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THE BOOK OF CATS.




[Illustration: THE DOCTOR’S PET. _Page 48._]




[Illustration: THE BOOK OF CATS

BY CHAS. H. ROSS.

With Illustrations by the Author]

  LONDON:
  GRIFFITH & FARRAN,
  CORNER OF ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD.
  MDCCCLXVIII.




  THE BOOK OF CATS.

  _A Chit-Chat Chronicle_

  OF FELINE FACTS AND FANCIES, LEGENDARY, LYRICAL
  MEDICAL, MIRTHFUL AND MISCELLANEOUS.


  BY CHARLES H. ROSS.


  WITH
  Twenty Illustrations by the Author.


  LONDON:
  GRIFFITH AND FARRAN,
  (SUCCESSORS TO NEWBERY AND HARRIS),
  CORNER OF ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD.
  MDCCCLXVIII.




  LONDON:
  WERTHEIMER, LEA AND CO., PRINTERS, CIRCUS PLACE,
  FINSBURY CIRCUS.




NOTICE.


The Author would thankfully receive any well-authenticated anecdotes
respecting Cats, with the view of incorporating them with the work, in the
event of a fresh Edition being called for.

  SPRING COTTAGE, FULHAM.
    _November, 1867._




CONTENTS.


                                                                      PAGE

  CHAPTER I.

    Of the reason why this Book was written, and of several
    sorts of Cats which are not strictly Zoological                      3

  CHAPTER II.

    Of some Wicked Stories that have been told about Cats               15

  CHAPTER III.

    Of other Wicked Stories, with a few Words in Defence of
    the Accused                                                         35

  CHAPTER IV.

    Of the Manners and Customs of Cats                                  59

  CHAPTER V.

    Of Whittington’s Cat, and another Cat that visited Strange
    Countries                                                           79

  CHAPTER VI.

    Of various kinds of Cats, Ancient and Modern                        91

  CHAPTER VII.

    Of some Clever Cats                                                111

  CHAPTER VIII.

    Of some amiable Cats, and Cats that have been good Mothers         139

  CHAPTER IX.

    Of Puss in Proverbs, in the Dark Ages, and in the Company
    of Wicked Old Women                                                159

  CHAPTER X.

    Of a certain Voracious Cat, some Goblin Cats, Magical Cats,
    and Cats of Kilkenny                                               185

  CHAPTER XI.

    Of Pussy poorly, and of some Curiosities of the Cat’s-meat
    Trade                                                              207

  CHAPTER XII.

    Of Wild Cats, Cat Charming, etc.                                   229

  CHAPTER XIII.

    Conclusion                                                         275




THE BOOK OF CATS.




CHAPTER I.


[Illustration: CHAPTER I.]

_Of the reason why this Book was written, and of several sorts of Cats
which are not strictly Zoological._


One day, ever so long ago, it struck me that I should like to try and
write a book about Cats. I mentioned the idea to some of my friends: the
first burst out laughing at the end of my opening sentence, so I refrained
from entering into further details. The second said there were a hundred
books about Cats already. The third said, “Nobody would read it,” and
added, “Besides, what do you know of the subject?” and before I had time
to begin to tell him, said he expected it was very little. “Why not Dogs?”
asked one friend of mine, hitting upon the notion as though by
inspiration. “Or Horses,” said some one else; “or Pigs; or, look here,
this is the finest notion of all:--

  ‘THE BOOK OF DONKIES,
  BY ONE OF THE FAMILY!’”

Somewhat disheartened by the reception my little project had met with, I
gave up the idea for awhile, and went to work upon other things. I cannot
exactly remember what I did, or how much, but my book about Cats was
postponed _sine die_, and in the meantime I made some inquiries.

I searched high and low; I consulted Lady Cust’s little volume; I bought
Mr. Beeton’s book; I read up Buffon and Bell, and Frank Buckland; I
eagerly perused the amusing pages of the Rev. Mr. Wood; I looked through
two or three hundred works of one sort and another, and as many old
newspapers and odd numbers of defunct periodicals, and although I daresay
I have overlooked some of the very best, I have really taken a great deal
of trouble, and sincerely hope that I shall be able to amuse you by my
version of what other people have had to tell, with a good many things
which have not yet appeared in print, that I have to tell myself.

One thing I found out very early in my researches, and that was, that nine
out of ten among my authorities were prejudiced against the animal about
which they wrote, and furthermore, that they knew very little indeed upon
the subject. Take for instance our old friend Mavor, who thus mis-teaches
the young idea in his celebrated Spelling Book. “Cats,” says Mr. Mavor,
“have less sense than dogs, and their attachment is chiefly to the house;
but the dog’s is to the persons who inhabit it.” Need I tell the reader
who has thought it worth his while to learn anything of the Cat’s nature,
that Mr. Mavor’s was a vulgar and erroneous belief, and that there are
countless instances on record where Cats have shown the most devoted and
enduring attachment to those who have kindly treated them. Again, nothing
can be more unjust than to call Cats cruel. If such a word as cruel could
be applied to a creature without reason, few animals could be found more
cruel than a Robin Redbreast, which we have all determined to make a pet
of since somebody wrote that pretty fable about the “Babes in the Wood.”
And apropos of the Robin, do you remember Canning’s verses?

  “Tell me, tell me, gentle Robin,
   What is it sets thy heart a-throbbing?
   Is it that Grimalkin fell
   Hath killed thy father or thy mother,
   Thy sister or thy brother,
   Or any other?
   Tell me but that,
   And I’ll kill the Cat.

   But stay, little Robin, did you ever spare,
   A grub on the ground or a fly in the air?
   No, that you never did, I’ll swear;
   So I won’t kill the Cat,
   That’s flat.”

But all the cruel and unjust things that have been said about poor pussy I
will tell you in another chapter. I mean to try and begin at the
beginning. In the first place, what is the meaning of the word “Cat.” Let
us look in the dictionary. A Cat, according to Dr. Johnson, is “a
domestick animal that catches mice.” But the word has one or two other
meanings, for instance:--

In thieves’ slang the word “Cat” signifies a lady’s muff, and “to free a
cat” to steal a muff. Among soldiers and sailors a “Cat” means something
very unpleasant indeed, with nine tingling lashes or tails, so called,
from the scratches they leave on the skin, like the claws of a cat.

A Cat is also the name for a tackle or combination of pulleys, to suspend
the anchor at the cat’s-head of a ship.

Cat-harping is the name for a purchase of ropes employed to brace in the
shrouds of the lower masts behind their yards.

The Cat-fall is the name of a rope employed upon the Cat-head. Two little
holes astern, above the Gun-room ports, are called Cat-holes.

A Cat’s-paw is a particular turn in the bight of a rope made to hook a
tackle in; and the light air perceived in a calm by a rippling on the
surface of the water, is known by the same name.

A kind of double tripod with six feet, intended to hold a plate before the
fire and so constructed that, in whatever position it is placed, three of
the legs rest on the ground, is called a Cat, from the belief that however
a Cat may be thrown, she always falls on her feet.

Cat-salt is a name given by our salt-workers to a very beautifully
granulated kind of common salt.

Cat’s-eye or Sun-stone of the Turks is a kind of gem found chiefly in
Siberia. It is very hard and semi-transparent, and has different points
from whence the light is reflected with a kind of yellowish radiation
somewhat similar to the eyes of cats.

Catkins are imperfect flowers hanging from trees in the manner of a rope
or cat’s-tail.

Cat’s-meat, Cat-thyme, and Cat’s-foot are the names of herbs; Cat’s-head
of an apple, and also of a kind of fossil. Cat-silver is a fossil.
Cat’s-tail is a seed or a long round substance growing on a nut-tree.

A Cat-fish is a shark in the West Indies. Guanahani, or Cat Island, a
small island of the Bahama group, in the West Indies, is supposed to be so
called because wild Cats of large size used to infest it, but I can find
no particulars upon the subject in the works of writers on the West
Indies.

In the North of England, a common expression of contempt is to call a
person Cat-faced. Artists call portraits containing two-thirds of the
figure Kit-cat size. With little boys in the street a Cat is a dreadfully
objectionable plaything, roughly cut out of a stick or piece of wood, and
sharpened at each end. Those whose way to business lies through low
neighbourhoods, and who venture upon short cuts, well know from bitter
experience that at a certain period of the year the tip-cat season sets in
with awful severity, and then it is not safe for such as have eyes to
lose, to wander where the epidemic rages.

[Illustration: TIP-CAT. _Page 8._]

In the North, however, the same game is called “Piggie.” I learn by the
newspaper that a young woman at Leeds nearly lost her eye-sight by a blow
from one of these piggies or cats, and the magistrates sent the boy who
was the cause of it to an industrial school, ordering his father to pay
half-a-crown a week for his maintenance.

The shrill whistle indulged in upon the first night of a pantomime by
those young gentlemen with the figure six curls in the front row of the
gallery are denominated cat-calls. This is, I am given to understand, a
difficult art to acquire--I know I have tried very hard myself and can’t;
and to arrive at perfection you must lose a front tooth. Such a thing has
been known before this, as a young costermonger having one of his front
teeth pulled out to enable him to whistle well. Let us hope that his
talent was properly appreciated in the circles in which he moved.

With respect to cat-calls or cat-cals, also termed cat-pipes, it would
appear that there was an instrument by that name used by the audiences at
the theatre, the noise of which was very different to that made by
whistling through the fingers, as now practised. In the _Covent Garden
Journal_ for 1810 the O. P. Riots are thus spoken of:--“Mr. Kemble made
his appearance in the costume of ‘Macbeth,’ and, amid vollies of hissing,
hooting, groans, and cat-calls, seemed as though he meant to speak a
steril and pointless address announced for the occasion.”

In book iii. chap. vi. of _Joseph Andrews_, occurs this passage:--“You
would have seen cities in embroidery transplanted from the boxes to the
pit, whose ancient inhabitants were exalted to the galleries, where they
played upon cat-calls.”

In Lloyd’s _Law Student_ we find:--

  “By law let others strive to gain renown!
   Florio’s a gentleman, a man o’ th’ town.
   He nor courts clients, or the law regarding,
   Hurries from Nando’s down to Covent Garden.
   Zethe’s a scholar--mark him in the pit,
   With critic Cat-call sound the stops of wit.”

In _Chetwood’s History of the Stage_ (1741), there is a story of a
sea-officer who was much plagued by “a couple of sparks, prepared with
their offensive instruments, vulgarly termed Cat-calls;” and describes how
“the squeak was stopped in the middle by a blow from the officer, which he
gave with so strong a will that his child’s trumpet was struck through his
cheek.”

The Cat-call used at theatres in former times was a small circular
whistle, composed of two plates of tin of about the size of a half-penny
perforated by a hole in the centre, and connected by a band or border of
the same metal about one-eighth of an inch thick. The instrument was
readily concealed within the mouth, and the perpetrator of the noise could
not be detected.

There used to be a public-house of some notoriety at the corner of
Downing-street, next to King-street, called the “_Cat and Bagpipes_.” It
was also a chop house used by many persons connected with the public
offices in the neighbourhood. George Rose, so well known in after life as
the friend of Pitt, Clerk of the Parliament, Secretary of the Treasury,
etc., and executor of the Earl of Marchmont, but then “a bashful young
man,” was one of the frequenters of this tavern.

Madame Catalini is thus alluded to with disrespectful abbreviation of her
name in _a new song on Covent Garden Theatre_, printed and sold by J.
Pitts, No. 14, Great St. Andrew-street, Seven Dials.

  “This noble building, to be sure, has beauty without bounds,
   It cost upwards of one hundred and fifty thousand pounds;
   They’ve Madame Catalini there to open her white throat,
   But to hear your foreign singers I would not give a groat;
   So haste away unto the play, whose name has reached the skies,
   And when the Cati ope’s her mouth, oh how she’ll catch the flies!”

It was once upon a time the trick of a countryman to bring a Cat to market
in a bag, and substitute it for a sucking pig in another bag, which he
sold to the unwary when he got the chance. If the trick was discovered
prematurely, it was called letting the cat out of the bag--if not--he that
made the bad bargain was said to have bought a pig in a poke. To turn the
Cat in the pan, according to Bacon, is when that which a man says to
another he says it as if another had said it to him.

There is a kind of ship, too, called a Cat, a vessel formed on the
Norwegian model, of about 600 tons burthen. That was the sort of cat that
brought the great Dick Whittington, of “turn again” memory, his fortune.
Do you remember how sorry you were to find out the truth? Do you recollect
what a pang it cost you when first you heard that Robinson Crusoe was not
true? I shall never forget how vexed and disappointed I was at hearing
that Dick Turpin never did ride to York on his famous mare Black Bess, and
that no such person as William Tell ever existed, and that that beautiful
story about the apple was only a beautiful story after all.




CHAPTER II.


[Illustration: CHAPTER II.]

_Of some Wicked Stories that have been told about Cats._


“I do not love a Cat,” says a popular author, often quoted; “his
disposition is mean and suspicious. A friendship of years is cancelled in
a moment by an accidental tread on the tail. He spits, twirls his tail of
malignity, and shuns you, turning back as he goes off a staring vindictive
face full of horrid oaths and unforgiveness, seeming to say, ‘Perdition
catch you! I hate you for ever.’ But the Dog is my delight. Tread on his
tail, he expresses for a moment the uneasiness of his feelings, but in a
moment the complaint is ended: he runs round you, jumps up against you,
seems to declare his sorrow for complaining, as it was not intentionally
done,--nay, to make himself the aggressor, and begs, by whinings and
lickings, that the master will think of it no more.” No sentiments could
be more popular with some gentlemen. In the same way there are those who
would like to beat their wives, and for them to come and kiss the hand
that struck them in all humility. It is not only when hurt by accident
that the dog comes whining round its master. The lashed hound crawls back
and licks the boot that kicked him, and so makes friends again. Pussy will
not do that though. If you want to be friendly with a cat on Tuesday, you
must not kick him on Monday. You must not fondle him one moment and
illtreat him the next, or he will be shy of your advances. This really
human way of behaving makes Pussy unpopular.

I am afraid that if it were to occur to one of our legislators to tax the
Cats, the feline slaughter would be fearful. Every one is fond of dogs,
and yet Mr. Edmund Yates, travelling by water to Greenwich last June, said
that the journey was pleasingly diversified by practical and nasal
demonstrations of the efficient working of the Dog-tax. “No fewer than 292
bodies of departed canines, in various stages of decomposition, were
floating off Greenwich during the space of seven days in the previous
month, seventy-eight of which were found jammed in the chains and
landing-stages of the “Dreadnought” hospital ship, thereby enhancing the
salubrity of that celebrated hothouse for sick seamen.” And I cannot
venture to repeat the incredible stories of the numbers said to have been
taken from the Regent’s Canal.

There are some persons who profess to have a great repugnance to Cats.
King Henry III. of France, a poor, weak, dissipated creature, was one of
these. According to Conrad Gesner, men have been known to lose their
strength, perspire violently, and even faint at the sight of a cat. Others
are said to have gone even further than this, for some have fainted at a
cat’s picture, or when they have been in a room where such a picture was
concealed, or when the picture was as far off as the next room. It was
supposed that this sensitiveness might be cured by medicine. Let us hope
that these gentlemen were all properly physicked. I myself have often
heard men express similar sentiments of aversion to the feline race; and
sometimes young ladies have done so in my hearing. In both cases I have
little doubt but that the weakness is easily overcome. As for a hidden and
unheard Cat’s presence affecting a person’s nerves, I beg to state my
conviction that such a story is utterly ridiculous; and I was vastly
entertained by the following narrative, written by a lady for a Magazine
for Boys, and given as a truth. Such a valuable fact in natural history
should not be allowed to perish; she calls it, A TALE OF MY GRANDMOTHER.

My maternal grandmother had so strong an aversion to Cats that it seemed
to endow her with an additional sense. You may, perhaps, have heard people
use the phrase, that they were “frightened out of their seven senses,”
without troubling yourselves to wonder how they came to have more than
_five_. But the Druids of old used to include sympathy and antipathy in
the number, a belief which has, no doubt, left its trace in the above
popular and otherwise unmeaning expression; and this extra sense of
antipathy my grandmother certainly exhibited as regarding Cats.

When she was a young and pretty little bride, dinner parties and routs, as
is usual on such occasions, were given in her honour. In those days, now
about eighty years ago, people usually dined early in the afternoon, and
you may imagine somewhere in Yorkshire, a large company assembled for a
grand dinner by daylight. With all due decorum and old-fashioned stately
politeness, the ladies in rustling silks, stately hoops, and nodding
plumes, are led to their seats by their respective cavaliers, in bright
coloured coats with large gilt buttons.

With dignified bows and profound curtsies, they take their places, the
bride, of course, at her host’s right hand. The bustle subsides, the
servants remove the covers, the carving-knives are brandished by
experienced hands, and the host having made the first incision in a goodly
sirloin or haunch, turns to enquire how his fair guest wishes to be
helped.

To his surprise, he beholds her pretty face flushed and uneasy, while she
lifts the snowy damask and looks beneath the table.

“What is the matter, my dear madam? Have you lost something?”

“No, sir, nothing, thank you;--it is the _Cat_,” replied the timid bride,
with a slight shudder, as she pronounced the word.

“The Cat?” echoed the gentleman, with a puzzled smile; “but, my dear Mrs.
H----, we have no Cat!”

“Indeed! that is very odd, for there is certainly a Cat in the room.”

“Did you see it then?”

“No, sir, no: I did not _see_ it, but I _know_ it is in the room.”

“Do you fancy you heard one then?”

“No, sir.”

“What is the matter, my dear?” now enquires the lady of the house, from
the end of the long table; “the dinner will be quite cold while you are
talking to your fair neighbour so busily.”

“Mrs. H---- says there is a Cat in the room, my love; but we have no Cat,
have we?”

“No, certainly!” replied the lady tartly. “Do carve the haunch, Mr.----.”

The footman held the plate nearer, a due portion of the savoury meat was
placed upon it.

“To Mrs. H----,” said the host, and turned to look again at his fair
neighbour; but her uneasiness and confusion were greater than ever. Her
brow was crimson--every eye was turned towards her, and she looked ready
to cry.

“I will leave the room, if you will allow me, sir, for I _know_ that there
is a Cat in the room.”

“But, my dear madam--”

“I am quite sure there is, sir; I _feel_ it--I would rather go.”

“John, Thomas, Joseph, _can_ there be a Cat in the room?” demanded the
embarrassed host of the servants.

“Quite impossible, sir;--have not seen such a hanimal about the place
since I comed, any way.”

“Well, look under the table, at any rate; the lady says she _feels_ it;
look in every corner of the room, and let us try to convince her.”

“My dear, my dear!” remonstrated the annoyed bridegroom from a distant
part of the table; “what trouble you are giving.”

“Indeed, I would rather leave the room,” said the little bride, slipping
from her chair. But, meanwhile, the servants ostentatiously bustled in
their unwilling search for what they believed to be a phantom fancy of the
young lady’s brain; when, lo! one of the footmen took hold of a
half-closed window-shutter, and from the aperture behind out sprang a
large cat into the midst of the astonished circle, eliciting cries and
exclamations from others than the finely organised bride, who clasped her
hands rigidly, and gasped with pallid lips.

Such facts as this are curious, certainly, and remain a puzzle to
philosophers.

This habit of hiding itself in secret places is one of the most unpleasant
characteristics of the Cat. I know many instances of it--especially of a
night alarm when we were children, ending in a strange cat being found in
a clothes bag.

Here, indeed, we have truth several degrees stranger than fiction; but
this is not the only wonderful story the authoress has to tell. I will
give you some others very slightly abridged.

“A year or two ago, a man in the south of Ireland severely chastised his
cat for some misdemeanour, immediately after which the animal stole away,
and was seen no more.

“A few days subsequently, as this man was starting to go from home, the
Cat met and stood before him in a narrow path, with rather a wicked
aspect. Its owner slashed his handkerchief at her to frighten her out of
the way, but the Cat, undismayed, sprang at the hand, and held it with so
ferocious a gripe, that it was impossible to make it open its jaws, and
the creature’s body had actually to be cut from the head, and the jaws
afterwards to be severed, before the mangled hand could be extricated. The
man died from the injuries.”

The jaws of a Cat are comparatively strong, and worked by powerful
muscles; it has thirty-four teeth, but they are for the most part very
tiny teeth, like pin’s points. What, I wonder, were the dimensions of this
ferocious animal with the iron jaws; and how many courageous souls were
engaged in its destruction. If this story is, however, rather hard to
swallow, the next is not less so. Says our authoress:--

“I also know an Irish gentleman, who being an only son without any
playmates, was allowed, when he was a child, to have a whole family of
Cats sleeping in the bed with him every night.

“One day he had beaten the father of the family for some offence, and when
he was asleep at night, the revengeful beast seized him by the throat, and
would probably have killed him had not instant help been at hand. “The Cat
sprang from the window, and was never more seen.” (Probably went away in a
flash of blue fire.)

What do you think of these very strange stories? If they surprise you,
however, what will you say to this one? “Dr. C----, an Italian gentleman
still living in Florence (the initial is just a little unsatisfactory),
who knew at least one of the parties, related to the authoress the
following singular story. A certain country priest in Tuscany, who lived
quite alone with his servants, naturally attached himself, in the want of
better society, to a fine he-cat, which sat by his stove in winter, and
always ate from his plate.

One day a brother priest was the good man’s guest, and, in the rare
enjoyment of genial conversation, the Cat was neglected; resenting this,
he attempted to help himself from his master’s plate, instead of waiting
for the special morsels which were usually placed on the margin for his
use, and was requited with a sharp rap on the head for the liberty. This
excited the animal’s indignation still more, and springing from the table
with an angry cry, he darted to the other side of the room. The two
priests thought no more of the Cat until the cloth was about to be
removed; when the master of the house prepared a plateful of scraps for
his forward favourite, and called him by name to come and enjoy his share
of the feast. No joyful Cat obeyed the familiar call: his master observed
him looking sulkily from the recess of the window, and rose, holding out
the plate, and calling to him in a caressing voice. As he did not
approach, however, the old gentleman put the platter aside, saying he
might please himself, and sulk instead of dine, if he preferred it; and
then resumed his conversation with his friend. A little later the old
gentleman showed symptoms of drowsiness, so his visitor begged that he
would not be on ceremony with him, but lie down and take the nap which he
knew he was accustomed to indulge in after dinner, and he in the meantime
would stroll in the garden for an hour. This was agreed to. The host
stretched himself on a couch, and threw his handkerchief over his face to
protect him from the summer flies, while the guest stepped through a
French window which opened on a terrace and shrubbery.

An hour or somewhat more had passed when he returned, and found his friend
still recumbent: he did not at first think of disturbing him, but after a
few minutes, considering that he had slept very long, he looked more
observantly towards the couch, and was struck by the perfect immobility of
the figure, and with something peculiar in the position of the head over
which the handkerchief lay disordered. Approaching nearer he saw that it
was stained with blood, and hastily removing it, saw, to his unutterable
horror, that his poor friend’s throat was gashed across, and that life was
already extinct.

He started back, shocked and dismayed, and for a few moments remained
gazing on the dreadful spectacle almost paralysed. Then came the
speculation who could have done so cruel a deed? An old man murdered
sleeping--a good man, beloved by his parishioners and scarcely known
beyond the narrow circle of his rural home. It was his duty to investigate
the mystery, so he composed his countenance as well as he was able, and
going to the door of the room, called for a servant.

The man who had waited at table presently appeared, rubbing his eyes, for
he, too, had been asleep.

“Tell me who has been into this room while I was in the garden.”

“Nobody, your reverence; no one ever disturbs the master during his
siesta.”

He then asked the servant where he had been, and was told in the
ante-room. He next enquired whether any person had been in or out of the
house, or if he had heard any movement or voice in the room, and also how
many fellow-servants the man had. He was told that he had heard no noise
or voices, and that he had two fellow-servants--the cook and a little boy.
His reverence demanded that they should be brought in, that he might
question them.

They came, and were cross-questioned as closely as possible, but they
declared that they had not been in that part of the house all day long,
and that nobody could possibly get into the house without their knowledge,
unless it was through the garden. The priest had been walking all the time
in view of the house, and he felt convinced that the murderer could not
have passed in or out on that side without his knowledge.

“Listen to me; some person has been into that room since dinner, and your
master is cruelly murdered.”

“Murdered!” cried the three domestics in tones of terror and amazement;
“did your reverence say ‘murdered’?”

“He lies where I left him, but his throat is gashed from ear to ear--he is
dead. My poor old friend!”

“Dead! the poor master dead, murdered in his own house.”

They wrung their hands, tore their hair, and wept aloud.

“Silence! I command you; and consider that every one of us standing here
is liable to the suspicion of complicity in this foul deed; so look to it.
Giuseppe was asleep.”

“But I sleep very lightly, your reverence.”

“Come in and see your master,” said the priest solemnly.

They crept in, white with fear and stepping noiselessly. They gazed on the
shocking spectacle transfixed with horror. Then a cry of “Who can have
done it?” burst from all lips.

“Who, indeed?” repeated the cook.

The priest desired Giuseppe to look round the premises, and count the
plate, and ascertain if there had been a robbery, or if any one was
concealed about the house. The man returned without throwing any new light
upon the mystery; but, in his absence, while surveying the room more
carefully than he had previously done, the priest’s eye met those of the
Cat glowing like lurid flames, as he sat crouching in the shade near a
curtain. The orbs had a fierce malignant expression, which startled him,
and at once recalled to his recollection the angry and sullen demeanour of
the creature during dinner.

“Could it possibly be the Cat that killed him?” demanded of the cook the
awe-struck priest.

“Who knows?” replied he; “the beast was surly to others, but always seemed
to love him fondly; and then the wound seems as though it were made with a
weapon.”

[Illustration: A TALE OF TERROR. _Page 29._]

“It does, certainly,” rejoined the priest; “yet I mistrust that brute, and
we will try to put it to the proof, at any rate.”

After many suggestions, they agreed to pass cords round the neck and under
the shoulders of the deceased, and carried the ends outside the room door,
which was exactly opposite the couch where he lay. They then all quietly
left the apartment, almost closing the door, and remained perfectly still.

One of the party was directed to keep his eye fixed on the Cat, the others
after a short delay slowly pulled the cords, which had the effect of
partially raising the head of the corpse.

Instantly, at this apparent sign of life, the savage Cat sprang from its
corner, and, with a low yell and a single bound, fastened upon the mangled
neck of its victim.

At once the sad mystery was solved, the treacherous, ungrateful, cowardly,
and revengeful murderer discovered! and all that remained to be done was
to summon help to destroy the wild beast, and in due time to bury the good
man in peace.

       *       *       *       *       *

Well, to such stories as these I have no particular objection, under
certain circumstances. They are well enough, for instance, to fill up
the odd corners of a weekly newspaper in the dull season, and are a
pleasant relief to the ‘enormous gooseberry’; but I have my doubts whether
they should be given as facts for the instruction of youth, though I am
not much surprised that the editor should have admitted them into his
pages, when he speaks of them in another part of the magazine as
“delightful papers.” When children’s minds are thus filled with absurd
falsehoods, it is not to be wondered at if, when the child grows up into a
man, the man should express himself somewhat in the words of this
instructor of youth, who says, “I must confess, on my own part, an
aversion to the feline race, which, with the best intentions, I am unable
entirely to conquer. I have occasionally become rather fond of an
individual Cat, but never encounter one, unexpectedly, without a feeling
of repugnance; and, as I like, or feel an interest in, every other animal,
I regard this peculiarity as hereditary.”

I suppose, however, that there are few of my fair readers who have not a
feeling somewhat akin to repugnance towards snakes, black-beetles,
earwigs, spiders, rats, and even poor little, harmless mice; yet ladies
have been known to keep white mice, and make pets of them after a time,
when the first timidity was overcome. There was a captive once, you may
remember, who tamed a spider. A man, about ten years ago, who used to go
about the streets, got his living by pretending to swallow snakes. He
allowed them, while holding tight on their tails, to crawl half-way down
his throat and back again. He said they were nice clean animals, and good
company. Little boys at school often swallow frogs. An earwig probably has
fine social qualities, which only want bringing out: naturalists tell us
they make the best of mothers. The black beetle has always been a maligned
insect: it is a sort of nigger among insects, apparently born only to be
poisoned, drowned, or smashed; but some one ought, decidedly, to take the
race in hand and see of what it is capable. I have, myself, a horror of
most of the creatures I have named, but happen not to have been reared
with an aversion for Cats, and I have a strong belief that if I tried hard
(which I am not going to do) I might get upon friendly relations with the
other animals named above, which, I suppose, most of us are taught, when
children, to dislike; and as our fathers and mothers have entertained the
same feeling, perhaps, as my authoress says, we may “regard this
peculiarity as hereditary.”

Probably a good many ladies reading these lines will endorse my
authoress’s opinions. For the most part these will be married ladies with
large families; and it will be found upon enquiry, I feel certain, that
ladies who have many children will have a dislike for the feline race.




CHAPTER III.


[Illustration: CHAPTER III.]

_Of other Wicked Stories, with a few Words in Defence of the Accused._


I told you awhile ago what good Mr. Mavor says of Cats. “La défiance que
cet animal inspire,” says another instructor of youth, M. Pujoulx, in his
_Livre du Second Age_, “est bien propre à corriger de dissimulation et de
l’hypocrisie.” I have nothing to say of poor Pujoulx, whose books and
opinions are by this time well nigh forgotten; but what am I to think of
two other authors, whose words should be law, but of the value of which
I leave you to judge for yourself. I need not, I think, remind you that
there is a natural history written by one Monsieur Buffon, “containing a
theory of the earth, a general history of man, of the brute creation, and
of vegetables, minerals, etc.,” of which Mr. Barr published an English
translation in ten goodly volumes. Thus, in this work of world-wide
celebrity, is the feline race discussed. I give the author’s words as I
find them:--

“The Cat is a faithless domestic, and only kept through necessity to
oppose to another domestic which incommodes us still more, and which we
cannot drive away; for we pay no respect to those, who, being fond of all
beasts, keep Cats for amusement. Though these animals are gentle and
frolicksome when young, yet they, even then, possess an innate cunning and
perverse disposition, which age increases, and which education only serves
to conceal. They are, naturally, inclined to theft, and the best education
only converts them into servile and flattering robbers; for they have the
same address, subtlety, and inclination for mischief or rapine. Like all
knaves, they know how to conceal their intentions, to watch, wait, and
choose opportunities for seizing their prey; to fly from punishment, and
to remain away until the danger is over, and they can return with safety.
They readily conform to the habits of society, but never acquire its
manners; for of attachment they have only the appearance, as may be seen
by the obliquity of their motions, and duplicity of their looks. They
never look in the face those who treat them best, and of whom they seem to
be the most fond; but either through fear or falsehood, they approach him
by windings to seek for those caresses they have no pleasure in, but only
to flatter those from whom they receive them. Very different from that
faithful animal the dog, whose sentiments are all directed to the person
of his master, the Cat appears only to feel for himself, only to love
conditionally, only to partake of society that he may abuse it; and by
this disposition he has more affinity to man than the dog, who is all
sincerity.”

So much for M. Buffon: though he is sadly mistaken on the subject of which
he writes, these were probably his honest opinions; but what can be said
for a writer in the Encyclopædia Britannica, who holds forth as follows,
and is not only ignorant of what he talks about, but steals Buffon’s
absurd prejudices, and passes them off as his own. In his opinion the
cat “is a useful but deceitful domestic. Although when young it is playful
and gay, it possesses at the same time an innate malice and perverse
disposition, which increases as it grows up, and which education learns it
to conceal, but never to subdue. Constantly bent upon theft and rapine,
though in a domestic state, it is full of cunning and dissimulation: it
conceals all its designs, seizes every opportunity of doing mischief, and
then flies from punishment. It easily takes on the habits of society, but
never its manners; for it has only the appearance of friendship and
attachment. This disingenuity of character is betrayed by the obliquity of
its movements and the ambiguity of its looks. In a word, the Cat is
totally destitute of friendship.”

Here, I think, are some pretty sentiments and some valuable information
about the Cat-kind. Let us hope that the other contributors to the
Encyclopædia knew something more of what they wrote about than the
gentleman above quoted. And these opinions are not uncommon; for instance,
allow me to quote from an article in a popular miscellany:--

“No! I cannot abide Cats,” says the writer. “Pet Cats, wild Cats, Tom
Cats, gib Cats, Persian Cats, Angora Cats, tortoiseshell Cats, tabby
Cats, black Cats, Manx Cats, brindled Cats, mewing once, twice, or thrice,
as the case may be,--none of these Cats delight me; they are associated in
my mind with none but disagreeable objects and remembrances--old maids,
witchcraft, dreadful sabbaths, with old women flying up the chimney upon
broom-sticks, to drink hell-broth with the evil one, charms, incantations,
sorceries, sucking children’s breaths, stopping out late on the tiles,
catterwauling and molrowing in the night season, prowling about the
streets at unseasonable hours, and a variety of other things, too numerous
and too unpleasant to mention.”

