    48 And I will lift up my palms to Thy commandments [which I love],
       And meditate on Thy statutes.

There are practically no Hebrew words beginning with the letter
required as the initial in this section, except the copula
"and." Each verse begins with it, and it is best to retain it
in translation, so as to reproduce in some measure the original
impression of uniformity. The verses are aggregated rather than
linked. "And" sometimes introduces a consequence, as probably in
ver. 42, and sometimes is superfluous in regard to the sense. A
predominant reference to the duty of bearing witness to the Truth
runs through the section. The prayer in ver. 41 for the visits of
God's lovingkindnesses which, in their sum, make salvation, and are
guaranteed by His word of promise, is urged on the ground that, by
experience of these, the psalmist will have his answer ready for
all carpers who scoff at him and his patient faith. Such a prayer
is entirely accordant with the hypothesis that the speaker is the
collective Israel, but not less so with the supposition that he
is an individual. "Whereas I was blind, now I see" is an argument
that silences sarcasm. Ver. 43 carries on the thought of witnessing
and asks that "the word of truth"--_i.e._, the Law considered as
disclosure of truth rather than of duty--may not be snatched from the
witness's mouth, as it would be if God's promised lovingkindnesses
failed him. The condition of free utterance is rich experience.
If prayers had gone up in vain from the psalmist's lips, no glad
proclamation could come from them.

The verbs at the beginnings of vv. 44-46 are best taken as
optatives, expressing what the psalmist would fain do, and, to some
extent, has done. There is no true religion without that longing for
unbroken conformity with the manifest will of God. Whoever makes that
his deepest desire, and seeks after God's precepts, will "walk at
liberty," or _at large_, for restraints that are loved are not bonds,
and freedom consists not in doing as I would, but in willing to do
as I ought. Strong in such emancipation from the hindrances of one's
own passions, and triumphant over external circumstances which may
mould, but not dominate, a God-obeying life, the psalmist would fain
open his mouth unabashed before rulers. The "kings" spoken of in ver.
46 may be foreign rulers, possibly the representatives of the Persian
monarch, or later alien sovereigns, or the expression may be quite
general, and the speaker be a private person, who feels his courage
rising as he enters into the liberty of perfect submission.

Vv. 47, 48, are general expressions of delight in the Law. Lifting
the hands towards the commandments seems to be a figure for reverent
regard, or longing, as one wistfully stretches them out towards some
dear person or thing that one would fain draw closer. The phrase
"which I love" in ver. 48 overweights the clause, and is probably a
scribe's erroneous repetition of 47_b_.


                                 § ז

    49 Remember the word to Thy servant,
       On which Thou hast caused me to hope.
    50 This is my comfort in my affliction,
       That Thy promise has given me life.
    51 The proud have derided me exceedingly,
       From Thy law I have not declined.
    52 I have remembered Thy judgments [which are] from of old, Jehovah,
       And I have comforted myself.
    53 Fiery anger has seized me because of the wicked,
       Who forsake Thy law.
    54 Thy statutes have been songs for me,
       In my house of sojourning.
    55 I remembered Thy name in the night, Jehovah,
       And observed Thy law.
    56 This good has been mine,
       That I have kept Thy precepts.

This section has only one verse of petition, the others being mainly
avowals of adherence to the Law in the face of various trials.
The single petition (ver. 49) pleads the relation of servant, as
giving a claim on the great Lord of the household, and adduces God's
having encouraged hope as imposing on Him an obligation to fulfil
it. Expectations fairly deduced from His word are prophets of their
own realisation. In ver. 50, "This" points to the fact stated in
_b_--namely, that the Word had already proved its power in the past
by quickening the psalmist to new courage and hope--and declares that
that remembered experience solaces his present sorrow. A heart that
has been revived by life-giving contact with the Word has a hidden
warmth beneath the deepest snows, and cleaves the more to that Word.

Vv. 51-53 describe the attitude of the lover of the Law in presence
of the ungodly. He is as unmoved by shafts of ridicule as by the
heavier artillery of slander and plots (ver. 23). To be laughed out
of one's faith is even worse than to be terrified out of it. The
lesson is not needless in a day when adherence and obedience to
the Word are smiled at in so many quarters as indicating inferior
intelligence. The psalmist held fast by it, and while laughter, with
more than a trace of bitterness, rung about him, threw himself back
on God's ancient and enduring words, which made the scoffs sound very
hollow and transient (ver. 52). Righteous indignation, too, rises
in a devout soul at sight of men's departure from God's law (ver.
53). The word rendered "fiery anger" is found in xi. 6 ("a wind of
_burning_"), and is best taken as above, though some would render
_horror_. The wrath was not unmingled with compassion (ver. 136),
and, whilst it is clearly an emotion belonging to the Old Testament
rather than to the Christian type of devotion, it should be present,
in softened form, in our feelings towards evil.

In ver. 54 the psalmist turns from gainsayers. He strikes again the
note of ver. 19, calling earth his place of transitory abode, or,
as we might say, his inn. The brevity of life would be crushing,
if God had not spoken to us. Since He has, the pilgrims can march
"with songs and everlasting joy upon their heads," and all about
their moving camp the sound of song may echo. To its lovers, God's
law is not "harsh and crabbed ... but musical as is Apollo's lute."
This psalm is one of the poet's songs. Even those of us who are not
singers can and should meditate on God's law, till its melodious
beauty is disclosed and its commandments, that sometimes sound stern,
set themselves to rhythm and harmony. As God's words took bitterness
out of the thought of mortality, so His name remembered in the night
brought light into darkness, whether physical or other. We often lose
our memory of God and our hold of His hand when in sorrow, and grief
sometimes thinks that it has a dispensation from obedience. So we
shall be the better for remembering the psalmist's experience, and
should, like him, cling to the Name in the dark, and then we shall
have light enough to "observe Thy law." Ver. 56 looks back on the
mingled life of good and evil, of which some of the sorrows have just
been touched, and speaks deep contentment with its portion. Whatever
else is withheld or withdrawn, that lot is blessed which has been
helped by God to keep His precepts, and they are happy and wise who
deliberately prefer that good to all beside.


                                 § ח

    57 My portion is Jehovah,
       I have said that I would observe Thy words.
    58 I have sought Thy favour with my whole heart,
       Be merciful to me according to Thy promise.
    59 I have thought on my ways,
       And turned my feet to Thy testimonies.
    60 I hasted and delayed not
       To observe Thy commandments.
    61 The cords of the wicked have enwrapped me,
       Thy law have I not forgotten.
    62 At midnight will I rise to thank Thee,
       Because of Thy righteous judgments.
    63 A companion am I of all who fear Thee,
       And of those who observe Thy precepts.
    64 Of Thy lovingkindness, Jehovah, the earth is full,
       Thy statutes do Thou teach me.

Ver. 57 goes to the root of the matter in setting forth the resolve
of obedience as the result of the consciousness of possessing God. He
who feels, in his own happy heart, that Jehovah is his portion will
be moved thereby to vow to keep His words. This psalmist had learned
the evangelical lesson that he did not win God by keeping the Law,
but that he was moved to keep the Law because he had won God; and he
had also learned the companion truth, that the way to retain that
possession is obedience.

Ver. 58 corresponds in some measure to ver. 57, but the order of
clauses is inverted, _a_ stating the psalmist's prayer, as ver. 57_b_
did his resolve, and _b_ building on his cry the hope that God would
be truly his portion and bestow His favour on him. But the true ground
of our hope is not our most whole-hearted prayers, but God's promise.
The following five verses change from the key of petition into that
of profession of obedience to, and delight in, the Law. The fruit of
wise consideration of one's conduct is willing acceptance of God's
law as His witness of what is right for us. The only "ways" which
sober consideration will approve are those marked out in mercy by
Him, and meditation on conduct is worthless if it does not issue in
turning our feet into these. Without such meditation we shall wander
on bye-ways and lose ourselves. Want of thought ruins men (ver. 59).
But such turning of our feet to the right road has many foes, and
chief among them is lingering delay. Therefore resolve must never be
let cool, but be swiftly carried into action (ver. 60). The world is
full of snares, and they lie thick round our feet whenever these are
turned towards God's ways. The only means of keeping clear of them
is to fix heart and mind on God's law. Then we shall be able to pick
our steps among traps and pits (ver. 61). Physical weariness limits
obedience, and needful sleep relaxes nervous tension, so that many a
strenuous worker and noble aspirant falls beneath his daylight self
in wakeful night seasons. Blessed they who in the night see visions
of God and meditate on His law, not on earthly vanities or aims (ver.
62). Society has its temptations as solitude has. The man whose heart
has fed in secret on God and His law will naturally gravitate towards
like-minded people. Our relation to God and His uttered will should
determine our affinities with men, and it is a bad sign when natural
impulses do not draw us to those who fear God. Two men who have that
fear in common are liker each other in their deepest selves, however
different they may be in other respects, than either of them is to
those to whom he is likest in surface characteristics and unlike in
this supreme trait (ver. 63). One pathetic petition closes the section.
In ver. 19 the psalmist had based his prayer for illumination on his
being a stranger on earth; here he grounds it on the plenitude of God's
loving-kindness, which floods the world. It is the same plea in another
form. All creatures bask in the light of God's love, which falls on
each in a manner appropriate to its needs. Man's supreme need is the
knowledge of God's statutes; therefore, the same all-embracing Mercy,
which cares for these happy, careless creatures, will not be implored
in vain, to satisfy his nobler and more pressing want. All beings get
their respective boons unasked; but the pre-eminence of ours is partly
seen in this, that it cannot be given without the co-operation of our
desire. It will be given wherever that condition is fulfilled (ver. 64).


                                 § ט

    65 Good hast Thou done with Thy servant,
       Jehovah, according to Thy word.
    66 Good judgment and knowledge teach me,
       For I have believed Thy commandments.
    67 Before I was afflicted, I went astray,
       But now have I observed Thy saying.
    68 Good art Thou and doing good,
       Teach me Thy statutes.
    69 The proud have trumped up a lie against me,
       I, I with all [my] heart will keep Thy precepts.
    70 Gross as fat is their heart,
       I, I delight in Thy law.
    71 Good for me was it that I was afflicted,
       That I might learn Thy statutes.
    72 Good for me is the law of Thy mouth,
       Above thousands of gold and silver.

The restrictions of the acrostic structure are very obvious in this
section, five of the eight verses of which begin with "Good." The
epithet is first applied in ver. 65 to the whole of God's dealings
with the psalmist. To the devout soul all life is of one piece, and
its submission and faith exercise transmuting power on pains and
sorrows, so that the psalmist can say--

                        "Let one more attest,
    I have lived, seen God's hand through a lifetime,
          And all was for best."

The epithet is next applied (ver. 66) to the perception (lit. taste)
or faculty of discernment of good and evil, for which the psalmist
prays, basing his petition on his belief of God's word. Swift, sure,
and delicate apprehension of right and wrong comes from such belief.
The heart in which it reigns is sensitive as a goldsmith's scales or
a thermometer which visibly sinks when a cloud passes before the sun.
The instincts of faith work surely and rapidly. The settled judgment
that life had been good includes apparent evil (ver. 67), which is
real evil in so far as it pains, but is, in a deeper view, good,
inasmuch as it scourges a wandering heart back to true obedience
and therefore to well-being. The words of ver. 67 are specially
appropriate as the utterance of the Israel purified from idolatrous
tendencies by captivity, but may also be the expression of individual
experience. The epithet is next applied to God Himself (ver. 68). How
steadfast a gaze into the depths of the Divine nature and over the
broad field of the Divine activity is in that short, all-including
clause, containing but three words in the Hebrew, "Good art Thou and
doing good"! The prayer built on it is the one which continually
recurs in this psalm, and is reached by many paths. Every view of
man's condition, whether it is bright or dark, and every thought of
God, bring the psalmist to the same desire. Here God's character and
beneficence, widespread and continual, prompt to the prayer, both
because the knowledge of His will is our highest good, and because a
good God cannot but wish His servants to be like Himself, in loving
righteousness and hating iniquity.

Vv. 69 and 70 are a pair, setting forth the antithesis, frequent
in the psalm, between evil men's conduct to the psalmist and his
tranquil contemplation of, and delight in, God's precepts. False
slanders buzz about him, but he cleaves to God's Law, and is
conscious of innocence. Men are dull and insensible, as if their
hearts were waterproofed with a layer of grease, through which no
gentle rain from heaven could steal; but the psalmist is all the more
led to open his heart to the gracious influences of that law, because
others close theirs. If a bad man is not made worse by surrounding
evil, he is made better by it.

Just as in vv. 65 and 68 the same thought of God's goodness is
expressed, ver. 71 repeats the thought of ver. 67, with a slight
deepening. There the beneficent influence of sorrow was simply declared
as a fact; here it is thankfully accepted, with full submission and
consent of the will. "Good for me" means not only good in fact, but _in
my estimate_. The repetition of the phrase at the beginning of the next
verse throws light on its meaning in ver. 71. The singer thinks that
he has two real goods, pre-eminent among the uniform sequence of such,
and these are, first, his sorrows, which he reckons to be blessings,
because they have helped him to a firmer grasp of the other, the real
good for every man, the Law which is sacred and venerable, because it
has come from the very lips of Deity. That is our true wealth. Happy
they whose estimate of it corresponds to its real worth, and who have
learned, by affliction or anyhow, that material riches are dross,
compared with its solid preciousness!


                                 § י

    73 Thy hands have made me and fashioned me,
       Give me understanding that I may learn Thy commandments.
    74 Let those who fear Thee see me and rejoice,
       For I have waited for Thy word.
    75 I know, Jehovah, that Thy judgments are in righteousness,
       And that [in] faithfulness Thou hast afflicted me.
    76 Oh let Thy lovingkindness be [sent] to comfort me,
       According to Thy promise to Thy servant.
    77 Let Thy compassions come to me that I may live,
       For Thy law is my delight.
    78 Let the proud be shamed, for they have lyingly dealt perversely
           with me;
       I, I meditate on Thy precepts.
    79 Let those who fear Thee turn to me,
       And they shall know Thy testimonies.
    80 Let my heart be sound in Thy statutes,
       That I be not shamed.

Prayer for illumination is confined to the first and last verses of
this section, the rest of which is mainly occupied with petitions for
gracious providences, based upon the grounds of the psalmist's love
of the Law, and of the encouragement to others to trust, derivable
from his experience. Ver. 73 puts forcibly the thought that man is
evidently an incomplete fragment, unless the gift of understanding
is infused into his material frame. God has begun by shaping it, and
therefore is pledged to go on to bestow spiritual discernment, when
His creature asks it. But that prayer will only be answered if the
suppliant intends to use the gift for its right purpose of learning
God's statutes. Ver. 74 prays that the psalmist may be a witness
that hope in His word is never vain, and so that his deliverances
may be occasions of widespread gladness. God's honour is involved
in answering His servant's trust. Vv. 75-77 are linked together.
"Judgments" (ver. 75) seem to mean here providential acts, not, as
generally in this psalm, the Law. The acknowledgment of the justice
and faithfulness which send sorrows precedes the two verses of
petition for "lovingkindness" and "compassions." Sorrows still sting
and burn, though recognised as sent in love, and the tried heart
yearns for these other messengers to come from God to sustain and
soothe. God's promise and the psalmist's delight in God's law are
the double ground of the twin petitions. Then follow three verses
which are discernibly connected, as expressing desires in regard to
"the proud," the devout, and the psalmist himself. He prays that
the first may be shamed--_i.e._, that their deceitful or causeless
hostility may be balked--and, as in several other verses, contrasts
his own peaceful absorption in the Law with their machinations. He
repeats the prayer of ver. 74 with a slight difference, asking that
his deliverance may draw attention to him, and that others may,
from contemplating his security, come to know the worth of God's
testimonies. In ver. 79_b_ the text reads "they shall know" (as the
result of observing the psalmist), which the Hebrew margin needlessly
alters into "those who know." For himself he prays that his heart may
be sound, or thoroughly devoted to keep the law, and then he is sure
that nothing shall ever put him to shame. "Who is he who will harm
you, if ye be zealous for that which is good?"


                                 § כ

    81 My soul has pined for Thy salvation,
       For Thy word have I waited.
    82 My eyes have pined for Thy promise,
       Saying, When wilt Thou comfort me?
    83 For I am become like a wine-skin in the smoke;
       Thy statutes have I not forgotten.
    84 How many are the days of Thy servant?
       When wilt Thou execute judgment on my persecutors?
    85 The proud have digged pits for me,
       --They who are not according to Thy law.
    86 All Thy commandments are faithfulness,
       Lyingly they persecute me, help Thou me.
    87 They had all but made an end of me on earth,
       But I, I have not forgotten Thy precepts.
    88 According to Thy lovingkindness revive me,
       And I will observe the testimonies of Thy mouth.

This section has more than usual continuity. The psalmist is
persecuted, and in these eight verses pours out his heart to God.
Taken as a whole, they make a lovely picture of patient endurance and
submissive longing. Intense and protracted yearning for deliverance
has wasted his very soul, but has not merged in impatience or
unbelief, for he has "waited for Thy word." His eyes have ached with
straining for the signs of approaching comfort, the coming of which
he has not doubted, but the delay of which has tried his faith. This
longing has been quickened by troubles, which have wrapped him round
like pungent smoke-wreaths eddying among the rafters, where disused
wine-skins hang and get blackened and wrinkled. So has it been with
him, but, through all, he has kept hold of God's statutes. So he
plaintively reminds God of the brevity of his life, which has so
short a tale of days that judgment on his persecutors must be swift,
if it is to be of use. Vv. 85-87 describe the busy hostility of his
foes. It is truculently contrary to God's law, and therefore, as is
implied, worthy of God's counter-working. Ver. 85_b_ is best taken
as a further description of the "proud," which is spread before God
as a reason for His judicial action. The antithesis in ver. 86,
between the "faithfulness" of the Law and the "lying" persecutors, is
the ground of the prayer, "Help Thou me." Even in extremest peril,
when he was all but made away with, the psalmist still clung to
God's precepts (ver. 87), and therefore he is heartened to pray for
reviving, and to vow that then, bound by new chains of gratitude, he
will, more than ever, observe God's testimonies. The measure of the
new wine poured into the shrivelled wine-skin is nothing less than
the measureless lovingkindness of God; and nothing but experience of
His benefits melts to obedience.


                                 § ל

    89 For ever, Jehovah,
       Thy word is set fast in the heavens.
    90 To generation after generation lasts Thy faithfulness,
       Thou hast established the earth, and it stands firm.
    91 According to Thy ordinances they stand firm to-day,
       For all [things] are Thy servants.
    92 Unless Thy law had been my delight,
       Then had I perished in my affliction.
    93 Never will I forget Thy precepts,
       For with them Thou hast revived me.
    94 To Thee do I belong, save me,
       For Thy precepts have I sought.
    95 For me have the wicked waited to destroy me,
       Thy testimonies will I consider.
    96 To all perfection have I seen a limit,
       Thy commandment is exceeding broad.

The stability of nature witnesses to the steadfastness of the Word
which sustains it. The Universe began and continues, because God puts
forth His will. The heavens with their pure depths would collapse,
and all their stars would flicker into darkness, if that uttered
Will did not echo through their overwhelming spaces. The solid earth
would not be solid, but for God's power immanent in it. Heaven and
earth are thus His servants. Ver. 91_a_ may possibly picture them
as standing waiting "_for_ Thine ordinances," but the indefinite
preposition is probably better regarded as equivalent to _In
accordance with_. The psalmist has reached the grand conceptions of
the universal reign of God's law, and of the continuous forth-putting
of God's will as the sustaining energy of all things. He seeks to
link himself to that great band of God's servants, to be in harmony
with stars and storms, with earth and ocean, as their fellow-servant;
but yet he feels that his relation to God's law is closer than
theirs, for he can delight in that which they unconsciously obey.
Such delight in God's uttered will changes affliction from a foe,
threatening life, to a friend, ministering strength (ver. 92). Nor
does that Law when loved only avert destruction; it also increases
vital power (ver. 93) and re-invigorates the better self. There is
a sense in which the law _can_ give life (Gal. iii. 21), but it
must be welcomed and enshrined in the heart, in order to do so. The
frequently recurring prayer for "salvation" has a double plea in
ver. 94. The soul that has yielded itself to God in joyful obedience
thereby establishes a claim on Him. He cannot but protect His own
possession. Ownership has its obligations, which He recognises.
The second plea is drawn from the psalmist's seeking after God's
precepts, without which seeking there would be no reality in his
profession of being God's. To seek them is the sure way to find
both them and salvation (ver. 94). Whom God saves, enemies will
vainly try to destroy, and, while they lurk in waiting to spring
on the psalmist, his eyes are directed, not towards them, but to
God's testimonies. To give heed to these is the sure way to escape
snares (ver. 95). Lifelong experience has taught the psalmist that
there is a flaw in every human excellence, a limit soon reached
and never passed to all that is noblest in man; but high above all
achievements, and stretching beyond present vision, is the fair ideal
bodied forth in the Law. Since it is God's commandment, it will not
always be an unreached ideal, but may be indefinitely approximated
to; and to contemplate it will be joy, when we learn that it is
prophecy because it is commandment.


                                 § מ

    97  How I love Thy law!
        All the day is it my meditation.
    98  Wiser than my enemies do Thy commandments make me,
        For they are mine for ever.
    99  More than all my teachers am I prudent,
        For Thy testimonies are my meditation.
    100 More than the aged do I understand,
        For Thy precepts have I kept.
    101 From every evil path have I held back my feet,
        That I might observe Thy word.
    102 From Thy judgments have I not departed,
        For Thou, Thou hast instructed me.
    103 How sweet are Thy promises to my palate,
        More than honey to my mouth!
    104 By Thy precepts I have understanding,
        Therefore I hate every path of falsehood.

One thought pervades this section, that the Law is the fountain
of sweetest wisdom. The rapture of love with which it opens is
sustained throughout. The psalmist knows that he has not merely more
wisdom of the same sort as his enemies, his teachers, and the aged
have, but wisdom of a better kind. His foes were wise in craft,
and his teachers drew their instructions from earthly springs,
and the elders had learned that bitter, worldly wisdom, which has
been disillusioned of youth's unsuspectingness and dreams, without
being thereby led to grasp that which is no illusion. But a heart
which simply keeps to the Law reaches, in its simplicity, a higher
truth than these know, and has instinctive discernment of good and
evil. Worldly wisdom is transient. "Whether there be knowledge, it
shall be done away," but the wisdom that comes with the commandment
is enduring as it (ver. 98). Meditation must be accompanied with
practice, in order to make the true wisdom one's own. The depths of
the testimonies must be sounded by patient brooding on them, and
then the knowledge thus won must be carried into act. To do what we
know is the sure way to know it better, and to know more (vv. 99,
100). And that positive obedience has to be accompanied by abstinence
from evil ways; for in such a world as this "Thou shalt not" is the
necessary preliminary to "Thou shalt." The psalmist has a better
teacher than those whom he has outgrown, even God Himself, and His
instruction has a graciously constraining power, which keeps its
conscious scholars in the right path (ver. 102). These thoughts draw
another exclamation from the poet, who feels, as he reflects on his
blessings, that the law beloved ceases to be harsh and is delightsome
as well as healthgiving. It is promise as well as law, for God will
help us to be what He commands us to be. They who love the Lawgiver
find sweetness in the law (ver. 103). And this is the blessed effect
of the wisdom which it gives, that it makes us quick to detect
sophistries which tempt into forbidden paths, and fills us with
wholesome detestation of these (ver. 104).


                                 § נ

    105 A lamp to my foot is Thy word,
        And a light to my path.
    106 I have sworn, and have fulfilled it,
        To observe Thy righteous judgments.
    107 I am afflicted exceedingly,
        Jehovah, revive me according to Thy word.
    108 The free-will offerings of my mouth accept, I pray Thee,
            Jehovah,
        And teach me Thy judgments.
    109 My soul is continually in my hand,
        But Thy law I do not forget.
    110 The wicked have laid a snare for me,
        Yet from Thy precepts I do not stray.
    111 Thy testimonies have I taken as my heritage for ever,
        For the joy of my heart are they.
    112 I have inclined my heart to perform Thy statutes,
        For ever, [to the] end.

A lamp is for night; light shines in the day. The Word is both, to
the psalmist. His antithesis may be equivalent to a comprehensive
declaration that the Law is light of every sort, or it may intend to
lay stress on the varying phases of experience, and turn our thoughts
to that Word which will gleam guidance in darkness, and shine, a better
sun, on bright hours. The psalmist's choice, not merely the inherent
power of the Law, is expressed in ver. 105. He has taken it for his
guide, or, as ver. 106 says, has sworn and kept his oath, that he would
observe the righteous decisions, which would point to his foot the
true path. The affliction bemoaned in ver. 107 is probably the direct
result of the conduct professed in ver. 106. The prayer for reviving,
which means deliverance from outward evils rather than spiritual
quickening, is, therefore, presented with confidence, and based upon
the many promises in the Word of help to sufferers for righteousness.
Whatever our afflictions, there is ease in telling God of them, and
if our desires for His help are "according to Thy word," they will be
as willing to accept help to bear as help which removes the sorrow,
and thus will not be offered unanswered. That cry for reviving is
best understood as being "the free-will offerings" which the psalmist
prays may be accepted. Happy in their afflictions are they whose chief
desire even then is to learn more of God's statutes! They will find
that their sorrows are their best teachers. If we wish most to make
advances in His school, we shall not complain of the guides to whom He
commits us. Continual alarms and dangers tend to foster disregard of
Duty, as truly as does the opposite state of unbroken security. A man
absorbed in keeping himself alive is apt to think he has no attention
to spare for God's law (ver. 109), and one ringed about by traps is apt
to take a circuit to avoid them, even at the cost of divergence from
the path marked out by God (ver. 110). But, even in such circumstances,
the psalmist did what all good men have to do, deliberately chose his
portion, and found God's law better than any outward good, as being
able to diffuse deep, sacred, and perpetual joy through all his inner
nature. The heart thus filled with serene gladness is thereby drawn to
perform God's statutes with lifelong persistency, and the heart thus
inclined to obedience has tapped the sources of equally enduring joy.


                                 § ס

    113 The double-minded I hate,
        But Thy law I love.
    114 My shelter and my shield art Thou,
        For Thy word have I waited.
    115 Depart from me, ye evil-doers,
        That I may keep the commandments of my God.
    116 Uphold me according to Thy promise that I may live,
        And let me not be ashamed of my hope.
    117 Hold me up and I shall be saved,
        And have regard to Thy statutes continually.
    118 Thou makest light of all those who stray from Thy statutes,
        For their deceit is a lie.
    119 [Like] dross Thou hast cast aside all the wicked of the earth,
        Therefore I love Thy testimonies.
    120 My flesh creeps for fear of Thee,
        And of Thy judgments I am afraid.

This section is mainly the expression of firm resolve to cleave
to the Law. Continuity may be traced in it, since vv. 113-115
breathe love and determination, which pass in vv. 116, 117, into
prayer, in view of the psalmist's weakness and the strength of
temptation, while in vv. 118-120 the fate of the despisers of the Law
intensifies the psalmist's clinging grasp of awe-struck love. Hatred
of "double-minded" who waver between God and idols, and are weak
accordingly, rests upon, and in its turn increases, whole-hearted
adherence to the Law.

It is a tepid devotion to it which does not strongly recoil from
lives that water down its precepts and try to walk on both sides of
the way at once. Whoever has taken God for his defence can afford
to bide God's time for fulfilment of His promises (ver. 114). And
the natural results of such love to, and waiting for, His word are
resolved separation from the society of those whose lives are moulded
on opposite principles, and the ordering of external relations in
accordance with the supreme purpose of keeping the commandments of
Him whom love and waiting claim as "my God" (ver. 115). But resolves
melt in the fire of temptation, and the psalmist knows life and
himself too well to trust himself. So he betakes himself to prayer
for God's upholding, without which he cannot live. A hope built on
God's promise has a claim on Him, and its being put to shame in
disappointment would be dishonour to God (ver. 116). The psalmist
knows that his wavering will can only be fixed by God, and that
experience of His sustaining hand will make a stronger bond between
God and him than anything besides. The consciousness of salvation
must precede steadfast regard to the precepts of the God who saves
(ver. 117). To stray from the Law is ruin, as is described in vv.
118, 119. They who wander are despised or made light of, "for their
deceit is a lie"--_i.e._, the hopes and plans with which they deceive
themselves are false. It is a gnarled way of saying that all godless
life is a blunder as well as a sin, and is fed with unrealisable
promises. Dross is flung away when the metal is extracted. Slag from
a furnace is hopelessly useless, and this psalmist thinks that the
wicked of the earth are "thrown as rubbish to the void." He is not
contemplating a future life, but God's judgments as manifested here
in providence, and his faith is assured that, even here, that process
is visible. Therefore, gazing upon the fate of evil-doers, his flesh
creeps and every particular hair stands on end (as the word means).
His dread is full of love, and love is full of dread. Profoundly are
the two emotions yoked together in vv. 119_b_ and 120_b_, "I _love_
Thy testimonies ... of Thy judgments I am _afraid_."


                                 § ע

    121 I have done judgment and righteousness,
        Thou wilt not leave me to my oppressors.
    122 Be surety for Thy servant for good,
        Let not the proud oppress me.
    123 My eyes pine for Thy salvation
        And for Thy righteous promise.
    124 Deal with Thy servant according to Thy lovingkindness,
        And teach me Thy statutes.
    125 Thy servant am I; give me understanding,
        That I may know Thy testimonies.
    126 It is time for Jehovah to work,
        They have made void Thy law.
    127 Therefore I love Thy commandments
        More than gold and more than fine gold.
    128 Therefore I esteem all Thy precepts to be right,
        Every false way do I hate.

The thought of evil-doers tinges most of this section. It opens with
a triplet of verses, occasioned by their oppressions of the psalmist,
and closes with a triplet occasioned by their breaches of the Law. In
the former, he is conscious that he has followed the "judgment" or law
of God, and hence hopes that he will not be abandoned to his foes. The
consciousness and the hope equally need limitation, to correspond with
true estimates of ourselves and with facts; for there is no absolute
fulfilment of the Law, and good men are often left to be footballs for
bad ones. But in its depths the confidence is true. Precisely because
he has it, the psalmist prays that it may be vindicated by facts. "Be
surety for Thy servant"--a profound image, drawn from legal procedure,
in which one man becomes security for another and makes good his
deficiencies. Thus God will stand between the hunted man and his foes,
undertaking for him. "Thou shalt answer, Lord, for me." How much the
fulfilment in Christ has exceeded the desire of the psalmist! "The
oppressors' wrong" had lasted long, and the singer's weary eyes had
been strained in looking for the help which seemed to tarry (compare
ver. 82), and that fainting gaze humbly appeals to God. Will He not end
the wistful watching speedily? Vv. 124, 125, are a pair, the psalmist's
relation of servant being adduced in both as the ground of his prayer
for teaching. But they differ, in that the former verse lays stress
on the consonance of such instruction with God's lovingkindness,
and the latter, on its congruity with the psalmist's position and
character as His servant. God's best gift is the knowledge of His will,
which He surely will not withhold from spirits willing to serve, if
they only knew how. Vv. 126-128 are closely linked. The psalmist's
personal wrongs melt into the wider thought of wickedness which does
its little best to make void that sovereign, steadfast law. Delitzsch
would render "It is time to work for Jehovah"; and the meaning thus
obtained is a worthy one. But that given above is more in accordance
with the context. It is bold--and would be audacious if a prayer did
not underlie the statement--to undertake to determine when evil has
reached such height as to demand God's punitive action. But, however
slow we should be to prescribe to Him the when or the how of His
intervention, we may learn from the psalmist's emphatic "Therefores,"
which stand co-ordinately at the beginnings of vv. 127, 128, that the
more men make void the Law, the more should God's servants prize it,
and the more should they bind its precepts on their moral judgment, and
heartily loathe all paths which, specious as they may be, are "paths of
falsehood," though all the world may avow that they are true.


                                 § פ

    129 Wonderful are Thy testimonies,
        Therefore my soul keeps them.
    130 The opening of Thy words gives light,
        It gives understanding to the simple.
    131 My mouth did I open wide, and panted,
        For I longed for Thy commandments.
    132 Turn to me and be gracious to me,
        According to the right of those who love Thy name.
    133 Establish my steps by Thy promise,
        And let not iniquity lord it over me.
    134 Redeem me from the oppression of men,
        That I may observe Thy precepts.
    135 Cause Thy face to shine upon Thy servant,
        And teach me Thy statutes.
    136 My eyes run down [in] streamlets of water,
        Because men observe not Thy law.

