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Title: Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 4 of 4: S-Z and supplements)

Author: Various

Editor: Thomas Davidson

Release Date: January 28, 2012 [EBook #38700]

Language: English

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CHAMBERS'S
TWENTIETH CENTURY DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE

PRONOUNCING, EXPLANATORY, ETYMOLOGICAL, WITH COMPOUND PHRASES,
TECHNICAL TERMS IN USE IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES,
COLLOQUIALISMS, FULL APPENDICES, AND
COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED

EDITED BY
Rev. THOMAS DAVIDSON
ASSISTANT-EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA'
EDITOR OF 'CHAMBERS'S ENGLISH DICTIONARY'

London: 47 Paternoster Row
W. & R. CHAMBERS, Limited
EDINBURGH: 339 High Street
1908

EXPLANATIONS TO THE STUDENT.

The Arrangement of the Words.—Every word is given in its alphabetical order, except in cases where, to save space, derivatives are given after and under the words from which they are derived. Each uncompounded verb has its participles, when irregular, placed after it. Exceptional plurals are also given. When a word stands after another, with no meaning given, its meanings can be at once formed from those of the latter, by adding the signification of the affix: thus the meanings of Darkness are obtained by prefixing the meaning of ness, state of being, to those of Dark.

Many words from French and other tongues, current in English usage, but not yet fairly Anglicised, are inserted in the list of Foreign Phrases, &c., at the end, rather than in the body of the Dictionary.

The Pronunciation.—The Pronunciation is given immediately after each word, by the word being spelled anew. In this new spelling, every consonant used has its ordinary unvarying sound, no consonant being employed that has more than one sound. The same sounds are always represented by the same letters, no matter how varied their actual spelling in the language. No consonant used has any mark attached to it, with the one exception of th, which is printed in common letters when sounded as in thick, but in italics when sounded as in then. Unmarked vowels have always their short sounds, as in lad, led, lid, lot, but, book. The marked vowels are shown in the following line, which is printed at the top of each page:—

fāte, fär; mē, hėr; mīne; mōte; mūte; mōōn; then.

The vowel u when marked thus, ü, has the sound heard in Scotch bluid, gude, the French du, almost that of the German ü in Müller. Where more than one pronunciation of a word is given, that which is placed first is more accepted.

The Spelling.—When more than one form of a word is given, that which is placed first is the spelling in current English use. Unfortunately our modern spelling does not represent the English we actually speak, but rather the language of the 16th century, up to which period, generally speaking, English spelling was mainly phonetic, like the present German. The fundamental principle of all rational spelling is no doubt the representation of every sound by an invariable symbol, but in modern English the usage of pronunciation has drifted far from the conventional forms established by a traditional orthography, with the result that the present spelling of our written speech is to a large extent a mere exercise of memory, full of confusing anomalies and imperfections, and involving an enormous and unnecessary strain on the faculties of learners. Spelling reform is indeed an imperative necessity, but it must proceed with a wise moderation, for, in the words of Mr Sweet, 'nothing can be done without unanimity, and until the majority of the community are convinced of the superiority of some one system unanimity is impossible.' The true path of progress should follow such wisely moderate counsels as those of Dr J. A. H. Murray:—the dropping of the final or inflexional silent e; the restoration of the historical -t after breath consonants; uniformity in the employment of double consonants, as in traveler, &c.; the discarding of ue in words like demagogue and catalogue; the uniform levelling of the agent -our into -or; the making of ea = ĕ short into e and the long ie into ee; the restoration of some, come, tongue, to their old English forms, sum, cum, tung; a more extended use of z in the body of words, as chozen, praize, raize; and the correction of the worst individual monstrosities, as foreign, scent, scythe, ache, debt, people, parliament, court, would, sceptic, phthisis, queue, schedule, twopence-halfpenny, yeoman, sieve, gauge, barque, buoy, yacht, &c.

Already in America a moderate degree of spelling reform may be said to be established in good usage, by the adoption of -or for -our, as color, labor, &c.; of -er for -re, as center, meter, &c.; -ize for -ise, as civilize, &c.; the use of a uniform single consonant after an unaccented vowel, as traveler for traveller; the adoption of e for œ or æ in hemorrhage, diarrhea, &c.

The Meanings.—The current and most important meaning of a word is usually given first. But in cases like Clerk, Livery, Marshal, where the force of the word can be made much clearer by tracing its history, the original meaning is also given, and the successive variations of its usage defined.

The Etymology.—The Etymology of each word is given after the meanings, within brackets. Where further information regarding a word is given elsewhere, it is so indicated by a reference. It must be noted under the etymology that whenever a word is printed thus, Ban, Base, the student is referred to it; also that here the sign—is always to be read as meaning 'derived from.' Examples are generally given of words that are cognate or correspond to the English words; but it must be remembered that they are inserted merely for illustration. Such words are usually separated from the rest by a semicolon. For instance, when an English word is traced to its Anglo-Saxon form, and then a German word is given, no one should suppose that our English word is derived from the German. German and Anglo-Saxon are alike branches from a common Teutonic stem, and have seldom borrowed from each other. Under each word the force of the prefix is usually given, though not the affix. For fuller explanation in such cases the student is referred to the list of Prefixes and Suffixes in the Appendix.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.

CHAMBERS'S
TWENTIETH CENTURY
DICTIONARY.

CONTENTS.

the nineteenth letter in our alphabet, its sound that of the hard open sibilant: as a medieval Roman numeral—7—also 70; S—70,000.—Collar of ss, a collar composed of a series of the letter s in gold, either linked together or set in close order.

Sab, sab, n. (Scot.) a form of sob.

Sabadilla, sab-a-dil′a, n. a Mexican plant, whose seeds yield an officinal alkaloid, veratrine, employed chiefly in acute febrile diseases in strong healthy persons.—Also Cebadill′a, Cevadill′a.

Sabaism, sā′bā-izm. Same as Sabianism.—Also Sā′bæism, Sā′beism, Sā′bæanism.

Sa′bal, sā′bal, n. a genus of fan-palms.

Sabalo, sab′a-lō, n. the tarpon. [Sp.]

Sabaoth, sa-bā′oth, n.pl. armies, used only in the B. phrase, 'the Lord of Sabaoth': erroneously for Sabbath. [Heb. tsebāōth, pl. of tsābā, an army—tsābā, to go forth.]

Sabbath, sab′ath, n. among the Jews, the seventh day of the week, set apart for the rest from work: among Christians, the first day of the week, in memory of the resurrection of Christ, called also Sunday and the Lord's Day: among the ancient Jews, the seventh year, when the land was left fallow: a time of rest.—adj. pertaining to the Sabbath.—n. Sabbatā′rian, a very strict observer of the Sabbath: one who observes the seventh day of the week as the Sabbath.—adj. pertaining to the Sabbath or to Sabbatarians.—ns. Sabbatā′rianism; Sabb′ath-break′er, one who profanes the Sabbath; Sabb′ath-break′ing, profanation of the Sabbath.—adjs. Sabb′athless (Bacon), without Sabbath or interval of rest: without intermission of labour; Sabbat′ic, -al, pertaining to, or resembling, the Sabbath: enjoying or bringing rest.—n. Sabbat′ical-year, every seventh year, in which the Israelites allowed their fields and vineyards to lie fallow.—adj. Sabb′atine, pertaining to the Sabbath.—v.i. and v.t. Sabb′atise, to keep the Sabbath: to convert into a Sabbath.—n. Sabb′atism, rest, as on the Sabbath: intermission of labour.—Sabbath-day's journey, the distance of 2000 cubits, or about five furlongs, which a Jew was permitted to walk on the Sabbath, fixed by the space between the extreme end of the camp and the ark (Josh. iii. 4); Sabbath School (see Sunday school).—Witches' Sabbath, a midnight meeting of Satan with witches, devils, and sorcerers for unhallowed orgies and the travestying of divine rites. [L. Sabbatum, gener. in pl. Sabbata—Gr. Sabbaton—Heb. Shabbāth, rest.]

Sabbatia, sa-bā′ti-a, n. a genus of small North American herbaceous plants of the gentian family. [From Sabbati, an 18th-cent. Italian botanist.]

Sabbaton, sab′a-ton, n. a strong, armed covering for the foot, worn in the 16th century. [Sabot.]

Sabean, sā-bē′an, n. an Arabian, native of Yemen.—adj. pertaining to Saba in Arabia.

Sabeline, sab′e-lin, adj. pertaining to the sable.—n. the skin of the sable.

Sabella, sā-bel′ä, n. a genus of tubiculous annelids or sea-worms.—ns. Sabellā′ria; Sabellarī′idæ.

Sabellian, sā-bel′i-an, n. a follower of Sabellius, a 3d-century heretic, banished from Rome by Callistus.—adj. pertaining to Sabellius or his heresy.—n. Sabell′ianism, the heresy about the distinction of Persons in God held by Sabellius and his school—the Trinity resolved into a mere threefold manifestation of God to man, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit not distinct subsistences, but merely one and the same person in different aspects.

Saber=Sabre (q.v.).

Sabian, sā′bi-an, n. a worshipper of the host of heaven—sun, moon, and stars—also Tsā′bian.—ns. Sā′bianism, Sā′baism, the worship of the host of heaven, an ancient religion in Persia and Chaldea: the doctrines of the Sabians or Mandæans (see Mandæan). [Heb. tsābā, a host.]

Sabine, sā′bīn, n. one of an ancient people of central Italy, ultimately subjected by Rome, 241 B.C.

Sable, sā′bl, n. a Siberian species of Marten, with lustrous dark-brown or blackish fur: its fur: a fine paint-brush made of sable: the colour black: (pl.) black clothes, mourning clothes.—adj. of the colour of the sable's fur: blackish, dark-brown: made of the fur of the sable.—v.t. to sadden.—adjs. Sā′ble-stoled; Sā′ble-vest′ed. [O. Fr. sable—Russ. sabolĭ.]

Sablière, sab-li-ār′, n. a sand-pit. [Fr.]

Sabot, sä-bō′, n. a wooden shoe, worn by the French peasantry: a piece of soft metal attached to a projectile to take the groove of the rifling.—n. Sabotier′, a wearer of wooden shoes: a Waldensian. [Fr. sabot—Low L. sabbatum, a shoe.]

Sabre, sā′bėr, n. a heavy one-edged sword, slightly curved towards the point, used by cavalry.—v.t. to wound or kill with a sabre.—ns. Sā′bre-bill, a South American bird: a curlew; Sā′bre-fish, the hair-tail or silver eel.—adj. Sā′bre-toothed, having extremely long upper canine teeth.—n. Sā′bre-wing, a humming-bird. [Fr. sabre—Ger. säbel, prob. from the Hung. szablya.]

Sabre-tache, sā′bėr-tash, n. an ornamental leather case worn by cavalry officers at the left side, suspended from the sword-belt.—Also Sā′bre-tash. [Fr. sabre-tache—Ger. säbeltasche, säbel, a sabre, Ger. tasche, a pocket.]

Sabrina-work, sa-brī′na-wurk, n. a variety of appliqué embroidery-work.

Sabulous, sab′ū-lus, adj. sandy, gritty.—n. Sabulos′ity, sandiness, grittiness. [L. sabulum, sand.]

Saburra, sā-bur′ä, n. a foulness of the stomach.—adj. Saburr′al.—n. Saburrā′tion, sand-baking: the application of a hot sand-bath.

Sac, sak, n. (bot., zool.) a sack or bag for a liquid.—adjs. Sac′cāte, -d, pouched: pouch-like; Sac′cular, like a sac, sacciform; Sac′culate, -d, formed in a series of sac-like expansions: encysted.—ns. Sacculā′tion, the formation of a sac: a series of sacs; Sac′cule, Sac′culus, a small sac:—pl. Sac′culi. [Fr.,—L. saccus, a bag.]

Sac, sak, n. (law) the privilege of a lord of manor of holding courts. [A.S. sacu, strife.]

Saccade, sa-kād′, n. a violent twitch of a horse by one pull: a firm pressure of the bow on the violin-strings so that two are sounded at once. [Fr.]

Saccata, sa-kā′tä, n. the molluscs as a branch of the animal kingdom.

Saccharilla, sak-a-ril′a, n. a kind of muslin.

Saccharine, sak′a-rin, adj. pertaining to, or having the qualities of, sugar.—n. Sac′charāte, a salt of a saccharic acid.—adjs. Sacchar′ic, pertaining to, or obtained from, sugar and allied substances; Saccharif′erous, producing sugar, as from starch.—v.t. Sac′charify, to convert into sugar.—ns. Saccharim′eter, Saccharom′eter, an instrument for measuring the quantity of saccharine matter in a liquid; Saccharim′etry, Saccharom′etry; Sac′charin, a white crystalline solid slightly soluble in cold water, odourless, but intensely sweet; Saccharin′ity.—v.t. Sac′charise, to convert into sugar:—pr.p. sac′charīsing; pa.p. sac′charīsed.—adjs. Sac′charoid, -al, having a texture resembling sugar, esp. loaf-sugar.—n. Sac′charose, the ordinary pure sugar of commerce.—adj. Sac′charous.—n. Sac′charum, a genus of grasses, including the sugar-cane. [Fr. saccharin—L. saccharum, sugar.]

Saccharite, sak′a-rīt, n. a fine granular variety of feldspar.

Saccharocolloid, sak-a-rō-kol′oid, n. one of a large group of the carbohydrates.

Saccharomyces, sak-a-rō-mī′sēz, n. a genus of the yeast fungi. [Low L. saccharum, sugar, Gr. mykēs, a mushroom.]

Sacciform, sak′si-form, adj. having the form of a sac: baggy.—adj. Saccif′erous.

Saccobranchia, sak-ō-brang′ki-a, n.pl. a division of tunicates with saccate gills.—adj. and n. Saccobranch′iāte. [Gr. sakkos, a sack, brangchia, gills.]

Saccolabium, sak-ō-lā′bi-um, n. a genus of orchids. [L. saccus, a sack, labium, a lip.]

Saccomyoid, sak-ō-mī′oid, adj. having cheek-pouches. [Gr. sakkos, sack, mys, a mouse.]

Saccopharyngidæ, sak-o-fā-rin′ji-dē, n. a family of lyomerous fishes, including the bottle-fish, noted for swallowing fishes larger than themselves.

Saccos, sak′os, n. a tight sleeveless vestment worn by Oriental patriarchs and metropolitans during divine service, corresponding to the Western dalmatic. [Gr. sakkos, a sack.]

Sacellum, sā-sel′um, n. a little sanctuary, a small uncovered place consecrated to a divinity: a canopied altar-tomb:—pl. Sacell′a. [L., dim. of sacrum, neut. of sacer, consecrated.]

Sacerdotal, sas-ėr-dō′tal, adj. priestly.—v.t. Sacerdō′talise, to render sacerdotal.—ns. Sacerdō′talism, the spirit of the priesthood: devotion to priestly interests, priestcraft: the belief that the presbyter is a priest in the sense of offering a sacrifice in the eucharist; Sacerdō′talist, a supporter of sacerdotalism.—adv. Sacerdō′tally. [L. sacerdos, a priest—sacer, sacred, dăre, to give.]

Sachem, sā′chem, n. a chief of a North American Indian tribe, a sagamore: one of the Tammany leaders.—ns. Sā′chemdom, Sā′chemship.

Sachet, sa-shā, n. a bag of perfume. [Fr.]

Sack, sak, n. a large bag of coarse cloth for holding grain, flour, &c.: the contents of a sack: (also Sacque) a woman's gown, loose at the back, a short coat rounded at the bottom: a measure of varying capacity.—v.t. to put into a sack: (slang) to dismiss.—ns. Sack′-bear′er, any bombycid moth of the family Psychidæ; Sack′cloth, cloth for sacks: coarse cloth formerly worn in mourning or penance.—adj. Sack′clothed.—ns. Sacked′-frī′ar, a monk who wore a coarse upper garment called a saccus; Sack′er, a machine for filling sacks; Sack′-fil′ter, a bag-filter; Sack′ful, as much as a sack will hold; Sack′-hoist, a continuous hoist for raising sacks in warehouses; Sack′ing, coarse cloth or canvas for sacks, bed-bottoms, &c.; Sack′-pack′er, in milling, a machine for automatically filling a flour-sack; Sack′-race, a race in which the legs of competitors are encased in sacks.—Get the sack, to be dismissed or rejected; Give the sack, to dismiss. [A.S. sacc—L. saccus—Gr. sakkos—Heb. saq, a coarse cloth or garment, prob. Egyptian.]

Sack, sak, v.t. to plunder: to ravage.—n. the plunder or devastation of a town: pillage.—ns. Sack′age; Sack′ing, the storming and pillaging of a town.—adj. bent on pillaging.—Sack and fork (Scot.), the power of drowning and hanging. [Fr. sac, a sack, plunder (saccager, to sack)—L. saccus, a sack.]

Sack, sak, n. the old name of a dry Spanish wine of the sherry genus, the favourite drink of Falstaff.—n. Sack′-poss′et, posset made with sack.—Burnt sack, mulled sack. [Fr. sec (Sp. seco)—L. siccus, dry.]

Sackbut, sak′but, n. a kind of trumpet, the predecessor of the trombone: (B.) a kind of stringed instrument resembling the guitar. [Fr. saquebute—Sp. sacabuche—sacar, to draw out, buche, the maw or stomach, prob. Old High Ger. būh (Ger. bauch), the belly.]

Sack-doodle, sak-dōōd′l, v.i. to play on the bagpipe.

Sackless, sak′les, adj. (Scot.) guiltless: innocent: guileless. [A.S. sacleás, without strife, sacu, strife, -leás, -less.]

Sacodes, sā-kō′dēz, n. a genus of beetles of the family Cyphonidæ. [Gr. sakos, a shield, eidos, form.]

Sacque, sak. See Sack (1).

Sacra, sā′kra, n. a sacral artery:—pl. Sā′cræ (-krē).

Sacral, sā′kral, adj. See Sacrum.

Sacrament, sak′ra-ment, n. an holy ordinance instituted by Christ as an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace (Baptism and the Lord's Supper—amongst Roman Catholics, also Confirmation, Penance, Holy Orders, Matrimony, and Extreme Unction): the Lord's Supper specially: an oath of obedience taken by Roman soldiers on enlistment: any solemn obligation: materials used in a sacrament.—v.t. to bind by an oath.—adj. Sacramen′tal, belonging to or constituting a sacrament.—ns. Sacramen′talism, the attachment of excessive importance to the sacraments: the doctrine that there is in the sacraments themselves a special direct spiritual efficacy to confer grace; Sacramen′talist, one who holds this view.—adv. Sacramen′tally.—ns. Sacramentā′rian, one who holds a high or extreme view of the efficacy of the sacraments: (obs.) one who rejects the doctrine of the real presence in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; Sacramentā′rianism, the holding of extreme views with regard to the efficacy of sacraments.—adj. Sacramen′tary, pertaining to the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, or to the sacramentarians.—n. a book containing all the prayers and ceremonies used at the celebration of the R.C. sacraments: a sacramentarian. [L. sacramentum, a sacred thing—sacrāre, to consecrate—sacer, sacred.]

Sacrarium, sā-krā′ri-um, n. the part of a church where the altar is, the sanctuary: in ancient Rome, any sacred place, the place where the Penates were stored.—n. Sac′rary (obs.), a holy place.—v.t. Sā′crate (obs.), to consecrate.

Sacrarium, sā-krā′ri-um, n. the complex sacrum of any bird.

Sacre. Same as Saker.

Sacred, sā′kred, adj. set apart or dedicated, esp. to God: made holy: proceeding from God: religious: entitled to respect or veneration: inviolable: devoted to destruction: opposed to secular, as sacred music or history: not liable to punishment.—adv. Sā′credly.—n. Sā′credness.—Sacred ape, the hanuman of India; Sacred beetle, an Egyptian scarab; Sacred cat, the house cat of Egypt, sacred to Pasht; Sacred fish, one of the fresh-water fishes of the Nile; Sacred Heart (R.C.), the physical heart of Christ, adored with special devotion since the 18th century. [O. Fr. sacrer—L. sacrāre—L. sacer, sacred.]

Sacrificati, sak-ri-fi-kā′tī, n.pl. in the early church, those who sacrificed to idols in persecution, but returned as penitents afterwards.

Sacrifice, sak′ri-fīs, v.t. to offer up, esp. on the altar of a divinity: to destroy or give up for something else: to devote or destroy with loss or suffering: to kill.—v.i. to make offerings to God.—n. the fundamental institution of all natural religions, primarily a sacramental meal at which the communicants are a deity and his worshippers, and the elements the flesh and blood of a sacred victim: the act of sacrificing or offering to a deity, esp. a victim on an altar: that which is sacrificed or offered: destruction or loss of anything to gain some object: that which is given up, destroyed, or lost for some end: mere loss of profit.—n. Sacrif′icant, one who offers a sacrifice.—adj. Sacrif′icātory, offering sacrifice.—n. Sac′rificer, a priest.—adj. Sacrifi′cial, relating to, or consisting in, sacrifice: performing sacrifice.—adv. Sacrifi′cially.—Sacrifice hit, in base-ball, a hit to enable another player to score or to gain a base.—Eucharistic sacrifice, the supposed constant renewal of the sacrifice of Christ in the mass. [O. Fr.,—L. sacrificium—sacer, sacred, facĕre, to make.]

Sacrilege, sak′ri-lej, n. profanation of a sacred place or thing: the breaking into a place of worship and stealing therefrom.—n. Sac′rileger (obs.).—adj. Sacrilē′gious, polluted with sacrilege: profane: violating sacred things.—adv. Sacrilē′giously.—ns. Sacrilē′giousness; Sac′rilēgist, one guilty of sacrilege. [Fr. sacrilège—L. sacrilegium—sacer, sacred, legĕre, to gather.]

Sacrist, sā′krist, n. a sacristan: a person in a cathedral who copies out music for the choir and takes care of the books.—ns. Sā′cring, consecration; Sā′cring-bell, in R.C. churches, a small bell rung to call attention to the more solemn parts of the service of the mass; Sac′ristan, an officer in a church who has charge of the sacred vessels and other movables: a sexton; Sac′risty, an apartment in a church where the sacred utensils, vestments, &c. are kept: vestry. [Low L. sacristia, a vestry, sacristanus, sacrista, a sacristan—L. sacer.]

Sacrosanct, sak′rō-sangkt, adj. very sacred or inviolable.—n. Sacrosanc′tity. [L. sacrosanctus—sacer, sacred, sanctus, pa.p. of sancīre, to hallow.]

Sacrum, sā′krum, n. a triangular bone situated at the lower part of the vertebral column (of which it is a natural continuation), and wedged between the two innominate bones, so as to form the keystone to the pelvic arch.—adj. Sā′cral.—n. Sācral′gia, pain in the region of the sacrum.—adjs. Sācrocos′tal, connected with the sacrum and having the character of a rib (also n.); Sācroil′iac, pertaining to the sacrum and ilium; Sācrolum′bar, pertaining to sacral and lumbar vertebræ; Sācropū′bic, pertaining to the sacrum and to the pubes; Sācrorec′tal, pertaining to the sacrum and the rectum; Sācrosciat′ic, pertaining to the sacrum and the hip; Sācrover′tebral, pertaining to the sacrum and that part of the vertebral column immediately anterior to it. [L. sacrum (os, bone), sacred.]

Sad, sad (comp. Sad′der, superl. Sad′dest), adj. sorrowful: serious: cast down: calamitous: weary: sombre: stiff: doughy: dejected: troublesome: sober, dark-coloured: (obs.) ponderous, heavy.—v.t. to grieve.—v.t. Sad′den, to make sad: to render heavy: to grow hard.—v.i. to grow sad.—adjs. Sad′-eyed (Shak.), having an expression of sadness in the eyes; Sad′-faced (Shak.), having an expression of sadness in the face; Sad′-heart′ed (Shak.), having the heart full of sadness.—adv. Sad′ly.—n. Sad′ness. [A.S. sæd, sated, weary; cf. Dut. zat, Ger. satt; L. sat, satis.]