Upon the other hand, Puss has had her defenders, and Miss Isabel Hill
writes thus:--

“Poor Pinkey, I can scarce dare a word in praise of one belonging to thy
slandered sisterhood; yet a few good examples embolden me to assert that I
have rarely known any harm of Cats who were given a fair chance, though I
own I have seldom met with any that have enjoyed that advantage. Is it
their fault that they are born nearly without brains, though with all
their senses about them, and of a tender turn? That they want strength,
both of body and instinct, are dependant, and ill educated? No! their
errors are thrust upon them; they become selfish per force, cowards from
their tenacious regard for that personal neatness which they so labour to
preserve. Oh! that all females made such good use of their tongues! Cross
from sheer melancholy, reflecting, in their starved and persecuted
maturity, on the fondness lavished over the days in which they were pet
useless toys; as soon as they can deserve and may require kind treatment,
they are as ill-used as if they were constant wives--rather unfair on
ladies of their excessive genius. Could every Cat, like Whittington’s,
catch fortunes for her master as well as mice, we should hear no more said
against the species. Suppose they only fawn on us because we house and
feed them, they have no nobler proofs of friendship with which to thank
us; and if their very gratitude for this self-interested hire be adduced
as a crime, alas! poor Pussies! Had Minette been a Thomas, a whiskered
fur-collared Philander, he would most probably have surmounted that
unmanly weakness, and received all favours as but his due. I never see a
Mrs. Mouser rubbing her soft coat against me, with round upturned eyes,
but I translate her purr into words like these:--‘I can’t swim; I can
neither fetch and carry, nor guard the house; I can only love you,
mistress; pray accept all I have to offer.’”

An anonymous writer says: “We may learn some useful lessons from Cats, as
indeed, from all animals. Agur, in the book of Proverbs, refers to some;
and all through Scripture we find animals used as types of human
character. Cats may teach us patience, and perseverance, and earnest
concentration of mind on a desired object, as they watch for hours
together by a mouse-hole, or in ambush for a bird. In their nicely
calculated springs, we are taught neither to come short through want of
mercy, or go beyond the mark in its excess. In their delicate walking
amidst the fragile articles on a table or mantel-piece, is illustrated the
tact and discrimination by which we should thread rather than force our
way; and, in pursuit of our own ends, avoid the injuring of others. In
their noiseless tread and stealthy movements, we are reminded of the
frequent importance of secresy and caution prior to action, while their
promptitude at the right moment, warns us, on the other hand, against the
evils of irresolution and delay. The curiosity with which they spy into
all places, and the thorough smelling which any new object invariably
receives from them, commends to us the pursuit of knowledge, even under
difficulties. Cats, however, will never smell the same thing twice over,
thereby showing a retentive as well as an acquiring faculty. Then to speak
of what may be learned from their mere form and ordinary motions, so full
of beauty and gracefulness. What Cat was ever awkward or clumsy? Whether
in play or in earnest, Cats are the very embodiment of elegance. As your
Cat rubs her head against something you offer her, which she either does
not fancy or does not want, she instructs you that there is a gracious
mode of refusing a thing; and as she sits up like a bear, on her hind
legs, to ask for something (which Cats will often do for a long time
together), you may see the advantage of a winning and engaging way, as
well when you are seeking a favour as when you think fit to decline one.
If true courtesy and considerateness should prevent you not merely from
positively hurting another, but also from purposely clashing, say, with
another’s fancies, peculiarities, or predilections, this too, may be
learned from the Cat, who does not like to be rubbed the wrong way (who
does like to be rubbed the wrong way?), and who objects to your treading
on her tail. Nor is the soft foot, with its skilfully sheathed and ever
sharp claws, without a moral too; for whilst there is nothing
commendable in anything approaching to spite, passion, or revenge, a
character that is all softness is certainly defective. The velvety paw is
very well, but it will be the better appreciated when it is known that it
carries within it something that is not soft, and which can make itself
felt, and sharply felt, on occasion. A cat rolled up into a ball, or
crouched with its paws folded underneath it, seems an emblem of repose and
contentment. There is something soothing in the mere sight of it. It may
remind one of the placid countenance and calm repose with which the sphynx
seems to look forth from the shadow of the Pyramids, on the changes and
troubles of the world. This leads to the remark, that Cats, after all, are
very enigmatical creatures. You never get to the bottom of Cats. You will
never find any two, well known to you, that do not offer marked
diversities in ways and dispositions; and, in general, the combination
they exhibit of activity and repose, and the rapidity with which they pass
from the one to the other, their gentle aspects and fragile form, united
with strength and pliancy, their sudden appearances and disappearances,
their tenacity of life, and many escapes from dangers (“as many lives as a
Cat”), their silent and rapid movements, their sometimes unaccountable
gatherings, and strange noises at night--all contribute to invest them
with a mysterious fascination, which reaches its culminating point in the
(not very frequent) case of a completely black cat.”

Instances are frequent, I am happy to tell Cat-haters, of illustrious
persons who have been attached to the feline race, and of Cats who have
merited such attachment.

Mahomet would seem to have been very fond of Cats, for it is said that he
once cut off the sleeve of his robe rather than disturb his favourite
while sleeping on it. Petrarch was so fond of his Cat that when it died he
had it embalmed, and placed in a niche in his apartment; and you ought to
read what Rousseau has to say in favour of the feline race. M. Baumgarten
tells us that he saw a hospital for Cats at Damascus: it was a large
house, walled round very carefully, and said to be full of patients. It
was at Damascus that the incident above related occurred to Mahomet. His
followers in this place ever afterwards paid a great respect to Cats, and
supported the hospital in question by public subscriptions with much
liberality.

When the Duke of Norfolk was committed to the Tower, in the reign of Queen
Elizabeth, a favourite Cat made her way into the prison room by getting
down the chimney.

“The first day,” says Lady Morgan, in her delightful book, “we had the
honour of dining at the palace of the Archbishop of Toronto, at Naples, he
said to me, ‘You must pardon my passion for Cats, but I never exclude them
from my dining-room, and you will find they make excellent company.’
Between the first and second course, the door opened, and several
enormously large and beautiful Angora Cats were introduced by the names of
Pantalone, Desdemona, Otello, etc.: they took their places on chairs near
the table, and were as silent, as quiet, as motionless, and as well
behaved as the most _bon ton_ table in London could require. On the bishop
requesting one of the chaplains to help the Signora Desdemona, the butler
stepped up to his lordship, and observed, ‘My lord, La Signora Desdemona
will prefer waiting for the roasts.’”

Gottfried Mind, the celebrated Swiss painter, was called the “Cat
Raphael,” from the excellence with which he painted that animal. This
peculiar talent was discovered and awakened by chance. At the time when
Frendenberger painted his picture of the “Peasant Clearing Wood,” before
his cottage, with his wife sitting by, and feeding her child out of a
basin, round which a Cat is prowling, Mind, his new pupil, stared very
hard at the sketch of this last figure, and Frendenberger asked with a
smile whether he thought he could draw a better. Mind offered to show what
he could do, and did draw a Cat, which Frendenberger liked so much that he
asked his pupil to elaborate the sketch, and the master copied the
scholar’s work, for it is Mind’s Cat that is engraved in Frendenberger’s
plate. Prints of Mind’s Cats are now common.

Mind did not look upon Cats merely as subjects for art; his liking for
them was very great. Once when hydrophobia was raging in Berne, and eight
hundred were destroyed in consequence of an order issued by the civic
authorities, Mind was in great distress on account of their death. He had,
however, successfully hidden his own favourite, and she escaped the
slaughter. This Cat was always with him when he worked, and he used to
carry on a sort of conversation with her by gesture and signs. It is said
that Minette sometimes occupied his lap, while two or three kittens
perched on his shoulders; and he was often known to remain for an hour
together in almost the same attitude for fear of disturbing them; yet he
was generally thought to be a passionate, sour-tempered man. It is said
that Cardinal Wolsey used to accommodate his favourite Cat with part of
his regal seat when he gave an audience or received princely company.

There is a funny story told of Barrett, the painter, another lover of
Cats. He had for pets a Cat and a kitten, its progeny. A friend seeing two
holes in the bottom of his door, asked him for what purpose he made them
there. Barrett said it was for the Cats to go in and out.

“Why,” replied his friend, “would not one do for both?”

“You silly man,” answered the painter, “how could the big Cat get into the
little hole?”

“But,” said his friend, “could not the little one go through the big
hole?”

“Dear me,” cried Barrett, “so she could; well, I never thought of that.”

M. Sonnini had an Angora Cat, of which he writes: “This animal was my
principal amusement for several years. How many times have her tender
caresses made me forget my troubles, and consoled me in my misfortunes. My
beautiful companion at length perished. After several days of suffering,
during which I never forsook her, her eyes constantly fixed on me, were at
length extinguished; and her loss rent my heart with sorrow.”

You have heard, of course, of Doctor Johnson’s feline favourite, and how
it fell ill, and how he, thinking the servants might neglect it, himself
turned Cat-nurse, and having found out that the invalid had a fancy for
oysters, daily administered them to poor Pussy until she had quite
recovered. I like to picture to myself that good old grumpy doctor nursing
Pussy on his knee, and wasting who shall say how many precious moments
which otherwise might have been devoted to his literary avocations. I dare
say now, in that tavern parlour where the lexicographer held forth so ably
after sun-set, he made but scant allusion to his nursing feats, lest some
mad wit might have twitted him upon the subject, for you may be sure that
the wits of those days, as of ours, could have been mighty satirical on
such a theme.

Madame Helvetius had a Cat that used to lie at its mistress’s feet,
scarcely ever leaving her for five minutes together. It would never take
food from any other hand, and it would allow no one but its mistress to
caress it; but it would obey her commands in everything, fetching objects
she wanted in its mouth, like a dog. During Madame Helvetius’s last
illness, the poor animal never quitted her chamber, and though it was
removed after her death, it returned again next morning, and slowly and
mournfully paced to and fro in the room, crying piteously all the time.
Some days after its mistress’s funeral, it was found stretched dead upon
her grave, having, it would seem, died of grief.

There is a well-authenticated story of a Cat which having had a thorn
taken out of her foot by a man servant, remembered him, and welcomed him
with delight when she saw him again after an absence of two years.

As a strong instance of attachment, I can quote the case of a she Cat of
my own, which always waited for me in the passage when I returned home of
an evening, and mounted upon my shoulder to ride upstairs. Returning home
once after an absence of six weeks, this Cat sat on the corner of the
mantel-piece, close by the bed, all night, and as it would appear wide
awake, keeping a sort of guard over me, for being very restless I lay
awake a long while, and then awoke again, several times, after dozing off,
to find upon each occasion Miss Puss, with wide open eyes, purring loudly.
I may add, that although, when we have gone away from home, the Cats
have taken their meals and spent most of their time with the servants, yet
upon our return they have immediately resumed their old ways, and cut the
kitchen dead.

By the report of a police case at Marlborough Street, on the 28th of June
last, it appeared that a husband, brutally ill-using his wife, flung her
on the ground, and seizing her by the throat, endeavoured to strangle her.
While, however, she lay thus, a favourite Cat, named “Topsy,” suddenly
sprang upon the man, and fastened her claws and teeth in his face. He
could not tear the Cat away, and was obliged to implore the woman he had
been ill-using to take the Cat from him to save his life.

The Cat is reproached with treachery and cruelty, but Bigland argues that
the artifices which it uses are the particular instincts which the
all-wise Creator has given it, in conformity with the purposes for which
it was designed. Being destined to prey upon a lively and active animal
like the mouse, which possesses so many means of escape, it is requisite
that it should be artful; and, indeed, the Cat, when well observed,
exhibits the most evident proofs of a particular adaptation to a
particular purpose, and the most striking example of a peculiar instinct
suited to its destiny.

Every animal has its own way of killing and eating its prey. The fox
leaves the legs and hinder parts of a hare or rabbit; the weasel and stoat
eat the brains, and nibble about the head, and suck the blood; crows and
magpies peck at the eyes; the dog tears his prey to pieces
indiscriminately; the Cat always turns the skin inside out like a glove.

Mr. Buckland relates the case of a gamekeeper who bought up all the Cats
in the neighbouring town, cut off their heads, and nailed them up as
trophies of veritable captures in the woods. In a gamekeeper’s museum,
visited by the same writer, were no less than fifty-three Cats’ heads
staring hideously down from the shelves. There was a story attached to
each head. One Cat was killed in such a wood; another in such a hedge-row;
some in traps, some shot, some knocked on the head with a stick; but what
was most remarkable was the different expression of countenance observable
in each individual head. One had died fighting desperately to the last,
and giving up its nine lives inch by inch. Caught in a trap, it had
lingered the night through in dreadful agony, the pain of its entrapped
limb causing it to make furious efforts to free itself, each effort but
lending another torment to the wound. In the morning the gamekeeper had
released the poor exhausted creature for the dogs to worry out what little
life was left in its body. The head dried by the heat of two summers, the
wrinkled forehead, the expanded eyelids, the glary eyeballs, the whiskers
stretched to their full extent, the spiteful lips, exposing the double row
of tiger-like teeth, envenomed by agony, told all this. The hand of death
had not been powerful enough to relax the muscles racked for so many hours
of pain and terror.

Another Cat’s head wore a very different expression; she had neither been
worried nor tortured. Creeping, stealthily, on the tips of her beautifully
padded feet, behind some overhanging hedge, the hidden gamekeeper had
suddenly shot her dead. In death her face was calm; no expression of fear
ruffled her features; she had been shot down and died instantly at the
moment of anticipated triumph.

A third head belonged to a poor little Puss that had died before it had
attained the age of cathood; her young life had been knocked out of her
with a stick: her head still retained the kitten’s playful look, and there
was an appealing expression about it as though it had died quickly,
wondering in what it had done wrong.

I find a writer upon Cats who speaks thus in their praise:--

“It has been said that the Cat is one of those animals which has made the
least return to man for his trouble by its services; but it is certain
that it renders very essential service to man.”

And another says:--

“Authors seem to delight in exaggerating the good qualities of the Dog,
while they depreciate those of the Cat; the latter, however, is not less
useful, and certainly less mischievous, than the former.”

Indeed, it would be unfair not to state that Pussy has had many able
defenders, who have argued her case in verse as well as prose; for
example, in Edmond Moore’s fable of “_The Farmer, the Spaniel and the
Cat_” the Spaniel, when Puss drew near to eat some of the fragments of a
feast, repelled her, saying she does nothing to merit being fed, etc.:--

  “‘I own’ (with meekness Puss replied)
   ‘Superior merit on your side;
   Nor does my breast with envy swell
   To find it recompens’d so well.
   Yet I, in what my nature can,
   Contribute to the good of man.
   Whose claws destroy the pilf’ring mouse?
   Who drives the vermin from the house?
   Or, watchful for the lab’ring swain,
   From lurking rats secures the grain?
   For this, if he rewards bestow,
   Why should your heart with gall o’erflow?
   Why pine my happiness to see,
   Since there’s enough for you and me?’
   ‘Thy words are just,’ the Farmer cried,
   And spurned the Spaniel from his side.”

And, again, the same idea occurs in Gay’s fable of the “_Man, the Cat, the
Dog, and the Fly_.” The Cat solicits aid from the Man in the social state.

  “‘Well, Puss,’ says Man, ‘and what can you
   To benefit the public do?’
   The Cat replies, ‘These teeth, these claws,
   With vigilance shall serve the cause.
   The Mouse, destroy’d by my pursuit,
   No longer shall your feasts pollute;
   Nor Rats, from nightly ambuscade,
   With wasteful teeth your stores invade.’
   ‘I grant,’ says Man, ‘to general use
   Your parts and talents may conduce;
   For rats and mice purloin our grain,
   And threshers whirl the flail in vain;
   Thus shall the Cat, a foe to spoil,
   Protect the farmers’ honest toil.’”

Mr. Ruskin says, “There is in every animal’s eye a dim image and gleam of
humanity, a flash of strange life through which their life looks at and up
to our great mystery of command over them, and claims the fellowship of
the creature, if not of the soul!”

Poor Pussy! on the whole she has had but few champions in comparison to
the number of her foes. Let us see what anecdotes we can find which will
show her in a favourable light; but my chapter is long enough, and I will
conclude it with the epitaph placed over a favourite French Puss:--

  “Ci repose pauvre Mouton,
   Qui jamais ne fût glouton;
   J’espère bien que le roi Pluton,
   Lui donnera bon gîte et crouton.”




CHAPTER IV.


[Illustration: CHAPTER IV.]

_Of the Manners and Customs of Cats._


Let us see though, before we try our anecdotes, what is known of the Cat’s
peculiarities. I rather like this quaint description of the domestic
Pussy, which occurs in an old heraldic book, John Bossewell’s “_Workes of
Armorie_,” published in 1597:--

“The field is of the Saphire, on a chief Pearle, a Masion Cruieves. This
beaste is called a ‘Masion,’ for that he is enimie to Myse and Rattes. He
is slye and wittie, and seeth so sharpely that he overcommeth darkness of
the nighte by the shyninge lyghte of his eyne. In shape of body he is like
unto a Leoparde, and hathe a greate mouthe. He doth delighte that he
enjoyeth his libertie; and in his youth he is swifte, plyante, and merye.
He maketh a rufull noyse and a gastefulle when he profereth to fighte with
another. He is a cruell beaste when he is wilde, and falleth on his owne
feete from moste highe places: and never is hurt therewith. When he hathe
a fayre skinne, he is, as it were, proude thereof, and then he goethe
muche aboute to be seene.”

It is commonly supposed that a Cat’s scratch is venomous, because a
lacerated wound oftener festers than a smooth cut from a sharp knife.

It is erroneously said that Cats feel a cutaneous irritation at the
approach of rain, and offer sensible evidence of uneasiness: allusion may
be found to this in “Thomson’s Seasons.” Virgil has also made the subject
a theme for poetic allusion.

The Chinese look into their Cat’s eyes to know what o’clock it is; and the
playfulness of Cats is said to indicate the coming of a storm. I have
noticed this often myself, and have seen them rush about in a half wild
state just before windy weather. I think it is when the wind is _rising_
that they are most affected.

It is stated in a Japanese book that the tip of a Cat’s nose is always
cold, except on the day corresponding with our Midsummer-day. This is a
question I cannot say I have gone into deeply. I know, however, that Cats
always have a warm nose when they first awaken from sleep. All Cats are
fond of warmth. I knew one which used to open an oven door after the
kitchen fire was out, and creep into the oven. One day the servant shut
the door, not noticing the Cat was inside, and lighted the fire. For a
long while she could not make out whence came the sounds of its crying and
scratching, but fortunately made the discovery in time to save its life. A
Cat’s love of the sunshine is well known, and perhaps this story may not
be unfamiliar to the reader:--

One broiling hot summer’s day Charles James Fox and the Prince of Wales
were lounging up St. James’s street, and Fox laid the Prince a wager that
he would see more Cats than his Royal Highness during their promenade,
although the Prince might choose which side of the street he thought fit.
On reaching Piccadilly, it turned out that Fox had seen thirteen Cats and
the Prince none. The Prince asked for an explanation of this apparent
miracle.

“Your Royal Highness,” said Fox, “chose, of course, the shady side of the
way as most agreeable. I knew that the sunny side would be left for me,
and that Cats prefer the sunshine.”

Cats usually, but not always, fall on their feet, because of the facility
with which they balance themselves when springing from a height, which
power of balancing is in some degree produced by the flexibility of the
heel, the bones of which have no fewer than four joints. Cats alight
softly on their feet, because in the middle of the foot is a large ball or
pad in five parts, formed of an elastic substance, and at the base of each
toe is a similar pad. No mechanism better calculated to break the force of
a fall could be imagined.

A Cat, when falling with its head downwards, curls its body, so that the
back forms an arch, while the legs remain extended. This so changes the
position of the centre of gravity, that the body makes a half turn in the
air, and the feet become lowest.

In the inside of a Cat’s head there is a sort of partition wall projecting
from the sides, a good way inwards, towards the centre, so as to prevent
the brain from suffering from concussion.

There is a breed of tail-less white Cats in the Isle of Man, and also in
Devonshire. These are not the sort of animals with which, on shipboard,
the “stow-aways” are made acquainted.

A great many Cats in the Isle of Man are said to be deaf. Thus, “As deaf
as a Manx Cat.” There is an idea that white Cats with blue eyes are always
deaf, but a correspondent of _Notes and Queries_ says, “I am myself
possessed of a white Cat which, at the advanced age of upwards of
seventeen years, still retains its hearing to great perfection, and is
remarkably intelligent and devoted, more so than Cats are usually given
credit for. Its affection for persons is, indeed, more like that of a dog
than of a Cat. It is a half-bred Persian Cat, and its eyes are perfectly
blue, with round pupils, not elongated, as those of Cats usually are. It
occasionally suffers from irritation in the ears, but this has not at all
resulted in deafness.”

Do you know why Cats always wash themselves after a meal? A Cat caught a
sparrow, and was about to devour it, but the sparrow said,

“No gentleman eats till he has first washed his face.”

The Cat, struck with this remark, set the sparrow down, and began to wash
his face with his paw, but the sparrow flew away. This vexed Pussy
extremely, and he said,

“As long as I live I will eat first and wash my face afterwards.”

Which all Cats do, even to this day.

A French writer says, the three animals that waste most time over their
toilet are cats, flies, and women.

The attitudes and motions of a Cat are very graceful, because she is
furnished with collar-bones. She can, therefore, carry food to her mouth
like a monkey, can clasp, can climb, and can strike sideways, and seat
herself at a height upon a very narrow space.

The lateral movements of the head in Cats are not so extensive as in the
owl, but are, nevertheless, considerable. A cat can look round pretty far
behind it without moving its body, which might be apt to startle its prey.
The spine of the Cat is very full and loose, in order that all its
movements in all possible directions and circumstances may be free and
unrestrained. For this purpose, too, all the joints which connect its
bones together are extremely loose and free. Thus, the Cat is enabled to
get through small apertures, to leap from great heights, and even to fall
in an unfavourable posture with little or no injury to itself. Its ears
are not so moveable as those of some other animals, but are more so than
in very many animals. The shape of the external ear, or rather
cartilaginous portion, is admirably adapted to intercept sounds. The
natural posture is forward and outward, so as to catch sounds proceeding
from the front and sides. The upper half, however, is moveable, and by
means of a thin layer of muscular fibres, it is made to curve backwards
and receive sounds from the rear. Although a Cat cannot lick its face and
head, it nevertheless cleans these parts thoroughly; in fact, as we often
observe, a Cat licks its right paw for a long time, and then brushes down
the corresponding side of the head and face; and when this is
accomplished, it does the same with the other paw and corresponding side.

“‘A May kitten makes a dirty Cat,’ is a piece of Huntingdonshire
folk-lore,” says Mr. Cuthbert Bede, “quoted to me in order to deter me
from keeping a kitten that had been born in May.”

Dr. Turton says, “The Cat has a more voluminous and expressive vocabulary
than any other brute; the short twitter of complacency and affection, the
purr of tranquility and pleasure, the mew of distress, the growl of anger,
and the horrible wailing of pain.” For myself, I seldom hear a
catawauling without thinking of that droll picture in _Punch_ of the old
lady sitting up in bed and pricking up her ears to the music of a mewing
Cat.

“Oh, ah! yes, it’s the waits,” says she, with a delighted chuckle; “I love
to listen to ’em. It may be fancy, but somehow they don’t seem to play so
sweetly as they did when I was a girl. Perhaps it is that I am getting
old, and don’t hear quite so well as I used to do.”

Few, even amongst Pussy’s most ardent admirers, who possess the faculty of
hearing, and have heard the music of Cats, would desire the continuance of
their “sweet voices”; yet a concert was exhibited at Paris, wherein Cats
were the performers. They were placed in rows, and a monkey beat time to
them, as the Cats mewed; and the historian of the facts relates that the
diversity of the tones which they emitted produced a very ludicrous
effect. This exhibition was announced to the Parisian public by the title
of “Concert Miaulant.”

This would seem to prove that Cats may be taught tricks, which is not
generally believed, but is nevertheless the case.

In Pool’s _Twists and Turns about the Streets of London_, mention is
made of “a poor half-naked boy, strumming a violin, while another urchin
with a whip makes two half-starved Cats go through numerous feats of
agility.”

De Roget says, that in animals that graze and keep their heads for a long
time in a dependent position, the danger from an excessive impetus in the
blood flowing towards the head is much greater than in other animals; and
we find that an extraordinary provision is made to obviate this danger.
The arteries which supply the brain on their entrance into the basis of
the skull suddenly divide into a great number of minute branches, forming
a complicated network of vessels, an arrangement which, on the well known
principle of hydraulics, must greatly check the velocity of the blood
conducted through them. That such is the real purpose of this structure,
which has been called the _rete mirabile_, is evident from the branches
afterwards uniting into larger trunks when they have entered the brain,
through the substance of which they are then distributed exactly as in
other animals, where no such previous subdivision takes place. The rete
mirabile is much developed in the sheep, but scarcely perceptible in the
Cat.

Being an animal which hunts both by day and night, the structure of its
visual organs is adjusted for both. The retina, or expansion of the optic
nerve, is most sensitive to the stimulus of light; hence, a well-marked
ciliary muscle contracts the pupil to a mere vertical fissure during the
day, while in the dark, the pupil dilates enormously, and lets in as much
light as possible. But even this would be insufficient, for Cats have to
look for their prey in holes, cellars, and other places where little or no
light can penetrate. Hence, the Cat is furnished with a bright metal-like,
lustrous, membrane, called the _Tapetum_, which lines part of the hollow
globe of the eye, and sheds considerable light on the image of an object
thrown on the retina. This membrane is, we are told, common to all
vertebrated animals, but is especially beautiful and lustrous in nocturnal
animals. The herbivora, such as the ox and sheep, have the _tapetum_ of
the finest enamelled green colour, provided probably to suit the nature of
their food, which is green. The subject, however, of the various colours
of the _tapetum_ in different animals is not yet understood. The
sensibility of the retina in Cats is so great that neither the
contractions of the pupil nor the closing of the eye-lids would alone
afford them sufficient protection from the action of the light. Hence,
in common with most animals, the Cat is furnished with a nictitating
membrane, which is, in fact, a third eyelid, sliding over the transparent
cornea beneath the common eyelids. This membrane is not altogether opaque,
but translucent, allowing light to fall on the retina, and acting, as it
were, like a shade. The nictitating membrane is often seen in the Cat when
she slowly opens her eyes from a calm and prolonged sleep: it is well
developed in the eagle, and enables him to gaze steadfastly on the sun’s
unclouded disk.

The illumination of a Cat’s eye in the dark arises from the external light
collected on the eye and reflected from it. Although apparently dark, a
room is penetrated by imperceptible rays of external light from lamps or
other luminiferous bodies. When these rays reach the observer direct, he
sees the lamps or luminiferous bodies themselves, but when he is out of
their direct sight, the brightness of their illumination only becomes
apparent, through the rays being collected and reflected by some
appropriate substance.

The cornea of the eye of the Cat, and of many other animals, has a great
power of concentrating the rays and reflecting them through the pupil.
Professor Bohn, at Leipsic, made experiments proving that when the
external light is wholly excluded, none can be seen in the Cat’s eye. For
the same reason, the animal, by a change of posture or other means,
intercepting the rays, immediately deprives the observer of all light
otherwise existing in, or permeating, the room. In this action, when the
iris of the eye is completely open, the degree of brilliancy is the
greatest; but when the iris is partly contracted, which it always is when
the external light, or the light in the room, is increased, then the
illumination is more obscure. The internal motions of the animals have
also great influence over this luminous appearance, by the contraction and
relaxation of the iris dependent upon them. When the animal is alarmed, or
first disturbed, it naturally dilates the pupil, and the eye glares; when
it is appeased or composed, the pupil contracts, and the light in the eye
is no longer seen.

A German savant says, that at the end of each hair of a Cat’s whiskers is
a sort of bulb of nervous substance, which converts it into a most
sensitive feeler. The whiskers are of the greatest use to her when hunting
in the dark. The nervous bulbs at the ends of a lion’s whiskers are as
large as a small pea.

But an English writer differs from him; thus:--

“Every one must have observed what are usually called the “whiskers” on a
Cat’s upper lip. The use of these, in a state of nature, is very
important. They are organs of touch; they are attached to a bed of close
glands under the skin; and each of these long and stiff hairs is connected
with the nerves of the lip. The slightest contact of these whiskers with
any surrounding object is thus felt most distinctly by the animal,
although the hairs are of themselves insensible. They stand out on each
side in the lion, as well as in the common Cat; so that, from point to
point, they are equal in width to the animal’s body. If we imagine,
therefore, a lion stealing through a covert of wood in an imperfect light,
we shall at once see the use of these long hairs. They indicate to him,
through the nicest feeling, any obstacle which may present itself to the
passage of the body: they prevent the rustle of boughs and leaves, which
would give warning to his prey if he were to attempt to pass through too
dense a bush, and this, in conjunction with the soft cushions of his feet,
and the fur upon which he treads (the retractable claws never coming in
contact with the ground), enable him to move towards his victim with a
stillness even greater than that of the snake, who creeps along the
grass, and is not perceived till he is coiled round his prey.”

Black Cats especially are said to be highly charged with electricity,
which, when the animal is irritated, is easily visible in the dark. Here
are directions I have for producing the effect:--Lay one hand upon the
Cat’s throat, and slightly press its shoulder bones. If the other hand be
drawn gently along its back, electric shocks will be felt in the hand upon
the Cat’s throat. If the tips of the ears be touched after the back has
been rubbed, shocks of electricity may also be felt, or they may be
obtained from the foot. Lay the animal upon your knees, and apply the
right hand to the back, the left fore paw resting on the palm of your left
hand, apply the thumb to the upper side of the paw, so as to extend the
claws, and by this means bring your fore finger in contact with one of the
bones of the leg, where it joins the paw; when from the knob or end of
this bone, the finger slightly pressing on it, you may feel distinctly
successive shocks similar to those obtained from the ears. The Reverend
Mr. Wood expresses an opinion, that on account of the superabundance of
electricity which is developed in the Cat, the animal is found very
useful to paralysed persons, who instinctively encourage its approach, and
from the touch derive some benefit. Those who suffer from rheumatism often
find the presence of a Cat alleviate their sufferings. The same gentleman,
writing of a favourite Cat, says, that if a hair of her mistress’s head
were laid upon the animal’s back it would writhe as though in agony, and
rolling on the floor, would strive to free herself from the object of her
fears. The pointing of a finger at her side, at a distance of half a foot,
would cause her fur to bristle up and throw her into a violent tremour.

It is difficult to account for the fondness of Cats for fish, as nature
seems to have given them an appetite, which, with their great antipathy to
water, they can rarely gratify unassisted. Many instances have, however,
been recorded of Cats catching fish. A Mr. Moody, of Sesmond, near
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, had a Cat in 1829 which had been in his possession
for some years, and caught fish with great assiduity, and frequently
brought them home alive. Besides minnows and eels, she occasionally
carried home pilchards, one of which, about six inches long, was once
found in her possession; she also contrived to teach a neighbour’s Cat to
fish, and the two were sometimes seen together watching by a river side
for their prey. At other times they were seen at opposite sides of the
river, not far from each other, on the look out for game.

A writer in the _Plymouth Journal_, June 1828, says:--“There is now at the
battery, on the Devil’s Point, a Cat which is an expert catcher of the
finny tribe, being in the constant habit of diving into the sea and
bringing up the fish alive in her mouth, and depositing them in the guard
room for the use of the sailors. She is now seven years old, and has long
been a useful caterer. It is supposed that her pursuit of the water-rats
first taught her to venture into the water, to which it is well known Puss
has a natural aversion. She is now as fond of the water as a Newfoundland
dog, and takes her regular peregrinations along the rocks at its edge,
looking out for her game ready to dive for it at a moment’s notice.”

Talking of the Cat’s fondness for fish, I should, however, mention, that
if a plate of meat and a plate of fish, either raw or cooked, be placed
before the generality of Cats, they will be found almost always to choose
the meat.

It is usually supposed that a tortoiseshell Tom is an impossibility. The
animal is certainly rare, as is also a Queen Anne’s farthing; but it is
not such a rarity as we are led to believe. On the contrary, specimens
are frequently offered for sale at the Zoological Gardens.

It is another great mistake to think that Cats have fleas: the insect
infesting a half-grown Cat does not leap like a flea.

The she Cat goes with young from fifty-five to fifty-eight days, and
generally has four or five kittens at a litter. When born, they are blind
and deaf, like puppies. They get their sight in about nine days, and are
about eighteen months before reaching full growth.

Those who wish their Cats to catch mice, I should advise not to neglect
the Cat’s food. A starved Cat makes a very bad mouser; being too eager and
hungry for the work, it tries to pounce upon its prey before the proper
time comes. A good mouser does not eat the mouse. I have a black Cat,
which is very fat, but a wonderful huntsman, and surprisingly nimble at
the chase. He is also as proud of his achievements as a human sportsman,
and brings me every head of game he catches. Sometimes, if I have been out
when he has caught his mouse, he has gone all over the house in search of
me, and at last has taken his seat by the fireside, or out in the garden,
and nursed the trophy of his prowess until I returned, mewing piteously
if anyone attempted to take it away; but once having laid it at my feet,
and had his head scratched in return, his interest in the matter seemed to
cease, and he went away without again attempting to touch it. It was clear
that he had made me a present of the game; and, as we sometimes think,
when we make anyone a present of something to eat, it would be more
delicate for us to go away immediately, lest it might be supposed we
desired to be asked to stop and partake of it, Tom thus departed, no doubt
with a similar idea.

