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Title: Anglo-Saxon Primer
       With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary; Eighth Edition Revised


Author: Henry Sweet



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Language: English

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AN ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER

With

Grammar, Notes, and Glossary

by

HENRY SWEET, M.A., PH.D., LL.D.

Eighth Edition, Revised







Oxford
At the Clarendon Press
1905

Printed in England
At the Oxford University Press




{v}

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

The want of an introduction to the study of Old-English has long been felt.
Vernon's _Anglo-Saxon Guide_ was an admirable book for its time, but has
long been completely antiquated. I was therefore obliged to make my
_Anglo-Saxon Reader_ a somewhat unsatisfactory compromise between an
elementary primer and a manual for advanced students, but I always looked
forward to producing a strictly elementary book like the present one, which
would enable me to give the larger one a more scientific character, and
would at the same time serve as an introduction to it. Meanwhile, however,
Professor Earle has brought out his _Book for the beginner in Anglo-Saxon_.
But this work is quite unsuited to serve as an introduction to my Reader,
and will be found to differ so totally in plan and execution from the
present one as to preclude all idea of rivalry on my part. We work on lines
which instead of clashing can only diverge more and more.

My main principle has been to make the book the easiest possible
introduction to the study of Old-English.

Poetry has been excluded, and a selection made from the easiest prose
pieces I could find. Old-English original prose is unfortunately limited in
extent, and the most suitable pieces (such as the voyages of Ohthere and
Wulfstan) are already given in the Reader; these I could not give over {vi}
again. But I hope the short extracts from the Chronicle and the Martyrdom
of King Edmund will be found not wanting in interest. For the rest of the
selections I have had to fall back on scriptural extracts, which have the
great advantages of simplicity and familiarity of subject. The Gospel
extracts have been transferred here from the Reader, where they will be
omitted in the next edition. The sentences which head the selections have
been gathered mainly from the Gospels, lfric's Homilies, and the
Chronicle. They are all of the simplest possible character, only those
having been taken which would bear isolation from their context. They are
intended to serve both as an introduction and as a supplement to the longer
pieces. They are grouped roughly into paragraphs, according to the
grammatical forms they illustrate. Thus the first paragraph consists mainly
of examples of the nominative singular of nouns and adjectives, the second
of accusative singulars, and so on.

The spelling has been made rigorously uniform throughout on an early
West-Saxon basis. Injurious as normalizing is to the advanced student, it
is an absolute necessity for the beginner, who wants to have the definite
results of scholarship laid before him, not the confused and fluctuating
spellings which he cannot yet interpret intelligently. Even for purely
scientific purposes we require a standard of comparison and classification,
as in the arrangement of words in a dictionary, where we have to decide,
for instance, whether to put the original of _hear_ under _[=e], [=i]e,
[=i]_ or _[=y]_. The spelling I here adopt is, in fact, the one I should
recommend for dictionary purposes. From early West-Saxon it is an easy step
both to late W. S. and to the Mercian forms from which Modern English is
derived. That I give lfric in a spelling slightly earlier than his date is
no more {vii} unreasonable than it is for a classical scholar to print
Ausonius (who doubtless spoke Latin with an almost Italian pronunciation)
in the same spelling as Virgil.

It is impossible to go into details, but in doubtful or optional cases I
have preferred those forms which seemed most instructive to the student.
Thus I have preferred keeping up the distinction between the indic.
_bundon_ and the subj. _bunden_, although the latter is often levelled
under the former even in early MS. In the accentuation I have for the
present retained the conventional quantities, which are really
'prehistoric' quantities, as I have shown elsewhere (Phil. Soc. Proc. 1880,
1881). It is no use trying to disguise the fact that Old English philology
(owing mainly to its neglect in its native land) is still in an unsettled
state.

In the Grammar I have cut down the phonology to the narrowest limits,
giving only what is necessary to enable the beginner to trace the
connection of forms within the language itself. Derivation and syntax have
been treated with the same fulness as the inflections. In my opinion, to
give inflections without explaining their use is as absurd as it would be
to teach the names of the different parts of a machine without explaining
their use, and derivation is as much a fundamental element of a language as
inflection. The grammar has been based throughout on the texts, from which
all words and sentences given as examples have, as far as possible, been
taken. This I consider absolutely essential in an elementary book. What is
the use of a grammar which gives a number of forms and rules which the
learner has no occasion to apply practically in his reading? Simply to cut
down an ordinary grammar and prefix it to a selection of elementary texts,
without any attempt to adapt them to one another, is a most unjustifiable
proceeding. {viii}

In the Glossary cognate and root words are given only when they occur in
the texts, or else are easily recognizable by the ordinary English reader.

All reference to cognate languages has been avoided. Of course, if the
beginner knows German, the labour of learning Old English will be lightened
for him by one half, but he does not require to have the analogies pointed
out to him. The same applies to the relation between Old and Modern
English. To trace the history of the sounds would be quite out of place in
this book, and postulates a knowledge of the intermediate stages which the
beginner cannot have.

The Notes consist chiefly of references to the Grammar, and are intended
mainly for those who study without a teacher. As a general rule, no such
references are given where the passage itself is quoted in the Grammar.

On the whole I do not think the book could be made much easier without
defeating its object. Thus, instead of simply referring the student from
_st[e,]nt_ to _standan_, and thence to the Grammar, I might have saved him
all this trouble by putting '_st[e,]nt_, 3 sg. pres. of _standan_, stand,'
but the result would be in many cases that he would not look at the Grammar
at all--surely a most undesirable result.

Although I have given everything that I believe to be _necessary_, every
teacher may, of course, at his own discretion add such further
illustrations, linguistic, historical, antiquarian, or otherwise, as he
thinks likely to instruct or interest his pupils.

My thanks are due to Professor Skeat, not only for constant advice and
encouragement in planning and carrying out this work, but also for help in
correcting the proofs.

In conclusion I may be allowed to express a hope that this little book may
prove useful not only to young beginners, but also to some of our
Professors of and {ix} Examiners in the English language, most of whom are
now beginning to see the importance of a sound elementary knowledge of
'Anglo-Saxon'--a knowledge which I believe this book to be capable of
imparting, if studied diligently, and not hurriedly cast aside for a more
ambitious one.

HENRY SWEET.

  HEATH STREET, HAMPSTEAD,
  _March 31, 1882_.

       *       *       *       *       *

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.

In the present edition I have put this book into what must be (for some
time at least) its permanent form, making such additions and alterations as
seemed necessary.

If I had any opportunity of teaching the language, I should no doubt have
been able to introduce many other improvements; as it is, I have had to
rely mainly on the suggestions and corrections kindly sent to me by various
teachers and students who have used this book, among whom my especial
thanks are due to the Rev. W. F. Moulton, of Cambridge, and Mr. C. Stoffel,
of Amsterdam.

HENRY SWEET.

  LONDON,
  _October 15, 1884_.




{x}

CONTENTS.

                                                          Page

  GRAMMAR                                                    1

  TEXTS                                                     55

  NOTES                                                     91

  GLOSSARY                                                  97




{1}

GRAMMAR.

The oldest stage of English before the Norman Conquest is called 'Old
English,' which name will be used throughout in this Book, although the
name 'Anglo-Saxon' is still often used.

There were several dialects of Old English. This book deals only with the
_West-Saxon_ dialect in its earliest form.

SOUNDS.

VOWELS.

The vowel-letters in Old English had nearly the same values as in Latin.
Long vowels were occasionally marked by (), short vowels being left
unmarked. In this book long vowels are marked by (-). The following are the
elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from
English, French (F.), and German (G.):--

  a     _as in_     mann (G.)       nama (_name_).
  [=a]     "      father          st[=a]n (_stone_).
          "      man             gld (_glad_).
  [=]     "                      d[=]d (_deed_)[1].
  e        "      t (F.)        ic ete[2] (_I eat_).
  [=e]     "      see (G.)        h[=e] (_he_).
  [e,]     "      men             m[e,]nn (_men_).
  {2}
  i        "      fini (F.)       cwic (_alive_).
  [=i]     "      sieh (G.)       w[=i]n (_wine_).
  ie       "      fin             ieldran (_ancestors_).
  [=i]e    "                      h[=i]eran (_hear_).
  o        "      beau (F.)       god (_god_).
  [=o]     "      so (G.)         g[=o]d (_good_).
  u        "      sou (F.)        sunu (_son_).
  [=u]     "      gut (G.)        n[=u] (_now_).
  y        "      vc_u_ (F.)     synn (_sin_).
  [=y]     "      grn (G.)       br[=y]d (_bride_).
  ea       =       + a           eall (_all_).
  [=e]a    =      [=] + a        [=e]ast (_east_).
  eo       =      e + o           weorc (_work_).
  [=e]o    =      [=e] + o        d[=e]op (_deep_).
        _e_ and _[e,]_ are both written e in the MSS.

The diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on the first element.

    Those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt
    the following approximate pronunciation:--

      a     as in     ask (short)     nama (n[)a]hm[)a]h).
      [=a]     "      father          st[=a]n (stahn).
              "      man             gld (glad).
      [=]     "      there           [=]r (air).
      e, [e,]  "      men             ete (etty), m[e,]nn (men).
      [=e]     "      they            h[=e] (hay).
      i, ie    "      fin             cwic (quick), ieldran (ildr[)a]hn).
      [=i], [=i]e  "  see             w[=i]n (ween), h[=i]eran
                                      (heer[)a]hn).
      o        "      not             god (god).
      [=o]     "      note            g[=o]d (goad).
      u        "      full            full (full).
      [=u]     "      fool            n[=u] (noo).
      y        "      fin             synn (zin).
      [=y]     "      see             br[=y]d (breed).
      ea       =      [)e]-[)a]h      eall ([)e]-[)a]hl).
      [=e]a    =      ai-[)a]h        [=e]ast (ai-[)a]hst).
      {3}
      eo       =      [)e]-o          weorc (w[)e]-ork).
      [=e]o    =      ai-o            d[=e]op (dai-op).

    The pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be
    expressed in English letters as pronounced in Southern English.

CONSONANTS.

Double consonants must be pronounced double, or long, as in Italian. Thus
_sunu_ (son) must be distinguished from _sunne_ (sun) in the same way as
_penny_ is distinguished from _penknife_. So also _in_ (in) must be
distinguished from _inn_ (house); noting that in modern English final
consonants in accented monosyllables after a short vowel are long, our _in_
and _inn_ both having the pronunciation of Old English _inn_, not of O.E.
_in_.

_c_ and _g_ had each a _back_ (guttural) and a _front_ (palatal) pron.,
which latter is in this book written _[.c]_, _[.g]_.

c = _k_, as in _c[=e]ne_ (bold), _cn[=a]wan_ (know).

[.c] = _kj_, a _k_ formed in the _j_ (English _y_) position, nearly as in
the old-fashioned pron. of _sky_: _[.c]iri[.c]e_ (church), _sty[.c][.c]e_
(piece), _[e,]n[.c]an_ (think).

g initially and in the combination _ng_ was pron. as in 'get': _g[=o]d_
(good), _lang_ (long); otherwise (that is, medially and finally after
vowels and _l, r_) as in German _sagen: dagas_ (days), _burg_ (city),
_h[=a]lga_ (saint).

[.g] initially and in the combination _n[.g]_ was pronounced _gj_
(corresponding to _kj_): _[.g][=e]_ (ye), _[.g]eorn_ (willing),
_spr[e,]n[.g]an_ (scatter); otherwise = _j_ (as in 'you'): _d[.g]_ (day),
_wr[=e][.g]an_ (accuse), _h[e,]r[.g]ian_ (ravage). It is possible that
_[.g]_ in _[.g]e-boren_ (born) and other unaccented syllables was already
pronounced _j. [.c][.g] = [.g][.g]: s[e,][.c][.g]an_ (say), _hry[.c][.g]_
(back).

f had the sound of _v_ everywhere where it was possible:--_faran_ (go),
_of_ (of), _ofer_ (over); not, of course, in _oft_ (often), or when
doubled, as in _offrian_ (offer). {4}

h initially, as in _h[=e]_ (he), had the same sound as now. Everywhere else
it had that of Scotch and German _ch_ in _loch_:--_h[=e]ah_ (high), _Wealh_
(Welshman), _riht_ (right). _hw_, as in _hwt_ (what), _hw[=i]l_ (while),
had the sound of our _wh_; and _hl, hn, hr_ differed from _l, n, r_
respectively precisely as _wh_ differs from _w_, that is, they were these
consonants devocalized, _hl_ being nearly the same as Welsh
_ll:--hl[=a]ford_ (lord), _hl[=u]d_ (loud); _hnappian_ (doze), _hnutu_
(nut); _hrae_ (quickly), _hr[=e]od_ (reed).

r was always a strong trill, as in Scotch:--_r[=]ran_ (to raise), _h[=e]r_
(here), _word_ (word).

s had the sound of _z_:--_s[=e][.c]an_ (seek), _sw[=a]_ (so), _w[=i]s_
(wise), _[=a]r[=i]san_ (rise); not, of course, in combination with hard
consonants, as in _st[=a]n_ (stone), _fst_ (firm), _r[=i][.c]sian_ (rule),
or when double, as in _cyssan_ (kiss).

 had the sound of our _th_ (= dh) in _then_:_--[=u]_ (thou), _ing_
(thing), _s[=o]_ (true), _h[=]en_ (heathen); except when in combination
with hard consonants, where it had that of our _th_ in _thin_, as in
_s[=e][.c]_ (seeks). Note _hf_ (has) = _hvdh_.

w was fully pronounced wherever written:--_wr[=i]tan_ (write), _n[=i]we_
(new), _s[=e]ow_ (sowed _pret._).

STRESS.

The stress or accent is marked throughout in this book, whenever it is not
on the first syllable of a word, by () preceding the letter on which the
stress begins. Thus _for[.g]iefan_ is pronounced with the same stress as
that of _forgive_, _andswaru_ with that of _answer_.

       *       *       *       *       *

PHONOLOGY.

VOWELS.

Different vowels are related to one another in various ways in O.E., the
most important of which are _mutation_ (German _umlaut_) and _gradation_
(G. _ablaut_). {5}

The following changes are _mutations_:--

a .. [e,]:--mann, _pl._ m[e,]nn; wand (wound _prt._), w[e,]ndan (to turn).

ea (= a) .. ie (= [e,]):--eald (old), ieldra (older); feallan (fall), fiel
(falls).

[=a] .. [=]:--bl[=a]wan (to blow), bl[=]w (bloweth); h[=a]l (sound),
h[=]lan (heal).

u .. y:--burg (city), _pl._ byri[.g]; trum (strong), trymman (to
strengthen).

o .. y:--gold, gylden (golden); coss (a kiss), cyssan (to kiss).

e .. i:--beran (to bear), bire (beareth); cwean (speak), cwide (speech).

eo (= e) .. ie (= i):--heord (herd), hierde (shepherd); [.c]eorfan (cut),
[.c]ierf (cuts).

u .. o:--curon (they chose), [.g]ecoren (chosen).

[=u] .. [=y]:--c[=u] (known), c[=y]an (to make known); f[=u]l (foul),
[=a]f[=y]lan (defile).

[=o] .. [=e]:--s[=o]hte (sought _prt._), s[=e][.c]an (to seek); f[=o]da
(food), f[=e]dan (to feed).

[=e]a .. [=i]e:--h[=e]awan (to hew), h[=i]ew (hews); t[=e]am (progeny),
t[=i]eman (teem).

[=e]o .. [=i]e:--st[=e]or (rudder), st[=i]eran (steer); [.g]estr[=e]on
(possession), [.g]estr[=i]enan (gain).

Before proceeding to gradation, it will be desirable to describe the other
most important vowel-relations.

a, , ea. In O.E. original _a_ is preserved before nasals, as in _mann_,
_lang_, _nama_ (name), and before a single consonant followed by _a_, _u_,
or _o_, as in _dagas_ (days), _dagum_ (to days), _faran_ (go), _gafol_
(profit), and in some words when _e_ follows, as in _ic fare_ (I go),
_faren_ (gone). Before _r_, _l_, _h_ followed by another consonant, and
before _x_ it becomes _ea_, as in _heard_ (hard), _eall_ (all), _eald_
(old), _eahta_ (eight), _weaxan_ (to grow). Not in _brst_ (p. 7). In most
other cases it becomes __:--_d[.g]_, (day), _d[.g]es_ (of a day), _fst_
(firm), _wr_ (wary). {6}

e before nasals always becomes _i_: compare _bindan_ (to bind), pret.
_band_, with _beran_ (to bear), pret. _br_.

_e_ before _r_ (generally followed by a consonant) becomes _eo:--eore_
(earth), _heorte_ (heart). Not in _berstan_ (p. 7). Also in other
cases:--_seolfor_ (silver), _heofon_ (heaven).

i before _r_ + cons. becomes _ie:--bier_ (beareth) contr. from _bire,
hierde_ (shepherd) from _heord_ (herd), _wiersa_ (worse).

[e,] before _r_, or _l_ + cons. often becomes _ie:--fierd_ (army) from
_faran_, _bieldo_ (boldness) from _beald_, _ieldra_ (elder) from _eald_.

By _gradation_ the vowels are related as follows:--

e (i, eo) .. a (, ea) .. u (o):--

_bindan_ (inf.), _band_ (pret.), _bundon_ (they bound). _beran_ (inf.),
_br_ (pret.), _boren_ (past partic.). _[.c]eorfan_ (cut), _[.c]earf_
(pret.), _curfon_ (they cut), _corfen_ (past partic.). _b[e,]nd_ (bond) =
mutation of band, _byr-en_ (burden) of _bor-en_.

a (, ea) .. [=]:--_sprc_ (spoke), _spr[=]con_ (they spoke),
_spr[=][.c]_ (speech).

a .. [=o]:--_faran_ (to go), _f[=o]r_ (pret.), _f[=o]r_ (journey).
_[.g]ef[=e]ra_ (companion) mutation of _f[=o]r_.