Saddening, sad′n-ing, n. a method of applying mordants in dyeing and printing cloths, so as to give duller shades to the colours employed.

Saddle, sad′l, n. a seat or pad, generally of leather, for a horse's back: anything like a saddle, as a saddle of mutton, veal, or venison—a butcher's cut, including a part of the backbone with the ribs on one side: a part of the harness used for drawing a vehicle: the seat on a bicycle: (naut.) a block of wood fastened to some spar, and shaped to receive the end of another spar.—v.t. to put a saddle on, to load: to encumber.—n. Sadd′le-back, a hill or its summit when shaped like a saddle: a raccoon oyster: the great black-backed gull: the harp-seal: a variety of domestic geese: the larva of the bombycid moth: (archit.) a coping thicker in the middle than at the edges.—adj. Sadd′le-backed, having a low back and an elevated head and neck.—ns. Sadd′le-bag, one of two bags united by straps for carrying on horseback; Sadd′le-bar, a bar for sustaining glass in a stained-glass window; Sadd′le-blank′et, a small blanket folded under a saddle; Sadd′le-bow, the arched front of a saddle from which the weapon often hung; Sadd′le-cloth, the housing or cloth placed under a saddle.—n.pl. Sadd′le-feath′ers, the long slender feathers which droop from the saddle or rump of the domestic cock.—ns. Sadd′le-girth, a band passing round the body of a horse to hold the saddle in its place; Sadd′le-horse, a horse suitable for riding; Sadd′le-joint, a joint made in plates of sheet-iron so that the margins interlock: (anat.) a joint admitting movement in every direction except axial rotation; Sadd′le-lap, the skirt of a saddle; Sadd′le-plate, the bent plate which forms the arch of the furnace in locomotive steam-boilers; Sadd′le-quern, an ancient quern for grinding grain; Sadd′ler, a maker of saddles: the harp-seal; Sadd′le-rock, a variety of the oyster; Sadd′le-roof, a roof having two gables; Sadd′ler-cor′poral, a non-commissioned officer in the household cavalry, with the charge of the saddles; Sadd′ler-ser′geant, a sergeant in the cavalry who has charge of the saddlers: (U.S.) a non-commissioned staff-officer of a cavalry regiment; Sadd′lery, occupation of a saddler: materials for saddles: articles sold by a saddler.—adjs. Sadd′le-shaped, shaped like a saddle: (bot.) bent down at the sides: (geol.) bent down at each side of a ridge; Sadd′le-sick, galled with much riding.—ns. Sadd′le-tree, the frame of a saddle.—Put the saddle on the right horse, to impute blame where it is deserved. [A.S. sadol, sadel; cf. Dut. zadel, Ger. sattel.]

Sadducee, sad′ū-sē, n. one of a Jewish sceptical school or party of aristocratic traditionists in New Testament times.—adj. Saddūcē′an, of or relating to the Sadducees.—ns. Saddūcee′ism, Sadd′ūcism, scepticism. [Gr. Saddoukaios—Heb. Tsedūqīm, from their supposed founder Zadok, or from the race of the Zadokites, a family of priests at Jerusalem since the time of Solomon.]

Sadina, sa-dē′na, n. a clupeoid fish resembling a sardine. [Sp. sardina.]

Sad-iron, sad′-ī′urn, n. a smoothing-iron: a box-iron.

Sadr, sad′r, n. the lote-bush.

Sad-tree, sad′-trē, n. the night jasmine.

Sae, sā, adv. the Scotch form of so.

Safe, sāf, adj. unharmed: free from danger or injury: secure: securing from danger or injury: no longer dangerous: clear: trusty: sound: certain.—n. a chest or closet for money, &c., safe against fire, thieves, &c., generally of iron: a chest or cupboard for meats: (coll.) a safety-bicycle.—v.t. to safeguard.—v.t. Safe′-conduct′ (Spens.).—ns. Safe′-con′duct, a writing, passport, or guard granted to a person to enable him to travel with safety; Safe′-depos′it, a safe storage for valuables; Safe′guard, he who, or that which, guards or renders safe: protection: a guard, passport, or warrant to protect a traveller: a rail-guard at railway switches: (zool.) a monitor lizard.—v.t. to protect.—n. Safe′-keep′ing, preservation from injury or from escape.—adv. Safe′ly, in a safe manner.—ns. Safe′ness; Safe′-pledge, a surety for one's appearance at a day assigned; Safe′ty, freedom from danger or loss: close custody: a safeguard: Safe′ty-arch (archit.), an arch built in the body of a wall to relieve the pressure, as over a door or window; Safe′ty-belt, a belt made of some buoyant material, or capable of being inflated, for helping a person to float; Safe′ty-bī′cycle, a low-wheeled bicycle; Safe′ty-buoy, a buoy for helping a person to float: a life-preserver; Safe′ty-cage (mining), a cage by which a fall would be prevented in case of the breakage of the rope by means of safety-catches; Safe′ty-chain, a check-chain of a car-truck: a safety-link; Safe′ty-fuse, a waterproof woven tube enclosing an inflammable substance which burns at a regular rate; Safe′ty-hoist, a hoisting-gear so arranged as to prevent its load being thrown precipitately down in case of accident; Safe′ty-lamp, a lamp surrounded by wire-gauze, used for safety in mines on account of the inflammable gases; Safe′ty-lock, a lock that cannot be picked by ordinary means: in firearms, a lock with some device for preventing accidental discharge; Safe′ty-match, a match which can be ignited only on a surface specially prepared for the purpose; Safe′ty-pā′per, a paper so prepared as to resist alteration by chemical or mechanical means; Safe′ty-pin, a pin in the form of a clasp with a guard covering its point; Safe′ty-plug, a plug of soft metal in an opening in a steam-boiler, so as to melt when the temperature rises to its fusing-point, and allow of an escape of steam; Safe′ty-rein, a rein for preventing a horse from running away; Safe′ty-stop, a contrivance for preventing accidents in machinery; Safe′ty-tube, a tube used in chemical operations to prevent the bursting of vessels by gas, and for other purposes; Safe′ty-valve, a valve in the top of a steam-boiler, which lets out the steam when the pressure is too great for safety. [O. Fr. sauf—L. salvus; prob. allied to solus.]

Saffian, saf′i-an, n. a name applied to skins tanned with sumac and dyed in bright colours. [Russ.]

Safflower, saf′flow-ėr, n. an annual herbaceous composite plant, cultivated all over India for its red dye—Carthamine. [O. Fr. saflor, through It. from Ar. usfūr—safrā, yellow.]

Saffo, saf′ō, n. (obs.) a bailiff: a catchpole. [It.]

Saffron, saf′run, n. a bulbous plant of the crocus kind with deep-yellow flowers: a colouring substance prepared from its flowers.—adj. having the colour of saffron: deep yellow.—adj. Saff′rony.—n. Saf′ranine, a coal-tar producing yellowish colour used in dyeing. [O. Fr. safran (It. zafferano)—Ar. za‛farān—safrā, yellow.]

Sag, sag, v.i. to bend, sink, or hang down: to yield or give way as from weight or pressure: to hang heavy: to make leeway.—n. a droop.—adj. loaded. [M. E. saggen, from Scand.; Sw. sacka, to sink down; cf. Ger. sacken, to sink.]

Saga, sä′ga, n. a tale, historical or fabulous, in the old prose literature of Iceland.—n. Sä′gaman, a narrator of sagas. [Ice. saga, pl. sögur—segja, say.]

Sagacious, sa-gā′shus, adj. keen or quick in perception or thought: acute: discerning and judicious: wise.—adv. Sagā′ciously.—ns. Sagā′ciousness, Sagac′ity, acuteness of perception or thought: acute practical judgment: shrewdness. [L. sagax, sagacis—sagīre, to perceive quickly.]

Sagamore, sag′a-mōr, n. a chief among some tribes of American Indians—prob. conn. with sachem.

Sagapenum, sag-a-pē′num, n. a fetid gum-resin, the concrete juice of a Persian species of Ferula, formerly used in hysteria, &c. [Gr. sagapēnon.]

Sagathy, sag′a-thi, n. (obs.) a woollen stuff. [Fr. sagatis—L. saga, a mantle.]

Sage, sāj, n. any plant of genus Salvia, of the mint family, esp. Common or Garden Sage, used for flavouring meats.—ns. Sage′-app′le, a gall formed on a species of sage; Sage′-bread, bread baked from dough mixed with a strong infusion of sage in milk; Sage′-brush, a collective name of various shrubby species of Artemisia in the western United States; Sage′-cock, -grouse, a large North American grouse; Sage′-green, a gray slightly mixed with pure green; Sage′-rabb′it, a small hare or rabbit abounding in North America; Sage′-rose, a plant of the genus Cistus: an evergreen shrub of tropical America; Sage′-sparr′ow, a fringilline bird characteristic of the sage-brush of North America; Sage′-thresh′er, the mountain mocking-bird of west North America; Sage′-will′ow, a dwarf American willow.—adj. Sā′gy, full of, or seasoned with, sage.—Apple-bearing sage, a native of southern Europe, with large reddish or purple bracts, and bearing on its branches large gall-nuts; Meadow Sage, or Meadow clary, a common ornament of meadows in the south of England, with bluish-purple flowers; Oil of sage, an essential oil, yielded by the sage, once much used in liniments against rheumatism. [O. Fr. sauge (It. salvia)—L. salvia—salvus, safe.]

Sage, sāj, adj. discriminating, discerning, wise: well judged.—n. a wise man: a man of gravity and wisdom.—adv. Sage′ly.—n. Sage′ness.—Seven sages, or wise men (see Seven). [Fr. sage (It. saggio, savio), from a L. sapius (seen in ne-sapius), wise—sapĕre, to be wise.]

Sagene, sā′jēn, n. a fishing-net. [L.,—Gr. sagēnē.]

Sagene, sā′jēn, n. a Russian unit of long measure, of seven English feet.

Sagenite, sāj′en-īt, n. acicular crystals of rutile occurring in reticulated forms embedded in quartz.—adj. Sagenit′ic. [Gr. sagēnē, a drag-net.]

Sageretia, saj-e-rē′ti-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants belonging to the buckthorn order. [Named from Aug. Sageret, 1763-1852.]

Sagesse, sazh-es′, n. wisdom. [Fr.]

Saggar, Sagger, sag′ar, -ėr, n. a box of hard pottery in which porcelain is enclosed for baking—also v.t.—ns. Sagg′ard; Sagg′ar-house, a house in which unbaked vessels are put into saggars. [Safeguard.]

Sagina, sa-jī′na, n. a genus of polypetalous plants of the pink family.—v.t. Sag′inate, to pamper: to fatten.—n. Saginā′tion. [L. sagināre, to fatten.]

Sagitta, saj′it-a, n. a northern constellation—the Arrow: a genus of small pelagic worms.—adj. Sag′ittal, arrow-shaped: (anat.) straight, pertaining to the sagittal suture.—adv. Sag′ittally.—ns. Sagittā′ria, a genus of aquatic plants, some species with sagittate leaves and white flowers; Sagittā′rius, the Archer, one of the signs of the zodiac; Sag′ittary, a centaur: a public building in Venice.—adj. of or like an arrow.—adjs. Sag′ittāte, -d, Shaped like an arrow-head, as a leaf; Sagittiling′ual, having a long slender tongue, as a woodpecker. [L. sagitta, an arrow.]

Sago, sā′go, n. a nutritive farinaceous substance produced from the pith of several East Indian palms.—n. Sā′go-palm. [Malay sāgu.]

Sagra, sā′gra, n. a genus of phytophagous beetles of brilliant colours.

Saguaro, sa-gwar′ō, n. the giant cactus.

Saguin, sag′win, n. a South American monkey.—Also Sag′oin, Sag′ouin.

Saguinus, sag-ū-ī′nus, n. a genus of South American marmosets.

Sagum, sā′gum, n. a military cloak worn by ancient Roman soldiers. [L., prob. of Celt. origin.]

Sahib, sä′ib, n. a term of respect given in India to persons of rank and to Europeans. [Hind. sāhib—Ar. sāhib.]

Sahlite, sä′līt, n. a variety of augite, from the silver-mines of Sahla in Sweden.

Sai, sä′i, n. a South American monkey. [Braz.]

Saibling, sāb′ling, n. the char.

Saic, sä′ik, n. a Turkish or Grecian vessel common in the Levant. [Fr. saïque—Turk. shāīqa.]

Said, sed, pa.t. and pa.p. of say: the before-mentioned, as the said witness.

Saiga, sī′gä, n. a west Asian antelope. [Russ.]

Saikless. Same as Sackless.

Sail, sāl, n. a sheet of canvas, &c., spread to catch the wind, by which a ship is driven forward: a ship or ships: a trip in a vessel: a fleet: arm of a windmill: speed: a journey.—v.i. to be moved by sails: to go by water: to begin a voyage: to glide or float smoothly along.—v.t. to navigate: to pass in a ship: to fly through.—adj. Sail′able, navigable.—n. Sail′-boat, a boat propelled by a sail.—adjs. Sail′-borne; Sail′-broad (Milt.), broad or spreading like a sail.—n. Sail′-cloth, a strong cloth for sails.—adj. Sailed, having sails set.—ns. Sail′er, a sailor: a boat or ship with respect to its mode of sailing, or its speed; Sail′-fish, the basking shark: the quill-back; Sail′-fluke, the whiff; Sail′-hoop, a mast-hoop; Sail′ing, act of sailing: motion of a vessel on water: act of directing a ship's course: the term applied to the different ways in which the path of a ship at sea, and the variations of its geographical position, are represented on paper, as great circle sailing, Mercator's sailing, middle latitude sailing, oblique sailing, parallel sailing, plane sailing; Sail′ing-ice, an ice-pack through which a sailing-vessel can force her way.—n.pl. Sail′ing-instruc′tions, written directions by the officer of a convoy to the masters of ships under his care.—n. Sail′ing-mas′ter, a former name for the navigating officer of a war-ship.—adj. Sail′less, destitute of sails.—ns. Sail′-liz′ard, a large lizard having a crested tail; Sail′-loft, a loft where sails are cut out and made; Sail′-māk′er, a maker of sails: in the United States navy, an officer who takes charge of the sails; Sail′or, one who sails in or navigates a ship: a seaman; Sail′or-fish, a sword-fish; Sail′or-man, a seaman; Sail′or-plant, the strawberry geranium; Sail′or's-choice, the pin-fish: the pig-fish; Sail′or's-purse, an egg-pouch of rays and sharks; Sail′-room, a room in a vessel where sails are stowed.—adj. Sail′y, like a sail.—n. Sail′-yard, the yard on which sails are extended.—n.pl. Stay′-sails, triangular sails, suspended on the ropes which stay the masts upon the foresides—from the jib-boom, bowsprit, and deck in the case of the foremast, and from the deck in the case of the mainmast.—Sail close to the wind, to run great risk; Sailors' Home, an institution where sailors may lodge, or aged and infirm sailors be permanently cared for.—After sail, the sails carried on the mainmast and mizzen-mast; Fore-and-aft sails, those set parallel to the keel of a ship, as opp. to Square sails, those set across the ship; Full Sail, with all sails set; Make sail, to spread more canvas, in sailing; Set sail, to spread the sails, to begin a voyage; Shorten sail, to reduce its extent; Strike sail, to lower the sail or sails: (Shak.) to abate one's pretensions of pomp or superiority; Take the wind out of one's sails, to deprive one of an advantage; Under sail, having the sails spread. [A.S. segel, cf. Dut. zeil, Ger. segel.]

Saimiri, sī′mi-ri, n. a squirrel monkey.

Sain, sā′in (Shak.), pa.p. of say.

Sain, sān, v.t. (Scot.) to bless so as to protect from evil. [A.S. segnian—L. signāre—signum, mark.]

Sainfoin, sān′foin, n. a leguminous fodder-plant.—Also Saint′foin. [Fr., sain, wholesome, foin, hay—L. sanum fœnum.]

Saint, sānt, n. a sanctified or holy person: one eminent for piety: one of the blessed dead: one canonised by the R.C. Church: an image of a saint: an angel: (pl.) Israelites as a people: Christians generally.—v.t. to salute as a saint.—adj. Saint′ed, made a saint: holy: sacred: gone to heaven: canonised.—n. Saint′hood.—adj. Saint′ish, somewhat saintly, or affectedly so.—n. Saint′ism, the character or quality of a saint: sanctimoniousness.—adjs. Saint′-like, Saint′ly, like or becoming a saint.—adv. Saint′lily.—n. Saint′liness.—adj. Saint′-seem′ing, appearing like a saint.—n. Saint′ship, the character of a saint.—Saint's day, a day set apart for the commemoration of a particular saint; St Agnes's flower, the snowflake; St Andrew's cross, a North American shrub; St Andrew's Day, 30th November; St Anthony's fire, erysipelas; St Anthony's nut, the pig-nut or hawk-nut; St Audrey's necklace, a string of holy stones; St Barbara's cress, the yellow rocket; St Barnaby's thistle, the English star-thistle; St Bennet's herb, the herb bennet; St Bernard, a kind of dog; St Blase's disease, quinsy; St Cassian beds, a division of the Triassic series; St Crispin's Day, 25th October; St David's Day, 1st March; St Domingo duck, a West Indian duck; St Domingo grebe, the smallest grebe in America; St Elmo's fire (see Elmo's fire); St George's Day, 23d April; St George's ensign, the distinguishing flag of the British navy, a red cross on a white field; St Hubert's disease, hydrophobia; St John's bread, the carob bean: ergot of rye; St John's Day, 27th December; St John's hawk, a blackish variety of the rough-legged buzzard; St Julien, an esteemed red Bordeaux wine from the Médoc region; St Leger, the name of a race run at Doncaster, so called since 1778 from Col. St Leger; St Luke's summer, a period of pleasant weather about the middle of October; St Martin's evil, drunkenness; St Martin's summer, a season of mild, damp weather in late autumn; St Nicholas's Day, 6th December; St Patrick's Day, 17th March; St Peter's finger, a belemnite; St Peter's fish, the dory; St Peter's wort, a name of several plants; St Pierre group, a thick mass of shales in the upper Missouri region; St Swithin's Day, 15th July; St Valentine's Day, 14th February; St Vitus's dance, chorea.—All-Saints' Day, a feast observed by the Latin Church on 1st November, in the Greek Church on the first Sunday after Pentecost; Communion of the Saints, the spiritual fellowship of all true believers, the blessed dead as well as the faithful living, mystically united in each other in Christ; Intercession, Perseverance, of saints (see Intercession, Perseverance); Latter-day saints, the Mormons' name for themselves; Patron saint, a saint who is regarded as a protector, as St George of England, St Andrew of Scotland, St Patrick of Ireland, St David of Wales, St Denis of France, St James of Spain, St Nicholas of Russia, St Stephen of Hungary, St Mark of Venice, &c. [Fr.,—L. sanctus, holy.]

Saint-Simonism, sānt-sī′mon-izm, n. the socialistic system founded by the Comte de Saint-Simon (1760-1825).—ns. Saint-Simō′nian (also adj.); Saint-Simō′nianism; Saint-Sī′monist.

Sair, sār, adj. (Scot.) sore.—adv. Sair′ly.

Sair, sār, v.t. to serve: to fit: to satisfy: to give alms.—n. Sair′ing, as much as serves the turn: enough.

Saith, seth, v.t. and v.i. 3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of say.

Saith, sāth, n. (Scot.) the coalfish. [Gael. savidhean.]

Saiva, sī′va, n. a votary of Siva.—n. Sai′vism.

Sajou, sa-jōō′, n. a South American monkey.

Sake, sak′e, n. a Japanese fermented liquor made from rice: a generic name for all spirituous liquors.

Sake, sāk, n. cause: account: regard, as 'for my sake': contention: fault: purpose.—For old sake's sake, for the sake of old times, for auld langsyne. [A.S. sacu, strife, a lawsuit; Dut. zaak, Ger. sache; A.S. sacan, to strive, Goth. sakan. Seek is a doublet.]

Saker, sā′kėr, n. a species of falcon: a species of cannon. [Fr.,—Low L. falco sacer, sacred falcon.]

Saki, sak′i, n. a genus of long-tailed South American monkeys.

Sakieh, sak′i-e, n. a Persian wheel used in Egypt for raising water.—Also Sak′ia, [Ar. saqieh.]

Sal, sal, n. a large gregarious timber tree of north India, with hard, dark-brown, coarse-grained, durable wood. [Hind. sāl.]

Sal, sal, n. salt, used in chemistry and pharmacy with various adjectives, as Sal′-alem′broth, a solution of equal parts of corrosive sublimate and ammonium chloride—also Salt of wisdom; Sal′-ammō′niac, chloride of ammonium, with a sharp, saline taste; Sal′-seignette′, Rochelle salt; Sal′-volat′ile, a solution of carbonate of ammonia in alcohol—a common remedy for faintness. [L.]

Salaam, Salam, sa-läm′, n. a word of salutation in the East, chiefly among Mohammedans: homage.—v.i. to perform the salaam. [Ar. salām, peace; Heb. shalām, to be safe.]

Salable, Salableness, Salably. Same as Saleable, &c. See Sale.

Salacious, sal-ā′shi-us, adj. lustful: lecherous.—adv. Salā′ciously, lustfully: lecherously.—ns. Salā′ciousness, Salac′ity, lust, lecherousness. [L. salax—salīre, to leap.]

Salad, sal′ad, n. a preparation of raw herbs (lettuce, endive, chicory, celery, mustard and cress, water-cress, onions, radishes, tomatoes, chervil, &c.) cut up and seasoned with salt, vinegar, &c.: a dish of some kind of meat, chopped, seasoned, and mixed with a salad.—ns. Salad-bur′net, the common burnet, used as a salad; Sal′ading, herbs for salads: the making of salads; Sal′ad-oil, olive-oil, used in dressing salads; Sal′ad-plate, a small plate for salad; Sal′ad-rock′et, the garden rocket; Sal′ad-spoon, a large and long-handled spoon for stirring and mixing salads, made of wood or other material not affected by vinegar.—Salad days, days of youthful inexperience. [Fr. salade—Old It. salata—salare, to salt—L. sal, salt.]

Salagramma, sä-lä-grä′mä, n. a stone sacred to Vishnu.

Salal-berry, sal′al-ber′i, n. a berry-like plant of California, about the size of a common grape.

Salam. See Salaam.

Salamander, sal′a-man-dėr, n. a genus of tailed Amphibians, nearly related to the newts, harmless, but long dreaded as poisonous, once supposed able to live in fire: (her.) a four-legged creature with a long tail surrounded by flames: a poker used red-hot for kindling fires: a hot metal plate for browning meat, &c.—adjs. Salaman′driform; Salaman′drine, like a salamander: enduring fire; Salaman′droid—also n. [Fr. salamandre—L.,—Gr. salamandra; of Eastern origin.]

Salamba, sa-lam′ba, n. a contrivance for fishing used at Manila and elsewhere in the East.

Salamis, sal′a-mis, n. a genus of lepidopterous insects.

Salangane, sal′ang-gān, n. a Chinese swift which constructs edible nests.

Salary, sal′a-ri, n. a recompense for services: wages.—v.t. to pay a salary.—adj. Sal′aried, receiving a salary. [O. Fr. salarie (Fr. salaire, It. salario)—L. salarium, salt-money, sal, salt]

Salda, sal′da, n. a genus of true bugs.

Sale, sāl, n. act of selling: the exchange of anything for money: power or opportunity of selling: demand: public showing of goods to sell: auction.—adj. Sale′able, that may be sold: in good demand.—n. Sale′ableness.—adv. Sale′ably.—ns. Sale′room, an auction-room; Sales′man, a man who sells goods:—fem. Sales′woman.—adj. Sale′-tongued, mercenary.—n.pl. Sale′wares, merchandise.—n. Sale′work, work or things made for sale, or merely for sale: work carelessly done.—Forced sale, a sale compelled by a creditor; Terms of sale, the conditions imposed on a purchaser. [Scand., Ice. sala.]