“No experiment,” says an intelligent writer, “can be more beautiful than
that of setting a kitten for the first time before a looking-glass. The
animal appears surprised and pleased with the reflection, and makes
several attempts to touch its new acquaintance; and at length, finding its
efforts fruitless, it looks behind the glass, and appears highly
astonished at the absence of the figure. It again views itself, and tries
to touch the image with its foot, suddenly looking at intervals behind the
glass. It then becomes more accurate in its observations, and begins, as
it were, to make experiments by stretching out its paw in different
directions; and when it finds that these motions are answered in every
respect by the figure in the glass, it seems at length to be convinced of
the real nature of the image.”




CHAPTER V.


[Illustration: CHAPTER V.]

_Of Whittington’s Cat, and another Cat that visited Strange Countries._


As no work about Cats could be complete without the story of Dick
Whittington, from the first moment I had made up my mind to write this
book, I had also made up my mind to look up the best authorities upon the
subject--to write Whittington’s Cat’s life, and to give her a chapter all
to herself. Having come to this conclusion, the question naturally arose
where were the authorities. I made search, I read deeply, but I gathered
small matter on which I could place reliance, and I was half inclined to
abandon my resolve, when happening to have ten minutes to spend, waiting
for an omnibus at a street corner in the east-end of London, I made a
discovery in a shop window, by the result of which I intend that you shall
benefit almost as much as I have myself; for this discovery was nothing
less than the very identical tale-book that I bought when I was a child,
only it was a penny now, instead of twopence, as in the days of my extreme
youth,--yes, the very identical tale of Whittington and his Cat, with a
splendid illustrated pink wrapper and seven magnificent engravings,
hand-coloured blue, red, yellow and pink on each plate, with here and
there a dash of green laid boldly on, irrespective of outline, and now and
again reaching as far as the type. Here, in the well-remembered verses,
was Richard’s history related:--

  “Dick Whittington had often heard
   The curious story told
   That far fam’d London’s brilliant streets
   Were paved with sheets of gold;
   Sometimes by waggon, erst on foot,
   Poor Dick he came to town,
   But found the streets, instead of gold,
   Were muddy, thick, and brown.”

(You will observe that the poet sacrifices everything for the rhyme, and I
do not blame him, when I contemplate the noble result):--

  “In search of work he wandered round,
   Till his heart was sick and sore;
   Then cold and hungry laid him down
   Besides a Merchant’s door.
   The Merchant kindly took him in,
   And gave him food to eat,
   But the plainest of plain cooks”--

(Do you notice the poet’s wit and humour?)

  “Him cruelly did treat.”

(There is a picture here of the Cook beating Whittington with two ladles.)

  “No longer could he stay,
   So towards the famous Highgate Hill
   Poor Dick he ran away.
   Four miles he ran, then wearied much,
   He sat him on a stone,
   And heard the merry bells of Bow
   Speak to him in this tone--
   ‘Turn again, Whittington,
   Thrice Lord Mayor of London.’”

The poet’s lines at this point have been beautifully illustrated by a
picture of Whittington, sitting on the stone aforesaid, labelled “four
miles to London,” in an attitude of attention, whilst the merry church of
Bow is to be seen on the other side of a wooden fence, apparently fifty
yards off.

  “Then taking heart, he wandered home,
   But meeting on the road
   A boy, who had a Cat to sell,
   He took’t to his abode.”

(I think, now, that “took’t” shows real genius! How else could you have
got over the difficulty?)

  “She drove away the rats and mice--
   She was his only friend,”--

(This is true pathos.)

  “But when the Merchant went abroad,
   He Puss did with him send.”

(This part wants thinking over. It means Whittington sent the Cat with his
master; please, however, read on):--

  “It was the only thing he had--
   Each servant something sent;
   The cook became more cruel still
   After her master went.
   Meanwhile Puss sail’d across the seas,
   Unto the Moorish Court,
   And to the palace of the King
   The merchant Pussy brought;
   For that poor King no rest enjoy’d
   All through the rats and mice,
   They swept the food from off his board--
   Puss killed them in a trice.”

(And I should rather think she did, too, if the artist may be believed who
depicts her simultaneously seizing one rat with her teeth, and two others
with each of her fore paws.)

  “The King then gave him heaps of gold
   For an animal so rare;
   The merchant brought it all to Dick,
   Oh, how the boy did stare!”

(And he is represented staring tremendously at a box, apparently four feet
by two-and-a-half, and two-and-a-quarter high, marked “R. W.,” and chock
full of guineas.)

  “The kindly bells had told him true
   In saying, ‘Turn again,’
   For Whittington was thrice Lord Mayor
   In great King Henry’s reign.”

The poem here concludes with a beautiful picture of a gentleman and a lady
sitting on chairs of state. I am not quite certain whether this is
intended to represent King Henry and his Queen, or Lord and Lady
Whittington; as far as the portrait goes, I should say that the gentleman
was Charles the First.

In 1857 an advertisement appeared in several newspapers of a person who
was willing to buy any number of live Cats for exportation. They were
probably wanted for New Zealand; but it is not every emigrating Puss that
is as lucky as Dick Whittington’s (which, of course, by the way, never
existed at all.) As a contrast to the successful career of the Cat
described above, let me tell you, in almost the same words in which it is
amusingly told in a magazine article, the story of a Cat who went “some
strange countries for to see.”

During the bold campaign of Mr. Williams the Missionary in Polynesia, a
favourite Cat was taken on shore by one of the teacher’s wives at their
first visit to the island of Rarotonga. But Tom, not liking the aspect of
his new acquaintance, fled to the mountains. Under the influence of the
apostles of the new religion, a priest named Tiaki had destroyed his idol.
His house was situated at a distance from the settlement, and at midnight,
while he was lying asleep on his mat, his wife, who was sitting awake by
his side, musing upon the strange events of the day, beheld, with
consternation, two fires glittering in the doorway, and heard with
surprise a mysterious and plaintive voice. Petrified with fear, she awoke
her husband, and began to upbraid him with his folly for burning his god,
who, she declared, was now come to be avenged of them. “Get up and pray!”
she cried. The husband arose, and, on opening his eyes, beheld the same
glaring lights, and heard the same ominous sound. He commenced with all
possible vehemence to vociferate the alphabet, as a prayer to the powers
above to deliver them from the vengeance of Satan. The Cat, on hearing the
incantation, was as much alarmed as the priest and his wife; so he escaped
once more into the wilderness, leaving the repentant priestly pair in
ecstacies at the efficacy of their exorcism. The nocturnal apparition of a
Cat in the flesh had nearly reinstated an overthrown idol. Subsequently,
Puss, in his perambulations, perhaps in hopes of finding a native fur-clad
helpmate, went to another distant district; and as a maral or temple stood
in a retired spot, and was shaded by the rich foliage of ancient trees,
Tommy, pleased with the situation, and wishing to frequent good society,
took up his abode with the wooden gods. A few days after, the priest came,
accompanied by a number of worshippers, to present some offering to the
pretended deities; and, on opening the door, Tom greeted them with a
respectful mew. Unaccustomed to such salutations, the priest, instead of
returning the welcome with a reciprocal politeness, rushed out of the
sanctuary, shouting to his companions, “Here’s a monster from the deep! a
monster from the deep!”

The whole party of devotees hastened home, collected several hundreds of
their brethren, put on their war-caps, brought their spears, clubs, and
slings, blackened themselves with charcoal, and, thus equipped, came
shouting on to attack the enemy. Tom, affrighted at the formidable array,
sprang towards the open door, and, darting through the terror-stricken
warriors, sent them scampering in all directions. In the evening, while
the brave conspirators were entertaining themselves and a numerous company
with a war-dance, to recruit their spirits, poor Tom, wishing to see the
sport, and bearing no malice in his heart, stole in amongst them to take a
peep. Again the dusky heroes seized their weapons and gave chase to the
unfortunate Cat; but “the monster of the deep” was too nimble for them.
Some hours afterwards, when all was quiet, Tom unwisely endeavoured to
renew his domiciliary relations with man. In the dead of the night he
entered a house, crept beneath a coverlet, under which a whole native
family were lying, and fell asleep. His purring awoke the man, in the
hospitality of whose night-cloth he had taken refuge, and who, supposing
that some other monster had come to disturb his household, closed the
doorways, awoke the inmates, and procured lights to search for the
intruder. Poor Tom, fatigued with the two previous engagements of the day,
lay quietly asleep, when the warriors, attacking him with their clubs and
spears, thought themselves models of bravery in putting an end to him.

But Cats, though thus misunderstood at first, seem in the end to have
proved a welcome and valuable introduction to the country. One of Mr.
Williams’s means of proselytism was, the exercise of a useful
handicraft--he turned blacksmith; but he found unusual difficulties in the
way of his working a forge. Rarotonga was devastated by a plague of rats,
which congregated at night in his blacksmith’s shop, and devoured every
particle of leather, so that, in the morning, nothing remained of his
bellows but the bare boards. The rats, however, were not permitted to have
everything their own way. The missionaries imported a singular cargo,
consisting of pigs, cocoa-nuts, and Cats. The Cats proved a real blessing
to the island, but even they did not destroy so many rats as the pigs,
which were exceedingly voracious, and took greedily to the rodent diet.

By the way, I must not close the chapter without one little scrap.

Mr. Spectator, in No. 5, March 6, 1711, says:--“I am credibly informed
that there was once a design of casting into an opera the story of
Whittington and his Cat, and that in order to do it there had been got
together a great quantity of mice, but Mr. Rich, the proprietor of the
playhouse, very prudently considered that it would be impossible for the
Cat to kill them all.”




CHAPTER VI.


[Illustration: CHAPTER VI.]

_Of various kinds of Cats, Ancient and Modern._


Now, although this is the _Book of Cats_, do you know I am more than half
afraid that if I give you too much about Cats in it, you will go away
dissatisfied. Some years ago there was a great rage for mechanics’
institutions and instructive lectures on things generally, and one half
the world was for jumping on to the platform and improving the mind of the
other half in gases and ologies; and, in those days, there was one
particular sort of lecture, which might be roughly described as hard words
and an explosion, with which the frequenter of all institutes was
perfectly familiar; and you may remember, too, how we did not so much care
about the words, but thought that the stuff out of the bottle, that went
off with a bang, was the best fun out. Carried away by the popularity of
these oratorical and chemical displays, the heads of schools were wont to
encourage lecturing on a small scale among their pupils, only suppressing
the explosive part of the entertainment as too dangerous; and young
gentlemen told other young gentlemen what they knew rather better than the
young gentlemen telling them respecting the ology of which they treated.

In like fashion, I am afraid I may be only telling you what you know
already, or what you might have known, but have not cared about learning.
The fact is, all that this chapter contains is to be elsewhere found at
greater length. I have no new theories of my own upon the subject, and,
indeed, would not presume to argue the question of the domestic Cat’s
origin with those who have so ably treated the subject in books long since
written. To tell the truth, I was not myself very much interested about
the matter when I began to read the arguments on either side. Will you be?
I am inclined to think not. However, here is a brief statement of the
case, which is easily skipped if not approved of.

M. Rüppel, who discovered in the wild regions west of the Nile a Cat about
one-third smaller than the European Cat, and having a longer tail, is of
opinion that the animal was descended from the domestic Cat of the ancient
Egyptians, and that the Egyptian and our domestic Cat are identical.
Temminck is of the same opinion; but Professor Owen objects to this
theory, because the first deciduous molar-tooth of the Egyptian Cat has a
relatively thicker crown, and is supported by three roots, whilst the
corresponding tooth of the domestic and wild Cat of Europe has a thinner
crown, and only two roots. A writer on the subject, in 1836, says, there
is no doubt but that the wild Cat of the European forests is the tame Cat
of European houses; that the wild Cat at some period has been
domesticated, and that the tame Cat would become wild if turned into the
woods. Mr. Bell, however, with regard to the belief that the common wild
Cat is the father of the tame, says, that the general conformation of the
two animals is considerably different, especially in the length and form
of the tail. The fur, too, of the wild Cat is thicker and longer.

Sir William Jardine thinks that, since the introduction of our house Cat
to this country, there may have been an accidental cross with the wild
native species, by which the difference in form between the wild and tame
Cat may be accounted for. “The domestic Cat,” says he, “is the only one of
this race which has been generally used in the economy of man. Some of the
other small species have shown that they might be applied to similar
purposes; and we have seen that the general disposition of this family
will not prevent their training. Much pains would have been necessary to
effect this, and none of the European nations were likely to have
attempted it. The scarcity of Cats in Europe, in its earliest ages, is
also well known, and in the tenth and eleventh centuries a good mouser
brought a high price.”

Another author, quoting the above, says:--

“Although our opinion coincides with that of Rüppel, and we think that we
are indebted to the superstition of the ancient Egyptians for having
domesticated the species mentioned by Rüppel, we have no doubt that since
its introduction to this country, and more particularly to the north of
Scotland, there have been occasional crosses with our native species, and
that the result of these crosses have been kept in our houses. We have
seen many Cats very closely resembling the wild Cat, and one or two which
could scarcely be distinguished from it. There is, perhaps, no other
animal that so soon loses its cultivation and returns apparently to a
state completely wild: the tasting of some wild and living food may tempt
them to seek it again and to leave their civilized homes. They then prowl
about in the same manner as their prey, couching in the long grass and
brush-wood, and hiding themselves from all publicity.”

No game destroyer, however, is more easily caught than the Cat. In summer,
when rabbit-paunches will not keep on account of the weather, a little
valerian root is used as a bait. The Cats come to rub themselves on it,
finding some unaccountable pleasure in so doing. The valerian root is of a
whitish colour, and it has a very strong and disagreeable smell: it is
used by us as a medicine in nervous disorders, and its good effects
against headaches, low-spirits, and trembling of the limbs are well known.
A story is told of a little boy home for the holidays who played an old
lady this trick:--He put some valerian root under the hearth-rug, which
set the Cat scratching, rubbing her back on it, and performing a hundred
antics, till the old lady, getting frightened, thought Puss had gone mad.
The boy then quietly took away the valerian. The Cat grew calm again, and
the old lady was much astonished.

It is a cruel custom in some parts of the country to cut off the ears of
Cats and remove the hairs all round the exposed aperture of the ear, to
prevent the animal from poaching in the woods. It is thought that by so
doing, the wet off the bushes and grass may get into the internal cavity
of the ear, and by the pain cause the Cat to desist from the chase. Cats
so mutilated, however, often choose fine days for their poaching
expeditions.

A Cat caught in a trap is a dangerous customer to let loose again. If the
door be opened incautiously, the Cat will probably fly at the catcher’s
face the moment she sees the light. The only safe way of getting the Cat
out of the trap is to place a sack over the door end of the trap, and then
rattle the other end with a stick. The animal runs at once into the sack.

Wild Cats not only eat birds, but seek eagerly after their eggs, of which
they are passionately fond.

Regarding the wild Cat, Pennant says, “It may be called the ‘British
Tiger’: it is the fiercest and most destructive beast we have; making
dreadful havoc amongst our poultry, lambs and birds. It inhabits the most
mountainous and wooded parts of these islands, living mostly in trees and
feeding only at night. It multiplies as fast as our common Cats.”

A wild Cat is said to have been killed in Cumberland (my authority gives
no date) which measured above five feet in length from the nose to the end
of the tail.

Mr. Timbs relates how, in 1850, he saw, at No. 175, Oxford Street, a
beautifully-marked tabby Cat weighing 25¾ lbs., and measuring 27 inches
round the body, and 37 inches from the tip of the tail to the end of the
nose; height to top of shoulders 11½ inches: he was then seven years old.

The tame Cat’s tail ends in a point; the wild Cat’s in a tuft. The head of
the wild Cat is triangular and strongly marked, the ears triangular,
large, long and pointed.

At the village of Barnborough, in Yorkshire, there is a tradition extant
of a serious conflict that once took place between a man and a wild Cat.
The inhabitants say that the fight began in an adjacent wood, and that the
man and Cat fought from thence to the porch of the church, where each died
of the wounds received. A rude painting in the church commemorates the
sanguinary event, and the red colour of some of the stones are, of course,
said to be blood-stains, which all the soap and water in the world could
not remove.

In the reign of Richard II. wild Cats were reckoned among the beasts of
the chase, and there was an edict that no man should use more costly
apparel than that made of lambs’ or Cats’-skins.

In Egypt Cats were considered sacred to the Goddess Bubastis, the Egyptian
Diana. Her priestesses were vowed to celibacy: they passed a great portion
of their time attending on the Cats of the temple. Mrs. Loudon suggests
that hence, perhaps, may have arisen the idea that a fondness for Cats is
a sign of old maidism.

Apollo created the lion to terrify his sister Diana, and she turned his
fearful beast into ridicule by mimicking it in the form of a Cat. Cats
were dedicated to Diana, not only when she bore her proper name, but when
she was called “Hecate.” Witches who worshipped Hecate had always a
favourite Cat.

A very great number of Cats’ mummies, discovered in Egypt, afford ample
proof of the esteem in which Pussy was held in “Thebes’ Streets Three
Thousand Years Ago.” If one died a natural death, it was mourned for with
many ceremonies; among others the entire household, where the death took
place, shaved off their eyebrows. If killed, the murderer was given up to
the mob to buffet him to death. Cats were held sacred when alive, and when
they died were embalmed and deposited in the niches of the catacombs. An
insult offered by a Roman to a Cat caused an insurrection among the
Egyptians when nothing else could excite them. Cambyses gained Pelusis,
which had previously successfully resisted all attacks, by the following
stratagem:--He gave to each of his soldiers employed in the attack a live
Cat, instead of a buckler, and the Egyptians, rather than hurt the objects
of their veneration, suffered themselves to be vanquished without striking
a blow.

Herodotus tells us that “on every occasion of a fire in Egypt, the
strangest prodigy occurs with the Cats. The inhabitants allow the fire to
rage as long as it pleases, while they stand about, at intervals, and
watch these animals, which, slipping by the men, or else leaping over
them, rush headlong into the flames.”

In some of the curious Egyptian pictures at the British Museum, you may
see the representation of Cats being trained to catch birds.

Cats are frequently trained in California to catch a species of burrowing
pouched rat, called a gopher, a destructive animal infesting fields and
gardens. Cats, so trained, are very valuable.

We are told that there was once a Cape in the Island of Cyprus, which was
called Cat Cape. A monastery stood here, the monks of which were compelled
by their vows to keep a great number of Cats, to wage war against the
snakes, with which the Island was swarming. At the sound of a certain bell
the Cats came trooping home to their meals, and then rushed out again to
the chase. When, however, the Turks conquered the Island, they destroyed
both the Cats and their home.

In the middle ages, animals formed as prominent a part in the worship of
the time as in the old religion of Egypt. The Cat was a very important
personage in religious festivals. At Aix, in Provence, on the festival of
Corpus Christi, the finest Tom-cat of the country, wrapt in swaddling
clothes like a child, was exhibited in a magnificent shrine to public
admiration. Every knee was bent, every hand strewed flowers, or poured
incense, and Grimalkin was treated in all respects as the god of the day.
But on the festival of St. John, poor Tom’s fate was reversed. A number of
the tabby tribe were put into a wicker basket, and thrown alive into the
midst of an immense fire, kindled in the public square by the bishop and
his clergy. Hymns and anthems were sung, and processions were made by the
priest and people in honour of the sacrifice.

In the reign of Howel the Good, who died in 948, a law was made in Wales,
fixing the price of the Cat, which was then of great scarcity. A kitten
before it got its sight was to cost one penny; until a warranty was given
of its having caught a mouse, twopence; after this important event,
fourpence, and a very high price, too, the times considered. The Cat,
however, was required to be perfect in its senses of seeing and hearing,
should be a good mouser, have its claws uninjured, and, if a lady pussy,
be a good mamma. If after it was sold, it was found wanting in any of
these particulars, the seller was to forfeit a third of the
purchase-money. If any one stole or killed the Cat that was guarding the
prince’s granary, the criminal forfeited a milch ewe with her fleece and
lamb, or as much wheat as when poured upon a Cat suspended by its tail,
would bury the animal up to the top of its tail.

In Abyssinia, Cats are so valuable, that a marriageable girl who is likely
to come in for a Cat, is looked upon as quite an heiress.

The resemblance between the Tiger and the Cat is so striking, that little
children first taken to the Zoological Gardens almost always call the
Tigers great Cats; and, in their native woods, Tigers purr.

The domestic species require no description, but one or two of the
varieties may be mentioned:

The Cat of Angora, is a very beautiful variety, with silvery hair of fine
silken texture, generally longest on the neck, but also long on the tail.
Some are yellowish, and others olive, approaching to the colour of the
Lion; but they are all delicate creatures, and of gentle dispositions. Mr.
Wood, while staying in Paris, made the acquaintance of an Angora, which
ate two plates of almond biscuits at a sitting. This breed of Cats has
singular tastes; I knew one that took very kindly to gin and water, and
was rather partial to curry. He also ate peas, greens, and broad beans
(in moderation). Most Cats are fond of asparagus.

The Persian Cat is a variety with hair very long, and very silky, perhaps
more so than the Cat of Angora; it is however differently coloured, being
of a fine uniform grey on the upper part, with the texture of the fur as
soft as silk, and the lustre glossy; the colour fades off on the lower
parts of the sides, and passes into white, or nearly so, on the belly.
This is, probably, one of the most beautiful varieties, and it is said to
be exceedingly gentle in its manners.

The Chinese Cat has the fur beautifully glossed, but it is very different
from either of those which have been mentioned. It is variegated with
black and yellow, and, unlike most of the race, has the ears pendulous.
Bosman, writing about the ears, says: “It is worthy of observation, that
there is in animals evident signs of ancestry of their slavery. Long ears
are produced by time and civilization, and all wild animals have straight
round ears.”

The Tortoise-shell or Spanish Cat is one of the prettiest varieties of
those which have the fur of moderate length, and without any particular
silvery gloss. The colours are very pure, black, white, and reddish
orange; and, in this country, at least, males thus marked are said to be
rare, though they are quite common in Egypt and the south of Europe. This
variety has other qualities to recommend it, besides the beauty of its
colours. Tortoise-shell Cats are very elegant, though delicate in their
form, and are, at the same time, very active, and among the most attached
and grateful of the whole race.

Bluish grey is not a common colour; this species are styled “Chartreux
Cats,” and are esteemed rarities.

The Manx Cat is perhaps the most singular; its limbs are gaunt, its fur
close set, its eyes staring and restless, and it has no tail; that is to
say, there is only a sort of knob as though its tail had been amputated.
“A black Manx Cat,” says a modern writer, “with its staring eyes and its
stump of a tail, is a most measly looking beast, which would find a more
appropriate resting place at Kirk Alloway or the Black Bay, than at the
fireside of a respectable household. So it might fitly be the quadrupedal
form in which the ancient sorcerers were wont to clothe themselves on
their nocturnal excursions.”

I read in an article by Mr. Lord that there is a variety of tailless Cats
found in various parts of the world, and he suggests that this
deficiency may be due to an accident originally, but perpetuated by
interbreeding. I am not quite of the same opinion. It reminds one of the
old saying, “It runs in the blood, like wooden legs.”

I recollect the case of a young gentleman who devoted his leisure evenings
to cutting off Cats’ tails in the neighbourhood in which he lived. He hung
them up in bunches to dry, and had rare sport, while it lasted, in making
the collection, only some one, who was a Cat-owner, did not see the fun of
it, and put an end to the joke. Some young men think it a manly sport to
kill or hunt down Cats; and, by the way, do you remember Sir Robert Peel’s
memorable speech about the Volunteers, thus reported in _Hansard_?:--

“At Hythe the first prize was carried off by a genuine Cockney. Upon being
asked how he had acquired his extraordinary skill and precision--

“‘Oh,’ said he, as reported in the columns of the _Court Journal_, ‘I live
in London, and have had considerable practice in shooting at the Cats of
my Brompton neighbours.’

“It was not, perhaps, of much consequence in the depth of winter
(continued Sir R. Peel), but no man could tell what a scene London would
present in the height of the season. Everybody would be shooting at his
neighbour’s Cat. There would be the stoker of the Railway Rifles potting
at the funnels of the North Western, and we should have the Finsbury
Filibusters fluking over Cripplegate. He trusted, however, that before
that time a stop would be put to the Volunteer movement,” etc., etc.

Cats do certainly seem to enjoy themselves on moonlight nights, anyhow
they make noise enough. The Cat was believed by the ancients to stand in
some relation to the moon, for Plutarch says that the Cat was the symbol
of the moon on account of her different colours, her busy ways at night,
and her giving birth to twenty-eight young ones during the course of her
life, which is exactly the number of the phases of the moon.

The ancients identified Bubastis with the Greek Artemis (or Diana), and
each was regarded as the Goddess of the moon. Bubastis was generally
represented as a woman with a Cat’s head.

It might occur to some, that “Puss” is derived from the Egyptian name,
_Pasht_; but perhaps it is better to acquiesce in the derivation from the
Latin, _Pusus_ (a little boy), or _Pusa_ (a little girl). By others this
term is thought to be a corruption of _Pers_. The French of Cat is
_Chat_; the German, _Katze_; the Italian, _Gatto_; the Spanish, _Gato_;
the Dutch and Danish, _Kat_; the Welsh, _Cath_; the Latin, _Catus_: the
French of Puss is _Minette_. You have heard the story, I suppose, of the
person who being told to decline the noun Cat, when he came to the
vocative, said “O Cat!” on which he was reminded that if he spoke to a Cat
he would say “Puss.”

Mr. Buchton says, that “the only language in which the name of the Cat is
significant, is the Zend, where the word _Gatu_, almost identical with the
Spanish _Gato_, means a place--a word peculiarly significant in reference
to this animal, whose attachment is peculiar to place, and not to the
person, so strikingly indicated by the dog.”

In some parts of Lancashire, a Tom is still called a “Gib” or “Gibbe” Cat,
the _g_ being pronounced _hard_, not _jibbe_, as found in most
dictionaries. According to Nares, Gib, the contraction of Gilbert, was the
name formerly applied to a Cat, as Tom is now, and that Tibert, as given
in _Reynard the Fox_, was the old French for Gilbert. Chaucer in his
_Romance of the Rose_ translates _Thibert le Cas_ by “Gibbe our Cat.”
Shakespeare applies the word Gibbe to an old worn-out animal. The term
Gib-face means the lower lip of a horse. In mechanics, the pieces of
iron employed to clasp together the pieces of wood or metal of a frame
which is to be keyed previous to inserting the keys, are called Gibs.
Anyone curious upon the subject of Gib Cats, may find the subject treated
at length in the _Etymologicon_.




CHAPTER VII.


[Illustration: CHAPTER VII.]

_Of some Clever Cats._


This domestic animal, as Dr. Johnson puts it, “that catches mice,” can do
many other things when it has a fair opportunity of distinguishing itself.
It is difficult, but by no means impossible, to teach a Cat tricks. I
myself had a favourite Cat, lately dead, which performed a variety of
amusing feats, though I must own that it was extremely coquettish, and
nine times out of ten refused to exhibit before a visitor, invited
specially to witness the little comedy. Many Cats, without teaching, learn
droll tricks.

Doctor Smellie tells of a Cat that had learned to lift the latch of a
door; and other tales have been related of Cats that have been taught to
ring a bell by hanging to the bell rope; and this anecdote is related by
the illustrious Sam Slick, of Slickville. It occurred, several times, that
his servant entered the library without having been summoned by his
master, and in all cases the domestic was quite sure he had heard the
bell. Great wonderment was caused by this, and the servant began to
suspect that the house was haunted. It was, at length, noticed that on all
these mysterious occasions the Cat entered with the servant. She was,
therefore, watched, and it was soon perceived that whenever she found the
library door closed against her, she jumped on to the window-sill, and
thence sprang at the bell. This feat was exhibited to several of the
clockmaker’s friends, for the Cat when shut out of the room, would at once
resort to this mode of obtaining admission.

[Illustration: THE CUNNING CAT. _Page 113._]

My third story is a time-honoured one that almost every person who has
written about Cats has related. There was once upon a time, a
monastery, a Cat, and a dinner-bell. Every day at a certain hour the
bell was rung, and the monks and the Cat had their meal together. There
however came a time when, during the bell ringing, the Cat happened to be
locked in a room at the other end of the building. Some hours afterwards
she was released, and ran straight to the refectory, to find, alas!
nothing but bare tables to welcome her. Presently the monks were
astonished by a loud summons from the dinner-bell. Had the cook, in his
absence of mind, prepared another dinner? Some of them hurried to the
spot, where they found the Cat swinging on the bell-rope. She had learnt
from experience that there never was any dinner without a bell ringing;
and by force of reasoning, no doubt, had come to the conclusion that the
dinner would be sure to come if she only rang loud enough.

But that story is not half so wonderful as another, about an Angora Cat
belonging to a Carthusian monastery at Paris. This ingenious animal
discovered that, when a certain bell rang, the cook left the kitchen to
answer it, leaving the monks’ dinners, portioned out in plates,
unprotected. The plan the Cat adopted was to ring the bell, the handle of
which hung outside the kitchen by the side of a window, to leap through
the window, and back again when she had secured one of the portions.
This little manœuvre she carried on for some weeks before the perpetrator
of the robbery was discovered; and there is no saying, during this lapse
of time, how many innocent persons were unjustly suspected. Who shall say,
indeed, but that the head of the establishment did not, as in the great
Jackdaw case, call for his candle, his bell, and his book, and in holy
anger, in pious grief, solemnly curse that rascally thief, as, you
remember, the Cardinal cursed the Jackdaw:--

  “He cursed him at board, he cursed him in bed,
   From the sole of his foot to the crown of his head;
   He cursed him in eating, he cursed him in drinking,
   He cursed him in coughing, in sneezing, in winking;
   He cursed him in sitting, in standing, in lying;
   He cursed him in walking, in riding, in flying;
   He cursed him in living, he cursed him in dying;--
   Never was heard such a terrible curse!
         But what gave rise
         To no little surprise,
   Nobody seemed one penny the worse!”

When, however, they found out that Pussy was the wrong-doer, and, unlike
the Jackdaw, had grown fat upon her misdeeds, they did not hang her, as
you might suppose, though I have no doubt that course was suggested; on
the contrary, they allowed her to pursue her nefarious career, and
charged visitors a small fee to be allowed to see her do it. Out of evil
sometimes may come good; but one would hardly think that the best way of
making a person’s fortune was to rob him.

Cats have been frequently known to do their best to protect the property
of their masters, as well as dogs. A man who was imprisoned for a
burglary, in America, stated after his conviction, that he and two others
broke into the house of a gentleman, near Harlem. While they were in the
act of plundering it, a large black Cat flew at one of the robbers, and
fixed her claws on each side of his face. He added, that he never saw a
man so frightened in his life; and that in his alarm, he made such an
outcry, that they had to beat a precipitate retreat, to avoid detection.

A lady in Liverpool had a favourite Cat. She never returned home, after a
short absence, without being joyfully received by it. One Sunday, however,
on returning from church, she was surprised to find that Pussy did not
receive her as usual, and its continued absence made her a little uneasy.
The servants were all appealed to, but none could account for the
circumstance. The lady, therefore, made a strict search for her feline
friend, and descending to the lower storey, was surprised to hear her
cries of “Puss” answered by the mewing of a Cat, the sounds proceeding
from the wine cellar, which had been properly locked and the key placed in
safe custody. As the Cat was in the parlour when the lady left for church,
it was unnecessary to consult a “wise man” to ascertain that the servants
had clandestine means of getting into the wine cellar, and that they had
forgotten, when they themselves returned, to request pussy, also, to
withdraw. The contents of the cellar, from that time forward, did not
disappear as quickly as they had been doing for some time previously.

A woman was murdered at Lyons, and when the body was found weltering in
blood, a large white Cat was seen mounted on the cornice of a cupboard. He
sat motionless, his eyes fixed on the corpse, and his attitude and looks
expressing horror and affright. Next morning he was still found there; and
when the room was filled by the officers of justice, neither the
clattering of the soldiers’ arms nor the loud conversation frightened him
away. As soon, however, as the suspected persons were brought in, his eyes
glared with fury, and his hair bristled. He darted into the middle of the
room, where he stopped for a moment to gaze on them, and then fled
precipitately. The faces of the assassins showed, for the first time,
signs of guilt: they were afterwards brought to trial, condemned, and,
before execution, confessed.

In September, 1850, the mistress of a public house in the Commercial Road,
London, going late at night into the tap-room, found her Cat in a state of
great excitement. It would not suffer itself to be stroked, but ran
wildly, to and fro, between its mistress and the chimney-piece, mewing
loudly. The landlady alarmed, summoned assistance, and presently a robber
was discovered up the chimney. Upon his trial it was proved that he had
robbed several public-houses, by remaining last in the tap-room, and
concealing himself in a similar manner.