Devout souls do not take offence at the depths and difficulties of
God's word, but are thereby drawn to intenser contemplation of them. We
weary of the Trivial and Obvious. That which tasks and outstrips our
powers attracts. But the obscurity must not be arbitrary, but inherent,
a clear obscure, like the depths of a pure sea. These wonderful
testimonies give light, notwithstanding, or rather because of, their
wonderfulness, and it is the simple heart, not the sharpened intellect,
that penetrates furthest into them and finds light most surely (ver.
130). Therefore the psalmist longs for God's commandments, like a
wild creature panting open-mouthed for water. He puts to shame our
indifference. If his longing was not excessive, how defective is ours!
Ver. 132, like ver. 122, has no distinct allusion to the Law, though
the word rendered in it "right" is that used in the psalm for the Law
considered as "judgments." The prayer is a bold one, pleading what is
justly due to the lovers of God's name. Kay appropriately quotes "God
is not _unrighteous_ to forget your work and labour of _love_, which ye
have showed towards His _name_" (Heb. vi. 10). One would have expected
"Law" instead of "name" in the last word of the verse, and possibly
the conception of Law may be, as it were, latent in "name," for the
latter does carry in it imperative commandments and plain revelations
of duty. God's Name holds the Law in germ. The Law is but the expansion
of the meaning of the Name. "Promise" in ver. 133 (lit. saying) must
be taken in a widened sense, as including all God's revealed will. The
only escape from the tyranny of sin is to have our steps established by
God's word, and His help is needed for such establishment. Rebellion
against sin's dominion is already victory over it, if the rebel summons
God's heavenly reinforcements to his help. It is a high attainment to
desire deliverance from men, chiefly in order to observe, unhindered,
God's commandments (ver. 134). And it is as high a desire to seek
the light of God's face mainly as the means of seeing His will more
clearly. The psalmist did not merely wish for outward prosperity or
inward cheer and comfort, but that these might contribute to fulfilling
his deepest wish of learning better what God would have him to do (ver.
135). The moods of indignation (ver. 53) and of hatred (vv. 104, 113,
128) have given place to softer emotions, as they ever should (ver.
136). Tears and dewy pity should mingle with righteous anger, as when
Jesus "looked round about on them with anger, being with the anger
grieved at the hardening of their heart" (Mark iii. 5).


                                 § צ

    137 Righteous art Thou, Jehovah,
        And upright are Thy judgments.
    138 In righteousness Thou hast commanded Thy testimonies,
        And in exceeding faithfulness.
    139 My zeal has consumed me,
        For my adversaries have forgotten Thy words.
    140 Well tried by fire is Thy promise,
        And Thy servant loves it.
    141 Small and despised am I,
        Thy precepts have I not forgotten.
    142 Thy righteousness is righteousness for ever,
        And Thy law is truth.
    143 Distress and anguish have found me,
        Thy commandments are my delight.
    144 Righteousness for ever are Thy testimonies,
        Give me understanding that I may live.

The first word suggested to the psalmist under this letter is
Righteousness. That august conception was grasped by devout Israelites
with a tenacity, and assumed a prominence in their thoughts,
unparalleled elsewhere. It is no mere yielding to the requirements of
the acrostic scheme which sets that great word in four of the eight
verses of this section (137, 138, 142, 144). Two thoughts are common to
them all, that Righteousness has its seat in the bosom of God, and that
the Law is a true transcript of that Divine righteousness. These things
being so, it follows that the Law is given to men in accordance with
the Divine "faithfulness"--_i.e._, in remembrance and discharge of the
obligations which God has undertaken towards them. Nor less certainly
does it follow that that Law, which is the "eradiation" of God's
righteousness, is eternal as its fontal source (vv. 142, 144). The beam
must last as long as the sun. No doubt, there are transient elements
in the Law which the psalmist loved, but its essence is everlasting,
because its origin is God's everlasting Righteousness. So absorbed is
he in adoring contemplation of it, that he even forgets to pray for
help to keep it, and not till ver. 144 does he ask for understanding
that he may live. True life is in the knowledge of the Law by which God
is known, as Jesus has taught us that to know the only true God is life
eternal. A faint gleam of immortal hope perhaps shines in that prayer,
for if the "testimonies" are for ever, and the knowledge of them is
life, it cannot be that they shall outlast the soul that knows and
lives by them. One more characteristic of God's righteous testimonies
is celebrated in ver. 140--namely, that they have stood sharp tests,
and, like metal in the furnace, have not been dissolved but brightened
by the heat. They have been tested, when the psalmist was afflicted and
found them to hold true. The same fire tried him and them, and he does
not glorify his own endurance, but the promise which enabled him to
stand firm. The remaining verses of the section describe the psalmist's
afflictions and clinging to the Law. Ver. 139 recurs to his emotions
on seeing men's neglect of it. "Zeal" here takes the place of grief
(ver. 136) and of indignation and hatred. Friction against widespread
godlessness generates a flame of zeal, as it should always do. "Small
and despised" was Israel among the great powers of the ancient world,
but he who meditates on the Law is armed against contempt and contented
in insignificance (ver. 141). "Distress and anguish" may surround him,
but hidden springs of "delight" well up in the heart that cleaves to
the Law, like outbursts of fresh water rising to the surface of a salt
sea (ver. 144).


                                 § ק

    145 I have called with my whole heart; answer me, Jehovah;
        Thy statutes will I keep.
    146 I have called unto Thee, save me,
        And I will observe Thy testimonies.
    147 I anticipated the morning twilight and cried aloud,
        For Thy word I waited.
    148 My eyes anticipated the night watches,
        That I might meditate on Thy promise.
    149 Hear my voice according to Thy lovingkindness,
        Jehovah, according to Thy judgments revive me.
    150 They draw near who follow after mischief,
        From Thy law they are far off.
    151 Near art Thou, Jehovah,
        And all Thy commandments are truth.
    152 Long ago have I known from Thy testimonies,
        That Thou hast founded them for ever.

The first two verses are a pair, in which former prayers for
deliverance and vows of obedience are recalled and repeated. The
tone of supplication prevails through the section. The cries now
presented are no new things. The psalmist's habit has been prayer,
whole-hearted, continued, and accompanied with the resolve to keep by
obedience and to observe with sharpened watchfulness the utterances
of God's will. Another pair of verses follows (vv. 147, 148), which
recall the singer's wakeful devotion. His voice rose to God ere
the dim morning broke, and his heart kept itself in submissive
expectance. His eyes saw God's promises shining in the nightly
darkness, and making meditation better than sleep. The petitions
in ver. 149 may be taken as based upon the preceding pairs. The
psalmist's patient continuance gives him ground to expect an answer.
But the true ground is God's character, as witnessed by His deeds of
loving-kindness and His revelation of His "judgments" in the Law.

Another pair of verses follows (vv. 150, 151), in which the hostile
nearness of the psalmist's foes, gathering round him with malignant
purpose, is significantly contrasted, both with their remoteness
in temper from the character enjoined in the Law, and with the yet
closer proximity of the assailed man's defender. He who has God near
him, and who realises that His "commandments are truth," can look
untrembling on mustering masses of enemies. This singer had learned
that before danger threatened. The last verse of the section breathes
the same tone of long-continued and habitual acquaintance with God
and His Law as the earlier pairs of verses do. The convictions of a
lifetime were too deeply rooted to be disturbed by such a passing
storm. There is, as it were, a calm smile of triumphant certitude in
that "Long ago." Experience teaches that the foundation, laid for
trust as well as for conduct in the Law, is too stable to be moved,
and that we need not fear to build our all on it. Let us build rock
on that rock, and answer God's everlasting testimonies with our
unwavering reliance and submission.


                                 § ר

    153 See my affliction, and deliver me,
        For Thy law do I not forget.
    154 Plead my plea and redeem me,
        Revive me according to Thy promise.
    155 Far from the wicked is salvation,
        For they seek not Thy statutes.
    156 Thy compassions are many, Jehovah,
        According to Thy judgments revive me.
    157 Many are my pursuers and my adversaries,
        From Thy testimonies I have not declined.
    158 I beheld the faithless and loathed [them]
        Because they observed not Thy promise.
    159 See how I love Thy precepts,
        Jehovah, according to Thy lovingkindness revive me.
    160 The sum of Thy word is truth,
        And every one of Thy righteous judgments endures for ever.

The prayer "revive me" occurs thrice in this section. It is not
a petition for spiritual quickening so much as for removal of
calamities, which restrained free, joyous life. Its repetition
accords with other characteristics of this section, which is markedly
a cry from a burdened heart. The psalmist is in affliction; he is, as
it were, the defendant in a suit, a captive needing a strong avenger
(ver. 154), compassed about by a swarm of enemies (ver. 157), forced
to endure the sight of the faithless and to recoil from them (ver.
158). His thoughts vibrate between his needs and God's compassions,
between his own cleaving to the Law and its grand comprehensiveness
and perpetuity. His prayer now is not for fuller knowledge of the
Law, but for rescue from his troubles. It is worth while to follow
his swift turns of thought, which, in their windings, are shaped
by the double sense of need and of Divine fulness. First come two
plaintive cries for rescue, based in one case on his adherence to the
Law, and in the other on God's promise. Then his eye turns on those
who do not, like him, seek God's statutes, and these he pronounces,
with solemn depth of insight, to be far from the salvation which he
feels is his, because they have no desire to know God's will. That
is a pregnant word. Swiftly he turns from these unhappy ones to gaze
on the multitude of God's compassions, which hearten him to repeat
his prayer for revival, according to God's "judgments"--_i.e._, His
decisions contained in the Law. But, again, his critical position
among enemies forces itself into remembrance, and he can only plead
that, in spite of them, he has held fast by the Law, and, when
compelled to see apostates, has felt no temptation to join them, but
a wholesome loathing of all departure from God's word. That loathing
was the other side of his love. The more closely we cleave to God's
precepts, the more shall we recoil from modes of thought and life
which flout them. And then the psalmist looks wistfully up once
more, and asks that his love may receive what God's loving-kindness
emboldens it to look for as its result--namely, the reviving, which
he thus once more craves. That love for the Law has led him into
the depths of understanding God's Word, and so his lowly petitions
swell into the declaration, which he has verified in life, that its
sum-total is truth, and a perpetual possession for loving hearts,
however ringed round by enemies and "weighed upon by sore distress."


                                 § ש

    161 Princes have persecuted me without a cause,
        But at Thy words my heart stands in awe.
    162 I rejoice over Thy promise,
        As one that finds great booty.
    163 Lying I hate and abhor,
        Thy law do I love.
    164 Seven times a day I praise Thee,
        Because of Thy righteous judgments.
    165 Great peace have they that love Thy law,
        And they have no stumbling-block.
    166 I have hoped for Thy salvation, Jehovah,
        And Thy commandments have I done.
    167 My soul has observed Thy testimonies,
        And I love them exceedingly.
    168 I have observed Thy precepts and Thy testimonies,
        For all my ways are before Thee.

The tone of this section is in striking contrast with that of the
preceding. Here, with the exception of the first clause of the first
verse, all is sunny, and the thunder-clouds are hull down on the
horizon. Joy, peace, and hope breathe through the song. Beautifully
are reverential awe and exuberant gladness blended as contemporaneous
results of listening to God's word. There is rapture in that awe;
there is awe in that bounding gladness. To possess that Law is
better than to win rich booty. The spoils of the conflict, which we
wage with our own negligence or disobedience, are our best wealth.
The familiar connection between love of the Law and hatred of lives
which depart from it, and are therefore lies and built on lies,
re-appears, yet not as the ground of prayer for help, but as part of
the blessed treasures which the psalmist is recounting. His life is
accompanied by music of perpetual praise. Seven times a day--_i.e._,
unceasingly--his glad heart breaks into song, and "the o'ercome of
his song" is ever God's righteous judgments. His own experience
gives assurance of the universal truth that the love of God's law
secures peace, inasmuch as such love brings the heart into contact
with absolute good, inasmuch as submission to God's will is always
peace, inasmuch as the fountain of unrest is dried up, inasmuch as
all outward things are allies of such a heart and serve the soul
that serves God. Such love saves from falling over stumbling-blocks,
and enables a man "to walk firmly and safely on the clear path of
duty." Like the dying Jacob, such a man waits for God's salvation,
patiently expecting that each day will bring its own form of help and
deliverance, and his waiting is no idle anticipation, but full of
strenuous obedience (ver. 166), and of watchful observance, such as
the eyes of a servant direct to his master (ver. 167_a_). Love makes
such a man keen to note the slightest indications of God's will,
and eager to obey them all (vv. 167_b_, 168_a_). All this joyous
profession of the psalmist's happy experience he spreads humbly
before God, appealing to Him whether it is true. He is not flaunting
his self-righteousness in God's face, but gladly recounting to God's
honour all the "spoil" that he has found, as he penetrated into the
Law and it penetrated into his inmost being.


                                 § ת

    169 Let my cry come near before Thy face, Jehovah,
        According to Thy word give me understanding.
    170 Let my supplication come before Thy face,
        According to Thy promise deliver me.
    171 My lips shall well forth praise,
        For Thou teachest me Thy statutes.
    172 My tongue shall sing of Thy promise,
        For all Thy commandments are righteousness.
    173 Let Thy hand be [stretched out] to help me,
        For Thy precepts have I chosen.
    174 I long for Thy salvation, Jehovah,
        And Thy law is my delight.
    175 Let my soul live and it shall praise Thee,
        And let Thy judgments help me.
    176 I have strayed like a lost sheep, seek Thy servant,
        For Thy commandments do I not forget.

The threads that have run through the psalm are knotted firmly
together in this closing section, which falls into four pairs
of verses. In the first, the manifold preceding petitions are
concentrated into two for understanding and deliverance, the twin
needs of man, of which the one covers the whole ground of inward
illumination, and the other comprises all good for outward life,
while both are in accordance with the large confidence warranted
by God's faithful words. Petition passes into praise. The psalmist
instinctively obeys the command, "By prayer and supplication with
thanksgiving let your requests be made known." His lips give forth
not only shrill cries of need, but well up songs of thanks; and,
while a thousand mercies impel the sparkling flood of praise, the
chief of these is God's teaching him His righteous statutes (vv.
171, 172). In the next pair of verses, the emphasis lies, not on
the prayer for help, so much as on its grounds in the psalmist's
deliberate choice of God's precepts, his patient yearning for God's
salvation, and his delight in the Law, all of which characteristics
have been over and over again professed in the psalm. Here, once
more, they are massed together, not in self-righteousness, but as
making it incredible that, God being the faithful and merciful
God which He is, His hand should hang idle when His servant cries
for help (vv. 173, 174). The final pair of verses sets forth the
relations of the devout soul with God in their widest and most
permanent forms. The true life of the soul must come from Him, the
Fountain of Life. A soul thus made to live by communion with, and
derivation of life from, God lives to praise, and all its motions are
worship. To it the Law is no menace nor unwelcome restriction but a
helper. Life drawn from God, turned to God in continual praise, and
invigorated by unfailing helps ministered through His uttered will,
is the only life worth living. It is granted to all who ask for it.
But a lower, sadder note must ever mingle in our prayers. Aspiration
and trust must be intertwined with consciousness of weakness and
distrust of one's self. Only those who are ignorant of the steps
of the soul's pilgrimage to God can wonder that the psalmist's
last thoughts about himself blend confession of wandering like a
straying sheep, and profession of not forgetting God's commandments.
Both phases of consciousness co-exist in the true servant of God,
as, alas! both have grounds in his experience. But our sense of
having wandered should ever be accompanied with the tender thought
that the lost sheep _is_ a sheep, beloved and sought for by the
great Shepherd, in whose search, not in our own docile following
of His footsteps, lies our firmest hope. The psalmist prayed "Seek
Thy servant," for he knew how continually he would be tempted to
stray. But we know better than he did how wonderfully the answer has
surpassed his petition. "The Son of Man is come to seek and to save
that which was lost."




                          PSALMS CXX.-CXXXIV.


These fifteen psalms form a short psalter within the Psalter, each
having the same title (with a slight grammatical variation in Psalm
cxxi.). Its meaning is very doubtful. Many of the older authorities
understand it to signify "a song of steps," and explain it by a very
uncertain tradition that these psalms were sung on fifteen steps
leading from the court of the women to that of the men, each on
one step. The R.V.'s rendering, "degrees," uses that word in this
sense (like the Latin _gradus_). But though undoubtedly the word
means steps, there is no sufficient support for the tradition in
question; and, as Delitzsch well observes, if this were the meaning
of the title, "it would be much more external than any of the other
inscriptions to the Psalms."

Another explanation fixes on the literal meaning of the word--_i.e._,
"goings up"--and points to its use in the singular for the Return
from Babylon (Ezra vii. 9), as supporting the view that these were
psalms sung by the returning exiles. There is much in the group of
songs to favour this view; but against it is the fact that Psalms
cxxii. and cxxxiv. imply the existence of the Temple, and the fully
organised ceremonial worship.

A third solution is that the name refers to the structure of these
psalms, which have a "step-like, progressive rhythm." This is Gesenius'
explanation, adopted by Delitzsch. But the peculiar structure in
question, though very obvious in several of these psalms, is scarcely
perceptible in others, and is entirely absent from Psalm cxxxii.

The remaining explanation of the title is the most probable--that
the "goings up" were those of the worshippers travelling to Jerusalem
for the feasts. This little collection is, then, "The Song Book of
the Pilgrims," a designation to which its contents well correspond.




                               PSALM CXX.

    1 To Jehovah in my straits I cried,
      And He answered me.

    2 Jehovah, deliver my soul from the lying lip,
      From the deceitful tongue.
    3 What shall He give to thee, and what more shall He give thee,
      Deceitful tongue?
    4 Arrows of the Mighty, sharpened ones,
      With coals of broom.

    5 Woe is me that I sojourn in Meshech,
      [That] I dwell beside the tents of Kedar!
    6 Long has my soul had her dwelling
      With him who hates peace.
    7 I am--peace; but when I speak,
      They are for war.


The collection of pilgrim songs is appropriately introduced by one
expressive of the unrest arising from compulsory association with
uncongenial and hostile neighbours. The psalmist laments that his
sensitive "soul" has been so long obliged to be a "sojourner" where
he has heard nothing but lying and strife. Weary of these, his soul
stretches her wings towards a land of rest. His feeling ill at ease
amidst present surroundings stings him to take the pilgrim's staff.
"In" this singer's "heart are the ways."

The simplicity of this little song scarcely admits of separation
into parts; but one may note that an introductory verse is followed
by two groups of three verses each,--the former of which is prayer
for deliverance from the "deceitful tongue," and prediction that
retribution will fall on it (vv. 2-4); while the latter bemoans the
psalmist's uncongenial abode among enemies (vv. 5-7).

The verbs in ver. 1 are most naturally referred to former
experiences of the power of prayer, which encourage renewed petition.
Devout hearts argue that what Jehovah has done once He will do again.
Since His mercy endureth for ever, He will not weary of bestowing,
nor will former gifts exhaust His stores. Men say, "I have given so
often that I can give no more"; God says, "I have given, therefore
I will give." The psalmist was not in need of defence against armed
foes, but against false tongues. But it is not plain whether these
were slanderous, flattering, or untrustworthy in their promises of
friendship. The allusions are too general to admit of certainty. At
all events, he was surrounded by a choking atmosphere of falsehood,
from which he longed to escape into purer air. Some commentators
would refer the allusions to the circumstances of the exiles in
Babylon; others to the slanders of the Samaritans and others who
tried to hinder the rebuilding of the Temple; others think that his
own hostile fellow-countrymen are the psalmist's foes. May we not
rather hear in his plaint the voice of the devout heart, which ever
painfully feels the dissonance between its deep yearnings and the
Babel of vain words which fills every place with jangling and deceit?
To one who holds converse with God, there is nothing more appalling
or more abhorrent than the flood of empty talk which drowns the
world. If there was any specific foe in the psalmist's mind, he has
not described him so as to enable us to identify him.

Ver. 3 may be taken in several ways, according as "deceitful tongue"
is taken as a vocative or as the nominative of the verb "give," and as
that verb is taken in a good or a bad sense, and as "thee" is taken
to refer to the tongue or to some unnamed person. It is unnecessary
to enter here on a discussion of the widely divergent explanations
given. They fall principally into two classes. One takes the words
"deceitful tongue" as vocative, and regards the question as meaning,
"What retribution shall God give to thee, O deceitful tongue?" while
the other takes it as asking what the tongue shall give unto an unnamed
person designated by "thee." That person is by some considered to
be the owner of the tongue, who is asked what profit his falsehood
will be to him; while others suppose the "thee" to mean Jehovah,
and the question to be like that of Job (x. 3). Baethgen takes this
view, and paraphrases, "What increase of Thy riches canst Thou expect
therefrom, that Thou dost permit the godless to oppress the righteous?"
Grammatically either class of explanation is warranted; and the
reader's feeling of which is most appropriate must decide. The present
writer inclines to the common interpretation, which takes ver. 3 as
addressed to the deceitful tongue, in the sense, "What punishment shall
God inflict upon thee?" Ver. 4 is the answer, describing the penal
consequences of falsehood, as resembling the crimes which they avenge.
Such a tongue is likened to sharp arrows and swords in Psalms lvii. 4,
lxiv. 3, etc. The punishment shall be like the crime. For the sentiment
compare Psalm cxl. 9, 10. It is not necessary to suppose that the
"Mighty" is God, though such a reference gives force to the words. "The
tongue which shot piercing arrows is pierced by the sharpened arrows of
an irresistibly strong One; it, which set its neighbour in a fever of
anguish, must endure a lasting heat of broom-coals, which consumes it
surely" (Delitzsch).

In the group of vv. 5-7, the psalmist bemoans his compulsory
association with hostile companions, and longs to "flee away and be
at rest." Meshech was the name of barbarous tribes who, in the times
of Sargon and Sennacherib, inhabited the highlands to the east of
Cilicia, and in later days retreated northwards to the neighbourhood
of the Black Sea (Sayce, "Higher Criticism and Monuments," p. 130).
Kedar was one of the Bedawin tribes of the Arabian desert. The
long distance between the localities occupied by these two tribes
requires an allegorical explanation of their names. They stand as
types of barbarous and truculent foes--as we might say, Samoyeds
and Patagonians. The psalmist's plaint struck on Cromwell's heart,
and is echoed, with another explanation of its meaning which he
had, no doubt, learned from some Puritan minister: "I live, you
know where, in Meshech, which they say signifies prolonging; in
Kedar, which signifies blackness; yet the Lord forsaketh me not"
(Carlyle, "Letters and Speeches," i. 127: London, 1846). The
peace-loving psalmist describes himself as stunned by the noise and
quarrelsomeness of those around him. "I am--peace" (compare Psalm
cix. 4). But his gentlest word is like a spark on tinder. If he but
speaks, they fly to their weapons, and are ready without provocation
to answer with blows.

So the psalm ends as with a long-drawn sigh. It inverts the
usual order of similar psalms, in which the description of need
is wont to precede the prayer for deliverance. It thus sets forth
most pathetically the sense of discordance between a man and his
environment, which urges the soul that feels it to seek a better
home. So this is a true pilgrim psalm.




                              PSALM CXXI.

    1 I will lift mine eyes to the hills;
      Whence cometh my help?
    2 My help [comes] from Jehovah,
      The Maker of heaven and earth.

    3 May He not suffer thy feet to totter,
      May thy Keeper not slumber!
    4 Behold, thy Keeper slumbers not;
      Behold, He slumbers not nor sleeps
      [Who is] the Keeper of Israel.

    5 Jehovah is thy Keeper,
      Jehovah is thy shade on thy right hand.
    6 By day the sun shall not smite thee,
      Nor the moon by night.

    7 Jehovah shall keep thee from all evil,
      He shall keep thy soul.
    8 Jehovah shall keep thy going out and thy coming in,
      From now, even for evermore.


How many timid, anxious hearts has this sweet outpouring of quiet
trust braced and lifted to its own serene height of conscious safety!
This psalmist is so absorbed in the thought of his Keeper that he
barely names his dangers. With happy assurance of protection, he says
over and over again the one word which is his amulet against foes
and fears. Six times in these few verses does the thought recur that
Jehovah is the Keeper of Israel or of the single soul. The quietness
that comes of confidence is the singer's strength. Whether he is an
exile, looking across the plains of Mesopotamia towards the blue
hills, which the eye cannot discern, or a pilgrim catching the first
sight of the mountain on which Jehovah sits enshrined, is a question
which cannot be decisively answered; but the power and beauty of
this little breathing of peaceful trust are but slightly affected by
any hypothesis as to the singer's circumstances. Vv. 1 and 2 stand
apart from the remainder, in so far as in them the psalmist speaks
in the first person, while in the rest of the psalm he is spoken to
in the second. But this does not necessarily involve the supposition
of an antiphonal song. The two first verses may have been sung by a
single voice, and the assurances of the following ones by a chorus or
second singer. But it is quite as likely that, as in other psalms,
the singer is in vv. 3-8 himself the speaker of the assurances which
confirm his own faith.

His first words describe the earnest look of longing. He will lift
his eyes from all the coil of troubles and perils to the heights.
_Sursum corda_ expresses the true ascent which these psalms enjoin
and exemplify. If the supposition that the psalmist is an exile on
the monotonous levels of Babylon is correct, one feels the pathetic
beauty of his wistful gaze across the dreary flats towards the point
where he knows that the hills of his father-land rise. To look
beyond the low levels where we dwell, to the unseen heights where
we have our home, is the condition of all noble living amid these
lower ranges of engagement with the Visible and Transient. "Whence
comes my help?" is a question which may be only put in order to make
the assured answer more emphatic, but may also be an expression of
momentary despondency, as the thought of the distance between the
gazer and the mountains chills his aspirations. "It is easy to look,
but hard to journey thither. How shall I reach that goal? I am weak;
the way is long and beset with foes." The loftier the ideal, the more
needful, if it is ever to be reached, that our consciousness of its
height and of our own feebleness should drive us to recognise our
need of help in order to attain it.

Whoever has thus high longings sobered by lowly estimates of self is
ready to receive the assurance of Divine aid. That sense of impotence
is the precursor of faith. We must distrust ourselves, if we are ever
to confide in God. To know that we need His aid is a condition of
obtaining it. Bewildered despondency asks, "Whence comes my help?" and
scans the low levels in vain. The eye that is lifted to the hills is
sure to see Him coming to succour; for that question on the lips of one
whose looks are directed thither is a prayer, rather than a question;
and the assistance he needs sets out towards him from the throne, like
a sunbeam from the sun, as soon as he looks up to the light.

The particle of negation in ver. 3 is not that used in ver. 4, but
that which is employed in commands or wishes. The progress from
subjective desire in ver. 3, to objective certainty of Divine help as
expressed in ver. 4 and the remainder of the psalm, is best exhibited
if the verbs in the former verse are translated as expressions of
wish--"May He not," etc. Whether the speaker is taken to be the
psalmist or another makes little difference to the force of ver. 3,
which lays hold in supplication of the truth just uttered in ver.
2, and thereby gains a more assured certainty that it is true, as
the following verses go on to declare. It is no drop to a lower
mood to pass from assertion of God's help to prayer for it. Rather
it is the natural progress of faith. Both clauses of ver. 3 become
specially significant if this is a song for pilgrims. Their daily
march and their nightly encampment will then be placed under the
care of Jehovah, who will hold up their feet unwearied on the road
and watch unslumbering over their repose. But such a reference is
not necessary. The language is quite general. It covers the whole
ground of toil and rest, and prays for strength for the one and quiet
security in the other.

The remainder of the psalm expands the one thought of Jehovah the
Keeper, with sweet reiteration, and yet comprehensive variation.
First, the thought of the last clause of the preceding verse is
caught up again. Jehovah is the keeper of the community, over which
He watches with unslumbering care. He keeps Israel, so long as Israel
keeps His law; for the word so frequently used here is the same as
is continually employed for observance of the commandments. He had
seemed to slumber while Israel was in exile, and had been prayed to
awake, in many a cry from the captives. Now they have learned that He
never slumbers: His power is unwearied, and needs no recuperation;
His watchfulness is never at fault. But universal as is His care,
it does not overlook the single defenceless suppliant. He is "_thy_
Keeper," and will stand at thy right hand, where helpers stand, to
shield thee from all dangers. Men lose sight of the individual in
the multitude, and the wider their benevolence or beneficence, the
less it takes account of units; but God loves all because He loves
each, and the aggregate is kept because each member of it is. The
light which floods the universe gently illumines every eye. The two
conceptions of defence and impartation of power are smelted together
in the pregnant phrase of ver. 5_b_, "thy shade at thy right hand."

The notion of shelter from evils predominates in the remainder of
the psalm. It is applied in ver. 6 to possible perils from physical
causes: the fierce sunlight beat down on the pilgrim band, and the
moon was believed, and apparently with correctness, to shed malignant
influences on sleepers. The same antithesis of day and night, work
and rest, which is found in ver. 3 appears again here. The promise is
widened out in ver. 7 so as to be all-inclusive. "All evil" will be
averted from him who has Jehovah for his keeper; therefore, if any
so-called Evil comes, he may be sure that it is Good with a veil on.
We should apply the assurances of the psalm to the interpretation of
life, as well as take them for the antidote of fearful anticipations.

Equally comprehensive is the designation of that which is to be
kept. It is "thy soul," the life or personal being. Whatever may be
shorn away by the sharp shears of Loss, that will be safe; and if it
is, nothing else matters very much. The individual soul is of large
account in God's sight: He keeps it as a deposit entrusted to Him
by faith. Much may go; but His hand closes round us when we commit
ourselves into it, and none is able to pluck us thence.

In the final verse, the psalmist recurs to his favourite antithesis
of external toil and repose in the home, the two halves of the
pilgrim life for every man; and while thus, in the first clause of
the verse, he includes all varieties of circumstance, in the second
he looks on into a future of which he does not see the bounds, and
triumphs over all possible foes that may lurk in its dim recesses, in
the assurance that, however far it may extend, and whatever strange
conditions it may hide, the Keeper will be there, and all will be
well. Whether or not he looked to the last "going out," our exodus
from earth (Luke ix. 31; 2 Peter i. 15), or to that abundant entrance
(2 Peter i. 11) into the true home which crowns the pilgrimage here,
we cannot but read into his indefinite words their largest meaning,
and rejoice that we have One who "is able to keep that which we have
committed to Him against that day."




                              PSALM CXXII.

    1 I rejoiced when they said to me,
      To the house of Jehovah let us go.
    2 Standing are our feet
      In thy gates, Jerusalem.

    3 Jerusalem that art built [again]
      As a city that is compact together.
    4 Whither went up the tribes, the tribes of Jah,
      --[According to] the precept for Israel--
      To give thanks to the name of Jehovah.
    5 For there were set thrones of judgment,
      Thrones for the house of David.

    6 Pray for the peace of Jerusalem;
      Prosperous be they who love thee!
    7 Be peace within thy bulwark,
      Prosperity within thy palaces.
    8 Because of my brethren and my companions' sake
      Let me now wish thee peace.
    9 Because of the house of Jehovah our God
      Let me now seek thy good.


This is very distinctly a pilgrim psalm. But there is difficulty
in determining the singer's precise point of view, arising from the
possibility of understanding the phrase in ver. 2, "are standing,"
as meaning either "are" or "were standing" or "have stood." If it
is taken as a present tense, the psalm begins by recalling the joy
with which the pilgrims began their march, and in ver. 2 rejoices
in reaching the goal. Then, in vv. 3, 4, 5 the psalmist paints
the sight of the city which gladdened the gazers' eyes, remembers
ancient glories when Jerusalem was the rallying-point for united
worship and the seat of the Davidic monarchy, and finally pours out
patriotic exhortations to love Jerusalem and prayers for her peace
and prosperity. This seems the most natural construing of the psalm.
If, on the other hand, ver. 2 refers to a past time, "the poet,
now again returning home or actually returned, remembers the whole
pilgrimage from its beginning onwards." This is possible; but the
warmth of emotion in the exclamation in ver. 3 is more appropriate to
the moment of rapturous realisation of a long-sought joy than to the
paler remembrance of it.

Taking, then, the former view of the verse, we have the beginning and
end of the pilgrimage brought into juxtaposition in vv. 1 and 2. It
was begun in joy; it ends in full attainment and a satisfied rapture,
as the pilgrim finds the feet which have traversed many a weary mile
planted at last within the city. How fading the annoyances of the
road! Happy they whose life's path ends where the psalmist's did! The
joy of fruition will surpass that of anticipation, and difficulties
and dangers will be forgotten.

Vv. 3-5 give voice to the crowding thoughts and memories waked
by that moment of supreme joy, when dreams and hopes have become
realities, and the pilgrim's happy eyes do actually see the city.
It stands "built," by which is best understood _built anew_, rising
from the ruins of many years. It is "compact together," the former
breaches in the walls and the melancholy gaps in the buildings being
filled up. Others take the reference to be to the crowding of its
houses, which its site, a narrow peninsula of rock with deep ravines
on three sides, made necessary. But fair to his eyes as the Jerusalem
of to-day looked, the poet-patriot sees auguster forms rising behind
it, and recalls vanished glories, when all the twelve tribes came up
to worship, according to the commandment, and there was yet a king in
Israel. The religious and civil life of the nation had their centres
in the city; and Jerusalem had become the seat of worship because it
was the seat of the monarchy. These days were past; but though few
in number, the tribes still were going up; and the psalmist does not
feel the sadness but the sanctity of the vanished past.

Thus moved to the depths of his soul, he breaks forth into exhortation
to his companion pilgrims to pray for the peace of the city. There is a
play on the meaning of the name in ver. 6_a_; for, as the Tel-el-Amarna
tablets have told us, the name of the city of the priest-king was Uru
Salim--the city of [the god of] peace. The prayer is that the _nomen_
may become _omen_, and that the hope that moved in the hearts that
had so long ago and in the midst of wars given so fair a designation
to their abode, may be fulfilled now at last. A similar play of words
lies in the interchange of "peace" and "prosperity," which are closely
similar in sound in the Hebrew. So sure is the psalmist that God will
favour Zion, that he assures his companions that individual well-being
will be secured by loyal love to her. The motive appealed to may be so
put as to be mere selfishness, though, if any man loved Zion not for
Zion's sake but for his own, he could scarcely be deemed to love her
at all. But rightly understood, the psalmist proclaims an everlasting
truth, that the highest good is realised by sinking self in a passion
of earnest love for and service to the City of God. Such love is in
itself well-being; and while it may have no rewards appreciable by
sense, it cannot fail of sharing in the good of Zion and the prosperity
of God's chosen.