Sale, sāl, n. (Spens.) a kind of basket-like net, made of sallows or willows. [A.S. sealh, willow.]

Salebrous, sal′ē-brus, adj. rough, rugged.—n. Salebros′ity. [Fr.,—L. salebrosus, rough.]

Salep, sal′ep, n. the dried tubers of Orchis mascula: the food prepared from it.—Also Sal′op. [Ar.]

Saleratus, sal-e-rā′tus, n. sodium bicarbonate, used in baking-powders.—Also Salærā′tus. [L. sal aeratus, aerated salt.]

Salewe, sal-ū′, v.t. (Spens.) to salute. [Salute.]

Salian, sā′li-an, adj. pertaining to a tribe of Franks on the lower Rhine.—n. one of this tribe.—adj. Sal′ic, denoting a law among the Salian Franks limiting the succession of certain lands to males—extended in the 14th century to the succession to the crown of France. [Fr. salique—Low L. Lex salica.]

Salian, sā′li-an, adj. pertaining to the Salii or priests of Mars in ancient Rome.—Salian hymns, songs sung by these, with dances, &c.

Saliant, sāl′i-ant, adj. Same as Salient.

Saliaunce, sal-i-äns′, n. (Spens.). See Salience.

Salicetum, sal-i-sē′tum, n. a thicket of willows:—pl. Salicē′tums, Salicē′ta.

Salicin, -e, sal′i-sin, n. a bitter crystalline glucoside, obtained from the bark of willows and poplars.—n. Sal′icylāte, a salt of salicylic acid.—adjs. Sal′icylāted, combined with salicylic acid; Salicy′lic, obtained from the willow.—Salicylate of sodium, a product occurring in small white crystals, used very largely in acute rheumatism. [L. salix, salicis, a willow.]

Salicornia, sal-i-kor′ni-a, n. a genus of apetalous plants—the glass-wort, marsh-samphire. [Fr.,—L. sal, salt, cornu, a horn.]

Salient, sā′li-ent, adj. leaping or springing: (fort.) projecting outwards, as an angle: prominent: striking: (geom.) denoting any angle less than two right angles: (her.) of a beast of prey nearly rampant.—n. Sā′lience, the quality or condition of being salient: projection: (Spens.) a leaping, assaulting, onslaught.—adv. Sā′liently. [Fr.,—L. saliens, -entis, pr.p. of salīre, to leap.]

Salière, sa-lyār′, n. a saltcellar. [Fr.]

Saliferous, sā-lif′ėr-us, adj. bearing salt.—Saliferous system, the Triassic, from its rich deposits. [L. sal, salis, salt, ferre, to bear.]

Salify, sal′i-fī, v.t. to combine with an acid in order to make a salt:—pa.t. and pa.p. sal′ified.—adj. Salifī′able.—n. Salificā′tion, the act of salifying.

Saline, sā′līn, or sā-līn′, adj. consisting of, or containing, salt: partaking of the qualities of salt.—n. an effervescent powder used as a gentle aperient: a salt-spring.—ns. Salī′na, salt-works; Salinā′tion, the act of washing in salt liquor; Sal′ine, Sal′in, a salt, reddish substance obtained from the ashes of potato-leaves; Saline′ness.—adjs. Salinif′erous; Salin′iform.—ns. Salin′ity; Salinom′eter, Salim′eter, a hydrometer for measuring the amount of salt in any given solution.—adj. Salī′no-terrene′, composed of salt and earth.—v.t. Sal′ite, to season with salt.—n. Sal′itral, a place where saltpetre occurs. [Fr.,—L. salinus—sal, salt.]

Salique, sal′ik, or sa-lēk′. Same as Salic (see Salian).

Saliva, sa-lī′va, n. the spittle, one of the digestive fluids, mainly the product of the salivary glands.—adjs. Salī′val, Sal′ivant, producing salivation.—n. Salī′va-pump, a device for carrying off the accumulating saliva.—adj. Sa′livary, pertaining to, secreting, or containing saliva.—n. that which produces salivation.—v.t. Sal′ivāte, to produce an unusual amount of saliva.—n. Salivā′tion, an unusual flow of saliva.—adj. Sal′ivous, like spittle. [Fr.,—L., allied to Gr. sialon, saliva.]

Salix, sā′liks, n. a genus of apetalous trees and shrubs, the willows. [L.]

Sallee-man, sal′ē-man, n. a Moorish pirate.—Also Sall′ee-rō′ver. [Sallee, on the coast of Morocco.]

Sallet, sal′et, n. a light kind of helmet of the 15th century, with projection behind, used by foot-soldiers. [O. Fr. salade, through It. celata, a helmet, from L. cælata, figured—cælāre, to engrave.]

Sallie, sal′i, n. (Scot.) a hired mourner at a funeral.

Sallow, sal′ō, n. a tree or low shrub of the willow kind—(Scot.) Sauch.—adj. Sall′owy, abounding in sallows. [A.S. sealh; Ger. sahl.]

Sallow, sal′ō, adj. of a pale, yellowish colour.—v.t. to tinge with a sallow colour.—adj. Sall′owish, somewhat sallow.—ns. Sall′ow-kitt′en, a kind of puss-moth; Sall′ow-moth, a British moth of a pale-yellow colour; Sall′owness.—adj. Sall′owy. [A.S. salo, salu; cf. Dut. zaluw, and Old High Ger. salo.]

Sally, sal′i, n. a leaping or bursting out: a sudden rushing forth of troops to attack besiegers: excursion: outburst of fancy, wit, &c.: levity: a projection.—v.i. to rush out suddenly: to mount:—pa.t. and pa.p. sall′ied.—n. Sall′y-port, a passage by which a garrison may make a sally: a large port for the escape of a crew when a fire-ship is set on fire. [Fr. saillie—saillir (It. salire)—L. salire, to leap.]

Sally, sal′i, n. a kind of stone-fly: a wren.—n. Sall′ypick′er, one of several different warblers.

Sally-lunn, sal′i-lun, n. a sweet spongy tea-cake. [From the name of a girl who sold them in the streets of Bath about the close of the 18th century.]

Sally-wood, sal′i-wōōd, n. willow-wood.

Salmagundi, sal-ma-gun′di, n. a dish of minced meat with eggs, anchovies, vinegar, pepper, &c.: a medley, miscellany.—Also Salmagun′dy. [Fr. salmigondis—It. salami, pl. of salame, salt meat—L. sal, salt, conditi, pl. of condito, seasoned—L. condīre, -ītum, to pickle.]

Salmi, Salmis, sal′mi, n. a ragout of roasted woodcocks, &c., stewed with wine, morsels of bread, &c. [Fr. salmis—It. salame, salt meat.]

Salmiac, sal′mi-ak, n. sal-ammoniac.

Salmon, sam′un, n. a large fish, brownish above, with silvery sides, the delicate flesh reddish-orange in colour—ascending rivers to spawn: the upper bricks in a kiln which receive the least heat.—ns. Sal′mō, the leading genus of Salmonidæ; Salm′on-col′our, an orange-pink; Salm′onet, a young salmon; Salm′on-fish′ery, a place where salmon-fishing is carried on; Salm′on-fly, any kind of artificial fly for taking salmon; Salm′on-fry, salmon under two years old; Salm′oning, the salmon industry, as canning; Salm′on-kill′er, a sort of stickleback; Salm′on-leap, -ladd′er, a series of steps to permit a salmon to pass up-stream.—adj. Salm′onoid.—ns. Salm′on-peal, -peel, a grilse under 2 lb.; Salm′on-spear, an instrument used in spearing salmon; Salm′on-spring, a smolt or young salmon of the first year; Salm′on-tack′le, the rod, line, and fly with which salmon are taken; Salm′on-trout, a trout like the salmon, but smaller and thicker in proportion; Salm′on-weir, a weir specially designed to take salmon.—Black salmon, the great lake trout; Burnett salmon, a fish with reddish flesh like a salmon; Calvered salmon, pickled salmon; Cornish salmon, the pollack; Kelp salmon, a serranoid fish; Kippered Salmon, salmon salted and smoke-dried; Quoddy salmon, the pollack; Sea salmon, the pollack; White salmon, a carangoid Californian fish. [O. Fr. saulmon—L. salmo, from salīre, to leap.]

Salnatron, sal-nā′tron, n. crude sodium carbonate.

Salomonic. Same as Solomonic.

Salon, sa-long′, n. a drawing-room: a fashionable reception, esp. a periodic gathering of notable persons, in the house of some social queen: the great annual exhibition of works by living artists at the Palais des Champs Elysées in Paris. [Fr.]

Saloon, sa-lōōn′, n. a spacious and elegant hall or apartment for the reception of company, for works of art, &c.: a main cabin: a drawing-room car on a railroad: a liquor-shop.—ns. Saloon′ist, Saloon′-keep′er, one who retails liquor. [Fr. salon—salle; Old High Ger. sal, a dwelling, Ger. saal.]

Saloop, sa-lōōp′, n. a drink composed of sassafras tea, with sugar and milk. [Salep.]

Salop. Same as Salep.

Salopian, sal-ō′pi-an, adj. pertaining to Shropshire (L. Salopia), as the ware, a name given to Roman pottery found in Shropshire.

Salpa, sal′pa, n. a remarkable genus of free-swimming Tunicates.—adjs. Sal′pian; Sal′piform.

Salpicon, sal′pi-kon, n. stuffing, chopped meat. [Fr.]

Salpiglossis, sal-pi-glos′is, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants, native to Chili, with showy flowers resembling petunias, [Gr. salpingx, a trumpet, glōssa, tongue.]

Salpinctes, sal-pingk′tes, n. the rock-wrens. [Gr. salpingktēs, a trumpeter.]

Salpingitis, sal-pin-jī′tis, n. inflammation of a Fallopian tube.—adjs. Salpingit′ic, Salpin′gian, pertaining to a Fallopian or to a Eustachian tube.—n. Sal′pinx, a Eustachian tube or syrinx. [Gr. salpingx, a trumpet.]

Salpornis, sal-por′nis, n. a genus of creepers inhabiting Asia and Africa. [Gr. salpingx, a trumpet, ornis, a bird.]

Salsaginous, sal-saj′i-nus, adj. saltish: growing in brackish places.

Salsamentarious, sal-sa-men-tā′ri-us, adj. (obs.) salted.

Salse, sals, n. a mud volcano: a conical hillock of mud. [Fr.,—L. salsus, salīre, to salt.]

Salsify, sal′si-fi, n. a biennial plant growing in meadows throughout Europe, whose long and tapering root has a flavour resembling asparagus—also Sal′safy—often called Oyster-plant.—Black salsify, the related scorzonera. [Fr.,—It. sassefrica, goat's-beard—L. saxum, a rock, fricāre, to rub.]

Salsilla, sal-sil′a, n. one of several species of Bomarea, with edible tubers. [Sp., dim. of salsa, sauce.]

Salsola, sal′sō-la, n. a genus of plants, including the salt-wort and prickly glass-wort.—adj. Salsolā′ceous. [L. salsus—salīre, to salt.]

Salt, sawlt, n. chloride of sodium, or common salt, a well-known substance used for seasoning, found either in the earth or obtained by evaporation from sea-water: anything like salt: seasoning: piquancy: abatement, modification, allowance: an experienced sailor: that which preserves from corruption: an antiseptic: (chem.) a body composed of an acid and a base united in definite proportions, or of bromine, chlorine, fluorine, or iodine, with a metal or metalloid: (obs.) lust.—v.t. to sprinkle or season with salt: to fill with salt between the timbers for preservation.—adj. containing salt: tasting of salt: overflowed with, or growing in, salt-water: pungent: lecherous: (coll.) costly, expensive—ns. Salt′-block, a salt-evaporating apparatus; Salt′-bott′om, a flat piece of ground covered with saline efflorescences: Salt′-bush, an Australian plant of the goose-foot family; Salt′-cake, the crude sodium sulphate occurring as a by-product in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid; Salt′-cat, a mixture given as a digestive to pigeons; Salt′er, one who salts, or who makes, sells, or deals in salt, as in Drysalter: a trout leaving salt-water to ascend a stream; Sal′tern, salt-works; Salt′-foot, a large saltcellar marking the boundary between the superior and inferior guests; Salt′-gauge, an instrument for testing the strength of brine; Salt′-glaze, a glaze produced upon ceramic ware by putting common salt in the kilns after they have been fired.—adj. Salt′-green (Shak.), sea-green.—ns. Salt′-group, a series of rocks containing salt, as the Onondaga salt-group; Salt′-hold′er, a saltcellar; Salt′-horse, salted beef; Salt′ie, the salt-water fluke or dab; Salt′ing, the act of sprinkling with salt: the celebration of the Eton 'Montem.'—adj. Salt′ish, somewhat salt.—adv. Salt′ishly, so as to be moderately salt.—ns. Salt′ishness, a moderate degree of saltness; Salt′-junk, hard salt beef for use at sea.—adj. Salt′less, without salt: tasteless.—n. Salt′-lick, a place to which animals resort for salt.—adv. Salt′ly.—ns. Salt′-marsh, land liable to be overflowed by the sea or the waters of estuaries; Salt′-marsh cat′erpillar, the hairy larva of an arctiid moth; Salt′-marsh hen, a clapper-rail; Salt′-marsh terr′apin, the diamond-backed turtle; Salt′-mine, a mine where rock-salt is obtained; Salt′ness, impregnation with salt; Salt′-pan, a pan, basin, or pit where salt is obtained or made; Salt′-pit, a pit where salt is obtained; Salt′-rheum, a cutaneous eruption; Salts, Epsom salt or other salt used as a medicine.—adj. Salt′-sliv′ered, slivered and salted, as fish for bait.—ns. Salt′-spoon, a small spoon for serving salt at table; Salt′-spring, a brine-spring; Salt′-wa′ter, water impregnated with salt, sea-water; Salt′-works, a place where salt is made; Salt′-wort, a genus of plants of many species, mostly natives of salt-marshes and sea-shores, one only being found in Britain, the Prickly S., which was formerly burned for the soda it yielded.—adj. Salt′y (same as Saltish).—Salt a mine, to deposit ore in it cunningly so as to deceive persons who inspect it regarding its value; Salt of lemon, or sorrel, acid potassium oxalate, a solvent for ink-stains; Salt of soda, sodium carbonate; Salt of tartar, a commercial name for purified potassium carbonate; Salt of vitriol, sulphate of zinc; Salt of wormwood, carbonate of potash.—Above the salt, at the upper half of the table, among the guests of distinction; Attic salt, wit; Below the salt, at the lower half of the table; Be not worth one's salt, not to deserve even the salt that gives relish to one's food; Bronzing salt, used in burning gun-barrels; Epsom salts, magnesium sulphate, a cathartic; Essential salts, those produced from the juices of plants by crystallisation; Glauber's salt, or Horse salts, a well-known cathartic, used in woollen dyeing; Lay salt on the tail of, to catch; Neutral salt, a salt in which the acid and the base neutralise each other; Rochelle salt, sodium potassium tartrate, a laxative; Spirits of salt, the old name for muriatic or hydrochloric acid; Take with a grain of salt, to believe with some reserve. [A.S. sealt; cf. Ger. salz, also L. sal, Gr. hals.]

Saltant, sal′tant, adj. leaping: dancing: (her.) salient.—v.i. Sal′tāte, to dance.—n. Saltā′tion, a leaping or jumping: beating or palpitation: (biol.) an abrupt variation.—n.pl. Saltatō′ria, a division of orthopterous insects including grass-hoppers, locusts, and crickets.—adjs. Saltatō′rial, Saltatō′rious; Sal′tatory, leaping: dancing: having the power of, or used in, leaping or dancing. [L. saltans, pr.p. of saltāre, -ātum, inten. of salīre, to leap.]

Saltarello, sal-ta-rel′ō, n. a lively Italian dance in triple time, diversified with skips, for a single couple—also the music for such: an old form of round dance. [It.,—L. saltāre, to dance.]

Saltcellar, sawlt′sel-ar, n. a small table vessel for holding salt. [For salt-sellar, the last part being O. Fr. saliere—L. salarium—sal, salt.]

Saltierra, sal-tyer′a, n. a saline deposit in the inland lakes of Mexico. [Sp.,—L. sal, salt, terra, land.]

Saltigrade, sal′ti-grād, adj. formed for leaping, as certain insects.—n. one of a certain tribe of spiders which leap to seize their prey. [L. saltus, a leap, gradi, to go.]

Saltimbanco, sal-tim-bangk′ō, n. (obs.) a mountebank: a quack. [It.]

Saltire, Saltier, sal′tēr, n. (her.) an ordinary in the form of a St Andrew's Cross.—adj. Sal′tierwise. [O. Fr. saultoir, sautoir—Low L. saltatorium, a stirrup—L. saltāre, to leap.]

Saltpetre, sawlt-pē′tėr, n. the commercial name for nitre.—adj. Saltpē′trous. [O. Fr. salpestre—Low L. salpetra—L. sal, salt, petra, a rock.]

Saltus, sal′tus, n. a break of continuity in time: a leap from premises to conclusion. [L., a leap.]

Salubrious, sa-lū′bri-us, adj. healthful: wholesome.—adv. Salū′briously.—ns. Salū′briousness, Salū′brity, [L. salubris—salus, salutis, health.]

Salue, sal-ū′, v.t. (Spens.) to salute.

Salutary, sal′ū-tar-i, adj. belonging to health: promoting health or safety: wholesome: beneficial.—n. Salūdador′ (obs.), a quack who cures by incantations.—adv. Sal′ūtarily, in a salutary manner: favourably to health.—n. Sal′ūtariness.—adj. Salūtif′erous, health-bearing.—adv. Salūtif′erously. [L. salutaris—salus, health.]

Salute, sal-ūt′, v.t. to address with kind wishes: to greet with a kiss, a bow, &c.: to honour formally by a discharge of cannon, striking colours, &c.—n. act of saluting: the position of the hand, sword, &c. in saluting: greeting: a kiss: a complimentary discharge of cannon, dipping colours, presenting arms, &c., in honour of any one.—ns. Salūtā′tion, act of saluting: that which is said in saluting, any customary or ceremonious form of address at meeting or at parting, or of ceremonial on religious or state occasions, including both forms of speech and gestures: (obs.) quickening, excitement: the Angelic Salutation (see Ave); Salūtatō′rian, in American colleges, the member of a graduating class who pronounces the salutatory oration.—adv. Salū′tatorily.—adj. Salū′tatory, pertaining to salutation.—n. a sacristy in the early church in which the clergy received the greetings of the people: an oration in Latin delivered by the student who ranks second.—n. Salū′ter. [L. salutāre, -ātum—salus, salutis.]

Salvage, sal′vāj, adj. (Spens.). Same as Savage.

Salvage, sal′vāj, n. compensation made by the owner of a ship or cargo in respect of services rendered by persons, other than the ship's company, in preserving the ship or cargo from shipwreck, fire, or capture: the goods and materials so saved.—n. Salvabil′ity, the possibility or condition of being saved.—adj. Sal′vable.—n. Sal′vableness.—adv. Sal′vably. [Fr.,—L. salvāre, -ātum, to save.]

Salvation, sal-vā′shun, n. act of saving: means of preservation from any serious evil: (theol.) the saving of man from the power and penalty of sin, the conferring of eternal happiness: (B.) deliverance from enemies.—v.t. to heal, to cure: to remedy: to redeem: to gloss over.—ns. Salvā′tionism; Salvā′tionist.—Salvation Army, an organisation for the revival of evangelical religion amongst the masses, founded by William Booth about 1865, reorganised on the model of a military force in 1878; Salvation Sally, a girl belonging to the Salvation Army.

Salvatory, sal′va-tō-ri, n. (obs.) a repository: a safe.

Salve, säv, n. (B.) an ointment: anything to cure sores.—v.t. to heal, help.—ns. Salv′er, a quacksalver, a pretender; Salv′ing, healing, restoration. [A.S. sealf; Ger. salbe, Dut. zalf.]

Salve, sal′vē, v.t. (Spens.) to salute.—Salve Regina (R.C.), an antiphonal hymn to the Blessed Virgin said after Lauds and Compline, from Trinity to Advent—from its opening words. [L. salve, God save you, hail! imper. of salvēre, to be well.]

Salvelinus, sal-ve-lī′nus, n. a genus of Salmonidæ, the chars. [Prob. Latinised from Ger. salbling, a small salmon.]

Salver, sal′vėr, n. a plate on which anything is presented.—adj. Sal′ver-shaped, in the form of a salver or tray. [Sp. salva, a salver, salvar, to save—Low L. salvāre, to save.]

Salvia, sal′vi-a, n. a large genus of gamopetalous Labiate plants, including the sage.

Salvinia, sal-vin′i-a, n. a genus of heterosporous ferns—formerly called Rhizocarpeæ or Pepperworts.

Salvo, sal′vō, n. an exception: a reservation. [L., in phrase, salvo jure, one's right being safe.]

Salvo, sal′vō, n. a military or naval salute with guns: a simultaneous discharge of artillery: the combined cheers of a multitude:—pl. Salvos (sal′vōz). [It. salva, a salute—L. salve, hail!]

Sal-volatile, sal′-vo-lat′i-le. See Sal.

Salvor, sal′vor, n. one who saves a cargo from wreck, fire, &c. [See Salvage.]

Sam, sam, adv. (Spens.) together.—v.t. to collect, to curdle milk. [A.S. samnian—samen, together.]

Samara, sā-mar′a, or sam′-, n. a dry indehiscent, usually one-sided fruit, with a wing, as in the ash, elm, and maple—the last a double samara.—adjs. Sam′ariform; Sam′aroid. [L.]

Samare, sa-mär′, n. an old form of women's long-skirted jacket.

Samaritan, sa-mar′i-tan, adj. pertaining to Samaria in Palestine.—n. an inhabitant of Samaria, esp. one of the despised mixed population planted therein after the deportation of the Israelites: the language of Samaria, an archaic Hebrew, or rather Hebrew Aramaic, dialect: a charitable person—from Luke, x. 30-37.—n. Samar′itanism, charity, benevolence.—Samaritan Pentateuch, a recension of the Hebrew Pentateuch, in use amongst the Samaritans, and accepted by them as alone canonical.

Samaveda, sä-ma-vā′da, n. the name of one of the four Vedas. [Sans.]

Sambo, sam′bō, n. a negro: properly the child of a mulatto and a negro. [Sp. zambo—L. scambus, bow-legged.]

Sambucus, sam-bū′kus, n. a genus of gamopetalous trees and shrubs of the honeysuckle family—the elders. [L.]

Sambuke, sam′būk, n. an ancient musical instrument, probably a harp.—Also Sambū′ca. [Gr. sambykē—Heb. sabeka.]

Sambur, sam′bur, n. the Indian elk.—Also Sam′boo. [Hind. sambre.]

Same, sām, adv. (Spens.). Same as Sam.

Same, sām, adj. identical: of the like kind or degree: similar: mentioned before.—adj. Same′ly, unvaried.—n. Same′ness, the being the same: tedious monotony.—All the same, for all that; At the same time, still, nevertheless. [A.S. same; Goth. samana; L. similis, like, Gr. homos.]

Samia, sā′mi-a, n. a genus of bombycid moths, belonging to North America.

Samian, sā′mi-an, adj. pertaining to, or from, the island of Samos, in the Greek Archipelago.—n. (also Sā′miot, Sā′miote) a native of Samos.—Samian earth, an argillaceous astringent earth; Samian stone, a goldsmiths' polishing-stone; Samian ware, an ancient kind of pottery, brick-red or black, with lustrous glaze.