An old maiden lady, rich and miserly, had, in the latter years of her
life, placed all her affections upon a Cat she called “Minny,” for which
she had made a fine bed-place in the wainscot, over a closet in the
parlour, where she kept the animal’s provisions. The food in question was
stowed away in a drawer, and under the drawer which served as Minny’s
safe, was another, very artfully concealed, and closing with a spring. To
the latter the Cat had often seen its mistress pay lengthened visits. When
the old lady died, her heirs came to live in the house, and Minny being
no longer fed with the same regularity, was often hungry, and would then
go and scratch at the drawer where its food had been kept. The drawer
being at length opened, some pieces of meat were found within in a
mummified state. These having been given to the Cat, failed to console
her, and she scratched harder than ever at the secret drawer underneath;
and Minny’s new masters, in course of time understanding what she meant,
broke it open, and found twenty small canvas bags of guineas snugly packed
up within. My authority does not say how Minny fared after this little
discovery. Let us hope she was allowed her old sleeping-place, and got her
food with tolerable regularity. But there is no knowing.

Cats are very fond of creeping into out-of-the-way holes and corners, and,
sometimes, pay dearly for so doing.

Once when repairing the organ in Westminster Abbey, a dried Cat was found
in one of the large recumbent wooden pipes, which had been out of tune for
some time. In one of the rooms at the Foreign Office, some years ago,
there was, for a long time, a very disagreeable smell, which was supposed
to arise from the drains. At length some heavy volumes being taken down
from a shelf, the body of a dried Cat was found behind them. The
unfortunate animal had been shut up by accident, and starved to death, a
prisoner, like the heroine of the “Oak Chest.”

Mrs. Loudon, in her book of _Domestic Pets_, tells several amusing
stories. Her mother, the writer says, had a servant who disliked Cats very
much, and in particular a large black Cat, which she was in the habit of
beating, whenever she could do so unobserved. The Cat disliked and feared
the girl exceedingly; however, one day, when her enemy was carrying some
dishes down-stairs into the kitchen, and had both her hands full, the Cat
flew at her and scratched her hands and face severely.

A strange Cat had two kittens in a stable belonging to the house, and one
day, pitying its wretched condition, Mrs. Loudon ordered her some milk. A
large Tom Cat, attached to the establishment, watched the proceeding very
attentively, and while the Cat was lapping, went to the stable, brought
out one of the kittens in his mouth, and placed it beside the saucer, and
then fetched the other, looking up into the lady’s face, and mewing when
he had done so, as much as to say, “You have fed the mother, so you may as
well feed the children,” which was done; and it should be added, for the
credit of Tom’s character, that he never attempted to touch the milk
himself.

But the best story is this:--Mrs. Loudon had a Cat which had unfortunately
hurt its leg. During the whole time the leg was bad, that lady constantly
gave it milk; but, at last, she found out that, though the Cat had become
quite well, yet whenever it saw her, it used to walk lame and hold up its
paw, as though it were painful to put it to the ground.

A favourite Cat, much petted by her mistress, was one day struck by a
servant. She resented the injury so much that she refused to eat anything
which he gave her. Day after day he handed her dinner to her, but she sat
in sulky indignation, though she eagerly ate the food as soon as it was
offered to her by any other person. Her resentment continued,
undiminished, for upwards of six weeks.

The same Cat, having been offended by the housemaid, watched three days
before she found a favourable opportunity for retaliation. The housemaid
was on her knees, washing the passage, when the Cat went up to her and
scratched her arm, to show her that no one should illuse her with
impunity. It is, however, but fair to record her good qualities as well as
her bad ones. If her resentment was strong, her attachment was equally
so, and she took a singular mode of showing it. All the tit-bits she could
steal from the pantry, and all the dainty mice she could catch, she
invariably brought and laid at her mistress’s feet. She has been known to
bring a mouse to her door in the middle of the night, and mew till it was
opened, when she would present it to her mistress. After doing this she
was quiet and contented.

Just before the earthquake at Messina, a merchant of that town noticed
that his Cats were scratching at the door of his room, in a state of great
excitement. He opened the door for them, and they flew down-stairs and
began to scratch more violently still at the street-door. Filled with
wonder, the master let them out and followed them through the town out of
the gates, and into the fields beyond, but, even then, they seemed half
mad with fright, and scratched and tore at the grass. Very shortly the
first shock of the earthquake was felt, and many houses (the merchant’s
among them) came thundering in ruins to the ground.

A family in Callander had in their possession a favourite Tom Cat, which
had, upon several occasions, exhibited more than ordinary sagacity. One
day, Tom made off with a piece of beef, and the servant followed him
cautiously, with the intention of catching, and administering to him a
little wholesome correction. To her amazement, she saw the Cat go to a
corner of the yard where she knew a rat-hole existed, and lay the beef
down by the side of it. Leaving the beef there, he hid himself a short
distance off, and watched until a rat made its appearance. Tom’s tail then
began to wag, and just as the rat was moving away with the bait, he sprang
upon, and killed it.

It one day occurred to M. de la Croix that he ought to try an experiment
upon a Cat with an air pump. The necessity for her torture was not,
however, so apparent to the intended victim of science as to the
scientific experimenter. Therefore, when she found the air growing scarce,
and discovered how it was being exhausted, she stopped up the valve with
her paw. Then M. de la Croix let the air run back, and Pussy took away her
paw, but as soon as he began to pump, she again stopped up the hole. This
baffled the man of science, and there is no knowing what valuable
discovery might have been made, had not his feline friend been so very
unaccommodating.

Dr. Careri, in his _Voyage round the World_ in 1695, says, that a person,
in order to punish a mischievous monkey, placed upon the fire a cocoa
nut, and then hid himself, to see how the monkey would take it from the
fire without burning his paws. The cunning creature looked about, and
seeing a Cat by the fireside, held her head in his mouth, and with her
paws took off the nut, which he then threw into water to cool, and ate it.

Cats have always been famous for the wonderful manner in which they have
found their way back to their old home, when they have been taken from it,
and for this reason alone, have often been accused of loving only the
house and not its inmates. It is more probable though, I should think,
that the animal returns to the place because its associations there have
been happy, and, in the confusion and strangeness of the new house, it
cannot comprehend that its old friends have come with it. For instance, I
have known a Cat when taken away from a house, return to it, and going
from room to room, mew pitifully, in search of the former inmates. When
taken away a second time, the new place having in the meantime been set
straight, it found nothing to frighten it there, and returned no more to
its old house.

I knew a person who was in the habit of moving about a great deal, and
hiring furnished houses, who had a Cat called Sandy, on account of his
colour, which he found in the first instance, in a sort of half-wild
state, on Hampstead Heath, mostly living up a tree. It had been left
behind by the people who had last occupied the house, and locked out by
the landlady. It was about nine or ten years old, and goodness knows how
many dwelling places it may have had; with its new friends, I know of five
or six changes, and am told that it always made itself perfectly at home
in half an hour after entering a new house. It was taken from place to
place in a hamper, and the lid being raised would put out its head and
sniff the air in the drollest manner. Getting out very cautiously, it
would then make a tour of the premises, and inspect the furniture; at the
end of about half an hour it washed its face and seemed settled.

A lady residing in Glasgow had a handsome Cat sent to her from Edinburgh:
it was conveyed to her in a close basket in a carriage. The animal was
carefully watched for two months; but having produced a pair of young ones
at the end of that time, she was left to her own discretion, which she
very soon employed in disappearing with both her kittens. The lady at
Glasgow wrote to her friend at Edinburgh, deploring her loss, and the Cat
was supposed to have formed some new attachment. About a fortnight,
however, after her disappearance from Glasgow, her well-known mew was
heard at the street-door of her Edinburgh mistress; and there she was with
both her kittens, they in the best state, but she, herself, very thin. It
is clear that she could carry only one kitten at a time. The distance from
Glasgow to Edinburgh is forty-four miles, so that if she brought one
kitten part of the way, and then went back for the other, and thus
conveyed them alternately, she must have travelled 120 miles at least.
She, also, must have journeyed only during the night, and must have
resorted to many other precautions for the safety of her young.

Mr. Lord relates a story of a Cat living with some friends of his in a
house on an island. The family changed residence, and the Cat was sewn up
in a hamper and taken round to the other side of the island in a boat. The
island was sparsely inhabited, timbered, and there were but few paths cut
to traverse it by, and yet the Cat found its way during the night back
again to its old residence. There could have been no scent of foot-prints,
neither was there any road or path to guide it.

Another Cat was conveyed from its home in Jamaica to a place five miles
distant, and during the time of its transport was sown up closely in a
bag. Between the two places were two rivers, one of them about eighty feet
broad, deep, and running strong; the other wider and more rapid. The Cat
must have swum these rivers, as there were no bridges; but in spite of all
obstacles, she made her way back to the house from which she had been
taken.

In 1819 a favourite Tabby belonging to a shipmaster was left on shore, by
accident, while his vessel sailed from the harbour of Aberdour, Fifeshire,
which is about half a mile from the village. The vessel was a month
absent, and on her return, to the astonishment of the shipmaster, Puss
came on board with a fine stout kitten in her mouth, apparently about
three weeks old, and went directly down into the cabin. Two others of her
young ones were afterwards caught, quite wild, in a neighbouring wood,
where she must have remained with them until the return of the ship. The
shipmaster did not allow her, again, to go on shore, otherwise it is
probable she would have brought all her family on board. It was very
remarkable, because vessels were daily going in and out of the harbour,
none of which she ever thought of visiting till the one she had left
returned.

In a parish in Norfolk, not six miles from the town of Bungay, lived a
clergyman, who, having a Cat, sentenced it to transportation for life
because it had committed certain depredations on his larder. But the
worthy gentleman found it far easier to pronounce the sentence than to
carry it into execution. Poor Puss was first taken to Bungay, but had
hardly got there when she escaped, and was soon at home again. Her morals,
however, had in no way improved, and a felonious abstraction of butcher’s
meat immediately occurred. This time the master determined to send the
hardened culprit away to a distance, which, as he expressed it, “she would
not walk in a hurry.” He accordingly gave her (generous man) to a person
living at Fakenham, distant at least forty miles. The man called for her
in the morning, and carried her off in a bag, that she might not know by
what road he went. Vain hope! She knew well enough the way home, as he
found to his cost, for directly the house-door was opened the next
morning, she rushed out and he saw no more of her. The night after a faint
mewing was heard outside the minister’s dwelling, but not being so rare an
occurrence no attention was paid to it. However, on opening the door
next morning, there lay the very Cat which he thought was forty miles
away, her feet all cut and blistered, from the hardness of the road, and
her silky fur all clotted and matted together with dust and dirt. She had
her reward; however her thievish propensities might annoy him, the worthy
vicar resolved never again to send her away from the house she loved so
well, and exerted herself so nobly to regain.

The Rev. Mr. Wood furnishes some curious particulars of two commercial
Cats of his acquaintance, which he very comically describes:--

“I will tell you,” says he, “something about our Mincing Lane Cats. Their
home was in the cellar, and their habits and surroundings, as you may
imagine, from the locality, were decidedly commercial. We had one cunning
old black fellow, whose wisdom was acquired by sad experience. In early
youth, he must have been very careless; he then was always getting in the
way of the men and the wine cases, and frequent were the disasters he
suffered through coming into collision with moving bodies. His ribs had
often been fractured, and when nature repaired them, she must have handed
them over to the care of her ‘prentice hand,’ for the work was done in
rather a rough and knotty manner. This battered and suffering Pussy was at
last assisted by a younger hero, which, profiting by the teachings of his
senior, managed to avoid the scrapes which had tortured the one who was
self-educated. These two Cats, Junior and Senior, appeared to swear (Cats
will swear) eternal friendship at first sight. An interchange of good
offices was at once established. Senior taught Junior to avoid men’s feet
and wine cases in motion, and pointed out the favourite hunting grounds,
while Junior offered to his Mentor the aid of his activity and physical
prowess.

Senior had a cultivated and epicurean taste for mice, though he was too
old to catch them; he therefore entered into a solemn league and covenant
with the junior to this effect:--It was agreed between the two contracting
powers, that Junior should devote his energies to catching mice for the
benefit of Senior, who, in consideration of such service, was to
relinquish his claim to a certain daily allowance of Cat’s meat in favour
of Junior. This courteous compact was actually and seriously carried out.
It was an amusing and touching spectacle, to behold young Pussy gravely
laying at the feet of his elder the contents of his game bag; on the other
hand, Senior, true to his bargain, licking his jaws and watching Junior
steadily consuming a double allowance of Cat’s meat.

Senior had the rare talent of being able to carry a bottle of champagne
from one end of the cellar to the other, perhaps a distance of a hundred
and fifty feet. The performance was managed in this wise. You gently and
lovingly approached the Cat as if you did not mean to perpetrate anything
wicked; having gained his confidence by fondly stroking his back, you
suddenly seized his tail, and by that member raised the animal bodily from
the ground--his fore feet sprawling in the air ready to catch hold of any
object within reach. You then quickly brought the bottle of wine to the
seizing point; Pussy clutched the object with a kind of despairing grip.
By means of the aforesaid tail, you carefully carried pussy, bottle and
all, from one part of the cellar to the other. Pussy, however, soon became
disgusted with this manœuvre, and whenever he saw a friend with a bottle
of champagne looming, he used to beat a precipitate retreat.

The reverend gentleman before quoted, had at one time in his possession a
marvellously clever little Cat, which he called “Pret,” and concerning
which he relates a host of anecdotes; from them are culled the
following:--

Pret knew but one fear, and had but few hates. The booming sound of
thunder smote her with terror, and she most cordially hated grinding
organs and singular costumes. At the sound of a thunderclap poor Pret
would fly to her mistress for succour, trembling in every limb. If the
dreaded sound occurred in the night or early morning, Pret would leap on
the bed and crawl under the clothes as far as the very foot. If the
thunder came on by day, Pret would climb on her mistress’s knees, put her
paws round her neck and hide her face between them with deliberation.

She disliked music of all kinds, but bore a special antipathy to barrel
organs; probably because the costume of the organ-grinder was as
unpleasing to her eyes, as his doleful sounds were to her ears. But her
indignation reached the highest bounds at the sight of a Greenwich
pensioner accoutred in those grotesque habiliments with which the crippled
defenders of their country are forced to invest their battered frames. It
was the first time that so uncouth an apparition had presented itself to
her eyes, and her anger seemed only equalled by her astonishment. She got
on the window sill, and there chafed and growled with a sound resembling
the miniature roar of a lion. When thus excited she used to present a
strange appearance, owing to a crest or ridge of hair which then erected
itself on her back, and extended from the top of her head to the root of
her tail, which latter member was marvellously expanded. Gentle as she was
in her ordinary demeanour, Pret was a terrible Cat when she saw cause, and
was undaunted by size or numbers.

She had a curious habit of catching mice by the very tips of their tails,
and of carrying the poor little animals about the house, dangling
miserably from her jaws. Apparently her object in so doing was to present
her prey uninjured to her mistress, who she evidently supposed would enjoy
a game with a mouse as well as herself, for like human beings she judged
the characters of others by her own. This strange custom of tail-bearing
was carried into the privacy of her own family, and caused rather
ludicrous results. When Pret became a mother, and desired to transport her
kittens from one place to another, she followed her acquired habit of
porterage, and tried to carry her kittens about by the tips of their
tails. As might be supposed, they objected to this mode of conveyance, and
sticking their claws in the carpet, held firmly to the ground, mewing
piteously, while their mother was tugging at their tails. It was
absolutely necessary to release the kittens from their painful position,
and to teach Pret how a kitten ought to be carried. After a while, she
seemed to comprehend the state of things, and ever afterwards carried her
offspring by the nape of the neck. At one time, when she was yet in her
kittenhood, another kitten lived in the same house, and very much annoyed
Pret, by coming into the room and eating the meat that had been laid out
for herself. However, Pret soon got over the difficulty, by going to the
plate as soon as it was placed at her accustomed spot, picking out all the
large pieces of meat and hiding them under the table. She then sat down
quietly, placing herself sentry over her hidden treasure, while the
intruding Cat entered the room, walked up to the plate, and finished the
little scraps of meat that Pret had thought fit to leave. After the
obnoxious individual had left the room, Pret brought her concealed
treasures from their hiding-place and consumed them with deliberation.

Clever as Pret was, she sometimes displayed a most unexpected simplicity
of character. After the fashion of the Cat tribe, she delighted in
covering up the remainder of her food with any substance that seemed most
convenient. She was accustomed, after taking her meals, to fetch a piece
of paper and lay it over the saucer, or to put her paw in her mistress’s
pocket and extract her handkerchief for the same purpose. This little
performance showed some depth of reasoning in the creature, but she would
sometimes act in a manner totally opposed to rational actions. Paper or
handkerchief failing, she has been often seen, after partly finishing her
meal, to fetch one of her kittens and to lay it over the plate for the
purpose of covering up the remaining food. When kitten, paper, and
handkerchief were all wanting, she did her best to scratch up the carpet
and lay the fragments over the plate. She has been known, in her anxiety
to find a covering for the superabundant food, to drag a tablecloth from
its proper locality, and to cause a sad demolition of the superincumbent
fragile ware. Please to remember that I have the above upon Mr. Wood’s
authority, not my own.

Regarding the attachment of Cats to places, the following remarks of the
late Rev. Cæsar Otway, in his lecture on the Intellectuality of Domestic
Animals before the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland, some years ago,
deserve attention. “Of Cats,” he says, “time does not allow me to say
much, but this I must affirm, that they are misrepresented, and often the
victims of prejudice. It is strictly maintained that they have little or
no affection for _persons_, and that their partialities are confined to
_places_. I have known many instances of the reverse. When leaving, about
fifteen years ago, a glebe-house to remove into Dublin, the Cat that was a
favourite with me, and with my children, was left behind, in our hurry. On
seeing strange faces come into the house, she instantly left it, and took
up her abode in the top of a large cabbage stalk, whose head had been cut
off, but which retained a sufficient number of leaves to protect poor Puss
from the weather. In this position she remained, and nothing could induce
her to leave it, until I sent a special messenger to bring her to my house
in town. At present I have a Cat that follows my housekeeper up and down
like a Dog; every morning she comes up at daybreak in winter to the door
of the room in which the maid servants sleep, and there she mews until
they get up.”

       *       *       *       *       *

I think I ought to conclude my chapter of Clever Cats with this story,
which, though old, is funny:--There was a lady of Potsdam, living with her
little children, one of whom, while at play, ran a splinter into her
foot, causing her to scream violently. The elder sister was asleep at the
time, but awakened by the child’s cries, and while just in the act of
getting up to quiet it, observed a favourite Cat, with whom the children
were wont to play, and which was of a remarkably gentle disposition, leave
its seat by the fire, go to the crying baby, and give her a smart blow on
the cheek with one of her paws; after which, Puss walked back with the
greatest composure and gravity to her place, as if satisfied with her own
conduct, and with the hope of being able to go on with her nap
undisturbed.




CHAPTER VIII.


[Illustration: CHAPTER VIII.]

_Of some amiable Cats, and Cats that have been good Mothers._


To lead a “Cat and Dog life” means a good deal of scratching and biting;
but Dogs and Cats have been known to get on very amiably before now.

[Illustration: CAT AND DOG LIFE. _Page 139._]

There was a Cat which had formed a very warm friendship with a large
Newfoundland dog: she continually caressed him--advanced in all haste when
he came home, with her tail erect, and rubbed her head against him,
purring with delight. When he lay before the kitchen fire, she used him as
a bed, pulling up and settling his hair with her claws to make it
comfortable. As soon as she had arranged it to her liking, she lay down
upon him, and fell asleep. The dog bore this combing of his locks with
patient placidity, turning his head towards her during the operation, and
sometimes gently licked her.

Pincher and Puss were sworn friends. Puss had a young family, with whom
Pincher was on visiting terms. The nursery was at the top of the house.
One day there was a storm; Puss was upstairs with the babies, and Pincher
was in the parlour. Pincher evidently was disturbed by the thunder.
Presently Puss came down-stairs mewing, went straight to Pincher, rubbed
her cheek against his, and touched him gently with her paw, and then
walked to the door, and, looking back, mewed, as though asking him go with
her. But Pincher was himself sorely afraid, and could render no
assistance. Puss grew desperate, and having renewed her application with
increased energy, but without success, at last left the room, mewing
piteously, while Pincher sat, with a guilty face, evidently knowing his
conduct was selfish. A lady, who had watched this scene, went out to
look after the Cat, when the animal, mewing, led the way to a bed-room on
the first floor, from under a wardrobe in which a small voice was heard
crying. Puss had brought one of her babies down-stairs, and was racked
with anxiety respecting its welfare while she fetched the others. It was
as clear as possible she wanted Pincher to lend a paw--that is to say,
look after this isolated infant while she brought down the rest. The lady
took up the kitten in her arms, and accompanied Puss up-stairs, then moved
the little bed from the window, through which the lightning had been
flashing so vividly as to alarm Puss for the safety of her family. She
remained with the Cat until the storm had subsided, and all was calm. On
the following morning, the lady was much surprised to find Puss waiting
for her outside her bed-room door, and she went with her down-stairs to
breakfast, sat by her side, and caressed her in every possible way. Puss
had always been in the habit of going down with the lady of the house, but
on this occasion she had resisted all her mistress’s coaxing to leave the
other lady’s door, and would not go away until she made her appearance.
She remained till breakfast was over, then went up-stairs to her family.
She had never done this before, and never did it again. She had shown
her gratitude for the lady’s care of her little ones, and her duty was
done.

A gentleman, residing in Sussex, had a Cat which showed the greatest
attachment for a young blackbird, which was given to her by a stable-boy
for food a day or two after she had been deprived of her kittens. She
tended it with the greatest care; they became inseparable companions, and
no mother could show a greater fondness for her offspring than she did for
the bird.

This incongruity of attachment in animals will generally be found to arise
either from the feelings of natural affection which the mother is
possessed of, or else from that love of sociability, and dislike of being
alone, which is possessed, more or less, by every created being.

A Horse and Cat were great friends, and the latter generally slept in the
manger. When the horse was about to be fed, he always took up the Cat
gently by the skin of the neck, and dropped her into the next stall, that
she might not be in his way while he was feeding. At other times, he was
pleased to have her near him.

Mr. Bingley tells of a friend of his who had a Cat and Dog that were
always fighting. At last the dog conquered, and the Cat was driven away;
but the servant, whose sweetheart the dog disturbed, poisoned him, and his
body was carried lifeless into the courtyard. The Cat, from a neighbouring
roof, was observed to watch the motions of several persons who went up to
look at him, and when all had retired, he descended and crept cautiously
towards the body, then patted it with his paw. Apparently satisfied that
the dog’s day was over, Puss re-entered the house and washed his face
before the fire.

The Reverend Gilbert White, in his amusing book, tells of a boy, who
having taken three little young squirrels in their nest or “dray,” put
these small creatures under the care of a Cat that had lately lost her
kittens, and found that she nursed and suckled them with the same
assiduity and affection as if they were her own offspring. This
circumstance, to some extent, corroborates the stories told of deserted
children being nurtured by female beasts of prey who had lost their young,
of the truth of which some authors have seriously vouched. Many people
went to see the little squirrels suckled by the Cat, and the foster mother
became jealous of her charge, and fearing for their safety, hid them over
the ceiling, where one died. This circumstance proves her affection for
the fondlings, and that she supposed them to be her young. In like fashion
hens, when they have hatched ducklings, are as attached to them as though
they were their own chickens.

The first public exhibition of a “happy family” in England, was one
started at Coventry, about thirty-two years ago, and began with Cats,
Rats, and Pigeons in one cage. The proprietor of a happy family gave Mr.
Henry Mayhew some amusing particulars on the subject. Among other things,
he said that Mr. Monkey was very fond of the Cat, probably for warmth. He
would cuddle her for an hour at a time, but if Miss Pussy would not lie
still to suit his comfort, he would hug her round the neck and try to pull
her down. If then she became vexed, he would be afraid to face her, but
stealing slily behind, would give her tail end a nip with his teeth. The
Cat and Monkey were the best of friends as long as Miss Pussy would lie
still to be cuddled, and suit his convenience. The Monkey would be Mr.
Master in a happy family. For that reason the proprietor would not allow
either of his Cats to kitten in the cage, because Mr. Monkey would be sure
to want to know all about it, and then it would be open war, for if he
went to touch Miss Pussy or her babies, there would be a fight. Now a
Monkey is always very fond of anything young, such as a kitten, and he and
Miss Pussy would want to nurse the children. The Monkey liked very much to
get hold of a kitten and he would nurse it in his arms like a baby. The
Cats and the Birds were good friends indeed: they would perch on her back,
and even on her head, and peck at her fur. A strange Cat was introduced
into the cage, and the moment she made her entry, she looked round in a
scared way, and made a dart upon the animal nearest her, namely the owl;
the Monkey immediately ran behind and bit her tail, and the other Cats’
hair swelled up, and they seemed on the point of flying at the stranger.
The Rats fled in terror, and the little Birds fluttered on their perches
with fear.

A priest of Lucerne, I don’t know how many hundred years ago, taught a
Dog, Cat, Mouse and Sparrow, to eat out of the same plate. There is also a
somewhat unsatisfactory legend of a maiden lady who induced twenty-two
different animals to live together upon friendly terms.

Lemmery shut up a Cat and several Mice together in a cage. The Mice in
time got to be very friendly, and plucked and nibbled at their feline
friend. When any of them grew troublesome, she would gently box their
ears. A German magazine tells us of a M. Hecart, who tamed a wild Cat and
placed a tame sparrow under its protection. Another Cat attacked the
Sparrow, which was at the most critical moment rescued by its protector.
During the Sparrows subsequent illness, the Cat watched over it with great
tenderness. The same authority gives an instance of a Cat trained like a
watch dog, to keep guard over a yard containing a Hare, and some Sparrows,
Blackbirds and Partridges.

Captain Marryat, in his amusing way, relates this anecdote. A little black
spaniel had five puppies, which were considered too many for her to bring
up. As, however, the breed was much in request, her mistress was unwilling
that any of them should be destroyed, and asked the cook whether she
thought it would be possible to bring a portion of them up by hand before
the kitchen fire. In reply, the cook observed that the Cat had that day
littered, and that, perhaps, two puppies might be substituted. The Cat
made no objection, took to them kindly, and gradually all the kittens were
taken away, and the Cat nursed the two puppies only. Now the first
curiosity was, that the two puppies nursed by the Cat were, in a
fortnight, as active, forward, and playful as kittens would have been;
they had the use of their legs, basked and gambolled about; while the
other three, nursed by the mother, were whining and rolling about like fat
slugs. The Cat gave them her tail to play with, and they were always in
motion; they soon ate meat, and long before the others they were fit to be
removed. This was done, and the Cat became very inconsolable. She prowled
about the house, and on the second day of tribulation, fell in with the
little spaniel who was nursing the other puppies.

“Oh!” says Puss, putting up her back, “it is you who have stolen my
children.”

“No!” replied the Spaniel, with a snarl; “they are my own flesh and
blood.”

“That won’t do,” said the Cat; “I’ll take my oath, before any Justice of
the Peace, that you have my two babies.”

Thereupon issue was joined--that is to say, there was a desperate combat,
which ended in the defeat of the Spaniel, and in the Cat walking off
proudly with one of the puppies, which she took to her own bed. Having
deposited this one, she returned, fought again, gained another victory,
and bore off another puppy. Now, it is very singular that she should have
only taken two, the exact number she had been deprived of.

A lady had a tortoiseshell Cat and a black and white one. A few years ago,
the latter was observed to carry her kitten, when two or three days old,
to her companion, who brought it up with her own kitten, though of a
different age, with all the tenderness of a mother. This was done time
after time, for several years; but last year it was reversed, the black
and white Cat taking her turn to discharge the duties of wet-nurse to the
kitten of the other. It is probable that a deficiency of milk was the
cause of the Cats not suckling their young.

I find in the _Leisure Hour_ this story:--

“A lady of the writer’s acquaintance was once walking amid the scenery of
the Isle of Wight, when she observed a little kitten curled up on a mossy
bank, in all the security of a mid-day nap. It was a beautiful little
creature, and the lady gently approached, in order to stroke it, when
suddenly down swooped a hawk, pounced upon the sleeping kitten, and
completely hid it from her sight. It was a kestrel: our friend was greatly
shocked, and tried to rescue the little victim; but the kestrel stood at
bay and refused to move. There he stood on the bank, firmly facing her,
and all her efforts to drive him from his prey failed. The lady hurried
on to a fisherman’s cottage, which was near at hand, and told of the
little tragedy with the eloquence of real feeling.

“But the fisher-folk were not so disconcerted, and, laughing, said--

“‘It is always so; that hawk always comes down if anybody goes near the
kitten. He has taken to the kitten, and he stays near at hand to watch
whenever it goes to sleep.’

“The case was so remarkable that the lady enquired further into its
history, and learned that the kitten’s mother had died, and that the
fisherman’s family had missed the little nurseling. After some time, they
observed a kestrel hawk loitering about the cottage: they used to throw
him scraps of meat, and they noticed that he always carried off a portion
of every meal, dragging even heavy bones away out of sight. His movements
were watched, and they saw that he carried the stores to the roof of a
cottage. A ladder was placed, some one ascended, and there, nestling in a
hole in the thatch, lay the lost kitten, thriving prosperously under the
tender care of its strange foster-father. The foundling was brought down,
and restored to civilized life, but the bandit-protector was not
disposed to resign his charge, and ever kept at hand to fly to the rescue
whenever dangerous ladies threatened it with a caress.”

The following instance of maternal courage and affection is recorded in
the _Naturalists’ Cabinet_:--

“A Cat that had a numerous brood of kittens, encouraged her little ones to
frolic one summer day in the sunshine, at a stable-door. A hawk sailing
by, saw them: swift as lightning it darted down on one of the kittens, and
would have carried it off, but the mother, seeing its danger, sprang upon
the common enemy, which, to defend itself, let fall the prize. The battle
that followed was terrible, for the hawk, by the power of his wings, the
sharpness of his talons, and the keenness of his beak, had for awhile the
advantage, cruelly lacerating the poor Cat, and had actually deprived her
of one eye in the conflict; but Puss, no way daunted by this accident,
strove with all her cunning and agility for her little ones, till she had
broken the wing of her adversary. In this state she got him more within
the power of her claws, the hawk still defending himself apparently with
additional vigour; and the fight continued with equal fury on the side of
Grimalkin, to the great entertainment of many spectators. At length,
victory seemed to favour the nearly exhausted mother, and she availed
herself of the advantage; for, by an instantaneous exertion, she laid the
hawk motionless beneath her feet, and, as if exulting in the victory, tore
off the head of the vanquished tyrant. Disregarding the loss of her eye,
she immediately ran to the bleeding kitten, licked the wounds inflicted by
the hawk’s talons on its tender sides, purring while she caressed her
liberated offspring, with the same maternal affection as if no danger had
assailed them or their affectionate parent.”

A lady writer says:--

“Soon after I came to Middlehill, a small tortoise-shell Cat met my
children on the road, and followed them home. They, of course, when they
saw her, petted and stroked her, and showed their inclination to become
friends. She is one of the smallest and most active of full grown Cats I
ever saw. From the first she gave evidences of being of a wild and
predatory disposition, and made sad havoc among the rabbits, squirrels,
and birds. I have several times seen her carrying along a rabbit half as
big as herself. Many would exclaim, that, for so nefarious a deed, she
ought to have been shot; but I confess to having the feelings of the
unsophisticated Arab, the descendant of Ishmael, and as she had tasted
of my salt, and taken refuge under my roof, besides being the pet of my
children, I could not bring myself to order her destruction. Before this
we had discovered her lawful owner, a poor cottager, and had sent her
back; but each time that she was sent away, she returned to our porch; so
we made her by purchase legitimately ours. She seemed to be aware of the
transaction, and from that time became perfectly at home, and adopted
civilised habits, though she still continued very frequently to indulge in
a rabbit-hunt. I had added a fine dog to my establishment, to act as a
watchman over the wood yard and stables. She and he were at first on fair
terms,--a sort of armed neutrality. In process of time, however, she
became the mother of a litter of kittens. With the exception of one, they
shared the fate of other kittens. When she discovered the loss of her
hopeful family, she wandered about looking for them, in a very melancholy
way, till, encountering the dog Carlo, it seemed suddenly to strike her
that he had been guilty of that act of barbarous spoliation. With back up,
she approached, and flew at him with the greatest fury, till blood dropped
from his nose, and though ten times her size, he fairly turned tail and
fled. Her surviving kitten was the very picture of herself, and inheriting
also all her predatory habits; when it grew up, I was obliged to give it
away. It left the house in the neighbouring town to which I sent it,
however, and was afterwards seen domesticated in a stable yard. Pussy and
Carlo now became friends again; at least, they never interfered with each
other. Pussy, however, to her cost, still continued her hunting
expeditions. The rabbits had committed great depredations in the garden,
and the gardener had procured two rabbit-traps; one had been set a
considerable distance from the house, and fixed securely in the ground.
One morning, the nurse heard a plaintive mewing at the nursery window. She
opened it, and in crawled poor Pussy, dragging the heavy iron rabbit-trap,
in the teeth of which her fore foot was caught. I was called in, and
assisted to release her; her paw swelled, and for some days she could not
move out of the basket in which she was placed before the fire. Though
suffering intense pain, she must have perceived that the only way to
release herself, was to dig up the trap, and then she must have dragged
her heavy clog up many steep paths to the room where she knew her kindest
friends, nurse and the children, for whom she had the greatest
affection, were to be found. Carlo was caught before in the same trap, and
he bit at it and at everything around, and severely injured the gardener
who went to release him, biting his arm and legs, and tearing his trousers
to shreds. Thus, Pussy, under precisely the same circumstances, showed by
far the greatest amount of sagacity and cool courage. She, however, not
many weeks afterwards, came in one day with her foot sadly lacerated,
having again got caught in a trap. So although she could reason, she did
not appear to have learned wisdom from experience. She was for long a
cripple; perhaps this last misfortune may have taught her prudence. Poor
thing! she went limping about the garden, in vain endeavouring, even in
the frosty weather, to catch birds.”