[=i] .. [=a] .. i:--_wr[=i]tan, wr[=a]t, writon, [.g]ewrit_ (writing,
_subst._). _(be)l[=i]fan_ (remain), _l[=a]f_ (remains), whence by mutation
_l[=]fan_ (leave).

[=e]o ([=u]) .. [=e]a .. u (o):--_[.c][=e]osan_ (choose), _[.c][=e]as,
curon, coren_. _cys-t_ (choice). _(for)l[=e]osan_ (lose), _l[=e]as_
(loose), _[=a]l[=i]esan_ (release), _losian_ (to be lost). _b[=u]gan_
(bend), _boga_ (bow).

We see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the conjugation
of the strong verbs. But they run through the whole language, and a
knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to O.E.
etymology.

    It is often necessary to supply intermediate stages in connecting two
    words. Thus _l[e,][.c][.g]an_ (lay) cannot be directly referred to
    _li[.c][.g]an_ (lie), but only to a form *_lag_-, preserved in the
    preterite _l[.g]_. So also _bl[e,]ndan_ (to blind) can be referred
    only indirectly to the adjective _blind_ through an intermediate
    *_bland_-. Again, the root-vowel of _byren_ {7} (burden) cannot be
    explained by the infinitive _beran_ (bear), but only by the past
    participle _[.g]eboren_. In the same way _hryre_ (fall _sb._) must be
    referred, not to the infinitive _hr[=e]osan_, but to the preterite
    plural _hruron_.

    The vowel-changes in the preterites of verbs of the 'fall'-conjugation
    (1) _feallan_, _f[=e]oll_, &c., are due not to gradation, but to other
    causes.

CONSONANTS.

s becomes _r_ in the preterite plurals and past participles of strong
verbs, as in _curon_, _[.g]ecoren_ from _[.c][=e]osan_, _w[=]ron_ pl. of
_ws_ (was), and in other formations, such as _hryre_ (fall) from
_hr[=e]osan_.

 becomes _d_ under the same conditions, as in _wurdon_, _[.g]eworden_
from _weoran_ (become), _cw_ (quoth), pl. _cw[=]don_, _cwide_ (speech)
from _cwean_ (infin.).

r is often transposed, as in _iernan_ (run) from original *_rinnan_ (cp.
the subst. _ryne_), _berstan_ (burst) from *_brestan_, _brst_ (burst
_pret._) from _brst_, _hors_ (horse) from *_hross_.

The combinations c-, g- become _[.c]ea-_, _[.g]ea-_, as in _[.c]eaf_
(chaff) from *_cf_, _s[.c]eal_ (shall) from *_scl_, _[.g]eaf_ (gave) =
*_gf_ from _[.g]iefan_ (cp. _cw_ from _cwean_), _[.g]eat_ (gate)--cp.
_ft_ (vessel).

g[=]- often becomes _[.g][=e]a-_, as in _[.g][=e]afon_ (they gave), with
which compare _cw[=]don_ (they said).

ge- becomes _[.g]ie_, as in _[.g]iefan_, _[.g]ieldan_ (pay) from *_gefan_,
*_geldan_--cp. _cwean_, _delfan_. Not in the prefix _[.g]e-_ and
_[.g][=e]_ (ye).

When g comes before a consonant in inflection, it often becomes _h_, as in
_h[=e] l[=i]eh_ (he lies) from _l[=e]ogan_ (mentiri).

h after a consonant is dropt when a vowel follows, the preceding vowel
being lengthened, thus _Wealh_ (Welshman) has plural _W[=e]alas_.

       *       *       *       *       *

INFLECTIONS.

NOUNS.

Gender. There are three genders in O.E.--masculine, neuter, and feminine.
The gender is partly natural, partly {8} grammatical. By the natural gender
names of male beings, such as _se mann_ (the man), are masculine; of female
beings, such as _s[=e]o dohtor_ (the daughter), are feminine; and of young
creatures, such as _t [.c]ild_ (the child), neuter. Note, however, that
_t w[=i]f_ (woman) is neuter.

Grammatical gender is known only by the gender of the article and other
words connected with the noun, and, to some extent, by its form. Thus all
nouns ending in _-a_, such as _se m[=o]na_ (moon), are masculine, _s[=e]o
sunne_ (sun) being feminine. Those ending in _-d[=o]m_, _-h[=a]d_, and
_-s[.c]ipe_ are also masculine:--_se w[=i]sd[=o]m_ (wisdom), _se
[.c]ildh[=a]d_ (childhood), _se fr[=e]onds[.c]ipe_ (friendship). Those in
_-nes_, _-o_ (from adjectives) _-r[=]den_, and _-ung_ are
feminine:--_s[=e]o rihtw[=i]snes_ (righteousness), _s[=e]o bieldo_
(boldness) from _beald_, _s[=e]o mann-r[=]den_ (allegiance), _s[=e]o
scotung_ (shooting).

Compounds follow the gender of their last element, as in _t burg-[.g]eat_
(city-gate), from _s[=e]o burg_ and _t [.g]eat_. Hence also _se
w[=i]f-mann_ (woman) is masculine.

The gender of most words can be learnt only by practice, and the student
should learn each noun with its proper definite article.

Strong and Weak. Weak nouns are those which form their inflections with
_n_, such as _se m[=o]na_, plural _m[=o]nan_; _s[=e]o sunne_, genitive
sing. _[=]re sunnan_. All the others, such as _se d[.g]_, pl. _dagas_,
_t h[=u]s_ (house), gen. sing. _s h[=u]ses_, are strong.

Cases. There are four cases, nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive.
The acc. is the same as the nom. in all plurals, in the sing. of all neuter
nouns, and of all strong masculines. Masculine and neuter nouns never
differ in the plural except in the nom. and acc., and in the singular they
differ only in the acc. of weak nouns, which in neuters is the same as the
nom. The dative plural of nearly all nouns ends in _-um_. {9}

STRONG MASCULINES.

(1) as-plurals.

         SINGULAR.                    PLURAL.
  _Nom[3]._  st[=a]n (_stone_).   _Nom._  st[=a]n-as.
  _Dat._     st[=a]n-e.           _Dat._  st[=a]n-um.
  _Gen._     st[=a]n-es.          _Gen._  st[=a]n-a.

So also _d[=]l_ (part), _cyning_ (king), _[.c]ildh[=a]d_ (childhood).

_d[.g]_ (day) changes its vowel in the pl. (p. 5):--_d[.g]_, _d[.g]e_,
_d[.g]es_; _dagas_, _dagum_, _daga_.

Nouns in _-e_ have nom. and dat. sing. the same:--_[e,]nde_, (end),
_[e,]nde_, _[e,]ndes_; _[e,]ndas_, _[e,]ndum_, _[e,]nda_.

Nouns in _-el_, _-ol_, _-um_, _-en_, _-on_, _-er_, _-or_ often
contract:--_[e,]n[.g]el_ (angel), _[e,]n[.g]le_, _[e,]n[.g]les_;
_[e,]n[.g]las_, _[e,]n[.g]lum_, _[e,]n[.g]la_. So also _n[.g]el_ (nail),
_e[.g]en_ (thane), _ealdor_ (prince). Others, such as _cer_ (field), do
not contract.

_h_ after a consonant is dropped in inflection (p. 7), as in _feorh_
(life), _f[=e]ore_, _f[=e]ores_. So also in _Wealh_ (Welshman), plur.
_W[=e]alas_.

There are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns each.

(2) e-plurals.

    A few nouns which occur only in the plur.:--_l[=e]ode_ (people),
    _l[=e]odum_, _l[=e]oda_. So also several names of
    nations:--_[E,]n[.g]le_ (English), _D[e,]ne_ (Danes); _Seaxe_ (Saxons),
    _Mier[.c]e_ (Mercians), have gen. plur. _Seaxna_, _Mier[.c]na_.

(3) Mutation-plurals.

       SINGULAR.                 PLURAL.
  _Nom._  f[=o]t (_foot_).   _Nom._  f[=e]t.
  _Dat._  f[=e]t.            _Dat._  f[=o]t-um.
  _Gen._  f[=o]t-es.         _Gen._  f[=o]t-a.

So also _t[=o]_ (tooth). _Mann_ (man), _m[e,]nn_, _mannes_; _m[e,]nn_,
_mannum_, _manna_.

{10}

(4) u-nouns.

      SINGULAR.                    PLURAL.
  _Nom._  sun-u (_son_).        _Nom._ sun-a.
  _Dat._  sun-a.                _Dat._ sun-um.
  _Gen._  sun-a.                _Gen._ sun-a.

So also _wudu_ (wood).

(5) r-nouns (including feminines).

       SINGULAR.                           PLURAL.
  _Nom._  m[=o]dor (_mother_).         _Nom._  m[=o]dor.
  _Dat._  m[=e]der.                    _Dat._  m[=o]dr-um.
  _Gen._  m[=o]dor.                    _Gen._  m[=o]dr-a.

So also _br[=o]or_ (brother); _fder_ (father), _dohtor_ (daughter), have
dat. sing. _fder_, _dehter_.

(6) nd-nouns.

Formed from the present participle of verbs.

       SINGULAR.                          PLURAL.
  _Nom._  fr[=e]ond (_friend_).       _Nom._  fr[=i]end.
  _Dat._  fr[=i]end.                  _Dat._  fr[=e]ond-um.
  _Gen._  fr[=e]ond-es.               _Gen._  fr[=e]ond-a.

So also _f[=e]ond_ (enemy).

Those in _-end_ inflect thus:--_b[=u]end_ (dweller), _b[=u]end_,
_b[=u]endes_; _b[=u]end_, _b[=u]endum_, _b[=u]endra_. So also _H[=]lend_
(saviour). The _-ra_ is an adjectival inflection.

STRONG NEUTERS.

(1) u-plurals.

       SINGULAR.                       PLURAL.
  _Nom._  s[.c]ip (_ship_).        _Nom._  s[.c]ip-u.
  _Dat._  s[.c]ip-e.               _Dat._  s[.c]ip-um.
  _Gen._  s[.c]ip-es.              _Gen._  s[.c]ip-a.

So all neuters with short final syllable, such as _[.g]ebed_ (prayer),
_[.g]ewrit_ (writing), _[.g]eat_ (gate). {11}

_Ft_ (vessel), _fte_, _ftes_; _fatu_, _fatum_, _fata_ (p. 5).

_R[=i][.c]e_ (kingdom), _r[=i][.c]e_, _r[=i][.c]es_; _r[=i][.c]u_,
_r[=i][.c]um_, _r[=i][.c]a_. So also all neuters in _e_, except _[=e]age_
and _[=e]are_ (p. 13): _[.g]e[=e]ode_ (language), _sty[.c][.c]e_ (piece).

Those in _-ol_, _-en_, _-or_, &c. are generally contracted:--_d[=e]ofol_
(devil), _d[=e]ofles_, _d[=e]oflu_. So also _w[=]pen_ (weapon), _mynster_
(monastery), _wundor_ (wonder).

(2) Unchanged plurals.

      SINGULAR.                        PLURAL.
  _Nom._  h[=u]s (_house_).        _Nom._  h[=u]s.
  _Dat._  h[=u]s-e.                _Dat._  h[=u]s-um.
  _Gen._  h[=u]s-es.               _Gen._  h[=u]s-a.

So all others with long final syllables (that is, containing a long vowel,
or a short vowel followed by more than one consonant), such as _bearn_
(child), _folc_ (nation), _w[=i]f_ (woman).

_Feoh_ (money) drops its _h_ in inflection and lengthens the _eo_:--_feoh_,
_f[=e]o_, _f[=e]os_. So also _bleoh_ (colour).

STRONG FEMININES.

(1) a-plurals.

           SINGULAR.                         PLURAL.
  (a)  _Nom._ [.g]ief-u (_gift_).        _Nom._  [.g]ief-a.
       _Acc._ [.g]ief-e.                 _Acc._  [.g]ief-a.
       _Dat._ [.g]ief-e.                 _Dat._  [.g]ief-um.
       _Gen._ [.g]ief-e.                 _Gen._  [.g]ief-ena.

So also _lufu_ (love), _scamu_ (shame). _Duru_ (door) is an _u_-noun: it
has acc. _duru_, d., g. _dura_, g. pl. _dura_. Observe that all these nouns
have a short syllable before the final vowel. When it is long, the _u_ is
dropped, and the noun falls under (_b_). {12}

             SINGULAR.                             PLURAL.
  (_b_)  _Nom._  spr[=][.c] (_speech_).    _Nom._  spr[=][.c]-a.
         _Acc._  spr[=][.c]-e.             _Acc._  spr[=][.c]-a.
         _Dat._  spr[=][.c]-e.             _Dat._  spr[=][.c]-um.
         _Gen._  spr[=][.c]-e.             _Gen._  spr[=][.c]-a.

So also _str[=]t_ (street), _sorg_ (sorrow). Some have the acc. sing. the
same as the nom., such as _d[=]d_, _hand_, _miht_.

Those in _-ol_, _-er_, _-or_, &c. contract:--_s[=a]wol_ (soul), _s[=a]wle_,
_s[=a]wla_, _s[=a]wlum_. So also _[.c]easter_ (city), _hl[=]dder_
(ladder).

Some in _-en_ double the _n_ in inflection:--_byren_ (burden), _byrenne_.
So also those in _-r[=]den_, such as _hierdr[=]den_ (guardianship). Those
in _-nes_ also double the _s_ in inflection: _g[=o]dnes_ (goodness),
_g[=o]dnesse_.

(2) Mutation-plurals.

      SINGULAR.                   PLURAL.
  _Nom._  b[=o]c (_book_).    _Nom._  b[=e][.c].
  _Dat._  b[=e][.c].          _Dat._  b[=o]c-um.
  _Gen._  b[=e][.c].          _Gen._  b[=o]c-a.

_Burg_ (city), _byri[.g]_, _burge_; _byri[.g]_, _burgum_, _burga_.

(3) Indeclinable.

      SINGULAR.
  _Nom._  bieldo (_boldness_).
  _Dat._  bieldo.
  _Gen._  bieldo.

So also _ieldo_ (age).

For _r_-nouns, see under Masculines.

WEAK MASCULINES.

        SINGULAR.                PLURAL.
  _Nom._  nam-a (_name_).    _Nom._  nam-an.
  _Acc._  nam-an.            _Acc._  nam-an.
  _Dat._  nam-an.            _Dat._  nam-um.
  _Gen._  nam-an.            _Gen._  nam-ena.

{13}

So also all nouns in _-a_:--_[.g]ef[=e]ra_ (companion), _guma_ (man),
_[.g]el[=e]afa_ (belief). _Ieldran_ (elders) occurs only in the plural.

_[.G]ef[=e]a_ (joy) is contracted throughout:--_[.g]ef[=e]a_,
_[.g]ef[=e]an_.

WEAK NEUTERS.

      SINGULAR.                    PLURAL.
  _Nom._  [=e]ag-e (_eye_).    _Nom._  [=e]ag-an.
  _Acc._  [=e]ag-e.            _Acc._  [=e]ag-an.
  _Dat._  [=e]ag-an.           _Dat._  [=e]ag-um.
  _Gen._  [=e]ag-an.           _Gen._  [=e]ag-ena.

So also _[=e]are_ 'ear.'

WEAK FEMININES.

      SINGULAR.                  PLURAL.
  _Nom._  sunn-e (_sun_).    _Nom._  sunn-an.
  _Acc._  sunn-an.           _Acc._  sunn-an.
  _Dat._  sunn-an.           _Dat._  sunn-um.
  _Gen._  sunn-an.           _Gen._  sunn-ena.

So also _[.c]iri[.c]e_ (church), _f[=]mne_ (virgin), _heorte_ (heart).

_L[=e]o_ (lion) has acc., &c. _l[=e]on_.

PROPER NAMES.

Native names of persons are declined like other nouns:--_lfred_, gen.
_lfredes_, dat. _lfrede_; _[=E]ad-burg_ (fem.), gen. _[=E]adburge_, &c.

Foreign names of persons sometimes follow the analogy of native names, thus
_Cr[=i]st_, _Salomon_ have gen. _Cr[=i]stes_, _Salomones_, dat.
_Cr[=i]ste_, _Salomone_. Sometimes they are declined as in Latin,
especially those in _-us_, but often with a mixture of English endings, and
the Latin endings are used {14} somewhat loosely, the accus. ending being
often extended to the other oblique cases; thus we find nom. _C[=y]rus_,
gen. _C[=y]res_, acc. _C[=y]rum_, dat. _C[=y]rum_ ([=]m cyninge
C[=y]rum).

Almost the only names of countries and districts in Old English are those
taken from Latin, such as _Breten_ (Britain), _C[e,]nt_ (Kent),
_[.G]erm[=a]nia_ (Germany), and those formed by composition, generally with
_land_, such as _[E,]n[.g]la-land_ (land of the English, England),
_Israh[=e]la-[=e]od_ (Israel). In both of these cases the first element
is in the gen. pl., but ordinary compounds, such as _Scot-land_, also
occur. In other cases the name of the inhabitants of a country is used for
the country itself:--_on [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum_ = in East-anglia, lit.
'among the East-anglians.' So also _on Angel-cynne_ = in England, lit.
'among the English race,' more accurately expressed by _Angelcynnes land_.

Uncompounded names of countries are sometimes undeclined. Thus we find _on
C[e,]nt_, _t[=o] Hierusal[=e]m_.

_[.G]erm[=a]nia_, _Asia_, and other foreign names in _-a_ take _-e_ in the
oblique cases, thus gen. _[.G]erm[=a]nie_.

       *       *       *       *       *

ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though with
partly different endings, together with strong and weak inflection. In the
masc. and neut. sing. they have an _instrumental_ case, for which in the
fem. and plur., and in the weak inflection the dative is used.

STRONG ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives with a short syllable before the endings take _-u_ in the fem.
sing. nom. and neut. pl. nom., those with a long one drop it. {15}

                          SINGULAR.
                     Masc.             Neut.        Fem.
  (_a_)  _Nom._    cwic (_alive_),    cwic,       cwic-u.
         _Acc._    cwic-ne,           cwic,       cwic-e.
         _Dat._    cwic-um,           cwic-um,    cwic-re.
         _Gen._    cwic-es,           cwic-es,    cwic-re.
         _Instr._  cwic-e,            cwic-e.     (cwicre).