Samiel, sā′mi-el, n. the simoom. [Turk. samyeli—Ar. samm, poison, Turk. yel, wind.]

Samisen, sam′i-sen, n. a Japanese guitar.

Samite, sam′it, n. a kind of heavy silk stuff. [O. Fr. samit—Low L. examitum—Gr. hexamiton, hex, six, mitos, thread.]

Samlet, sam′let, n. a parr: a salmon of the first year. [Prob. salmon-et.]

Sammy, sam′i, v.t. to moisten skins with water.—n. a machine for doing this.

Samnite, sam′nīt, adj. and n. pertaining to an ancient Sabine people of central Italy, crushed by the Romans after a long struggle: a Roman gladiator armed with shield, sleeve on right arm, helmet, shoulder-piece, and greave.

Samoan, sa-mō′an, adj. and n. pertaining to Samoa in the Pacific.—Samoan dove, the tooth-billed pigeon.

Samolus, sam′ō-lus, n. a genus of herbaceous plants of the primrose family. [L.]

Samosatenian, sam-ō-sa-tē′ni-an, n. a follower of Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, the Socinus of the 3d century.

Samothracian, sam-ō-thrā′si-an, adj. belonging to the island of Samothrace in the Ægean Sea.

Samovar, sam′ō-vär, n. a tea-urn used in Russia, commonly of copper, the water in it heated by charcoal in a tube extending from top to bottom. [Russ. samovarŭ, prob. Tartar.]

Samoyed, sa-mō′yed, n. one of a Ural-Altaic race between the Obi and the Yenisei.—adj. Samoyed′ic.

Samp, samp, n. Indian corn coarsely ground: a kind of hominy, also porridge made from it.

Sampan, sam′pan, n. a small boat used in China and Japan.—Also San′pan. [Chin. san, sam, three, pan, a board.]

Samphire, sam′fīr, or sam′fėr, n. an herb found chiefly on rocky cliffs near the sea, used in pickles and salads. [Corr. from Fr. Saint Pierre, Saint Peter.]

Sampi, sam′pī, n. a character, representing a sibilant in early Greek use, later obsolete except as a numeral sign for 900.

Sample, sam′pl, n. a specimen: a part to show the quality of the whole: an example.—v.t. to make up samples of: to place side by side with: to match: to test by examination.—ns. Sam′pler, one who makes up samples (in compounds, as wool-sampler); Sam′ple-room, a room where samples are shown: (slang) a grog-shop; Sam′ple-scale, an accurately balanced lever-scale for weighing ten-thousandths of a pound. [Short for esample, from O. Fr. essample—L. exemplum, example.]

Sampler, sam′plėr, n. a pattern of work: a piece of ornamental embroidery, worsted-work, &c., containing names, figures, texts, &c.—n. Sam′plary (obs.), a pattern, an example. [Formed from L. exemplar.]

Sampsuchine, samp-sōō′chēn, n. (obs.) sweet marjoram.

Samshoo, Samshu, sam′shōō, n. an ardent spirit distilled by the Chinese from rice: any kind of spirits. [Chin. san, sam, three, shao, to fire.]

Samson-post, sam′son-pōst, n. a strong upright stanchion or post for various uses on board ship.

Samurai, sam′ōō-rī, n. sing. (also pl.) a member of the military class in the old feudal system of Japan, including both daimios, or territorial nobles, and their military retainers: a military retainer, a two-sworded man. [Jap.]

Samyda, sam′i-da, n. a genus of shrubs, native to the West Indies. [Gr. sēmyda, the birch.]

Sanable, san′a-bl, adj. able to be made sane or sound: curable.—ns. Sanabil′ity, San′ableness, capability of being cured; Sanā′tion (obs.), a healing or curing.—adj. San′ative, tending, or able, to heal: healing.—ns. San′ativeness; Sanatō′rium (see Sanitary).—adj. San′atory, healing: conducive to health. [L. sanabilis—sanāre, -ātum, to heal.]

Sanbenito, san-be-nē′tō, n. a garment grotesquely decorated with flames, devils, &c., worn by the victims of the Inquisition—at an auto-de-fe—for public recantation or execution. [Sp., from its resemblance in shape to the garment of the order of St Benedict—Sp. San Benito.]

Sancho, sang′kō, n. a musical instrument like the guitar, used by negroes.

Sancho-pedro, sang′kō-pē′drō, n. a game of cards—the nine of trumps called Sancho, the five Pedro.

Sanctify, sangk′ti-fī, v.t. to make sacred or holy: to set apart to sacred use: to free from sin or evil: to consecrate: to invest with a sacred character: to make efficient as the means of holiness: to secure from violation:—pa.t. and pa.p. sanc′tifīed.—n. Sanctanim′ity, holiness of mind.—v.t. Sanctif′icāte.—n. Sanctificā′tion, act of sanctifying: state of being sanctified: that work or process of God's free grace whereby the new principle of spiritual life implanted in regeneration is developed until the whole man is renewed in the image of God: consecration.—adj. Sanc′tified, made holy: sanctimonious.—adv. Sanctifī′edly, sanctimoniously.—n. Sanc′tifier, one who sanctifies: the Holy Spirit.—adv. Sanc′tifyingly.—adj. Sanctimō′nious, having sanctity: holy, devout: affecting holiness.—adv. Sanctimō′niously.—ns. Sanctimō′niousness, Sanc′timony, affected devoutness, show of sanctity; Sanc′titude, holiness, goodness, saintliness: affected holiness; Sanc′tity, quality of being sacred or holy: purity: godliness: inviolability: a saint, any holy object.—v.t. Sanc′tuarise (Shak.), to shelter by sacred privileges, as in a sanctuary.—ns. Sanc′tūary, a sacred place: a place for the worship of God: the most sacred part of the Temple of Jerusalem: the Temple itself: the part of a church round the altar: an inviolable asylum, refuge, a consecrated place which gives protection to a criminal taking refuge there: the privilege of taking refuge in such a consecrated place; Sanc′tum, a sacred place: a private room; Sanc′tus, the ascription, 'Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Hosts,' from Isa. vi.: a musical setting of the same.—Sanctum sanctorum, the Holy of Holies: any specially reserved retreat or room.—Odour of sanctity, the aroma of goodness. [Fr.,—L. sanctificāre, -ātum—sanctus, sacred, facĕre, to make.]

Sanction, sangk′shun, n. act of ratifying, or giving authority to: confirmation: support: a decree, a law.—v.t. to give validity to: to authorise: to countenance.—adjs. Sanc′tionable; Sanc′tionary. [Fr.,—L. sanctīre.]

Sand, sand, n. fine particles of crushed or worn rocks, used in founding: force of character: (pl.) lands covered with sand: a sandy beach: moments of time, from the use of sand in the hour-glass.—v.t. to sprinkle with sand.—ns. Sand′-bag (fort.), a canvas bag filled with sand or earth, forming a ready means of giving cover against an enemy's fire, or of tamping the charge in a mine: an engraver's leather cushion, &c.; Sand′-bag′ger, a robber who uses a sand-bag to stun his victims; Sand′-ball, a ball of soap mixed with fine sand for the toilet; Sand′-band, a guard-ring to keep sand from working into the axle-box; Sand′-bank, a bank of sand formed by tides and currents; Sand′-bath, a vessel of hot sand for heating vessels without direct exposure to the fire: a bath in which the body is covered with warm sea-sand: saburration; Sand′-bear, the Indian badger; Sand′-bed, the bed into which the iron from the blast-furnace is run; Sand′-bird, a sandpiper: a shore bird; Sand′-blast, sand driven by a blast of air or steam for cutting and engraving figures on glass or metal.—adj. Sand′-blind, afflicted with partial blindness, in which particles of sand seem to float before the eyes.—ns. Sand′-blind′ness; Sand′-blow′er, a sand bellows; Sand′-box, a box with a perforated top for sprinkling sand on writing, a contrivance formerly used by way of blotting-paper: a box with sand to prevent the wheels of a rail from slipping; Sand′-brake, a device for stopping trains automatically; Sand′-bug, a burrowing crustacean: a digger-wasp; Sand′-bur, a weed found in the plains of the western United States; Sand′-canal′, the stone canal of an echinoderm; Sand′-cherr′y, the dwarf cherry; Sand′-cock, the redshank; Sand′-crab, the lady-crab; Sand′-crack, a crack in a horse's hoof: a crack in a moulded brick before burning; Sand′-crick′et, a name applied to certain large crickets in the western United States; Sand′-dab, a kind of plaice; Sand′-dart, a British noctuid moth; Sand′-dart′er, -div′er, a small etheostomine fish of the Ohio valley; Sand′-doll′ar, a flat sea-urchin; Sand′-drift, a mound of drifted sand; Sand′-dune, a ridge of loose sand drifted by the wind.—adj. Sand′ed (Shak.), marked with yellow spots: sprinkled with sand: short-sighted.—ns. Sand′-eel, a small eel-like fish, which buries itself in the sand when the tide retires; Sand′erling, a genus of birds of the snipe family, characterised by the absence of a hind-toe, common on the coast, eating marine worms, small crustaceans, and bivalve molluscs; Sand′-fence, a barrier in a stream of stakes and iron wire; Sand′-fish, a fish of the genus Trichodon; Sand′-flag, sandstone which splits up into flagstones; Sand′-flea, the chigoe or jigger; Sand′-flood, a moving mass of desert sand; Sand′-floun′der, a common North American flounder; Sand′-fly, a small New England biting midge; Sand′-glass, a glass instrument for measuring time by the running out of sand; Sand′-grass, grass that grows by the sea-shore; Sand′-grouse, a small order of birds, quite distinct from the true grouse, having two genera, Pterocles and Syrrhaptes, with beautiful plumage, heavy body, long and pointed wings, very short legs and toes; Sand′-heat, the heat of warm sand in chemical operations; Sand′-hill, a hill of sand; Sand′-hill crane, the brown crane of North America; Sand′-hill′er, one of the poor whites living in the sandy hills of Georgia; Sand′-hop′per, a small crustacean in the order Amphipoda, often seen on the sandy sea-shore, like swarms of dancing flies, leaping up by bending the body together, and throwing it out with a sudden jerk: a sand-flea; Sand′-horn′et, a sand-wasp; Sand′iness, sandy quality, esp. as regards colour; Sand′ing, the process of testing the surface of gilding, after it has been fired, with fine sand and water: the process of burying oysters in sand.—adj. Sand′ish (obs.).—ns. Sand′-jet (see Sand′-blast); Sand′-lark, a wading-bird that runs along the sand: a sandpiper; Sand′-liz′ard, a common lizard; Sand′-lob, the common British lug or lob worm; Sand′-mar′tin, the smallest of British swallows, which builds its nest in sandy river-banks and gravel-pits; Sand′-mā′son, a common British tube-worm; Sand′-mole, a South African rodent; Sand′-mouse, the dunlin: a sandpiper; Sand′-natt′er, a sand-snake; Sand′-pā′per, paper covered with a kind of sand for smoothing and polishing; Sand′-peep, the American stint: the peetweet; Sand′-perch, the grass-bass; Sand′piper, a wading-bird of the snipe family, which frequents sandy river-banks, distinguished by its clear piping note.—n.pl. Sand′-pipes, perpendicular cylindrical hollows, tapering to a point, occurring in chalk deposits, and so called from being usually filled with sand, gravel, or clay.—ns. Sand′-pit, a place from which sand is extracted; Sand′-plov′er, a ring-necked plover; Sand′-pride, a very small species of lamprey found in the rivers of Britain; Sand′-pump, a long cylinder with valved piston for use in drilling rocks—a Sand′-sludg′er: a sand-ejector, modified from the jet-pump, used in caissons for sinking the foundations of bridges; Sand′-rat, a geomyoid rodent, esp. the camass rat; Sand′-reed, a shore grass; Sand′-reel, a windlass used in working a sand-pump; Sand′-ridge, a sand-bank; Sand′-roll, a metal roll cast in sand; Sand′-run′ner, a sandpiper; Sand′-sau′cer, a round mass of agglutinated egg-capsules of a naticoid gasteropod, found on beaches; Sand′-scoop, a dredge for scooping up sand; Sand′-screen, a sand-sifter; Sand′-screw, an amphipod which burrows in the sand; Sand′-shark, a small voracious shark; Sand′-shot, small cast-iron balls cast in sand; Sand′-shrimp, a shrimp; Sand′-skink, a European skink found in sandy places; Sand′-skip′per, a beach flea; Sand′-snake, a short-tailed boa-like serpent; Sand′-snipe, the sandpiper; Sand′-spout, a moving pillar of sand; Sand′star, a starfish: a brittle star; Sand′-stone, a rock formed of compacted and more or less indurated sand (Old Red Sandstone, a name given to a series of strata—along with the parallel but nowhere coexisting Devonian—intermediate in age between the Silurian and Carboniferous systems); Sand′-storm, a storm of wind carrying along clouds of sand; Sand′-suck′er, the rough dab; Sand′-throw′er, a tool for throwing sand on newly sized or painted surfaces; Sand′-trap, a device for separating sand from running water; Sand′-vī′per, a hog-nosed snake; Sand′-washer, an apparatus for separating sand from earthy substances; Sand′-wasp, a digger-wasp.—v.t. Sand′-weld, to weld iron with sand.—ns. Sand′-worm, a worm that lives in the sand; Sand′-wort, any plant of the genus Arenaria.—adj. Sand′y, consisting of, or covered with, sand: loose: of the colour of sand.—n. a nick-name for a Scotsman (from Alexander).—ns. Sand′y-car′pet, a geometrid moth; Sand′y-lav′erock (Scot.), a sand-lark. [A.S. sand; Dut. zand, Ger. sand, Ice. sand-r.]

Sandal, san′dal, n. a kind of shoe consisting of a sole bound to the foot by straps: a loose slipper: a half-boot of white kid: a strap for fastening a slipper: an india-rubber shoe.—adj. San′dalled, wearing sandals: fastened with such. [Fr.,—L. sandalium—Gr. sandalon, prob. from Pers.]

Sandal, san′dal, n. a long narrow boat used on the Barbary coast. [Ar.]

Sandalwood, san′dal-wōōd, n. a compact and fine-grained tropical wood, remarkable for its fragrance. [Fr. sandal—Low L. santalum—Late Gr. santalon.]

Sandarac, san′da-rak, n. a friable, dry, almost transparent, tasteless, yellowish-white resin, imported from Mogador, Morocco: red sulphuret of arsenic—also San′darach.—n. San′darac-tree, a native of the mountains of Morocco. [Fr. sandaraque—L. sandaraca—Gr. sandarakē—Sans. sindūra, realgar.]

Sandemanian, san-de-mā′ni-an, n. a follower of Robert Sandeman (1718-71), a Glassite (q.v.).

Sandiver, san′di-vėr, n. the saline scum which forms on glass during its first fusion: glass-gall: product of glass-furnaces.—Also San′dever. [O. Fr. suin de verre, suint de verre—suin, grease, de, of, verre, glass—L. vitrum.]

Sandix, san′diks, n. red lead.—Also San′dyx. [L.,—Gr. sandix, vermilion.]

Sandwich, sand′wich, n. two slices of bread with ham, &c., between, said to be named from the fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718-92), who had such brought to him at the gaming-table that he might play on without stopping.—v.t. to lay or place between two layers, to fit tight between two objects.—n. Sand′wich-man, a man who perambulates the streets between two advertising boards.

Sane, sān, adj. sound in mind or body: healthy: not disordered in intellect.—adv. Sane′ly.—n. Sane′-ness. [L. sanus; akin to Gr. saos, sōs, sound.]

Sang, sang, pa.t. of sing.—n. a Scotch form of song.

Sang, sang, n. blood, in heraldic use.—adj. Sang′lant, bloody or dropping blood.—n. Sang-de-bœuf, a deep-red colour peculiar to Chinese porcelain.

Sang, sang, n. a Chinese wind-instrument.

Sangar, sang′gar, n. a stone breastwork: a low wall of loose stones, used as cover for soldiers. [Hindi sangar, war, entrenchment; from the Sanskrit.]

Sangaree, sang-ga-rē′, n. a West Indian beverage, of wine, sugar or syrup, water, and nutmeg, drunk cold.—v.t. and v.i. to make or drink such. [Sp. Sangría.]

Sang-froid, sang-frwo′, n. coolness, indifference, calmness. [Fr., sang, blood, froid, cold.]

Sanglier, sang′li-ėr, n. (her.) a wild boar used as a bearing. [Fr., orig. porc sanglier—Low L. singularis (porcus), the wild boar.]

Sangraal, san-grāl′, n. in medieval legends, the holy cup supposed to have been used at the Last Supper.—Also Sang′real. [Cf. Grail.]

Sangrado, san-grä′do, n. one who lets blood—from the leech in Gil Blas.

Sanguine, sang′gwin, adj. abounding with blood, bloody: bloodthirsty: ruddy, red: ardent, hopeful, confident: characterised by a fullness of habit.—n. the colour of red.—v.t. (obs.) to stain with blood.—n. Sang′sue, a leech—also Sang′uisuge.—adjs. Sanguic′olous, living in the blood, as a parasite; Sanguif′erous, receiving and conveying blood, circulatory.—ns. Sanguificā′tion; San′guifier.—adj. Sanguif′luous, flowing with blood.—v.i. San′guify, to make blood.—v.t. to convert into blood.—n. Sanguinā′ria, a genus of the poppy family, one species, the Blood-root or Puccoon of North America, much used by the Indians for staining.—adv. San′guinarily.—n. San′guinariness.—adj. San′guinary, bloody: attended with much blood-shed: bloodthirsty.—n. the yarrow: the blood-root.—adj. San′guineless, destitute of blood.—adv. San′guinely, hopefully, confidently.—n. San′guineness, sanguine character, ardour: ruddiness: plethora.—adj. Sanguin′eous, sanguine: resembling or constituting blood.—ns. Sanguin′ity, sanguineness; Sanguin′olence, Sanguin′olency.—adj. Sanguin′olent, tinged with blood: sanguine.—ns. Sanguisorbā′ceæ, Sanguisor′beæ, a sub-order of Rosaceæ, containing about 150 species; Sanguisū′ga, a genus of leeches.—adjs. Sanguisū′gent, Sanguisū′gous, blood-sucking; Sanguiv′olent, bloodthirsty; Sanguiv′orous, feeding on blood, as a vampire—also Sanguiniv′orous. [Fr.,—L. sanguineus—sanguis, sanguinis, blood.]

Sanhedrim, Sanhedrin, san′hē-drim, -drin, n. the supreme ecclesiastical and judicial tribunal of the Jews down to 425 A.D.: any similar assembly, a parliament. [Heb. sanhedrin—Gr. synedrion—syn, together, hedra, a seat.]

Sanhitâ, san′hi-ta, n. the name of that portion of the Vedas which contains the Mantras or hymns.

Sanicle, san′ik′l, n. a plant of the genus Sanicula, the common wood-sanicle long supposed to have healing power. [Fr.,—L. sanāre, to heal.]

Sanidine, san′i-din, n. a clear glassy variety of orthoclase. [Gr. sanis, sanidos, a board.]

Sanies, sā′ni-ēz, n. a thin discharge from wounds or sores.—adj. Sā′nious. [L.]

Sanify, san′i-fī, v.t. to make healthy. [L. sanus, sound, facĕre to make.]

Sanitary, san′i-tar-i, adj. pertaining to, tending, or designed to promote health.—n. Sanitā′rian, a promoter of sanitary reforms.—adv. San′itarily.—ns. San′itary-ware, coarse-glazed earthenware for sewer-pipes; Sanitā′tion, the science of sanitary conditions and of preserving health, synonymous with Hygiene—usually restricted, however, to the methods and apparatus for making and maintaining houses healthy; Sanitō′rium (incorrectly, Sanitā′rium), a health station, particularly for troops.—Sanitary science, such science as conduces to the preservation of health.

Sanity, san′i-ti, n. state of being sane: soundness of mind or body. [L. sanitas—sanus, sane.]

Sanjak, san′jak, n. an administrative subdivision of a Turkish vilayet or eyalet.—Also San′jakāte. [Turk.]

Sank, sangk, pa.t. of sink.

Sankhya, san′kyä, n. one of the six great systems of orthodox Hindu philosophy.

Sannup, san′up, n. the husband of a squaw: a brave.—Also Sann′op. [Amer. Ind.]

Sans, sanz, prep. (Shak.) without, wanting.—n. Sans′-appel′, a person from whose decision there is no appeal.—Sans nombre (her.), repeated often, and covering the field; Sans souci, without care: free and easy. [O. Fr. sans, senz—L. sine, without.]

Sansa, san′sa, n. a musical instrument of percussion, a tambourine.

Sansculotte, sanz-kōō-lot′, n. a name given in scorn, at the beginning of the French Revolution, by the court party to the democratic party in Paris.—n. Sansculot′terie.—adj. Sansculot′tic.—ns. Sansculot′tism; Sansculot′tist. [Fr. sansculotte, sans, without—L. sine, without, culotte, breeches, cul, breech—L. culus, the breech.]

Sansevieria, san-sev-i-ē′ri-a, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the order Hæmodoraceæ, native to southern Africa and the East Indies, yielding bowstring-hemp. [Named after the Neapolitan Prince of Sanseviero (1710-71).]

Sanskrit, sans′krit, n. the ancient literary language of India, the easternmost branch of the great Indo-Germanic (Indo-European, Aryan) stock of languages.—n. Sans′kritist, one skilled in Sanskrit. [Sans. samskrita, perfected, polished, from Sans. sam, together, krita, done, perfected, from kri, cog. with L. creāre, to create.]

Santa Claus, san′ta klawz, n. a famous nursery hero, a fat rosy old fellow who brings presents to good children on Christmas Eve.

Santalaceæ, san-ta-lā′sē-ē, n. an order of apetalous plants, the sandalwood family.—adjs. Santalā′ceous; Santal′ic, pertaining to sandalwood.—ns. San′talin, the colouring matter of red sandalwood; San′talum, the type genus of the sandalwood family.

Santir, san′tėr, n. a variety of dulcimer used in the East.—Also San′tur.

Santolina, san-tō-lī′na, n. a genus of composite plants, of the Mediterranean region, of tribe Anthemideæ, including the common lavender-cotton.

Santon, san′ton, n. an Eastern dervish or saint. [Sp. santon—santo, holy—L. sanctus, holy.]

Santonine, son′to-nin, n. a colourless crystalline poisonous compound contained in Santonica. [Gr. santonicon, a wormwood found in the country of the Santones in Gaul.]

Sap, sap, n. the vital juice of plants: (bot.) the part of the wood next to the bark: the blood: a simpleton: a plodding student.—v.i. to play the part of a ninny: to be studious.—ns. Sap′-bee′tle a beetle which feeds on sap; Sap′-col′our, a vegetable juice inspissated by slow evaporation, for the use of painters.—adj. Sap′ful, full of sap.—ns. Sap′-green, a green colouring matter from the juice of buckthorn berries; Sap′head, a silly fellow.—adj. Sap′less, wanting sap: not juicy.—ns. Sap′ling, a young tree, so called from being full of sap: a young greyhound during the year of his birth until the end of the coursing season which commences in that year; Sap′ling-cup, an open tankard for drinking new ale; Sap′piness.—adj. Sap′py, abounding with sap: juicy: silly.—ns. Sap′-tube, a vessel that conveys sap; Sap′-wood, the outer part of the trunk of a tree, next the bark, in which the sap flows most freely: albumen.—Crude sap, the ascending sap. [A.S. sæp; Low Ger. sapp, juice, Ger. saft.]

Sap, sap, v.t. to destroy by digging underneath: to undermine: to impair the constitution.—v.i. to proceed by undermining:—pr.p. sap′ping; pa.t. and pa.p. sapped.—n. a narrow ditch or trench by which approach is made from the foremost parallel towards the glacis or covert-way of a besieged place.—n. Sap′per, one who saps. [O. Fr. sappe—Low L. sapa, a pick, prob. from Gr. skapanē, a hoe.]