I know of a young man who was accustomed to leave home on a Monday morning
and return on the Saturday, and who had a Cat that used to come home a few
moments after him, and watch him wash and dress himself, and then sleep on
his clothes until the following Monday, when soon after the young man went
away, the Cat would go too, and not return all the week.

I also know of a Cat that once rushed into a house, and took her seat
between the master and mistress while they were at tea; from that time she
took up her abode with them, and every afternoon a hamper in which she
slept, was heard to creak in a cellar below, and she would come up and
partake of their afternoon meal.

You have all heard of dog-stealers selling a dog and afterwards stealing
it from the purchaser, so as to sell it again to some other person; but I
have had a story told me, upon good authority, of a certain dishonest
owner of a very curiously marked French Cat, who made quite a nice little
income by selling his feline property to the ladies in his neighbourhood.

You see Pussy had no notion of what an un-principled ruffian he was, nor
what was the nature of the contract between him and her other owners. She
loved him very much, and fretted in her new home, waited impatiently for
an opportunity, and at last, finding the door open, returned to her robber
master rejoicing.

He, worthy creature, also rejoiced at sight of her, and hugged her to his
manly breast. Then he gave her some nice warm milk, and a large slice of
meat. Next day he sold her again, if he got a chance.

This little game went on very comfortably for some months, and might have
gone on longer, had it not been for an awkward mistake. An old lady, who
had been one of the purchasers of the Cat, changed her residence, and our
ingenious friend, unaware of the circumstance, called upon her again, and
tried to re-sell her the animal; thereupon, some unpleasantness occurred,
and I believe the Cat-merchant got into trouble.




CHAPTER IX.


[Illustration: CHAPTER IX.]

_Of Puss in Proverbs, in the Dark Ages, and in the Company of Wicked Old
Women._


These are some of the best known Proverbs about Cats:--

“Care will kill a Cat,” one says, and yet Cats are said to have nine
lives. Let us hope that poor Pussy will never be put to a worse death.

“A muffled Cat is no good mouser.”

“That Cat is out of kind that sweet milk will not lap.”

“You can have no more of a Cat than her skin.” This proverb seems to refer
to the unfitness of her flesh for food. Formerly the fur of the Cat was
used in trimming coats and cloaks. The Cat-gut used for rackets, and for
the fine strings of violins, is made from the dried intestines of the Cat,
the larger strings being from the intestines of sheep and lambs.

“Fain would the Cat fish eat, but she is loth to wet her feet.”

“The Cat sees not the mouse ever.”

“When the Cat winketh, little wots the mouse what the Cat thinketh.”

“Though the Cat winks a while, yet sure she is not blind.”

“Well might the Cat wink when both her eyes were out?”

“How can the Cat help it, if the maid be a fool?” Which means how can it
help breaking or stealing that which is left in its way?

“That that comes of a Cat will catch mice.”

“A Cat may look at a king.”

“An old Cat laps as much as a young kitten.”

“When the Cat is away, the mice will play.”

“When candles are out, all Cats are grey.” Otherwise, “Joan is as good as
my Lady in the dark.”

“The Cat knows whose lips she licks.”

“Cry you mercy, killed my Cat.” This is spoken to those who play one a
trick, and then try to escape punishment by begging pardon.

“By biting and scratching, Cats and Dogs come together.”

“I’ll keep no more Cats than will catch mice;” or no more in family than
will earn their living.

“Who shall hang the bell about the Cat’s neck.” The mice at a
consultation, how to secure themselves from the Cat, resolved upon hanging
a bell about her neck, to give warning when she approached; but when this
was resolved on, they were as far off as ever, for who was to do it? John
Skelton says:--

  “But they are lothe to mel,
   And lothe to hang the bel
   About the Catte’s neck,
   Fro dred to have a checke”

“A Cat has nine lives, and a woman has nine Cats’ lives.”

“Cats eat what hussies spare.”

“Cats hide their claws.”

“The wandering Cat gets many a rap.”

“The Cat is hungry when a crust contents her.”

“He lives under the sign of the _Cat’s foot_;” that is to say, he is
hen-pecked--his wife scratches him.

Here are some French proverbs:--

“Chat échaudé craint l’eau froide.” (A burnt child dreads the fire.)

“Ne réveillons pas les Chats qui dort.” (Let sleeping dogs alone.)

“La nuit tous Chats sont gris.”

Molière says:--

“Vous êtes-vous mis dans la tête que Léonard de Pourceaugnac soit un homme
à acheter Chat en poche.” (To buy a pig in a poke.)

“Ce n’est pas à moi que l’on vendra un Chat pour un lièvre.” (Don’t think
you can catch an old bird with chaff.)

“Elle est friande comme une chatte.” (She’s as dainty as a Cat.)

“Payer en Chats et en rats.” (To pay in driblets.)

“Appeler un Chat un Chat.” (Call a spade a spade.)

“Avoir un Chat dans la gorge.” (Something sticking in the throat.)

Shakespeare says:--

  “Letting ‘I dare not’ wait upon ‘I would,’
   Like the poor Cat i’the adage.”

Again:--

  “Let Hercules himself do what he may,
   The Cat will mew, and Dog will have his day.”

The wisdom of our forefathers teaches us, that if a Cat be carried in a
bag from its old home to a new house, let the distance be several miles,
it will be certain to return again; but if it be carried backward into the
new house this will not be the case.

A Cat’s eyes wax and wane as the moon waxes and wanes, and the course of
the sun is followed by the apples of its eyes.

The brain of a Cat may be used as a love spell if taken in small doses.

If a man swallow two or three Cat’s hairs, it will cause him to faint. As
a cure for epilepsy, take three drops of blood from under a Cat’s tail in
water.

The horse ridden by a man who has got any Cat’s hair on his clothing will
perspire violently, and soon become exhausted. If the wind blows over a
Cat riding in a vehicle, upon the horse drawing it, it will weary the
horse very much.

To preserve your eyesight, burn the head of a black Cat to ashes, and
have a little of the dust blown into your eyes three times a day.

To cure a whitlow, put the finger affected a quarter of an hour every day
into a Cat’s ear.

The fat of the wild Cat (Axungia Cati Sylvestris) is good for curing
epilepsy and lameness. The skin of the wild Cat worn as coverings, will
give strength to the limbs.

Now about dreams:--

If any one dreams that he hath encountered a Cat, or killed one, he will
commit a thief to prison and prosecute him to the death, for the Cat
signifies a common thief. If he dreams that he eats Cat’s flesh, he will
have the goods of the thief that robbed him; if he dreams that he hath the
skin, then he will have all the thief’s goods. If any one dreams he fought
with a Cat that scratched him sorely, that denotes some sickness or
affliction. If any shall dream that a woman became the mother of a Cat
instead of a well shaped baby, it is a bad hieroglyphic, and betokens no
good to the dreamer.

Stevens states, that in some counties of England, it used to be thought a
good bit of fun to close up a Cat in a cask with a quantity of soot, and
suspend the cask on a line; then he who could knock out the bottom of the
cask as he ran under it, and was nimble enough to escape its falling
contents, was thought to be very clever. After the first part had been
performed, the Cat was hunted to death, which finished this diverting
pastime. They were full of their fun, once upon a time, in merrie England.

In an old-fashioned treatise upon Rat-catching, I find mentioned a means
of alluring “of very material efficacy, which is, the use of oil of
Rhodium, which, like the marumlyriacum, in the case of Cats, has a very
extraordinary fascinating power on these animals.”

Among the sympathetic secrets in occult philosophy, published in the
_Conjurors’ Magazine_, in 1791, I find a recipe “to draw Cats together,
and fascinate them,” which is as follows:--

“In the new moon, gather the herb Nepe, and dry it in the heat of the sun,
when it is temperately hot: gather vervain in the hour ☿, and only expose
it to the air while ☉ is under the earth. Hang these together in a net, in
a convenient place, and when one of them has scented it, her cry will soon
call those about her that are within hearing; and they will rant and run
about, leaping and capering to get at the net, which must be hung or
placed so that they cannot easily accomplish it, for they will certainly
tear it to pieces. Near Bristol there is a field that goes by the
appellation of the ‘Field of Cats,’ from a large number of these animals
being drawn together there by this contrivance.”

One of the frauds of witchcraft was the witch pretending to transform
herself into a Cat, and this led to the Cat being tormented by the
ignorant vulgar.

In 1618, Margaret and Philip Flower were executed at Lincoln; their mother
was also accused, dying in goal before (probably of fright, added to old
age and infirmity). It was asserted that they had procured the death of
the Lord Henry Mosse, eldest son of the Earl of Rutland, by procuring his
right-hand glove, which, after being rubbed on the back of their imp,
named “Rutterkin,” and which lived with them in the form of a Cat, was
plunged into boiling water, pricked with a knife, and buried in a
dung-hill, so that, as that rotted, the liver of the young man might rot
also, which was affirmed to have come to pass.

Those were dreadful times for the ill-looking old ladies, and the more so
if they were unfortunate enough to have an affection for the feline
race.

  “A wrinkled hag, of wicked fame,
   Beside a little smoky flame,
   Sat hovering, pinched with age and frost,
   Her shrivelled hands with veins embossed.
   Upon her knees her weight sustains,
   While palsy shook her crazy brains;
   She mumbles forth her backward prayer--
   An untamed scold of fourscore year.
   About her swarmed a numerous brood
   Of Cats, who, lank with hunger, mewed;
   Teased with their cries, her choler grew,
   And thus she sputtered--‘Hence, ye crew!
   Fool that I was to entertain
   Such imps, such fiends--a hellish train;
   Had ye been never housed and nursed,
   I for a witch had n’er been cursed;
   To you I owe that crowd of boys
   Worry me with eternal noise;--
   Straws laid across, my pace retard;
   The horse-shoes nailed (each threshold’s guard);
   The stunted broom the wenches hide,
   For fear that I should up and ride.’”

The belief in witchcraft is a very ancient and deep-rooted one. From the
earliest times, we can trace records of supposed acts of witchcraft, and
their punishment. Pope Innocent VIII., in 1484, issued a bull, empowering
the Inquisition to search for witches and burn them. From the time of this
superstitious act, the executions for witchcraft increased. The pope had
given sanction to the belief in this demoniacal power, and had asserted
their possession of it. In 1485, forty-one poor women were burnt as
witches in Germany; an inquisitor in Piedmont burnt a hundred more, and
was proceeding so fast with others daily, that the people rose _en masse_,
and chased him out of the country. About the same time, five hundred
witches were executed at Geneva, in the course of three months.

Among the many who counterfeited possession by the devil, for the purpose
of attracting pity or obtaining money, were Agnes Bridges and Rachel
Pinder, who had counterfeited to be possessed by the devil, and vomited
pins and rags; but were detected, and stood before the preacher at St.
Paul’s Cross, and acknowledged their hypocritical counterfeiting: this
happened in 1574.

In fifteen years, from 1580 to 1595, Remigius burnt nine hundred reputed
witches in Lorraine. In Germany, they tortured and burnt them daily, until
many unfortunates destroyed themselves for fear of a death by torment, and
others fled the country.

Ludovicus Paramo states, that the Inquisition, within the space of 150
years, had burnt thirty thousand of these reputed witches.

The superstition continued on the increase, and reached its culmination in
the Puritanic time of the Commonwealth, when persons more cunning and
wicked than the rest, gained a subsistence by discovering witches (by
pretended marks and trials they used), and denouncing them to death. The
chief of these persons was MATHEW HOPKINS, _Witch Finder General_, as he
termed himself. He was a native of Manningtree, in Essex, and he devoted
his pretended powers so zealously in the service of his country, that in
1644, sixteen witches, discovered by him, were burnt at Yarmouth; fifteen
were condemned at Chelmsford, and hanged in that town and at Manningtree.
Many more at Bury St. Edmunds, in 1645 and 1646, amounting to nearly forty
in all at the several places of execution, and as many more in the country
as made up threescore.

In this work he was aided by one John Stern, and a woman, who with the
rest, pretended to have secret means of testing witchcraft; nor was their
zeal unrewarded by the weak and superstitious parliament. Mr. Hopkins, in
a book published in 1647, owns that he had twenty shillings for each town
he visited to discover witches, and owns that he punished many: testing
them by a water ordeal, to see if they would sink or swim. He says that
he swam many, and watched them for four nights together, keeping them
standing or walking till their feet were blistered; “the reason” as he
says, “was to prevent their couching down; for indeed, when they be
suffered to couch, immediately come their familiars in the room, and
scareth the watchers, and heartneth (encourageth) the witch.”

This swimming experiment, which was deemed a full proof of guilt if any
one subjected to it did not sink, but floated on the surface of the water,
was one of the ordeals especially recommended by our king, James I., who,
in a work upon the subject, among other things, assigned this somewhat
ridiculous reason for its pretended infallibility:--“That as such persons
had renounced their baptism by water, so the water refuses to receive
them.” Consequently, those who were accused of diabolical practices, were
tied neck and heels together, and tossed into a pond; if they floated or
swam they were guilty, and therefore taken out and hanged or burnt; if
they were innocent, they were drowned. Of this method of trial by water
ordeal, Scot observes: “that a woman above the age of fifty years, and
being bound both hand and foot, her clothes being upon her, and being
laid softly upon the water, sinketh not a long time, some say not at all.”
And Dr. Hutchinson confirms this, by saying, not one in ten even sink in
that position of their bodies. Its utter fallacy was shown when the witch
finders themselves were thus tested; and the last quoted writer says, that
if the books written against witchcraft were tested by the same ordeal,
they would in no degree come off more safely.

One of the most cruel cases was that of Mr. Lowes, a clergyman, who had
reached the patriarchal age of eighty. He was one of those unfortunate
ministers of the Gospel whose livings were sequestered by the parliament,
and who was suspected as malignant because he preserved his loyalty and
the homilies of the Church. It would have been well for him had this been
the only suspicion; but he was accused of witchcraft; and it was asserted
that he had sunk ships at sea by the power he possessed, and witnesses
were found who swore to seeing him do it. He was seized and _tested_. They
watched him, and kept him awake at night, and ran him backwards and
forwards about the room until he was out of breath; then they rested him a
little, and then ran him again. And thus they did for several days and
nights together, until he was weary of his life, and was scarce sensible
of what he said or did. They swam him twice or thrice, although that was
no true rule to try him by, for they sent in unsuspected people at the
same time, and they swam as well as he; yet was the unfortunate old
clergyman condemned to death and executed.

In the book written some years after this, by Mr. Gaul, he mentions their
mode of discovering witches, which was principally by marks or signs upon
their bodies, which were in reality but moles, scorbutic spots, or warts,
which frequently grow large and pendulous in old age, and were absurdly
declared to be teats to suckle imps. Thus of one, Joane Willimot, in 1619,
it was sworn that she had two imps, one in the form of a kitten, and
another in that of a mole, “and they leapt on her shoulder, and the kitten
sucked under her right ear, on her neck, and the mole on the left side, in
the like place;” and at another time a spirit was seen “sucking her under
the left ear, in the likeness of a little white dogge.” (See _The
Wonderful Discovery of the Witchcrafts of Margare and Philip Flower_,
1619).

Another test was to place the suspected witch in the middle of a room,
upon a stool or table, cross-legged, or in some other uneasy posture, and
if she were refractory, she was tied too by cords, and kept without meat
or sleep for a space of four-and-twenty hours; all this time she was
strictly watched, because it was believed that in the course of that time
her imp would come to suck her, for whom some hole or ingress was
provided. The watchers swept the room frequently, so that nothing might
escape them; and should a fly or spider be found that had the activity to
elude them, they were assured these were the imps. In 1645 one was hanged
at Cambridge, who kept a tame frog which was sworn to be her imp; and one
at Gloucester, in 1649, who was convicted for having suckled a sow in the
form of a little black creature. In “a Tryal of Witches, at Bury St.
Edmunds, 1664,” a witness deposed to having caught one of these imps in a
blanket, waiting for her child, who slept in it and was bewitched; that it
was in the form of a toad, and was caught and thrown into the fire, where
“it made a great and horrible noise, and after a space there was a
flashing in the fire like gunpowder, making a noise like the discharge of
a pistol, and thereupon the toad was no more seen nor heard.” All of which
was the simple natural result of this cruel proceeding, but which was
received by judge and jury, at that time, of the poor toad being an imp!

Hutchinson, in his essay on witchcraft, says:--“It was very requisite that
these witch-finders should take care to go to no towns but where they
might do what they would without being controlled by sticklers; but if the
times had not been as they were, they would have found but few towns where
they might be suffered to use the trial of the stool, which was as bad as
most tortures. Do but imagine a poor old creature, under all the weakness
and infirmities of old age, set like a fool in the middle of a room, with
a rabble of ten towns about her home; then her legs tied across, that all
the weight of her body might rest upon her seat. By that means, after some
hours, the circulation of the blood would be stopped, and her sitting
would be as painful as the wooden horse. Then must she continue in pain
four-and-twenty hours, without either sleep or meat; and since this was
their ungodly way of trial, what wonder was it if, when they were weary of
their lives, they confessed many tales that would please them, and many
times they knew not what.”

Hopkins’ favourite and ultimate method of proof was by swimming, as
before narrated. They tied together the thumbs and toes of the suspected
person, about whose waist was fastened a cord, the ends of which were held
on the banks of the river by two men, whose power it was to strain or
slacken it. If they floated, they were witches. After a considerable
course of wicked accusation on the part of Hopkins and his accomplices,
testing all by these modes of trial, and ending in the cruel deaths of
many wretched old persons, a reaction against him took place, probably at
the instigation of some whose friends had been condemned innocently, or of
those who were too wise to believe in his tests, and disgusted with his
cold wickedness. His own famous and conclusive evidence--the experiment of
swimming--was tried _upon himself_; and this wretch, who had sacrificed so
many, by the same test, was found to be _guilty_, too. He was deservedly
condemned, and suffered death himself as a wizard.

Dr. Harsenet, Archbishop of York, in his _Declaration of Popish
Impostures_, says, “Out of those is shap’d us the true idea of a witch, an
old weather-beaten crone, having her chin and knees meeting for age,
walking like a bow leaning on a staff, hollow ey’d, untooth’d, furrow’d on
her face, having her lips trembling with the palsy, going mumbling in
the streets--one that hath forgotten her pater-noster, and yet hath a
shrewd tongue to call a drab a drab!--if she hath learned of an old wife
in a chimney end, pax, max, fax, for a spell, or can say Sir John
Grantham’s curse for a nuller’s eels--‘All ye that have stolen the
miller’s eels, Laudate Dominum de Cœlis, and they that have consented
thereto, Benedicamus Domino,’ why then, beware, look about you, my
neighbours. If any of you have a sheep sick of the giddies, or a hog of
the mumps, or a horse of the staggers, or a knavish boy of the school, or
an idle girl of the wheel, or a young drab of the sullens, and hath not
fat enough for her porridge, or butter enough for her bread, and she hath
a little help of the epilepsy or cramp to teach her to roll her eyes, wry
her mouth, gnash her teeth, startle with her body, hold her arms and hands
stiff, etc. And then, when an old Mother Nobs hath by chance called her
‘idle young housewife,’ or bid the devil scratch her, then no doubt but
Mother Nobs is the witch, and the young girl is owl-blasted, etc. They
that have their brains baited, and their fancies distempered, with the
imaginations and apprehensions of witches, conjurors, and fairies, and all
that lymphatical chimera, I find to be marshalled in one of these five
ranks:--Children, fools, women, cowards, sick or black melancholic
discomposed wits.”

Many hundreds of poor old women, and many a Cat, were sacrificed to the
zealous Master Hopkins, for Cats and Kittens were frequently said to be
imps, who had taken that form. However, he was not the only scoundrel who
made witch-finding a trade.

In Syke’s _Local Recorder_, mention is made of a Scotchman, who pretended
great powers of discovering witchcraft, and was engaged by the townsmen of
Newcastle to practise there; and one man and fifteen women were hanged by
him. But he ultimately shared, as Hopkins did, the cruel fate he had
awarded to so many others. “When the witch-finder had done in Newcastle,
and received his wages, he went into Northumberland to try women there,
and got three pounds a-piece; but Henry Doyle, Esq., laid hold on him, and
required bond of him to answer at the Sessions. He escaped into Scotland,
where he was made prisoner, indicted, arraigned, and condemned for
such-like villany exercised in Scotland, and confessed at the gallows that
he had been the death of above two hundred and twenty women in England and
Scotland.”

Here is an account of the death of a famous witch’s famous Cat:--

  “Ye rats, in triumph elevate your ears!
   Exult, ye mice! for Fate’s abhorred shears
   Of Dick’s nine lives have slit the Cat-guts nine;
   Henceforth he mews ’midst choirs of Cats divine!”

So sings Mr. Huddesford, in a “Monody on the death of Dick, an Academical
Cat,” with this motto:--

  “Mi-Cat inter omnes.”
              _Hor. Carm._, Lib. i., Ode 12.

He brings his Cat, Dick, from the Flood, and consequently through
Rutterkin, a Cat who was “cater-cousin to the
great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-grandmother of
Grimalkin, and first Cat in the Caterie of an old woman, who was tried for
bewitching a daughter of the Countess of Rutland, in the beginning of the
sixteenth century.” The monodist connects him with Cats of great renown in
the annals of witchcraft; a science whereto they have been allied as
closely as poor old women, one of whom, it appears, on the authority of an
old pamphlet, entitled “_Mewes from Scotland_,” etc., printed in the year
1591, “confessed that she took a Cat and christened it, etc., and that
in the night following, the said Cat was conveyed into the middest of the
sea by all these witches sayling in their riddles, or cives, so left the
said Cat right before the towne of Leith, in Scotland. This done, there
did arise such a tempest at sea, as a greater hath not been seen since.
Againe it is confessed that the said christened Cat was the cause of the
Kinge’s majestie’s shippe, at his coming forthe of Denmark, had a
contrarie winde to the rest of the shippes then being in his companie,
which thing was most straunge and true, as the Kinge’s Majestie
acknowledgeth, for when the rest of the shippes had a fair and good winde,
then was the winde contrarie, and altogether against his Majestie,” etc.

All sorts of Cats, according to Huddesford, lamented the death of his
favourite, whom he calls “premier Cat upon the catalogue,” and who,
preferring sprats to all other fish:--

  “Had swallow’d down a score, without remorse,
   And three fat mice slew for a second course;
   But, while the third his grinders dyed with gore,
   Sudden those grinders clos’d--to grind no more!
   And, dire to tell! commission’d by old Nick,
   A catalepsy made an end of Dick.
   Calumnious Cats, who circulate _faux pas_,
   And reputations maul with murderous claws;
   Shrill Cats, whom fierce domestic brawls delight,
   Cross Cats, who nothing want but teeth to bite;
   Starch Cats of puritanic aspect sad,
   And learned Cats, who talk their husbands mad;
   Confounded Cats, who cough, and croak, and cry,
   And maudlin Cats who drink eternally;
   Fastidious Cats, who pine for costly cates,
   And jealous Cats who catechise their mates;
   Cat prudes who, when they’re ask’d the question, squall,
   And ne’er give answer categorical;
   Uncleanly Cats, who never pare their nails,
   Cat-gossips, full of Canterbury tales;
   Cat-grandams, vex’d with asthmas and catarrhs,
   And superstitious Cats, who curse their stars;
   Cats of each class, craft, calling, and degree,
   Mourn Dick’s calamitous catastrophe!
   Yet while I chant the cause of Richard’s end,
   Ye sympathising Cats, your tears suspend!
   Then shed enough to float a dozen whales,
   And use for pocket handkerchiefs your tails!
   Ah! though thy bust adorn no sculptur’d shrine,
   No vase thy relics rare to fame consign;
   No rev’rend characters thy rank express,
   Nor hail thee, Dick, ‘D.D. nor F.R.S.’
   Though no funereal cypress shade thy tomb,
   For thee the wreaths of Paradise shall bloom;
   There, while Grimalkin’s mew her Richard greets,
   A thousand Cats shall purr on purple seats.
   E’en now I see, descending from his throne,
   Thy venerable Cat, O Whittington!
   The kindred excellence of Richard hail,
   And wave with joy his gratulating tail!
   There shall the worthies of the whiskered race
   Elysian mice o’er floors of sapphire chase,
   Midst beds of aromatic marum stray,
   Or raptur’d rove beside the milky way.
   Kittens, than eastern houris fairer seen,
   Whose bright eyes glisten with immortal green,
   Shall smooth for tabby swains their yielding fur,
   And, to their amorous mews, assenting purr;--
   There, like Alcmena’s, shall Grimalkin’s son
   In bliss repose,--his mousing labours done,
   Fate, envy, curs, time, tide, and traps defy,
   And caterwaul to all eternity.”

To conclude this Chapter, an incident which took place only a few days
ago, in Essex, at a village within forty miles of London, and which came
under the personal knowledge of the writer, may be adduced, to show that,
however witchcraft may have been laughed away--and laughter has been more
effectual to rid the world of it than rope or stake--there are still to be
found individuals who believe in the evil powers of hook-nosed crones,
black Cats, and broom-sticks.

In a squalid hut lived a miserable dame, whose only claims to a demoniacal
connection were her excessive age and her sombre Cat. Whether the
neighbours thought the Cat was more of a witch than the woman, or whether
they had a wholesome dread of the punishment inflicted upon murderers,
it was upon the _animal_ the bewitched ones determined to wreak their
vengeance, and then it was that the true satanic nature of poor Puss
appeared. Traps were set to catch her, but she would not be caught; ropes
were purchased to hang her, but she would not bow her head to the noose;
and, finally, a blunderbuss was loaded to shoot her--loaded to the very
muzzle. By conjurations and enchantments, when that gun was fired, it
knocked the holder backwards, and never injured the black Cat. Another man
tried, with the same result, and yet another. It was evident the gun was
bewitched, so Pussy’s murder was given up for the time, and, with the
exception of the tip of her tail, lost in one of the traps, passed the
remainder of her life happy and unmutilated.




CHAPTER X.


[Illustration: CHAPTER X.]

_Of a certain Voracious Cat, some Goblin Cats, Magical Cats, and Cats of
Kilkenny._


Of all the great big stories that have been told of Cats, that which
describes the origin of Cat’s-head apples is surely the greatest biggest
one. The legend runs thus:--

  “The Widow Tomkins had a back room, on the second floor;
   Her name was on a neat brass plate on one side of the door:
   Companion she had only one--a beautiful Tom Cat,
   Who was a famous mouser, the dickens for a rat:
   His colour was a tabby, and his skin as soft as silk,
   And she would lap him every day while he lapped the milk.
   One day she was disturbed from sleep with double rat-tat-tat,
   And she went in such a hurry that she quite forgot her Cat.

         *       *       *       *       *

   Poor Thomas, soon as day-light came, walked up and down the floor,
   And heard the dogs’-meat woman cry “Cats’-meat” at the door;
   With hunger he got fairly wild, though formerly so tame--
   Another day passed slowly, another just the same.
   With hunger he so hungry was--it did so strong assail,
   That, although very loath, he was obliged to eat his tail.
   This whetted quite his appetite, and though his stump was sore,
   The next day he was tempted (sad) to eat a little more.
   To make his life the longer then, he made his body shorter,
   And one after the other attacked each hinder quarter.
   He walked about on two fore legs, alas! without beholders,
   ’Till more and more by hunger pressed, he dined on both his shoulders.
   Next day he found (the cannibal!) to eating more a check,
   Although he tried, and did reach all he could reach of his neck.
   But as he could not bite his ear, all mournfully he cried,--
   Towards the door he turned his eyes, cocked up his nose, and died.
   The widow did at last return, and oh! how she did stare,
   She guessed the tale as soon as she saw Tom’s head lying there.
   Quite grief sincerely heart-felt as she owned his fate a hard’un,
   She buried it beneath an apple-tree just down her garden.
   So mark what strange effects from little causes will appear,
   The fruit of this said tree was changed, and strangely, too, next year.
   The neighbours say (’tis truth, for they’re folks who go to chapels),
   This Cat’s head was the sole first cause of all the Cat’s-head apples!”

[Illustration: THE CAT AND THE CONJUROR. _Page 187._]

Gottfried Heller, in _Die Leute von Seldwyla_, tells a droll story. This
is an abridgement of a popular author’s version of it, published some
years ago:--

“One day, once upon a time, or thereabouts, the witch-finder of a certain
Swiss town--himself secretly a wizard--was taking his afternoon’s walk,
when he came across a Tom Cat, looking very thin and miserable. This Cat
had once been the chief favourite of a rich old lady, who had trained him
up in luxurious living. Now she was dead, and Tom’s happy days were over:
he was as shaggy and meagre, as he had formerly been sleek and plump. Now,
you must know that Cats’ grease was, in those days, an invaluable
ingredient for certain magical preparations, provided the Cat to whom it
belonged willingly made a donation of it. This proviso rendered good
efficient Cats’ grease an exceedingly rare commodity; for though there
might be no great difficulty in finding a fat Cat, to find one willing to
part with its fat was, of course, difficult enough.

“Here, however, was an animal in desperate circumstances, who might be
accessible to reason; therefore, says the magician--

“‘How much will you take for your fat?’

“‘Why, I haven’t got any,’ replied Tom, who, to tell the truth, was as
thin as a hurdle.

“‘You may have, though, if you say the word,’ said the magician; ‘and I’ll
tell you how.’

“You see, he knew from experience that Tom was a Cat who was capable of
making flesh, for he had known him as round as a dumpling; so he made this
bargain:--He offered Tom a whole month’s luxurious living on condition
that at the expiration of that time he should voluntarily lay down his
life and yield up all the fat he had acquired during the four weeks. Of
course Tom agreed, and the contract was signed on the spot. The apartment
provided for Tom’s lodging was ’fitted up as an artificial landscape. A
little wood was perched on the top of a little mountain, which rose from
the banks of a little lake. On the branches of the trees were perched
dainty birds, all roasted, and emitting a most savoury odour. From the
cavities of the mountain peered forth sundry baked mice, all seasoned with
delicious stuffing and exquisitely larded with bacon. The lake consisted
of the newest milk, with a small fish or two at the bottom. Thus, to the
enjoyment of the epicure, was added the excitement of imaginary
sportsmanship. Tom ate his fill, and more, and soon became as fat as the
magician could wish, but before long he became thoughtful. The month had
nearly expired; at the end he was to die if fat enough. Ah! a bright
thought, he would get thin again. With a wondrous strength of mind he
refrained from eating the luxuries provided, took plenty of exercise on
the house-tops, and kept himself in excellent health, but much thinner
than suited the wizard’s fancy.

“Before long, this gentleman remonstrated with Tom, pointing out to him
very plainly, that he was bound by all the laws of honour to get fat by
the month’s end. To this, Tom had little to urge of any moment, and the
magician informed him that he would kill him at the appointed period, let
him be in what condition he might. Tom, therefore, would gain nothing by
being thin, and it was hoped that his good taste, unchecked by other
considerations, would induce him to make up for lost time. Time rolled on,
Tom behaved worse than ever, and when the fatal day arrived ‘he looked in
worse condition than ever--a dissipated, abandoned, shaggy scamp, without
an ounce on his bones.’ The wizard could not stand this, so he thrust Tom
into an empty coop and fed him by violence. In course of time, the wizard
was satisfied, and began to sharpen his knife; but no sooner did Tom
perceive this act, than he began to utter such singular expressions of
contrition, that his proprietor paused to ask him to explain them. The Cat
in wild terms alluded to a certain sum of ten thousand florins lying at
the bottom of a well, and the wizard wanted to know more about them. It
appeared then, that Tom’s late mistress had thrown the sum he named to the
bottom of a well, and informed her Cat that ‘should he find a perfectly
beautiful and a penniless maiden, whom a perfectly honest man was inclined
to wed in spite of her poverty, then he should empty the contents of the
well as a marriage portion.’

“Of course this tale was false. The money existed where Tom had described,
but it had been ill-gotten gold, with a curse upon it. But the wizard
nibbled at the bait, put a chain round Tom’s neck, and went to have a look
at the treasure. There it was, sure enough, shining under the water.

“‘Are you quite sure that there are exactly ten thousand florins?’ asked
the magician.

“‘I’ve never been down to see,’ replied Tom; ‘I was obliged to take the
old lady’s word for it.’

“‘But where shall I find a wife?’ asked the wizard.

“‘I’ll find you one,’ said Tom.

“‘Will you?’

“‘To be sure. Tear up that contract, though, to begin with.’

“The wizard, not without grumbling, drew from his pocket the fatal paper,
which Tom no sooner perceived than he pounced on it and swallowed it
whole, making at the same time the reflection that he had never before
tasted so delicious a morsel in his life.