                           PLURAL.
         _Nom._    cwic-e,            cwic-u,     cwic-e.
                   \____________________  ______________/
                                        \/
         _Dat._                       cwic-um.
         _Gen._                       cwic-ra.

So also _sum_ (some), _f[=]rlic_ (dangerous).

Those with __, such as _gld_ (glad), change it to _a_ in dat. _gladum_,
&c.

Those in _-e_, such as _bl[=i]e_ (glad), drop it in all
inflections:--_bl[=i]ne_, _bl[=i]u_, _bl[=i]re_.

Those in _-ig_, _-el_, _-ol_, _-en_, _-er_, _-or_ often contract before
inflections beginning with a vowel, as in _h[=a]li[.g]_ (holy),
_h[=a]lges_, _h[=a]lgum_; _mi[.c]el_ (great), _mi[.c]lu_, _mi[.c]le_. Not,
of course, before consonants:--_h[=a]li[.g]ne_, _mi[.c]elne_, _mi[.c]elra_.

Those in _-u_, such as _[.g]earu_ (ready), change the _u_ into a _w_ before
vowels:--_[.g]earwes_, _[.g]earwe_.

Adjectives with long syllable before the endings drop the _u_ of the fem.
and neuter:--

                          Masc.             Neut.      Fem.
  (_b_)  _Nom. Sing._  g[=o]d (_good_),    g[=o]d,    g[=o]d.
              _Plur._  g[=o]de,            g[=o]d,    g[=o]de.

_F[=e]a_ (few) has only the plural inflections, dat. _f[=e]am_, gen.
_f[=e]ara_.

_H[=e]ah_ (high) drops its second _h_ in inflection and
contracts:--_h[=e]are_, nom. pl. _h[=e]a_, dat. _h[=e]am_, acc. sing. masc.
_h[=e]anne_.

_Fela_ (many) is indeclinable. {16}

WEAK ADJECTIVES.

The weak inflections of adjectives agree exactly with the noun ones:-

                        SINGULAR.
            Masc.         Neut.         Fem.
  _Nom._  g[=o]d-a,     g[=o]d-e,     g[=o]d-e.
  _Acc._  g[=o]d-an,    g[=o]d-e,     g[=o]d-an.
  _Dat._  g[=o]d-an,    g[=o]d-an,    g[=o]d-an.
  _Gen._  g[=o]d-an,    g[=o]d-an,    g[=o]d-an.
          \________________  __________________/
                           \/
                         PLURAL.
  _Nom._                g[=o]d-an.
  _Dat._                g[=o]d-um.
  _Gen._                g[=o]d-ra.

The vowel- and consonant-changes are as in the strong declension.

COMPARISON.

The comparative is formed by adding _-ra_, and is declined like a weak
adjective:--_l[=e]of_ (dear), _l[=e]ofra_ masc., _l[=e]ofre_ fem.,
_l[=e]ofran_ plur., etc.; _m[=]re_ (famous), _m[=]rra_. The superlative
is formed by adding _-ost_, and may be either weak or strong:--_l[=e]ofost_
(dearest).

The following form their comparisons with mutation, with superlative in
_-est_ (the forms in parentheses are adverbs):--

  eald (_old_),        ieldra,          ieldest.
  lang (_long_),       l[e,]n[.g]ra,    l[e,]n[.g]est.
  n[=e]ah (_near_),    (n[=e]ar),       n[=i]ehst.
  h[=e]ah (_high_),    h[=i]erra,       h[=i]ehst.

The following show different roots:--

  g[=o]d (_good_),        b[e,]tera,            b[e,]tst.
  yfel (_evil_),          wiersa,               wierrest.
  mi[.c]el (_great_),     m[=a]ra (m[=a]),      m[=]st.
  l[=y]tel (_little_),    l[=]ssa (l[=]s),    l[=]st.

{17}

The following are defective as well as irregular, being formed from
adverbs:--

  [=]r (_formerly_),    [=]rra ([=]ror),    [=]rest.
  fore (_before_),             . . .           forma, fyrmest.
  [=u]t (_out_),         [=y]terra,            [=y]temest.

NUMERALS.

               CARDINAL.                         ORDINAL.
  [=a]n,                    _one_.              forma (_first_).
  tw[=a],                   _two_.              [=o]er.
  r[=e]o,                  _three_.            ridda.
  f[=e]ower,                _four_.             f[=e]ora.
  f[=i]f,                   _five_.             f[=i]f-ta.
  siex,                     _six_.              siex-ta.
  seofon,                   _seven_.            seofoa.
  eahta,                    _eight_.            eahtoa.
  nigon,                    _nine_.             nigoa.
  t[=i]en,                  _ten_.              t[=e]oa.
  [e,]ndlufon,              _eleven_.           [e,]ndlyf-ta.
  tw[e,]lf,                 _twelve_.           tw[=e,]lf-ta.
  r[=e]o-t[=i]ene,         _thirteen_.         r[=e]o-t[=e]oa.
  f[=e]ower-t[=i]ene,       _fourteen_.
  f[=i]f-t[=i]ene,          _fifteen_.
  siex-t[=i]ene,            _sixteen_.
  seofon-t[=i]ene,          _seventeen_.
  eahta-t[=i]ene,           _eighteen_.
  nigon-t[=i]ene,           _nineteen_.
  tw[e,]n-ti[.g],           _twenty_.
  ri-ti[.g],               _thirty_.
  f[=e]ower-ti[.g],         _forty_.
  f[=i]f-ti[.g],            _fifty_.
  siex-ti[.g],              _sixty_.
  {18}
  hund-seofon-ti[.g],      _seventy_.
  hund-eahta-ti[.g],       _eighty_.
  hund-nigon-ti[.g],       _ninety_.
  hund                 }    _hundred_.
  hund-t[=e]onti[.g], }
  hund-[e,]ndlufonti[.g],  _hundred and ten_.
  hund-tw[e,]lfti[.g],     _hundred and twenty_.
  [=u]send,                _thousand_.

_[=A]n_ is declined like other adjectives.

_Tw[=a]_ is declined thus:--

              Masc.         Neut.            Fem.
  _Nom._  tw[=e][.g]en,    tw[=a],          tw[=a].
          \__________________  ___________________/
                             \/
  _Dat._                   tw[=]m.
  _Gen._                   tw[=e][.g]ra.

So also _b[=e][.g]en_ (both), _b[=a]_, _b[=]m_, _b[=e][.g]ra_.

_r[=e]o_ is declined thus:--

           Masc.       Neut.        Fem.
  _Nom._  r[=i]e,    r[=e]o,    r[=e]o.
          \_____________  _______________/
                        \/
  _Dat._              rim.
  _Gen._              r[=e]ora.

The others up to _tw[e,]nti[.g]_ are generally indeclinable. Those in
_-ti[.g]_ are sometimes declined like neuter nouns, sometimes like
adjectives, and are often left undeclined. When not made into adjectives
they govern the genitive.

_Hund_ and _[=u]send_ are either declined as neuters or left undeclined,
always taking a genitive:--_eahta hund m[=i]la_ (eight hundred miles),
_f[=e]ower [=u]send wera_ (four thousand men).

Units are always put before tens:--_[=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g]_ (twenty-one).
{19}

The ordinals are always weak, except _[=o]er_, which is always strong.

       *       *       *       *       *

PRONOUNS.

PERSONAL.

                    SINGULAR.
  _Nom._  i[.c] (_I_),       [=u] (_thou_).
  _Acc._  m[=e],             [=e].
  _Dat._  m[=e],             [=e].
  _Gen._  m[=i]n,            [=i]n.

                      DUAL.
  _Nom._  wit (_we two_),    [.g]it (_ye two_).
  _Acc._  unc,               inc.
  _Dat._  unc,               inc.
  _Gen._  uncer,             incer.

                     PLURAL.
  _Nom._  w[=e] (_we_),      [.g][=e] (_ye_).
  _Acc._  [=u]s,             [=e]ow.
  _Dat._  [=u]s,             [=e]ow.
  _Gen._  [=u]re,            [=e]ower.



                        SINGULAR.
           Masc.             Neut.          Fem.
  _Nom._  h[=e] (_he_),    hit (_it_),    h[=e]o (_she_).
  _Acc._  hine,            hit,           h[=i]e.
  _Dat._  him,             him,           hiere.
  _Gen._  his,             his,           hiere.
          \_________________  _________________/
                            \/
                          PLURAL.
  _Nom._                   h[=i]e (_they_).
  _Dat._                   him.
  _Gen._                   hiera.

There are no reflexive pronouns in O.E., and the ordinary {20} personal
pronouns are used instead:--_h[=i]e [.g]esamnodon h[=i]e_ (they collected
themselves, assembled); _h[=i]e [=a]b[=]don him w[=i]f_ (they asked for
wives for themselves). _Self_ is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective
agreeing with its pronoun:--_sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum_
(as they wished for themselves).

POSSESSIVE.

_M[=i]n_ (my), _[=i]n_ (thy), _[=u]re_ (our), _[=e]ower_ (your), and the
dual _uncer_ and _incer_ are declined like other adjectives. The genitives
_his_ (his, its), _hiere_ (her), _hiera_ (their) are used as indeclinable
possessives.

INTERROGATIVE.

        Masc. and Fem.             Neut.
  _Nom._    hw[=a] (_who_),    hwt (_what_).
  _Acc._    hwone,             hwt.
  _Dat._    hw[=]m,           hw[=]m.
  _Gen._    hws,              hws.
  _Instr._  hw[=y],            hw[=y].

_Hwelc_ (which) is declined like a strong adjective: it is used both as a
noun and an adjective.

DEMONSTRATIVE.

                         SINGULAR.
               Masc.               Neut.        Fem.
  _Nom._    se (_that_, _the_),    t,        s[=e]o.
  _Acc._    one,                  t,        [=a].
  _Dat._    [=]m,                [=]m,     [=]re.
  _Gen._    s,                   s,        [=]re.
  _Instr._  [=y], on,            [=y],      ([=]re).
            \_______________________  __________________/
                                    \/
                          PLURAL.
  _Nom._                           [=a].
  _Dat._                           [=]m.
  _Gen._                           [=a]ra.

{21}

_Se_ is both a demonstrative and a definite article. It is also used as a
personal pronoun:--_h[=e] [.g]eh[=i]er m[=i]n word, and wyr[.c] [=a]_
(he hears my words, and does them). _S[=e]_ as a demonstrative and pers.
pronoun has its vowel long.

                    SINGULAR.
             Masc.            Neut.      Fem.
  _Nom._    es (_this_),    is,       [=e]os.
  _Acc._    isne,           is,       [=a]s.
  _Dat._    issum,          issum,    isse.
  _Gen._    isses,          isses,    isse.
  _Instr._  [=y]s,          [=y]s.    (isse).
            \__________________  ______________/
                               \/
                     PLURAL.
  _Nom._                     [=a]s.
  _Dat._                     issum.
  _Gen._                     issa.

Other demonstratives, which are used both as nouns and as adjectives, are
_se ilca_ (same), which is always weak, _swelc_ (such), which is always
strong.

RELATIVE.

The regular relative is the indeclinable _e_, as in _[=]lc [=a]ra e
[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]eh[=i]er_ (each of those who hears these my
words). It is often combined with _s[=e]_, which is declined:--_s[=e] e_ =
who, masc., _s[=e]o e_, fem., &c. _S[=e]_ alone is also used as a
relative:--_h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, one ic [.g]e[.c][=e]as_ (here is my
servant, whom I have chosen); sometimes in the sense of 'he who':--_h[=e]r
[=u] hfst t [=i]n is_ (here thou hast that which is thine).

INDEFINITE.

Indefinites are formed with _sw[=a]_ and the interrogative pronouns,
thus:--_sw[=a] hw[=a] sw[=a]_, _sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a]_ (whoever), _sw[=a]
hwt sw[=a]_ (whatever). {22}

_[=A]n_ and _sum_ (some) are used in an indefinite sense:--_[=a]n mann_,
_sum mann_ = 'a certain man,' hence 'a man.' But the indefinite article is
generally not expressed.

_[=]l[.c]_ (each), _[=]ni[.g]_ (any), _n[=]ni[.g]_ (no, none), are
declined like other adjectives.

_[=O]er_ (other) is always strong:--_[=a] [=o]re m[e,]nn_.

_Man_, another form of _mann_, is often used in the indefinite sense of
'one,' French _on_:--_his br[=o]or Horsan man ofsl[=o]g_ (they killed his
brother Horsa).

       *       *       *       *       *

VERBS.

There are two classes of verbs in O.E., _strong_ and _weak_. The
conjugation of strong verbs is effected mainly by means of vowel-gradation,
that of weak verbs by the addition of _d_ (-ode, -ede, -de) to the
root-syllable.

The following is the conjugation of the strong verb _bindan_ (bind), which
will serve to show the endings which are common to all verbs:--

                   INDICATIVE.             SUBJUNCTIVE.
  _Pres. sing._  1. bind-e,                  bind-e.
                 2. bind-est, bintst,        bind-e.
                 3. bind-e, bint,           bind-e.
        _plur._     bind-a,                 bind-en.

  _Pret. sing._  1. band,                    bund-e.
                 2. bund-e,                  bund-e.
                 3. band,                    bund-e.
        _plur._     bund-on,                 bund-en.

  _Imper. sing._ bind; _plur._ bind-a. _Infin._ bind-an.
      _Partic. pres._ bind-ende; _pret._ [.g]e-bund-en.
                _Gerund._ t[=o] bind-enne.

For the plural _binda_, both indicative and imperative, _binde_ is used
when the personal pronoun follows immediately after {23} the verb:--_w[=e]
binda_ (we bind), but _binde w[=e]_ (let us bind); so also _g[=a]!_ (go
plur.), but _g[=a] [.g][=e]!_ (go ye).

The present participle may be declined like an adjective. Its declension
when used as a noun is given above, p. 10.

The past participle generally prefixes _[.g]e-_, as in _[.g]ebunden_,
_[.g]enumen_ from _niman_ (take), unless the other parts of the verbs have
it already, as in _[.g]eh[=i]eran_ (hear), _[.g]eh[=i]ered_. It is
sometimes prefixed to other parts of the verb as well. No _[.g]e_ is added
if the verb has another prefix, such as _[=a]-_, _be-_, _for-_; thus
_for[.g]iefan_ (forgive) has the past participle _for[.g]iefen_. The past
participle may be declined like an adjective.

Traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form _h[=a]t-te_ from
_h[=a]tan_ (call, name), which is both present 'is called,' and preterite
'was called':--_se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo_ (the monk's name was Abbo).

STRONG VERBS.

In the strong verbs the plural of the pret. indic. generally has a
different vowel from that of the sing. (_ic band_, _w[=e] bundon_). The 2nd
sing. pret. indic. and the whole pret. subj. always have the vowel of the
preterite plural indicative (_[=u] bunde, ic bunde, w[=e] bunden_.)

The 2nd and 3rd persons sing. of the pres. indic. often mutate the
root-vowel, thus:--

  a _becomes_ [e,] _as in_ (h[=e]) st[e,]nt _from_ standan (_stand_).
  ea    "     ie      "            fiel       "   feallan (_fall_).
  e     "     i       "            cwi       "   cwean (_say_).
  eo    "     ie      "            wier       "   weoran (_happen_).
  [=a]  "     [=]    "            h[=]tt     "   h[=a]tan (_command_).
  [=o]  "     [=e]    "            gr[=e]w    "   gr[=o]wan (_grow_).
  [=e]a "     [=i]e   "            h[=i]ew    "   h[=e]awan (_hew_).
  [=e]o "     [=i]e   "            [.c][=i]est "   [.c][=e]osan (_choose_).
  [=u]  "     [=y]    "            l[=y]c     "   l[=u]can (_close_).

{24}

The full ending of the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. is _-e_, which is
generally contracted, with the following consonant-changes:--

  -te  _becomes_ -tt _as in_ l[=]tt  _from_ l[=]tan (_let_).
  -de      "     -tt    "    b[=i]tt     "   b[=i]dan (_wait_).
  -dde     "     -tt    "    bitt        "   biddan (_pray_).
  -e      "     -    "    cwi       "   cwean (_say_).
  -se      "     -st    "    [.c][=i]est "   [.c][=e]osan (_choose_).
  -nde     "     -nt    "    bint        "   bindan (_bind_).

Double consonants become single, as in _h[=e] fiel_ from _feallan_.

Before the _-st_ of the 2nd pers. consonants are often dropt, as in _[=u]
cwist_ from _cwean_, _[=u] [.c][=i]est_ from _[.c][=e]osan_; and _d_
becomes _t_, as in _[=u] bintst_ from _bindan_.

For the changes between _s_ and _r_, __ and _d_, _g_ and _h_, see p. 7.

Some verbs, such as _s[=e]on_ (see), drop the _h_ and contract before most
inflections beginning with a vowel:--_ic s[=e]o_, _w[=e] s[=e]o_, _t[=o]
s[=e]onne_; but _h[=e] sih_.

There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the
different formation of their preterites. The following lists comprise all
the strong verbs that occur in the texts given in this book, together with
several others of the commoner ones.