Sapajou, sap′a-zhōō, n. a name sometimes applied to all that division of American monkeys which have a prehensile tail, and sometimes limited to those of them which are of a slender form, as the genera Ateles or spider-monkey, Cebus, &c.—Also Sajou′.

Saperda, sā-pėr′da, n. a genus of long-horned beetles, mostly wood-borers. [Gr. saperdēs, a fish.]

Saphenous, sa-fē′nus, adj. prominent, as a vein of the leg.—n. Saphē′na, a prominent vein or nerve. [Gr. saphēnēs, plain.]

Sapid, sap′id, adj. well-tasted: savoury: that affects the taste.—n. Sapid′ity, savouriness.—adj. Sap′idless, insipid.—n. Sap′idness. [Fr.,—L. sapidus—sapĕre, to taste.]

Sapience, sā′pi-ens, n. discernment: wisdom: knowledge: reason.—adjs. Sā′pient, wise: discerning: sagacious, sometimes used ironically; Sāpien′tial.—adv. Sā′piently. [L. sapiens, sapientis, pr.p. of sapĕre, to be wise.]

Sapindus, sā-pin′dus, n. a genus of polypetalous trees, as Soapberry. [L. sapo Indicus, Indian soap.]

Sapium, sā′pi-um, n. a genus of apetalous plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceæ, including the Jamaica milkwood or gum-tree, &c.

Sapi-utan, sap′i-ōō′tan, n. the wild ox of Celebes.—Also Sap′i-ou′tan. [Malay, sapi, cow, ūtān, woods.]

Sapo, sā′pō, n. the toad-fish. [Sp., a toad.]

Sapodilla, sap-ō-dil′a, n. a name given in the West Indies to the fruit of several species of Achras, the seeds aperient and diuretic, the pulp subacid and sweet. [Sp. sapotilla—sapota, the sapota-tree.]

Saponaceous, sap-o-nā′shus, adj. soapy: soap-like.—n. Sapōnā′ria, a genus of polypetalous plants, including the soapwort.—adj. Sapon′ifīable.—n. Saponificā′tion, the act or operation of converting into soap.—v.t. Sapon′ify, to convert into soap:—pr.p. sapon′ifying; pa.p. sapon′ified.—n. Sap′onin, a vegetable principle, the solution of which froths when shaken, obtained from soapwort, &c. [L. sapo, saponis, soap.]

Saporific, sap-o-rif′ik, adj. giving a taste.—ns. Sā′por; Saporos′ity.—adj. Sap′ōrous. [L. sapor, saporis, taste, facĕre, to make.]

Sapotaceæ, sap-o-tā′sē-ē, n. a natural order of trees and shrubs, often abounding in milky juice, including the gutta-percha tree—one species yields the star-apple, another the Mammee-Sapota or American marmalade. [Sapodilla.]

Sappan-wood, sa-pan′-wōōd, n. the wood of Cæsalpinia sappan, used in dyeing.

Sapper, sap′ėr, n. a soldier employed in the building of fortifications, &c.

Sapphic, saf′ik, adj. pertaining to Sappho, a passionate Greek lyric poetess of Lesbos (c. 600 B.C.): denoting a kind of verse said to have been invented by Sappho.—ns. Sapph′ic-stan′za, a metre of Horace, the stanzas of four verses each, three alike, made up of four trochees, with a dactyl in the third place; Sapph′ism, unnatural passion between women; Sapph′ō, a humming-bird.

Sapphire, saf′īr, or saf′ir, n. a highly transparent and brilliant precious stone, a variety of Corundum, generally of a beautiful blue colour—the finest found in Ceylon: (her.) a blue tincture.—adj. deep pure blue.—n. Sapph′ire-wing, a humming-bird.—adj. Sapph′irine, made of, or like, sapphire.—Green sapphire, the Oriental emerald; Red sapphire, the Oriental ruby; Violet sapphire, the Oriental amethyst. [Fr.,—L. sapphirus—Gr. sappheiros—Heb. sappīr, sapphire.]

Sapping, sap′ing, n. the act of excavating trenches.

Sapples, sap′lz, n.pl. (Scot.) soapsuds.

Sapremia, sap-rē′mi-a, n. a condition of blood-poisoning.—adjs. Saprē′mic, Sapræ′mic. [Gr. sapros, rotten, haima, blood.]

Saprogenous, sap-roj′e-nus, adj. engendered in putridity.—Also Saprogen′ic. [Gr. sapros, rotten, -genēs, producing.]

Saproharpages, sap-rō-här′pa-jēz, n. a group of vultures. [Gr. sapros, rotten, harpax, a vulture.]

Saprolegnia, sap-rō-leg′ni-a, n. a genus of fungi, causing a destructive salmon-disease. [Gr. sapros, rotten, legnon, an edge.]

Sap-roller, sap′-rōl′ėr, n. a gabion employed by sappers in the trenches.

Sapromyza, sap-rō-mī′za, n. a large group of reddish-yellow flies. [Gr. sapros, rotten, myzein, to suck.]

Saprophagous, sap-rof′a-gus, adj. feeding on decaying matter.—n. Saproph′agan, one of the saprophagous beetles. [Gr. sapros, rotten, phagein, to eat.]

Saprophyte, sap′rō-fīt, n. a plant that feeds upon decaying vegetable matter.—adjs. Saprophyt′ic, Saproph′ilous.—adv. Saprophyt′ically.—n. Sap′rophytism. [Gr. sapros, rotten, phyton, a plant.]

Saprostomous, sap-ros′tō-mus, adj. having a foul breath. [Gr. sapros, rotten, stoma, mouth.]

Sap-rot, sap′-rot, n. dry-rot in timber.

Sapsago, sap′sā-gō, n. a greenish Swiss cheese. [Ger. schabzieger.]

Sap-shield, sap′-shēld, n. a steel plate for shelter to the sapper.

Sap-sucker, sap′-suk′ėr, n. the name in the United States of all the small spotted woodpeckers.—adj. Sap′-suck′ing.

Sapucaia, sap-ōō-kī′a, n. a Brazilian tree, whose urn-shaped fruit contains a number of finely-flavoured oval seeds or nuts.

Sapyga, sā-pī′ga, n. a genus of digger-wasps.

Saraband, sar′a-band, n. a slow Spanish dance, or the music to which it is danced; a short piece of music, of deliberate character, and with a peculiar rhythm, in ¾-time, the accent being placed on the second crotchet of each measure. [Sp. zarabanda; from Pers. sarband, a fillet for the hair.]

Saracen, sar′a-sen, n. a name variously employed by medieval writers to designate the Mohammedans of Syria and Palestine, the Arabs generally, or the Arab-Berber races of northern Africa, who conquered Spain and Sicily and invaded France.—adjs. Saracen′ic, -al.—n. Sar′acenism.—Saracenic architecture, a general name for Mohammedan architecture. [O. Fr. sarracin, sarrazin—Low L. Saracenus—Late Gr. Sarakēnos—Ar. sharkeyn, eastern people, as opposed to maghribe, 'western people'—i.e. the people of Morocco.]

Sarafan, sar′a-fan, n. a gala-dress. [Russ.]

Sarangousty, sar-an-gōōs′ti, n. a material used as a preservative of walls, &c., from damp.

Sarbacand, sar′ba-känd, n. a blow-gun.—Also Sar′bacane.

Sarcasm, sär′kazm, n. a bitter sneer: a satirical remark in scorn or contempt: irony: a gibe.—adjs. Sarcas′tic, -al, containing sarcasm: bitterly satirical.—adv. Sarcas′tically. [Fr.,—L. sarcasmus—Gr. sarkasmos—sarkazein, to tear flesh like dogs, to speak bitterly—sarx, sarkos, flesh.]

Sarcel, sär′sel, n. the pinion of a hawk's wing.—adjs. Sar′celled (her.), cut through the middle—also Sar′celé, Sar′cellée; Dem′i-sar′celed, -sar′celled, partly cut through. [O. Fr. cercel—L. circellus, dim. of circulus, a circle.]

Sarcelle, sar-sel′, n. a long-tailed duck, a teal.

Sarcenchyme, sar-seng′kīm, n. one of the soft tissues of sponges.—adj. Sarcenchym′atous. [Gr. sarx, flesh, enchyma, an infusion.]

Sarcenet. See Sarsenet.

Sarcina, sar-sī′na, n. a genus of schizomycetous fungi, in which the cocci divide in three planes forming cubical clumps:—pl. Sarcī′næ (-nē).—adjs. Sarcī′næform, Sarcin′ic.—n. Sarcin′ūla. [L. sarcina, a package.]

Sarcine, sär′sin, n. a nitrogenous substance obtained from the muscular tissue of the horse, ox, hare, &c.—same as Hypoxanthine. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh.]

Sarciophorus, sär-si-of′ō-rus, n. a genus of spur-winged plovers, including the crested wattled lapwings, &c. [Gr. sarkion, a piece of flesh, sarx, flesh, pherein, to bear.]

Sarcitis, sar-sī′tis, n. myositis. [Gr. sarx, flesh.]

Sarcobasis, sär-kob′a-sis, n. a fruit consisting of many dry indehiscent cells. [Gr. sarx, flesh, basis, a base.]

Sarcobatus, sär-kob′a-tus, n. an anomalous genus of North American shrubs of the goose-foot family—the only species the greasewood of the western United States. [Gr. sarx, flesh, batis, samphire.]

Sarcoblast, sär′kō-blast, n. the germ of sarcode.—adj. Sarcoblas′tic. [Gr. sarx, flesh, blastos, a germ.]

Sarcocarp, sär′kō-karp, n. (bot.) the fleshy part of a drupaceous pericarp or a stone-fruit. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, karpos, fruit.]

Sarcocele, sär′kō-sēl, n. a fleshy tumour of the testicle. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, kēlē, tumour.]

Sarcocephalus, sär-kō-sef′-a-lus, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the natural order Rubiaceæ, native to the tropics of Asia and Africa—including the country-fig, Guinea peach, African cinchona, &c. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, kephalē, the head.]

Sarcocol, sär′kō-kol, n. a semi-transparent resin or gum imported from Arabia.—n. Sarcōcol′la, a genus of apetalous shrubs of the order Penæaceæ, native to South Africa. [Gr., a Persian gum.]

Sarcocystis, sär-kō-sis′tis, n. a genus of parasitic sporozoa or Gregarinida, common but apparently harmless in butcher-meat.—n. Sarcocystid′ia, the division of sporozoa including the foregoing.—adj. Sarcocystid′ian. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, kystis, the bladder.]

Sarcode, sär′kōd, n. another term for protoplasm.—n. Sarcō′des, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order Monotropeæ; including the Californian snow-plant.—adjs. Sarcod′ic, Sar′codous; Sar′coid, resembling flesh. [Gr. sarkodēs, from sarx, flesh, eidos, resemblance.]

Sarcolemma, sär-kō-lem′a, n. a membrane which invests striped muscular tissue.—adj. Sarcolemm′ic. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, lemma, a skin.]

Sarcolemur, sär′kō-lē-mur, n. a genus of extinct Eocene mammals found in North America. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, and lemur.]

Sarcolobe, sär′kō-lōb, n. a thick fleshy cotyledon, as of the bean. [Gr. sarx, flesh, lobos, a lobe.]

Sarcology, sär-kol′o-ji, n. the division of anatomy which treats of the soft parts of the body.—adjs. Sarcolog′ic, -al.—n. Sarcol′ogist. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, logos, discourse.]

Sarcoma, sär-kō′ma, n. a tumour or group of tumours, often malignant: any fleshy excrescence: (bot.) a fleshy disc:—pl. Sarcō′mata.—n. Sarcomatō′sis, sarcomatous degeneration.—adj. Sarcom′atous. [Gr. sarkōma—sarx, flesh.]

Sarcophaga, sär-kof′a-ga, n. a genus of dipterous insects, the flesh-flies: a former division of marsupials.—adjs. Sarcoph′agal, flesh-devouring; Sarcoph′agous, feeding on flesh.—n. Sarcoph′agy.

Sarcophagus, sär-kof′a-gus, n. a kind of limestone used by the Greeks for coffins, and so called because it was thought to consume the flesh of corpses: any stone receptacle for a corpse: an 18th-century form of wine-cooler:—pl. Sarcoph′agī, Sarcoph′aguses. [L.,—Gr. sarkophagos—sarx, flesh, phagein, eat.]

Sarcophilus, sär-kof′i-lus, n. a genus of carnivorous marsupials containing the Tasmanian devil.—n. Sar′cophile, any animal of this genus.—adj. Sarcoph′ilous, fond of flesh. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, philein, to love.]

Sarcophyte, sär-kof′i-tē, n. a monotypic genus of parasitic and apetalous plants native to South Africa. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, phyton, a plant.]

Sarcopsylla, sär-kop-sil′a, n. a genus of American insects, including the jigger or chigoe. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, psylla, a flea.]

Sarcoptes, sär-kop′tēz, n. the itch-mites.—adj. Sarcop′tic. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, koptein, to cut.]

Sarcoseptum, sär-kō-sep′tum, n. a soft septum. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, and septum.]

Sarcosis, sär-kō′sis, n. flesh formation: a fleshy tumour. [Gr. sarkōsis.]

Sarcostemma, sär-kō-stem′a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order Asclepiadeæ, native to Africa, Asia, and Australia—including the flesh crown-flower. [Gr. sarx, flesh, stemma, wreath.]

Sarcostigma, sär-kō-stig′ma, n. a genus of polypetalous plants of the order Olacineæ—including the odal-oil plant. [Gr. sarx, flesh, stigma, a point.]

Sarcostyle, sär′kō-stīl, n. the mass of sarcode in the sarcotheca of a cœlenterate. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, stylos, a pillar.]

Sarcotheca, sär-kō-thē′ka, n. the cup of a thread-cell: a cnida or nematophore. [Gr. sarx, sarkos, flesh, thēkē, a sheath.]

Sarcotic, sär-kot′ik, adj. causing flesh to grow.—adj. Sar′cous, fleshy. [Gr. sarkōtikos—sarkousthai, to produce flesh—sarx, flesh.]

Sard, särd, n. a variety of quartz, differing from cornelian only in its very deep-red colour, blood-red by transmitted light.—n. Sar′dachāte, a kind of agate containing layers of sard. [Gr. sardios (lithos), the Sardian (stone)—Sardeis, Sardis, in Lydia.]

Sarda, sär′da, n. a genus of scombroid fishes, the bonitos. [Gr. sardē, a fish.]

Sardel, Sardelle, sär′del, n. a slender herring-like fish. [O. Fr. sardelle—L. sarda.]

Sardine, sär-dēn′, n. a small fish of the herring family, abundant about the island of Sardinia, potted with olive-oil for export, the pilchard: a petty character. [Fr., (It. sardina)—L. sarda, sardina—Gr. sardēnē.]

Sardine, sär′din, n. the same as Sard.—Also Sar′dius. [O. Fr. sardine.]

Sardonic, sär-don′ik, adj. forced, heartless, or bitter, said of a forced unmirthful laugh—(obs.) Sardō′nian.—adv. Sardon′ically. [Fr. sardonique—L. sardonius, sardonicus—Gr. sardanios, referred to sardonion, a plant of Sardinia (Gr. Sardō), which was said to screw up the face of the eater, but more prob. from Gr. sairein, to grin.]

Sardonyx, sär′dō-niks, n. a variety of onyx consisting of layers of light-coloured chalcedony alternating with reddish layers of cornelian or sard: (her.) a tincture of sanguine colour when the blazoning is done by precious stones. [Gr. sardonyx—Sardios, Sardian, onyx, a nail.]

Sargasso, sär-gas′o, n. a genus of seaweeds, of which two species are found floating in immense quantities in some parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans—gulf-weed.—n. Sargass′um. [Sp.]

Sargus, sär′gus, n. a genus of sparoid fishes of the sub-family Sargi′na. [Gr. sargos, a mullet.]

Sari, sär′i, n. a Hindu woman's chief garment, consisting of a long piece of silk or cotton cloth wrapped round the middle: any long scarf. [Hind.]

Sarigue, sa-rēg′, n. a South American opossum. [Fr.,—Braz.]

Sark, särk, n. a shirt or chemise: the body garment. [A.S. syrce; Ice. serkr.]

Sarking, sär′king, n. (Scot.) thin boards for lining, the boarding on which slates are laid.

Sarkinite, sär′ki-nīt, n. a hydrous arseniate of manganese. [Gr. sarkinos, fleshy, sarx, sarkos, flesh.]

Sarlak, sär′lak, n. the yak.—Also Sar′lac, Sar′lyk.

Sarmatian, sär-mā′shi-an, adj. pertaining to the race who spoke the same language as the Scythians, and who are believed to have been of Median descent and so Iranian in stock, though some authorities think they belonged to the Ural-Altaic family: Polish, the term Sarmatia being sometimes rhetorically applied to Poland.

Sarmatier, sär-ma-ti-ā′, n. a dark-coloured polecat of eastern Europe.

Sarment, sär′ment, n. (bot.) a prostrate filiform stem or runner, as of a strawberry.—adjs. Sarmen′tose, Sarmen′tous, having sarmenta or runners.—n. Sarmen′tum, a runner. [L. sarmentum, a twig—sarpĕre, to prune.]

Sarn, särn, n. a pavement. [W. sarn.]

Saroh, sar′ō, n. an Indian musical instrument with three metal strings.

Sarong, sa-rong′, n. a garment covering the lower half of the body. [Malay.]

Saros, sā′ros, n. a Babylonian numeral=3600: an astronomical cycle of 6585 days and 8 hours.

Sarothrum, sa-rō′thrum, n. a brush of stiff hairs on the leg of a bee:—pl. Sarō′thra. [Gr. sarōtron, a broom.]

Sarplar, sär′plär, n. (obs.) packing-cloth: a large bale of wool containing 2240 pounds.—Also Sar′pler, Sar′plier. [O. Fr. serpilliere—Low L. serapellinus—L. xerampelinæ (vestes), of the colour of dead vine-leaves, dark-red (clothes)—Gr. xērampelinos, xēros, dry, ampelinos—ampelos, a vine.]

Sarracenia, sär-a-sē′ni-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants—the side-saddle flower, pitcher-plant. [Named from Dr Sarrazin, who first sent them to Europe from Quebec.]

Sarrasin, sär′a-sin, n. a portcullis.—Also Sar′asin.

Sarrazin, sär′a-zin, n. buckwheat—Saracen wheat.

Sarrusophone, sa-rus′ō-fōn, n. a musical instrument of the oboe class. [From the inventor, a French bandmaster named Sarrus.]

Sarsaparilla, sär-sa-pa-ril′a, n. the dried root of several species of Smilax, native to tropical America, yielding a medicinal decoction.—Also Sar′sa. [Sp.,—zarza, bramble (prob. Basque, sartzia), parilla, a dim. of parra, a vine.]

Sarsen, sär′sen, n. a local name for the old inhabitants who worked the tin-mines in Cornwall and Devonshire—(the piles of old mining refuse are called attal-Sarsen and Jews' leavings).—Also Sars′den-stone, Sar′acen's-stone, a name given to the Greywethers of Cornwall.

Sarsenet, särs′net, n. a thin tissue of fine silk, plain or twilled, used for ladies' dresses and for linings, said to have been introduced from the East in the 13th century.—Also Sar′cenet, Sars′net. [O. Fr. sarcenet—Low L. Saracenatus, and Saracenicus (pannus), Saracen (cloth)—Saracenus, Saracen.]

Sarsia, sär′si-a, n. a genus of jelly-fishes. [Named from Professor Sars of Christiania.]

Sartage, sär′tāj, n. the clearing of woodland for agricultural purposes.—n. Sart, a strip of such.

Sartorius, sär-tō′ri-us, n. the muscle of the thigh by which the one leg is thrown across the other.—n. Sar′tor, a tailor.—adj. Sartō′rial, pertaining to a tailor or tailoring. [L. sartor, a tailor.]

Sash, sash, n. a band, ribbon, or scarf, worn as a badge or ornament, or a badge of distinction worn by officers—also v.t.—n. Sash′ery, sashes collectively. [Pers. shast, a turban.]

Sash, sash, n. a case or frame for panes of glass.—v.t. to furnish with sashes.—ns. Sash′-door, a door having panes of glass; Sash′-frame, the frame in which the sash of a window is suspended; Sash′-window, a glazed window in which the glass is set in a sash.—French sash, a casement swinging on hinges. [Fr. châsse—L. capsa, a case.]

Sasia, sā′si-a, n. a genus of Indian pigmy woodpeckers.

Sasin, sas′in, n. the common Indian antelope.

Sasine, sā′sin, n. (Scots law) the act of giving legal possession of feudal property, infeftment: a form of seizin. [Fr. saisine—saisir, occupy.]

Sass, sas, n. (coll.) impudence: vegetables used in making sauces.—v.i. to be insolent in replies.

Sassaby, sas′a-bi, n. the bastard hartebeest of South Africa.

Sassafras, sas′a-fras, n. a tree of the laurel family, common in North America; also the bark of its root, a powerful stimulant.—Sassafras oil, a volatile aromatic oil distilled from the sassafras. [Fr. sassafras—Sp. sasafras—L. saxifraga—saxum, a stone, frangĕre, to break.]

Sassanid, sas′a-nid, n. one of the Sassanidæ, the dynasty which ruled Persia from 218 A.D. to 639.—adj. Sassā′nian.

Sassarara. Same as Siserary.

Sasse, sas, n. a sluice on a navigable river. [Dut.]

Sassenach, sas′e-nah, n. a Saxon: an Englishman: a Lowlander. [Gael. Sasunnach.]

Sassolin, sas′ō-lin, n. native boracic acid—first found near Sasso in Florence.—Also Sass′olite.

Sassorol, sas′ō-rol, n. the rock-pigeon.—Also Sassorol′la.

Sat, sat, pa.t. and pa.p. of sit.

Satan, sā′tan, n. the enemy of men: the devil: the chief of the fallen angels.—adjs. Sātan′ic, -al, pertaining to, or like, Satan: devilish.—adv. Sātan′ically, diabolically: with malice or wickedness suiting the devil.—ns. Sātan′icalness, the quality of being fiendishly malicious or wicked; Sā′tanism, the devilish disposition; Sātanoph′any, an appearance or incarnation of Satan; Sātanophō′bia, fear of the devil; Sāth′anas, Satan; Sātan′ity. [O. Fr. Sathan, Sathanas—Low L. Satan, Satanas—Heb. sātān, enemy—sātan, to be adverse.]

Satara, sat′a-ra, n. a ribbed, hot-pressed, and lustred woollen cloth.

Satchel, sach′el, n. a small sack or bag, esp. for papers, books, &c. [Older form sachel—O. Fr. sachel—L. saccellus, dim. of saccus.]

Sate, sāt, v.t. to satisfy or give enough: to glut.—adj. Sate′less, insatiable. [L. satiāre, -ātum—satis, enough.]

Sate, sat. Same as Sat, pa.t. of sit.

Sateen, sa-tēn′, n. a glossy worsted, cotton, or even woollen fabric.—Also Satteen′.

Satellite, sat′el-līt, n. an obsequious follower: one of the small members of the solar system, attendant on the larger planets, by which their motions are controlled.—ns. Sat′ellite-sphinx, a large hawk-moth; Sat′ellite-vein, a vein accompanying an artery; Satelli′tium, an escort. [Fr.,—L. satelles, satellitis, an attendant.]

Satiate, sā′shi-āt, v.t. to satisfy or give enough: to gratify fully: to glut.—adj. glutted.—n. Sātiabil′ity.—adj. Sā′tiable, that may be satiated.—ns. Sātiā′tion; Sātī′ety, state of being satiated: surfeit. [L. satiāra, -ātum—satis, enough.]