The singer puts forth the prayers which he enjoins on others, and
rises high above all considerations of self. His desires are winged
by two great motives,--on the one hand, his self-oblivious wish for
the good of those who are knit to him by common faith and worship; on
the other, his loving reverence for the sacred house of Jehovah. That
house hallowed every stone in the city. To wish for the prosperity
of Jerusalem, forgetting that the Temple was in it, would have been
mere earthly patriotism, a very questionable virtue. To wish and
struggle for the growth of an external organisation called a Church,
disregarding the Presence which gives it all its sanctity, is no
uncommon fault in some who think that they are actuated by "zeal for
the Lord," when it is a much more earthly flame that burns in them.




                             PSALM CXXIII.

    1 To Thee lift I mine eyes,
      O Thou that art enthroned in the heavens.
    2 Behold, as the eyes of slaves are towards the hand of their
          masters,
      As the eyes of a maid are towards the hand of her mistress,
      So [are] our eyes towards Jehovah our God,
      Till He be gracious to us.

    3 Be gracious to us, Jehovah, be gracious to us,
      For we are abundantly filled with contempt.
    4 Abundantly is our soul filled
      With the scorn of them that are at ease,
      The contempt of the proud.


A sigh and an upward gaze and a sigh! No period is more appropriate,
as that of this psalm, than the early days after the return from
exile, when the little community, which had come back with high
hopes, found themselves a laughing-stock to their comfortable and
malicious neighbours. The contrast of tone with the joy of the
preceding psalm is very striking. After the heights of devout
gladness have been reached, it is still needful to come down to stern
realities of struggle, and these can only be faced when the eye of
patient dependence and hope is fixed on God.

That attitude is the great lesson of this brief and perfect expression
of wistful yet unfaltering trust joined with absolute submission. The
upward look here is like, but also unlike, that in Psalm cxxi., in that
this is less triumphant, though not less assured, and has an expression
of lowly submission in the appealing gaze. Commentators quote
illustrations of the silent observance of the master's look by his
rows of slaves; but these are not needed to elucidate the vivid image.
It tells its own story. Absolute submission to God's hand, whether it
wields a rod or lavishes gifts or points to service, befits those whose
highest honour is to be His slaves. They should stand where they can
see Him; they should have their gaze fixed upon Him; they should look
with patient trust, as well as with eager willingness to start into
activity when He indicates His commands.

The sigh for deliverance, in the second half of the psalm, is no
breach of that patient submission. Trust and resignation do not kill
natural shrinking from contempt and scorn. It is enough that they
turn shrinking into supplication and lamentations into appeals to
God. He lets His servants make their moan to Him, and tell how full
their souls have long been of men's scorn. As a plea with Him the
psalmist urges the mockers' "ease." In their security and full-fed
complacency, they laughed at the struggling band, as men gorged
with material good ever do at enthusiasts; but it is better to be
contemned for the difficulties which cleaving to the ruins of God's
city brings, than to be the contemners in their selfish abundance.
They are further designated as "haughty," by a word which the Hebrew
margin reads as two words, meaning "proud ones of the oppressors";
but this is unnecessary, and the text yields a good meaning as it
stands, though the word employed is unusual.

This sweet psalm, with all its pained sense of the mockers' gibes
and their long duration, has no accent of impatience. Perfect
submission, fixed observance, assured confidence that, "till He is
gracious," it is best to bear what He sends, befit His servants, and
need not hinder their patient cry to Him, nor their telling Him how
long and hard their trial has been.




                              PSALM CXXIV.

    1 Had not Jehovah been for us,
      --Thus let Israel say--
    2 Had not Jehovah been for us,
      When men rose against us:
    3 Then had they swallowed us alive,
      When their wrath blazed out upon us;
    4 Then had the waters overwhelmed us,
      The torrent had gone over our soul;
    5 Then had gone over our soul
      The proud waters.

    6 Blessed be Jehovah,
      Who has not given us [as] a prey to their teeth.
    7 Our soul is like a bird escaped from the fowlers' snare;
      The snare is broken, and we--we are escaped.
    8 Our help is in the name of Jehovah,
      Maker of heaven and earth.


A sequence may be traced connecting this with the two adjacent
psalms. In Psalm cxxiii., patient resignation sighed for deliverance,
which here has been received and has changed the singer's note into
jubilant and wondering praise; while, in the next little lyric, we
have the escaped Israel established in Jerusalem, and drawing omens
of Divine guardianship from its impregnable position, on a mountain
girt by mountains. This psalm is an outgush of the first rapture of
astonishment and joy for deliverance so sudden and complete. It is
most naturally taken as the expression of the feelings of the exiles
on their restoration from Babylon. One thought runs through it all,
that the sole actor in their deliverance has been Jehovah. No human
arm has been bared for them; no created might could have rescued them
from the rush of the swelling deluge. Like a bird in a net panting
with fear and helplessness, they waited the fowler's grasp; but, lo,
by an unseen Power the net was broken, and they are free to wing
their flight to their nest. So, triumphantly they ring out at last
the Name which has been their help, abjuring any share in their own
rescue, and content to owe it all to Him.

The step-like structure is very obvious in this psalm. As Delitzsch
puts it, "In order to take a step forward, it always goes back half
a step." But the repetitions are not mere artistic embellishments;
they beautifully correspond to the feelings expressed. A heart
running over with thankful surprise at its own new security and
freedom cannot but reiterate the occasion of its joy. It is quite
as much devotion as art which says twice over that Jehovah was on
the singers' side, which twice recalls how nearly they had been
submerged in the raging torrent, and twice remembers their escape
from the closely wrapping but miraculously broken snare. A suppliant
is not guilty of vain repetitions though he asks often for the same
blessing, and thanksgiving for answered petitions should be as
persistent as the petitions were. That must be a shallow gratitude
which can be all poured out at one gush.

The psalmist's metaphors for Israel's danger are familiar ones.
"They had swallowed us alive" may refer to the open jaws of Sheol,
as in other psalms, but more probably is simply a figure drawn from
beasts of prey, as in ver. 6. The other image of a furious swollen
torrent sweeping over the heads (or, as here, over the soul) recalls
the grand contrast drawn by Isaiah between the gently flowing "waters
of Siloam" and the devastating rush of the "river," symbolising the
King of Assyria, which, like some winter torrent swollen by the
rains, suddenly rises and bears on its tawny bosom to the sea the
ruins of men's works and the corpses of the workers.

The word rendered "proud" is a rare word, coming from a root meaning
_to boil over_, and may be used here in its literal sense, but is
more probably to be taken in its metaphorical meaning of haughty, and
applied rather to the persons signified by the waters than to the
flood itself. Vv. 6 and 7 are an advance on the preceding, inasmuch
as those described rather the imminence of danger, and these magnify
the completeness of Jehovah's delivering mercy. The comparison of
the soul to a bird is beautiful (Psalm xi. 1). It hints at tremors
and feebleness, at alternations of feeling like the flutter of some
weak-winged songster, at the utter helplessness of the panting creature
in the toils. One hand only could break the snare, and then the bruised
wings were swiftly spread for flight once more, and up into the blue
went the ransomed joy, with a song instead of harsh notes of alarm.
"We--we are escaped." That is enough: we are out of the net. Whither
the flight may be directed does not concern the singer in the first
bliss of recovered freedom. All blessedness is contained in the one
word "escaped," which therefore he reiterates, and with which the song
closes, but for that final ascription of the glory of the escape to the
mighty Name of Him who made heaven and earth.




                              PSALM CXXV.

    1 They who trust in Jehovah
      Are like Mount Zion, [which] cannot be moved,
      For ever it shall sit steadfast.
    2 Jerusalem--mountains are round her,
      And Jehovah is round His people
      From now and for ever.
    3 For the sceptre of the wicked shall not rest on the lot of the
          righteous ones,
      Lest the righteous put forth their hands to iniquity.

    4 Do good, Jehovah, to the good,
      And to the upright in their hearts.
    5 And those who warp their crooked paths,
      Jehovah shall make them go with the workers of iniquity.
      Peace be upon Israel!


The references to the topography of Jerusalem in vv. 1, 2, do
not absolutely require, though they recommend, the supposition,
already mentioned, that this psalm completes a triad which covers
the experience of the restored Israel from the time just prior to
its deliverance up till the period of its return to Jerusalem. The
strength of the city perched on its rocky peninsula, and surrounded
by guardian heights, would be the more impressive to eyes accustomed
to the plains of Babylon, where the only defence of cities was
artificial. If this hypothesis as to the date of the psalm is
accepted, its allusions to a foreign domination and to half-hearted
members of the community, as distinguished from manifest workers
of evil, fall in with the facts of the period. The little band of
faithful men was surrounded by foes, and there were faint hearts
among themselves, ready to temporise and "run with the hare," as well
as "hunt with the hounds." In view of deliverance accomplished and of
perils still to be faced, the psalmist sings this strong brief song
of commendation of the excellence of Trust, anticipates as already
fulfilled the complete emancipation of the land from alien rule,
and proclaims, partly in prayer and partly in prediction, the great
law of retribution--certain blessedness for those who are good, and
destruction for the faithless.

The first of the two grand images in vv. 1, 2, sets forth the
stability of those who trust in Jehovah. The psalmist pictures Mount
Zion somewhat singularly as "sitting steadfast," whereas the usual
expression would be "stands firm." But the former conveys still more
forcibly the image and impression of calm, effortless immobility. Like
some great animal couched at ease, the mountain lies there, in restful
strength. Nothing can shake it, except One Presence, before which the
hills "skip like young rams." Thus quietly steadfast and lapped in
repose, not to be disturbed by any external force, should they be who
trust in Jehovah, and shall be in the measure of their trust.

But trust could not bring such steadfastness, unless the other figure
in ver. 2 represented a fact. The steadfastness of the trustful soul
is the consequence of the encircling defence of Jehovah's power. The
mountain fortress is girdled by mountains; not, indeed, as if it
was ringed about by an unbroken circle of manifestly higher peaks;
but still Olivet rises above Zion on the east, and a spur of higher
ground runs out thence and overlooks it on the north, while the levels
rise to the west, and the so-called Hill of Evil Counsel is on the
south. They are not conspicuous summits, but they hide the city from
those approaching, till their tops are reached. Perhaps the very
inconspicuousness of these yet real defences suggested to the poet the
invisible protection which to purblind eyes looked so poor, but was
so valid. The hills of Bashan might look scornfully across Jordan to
the humble heights round Jerusalem; but they were enough to guard the
city. The psalmist uses no words of comparison, but lays his two facts
side by side: the mountains round Jerusalem--Jehovah round His people.
That circumvallation is their defence. They who have the everlasting
hills for their bulwark need not trouble themselves to build a wall
such as Babylon needed. Man's artifices for protection are impertinent
when God flings His hand round His people. Zechariah, the prophet of
the Restoration, drew that conclusion from the same thought, when
he declared that Jerusalem should be "inhabited as villages without
walls," because Jehovah would be "unto her a wall of fire round about"
(Zech. ii. 4, 5).

Ver. 3 seems at first sight to be appended to the preceding in
defiance of logical connection, for its "for" would more naturally
have been "therefore," since the deliverance of the land from foreign
invaders is a consequence of Jehovah's protection. But the psalmist's
faith is so strong that he regards that still further deliverance as
already accomplished, and adduces it as a confirmation of the fact
that Jehovah ever guards His people. In the immediate historical
reference this verse points to a period when the lot of the
righteous--_i.e._, the land of Israel--was, as it were, weighed down
by the crushing sceptre of some alien power that had long lain on it.
But the psalmist is sure that that is not going to last, because his
eyes are lifted to the hills whence his aid comes. With like tenacity
and longsightedness, Faith ever looks onward to the abolition of
present evils, however stringent may be their grip, and however heavy
may be the sceptre which Evil in possession of the heritage of God
wields. The rod of the oppressor shall be broken, and one more proof
given that they dwell safely who dwell encircled by God.

The domination of evil, if protracted too long, may tempt good men,
who are righteous because they trust, to lose their faith and so
to lose their righteousness, and make common cause with apparently
triumphant iniquity. It needs Divine wisdom to determine how
long a trial must last in order that it may test faith, thereby
strengthening it, and may not confound faith, thereby precipitating
feeble souls into sin. He knows when to say, It is enough.

So the psalm ends with prayer and prediction, which both spring from
the insight into Jehovah's purposes which trust gives. The singer
asks that the good may receive good, in accordance with the law of
retribution. The expressions describing these are very noticeable,
especially when connected with the designation of the same persons
in ver. 1 as those who trust in Jehovah. Trust makes righteous
and good and upright in heart. If these characteristics are to be
distinguished, _righteous_ may refer to action in conformity with
the law of God, _good_ to the more gentle and beneficent virtues,
and _upright in heart_ to inward sincerity. Such persons will get
"good" from Jehovah, the God of recompenses, and that good will be as
various as their necessities and as wide as their capacities. But the
righteous Protector of those who trust in Him is so, partly because
He smites as well as blesses, and therefore the other half of the law
of retribution comes into view, not as a petition, but as prediction.
The psalmist uses a vivid image to describe half-hearted adherents
to the people of Jehovah: "they bend their ways," so as to make them
crooked. Sometimes the tortuous path points towards one direction,
and then it swerves to almost the opposite. "Those crooked, wandering
ways," in which irresolute men, who do not clearly know whether they
are for Jehovah or for the other side, live lives miserable from
vacillation, can never lead to steadfastness or to any good. The
psalmist has taken his side. He knows whom he is for; and he knows,
too, that there is at bottom little to choose between the coward who
would fain be in both camps and the open antagonist. Therefore they
shall share the same fate.

Finally the poet, stretching out his hands over all Israel, as if
blessing them like a priest, embraces all his hopes, petitions,
and wishes in the one prayer "Peace be upon Israel!" He means the
true Israel of God (Gal. vi. 16), upon whom the Apostle, with a
reminiscence possibly of this psalm, invokes the like blessing, and
whom he defines in the same spirit as the psalmist does, as those who
walk according to this rule, and not according to the crooked paths
of their own devising.




                              PSALM CXXVI.

    1 When Jehovah brought back the captives of Zion,
      We were like as if dreaming.
    2 Then was our mouth filled with laughter,
      And our tongues with joyful cries;
      Then said they among the nations,
      Jehovah has done great things with these [people].
    3 Jehovah has done great things with us;
      We were glad.

    4 Bring back, Jehovah, our captives,
      Like watercourses in the Southland.
    5 They who sow with tears
      With joyful cries shall reap.
    6 [The husbandman] goes, going and weeping,
      [While] bearing the handful of seed;
      He shall surely come with joyful cries,
      [When] bearing his sheaves.


As in Psalm lxxxv., the poet's point of view here is in the midst
of a partial restoration of Israel. In vv. 1-3 he rejoices over
its happy beginning, while in vv. 4-6 he prays for and confidently
expects its triumphant completion. Manifestly the circumstances
fit the period to which most of these pilgrim psalms are to be
referred--namely, the dawn of the restoration from Babylon. Here the
pressure of the difficulties and hostility which the returning exiles
met is but slightly expressed. The throb of wondering gratitude
is still felt; and though tears mingle with laughter, and hard
work which bears no immediate result has to be done, the singer's
confidence is unfaltering. His words set a noble example of the
spirit in which inchoate deliverances should be welcomed, and toil
for their completion encountered with the lightheartedness which is
folly if it springs from self-trust, but wisdom and strength if its
ground is the great things which Jehovah has begun to do.

The word in ver. 1 rendered captives is capable of other meanings.
It is an unusual form, and is probably an error for the more common
word which occurs in ver. 4. It is most probable that the expressions
should be identical in both instances, though small changes in a
refrain are not infrequent. But if this correction is adopted, there
is room for difference of opinion as to the meaning of the phrase.
Cheyne, with the support of several other commentators, takes the
phrase to mean "turn the fortunes" (lit., a turning), but allows that
the "debate is not absolutely closed" (Critical Note on Psalm xiv.
7). The ordinary rendering is, however, more natural, "captivity"
being the mass of captives. Others would regard the two words in
vv. 1 and 4 as different, and render the former "those who return"
(Delitzsch) or "the returned" (Perowne).

Sudden and great revolutions for the better have for their first
effect bewilderment and a sense of unreality. Most men have some
supreme moment of blessedness in their memories with which they were
stunned; but, alas! it is oftener the rush of unexpected miseries
that makes them wonder whether they are awake or dreaming. It is not
lack of faith, but slowness in accommodating oneself to surprising
new conditions, which makes these seem unreal at first. "The sober
certainty of waking bliss" is sweeter than the first raptures. It is
good to have had such experience of walking, as it were, on air; but
it is better to plant firm feet on firm ground.

The mood of the first part of this little psalm is momentary; but
the steadfast toil amid discouragements, not uncheered by happy
confidence, which is pictured in the second part, should be the
permanent temper of those who have once tasted the brief emotion. The
jubilant laughter and ringing cries with which the exiles streamed
forth from bondage, and made the desert echo as they marched,
witnessed to the nations that Jehovah had magnified His dealings with
them. Their extorted acknowledgment is caught up triumphantly by the
singer. He, as it were, thanks the Gentiles for teaching him that
word. There is a world of restrained feeling, all the more impressive
for the simplicity of the expression, in that quiet "We became
glad." When the heathen attested the reality of the deliverance,
Israel became calmly conscious of it. These exclamations of envious
onlookers sufficed to convince the returning exiles that it was
no dream befooling them. Tumultuous feeling steadied itself into
conscious joy. There is no need to say more. The night of weeping was
past, and Joy was their companion in the fresh morning light.

But the work was but partly done. Difficulties and hardships were
not abolished from the world, as Israel had half expected in the
first flush of joy. We all are apt to think so, when some long
wished and faintly hoped-for good is ours at last. But not such is
the Divine purpose for any life here. He gives moments of untroubled
joy, when no cloud stains the blue and all the winds are still, in
order to prepare us for toil amid tempests and gloomy skies. So the
second half of the psalm breathes petitions for the completion of the
Restoration, and animates the returned exiles with assurances that,
whatever may be their toils, and however rough the weather in which
they have to sow the seed, and however heavy the hearts with which
they do it, "the slow result of winter showers" is sure. Lessons
of persevering toil, of contented doing of preparatory work, of
confidence that no such labour can fail to be profitable to the doer
and to the world, have been drawn for centuries from the sweet words
of this psalm. Who can tell how many hearts they have braced, how
much patient toil they have inspired? The psalmist was sowing seed,
the fruit of which he little dreamed of, when he wrote them, and his
sheaves will be an exceeding weight indeed.

The metaphor in ver. 4 brings before the imagination the dried
torrent-beds in the arid Negeb, or Southland, which runs out into the
Arabian desert. Dreary and desolate as these dried wadies lie bleaching
in the sunshine, so disconsolate and lonely had the land been without
inhabitants. The psalmist would fain see, not the thin trickle of a
streamlet, to which the returned captives might be compared, but a
full, great rush of rejoicing fellow-countrymen coming back, like the
torrents that fill the silent watercourses with flashing life.

He prays, and he also prophesies. "They who sow with tears" are
the pioneers of the return, to whom he belonged. Vv. 6, 7, merely
expand the figure of ver. 5 with the substitution of the image
of a single husbandman for the less vivid, clear-cut plural. The
expression rendered "handful of seed" means literally a "draught of
seed"--_i.e._, the quantity taken out of the basket or cloth at one
grasp, in order to be sown. It is difficult to convey the force of
the infinitives in combination with participles and the finite verb
in ver. 6. But the first half of the verse seems to express repeated
actions on the part of the husbandman, who often goes forth to sow,
and weeps as he goes; while the second half expresses the certainty
of his glad coming in with his arms full of sheaves. The meaning
of the figure needs no illustration. It gives assurances fitted to
animate to toil in the face of dangers without, and in spite of a
heavy heart--namely, that no seed sown and watered with tears is
lost; and further, that, though it often seems to be the law for
earth that one soweth and another reapeth, in deepest truth "every
man shall receive his own reward, according to his own labour,"
inasmuch as, hereafter, if not now, whatsoever of faith and toil and
holy endeavour a man soweth, trusting to God to bless the springing
thereof, that shall he also reap. In the highest sense and in the
last result the prophet's great words are ever true: "They shall not
plant, and another eat ... for My chosen shall long enjoy the work of
their hands" (Isa. lxv. 22).




                             PSALM CXXVII.

    1 If Jehovah build not a house,
      Vainly do its builders toil upon it;
      If Jehovah keeps not a city,
      Vainly wakes the keeper.
    2 Vain is it for you, ye that make early [your] rising and your
          sitting down late,
      That eat the bread of painful toil;
      Even so He gives [it] to His beloved while in sleep.

    3 Behold, sons are an heritage from Jehovah,
      The fruit of the womb is [His] reward.
    4 Like arrows in the hand of a mighty man,
      So are sons of [a father's] youth.
    5 Happy the man who has filled his quiver with them,
      They shall not be ashamed
      When they speak with enemies in the gate.


This pure expression of conscious dependence on God's blessing for
all well-being may possibly have special reference to the Israel of
the Restoration. The instances of vain human effort and care would
then have special force, when the ruins of many generations had to be
rebuilt and the city to be guarded. But there is no need to seek for
specific occasion, so general is this psalm. It sings in a spirit of
happy trust the commonplace of all true religion, that God's blessing
prospers all things, and that effort is vain without it. There is no
sweeter utterance of that truth anywhere, till we come to our Lord's
parallel teaching, lovelier still than that of our psalm, when He
points us to the flowers of the field and the fowls of the air, as
our teachers of the joyous, fair lives that can be lived, when no
carking care mars their beauty.

In ver. 1 the examples chosen by the singer are naturally connected.
The house when built is one in the many that make the city. The owner's
troubles are not over when it is built, since it has to be watched. It
is as hard to keep as to acquire earthly goods. The psalmist uses the
past tenses in describing the vanity of building and watching unblessed
by God. "They" have built in vain, and watched in vain. He, as it were,
places us at the point of time when the failure is developed,--the
half-built house a ruin, the city sacked and in flames.

Ver. 2 deals with domestic life within the built house and guarded
city. It is vain to eke out the laborious day by early beginning and
late ending. Long hours do not mean prosperous work. The evening meal
may be put off till a late hour; and when the toil-worn man sits down
to it, he may eat bread made bitter by labour. But all is in vain
without God's blessing. The last clause of the verse must be taken as
presenting a contrast to the futile labour reprehended in the former
clauses; and therefore the beautiful rendering of the A.V. must be
abandoned, though it has given many sweet thoughts to trustful souls,
and none sweeter than in Mrs. Browning's pathetic lines. But clearly
the contrast is between labour which effects nothing, but is like
spinning ropes out of sea-sand, and God's gift of the good which the
vain toil had aimed at, and which He gives to His beloved in their
sleep. "So" seems here to be equivalent to "Even so," and the thought
intended is probably that God's gift to His beloved secures to them
the same result as is ineffectually sought by godless struggles.

This is no preaching of laziness masquerading as religious trust.
The psalmist insists on one side of the truth. Not work, but
self-torturing care and work, without seeking God's blessing, are
pronounced vanity.

The remainder of the psalm dwells on one special instance of God's
gifts, that of a numerous family, which, in accordance with the Hebrew
sentiment, is regarded as a special blessing. But the psalmist is
carried beyond his immediate purpose of pointing out that that chief
earthly blessing, as he and his contemporaries accounted it, is God's
gift, and he lingers on the picture of a father surrounded in his old
age by a band of stalwart sons born unto him in his vigorous youth,
and so now able to surround him with a ring of strong protectors
of his declining days. "They shall speak with their enemies in the
gate." Probably "they" refers to the whole band, the father in the
midst and his sons about him. The gate was the place where justice
was administered, and where was the chief place of concourse. It is
therefore improbable that actual warfare is meant: rather, in the
disputes which might arise with neighbours, and in the intercourse of
city life, which would breed enmities enough, the man with his sons
about him could hold his own. And such blessing is God's gift.

The lesson of the psalm is one that needs to be ever repeated. It
is so obvious that it is unseen by many, and apt to be unnoticed by
all. There are two ways of going to work in reference to earthly
good. One is that of struggling and toiling, pushing and snatching,
fighting and envying, and that way comes to no successful issue;
for if it gets what it has wriggled and wrestled for, it generally
gets in some way or other an incapacity to enjoy the good won, which
makes it far less than the good pursued. The other way is the way of
looking to God and doing the appointed tasks with quiet dependence
on Him, and that way always succeeds; for, with its modest or large
outward results, there is given likewise a quiet heart set on God,
and therefore capable of finding water in the desert and extracting
honey from the rock. The one way is that of "young lions," who, for
all their claws and strength, "do lack and suffer hunger"; the other
is that of "them that seek the Lord," who "shall not want any good."




                             PSALM CXXVIII.

    1 Happy is every one that fears Jehovah,
      That walks in His ways.
    2 The labour of thy hands shalt thou surely eat,--
      Happy art thou, and it is well with thee.
    3 Thy wife [shall be] like a fruitful vine in the inmost chambers of
          thy house,
      Thy children like young olive plants round thy table.
    4 Behold, that thus shall the man be blessed
      Who fears Jehovah.

    5 Jehovah bless thee out of Zion!
      And mayest thou look on the prosperity of Jerusalem
      All the days of thy life,
    6 And see children to thy children!
      Peace be upon Israel!


The preceding psalm traced all prosperity and domestic felicity to
God's giving hand. It painted in its close the picture of a father
surrounded by his sons able to defend him. This psalm presents the same
blessings as the result of a devout life, in which the fear of Jehovah
leads to obedience and diligence in labour. It presents the inner side
of domestic happiness. It thus doubly supplements the former, lest
any should think that God's gift superseded man's work, or that the
only blessedness of fatherhood was that it supplied a corps of sturdy
defenders. The first four verses describe the peaceful, happy life of
the God-fearing man, and the last two invoke on him the blessing which
alone makes such a life his. Blended with the sweet domesticity of the
psalm is glowing love for Zion. However blessed the home, it is not to
weaken the sense of belonging to the nation.

No purer, fairer idyll was ever penned than this miniature picture of
a happy home life. But its calm, simple beauty has deep foundations.
The poet sets forth the basis of all noble, as of all tranquil,
life when he begins with the fear of Jehovah, and thence advances
to practical conformity with His will, manifested by walking in the
paths which He traces for men. Thence the transition is easy to the
mention of diligent labour, and the singer is sure that such toil
done on such principles and from such a motive cannot go unblessed.
Outward prosperity does not follow good men's work so surely as the
letter of the psalm teaches, but the best fruits of such work are
not those which can be stored in barns or enjoyed by sense; and the
labourer who does his work "heartily, as to the Lord," will certainly
reap a harvest in character and power and communion with God,
whatever transitory gain may be attained or missed.

The sweet little sketch of a joyous home in ver. 3 is touched with
true grace and feeling. The wife is happy in her motherhood, and
ready, in the inner chambers (literally _sides_) of the house, where
she does her share of work, to welcome her husband returning from
the field. The family gathers for the meal won and sweetened by his
toil; the children are in vigorous health, and growing up like young
"layered" olive plants. It may be noted that this verse exhibits a
home in the earlier stages of married life, and reflects the happy
hopes associated with youthful children, all still gathered under the
father's roof; while, in the latter part of the psalm, a later stage
is in view, when the father sits as a spectator rather than a worker,
and sees children born to his children. Ver. 4 emphatically dwells
once more on the foundation of all as laid in the fear of Jehovah.
Happy a nation whose poets have such ideals and sing of such themes!
How wide the gulf separating this "undisturbed song" of pure home
joys from the foul ideals which baser songs try to adorn! Happy the
man whose ambition is bounded by its limits, and whose life is

    "True to the kindred points of heaven and home"!

Israel first taught the world how sacred the family is; and
Christianity recognises "a church in the house" of every wedded pair
whose love is hallowed by the fear of Jehovah.

In vv. 5, 6, petitions take the place of assurances, for the
singer knows that none of the good which he has been promising will
come without that blessing of which the preceding psalm had spoken.
All the beautiful and calm joys just described must flow from
God, and be communicated from that place which is the seat of His
self-revelation. The word rendered above "mayest thou look" is in the
imperative form, which seems here to be intended to blend promise,
wish, and command. It is the duty of the happiest husband and father
not to let himself be so absorbed in the sweets of home as to have
his heart beat languidly for the public weal. The subtle selfishness
which is but too commonly the accompaniment of such blessings is to
be resisted. From his cheerful hearth the eyes of a lover of Zion
are to look out, and be gladdened when they see prosperity smiling
on Zion. Many a Christian is so happy in his household that his
duties to the Church, the nation, and the world are neglected. This
ancient singer had a truer conception of the obligations flowing from
personal and domestic blessings. He teaches us that it is not enough
to "see children's children," unless we have eyes to look for the
prosperity of Jerusalem, and tongues which pray not only for those in
our homes, but for "peace upon Israel."




                              PSALM CXXIX.

    1 Sorely have they oppressed me from my youth,
      Let Israel now say,
    2 Sorely have they oppressed me from my youth,
      But they have not also prevailed against me.
    3 On my back the ploughers ploughed,
      They made their furrows long.
    4 Jehovah the righteous
      Has cut the cord of the wicked.

    5 Let them be shamed and turned back,
      All they who hate Zion.
    6 Let them be as the grass of the housetops,
      Which, before it shoots forth, withers:
    7 With which the mower fills not his hand,
      Nor the sheaf-binder his bosom;
    8 And the passers-by say not,
      "The blessing of Jehovah be to you!"
      "We bless you in the name of Jehovah!"


The point of view here is the same as in Psalm cxxiv., with which
the present psalm has much similarity both in subject and in
expression. It is a retrospect of Israel's past, in which the poet
sees a uniform exemplification of two standing facts--sore affliction
and wonderful deliverance. The bush burned, _nec tamen consumebatur_.
"Cast down, but not destroyed," is the summary of the Church's
history. No doubt the recent deliverance from captivity underlies
this, as most of the pilgrim psalms. The second part (vv. 5-8) blends
confidence and wish, founded on the experience recorded in the first
part, and prophesies and desires the overthrow of Israel's foes. The
right use of retrospect is to make it the ground of hope. They who
have passed unscathed through such afflictions may well be sure that
any to-morrow shall be as the yesterdays were, and that all future
assaults will fail as all past ones have failed.

The words which Israel is called upon to say twice with triumphant
remembrance are the motto of the _Ecclesia pressa_ in all ages. Ever
there is antagonism; never is there overthrow. Israel's "youth" was
far back in the days of Egyptian bondage; and many an affliction
has he since met, but he lives still, and his existence proves that
"they have not prevailed against" him. Therefore the backward look is
gladsome, though it sees so many trials. Survived sorrows yield joy
and hope, as gashes in trees exude precious gums.

Ver. 3 expresses Israel's oppressions by a strong metaphor, in
which two figures are blended--a slave under the lash, and a field
furrowed by ploughing. Cruel lords had laid on the whip, till the
victim's back was scored with long wounds, straight and parallel,
like the work of a ploughman. The Divine deliverance follows in ver.
4. The first words of the verse do not stand in the usual order,
if rendered "Jehovah is righteous," and are probably to be taken
as above; "righteous" standing in apposition to "Jehovah," and
expressing the Divine characteristic which guaranteed and, in due
time, accomplished Israel's deliverance. God could not but be true to
His covenant obligations. Therefore He cut the "cord of the wicked."
The figure is here changed to one occasioned by the former. Israel is
now the draught ox harnessed to the plough; and thus both sides of
his bondage are expressed--cruel treatment by the former, and hard
toil by the latter, figure. The same act which, in the parallel 124th
Psalm, is described as breaking the fowler's snare, is in view here;
and the restoration from Babylon suits the circumstances completely.

The story of past futile attempts against Israel animates the
confidence and vindicates the wish breathed in the latter half of the
psalm. To hate Zion, which Jehovah so manifestly loves and guards,
must be suicidal. It is something far nobler than selfish vengeance
which desires and foresees the certain failure of attempts against
it. The psalmist is still under the influence of his earlier metaphor
of the ploughed field, but now has come to think of the harvest. The
graphic image of the grass on flat housetops of clay, which springs
quickly because it has no depth of earth, and withers as it springs,
vividly describes the short-lived success and rapid extinction of
plots against Zion and of the plotters. The word rendered above
"shoots forth" is by some translated "is plucked up," and that
meaning is defensible, but grass on the housetops would scarcely be
worth plucking, and the word is used elsewhere for unsheathing a
sword. It may, therefore, be taken here to refer to the shooting out
of the spikelets from their covering. The psalmist dilates upon his
metaphor in ver. 7, which expresses the fruitlessness of assaults
on God's chosen. No harvest is to be reaped from such sowing. The
enemies may plot and toil, and before their plans have had time to
bud they are smitten into brown dust; and when the contrivers come
expecting success, there is nothing to mow or gather. "They look
for much, and behold little." So it has been; so it shall be; so it
should be; so may it be, wishes the psalmist; and true hearts will
say Amen to his aspiration.

Such reapers have no joy in harvest, and no man can invoke Jehovah's
blessing on their bad work. Ver. 8 brings up a lovely little picture
of a harvest field, where passers-by shout their good wishes to the
glad toilers, and are answered by these with like salutations. It
is doubtful whether ver. 8_c_ is spoken by the passers-by or is the
reapers' responsive greeting. The latter explanation gives animation
to the scene. But in any case the verse suggests by contrast the
gloomy silence of Israel's would-be destroyers, who find, as all who
set themselves against Jehovah's purposes do find, that He blasts
their plans with His breath, and makes their "harvest an heap in the
day of grief and desperate sorrow."




                              PSALM CXXX.