I. 'Fall'-conjugation.

The pret. sing. and pl. has _[=e]o_ or _[=e]_, and the past partic. retains
the original vowel of the infinitive. {25}

  (_a_) [=e]o-_preterites_.

      ea:--
    INFINITIVE.         THIRD PRES.   PRET. SING.   PRET. PL.    PTC. PRET.
  feallan (_fall_)        fiel        f[=e]oll    f[=e]ollon    feallen
  healdan (_hold_)        hielt        h[=e]old    h[=e]oldon    healden
  wealdan (_wield_)       wielt        w[=e]old    w[=e]oldon    wealden
  weaxan (_grow_)         wiext        w[=e]ox     w[=e]oxon     weaxen

      [=a]:--
  bl[=a]wan (_blow_)      bl[=]w     bl[=e]ow    bl[=e]owon    bl[=a]wen
  cn[=a]wan (_know_)      cn[=]w     cn[=e]ow    cn[=e]owon    cn[=a]wen
  s[=a]wan (_sow_)        s[=]w      s[=e]ow     s[=e]owon     s[=a]wen

      [=e]:--
  w[=e]pan (_weep_)       w[=e]p      w[=e]op     w[=e]opon     w[=o]pen

_W[=e]pan_ has really a weak present (p. 30) with mutation (the original
_[=o]_ re-appearing in the past partic.), but it makes no difference in the
inflection.

      [=o]:--
  fl[=o]wan (_flow_)      fl[=e]w     fl[=e]ow    fl[=e]owon    fl[=o]wen
  gr[=o]wan (_grow_)      gr[=e]w     gr[=e]ow    gr[=e]owon    gr[=o]wen
  r[=o]wan (_row_)        r[=e]w      r[=e]ow     r[=e]owon     r[=o]wen

      [=e]a:--
  b[=e]atan (_beat_)      b[=i]ett     b[=e]ot     b[=e]oton     b[=e]aten
  h[=e]awan (_hew_)       h[=i]ew     h[=e]ow     h[=e]owon     h[=e]awen
  hl[=e]apan (_leap_)     hl[=i]ep    hl[=e]op    hl[=e]opon    hl[=e]apen

(_b_) [=e]-_preterites_.

      [=a]:--
  h[=a]tan (_command_)    h[=]tt      h[=e]t      h[=e]ton      h[=a]ten

      [=]:--
  l[=]tan (_let_)        l[=]tt      l[=e]t      l[=e]ton      l[=]ten

      [=o]:--
  f[=o]n (_seize_)        f[=e]h      f[=e]ng     f[=e]ngon     fangen
  h[=o]n (_hang_)         h[=e]h      h[=e]ng     h[=e]ngon     hangen

{26}

II. 'Shake'-conjugation.

Verbs in _a_ (_ea_) and _[e,]_ (_ie_). _[=O]_ in pret. sing, and pl., _a_
(__) in partic. pret. _Standan_ drops its _n_ in the pret. The partic.
pret. of _sw[e,]rian_ is irregular.

a:--

   INFINITIVE.        THIRD. PRES.   PRET. SING.     PRET. PL.  PTC. PRET.
  faran (_go_)            fr          f[=o]r       f[=o]ron    faren
  sacan (_quarrel_)       sc          s[=o]c       s[=o]con    sacen
  scacan (_shake_)        scc         sc[=o]c      sc[=o]con   scacen
  standan (_stand_)       st[e,]nt      st[=o]d      st[=o]don   standen

The following shows contraction of original _ea_:--

  sl[=e]an (_strike_)     slieh        sl[=o]g      sl[=o]gon   sl[.g]en

[e,]:--

  h[e,]bban (_lift_)      h[e,]f       h[=o]f       h[=o]fon    hafen
  s[.c]ieppan (_create_)  s[.c]iep     sc[=o]p      sc[=o]pon   scapen
  sw[e,]rian (_swear_)    sw[e,]re     sw[=o]r      sw[=o]ron   sworen

The presents of these verbs are inflected weak, so that their imperative
sing. is _h[e,]fe_ and _sw[e,]re_, like that of _w[e,]nian_ (p. 32).
_Sw[e,]rian_ has indic. _sw[e,]rige_, _sw[e,]rest_, like _w[e,]nian_;
_h[e,]bban_ has _h[e,]bbe_, _h[e,]fst_, &c. like _h[=i]eran_ (p. 30).

III. 'Bind'-conjugation.

_I_ (_ie_, _e_, _eo_) followed by two consonants, one or both of which is
nearly always a liquid (_l_, _r_) or nasal (_m_, _n_) in the infin., _a_
(__, _ea_) in pret. sing., _u_ in pret. pl., _u_ (_o_) in ptc. pret.
_Findan_ has a weak preterite.

i:--

   INFINITIVE.          THIRD PRES.   PRET.SING.   PRET. PL.    PTC. PRET.
  bindan (_bind_)          bint         band         bundon      bunden
  drincan (_drink_)        drinc       dranc        druncon     druncen
  findan (_find_)          fint         funde        fundon      funden
  [.g]ieldan (_pay_)       [.g]ielt     [.g]eald     guldon      golden
  (on)[.g]innan (_begin_)  -[.g]in     -gann        -gunnon     -gunnen
  {27}
  grindan (_grind_)        grint        grand        grundon     grunden
  iernan (_run_) [p. 7]    iern        arn          urnon       urnen
  [.g]e-limpan (_happen_) -limp       -lamp        -lumpon     -lumpen
  scrincan (_shrink_)      scrinc      scranc       scruncon    scruncen
  springan (_spring_)      spring      sprang       sprungon    sprungen
  swincan (_toil_)         swinc       swanc        swuncon     swuncen
  windan (_wind_)          wint         wand         wundon      wunden
  winnan (_fight_)         win         wann         wunnon      wunnen

e:--

  berstan (_burst_)        bierst       brst        burston     borsten
  bre[.g]dan (_pull_)       ...         br[.g]d     brugdon     brogden
  delfan (_dig_)           dilf        dealf        dulfon      dolfen
  sweltan (_die_)          swilt        swealt       swulton     swolten

eo:--

  beorgan (_protect_)      bierh       bearg        burgon      borgen
  beornan (_burn_)[p. 7]   biern       barn         burnon      burnen
  [.c]eorfan (_cut_)       [.c]ierf    [.c]earf     curfon      corfen
  feohtan (_fight_)        fieht        feaht        fuhton      fohten
  weorpan (_throw_)        wierp       wearp        wurpon      worpen
  weoran (_become_)       wier        wear        wurdon      worden

IV. 'Bear'-conjugation.

Verbs in _e_ (_i_), followed by a single consonant, generally a liquid or
nasal; in _brecan_ the liquid precedes the vowel. _A_ (__) in pret. sing.,
_[=]_ (_[=a]_) in pret. pl., _o_ (_u_) in ptc. pret. _Cuman_ is irregular.

i:--

   INFINITIVE.            THIRD PRES.   PRET. SG.   PRET. PL.    PTC. PRET.
  niman (_take_)           nim         nam          n[=a]mon       numen

e:--

  beran (_bear_)           bier        br          b[=]ron       boren
  brecan (_break_)         bric        brc         br[=]con      brocen
  s[.c]eran (_shear_)      s[.c]ier    s[.c]ear     s[.c][=e]aron  scoren
  stelan (_steal_)         stil        stl         st[=]lon      stolen
  teran (_tear_)            ..          tr          t[=]ron       toren

{28}

u:--

  cuman (_come_)           cym          c[=o]m      c[=o]mon       cumen

V. 'Give'-conjugation.

Verbs in _e_ (_i_, _eo_, _ie_) followed by single consonants, which are not
liquids or nasals. This class differs from the last only in the ptc. pret.
which keeps the vowel of the infinitive.

e:--

   INFINITIVE.             THIRD PRES.   PRET. SG.  PRET. PL.    PTC. PRET.
  cwean (_say_)               cwi      cw      cw[=]don     cweden
  etan (_eat_)                 itt        [=]t     [=]ton       eten
  sprecan (_speak_)            spric     sprc     spr[=]con    sprecen
  wrecan (_avenge_)            wric      wrc      wr[=]con     wrecen

i:--

  biddan (_pray_)              bitt       bd       b[=]don      beden
  li[.c][.g]an (_lie_)         l[=i]     l[.g]    l[=]gon      le[.g]en
  sittan (_sit_)               sitt       st       s[=]ton      seten
  i[.c][.g]an (_receive_)     i[.g]e   eah      [=]gon      e[.g]en

All these have weak presents:--imper. _bide_, _li[.g]e_, _site_, _i[.g]e_.
Their _i_s are mutations of the _e_ which appears in their past partic.

ie:--

  [.g]iefan (_give_)           [.g]ief   [.g]eaf   [.g][=e]afon  [.g]iefen
  (on)[.g]ietan (_understand_) -[.g]iett  -[.g]eat  -[.g][=e]aton
      -[.g]ieten

The following is contracted in most forms:--

  s[=e]on (_see_)              sih       seah      s[=a]won      sewen

VI. 'Shine'-conjugation.

Verbs in _[=i]_, with pret. sing, in _[=a]_, pl. _i_, ptc. pret. _i_.

     INFINITIVE.            THIRD PRES.  PRET. SING.  PRET. PL.  PTC. PRET.
  b[=i]dan (_wait_)          b[=i]tt       b[=a]d      bidon      biden
  b[=i]tan (_bite_)          b[=i]tt       b[=a]t      biton      biten
  dr[=i]fan (_drive_)        dr[=i]f      dr[=a]f     drifon     drifen
  {29}
  (be)l[=i]fan (_remain_)    -l[=i]f      -l[=a]f     -lifon     -lifen
  r[=i]dan (_ride_)          r[=i]tt       r[=a]d      ridon      riden
  r[=i]pan (_reap_)          r[=i]p       r[=a]p      ripon      ripen
  ([=a])r[=i]san (_rise_)    -r[=i]st      -r[=a]s     -rison     -risen
  s[.c][=i]nan (_shine_)     s[.c][=i]n   sc[=a]n     s[.c]inon  s[.c]inen
  sn[=i]an (_cut_)          sn[=i]      sn[=a]     snidon     sniden
  st[=i]gan (_ascend_)       st[=i][.g]   st[=a]g     stigon     sti[.g]en
  (be)sw[=i]can (_deceive_)  -sw[=i]c     -sw[=a]c    -swicon    -swicen
  [.g]ew[=i]tan (_depart_)  -w[=i]tt      w[=a]t      -witon     -witen
  wr[=i]tan (_write_)        wr[=i]tt      wr[=a]t     writon     writen

VII. 'Choose'-conjugation.

Verbs in _[=e]o_ and _[=u]_, with pret. sing. _[=e]a_, pl. _u_, ptc. pret.
_o_. _Fl[=e]on_ and _t[=e]on_ contract.

     INFINITIVE.            THIRD PRES.   PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET.
  b[=e]odan (_offer_)        b[=i]ett      b[=e]ad      budon      boden
  br[=e]otan (_break_)       br[=i]ett     br[=e]at     bruton     broten
  [.c][=e]osan (_choose_)    [.c][=i]est   [.c][=e]as   curon      coren
  fl[=e]ogan (_fly_)         fl[=i]eh     fl[=e]ag     flugon     flogen
  fl[=e]on (_flee_)          fl[=i]eh     fl[=e]ah     flugon     flogen
  fl[=e]otan (_float_)       fl[=i]ett     fl[=e]at     fluton     floten
  hr[=e]osan (_fall_)        hr[=i]est     hr[=e]as     hruron     hroren
  hr[=e]owan (_rue_)         hr[=i]ew     hr[=e]aw     hruwon     hrowen
  forl[=e]osan (_lose_)     -l[=i]est     -l[=e]as     -luron     -loren
  s[.c][=e]otan (_shoot_)    s[.c][=i]ett  s[.c][=e]at  scuton     scoten
  sm[=e]ocan (_smoke_)       sm[=i]ec     sm[=e]ac     smucon     smocen
  t[=e]on (_pull_)           t[=i]eh      t[=e]ah      tugon      togen
  [=a]-r[=e]otan (_fail_)   -r[=i]ett    -r[=e]at    -ruton    -roten

[=u]:--

  br[=u]can (_enjoy_)        br[=y]c      br[=e]ac     brucon     brocen
  b[=u]gan (_bow_)           b[=y]h       b[=e]ag      bugon      bogen
  l[=u]can (_lock_)          l[=y]c       l[=e]ac      lucon      locen
  l[=u]tan (_bow_)           l[=y]tt       l[=e]at      luton      loten
  sc[=u]fan (_push_)         sc[=y]f      s[.c][=e]af  scufon     scofen

{30}

WEAK VERBS.

There are three conjugations of weak verbs--(1) in _-an_, pret. _-de_
(_h[=i]eran_, _h[=i]erde_, 'hear'); (2) in _-ian_, pret. _-ede_
(_w[e,]nian_, _w[e,]nede_, 'wean'); (3) in _-ian_, pret. _-ode_ (_lufian_,
_lufode_, 'love'). The verbs of the first two conjugations nearly all have
a mutated vowel in the present and infinitive, which those of the third
conjugation very seldom have.

I. _an-_verbs.

This class of weak verbs has the same endings as the strong verbs, except
in the pret. and past partic., which are formed by adding _-de_ and _-ed_
respectively, with the following consonant changes.

  -ndde _becomes_ -nde _as in_ s[e,]nde _from_ s[e,]ndan (_send_).
  -llde     "     -lde    "    fylde       "   fyllan (_fill_).
  -tde      "     -tte    "    m[=e]tte    "   m[=e]tan (_find_).
  -pde      "     -pte    "    dypte       "   dyppan (_dip_).
  -cde      "     -hte    "    t[=]hte    "   t[=][.c]an (_show_).

The past partic. is generally contracted in the same way:--_s[e,]nd_,
_m[=e]tt_, _t[=]ht_, but some of them often retain the uncontracted
forms:--_fylled_, _dypped_. When declined like adjectives they drop their
_e_ where practicable:--_fylled_, plur. _fylde_; _h[=i]ered_, _h[=i]erde_.

The 2nd and 3rd pres. sing. ind. are contracted as in the strong verbs.

(_a_) 'Hear'_-class_.

               INDICATIVE.               SUBJUNCTIVE.
  _Pres. sing._ 1.  h[=i]er-e (_hear_),   h[=i]er-e.
                2.  h[=i]er-st,           h[=i]er-e.
                3.  h[=i]er-,            h[=i]er-e.
         _plur._    h[=i]er-a,           h[=i]er-en.
  {31}

  _Pret. sing._ 1. h[=i]er-de,            h[=i]er-de.
                2. h[=i]er-dest,          h[=i]er-de.
                3. h[=i]er-de,            h[=i]er-de.
         _plur._   h[=i]er-don,           h[=i]er-den.

    Imper. sing. h[=i]er; plur. h[=i]er-a.   Infin. h[=i]er-an.
            Ptc. pres. h[=i]er-ende; pret. h[=i]er-ed.
                    Gerund. t[=o] h[=i]er-enne.

Further examples of this class are:--

   INFINITIVE.                     THIRD PRES.     PRET.      PARTIC. PRET.
  t[=i]ewan (_show_)               -[=i]ew      -[=i]ewde    -[=i]ewed.
  c[=y]an (_make known_)            c[=y]       c[=y]de     c[=y]ed,
                                                                c[=y]dd
  fyllan (_fill_)                    fyl          fylde        fylled
  (n[=e]a)l[=][.c]an (_approach_)   -l[=][.c]   -l[=]hte    -l[=]ht
  l[=]dan (_lead_)                  l[]tt        l[=]dde     l[=]dd
  l[e,][.c][.g]an (_lay_)            l[e,][.g]    l[e,][.g]de  l[e,][.g]d
  [.g]el[=i]efan (_believe_)        -l[=i]ef     -l[=i]efde   -l[=i]efed
  n[e,]mnan (_name_)                 n[e,]mne     n[e,]mnde    n[e,]mned
  s[e,]ndan (_send_)                 s[e,]nt       s[e,]nde     s[e,]nd
  s[e,]ttan (_set_)                  s[e,]tt       s[e,]tte     s[e,]tt
  sm[=e]an (_consider_)              sm[=e]a      sm[=e]ade    sm[=e]ad
  t[=][.c]an (_show_)               t[=][.c]    t[=]hte     t[=]ht
  w[e,]ndan (_turn_)                 w[e,]nt       w[e,]nde     w[e,]nd

(_b_) 'Seek'-_class_.

In this class the mutated vowels lose their mutation in the preterite and
past partic., besides undergoing other changes in some verbs.

Those in double consonants (and _[.c][.g]_) simplify them in the contracted
2nd and 3rd sing. pres. indic.:--_s[e,]lle_, _s[e,]lst_, _s[e,]l_;
_s[e,][.c][,g]e_, _s[e,][.g]st_, _s[e,][.g]_; also in the imperative,
which is formed as in Conj. II:--_s[e,]le_, _s[e,][.g]e_, _by[.g]e_, &c.
{32}

[e,]:--

   INFINITIVE.               THIRD PRES.       PRET.      PARTIC. PRET.

  cw[e,]llan (_kill_)        cw[e,]l         cwealde      cweald
  r[e,][.c][.c]an (_tell_)   r[e,][.c]       reahte       reaht
  s[e,][.c][.g]an (_say_)    s[e,][.g]       s[.g]de     s[.g]d
  s[e,]llan (_give_)         s[e,]l          sealde       seald
  w[e,][.c][.c]an (_wake_)   w[e,][.c]       weahte       weaht
  [e,]n[.c]an (_think_)     [e,]n[.c]      [=o]hte     [=o]ht

i:--

  bringan (_bring_)          bring           br[=o]hte    br[=o]ht

y:--

  by[.c][.g]an (_buy_)       by[.g]          bohte        boht
  yn[.c]an (_appear_)       yn[.c]         [=u]hte     -uht
  wyr[.c]an (_work_)         wyr[.c]         worhte       worht

[=e]:--

  r[=e][.c]an (_care_)       r[=e][.c]       r[=o]hte     r[=o]ht
  s[=e][.c]an (_seek_)       s[=e][.c]       s[=o]hte     s[=o]ht

II. 'Wean'-_conjugation_.

              INDICATIVE.                    SUBJUNCTIVE.
  _Pres. sing._ 1.   w[e,]n-i[.g]e (_wean_),  w[e,]n-i[.g]e.
                2.   w[e,]n-est,              w[e,]n-i[.g]e.
                3.   w[e,]n-e,               w[e,]n-i[.g]e.
         _plur._     w[e,]n-ia,              w[e,]n-ien.