“In the neighbourhood dwelt an old woman, who was a witch--one of the
ugliest old women you ever saw, who every night flew up the chimney on a
broom-stick, and played Meg’s diversions by the light of the moon. This
lady had an owl, who was a bird of loose principles, and had been an
associate of Tom’s in his gay days. This bright couple consulted together
how they should persuade the ancient maiden to marry the old man.

“‘She never will,’ said the owl.

“‘Then we must make her; but how?’

“‘We must catch her first, and take her prisoner, and that is to be done
easily enough, with a net, spun by a man of sixty years old, who has never
set eyes on the face of woman.’

“‘Where are we to find him?’

“‘Just round the corner: he has been blind from his birth.’

“When the net had been procured, they set it in the chimney, and presently
caught the old lady, and after much trouble they starved her into
compliance. Then, by magical art, she put on an appearance of youth and
beauty, and the wizard married her in an ecstacy of delight; but was he
not in a fury when, evening approaching, she resumed her pristine
ugliness. And was he not disgusted at his bride, in spite of the treasure
she had brought him. As for Tom, like many bad people, he lived happy ever
afterwards.”

Here is an abridgement of the famous tale of _Puss in Boots_:--

“A miller died, leaving his youngest son nothing but a Cat: the poor young
fellow complained bitterly of his fate; the Cat bade him be of good cheer,
and procure a pair of boots and a bag: the youth contrived to do so. The
first attempt Puss made was to go into a warren, in which there was a
great number of rabbits. He put some bran and parsley into his bag; and
then, stretching himself out at full length, as if he were dead, he waited
for some young rabbits, who as yet knew nothing of the cunning tricks of
the world, to come and get into the bag. Scarcely had he laid down, before
he succeeded as well as could be wished. A giddy young rabbit crept into
the bag, and the Cat immediately drew the strings, and killed it without
mercy. Puss, proud of his prey, hastened directly to the palace, where he
asked to speak to the King. On being shown into the apartment of his
Majesty, he made a low bow, and said:--“I have brought you, Sire, this
rabbit from the warren of my Lord the Marquis of Carabas, who commanded me
to present it to your Majesty, with the assurance of his respects.” One
day, the Cat having heard that the King intended to take a ride that
morning by the river’s side with his daughter, who was the most beautiful
Princess in the world, he said to his master:--“Take off your clothes, and
bathe yourself in the river, just in the place I shall show you, and leave
the rest to me.” The Marquis did exactly as he was desired, without being
able to guess at what the Cat intended. While he was bathing, the King
passed by, and Puss directly called out, as loudly as he could
bawl:--“Help! help! My Lord Marquis of Carabas is in danger of being
drowned!” The King hearing the cries, and recognising the Cat, ordered his
attendants to go directly to the assistance of my Lord Marquis of Carabas;
and the cunning Cat having hid his master’s clothes under a large stone,
the King commanded the officers of his wardrobe to fetch him the
handsomest suit it contained. The King’s daughter was mightily taken with
his appearance, and the Marquis of Carabas had no sooner cast upon her two
or three respectful glances, than she became violently in love with him.
The Cat, enchanted to see how well his scheme was likely to succeed, ran
before to a meadow that was reaping, and said to the reapers:--“Good
people, if you do not tell the King, who will soon pass this way, that the
meadow you are reaping belongs to my Lord Marquis of Carabas, you shall be
chopped as small as mince-meat.” The King did not fail to ask the reapers
to whom the meadow belonged? “To my Lord Marquis of Carabas,” said they
all at once; for the threats of the Cat had terribly frightened them. Puss
at length arrived at a stately castle that belonged to an Ogre, whom he
first persuaded to assume the form of a mouse, and then cleverly gobbled
him up before he could get back to his proper shape again. The King’s
party soon after arrived. The Cat said the castle was his master’s; and
the King was so much charmed with the amiable qualities and noble fortune
of the Marquis of Carabas, and the young Princess too had fallen so
violently in love with him, that when the King had partaken of a
collation, he said to the Marquis:--“It will be your own fault, my Lord
Marquis of Carabas, if you do not soon become my son-in-law.” The Marquis
received the intelligence with a thousand respectful acknowledgments,
accepted the honour conferred upon him, and married the Princess that very
day. The Cat became a great lord, and never after pursued rats, except for
his own amusement.

I think, too, that the famous story of the _White Cat_ should also find a
place in this little volume:--

There once was a King, the legend says, who was growing old, and it was
told to him that his three sons wished to govern the kingdom. The old
King, who did not wish to give up his power just yet, thought the best way
to prevent his sons from taking his throne was to send them out to seek
for adventures; so he called them all around him, and said:--

“My sons, go away and travel for a year; and he of you who brings me the
most beautiful little dog, shall have the kingdom, and be King after me.”

Then the three Princes started on the journey; but it is of the youngest
of the three that I have now to tell. He travelled for many days, and at
last found himself, one evening, at the door of a splendid castle, but
not a man or woman was to be seen. A number of hands, with no bodies to
them, appeared: two hands took off the Prince’s cloak, two others seated
him in a chair, another pair brought a brush to brush his hair, and
several pairs waited on him at supper. Then some more hands came and put
him to bed in a fine chamber, where he slept all night, but still no one
appeared. The next morning, the hands brought him into a splendid hall,
where there sat on a throne a large White Cat, who made him sit beside
her, and expressed herself glad to see him. Next day, the Prince and the
White Cat went out hunting together: the Cat was mounted on a fine
spirited monkey, and seemed very fond of the Prince, who, on his part, was
delighted with her wit and cleverness.

Instead of dogs, Cats hunted for them. These creatures ran with great
agility after rats, and mice, and birds, catching and killing a great
number of them; and sometimes the White Cat’s monkey would climb a tree,
with the White Cat on his back, after a bird, a mouse, or a squirrel. This
pleasant life went on for a long time: every day the White Cat became more
fond of the Prince, while, on his part, the Prince could not help loving
the poor Cat, who was so kind and attentive to him. At last, the time drew
near when the Prince was to return home, and he had not thought of looking
for a little dog; but the Cat gave him a casket, and told him to open this
before the King, and all would be well; so the Prince journeyed home,
taking with him an ugly mongrel cur. When the brothers saw this, they
laughed secretly to each other, and thought themselves quite secure, so
far as their younger brother was concerned. They had, with infinite pains,
procured each of them a very rare and beautiful little dog, and each
thought himself quite sure to get the prize. When the day came on which
the dogs were to be shown, each of the two elder Princes produced a
beautiful little dog, on a silk velvet cushion: no one could judge which
was the prettier. The youngest now opened his casket, and found a walnut:
he cracked this walnut, and out of the walnut sprang a little tiny dog, of
exquisite beauty. Still the old King would not give up his kingdom. He
told the young Princes they must bring him home a piece of cambric so fine
that it could be threaded through the eye of a needle; and so they went
away in search of such a piece of cambric. Again the youngest Prince
passed a year with the White Cat, and again the Cat gave him a walnut
when the time came for him to return home. The three Princes were summoned
before their father, who produced a needle. The first and second Princes
brought a piece of cambric which would almost, but not quite, go through
the needle’s eye. The youngest Prince broke open his walnut-shell: he
found inside it a small nut-shell, and then a cherry-stone, and then a
grain of wheat, and then a grain of millet, and in this grain of millet a
piece of cambric four hundred yards long, which passed easily through the
eye of the needle. But the old King said:--

“He who brings the most beautiful lady shall have the kingdom.”

The Prince went back to the White Cat, and told her what his father had
said. She replied:--

“Cut off my head and my tail.”

At last he consented: instantly the Cat was transformed into a beautiful
Princess; for she had been condemned by a wicked fairy to appear as a Cat,
till a young Prince should cut off her head and tail. The Prince and
Princess went to the old King’s court, and she was far more beautiful than
the ladies brought by the other two Princes. But she did not want the
kingdom, for she had four of her own already. One of these she gave to
each of the elder brothers of the young Prince, and over the other two she
ruled with her husband, for the young Prince married her, and they lived
happily together all their lives.

In Mr. Morley’s _Fairy Tales_, there is a funny passage:--“‘I wonder,’
said a sparrow, ‘what the eagles are about, that they don’t fly away with
the Cats? And now I think of it, a civil question cannot give offence.’ So
the sparrow finished her breakfast, went to the eagle, and said:--

“‘May it please your royalty, I see you and your race fly away with the
birds and the lambs that do no harm. But there is not a creature so
malignant as a Cat; she prowls about our nests, eats up our young, and
bites off our own heads. She feeds so daintily that she must be herself
good eating. She is lighter to carry than a bird, and you would get a
famous grip in her loose fur. Why do you not feed upon Cat?’

“‘Ah!’ said the eagle, ‘there is sense in your question. I had the worms
to hear this morning, asking me why I did not breakfast upon sparrows. Do
I see a morsel of worm’s skin on your beak, my child?’

“The sparrow cleaned his bill upon his bosom, and said:--‘I should like
to see the worm who came with that enquiry.’

“‘Come forward, worm,’ the eagle said. But when the worm appeared, the
sparrow snapped him up, and ate him. Then he went on with his argument
against the Cats.”

Everybody has heard of the Kilkenny Cats, and how they fought in a saw-pit
with such ferocious determination, that when the battle was over, nothing
was remaining of either combatant except his tail. Of course, we none of
us suppose that the tale is true, but some writers think that the account
of the mutual destruction of the contending Cats was an allegory designed
to typify the utter ruin to which centuries of litigation and embroilment
on the subject of conflicting rights and privileges tended to reduce the
respective exchequers of the rival municipal bodies of Kilkenny and
Irishtown--separate corporations existing within the liberties of one
city, and the boundaries of the respective jurisdiction of which had never
been marked out or defined by an authority to which either was willing to
bow. The desperate struggles for supremacy of these parish worthies began
A.D. 1377, and they fought, as only vestrymen can fight, a little over
three hundred years, by the end of which time there was, as you may
suppose, very little left of them but their tails, for, of course, there
was a disinterested third person to whom the affairs were referred for
arbitration, in the old way that the Cats appealed to the monkey upon the
great cheese question--who swallowed his huge mouthful. In the end it
would appear that all the property of either side was mortgaged, and
bye-laws were passed by each party that their respective officers should
be content with the dignity of their station, and forego all hope of
salary till the suit at law with the other “pretended corporation” should
be terminated.

Let this be as it may, one thing is certain: Kilkenny Cats are quite as
amiable now-a-days as the Cats of any other city in Great Britain.

But there is another story of a great Cat fight in the same neighbourhood.
One night in the summer time, all the Cats in the city and county of
Kilkenny were absent from their homes, and next morning a plain near the
city was strewn with thousands of slain Cats; and it was reported that
almost all the Cats in Ireland had joined in the fight, as was shown by
the collars of some of the dead bearing the names of places in all
quarters of the island. The cause of the quarrel is not stated, but there
are yet men alive who knew persons since dead, who actually inspected the
field--at least so they say.

Time out of mind the Cat has figured largely in our nursery annals--from
the days of _Heigh Diddle-Diddle_ and the _House that Jack Built_ to the
present moment. There is some waggishness, by the way, in Mr. Blanchard’s
version of the second mentioned rhyme, printed, as a sort of argument, in
the book of the Drury Lane Pantomime:--

  “Anon, with velvet foot and Tarquin strides,
   Subtle Grimalkin to his quarry glides;
   Grimalkin grim, that slew the fierce Rodent,
   Whose tooth insidious Johann’s sackcloth rent.
   Lo! how the deep-mouthed canine foe’s assault,
   That vest th’ avenger of the stolen malt
   Stored in the hallowed precincts of that hall
   That rose complete at Jack’s creative call.
   Here stalks th’ impetuous cow with crumpled horn,
   Thereon th’ exacerbating hound was torn,
   Who bayed the feline slaughter-beast that slew
   The rat predacious, whose keen fangs ran through
   The textile fibres that involved the grain
   That lay in Han’s inviolate domain.”

The Cat is one of the principal of the _dramatis personæ_ in Mr. D’Arcy
Thompson’s droll _Nursery Nonsense_; and some of the most ingenious
pictures Charles Bennett ever drew are to be found in his _Nine Lives of a
Cat_. There is some good fun for little folks in a small book called
_Tales from Catland_, with some masterly pictures from the graceful pencil
of Mr. Harrison Weir; and there is another work called _Cat and Dog_,
which I would recommend to all young readers. Of some other children’s
books, in which Pussy takes a prominent part, it behoves not the writer of
this volume to say very much, for obvious reasons. I may, however, remark,
that though a great admirer of the feline race, the artist who illustrated
the works in question and this, has very limited notions concerning the
way in which a Cat should be drawn, and has found, after all his trouble,
that under his hand Pussy transferred to wood is very wooden indeed. It is
some consolation to that artist, however, to reflect that Hogarth’s Cats
are anything but good ones. By the way, I always wonder when I look at
that picture of the “Actress’s Dressing Room” in the barn, whether poor
strollers were ever driven to such an expedient as that of cutting a Cat’s
tail for the blood, and if so, how was it used? In George Cruikshank’s
“Bottle,” do you remember in the first scene how happily the Cat and
Kittens are playing on the hearth, and how in the next the kitten has
disappeared, and the Cat, a poor half-starved wretch, is sniffing
wistfully at an empty plate upon the table? The change in Pussy’s
fortune is a clever touch; but of all Cat pictures, one of the same
artist’s illustrations to the Brothers Mayhew’s _Greatest Plague of Life_
is that to be remembered; I mean the one called “The Cat did it,” in the
chapter about Mrs. Burgess’s Tom. There are a score and more of wonderful
Cat stories in the _Münchener Bilderbögen_, and in other German books; and
who of those who have seen them can forget Grandville’s extraordinary
animals, so like Cats, and yet so human. There were some pictures that
Charles Bennett drew, showing the gradual change of a human face into that
of a beast, in which it was astonishing to note how easy and with what a
few lines the transformation could be effected.

I might make this book a great deal longer (and more wearisome, perhaps)
if I gave even the briefest outline of all the stories I have come upon
during my long search; but I believe that those to be found in these pages
are among the best extant.




CHAPTER XI.


[Illustration: CHAPTER XI.]

_Of Pussy Poorly, and of some Curiosities of the Cats’-meat Trade._

  “So sickly Cats neglect their fur attire,
   And sit and mope beside the kitchen fire.”
                                        _Bombastes Furioso._


A writer on Cats, when speaking of the necessity of administering physic
in certain cases, says that the bare thought of so doing is sufficient to
daunt at least nine-tenths of the lady Cat-owners of the kingdom; and
gives these directions to assist the timid fair one in her arduous
task:--

“Have ready a large cloth and wrap the patient therein, wisping the cloth
round and round her body, so that every part of her, except the head, is
well enveloped. Any one may then hold it between their knees, while you
complete the operation. Put on a pair of stout gloves, and then with a
firm hand open the animal’s mouth wide!”

Poor Pussy! From the formidable nature of these preparations, one would
almost fancy that it was a full-grown tigress about to be doctored, and
its iron mouth required a firm hand to wrench apart the jaws. To such
inexperienced ladies as could require these directions, the writer’s
further advice not to pour down the Cat’s throat too much at a time, comes
very seasonably, but I am not too sure that Pussy will not be choked for
all that. When properly managed, says he, “a sick Cat may be made to take
pills or any other drug without risk of a severe scratching on your part,
and danger of a dislocated neck on the part of suffering Grimalkin.”

I can readily understand that there is small fear of the Cat’s claws
penetrating through five or six folds of stout calico, but about the
safety of its neck I have my doubts. One, indeed, feels almost inclined to
add, as a further safeguard for the trembling doctor, a suit of chain-mail
or a diver’s dress, such as the man wears who braves the dangers of the
tank at the Polytechnic.

Seriously speaking, a lady who is kind to her domestic pets will have no
trouble in giving them medicine. When they are Kittens, they should be
taught to lie upon their backs, and in this attitude, with the head
raised, the physic is easily enough administered. A sick Cat, too, does
not fly from those for whom it has an affection; on the contrary, I have
always known Cats to come for sympathy to those who nurse and feed them.
Administer the physic with a teaspoon, if liquid, and be most careful when
the dose has been given, to gently wash from the Cat’s face or breast any
drop of the stuff that may have fallen there, so that she may not find the
nasty taste lingering about her when she goes to clean herself, as
otherwise she has the unpleasantness of the physic long after the doses
have been discontinued.

These are some of the complaints from which Cats suffer, and the best
methods to be adopted for their cure:--

A cat is sometimes affected by a sort of distemper which attacks it
between the first and third month of its life. The Cat or Kitten, when
thus suffering, refuses its food, seems to be sensitive of cold, and
creeps close to the fire or hides itself in any warm corner. A mild
aperient--small doses of brimstone, for instance--should be administered.
Whilst ill, feed the Cat upon light biscuit spread with butter. A little
manna is a good thing if the Cat will eat it, and the animal should be
kept warm and quiet. If, however, you see the sick Cat frequently
vomiting, the vomit being a bright yellow frothy liquid, be very careful
of the animal should she be a pet, for then the distemper is taking an
ugly turn, and requires special attention. Probably before long the
sickness will change to diarrhœa, which in the end will turn to dysentery
if prompt measures be not taken. When the vomiting first comes on, give
the Cat half a teaspoonful of common salt in about two teaspoonsful of
water, as an emetic, for the purpose of clearing the stomach. Then to stop
the sickness, give half a spoonful of melted beef marrow free from skin.
If this is not found sufficient, the dose may be repeated.

Cats just reaching their full growth are liable to have fits. Male cats
almost always have, at this time, a slight attack of delirium. When coming
on, it may easily be known by an uneasy restlessness and a wildness of the
eyes. In bad cases, the Cat, when seized with delirium, will rush about
with staring eyes, sometimes fly at the window, but more often fly from
your presence and hide itself in the darkest place it can find. If it have
a regular fit, with frothing at the mouth, quivering limbs, etc., as in a
human being so attacked, Lady Cust recommends that one of the ears be
slightly slit with a sharp pair of scissors in the thin part of the ear.
You must then have some warm water ready and hold the ear in it, gently
rubbing and encouraging the blood to flow, a few drops even will afford
relief. During the attack, the Cat does not feel, nor does it resist in
the least, therefore the most timid lady might perform this little
operation without fear. But where the symptoms are not so violent, a
gentle aperient may do all that is required. A good alterative for them is
half a teaspoonful of common salt in two teaspoonfuls of water, as
mentioned above, though in this case it will not cause vomiting. Female
Cats, Lady Cust says, are less subject to fits of delirium, and never have
them after they have once nursed young ones, unless frightened into them,
which all Cats easily are. In this, however, I think she is mistaken, for
I have had a Cat so affected when nursing her second litter of Kittens.
Another Cat of mine was seized with delirium, rushed suddenly out of the
kitchen, and disappeared mysteriously for three days. At the end of that
time, the servant going to light the fire under the copper, the animal
crawled forth from the copper hole very thin and weak, but otherwise
seemingly cured of its strange complaint. All cats are subject to
diarrhœa, and the signs of their so suffering are to be found in dull
eyes, staring coat and neglected toilet, and the animal is very likely to
die of the complaint unless the proper remedies be applied. As soon as it
is discovered, give the Cat some luke warm new milk, with a piece of fresh
mutton suet (the suet the size of a walnut to a teacupful of milk) melted,
and mixed in it. If the patient be too ill to lap, administer the mixture
a teaspoonful every two hours. Take care not to give it too much so as to
make it sick. If there is no bile, you should give the Cat (full grown) a
grain and a half of the grey powder used in such cases. If the diarrhœa
still continue, Lady Cust suggests that a teaspoonful of the chalk mixture
used by human beings, be tried, with seven or eight drops of tincture of
rhubarb, and four or five of laudanum, every few hours until the complaint
ceases. Cats will continue ill, her Ladyship says, for a few days, their
eyes even fixed, but still with watching and care they may be cured. A
teaspoonful at a time of pure meat gravy should be given now and then,
but not until nearly two hours after medicine, to keep up the strength,
until appetite returns.

There is a disease resembling the chicken-pox, which appears in the shape
of eruptions upon a Cat’s head and throat. It is, in these cases,
advisable to rub the bad places with flour of brimstone mixed with fresh
hog’s lard, without salt. The Cat will lick some of this ointment off, and
swallow it, which operation will assist the cure. Much of the necessity
for physic is, however, avoided when the Cat is able to get some grass to
eat, without which, I believe, it can never be in good health. I have a
Tom Cat, which seems to be particularly partial to ribbon grass, but this,
I should say, is quite an epicurean taste of his. According to Lady Cust,
who is the greatest, indeed, the only authority on such matters, the hair
swallowed by the Cat in licking itself, and conveyed into the stomach and
intestines, where it remains in balls or long rolls, causing dulness and
loss of appetite, is digested easily by adhering to the long grass; or if
the mass is too large, as is often the case in the moulting season,
especially with Angora Cats, it will be seen thrown up: long rolls of hair
with grass; perfectly exclusive of any other substance. But, again, the
Cat itself seems to know that grass is very needful for the preservation
of its health. The food and prey it eats often disorder the stomach. On
such occasions, it eats a little grass, which, however, goes no further
than the commencement of the œsophagus; this is irritated by the jagged
and saw-like margins of the blades of grass, and this irritation is, by a
reflex action, communicated to the stomach, which, by a spasmodic action,
rejects its vitiated secretion.

It is very cruel and injurious to the mother to destroy the whole litter
of kittens at once, unless it has some feline friend or relation to
relieve it of its milk: one of its grown-up children, or its husband, will
generally do so, without much persuasion. If deprived of this resource,
however, the frequent destruction of the kittens will, in all probability,
cause cancers, and in the end kill the Cat. If the mother die, and the
kittens be left orphans, they may be easily reared by hand. Feed them with
new milk, sweetened with brown sugar--plain milk is too astringent. To
imitate the Cat’s lick, wipe the kittens with a nearly dry sponge, and
soap and water. A good way to feed them is to use a well-saturated fine
sponge, which the kittens will suck. The most common way, however, is to
pour the milk gently down the throat from a pointed spoon. I knew a lady
who fed a pet kitten from her mouth, and it grew up extraordinarily
affectionate and sagacious. But I have seen many cases where a Cat has
conceived a strong affection towards a person who has never fed it, and
scarcely ever noticed it.

I lately heard, on good authority, of a case of a lady, one of whose Cats
came every morning to her bed-room door, at six o’clock precisely, making
so much noise mewing, that it would awaken every one in the house, if she
did not hasten to get up, open the door, and shake hands with it, after
which ceremony it went quietly away. But, as a rule, these animals do not
tax their masters’ good nature to such an extent: a pat on the head now
and then, a kind word now and again, nothing more is required.

Mr. Kingston says:--“I was calling on a delightful and most clever kind
old lady, who showed me a very beautiful Tabby Cat, coiled up on a chair
before the fire.

“‘Seventeen years ago,’ said she, ‘that Cat’s mother had a litter: they
were all ordered to be drowned, with the exception of one; the servant
brought me that one; it was a tortoiseshell. ‘No,’ I said, ‘that will
always be looking dirty; I will choose another;’ so I put my hand into
the basket, and drew forth this tabby. The tabby has stuck by me ever
since. When she came to have a family, she disappeared, but the rain did
not, for it came pouring down through the ceiling, and it was discovered
that Dame Tabby had made a lying-in hospital for herself in the thatched
roof of our house. The damage she did cost us several pounds; so we asked
a bachelor friend, who had a good cook, fond of Cats, to take care of
tabby the next time she gave signs of having a family, as we knew that she
would be well fed. We sent her in a basket, well covered up, and she was
carefully shut into a room, where she soon was able to exhibit a progeny
of young mewlings. More than the usual number were allowed to survive; and
it was thought that she would remain quietly where she was; but, at the
first opportunity, she made her escape, and down she came all the length
of the village; and I heard her mewing at my bed-room door, early in the
morning, to be let in. When I had stroked her back, and spoken kindly to
her, off she went to look after her nurselings. From that day, every
morning down she came regularly to see me, and would not go away till she
had been spoken to and caressed. Having satisfied herself that I was
alive and well, back she would go again. She never failed to pay me that
one visit in the morning, and never came twice in the day, till she had
weaned her kittens, and then every day she came back, and nothing would
induce her to go away again: I had not the heart to force her back. From
that day to this she has always slept at the door of my room.’ Never was
there more evident affection exhibited in the feline race.”

With respect to a Cat’s food, I think it should not have too much meat;
and I should prefer feeding it on scraps that have come from the table, to
buying Cats’ meat. If their taste be consulted upon the subject, almost
all Cats are passionately fond of lights, particularly as they grow old;
and one elderly red-haired gentleman in particular, with whom I had once
the honour of being acquainted, was in the habit of watching the pot
whilst the lights boiled, with lively interest, sniffing the steam when
the saucepan-lid was raised, and licking his lips in anticipation of joys
to come, when he could gorge himself to his heart’s content. As he was a
very old gentleman, and enjoyed the privileges of age, he had unlimited
lights supplied to him; and it was his habit to eat as much as he could
possibly swallow, and then lie down within sight of the plate, and catch
uneasy snatches of sleep, waiting until he could go on again with his
orgie, but racked meanwhile by horrid fears lest anyone else should get at
his food, and only dozing off, as the saying is, one eye at a time. This
same red Cat one day, when the servants were out, and I was alone in the
garden, came to me mewing in a strange sort of way, looking, as I thought,
very anxious, and running backwards and forwards between me and the house.
At last, following him as he seemed to wish me to do, I accompanied him to
the street-door, where I found the butcher’s boy waiting with the lights.

In giving a Cat the scrapings of dirty plates, it is as well, if you value
the animal’s life, to remove the fish bones, should there be any among the
leavings. Very frequently, as most Cats bolt their food, they get a bone
sticking in their mouth or throat, of which they are unable to relieve
themselves, and suffer much pain without their owner’s guessing at the
cause of their discomforture. A lady in a house I was staying at, had a
Cat that got what was afterwards supposed to be a fish bone sticking in
its mouth, far at the back, in such a way that it was unable to close its
jaws. For two or three days it remained in this state, refusing all food,
and looking in a woeful plight; indeed, we afterwards supposed that it
could not even lap; but at the time, although we made several examinations
of the sufferer, we could not discover what ailed it. At last, some one
suggested seeking the aid of a veterinary surgeon, whose dignity seemed
just a little bit ruffled by being called in for a Cat, and who, when he
did come, did not bring his instruments with him. Nevertheless, he found
out what was wrong, and forcing open the Cat’s jaws, put in his finger to
loosen what he called a fish-bone. Being rather fearful of getting a bite,
he was somewhat hasty, and the bone jerked out, flew into the air, as he
released his hold of the Cat’s head, whereupon the Cat caught the bone as
it fell, and instantly swallowed it, leaving us until this day in the dark
as to the size and nature of the bone, and indeed, rather doubtful whether
it was a bone at all.

In cases where the Cat is accidentally crippled, or should be so ill that
it were better to put it out of its misery at once, the best plan is to
send for a chemist, who for a small sum would administer the poison upon
your own premises. I have known cases where men servants entrusted to take
the animal to the chemist’s shop, have thrown it down in the street, or
killed it with unnecessary torture themselves, and pocketed the money
they should have paid for the poisoning.

To administer the poison yourself is by no means a wise course, as
probably you may give too much or too little, and in either case defeat
your object. I know for a fact, that two medical students once barbarously
practising experiments with poison on an unhappy Cat, twice poisoned the
animal, as they supposed, and once actually buried it, of course not very
deeply, after which it recovered again, and crawled into the house, rather
to their alarm, as you may suppose, as on the second occasion it happened
in the dead of night.

Those unable to procure the assistance of a doctor or chemist, can easily
drown a Cat by putting it into a pail of water, and pressing another pail
down upon it, care being taken of course to handle the Cat gently, so as
not to alarm it before the last moment.

Concerning the Cats’-meat trade, Mr. Henry Mayhew gives many curious
particulars, of which the following are some of the most amusing:--

“The Cats’-meat carriers frequently sell as much as ten pennyworth to one
person, and there has been a customer to the extent of sixteen pennyworth.
This person, a black woman, used to get out on the roof of the house,
and throw it to the Cats on the tiles, by which conduct she brought so
many stray Cats round about the neighbourhood, that the parties in the
vicinity complained of the nuisance. The noise of about a hundred strange
Cats, a little before feeding-time, about ten in the morning, was
tremendous; and when the meat was thrown to them, the fighting and
confusion was beyond description.

“There was also a woman in Islington who used to have fourteen pounds of
meat a-day. The person who supplied her was often paid two and three
pounds at a time. She had often as many as thirty Cats at a time. Every
stray Cat that came she would take in and support.

“The carriers give a great deal of credit; indeed, they take but little
ready money. On some days they do not come home with more than 2_s._ One
with a middling walk, pays for his meat 7_s._ 6_d._ per day; for this he
has half-a-hundred weight: this produces him as much as 11_s._ 6_d._, so
that his profit is 4_s._, which, I am assured, is about a fair average of
the earnings of the trade. One carrier is said to have amassed £1,000 at
the business: he usually sold from 1½ to 2 cwt. every morning, so that his
profits were generally from 16_s._ to £1 per day. But the trade is much
worse now: there are so many at it, they say, that there is barely a
living for any.”

A carrier assured Mr. Mayhew he seldom went less than thirty, and
frequently forty miles, through the streets every day. The best districts
are among the houses of tradesmen, mechanics, and labourers. The coachmen
in the mews at the back of the squares are very good customers.

“‘The work lays thicker there,’ said one carrier. ‘Old maids are bad,
though very plentiful customers: they cheapen the carriers down so that
they can scarcely live at the business: they will pay one half-penny, and
owe another, and forget that after a day or two.’ The Cats’-meat dealers
generally complain of their losses from bad debts: their customers require
credit frequently to the extent of £1.

“‘One party owes me 15_s._ now,’ said a carrier, ‘and many 10_s._; in
fact, very few people pay ready money for the meat.’

“The best days for the Cats’-meat business are Mondays, Tuesdays, and
Saturdays. A double quantity of meat is sold on the Saturday; and on that
day and Monday and Tuesday, the weekly customers generally pay.”

“The supply of food for Cats and Dogs is far greater than may be generally
thought.

“‘Why, sir,’ said one of the dealers, ‘can you tell me how many people’s
in London?’ On Mr Mayhew’s replying, upwards of two millions; ‘I don’t
know nothing whatever,’ said the man, ‘about millions, but I think there’s
a Cat to every ten people, aye, and more than that; and so, sir, you can
reckon.’”

Mr. Mayhew told him this gave a total of 200,000 Cats in London, but the
number of inhabited houses in the Metropolis was 100,000 more than this,
and though there was not a Cat to every house, still, as many lodgers as
well as householders kept Cats, he added, “that he thought the total
number of Cats in London might be taken at the same number as the
inhabited houses, or 300,000 in all.”

“‘There is not near half so many Dogs as Cats; I must know, for they all
knows me, and I serves about 200 Cats and 70 dogs. Mine’s a middling
trade, but some does far better. Some Cats has a hap’orth a day, some
every other day; werry few can afford a penn’orth, but times is inferior.
Dogs is better pay when you’ve a connection among ’em.’

“A Cats’-meat carrier who supplied me with information,” says the same
writer, “was more comfortably situated than any of the poorer classes that
I have yet seen. He lived in the front room of a second floor, in an
open and respectable quarter of the town, and his lodgings were the
perfection of comfort and cleanliness in an humble sphere. It was late in
the evening when I reached the house; I found the ‘carrier’ and his family
preparing the supper. In a large morocco leather easy chair sat the
Cats’-meat carrier himself; his blue apron and black shiny hat had
disappeared, and he wore a ‘dress’ coat and a black satin waistcoat
instead. His wife, who was a remarkably pretty woman, and of very
attractive manners, wore a ‘Dolly Varden’ cap, placed jauntily on the back
of her head, and a drab merino dress. The room was cosily carpeted; and in
one corner stood a mahogany ‘crib,’ with cane-work sides, in which one of
the children was asleep. On the table was a clean white table-cloth, and
the room was savoury with the steaks and mashed potatoes that were cooking
on the fire. Indeed, I have never yet seen greater comfort in the abodes
of the poor. The cleanliness and wholesomeness of the apartment were the
more striking from the unpleasant associations connected with the calling.

“It is believed by one who has been engaged at the business for 25 years,
that there are from 900 to 1,000 horses, averaging 2 cwt. of meat each,
little and big, boiled down every week; so that the quantity of cats’
and dogs’ meat used throughout London is about 200,000 lbs. per week, and
this, sold at the rate of 2½_d._ per lb., gives £2,000 a-week for the
money spent in cats’ and dogs’ meat, or upwards of £100,000 a-year, which
is at the rate of £100 worth sold annually by each carrier. The profits of
the carriers may be estimated at about £50 each per annum. The capital
required to start in this business varies from £1 to £2. The stock-money
needed is between 5_s._ and 10_s._ The barrow and basket, weights and
scales, knife and steel, or blackstone, cost about £2 when new, and from
15_s._ to 4_s._ second hand.