    1 Out of the depths have I cried to Thee, Jehovah.
    2 Lord, hearken to my voice,
      Be Thine ears attent
      To the voice of my supplications.

    3 If Thou, Jah, shouldest mark iniquities,
      Lord, who could stand?--
    4 For with Thee is forgiveness,
      That Thou mayest be feared.

    5 I have waited for Jehovah,
      And in His word have I hoped.
    6 My soul [hopes] for the Lord
      More than watchers for the morning,
      --Watchers for the morning.

    7 Let Israel hope in Jehovah,
      For with Jehovah is loving-kindness,
      And in abundance with Him is redemption.
    8 And He--He will redeem Israel
      From all his iniquities.


In a very emphatic sense this is a song of ascents, for it climbs
steadily from the abyss of penitence to the summits of hope. It falls
into two divisions of four verses each, of which the former breathes
the prayer of a soul penetrated by the consciousness of sin, and the
latter the peaceful expectance of one that has tasted God's forgiving
mercy. These two parts are again divided into two groups of two
verses, so that there are four stages in the psalmist's progress from
the depths to the sunny heights.

In the first group we have the psalmist's cry. He has called, and
still calls. He reiterates in ver. 2 the prayer that he had long
offered and still presents. It is not only quotation, but is the cry
of present need. What are these "depths" from which his voice sounds,
as that of a man fallen into a pit and sending up a faint call? The
expression does not merely refer to his creatural lowliness, nor
even to his troubles, nor even to his depression of spirit. There
are deeper pits than these--those into which the spirit feels itself
going down, sick and giddy, when it realises its sinfulness. Unless a
man has been down in that black abyss, he has scarcely cried to God
as he should do. The beginning of true personal religion is the sense
of personal sin. A slight conception of the gravity of that fact
underlies inadequate conceptions of Christ's nature and work, and is
the mother of heresies in creed and superficialities and deadnesses
in practice. A religion that sits lightly upon its professor,
impelling to no acts of devotion, flashing out in no heroisms, rising
to no heights of communion--that is to say, the average Christianity
of great masses of so-called Christians--bears proof, in its languor,
that the man knows nothing about the depths, and has never cried to
God from them. Further, if out of the depths we cry, we shall cry
ourselves out of the depths. What can a man do who finds himself at
the foot of a beetling cliff, the sea in front, the wall of rock
at his back, without foothold for a mouse, between the tide at the
bottom and the grass at the top? He can do but one thing: he can
shout, and perhaps may be heard, and a rope may come dangling down
that he can spring at and clutch. For sinful men in the miry pit the
rope is already let down, and their grasping it is the same act as
the psalmist's cry. God has let down His forgiving love in Christ,
and we need but the faith which accepts while it asks, and then we
are swung up into the light, and our feet set on a rock.

Vv. 3, 4, are the second stage. A dark fear shadows the singer's
soul, and is swept away by a joyful assurance. The word rendered above
"mark" is literally _keep_ or _watch_, as in ver. 6, and here seems
to mean to _take account of_, or _retain_ in remembrance, in order to
punish. If God should take man's sin into account in His dispositions
and dealings, "O Lord, who shall stand?" No man could sustain that
righteous judgment. He must go down before it like a flimsy hut before
a whirlwind, or a weak enemy before a fierce charge. That thought comes
to the psalmist like a blast of icy air from the north, and threatens
to chill his hope to death and to blow his cry back into his throat.
But its very hypothetical form holds a negation concealed in it. Such
an implied negative is needed in order to explain the "for" of ver. 4.
The singer springs, as it were, to that confidence by a rebound from
the other darker thought. We must have tremblingly entertained the
contrary dread possibility, before we can experience the relief and
gladness of its counter-truth. The word rendered "forgiveness" is a
late form, being found only in two other late passages (Neh. ix. 17;
Dan. ix. 9). It literally means _cutting off_, and so suggests the
merciful surgery by which the cancerous tumour is taken out of the
soul. Such forgiveness is "with God," inherent in His nature. And that
forgiveness lies at the root of true godliness. No man reverences,
loves, and draws near to God so rapturously and so humbly as he who has
made experience of His pardoning mercy, lifting a soul from its abysses
of sin and misery. Therefore the psalmist, taught by what pardon has
done for him in drawing him lovingly near to God, declares that its
great purpose is "that Thou mayest be feared," and that not only by
the recipient, but by beholders. Strangely enough, many commentators
have found a difficulty in this idea, which seems sun-clear to those
whose own history explains it to them. Grätz, for instance, calls it
"completely unintelligible." It has been very intelligible to many a
penitent who has been by pardon transformed into a reverent lover of
God.

The next stage in the ascent from the depths is in vv. 5, 6, which
breathe peaceful, patient hope. It may be doubtful whether the
psalmist means to represent that attitude of expectance as prior to
and securing forgiveness or as consequent upon it. The latter seems
the more probable. A soul which has received God's forgiveness is
thereby led into tranquil, continuous, ever-rewarded waiting on Him,
and hope of new gifts springs ever fresh in it. Such a soul sits
quietly at His feet, trusting to His love, and looking for light and
all else needed, to flow from Him. The singleness of the object of
devout hope, the yearning which is not impatience, characterising
that hope at its noblest, are beautifully painted in the simile
of the watchers for morning. As they who have outwatched the long
night look eagerly to the flush that creeps up in the east, telling
that their vigil is past, and heralding the stir and life of a
new day with its wakening birds and fresh morning airs, so this
singer's eyes had turned to God, and to Him only. Ver. 6 does not
absolutely require the supplement "hopes." It may read simply "My
soul is towards Jehovah"; and that translation gives still more
emphatically the notion of complete turning of the whole being to
God. Consciousness of sin was as a dark night; forgiveness flushed
the Eastern heaven with prophetic twilight. So the psalmist waits for
the light, and his soul is one aspiration towards God.

In vv. 7, 8, the psalmist becomes an evangelist, inviting Israel to
unite in his hope, that they may share in his pardon. In the depths
he was alone, and felt as if the only beings in the universe were
God and himself. The consciousness of sin isolates, and the sense of
forgiveness unites. Whoever has known that "with Jehovah is pardon"
is impelled thereby to invite others to learn the same lesson in
the same sweet way. The psalmist has a broad gospel to preach, the
generalisation of his own history. He had said in ver. 4 that "with
Jehovah is forgiveness" (lit. _the_ forgiveness, possibly meaning
_the needed forgiveness_), and he thereby had animated his own hope.
Now he repeats the form of expression, only that he substitutes
for "forgiveness" the loving-kindness which is its spring, and
the redemption which is its result; and these he presses upon his
fellows as reasons and encouragements for their hope. It is "abundant
redemption," or "multiplied," as the word might be rendered. "Seventy
times seven"--the perfect numbers seven and ten being multiplied
together and their sum increased sevenfold--make a numerical symbol for
the unfailing pardons which we are to bestow; and the sum of the Divine
pardon is surely greater than that of the human. God's forgiving grace
is mightier than all sins, and able to conquer them all.

"He will redeem Israel from all his iniquities"; not only from their
consequences in punishment, but from their power, as well as from their
guilt and their penalty. The psalmist means something a great deal
deeper than deliverance from calamities which conscience declared to be
the chastisement of sin. He speaks New Testament language. He was sure
that God would redeem from all iniquity; but he lived in the twilight
dawn, and had to watch for the morning. The sun is risen for us; but
the light is the same in quality, though more in degree: "Thou shalt
call His name Jesus, for He shall save His people from their sins."




                              PSALM CXXXI.

    1 Jehovah, not haughty is my heart,
      And not lofty are mine eyes;
      And I go not into great things,
      Nor things too wonderful for me.
    2 I have calmed and quieted my soul,
      Like a weaned child with its mother,
      Like the weaned child is my soul with me.

    3 Let Israel hope in Jehovah,
      From now, even for evermore.


A quiet, because self-quieted, heart speaks here in quiet accents,
not unlike the "crooning" of the peaceful child on its mother's
bosom, to which the sweet singer likens his soul. The psalm is the
most perfect expression of the child-like spirit, which, as Christ
has taught, is characteristic of the subjects of the kingdom of
heaven. It follows a psalm of penitence, in which a contrite soul
waited on Jehovah for pardon, and, finding it, exhorted Israel to
hope in His redemption from all iniquity. Consciousness of sin and
conscious reception of redemption therefrom precede true lowliness,
and such lowliness should follow such consciousness.

The psalmist does not pray; still less does he contradict his
lowliness in the very act of declaring it, by pluming himself on it. He
speaks in that serene and happy mood, sometimes granted to lowly souls,
when fruition is more present than desire, and the child, folded to
the Divine heart, feels its blessedness so satisfyingly that fears and
hopes, wishes and dreams, are still. Simple words best speak tranquil
joys. One note only is sounded in this psalm, which might almost be
called a lullaby. How many hearts it has helped to hush!

The haughtiness which the psalmist disclaims has its seat in the
heart and its manifestation in supercilious glances. The lowly heart
looks higher than the proud one does, for it lifts its eyes to the
hills, and fixes them on Jehovah, as a slave on his lord. Lofty
thoughts of self naturally breed ambitions which seek great spheres
and would intermeddle with things above reach. The singer does not
refer to questions beyond solution by human faculty, but to worldly
ambitions aiming at prominence and position. He aims low, as far as
earth is concerned; but he aims high, for his mark is in the heavens.

Shaking off such ambitions and loftiness of spirit, he has found
repose, as all do who clear their hearts of that perilous stuff.
But it is to be noted that the calm which he enjoys is the fruit of
his own self-control, by which his dominant self has smoothed and
stilled the sensitive nature with its desires and passions. It is
not the tranquillity of a calm nature which speaks here, but that
into which the speaker has entered, by vigorous mastery of disturbing
elements. How hard the struggle had been, how much bitter crying
and petulant resistance there had been before the calm was won, is
told by the lovely image of the weaned child. While being weaned it
sobs and struggles, and all its little life is perturbed. So no man
comes to have a quiet heart without much resolute self-suppression.
But the figure tells of ultimate repose, even more plainly than of
preceding struggle. For, once the process is accomplished, the child
nestles satisfied on the mother's warm bosom, and wishes nothing more
than to lie there. So the man who has manfully taken in hand his own
weaker and more yearning nature, and directed its desires away from
earth by fixing them on God, is freed from the misery of hot desire,
and passes into calm. He that ceases from his own works enters into
rest. If a man thus compels his "soul" to cease its cravings for what
earth can give, he will have to disregard its struggles and cries,
but these will give place to quietness; and the fruition of the
blessedness of setting all desires on God will be the best defence
against the recurrence of longings once silenced.

The psalmist would fain have all Israel share in his quietness of
heart, and closes his tender snatch of song with a call to them
to hope in Jehovah, whereby they, too, may enter into peace. The
preceding psalm ended with the same call; but there God's mercy
in dealing with sin was principally in question, while here His
sufficiency for all a soul's wants is implied. The one secret of
forgiveness and deliverance from iniquity is also the secret of rest
from tyrannous longings and disturbing desires. Hope in Jehovah
brings pardon, purity, and peace.




                             PSALM CXXXII.

     1 Remember, Jehovah, to David
       All the pains he took
     2 Who swore to Jehovah,
       [And] vowed to the Mighty One of Jacob,
     3 "I will not go into the tent of my house,
       I will not go up to the bed of my couch,
     4 I will not give sleep to mine eyes,
       To mine eyelids slumber,
     5 Till I find a place for Jehovah,
       A habitation for the Mighty One of Jacob."

     6 Behold, we heard [of] it at Ephrathah,
       We found it in the Fields of the Wood.
     7 Let us come to His habitation,
       Let us bow ourselves at His footstool.

     8 Arise, Jehovah, to Thy rest,
       Thou and the Ark of Thy strength.
     9 Let Thy priests be clothed with righteousness,
       And Thy favoured ones utter shrill cries of joy.
    10 For the sake of David Thy servant,
       Turn not away the face of Thine anointed.

    11 Jehovah has sworn to David,
       It is truth--He will not go back from it--
       "Of the fruit of thy body will I set on thy throne.
    12 If thy sons keep My covenant
       And My testimonies which I will teach them,
       Their sons also for ever and aye
       Shall sit on thy throne."

    13 For Jehovah has chosen Zion,
       He has desired it for His dwelling.
    14 "This is My rest for ever and aye,
       Here will I abide, for I have desired it.
    15 Her provision blessing I will bless,
       Her poor will I satisfy with bread.
    16 Her priests also will I clothe with salvation,
       And her favoured ones uttering will utter shrill cries of joy.
    17 There will I cause a horn to sprout for David,
       I have trimmed a lamp for Mine anointed.
    18 His enemies will I clothe with shame,
       But upon himself shall his crown glitter."


The continuance of "the sure mercies of David" to his descendants
for his sake is first besought from God, and is then promised, for
his sake, by God Himself, speaking in the singer's spirit. The
special blessing sought for is Jehovah's dwelling in His house, which
is here contemplated as reared after long toil. Expositors differ,
as usual, in regard to the date and occasion of this psalm. Its
place among the pilgrim psalms raises a presumption in favour of a
post-exilic date, and one class of commentators refers it confidently
to the period of the rebuilding of the Temple. But the mention of the
Ark (which disappeared after the destruction of Solomon's Temple)
can be reconciled with that supposed date only by a somewhat violent
expedient. Nor is it easy to suppose that the repeated references
to David's descendants as reigning in accordance with God's promise
could have been written at a time when there was no king in Israel.
Zerubbabel has, indeed, been suggested as "the anointed" of this
psalm; but he was not king, and neither in fact nor in idea was he
anointed. And could a singer in Israel, in the post-exilic period,
have recalled the ancient promises without some passing sigh for
their apparent falsification in the present? Psalm lxxxix. is often
referred to as the "twin" of this psalm. Its wailings over the
vanished glories of the Davidic monarchy have nothing corresponding
to them here. These considerations are against a post-exilic date,
for which the chief argument is the inclusion of the psalm in the
collection of pilgrim songs.

If, on the other hand, we disregard its place in the Psalter and look
at its contents, it must be admitted that they perfectly harmonise
with the supposition that its occasion was the completion of
Solomon's Temple. The remembrance of David's long-cherished purpose
to build the House, of the many wanderings of the Ark, the glad
summons to enter the courts to worship, the Divine promises to David,
which were connected with his design of building a Temple, all fit
in with this view of the occasion of the psalm. Singularly enough,
some advocates of later dates than even the building of the second
Temple catch in the psalm tones of depression, and see indications
of its having been written when the glowing promises which it quotes
appeared to have failed. It is not in reference to "Nature" only that
"we receive but what we give." To other ears, with perhaps equal
though opposite bias, glad confidence in a promise, of which the
incipient fulfilment was being experienced, sounds in the psalm. To
some it is plain that it was written when Ark and king had been swept
away; to others it is equally clear that it presupposes the existence
of both. The latter view is to the present writer the more probable.

The psalm is not divided into regular strophes. There is, however,
a broad division into two parts, of which vv. 1-10 form the first,
the pleading of Israel with Jehovah; and vv. 11-18 the second, the
answer of Jehovah to Israel. The first part is further divided into
two: vv. 1-5 setting forth David's vow; vv. 6-10 the congregation's
glad summons to enter the completed sanctuary, and its prayer for
blessings on the worshipping nation with its priests and king. The
second part is Jehovah's renewed promises, which take up and surpass
the people's prayer. It is broken by a single verse (13), which is an
interjected utterance of Israel's.

"One remembers anything to another, when one requites him for what
he has done, or when one performs for him what one has promised him"
(Delitzsch). David's earnest longing to find a fixed place for the
Ark, his long-continued and generous amassing of treasure for the
purpose of building the Temple, are regarded as a plea with God.
The solidarity of the family, which was so vividly realised in old
times, reaches its highest expression in the thought that blessings
to David's descendants are as if given to him, sleeping in the royal
tomb. Beautifully and humbly the singer, as representing the nation,
has nothing to say of the toil of the actual builders. Not the hand
which executes, but the heart and mind which conceived and cherished
the plan, are its true author. The psalmist gives a poetic version
of David's words in 2 Sam. vii. 2. "See now, I dwell in an house of
cedar, but the Ark of God dwelleth in curtains," contains in germ
all which the psalmist here draws out of it. He, the aged king, was
almost ashamed of his own ease. "God gave him rest from his enemies,"
but he will not "give sleep to his eyes" till he finds out a place
for Jehovah. Wearied with a stormy life, he might well have left it
to others to care for the work which the prophet had told him that he
was not to be permitted to begin. But not so does a true man reason.
Rather, he will consecrate to God his leisure and his old age, and
will rejoice to originate work which he cannot hope to see completed,
and even to gather materials which happier natures and times may turn
to account. He will put his own comfort second, God's service first.

Such devotedness does make a plea with God. The psalmist's prayer goes
on that supposition, and God's answer endorses it as valid. He does
not require perfect faithfulness in His servants ere He prospers their
work with His smile. Stained offerings, in which much of the leaven of
earthly motives may be fermenting, are not therefore rejected.

Vv. 6-10 are the petitions grounded on the preceding plea, and
asking that Jehovah would dwell in the sanctuary and bless the
worshippers. Ver. 6 offers great difficulties. It seems clear,
however, that it and the next verse are to be taken as very closely
connected (note the "we" and "us" occurring in them for the only time
in the psalm). They seem to describe continuous actions, of which
the climax is entrance into the sanctuary. The first question as to
ver. 6 is what the "it" is, which is spoken of in both clauses; and
the most natural answer is--the Ark, alluded to here by anticipation,
though not mentioned till ver. 8. The irregularity is slight and
not unexampled. The interpretation of the verse mainly depends on
the meaning of the two designations of locality, "Ephrathah" and
"the fields of the Wood." Usually the former is part of the name of
Bethlehem, but the Ark in all its wanderings is never said to have
been there. Most probably Shiloh, in which the Ark did remain for a
time, is intended. But why should Shiloh be called Ephrathah? The
answer usually given, but not altogether satisfactory, is that Shiloh
lay in the territory of Ephraim, and that we have instances in which
an Ephraimite is called an "Ephrathite" (Judg. xii. 5; 1 Sam. i. 1;
1 Kings xi. 26), and therefore it may be presumed that the territory
of Ephraim was called Ephrathah. "The fields of the Wood," on the
other hand, is taken to be a free poetic variation of the name of
Kirjath-jearim (the city of the woods), where the Ark long lay, and
whence it was brought up to Jerusalem by David. In this understanding
of the verse, the two places where it remained longest are brought
together, and the meaning of the whole verse is, "We heard that it
lay long at Shiloh, but we found it in Kirjath-jearim." Delitzsch,
followed by Cheyne, takes a different view, regarding "Ephrathah" as
a name for the district in which Kirjath-jearim lay. He founds this
explanation on the genealogies in 1 Chron. ii. 19, 50, according to
which Caleb's wife, Ephrath, was the mother of Hur, the ancestor
of the Bethlehemites, and whose son Shobal was the ancestor of the
people of Kirjath-jearim; Ephrathah was thus a fitting name for the
whole district, which included both Bethlehem and Kirjath-jearim. In
this understanding of the names, the verse means, "We heard that the
Ark was at Kirjath-jearim, and there we found it."

Ver. 7 must be taken as immediately connected with the preceding.
If the same persons who found the Ark still speak, the "tabernacle"
into which they encourage each other to enter must be the tent
within which, as David said, it dwelt "in curtains"; and the joyful
utterance of an earlier age will then be quoted by the still happier
generation who, at the moment while they sing, see the sacred symbol
of the Divine Presence enshrined within the Holy Place of the Temple.
At all events, the petitions which follow are most naturally regarded
as chanted forth at that supreme moment, though it is possible that
the same feeling of the solidity of the nation in all generations,
which, as applied to the reigning family, is seen in ver. 1, may
account for the worshippers in the new Temple identifying themselves
with the earlier ones who brought up the Ark to Zion. The Church
remains the same, while its individual members change.

The first of the petitions is partly taken from the invocation in
Numb. x. 35, when "the Ark set forward"; but there it was a prayer
for guidance on the march; here, for Jehovah's continuance in His
fixed abode. It had wandered far and long. It had been planted in
Shiloh, but had deserted that sanctuary which He had once loved. It
had tarried for a while at Mizpeh and at Bethel. It had been lost
on the field of Aphek, been borne in triumph through Philistine
cities, and sent back thence in terror. It had lain for three months
in the house of Obed-edom, and for twenty years been hidden at
Kirjath-jearim. It had been set with glad acclaim in the tabernacle
provided by David, and now it stands in the Temple. There may it
abide and go no more out! Solomon and Hiram and all their workmen
may have done their best, and the result of their toils may stand
gleaming in the sunlight in its fresh beauty; but something more
is needed. Not till the Ark is in the Shrine does the Glory fill
the house. The lesson is for all ages. Our organisations and works
are incomplete without that quickening Presence. It will surely be
given if we desire it. When His Church prays, "Arise, O Lord, into
Thy rest, Thou and the Ark of Thy strength," His answer is swift and
sure, "Lo, I am with you always."

From this petition all the others flow. If "the Ark of Thy strength"
dwells with us, we too shall be strong, and have that Might for
our inspiration as well as our shield. "Let Thy priests be clothed
with righteousness." The pure vestments of the priests were symbols
of stainless character, befitting the ministers of a holy God. The
psalmist prays that the symbol may truly represent the inner reality.
He distinguishes between priests and the mass of the people; but in
the Church to-day, as indeed in the original constitution of Israel,
all are priests, and must be clothed in a righteousness which they
receive from above. They do not weave that robe, but they must "put
on" the garment which Christ gives them. Righteousness is no hazy,
theological virtue, having little to do with every-day life and
small resemblance to secular morality. To be good, gentle, and just,
self-forgetting and self-ruling, to practise the virtues which all
men call "lovely and of good report," and to consecrate them all by
reference to Him in whom they dwell united and complete, is to be
righteous; and that righteousness is the garb required of, and given
by God to, all those who seek it and minister in His Temple.

"Let Thy favoured ones utter shrill cries of joy." Surely, if they
dwell in the Temple, gladness will not fail them. True religion is
joyful. If a man has only to lift his eyes to see the Ark, what but
averted eyes should make him sad? True, there are enemies, but we are
close to the fountain of strength. True, there are sins, but we can
receive the garment of righteousness. True, there are wants, but the
sacrifice whereof "the meek shall eat and be satisfied" is at hand.
There is much unreached as yet, but there is a present God. So we may
"walk all the day in the light of His countenance," and realise the
truth of the paradox of always rejoicing, though sometimes we sorrow.

The final petition is for the anointed king, that his prayers may be
heard. To "turn away the face" is a graphic expression, drawn from
the attitude of one who refuses to listen to a suppliant. It is harsh
in the extreme to suppose that the king referred to is David himself,
though Hupfeld and others take that view. The reference to Solomon is
natural.

Such are the psalmist's petitions. The answers follow in the
remainder of the psalm, which, as already noticed, is parted in two
by an interjected verse (ver. 13), breaking the continuity of the
Divine Voice. The shape of the responses is determined by the form of
the desires, and in every case the answer is larger than the prayer.
The Divine utterance begins with a parallel between the oath of
David and that of God. David "sware to Jehovah." Yes, but "Jehovah
has sworn to David." That is grander and deeper. With this may be
connected the similar parallel in vv. 13 and 14 with ver. 5. David
had sought to "find a habitation" for Jehovah. But He Himself had
chosen His habitation long ago. He is throned there now, not because
of David's choice or Solomon's work, but because His will had settled
the place of His feet. These correspondences of expression point to
the great truth that God is His own all-sufficient reason. He is not
won to dwell with men by their importunity, but in the depths of His
unchangeable love lies the reason why He abides with us unthankful.
The promise given in ver. 12, which has respect to the closing
petition of the preceding part, is substantially that contained in
2 Sam. vii. Similar references to that fundamental promise to David
are found in Psalm lxxxix., with which this psalm is sometimes taken
to be parallel; but that psalm comes from a time when the faithful
promise seemed to have failed for evermore, and breathes a sadness
which is alien to the spirit of this song.

Ver. 13 appears to be spoken by the people. It breaks the stream of
promises. God has been speaking, but now, for a moment, He is spoken
of. His choice of Zion for His dwelling is the glad fact, which the
congregation feels so borne in on its consciousness that it breaks
forth into speech. The "For" at the beginning of the verse gives
a striking sequence, assigning, as it does, the Divine selection
of Zion for His abode, as the reason for the establishment of the
Davidic monarchy. If the throne was set up in Jerusalem, because
there God would dwell, how solemn the obligation thereby laid on
its occupant to rule as God's viceroy, and how secure each in turn
might feel, if he discharged the obligations of his office, that God
would grant to the kingdom an equal date with the duration of His own
abode! Throne and Temple are indissolubly connected.

With ver. 14 the Divine Voice resumes, and echoes the petitions of the
earlier part. The psalmist asked God to arise into His rest, and He
answers by granting the request with the added promise of perpetuity:
"Here will I dwell _for ever_." He adds a promise which had not been
asked--abundance for all, and bread to fill even the poor. The psalmist
asked that the priests might be clothed in righteousness, and the
answer promises robes of _salvation_, which is the perfecting and most
glorious issue of righteousness. The psalmist asked that God's favoured
ones might utter shrill cries of joy, and God replies with an emphatic
reduplication of the word, which implies the exuberance and continuance
of the gladness. The psalmist asked for favour to the anointed, and God
replies by expanded and magnificent promises. The "horn" is an emblem
of power. It shall continually "sprout"--_i.e._, the might of the
royal house shall continually increase. The "lamp for Mine anointed"
may be simply a metaphor for enduring prosperity and happiness, but
many expositors take it to be a symbol of the continuance of the
Davidic house, as in 1 Kings xv. 4, where, however, the word employed
is not the same as that used here, though closely connected with it.
The promise of perpetuity to the house of David does not fit into the
context as well as that of splendour and joy, and it has already been
given in ver. 12. Victory will attend the living representative of
David, his foes being clothed by Jehovah with shame--_i.e._, being
foiled in their hostile attempts--while their confusion is as a dark
background, against which the radiance of his diadem sparkles the more
brightly. These large promises are fulfilled in Jesus Christ, of the
seed of David; and the psalm is Messianic, as presenting the ideal
which it is sure shall be realised, and which is so in Him alone.

The Divine promises teach the great truth that God over-answers our
desires, and puts to shame the poverty of our petitions by the wealth
of His gifts. He is "able to do exceeding abundantly above all that
we ask or think," for the measure of His doing is none other than
"according to the Power that worketh in us," and the measure of that
Power is none other than "the working of the strength of His might,
which He wrought in Christ, when He raised Him from the dead, and set
Him at His own right hand in the heavenly places."




                             PSALM CXXXIII.

    1 Behold, how good and how pleasant [it is]
      That brethren dwell in unity!
    2 Like the precious oil on the head,
      Flowing down on the beard,
      [Even] Aaron's beard,
      That flows down on the opening of his garments.
    3 Like the dew of Hermon, that flows down on the mountains of Zion.
      For there Jehovah has commanded the blessing,
      Life for evermore.


It is natural to suppose that this psalm was occasioned by, or at
least refers to, the gathering of the pilgrims or restored exiles
in Jerusalem. The patriot-poet's heart glows at the sight of the
assembled multitudes, and he points with exultation to the good and
fair sight. Like the other short psalms in this group, this one is
the expression of a single thought--the blessing of unity, and that
not merely as shown in the family, but in the church-state of the
restored Israel. The remembrance of years of scattering among the
nations, and of the schism of the Northern tribes, makes the sight of
an united Israel the more blessed, even though its numbers are small.

The psalm begins with a "Behold," as if the poet would summon others
to look on the goodly spectacle which, in reality or in imagination,
is spread before him. Israel is gathered together, and the sight is
good, as securing substantial benefits, and "pleasant," as being
lovely. The original in ver. 1_b_ runs, "That brethren dwell _also_
together." The "also" suggests that, in addition to local union,
there should be heart harmony, as befits brothers. To speak in modern
dialect, the psalmist cares little for external unity, if the spirit
of oneness does not animate the corporate whole.

His two lovely metaphors or parables set forth the same
thought--namely, the all-diffusive, all-blessing nature of such inward
concord. The repetition in both figures of the same word, "flows down,"
is not merely due to the "step-like" structure common to this with
other of the pilgrim psalms, but is the key to its meaning.

In the first emblem, the consecrating oil, poured on Aaron's head,
represents the gracious spirit of concord between brethren. The emblem
is felicitous by reason of the preciousness, the fragrance, and the
manifold uses of oil; but these are only to be taken into account in a
subordinate degree, if at all. The one point of comparison is the flow
of the oil from the priestly head on to the beard and thence to the
garments. It is doubtful whether ver. 2_d_ refers to the oil or to the
beard of the high priest. The latter reference is preferred by many,
but the former is more accordant with the parallelism, and with the use
of the word "flows down," which can scarcely be twice used in regard
to oil and dew, the main subjects in the figures, and be taken in an
entirely different reference in the intervening clause. The "opening"
(lit. _mouth_) of the robe is the upper edge or collar, the aperture
through which the wearer's head was passed.

The second figure illustrates the same thought of the diffusive
blessing of concord, but it presents some difficulty. How can the
dew of Hermon in the far north fall on the mountains of Zion? Some
commentators, as Delitzsch, try to make out that "an abundant dew in
Jerusalem might rightly be accounted for by the influence of the cold
current of air sweeping down from the north over Hermon." But that is
a violent supposition; and there is no need to demand meteorological
accuracy from a poet. It is the one dew which falls on both mountains;
and since Hermon towers high above the lower height of Zion, and is
visited with singular abundance of the nightly blessing, it is no
inadmissible poetic licence to say that the loftier hill transmits it
to the lesser. Such community of blessing is the result of fraternal
concord, whereby the high serve the lowly, and no man grudgingly keeps
anything to himself, but all share in the good of each. Dew, like oil,
is fitted for this symbolic use, by reason of qualities which, though
they do not come prominently into view, need not be wholly excluded.
It refreshes the thirsty ground and quickens vegetation; so fraternal
concord, falling gently on men's spirits, and linking distant ones
together by a mysterious chain of transmitted good, will help to revive
failing strength and refresh parched places.

That brotherly unity is blessed, not only because it diffuses
itself, and so blesses all in whose hearts it dwells, but also
because it is the condition on which still higher gifts are spread
among brethren by their brethren's mediation. God Himself pours on
men the sacred anointing of His Divine Spirit and the dew of His
quickening influences. When His servants are knit together, as they
should be, they impart to one another the spiritual gifts received
from above. When Christians are truly one as brethren, God's grace
will fructify through each to all.

Ver. 3_b_, _c_, seem to assign the reason why the dew of Hermon
will descend on Zion--_i.e._, why the blessings of brotherly concord
should there especially be realised. There God has appointed to be
stored His blessing of life; therefore it becomes those who, dwelling
there, receive that blessing, to be knit together in closest bonds,
and to impart to their brethren what they receive from the Fountain
of all good. That Zion should not be the home of concord, or that
Jerusalem should not be the city of peace, contradicts both the name
of the city and the priceless gift which Jehovah has placed there for
all its citizens.




                             PSALM CXXXIV.

    1 Behold, bless Jehovah, all ye servants of Jehovah,
      Who stand in the house of Jehovah in the night seasons.
    2 Lift up your hands to the sanctuary,
      And bless Jehovah.

    3 Jehovah bless thee out of Zion,
      The Maker of heaven and earth!


This fragment of song closes the pilgrim psalms after the manner of
a blessing. It is evidently antiphonal, vv. 1, 2, being a greeting,
the givers of which are answered in ver. 3 by a corresponding
salutation from the receivers. Who are the parties to the little
dialogue is doubtful. Some have thought of two companies of priestly
watchers meeting as they went their rounds in the Temple; others,
more probably, take vv. 1, 2, to be addressed by the congregation to
the priests, who had charge of the nightly service in the Temple,
while ver. 3 is the response of the latter, addressed to the speakers
of vv. 1, 2. 1 Chron. ix. 33 informs us that there was such a nightly
service, of the nature of which, however, nothing is known. The
designation "servants of Jehovah" here denotes not the people, but
the priests, for whose official ministrations "stand" is a common
term. They are exhorted to fill the night with prayer as well as
watchfulness, and to let their hearts go up in blessing to Jehovah.
The voice of praise should echo through the silent night and float
over the sleeping city. The congregation is about to leave the
crowded courts at the close of a day of worship, and now gives this
parting salutation and charge to those who remain.

The answer in ver. 3 is addressed to each individual of the
congregation--"Jehovah bless _thee_!" and it invokes on each a share
in the blessing which, according to the preceding psalm, "Jehovah has
commanded" in Zion. The watchers who remain in the sanctuary do not
monopolise its blessings. These stream out by night, as by day, to
all true hearts; and they are guaranteed by the creative omnipotence
of Jehovah, the thought of which recurs so often in these pilgrim
psalms, and may be due to the revulsion from idolatry consequent on
the Captivity and Restoration.

With this sweet interchange of greeting and exhortation to continual
worship, this group of psalms joyously ends.




                              PSALM CXXXV.

     1                 Hallelujah!
       Praise the name of Jehovah,
       Praise, ye servants of Jehovah,
     2 Who stand in the house of Jehovah,
       In the courts of the house of our God.
     3 Praise Jah, for Jehovah is good;
       Harp to His name, for it is pleasant.
     4 For Jah has chosen Jacob for Himself,
       Israel for His own possession.

     5 For I--I know that Jehovah is great,
       And [that] our Lord is above all gods.
     6 Whatsoever Jehovah wills He has done,
       In the heaven and in the earth,
       In the seas and all depths;
     7 Who makes the vapours go up from the end of the earth,
       He makes lightnings for the rain,
       Who brings forth wind from His storehouses.