  _Pret. sing._ 1.   w[e,]n-ede,              w[e,]n-ede.
                2.   w[e,]n-edest,            w[e,]n-ede.
                3.   w[e,]n-ede,              w[e,]n-ede.
         _plur._     w[e,]n-edon,             w[e,]n-eden.

    _Imper._ w[e,]n-e, w[e,]n-ia.      _Infin._ w[e,]n-ian.
       _Partic. pres._ w[e,]n-iende; _pret._ w[e,]n-ed.
                _Gerund._ t[=o] w[e,]n-ienne.

{33}

So are conjugated all weak verbs with a short mutated root syllable, such
as _f[e,]rian_ (carry), _w[e,]rian_ (defend), _[.g]ebyrian_ (befit). There
are not many of them.

III. 'Love'-_conjugation_.

              INDICATIVE.                 SUBJUNCTIVE.
  _Pres. sing._ 1.  luf-i[.g]e (_love_),   luf-i[.g]e.
                2.  luf-ast,               luf-i[.g]e.
                3.  luf-a,                luf-i[.g]e.
         _plur._    luf-ia,               luf-ien.

  _Pret. sing._ 1.  luf-ode,               luf-ode.
                2.  luf-odest,             luf-ode.
                3.  luf-ode,               luf-ode.
         _plur._    luf-odon,              luf-oden.

         _Imper._ luf-a, luf-ia.  _Infin._ luf-ian.
  _Partic. pres._ luf-iende: _pret._ luf-od. _Gerund._ t[=o] luf-ienne.

So also _[=a]scian_ (ask), _macian_ (make), _weorian_ (honour), and many
others.

_Irregularities._

Some verbs are conjugated partly after I, partly after III. Such are
_habban_ (have) and _libban_ (live).

_Habban_ has pres. indic. _hbbe_, _hfst_, _hf_; _habba_, subj.
_hbbe_, _hbben_, pret. _hfde_, imper. _hafa_, _habba_, particc.
_habbende_, _hfd_.

_Libban_ has pres. _libbe_, _leofast_, _leofa_; _libba_, subj. _libbe_,
pret. _leofode_, imper. _leofa_, _libba_, particc. _libbende_, _lifiende_;
_leofod_.

_F[e,]tian_ (fetch) has pret. _f[e,]tte_.

STRONG-WEAK VERBS.

The strong-weak verbs have for their presents old strong preterites, from
which new weak preterites are formed. Note the occasional second person
sing. in _t_. {34}

              INDICATIVE.                 SUBJUNCTIVE.
  _Pres. sing._ 1.  w[=a]t (_know_),       wite.
                2.  w[=a]st,               wite.
                3.  w[=a]t,                wite.
         _plur._    witon,                 witen.

  _Pret._           wiste.

     _Imper._ wite, wita. _Infin._ witan.
     _Partic. pres._ witende; _pret._ witen.

The other most important weak-strong verbs are given below in the 1st and
2nd sing. pres. indic., in the plur. indic., in the pret., in the infin.
and partic. pret. Of several the last two forms are doubtful, or do not
exist.

[=A]h (_possess_), [=a]ge, [=a]gon; [=a]hte; [=a]gen (_only as
adjective_)[4].

Cann (_know_) canst, cunnon; c[=u]e; cunnan; c[=u] (_only as adjective_.)

Dearr (_dare_), durre, durron; dorste.

[.G]eman (_remember_), -manst; -munde; -munan.

M[.g] (_can_), miht, magon, m[.g]e (_subj._); mihte.

M[=o]t (_may_), m[=o]st, m[=o]ton; m[=o]ste.

S[.c]eal (_shall_), s[.c]ealt, sculon, scyle (_subj._); scolde.

earf (_need_), urfon, yrfe (_subj._); orfte; urfan.

ANOMALOUS VERBS.

(1) Willan (_will_) shows a mixture of subj. forms in the pres. indic.
sing.:--

              INDICATIVE.                 SUBJUNCTIVE.
  _Pres. sing._ 1.  wile,                  wile.
                2.  wilt,                  wile.
                3.  wile,                  wile.
         _plur._    willa,                willen.

  _Pret._           wolde, etc.

{35}

Similarly _nyllan_ (will not):--

              INDICATIVE.                 SUBJUNCTIVE.
  _Pres. sing._ 1.  nyle,                  nyle.
                2.  nylt,                  nyle.
                3.  nyle,                  nyle.
         _plur._    nylla,                nyllen.

  _Pret._           nolde, etc.

(2) Wesan (_be_).

              INDICATIVE.                 SUBJUNCTIVE.
  _Pres. sing._ 1.  eom; b[=e]o,           s[=i]e; b[=e]o.
                2.  eart; bist,            s[=i]e; b[=e]o.
                3.  is; bi,               s[=i]e; b[=e]o.
         _plur._    sind; b[=e]o,         s[=i]en; b[=e]on.

  _Pret. sing._ 1.  ws,                   w[=]re.
                2.  w[=]re,               w[=]re.
                3.  ws,                   w[=]re.
       _plur._      w[=]ron,              w[=]ren.

  _Imper._ wes, wesa; b[=e]o, b[=e]o. _Infin._ wesan; b[=e]on.
                   _Partic. pres._ wesende.

The contracted negative forms are:--_neom_, _neart_, _nis_; _ns_,
_n[=]re_, _n[=]ron_; _n[=]re_, _n[=]ren_.

(3) D[=o]n (_do_).

              INDICATIVE.                 SUBJUNCTIVE.
  _Pres. sing._ 1.  d[=o],                 d[=o].
                2.  d[=e]st,               d[=o].
                3.  d[=e],                d[=o].
        _plur._     d[=o],                d[=o]n.

  _Pret._           dyde, etc.

           _Imper._ d[=o], d[=o]. _Infin._ d[=o]n.
       _Partic. pres._ d[=o]nde; _pret._ [.g]ed[=o]n.

{36}

(4) G[=a]n (_go_).

              INDICATIVE.                 SUBJUNCTIVE.
  _Pres. sing._ 1.  g[=a],                 g[=a].
                2.  g[=]st,               g[=a].
                3.  g[=],                g[=a].
         _plur._    g[=a],                g[=a]n.

  _Pret._           [=e]ode,               [=e]ode.

          _Imper._ g[=a], g[=a]. _Infin._ g[=a]n.
       _Partic. pres._ gangende; _pret._ [.g]eg[=a]n.

       *       *       *       *       *

DERIVATION.

PREFIXES.

The following are the most important prefixes, some of which are _verbal_,
being confined to verbs and words formed directly from them; some
_nominal_, being confined to nouns and adjectives.

[=a]- (1) originally 'forth,' 'away,' as in _[=a]r[=i]san_, 'rise forth,'
'arise'; _[=a]faran_, 'go away,''depart'; but generally only intensive, as
in _[=a]cw[e,]llan_ (kill), _[=a]hr[=e]osan_ (fall).

(2) = 'ever' in pronouns and particles, where it gives an indefinite sense,
as in _[=a]-hw[=]r_ (anywhere), _[=a]-wiht_ (anything).

[=][.g]- from _[=a]-[.g]e_-, the _[=a]_ being mutated and the _e_ dropped,
has a similar meaning, as in _[=][.g]-hwelc_ (each), _[=][.g]er_ =
_[=][.g]-hwer_ (either).

be-, originally 'by,' 'around' (cp. the preposition _be_), (1) specializes
the meaning of a transitive verb, as in _bes[e,]ttan_ (beset, surround),
_bes[.c]ieran_ (shear); (2) makes an intransitive verb transitive, as in
_be[e,]n[.c]an_ (consider) from _[e,]n[.c]an_ (think); (3) gives a
privative meaning, as in _beh[=e]afdian_ (behead). In some words, such as
_becuman_ (come), it is practically unmeaning. {37}

for- (which is distinct from the preposition _for_) generally has the sense
of 'loss' or 'destruction,' as in _ford[=o]n_ (destroy), _forweoran_
(perish). Of course, if the verb with which it is compounded already has
this meaning, it acts merely as an intensitive, as in _forbr[=e]otan_
(break up, break), _forscrincan_ (shrink up). It also modifies in a bad
sense generally, as in _fors[=e]on_ (despise), or negatives, as in
_forb[=e]odan_ (forbid).

[.g]e- originally meant 'together,' as in _[.g]ef[=e]ra_
(fellow-traveller, companion) from _f[=e]ran_ (travel). With verbs it often
signifies 'completion,' 'attainment,' and hence 'success,' as in
_[.g]eg[=a]n_ (conquer), originally 'go over,' or 'reach,' _[.g]ewinnan_
(win) from _winnan_ (fight). Hence generally prefixed to _h[=i]eran_ and
_s[=e]on_, _[.g]eh[=i]eran_ and _[.g]es[=e]on_ strictly meaning 'succeed
in hearing, seeing.' It is generally prefixed to past participles (p. 23),
where it originally gave the meaning of completion--_[.g]elufod_ =
'completely loved.'

mis- = 'mis,' as in _mis-d[=]d_ (misdeed).

n- = _ne_ (not), as in _n[=a]_ (not), literally 'never,' _n[=]fre_
(never), _ns_ (was not) = _ne ws_.

on- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition _on_. It
properly signifies 'separation,' as in _onl[=u]can_ (open) from _l[=u]can_
(lock, close), but is often practically unmeaning, as in _on[.g]innan_
(begin).

or-, literally 'out of,' is privative, as in _orsorg_ (unconcerned) from
_sorg_ (sorrow).

t[=o]- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition _t[=o]_
(which occurs in _t[=o]gdre_, 'together,' &c.), but signifies
'separation,' as in _t[=o]berstan_ (burst asunder), _t[=o]bre[.g]dan_
(shake off), and hence 'destruction,' as in _t[=o]cw[=i]esan_ (crush to
pieces, bruise).

un- negatives, as in _un-[.g]es[=]li[.g]_ (unhappy). {38}

ENDINGS.

(_a_) NOUNS.

_Personal._

-end, from the present participle _-ende_, = '-er':--_H[=]lend_ (healer,
Saviour), _b[=u]end_ (dweller).

-ere = '-er':--_s[=a]were_ (sower), _mynetere_ (money-changer, minter) from
_mynet_ (coin).

-ing, patronymic, _eling_ (son of a noble, prince) from _ele_ (noble).

_Abstract._

-nes, fem. from adjectives:--_g[=o]d-nes_ (goodness), _rihtw[=i]snes_
(righteousness).

-u, -o, fem., generally from adjectives:--_[.g][=e]ogu_ (youth),
_str[e,]n[.g]o_ (strength) from _strang_.

-ung, fem. from verbs:--_scotung_ (shooting, shot), _h[e,]rgung_
(ravaging), from _scotian_, _h[e,]rgian_.

The following are also independent words:--

-d[=o]m, masc.:--_w[=i]s-d[=o]m_ (wisdom), _[=e]ow-d[=o]m_ (servitude).

-h[=a]d, masc.:--_[.c]ild-h[=a]d_ (childhood).

-r[=]den, fem.:--_[.g]ecwid-r[=]den_ (agreement) from _cwide_ (speech);
_mann-r[=]den_ (allegiance).

-s[.c]ipe, masc.:--_fr[=e]ond-s[.c]ipe_ (friendship). Concrete in
_wter-s[.c]ipe_ (piece of water, water).

(_b_) ADJECTIVES.

-en, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'belonging to':--_gylden_ (golden),
_st[=]nen_ (of stone), _h[=]en_ (heathen) from _h[=]_ (heath). In
_seolcen_ (silken) there is no mutation.

-feald = '-fold':--_hund-feald_ (hundred-fold).

-i[.g]:--_miht-i[.g]_ (mighty); _h[=a]l-i[.g]_ (holy) from _h[=a]l_
(whole). {39}

-isc, with mutation:--_[E,]n[.g]lisc_ (English) from _Angel_; _m[e,]nn-isc_
(human) from _mann_.

-ol:--_swic-ol_ (deceitful).

-iht, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'nature':--_st[=]n-iht_ (stony).

-sum = 'some':--_h[=i]er-sum_ (obedient).

The following exist (sometimes in a different form) as independent words:--

-fst:--_s[=o]-fst_ (truthful).

-full:--_sorg-full_ (sorrowful), _[.g]el[=e]af-full_ (believing, pious).

-l[=e]as = '-less':--_[=a]r-l[=e]as_ (dishonoured, wicked).

-lic (cp. _[.g]el[=i]c_) = '-ly':--_folc-lic_ (popular), _heofon-lic_
(heavenly).

-weard = '-ward':--_s[=u]an-weard_ (southward).

VERBS.

-l[=][.c]an:--_[=a]n-l[=][.c]an_ (unite), _[.g]ew[=]r-l[=][.c]an_
(agree).

ADVERBS.

-e, the regular adverb-termination:--_lange_ (long), _[.g]el[=i]ce_
(similarly) from _lang_, _[.g]el[=i]c_. Sometimes _-l[=i]ce_ (from _-lic_)
is used to form adverbs, as _bl[=i]e-l[=i]ce_ (gladly) from _bl[=i]e_.

DERIVATIONS FROM PARTICIPLES.

Many abstract words are formed from present participles (often in a passive
sense) and past participles (often in an active sense):--

-nes:--_for[.g]iefen-nes_ (forgiveness), _[.g]er[e,][.c]ed-nes_
(narrative), _welwillend-nes_ (benevolence).

-lic:--_un[=a]r[=i]med-lic_ (innumerable).

-l[=i]ce:--_welwillend-l[=i]ce_ (benevolently).

       *       *       *       *       * {40}

SYNTAX.

GENDER.

When masculine and feminine beings are referred to by the same adjective or
pronoun, the adjective or pronoun is put in the neuter:--_h[=i]e
[.g]esamnodon h[=i]e_, _ealle [=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and [=e]ac swelce
w[=i]f-menn_ ... _and [=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]ost w[=]ron_ ... (they gathered
themselves, all the chief men, and also women ... and when they were most
merry ...). Here _bl[=i]ost_ is in the neuter plur.

CASES.

Accusative. Some verbs of asking (a question) and requesting, together with
_l[=]ran_ (teach), take two accusatives, one of the person, and another of
the thing:--_h[=i]e hine ne dorston [=]ni[.g] ing [=a]scian_ (they durst
not ask him anything); _w[=e] magon [=e]ow r[=]d [.g]el[=]ran_ (we can
teach you a plan).

The accusative is used adverbially to express duration of time: _hw[=y]
stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne d[.g] [=i]dle?_ (why stand ye here all the
day idle?)

Dative. The dative in Old E. is of two kinds, (1) the dative proper, and
(2) the instrumental dative, interchanging with the regular instrumental.
It is not always easy to separate the two.

(1) The dative proper usually designates personal relations, and is
frequently used with verbs, together with an accusative (generally of the
thing). The dative is also used with adjectives. It is used not only with
verbs of _giving_, &c., as in _h[=e] sealde [=]lcum [=a]nne p[e,]ning_ (he
gave each a penny); _addressing_, as in _ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e_ (I say
to you), _h[=e] ancode his Dryhtne_ (he thanked his Lord); but also with
many verbs of _benefiting_, _influencing_, &c., as in _ne d[=o] ic [=e]
n[=a]nne t[=e]onan_ (I do thee no injury), _h[=i]e noldon him l[=i]efan_
(they would not allow {41} them to do so); _[=]m r[=e]um st[=i]erde_
(restrained the cruel ones). Also in looser constructions, to denote the
person indirectly affected, benefited, &c., as in _by[.c][.g]a [=e]ow ele_
(buy for yourselves oil). Note especially the following idiom: _h[=i]e
[.g]es[=o]hton Bretene Brettum t[=o] fultume_ (they came to Britain as a
help to the Britains--to help them); _h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o]
fultume_ (he called Christ to his help).

The dative is also used with adjectives of _nearness_, _likeness_,
&c.:--_[=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop e him [.g]eh[e,]ndost
ws_ (King Edmund summoned a bishop who was nearest at hand to him);
_heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]el[=i]c [=]m mangere e s[=o]hte t g[=o]de
m[e,]regrot_ (the kingdom of the heavens is like the merchant who sought
the good pearl).

(2) The instrumental dative is used to denote the _instrument_ and _manner_
of an action: _h[=e] [.g]e[e,]ndode yflum d[=e]ae_ (he ended with an evil
death). Hence its use to form adverbs, as in _s[.c][=e]afm[=]lum_
(sheafwise). It also signifies time when:--_rim [.g][=e]arum [=]r [=]m
e h[=e] forf[=e]rde_ (three years before he died), which is also
expressed by the instrumental itself:--_s[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=]lce
[.g][=e]are one sanct_ (she used to cut the saint's hair every year);
_[=y] f[=e]oran [.g][=e]are his r[=i][.c]es_ (in the fourth year of his
reign). A past participle with a noun in the instrumental dative is used
like the ablative absolute in Latin: _Hubba bel[=a]f on Norhymbra-lande,
[.g]ewunnenum si[.g]e mid wlhr[=e]ownesse_ (H. remained in Northumbria,
victory having been won with cruelty).

Genitive. The genitive is often used in a partitive sense:--_his f[=e]onda
sum_ (one of his enemies); _hiera f[=i]f w[=]ron dysi[.g]e_ (five of them
were foolish). Hence it is generally used with _fela_, as in _fela wundra_
(many miracles); also with numerals when used as substantives (p. 18).

The genitive is often used like an accusative to denote the object of
various emotions and mental states, such as {42} _joy_, _desire_,
_remembering_:--_h[=i]e s f[.g]nodon sw[=i]e_ (they rejoiced at it
greatly); _m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=]re t ic on [.g]efeohte f[=e]olle wi
[=]m e m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can_ (it would be
pleasanter to me to fall in fight that my people might enjoy (possess)
their country); _ic s [.g]ewilni[.g]e_ (I desire that); _[.g]if h[=e]
his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte_ (if he cared about his life); _h[=e] ws s
H[=]lendes [.g]emyndi[.g]_ (he was mindful of--he remembered the
Saviour).