Mr. Mayhew also states the London dogs’ and cats’ meat carriers to number
at least one thousand. “The slaughtermen,” he says, “are said to reap
large fortunes very rapidly. Many of them retire after a few years and
take large farms. One after twelve years’ business retired with several
thousand pounds, and has now three large farms. The carriers are men,
women, and boys. Very few women do as well at it as the men. The carriers
are generally sad drunkards. Out of five hundred it is said three hundred
at least spend £1 a head a-week in drink. One party in the trade told me
that he knew a carrier who would spend 10_s._ in liquor at one sitting.
The profit the carriers make upon the meat is at present only a penny per
pound. In the summer time the profit per pound is reduced to a halfpenny,
owing to the meat being dearer, on account of its scarcity.”

The following are, as well as I can remember, the words of an old song, to
the tune of “Cherry Ripe,” that were sung in some play:--

  “Cats’-meat, Cats’-meat--meat, I cry,
   On a skewer--come and buy;
   From Hyde Park Corner to Wapping Wall,
   All the year I Cats’-meat bawl;
   Cats’-meat, Cats’-meat--meat, I cry,
   On a skewer--come and buy.”




CHAPTER XII.


[Illustration: CHAPTER XII.]

_Of Wild Cats, Cat Charming, etc._


Without entering into any very lengthened details, I will here make room
for a few natural history notes, collected from various sources:--

The Cat belongs to the same family as the lion, tiger, panther, leopard,
puma, serval, ocelot, and lynx. The tribe is, perhaps, one of the best
defined in zoology, all its members having characteristics of structure
and habit not to be confounded with those of other animals. The rounded
head and pointed ears, the long, lithe body, covered with fine silky hair,
and often beautifully marked; the silent, stealthy step, occasioned by
treading only on the fleshy ball of the foot; the sharp, retractile claws,
the large, lustrous eyes, capable, from the expansive power of the pupil,
of seeing in the dark; the whiskered lip, the trenchant, carnivorous
teeth, and the tongue covered with recurved, horny prickles, are common to
all.

In their habits and manners of life they are equally akin: they inhabit
the forest and the brake, sleeping away the greater part of their time,
and only visiting the glade and open plain when pressed by hunger. They
are for the most part nocturnal in their habits, being guided to their
prey by their peculiar power of vision, by their scent, and by their
hearing, which is superior to that of most other animals. Naturally, they
are strictly carnivorous, not hunting down their prey by a protracted
chase, like the wolf and dog, but by lying in wait, or by moving
stealthily with their supple joints and cushioned feet till within spring
of their victims, on which they dart with a growl, as if the muscular
effort of the moment were painful even to themselves. Whether the attack
be that of a tiger on a buffalo, or that of a Cat on a helpless mouse,
the mode of action is the same--a bound with the whole body from the
distance of many yards, a violent stroke with the fore foot, a clutch with
the claws, which are thrust from their sheaths, and a half-tearing,
half-sucking motion of the jaws, as if the animal gloated in ecstacy over
the blood of its victim.

This mode of life has gained for these animals the common epithets of
“cruel, savage, and blood-thirsty,” and has caused them to be looked upon
by the uninformed as monsters in creation. When its natural instincts
shall die out, then also will the tiger cease to exist; and were the whole
world peopled and cultivated equally with our own island, the feline
family would be limited to a single genus--namely, the humble Cat. But as
things are at present constituted, the valleys and plains of the tropics
are clothed with an extensive vegetation, supporting numerous herbivorous
animals, which could only be kept within due limits by the existence of
carnivora, such as the lion, tiger, leopard, and panther.

The distribution of the feline animals is governed by those conditions to
which we have alluded; and thus the puma inhabits the North American
prairie; the jaguar the savannahs of South America; the lion the arid
plains of Africa and Asia; the tiger and panther the tropical jungles of
the old world; the minor species, as the ocelot and lynx, have a wider
range in both worlds, while the domestic Cat associates with man in almost
every region. With the exception of the latter, none of the other genera
have been tamed or domesticated, so that they are strictly “wild beasts,”
against which man wages a ceaseless war of extirpation. It is true that,
in the East, one species of leopard is trained for hunting, but this only
very sparingly, and even then he does not follow the game by scent, but is
carried by the hunters, and only let loose when he is within a few bounds
of the animal. It must not be inferred, however, that they are untameable,
for every creature is capable, more or less, of being trained by man,
provided it receives due attention; and we have sufficient evidence in the
wonderful feats performed by the lions and tigers of Mr. Carter and Van
Amburgh, that the felinæ are by no means destitute of intelligent
docility. The truth is, there is no inducement to tame them, and thus the
Cat, the most diminutive of the family, and the only one of direct utility
to civilise, is likely to continue, as it ever has been, the sole
domesticated member.

The wild Cat is more plentiful in the wooded districts of Germany,
Prussia, and Hungary than in any other part of Europe. It is found also in
the north of Asia and in Nepaul. Besides the true wild Cat, there are
other species of felis which, on account of their resemblance to the
tiger, are called “Tiger-Cats”: they are found in all parts of the world,
with the exception of Europe. The largest of this family is the
Rimau-Dahan, an inhabitant of Sumatra. When full grown, it measures over
seven feet from the nose to the tip of its tail, which appendage, however,
monopolises three feet six of the whole. It is nearly two feet high at the
shoulders: its colour is light grey, striped and spotted with jet black.
One of the first specimens of this Tiger-Cat seen in England was brought
here by Sir Stamford Raffles, who procured two of them from the banks of
the Bencoolen River.

“Both specimens,” writes this gentlemen, “while in a state of confinement,
were remarkable for good temper and playfulness; no domestic kitten could
be more so; they were always courting intercourse with persons passing by,
and in the expression of their countenance, which was always open and
smiling, showed the greatest delight when noticed, throwing themselves on
their backs, and delighting in being tickled and rubbed. On board the
ship there was a small dog, who used to play round the cage and with the
animals; and it was amusing to observe the playfulness and tenderness with
which the latter came in contact with their inferior sized companion. When
fed with a fowl that died, they seized the prey, and after sucking the
head, and tearing it a little, amused themselves for hours in throwing it
about and jumping after it, in the manner that a Cat plays with a mouse
before it is quite dead. This species of Cat never seems to look on man or
children as his prey; and the natives assert that, when wild, it lives
chiefly on poultry, birds, and small deer.”

The colour of the wild Cat is more uniform than that of the domestic
species. On a ground colour of pale reddish-yellow are dark streaks
extending over the body and limbs, forming pretty much the sort of pattern
exhibited on the tiger’s robe. From the back of the neck to the spine, a
line of very dark spots extends to the tail, which is short and bushy, and
has a black tip. The feet and insides of the legs are yellowish grey. In
the female, which is smaller than the male, the colours are not as
distinct. The medium size of a full-grown male wild Cat is as
follows:--Length of head and body, 1 foot 10 inches; length of head, 3½
inches; length of ears, 2⅛ inches; length of tail, 11 inches. The wild Cat
affects rocky and densely-wooded districts, living in holes or in hollow
trees. According to Mr. St. John, a wild Cat will sometimes take up its
residence at no great distance from a house, and, entering the hen-houses
and outbuildings, carry off fowls or even lambs, in the most audacious
manner. Like other vermin, the wild Cat haunts the shores of lakes and
rivers, and it is, therefore, easy to know where to lay a trap for it.
Having caught and killed one of the colony, the rest of them are sure to
be taken, if the body of their slain relative be left in some place not
far from their usual hunting-ground, and surrounded with traps, as every
wild Cat which passes within a considerable distance of the place will to
a certainty come to it.

America has several Tiger-Cats, foremost amongst which may be mentioned
the Ocelot. Two of these animals were kept at the Tower of London, at the
time when that ancient fortress counted a menagerie among its other
attractions; and of one of these Mr. Bennett gives the following
description:--

“Body when full grown nearly 3 feet in length; tail rather more than 1
foot; medium height about 18 inches. Ground colour of fur grey, mingled
with a slight tinge of fawn, elegantly marked with numerous longitudinal
bands, the dorsal one continuous and entirely black, the lateral (six or
seven on each side) consisting for the most part of a series of elongated
spots, with black margins, sometimes completely distinct, sometimes
running together. The centre of each spot is of a deeper fawn than the
ground colour external to it; this deeper tinge is also conspicuous on the
head and neck, and on the outside of the limbs, all of which parts are
irregularly marked with full black lines and spots of various sizes. From
the top of the head, between the ears, there pass backwards towards the
shoulders, two or more, frequently four, uninterrupted diverging bands,
which enclose a narrow fawn-colour space, with a black margin; between
these there is a single longitudinal, somewhat interrupted, narrow black
line, occupying the centre of the neck above. Ears short and rounded,
externally margined with black, surrounding a large central whitish spot:
under parts of the body whitish, spotted with black, and the tail, which
is of the same ground colour with the body, also covered with black spots.
This animal is a native of Mexico and Paraguay: its home is the
gloomiest depths of the forest, where all day long it lies quiet, but,
as night advances, comes out to prey on birds and small quadrupeds. It is
said to be a particularly cunning creature, and sometimes, when other
stratagems to replenish his larder have failed, to stretch himself all
along the bough of a tree and sham death. The monkeys of the neighbourhood
have no greater enemy than the Ocelot, therefore it is only natural that,
when they find him dead, they would be much rejoiced, and call together
their friends and relations to see the pretty sight. The treacherous
ocelot is, however, meanwhile keeping sharp watch through a tiny chink of
his eyelids, and when the rejoicing is at its highest, up he jumps, and,
before the monkey-revellers can recover from their fright, at least a
couple will feel the fatal weight of his paw. There are several ocelots,
the painted, the grey, and the common, among others. In captivity, few
animals are more surly and spiteful, until they grow thoroughly well
acquainted with their keepers or others who court their notice. There is,
however, one weapon keener than the sharpest sword, more potent than the
Armstrong gun, more powerful than all the gunpowder and bullets ever made,
and yet so simple, that the boy yet in pinafores may direct it: to this
weapon the suspicious tiger-cat succumbs, and the name of this weapon
is--_Kindness_! So armed, the Rev. J. G. Wood conquered a body of Ocelots
exhibited at the menagerie. He says:--

“Several of these animals, when I first made their acquaintance, were
rather crabbed in disposition, snarled at the sound of a strange step,
growled angrily at my approach, and behaved altogether in a very unusual
manner, in spite of many amicable overtures. After a while, I discovered
that these creatures were continually and vainly attempting the capture of
certain flies, which buzzed about the cage; so I captured a few large
bluebottle flies, and poked them through a small aperture in the cage, so
that the Ocelot’s paw might not be able to reach my hand. At first the
ocelots declined to make any advance in return for the gift, but they soon
became bolder, and at last freely took the flies as fast as they were
caught. The ice was now broken, and in a very short time we were excellent
friends, the angry snarl being exchanged for a complacent composed
demeanour. The climax to their change of character was reached by giving
them a few leaves of grass, for which they were, as I thought they would
be, more anxious than for the flies. They tore the green blades out of my
hand, and enjoyed the unaccustomed dainty undisturbed. After this, they
were quite at their ease, and came to the front of the cage whenever I
passed.”

The Colocolo is another tiger-cat: it is an inhabitant of Guiana, and
though not more than a third the size of the Rimau-Dahan, is a most
formidable enemy to the smaller animals of the forests which it inhabits.
It is related by Mr. Wood that a specimen of this creature was shot on the
banks of a river, in Guiana, by an officer of rifles, who stuffed it, and
placed the skin to dry on the awning of his boat. As the vessel dropped
down the river, it passed under overhanging boughs of large trees, on
which rested numerous monkeys. Generally when a boat passed along a river,
the monkeys, which inhabit the trees that border its banks, displayed
great curiosity, and ran along the boughs, so as to obtain a close view of
the strange visitant. Before the Colocolo had been killed, the passage of
the boat had been attended, as usual, by the inquisitive monkeys, but when
the stuffed skin was exhibited on the awning, the monkeys were horribly
alarmed, and instead of approaching the vessel, as they had before done,
trooped off with prodigious yells of terror and rage. From this universal
fear which the sight of the animal occasioned to the monkeys, it may be
conjectured that the Colocolo is in the habit of procuring its food at the
expense of the monkey tribes. Of the tiger-cat in Africa, the Serval may
be taken as the type: it is about two feet long, exclusive of the tail,
which measures nine inches, and is a foot in height at the shoulders. Its
upper parts are clear yellow, and its under parts white, and its entire
body is spotted with black. Among the Dutch settlers it is known as
“Bosch-katte,” or “Bush-cat.” It is an inoffensive creature, _not_ easily
irritated, and behaving generally like our own familiar grimalkin.

The wild Cat of Ireland would seem to be quite as savage a fellow as his
Scotch cousin. In Maxwell’s “_Wild Sports of the West_,” is a story of one
of these animals, which was killed after a severe battle: it was of a
dirty grey colour, double the size of the common house Cat, and with
formidable teeth and claws. It was a female, and was tracked to its burrow
under a rock, and caught with a rabbit-net. So flimsy an affair, however,
was scorned by the fierce brute, which speedily rent a hole with its teeth
and claws, and was about to run off, when the lad who had set the snare
seized it by the neck. It was finally dispatched by a blow of an iron
spade. The lad, however, was so terribly wounded as to necessitate his
removal to an hospital, where he for some time remained, in peril of
lock-jaw.

The following narrative is furnished by Mr. St. John:--

“Once, when grouse shooting, I came suddenly, in the rough and rocky part
of the ground, upon a family of two old and three half-grown wild Cats. In
the hanging birch-woods that bordered some of the highland streams and
rocks, the wild Cat is still not uncommon; and I have heard their wild and
unearthly cries echo afar in the quiet night as they answer and call to
each other. I do not know a more harsh and unpleasant cry than the cry of
the wild Cat, or one more likely to be the origin of superstitious fears
in the mind of an ignorant Highlander. These animals have great skill in
finding their prey; and the damage they do to the game must be very great,
owing to the quantity of food which they require. When caught in a trap,
they fly, without hesitation, at any person who approaches them, not
waiting to be assailed. I have heard many stories of their attacking and
severely wounding a man, when their retreat has been cut off. Indeed, a
wild Cat once flew at me in a most determined manner. I was fishing in a
river in Sutherlandshire, and in passing from one pool to another, had
to climb over some rocky and broken ground. In doing so, I sank through
some rotten moss and heather up to my knees, almost upon a wild Cat, who
was concealed under it. I was quite as much startled as the animal herself
could be when I saw the wild looking beast rush out so unexpectedly from
between my legs, with every hair on her body standing on end, making her
look twice as large as she really was. I had three small sky-terriers with
me, who immediately gave chase, and pursued her till she took refuge in a
corner of a rock, where, perched in a kind of recess, out of reach of her
enemies, she stood with her hair bristled out, and spitting and growling
like a common Cat. Having no weapon with me, I laid down my rod, cut a
good sized stick, and proceeded to dislodge her. As soon as I came within
six or seven feet of the place, she sprang right at my face, over the
dogs’ heads. Had I not struck her in mid-air, as she leapt at me, I should
probably have got some severe wound. As it was, she fell, with her back
half broken, among the dogs, who, with my assistance, dispatched her. I
never saw an animal fight so desperately, or one so difficult to kill. If
a tame Cat has nine lives, a wild Cat must have a dozen.”

That a long course of domestic drill is insufficient to win a Cat from its
native savagery, is proved by the following scrap, lately culled from the
_Swansea Herald_:--

“A fight of more than ordinary interest took place on the bank of the
canal, near Kidwelly Quay, a few days ago. A domestic Cat, making her
usual walk in search of prey along the embankment, was attacked by an
otter of no small dimensions, and was in an instant tossed into the middle
of the canal, and there had to fight, not for the ‘belt,’ but for her
life, in an uncongenial element. But very soon they were observed by some
sailors and shippers, employed not far from the scene of contest, who
hastened to witness the strange occurrence. Either from fear of the men,
or of its formidable antagonist, the otter relinquished its hold, and poor
Puss safely landed, amidst hearty cheers and congratulations. But Puss,
not being content with the laurels she had won in the first contest, went
out again on the following day, and, strange to say, the old combatants
met again, and the otter, with undiminished pluck, attacked the Cat on
land. The contest became very severe, but ultimately the otter was glad to
regain its watery refuge, and leave Puss the victor the second time,
without suffering very considerably from an encounter with such a
formidable foe.”

A writer on the subject of wild cats says:--

“When a domesticated creature is no longer found in the wild state
anywhere, like the camel and the lama, or when a reasonable scepticism may
be entertained respecting the species assumed to be its savage ancestor,
as is the case with the dog and the fowl, the steps of all our reasonings
march straight into a blind alley, from which there is no issue, except by
turning back. I believe that there never was such an animal as a really
wild Pussy. The supposition involves an absurdity. Whose legs could she
rub in a state of nature? On whose arrival could she set up her back, and
arch her tail, and daintily tread on the same little spot? From what
carpet, Kidderminster or Brussels, could she gently pull the threads with
her claws? In what dairy could she skim the cream? From what larder could
she steal cold roast pheasant? And if she did not do these things, or some
of them, would she be a genuine Puss? No, no! I believe that Adam and Eve
had a nice little tortoiseshell to purr between them, as they sat chatting
on a sunny bank, and that a choice pair of tabbies slumbered, with
half-shut eyes, and their feet turned under them, before the fire, which
was the centre of Noah’s family circle on board the Ark!”

_Apropos_ of Cat-charming or Cat-taming, here are two anecdotes from Mr.
Beeton’s book:--

“I have,” says the writer, “a vivid recollection of once charming a Cat to
within an inch of getting myself thoroughly well thrashed. There lived in
our neighbourhood a kind-hearted old gentleman, who was good enough to
take a fancy to my ungrateful self, and would frequently invite me (he was
a bachelor) to dine with him. The dining part of the business I had not
the least objection to; but after dinner, when we had chatted till he fell
into a doze, it became, to a boy nine years old, rather tedious. It was on
one such occasion that I behaved so disgracefully. The old gentleman was
nodding, with his slippered feet crossed lazily before the fire, and a fat
tortoiseshell Cat, his property, lay along the rug, placidly asleep, too.
Had I been a good boy, I should have sat still, and turned the leaves of
Fox’s _Book of Martyrs_ till my friend awoke; but I was not a good boy: I
felt myself like a martyr, doomed to the dreadful torture of sitting
still. I felt in my pocket for a top-string I had there, and for a minute
or so amused myself by bobbing the button at the end of the string on to
the nose of the tortoiseshell Cat, till I had aroused that lazy animal
to a state of extreme irritability. This sport, after a while, grew tame,
so I shifted the string, and allowed it to dangle within an inch of my
host’s feet. Really, it was done with scarce a thought, but the result was
rather astonishing. The Cat, who all the time kept her eye on the
tormenting string, no sooner saw it at a distance convenient to spring at,
than she made a bound, and, missing the cord, fiercely embraced one of the
slippered members with ten of her talons. For the moment I was too
frightened to weigh the possible consequences of laughing, and laughed
outright, which, with the sudden bound the old gentleman gave, so alarmed
the tortoiseshell Cat, that she flew towards the door like a mad Cat. I
doubt, however, whether its utmost agility would have saved it from the
tongs, with which its outraged master pursued it, had I not ashamedly
explained the matter, and begged forgiveness.”

“I have certainly, in my time, made the acquaintance of some queerish
Cats. When quite a little boy, there was attached to our house, a quaint
black and white Cat whose sole recommendation was that he was a
magnificent mouser; nay, to such lengths would he carry his passion for
hunting, as regularly to haunt a ditch that existed in the neighbourhood
for the purpose of pursuing and capturing water-rats, which class of
vermin he despatched in a manner that at once secured the death of the
rat, and himself immunity from the rat’s teeth. Seizing the animal by the
back of the neck, the Cat, by a sudden wriggle, threw himself on his back,
and at once transferred the custody of the rat from his mouth to his
fore-paws, holding it neatly behind the shoulders, while with his hind
talons he cruelly assailed the unlucky animal’s loins and ribs till it
ceased to struggle. I have stated that the Cat in question was attached to
our house, and that certainly was the extent of his intimacy, for he was
attached to nobody residing there. Myself, he particularly disliked, and
although he never considered it beneath his dignity to steal any article
of food from me, would never accept my overtures of friendship. I have
reason to believe that his special dislike to me arose out of a pair of
boots possessed by me at that period. They were creaking boots, and
fastened with laces. Whether it was that their loud creaking as I moved
about the room in them, reminded him of the squeak of rats, or whether,
not being a particularly tidy boy, the before-mentioned laces were
sometimes allowed to trail rats’-tail-wise, aggravatingly heightened the
illusion, I can’t say; I only know that as sure as I happened to allow
my small feet to swing loosely while seated at breakfast or dinner, so
surely would the black and white Cat, if he were in the room, make a
sudden dash at the hated boots, giving my leg a severe wrench in his
endeavour to fling himself on his back for the purpose of tearing the life
out of them after his own peculiar mode.

“My enemy was, however, finally subdued, and in a rather curious way. Some
one brought me one of those difficult musical instruments known as a mouth
organ, and delighted with my new possession, I was torturing it as I sat
on a seat in the garden. Suddenly there appeared in a tree just above my
head, my foe, the black and white Cat, with his tail waving from side to
side, his eyes staring, and his mouth twitching in an odd sort of way. I
must confess that I was rather alarmed, and in my nervous condition, I
might be excused if I construed the expression of the Cat’s countenance to
intimate, “Here you are then with another hideous noise, a noise that is
even more suggestive of rat squeaking than your abominable boots; however,
I’ve caught you by yourself this time, so look out for your eyes.” I did
not, however, cease playing my organ; my enemy’s green eyes seemed to
fascinate me, and my tremulous breath continued to wail on the organ
pipes. Slowly the black and white Cat descended the tree, and presently
leapt at my feet with a bound that thrilled through me, and expelled a
scream-like note from my instrument. But to my astonishment, my enemy did
not attack me; on the contrary, he approached the offending boots humbly,
and caressed them with his head. Still I continued to play, and after
every inch of my Bluchers had received homage from the Cat’s hitherto
terrible muzzle, he sprang on the seat beside me, and purred and gently
mewed, and finally crept on to my shoulders and lovingly smelt at the
mouth-organ as I played it. From that day hostilities ceased between us.
He would sit on my shoulders for half an hour together, and sing, after
his fashion, while I played, and I had only to strike up to lure him from
any part of the premises where he might happen to be.

“There used to come to our house a young man who played the trombone, and
having heard the story, insisted that there was nothing in it,--that all
Cats like music, and that savage as was our Cat to strangers, he would be
bound to conquer him with a single blast of his favorite instrument. Next
time he came armed with the terrible-looking trombone, which our Cat no
sooner saw than, (as I had predicted, for I knew his nature better than
anyone else could) he took a violent dislike to it. A blast on the
trombone; the effect was as he prognosticated instantaneous, though not
perfectly satisfactory; the brazen note was immediately responded to by
one equally loud from our Cat, who appeared to regard it as a challenge to
combat, and thickened his tail and bared his teeth accordingly, at the
same time swearing and spitting dreadfully. I need not say that the
trombone-player was discomfited, while my fame as a Cat-charmer was
considerably augmented.”

Poor Pussy! her character is not often properly understood, as we read
elsewhere:--

“One or two common errors about Cats may be noticed. Many persons will
destroy them when anything is the matter with them, whereas, in many cases
they would recover with a little care. Some think they do not drink much,
which is a mistake. Water should always be placed within their reach. As
to their want of attachment, there is no doubt that is generally owing to
the neglect (if not worse treatment) they often experience. Every animal
will ordinarily return kindness for kindness; and, if persons will only
try, they will not find Cats an exception. But to knock an animal about,
or hardly ever to notice it, and to punish severely any fault it may
commit, are not ways to attach it to you. The writer has heard of more
than one instance in which, on its master’s death, a favourite Cat has
gone away and not been seen again. There is a great diversity of character
in Cats, as, indeed, in all animals. As to the colour, this is not of such
importance as the shape. She should be well rounded, compactly formed,
with small ears and fur of fine texture. It sometimes happens that
ordinary-looking Cats have some very good qualities. Cats are very much
afraid of each other: two of them will often look at one another over a
plate for a long time, neither venturing to move or to take anything. At
other times they are great bullies. One will get close up to another, and
scream into his ear until the other gradually shrinks back and runs off
when he has got clear.”

“The Chinese, it seems,” says another writer, “learn the hour of the day
by looking into the eyes of their Cats; but I imagine that if Cats could
speak Chinese, they would tell us, not only what o’clock it is, but also
what is the day of the week. When a boy, I was a great pigeon-keeper:
pigeon-keeping in a town leads to excursions on the roofs. Excursions over
roofs lead sometimes to neck-breaking, sometimes to strange discoveries.
Our neighbour at the back was a large coach-builder, and the nearest
buildings were his forges. On week days, I beheld, during my airy rambles,
nothing but the blacksmiths hammering away at bolt, and spring, and tire,
and nail; but on Sundays, except in case of inclement weather, the warm
tiles that covered the forges were tenanted by numerous parties of Cats.
There they sat, all day long, admiring one another, holding silent
deliberations, determining in their minds which partner they should select
for the evening’s concert and ball. While daylight lasted, it was a
Quaker’s meeting, silent and sober; but after dark--the darker the
better--leaps and friskings were audible, with vocal effects of
long-swelling notes, such as called forth Peter Pindar’s Ode to the Jewish
Cats of Israel Mendez, whose opening line is--

  “Singers of Israel! O, ye singers sweet!”

From Monday morning till Saturday night not a Cat was to be seen: they
knew when Sunday came round, as well as I did, from the low temperature of
the tiles.

It is very common for Cats to select one member of a family on whom they
lavish all their fondness, while towards the others they comport
themselves with the utmost indifference. “I remember,” says a lady, “there
was a Cat with her Kittens found in a hole in the wall, in the garden of
the house where my father-in-law lived. One of the kittens, being a very
beautiful black one, was brought into the house, and almost immediately
attached himself in a very extraordinary way to me. I was in mourning at
the time, and, perhaps, the similarity of the hue of my dress to his sable
fur, might first have attracted him; but, however this may have been,
whenever he came into the room, he constantly jumped into my lap, and
evinced his fondness by purring and rubbing his head against me in a very
coaxing manner. He continued thus to distinguish me during the rest of his
life; and though I went with my father-in-law’s family every winter to
Dublin, and every summer to the country, the change of abode (to which
Cats are supposed to be averse) never troubled my favourite, provided he
could be with me. Frequently, when we have been walking home, after
spending the evening out, he has come running down half the street to meet
us, testifying the greatest delight. On one occasion, when I had an
illness, which confined me for upwards of two months to my room, poor Lee
Boo deserted the parlour altogether, though he had been always patted and
caressed by every one there. He would sit for hours mewing disconsolately
at my door; and when he could, he would steal in, jump upon the bed,
testifying his joy at seeing me by loud purring and coaxing, and sometimes
licking my hand. The very day I went down, he resumed his regular
attendance in the parlour.”

Another lady describes how her Cat awoke her in the middle of the night.
It sat down by the bed-side and mewed, while it rubbed itself backwards
and forwards against the bedposts. The lady had no idea what was the
matter, but felt sure there was something, and lighting the candle, found
a dead mouse quite close to her. Satisfied that the lady had examined its
capture, Puss took it off, and after playing with it for an hour, ate it
up, leaving, as usual, the tail and paws. In the country or in farmhouses,
the Cat will never fail to bring home birds and mice, and, in Southern
climes, lizards and even snakes. She does this, however, very much in
proportion to the amount of kindness bestowed upon her at home, and if
this be altogether lacking, the prey is only shown to other Cats living in
the same house, or to her own young, if she happens to have any; often
indeed, she brings her trophy immediately and only to her young.

There was a gentleman who had a tortoiseshell Cat, which, though he never
fed it, or paid much attention to it, formed an attachment for him equal
to that of a dog. It knew his ring at the bells, and at whatever time he
came home, it was rubbing against his legs long before the servant came,
saw him into the sitting-room, and then walked off. It was a very active
animal, and usually went bird-catching during the night; but when its
master rose, which was generally early in the morning, the Cat was always
ready to receive him at the door of his room, and accompany him in his
morning walk in the garden, alternately skipping to the tops of the trees,
and descending and gambolling about him. When he was in his study, it used
to pay him several visits in the day, always short ones; but it never
retired till he had recognized it. If rubbing against his legs had not the
desired effect, it would mount the writing-table, nudge his shoulder, and
if that would not do, pat him on the cheek; but the moment he had shaken
it by the paw, and given it a pat or two on the head, it walked off. When
he was indisposed, it paid him several visits every day, but continued in
the room; and although it was fond of society generally, and also of its
food; it never obtruded its company during meals. Its attachment was thus
quite disinterested, and no pains whatever had been taken to train it.”

Here is a curious anecdote, culled from another source:--

“I have at the present time about my house a Cat that came into my
possession under rather singular circumstances. Before we knew her, we had
a Cat that gave perfect satisfaction, was a good mouser, and an
affectionate mother. In the rear of our house, there is a shed, commonly
used as a wood store, and frequented, at least, once a day. It is by no
means a secluded place, and the door, through a weakness in its hinges, is
constantly ajar.

“One morning there was discovered in the shed, not only a strange Cat, but
a strange Kitten, with its eyes open, plump, and about a fortnight old.
The strange Cat made no attempt to stir when the maid entered, but lay
suckling her baby, and looking up with an expression that said as plainly
as Cat language could,--

“‘A persecuted Cat and her Kitten at your service; don’t drive us out,
that’s a good creature.’

“More singular still, before the person appealed to could consider the
case, our own Cat peeped into the shed, and after deliberately walking up
to the refugees, and giving them a kindly touch with her nose, walked
back to the servant and commenced to rub against her, purring the while,
as though to manifest her goodwill towards the strangers, and to recommend
a favourable consideration of their case, so they were taken in.

“As soon, however, as the novelty of the affair wore off, it began to dawn
on us that we did not require a ‘house-full’ of Cats, though for that
matter the four lived happily together. Which should we get rid of? The
strange Cat’s kitten was too big to drown and too little to send adrift;
our own ‘Topsy’ and her daughter must, of course, be retained, so there
was nothing left but to send away the strange she-Cat. She was rather a
good-looking Cat, and that, coupled with her known cleverness, gave us
good ground for supposing that she would soon find another home. It
appeared, however, that we did not give her credit for being nearly so
clever as she was.

“It was arranged that she should be conveyed in a basket to a certain
square, about a quarter-of-a-mile distant, and there left to seek her
fortune. To the best of everybody’s belief, this arrangement was carried
out to the letter, therefore the amazement of the entire household may be
easily imagined when, on reference being made to the Cat-cupboard, to see
how Topsy and her two young charges were getting on, to find no Topsy at
all,--only the strange Cat and the two Kittens. How the cheat had been
accomplished, it was impossible to say. That Topsy was not the Cat placed
in the basket was vouched for by two witnesses--one of them had held the
basket-lid open while the other pushed the animal in.

“Perhaps, in my own mind, I have little doubt how the business was so
mulled, but I know that in certain quarters there exists a belief, either
that by some sort of witchery the strange Cat put on so Topsical an
appearance as to deceive her would be smugglers, or that, after she was
basketed, she managed to sneak out, and either by persuasion or force
induced the unlucky Topsy to take her place.

“However it came about, the result is that the strange Cat alone reigns at
our house, to the jealous exclusion of all her species. No one, I believe,
has any particular affection for her, but that circumstance is not
observed to prey on her mind or to interfere with her appetite. She
devours her rations with the air of a Cat that is conscious that she has
earned them, and as though she is aware, and rather gloried than
otherwise, in the knowledge that she is regarded as a cunning and
manœuvring beast, that first, by hypocritical representations, induced an
honest Cat to obtain for her a situation, and afterwards ungratefully
contrived to push out her benefactress and progeny, and install herself in
their place.”

From the _Autobiography of Miss Cornelia Knight_, Lady Companion to the
Princess Charlotte of Wales, I take the following scrap:--

“An old woman, who died a few years ago, in Ireland, had a nephew, to whom
she left by will all she possessed. She happened to have a favourite Cat,
which never left her, and even remained by the corpse after her death.
After the will was read, in the adjoining room, on opening the door the
Cat sprang at the lawyer, seized him by the throat, and was with
difficulty prevented from strangling him. This man died about eighteen
months after this scene, and, on his death-bed, confessed that he had
murdered his aunt to get possession of her money.”

The oft-quoted lines by Gray should not be omitted from _The Book of
Cats_:--

  “ON THE DEATH OF A FAVOURITE CAT,

  “_Drowned in a Tub of Gold Fishes_.

  “’Twas on a lofty vase’s side,
   Where China’s gayest art had dyed
     The azure flowers that blow,
   Demurest of the tabby kind,
   The pensive Selima reclined,
     Gazed on the lake below.

  “Her conscious tail her joy declared--
   The fair round face, the snowy beard,
     The velvet of her paws,
   Her coat, that with the tortoise vies,
   Her ears of jet, and emerald eyes--
     She saw and purred applause.

  “Still had she gazed, but ’midst the tide,
   Two angel forms were seen to glide,
     The genii of the stream;
   Their scaly armour’s Tyrian hue,
   Though richest purple to the view,
     Betrayed a golden gleam.

  “The hapless nymph, with wonder saw,
   A whisker first, and then a claw;
     With many an ardent wish
   She stretched in vain to reach the prize;--
   What female heart can gold despise?
     What Cat’s averse to fish?