     8 Who smote the first-born of Egypt,
       Both of man and of cattle;
     9 He sent signs and wonders into thy midst, O Egypt,
       On Pharaoh and all his servants.

    10 Who smote many nations,
       And slew mighty kings;
    11 Sihon, king of the Amorites,
       And Og, king of Bashan;
    12 And gave their land [as] an inheritance,
       An inheritance to Israel His people.

    13 Jehovah, Thy name [endures] for ever,
       Jehovah, Thy memorial [endures] to generation after generation.
    14 For Jehovah will right His people,
       And will relent concerning His servants.
    15 The idols of the nations are silver and gold,
       The work of the hands of men.
    16 A mouth is theirs--and they cannot speak;
       Eyes are theirs--and they cannot see;
    17 Ears are theirs--and they cannot give ear;
       Yea, there is no breath at all in their mouths.
    18 Like them shall those who make them be,
       [Even] every one that trusts in them.

    19 House of Israel, bless ye Jehovah;
       House of Aaron, bless ye Jehovah;
    20 House of Levi, bless ye Jehovah;
       Ye who fear Jehovah, bless ye Jehovah.
    21 Blessed be Jehovah from Zion,
       Who dwells in Jerusalem!
                    Hallelujah!


Like Psalms xcvii. and xcviii., this is a cento, or piece of mosaic
work, apparently intended as a call to worship Jehovah in the Temple.
His greatness, as manifested in Nature, and especially in His
planting Israel in its inheritance, is set forth as the reason for
praise; and the contemptuous contrast of the nothingness of idols is
repeated from Psalm cxv., and followed, as there, by an exhortation
to Israel to cleave to Him. We have not here to do with a song which
gushed fresh from the singer's heart, but with echoes of many strains
which a devout and meditative soul had made its own. The flowers
are arranged in a new bouquet, because the poet had long delighted
in their fragrance. The ease with which he blends into a harmonious
whole fragments from such diverse sources tells how familiar he was
with these, and how well he loved them.

Vv. 1-4 are an invocation to praise Jehovah, and largely consist
of quotations or allusions. Thus Psalm cxxxiv. 1 underlies vv. 1,
2. But here the reference to nightly praises is omitted, and the
summons is addressed not only to those who stand in the house of
Jehovah, but to those who stand in its _courts_. That expansion may
mean that the call to worship is here directed to the people as well
as to the priests (so in ver. 19). Ver. 3 closely resembles Psalm
cxlvii. 1, but the question of priority may be left undecided. Since
the act of praise is said to be "pleasant" in Psalm cxlvii. 1, it is
best to refer the same word here to the same thing, and not, as some
would do, to the Name, or to take it as an epithet of Jehovah. To a
loving soul praise is a delight. The songs which are not winged by
the singer's joy in singing will not rise high. True worship pours
out its notes as birds do theirs--in order to express gladness which,
unuttered, loads the heart. Ver. 4 somewhat passes beyond the bounds
of the invocation proper, and anticipates the subsequent part of the
psalm. Israel's prerogative is so great to this singer that it forces
utterance at once, though "out of season," as correct critics would
say. But the throbs of a grateful heart are not always regular. It
is impossible to keep the reasons for praise out of the summons to
praise. Ver. 4 joyfully and humbly accepts the wonderful title given
in Deut. vii. 6.

In vv. 5-7 God's majesty as set forth in Nature is hymned. The
psalmist says emphatically in ver. 5 "I--I know," and implies the
privilege which he shared, in common with his fellow-Israelites
(who appear in the "our" of the next clause), of knowing what the
heathen did not know--how highly Jehovah was exalted above all their
gods. Ver. 6 is from Psalm cxv. 3, with the expansion of defining
the all-inclusive sphere of God's sovereignty. Heaven, earth, seas,
and depths cover all space. The enumeration of the provinces of His
dominion prepares for that of the phases of His power in Nature,
which is quoted with slight change from Jer. x. 13, li. 16. The
mysterious might which gathers from some unknown region the filmy
clouds which grow, no man knows how, in the clear blue; the power
which weds in strange companionship the fire of the lightning flash
and the torrents of rain; the controlling hand which urges forth the
invisible wind,--these call for praise.

But while the psalmist looks on physical phenomena with a devout poet's
eye, he turns from these to expatiate rather on what Jehovah has done
for Israel. Psalmists are never weary of drawing confidence and courage
for to-day from the deeds of the Exodus and the Conquest. Ver. 8 is
copied from Exod. xiii. 15, and the whole section is saturated with
phraseology drawn from Deuteronomy. Ver. 13 is from Exod. iii. 15, the
narrative of the theophany at the Bush. That Name, proclaimed then as
the basis of Moses' mission and Israel's hope, is now, after so many
centuries and sorrows, the same, and it will endure for ever. Ver. 14
is from Deut. xxxii. 36. Jehovah will right His people--_i.e._, deliver
them from oppressors--which is the same thing as "relent concerning His
servants," since His wrath was the reason of their subjection to their
foes. That judicial deliverance of Israel is at once the sign that
His Name, His revealed character, continues the same, unexhausted and
unchanged for ever, and the reason why the Name shall continue as the
object of perpetual adoration and trust.

Vv. 15-20 are taken bodily from Psalm cxv., to which the reader is
referred. Slight abbreviations and one notable difference occur. In
ver. 17_b_, "Yea, there is no breath at all in their mouths," takes the
place of "A nose is theirs--and they cannot smell." The variation has
arisen from the fact that the particle of strong affirmation (yea) is
spelt like the noun "nose," and that the word for "breath" resembles
the verb "smell." The psalmist plays upon his original, and by his
variation makes the expression of the idols' lifelessness stronger.

The final summons to praise, with which the end of the psalm returns
to its beginning, is also moulded on Psalm cxv. 9-11, with the
addition of "the house of Levi" to the three groups mentioned there,
and the substitution of a call to "bless" for the original invitation
to "trust." Ver. 21 looks back to the last verse of the preceding
psalm, and significantly modifies it. There, as in Psalm cxviii.,
Jehovah's blessing comes out of Zion to His people. Here the people's
blessing in return goes from Zion and rises to Jehovah. They gathered
there for worship, and dwelt with Him in His city and Temple. Swift
interchange of the God-given blessing, which consists in mercies
and gifts of gracious deliverance, and of the human blessing, which
consists in thanksgiving and praise, fills the hours of those who
dwell with Jehovah, as guests in His house, and walk the streets of
the city which He guards and Himself inhabits.




                             PSALM CXXXVI.

     1 Give thanks to Jehovah, for He is good,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.
     2 Give thanks to the God of gods,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever,
     3 Give thanks to the Lord of lords,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.

     4 To Him who alone does great wonders,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.
     5 To Him who made the heavens by understanding,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.
     6 To Him who spread the earth above the waters,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.
     7 To Him who made great lights,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever;
     8 The sun to rule by day,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever;
     9 The moon and stars to rule by night,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.

    10 To Him who smote the Egyptians in their first-born,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever;
    11 And brought forth Israel from their midst,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever;
    12 With mighty strong hand and outstretched arm,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.
    13 To Him that cut the Red Sea into parts,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever;
    14 And made Israel pass through the midst of it,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever;
    15 And shook out Pharaoh and his host into the Red Sea,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.

    16 To Him who led His people in the wilderness,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.
    17 To Him who smote great kings,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever;
    18 And slew mighty kings,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever;
    19 Sihon, king of the Amorites,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever;
    20 And Og, king of Bashan,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever;
    21 And gave their land for an inheritance,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever;
    22 An inheritance to Israel His servant,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.

    23 Who in our low estate remembered us,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever;
    24 And tore us from the grasp of our adversaries,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.
    25 Who gives bread to all flesh,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.
    26 Give thanks to the God of heaven,
       For His loving-kindness endures for ever.


This psalm is evidently intended for liturgic use. It contains
reminiscences of many parts of Scripture, and is especially based on
the previous psalm, which it follows closely in vv. 10-18, and quotes
directly in vv. 19-22. Delitzsch points out that if these quoted
verses are omitted, the psalm falls into triplets. It would then also
contain twenty-two verses, corresponding to the number of letters in
the Hebrew alphabet. The general trend of thought is like that of
Psalm cxxxv.; but the addition in each verse of the refrain gives a
noble swing and force to this exulting song.

The first triplet is a general invocation to praise, coloured by the
phraseology of Deuteronomy. Vv. 2_a_ and 3_a_ quote Deut. x. 17. The
second and third triplets (vv. 4-9) celebrate Jehovah's creative power.
"Doeth great wonders" (ver. 4) is from Psalm lxxii. 18. The thought
of the Divine Wisdom as the creative agent occurs in Psalm civ. 24,
and attains noble expression in Prov. iii. In ver. 6 the word rendered
_spread_ is from the same root as that rendered "firmament" in Genesis.
The office of the heavenly bodies to rule day and night is taken from
Gen. i. But the psalm looks at the story of Creation from an original
point of view, when it rolls out in chorus, after each stage of that
work, that its motive lay in the eternal loving-kindness of Jehovah.
Creation is an act of Divine love. That is the deepest truth concerning
all things visible. They are the witnesses, as they are the result, of
loving-kindness which endures for ever.

Vv. 10-22 pass from world-wide manifestations of that creative
loving-kindness to those specially affecting Israel. If vv. 19-22 are
left out of notice, there are three triplets in which the Exodus,
desert life, and conquest of Canaan are the themes,--the first (vv.
10-12) recounting the departure; the second (vv. 13-15) the passage
of the Red Sea; the third (vv. 16-18) the guidance during the forty
years and the victories over enemies. The whole is largely taken
from the preceding psalm, and has also numerous allusions to other
parts of Scripture. Ver. 12_a_ is found in Deut. iv. 34, etc. The
word for dividing the Red Sea is peculiar. It means to hew in pieces
or in two, and is used for cutting in halves the child in Solomon's
judgment (1 Kings iii. 25); while the word "parts" is a noun from
the same root, and is found in Gen. xv. 17, to describe the two
portions into which Abraham clave the carcasses. Thus, as with a
sword, Jehovah hewed the sea in two, and His people passed between
the parts, as between the halves of the covenant sacrifice. In ver.
15 the word describing Pharaoh's destruction is taken from Exod. xiv.
27, and vividly describes it as a "shaking out," as one would vermin
or filth from a robe.

In the last triplet (vv. 23-25) the singer comes to the Israel of the
present. It, too, had experienced Jehovah's remembrance in its time
of need, and felt the merciful grasp of His hand plucking it, with
loving violence, from the claws of the lion. The word for "low estate"
and that for "tore us from the grasp" are only found besides in late
writings--the former in Eccles. x. 6, and the latter in Lam. v. 8.

But the song will not close with reference only to Israel's
blessings. "He gives bread to all flesh." The loving-kindness which
flashes forth even in destructive acts, and is manifested especially
in bringing Israel back from exile, stretches as wide in its
beneficence as it did in its first creative acts, and sustains all
flesh which it has made. Therefore the final call to praise, which
rounds off the psalm by echoing its beginning, does not name Him by
the Name which implied Israel's special relation, but by that by
which other peoples could and did address Him, "the God of heaven,"
from whom all good comes down on all the earth.




                             PSALM CXXXVII.

    1 By the streams of Babylon, there we sat, yea, wept,
      When we remembered Zion.
    2 On the willows in the midst thereof
      We hung our harps.
    3 For there our captors required of us words of song,
      And our plunderers [required of us] mirth;
      "Sing us one of the songs of Zion."
    4 How can we sing Jehovah's songs
      In a strange land?

    5 If I forget thee, Jerusalem,
      May my right hand forget!
    6 May my tongue cleave to my palate,
      If I remember thee not,
      If I set not Jerusalem
      Above the summit of my joy!

    7 Remember, Jehovah, to the children of Edom
      The day of Jerusalem,
      Who said, "Lay bare, lay bare,
      To the foundation therein."
    8 Daughter of Babylon, thou that art laid waste,
      Happy he that requites thee
      Thy doing which thou hast done to us!
    9 Happy he that seizes and dashes thy little ones
      Against the rock!


The Captivity is past, as the tenses in vv. 1-3 show, and as is
manifest from the very fact that its miseries have become themes
for a psalm. Grief must be somewhat removed before it can be sung.
But the strains of triumph heard in other psalms are wanting in
this, which breathes passionate love for Jerusalem, tinged with
sadness still. The date of the psalm is apparently the early days
of the Return, when true-hearted patriots still felt the smart of
recent bondage and sadly gazed on the dear ruins of the city. The
singer passes in brief compass from tender music breathing plaintive
remembrance of the captives' lot, to passionate devotion, and at last
to an outburst of vehement imprecation, magnificent in its fiery
rush, amply explicable by Israel's wrongs and Babylon's crimes,
and yet to be frankly acknowledged as moving on a lower plane of
sentiment than is permissible to those who have learned to repay
scorn with gentleness, hate with love, and injuries with desires for
the injurer's highest good. The coals of fire which this psalmist
scatters among Israel's foes are not those which Christ's servants
are bidden to heap on their enemies' heads.

Nothing sweeter or sadder was ever written than that delicate,
deeply felt picture of the exiles in the early verses of the psalm.
We see them sitting, as too heavy-hearted for activity, and half
noting, as adding to their grief, the unfamiliar landscape round
them, with its innumerable canals, and the monotonous "willows"
(rather, a species of poplar) stretching along their banks. How
unlike this flat, tame fertility to the dear home-land, with its
hills and glens and rushing streams! The psalmist was probably a
Temple singer, but he did not find solace even in "the harp, his
sole remaining joy." No doubt many of the exiles made themselves at
home in captivity, but there were some more keenly sensitive or more
devout, who found that it was better to remember Zion and weep than
to enjoy Babylon. "Alas, alas! how much less it is to hold converse
with others than to remember thee!" So they sat, like Michael
Angelo's brooding figure of Jeremiah in the Sistine Chapel, silent,
motionless, lost in bitter-sweet memories.

But there was another reason than their own sadness for hanging
their idle harps upon the willows. Their coarse oppressors bade them
sing to make mirth. They wished entertainment from the odd sounds of
foreign music, or they were petulantly angry that such dumb hang-dog
people should keep sullen faces, like unilluminated windows, when
their masters were pleased to be merry. So, like tipsy revellers,
they called out "Sing!" The request drove the iron deeper into sad
hearts, for it came from those who had made the misery. They had led
away the captives, and now they bid them make sport.

The word rendered _plunderers_ is difficult. The translation adopted
here is that of the LXX. and others. It requires a slight alteration
of reading, which is approved by Hupfeld (as an alternative),
Perowne, Baethgen, Graetz, etc. Cheyne follows Halevy in preferring
another conjectural alteration which gives "dancers" ("and of our
dancers, festive glee"), but admits that the other view is "somewhat
more natural." The roystering Babylonians did not care what kind of
songs their slaves sang--Temple music would do as well as any other;
but the devout psalmist and his fellows shrank from profaning the
sacred songs that praised Jehovah by making them parts of a heathen
banquet. Such sacrilege would have been like Belshazzar's using the
Temple vessels for his orgy. "Give not that which is holy to dogs."
And the singers were not influenced by superstition, but by reverence
and by sadness, when they could not sing these songs in that strange
land. No doubt it was a fact that the Temple music fell into
desuetude during the Captivity. There are moods and there are scenes
in which it is profanation to utter the deep music which may be
sounding on perpetually in the heart. "Songs unheard" are sometimes
not only "sweetest," but the truest worship.

The psalmist's remembrances of Babylon are suddenly broken off. His
heart burns as he broods on that past, and then lifts his eyes to see
how forlorn and forgotten-like Jerusalem stands, as if appealing to
her sons for help. A rush of emotion sweeps over him, and he breaks
into a passion of vowed loyalty to the mother city. He has Jerusalem
written on his heart. It is noteworthy that her remembrance _was_
the exiles' crown of sorrow; it now becomes the apex of the singer's
joy. No private occasion for gladness so moves the depths of a soul,
smitten with the noble and ennobling love of the city of God, as does
its prosperity. Alas that the so-called citizens of the true city of
God should have so tepid interest in its welfare, and be so much more
keenly touched by individual than by public prosperity or adversity!
Alas that so often they should neither weep when they remember its
bondage nor exult in its advancement!

Ver. 5_b_ is emphatic by its incompleteness. "May my right hand
forget!" What? Some word like "power," "cunning," or "movement" may
be supplied. It would be as impossibly unnatural for the poet to
forget Jerusalem as for his hand to forget to move or cease to be
conscious of its connection with his body.

Ver. 6_d_ reads literally "Above the head of my joy": an expression
which may either mean the summit of my joy--_i.e._, my greatest
joy; or the sum of my joy--_i.e._, my whole joy. In either case the
well-being of Jerusalem is the psalmist's climax of gladness; and so
utterly does he lose himself in the community founded by God, that
all his springs of felicity are in her. He had chosen the better
part. Unselfish gladness is the only lasting bliss; and only they
drink of an unfailing river of pleasures whose chiefest delight lies
in beholding and sharing in the rebuilding of God's city on earth.

The lightning flashes of the last part of the psalm need little
commenting. The desire for the destruction of Zion's enemies, which
they express, is not the highest mood of the loyal citizen of God's
city, and is to be fully recognised as not in accordance with
Christian morality. But it has been most unfairly judged, as if it
were nothing nobler than ferocious thirsting for vengeance. It is a
great deal more. It is desire for retribution, heavy as the count of
crimes which demands it is heavy. It is a solemn appeal to God to
sweep away the enemies of Zion, who, in hating her, rebelled against
Him. First, the psalmist turns to the treacherous kinsmen of Israel,
the Edomites, who had, as Obadiah says, "rejoiced over the children
of Judah in the days of their destruction" (Obad. 12), and stimulated
the work of rasing the city. Then the singer turns to Babylon, and
salutes her as already laid waste; for he is a seer as well as a
singer, and is so sure of the judgment to be accomplished that it is
as good as done. The most repellent part of the imprecation, that
which contemplates the dreadful destruction of tender infants, has
its harshness somewhat softened by the fact that it is the echo of
Isaiah's prophecy concerning Babylon (Isa. xiii. 16-18), and still
further by the consideration that the purpose of the apparently
barbarous cruelty was to make an end of a "seed of evil-doers," whose
continuance meant misery for wide lands.

Undoubtedly, the words are stern, and the temper they embody is
harsh discord, when compared with the Christian spirit. But they are
not the utterances of mere ferocious revenge. Rather they proclaim
God's judgments, not with the impassiveness, indeed, which best
befits the executors of such terrible sentences, but still less with
the malignant gratification of sanguinary vengeance which has been
often attributed to them. Perhaps, if some of their modern critics
had been under the yoke from which this psalmist has been delivered,
they would have understood a little better how a good man of that age
could rejoice that Babylon was fallen and all its race extirpated.
Perhaps, it would do modern tender-heartedness no harm to have a
little more iron infused into its gentleness, and to lay to heart
that the King of Peace must first be King of Righteousness, and that
Destruction of evil is the complement of Preservation of Good.




                            PSALM CXXXVIII.

    1 I will thank Thee, Jehovah, with my whole heart,
      In presence of the gods will I harp to Thee.
    2 I will worship toward Thy holy Temple,
      And will thank Thy name for Thy loving-kindness and for Thy truth,
      For Thou hast magnified Thy promise above all Thy name.
    3 In the day [when] I called Thou answeredst me,
      Thou didst make me bold--in my soul [welled up] strength.

    4 Jehovah, all the kings of the earth shall thank Thee,
      When they have heard the words of Thy mouth.
    5 And they shall sing of the ways of Jehovah,
      For great is the glory of Jehovah.
    6 For Jehovah is high, and the lowly He regards,
      And the lofty from afar off He knows.

    7 If I walk in the midst of trouble Thou wilt revive me,
      Against the wrath of mine enemies Thou wilt stretch forth Thy
          hand,
      And Thy right hand shall save me.
    8 Jehovah will complete [all] that concerns me;
      Jehovah, Thy loving-kindness [endures] for ever;
      The works of Thy hands abandon not.


This is the first of a group of eight psalms attributed to David in
the superscriptions. It precedes the closing hallelujah psalms, and
thus stands where a "find" of Davidic psalms at a late date would
naturally be put. In some cases, there is no improbability in the
assigned authorship; and this psalm is certainly singularly unlike
those which precede it, and has many affinities with the earlier
psalms ascribed to David.

In reading it, one feels the return to familiar thoughts and tones.
The fragrance it exhales wakes memories of former songs. But the
resemblance may be due to the imitative habit so marked in the last
book of the Psalter. If it is a late psalm, the speaker is probably
the personified Israel, and the deliverance which seems to the singer
to have transcended all previous manifestations of the Divine name is
the Restoration, which has inspired so many of the preceding psalms.
The supporters of the Davidic authorship, on the other hand, point to
the promise to David by Nathan of the perpetuity of the kinghood in
his line, as the occasion of the psalmist's triumph.

The structure of the psalm is simple. It falls into three parts, of
which the two former consist of three verses each, and the last of
two. In the first, the singer vows praise and recounts God's wondrous
dealings with him (vv. 1-3); in the second, he looks out over all the
earth in the confidence that these blessings, when known, will bring
the world to worship (vv. 4-6); and in the third, he pleads for the
completion to himself of mercies begun (vv. 7, 8).

The first part is the outpouring of a thankful heart for recent
great blessing, which has been the fulfilment of a Divine promise.
So absorbed in his blessedness is the singer, that he neither names
Jehovah as the object of his thanks, nor specifies what has set his
heart vibrating. The great Giver and the great gift are magnified by
being unspoken. To whom but Jehovah could the current of the psalmist's
praise set? He feels that Jehovah's mercy to him requires him to become
the herald of His name; and therefore he vows, in lofty consciousness
of his mission, that he will ring out God's praises in presence of
false gods, whose worshippers have no such experience to loose their
tongues. Dead gods have dumb devotees; the servants of the living
Jehovah receive His acts of power, that they may proclaim His name.

The special occasion for this singer's praise has been some act, in
which Jehovah's faithfulness was very conspicuously shown. "Thou hast
magnified Thy promise above all Thy name." If the history of David
underlies the psalm, it is most natural to interpret the "promise"
as that of the establishment of the monarchy. But the fulfilment,
not the giving, of a promise is its magnifying, and hence one would
incline to take the reference to be to the great manifestation
of God's troth in restoring Israel to its land. In any case the
expression is peculiar, and has induced many attempts at emendation.
Baethgen would strike out "Thy name" as a dittograph from the
previous clause, and thus gets the reading "done great things beyond
Thy word"--_i.e._, transcended the promise in fulfilment--which
yields a good sense. Others make a slight alteration in the word "Thy
name," and read it "Thy heavens," supposing that the psalmist is
making the usual comparison between the manifestation of Divine power
in Nature and in Revelation, or in the specific promise in question.
But the text as it stands, though peculiar, is intelligible, and
yields a meaning very appropriate to the singer's astonished
thankfulness. A heart amazed by the greatness of recent blessings is
ever apt to think that they, glittering in fresh beauty, are greater,
as they are nearer and newer, than the mercies which it has only
heard of as of old. To-day brings growing revelations of Jehovah to
the waiting heart. The psalmist is singing, not dissertating. It
is quite true that if his words are measured by the metaphysical
theologian's foot-rule, they are inaccurate, for "the name of God
cannot be surpassed by any single act of His, since every single
act is but a manifestation of that name"; but thankfulness does not
speak by rule, and the psalmist means to say that, so great has been
the mercy given to him and so signal its confirmation of the Divine
promise, that to him, at all events, that whole name blazes with new
lustre, and breathes a deeper music. So should each man's experience
be the best teacher of what God is to all men.

In ver. 3_b_ the psalmist uses a remarkable expression, in saying
that Jehovah had made him bold, or, as the word is literally,
_proud_. The following words are a circumstantial or subsidiary
clause, and indicate how the consciousness of inbreathed strength
welling up in his soul gave him lofty confidence to confront foes.

The second part (vv. 4-6) resembles many earlier psalms in
connecting the singer's deliverance with a world-wide manifestation
of God's name. Such a consciousness of a vocation to be the world's
evangelist is appropriate either to David or the collective Israel.
Especially is it natural, and, as a fact, occurs in post-exilic
psalms. Here "the words of Thy mouth" are equivalent to the promise
already spoken of, the fulfilment of which has shown that Jehovah the
High has regard to the lowly--_i.e._, to the psalmist; and "knows
the lofty"--_i.e._, his oppressors--"afar off." He reads their
characters thoroughly, without, as it were, needing to approach for
minute study. The implication is that He will thwart their plans
and judge the plotters. This great lesson of Jehovah's providence,
care for the lowly, faithfulness to His word, has exemplification in
the psalmist's history; and when it is known, the lofty ones of the
earth shall learn the principles of Jehovah's ways, and become lowly
recipients of His favours and adoring singers of His great glory.

The glowing vision is not yet fulfilled; but the singer was
cherishing no illusions when he sang. It _is_ true that the story
of God's great manifestation of Himself in Christ, in which He has
magnified His Word above all His name, is one day to win the world.
It _is_ true that the revelation of a God who regards the lowly is
the conquering Gospel which shall bow all hearts.

In the third part (vv. 7, 8), the psalmist comes back to his
own needs, and takes to his heart the calming assurance born of
his experience, that he bears a charmed life. He but speaks the
confidence which should strengthen every heart that rests on God.
Such an one may be girdled about by troubles, but he will have an
inner circle traced round him, within which no evil can venture. He
may walk in the valley of the shadow of death unfearing, for God will
hold his soul in life. Foes may pour out floods of enmity and wrath,
but one strong hand will be stretched out against (or _over_) the
wild deluge, and will draw the trustful soul out of its rush on to
the safe shore. So was the psalmist assured; so may and should those
be who have yet greater wonders for which to thank Jehovah.

That last prayer of the psalm blends very beautifully confidence
and petition. Its central clause is the basis of both the confidence
in its first, and the petition in its last, clause. Because Jehovah's
loving-kindness endures for ever, every man on whom His shaping
Spirit has begun to work, or His grace in any form to bestow its
gifts, may be sure that no exhaustion or change of these is possible.
God is not as the foolish tower-builder, who began and was not
able to finish. He never stops till He has completed His work; and
nothing short of the entire conformity of a soul to His likeness and
the filling of it with Himself can be the termination of His loving
purpose, or of His achieving grace. Therefore the psalmist "found it
in his heart to pray" that God would not abandon the works of His own
hands. That prayer appeals to His faithfulness and to His honour. It
sets forth the obligations under which God comes by what He has done.
It is a prayer which goes straight to His heart; and they who offer
it receive the old answer, "I will not leave thee till I have done
unto thee that which I have spoken to thee of."




                             PSALM CXXXIX.

     1 Jehovah, Thou hast searched me and known [me].
     2 Thou, Thou knowest my down-sitting and my up-rising,
       Thou understandest my thought afar off.
     3 My walking and my lying down Thou siftest,
       And with all my ways Thou art familiar.
     4 For there is not a word on my tongue,
       --Behold, Thou, Jehovah, knowest it all.
     5 Behind and before Thou hast shut me in,
       And hast laid upon me Thy hand.
     6 [Such] knowledge is too wonderful for me,
       Too high, I am not able for it.

     7 Whither shall I go from Thy spirit?
       And whither from Thy face shall I flee?
     8 If I climb heaven, there art Thou,
       Or make Sheol my bed, lo, Thou [art there].
     9 [If] I lift up the wings of the dawn,
       [If] I dwell at the farthest end of the sea,
    10 Even there Thy hand shall lead me,
       And Thy right hand shall hold me.
    11 And [if] I say, "Only let darkness cover me,
       And the light about me be [as] night,"
    12 Even darkness darkens not to Thee,
       And night lightens like day;
       As is the darkness, so is the light.

    13 For Thou, Thou hast formed my reins,
       Thou hast woven me together in my mother's womb.
    14 I will thank Thee for that in dread fashion I am wondrously made
       Wondrous are Thy works,
       And my soul knows [it] well.
    15 My bones were not hid from Thee,
       When I was made in secret,
       [And] wrought like embroidery [as] in the depths of the earth.
    16 Thine eyes saw my shapeless mass,
       And in Thy book were they all written,
       The days [that] were fashioned,
       And yet there was not one among them.
    17 And to me how precious are Thy thoughts, O God,
       How great is their sum!
    18 Would I reckon them, they outnumber the sand;
       I awake--and am still with Thee.

    19 Oh, if Thou wouldest smite the wicked, O God!
       --And [ye] men of blood, depart from me,
    20 Who rebel against Thee with wicked deeds,
       They lift up [themselves] against Thee vainly (?)
    21 Do not I hate them which hate Thee, Jehovah?
       And am not I grieved with those who rise against Thee?
    22 With perfect hatred I hate them,
       They are counted for enemies to me.
    23 Search me, O God, and know my heart,
       Try me and know my thoughts,
    24 And see if there be any way of grief in me,
       And lead me in a way everlasting.


This is the noblest utterance in the Psalter of pure contemplative
theism, animated and not crushed by the thought of God's omniscience
and omnipresence. No less striking than the unequalled force and
sublimity with which the psalm hymns the majestic attributes of an
all-filling, all-knowing, all-creating God, is the firmness with which
the singer's personal relation to that God is grasped. Only in the last
verses is there reference to other men. In the earlier parts of the
psalm, there are but two beings in the universe--God and the psalmist.
With impressive reiteration, God's attributes are gazed on in their
bearing on him. Not mere omniscience, but a knowledge which knows
_him_ altogether, not mere omnipresence, but a presence which _he_
can nowhere escape, not mere creative power, but a power which shaped
_him_, fill and thrill the psalmist's soul. This is no cold theism,
but vivid religion. Conscience and the consciousness of individual
relation to God penetrate and vitalise the whole. Hence the sudden turn
to prayer against evil men and for the singer's direction in the right
way, which closes the hymn, is natural, however abrupt.

The course of thought is plain. There are four strophes of six verses
each,--of which the first (vv. 1-6) magnifies God's omniscience;
the second (vv. 7-12), His omnipresence; the third (vv. 13-18), His
creative act, as the ground of the preceding attributes; and the
fourth (vv. 19-24) recoils from men who rebel against such a God,
and joyfully submits to the searching of His omniscient eye, and the
guidance of His ever-present hand.

The psalmist is so thoroughly possessed by the thought of his
personal relation to God that his meditation spontaneously takes the
form of address to Him. That form adds much to the impressiveness,
but is no rhetorical or poetic artifice. Rather, it is the shape in
which such intense consciousness of God cannot but utter itself.
How cold and abstract the awestruck sentences become, if we
substitute "He" for "Thou," and "men" for "I" and "me"! The first
overwhelming thought of God's relation to the individual soul is
that He completely knows the whole man. "Omniscience" is a pompous
word, which leaves us unaffected by either awe or conscience. But
the psalmist's God was a God who came into close touch with him, and
the psalmist's religion translated the powerless generality of an
attribute referring to the Divine relation to the universe into a
continually exercised power having reference to himself. He utters
his reverent consciousness of it in ver. 1 in a single clause, and
expands that verse in the succeeding ones. "Thou hast searched me"
describes a process of minute investigation; "and known [me]," its
result in complete knowledge.

That knowledge is then followed out in various directions, and
recognised as embracing the whole man in all his modes of action
and repose, in all his inner and outward life. Vv. 2 and 3 are
substantially parallel. "Down-sitting" and "up-rising" correspond to
"walking" and "lying down," and both antitheses express the contrast
between action and rest. "My thought" in ver. 2 corresponds to "my
ways" in ver. 3,--the former referring to the inner life of thought,
purpose, and will; the latter to the outward activities which carry
these into effect. Ver. 3 is a climax to ver. 2, in so far as it
ascribes a yet closer and more accurate knowledge to God. "Thou
siftest" or _winnowest_ gives a picturesque metaphor for careful
and judicial scrutiny which discerns wheat from chaff. "Thou art
familiar" implies intimate and habitual knowledge. But thought and
action are not the whole man. The power of speech, which the Psalter
always treats as solemn and a special object of Divine approval or
condemnation, must also be taken into account. Ver. 4 brings it, too,
under God's cognisance. The meaning may either be that "There is no
word on my tongue [which] Thou dost not know altogether"; or, "The
word is not yet on my tongue, [but] lo! Thou knowest," etc. "Before
it has shaped itself on the tongue, [much less been launched from
it], thou knowest all its secret history" (Kay).

The thought that God knows him through and through blends in the
singer's mind with the other, that God surrounds him on every side.
Ver. 5 thus anticipates the thought of the next strophe, but presents
it rather as the basis of God's knowledge, and as limiting man's
freedom. But the psalmist does not feel that he is imprisoned, or
that the hand laid on him is heavy. Rather, he rejoices in the
defence of an encompassing God, who shuts off evil from him, as well
as shuts him in from self-willed and self-determined action; and
he is glad to be held by a hand so gentle as well as strong. "Thou
God seest me" may either be a dread or a blessed thought. It may
paralyse or stimulate. It should be the ally of conscience, and,
while it stirs to all noble deeds, should also emancipate from all
slavish fear. An exclamation of reverent wonder and confession of the
limitation of human comprehension closes the strophe.