Some of these verbs, such as _biddan_ (ask), take an accusative of the
person and a genitive of the thing:--_h[=e] hine hl[=a]fes bitt_ (he asks
him for bread).

Verbs of _depriving_, _restraining_, &c., have the same construction:--_nis
Angel-cynn bed[=]led Dryhtnes h[=a]lgena_ (England is not deprived of the
Lord's saints).

Some verbs of _giving_, &c., take a genitive of the thing and a dative of
the person:--_him ws oftogen [=]lces f[=o]dan_ (they were deprived of
all food).

The genitive is often used to _define_ an adjective or noun:--_[=u] eart
wiere sl[e,][.g]es_ (thou art worthy of death); _on [=]m [.g][=e]are e
lfred eling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara ws_ (in the year when
Prince Alfred was twenty-one).

CONCORD.

Adjectives agree with their nouns not only when used attributively (g[=o]de
m[e,]nn), but also when the adjective follows the noun, either
predicatively or in apposition:--_[=a] m[e,]nn sind g[=o]de_; _h[=e]
[.g]eseah [=o]re [=i]dle standan_ (he saw others standing idle); _h[=i]e
c[=o]mon mid langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum_ (they came with long ships,
not many).

APPOSITION.

In such expressions as 'the island of Britain,' the second noun is not put
in the genitive, but the two are simply put in {43} apposition, both being
declined separately:--_Breten [=i]e[.g]land, on Bretene ([=]m)
[=i]e[.g]lande_. In 'king Alfred,' &c., the proper name is put first in the
same way:--_lfred eling_ (prince Alfred); _on elredes cyninges
d[.g]e_ (in the days of king elred).

There is a similar apposition with the adjective _sum_ followed by a noun
or pronoun, as in _sume [=a] m[e,]nn_ (some of the men); _[=a] [=a]
h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wi we[.g]_ (while he sowed, some of
them [the seeds] fell by the road). Sometimes the pronoun precedes, as in
_[=a] b[=]don h[=i]e sume t Samson m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen_ (then
some of them asked that Samson might make some sport for them).

Another kind of apposition occurs in instances like the following, where we
have an adjective agreeing with a following noun, and denoting a part of
it:--_h[=i]e [.g]es[=]ton s[=u]anwearde Bretene [=]rest_ (they occupied
the south of Britain first); _s[=u]anweard hit_ (= t land) _hfdon
Peohtas_ (the Picts had the south part of it).

ADJECTIVES.

The weak forms are used:

(1) after the definite article:--_se ela cyning_ (the noble king); _s
elan cyninges_, _t g[=o]de m[e,]regrot_, _[=a] g[=o]dan m[e,]regrotu_.

(2) after _is_:--_[=a]s earman landl[=e]ode_ (these poor people, _pl._);
_es h[=a]lga cyning_ (this holy king), _isses h[=a]lgan cyninges_.

(3) occasionally after other demonstrative and indefinite adjectives, and
often after possessive pronouns:--_[=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas_ (thy
hidden treasures).

(4) in the vocative:--_[=u] yfla [=e]ow and sl[=a]wa!_ (thou bad and
slothful servant); _[=e]al[=a] [=u] l[=e]ofa cyning!_ (oh, thou dear
king).

Note that _[=o]er_ always keeps the strong form: _[=a] [=o]ru d[=e]or_
(the other wild beasts). So also do the possessive pronouns: {44} _[=a]s
m[=i]n word_ (these my words). _[=A]n_ in the sense of 'one' keeps the
strong form to distinguish it from the weak _[=a]na_ = 'alone': _t [=a]n
d[=e]orwiere m[e,]regrot_ (the one precious pearl).

ARTICLES.

The definite article is omitted as in Modern English before names such as
_God_, and also before _Dryhten_ (the Lord), _D[=e]ofol_ (the Devil),
although _se D[=e]ofol_ also occurs, and names of nations:--_Bretta cyning_
(king of the Britons).

It is omitted in many prepositional combinations, not only in those where
it is omitted in Modern English also, as in _si[.g]efst on s[=] and on
lande_ (victorious on sea and on land), but also in many others:
_[.g]ew[e,]nde t[=o] wuda on[.g][=e]an_ (went back to the wood); _se
floth[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe_ (the army of pirates went back to
their ships); _h[=e] f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e_ (he took the
government--came to the throne).

The definite article is, on the other hand, sometimes used where it would
not be in Modern E., as in _se mann_ = 'man' (men in general).

The indefinite article is often not expressed at all:--_t dyde unhold
mann_ (an enemy did that); _h[=e] bestealcode on land sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf_
(he stole to land like a wolf). Or it is expressed by _sum_: _on [=]m
lande ws sum mann, L[=e]ofr[=i][.c] [.g]eh[=a]ten_ (in that country was a
man called L.). Or by _[=a]n_, as in Modern English_:--[=a]n wulf wear
[=a]s[e,]nd t[=o] bew[e,]rienne t h[=e]afod wi [=a] [=o]ru d[=e]or_
(a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild beasts).

PRONOUNS.

_Hwt_ is used interrogatively of persons where we should use
'who':--_h[=e] nyste hwt h[=i]e w[=]ron_ (he did not know who they were).
{45}

VERBS.

NUMBER.

After _[=]lc [=a]ra e_ (each of-those-who) the verb is put in the sing.,
agreeing not with _[=a]ra e_ but with _[=]lc_:--_[=]lc [=a]ra e
[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]eh[=i]er_ (each of those who hear these my words).

When _t_ or _is_ is connected with a plural predicate by means of the
verb 'to be,' the verb is put in the plural:--_t w[=]ron [=a]
[=]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna e Angel-cynnes land [.g]es[=o]hton_
(those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the
English race).

Impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person, sometimes also with a
genitive of the thing.

Others, such as _yn[.c]an_ (appear), take a dative of the person:--_ws
him [.g]e[=u]ht t h[=i]e beh[=y]dden t h[=e]afod_ (they thought they
(the Danes) had hidden the head).

TENSES.

There being no future inflection in Old E., the present is used
instead:--_ne [=a]b[=y]h n[=]fre E[=a]dmund Hinguare_ (Edmund will never
submit to H.); _g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle
[=e]ow t riht bi_ (go ye into my vineyard, and I will give you what is
right). As we see in this example, there is a tendency to use _b[=e]on_ in
a future sense. Another example is _[.g]if ic b[=e]o [.g]ebunden mid
seofon r[=a]pum, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]ewield_ (if I am bound with seven
ropes, I shall at once be overcome). The future is sometimes expressed by
_will_ and _shall_, as in Modern English, though generally with a sense of
volition with the one, and of necessity with the other, the idea of simple
futurity coming out most clearly in the preterites _wolde_ and _scolde_:--

_H[=e] [.g]el[=]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on e hine [=a]b[=i]tan wolde_ (he
seized a lion {46} that was going to devour him); _h[=i]e w[=e]ndon t
h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re onf[=o]n_ (they expected to receive more).

The preterite has the meaning of the modern

(1) Preterite and imperfect:--_se s[=a]were [=u]t [=e]ode his s[=]d t[=o]
s[=a]wenne, and [=a] [=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow ..._ (the sower _went_ out to sow
his seed, and while he _was sowing_ ...).

(2) Perfect:--_h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, one ic [.g]e[.c][=e]as_ (here is my
servant, whom I have chosen);--_[=u]re cyning c[=o]m n[=u] h[=e]r t[=o]
lande_ (our king has just landed here).

(3) Pluperfect:--_[=a] [=a] [.g]ec[=o]mon e ymb [=a] [e,]ndlyftan
t[=i]d c[=o]mon_ (when those came who had come at the eleventh hour).

Periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed, as in Modern E., by _hbbe_ and
_hfde_ with the past participles, and often have the meanings of the
modern perfect and pluperfect respectively, as in _n[=u] ic hbbe
[.g]estr[=i]ened [=o]ru tw[=a] pund_ (now I have gained two other pounds),
but even the pluperfect often has the sense of a simple preterite. The
participle is undeclinable in the later language, but originally it was
declined, being really an adjective in apposition to the noun or pronoun
governed by _habban_: _h[=i]e hfdon hiera cyning [=a]worpenne_ (they had
deposed their king).

The pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb
_[=]r_ (before):--_his sw[=e]ora, e [=]r ws forsl[.g]en_ (his neck,
which had been cut through).

The periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with
_wesan_:--_sian h[=i]e [=a]farene w[=]ron_ (after they had gone away).
Here the participle always agrees with the noun or pronoun with which it is
connected.

The periphrases with the present participle have no distinctive meanings of
duration, &c.:--_[=a]n mann ws eardiende on Israh[=e]la [=e]ode, Manu[=e]
[.g]eh[=a]ten_ (a man dwelt in Israel called Manue). {47}

PASSIVE.

The passive is formed with _wesan_ or _weoran_ with the past participle.
These forms are very vague in meaning, and the distinction between the two
auxiliaries is not clearly marked, but _wesan_ appears to indicate a state,
_weoran_ an action.

_wear [.g]elufod_ is generally preterite or perfect in meaning: _[=a]n
wulf wear [=a]s[e,]nd_ (a wolf was sent); _m[=i]ne l[=e]ofe e[.g]nas, e
on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon ofsl[.g]ene_ (my beloved thanes, who have been
killed in their beds).

_ws [.g]elufod_, indicating a state, is naturally pluperfect in
meaning:--_se [=]rendraca s[.g]de his hl[=a]forde h[=u] him [.g]eandwyrd
ws_ (the messenger told his lord how he had been answered).

SUBJUNCTIVE.

The subjunctive states something not as a fact, as in the indicative, but
merely as an object of thought. Hence it is used to express wish,
conditions, doubt, &c.

A. In principal sentences.

_Wish_ and _command_ (often nearly equivalent to the imperative):--_s him
s[=i]e wuldor and lof [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde_ (therefore let there be to him
praise and glory ever without end); _ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=]fre oe
w[=i]n_ (nor shall he ever drink ale or wine).

B. In dependent sentences.

The chief cases are the following:--

(1) In _indirect narrative_ and _question_: _s[=e]o cw[=e]n s[.g]de t
hiere n[=]re be healfum d[=]le [.g]es[.g]d be Salomones m[=]ro_ (the
queen said that she had not been told about Solomon's glory by half); _ic
[=a]sci[.g]e hw[=]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e_ (I ask where the offering is);
_m[e,]nn woldon s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] l[=][.g]e_ (men {48} wished to
see how he lay). When the statement in the indirect narration is perfectly
certain in itself, and not merely accepted on the authority of the speaker,
it is put in the indicative:--_h[=e] hiere s[.g]de on hw[=]m his miht
ws_ (he told her what his strength consisted in).

(2) After verbs of _desiring_ and _commanding_:--

_s ic [.g]ewilni[.g]e and [.g]ewys[.c]e mid m[=o]de t ic [=a]na ne
bel[=i]fe fter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum e[.g]num_ (that I desire and wish with
heart that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes).

(3) To express _purpose_:--_[=y] l[=]s [.g][=e] one hw[=]te
[=a]wyrtwalien_ (lest ye root up the wheat);--_Dryhten [=a]st[=a]g nier,
t[=o] b[=]m t h[=e] [.g]es[=a]we [=a] burg_ (the Lord descended, in
order that he might see the city).

(4) To express _result_:--_[=u] nfst [=a] mihte t [=u] m[.g]e him
wistandan_ (thou hast not the power that thou canst withstand him).

(5) To express _hypothetical comparison_ (as if):--_se wulf folgode for
mid [=]m h[=e]afde, swelce h[=e] tam w[=]re_ (the wolf followed on with
the head, as if he were tame); _h[=e] [.g]el[=]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on, and
t[=o]br[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, swelce h[=e] t[=o]t[=]re
ti[.c][.c]en_ (he seized a lion and tore her to pieces, as if he were
rending a kid).

(6) In _conditional_ clauses, generally with _[.g]if_ or _b[=u]tan_, and in
_concessive_ clauses with _[=e]ah_, _[=e]ah e_:--_God w[=a]t t ic nyle
[=a]b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]g[e,]ngum [=]fre, swelte ic, libbe ic_ (God
knows that I will not swerve from his worship ever, whether I die or live);
_[=a]s flotm[e,]nn cuma, and [=e] cwicne [.g]ebinda, b[=u]tan [=u]
mid fl[=e]ame [=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]ebeorge_ (these pirates will come and
bind thee alive, unless thou savest thy life with flight); _God hielt
[=E]admund h[=a]lne his l[=i]chaman o one mi[.c]lan d[.g], [=e]ah e
h[=e] on moldan c[=o]me_ (God will keep Edmund {49} with his body whole
until the great day, although he has come to earth--been buried). Sometimes
the idea of 'if' must be got from the context:--_clipia t[=o] issum
[.g]ieftum sw[=a] hwelce sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]em[=e]ten_ (summon to this
wedding whomsoever ye meet, = _if_ ye meet any one); _h[=i]e beh[=e]ton
hiere s[.c]eattas wi [=]m e h[=e]o beswice Samson_ (they promised her
money in consideration of her betraying Samson, = if she would...).

When the statement is assumed as unreal, instead of merely hypothetical, as
in the above instances, both clauses are put in the subjunctive, the
preterite being substituted for the present, as in Modern English also,
where _if I were_ ... implies _I am not_.... The modern distinction between
_if I were_ and _if I had been_, the former corresponding to the present
indicative _I am not_, the latter to the preterite _I was not_, is not made
in Old English, which uses _gif ic w[=]re_ in both instances. Sometimes
the 'if'-clause has to be supplied in thought:--_m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=]re
t ic on [.g]efeohte f[=e]olle wi [=]m e m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera
eardes br[=u]can_ (I would rather fall in fight that my people might
possess their country), where we must supply some such clause as _[.g]if
hit sw[=a] b[=e]on mihte_ (if it might be so--if it were possible to save
my people by my death).

(7) In clauses dependant on a _negative sentence_:--_nis n[=a]n ing e his
mihte wistande_ (there is nothing that resists his might). Sometimes the
negation must be gathered from the context, as in _se h[=a]lga is m[=]rra
onne m[e,]nn m[.g]en [=a]sm[=e]an_ (the saint is more illustrious than
men can conceive = the saint is so illustrious that no men can conceive
it).

(8) In other cases, to express uncertainty, futurity, &c.: _[=i]n
r[=i][.c]e [.g]ew[=i]tt fram [=e], o t [=u] wite t God [.g]ewielt
manna r[=i][.c]a_ (thy kingdom shall depart from thee, till thou knowest
that God rules the kingdoms of men); _uton_ {50} _weorian [=u]rne naman,
[=]r [=]m e w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o]d[=]lde [.g]eond ealle eoran!_ (let
us make our name famous, before we are dispersed over the earth).

The preterite subjunctive is often expressed by _should_ and _would_ with
an infinitive, as in Modern English.

_Scolde_ is used after verbs of _desiring_, _requesting_ and
_commanding_:--_biddende one lmihtigan t h[=e] him [=a]rian scolde_
(praying the Almighty to have mercy on him). In the following example the
verb of commanding is understood from the noun _[=]rende_:--_h[=e]
s[e,]nde t[=o] m cyninge b[=e]otlic [=]rende, t h[=e] [=a]b[=u]gan
scolde t[=o] his mannr[=]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte_ (he
sent to the king an arrogant message, that he was to turn to his
allegiance, if he cared about his life).

_Wolde_ is used after verbs of _purpose_:--_se cyning [=e]ode inn t he
wolde [.g]es[=e]on [=a] e [=]r s[=]ton_ (the king went in to see
those who were sitting there).

INFINITIVE.

After verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive
sense:--_h[=i]e h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran fultum_ (they ordered that
more forces should be sent to them). So also after verbs of hearing,
&c.:--_t m[=]ste wl e w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon_ (the greatest
slaughter we have heard told of). In such cases an indefinite pronoun has
been omitted: 'ordered them to send ...' etc.

GERUND.

The gerund is used--

(1) to express purpose:--_[=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=]d t[=o]
s[=a]wenne_ (the sower went forth to sow his seed).

(2) it defines or determines an adjective (adverb or noun): _hit is
scandlic ymb swelc t[=o] sprecenne_ (it is shameful to speak of such
things). {51}

PREPOSITIONS.

Some prepositions govern the accusative, such as _urh_ (through), _ymbe_
(about); some the dative (and instrumental), such as _fter_ (after),
_[=]r_ (before), _t_ (at), _be_ (by), _binnan_ (within), _b[=u]tan_
(without), _for_ (for), _fram_ (from), _of_ (of), _t[=o]_ (to).

Some govern both accusative and dative, such as _ofer_ (over), _on_ (on,
in), _under_ (under). The general rule is that when motion is implied they
take the accusative, when rest is implied, the dative. Thus _on_ with the
accusative signifies 'into,' with the dative 'in.' But this rule is not
strictly followed, and we often find the accusative used with verbs of
rest, as in _h[=e] his h[=u]s [.g]etimbrode ofer st[=a]n_ (he built his
house on a rock), and conversely, the dative with verbs of motion, as in
_h[=i]e f[=e]ollon on st[=]nihte_ (they fell on stony ground).

As regards the use and meaning of the prepositions, it must be noticed that
_in_ is very seldom used, its place being supplied by _on_, the meaning
'on' being in its turn often expressed by _ofer_, as in the passage just
quoted.

When a thing is referred to, _[=]r_ is substituted for _hit_, the
preposition being joined on to the _[=]r_, so that, for instance,
_[=]r-t[=o]_ corresponds to _t[=o] him_; _h[=i]e l[=]ddon one cyning
t[=o] [=a]num tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine [=]r-t[=o]_ (they led the
king to a tree, and tied him to it). So also _h[=e]r-be[=e]astan_ is
equivalent to 'east of this (country).'