Satin, sat′in, n. a closely woven silk with a lustrous and unbroken surface, sometimes figured.—adj. made of satin: resembling satin.—v.t. to make smooth and glossy like satin.—ns. Sat′in-bird, the satin bower-bird; Sat′in-car′pet, a particular kind of moth; Sat′in-dam′ask, a satin with an elaborate flower or arabesque pattern, sometimes raised in velvet pile; Sat′in-de-laine′, a thin glossy woollen fabric, a variety of cassimere; Sat′inet, a thin species of satin: a cloth with a cotton warp and woollen weft; Sat′inet-loom, a loom used for heavy goods, as twills, satinets, &c.; Sat′in-fin′ish, a finish resembling satin: a lustrous finish produced on silver by the scratch-brush, by the process called Satining; Sat′ining-machine′, a machine for giving a smooth surface to paper; Sat′in-leaf, the common alum-root; Sat′in-lisse, a cotton dress-fabric with satiny surface, usually printed with delicate patterns; Sat′in-pā′per, a fine, glossy writing-paper; Sat′in-sheet′ing, twilled cotton fabric with a satin surface; Sat′in-spar, a variety of calcite with a pearly lustre when polished; Sat′in-sparr′ow, an Australian fly-catcher; Sat′in-stitch, an embroidery stitch, flat or raised, repeated in parallel lines, giving a satiny appearance and making both sides alike; Sat′in-stone, a fibrous gypsum used by lapidaries; Sat′inwood, a beautiful ornamental wood from East and West Indies, having a smooth, satiny texture.—adj. Sat′iny, like, or composed of, satin. [Fr. satin (It. setino)—Low. L. setinus, adj.—L. seta, hair.]

Satiné, sat-i-nā′, n. a reddish hard wood of French Guiana.

Satire, sat′īr, or sat′ir, n. a literary composition, orig. in verse, essentially a criticism of man and his works, whom it holds up either to ridicule or scorn—its chief instruments, irony, sarcasm, invective, wit and humour: an invective poem: severity of remark, denunciation: ridicule.—adjs. Satir′ic, -al, pertaining to, or conveying, satire: sarcastic: abusive.—adv. Satir′ically.—n. Satir′icalness, the state or quality of being satirical.—v.t. Sat′irīse, to make the object of satire: to censure severely.—n. Sat′irist, a writer of satire. [Fr.,—L. satira, satura (lanx, a dish), a full dish, a medley.]

Satisfy, sat′is-fī, v.t. to give enough to: to supply fully: to please fully: to discharge: to free from doubt: to convince.—v.i. to give content: to supply fully: to make payment:—pa.t. and pa.p. sat′isfied.—n. Satisfac′tion, state of being satisfied: gratification: comfort: that which satisfies: amends: atonement: payment, quittance: conviction: repairing a wrong, as by a duel.—adj. Satisfac′tive (obs.).—adv. Satisfac′torily.—n. Satisfac′toriness.—adjs. Satisfac′tory, satisfying: giving contentment: making amends or payment: atoning: convincing; Satisfī′able, capable of being satisfied.—n. Sat′isfīer.—adj. Sat′isfying, satisfactory.—adv. Sat′isfyingly.—Satisfaction theory (of the Atonement), the ordinary theory of Catholic orthodoxy that Christ made satisfaction to Divine justice for the guilt of human sin by suffering as the human representative, and that thus Divine forgiveness was made possible. [Fr. satisfaire—L. satisfacĕre, satis, enough, facĕre, to make.]

Sative, sā′tiv, adj. sown as in a garden. [L. sativus—serĕre, to sow.]

Satrap, sā′trap, or sat′rap, n. a Persian viceroy or ruler of one of the greater provinces:—fem. Sā′trapess.—adjs. Sat′rapal, relating to a satrap or to a satrapy; Sā′trap-crowned, crested, like the golden-crested wren of North America.—n. Sat′rapy, the government of a satrap. [Gr. satrapēs, from Old Pers. khshatrapā or Zend shōithra-paiti—ruler of a region—shōithra, a region, paiti, a chief.]

Saturate, sat′ū-rāt, v.t. to fill: to unite with till no more can be received: to fill to excess: to soak: (opt.) to render pure, or of a colour free from white light.—adjs. Sat′ūrable, that may be saturated; Sat′ūrant, saturating; Sat′ūrate, saturated: (entom.) very intense, as 'saturate green.'—ns. Sat′ūrāter; Satūrā′tion, act of saturating: state of being saturated: the state of a body when quite filled with another. [L. saturāre, -ātum—satur, full, akin to satis, enough.]

Saturday, sat′ur-dā, n. the seventh or last day of the week, dedicated by the Romans to Saturn: the Jewish Sabbath. [A.S. Sæter-dæg, Sætern-dæg, day of Saturn—L. Saturnus.]

Satureia, sat-ū-rē′i-a, n. a genus of gamopetalous plants of the order Labiatæ—savory.

Saturn, sat′urn, or sā′-, n. the ancient Roman god of agriculture: one of the planets: (her.) a tincture, in colour black.—n.pl. Saturnā′lia, the annual festival in honour of Saturn, a time of unrestrained license and enjoyment.—adjs. Saturnā′lian, pertaining to the Saturnalia: riotously merry: dissolute; Satur′nian, pertaining to Saturn, whose fabulous reign was called 'the golden age:' happy: pure: simple: denoting the verse in which the oldest Latin poems were written; Sat′urnine, grave: gloomy: phlegmatic—those born under the planet Saturn being so disposed: pertaining to lead.—n. Sat′urnist (obs.), a gloomy person.—Saturn's ring, a ring round and near the planet; Saturn's tree, an arborescent deposit of lead from a solution of lead acetate. [Saturnus—serĕre, satum, to sow.]

Saturnia, sā-tur′ni-a, n. a genus of bombycid moths.

Saturnia, sā-tur′ni-a, n. lead poisoning, plumbism.

Saturnite, sat′ur-nīt, n. a mineral substance containing lead.

Satyr, sat′ėr, or sā′tėr, n. a silvan deity, represented as part man and part goat, and extremely wanton: a very lecherous person: a species of butterfly.—ns. Sat′yral (her.), a monster with a human head and the limbs of different animals; Satyrī′asis, morbid lasciviousness in men, corresponding to nymphomania in women—also Satyromā′nia.—adjs. Satyr′ic, -al, pertaining to satyrs.—ns. Satyrī′næ, the argus butterflies; Satyr′ium, a genus of small flowered orchids; Sat′yrus, the genus of orangs—simia. [L. satyrus—Gr. satyros.]

Sauba-ant, saw′ba-ant, n. a South American leaf-carrying ant.

Sauce, saws, n. a liquid seasoning for food, consisting of salt, &c.: fruit stewed with sugar: a relish: impudence.—v.t. to put sauce in to relish: to make poignant: to gratify the palate: to treat with bitter or pert language: to make suffer.—ns. Sauce′-alone′, a cruciferous plant with a strong garlic smell, Jack-by-the-hedge; Sauce′-boat, a vessel with a spout for holding sauce; Sauce′-box, an impudent person; Sauce′-cray′on, a soft, black pastel used for backgrounds; Sauce′pan, a pan in which sauce or any small thing is boiled; Sauce′pan-fish, the king-crab.—Poor man's sauce, hunger; Serve one with the same sauce, to requite one injury with another, to make to suffer. [Fr. sauce—L. salsa, neut. pl. of salsus, pa.p. of salīre, salsum, to salt—sal, salt.]

Saucer, saw′sėr, n. the shallow platter for a tea or coffee cup: anything resembling a saucer, as a socket of iron for the pivot of a capstan: (orig.) a small vessel to hold sauce.—adj. Sau′cer-eyed, having large round eyes. [O. Fr. saussiere—Low L. salsarium—L. salsa, sauce.]

Sauch, Saugh, sawh, n. (Scot.) the willow. [Sallow.]

Saucisse, sō-sēs′, n. a bag filled with powder for use in mines.—Also Saucisson′. [Fr.]

Saucy, saw′si, adj. (comp. Sau′cier, superl. Sau′ciest) sharp: pungent: insolent: overbearing: wanton: impudent, pert.—adv. Sau′cily.—n. Sau′ciness. [Sauce.]

Sauer-kraut, sour′-krout, n. a German dish consisting of cabbage sliced fine and suffered to ferment in a cask with salt, juniper-berries, cumin-seed, caraway-seeds, &c. [Ger.]

Saufgard, sawf′gärd, n. (Spens.). Safeguard.

Sauger, saw′gėr, n. the smaller American pike-fish.

Saul, a Scotch form of soul.

Saulge, sawlj, adj. (Spens.) sage.

Saulie, saw′li, n. (Scot.) a hired mourner.—Also Sall′ie.

Sault, sawlt, n. (obs.) a leap: an assault.

Sault, sō, n. a rapid in some Canadian rivers. [Fr.]

Saunt, a Scotch form of saint.

Saunter, sawn′tėr, v.i. to wander about idly: to loiter: to lounge: to stroll: to dawdle.—n. a sauntering: a place for sauntering: a leisurely ramble.—ns. Saun′terer; Saun′tering.—adv. Saun′teringly. [M. E. saunteren—Anglo-Fr. sauntrer, to adventure out. Cf. Adventure. Sometimes erroneously explained as from Fr. sainte terre, holy land, from pilgrimages.]

Saurian, saw′ri-an, n. a reptile or animal covered with scales, as the lizard.—adj. pertaining to, or of the nature of, a saurian.—n.pl. Sau′ria, a division of reptiles formerly including lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurians, pterodactyls, &c.: a scaly reptile with legs, a lacertilian: one of the sauropsida.—n. Sauran′odon, a genus of toothless reptiles, whose fossil remains are found in the Rocky Mountains.—adj. Sauran′odont.—ns. Saurich′nite, the fossil track of a saurian; Saur′ōdon, a genus of fossil fishes of the Cretaceous age.—adj. Saur′oid, resembling the lizard: reptilian.—n. Saurom′alus, a genus of plump lizards, including the alderman-lizard.—n.pl. Saurop′oda, an order of lizards containing gigantic dinosaurs.—adj. Saurop′odous.—n.pl. Saurop′sida, the monocondyla, including birds and reptiles.—adj. Saurop′sidan.—n.pl. Sauropteryg′ia, an order of fossil saurians, usually called Plesiosauria.—adj. Sauropteryg′ian. [Gr. saura, sauros, the lizard.]

Saurless, sawr′les, adj. (Scot.) savourless: tasteless.

Saurognathæ, saw-rog′nā-thē, n.pl. a family of birds containing the woodpeckers and their allies.—n. Saurog′nāthism, the peculiar arrangement of the bones of their palates.—adj. Saurog′nāthous. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, gnathos, the jaw.]

Saurophagous, saw-rof′a-gus, adj. feeding on reptiles. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, phagein, to eat.]

Saurotherinæ, saw-rō-thē-rī′nē, n.pl. the ground-cuckoos, a sub-family of Cuculidæ, the typical genus Saurothē′ra. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, thēr, a beast.]

Saururæ, saw-rōō′rē, n.pl. a sub-class or order of Aves, of Jurassic age, based upon the genus Archæopteryx—also called Sauror′nithes.—adj. Sauru′rous, lizard-tailed, as the foregoing birds.

Saururus, saw-rōō′rus, n. a genus of apetalous plants of the order Piperaceæ.—n.pl. Sauru′rēæ, a family of these. [Gr. sauros, a lizard, oura, a tail.]

Saurus, saw′rus, n. the genus of lizard-fishes.

Saury, saw′ri, n. the skipper, a species of the family Scomberesocidæ, with elongated body and head, the jaws produced into a sharp beak.

Sausage, saw′sāj, n. a gut stuffed with chopped meat salted and seasoned.—n. Sau′sage-poi′soning, poisoning by spoiled sausages. [Fr. saucisse—Low L. salcitia—L. salsus, salted.]

Saussurea, saw-sū′rē-a, n. a genus of composite plants of the order Cynaroideæ. [Named after the Swiss botanists, H. B. de Saussure (1740-99), and his son, Nic. Théodore de Saussure (1767-1845).]

Saussurite, saw-sū′rīt, n. a fine-grained compact mineral, of grayish colour.—adj. Saussurit′ic.

Saut, sawt, a Scotch form of salt.

Sauter, sō-tā′, v.t. to fry lightly and quickly. [Fr.]

Sautereau, sō-te-rō′, n. the jack or hopper of a pianoforte, &c. [Fr.]

Sauterelle, sō-te-rel′, n. an instrument for tracing angles. [Fr.]

Sauterne, sō-tėrn′, n. an esteemed white wine produced at Sauterne, in the Gironde, France.

Sautoire, Sautoir, sō-twor′, n. (her.) a ribbon worn diagonally. [Saltier.]

Sauvagesia, saw-vā-jē′si-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants of the violet family. [Named from the French botanist P. A. Boissier de la Croix de Sauvages (1710-95).]

Sauvegarde, sōv′gärd, n. a monitor-lizard: a safeguard. [Fr.]

Savage, sav′āj, adj. wild: uncivilised: fierce: cruel: brutal: (her.) nude: naked.—n. a human being in a wild state: a brutal, fierce, or cruel person: a barbarian.—v.t. and v.i. to make savage, to play the savage.—n. Sav′agedom, a savage state: savages collectively.—adv. Sav′agely.—ns. Sav′ageness; Sav′agery, fierceness: ferocity: wild growth of plants; Sav′agism. [O. Fr. salvage—L. silvaticus, pertaining to the woods—silva, a wood.]

Savanna, Savannah, sa-van′a, n. a tract of level land, covered with low vegetation: a treeless plain.—ns. Savann′a-flow′er, a genus of the milk-weed family, West Indies; Savann′a-sparr′ow, the sparrow common through North America; Savann′a-watt′le, a name of certain West Indian trees, also called Fiddlewood. [Sp. savana, sabana, a sheet, a meadow—Low L. sabanum—Gr. sabanon, a linen cloth.]

Savant, sav-ang′, n. a learned man. [Fr., pr.p. of savoir, to know.]

Save, sāv, v.t. to bring safe out of evil: to rescue: to reserve: to spare: to deliver from the power of sin and from its consequences: to husband: to hoard: to be in time for: to obviate, to prevent something worse.—v.i. to be economical.—prep. except.—adjs. Sav′able, Save′able.—ns. Sav′ableness; Save′-all, a contrivance intended to save anything from being wasted.—v.t. Save′guard (Spens.), to protect.—ns. Sā′ver, one who saves; Save′-rev′erence, or Sir-reverence, an apologetic phrase in conversation to cover anything offensive.—adj. Sā′ving, disposed to save or be economical: incurring no loss: preserving from wrong: frugal: implying a condition, as a saving clause: exceptional: (theol.) securing salvation.—prep. excepting.—n. that which is saved: (pl.) earnings.—adv. Sā′vingly, so as to secure salvation.—ns. Sā′vingness; Sā′vings-bank, a bank for the receipt of small deposits by poor persons, and their accumulation at compound interest.—Save appearances, to keep up an appearance of wealth, comfort, or propriety. [Fr. sauver—L. salvāre—salvus, safe.]

Saveloy, sav′e-loi, n. a kind of sausage made of meat chopped and seasoned, orig. of brains. [Fr. cervelat, cervelas, a saveloy—It. cervelata—cervello, brain—L. cerebellum, dim. of cerebrum, the brain.]

Savigny, sa-vē′nyi, n. a red wine of Burgundy.

Savin, Savine, sav′in, n. a low much-branched and widely-spreading shrub (Juniperus Sabina), with very small imbricated evergreen leaves, its fresh tops yielding an irritant volatile oil, anthelmintic and abortifacient: the American red cedar. [O. Fr. sabine—L. sabina (herba), Sabine herb.]

Saviour, sā′vyur, n. one who saves from evil: a deliverer, a title applied to Jesus Christ, who saves men from the power and penalty of sin.

Savoir-faire, sav-wor-fār′, n. the faculty of knowing just what to do and how to do it: tact. [Fr.]

Savoir-vivre, sav-wor-vē′vr, n. good breeding: knowledge of polite usages. [Fr.]

Savonette, sav-ō-net′, n. a kind of toilet soap: a West Indian tree whose bark serves as soap.

Savory, sā′vor-i, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Labiatæ, nearly allied to thyme. The Common Savory gives an aromatic pungent flavour to viands. [Savour.]

Savour, Savor, sā′vur, n. taste: odour: scent: (B.) reputation: characteristic property: pleasure.—v.i. to have a particular taste or smell: to be like: to smack.—v.t. to smell: to relish: to season.—adv. Sā′vourily.—n. Sā′vouriness.—adjs. Sā′vourless, wanting savour; Sā′vourly, well seasoned: of good taste; Sā′voury, having savour or relish: pleasant: with gusto: morally pleasant. [Fr. saveur—L. sapor—sapĕre, to taste.]

Savoy, sa-voi′, n. a cultivated winter variety of cabbage, forming a large close head like the true cabbage, but having wrinkled leaves—originally from Savoy.—ns. Savoy′ard, a native of Savoy, since 1860 part of France; Savoy′-med′lar, a tree related to the June-berry or shad-bush.

Savvy, Savvey, sav′i, v.t. to know: to understand.—v.i. to possess knowledge.—n. general ability. [Sp. sabe—saber, to know—L. sapĕre, to be wise.]

Saw, saw, pa.t. of see.

Saw, saw, n. an instrument for cutting, formed of a blade, band, or disc of thin steel, with a toothed edge.—v.t. to cut with a saw.—v.i. to use a saw: to be cut with a saw:—pa.t. sawed; pa.p. sawed or sawn.—ns. Saw′-back, the larva of an American bombycid moth; Saw′-bones, a slang name for a surgeon; Saw′dust, dust or small pieces of wood, &c., made in sawing; Saw′er; Saw′-file, a three-cornered file used for sharpening the teeth of saws; Saw′-fish, a genus of cartilaginous fishes distinguished by the prolongation of the snout into a formidable weapon bordered on each side by sharp teeth; Saw′-fly, the common name of a number of hymenopterous insects, injurious to plants; Saw′-frame, the frame in which a saw is set; Saw′-grass, a marsh plant of the southern states of the American Union, with long slender leaves; Saw′-horn, any insect with serrate antennæ; Saw′mill, a mill for sawing timber; Saw′pit, a pit where wood is sawed; Saw′-set, an instrument for turning the teeth of saws alternately right and left; Saw′-sharp′ener, the greater titmouse; Saw′-tā′ble, the platform of a sawing-machine; Saw′-tem′pering, the process by which the requisite hardness and elasticity are given to a saw.—adj. Saw′-toothed, having teeth like those of a saw: (bot.) having tooth-like notches, as a leaf.—ns. Saw′-whet, the Acadian owl; Saw′-whet′ter, the marsh titmouse; Saw′yer, one who saws timber: a stranded tree in a river in America: any wood-boring larva: the bowfin fish. [A.S. saga; Ger. säge.]

Saw, saw, n. a saying: a proverb: a degree: a joke. [A.S. sagu—secgan, to say.]

Saw, saw, n. (Scot.) salve.

Sawder, saw′dėr, n. flattery, blarney.

Sawney, Sawny, saw′ni, n. a Scotchman. [For Sandy from Alexander.]

Sax, saks, n. a knife, a dagger: a slate-cutter's hammer. [A.S. seax, a knife.]

Sax, a Scotch form of six.

Saxatile, sak′sa-til, adj. rock inhabiting. [L. saxatilis—saxum, a rock.]

Saxe, saks, n. (phot.) a German albuminised paper.

Saxhorn, saks′horn, n. a brass wind-instrument having a long winding tube with bell opening, invented by Antoine or Adolphe Sax, of Paris, about 1840.

Saxicava, sak-sik′a-va, n. a genus of bivalve molluscs.—adj. Saxic′avous. [L. saxum, a rock, cavus, hollow.]

Saxicola, sak-sik′ō-la, n. the stone-chats: the wheat-ear.—adjs. Saxic′ōline, Saxic′ōlous, living among rocks. [L. saxum, a rock, colĕre, inhabit.]

Saxifrage, sak′si-frāj, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Saxifrageæ or Saxifragaceæ, its species chiefly mountain and rock plants.—adjs. Saxifragā′ceous, Saxif′rāgal, Saxif′rāgant, Saxif′rāgous.—n. Saxif′rāgine, a gunpowder in which barium nitrate takes the place of sulphur.—adj. Saxig′enous, growing on rocks.—Burnet saxifrage, the Pimpinella Saxifraga, whose leaves are eaten as a salad; Golden saxifrage, a low half-succulent herb with yellow flowers. [Fr.,—L. saxum, a stone, frangĕre, to break.]

Saxon, saks′un, n. one of the people of North Germany who conquered England in the 5th and 6th centuries: the language of the Saxons: one of the English race: a native or inhabitant of Saxony in its later German sense: a Lowlander of Scotland: modern English.—adj. pertaining to the Saxons, their language, country, or architecture.—n. Sax′ondom, the Anglo-Saxon world.—adj. Saxon′ic.—v.t. Sax′onise, to impregnate with Saxon ideas.—ns. Sax′onism, a Saxon idiom; Sax′onist, a Saxon scholar.—Saxon architecture, a style of building in England before the Norman Conquest, marked by the peculiar 'long and short' work of the quoins, the projecting fillets running up the face of the walls and interlacing like woodwork, and the baluster-like shafts between the openings of the upper windows resembling the turned woodwork of the period; Saxon blue, a deep liquid blue used in dyeing; Saxon green, a green colour; Saxon shore (Litus Saxonicum), in Roman times, the coast districts of Britain from Brighton northwards to the Wash, peculiarly exposed to the attacks of the Saxons from across the North Sea, and therefore placed under the authority of a special officer, the 'Count of the Saxon Shore.' [A.S. Seaxe—seax, Old High Ger. sahs, a knife, a short sword.]

Saxony, sak′sni, n. a woollen material: flannel.

Saxophone, sak′sō-fōn, n. a brass wind-instrument, with about twenty finger-keys, like the clarinet. [Sax, the inventor—Gr. phōnē, the voice.]

Say, sā, v.t. to utter in words: to speak: to declare: to state: to answer: to rehearse: to recite: to take for granted.—v.i. to speak: to relate: to state:—pa.t. and pa.p. said (sed).—n. something said: a remark: a speech: a saw.—ns. Say′er, one who says: a speaker: one who assays; Say′ing, something said: an expression: a maxim; Say′-so, an authoritative declaration: a rumour, a mere report.—Say to, to think of.—It is said, or They say, it is commonly reputed; It says, equivalent to 'it is said;' That is to say, in other words. [A.S. secgan (sægde, gesægd); Ice. segja, Ger. sagen.]

Say, sā, n. (Spens.) assay, proof, temper (of a sword): (Shak.) taste, relish: a sample: trial by sample.—v.t. to assay, to try.—n. Say′master, one who makes proof. [A contr. of assay.]

Say, sā, n. a thin kind of silk: a kind of woollen stuff.—adj. (Shak.) silken. [O. Fr. saie—Low L. seta, silk—L. seta, a bristle.]

Say, sā, n. (Scot.) a strainer for milk.

Sayette, sā-et′, n. a kind of serge: a woollen yarn. [Fr. sayette, dim. of saye, serge.]

Saynay, sā′nā, n. a lamprey.

Sayon, sā′on, n. a medieval peasant's sleeveless jacket. [O. Fr.,—saye, serge.]

Sayornis, sā-or′nis, n. the pewit fly-catchers. [Thomas Say, an American ornithologist.]

Sbirro, sbir′rō, n. an Italian police-officer:—pl. Sbirri (sbir′rē). [It.]

'Sblood, sblud, interj. an imprecation. [God's blood.]