Why should the thought that God is ever with the psalmist be put in
the shape of vivid pictures of the impossibility of escape from Him?
It is the sense of sin which leads men to hide from God, like Adam
among the trees of the garden. The psalmist does not desire thus to
flee, but he supposes the case, which would be only too common if
men realised God's knowledge of all their ways. He imagines himself
reaching the extremities of the universe in vain flight, and stunned
by finding God there. The utmost possible height is coupled with the
utmost possible depth. Heaven and Sheol equally fail to give refuge
from that moveless Face, which confronts the fugitive in both, and
fills them as it fills all the intervening dim distances. The dawn
flushes the east, and swiftly passes on roseate wings to the farthest
bounds of the Mediterranean, which, to the psalmist, represented the
extreme west, a land of mystery. In both places and in all the broad
lands between, the fugitive would find himself in the grasp of the
same hand (compare ver. 5).

Darkness is the friend of fugitives from men; but is transparent to
God. In ver. 11 the language is somewhat obscure. The word rendered
above "cover" is doubtful, as the Hebrew text reads "bruise," which
is quite unsuitable here. Probably there has been textual error,
and the slight correction which yields the above sense is to be
adopted, as by many moderns. The second clause of the verse carries
on the supposition of the first, and is not to be regarded, as in the
A.V., as stating the result of the supposition, or, in grammatical
language, the apodosis. That begins with ver. 12, and is marked
there, as in ver. 10, by "even."

The third strophe (vv. 13-18) grounds the psalmist's relation to
God on God's creative act. The mysteries of conception and birth
naturally struck the imagination of non-scientific man, and are to
the psalmist the direct result of Divine power. He touches them with
poetic delicacy and devout awe, casting a veil of metaphor over the
mystery, and losing sight of human parents in the clear vision of
the Divine Creator. There is room for his thought of the origin of
the individual life, behind modern knowledge of embryology. In ver.
13 the word rendered in the A.V. "possessed" is better understood in
this context as meaning "formed," and that rendered there "covered"
(as in Psalm cxl. 7) here means to _plait_ or _weave together_, and
picturesquely describes the interlacing bones and sinews, as in
Job x. 11. But description passes into adoration in ver. 14. Its
language is somewhat obscure. The verb rendered "wondrously made"
probably means here "selected" or "distinguished," and represents man
as the _chef d'œuvre_ of the Divine Artificer. The psalmist cannot
contemplate his own frame, God's workmanship, without breaking into
thanks, nor without being touched with awe. Every man carries in his
own body reasons enough for reverent gratitude.

The word for "bones" in ver. 15 is a collective noun, and might be
rendered "bony framework." The mysterious receptacle in which the
unborn body takes shape and grows is delicately described as "secret,"
and likened to the hidden region of the underworld, where are the
dead. The point of comparison is the mystery enwrapping both. The
same comparison occurs in Job's pathetic words, "Naked came I out of
my mother's womb, and naked shall I return thither." It is doubtful
whether the word rendered above "wrought like embroidery" refers
to a pattern wrought by weaving or by needlework. In any case, it
describes "the variegated colour of the individual members, especially
of the viscera" (Delitzsch). The mysteries of antenatal being are
still pursued in ver. 16, which is extremely obscure. It is, however,
plain that _a_ sets forth the Divine knowledge of man in his first
rudiments of corporeity. "My shapeless mass" is one word, meaning
anything rolled up in a bundle or ball. But in _b_ it is doubtful what
is referred to in "they all." Strictly, the word should point back to
something previously mentioned; and hence the A.V. and R.V. suppose
that the "shapeless mass" is thought of as resolved into its component
parts, and insert "my members"; but it is better to recognise a slight
irregularity here, and to refer the word to the "days" immediately
spoken of, which existed in the Divine foreknowledge long before they
had real objective existence in the actual world. The last clause of
the verse is capable of two different meanings, according as the Hebrew
text or margin is followed. This is one of a number of cases in which
there is a doubt whether we should read "not" or "to him" (or "it").
The Hebrew words having these meanings are each of two letters, the
initial one being the same in both, and both words having the same
sound. Confusion might easily therefore arise, and as a matter of
fact there are numerous cases in which the text has the one and the
margin the other of these two words. Here, if we adhere to the text,
we read the negative, and then the force of the clause is to declare
emphatically that the "days" were written in God's book, and in a real
sense "fashioned," when as yet they had not been recorded in earth's
calendars. If, on the other hand, the marginal reading is preferred, a
striking meaning is obtained: "And for it [_i.e._, for the birth of the
shapeless mass] there was one among them [predestined in God's book]."

In vv. 17, 18, the poet gathers together and crowns all his
previous contemplations by the consideration that this God, knowing
him altogether, ever near him, and Former of his being, has great
"thoughts" or purposes affecting him individually. That assurance makes
omniscience and omnipresence joys, and not terrors. The root meaning
of the word rendered "precious" is _weighty_. The singer would weigh
God's thoughts towards him, and finds that they weigh down his scales.
He would number them, and finds that they pass his enumeration. It is
the same truth of the transcendent greatness and graciousness of God's
purposes as is conveyed in Isaiah's "As the heavens are higher than
the earth, so are . . . My thoughts than your thoughts." "I awake, and
am still with Thee,"--this is an artless expression of the psalmist's
blessedness in realising God's continual nearness. He awakes from
sleep, and is conscious of glad wonder to find that, like a tender
mother by her slumbering child, God has been watching over him, and
that all the blessed communion of past days abides as before.

The fiery hatred of evil and evil men which burns in the last strophe
offends many and startles more. But while the vehement prayer that
"Thou wouldest slay the wicked" is not in a Christian tone, the
recoil from those who could raise themselves against such a God is
the necessary result of the psalmist's delight in Him. Attraction and
repulsion are equal and contrary. The measure of our cleaving to that
which is good, and to Him who is good, settles the measure of our
abhorrence of that which is evil. The abrupt passing from petition
in ver. 19_a_ to command in _b_ has been smoothed away by a slight
alteration which reads, "And that men of blood would depart from me";
but the variation in tense is more forcible, and corresponds with the
speaker's strong emotion. He cannot bear companionship with rebels
against God. His indignation has no taint of personal feeling, but is
pure zeal for God's honour.

Ver. 20 presents difficulties. The word rendered in the A.V. and
R.V. (text) "speak against Thee" is peculiarly spelt if this is its
meaning, and its construction is anomalous. Probably, therefore, the
rendering should be as above. That meaning does not require a change of
consonants, but only of vowel points. The difficulty of the last clause
lies mainly in the word translated in the A.V. _adversaries_ and in
the R.V. "_enemies_." That meaning is questionable; and if the word is
the nominative to the verb in the clause, the construction is awkward,
since the preceding "who" would naturally extend its influence to this
clause. Textual emendation has been resorted to; the simplest form of
which is to read "against Thee" for "Thine adversaries," a change of
one letter. Another form of emendation, which is adopted by Cheyne and
Graetz, substitutes "Thy name," and reads the whole, "And pronounce Thy
name for falsehoods." Delitzsch adheres to the reading "adversaries,"
and by a harsh ellipsis makes the whole to run, "Who pronounce [Thy
name] deceitfully--Thine adversaries."

The vindication of the psalmist's indignation lies in vv. 21, 22.
That soul must glow with fervent love to God which feels wrong done
to His majesty with as keen a pain as if it were itself struck. What
God says to those who love Him, they in their degree say to God: "He
that toucheth Thee toucheth the apple of mine eye." True, hate is not
the Christian requital of hate, whether that is directed against God
or God's servant. But recoil there must be, if there is any vigour of
devotion; only, pity and love must mingle with it, and the evil of
hatred be overcome by their good.

Very beautifully does the lowly prayer for searching and guidance
follow the psalmist's burst of fire. It is easier to glow with
indignation against evil-doers than to keep oneself from doing evil.
Many secret sins may hide under a cloak of zeal for the Lord. So the
psalmist prays that God would search him, not because he fancies that
there is no lurking sin to be burned by the light of God's eye, like
vermin that nestle and multiply under stones and shrivel when the
sunbeams strike them, but because he dreads that there is, and would
fain have it cast out. The psalm began with declaring that Jehovah
had searched and known the singer, and it ends with asking for that
searching knowledge.

It makes much difference, not indeed in the reality or completeness
of God's knowledge of us, but in the good we derive therefrom, whether
we welcome and submit to it, or try to close our trembling hearts, that
do not wish to be cleansed of their perilous stuff, from that loving
and purging gaze. God will cleanse the evil which He sees, if we are
willing that He should see it. Thoughts of the inner life and "ways" of
the outer are equally to be submitted to Him. There are two "ways" in
which men can walk. The one is a "way of grief or pain," because that
is its terminus. All sin is a blunder. And the inclination to such ways
is "in me," as every man who has dealt honestly with himself knows.
The other is "a way everlasting," a way which leads to permanent good,
which continues uninterrupted through the vicissitudes of life, and
even (though that was not in the psalmist's mind) through the darkness
of death, and with ever closer approximation to its goal in God,
through the cycles of eternity. And that way is not "in me," but I must
be led into and in it by the God who knows me altogether and is ever
with me, to keep my feet in the way of life, if I will hold the guiding
hand which He lays upon me.




                               PSALM CXL.

     1 Deliver me, Jehovah, from the evil man,
       From the man of violence guard me,
     2 Who plot evils in heart,
       Every day they stir up wars.
     3 They have sharpened their tongue like a serpent,
       Adders' poison is under their lips. Selah.

     4 Keep me, Jehovah, from the hands of the wicked man,
       From the man of violences guard me,
       Who have plotted to overthrow my steps.
     5 The proud have hidden a snare for me and cords,
       They have spread a net hard by the path,
       They have set gins for me. Selah.

     6 I said to Jehovah, My God art Thou,
       Give ear, Jehovah, to the voice of my supplications.
     7 Jehovah, Lord, my stronghold of salvation!
       Thou hast covered my head in the day of battle
     8 Grant not, Jehovah, the desires of the wicked,
       Further not his plan. Selah.

     9 They who compass me about lift up the head--
       The mischief of their own lips cover them!
    10 [Jehovah] rain hot coals on them! (?)
       Let Him cause them to fall into fire,
       Into floods, that they rise no more!
    11 The man with a [slanderous] tongue shall not continue on earth;
       The man of violence--evil shall hunt him with blow upon blow.

    12 I know that Jehovah will maintain the cause of the afflicted,
       The right of the needy.
    13 Surely the righteous shall thank Thy name,
       The upright shall dwell with Thy face.


In tone and contents this psalm has many parallels in the earlier
books, especially among the psalms ascribed to David. Its originality
lies principally in its use of peculiar words, and in the extreme
obscurity of a part of it. The familiar situation of a man ringed
about by slanderous enemies, the familiar metaphors of snares and
traps, the familiar venture of faith flinging itself into God's arms
for refuge, the familiar prayers for retribution, are all here. One
cannot argue about impressions, but the present writer receives the
impression strongly from the psalm that it is cast in the Davidic
manner by a later singer, and is rather an echo than an original
voice, while, no doubt, the feelings expressed, both of distress and
of confidence, are none the less felt by the singer, though he falls
back on familiar forms for their expression.

The arrangement is in four strophes of approximately equal length,
the first and third of which consist of three verses of two clauses
each, while the fourth is abnormally elongated by having three
clauses in ver. 10, and the second (vv. 4, 5) has two verses of three
clauses each. Selah again appears as dividing the strophes, but is
omitted at the end of the fourth, to which a closing strophe of two
verses is appended.

The first two strophes (vv. 1-3 and 4, 5) cover the same ground. Both
set forth the psalmist's need, and plead for deliverance. The first
verse of the second strophe (ver. 4) is almost identical with ver.
1. Both paint the psalmist's enemies as evil and violent, plotting
against him privily. The only difference in the two strophes is in the
metaphors describing the foes and their devices, and in the prominence
given in the first to their slanderous and sharp tongues. The forms
of their malice are like those in earlier psalms. A characteristic of
the Psalter is the prominence given to hostility which has but bitter
speech for its weapon (Psalm x. 7, lviii. 4). The slanderer's tongue is
sharp like a serpent's, with which the popular opinion supposed that
the venom was injected. The particular kind of serpent meant in ver.
3_a_ is doubtful, as the word is only found here.

The figures for hostility in the second strophe are the other equally
familiar ones of setting snares and traps. The contrivers are here
called "proud," since their hostility to God's servant implies
haughty antagonism to God. But they are not too proud to resort to
tricks. Cunning and pride do not go well together, but they are
united in these enemies, who spread a net "by the hand of the path."

In the third strophe, Faith rouses itself to lay hold on God. The
psalmist turns from contemplating what his foes are doing, to realise
what Jehovah is to him, and is wont to do for him. Since He is the
singer's God and protects him in all conflict, he "finds it in his
heart" to ask confidently that the plots of the foe may be wrecked.
Consciousness of danger drove the poet in the former strophes to
prayer; Jehovah's character and loving relations to him draw him, in
this one.

"The day of battle" is literally "the day of armour"--when weapons
clash and helmets are fitting wear. Then Jehovah will be as a
head-piece to him, for He always gives the shape to His help which is
required at the moment. The words in ver. 8 for "desires" and "plan"
are found here only.

The text here is evidently in some disorder, and the word
which is now awkwardly attached to the end of ver. 8 is by most
commentators carried over to ver. 9. The change of position clears
away difficulties in both verses, but a considerable crop remains in
this fourth strophe. The language becomes gnarled and obscure under
the stress of the poet's emotion, as he prays for the destruction of
his persecutors. If the transference of the word from ver. 8 to ver.
9 is accepted, that verse describes in vivid fashion what in prose
would have been cast into the form of, "_When_ my encompassers lift
up the head [_i.e._, in proud assault], _then_," etc. The psalmist
omits the particles which would give a hypothetical form, and prefers
to set the two things side by side, and leave sympathetic readers
to feel their connection. Ver. 10 is very obscure. According to the
Hebrew text, the first clause would have to be rendered, "Let coals
be thrown on them"; but such a rendering is "contrary to the usage of
the language." The Hebrew margin, therefore, corrects into, "Let them
[_i.e._, men indefinitely] cast down coals"; but this is harsh, and
the office is strange as one attributed to men. The emendation which
finds favour with most moderns substitutes for the inappropriate
verb of the present text that which is used in precisely the same
connection in Psalm xi. 6, and gives the reading, "Let Him [_i.e._,
Jehovah] rain coals on them." The following clause then swiftly adds
another element of horror. Fire rains down from above; fire yawns
below. They are beaten down by the burning storm, and they fall into
a mass of flame. The noun in ver. 10_c_ is found only here, and is by
some rendered "pits," by others "floods," and by others is corrected
into "nets." If "floods" is taken as the meaning, destruction by
water is set by the side of that by fire, as if the antagonistic
elements forgot their opposition and joined in strange amity to sweep
the wicked from the earth. The terrible strophe ends with the assured
declaration of the Divinely appointed transiency of the evil-doers,
especially of the slanderers against whom the psalmist took refuge
in Jehovah. They shall be soon cut off, and the hunters (ver. 5)
shall become the hunted. "Evil"--_i.e._, the punishment of their evil
deeds--shall dog their heels, and with stroke after stroke chase them
as dogs would follow vermin.

In vv. 13, 14, the poet comes back to brighter thoughts, and his
words become limpid again with his change of mood. He "knows," as
the result of meditation and experience, that not only he, but all
the afflicted and needy, who are righteous and upright, have God on
their side. He will stand by their side in their hour of distress; He
will admit them to dwell by His side, in deep, still communion, made
more real and sweet by the harassments of earth, which drive them for
shelter and peace to His breast. That confidence is a certitude for
the psalmist. He announces it with an "I know," and seals it with
a "surely." Such is the issue of trouble which was spread before
Jehovah, and vented itself in prayer.




                              PSALM CXLI.

     1 Jehovah, I have called on Thee; haste to me,
       Give ear to my voice when I call to Thee.
     2 Let my prayer appear before Thee [as] incense,
       The lifting up of my hands [as] an evening sacrifice.

     3 Set a watch, Jehovah, before my mouth,
       Keep guard over the door of my lips.
     4 Incline not my heart to any evil thing,
       To practise wicked practices with men that work iniquity;
       And let me not eat of their dainties.

     5 Let the righteous smite me in kindness and reprove me,
       [Such] oil for the head shall not my head refuse.
       For so is it that my prayer shall continue in their
           wickednesses. (?)
     6 Their judges are thrown down by the sides of the cliff, (?)
       And they hear my sayings, that they are sweet. (?)
     7 As a man ploughing and cleaving the earth,
       Our bones are strewn at the mouth of Sheol.

     8 For toward Thee, Jehovah, Lord, are mine eyes [turned];
       In Thee do I take refuge--pour not out my soul.
     9 Keep me from the hands of the snare which they have laid for me,
       And from the gins of the doers of iniquity.
    10 May the wicked fall into their own nets,
       Whilst at the same time I pass by!


Part of this psalm is hopelessly obscure, and the connection is
difficult throughout. It is a prayer of a harassed soul, tempted to
slacken its hold on God, and therefore betaking itself to Him. Nothing
more definite as to author or occasion can be said with certainty.

The allusions in vv. 6, 7, are dark to us, and the psalm must,
in many parts, remain an enigma. Probably Baethgen and Cheyne are
wise in giving up the attempt to extract any intelligible meaning
from ver. 5_c_ and ver. 6 as the words stand, and falling back on
asterisks. Delitzsch regards the psalm as being composed as suitable
to "a Davidic situation," either by David himself, or by some one who
wished to give expression in strains like David's to David's probable
mood. It would thus be a "Dramatic Idyll," referring, according to
Delitzsch, to Absalom's revolt. Ver. 2 is taken by him to allude to
the king's absence from the sanctuary, and the obscure ver. 6, to the
fate of the leaders of the revolt and the return of the mass of the
people to loyal submission. But this is a very precarious reference.

The psalm begins with the cry to God to hear, which so often
forms the introduction to psalms of complaint and supplications
for deliverance. But here a special colouring is given by the
petition that the psalmist's prayers may be equivalent to incense
and sacrifice. It does not follow that he was shut out from outward
participation in worship, but only that he had learned what that
worship meant. "Appear" might be rendered "established." The word
means to be set firm, or, reflexively, to station oneself, and hence
is taken by some as equivalent to "appear" or "come" before Thee;
while others give prominence rather to the notion of stability in the
word, and take it to mean _continue_--_i.e._, be accepted. There may
be a reference to the morning sacrifice in the "incense," so that
both morning and evening ritual would be included; but it is more
natural to think of the evening incense, accompanying the evening
"meal offering," and to suppose that the psalm is an evening prayer.
The penetrating insight into the realities of spiritual worship which
the singer has gained is more important to note than such questions
about the scope of his figures.

The prayer in vv. 3, 4, is for deliverance not from dangers,
but from temptation to sin in word or deed. The psalmist is not
suffering from the hostility of the workers of iniquity, but dreads
becoming infected with their sin. This phase of trial was not David's
in Absalom's revolt, and the prominence given to it here makes
Delitzsch's view of the psalm very doubtful. An earlier psalmist had
vowed to "put a muzzle on his mouth," but a man's own guard over
his words will fail, unless God keeps the keeper, and, as it were,
sets a sentry to watch the lips. The prayer for strength to resist
temptation to wrong acts, which follows that against wrong speech, is
curiously loaded with synonymous terms. The psalmist asks that his
heart, which is but too apt to feel the risings of inclination to
fall in with the manners around him, may be stiffened into wholesome
loathing of every evil--"To practise practices in wickedness with men
[perhaps, _great men_] who work iniquity." The clause rather drags,
and the proposed insertion of "Let me not sit" before "with men that
work iniquity" lightens the weight, and supplies a good parallel
with "Let me not eat of their dainties." It is, however, purely
conjectural, and the existing reading is intelligible, though heavy.
The psalmist wishes to keep clear of association with the corrupt
society around him, and desires to be preserved from temptations to
fall in with its luxurious sensuality, lest thereby he should slide
into imitation of its sins. He chose plain living, because he longed
for high thinking, and noble doing, and grave, reverend speech. All
this points to a period when the world fought against goodness by
proffering vulgar delights, rather than by persecution. Martyrs have
little need to pray that they may not be tempted by persecutors'
feasts. This man "scorned delights" and chose to dwell with good men.

The connection of ver. 5 with the preceding seems to be that in it
the psalmist professes his preference for the companionship of the
righteous, even if they reprove him. It is better, in his judgment,
to have the wholesome correction of the righteous than to feast with
the wicked. But while this is the bearing of the first part of the
verse, the last clause is obscure, almost to unintelligibility, and
even the earlier ones are doubtful. If the Hebrew accents are adhered
to, the rendering above must be adopted. The division of clauses and
rendering adopted by Hupfeld and many others, and in the A.V. and R.V.,
gives vividness, but requires "it shall be" to be twice supplied. The
whole sentence seems to run more smoothly, if the above translation is
accepted. "Oil for the head" is that with which the head is anointed
as for a feast; and there is probably a tacit suggestion of a better
festival, spread in the austere abodes of the righteous poor, than on
the tables loaded with the dainties of the wicked rich.

But what is the meaning and bearing of the last clause of ver. 5?
No wholly satisfactory answer has been given. It is needless here
to travel through the various more or less violent and unsuccessful
attempts to unravel the obscurities of this clause and of the
next verse. One sympathises with Hupfeld's confession that it is
an unwelcome (_sauer_) task to him to quote the whirl of varying
conjectures. The rendering adopted above, as, on the whole, the least
unlikely, is substantially Delitzsch's. It means that the psalmist
"will oppose no weapon but prayer to his enemies' wickedness, and
is therefore in the spiritual mood susceptible to well-meaning
reproof." The logic of the clause is not very clear, even with this
explanation. The psalmist's continuance in prayer against the wicked
is not very obviously a reason for his accepting kindly rebuke. But
no better explanation is proposed.

The darkness thickens in ver. 6. The words indeed are all easily
translatable; but what the whole sentence means, or what an allusion
to the destruction of some unnamed people's rulers has to do here,
or who they are who hear the psalmist's words, are questions as yet
unanswered. To cast men down "by the sides [lit., _hands_] of a
rock" is apparently an expression for the cruel punishment mentioned
as actually inflicted on ten thousand of the "children of Seir" (2
Chron. xxv. 12). Those who, with Delitzsch, take the revolt under
Absalom to be the occasion of the psalm, find in the casting down
of these judges an imaginative description of the destruction of
the leaders of the revolt, who are supposed to be hurled down the
rocks by the people whom they had misled; while the latter, having
again come to their right mind, attend to David's word, and find
it pleasant and beneficent. But this explanation requires much
supplementing of the language, and does not touch the difficulty of
bringing the verse into connection with the preceding.

Nor is the connection with what follows more clear. A various
reading substitutes "Their" for "Our" in ver. 7, and so makes the
whole verse a description of the bones of the ill-fated "judges"
lying in a litter at the base of the precipice. But apparently the
reading is merely an attempt to explain the difficulty. Clearly
enough the verse gives an extraordinarily energetic and graphic
picture of a widespread slaughter. But who are the slain, and what
event or events in the history of Israel are here imaginatively
reproduced, is quite unknown. All that is certain is the tremendous
force of the representation, the Æschylean ruggedness of the
metaphor, and the desperate condition to which it witnesses. The
point of the figure lies in the resemblance of the bones strewn at
the mouth of Sheol to broken clods turned up by a plough. _Sheol_
seems here to waver between the meanings of the unseen world of
souls and the grave. The unburied bones of slaughtered saints "lie
scattered," as unregarded as the lumps of soil behind the ploughman.

In vv. 8-10 the familiar psalm-tone recurs, and the language clears
itself. The stream has been foaming among rocks in a gorge, but
it has emerged into sunlight, and flows smoothly. Only the "For"
at the beginning of ver. 8 is difficult, if taken to refer to the
immediately preceding verses. Rather, it overleaps the obscure
middle part of the psalm, and links on to the petitions of vv. 1-4.
Patient, trustful expectance is the psalmist's temper, which gazes
not interrogatively, but with longing which is sure of satisfaction,
towards God, from amidst the temptations or sorrows of earth. The
reason for that fixed look of faith lies in the Divine names, so rich
in promise, which are here blended in an unusual combination. The
devout heart pleads its own act of faith in conjunction with God's
names, and is sure that, since He is Jehovah, Lord, it cannot be vain
to hide oneself in Him. Therefore, the singer prays for preservation
from destruction. "Pour not out my soul" recalls Isa. liii. 12, where
the same vivid metaphor is used. The prayer of the earlier verses was
for protection from temptation; here, circumstances have darkened,
and the psalmist's life is in danger. Possibly the "snares" and
"gins" of ver. 9 mean both temptations and perils.

The final petition in ver. 10 is like many in earlier psalms. It was
a fundamental article of faith for all the psalmists that a great _Lex
Talionis_ was at work, by which every sin was avenged in kind; and
if one looks deeper than the outside of life, the faith is eternally
warranted. For nothing is more certain than that, whomsoever else a man
may harm by his sin, he harms himself most. Nets woven and spread for
others may or may not ensnare them, but their meshes cling inextricably
round the feet of their author, and their tightening folds will wrap
him helpless, like a fly in a spider's web. The last clause presents
some difficulties. The word rendered above "at the same time" is
literally "together," but seems to be used here, as in Psalm iv. 8
(_at once_), with the meaning of _simultaneously_. The two things are
co-temporaneous--the enemies' ensnaring and the psalmist's escape. The
clause is abnormal in its order of words. It stands thus: "At the same
time I, while [until] I pass by." Probably the irregularity arose from
a desire to put the emphatic word "at the same time" in the prominent
place. It is doubtful whether we should translate "while" or "until."
Authorities are divided, and either meaning is allowable. But though
the rendering _until_ gives picturesqueness to the representation of
the snared foe restrained and powerless, until his hoped-for prey walks
calmly through the toils, the same idea is conveyed by "while," and
that rendering avoids the implication that the snaring lasted only as
long as the time taken for the psalmist's escape. What is uppermost
in the psalmist's mind is, in any case, not the destruction of his
enemies, but their being made powerless to prevent his "passing by"
their snares uncaptured.




                              PSALM CXLII.

    1 With my voice to Jehovah will I cry,
      With my voice to Jehovah will I make supplication.
    2 I will pour out before Him my complaint,
      My straits before Him will I declare.
    3 When my spirit wraps itself in gloom upon me,
      Then Thou--Thou knowest my path;
      In the way wherein I have to go
      They have hidden a snare for me.
    4 Look on the right hand and see,
      There is none that knows me,
      Shelter is perished from me,
      There is no one that makes inquiry after my soul.

    5 I have cried unto Thee, Jehovah,
      I have said, Thou art my refuge,
      My portion in the land of the living.
    6 Attend to my shrill cry,
      For I am become very weak;
      Deliver me from my pursuers,
      For they are too strong for me.
    7 Bring out from prison my soul,
      That I may thank Thy name;
      In me shall the righteous glory,
      For Thou dealest bountifully with me.


The superscription not only calls this a psalm of David's, but
specifies the circumstances of its composition. It breathes the same
spirit of mingled fear and faith which characterises many earlier
psalms; but one fails to catch the unmistakable note of freshness,
and there are numerous echoes of preceding singers. This psalmist
has as deep sorrows as his predecessors, and as firm a grasp of
Jehovah, his helper. His song runs naturally in well-worn channels,
and is none the less genuine and acceptable to God because it does.
Trouble and lack of human sympathy or help have done their best work
on him, since they have driven him to God's breast. He has cried in
vain to man; and now he has gathered himself up in a firm resolve
to cast himself upon God. Men may take offence that they are only
appealed to as a last resort, but God does not. The psalmist is too
much in earnest to be content with unspoken prayers. His voice must
help his thoughts. Wonderful is the power of articulate utterance in
defining, and often in diminishing, sorrows. Put into words, many a
burden shrinks. Speaking his grief, many a man is calmed and braced
to endure. The complaint poured out before God ceases to flood the
spirit; the straits told to Him begin to grip less tightly.

Ver. 1 resembles Psalm lxxvii. 1, and ver. 3 has the same vivid
expression for a spirit swathed in melancholy as Psalm lxxvii. 3.
Hupfeld would transfer ver. 3_a_ to ver. 2, as being superfluous
in ver. 3, and, in connection with the preceding, stating the
situation or disposition from which the psalmist's prayer flows.
If so taken, the copula (And) introducing _b_ will be equivalent
to "But," and contrasts the omniscience of God with the psalmist's
faintheartedness. If the usual division of verses is retained, the
same contrast is presented still more forcibly, and the copula may
be rendered "Then." The outpouring of complaint is not meant to tell
Jehovah what He does not know. It is for the complainer's relief,
not for God's information. However a soul is wrapped in gloom, the
thought that God knows the road which is so dark brings a little
creeping beam into the blackness. In the strength of that conviction
the psalmist beseeches Jehovah to behold what He does behold. That
is the paradox of faithful prayer, which asks for what it knows that
it possesses, and dared not ask for unless it knew. The form of the
word rendered above "Look" is irregular, a "hybrid" (Delitzsch);
but when standing beside the following "see," it is best taken
as an imperative of petition to Jehovah. The old versions render
both words as first person singular, in which they are followed by
Baethgen, Graetz, and Cheyne. It is perhaps more natural that the
psalmist should represent himself as looking round in vain for help,
than that he should ask God to look; and, as Baethgen remarks, the
copula before "There is none" in ver. 4_b_ favours this reading,
as it is superfluous with an imperative. In either case the drift
of ver. 4 is to set forth the suppliant's forlorn condition. The
"right hand" is the place for a champion or helper, but this lonely
sufferer's is unguarded, and there is none who knows him, in the
sense of recognising him as one to be helped (Ruth ii. 10, 19). Thus
abandoned, friendless, and solitary, confronted by foes, he looks
about for some place to hide in; but that too has failed him (Job xi.
20; Jer. xxv. 35; Amos ii. 14). There is no man interested enough
in him to make inquiry after his life. Whether he is alive or dead
matters not a straw to any.

Thus utterly naked of help, allies, and earthly hiding-place, what
can a man do but fling himself into the arms of God? This one does so,
as the rest of the psalm tells. He had looked all round the horizon
in vain for a safe cranny to creep into and escape. He was out in the
open, without a bush or rock to hide behind, on all the dreary level.
So he looks up, and suddenly there rises by his side an inexpugnable
fortress, as if a mountain sprang at once from the flat earth. "I have
said, Thou art my refuge!" Whoso says thus has a shelter, Some One
to care for him, and the gloom begins to thin off from his soul. The
psalmist is not only safe in consequence of his prayer, but rich; for
the soul which, by strong resolve, even in the midst of straits, claims
God as its portion will at once realise its portion in God.

The prayer for complete deliverance in vv. 6, 7, passes into
calmness, even while it continues fully conscious of peril and of
the power of the pursuers. Such is the reward of invoking Jehovah's
help. Agitation is soothed, and, even before any outward effect has
been manifest, the peace of God begins to shed itself over heart and
mind. The suppliant still spreads his needs before God, is still
conscious of much weakness, of strong persecutors, and feels that he
is, as it were, in prison (an evident metaphor, though Graetz, with
singular prosaicness, will have it to be literal); but he has hold of
God now, and so is sure of deliverance, and already begins to shape
his lips for songs of praise, and to anticipate the triumph which
his experience will afford to those who are righteous, and so are
his fellows. He was not, then, so utterly solitary as he had wailed
that he was. There were some who would joy in his joy, even if they
could not help his misery. But the soul that has to wade through deep
waters has always to do it alone; for no human sympathy reaches to
full knowledge of, or share in, even the best loved one's grief. We
have companions in joy; sorrow we have to face by ourselves. Unless
we have Jesus with us in the darkness, we have no one.

The word rendered above "shall glory" is taken in different meanings.
According to some, it is to be rendered here "surround"--_i.e._, with
congratulations; others would take the meaning to be "shall crown
themselves"--_i.e._, "triumph on my account" (Delitzsch, etc.). Graetz
suggests a plausible emendation, which Cheyne adopts, reading "glory
in," the resulting meaning being the same as that of Delitzsch. The
notion of participation in the psalmist's triumph is evidently intended
to be conveyed; and any of these renderings preserves that. Possibly
_surround_ is most in accordance with the usage of the word. Thus
the psalmist's plaints end, as plaints which are prayers ever do, in
triumph anticipated by faith, and one day to be realised in experience.




                             PSALM CXLIII.

     1 Jehovah, hear my prayer, give ear to my supplications,
       In Thy faithfulness answer me, in Thy righteousness;
     2 And enter not into judgment with Thy servant,
       For before Thee shall no man living be righteous.
     3 For the enemy has pursued my soul,
       Crushed my life to the ground,
       Made me to dwell in dark places, like the dead of long ago.

     4 Therefore my spirit wraps itself in gloom in me,
       Within me is my heart benumbed.
     5 I remember the days of old,
       I muse on all Thy doings,
       On the work of Thy hands I brood.
     6 I spread my hands to Thee,
       My soul is towards Thee like a thirsty land. Selah.

     7 Make haste, answer me, Jehovah; my spirit faints;
       Hide not Thy face from me,
       Lest I become like those that descend into the pit.
     8 Make me hear Thy loving-kindness in the morning,
       For in Thee do I trust;
       Make me know the way in which I should go,
       For to Thee do I lift my soul.
     9 Deliver me from mine enemies, Jehovah,
       For to Thee do I flee for refuge. (?)

    10 Teach me to do Thy will, for Thou art my God;
       Let Thy good spirit lead me in a level land.
    11 For Thy name's sake, Jehovah, quicken me;
       In Thy righteousness bring my soul out of all straits;
    12 And in Thy loving-kindness cut off my foes,
       And destroy all who oppress my soul,
       For I am Thy servant.