Prepositions sometimes follow, instead of preceding the words they modify,
sometimes with other words intervening: _h[=i]e scuton mid gafelocum him
t[=o]_ (they shot at him with missiles); _h[=i]e cw[=]don him
betw[=e]onan_ (they said among themselves); _[=]m lmihtigan t[=o] lofe,
e h[=i]e on [.g]el[=i]efdon_ (to the praise of the Almighty, in whom they
believed), where _on_ {52} refers to the indeclinable _e_. So also in _t
h[=u]s e h[=e] inne wunode_ (the house he dwelt in).

Where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed, the
preposition becomes an adverb: _se cyning s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and
fordyde [=a] mannslagan_ (the king sent his army to the place, and
destroyed the murderers).

NEGATION.

The negative particle is _ne_, which drops its _e_ before some common verbs
and pronouns, as in _nis_ = _ne is_, _n[=a]n_ = _ne [=a]n_. The negative
particle is prefixed to every finite verb in a sentence, and to all the
words besides which admit the contracted forms:--_t[=o]cw[=i]esed hr[=e]od
h[=e] ne forbr[=i]ett_ (he breaks not the bruised reed), _hit n[=a] ne
f[=e]oll_ (it did not fall); _n[=a]n mann nyste n[=a]n ing_ (no man knew
anything). So also with _ne ... ne_ = 'neither ... nor': _ne fl[=i]tt h[=e]
ne h[=e] ne hr[=i]em_ (he neither disputes nor cries out).

CORRELATION.

Correlation is often more fully expressed in Old than in Modern English, as
in _[=a] [=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, [=a] c[=o]m his f[=e]onda sum_ =
'_when_ the men slept, _then_ came one of his enemies.' In _[=a] [=a]_ =
'when' the two correlatives are brought immediately together:--_[=a] [=a]
h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wi we[.g]_ = 'then when he sowed,
some of them fell by the road.' In the following example the conjunction
_t_ is correlative with the pronoun _t_:--_s ic [.g]ewilni[.g]e t
ic [=a]na ne bel[=i]fe fter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum e[.g]num_--'that I
desire, that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes.' Sometimes a word
is used to include both the demonstrative and the relative meaning:--_h[=e]
[.g]ebr[=o]hte hine [=]r h[=e] hine [=]r [.g]enam_ (he brought him to
the place where he took him from). {53}

WORD-ORDER.

The Old English word-order resembles that of German in many respects,
though it is not so strict, thus:--

The verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an
adverb or adverbial group, or when the object or predicate is put at the
head of the sentence:--_[=a] cw se cyning_ (then said the king);
_[=]rest w[=]ron b[=u]end isses landes Brettas_ (at first the Britons
were the inhabitants of this country); _on his dagum c[=o]mon [=]rest
r[=e]o s[.c]ipu_ (in his days three ships first came); _t b[=]ron
olfendas_ (camels carried it); _m[=]re is se God e Dani[=e]l on
bel[=i]ef_ (great is the God that Daniel believes in).

The infinite often comes at the end of the sentence; _w[=e] magon [=e]ow
r[=]d [.g]el[=]ran_ (we can teach you a plan).

The finite verb often comes at the end in dependent sentences, an auxiliary
verb often coming after an infinitive or participle; _t w[=]ron [=a]
[=]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna e Angel-cynnes land [.g]es[=o]hton_
(those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the
English race); _t m[=]ste wl e w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon o
isne andweardan d[.g]_ (the greatest slaughter that we have heard tell of
up to this present day); _t h[=i]e one Godes mann [=a]bitan scolden_
(in order that they should devour the man of God).

There is a tendency to put the verb at the end in principal sentences also,
or, at least, to bring it near the end: _hiene man ofsl[=o]g_ (they killed
him); _h[=i]e [=]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon_ (they got the victory there).

       *       *       *       *       *

{54}

GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS.

                        NOUNS.
             STRONG.             WEAK.
            _M._   _N._   _F._       _M._   _N._   _F._
    _Sg. N._ --     --     -(u)       -a     -e     -e
        _A._ --     --     -(e)       -an    -e     -an
        _D._ -e     -e     -e         -an    -an    -an
        _G._ -es    -es    -e         -an    -an    -an
                                      \______  ______/
                                             \/
    _Pl. N._ -as    -(u)   -a                -an
        _D._ -um    -um    -um               -um
        _G._ -a     -a     -(en)a            -ena

                          ADJECTIVES.
    _Sg. N._ --     --     -(u)       -a     -e     -e
        _A._ -ne    --     -(e)       -an    -e     -an
        _D._ -um    -um    -re        -an    -an    -an
        _G._ -es    -es    -re        -an    -an    -an
        _I._ -e     -e    (-re)      (-an    -an    -an)
    _Pl. N._ -e     -(u)   -e         \______  ______/
             \______  ______/                \/
                    \/                       -an
        _D._        -um                      -um
        _G._        -ra                      -ra



                               VERBS.
                   PRESENT.                       PRETERITE.
            _Indic._       _Subj._          _Indic._      _Subj._
    _Sg._ 1. -e;      -i[.g]e -(i[.g])e    - ;  -de      -e;  -de
          2. -(e)st;  -ast    -(i[.g])e    -e;  -dest    -e;  -de
          3. -(e);   -a     -(i[.g])e    - ;  -de      -e;  -de
    _Pl._    -a;     -ia    -(i)en       -on; -don     -en; -den
         _Imper. sg._ -(a); _pl._ -(i)a.   _Infin._ -(i)an.
  _Partic. pres._ -(i)ende; _pret._ -en, -ed, -od.   _Ger._ (i)enne.

       *       *       *       *       *


{55}

TEXTS.

I.

SENTENCES.

  [=A]n on-[.g]inn is ealra inga, t is God l-mihti[.g]. Se
  [.g]el[=e]afa e bi b[=u]tan g[=o]dum weorcum, s[=e] is d[=e]ad; is
      sind
  [=a]ra apostola word. Ic eom g[=o]d hierde: se g[=o]da hierde
  s[e,]l his [=a]gen l[=i]f for his s[.c][=e]apum. [=U]re [=A]l[=i]esend
      is se g[=o]da
  hierde, and w[=e] cr[=i]stene m[e,]nn sind his s[.c]eap. Se m[=o]na his
      5
  leoht ne s[e,]l, and steorran of heofone fealla. Sw[=a] sw[=a]
  wter [=a]dw[=]s[.c] f[=y]r, sw[=a] [=a]dw[=]s[.c] s[=e]o lmesse
      synna.

  Ealle [.g]es[.c]eafta, heofonas and [e,]n[.g]las, sunnan and m[=o]nan,
  steorran and eoran, eall n[=i]etenu and ealle fuglas, s[=] and
  ealle fiscas God [.g]esc[=o]p and [.g]eworhte on siex dagum; and  10
  on [=]m seofoan d[.g]e h[=e] [.g]e[e,]ndode his weorc; and h[=e]
  beh[=e]old [=a] eall his weorc e h[=e] [.g]eworhte, and h[=i]e
      w[=]ron
  eall sw[=i]e g[=o]d. H[=e] f[=e]rde [.g]eond manigu land, bodiende
  Godes [.g]el[=e]afan. H[=e] forl[=e]t eall woruld-ing. Se cyning
  beb[=e]ad t man scolde ofer eall Angel-cynn s[.c]ipu wyr[.c]an;  15
  and hiera ws sw[=a] fela sw[=a] n[=]fre [=]r ne ws on n[=a]nes
  cyninges d[.g]e. Se cyning h[=e]t ofsl[=e]an ealle [=a] D[e,]niscan
  m[e,]nn e on Angel-cynne w[=]ron.

  [=a] ne mihton h[=i]e him n[=a]n word and-swarian, ne n[=a]n
  mann ne dorste hine n[=a]n ing m[=a]re [=a]scian. H[=i]e fuhton  20
  {56}
  on [=a] burg ealne d[.g], and [=o]hton t h[=i]e h[=i]e scolden
  [=a]brecan. Se eorl [.g]ew[e,]nde west t[=o] [=I]r-lande, and ws
      [=]r
  ealne one winter. elred cyning and lfred his br[=o]or
  fuhton wi ealne one h[e,]re on sces-d[=u]ne.

  Se mann is [=e][.c]e on [=a]num d[=]le, t is, on [=]re s[=a]wle;  25
  h[=e]o ne [.g]e[e,]nda n[=]fre. [.G]if se biscop d[=e] be his
      [=a]gnum
  willan, and wile bindan one un-scyldigan, and one scyldigan
  [=a]l[=i]esan, onne forl[=i]est h[=e] [=a] miht e him God
  for[.g]eaf. [=e]od win on[.g][=e]an [=e]ode, and r[=i][.c]e
      on[.g][=e]an r[=i][.c]e.
  Ealle m[e,]nn [=e]ow hatia for m[=i]num naman. H[=e] [.g]eworhte  30
  fela wundra binnan [=]m fierste e h[=e] biscop ws. H[=e]
  [.g]eh[=]lde sum w[=i]f mid h[=a]lgum wtre. Se cyning wear
  ofsl[.g]en fram his [=a]gnum folce. On [=]m ilcan [.g][=e]are ws
  se mi[.c]la hungor [.g]eond Angel-cynn. Se msse-pr[=e]ost [=a]sca
  t [.c]ild, and cwi: 'Wiscst [=u] d[=e]ofle?' onne andwyrt  35
  se god-fder, and cwi: 'Ic wisace d[=e]ofle.' God
  lmihtiga, [.g]emiltsa m[=e] synn-fullum! elred cyning c[=o]m
  h[=a]m t[=o] his [=a]genre [=e]ode, and h[=e] gldl[=i]ce fram him
      eallum
  onfangen wear.

  Cr[=i]st, [=u]re Dryhten, beb[=e]ad his leornung-cnihtum t  40
  h[=i]e scolden t[=][.c]an eallum [=e]odum [=a] ing [=a] h[=e] self
      him
  t[=]hte. [.G]if [.g][=e] for[.g]iefa mannum hiera synna, onne
      forgief
  [=e]ower se heofonlica Fder [=e]owre synna. Ne m[.g] n[=a]n
  mann tw[=]m hl[=a]fordum [=e]owian: oe h[=e] [=a]nne hata and
  [=o]erne lufa, oe h[=e] bi [=a]num [.g]eh[=i]ersum and [=o]rum
      un[.g]eh[=i]ersum.  45

  Se cyning nam s eorles sunu mid him t[=o] [E,]n[.g]la-lande.
  M[e,]nn beh[=o]fia g[=o]dre l[=a]re on issum t[=i]man, e is
      [.g]e[e,]ndung
  isse worulde. Se l[=i]chama, e is [=]re s[=a]wle r[=e]af, andb[=i]da
  s mi[.c]lan d[=o]mes; and [=e]ah h[=e] b[=e]o t[=o] d[=u]ste
      formolsnod,  50
  {57}
  God hine [=a]r[=]r, and [.g]ebring t[=o]gdre s[=a]wle and
  l[=i]chaman t[=o] [=]m [=e][.c]an l[=i]fe. Hwelc fder wile s[e,]llan
      his
  [.c]ilde st[=a]n, [.g]if hit hine hl[=a]fes bitt? [=A][.g]iefa [=]m
      c[=a]sere [=a]
  ing e s c[=a]seres sind, and Gode [=a] ing e Godes sind.
  S[=e]o s[=a]wol and-b[=i]da s [=e][.c]an [=]ristes.       55

  H[=e] ws cyning ofer eall [E,]n[.g]la-land tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. God
  lmihti[.g] is ealra cyninga cyning, and ealra hl[=a]forda hl[=a]ford.
  D[=e]ofol is ealra un-riht-w[=i]sra manna h[=e]afod, and [=a]
  yflan m[e,]nn sind his limu. Synnfulra manna d[=e]a is yfel and
  earmlic, for [=]m e h[=i]e fara of issum scortan l[=i]fe t[=o]
      [=e][.c]um  60
  w[=i]tum. H[=u] fela hl[=a]fa hbbe [.g][=e]? Seofon, and f[=e]a fisca.
  Ne [.g]ewilna [=u] [=o]res mannes [=]hta!

  On [=]m landum eardodon [E,]n[.g]le, [=]r [=]m e h[=i]e hider on
  land c[=o]mon. H[=i]e fuhton on [=a] burg ealne d[.g], ac h[=i]e ne
  mihton h[=i]e [=a]brecan. [=a] [=e]odon h[=i]e t[=o] hiera s[.c]ipum.
      [=]r  65
  b[=e]o sw[=i]e mani[.g]e byri[.g] on [=]m lande, and on [=]lcre
      byri[.g]
  bi cyning.

  God cw t[=o] No[=e]: 'Ic wile ford[=o]n eall mann-cynn mid
  wtre for hiera synnum, ac ic wile [.g]ehealdan [=e], and [=i]n
  w[=i]f, and [=i]ne r[=i]e suna.' [=A]n mann hfde tw[=e][.g]en suna;
      [=a]  70
  cw h[=e] t[=o] [=]m ieldran: 'g[=a] and wyr[.c] t[=o]d[.g] on
      m[=i]num
  w[=i]n-[.g]earde.' [=a] cw h[=e]: 'ic nyle:' [=e]ode [=e]ah sian
      t[=o]
  [=]m w[=i]n[.g]earde. H[=e] dyde his fder willan. Se pr[=e]ost
  cw t[=o] [=]m folce: 'Ic [=e]ow bl[=e]tsi[.g]e on naman s Fder,
  s Suna, and s H[=a]lgan G[=a]stes.' [=A]ra [=i]num fder and  75
  [=i]nre m[=e]der! Sum w[=i]f c[=o]m t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, and bd for hiere
  dehter. S[=e]o dohtor wear [.g]eh[=]led urh [.g]el[=e]afan [=]re
  m[=o]dor.

  B[=e]o [.g]emyndi[.g]e [=a]ra tw[=e][.g]ra worda e Dryhten cw on
  {58}
  his god-spelle! H[=e] cw: 'For[.g]iefa, and [=e]ow bi for[.g]iefen;
      80
  s[e,]lla, and [=e]ow bi [.g]eseald.'

  Tw[=e][.g]en m[e,]nn [=e]odon int[=o] Godes temple h[=i]e t[=o]
      [.g]ebiddenne.
  lfred cyning f[=o]r mid rim s[.c]ipum [=u]t on s[=], and
  [.g]efeaht wi f[=e]ower s[.c]ip-hlstas D[e,]niscra manna, and [=a]ra
  s[.c]ipa tw[=a] [.g]enam, and [=a] m[e,]nn ofsl[.g]ene w[=]ron e
      85
  [=]r-on w[=]ron. [=a] c[=o]mon r[=e]o s[.c]ipu. [=a]
      [.g]ef[=e]ngon h[=i]e
  [=a]ra r[=e]ora s[.c]ipa tw[=a], and -a m[e,]nn ofsl[=o]gon, ealle
      b[=u]tan
  f[=i]fum. Se w[=i]tega [=a]wr[=a]t be [=]m f[=e]ower n[=i]etenum e
      him
  t[=i]ewdu w[=]ron, t h[=i]e hfden [=e]agan him on [=]lce healfe.
  [=A]n [=a]ra n[=i]etena ws on m[e,]nniscre ons[=i]ene him t[=i]ewed,
      90
  [=o]er on l[=e]on ons[=i]ene, ridde on [.c]ealfes, f[=e]ore on earnes.

  God one [=]restan mann rihtne and g[=o]dne [.g]esc[=o]p, and
  eall mann-cynn mid him. lfred elwulfing ws cyning
  ofer eall Angel-cynn b[=u]tan [=]m d[=]le e under D[e,]na onwealde
  ws. [=]lc g[=o]d tr[=e]ow bier g[=o]de wstmas, and [=]lc  95
  yfel tr[=e]ow bier yfle wstmas; ne m[.g] t g[=o]de tr[=e]ow
  beran yfle wstmas, ne t yfle tr[=e]ow g[=o]de wstmas.
  [=E]adigu sind [=e]owru [=e]agan, for [=]m e h[=i]e [.g]es[=e]o, and
  [=e]owru [=e]aran, for [=]m e h[=i]e [.g]eh[=i]era. Sw[=a] hw[=a]
      sw[=a] s[e,]l
  [=a]num urstigum m[e,]nn [.c]eald wter on m[=i]num naman, ne  100
  forl[=i]est h[=e] his m[=e]de. Ne fare [.g][=e] on h[=]enra manna
      we[.g]e!
  G[=o]d mann of g[=o]dum gold-horde bring g[=o]d for; and yfel
  mann of yflum goldhorde bring yfel for.