Scab, skab, n. a crust formed over a sore: a disease of sheep resembling the mange: a disease of potatoes, or a fungous disease of apples, &c.: a mean fellow: a workman who refuses to join a trades-union or to take part in a strike, or who takes the place of a man out on strike.—v.i. to heal over, to cicatrise: to form a new surface by encrustation.—n. (print.) a scale-board.—adj. Scab′bed, affected or covered with scabs: diseased with the scab: vile, worthless.—ns. Scab′bedness; Scab′biness.—adj. Scab′by, scabbed: injured by the attachment of barnacles to the carapace of a shell: (print.) of matter that is blotched or uneven.—n. Scab′-mite, the itch-mite. [A.S scæb (Dan. scab, Ger. schabe)—L. scabies—scabĕre, to scratch.]

Scabbard, skab′ard, n. the case in which the blade of a sword is kept: a sheath.—v.t. to provide with a sheath.—n. Scabb′ard-fish, a fish of the family Lepidopodidæ. [M. E. scauberk, prob. an assumed O. Fr. escauberc—Old High Ger. scala, a scale, bergan, to protect.]

Scabble, skab′l, v.t. to hew a stone to a level surface without making it smooth.—Also Scapp′le. [Prob. A.S. scafan, to shave.]

Scabellum, skā-bel′um, n. an ancient musical appliance, consisting of plates of metal, &c., fastened to the feet to be struck together. [L., also scabillum, dim. of scamnum, a bench.]

Scaberulous, skā-ber′ū-lus, adj. (bot.) slightly roughened. [Scabrous.]

Scabies, skā′bi-ēz, n. the itch. [L.,—scabĕre, to scratch.]

Scabiosa, skā-bi-ō′sa, n. a genus of herbaceous plants of the teasel family, as the Devil's-bit scabious, the Sweet scabious, &c.—the former long thought efficacious in scaly eruptions.

Scabious, skā′bi-us, adj. scabby: scurfy: itchy.—n. Scabred′ity, roughness: ruggedness.—adj. Scā′brid, rough.—n. Scabrit′ies, a morbid roughness of the inner surface of the eyelid.—adj. Scā′brous, rough to the touch, like a file: rugged: covered with little points: harsh: unmusical.—n. Scā′brousness. [L. scabiosus—scabies, the itch.]

Scad, skad, n. a carangoid fish, also called Horse-mackerel: (Scot.) the ray. [Prob. shad.]

Scad, a Scotch form of scald.

Scaddle, skad′l, adj. (prov.) mischievous, hurtful.—n. hurt.—Also Scath′el, Skadd′le. [Scathe.]

Scæan, sē′an, adj. western, from the Scæan gate in Troy. [Gr. skaios, left.]

Scaff, skaf, n. (Scot.) food of any kind.

Scaffold, skaf′old, n. a temporary platform for exhibiting or for supporting something, and esp. for the execution of a criminal: a framework.—v.t. to furnish with a scaffold: to sustain.—ns. Scaff′oldage (Shak.), a scaffold, a stage, the gallery of a theatre; Scaff′older, a spectator in the gallery: one of the 'gods;' Scaff′olding, a scaffold of wood for supporting workmen while building: materials for scaffolds: (fig.) a frame, framework: disposing of the bodies of the dead on a scaffold or raised platform, as by the Sioux Indians, &c. [O. Fr. escafaut (Fr. échafaud, It. catafalco); from a Romance word, found in Sp. catar, to view—L. captāre, to try to seize, falco (It. palco), a scaffold—Ger. balke, a beam. Doublet catafalque.]

Scaff-raff, skaf′-raf, n. (Scot.) refuse: riff-raff.

Scaglia, skal′ya, n. an Italian calcareous rock, corresponding to the chalk of England.

Scagliola, skal-yō′la, n. a composition made to imitate the more costly kinds of marble and other ornamental stones.—Also Scal′iola. [It. scagliuola, dim. of scaglia, a scale, a chip of marble or stone.]

Scaith, skāth, n. (Scot.) damage.—adj. Scaith′less. [Scathe.]

Scala, skā′la, n. (surg.) an instrument for reducing dislocation: a term applied to any one of the three canals of the cochlea:—pl. Scā′læ.—adj. Scā′lable, that may be scaled or climbed.—ns. Scālade′, an assault, as an escalade—also Scalä′do; Scā′lar (math.), in the quaternion analysis, a quantity that has magnitude but not direction.—adj. of the nature of a scalar.—n.pl. Scalā′ria, the ladder-shells or wentle-traps.—adjs. Scālar′iform, shaped like a ladder; Scā′lary, formed with steps. [L., a ladder.]

Scalawag, Scallawag, skal′a-wag, n. an undersized animal of little value: a scamp: a native Southern Republican, as opposed to a carpet-bagger, during the period of reconstruction after the American Civil War. [From Scalloway in the Shetland Islands, in allusion to its small cattle.]

Scald, skawld, v.t. to burn with hot liquid: to cook slightly, as fruit, in hot water or steam: to cleanse thoroughly by rinsing with very hot water.—n. a burn caused by hot liquid.—ns. Scald′er, one who scalds vessels: a pot for scalding; Scald′-fish, a marine flat fish; Scald′ing, things scalded; Scald′-rag, a nickname for a dyer.—Scalding hot, so hot as to scald. [O. Fr. escalder (Fr. échauder)—Low L. excaldāre, to bathe in warm water—ex, from, calidus, warm, hot.]

Scald, Skald, skald, n. one of the ancient Scandinavian poets.—adj. Scald′ic, relating to, or composed by, the Scalds. [Ice. skáld.]

Scald, skawld, n. scurf on the head.—adj. scurfy, paltry, poor.—ns. Scald′berry, the blackberry; Scald′-crow, the hooded crow; Scald′-head, a fungous parasitic disease of the scalp, favus. [Scall.]

Scaldino, skal-dē′nō, n. an Italian earthenware brazier:—pl. Scaldi′ni. [It.]

Scale, skāl, n. a ladder: series of steps: a graduated measure: (mus.) a series of all the tones ascending or descending from the keynote to its octave, called the gamut: the order of a numeral system: gradation: proportion: series.—v.t. to mount, as by a ladder: to ascend: to draw in true proportion: to measure logs: to decrease proportionally, as every part.—v.i. to lead up by steps: (Scot.) to disperse, to spill, to spread as manure.—ns. Scale′-board (print.), a thin slip of wood for extending a page to its true length, making types register, securing uniformity of margin, &c.; Scale′-pipette′, a tubular pipette with a graduated scale for taking up definite quantities of liquid; Scal′ing-ladd′er, a ladder used for the escalade of an enemy's fortress: a fireman's ladder: (her.) a bearing representing a ladder, with two hooks and two ferrules. [L. scala, a ladder—scandĕre, to mount.]

Scale, skāl, n. one of the small, thin plates on a fish or reptile: a thin layer: a husk: the covering of the leaf-buds of deciduous trees: a piece of cuticle that is squamous or horny: a flake: an encrustation on the side of a vessel in which water is heated.—v.t. to clear of scales: to peel off in thin layers.—v.i. to come off in thin layers.—ns. Scale′-arm′our, armour consisting of scales of metal overlapping each other: plate-mail; Scale′-back, a marine worm covered with scales.—adjs. Scale′-bear′ing, having scales, as the sea-mice; Scaled, having scales: covered with scales.—ns. Scale′-dove, an American dove having the plumage marked as with scales; Scale′-fish, a dry cured fish, as the haddock; Scale′-foot, the scabbard-fish; Scale′-in′sect, any insect of the homopterous family Coccidæ.—adj. Scale′less, without scales, as the scaleless amphibians.—n. Scale′-moss, certain plants which resemble moss.—adj. Scale′-patt′ern, having a pattern resembling scales.—ns. Scale′-quail, an American quail having scale-like markings of the plumage; Scā′ler, one who makes a business of scaling fish: an instrument used by dentists in removing tartar.—adjs. Scale′-tailed, having scales on the under side of the tail; Scale′-winged, having the wings covered with minute scales, as a butterfly.—ns. Scale′-work, scales lapping over each other; Scale′-worm, a scale-back: Scal′iness, the state of being scaly: roughness; Scal′ing, the process of removing scales from a fish, or encrustations from the interior of a boiler; Scal′ing-fur′nace, a furnace in which plates of iron are heated for the purpose of scaling them, as in tinning.—adj. Scal′y, covered with scales: like scales: shabby: (bot.) formed of scales. [A.S. sceale, scale, the scale of a fish; Ger. schale, shell.]

Scale, skāl, n. the dish of a balance: a balance, as to turn the scale—chiefly in pl.: (pl.) Libra, one of the signs of the zodiac.—v.t. to weigh, as in scales: to estimate.—ns. Scale′-beam, the beam or lever of a balance; Scale′-microm′eter, in a telescope, a graduated scale for measuring distances; Scāl′ing, the process of adjusting sights to a ship's guns.—Beam and scales, a balance; Gunter's scale, a scale for solving mechanically problems in navigation and surveying. [A.S. scále, a balance; Dut. schaal, Ger. schale; allied to preceding word.]

Scalene, skā-lēn′, adj. (geom.) having three unequal sides; (anat.) obliquely situated and unequal-sided.—n. a scalene triangle: one of several triangular muscles.—ns. Scālenohē′dron, a pyramidal form under the rhombohedral system, enclosed by twelve faces, each a scalene triangle; Scālē′num, a scalene triangle; Scālē′nus, a scalene muscle. [Fr.,—L. scalenus—Gr. skalēnos, uneven.]

Scaliola=Scagliola (q.v.).

Scall, skawl, n. (B.) a scab: scabbiness: in mining, loose ground.—adj. mean.—adjs. Scalled, Scald, scabby: mean. [Ice. skalli, bald head.]

Scallion, skal′yun, n. the shallot: the leek: the onion. [L. Ascalonia (cæpia), Ascalon (onion).]

Scallop, skol′up, n. a bivalve having a sub-circular shell with sinuous radiating ridges: one of a series of curves in the edge of anything: a shallow dish in which oysters, &c., are cooked, baked, and browned.—v.t. to cut the edge or border into scallops or curves: to cook in a scallop with crumbs of bread, &c.—p.adj. Scall′oped, having the edge or border cut into scallops or curves.—ns. Scall′op moth, a name applied to several geometrid moths; Scall′op-shell, a scallop, or the shell of one, the badge of a pilgrim. [O. Fr. escalope—Old Dut. schelpe, a shell; cf. Ger. schelfe, a husk.]

Scalma, skal′ma, n. a disease of horses. [Old High Ger. scalmo, pestilence; cf. Schelm.]

Scalops, skā′lops, n. a genus of American shrew-moles. [Gr. skalops, a mole—skallein, to dig.]

Scalp, skalp, n. the outer covering of the skull or brain-case, including the skin, the expanded tendon of the occipito-frontalis muscle, with intermediate cellular tissue and blood-vessels: the skin on which the hair grows: the skin of the top of the head, together with the hair, torn off as a token of victory by the North American Indians: the skin of the head of a noxious wild animal: (her.) the skin of the head of a stag with the horns attached: a bed of oysters or mussels (Scot. Scaup).—v.t. to cut the scalp from: to flay: to lay bare: to deprive of grass: to sell at less than recognised rates: to destroy the political influence of.—ns. Scal′per, one who scalps; a machine for removing the ends of grain, as wheat or rye, or for separating the different grades of broken wheat, semolina, &c.: one who buys and sells railroad tickets, &c., at less than the official rates, a ticket-broker: an instrument used by surgeons for scraping carious bones (also Scal′ping-ī′ron); Scal′ping-knife, a knife, formerly a sharp stone, used by the Indians of North America for scalping their enemies; Scal′ping-tuft, a scalp-lock.—adj. Scalp′less, having no scalp, bald.—n. Scalp′-lock, a long tuft of hair left by the North American Indians as a challenge. [Old Dut. schelpe, a shell; cf. Ger. schelfe, a husk; a doublet of scallop.]

Scalpel, skalp′el, n. a small surgical knife for dissecting and operating.—n. Scalpel′lum, one of the four filamentous organs in the proboscis of hemipterous insects:—pl. Scalpel′la.—adj. Scal′priform, chisel-shaped, specifically said of the incisor teeth of rodents. [L. scalpellum, dim. of scalprum, a knife—scalpĕre, to cut.]

Scamble, skam′bl, v.i. (obs.) to scramble: to sprawl.—v.t. to mangle: to squander.—ns. Scam′bler, a meal-time visitor; Scam′bling, a hasty meal.—n.pl. Scam′bling-days, days in which meat is scarce.—adv. Scam′blingly, strugglingly. [Ety. dub.; prob. related to shamble.]

Scamel, Scammel, skam′el, n. a bar-tailed godwit.

Scamillus, skā-mil′us, n. a second plinth under a column:—pl. Scamill′i (ī). [L.]

Scammony, skam′o-ni, n. a cathartic gum-resin obtained from a species of convolvulus in Asia Minor.—adj. Scammō′niate, made with scammony. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. skammōnia; prob. Persian.]

Scamp, skamp, n. a vagabond: a mean fellow.—v.i. Scam′per, to run with speed and trepidation.—n. a rapid run.—adj. Scam′pish, rascally. [O. Fr. escamper, to flee—It. scampare, to escape—L. ex, out, campus, a battlefield.]

Scamp, skamp, v.t. to do work in a dishonest manner without thoroughness—also Skimp.—n. Scam′per. [Prob. Ice. skamta, to dole out, to stint.]

Scan, skan, v.t. to count the feet in a verse: to examine carefully: to scrutinise.—v.i. to agree with the rules of metre:—pr.p. scan′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. scanned.—ns. Scan′ning; Scan′sion, act of counting the measures in a verse. [Fr. scander, to scan—L. scandĕre, scansum, to climb.]

Scand, skand, pa.t. of v.i. (Spens.) climbed.

Scandal, skan′dal, n. something said which is false and injurious to reputation: disgrace: opprobrious censure.—v.t. to defame, to aspire.—ns. Scan′dal-bear′er, a propagator of malicious gossip; Scandalisā′tion, defamation.—v.t. Scan′dalise, to give scandal or offence to: to shock: to reproach: to disgrace: to libel.—n. Scan′dal-mong′er, one who deals in defamatory reports.—adj. Scan′dalous, giving scandal or offence: calling forth condemnation: openly vile: defamatory.—adv. Scan′dalously.—ns. Scan′dalousness; Scan′dalum-magnā′tum, speaking slanderously of high personages, abbrev. Scan. Mag. [Fr. scandale—L. scandalum—Gr. skandalon, a stumbling-block.]

Scandalise, skan′da-līz, v.t. to trice up the tack of the spanker in a square-rigged vessel, or the mainsail in a fore-and-aft rigged one. [Scantle.]

Scandent, skan′dent, adj. climbing, as a tendril.

Scandinavian, skan-di-nā′vi-an, adj. of Scandinavia, the peninsula divided into Norway and Sweden, but, in a historical sense, applying also to Denmark and Iceland.—n. a native of Scandinavia. [L. Scandinavia, Scandia.]

Scandium, skan′di-um, n. an element discovered in 1879 in the Scandinavian mineral euxenite.

Scandix, skan′diks, n. a genus of umbelliferous plants, including shepherd's purse, Venus's comb, &c. [L.,—Gr., chervil.]

Scansion. See Scan.

Scansores, skan-sō′rēz, n.pl. an old order of birds generally characterised by having two toes before opposed by two behind, by which they are enabled to climb.—adj. Scansō′rial, habitually climbing, as a bird: formed for climbing.—n. Scansō′rius, a muscle passing from the ilium to the femur in some vertebrata. [Low L., pl. of scansor, scansoris, a climber—L. scandĕre, scansum, to climb.]

Scant, skant, adj. not full or plentiful; scarcely sufficient: deficient.—n. scarcity: lack.—adv. scarcely: scantily.—v.t. and v.i. to limit: to stint: to begrudge.—adv. Scan′tily.—ns. Scan′tiness; Scan′-tity (obs.).—adv. Scant′ly, not fully or sufficiently, scarcely: narrowly: penuriously: scantily.—ns. Scant′ness, the condition or quality of being scant: smallness: insufficiency; Scant′-of-grace, a good-for-nothing fellow: a scapegrace.—adj. Scant′y, scant, not copious or full: hardly sufficient: wanting extent: narrow: small. [Ice. skamt, short, narrow, neut. of skammr, short.]

Scantle, skan′tl, v.t. to divide into pieces: to partition.—ns. Scant′let, a small pattern; Scant′ling, a little piece: a piece or quantity cut for a particular purpose: a certain proportion.—Scantling number, a number computed from the known dimensions of a ship. [O. Fr. eschantillon, a small cantle, escanteler, to break into cantles—es—L. ex, out, cantel, chantel, a cantle.]

Scantle, skan′tl, v.i. to fail: to be deficient.—n. a gauge by which slates are measured. [Prob. scant.]

Scapanus, skap′a-nus, n. a genus of North American shrew-moles. [Gr. skapanē, a mattock.]

Scape, skāp, n. an escape: a freak or fault.—v.t. to escape from: to miss: to shun.—ns. Scape′gallows, one who deserves hanging: a villain; Scape′grace, a graceless hare-brained fellow. [A contr. of escape.]

Scape, skāp, n. (bot.) a long, naked, radical peduncle: (entom.) the basal joint of antennæ: (ornith.) the stem of a feather: (archit.) the shaft of a column.—adjs. Scape′less (bot.), wanting a scape; Scap′iform, scape-like; Scapig′erous, scape-bearing. [L., scapus, Gr. skapos, a shaft; cf. skēptron, a staff.]

Scape, skāp, n. the cry of the snipe when flushed: the snipe itself. [Prob. imit.]

Scapegoat, skāp′gōt, n. a goat on which, once a year, the Jewish high-priest laid symbolically the sins of the people, and which was then allowed to escape into the wilderness (Levit. xvi.): one who is made to bear the misdeeds of another. [Escape and goat.]

Scapement, skāp′ment, n. the same as Escapement.—n. Scape′-wheel, the wheel which drives the pendulum of a clock. [Escapement.]

Scapha, skā′fa, n. the scaphoid fossa of the helix of the ear. [L., a skiff.]

Scaphander, skā-fan′dėr, n. a diver's water-tight suit; a genus of gasteropods. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, anēr, andros, a man.]

Scapharca, skā-far′ka, n. a genus of bivalve molluscs. [L. scapha, a skiff.]

Scaphidium, skā-fid′i-um, n. a genus of clavicorn beetles. [Gr. skaphidion, dim. of skaphē, a skiff.]

Scaphiopod, skaf′i-ō-pod, adj. spade-footed.—n. a spade-footed toad. [Gr. skaphion, a spade, pous, podos, a foot.]

Scaphirhynchus, skaf-i-ring′kus, n. a genus of tyrant-flycatchers: the shovel-heads or shovel-nosed sturgeons. [Gr. skaphē, a skiff, rhyngchos, snout.]

Scaphism, skaf′izm, n. a Persian punishment by which the victim was fastened in a hollow tree, and smeared over with honey to attract wasps, &c. [Gr. skaphē, anything hollowed out.]

Scaphites, skā-fī′tez, n. a genus of fossil cephalopods of the ammonite family. [Gr. skaphē, a boat.]

Scaphium, skā′fi-um, n. the keel of papilionaceous flowers: a genus of coleopterous insects. [L.,—Gr. skaphion, a basin.]

Scaphocephalic, skaf-ō-se-fal′ik, adj. boat-shaped, a term applied to a certain kind of deformed skull. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, kephalē, a head.]

Scaphoid, skaf′oid, adj. boat-like in form, noting two bones, one in the wrist and the other in the foot. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, eidos, form.]

Scaphopod, skaf′ō-pod, adj. having the foot fitted for burrowing, as a mollusc. [Gr. skaphē, a boat, pous, podos, a foot.]

Scapinade, skap-i-nād′, n. a process of trickery—from the name of the tricky valet in Molière's comedy, Les Fourberies de Scapin.

Scap-net, skap′-net, n. a net for catching minnows, &c. [Same as scoop-net.]

Scapolite, skap′ō-līt, n. a silicate of alumina and lime, occurring in long rod-like crystals. [Gr. skapos, a rod, lithos, a stone.]

Scapple, skap′l, v.t. to work without finishing, as stone before leaving the quarry. [Scabble.]

Scapula, skap′ū-la, n. the shoulder-blade.—adj. Scap′ūlar, pertaining to the shoulder.—n. a bandage for the shoulder-blade: (ornith.) the shoulder feathers: a long strip of cloth worn by some orders: two little pieces of cloth tied together by strings passing over the shoulders, worn by lay persons in token of devotion: a short cloak with a hood, a monastic working dress.—adj. Scap′ūlary, in form like a scapular.—n. a scapular.—adj. Scap′ūlated, having the scapular feathers notable in size or colour, as the scapulated crow.—n. Scap′ūlimancy. divination by means of shoulder-blades.—adj. Scapuliman′tic. [L. scapulæ, the shoulder-blades, prob. cog. with scapus, a shaft.]

Scapus, skā′pus, n. (archit.) the shaft of a column: (ornith.) the scape of a feather: a genus of Cœlenterates:—pl. Scā′pi (ī). [L., a shaft.]

Scar, skär, n. the mark left by a wound or sore: any mark or blemish: a cicatrice: (fig.) any mark resulting from injury, material or moral: (bot.) a mark on a stem after the fall of a leaf: in shells, an impression left by the insertion of a muscle: in founding, an imperfect place in a casting: a disfigurement.—v.t. to mark with a scar.—v.i. to become scarred:—pr.p. scar′ring; pa.t. and pa.p. scarred.—adjs. Scar′less, without scars: unwounded; Scarred. [O. Fr. escare—L. eschara—Gr. eschara, a scar produced by burning.]

Scar, skär, n. a precipitous bank or rock: a bare rocky place on the side of a hill.—n. Scar′-lime′stone, a mass of calcareous rock crowded with marine fossils. [Scand., Ice. sker—skera, to cut.]

Scarab, skar′ab, n. an insect with wing-sheaths, a beetle: a gem, usually emerald, cut in the form of a beetle—also Scarabæ′us, Scar′abee.—n. Scar′aboid, an imitation scarab.—adj. like a scarab. [L. scarabæus; Gr. karabos.]

Scaramouch, skar′a-mowch, n. a buffoon: a bragging, cowardly fellow. [Fr.,—It. Scaramuccia, a famous Italian zany of the 17th century.]

Scarbroite, skär′brō-īt, n. a hydrous silicate of aluminium—from Scarborough.

Scarce, skārs, adj. not plentiful: not equal to the demand: rare: not common: parsimonious: deficient: short: scanty.—adj. Scarce′-beard′ed (Shak.), having a scanty beard.—adv. Scarce′ly, Scarce (B.), hardly, barely.—ns. Scarce′ment (archit.), a plain set-off or projection in a wall; Scarce′ness; Scarc′ity, state of being scarce: deficiency: rareness: niggardliness: want: famine.—Make one's self scarce, to decamp. [O. Fr. escars (Fr. échars), niggardly—Low L. scarpsus=ex-carpsus, for L. excerptus, pa.p. of excerpēre—ex, out of, carpēre, to pick.]

Scard, skärd, n. a shard or fragment.

Scardafella, skär-da-fel′a, n. an American genus containing the ground-doves.

Scare, skār, v.t. to drive away by frightening: to strike with sudden terror: to startle, to affright.—n. an imaginary alarm: a sudden panic.—adj. lean, scanty.—ns. Scare′-babe, a bugbear; Scare′-bug; Scare′crow, anything set up to scare away crows or other birds: a vain cause of terror: a person meanly clad: the black tern; Scare′-fire, a fire-alarm: a conflagration. [M. E. skerren—skerre, frightened—Ice. skjarr, timid.]

Scarf, skärf, n. a light decorative piece of dress worn loosely on the shoulders or as a band about the neck: a light handkerchief for the neck: a cravat:—pl. Scarfs, Scarves (obs.).—v.t. to cover, as if with a scarf.—adj. Scarfed, decorated with pendants.—ns. Scarf′-pin, an ornamental pin worn in a scarf; Scarf′-ring, an ornamental ring through which the ends or a scarf are drawn. [A.S. scearfe, a piece; Dut. scherf, a shred.]