This psalm's depth of sadness and contrition, blended with yearning
trust, recalls the earlier psalms attributed to David. Probably this
general resemblance in inwardness and mood is all that is meant by the
superscription in calling it "a psalm of David." Its copious use of
quotations and allusions indicate a late date. But there is no warrant
for taking the speaker to be the personified Israel. It is clearly
divided into two equal halves, as indicated by the Selah, which is not
found in Books IV. and V., except here, and in Psalm cxl. The former
half (vv. 1-6) is complaint; the latter (vv. 7-12), petition. Each part
may again be regarded as falling into two equal portions, so that the
complaint branches out into a plaintive description of the psalmist's
peril (vv. 1-3), and a melancholy disclosure of his feelings (vv. 4-6);
while the prayer is similarly parted into cries for deliverance (vv.
7-9), and for inward enlightenment and help (vv. 10-12). But we are not
reading a logical treatise, but listening to the cry of a tried spirit,
and so need not wonder if the discernible sequence of thought is here
and there broken.

The psalmist knows that his affliction is deserved. His enemy could
not have hunted and crushed him (ver. 3) unless God had been thereby
punishing him. His peril has forced home the penitent conviction of
his sin, and therefore he must first have matters set right between
him and God by Divine forgiveness. His cry for help is not based
upon any claims of his own, nor even on his extremity of need, but
solely on God's character, and especially on the twin attributes
of Faithfulness and Righteousness. By the latter is not meant the
retributive righteousness which gives according to desert, but
that by which He maintains the order of salvation established by
His holy love. The prayer anticipates St. John's declaration that
God is "faithful and just to forgive us our sins." That answer in
righteousness is as eagerly desired as God's dealing on the footing
of retributive justice is shrunk from. "Enter not into judgment
with Thy servant" is not a prayer referring to a future appearance
before the Judge of all, but the judgment deprecated is plainly
the enmity of men, which, as the next verse complains, is crushing
the psalmist's life out of him. His cry is for deliverance from
it, but he feels that a more precious gift must precede outward
deliverance, and God's forgiveness must first be sealed on his soul.
The conviction that, when the light of God's face is turned on the
purest life, it reveals dark stains which retributive justice cannot
but condemn, is not, in the psalmist's mouth, a palliation of his
guilt. Rather, it drives him to take his place among the multitude
of offenders, and from that lowly position to cry for pardon to the
very Judge whose judgment he cannot meet. The blessedness of contrite
trust is that it nestles the closer to God, the more it feels its
unworthiness. The child hides its face on the mother's bosom when it
has done wrong. God is our refuge from God. A little beam of light
steals into the penitent's darkness, while he calls himself God's
servant, and ventures to plead that relation, though he has done
what was unworthy of it, as a reason for pardon. The significant
"For" beginning ver. 3 shows that the enemy's acts were, to the
contrite psalmist, those of God's stern justice. Vv. 3_a_, _b_, are
moulded on Psalm vii. 5, and _c_ is verbally identical with Lam.
iii. 6. "The dead of long ago" is by some rendered _dead for ever_;
but the translation adopted above adds force to the psalmist's sad
description of himself, by likening him to those forgotten ones away
back in the mists of bygone ages.

In vv. 4-6 the record of the emotions caused by his peril follows.
They begin with the natural gloom. As in Psalm cxlii. 3 (with which
this has many points of resemblance, possibly indicating identity
of author), he describes his "spirit" as swathed in dark robes of
melancholy. His heart, too, the centre of personality, was _stunned_
or _benumbed_, so that it almost ceased to beat. What should a
"servant" of Jehovah's, brought to such a pass, do? If he is truly
God's, he will do precisely what this man did. He will compel his
thoughts to take another direction, and call Memory in to fight
Despair and feed Hope. His own past and God's past are arguments
enough to cheer the most gloom-wrapped sufferer. "A sorrow's crown
of sorrow" may be "remembering happier things," but the remembrance
will be better used to discrown a sorrow which threatens to lord it
over a life. Psalm lxxvii. 5, 6, 11, 12, has shaped the expressions
here. Both the contrast of present misery with past mercy, and
the assurances of present help given by that past mercy, move the
psalmist to appeal to God, stretching out his hands in entreaty.
Psalm lxiii. 1 echoes in ver. 6_b_, the pathos and beauty of which
need no elucidation. The very cracks in parched ground are like
mouths opened for the delaying rains; so the singer's soul was gaping
wide in trouble for God's coming, which would refresh and fertilise.
Blessed is that weariness which is directed to Him; it ever brings
the showers of grace for which it longs. The construction of ver.
6_b_ is doubtful, and the supplement "thirsteth" (A.V. and R.V.) is
possibly better than the "is" given above.

The second half of the psalm is purely petition. Vv. 7-9 ask
especially for outward deliverance. They abound with reminiscences of
earlier psalms. "Make haste, answer me" recalls Psalm lxix. 17; "my
spirit faints" is like Psalm lxxxiv. 2; "Hide not Thy face from me"
is a standing petition, as in Psalms xxvii. 9, cii. 2, etc.; "Lest
I become like those who descend into the pit" is exactly reproduced
from Psalm xxviii. 1. The prayer for the manifestation of God's
loving-kindness in the morning is paralleled in Psalm xc. 14, and
that for illumination as to the way to walk in is like Exod. xxxiii.
13; Psalm xxv. 4. The plea "To Thee do I lift my soul" is found in
Psalms xxv. 1, lxxxvi. 4.

The plea appended to the petition in ver. 9_b_ is difficult.
Literally, the words run, "To Thee have I covered [myself]," which
can best be explained as a pregnant construction, equivalent to "I
have fled to Thee and hid myself in Thee." Much divergence exists
in the renderings of the clause. But a slight emendation, adopted
by Hupfeld and Cheyne from an ancient Jewish commentator, reads the
familiar expression, "I have fled for refuge." Baethgen prefers to
read "have waited," which also requires but a trivial alteration;
while Graetz reaches substantially the same result by another way,
and would render "I have hope."

A glance at these three verses of petition as a whole brings out the
sequence of the prayers and of their pleas. The deepest longing of
the devout soul is for the shining of God's face, the consciousness
of His loving regard, and that not only because it scatters fears
and foes, but because it is good to bathe in that sunshine. The next
longing is for the dawning of a glad morning, which will bring to a
waiting heart sweet whispers of God's loving-kindness, as shown by
outward deliverances. The night of fear has been dark and tearful,
but joy comes with the morning. The next need is for guidance in the
way in which a man should go, which here must be taken in the lower
sense of practical direction, rather than in any higher meaning. That
higher meaning follows in vv. 10-12; but in ver. 8 the suppliant
asks to be shown the path by which he can secure deliverance from
his foes. That deliverance is the last of his petitions. His pleas
are beautiful as examples of the logic of supplication. He begins
with his great need. His spirit faints, and he is on the edge of
the black pit into which so much brightness and strength have gone
down. The margin is slippery and crumbling; his feet are feeble. One
Helper alone can hold him up. But his own exceeding need is not all
that he pleads. He urges his trust, his fixing of his desires, hopes,
and whole self, by a dead lift of faith, on God. That is a reason
for Divine help. Anything is possible rather than that such hope
should be disappointed. It cannot be that any man, who has fled for
sanctuary to the asylum of God's heart, should be dragged thence and
slain before the God whose altar he has vainly clasped.

The last part (vv. 10-12) puts foremost the prayer for conformity
of will with God's, and, though it closes with recurring prayer
for outward deliverance, yet breathes desires for more inward
blessings. As in the preceding verses, there are, in these closing
ones, many echoes of other psalms. The sequence of petitions and
pleas is instructive. To do, not merely to know, God's will is the
condition of all blessedness, and will be the deepest desire of
every man who is truly God's servant. But that obedience of heart
and hand must be taught by God, and He regards our taking Him for
our God as establishing a claim on Him to give all illumination
of heart and all bending of will and all skill of hand which are
necessary to make us doers of His will. His teaching is no mere
outward communication of knowledge, but an inbreathing of power to
discern, and of disposition and ability to perform, what is His
will. Ver. 10_b_ is best taken as a continuous sentence, embodying
a prayer for guidance. The plea on which it rests remains the same,
though the statement of it as a separate clause is not adopted in
our translation. For the fact that God's spirit is "good"--_i.e._,
beneficently self-communicative--heartens us to ask, and binds Him to
give, all such direction as is needed. This is not a mere repetition
of the prayer in ver. 8, but transcends it. "A level land" (or,
according to a possible suggested emendation, _path_) is one in which
the psalmist can freely walk, unhindered in doing God's will. His
next petition goes deepest of the three, inasmuch as it asks for that
new Divine life to be imparted, without which no teaching to do God's
will can be assimilated, and no circumstances, however favourable,
will conduce to doing it. He may not have known all the depth which
his prayer sounded; but no man who has real desires to conform heart
and life to the supreme will of God but must have felt his need of
a purer life to be poured into his spirit. As this prayer is deep,
so its plea is high. "For Thy name's sake"--nothing can be pleaded
of such force as that. God supremely desires the glory of His name;
and, for the sake of men whose blessedness depends on their knowing
and loving it, will do nothing that can dim its lustre. His name is
the record of His past acts, the disclosure of that in Him which
is knowable. That name contains the principles of all His future
acts. He will be what He has been. He will magnify His name; and the
humblest, most tormented soul that can say, "Thou art my God," may
be sure that Divinely given life will throb in it, and that even its
lowliness may contribute to the honour of the name.

The hunted psalmist cannot but come back, in the close of his psalm,
to his actual circumstances, for earthly needs do clog the soul's
wings. He unites righteousness and loving-kindness as co-operating
powers, as in ver. 1 he had united faithfulness and righteousness.
And as in the first verses he had blended pleas drawn from God's
character with those drawn from his relation to God, so he ends his
petitions with pleading that he is God's servant, and, as such, a fit
object of God's protection.




                              PSALM CXLIV.

     1 Blessed be Jehovah my rock, who trains my hands for battle,
       My fingers for war;
     2 My loving-kindness and my fortress, my high tower and my
           deliverer,
       My shield and He in whom I take refuge,
       Who subdues my people under me.

     3 Jehovah, what is man, that Thou takest knowledge of him?
       The son of frail man, that Thou takest account of him?
     4 Man--he is like to a breath,
       His days are like a shadow passing away.

     5 Jehovah, bow Thy heavens and come down,
       Touch the mountains that they smoke.
     6 Lighten lightning and scatter them,
       Shoot Thy arrows and confound them.
     7 Stretch Thy hands from on high,
       Pluck me [out] and deliver me from many waters,
       From the hands of the sons of the alien,
     8 Whose mouth speaks falsehood,
       And whose right hand is a right hand of lies.

     9 O God, a new song will I sing to Thee,
       On a ten-stringed harp will I harp to Thee,
    10 Who giveth salvation to kings,
       Who snatches David His servant from the evil sword.
    11 Pluck me [out] and deliver me from the hand of the sons of the
           alien,
       Whose mouth speaks falsehood,
       And whose right hand is a right hand of lies.

    12 So that (? or Because) our sons [may be] as plants,
       Grown tall in their youth;
       Our daughters like corner-pillars,
       Carved after the fashion of a palace;
    13 Our granaries full, giving forth kind after kind [of supply];
       Our flocks producing thousands,
       Producing tens of thousands in our fields;
    14 Our kine heavy with young;
       No breach and no sally,
       And no [battle-] cry in our open spaces.
    15 Happy the people that is in such a case!
       Happy the people whose God is Jehovah!


The force of compilation could no further go than in this psalm,
which is, in the first eleven verses, simply a _réchauffé_ of known
psalms, and in vv. 12-15 is most probably an extract from an unknown
one of later date. The junctions are not effected with much skill,
and the last is tacked on very awkwardly (ver. 12). It is completely
unlike the former part, inasmuch as there the speaker is a warlike
king praying for victory, while in the latter the nation sings of the
tranquil blessings of peaceful expansion. The language of the later
portion is full of late forms and obscurities. But the compiler's
course of thought is traceable. He begins by praising Jehovah, who
has taught him warlike skill; then adoringly thinks of his own
weakness, made strong by God's condescending regard; next prays for
complete victory, and vows fresh praises for new mercies; and closes
with a picture of the prosperity which follows conquest, and is
secured to Israel because Jehovah is its God.

Vv. 1, 2, are echoes of Psalm xviii. 2, 34, 46, with slight
variations. The remarkable epithet "My loving-kindness" offends
some critics, who emend so as to read "My stronghold"; but it has a
parallel in Jonah ii. 9, and is forcible as an emotional abbreviation
of the fuller "God of my loving-kindness" (Psalm lix. 10). The
original passage reads "people," which is the only appropriate word
in this connection, and should probably be read in ver. 2_c_.

Psalm viii. supplies the original of vv. 3, 4, with a reminiscence
of Psalm xxxix. 5, and of Psalm cii. 11, from which comes the
pathetic image of the fleeting shadow. The link between this and the
former extract seems to be the recognition of God's condescension
in strengthening so weak and transient a creature for conflict and
conquest.

The following prayer for further Divine help in further struggles
is largely borrowed from the magnificent picture of a theophany
in Psalm xviii. 9, 14-16. The energetic "Lighten lightning" is
peculiar to this psalm, as is the use of the word for "Pluck out."
The description of the enemies as "sons of the alien" is like Psalm
xviii. 44, 45. As in many other psalms, the treachery of the foe
is signalised. They break their oaths. The right hand which they
had lifted in swearing is a lying hand. The vow of new praise
recalls Psalms xxxiii. 2, 3, and xcvi. 1, xcviii. 1. Ver. 10 is a
reproduction of Psalm xviii. 50. The mention of David's deliverance
from the "evil sword" has apparently been the reason for the LXX.
referring the psalm to the victory over Goliath--an impossible view.
The new song is not here sung; but the psalm drops from the level
of praise to renew the petition for deliverance, in the manner
of a refrain caught up in ver. 11 from ver. 7. This might make a
well-rounded close, and may have originally been the end of the psalm.

The appended fragment (vv. 12-15) is attached to the preceding in
a most embarrassing fashion. The first word of ver. 12 is the sign
of the relative. The LXX. accordingly translates "Whose sons are,"
etc., and understands the whole as a description of the prosperity of
the enemies, which view necessarily involves the alteration of "our"
into "their" in the following clauses. Others supply an antecedent
to the relative by inserting _save us_ or the like expression at
the beginning of the verse. Others, again--_e.g._, Ewald, followed
by Perowne--connect the relative with ver. 15: "We whose sons are,"
etc.... "Happy is the people," etc. Delitzsch takes the relative to
signify here "because," and compares Judg. ix. 17; Jer. xvi. 13. The
prosperity subsequently described would then be alleged as the occasion
of the enemies' envy. Others would slightly emend the text so as to
read, "I pronounce happy," or "Happy are we." The latter, which makes
all smooth, and corresponds with ver. 15, is Graetz's proposal. The
rendering of the A.V., "that" or "in order that," has much in its
favour. The word which is the sign of the relative is a component of
the full expression usually so rendered, and stands alone as equivalent
to it in Deut. iv. 40, Gen. xi. 7. It is true, as Delitzsch objects to
this rendering, that the following verbs are usually finite, while here
they are participles; but that is not a fatal objection. The whole that
follows would then be dependent on the petition of ver. 11, and would
describe the purpose of the desired deliverance. "This is, in fact,
the poet's meaning. He prays for deliverance from enemies, in order
that the happy condition pictured in ver. 12 _sqq._ may come to pass"
(Baethgen). On the whole, that rendering presents least difficulty, but
in any case the seam is clumsy.

The substance of the description includes three things--a vigorous,
growing population, agricultural prosperity, and freedom from
invasion. The language is obscure, especially in ver. 14, but the
general drift is plain. The characteristic Jewish blessing of
numerous offspring is first touched on in two figures, of which
the former is forcible and obvious, and the latter obscure. The
comparison of the virgin daughters of Israel to "corners" is
best understood by taking the word to mean "corner-pillars," not
necessarily caryatides, as is usually supposed--an architectural
decoration unknown in the East. The points of comparison would then
be slender uprightness and firm grace. Delitzsch prefers to take the
word as meaning _cornices_, such as, to the present day, are found
in the angles of Eastern rooms, and are elaborately carved in mazy
patterns and brightly coloured. He would also render "variegated"
instead of "carved." But such a comparison puts too much stress on
gay dresses, and too little on qualities corresponding to those of
the "well-grown" youths in the former clause.

The description of a flourishing rural community is full of
difficult words. "Granaries" is found only here, and "kind" is a late
word. "Fields" is the same word as is usually rendered "streets";
it literally means "places outside," and here obviously must refer
to the open pastures without the city, in contrast to the "open
spaces" within it, mentioned in the next verse. In that verse almost
every word is doubtful. That rendered "kine" is masculine in form,
but is generally taken as being applicable to both sexes, and here
used for the milky mothers of the herd. The word translated above
"heavy with young" means _laden_, and if the accompanying noun is
masculine, must mean laden with the harvest sheaves; but the parallel
of the increasing flocks suggests the other rendering. The remainder
of ver. 14 would in form make a complete verse, and it is possible
that something has fallen out between the first clause and the two
latter. These paint tranquil city life when enemies are far away.
"No breach"--_i.e._, in the defences, by which besiegers could
enter; "No going forth"--_i.e._, sally of the besieged, as seems
most probable, though _going forth as captured_ or _surrendering_
has been suggested; "No cry"--_i.e._, of assailants who have forced
an entrance, and of defenders who make their last stand in the open
places of the city.

The last verse sums up all the preceding picture of growth,
prosperity, and tranquillity, and traces it to the guardian care and
blessing of Jehovah. The psalmist may seem to have been setting too
much store by outward prosperity. His last word not only points to
the one Source of it, but sets high above the material consequences
of God's favour, joyous as these are, that favour itself, as the
climax of human blessedness.




                              PSALM CXLV.

     1 א I will exalt Thee, my God, O King,
         And I will bless Thy name for ever and aye.
     2 ב Every day will I bless Thee,
         And I will praise Thy name for ever and aye.
     3 ג Great is Jehovah and much to be praised,
         And of His greatness there is no searching.
     4 ד Generation to generation shall loudly praise Thy works
         And Thy mighty acts shall they declare.
     5 ה The splendour of the glory of Thy majesty,
         And the records of Thy wonders will I meditate.
     6 ו And the might of Thy dread acts shall they speak,
         And Thy greatness will I tell over.

     7 ז The memory of Thy abundant goodness shall they well forth,
         And Thy righteousness shall they shout aloud.
     8 ח Gracious and full of compassion is Jehovah,
         Slow to anger and great in loving-kindness.
     9 ט Good is Jehovah to all,
         And His compassions are upon all His works.
    10 י All Thy works thank Thee, Jehovah,
         And Thy favoured ones shall bless Thee.

    11 כ The glory of Thy kingdom shall they speak,
         And talk of Thy might;
    12 ל To make known to the sons of men His mighty deeds
         And the glory of the splendour of His kingdom.
    13 מ Thy kingdom is a kingdom for all ages,
         And Thy dominion [endures] through every generation after
             generation.

    14 ס Jehovah upholds all the falling,
         And raises all the bowed down.
    15 ע The eyes of all look expectantly to Thee,
         And Thou givest them their food in its season.
    16 פ Thou openest Thy hand,
         And satisfiest every living thing [with] its desire.
    17 צ Jehovah is righteous in all His ways,
         And loving in all His works.
    18 ק Jehovah is near to all who call on Him,
         To all who call on Him in truth.
    19 ר The desire of them that fear Him He will fulfil,
         And their cry He will hear and will save them.
    20 ש Jehovah keeps all who love Him,
         And all the wicked will He destroy.

    21 ת The praise of Jehovah my mouth shall speak,
         And let all flesh bless His holy name for ever and aye.


This is an acrostic psalm. Like several others of that kind, it is
slightly irregular, one letter (Nun) being omitted. The omission is
supplied in the LXX. by an obviously spurious verse inserted in the
right place between vv. 13 and 14. Though the psalm has no strophical
divisions, it has distinct sequence of thought, and celebrates the
glories of Jehovah's character and deeds from a fourfold point of view.
It sings of His greatness (vv. 1-6), goodness (vv. 7-10), His kingdom
(vv. 11-13), and the universality of His beneficence (vv. 14-21). It is
largely coloured by other psalms, and is unmistakably of late origin.

The first group of verses has two salient characteristics--the
accumulation of epithets expressive of the more majestic aspects of
Jehovah's self-revelation, and the remarkable alternation of the
psalmist's solo of song and the mighty chorus, which takes up the
theme and sends a shout of praise echoing down the generations.

The psalmist begins with his own tribute of praise, which he vows
shall be perpetual. Ver. 1 recalls Psalms xxx. 1 and xxxiv. 1. We
"exalt" God, when we recognise that He is King, and worthily adore
Him as such. A heart suffused with joy in the thought of God would
fain have no other occupation than the loved one of ringing out His
name. The singer sets "for ever and aye" at the end of both ver. 1
and ver. 2, and while it is possible to give the expression a worthy
meaning as simply equivalent to _continually_, it is more in harmony
with the exalted strain of the psalm and the emphatic position of
the words to hear in them an expression of the assurance which such
delight in God and in the contemplation of Him naturally brings with
it, that over communion so deep and blessed, Death has no power.
"Every day will I bless Thee"--that is the happy vow of the devout
heart. "And I will praise Thy name for ever and ever"--that is the
triumphant confidence that springs from the vow. The experiences of
fellowship with God are prophets of their own immortality.

Ver. 3_a_ is from Psalm xlviii. 1, and _b_ is tinged by Isaiah
xl., but substitutes "greatness," the key-note of the first part of
this psalm, for "understanding." That note having been thus struck,
is taken up in vv. 4-6, which set forth various aspects of that
greatness, as manifested in works which are successively described as
"mighty"--_i.e._, instinct with conquering power such as a valiant
hero wields; as, taken together, constituting the "splendour of the
glory of Thy majesty," the flashing brightness with which, when
gathered, as it were, in a radiant mass, they shine out, like a
great globe of fire; as "wonders," not merely in the narrower sense
of miracles, but as being productive of lowly astonishment in the
thoughtful spectator; and as being "dread acts"--_i.e._, such as fill
the beholder with holy awe. In ver. 5_b_ the phrase rendered above
"records of His wonders" is literally "words of His wonders," which
some regard as being like the similar phrase in Psalm lxv. 3 (words
or matters of iniquities), a pleonasm, and others would take as they
do the like expression in Psalm cv. 27, as equivalent to "_deeds_
of the Divine wonders" (Delitzsch). But "words" may very well
here retain its ordinary sense, and the poet represent himself as
meditating on the records of God's acts in the past as well as gazing
on those spread before his eyes in the present.

His passing and repassing from his own praise in vv. 1, 2, to that of
successive generations in ver. 4, and once more to his own in ver.
5, and to that of others in ver. 6, is remarkable. Does he conceive
of himself as the chorus leader, teaching the ages his song? Or does
he simply rejoice in the less lofty consciousness that his voice is
not solitary? It is difficult to say, but this is clear, that the
Messianic hope of the world's being one day filled with the praises
which were occasioned by God's manifestation in Israel burned in this
singer's heart. He could not bear to sing alone, and his hymn would
lack its highest note, if he did not believe that the world was to
catch up the song.

But greatness, majesty, splendour, are not the Divinest parts of
the Divine nature, as this singer had learned. These are but the
fringes of the central glory. Therefore the song rises from greatness
to celebrate better things, the moral attributes of Jehovah (vv.
7-10). The psalmist has no more to say of himself, till the end of
his psalm. He gladly listens rather to the chorus of many voices
which proclaims Jehovah's widespread goodness. In ver. 7 the two
attributes which the whole Old Testament regards as inseparable are
the themes of the praise of men. Goodness and righteousness are
not antithetic, but complementary, as green and red rays blend in
white light. The exuberance of praise evoked by these attributes
is strikingly represented by the two strong words describing it;
of which the former, "well forth," compares its gush to the clear
waters of a spring bursting up into sunlight, dancing and flashing,
musical and living, and the other describes it as like the shrill
cries of joy raised by a crowd on some festival, or such as the women
trilled out when a bride was brought home. Ver. 8 rests upon Exod.
xxxiv. 6 (compare Psalm ciii. 8). It is difficult to de-synonymise
"gracious" and "full of compassion." Possibly the former is the
wider, and expresses love in exercise towards the lowly in its most
general aspect, while the latter specialises graciousness as it
reveals itself to those afflicted with any evil. As "slow to anger,"
Jehovah keeps back the wrath which is part of His perfection, and
only gives it free course after long waiting and wooing. The contrast
in ver. 8_b_ is not so much between anger and loving-kindness, which
to the psalmist are not opposed, as between the slowness with which
the one is launched against a few offenders and the plenitude of the
other. That thought of abundant loving-kindness is still further
widened, in ver. 9, to universality. God's goodness embraces all,
and His compassions hover over all His works, as the broad wing and
warm breast of the mother eagle protect her brood. Therefore the
psalmist hears a yet more multitudinous voice of praise from all
creatures; since their very existence, and still more their various
blessednesses, give witness to the all-gladdening Mercy which
encompasses them. But Creation's anthem is a song without words, and
needs to be made articulate by the conscious thanksgivings of those
who, being blessed by possession of Jehovah's loving-kindness, render
blessing to Him with heart and lip.

The Kingship of God was lightly touched in ver. 1. It now becomes
the psalmist's theme in vv. 11-13. It is for God's favoured ones to
_speak_, while Creation can but _be_. It is for men who can recognise
God's sovereign Will as their law, and know Him as Ruler, not only by
power, but by goodness, to proclaim that kingdom which psalmists knew
to be "righteousness, peace, and joy." The purpose for which God has
lavished His favour on Israel is that they might be the heralds of
His royalty to "the sons of men." The recipients of His grace should
be the messengers of His grace. The aspects of that kingdom which
fill the psalmist's thoughts in this part of his hymn, correspond
with that side of the Divine nature celebrated in vv. 1-6--namely,
the more majestic--while the graciousness magnified in vv. 7-10 is
again the theme in the last portion (vv. 14-20). An intentional
parallelism between the first and third parts is suggested by the
recurrence in ver. 12 of part of the same heaped-together phrase
which occurs in ver. 5. There we read of "the splendour of the
glory of Thy majesty"; here of "the glory of the splendour of Thy
kingdom,"--expressions substantially identical in meaning. The very
glory of the kingdom of Jehovah is a pledge that it is eternal. What
corruption or decay could touch so radiant and mighty a throne?
Israel's monarchy was a thing of the past; but as, "in the year that
King Uzziah died," Isaiah saw the true King of Israel throned in
the Temple, so the vanishing of the earthly head of the theocracy
seems to have revealed with new clearness to devout men in Israel
the perpetuity of the reign of Jehovah. Hence the psalms of the King
are mostly post-exilic. It is blessed when the shattering of earthly
goods or the withdrawal of human helpers and lovers makes more plain
the Unchanging Friend and His abiding power to succour and suffice.

The last portion of the psalm is marked by a frequent repetition of
"all," which occurs eleven times in these verses. The singer seems
to delight in the very sound of the word, which suggests to him
boundless visions of the wide sweep of God's universal mercy, and of
the numberless crowd of dependents who wait on and are satisfied by
Him. He passes far beyond national bounds.

Ver. 14 begins the grand catalogue of universal blessings by an
aspect of God's goodness which, at first sight, seems restricted,
but is only too wide, since there is no man who is not often ready
to fall and needing a strong hand to uphold him. The universality of
man's weakness is pathetically testified by this verse. Those who are
in the act of falling are upheld by Him; those who have fallen are
helped to regain their footing. Universal sustaining and restoring
grace are His. The psalmist says nothing of the conditions on which
that grace in its highest forms is exercised; but these are inherent
in the nature of the case, for, if the falling man will not lay
hold of the outstretched hand, down he must go. There would be no
place for restoring help, if sustaining aid worked as universally
as it is proffered. The word for "raises" in ver. 14_b_ occurs only
here and in Psalm cxlvi. 8. Probably the author of both Psalms is
one. In vv. 15, 16, the universality of Providence is set forth in
language partly taken from Psalm civ. 27, 28. The petitioners are all
creatures. They mutely appeal to God, with expectant eyes fixed on
Him, like a dog looking for a crust from its master. He has but to
"open His hand" and they are satisfied. The process is represented as
easy and effortless. Ver. 16_b_ has received different explanations.
The word rendered "desire" is often used for "favour"--_i.e._,
God's--and is by some taken in that meaning here. So Cheyne
translates "fillest everything that lives with goodwill." But seeing
that the same word recurs in ver. 19, in an obvious parallel with
this verse, and has there necessarily the meaning of _desire_, it is
more natural to give it the same signification here. The clause then
means that the opening of God's hand satisfies every creature, by
giving it that which it desires in full enjoyment.

These common blessings of Providence avail to interpret deeper
mysteries. Since the world is full of happy creatures nourished
by Him, it is a reasonable faith that His work is all of a piece,
and that in all His dealings the twin attributes of righteousness
and loving-kindness rule. There are enough plain tokens of God's
character in plain things to make us sure that mysterious and
apparently anomalous things have the same character regulating them.
In ver. 17_b_ the word rendered _loving_ is that usually employed
of the objects of loving-kindness, God's "favoured ones." It is
used of God only here and in Jer. iii. 12, and must be taken in an
active sense, as _One who exercises loving-kindness_. The underlying
principle of all His acts is Love, says the psalmist, and there is no
antagonism between that deepest motive and Righteousness. The singer
has indeed climbed to a sun-lit height, from which he sees far and
can look down into the deep of the Divine judgments and discern that
they are a clear-obscure.

He does not restrict this universal beneficence when he goes on to
lay down conditions on which the reception of its highest forms depend.
These conditions are not arbitrary; and within their limits, the same
universality is displayed. The lower creation makes its mute appeal to
God, but men have the prerogative and obligation of calling upon Him
with real desire and trust. Such suppliants will universally be blessed
with a nearness of God to them, better than His proximity through
power, knowledge, or the lower manifestations of His loving-kindness,
to inferior creatures. Just as the fact of life brought with it certain
wants, which God is bound to supply, since He gives it, so the fear and
love of Him bring deeper needs, which He is still more (if that were
possible) under pledge to satisfy. The creatures have their desires
met. Those who fear Him will certainly have theirs; and that, not only
in so far as they share physical life with worm and bee, whom their
heavenly Father feeds, but in so far as their devotion sets in motion
a new series of aspirations, longings, and needs, which will certainly
not be left unfulfilled. "Food" is all the boon that the creatures
crave, and they get it by an easy process. But man, especially man who
fears and loves God, has deeper needs, sadder in one aspect, since
they come from perils and ills from which he has to be saved, but more
blessed in another, since every need is a door by which God can enter
a soul. These sacreder necessities and more wistful longings are not
to be satisfied by simply opening God's hand. More has to be done
than that. For they can only be satisfied by the gift of Himself, and
men need much disciplining before they will to receive Him into their
hearts. They who love and fear Him will desire Him chiefly, and that
desire can never be balked. There is a region, and only one, in which
it is safe to set our hearts on unattained good. They who long for God
will always have as much of God as they long for and are capable of
receiving.

But notwithstanding the universality of the Divine loving-kindness,
mankind still parts into two sections, one capable of receiving the
highest gifts, one incapable, because not desiring them. And therefore
the One Light, in its universal shining, works two effects, being
lustre and life to such as welcome it, but darkness and death to those
who turn from it. It is man's awful prerogative that he can distil
poison out of the water of life, and can make it impossible for himself
to receive from tender, universal Goodness anything but destruction.

The singer closes his song with the reiterated vow that his songs
shall never close, and, as in the earlier part of the psalm, rejoices
in the confidence that his single voice shall, like that of the
herald angel at Bethlehem, be merged in the notes of "a multitude
praising God and saying, Glory to God in the highest."




                              PSALM CXLVI.

     1          Hallelujah!
       Praise Jehovah, my soul.
     2 I will praise Jehovah while I live,
       I will harp to Jehovah as long as I exist.

     3 Trust not in nobles,
       In a son of Adam, who has no deliverance [to give].
     4 His spirit goes forth, he returns to his earth,
       In that same day his schemes perish.

     5 Blessed he who has the God of Jacob for his help,
       Whose hope is on Jehovah his God!
     6 Who made heaven and earth,
       The sea--and all that is in them;
       Who keeps troth for ever;
     7 Who executes judgment for the oppressed;
       Who gives bread to the hungry.
       Jehovah looses captives;
     8 Jehovah opens the eyes of the blind;
       Jehovah raises the bowed down;
       Jehovah loves the righteous;
     9 Jehovah preserves the strangers;
       Orphans and widows He sets up;
       But the way of the wicked He thwarts.
    10 Jehovah shall be King for ever,
       Thy God, O Zion, to generation after generation.
                    Hallelujah!


The long-drawn music of the Psalter closes with five Hallelujah
psalms, in which, with constantly swelling diapason, all themes of
praise are pealed forth, until the melodious thunder of the final
psalm, which calls on everything that has breath to praise Jehovah.
Possibly the number of these psalms may have reference to the five
books into which the Psalter is divided.

This is the first of the five. It is largely coloured by earlier songs,
but still throbs with fresh emotion. Its theme is the blessedness of
trust in Jehovah, as shown by His character and works. It deals less
with Israel's special prerogatives than its companions do, while yet it
claims the universally beneficent Ruler as Israel's God.

The singer's full heart of thanksgiving must first pour itself out
in vows of perpetual praise, before he begins to woo others to the
trust which blesses him. Exhortations are impotent unless enforced by
example. Ver. 2 is borrowed with slight variation from Psalm civ. 33.