  “Presumptuous maid, with looks intent,
   Again she stretched, again she bent,
     Nor knew the gulf between;
   (Malignant Fate sat by and smiled)--
   The slippery verge her feet beguiled,
     She tumbled headlong in.

  “Eight times emerging from the flood,
   She mewed to every watery god
     Some speedy aid to send;
   No dolphin came, no nereid stirred,
   No cruel Tom, no Susan heard,--
     Favourite has no friend.

  “From hence, ye beauties, undeceived,
   Know one false step is ne’er retrieved,
     And be with caution bold--
   Not all that tempts your wandering eyes
   And heedless hearts is lawful prize--
     Not all that glitters gold.”

These verses are well known, but those which follow are less often met
with: they are attributed to George Tuberville, and written somewhere
about the beginning of the sixteenth century:--

  “THE LOUER,

  “Whose mistresse feared a mouse, declareth that he
  would become a Cat if he might haue his desire.

  “If I might alter kind,
     What, think you, I would bee?
   Not Fish, nor Foule, nor Fle, nor Frog.
     Nor Squirril on the Tree;
   The Fish the Hooke, the Foule
     The lymed Twig doth catch,
   The Fle the Finger, and the Frog
     The Bustard doth dispatch.

  “The Squirrill thinking nought,
     That feately cracks the Nut;
   The greedie Goshawke wanting pray,
     In dread of Death doth put;
   But scorning all these kindes,
     I would become a Cat,
   To combat with the creeping Mouse,
     And scratch the screeking Rat.

  “I would be present, aye,
     And at my Ladie’s call,
   To gard her from the fearfull mouse,
     In Parlour and in Hall;
   In Kitchen, for his Lyfe,
     He should not shew his hed;
   The Peare in Poke should lie untoucht
     When shee were gone to Bed.

  “The Mouse should stand in Feare,
     So should the squeaking Rat;
   All this would I doe if I were
     Converted to a Cat.”

But I think George must have been very far gone when he wrote that piece
of poetry, for I should think that, even with the advantage of nine lives
to lose, a Cat’s existence is rather too hazardous; and, by the way, that
reminds me of some instances where Pussy’s natural prey have turned upon
her in a most unpleasant manner; thus:--

A Cat was observed on the top of a paled fence, endeavouring to get at a
blackbird’s nest, which was near it. The hen left the nest at her
approach, and flew to meet her in a state of alarm, and uttered a wild
cry. The cock bird, on perceiving the danger, showed signs of distress by
sometimes settling on the fence just before the Cat, who was unable to
make a spring in consequence of the narrowness of her footing. After a
little while, the cock bird flew at the Cat, settled on her back, and
pecked her head with so much violence that she fell to the ground,
followed by the blackbird, who succeeded in driving her away. A second
time the same scene occurred; the blackbird was again victorious; and the
Cat became so intimidated at the attacks made upon her, that she gave over
the attempts to get at the young ones. After each battle, the blackbird
celebrated his victory with a song, and for several days afterwards he
would hunt the Cat about the garden whenever she left the house. There is
also an instance of a pair of blackbirds following a boy into a house, and
pecking at his head, while he was conveying one of their young into it.

Here is another case:--

A lady who kept a tame Jack Hare, in giving an account of it, says, that
if a Cat approached him he would sit upright, “square himself,” as it
were, and rub his paws together like a pugilist preparing for an
encounter. With one stroke of his soft but strong paws, the hare would
tear a strip of the hair, and often even the skin, from the Cat’s back; at
other times he would make his sharp-cutting teeth meet in her neck; and so
formidable at last was the “timid hare” to the little “domestic tiger,”
that no sooner did Pussy spy her conqueror than she would fly in terror
from his presence.

In these two anecdotes, as in many others, Pussy is exhibited in a very
unamiable light; but I hope that a few of the good traits I have been able
to relate in the foregoing pages may weigh the balance in her favour with
those inclined to judge her fairly. As a cruel destroyer of smaller and
weaker animals she is most often painted, and so identified is she with
that character, that it is difficult to make those personally unacquainted
with her many good qualities to believe that any exist. In this way an
actor, famous for his villains, becomes so very villainous, that even in a
virtuous character we suspect him of hypocrisy, and expect that presently
he will throw off the mask and assume his proper colours. By the way of
allusion to a Cat on the stage, I think I can quote one of the most
effective pieces that have been spoken.

Do any of my readers remember Robson acting in the burlesque of Medea?
Upon the night of its production Ristori went to the Olympic to see his
travestie of her great character. One of the finest passages in the
tragedy is that in which Medea describes how like a tigress she will
spring upon her intended victim. In Robert Brough’s version the tigress is
turned into a Cat, and Robson, with one of his intensely passionate
bursts, used words, as well as I can recollect (I have not got a book by
me), something after this fashion:--

  “How will I, eh? The way the Cat jumps
   Upon a simple unsuspecting mouse
   Loose in the pantry,--no one in the house,--
   Nibbling away, with confidence unshaken,
   Eating his cheese up first to save his bacon.
   She’s in no hurry. With dilating eyes,
   And undulating tail, she crouching lies,
   Till his enjoyments crises he is at,
   Then pounce! she makes a spring, and has him--pat.
   To a short game of pitch and toss she treats him--
   Tears him to pieces slowly--SCRUNCH--then eats him.”

While upon the subject of the theatre, I might add that it is a rule
behind the scenes--a rule, however, very seldom enforced, if I am properly
informed--that a Cat which crosses the scene when the curtain is raised
shall be put to death. Such an unappropriate appearance has, before now,
spoilt the finest tragedy. I think there is a story by Colonel Addison
bearing upon an incident of this kind.

The Old Catch:--

  “When a good housewife sees a rat
   In a trap in the morning taken,
   With pleasure her heart goes pitte-pitte-pat,
   For revenge of loss of bacon;
   Then she throws it to the Dog or Cat,
   To be worried, eat, or shaken,”

tolerably well indicates the popular notion of a Cat’s duties, and the
idea of keeping one for a pet, as birds are kept, would be thought by many
a monstrous absurdity. By the way, it is said that the best way to get rid
of English rats is not to get a Dog or Cat to kill them, but to purchase
two or three Australian rats, and let them loose among them. They are to
be purchased in London, and realise a high price from those who have faith
in their frightening propensities, which I confess I have not.

With respect to Pussy’s mouse-catching qualities, etc., a writer in a
periodical says:--

“Most persons have heard of the beautiful contrivance by which the claws
of these animals are preserved constantly sharp; being drawn, when not
used, by certain tendons, within a sheath or integument, while only the
soft parts of the foot come in contact with the ground, thus enabling the
animal to tread noiselessly. The roughness of the Cat’s tongue is due to a
multitude of horny papillæ (much stronger, of course, in lions and
tigers), by which it is materially helped to keep itself clean,--a most
important point, for cleanliness is a necessity to Cats, inasmuch, as if
they had the slightest smell about them, their prey would detect their
presence, and never come within their reach. As it is, the Cat is so free
from smell that she may sit close to the holes of mice without their being
aware of it, although they possess a fine sense of smell. A Cat never eats
a morsel of anything, whatever it is, without afterwards sitting down to
clean and wipe its face and lips. The caution for which it is so
remarkable is likewise evinced in its choice of secluded spots for
bringing up its offspring; very often some hole or corner little thought
of by the inmates of the house. If the young be removed and placed
elsewhere, the mother will frequently take them again and again to the
place chosen by herself. Another characteristic of the domestic Cat is an
instinctive knowledge of the presence of danger. Even a chimney on fire,
or the presence of strange workmen in the house, will make it very
restless and uneasy, and on such occasions it will sometimes not go to
rest even during the night. Every animal is endowed with peculiar means of
self-defence; and as the Cat cannot trust, like the hare, to speed, on the
approach of danger, it watches its enemy, occasionally taking side
glances, or looking round for a place of refuge. On these occasions,
notwithstanding its natural nervousness, it maintains great coolness. If a
hole or shelter be near, it waits for an opportunity, or until its enemy
looks away, and then rushes under cover, or runs up a tree or a wall, and
immediately sits down and watches its enemy. If driven to an actual
encounter, the smallness of its mouth and jaws preclude the use of its
teeth to any great extent, but it can inflict considerable injury and
acute pain with its sharp claws, which, perhaps, no dog, except a bulldog,
can bear; indeed, few dogs like to attack a Cat at bay, though they all
run after them. It is curious, too, that once in a place of safety, it
never seeks to leave it, or loses sight of its enemy. A Cat on the safe
side of an area railing will sit down and coolly watch a dog barking
furiously at it.

“Its care and solicitude for its offspring are excessive and touching. If
attacked while rearing them, it will not run away, but stand and defend
them against any odds; like the hare in similar circumstances, the Cat
evinces immense power and courage, no matter how formidable the enemy may
be. Of course the females of all animals possess more or less of this
quality.”

Cats have a much better time of it in France than here. A year or two
since, the budget of the Imperial Printing Office in France, amongst other
items, contained one for Cats, which caused some merriment in the
Legislative Chamber during its discussion. According to the _Pays_, these
Cats are kept for the purpose of destroying the numerous rats and mice
which infest the premises, and cause considerable damage to the large
stock of paper which is always kept there. This feline staff is fed twice
a day, and a man is employed to look after them, so that for Cats’-meat
and the keeper’s salary no little expense is annually incurred,
sufficient, in fact, to form a special item in the national expenditure.
Of these animals a somewhat interesting anecdote is related. It appears
that near to the Imperial Printing Office is situated the office of the
Director of the Archives, and the gardens of the two establishments are
adjacent. In that belonging to the latter gentleman, were kept a number of
choice aquatic birds, for whose convenience a small artificial river had
been constructed. Their owner suddenly discovered, one day, that his
favourites were diminishing in a mysterious manner, and set a watch to
ascertain the reason. Soon it was discovered who were the marauders--the
Cats! The enraged director, acting in the spirit of the law, thought he
had a perfect right to shoot and otherwise destroy these feline burglars,
whenever he found them on his grounds, and accordingly did so. Traps were
set, and soon half-a-dozen Cats paid the penalty of their crimes. The
keeper of the Cats, also, by this time, found that the muster at
meal-times was much scantier than usual, and reported to his superior, the
director of the printing office. At first the workmen were suspected of
killing them; but the appearance, one day, of a Cat with a broken snare
round its neck, put the keeper on a fresh scent, and ultimately led to
the discovery of the truth. The director thereupon complained to his
brother official, who only replied by pointing to the thinly-tenanted
pond, and saying that he would not have his birds destroyed if he could
help it. The result was that a fierce hostility reigned between the two
establishments, until an arrangement was made by their respective heads.
By this treaty it was stipulated that the Director of the Imperial
Printing Office should, on his part, cause every outlet by which the Cats
gained access to the gardens of the Director of the Archives to be
carefully closed, and every means taken to prevent such a contingency;
while, on the other hand, Monsieur, the Director of the Archives, agreed
never to molest any Cat belonging to the Imperial Printing Office, who
should, by some unforeseen accident, obtain admittance into his garden.
And thus, by this famous treaty, the horrors of civil war were averted!

Perhaps as curious an instance as any on record, where Puss’s powers as a
watchman have been called into requisition, may be found in a fact just
communicated to me. There is, it appears, a family now residing near
Richmond, who have a black Cat nicknamed Snow Ball, which, during sowing
time, every morning, punctually and dutifully presents himself to his
owners, for the purpose of being fastened up by a cord, near the spot
where the peas or other seed may have been newly sown; and whilst thus
keeping guard, woe betide any bird that might attempt to commit a
depredation within Puss’s reach.




CHAPTER XIII.


[Illustration: CHAPTER XIII.]


Mention has already been made of a Cat concert in Paris, but we should not
forget that we once had an English actor of the name of Harris, who took
part in the entertainments given by Foote at “the little Theatre,” who was
called Cat Harris, in consequence of the talent he displayed in imitating
the mewing of the feline race. He burlesqued scenes from Italian operas,
and probably at that time the squalling of a Cat was thought to be a very
severe satire on the foreign singers. Only a year or two ago, however, I
remember a music hall singer, since dead, who sang a song called the
_Monkey and the Nuts_,--he being dressed something like a monkey;--with a
peculiarly comic mewing and jabbering chorus. The since popular _Perfect
Cure_ is the air of this song, slightly altered, in the same way that the
_Whole Hog or none_ is altered from _Love’s young Dream_.

The imitations of the singer I allude to (I think his name was McGown)
were very good, and there was no occasion for him to tell you which was
meant for the monkey and which the Cat, by no means superfluous
information sometimes, when a young gentleman gives his notion of the
voices of popular actors. By the way, do any of my readers remember the
great Von Joel’s celebrated “plack purd” and “trush,” and how hard it was,
occasionally, to tell which was “te trush” or which was “te plack purd”?

In talking of a Cat’s fondness for fish (see page 73), I might also have
mentioned the great liking these animals seem to have for the ends of
asparagus, which I have often observed them devour with great eagerness.

Talking of fish-catching, an officer on board an Australian packet tells
me that he has seen a Cat watch for hours on a windy night for flying
fish, which jump on board if they see a light. From the same source I
have learnt some curious facts relating to Puss at sea. “There are,” he
says, “generally two kinds of rats on board a ship, one kind going out,
another coming home. While we were in the East India Docks, the
rat-catcher caught twenty-five rats in his traps on board our ship, which
we purchased and let loose in a malt bin extending the width of the ship.
A Cat which we put among them killed all the brown rats, but did not touch
the black ones, of which there were three. When she came in contact with a
black rat she drew back, and made no attempt to harm it, although the
black rats were much the smallest. Our ship, coming home from Sydney, was
swarming with black rats, but I never knew a Cat to kill one, or even go
near it. The reason of this I cannot explain.

“I have seen a Cat imitate a monkey in climbing up a loose-hanging rope.
Of course it took a longer time to do it, but it did do it in the end.”

Aboard ship it would seem sometimes as though Pussy required to have all
her nine lives at her disposal, and yet runs some risk of being killed
even then. Upon the vessel in which this gentleman served there was a
black Cat that had lost its tail in rather a singular manner.

“A squall came on one night, and I gave the order to let go the
main-top-gallant halyard. The Cat was in the coil of rope, and in whizzing
through the leading block the rope cut off its tail. She remembered the
place which she had found so dangerous, and could never afterwards be
induced to venture abaft the foremast.

“In Sydney we had hauled out from Campbell’s Wharf to the stream, previous
to sailing next day for England, and found, when the men had gone to bed,
that the tailless black Cat was missing. It could not be below, as the
hatches were battened down. About 3 A.M. next morning, the two men who
kept anchor watch heard a piteous cry at the bows, and looking over saw a
black object clinging to the chain cable, trying to get in at the
hawse-pipe. One of them lowered himself down by a bowline, and handed up
poor Pussy in an awful plight. She had swum off to the ship,--about three
hundred yards. It took three or four days of nursing before she recovered,
but she got round at last, and remained in the ship for more than five
years afterwards.

“Sailors have the greatest objection to a Cat being thrown overboard. The
captain one day found a Cat sitting on his chronometer in his cabin, and
in a passion flung the Cat into the sea, although this cruel act was
protested against by the man at the wheel and other men at work on the
poop, who said that we should have an unlucky passage of it. This proved
to be the case. We lost three men and a boy, besides our jibboom and
fore-top-gallant mast, and we also ran short of water. All this the
sailors--(they were North country men)--ascribed to the Cat’s murder.

“As a rule, sailors treat Cats well, as they are sources of great
amusement on board. One of the boys once took a Cat to the fore royal
mast-head, and left it there. In about half-an-hour it was on deck again.
It came down backwards, crying pitifully all the time. It never allowed
the boy to touch it afterwards.”

The same gentleman tells me that in Coburg, Canada West, he knew a widow
lady who had a Cat two feet in height, and beautifully marked. It was
supposed to be a cross-breed between a wild and a domestic Cat. His
youngest brother has often ridden on it when eight years old. It was very
docile. It had been fed highly when young, and never showed the least
desire to hunt mice or birds, or to leave the house.

With regard to the origin of the name “Cat-o’-nine tails,” referred to in
a former chapter, a writer in _Notes and Queries_ says:--

“As there appears to be some uncertainty about the number of cords or
tails attached to this whip, it may be a question whether, like its
namesake, the animal, it did not originally commence by having only _one_
tail, and in course of time or fashion increase to _nine_, the number of
lives proverbially allotted to our domestic friend Pussy.

“According to the Talmudists (_Maccoth_ iii. 10), the Jews, in carrying
out their sentences of scourges, employed for that purpose a whip which
had three lashes (Jahn’s Arch. Biblica, page 247), and it is stated in the
_Merlinus Liberatus_, or _John Partridge’s Almanack for 1692_, that in
“May, 1685, Dr. Oates was whipt,” and “had 2,256 lashes with a whip of six
thongs knotted, which amounts to 13,536 stripes.” Sir John Vanbrugh,
moreover, in the prologue to his play of the _False Friend_ (written A.D.
1702), alludes to this scourge in these words:--

  “You dread reformers of an injurious age,
   You awful cat-o’-nine tails of the stage.”

“In _James’s Military Dictionary_, the cat, etc., is described as “a whip
with nine knotted cords, with which the public soldiers and sailors are
punished. Sometimes it has only _five_ cords.” The following passage
occurs in Mr. Sala’s _Waterloo to the Peninsula_:--“A Dutch king, they
say, introduced the cat-o’-nine tails in the British army: ere the
Nassauer’s coming the scourge had _three_ thongs.”

There is a little story of feline affection for which I should have found
a place in an earlier chapter. A lady had a Cat which she called “the
Methodist Parson.” It used for years regularly to go away every Sunday
morning, and return to its home on the next (the Monday) morning. It was
never known to miss for a series of years, going away on the Sunday
morning, except upon one occasion, when it stopped at home on the Sunday,
and went away on the Monday morning. After this it never returned. In the
same lady’s house upon a certain occasion, for some reason or other, the
water was turned off. It was in the evening, and she had the tap of the
water-butt turned on, with a tub under it, thinking they would get water
when they wanted it. The family went to bed, forgetting that the water-tap
was left turned on. In the course of the night the Cat came to the lady’s
bedroom door, making a great noise, mewing. Her husband got up several
times, and drove it away, but it returned again, and would go to the
corner of the stairs, and then turn round, as if to see whether he was
following it. At last he followed it down-stairs, and found the whole of
the lower premises inundated, the water having been turned on from the
main.

Here, too, is a facetious story, which should not be omitted:--

One night, some hours after a certain family had retired to rest, there
arose a most extraordinary and unaccountable noise in the lower part of
the house. Had thieves broken in? If so they must have been very noisy
thieves, and quite careless as to the noise they made. You can imagine
Paterfamilias sitting up in bed, and listening with suspended breath;
Materfamilias suggesting that he had better get up, and see what was the
matter; Paterfamilias of the contrary opinion, and inclined to wait
a-while, and see what happened next. Then a group of white figures, with
whiter faces, at the head of the stairs, and the mysterious noise below
growing louder and louder.

But the explanation of all this was simple enough, when some venturesome
spirit summoned up courage to creep down-stairs and enquire into the
cause. The servant, when she had gone to bed, had left a strong brown jug
on the dresser, with a drain of milk in the bottom of it. After everyone
had retired, Puss commenced prowling about, and, attracted by the milk in
the bottom of the jug, put her head into it. Now, though the top of the
jug was wide enough for the Cat to put her head through, it was not so
wide but what it required a slight pressure for her to get her head into
it. When the milk was lapped, however, she could not get her head out
again, for it required some one to hold the jug, to enable her to do so.
In the meantime, all being in bed and asleep, the Cat in her terror jumped
about, knocking its head, with the jug on it, against the tables and
chairs, and upon the kitchen floor. Hence the alarming and unaccountable
disturbance.

I clip this from an American paper:--

“During the progress of the war I was sitting one day in the office of
Able and Co.’s wharf-boat at Cairo, Illinois. At that time a tax was
collected on all goods shipped south by private parties, and it was
necessary that duplicate invoices of shipments should be furnished to the
collector before the permits could be issued. The ignorance of this fact
by many shippers frequently caused them much annoyance, and invoices were
ofttimes made out with great haste, in order to ensure shipment by boats
on the eve of departure. A sutler, with a lot of stores, had made out a
hasty list of his stock, and gave it to one of the youngest clerks on the
boat to copy out in due form. The boy worked away down the list, but
suddenly he stopped, and electrified the whole office by exclaiming, in a
voice of undisguised amazement,--‘What the dickens is that fellow going to
do with four boxes of Tom Cats?’ An incredulous laugh from the other
clerks was the reply, but the boy pointed triumphantly to the list,
exclaiming, ‘That’s what it is--T-o-m C-a-t-s--Tom Cats, if I know how to
read!’ The entrance of the sutler at that moment explained the mystery.

“‘Why, confound it!’ said he, ‘that means four boxes Tomato Catsup! Don’t
you understand abbreviations?’”

Here is a bit of my own experience:--

I once had in my possession a very life-like engraving of a remarkably
ugly bulldog, which hung in a frame over a piano in the drawing-room. With
some surprise I noticed, upon several occasions, that a favourite cat
would climb upon the top of the piano, and sitting close underneath the
picture, fix its eyes upon the dog’s face, and putting back its ears,
remain thus, with a wild and terrified expression, for as long as an hour
at a time. This was remarked by other persons in the house, and we could
not in any way satisfactorily account for Puss’s behaviour. Two dogs
formed part of the household, and with these she was on friendly terms,
and they being of a very meek and harmless nature, she treated them with
contempt, as a general rule, boxing their ears now and then, when their
presence annoyed her. We came to the conclusion, however, that she must
have taken the picture for another dog of a different and higher order,
more terrible in its motionless silence than if it had growled or barked
ever so fiercely. Its eyes were drawn in that particular angle which made
them seem to be fixed upon you in whatever part of the room you might be
in. Many of us recollect in our childhood some gaunt-featured
oil-painting, with hungry eyes, which thus pursued us. I remember one in a
scrap-book, which it wanted some courage to face all by onesself, when
twilight was gathering. With much of the same shrinking dread Puss seemed,
whilst hating, to be unable to break the spell this picture had over her,
to the contemplation of which she returned again and again, though
frequently sent away. During the time that we noticed this conduct on the
Cat’s part, she was with Kitten, and when the four Kittens were born they
were dead, and one of them, strange to say, had a bulldog-shaped head,
marked almost exactly like the picture.

I need not tell a kind master or mistress to use every precaution when
drowning a Cat’s kittens, to keep their mother in ignorance of the fact.
It can easily be imagined that the poor creature will be in great distress
if the slaughter be committed before her eyes; and I know of a case where
the Cat having found her young ones which had been drowned and thrown
carelessly in the corner of a yard, brought the bodies back to her nest,
and mewing and licking them, seemed to use every endeavour to restore them
to life. A friend of mine, too, once passing along the bank of a river one
moonlight night found a Cat mewing piteously among the long grass at the
water’s edge. He came to a stand-still a dozen yards from the spot, and
looked on curiously. At sight of him, the Cat turned round, and came
running to his feet, looking-up appealingly into his face, and running
back to the water side and then back again to him, seemingly to be
entreating his assistance. Presently the moonlight showed him three or
four kittens being borne away by the stream, and crying in small weak
voices for their mother’s help. He did everything in his power to reach
them, but they were too far away from the bank, and very soon they came to
a place where the current was stronger, and swept them out of sight. The
mother’s cries were then most heart-rending, and he was unable to induce
her to come away. Indeed, having taken her in his arms, and carried her
some distance, she struggled and fought violently to regain her liberty,
and ran back again to the water’s edge. This took place at some distance
from any habitation, but he concluded that somebody must have thrown the
kittens into the water, and that the Cat had followed them, and seen the
deed done.

[Illustration: TO THE RESCUE. _Page 286._]

There are some children who will not cry, however much they are beaten; it
is as difficult to make a Cat cry out when you chastise it. It will
shrink; sometimes growl; but rarely cry: yet when beaten by another Cat,
it will howl loudly. A dog on the contrary, very often cries at the bare
sight of the whip, and screams at the lightest blow.

Some people say all Cats are thieves. I will not deny that a good many
are: indeed, so are dogs. Neither will steal much if they are well fed, as
they only take food when they are hungry. Here, however, is a plan by
which, I think, you can generally ascertain whether or not a Cat is of a
thievish disposition. Give the Cat a piece of meat an inch square, and if
he is a dishonest rascal, he will not lay it down on the floor to pick it
up again as is the usual way with his species, but keep tight hold of it
with his teeth, and jerk it down his throat, sometimes using his paws to
prevent its falling.

There is one ridiculous accusation brought against poor Pussy, which I
have not yet referred to, namely, that she is in the habit, when the
opportunity offers, of suffocating young babies by sucking their breath.
Now, since the world began, I beg emphatically to state, no baby was ever
so suffocated, and I say this in the face of numerous newspaper
paragraphs, and a thousand old women’s stories:--

For instance, the “_Annual Register_,” January 25, 1791, says:--

A child of eighteen months old, was found dead near Plymouth; and it
appeared, on the coroners inquest, “that the child died in consequence of
a Cat sucking its breath, thereby occasioning a strangulation.”

My friend Mr. Burrows, surgeon, of Westbourne Park Place, who is a great
lover of animals, gives me this note:--

“It is quite impossible for a Cat to suck a child’s breath, as the
anatomical formation of the Cat’s mouth would prevent it. No doubt in some
remote country places, among the ignorant, a popular superstition to that
effect may exist, but when a child has been found dead from suffocation,
in many cases the Cat may have lain on the infant’s mouth, in the cot or
cradle near the fire, for the sake of warmth--not with the slightest
criminal intent of course, but purely for the sake of obtaining the latent
caloric from the warm body and clothing of the infant, who would probably
not possess sufficient muscular power to disencumber itself, or even to
make any resistance.”

But it is not only in remote country places that the superstition
prevails, but here in London, among most of the upper middle classes. And
after all, are not more ridiculous notions to be met with every day? Only
a few months ago, a lady was seriously informed by a poor woman in a
village near Bath, that a mother should never cut her child’s nails before
it is a year old. She should always bite them, otherwise the children
would grow up thieves.

In Ireland, the following cure for warts is practised by even the most
intelligent classes:--“Take a small stone, less than a boy’s marble for
each wart, and tie them in a clean linen bag, and throw it out on the
highway. Then find out a stone in some field or ditch with a hollow in
which rain or dew may have lodged (such stones are easily found in rural
districts), and wash the warts seven times therein, and after this
operation, whoever picks up the bag of stones will have a transfer of the
warts.”

Here again is a little bit of Devonshire Folk-lore which has its
believers:--“When you see the new moon in the new year, take your stocking
off from one foot, and run to the next stile; when you get there, between
the great toe and the next, you will find a hair which will be the colour
of your lover’s.” This must be rare sport while there is snow on the
ground.

There is also a vulgar superstition to the effect that a Cat left in the
room with a dead body will fly at and disfigure the face of the corpse.
Some of my readers may remember the old man’s death in “Bleak House,” and
how the Cat was carefully shut out of the room where the body lay. From
what I recollect, Cats are not great favourites of Mr. Dickens’, though
“Dickens’ Dogs,” a small collection from his canine heroes, published some
years ago, showed him to be a great lover and close observer of that
animal.

Pope says:--

  “But thousands die without or this or that--
   Die and endow a college or a Cat.”

The latter case, however, is rather rare I should think. When Pussy’s good
master and mistress die, the wide world is often enough left for it to
roam in at its will, seeking its living as it can--a wide world full of
cruel kicks and cuffs. Justin’s Cat was lucky to die of old age in a good
home, and have such a fine epitaph written over his remains:--

  Worn out with age and dire disease, a Cat,
  Friendly to all save wicked mouse and rat,
  I’m sent at last to ford the Stygian lake,
  And to the infernal coast a voyage make.
  Me Proserpine received, and smiling said,
  “Be bless’d within these mansions of the dead;
  Enjoy among thy velvet-footed loves,
  Elysium’s sunny banks and shady groves.”
  “But if I’ve well deserved (O gracious Queen)--
  If patient under suffering I have been,
  Grant me at least one night to visit home again,
  Once more to see my home and mistress dear,
  And purr these grateful accents in her ear.
  ‘Thy faithful Cat, thy poor departed slave,
  Still loves her mistress e’en beyond the grave.’”

Stray Cats, I am afraid, have a bad time of it before they find a new
home. Cats were recently said to be in great demand at Lucerne, in
Switzerland, and to be selling at a high price, in consequence of a malady
which had greatly thinned their numbers. According to the account in the
newspaper, the head of the animal swelled rapidly; the Cat refused all
nourishment, and very soon dropped down dead.

It is true, that in some quarters of the globe, the feline race is still
held of some value. _Vide_ Lady Duff Gordon’s Article in _Macmillan’s
Magazine_, which gives us a glimpse of a strange superstition in Thebes.
She says:--

“Do you remember the German story of the lad who travelled ‘um das gruseln
zu lernen’ (to learn how to tremble)? Well, I who never ‘gruselte’
(quaked) before, had a touch of it a few mornings ago. I was sitting here
quietly drinking tea, and four or five men were present, when a Cat came
to the door. I called ‘bis! bis!’ and offered milk; but puss, after
looking at us, ran away.

“‘Well, dost thou, Lady,’ said a quiet sensible man, a merchant here, ‘to
be kind to the Cat, for I daresay he gets little enough at home; _his_
father, poor man, cannot cook for his children every day;’ and then in an
explanatory tone to the company: ‘That’s Alee Nasseeree’s boy, Yussuf; it
must be Yussuf, because his fellow-twin, Ismaeen, is with his uncle at
Negadeh.’

“‘Mir gruselte’ (I shuddered), I confess; not but what I have heard things
almost as absurd from gentlemen and ladies in Europe, but an
‘extravagance’ in a kuftan has quite a different effect from one in a
tail-coat.

“‘What! My butcher-boy who brings the meat--a Cat?’ I gasped.

“‘To be sure, and he knows well where to look for a bit of good cookery,
you see. All twins go out as Cats at night, if they go to sleep hungry;
and their own bodies lie at home like dead, meanwhile, but no one must
touch them or they would die. When they grow up to ten or twelve they
leave it off. Why, your own boy, Achmet, does it. Ho, Achmet!’

“Achmet appears.

“‘Boy, don’t you go out as a Cat at night?’

“‘No,’ said Achmet tranquilly, ‘I am not a twin. My sister’s sons do.’

“I enquired if people were not afraid of such Cats.

“‘No, there is no fear; they only eat a little of the cookery; but if you
beat them, they tell their parents next day. ‘So and so beat me in his
house last night,’ and show their bruises. No, they are not afreets; they
are beni-Adam. Only twins do it, and if you give them a sort of onion
broth and some milk, the first thing when they are born, they do not do it
at all.’

“Omar professed never to have heard it, but I am sure he had, only he
dreads being laughed at. One of the American missionaries told me
something like it, as belonging to the Copts; but it is entirely Egyptian,
and common to both religions. I asked several Copts, who assured me it was
true, and told it just the same. Is it a remnant of the doctrine of
transmigration? However, the notion fully accounts for the horror the
people feel at the idea of killing a Cat.”

Ah, heaven help those whom we love and cherish when we are dead and gone!
The soft, delicate hands that never were made to work--the gentle hearts
untried--the pretty, thoughtless heads, pillowed so softly, slumbering so
placidly, all unconscious that there is a rough, unsympathising crowd
surging round the castle gates, whose hoarse murmur has never yet reached
our darlings’ ears. And our dumb pets, where shall they find a home, and
kind hands to wait upon them? It is a thousand times better when we die
that they should die too; and you, whose roof has sheltered a Cat, should
you change your home, and be unable to take the creature with you, would
act a more humane part by having it killed at once than leave it to the
questionable mercy of the new comer. The too often carelessly uttered
words of “Oh, the Cat will get on well enough,” have sealed the poor
dependant’s fate, and it has been left to shift for itself, with what fate
its late owners have but rarely troubled themselves to enquire. What fate
would many of us meet with were not a helping hand stretched forth in time
of need? To how many of our poor brothers and sisters is the help never
tendered!

There is a hospital for dogs, which is, I am told, in a flourishing
condition; and a lady of the name of Deen established a sort of asylum for
lost Cats at Rottingdean, in consequence of the large number which she saw
lying dead upon the beach, and, indeed, offered premiums to anyone who
would bring animals of the feline species to her city of refuge. But such
kind friends are scarce, and Pussy, going upon her travels, will find
many dangers upon the road, and but few doors opened to receive her.
Therefore, in conclusion, I would advise all Cats to stay at home when
they have a good home to stay at. One word, too, I would fain say to those
who do not like Cats, because they do not know them. Having long observed
these animals carefully, and, I sincerely believe, without prejudice, I am
sure that when kindly treated they will be found gentle and attached, and
little, if at all, inferior in intelligence to their much-vaunted rival,
the dog. One last word to those who have followed me thus far. I hope I
have not been very prosy, and I hope, in the somewhat large collection of
Cat anecdotes here brought together, “the only one worth the trouble of
relating” has not been omitted. If this has been the case, allow me to
assure you it has not been because I have spared any trouble in gathering
together my materials.


[Illustration: THE END.]