Scarf, skärf, v.t. to join two pieces of timber endwise, so that they may appear to be used as one: to flay the skin from a whale.—n. in carpentry, a joint whose ends are united so as to form a continuous piece.—ns. Scar′fing; Scarf′ing-machine′, a machine for shaving the ends of leather belting to a feather edge; Scarf′-joint, a joint made by overlapping two pieces of timber that will fit each other; Scarf′-loom, a figure loom for weaving fabrics. [Scand., Sw. skarf, Norw. skarv, a joint; cf. Ger. scherben, to cut small; conn. with shear, v.]

Scarf, skärf, n. the cormorant—(Scot.) Scart, Skart. [Ice. skarfr.]

Scarfskin, skärf′skin, n. the surface skin. [Scurf.]

Scaridæ, skar′i-dē, n.pl. a family of fishes including the parrot-fish.—Also Scā′rus. [Gr. skaros.]

Scarify, skar′i-fī, v.t. to scratch or slightly cut the skin, to make small cuts with a lancet, so as to draw blood: to loosen and stir together the soil: to harrow the feelings:—pa.t. and pa.p. scar′ifīed.—ns. Scarificā′tion, act of scarifying; Scarificā′tor, an instrument with several lancets for scarifying or making slight incisions in the operation of cupping; Scar′ifier, one who scarifies: an instrument used for scarifying the soil, esp. a grubber with prongs. [Fr. scarifier—L. scarificāre, -ātum—Gr. skariphasthai—skariphos, an etching tool.]

Scarious, skā′ri-us, adj. (bot.) thin, dry, membranaceous: (zool.) scaly, scurfy.

Scaritid, skär′i-tid, adj. pertaining to carabid beetles of Scarites or related genera.

Scarlatina, skär-la-tē′na, n. a dangerous and highly-contagious fever, so named from the scarlet rash or eruption which accompanies it—also Scar′let-fēver.—adjs. Scarlati′nal, Scarlati′nous.

Scarlet, skär′let, n. a bright-red colour: scarlet cloth.—adj. of the colour called scarlet: dressed in scarlet.—v.t. to redden.—ns. Scar′let-ad′miral, the red-admiral, a butterfly; Scar′let-bean, the scarlet-runner; Scar′let-fē′ver, a contagious febrile disease (see Scarlatina); Scar′let-hat, a cardinal's hat; Scar′let-light′ning, the scarlet lychnis: the red valerian; Scar′let-run′ner, a bean with scarlet flowers which runs up any support; Scar′let-snake, a bright-red harmless snake of the southern states of the American Union; Scar′let-tī′ger, a British moth; Scar′let-wom′an, the woman referred to in Rev. xvii. 4, 5—Pagan Rome, Papal Rome, or a personification of the World in its anti-Christian sense. [O. Fr. escarlate (Fr. écarlate), through Low L. scarlatum—Pers. saqalāt, scarlet cloth.]

Scarmage, skär′māj, n. (Spens.) same as Skirmish.—Also Scar′moge.

Scarn-bee, skärn′-bē, n. (prov.) a dung-beetle. [Sharn.]

Scarp, skärp, n. (her.) a diminutive of the bend sinister, half its width: (obs.) a shoulder-belt. [O. Fr. escarpe, escharpe: cf. Scarf (1).]

Scarp, skärp, n. (fort.) any steep slope (same as Escarp).—v.t. to cut down a slope so as to render it impassable.—adj. Scarped. [O. Fr. escarpe—It. scarpa—Old High Ger. scharf; cf. Sharp.]

Scarpines, skär′pinz, n.pl. an instrument of torture resembling the boot. [Fr. escarpins, shoes.]

Scarred, skärd, adj. marked by scars.—n. Scar′ring, a scar: a mark.—adj. Scar′ry, bearing or pertaining to scars: having scars.

Scart, skärt, v.t. (Scot.) to scratch: to scrape.—n. a slight wound: a dash or stroke: a niggard: a poor-looking creature.—adj. Scart′-free.

Scarus, skā′rus, n. a genus of fishes including the parrot-wrasses. [Scaridæ.]

Scary, skār′i, adj. causing fright: timid: fluttered.

Scat, Scatt, skat, n. a tax in the Shetland Islands.—ns. Scat′hold, open ground for pasture; Scat′land, land which paid duty for rights of pasture and peat. [A.S. sceat, a coin; Dut. schat, Ger. schatz.]

Scat, skat, interj. be off!—v.t. to scare away.

Scat, skat, n. (prov.) a brisk shower of rain.—adj. Scat′ty, showery. [Prob. conn. with scud.]

Scatch, skach, n. a bit for bridles. [Fr. escache.]

Scatches, skach′ez, n.pl. stilts used for walking in dirty places. [O. Fr. eschace—Old Flem. schætse, a high shoe; Dut. schaats, pl. schaatsen, skates.]

Scate. Same as Skate, a fish.

Scath, Scathe, skāth, n. damage, injury: waste.—v.t. to injure.—adj. Scathe′ful, destructive.—n. Scathe′fulness, disadvantage: destructiveness.—adj. Scā′thing, damaging; blasting: scorching.—adv. Scā′thingly.—adjs. Scāth′less, without injury; Scā′thy (Scot.), mischievous: dangerous. [A.S. sceathu; Ger. schade, injury.]

Scatology, skā-tol′ō-ji, n. the knowledge of fossil excrement or coprolites: knowledge of the usages of primitive peoples about excrements, human and other.—adj. Scatolog′ical.—ns. Scat′omancy, Scatos′copy, divination of disease by inspection of excrement; Scatoph′aga, the dung-flies.—n.pl. Scatophag′idæ, a family of acanthopterygian fishes.—adj. Scatoph′agous, feeding on excrement. [Gr. skōr, skatos, dung, logia—legein, to speak; manteia, divination; skopein, to view; phagein, to eat.]

Scatter, skat′ėr, v.t. to disperse in all directions: to throw loosely about: to strew: to sprinkle: to dispel: to put to flight: to drop: to throw shot too loosely.—v.i. to be dispersed or dissipated.—n. Scatt′erbrain, a thoughtless, giddy person.—adjs. Scatt′er-brained, giddy; Scatt′ered, widely separated: wandering: distracted: irregular.—ns. Scatt′erer, one who or that which scatters; Scatt′er-good, a spendthrift; Scatt′er-gun, a shot-gun; Scatt′ering, something scattered: dispersion: that which has been scattered: the irregular reflection of light from a surface not perfectly smooth.—adj. dispersing: rare, sporadic: diversified.—adv. Scatt′eringly, in a dispersed manner: here and there.—ns. Scatt′erling (Spens.), one who has no fixed abode: a vagabond; Scatt′ermouch, any Latin or Levantine, in Pacific slang.—adj. Scatt′ery, dispersed: sparse: few and far between. [A.S. scateran, scaterian; cf. Shatter.]

Scaturient, skā-tū′ri-ent, adj. gushing like water from a fountain. [L. scaturīre, to gush out.]

Scaud, skäd, v.t. (Scot.) to scald: to scold.

Scaup, skawp, n. a sea-duck of genus Aythya, of northern regions, related to the pochard. [Ice. skálp—in skálp-hæna.]

Scauper, skaw′pėr, n. a tool with semicircular face, used by engravers. [Prob. scalper.]

Scaur, skär, a Scotch form of scare.

Scaur, skawr, n. a precipitous bank or rock.—Also Scar. [Scar.]

Scaury, skä′ri, n. a young gull in Shetland. [Scand., Sw. skiura.]

Scavage, skav′āj, n. a duty or toll anciently exacted by mayors, &c., on goods exposed for sale.

Scavenger, skav′en-jėr, n. one who cleans the streets: an animal which feeds on carrion: a child employed to pick up loose cotton from the floor in a cotton-mill.—ns. Scav′agery, street-cleansing; Scav′aging.—v.t. Scav′enge, to cleanse.—ns. Scav′enger-bee′tle, a beetle which acts as a scavenger; Scav′enger-crab, any crab which feeds on decaying animal matter; Scav′engering; Scav′engerism; Scav′engery.—Scavenger's daughter, an instrument of torture by pressure with an iron hoop, invented by Sir W. Skevington, Lieutenant of the Tower under Henry VIII. [Orig. scavager, an inspector of goods for sale, and also of the streets; from scavage, duty on goods for sale—A.S. sceawian, to inspect; cf. Show.]

Scavernick, skav′ėr-nik, n. (Cornish) a hare.

Scavilones, skav′i-lōnz, n.pl. men's drawers worn in the sixteenth century under the hose.

Scazon, skā′zon, n. in ancient prosody, a metre, the rhythm of which is imperfect toward the close of the line or period. [Gr. skazōn, limping.]

Scelerate, sel′e-rāt, adj. (obs.) wicked, villainous.—n. a villain—also Scel′erat.—adjs. Scel′erous, Sceles′tic. [O. Fr.—L. sceleratus—scelus, crime.]

Scelides, sel′i-dēz, n.pl. the posterior limbs of a mammal.—n. Scel′idosaur, a dinosaur of the genus Scelidosaurus.—adjs. Scelidosau′rian; Scelidosau′roid.—n.pl. Scelidosau′ridæ, a family of mailed dinosaurs.—ns. Scelidosau′rus, the typical genus of Scelidosauridæ; Scelio (sē′li-ō), a genus of hymenopterous insects parasitic in the eggs of grasshoppers and locusts; Scelop′orus (U.S.), the common brown fence-lizard. [Gr. skelis, skelidos, a leg.]

Scelp, skelp, n. long strips of iron used in forming a gun-barrel.—Also Skelp.

Scena, sē′na, n. the stage of an ancient theatre (pl. Scenæ, sē′nē): an elaborate dramatic solo (It., pron. shā′nä; pl. Sce′ne).—n. Scenario (she-nä′ri-ō), a skeleton libretto of a dramatic work. [L.]

Scend, send, n. the upward angular displacement of a vessel—opposed to Pitch, the correlative downward movement.—v.i. to heave upward. [A corr. of send, influenced by ascend.]

Scene, sēn, n. a picture of the place of an action: a large painted view: place of action, occurrence, or exhibition: the part of a play acted without change of place: (orig.) the stage of a theatre on which the actors perform: a series of landscape events connected and exhibited: a number of objects presented to the view at once: spectacle: view: any unseemly or ill-timed display of strong feeling between persons.—v.t. to exhibit: to display.—ns. Scene′-dock, the space in a theatre adjoining the stage, where scenery is stored when not in use; Scene′-man, one who manages the scenery in a theatre; Scene′-paint′er, one whose employment it is to paint scenery for theatres; Scē′nery, the painted representation on a stage: the appearance of anything presented to the eye: general aspect of a landscape; Scene′-shift′er (same as Scene-man).—adjs. Scē′nic, -al, pertaining to scenery: dramatic: theatrical.—adv. Scē′nically.—adjs. Scēnograph′ic, -al, drawn in perspective.—adv. Scēnograph′ically.—n. Scēnog′raphy, the art of perspective: representation in perspective.—Behind the scenes, at the back of the visible stage; Make a scene, to make a noisy or otherwise unwelcome exhibition of feeling. [L. scena—Gr. skēnē, a covered place, a stage.]

Scent, sent, v.t. to discern by the sense of smell: to perfume: to have some suspicion of.—v.i. to become odoriferous: to smell.—n. a perfume: odour: sense of smell: chase followed by the scent: course of pursuit: scraps of paper strewed on the ground by the pursued in the boys' game of hare and hounds.—ns. Scent′-bag, the pouch of an animal which secretes an odoriferous substance; Scent′-bott′le, a small bottle for holding perfume; Scent′-box.—adjs. Scent′ed, perfumed; Scent′ful, highly odoriferous: quick of scent: having a good nose, as a dog.—n. Scent′-gland, a glandular organ which secretes such substances as musk or castoreum.—adv. Scent′ingly, allusively: not directly.—adj. Scent′less, having no scent or smell: destructive of scent.—ns. Scent′-or′gan, a scent-gland; Scent′-vase, a vessel with a pierced cover designed to contain perfumes. [Fr. sentir—L. sentīre, to feel.]

Sceptic, -al, Skeptic, -al, skep′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to the philosophical school in ancient Greece of Pyrrho and his successors: doubting: hesitating to admit the certainty of doctrines or principles: (theol.) doubting or denying the truth of revelation.—ns. Scep′sis, Skep′sis, philosophic doubt; Scep′tic, one who is sceptical: (theol.) one who doubts or denies the existence of God or the truths of revelation.—adv. Scep′tically.—n. Scep′ticalness.—v.i. Scep′ticise, to act the sceptic.—n. Scep′ticism, that condition in which the mind is before it has arrived at conclusive opinions: doubt: the doctrine that no facts can be certainly known: agnosticism: (theol.) doubt of the existence of God or the truth of revelation. [L. scepticus—Gr. skeptikos, thoughtful, skeptesthai, to consider.]

Sceptre, sep′tėr, n. the staff or baton borne by kings as an emblem of authority: royal power.—v.t. to invest with royal power.—adjs. Scep′tral, regal; Scep′tred, bearing a sceptre: regal.—n. Scep′tredom, reign.—adjs. Scep′treless, powerless, as a sceptreless king; Scep′try, bearing a sceptre, royal. [L. sceptrum—Gr. skēptron—skēptein, to lean.]

Scerne, sėrn, v.t. (obs.) to discern. [Discern.]

Sceuophylacium, skū-ō-fi-lā′shi-um, n. (Gr. Church) the repository of the sacred vessels.—n. Sceuoph′ylax, a sacristan, church treasurer. [Gr. skeuos, a vessel, phylax, a watcher.]

Schæfferia, shef-fē′ri-a, n. a genus of polypetalous plants, the yellow-wood. [Named from Schaeffer, an 18th-cent. German botanist.]

Schalenblende, shä′len-blend, n. a variety of native zinc-sulphide. [Ger., schale, shell, blende, blende.]

Schappe, shap′pe, n. a fabric woven from spun silk.

Schediasm, skē′di-azm, n. cursory writing on a loose sheet. [Gr. schediasma—schedon, near.]

Schedule, shed′ūl, n. a piece of paper containing some writing: a list, inventory, or table.—v.t. to place in a schedule or list. [O. Fr. schedule (Fr. cédule)—L. schedula, dim. of scheda, a strip of papyrus—L. scindĕre, to cleave; or from Gr. schedē, a leaf.]

Scheelite, shē′līt, n. native calcium tungstate. [From the Swedish chemist, K. W. Scheele (1742-86).]

Scheik. Same as Sheik.

Schelly, shel′i, n. a white fish.

Schelm, skelm, n. (Scot.) a rascal.—Also Schel′lum, Shelm, Skel′lum. [O. Fr. schelme—Old High Ger. scalmo, plague; cf. Ger. schelm, a rogue.]

Scheltopusik, shel′to-pū-sik, n. a Russian lizard.

Schema, skē′ma, n. the image of the thing with which the imagination aids the understanding in its procedure: scheme, plan, outline generally: a diagrammatic outline or synopsis of anything: (Gr. Church) the monastic habit.—adj. Schemat′ic.—v.t. Schē′matise, to arrange in outline.—v.i. to make a plan in outline.—ns. Schē′matism, form or outline of a thing: (astrol.) the combination of the heavenly bodies; Schē′matist, a projector.

Scheme, skēm, n. plan: something contrived to be done: purpose: plot: a combination of things by design: a specific organisation for some end: an illustrative diagram: a system: a statement in tabular form: a representation of the aspect of the heavenly bodies at a given time.—v.t. to plan: to contrive.—v.i. to form a plan.—n. Scheme′-arch, an arch less than a semicircle.—adj. Scheme′ful.—n. Schē′mer.—adj. Schē′ming, given to forming schemes: intriguing.—adv. Schē′mingly, by scheming.—n. Schē′mist, a schemer: an astrologer.—adj. Schē′my, cunning: intriguing. [L. schema—Gr. schēma, form—echein, schēsein, to hold.]

Schepen, skā′pen, n. a Dutch magistrate. [Dut.]

Scheroma, ske-rō′ma, n. inflammation of the eye without discharge. [Gr. xēros, dry.]

Scherzo, sker′tsō, n. (mus.) a passage or movement of a lively character, forming part of a musical composition of some length, as a symphony, quartette, or sonata.—adj. Scherzan′do, playful. [It. scherzo, a jest, scherzare, to play—Teut.; Mid. High Ger. scherz (Ger. scherz, Dut. scherts), jest.]

Schesis, skē′sis, n. habitude.—adj. Schet′ic, constitutional: habitual. [Gr.,—echein, to have.]

Schiavone, ski-a-vō′ne, n. a backed, hilted broadsword of the 17th century. [It., the Doge's bodyguard, the Schiavoni or Slavs being armed with it.]

Schiedam, skē-dam′, n. Hollands gin, named from the town near Rotterdam where it is chiefly made.

Schiller, shil′ėr, n. the peculiar bronze-like lustre observed in certain minerals, as hypersthene, &c., due to internal reflection.—ns. Schillerisā′tion, the process by which microscopic crystals have been developed in other minerals so as to give a submetallic sheen by internal reflection; Schill′erite, or Schill′er-spar rock, enstatite schillerised. [Ger.]

Schindylesis, skin-di-lē′sis, n. an articulation formed by the fitting of one bone into a groove in another, as in the sphenoid bone and vomer.—adj. Schindylet′ic. [Gr.,—schindylein; to cleave, schizein, to cleave.]

Schinus, skī′nus, n. a genus of South American trees, of order Anacardiaceæ, the leaves yielding abundantly a fragrant, resinous, or turpentine-like fluid. [Gr. schinos, the mastic-tree.]

Schipperke, ship′pėr-ke, n. a breed of dogs of the same group as the Eskimo and Pomeranian dog, but with almost no tail, favourites of the Belgian bargees. [Flem., 'little skipper.']

S-chisel, es-chiz′el, n. a cutting tool in well-boring.

Schisiophone, skiz′i-ō-fōn, n. an induction balance for detecting flaws in iron rails. [Gr. schisis, a cleaving, phōnē, sound.]

Schism, sizm, n. a separation in a church, from diversity of opinion or discipline, breach of unity without justifiable cause, also the tendency towards such.—ns. Schis′ma (mus.), the difference between a pure and an equally tempered fifth; Schismat′ic, one who separates from a church on account of difference of opinion.—adjs. Schismat′ic, -al, tending to, or of the nature of, schism.—adv. Schismat′ically.—n. Schismat′icalness.—v.i. Schis′matise, to practise schism: to make a breach in the communion of the church:—pr.p. schis′matīsing; pa.p. schis′matīsed.—Great, or Greek, schism, the separation of the Greek Church from the Latin, finally completed in 1054; Western schism, the division in the Western Church on the appointment by the Romans of Urban VI. to the papal chair in 1378, while the French cardinals elected Clement VII.—healed on the election of Martin V. by the Council of Constance in 1417. [L. schisma—Gr. schizein, to split.]

Schist, shist, n. a term properly applied to crystalline rocks with a foliated structure, as mica-schist, hornblende-schist, &c.—indurated clay-rocks with a fissile structure are sometimes erroneously described as schists.—adjs. Schistā′ceous, slate-gray; Schist′ic, Schist′ous, Schist′ose, like schist: slaty.—n. Schistos′ity, quality of being schistose. [Fr. schiste—Gr. schistos—schizein, to split.]

Schizæa, skī-zē′a, n. a genus of ferns, with sporangia ovate, sessile, and arranged in spikes or panicles. [Gr. schizein, to split.]

Schizocarp, skiz′ō-kärp, n. a dry fruit which splits at maturity into several closed one-seeded portions.—adj. Schizocar′pous. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, karpos, fruit.]

Schizocephaly, skiz-ō-sef′a-li, n. the practice of preserving the heads of warriors among Maoris, &c. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, kephalē, the head.]

Schizocœle, skiz′ō-sēl, n. a term applied to the perivisceral cavity of the Invertebrata, when formed by a splitting of the mesoblast.—adj. Schizocœ′lous. [Gr, schizein, to cleave, koilia, a hollow.]

Schizodon, skiz′ō-don, n. a genus of South American octodont rodents. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Schizogenesis, skiz-ō-jen′e-sis n. reproduction by fission.—adjs. Schizogen′ic, Schizogenet′ic.—n. Schizog′ony. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, genesis, production.]

Schizognathous, skī-zog′nā-thus, adj. having the maxillo-palatine bones separate from each other and from the vomer, as in the gulls, plovers, &c.—n.pl. Schizog′nāthæ, a subdivision of the carinate birds.—n. Schizog′nāthism. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, gnathos, the jaw.]

Schizomycetes, skiz-ō-mī-sē′tēz, n. a botanical term for Bacteria, in reference to their commonest mode of reproduction—by transverse division. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, mykēs (pl. mykētes), a mushroom.]

Schizonemertea, skiz-ō-nē-mer′tē-a, n.pl. the sea-worms which have the head fissured.—adjs. Schizonemer′tean, Schizonemer′tine.

Schizoneura, skiz-ō-nū′ra, n. a genus of plant lice. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, neuron, a nerve.]

Scizophora, skī-zof′ō-ra, n.pl. a division of dipterous insects. [Gr. schizein, cleave, pherein, bear.]

Schizopoda, skī-zop′ō-da, n.pl. a group of crustaceans, having the feet cleft or double, including the opossum-shrimps and their allies.—adj. and n. Schiz′opod. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, pous, podos, the foot.]

Schizorhinal, skiz-ō-rī′nal, adj. having the nasal bones separate: having the anterior nostrils prolonged in the form of a slit. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, rhis, rhinos, the nose.]

Schizothecal, skiz-ō-thē′kal, adj. having the tarsal envelope divided, as by scutella—opp. to Holothecal. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, thēkē, a case.]

Schizotrochous, skī-zot′rō-kus, adj. with a divided disc, as a rotifer.—n.pl. Schizot′rocha. [Gr. schizein, to cleave, trochos, a wheel.]

Schläger, shlā′gėr, n. the modern duelling-sword of German university students. [Ger.,—schlagen, to beat.]

Schegalia, shle-gā′li-a, n. a genus of birds of Paradise. [Named from the Dutch ornithologist Hermann Schlegel (1805-84).]

Schlich, shlik, n. the finer portions of crushed ore, separated by water. [Ger.]

Schmelze, schmel′tse, n. glass used in decorative work. [Ger. schmelz, enamel.]

Schnapps, Schnaps, shnaps, n. Holland gin, Hollands. [Ger. schnapps, a dram.]

Schneiderian, shnī-dē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the mucous membrane of the nose—first described by the German anatomist C. V. Schneider (1614-80).

Schœnus, skē′nus, n. a genus of monocotyledonous plants of the sedge family. [Gr. schoinos, a rush.]

Scholar, skol′ar, n. a pupil: a disciple: a student: one who has received a learned education: a man of learning: a savant: in the English universities, an undergraduate partly supported from the revenues of a college.—ns. Schol′arch, the head of a school of philosophy; Schol′arism, the affectation of scholarship.—adjs. Schol′ar-like, Schol′arly, like or becoming a scholar.—n. Schol′arship, the character of a scholar: learning: maintenance for a scholar, a benefaction, the annual proceeds of a bequest permanently invested for this purpose.—adj. Scholas′tic, pertaining to a scholar or to schools: scholar-like: pertaining to the schoolmen: excessively subtle: pedantic.—n. one who adheres to the method or subtleties of the schools of the middle ages.—adv. Scholas′tically, in a scholastic manner: according to the methods of the schools of philosophy.—n. Scholas′ticism, the aims, methods, and products of thought which constituted the main endeavour of the intellectual life of the middle ages: the method or subtleties of the schools of philosophy: the collected body of doctrines of the schoolmen. [Low L. scholaris—L. schola.]