The negative side of the psalmist's exhortation follows in vv.
3, 4, which warn against wasting trust on powerless men. The same
antithesis between men and God as objects of confidence occurs in
many places of Scripture, and here is probably borrowed from Psalm
cxviii. 8. The reason assigned for the dehortation is mainly man's
mortality. However high his state, he is but a "son of Adam" (the
earth-born), and inherits the feebleness and fleetingness which
deprive him of ability to help. "He has no salvation" is the literal
rendering of the last words of ver. 3_b_. Psalm lx. 11 gives the same
thought, and almost in the same words. Ver. 4 sets forth more fully
man's mortality, as demonstrating the folly of trusting in him. His
breath or spirit escapes; he goes back to "his earth," from which he
was created; and what becomes of all his busy schemes? They "perish"
as he does. The psalmist has a profound sense of the phantasmal
character of the solid-seeming realities of human glory and power.
But it wakes no bitterness in him, nor does it breathe any sadness
into his song. It only teaches him to cling the more closely to the
permanent and real. His negative teaching, if it stood alone, would
be a gospel of despair, the reduction of life to a torturing cheat;
but taken as the prelude to the revelation of One whom it is safe to
trust, there is nothing sad in it. So the psalm springs up at once
from these thoughts of the helplessness of mortal man, to hymn the
blessedness of trust set upon the undying God, like a song-bird from
its lair in a grave-yard, which pours its glad notes above the grassy
mounds, as it rises in spirals towards the blue, and at each gives
forth a more exultant burst of music.

The exclamation in ver. 5 is the last of the twenty-five "Blesseds"
in the Psalter. Taken together, as any concordance will show,
beginning with Psalm i., they present a beautiful and comprehensive
ideal of the devout life. The felicity of such a life is here
gathered up into two comprehensive considerations, which supplement
each other. It is blessed to have the God of Jacob on our side; but
it is not enough for the heart to know that He bore a relation to
another in the far-off past or to a community in the present. There
must be an individualising bond between the soul and God, whereby
the "God of Jacob" becomes the God who belongs to the single devout
man, and all the facts of whose protection in the past are renewed in
the prosaic present. It is blessed to have Jehovah for one's "help,"
but that is only secured when, by the effort of one's own will, He
is clasped as one's "hope." Such hope is blessed, for it will never
be put to shame, nor need to shift its anchorage. It brings into any
life the all-sufficient help which is the ultimate source of all
felicity, and makes the hope that grasps it blessed, as the hand that
holds some fragrant gum is perfumed by the touch.

But the psalmist passes swiftly from celebrating trust to magnify
its object, and sets forth in an impressive series the manifold
perfections and acts which witness that Jehovah is worthy to be the
sole Confidence of men.

The nine Divine acts, which invite to trust in Him, are divided into
two parts, by a change in construction. There is, first, a series
of participles (vv. 6-7_b_), and then a string of brief sentences
enumerating Divine deeds (vv. 7_c_-9). No very clear difference in
thought can be established as corresponding to this difference in
form. The psalmist begins with God's omnipotence as manifested in
creation. The first requisite for trust is assurance of power in the
person trusted. The psalmist calls heaven and earth and sea, with all
their inhabitants, as witnesses that Jehovah is not like the son of
man, in whom there is no power to help.

But power may be whimsical, changeable, or may shroud its designs in
mystery; therefore, if it is to be trusted, its purposes and methods
must be so far known that a man may be able to reckon on it. Therefore
the psalm adds unchangeable faithfulness to His power. But Power,
however faithful, is not yet worthy of trust, unless it works according
to righteousness, and has an arm that wars against wrong; therefore
to creative might and plighted troth the psalmist adds the exercise
of judgment. Nor are these enough, for the conception which they
embody may be that of a somewhat stern and repellent Being, who may be
reverenced, but not approached with the warm heart of trust; therefore
the psalmist adds beneficence, which ministers their appropriate food
to all desires, not only of the flesh, but of the spirit. The hungry
hearts of men, who are all full of needs and longings, may turn to this
mighty, faithful, righteous Jehovah, and be sure that He never sends
mouths but He sends meat to fill them. All our various kinds of hunger
are doors for God to come into our spirits.

The second series of sentences deals mainly with the Divine
beneficence in regard to man's miseries. The psalmist does not feel
that the existence of these sad varieties of sorrow clouds his
assurance in God's goodness. To him, they are occasions for the most
heart-touching display of God's pitying, healing hand. If there is
any difference between the two sets of clauses descriptive of God's
acts, the latter bring into clearer light His personal agency in
each case of suffering. This mighty, faithful, righteous, beneficent
Jehovah, in all the majesty which that name suggests, comes down to
the multitude of burdened ones and graciously deals with each, having
in His heart the knowledge of, and in His hand the remedy for, all
their ills. The greatness of His nature expressed by His name is
vividly contrasted with the tenderness and lowliness of His working.
Captives, blind persons, and those bowed down by sorrows or otherwise
appeal to Him by their helplessness, and His strong hand breaks the
fetters, and His gentle touch opens without pain the closed eyes
and quickens the paralysed nerve to respond to the light, and His
firm, loving hold lifts to their feet and establishes the prostrate.
All these classes of afflicted persons are meant to be regarded
literally, but all may have a wider meaning, and be intended to hint
at spiritual bondage, blindness, and abjectness.

The next clause (ver. 8_c_) seems to interrupt the representation
of forms of affliction, but it comes in with great significance in
the centre of that sad catalogue; for its presence here teaches that
not merely affliction, whether physical or other, secures Jehovah's
gracious help, but that there must be the yielding of heart to Him,
and the effort at conformity of life with His precepts and pattern,
if His aid is to be reckoned on in men's sorrows. The prisoners will
still languish in chains, the blind will grope in darkness, the bowed
down will lie prone in the dust, unless they are righteous.

The series of afflictions which God alleviates is resumed in ver. 9
with a pathetic triad--strangers, widows, and fatherless. These are
forlorn indeed, and the depth of their desolation is the measure of the
Divine compassion. The enumeration of Jehovah's acts, which make trust
in God blessed in itself, and the sure way of securing help which is
not vain, needs but one more touch for completion, and that is added
in the solemn thought that He, by His providences and in the long run,
turns aside (_i.e._ from its aim) the way of the wicked. That aspect
of God's government is lightly handled in one clause, as befits the
purpose of the psalm. But it could not be left out. A true likeness
must have shadows. God were not a God for men to rely on, unless the
trend of His reign was to crush evil and thwart the designs of sinners.

The blessedness of trust in Jehovah is gathered up into one great
thought in the last verse of the psalm. The sovereignty of God to
all generations suggests the swift disappearance of earthly princes,
referred to in ver. 4. To trust in fleeting power is madness; to
trust in the Eternal King is wisdom and blessedness, and in some
sense makes him who trusts a sharer in the eternity of the God in
whom is his hope, and from whom is his help.




                             PSALM CXLVII.

     1           Hallelujah!
       For it is good to harp unto our God,
       For it is pleasant: praise is comely.
     2 Jehovah is the builder up of Jerusalem,
       The outcasts of Israel He gathers together;
     3 The healer of the broken-hearted,
       And He binds their wounds;
     4 Counting a number for the stars,
       He calls them all by names.
     5 Great is our Lord and of vast might,
       To His understanding there is no number.
     6 Jehovah helps up the afflicted,
       Laying low the wicked to the ground.

     7 Sing to Jehovah with thanksgiving,
       Harp to our God on the lyre,
     8 Covering heaven with clouds,
       Preparing rain for the earth;
       Making the mountains shoot forth grass,
     9 Giving to the beast its food,
       To the brood of the raven which croak.
    10 Not in the strength of the horse does He delight,
       Not in the legs of a man does He take pleasure.
    11 Jehovah takes pleasure in them that fear Him,
       Them that wait for His loving-kindness.

    12 Extol Jehovah, O Jerusalem,
       Praise thy God, O Zion.
    13 For He has strengthened the bars of thy gates,
       He has blessed thy children in thy midst.
    14 Setting thy borders in peace,
       With the fat of wheat He satisfies thee;
    15 Sending forth His commandment on the earth,
       Swiftly runs His word;
    16 Giving snow like wool,
       Hoar frost He scatters like ashes;
    17 Flinging forth His ice like morsels,
       Before His cold who can stand?
    18 He sends forth His word and melts them,
       He causes His wind to blow--the waters flow;
    19 Declaring His word to Jacob,
       His statutes and judgments to Israel.
    20 He has not dealt thus to any nation;
       And His judgments--they have not known them.


The threefold calls to praise Jehovah (vv. 1, 7, 12) divide
this psalm into three parts, the two former of which are closely
connected, inasmuch as the first part is mainly occupied with
celebrating God's mercy to the restored Israel, and the second takes
a wider outlook, embracing His beneficence to all living things. Both
these points of view are repeated in the same order in the third part
(vv. 12-20), which the LXX. makes a separate psalm. The allusions to
Jerusalem as rebuilt, to the gathering of the scattered Israelites,
and to the fortifications of the city naturally point to the epoch
of the Restoration, whether or not, with Delitzsch and others, we
suppose that the psalm was sung at the feast of the dedication of the
new walls. In any case, it is a hymn of the restored people, which
starts from the special mercy shown to them, and rejoices in the
thought that "Our God" fills the earth with good and reigns to bless,
in the realm of Nature as in that of special Revelation. The emphasis
placed on God's working in nature, in this and others of these
closing psalms, is probably in part a polemic against the idolatry
which Israel had learned to abhor, by being brought face to face with
it in Babylon, and in part a result of the widening of conceptions as
to His relation to the world outside Israel which the Exile had also
effected. The two truths of His special relation to His people and of
His universal loving-kindness have often been divorced, both by His
people and by their enemies. This psalm teaches a more excellent way.

The main theme of vv. 1-6 is God's manifestation of transcendent
power and incalculable wisdom, as well as infinite kindness, in
building up the ruined Jerusalem and collecting into a happy band
of citizens the lonely wanderers of Israel. For such blessings
praise is due, and the psalm summons all who share them to swell the
song. Ver. 1 is somewhat differently construed by some, as Hupfeld,
who would change one letter in the word rendered above "to harp,"
and, making it an imperative, would refer "good" and "pleasant"
to God, thus making the whole to read, "Praise Jehovah, for He is
good; harp to our God, for He is pleasant: praise is comely." This
change simplifies some points of construction, but labours under
the objection that it is contrary to usage to apply the adjective
"pleasant" to God; and the usual rendering is quite intelligible and
appropriate. The reason for the fittingness and delightsomeness of
praise is the great mercy shown to Israel in the Restoration, which
mercy is in the psalmist's thoughts throughout this part. He has the
same fondness for using participles as the author of the previous
psalm, and begins vv. 2, 3, 4, and 6 with them. Possibly their use
is intended to imply that the acts described by them are regarded as
continuous, not merely done once for all. Jehovah is ever building
up Jerusalem, and, in like manner, uninterruptedly energising in
providence and nature. The collocation of Divine acts in ver. 2
bears upon the great theme that fills the singer's heart and lips.
It is the outcasts of Israel of whom he thinks, while he sings of
binding up the broken-hearted. It is they who are the "afflicted,"
helped up by that strong, gentle clasp; while their oppressors are
the wicked, flung prone by the very wind of God's hand. The beautiful
and profound juxtaposition of gentle healing and omnipotence in vv.
3, 4, is meant to signalise the work of restoring Israel as no less
wondrous than that of marshalling the stars, and to hearten faith by
pledging that incalculable Power to perfect its restoring work. He
who stands beside the sick-bed of the broken-hearted, like a gentle
physician, with balm and bandage, and lays a tender hand on their
wounds, is He who sets the stars in their places and tells them as a
shepherd his flock or a commander his army. The psalmist borrows from
Isa. xl. 26-29, where several of his expressions occur. "Counting a
number for the stars" is scarcely equivalent to numbering them as
they shine. It rather means determining how many of them there shall
be. Calling them all by names (lit., He calls names to them all) is
not giving them designations, but summoning them as a captain reading
the muster-roll of his band. It may also imply full knowledge of
each individual in their countless hosts. Ver. 5 is taken from the
passage in Isaiah already referred to, with the change of "no number"
for "no searching," a change which is suggested by the preceding
reference to the number of the stars. These have a number, though it
surpasses human arithmetic; but His wisdom is measureless. And all
this magnificence of power, this minute particularising knowledge,
this abyss of wisdom, are guarantees for the healing of the
broken-hearted. The thought goes further than Israel's deliverance
from bondage. It has a strong voice of cheer for all sad hearts, who
will let Him probe their wounds that He may bind them up. The mighty
God of Creation is the tender God of Providence and of Redemption.
Therefore "praise is comely," and fear and faltering are unbefitting.

The second part of the psalm (ver. 7-11) passes out from the special
field of mercy to Israel, and comes down from the glories of the
heavens, to magnify God's universal goodness manifested in physical
changes, by which lowly creatures are provided for. The point of time
selected is that of the November rains. The verbs in vv. 8, 9, 11,
are again participles, expressive of continuous action. The yearly
miracle which brings from some invisible storehouse the clouds to
fill the sky and drop down fatness, the answer of the brown earth
which mysteriously shoots forth the tender green spikelets away up on
the mountain flanks, where no man has sown and no man will reap, the
loving care which thereby provides food for the wild creatures, owned
by no one, and answers the hoarse croak of the callow fledgelings
in the ravens' nests--these are manifestations of God's power and
revelations of His character worthy to be woven into a hymn which
celebrates His restoring grace, and to be set beside the apocalypse
of His greatness in the nightly heavens. But what has ver. 10 to do
here? The connection of it is difficult to trace. Apparently, the
psalmist would draw from the previous verses, which exhibit God's
universal goodness and the creatures' dependence on Him, the lesson
that reliance on one's own resources or might is sure to be smitten
with confusion, while humble trust in God, which man alone of earth's
creatures can exercise, is for him the condition of his receiving
needed gifts. The beast gets its food, and it is enough that the
young ravens should croak, but man has to "fear Him" and to wait on
His "loving-kindness." Ver. 10 is a reminiscence of Psalm xxxiii. 16,
17, and ver. 11 of the next verse of the same psalm.

The third part (vv. 12-20) travels over substantially the same ground
as the two former, beginning with the mercy shown to the restored
Israel, and passing on to wider manifestations of God's goodness. But
there is a difference in this repeated setting forth of both these
themes. The fortifications of Jerusalem are now complete, and their
strength gives security to the people gathered into the city. Over
all the land once devastated by war peace broods, and the fields that
lay desolate now have yielded harvest. The ancient promise (Psalm
lxxxi. 16) has been fulfilled, its condition having been complied
with, and Israel having hearkened to Jehovah. Protection, blessing,
tranquillity, abundance, are the results of obedience, God's gifts
to them that fear Him. So it was in the psalmist's experience; so,
in higher form, it is still. These Divine acts are continuous, and
as long as there are men who trust, there will be a God who builds
defences around them, and satisfies them with good.

Again the psalmist turns to the realm of nature; but it is nature
at a different season which now yields witness to God's universal
power and care. The phenomena of a sharp winter were more striking
to the psalmist than to us. But his poet's eye and his devout heart
recognise even in the cold, before which his Eastern constitution
cowered shivering, the working of God's Will. His "commandment" or
Word is personified, and compared to a swift-footed messenger. As
ever, power over material things is attributed to the Divine word,
and as ever, in the Biblical view of nature, all intermediate links
are neglected, and the Almighty cause at one end of the chain and the
physical effect at the other are brought together. There is between
these two clauses room enough for all that meteorology has to say.

The winter-piece in vv. 16, 17, dashes off the dreary scene with a few
bold strokes. The air is full of flakes like floating wool, or the
white mantle covers the ground like a cloth; rime lies everywhere, as
if ashes were powdered over trees and stones. Hail-stones fall, as if
He flung them down from above. They are like "morsels" of bread, a
comparison which strikes us as violent, but which may possibly describe
the more severe storms, in which flat pieces of ice fall. As by magic,
all is changed when He again sends forth His word. It but needs that He
should let a warm wind steal gently across the desolation, and every
sealed and silent brook begins to tinkle along its course. And will not
He who thus changes the face of the earth in like manner breathe upon
frost-bound lives and hearts,

    "And every winter merge in spring"?

But the psalm cannot end with contemplation of God's universal
beneficence, however gracious that is. There is a higher mode of
activity for His word than that exercised on material things. God
sends His commandment forth and earth unconsciously obeys, and
all creatures, men included, are fed and blessed. But the noblest
utterance of His word is in the shape of statutes and judgments,
and these are Israel's prerogative. The psalmist is not rejoicing
that other nations have not received these, but that Israel has.
Its privilege is its responsibility. It has received them that it
may obey them, and then that it may make them known. If the God
who scatters lower blessings broad-cast, not forgetting beasts
and ravens, has restricted His highest gift to His people, the
restriction is a clear call to them to spread the knowledge of the
treasure entrusted to them. To glory in privilege is sin; to learn
that it means responsibility is wisdom. The lesson is needed by
those who to-day have been served as heirs to Israel's prerogative,
forfeited by it because it clutched it for itself, and forgot its
obligation to carry it as widely as God had diffused His lower gifts.




                             PSALM CXLVIII.

     1           Hallelujah!
       Praise Jehovah from the heavens,
       Praise Him in the heights.
     2 Praise Him, all His angels,
       Praise Him, all His host.
     3 Praise Him, sun and moon,
       Praise Him, all stars of light.
     4 Praise Him, heavens of heavens,
       And waters that are above the heavens--
     5 Let them praise the name of Jehovah,
       For He, He commanded and they were created.
     6 And He established them for ever and aye,
       A law gave He [them] and none transgresses.

     7 Praise Jehovah from the earth,
       Sea-monsters, and all ocean-depths;
     8 Fire and hail, snow and smoke,
       Storm-wind doing His behest;
     9 Mountains and all hills,
       Fruit trees and all cedars;
    10 Wild beast and all cattle,
       Creeping thing and winged fowl;
    11 Kings of the earth and all peoples,
       Princes and all judges of the earth;
    12 Young men and also maidens,
       Old men with children--
    13 Let them praise the name of Jehovah,
       For His name alone is exalted,
       His majesty above earth and heaven.
    14 And He has lifted up a horn for His people,
       A praise for all His beloved,
       [Even] for the children of Israel, the people near to Him.
                 Hallelujah!


The mercy granted to Israel (ver. 14) is, in the psalmist's
estimation, worthy to call forth strains of praise from all
creatures. It is the same conception as is found in several of
the psalms of the King (xciii.-c.), but is here expressed with
unparalleled magnificence and fervour. The same idea attains the
climax of its representation in the mighty anthem from "every
creature which is in heaven and on the earth, and under the earth,
and such as are in the sea, and all that are in them," whom John
heard saying, "Blessing and honour and glory and power unto Him
that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever and ever."
It may be maintained that this psalm is only a highly emotional
and imaginative rendering of the truth that all God's works praise
Him, whether consciously or not, but its correspondence with a
line of thought which runs through Scripture from its first page
to its last--namely, that, as man's sin subjected the creatures to
"vanity," so his redemption shall be their glorifying--leads us to
see prophetic anticipation, and not mere poetic rapture, in this
summons pealed out to heights and depths, and all that lies between,
to rejoice in what Jehovah has done for Israel.

The psalm falls into two broad divisions, in the former of which
heaven, and in the latter earth, are invoked to praise Jehovah.
Ver. 1 addresses generally the subsequently particularised heavenly
beings. "From the heavens" and "in the heights" praise is to
sound: the former phrase marks the place of origin, and may imply
the floating down to a listening earth of that ethereal music;
the latter thinks of all the dim distances as filled with it. The
angels, as conscious beings, are the chorus-leaders, and even to
"principalities and powers in heavenly places" Israel's restoration
reveals new phases of the "manifold wisdom of God." The "host" (or
_hosts_, according to the amended reading of the Hebrew margin) are
here obviously angels, as required by the parallelism with _a_. The
sun, moon, and stars, of which the psalmist knows nothing but that
they burn with light and roll in silence through the dark expanse,
are bid to break the solemn stillness that fills the daily and
nightly sky. Finally, the singer passes in thought through the lower
heavens, and would fain send his voice whither his eye cannot pierce,
up into that mysterious watery abyss, which, according to ancient
cosmographry, had the firmament for its floor. It is absurd to look
for astronomical accuracy in such poetry as this; but a singer who
knew no more about sun, moon, and stars, and depths of space, than
that they were all God's creatures and in their silence praised Him,
knew and felt more of their true nature and charm than does he who
knows everything about them except these facts.

Vv. 5, 6, assign the reason for the praise of the heavens--Jehovah's
creative act, His sustaining power and His "law," the utterance of
His will to which they conform. Ver. 6_a_ emphatically asserts, by
expressing the "He," which is in Hebrew usually included in the
verb, that it is Jehovah and none other who "preserves the stars
from wrong." "Preservation is continuous creation." The meaning of
the close of ver. 6_b_ is doubtful, if the existing text is adhered
to. It reads literally "and [it?] shall not pass." The unexpressed
nominative is by some taken to be the before-mentioned "law," and
"pass" to mean _cease to be in force_ or _be transgressed_. Others
take the singular verb as being used distributively, and so render
"None of them transgresses." But a very slight alteration gives the
plural verb, which makes all plain.

In these starry depths obedience reigns; it is only on earth that a
being lives who can and will break the merciful barriers of Jehovah's
law. Therefore, from that untroubled region of perfect service
comes a purer song of praise, though it can never have the pathetic
harmonies of that which issues from rebels brought back to allegiance.

The summons to the earth begins with the lowest places, as that to
the heavens did with the highest. The psalmist knows little of the
uncouth forms that may wallow in ocean depths, but he is sure that
they too, in their sunless abodes, can praise Jehovah. From the ocean
the psalm rises to the air, before it, as it were, settles down on
earth. Ver. 8 may refer to contemporaneous phenomena, and, if so,
describes a wild storm hurtling through the lower atmosphere. The
verbal arrangement in ver. 8_a_ is that of inverted parallelism, in
which "fire" corresponds to "smoke" and "hail" to "snow." Lightning
and hail, which often occur together, are similarly connected in
Psalm xviii. 12. But it is difficult to explain "snow and smoke,"
if regarded as accompaniments of the former pair--fire and hail.
Rather they seem to describe another set of meteorological phenomena,
a winter storm, in which the air is thick with flakes as if
charged with smoke, while the preceding words refer to a summer's
thunderstorm. The resemblance to the two pictures in the preceding
psalm, one of the time of the latter rains and one of bitter winter
weather, is noticeable. The storm-wind, which drives all these
formidable agents through the air, in its utmost fury is a servant.
As in Psalm cvii. 25, it obeys God's command.

The solid earth itself, as represented by its loftiest summits which
pierce the air; vegetable life, as represented by the two classes
of fruit-bearing and forest trees; animals in their orders, wild
and domestic; the lowest worm that crawls and the light-winged bird
that soars,--these all have voices to praise God. The song has been
steadily rising in the scale of being from inanimate to animated
creatures, and last it summons man, in whom creation's praise becomes
vocal and conscious.

All men, without distinction of rank, age, or sex, have the same
obligation and privilege of praise. Kings are most kingly when they
cast their crowns before Him. Judges are wise when they sit as His
vicegerents. The buoyant vigour of youth is purest when used with
remembrance of the Creator; the maiden's voice is never so sweet as
in hymns to Jehovah. The memories and feebleness of age are hallowed
and strengthened by recognition of the God who can renew failing
energy and soothe sad remembrances; and the child's opening powers
are preserved from stain and distortion, by drawing near to Him in
whose praise the extremes of life find common ground. The young man's
strong bass, the maiden's clear alto, the old man's quavering notes,
the child's fresh treble, should blend in the song.

Ver. 13 gives the reason for the praise of earth, but especially
of man, with very significant difference from that assigned in vv.
5, 6. "His name is exalted." He has manifested Himself to eyes that
can see, and has shown forth His transcendent majesty. Man's praise
is to be based not only on the Revelation of God in Nature, but on
that higher one in His dealings with men, and especially with Israel.
This chief reason for praise is assigned in ver. 14, and indeed
underlies the whole psalm. "He has lifted up a horn for His people,"
delivering them from their humiliation and captivity, and setting
them again in their land. Thereby He has provided all His favoured
ones with occasion for praise. The condensed language of ver. 14_b_
is susceptible of different constructions and meanings. Some would
understand the verb from _a_ as repeated before "praise," and take
the meaning to be "He exalts the praise [_i.e._, the glory] of His
beloved," but it is improbable that praise here should mean anything
but that rendered to God. The simplest explanation of the words is
that they are in apposition to the preceding clause, and declare
that Jehovah, by "exalting a horn to His people," has given them
especially occasion to praise Him. Israel is further designated as "a
people near to Him." It is a nation of priests, having the privilege
of access to His presence; and, in the consciousness of this dignity,
"comes forward in this psalm as the leader of all the creatures in
their praise of God, and strikes up a hallelujah that is to be joined
in by heaven and earth" (Delitzsch).




                              PSALM CXLIX.

    1 Sing to Jehovah a new song,
      His praise in the congregation of His favoured ones.
    2 Let Israel rejoice in his Maker,
      Let the children of Zion be glad in their King.
    3 Let them praise His name in [the] dance,
      With timbrel and lyre let them play to Him.
    4 For Jehovah takes pleasure in His people,
      He adorns the meek with salvation.
    5 Let His favoured ones exult in glory,
      Let them shout aloud on their beds--
    6 The high praises of God in their throat,
      And a two-edged sword in their hand;
    7 To execute vengeance on the nations,
      Chastisements on the peoples;
    8 To bind their kings in chains
      And their nobles in bonds of iron;
    9 To execute on them the sentence written--
      An honour is this to all His favoured ones.
                        Hallelujah!


In the preceding psalm Israel's restoration was connected with the
recognition by all creatures, and especially by the kings of the
earth and their people, of Jehovah's glory. This psalm presents the
converse thought, that the restored Israel becomes the executor of
judgments on those who will not join in the praise which rings from
Israel that it may be caught up by all. The two psalms are thus
closely connected. The circumstances of the Restoration accord with
the tone of both, as of the other members of this closing group.

The happy recipients of new mercy are, as in Psalms xcvi. and
xcviii., summoned to break into new songs. Winter silences the birds;
but spring, the new "life re-orient out of dust," is welcomed with
music from every budding tree.

Chiefly should God's praise sound out from "the congregation of His
favoured ones," the long-scattered captives who owe it to His favour
that they _are_ a congregation once more. The jubilant psalmist
delights in that name for Israel, and uses it thrice in his song.
He loves to set forth the various names, which each suggest some
sweet strong thought of what God is to the nation and the nation to
God--His favoured ones, Israel, the children of Zion, His people,
the afflicted. He heaps together synonyms expressive of rapturous
joy--rejoice, be glad, exult. He calls for expressions of triumphant
mirth in which limbs, instruments, and voices unite. He would have
the exuberant gladness well over into the hours of repose, and the
night be made musical with ringing shouts of joy. "Praise is better
than sleep," and the beds which had often been privy to silent tears
may well be witnesses of exultation that cannot be dumb.

The psalmist touches very lightly on the reason for this outburst of
praise, because he takes it for granted that so great and recent mercy
needed little mention. One verse (ver. 4) suffices to recall it. The
very absorption of the heart in its bliss may make it silent about the
bliss. The bride needs not to tell what makes her glad. Restored Israel
requires little reminder of its occasion for joy. But the brief mention
of it is very beautiful. It makes prominent, not so much the outward
fact, as the Divine pleasure in His people, of which the fact was
effect and indication. Their affliction had been the token that God's
complacency did not rest on them; their deliverance is the proof that
the sunlight of His face shines on them once more. His chastisements
rightly borne are ever precursors of deliverance, which adorns the meek
afflicted, giving "beauty for ashes." The qualification for receiving
Jehovah's help is meekness, and the effect of that help on the lowly
soul is to deck it with strange loveliness. Therefore God's favoured
ones may well exult in glory--_i.e._, on account of the glory with
which they are invested by His salvation.

The stern close of the psalm strikes a note which many ears feel
to be discordant, and which must be freely acknowledged to stand
on the same lower level as the imprecatory psalms, while, even
more distinctly than these, it is entirely free from any sentiment
of personal vengeance. The picture of God's people going forth to
battle, chanting His praises and swinging two-edged swords, shocks
Christian sentiment. It is not to be explained away as meaning the
spiritual conquest of the world with spiritual weapons. The psalmist
meant actual warfare and real iron fetters. But, while the form of
his anticipations belongs to the past and is entirely set aside
by the better light of Christianity, their substance is true for
ever. Those who have been adorned with Jehovah's salvation have
the subjugation of the world to God's rule committed to them. "The
weapons of our warfare are not carnal." There are stronger fetters
than those of iron, even "the cords of love" and "the bands of a man."

"The judgment written," which is to be executed by the militant
Israel on the nations, does not seem to have reference either to
the commandment to exterminate the Canaanites or to the punishments
threatened in many places of Scripture. It is better to take it as
denoting a judgment "fixed, settled, ... written thus by God Himself"
(Perowne). Ver. 9_b_ may be rendered (as Hupfeld does) "Honour [or,
majesty] is He to all His favoured ones," in the sense that God
manifests His majesty to them, or that He is the object of their
honouring; but the usual rendering is more in accordance with the
context and its high-strung martial ardour. "This"--namely, the whole
of the crusade just described--is laid upon all Jehovah's favoured
ones, by the fact of their participation in His salvation. They are
redeemed from bondage that they may be God's warriors. The honour and
obligation are universal.




                               PSALM CL.

    1          Hallelujah!
      Praise God in His sanctuary,
      Praise Him in the firmament of His strength.
    2 Praise Him for His mighty deeds,
      Praise Him according to the abundance of His greatness.
    3 Praise Him with blast of horn,
      Praise Him with psaltery and harp,
    4 Praise Him with timbrel and dance,
      Praise Him with strings and pipe.
    5 Praise Him with clear-sounding cymbals,
      Praise Him with deep-toned cymbals.
    6 Let everything that has breath praise Jah.
               Hallelujah!


This noble close of the Psalter rings out one clear note of
praise, as the end of all the many moods and experiences recorded
in its wonderful sighs and songs. Tears, groans, wailings for sin,
meditations on the dark depths of Providence, fainting faith and
foiled aspirations, all lead up to this. The psalm is more than an
artistic close of the Psalter; it is a prophecy of the last result
of the devout life, and, in its unclouded sunniness, as well as in
its universality, it proclaims the certain end of the weary years
for the individual and for the world. "Everything that hath breath"
shall yet praise Jehovah. The psalm is evidently meant for liturgic
use, and one may imagine that each instrument began to take part in
the concert as it was named, till at last all blended in a mighty
torrent of praiseful sound, to which the whirling dancers kept time.
A strange contrast to modern notions of sobriety in worship!

The tenfold "Praise Him" has been often noticed as symbolic of
completeness, but has probably no special significance.

In ver. 1 the psalmist calls on earth and heaven to praise. The
"sanctuary" may, indeed, be either the Temple or the heavenly palace
of Jehovah, but it is more probable that the invocation, like so many
others of a similar kind, is addressed to men and angels, than that
the latter only are meant. They who stand in the earthly courts and
they who circle the throne that is reared above the visible firmament
are parts of a great whole, an antiphonal chorus. It becomes them to
praise, for they each dwell in God's sanctuary.

The theme of praise is next touched in ver. 2. "His mighty deeds"
might be rendered "His heroic [or, valiant] acts." The reference is
to His deliverance of His people as a signal manifestation of prowess
or conquering might. The tenderness which moved the power is not here
in question, but the power cannot be worthily praised or understood,
unless that Divine pity and graciousness of which it is the
instrument are apprehended. Mighty acts, unsoftened by loving impulse
and gracious purpose, would evoke awe, but not thanks. No praise is
adequate to the abundance of His greatness, but yet He accepts such
adoration as men can render.

The instruments named in vv. 3-5 were not all used, so far as we know,
in the Temple service. There is possibly an intention to go beyond
those recognised as sacred, in order to emphasise the universality of
praise. The horn was the curved "Shophar," blown by the priests; "harp
and psaltery were played by the Levites, timbrels were struck by women;
and dancing, playing on stringed instruments and pipes and cymbals,
were not reserved for the Levites. Consequently the summons to praise
God is addressed to priests, Levites, and people" (Baethgen). In ver.
4_b_ "strings" means stringed instruments, and "pipe" is probably that
used by shepherds, neither of which kinds of instrument elsewhere
appears as employed in worship.

Too little is known of Jewish music to enable us to determine whether
the epithets applied to cymbals refer to two different kinds. Probably
they do; the first being small and high-pitched, the second larger,
like the similar instrument used in military music, and of a deep tone.

But the singer would fain hear a volume of sound which should
drown all that sweet tumult which he has evoked; and therefore he
calls on "everything that has breath" to use it in sending forth
a thunder-chorus of praise to Jehovah. The invocation bears the
prophecy of its own fulfilment. These last strains of the long series
of psalmists are as if that band of singers of Israel turned to the
listening world, and gave into its keeping the harps which, under
their own hands, had yielded such immortal music.

Few voices have obeyed the summons, and the vision of a world
melodious with the praise of Jehovah and of Him alone appears to us,
in our despondent moments, almost as far off as it was when the last
psalmist ceased to sing. But his call is our confidence; and we know
that the end of history shall be that to Him whose work is mightier
than all the other mighty acts of Jehovah, "Every knee shall bow, and
every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God
the Father."

                                THE END.





Transcriber's Note:


Obvious punctuation and spelling errors have been fixed throughout.

Inconsistent hyphenation is as in the original.