  Greg[=o]rius se h[=a]lga p[=a]pa is rihtl[=i]ce [.g]ecweden
      [E,]n[.g]liscre
  [=e]ode apostol. [=a] h[=e] [.g]eseah t se m[=]sta d[=]l [=]re
      [=e]ode  105
  his l[=a]re fors[=a]won, [=a] forl[=e]t h[=e] h[=i]e, and
      [.g]e[.c][=e]as [=a] h[=]nan
  l[=e]ode. [.G]if se blinda blindne l[=]tt, h[=i]e fealla b[=e][.g]en on
      [=a]nne
  pytt. Se H[=a]lga G[=a]st is lufu and willa s Fder and s
  Suna; and h[=i]e sind ealle [.g]el[=i]ce mihti[.g]e. B[e,]tere is s[=e]o
  s[=a]wol onne se m[e,]te, and b[e,]tera se l[=i]chama onne his
      scr[=u]d.  110
  {59}
  S[=e]o s[=a]wol is g[=a]st, and be eorlicum m[e,]ttum ne leofa.
  Behealda [=a]s fl[=e]ogendan fuglas, e ne s[=a]wa ne ne r[=i]pa,
  ac se heofonlica Fder h[=i]e [=a]f[=e]tt. H[=e] cw, 'Ic neom
  [=o]rum mannum [.g]el[=i]c;' swelce h[=e] cw[=]de, 'Ic [=a]na eom
      rihtw[=i]s,
  and [=a] [=o]re sind synn-fulle.'                          115

  [=a] se H[=]lend anon f[=o]r, [=a] folgodon him tw[=e][.g]en blinde,
  cweende: '[.G]emiltsa unc, Dav[=i]des sunu!' H[=e] cw t[=o]
  him: '[.G]el[=i]efe [.g]it t ic inc m[.g]e [.g]ehlan?' H[=e] cw:
 'S[=i]e inc fter incrum [.g]el[=e]afan.' elst[=a]n cyning f[=o]r
  inn on Scot-land, [=][.g]er [.g]e mid land-h[e,]re [.g]e mid
      s[.c]ip-h[e,]re,  120
  and his mi[.c]el oferh[e,]rgode. Se mann e God for[.g]iett, God
  for[.g]iett [=e]ac hine. Fara, and l[=]ra ealle [=e]oda! L[=]ra
  h[=i]e t h[=i]e healden eall [=a] ing e ic [=e]ow beb[=e]ad! Sume
  m[e,]nn s[.g]don be him t h[=e] w[=]re lfredes sunu cyninges.
  Se H[=]lend [=a]scode his leornung-cnihtas, 'Hwone s[e,][.c][.g]a  125
  m[e,]nn t s[=i]e mannes Sunu?' Hwt s[e,][.c][.g]e [.g][=e] t ic
      s[=i]e?
  [=u] eart s libbendan Godes sunu. Cr[=i]st cw be his
  Fder: '[.G][=e] s[e,][.c][.g]a t h[=e] [=e]ower God s[=i]e, and
      [.g][=e] hine ne
  oncn[=e]owon.' [.G]if h[=i]e one h[=a]lgan Fder oncn[=e]owen,
  onne underf[=e]ngen h[=i]e mid [.g]el[=e]afan his Sunu, e h[=e]
      [=a]s[e,]nde  130
  t[=o] middan-[.g]earde. Se we[.g] is sw[=i]e nearu and sticol
  s[=e] e l[=]tt t[=o] heofona r[=i][.c]e; and se we[.g] is sw[=i]e
      br[=a]d and
  sm[=e]e s[=e] e l[=]tt t[=o] h[e,]lle w[)i]te. Dysi[.g] bi se
      we[.g]-f[=e]renda
  mann s[=e] e nim one sm[=e]an we[.g] e h[=i]ne mis-l[=]tt, and
  forl[=]tt one sticolan e hine [.g]ebring t[=o] [=]re byri[.g].
      t  135
  ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e on [=e]ostrum, s[e,][.c][.g]a hit on leohte;
      and t
  [.g][=e] on [=e]are [.g]eh[=i]era, bodia uppan hr[=o]fum. H[=i]e
      scufon [=u]t
  hiera s[.c]ipu, and [.g]ew[e,]ndon him be[.g]eondan s[=].

  Healda and d[=o] sw[=a] hwt sw[=a] h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]a; and ne
      d[=o]
  [.g][=e] n[=a], fter hiera weorcum: h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]a, and ne
      d[=o]. Eall  140
  hiera weorc h[=i]e d[=o] t m[e,]nn h[=i]e [.g]es[=e]on. H[=i]e lufia
      t
  {60}
  man h[=i]e gr[=e]te on str[=]tum. [=E]al[=a] [.g][=e] n[=]ddran and
      n[=]ddrena
  cynn, h[=u] fl[=e]o [.g][=e] fram h[e,]lle d[=o]me?

  W[=e] sind ealle cuman on issum and-weardan l[=i]fe, and
  [=u]re eard nis n[=a] h[=e]r; ac w[=e] sind h[=e]r swelce
      we[.g]-f[=e]rende  145
  m[e,]nn: [=a]n cym, [=o]er fr. Hwelc mann s[e,]l his bearne
  n[=]ddran, [.g]if hit fisces bitt? [=]lc [=a]ra e bitt, h[=e]
      onf[=e]h;
  and s[=e] e s[=e][.c], h[=e] hit fint. Ne g[=] [=]lc [=a]ra on
      heofona
  r[=i][.c]e e cwi t[=o] m[=e], 'Dryhten, Dryhten;' ac s[=e] e wyr[.c]
  m[=i]nes Fder willan e on heofonum is, s[=e] g[=] on heofona  150
  r[=i][.c]e. Nis hit n[=a] g[=o]d [=]t man nime bearna hl[=a]f and
      hundum
  weorpe. Ic hbbe e[.g]nas under m[=e]: and ic cwee t[=o]
  issum, 'g[=a],' and h[=e] g[=]; and t[=o] [=o]rum, 'cum,' and h[=e]
  cym, and t[=o] m[=i]num [=e]owe, 'wyr[.c] is,' and h[=e] wyr[.c].

  Se H[=]lend [.g]enam [=a] f[=i]f hl[=a]fas, and bl[=e]tsode, and
      t[=o]brc,  155
  and t[=o]d[=]lde betwix [=]m sittendum; sw[=a] [.g]el[=i]ce [=e]ac
  [=a] fiscas t[=o]d[=]lde; and h[=i]e ealle [.g]en[=o]g hfdon. [=a]
      e
  [=]r [=]ton w[=]ron f[=e]ower [=u]send manna, b[=u]tan [.c]ildum and
  w[=i]fum. H[=i]e c[=o]mon t[=o] him, and t[=o] him [.g]eb[=]don, and us
  cw[=]don: 'S[=o]l[=i]ce [=u] eart Godes sunu.' Ne w[=e]ne [.g][=e] t
      160
  ic c[=o]me sibbe on eoran to s[e,]ndenne: ne c[=o]m ic sibbe t[=o]
  s[e,]ndenne, ac sweord. H[=e] beb[=e]ad t h[=i]e s[=]ten ofer [=]re
  eoran. H[=e] s[.g]de t Nor-manna land w[=]re sw[=i]e lang
  and sw[=i]e sml.

  H[=i]e ealle on one cyning w[=]ron feohtende, o t h[=i]e  165
  hine ofsl[.g]enne hfdon. [=]lc mann e [=o]re m[e,]nn forsih
  bi fram Gode forsewen. S[=e] e [=e]aran hbbe t[=o] [.g]ehi[=e]renne,
  [.g]eh[=i]ere. G[=o]d is [=u]s h[=e]r t[=o] b[=e]onne.

  God cw t[=o] [=a]num w[=i]tegan, s[=e] ws Ionas [.g]eh[=a]ten:
 'Far t[=o] [=]re byri[.g], and boda [=]r [=a] word e ic [=e]
     s[e,][.c][.g]e.'  170
  {61}
  Lufia [=e]owre f[=i]end, and d[=o] wel [=]m e [=e]ow yfel d[=o].
  Lufa Dryhten [=i]nne God on ealre [=i]nre heortan, and on
  ealre [=i]nre sawle, and on eallum [=i]num m[=o]de. S[=e] e ne
  lufa his br[=o]or, one e h[=e] [.g]esih, h[=u] m[.g] h[=e] lufian
      God,
  one e h[=e] ne [.g]esih l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce? S[e,][.g]e [=u]s hwonne
      [=a]s  175
  ing [.g]eweoren, and hwelc t[=a]cen s[=i]e [=i]nes t[=o]-cymes and
  worulde [.g]e[e,]ndunge.

  Se H[=]lend cw t[=o] [=a]num his leornung-cnihta, s[=e] ws
  h[=a]ten Philippus: 'Mid hw[=]m magon w[=e] by[.c][.g]an hl[=a]f issum
  folce?' Wel wiste Cr[=i]st hwt h[=e] d[=o]n wolde, and h[=e] wiste  180
  t Philippus t nyste. God m[.g] d[=o]n eall ing; w[=e]
  sculon wundrian his mihte, and [=e]ac [.g]el[=i]efan. Cr[=i]st
      [=a]r[=]rde
  Lazarum of d[=e]ae, and cw t[=o] his leornung-cnihtum:
      'T[=o]l[=i]esa
  his b[e,]ndas, t h[=e] g[=a]n m[.g]e.' God is lmihti[.g],
  and m[.g] d[=o]n eall t h[=e] wile. [.G][=e] nyton on hwelcre t[=i]de
      185
  [=e]ower hl[=a]ford cuman wile. For [=]m b[=e]o [.g][=e] [.g]earwe; for
  [=]m e mannes Sunu wile cuman on [=]re t[=i]de e [.g][=e] nyton.
  Se H[=]lend cw be his Fder: 'Ic hine cann, and [.g]if ic
  s[e,][.c][.g]e t ic hine ne cunne, onne b[=e]o ic l[=e]as, [=e]ow
      [.g]el[=i]c.'

  Se d[=e]ofol cw t[=o] Cr[=i]ste: '[.G]if [=u] s[=i]e Godes sunu, cwe
      190
  t[=o] issum st[=a]num t h[=i]e b[=e]on [=a]w[e,]nde t[=o] hl[=a]fum.'
      [=a]
  and-wyrde se H[=]lend, and cw: 'Hit is [=a]writen, "ne
  leofa se mann n[=a] be hl[=a]fe [=a]num, ac leofa be eallum [=]m
  wordum e g[=a] of Godes m[=u]e."' Se H[=]lend c[=o]m t[=o] him,
  [=]r h[=i]e w[=]ron [.g]egadrode, and cw: 'S[=i]e sibb betwix  195
  [=e]ow; ic hit eom; ne b[=e]o [.g][=e] n[=a] [=a]fyrhte.' Fder [=u]re,
      [=u] e
  eart on heofonum, s[=i]e [=i]n nama [.g]eh[=a]lgod. W[=e] syngodon,
  w[=e] dydon un-rihtl[=i]ce; s[e,]le [=u]s for[.g]iefnesse: hwt sculon
      w[=e]
  d[=o]n?

{62}

II.

FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.

VII. 24-7.

  [=]lc [=a]ra e [=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]eh[=i]er, and [=a] wyr[.c],
      bi
  [.g]el[=i]c [=]m w[=i]san were, s[=e] his h[=u]s ofer st[=a]n
      [.g]etimbrode.
  [=a] c[=o]m [=]r re[.g]en and mi[.c]el fl[=o]d, and [=]r bl[=e]owon
      windas,
  and [=a]hruron on t h[=u]s, and hit n[=a] ne f[=e]oll: s[=o]l[=i]ce
      hit
  ws ofer st[=a]n [.g]etimbrod.                                5

  And [=]lc [=a]ra e [.g]eh[=i]er [=a]s m[=i]n word, and [=a] ne
      wyr[.c],
  s[=e] bi [.g]el[=i]c [=]m dysigan m[e,]nn, e [.g]etimbrode his
      h[=u]s ofer
  sand-[.c]eosol. [=a] r[=i]nde hit, and [=]r c[=o]m fl[=o]d, and
      bl[=e]owon
  windas, and [=a]hruron on [=]t h[=u]s, and t h[=u]s f[=e]oll; and
  his hryre ws mi[.c]el.                                       10

XII. 18-21.

  H[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, one ic [.g]e[.c][=e]as; m[=i]n [.g]ecorena, on
      [=]m
  wel [.g]el[=i]code m[=i]nre s[=a]wle: ic [=a]s[e,]tte m[=i]nne g[=a]st
      ofer hine,
  and d[=o]m h[=e] boda [=e]odum. Ne fl[=i]tt h[=e], ne h[=e] ne hriem,
  ne n[=a]n mann ne [.g]eh[=i]er his stefne on str[=]tum.
      T[=o]cw[=i]esed
  hr[=e]od h[=e] ne forbr[=i]ett, and sm[=e]ocende fleax h[=e] ne
      [=a]dw[=]sc,  15
  [=]r [=]m e h[=e] [=a]weorpe d[=o]m t[=o] si[.g]e. And on his naman
  [=e]oda [.g]ehyhta.

XIII. 3-8.

  S[=o]l[=i]ce [=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne. And
      [=a]
  [=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wi we[.g], and fuglas
      c[=o]mon
  and [=]ton [=a]. S[=o]l[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on st[=]nihte, [=]r
      hit  20
  {63}
  nfde mi[.c]le eoran, and hrdl[=i]ce [=u]p sprungon, for [=]m e
  h[=i]e nfdon p[=]re eoran d[=i]epan; s[=o]l[=i]ce, [=u]p sprungenre
  sunnan, h[=i]e [=a]dr[=u]godon and forscruncon, for [=]m e h[=i]e
  nfdon wyrtruman. S[=o]l[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on ornas, and
  [=a] ornas w[=e]oxon, and forrysmdon [=a]. Sumu s[=o]l[=i]ce  25
  f[=e]ollon on g[=o]de eoran, and sealdon wstm, sum hund-fealdne,
  sum siexti[.g]-fealdne, sum riti[.g]-fealdn[e,].

XIII. 24-30.

  Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]eworden [=]m m[e,]nn [.g]el[=i]c e s[=e]ow
      g[=o]d
  s[=]d on his cere. S[=o]l[=i]ce, [=a] [=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, [=a]
      c[=o]m his
  f[=e]onda sum, and ofers[=e]ow hit mid coccele onmiddan [=]m  30
  hw[=]te, and f[=e]rde anon. S[=o]l[=i]ce, [=a] s[=e]o wyrt w[=e]ox,
      and
  one wstm br[=o]hte, [=a] t[=i]ewde se coccel hine. [=a] [=e]odon
  s hl[=a]fordes [=e]owas and cw[=]don: 'Hl[=a]ford, h[=u], ne s[=e]owe
  [=u] g[=o]d s[=]d on [=i]num cere? hwanon hfde h[=e] coccel?'
  [=a] cw h[=e]: 't dyde unhold mann.' [=a] cw[=]don [=a]  35
  [=e]owas: 'Wilt [=u], w[=e] g[=a] and gadria h[=i]e?' [=a] cwp
  h[=e]: 'Nese: [=y] l[=]s [.g][=e] one hw[=]te [=a]wyrtwalien, onne
      [.g][=e]
  one coccel gadria. L[=]ta [=][.g]er weaxan o r[=i]p-t[=i]man;
  and on p[=]m r[=i]pt[=i]man ic s[e,][.c][.g]e [=]m r[=i]perum:
      "gadria
  [=]rest one coccel, and binda s[.c][=e]af-m[=]lum t[=o] forbrnenne;
      40
  and gadria one hw[=]te int[=o] m[=i]num b[e,]rne."'

XIII. 44-8.

  Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]el[=i]c [.g]eh[=y]ddum gold-horde on [=]m
  cere. one beh[=y]tt se mann e hine fint, and for his blisse
  g[=], and s[e,]l eall t h[=e] [=a]h, and [.g]eby[.g] one cer.

  Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]el[=i]c [=]m mangere e s[=o]hte t
      g[=o]de  45
  m[e,]re-grot. [=a] h[=e] funde t [=a]n d[=e]or-wiere m[e,]regrot,
      [=a]
  [=e]ode h[=e], and sealde eall t h[=e] [=a]hte, and bohte t
      m[e,]regrot.
  {64}

  Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]el[=i]c [=a]s[e,]ndum n[e,]tte on [=a]
      s[=], and of
  [=]lcum fisc-cynne gadriendum. [=a] h[=i]e [=a] t n[e,]tt [=u]p  50
  [=a]tugon, and s[=]ton be [=]m strande, [=a] [.g]ecuron h[=i]e
      [=a]
  g[=o]dan on hiera fatu, and [=a] yflan h[=i]e [=a]wurpon [=u]t.

XVIII. 12-14.

  [.G]if hwelc mann hf hund s[.c][=e]apa, and him losa [=a]n of
  [=]m, h[=u], ne forl[=]tt h[=e] [=a] nigon and hundnigonti[.g] on
      [=]m
  muntum, and g[=], and s[=e][.c] t [=a]n e forwear? And [.g]if  55
  hit [.g]elimp t h[=e] hit fint, s[=o]l[=i]ce ic [=e]ow
      s[e,][.c][.g]e t h[=e]
  sw[=i]or [.g]eblissa for [=]m [=a]num onne for [=]m nigon and
  hundnigontigum e n[=a] ne losodon.

XX. 1-16.

  Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]el[=i]c [=]m h[=i]redes ealdre, e on
      [=]rnemer[.g]en
  [=u]t [=e]ode [=a]h[=y]ran wyrhtan on his w[=i]n-[.g]eard.
      [.G]ewordenre  60
  [.g]ecwid-r[=]denne [=]m wyrhtum, h[=e] sealde [=]lcum [=a]nne
  [e,]ning wi his d[.g]es weorce, and [=a]s[e,]nde h[=i]e on his
      w[=i]n[.g]eard.
  And [=a] h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe undern-t[=i]d, h[=e] [.g]eseah
  ore on str[=]te [=i]dle standan. [=a] cw h[=e]: 'G[=a] [.g][=e] on
  m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle [=e]ow t riht bi.' And h[=i]e
      [=a]  65
  f[=e]rdon. Eft h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe [=a] siextan and nigoan
  t[=i]d, and dyde [=]m sw[=a] [.g]el[=i]ce. [=a] ymbe [=a]
      [e,]ndlyftan
  t[=i]d h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode, and funde [=o]re standende, and [=a]
      s[.g]de h[=e]:
 'Hw[=y] stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne dae[.g] [=i]dle?' [=a] cw[=]don
     h[=i]e:
 'For [=]m e [=u]s n[=a]n mann ne h[=y]rde.' [=a] cw h[=e]: 'And  70
  g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard.'

  S[=o]l[=i]ce [=a] hit ws [=]fen [.g]eworden, [=a] s[.g]de se
      w[=i]n[.g]eardes
  hl[=a]ford his [.g]er[=e]fan: 'Clipa [=a] wyrhtan, and [=a][.g]ief him
  hiera m[=e]de; on[.g]inn fram [=]m [=y]temestan o one fyrmestan.'
  Eornostl[=i]ce [=a] [=a] [.g]ec[=o]mon e ymbe [=a] [e,]ndlyftan  75
  t[=i]d c[=o]mon, [=a] onf[=e]ngon h[=i]e [=]lc his p[e,]ning. And
      [=a] e
  {65}
  [=]r [=]rest c[=o]mon, w[=e]ndon t h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re onf[=o]n;
      [=a]
  onf[=e]ngon h[=i]e syndri[.g]e [e,]ningas. a ongunnon h[=i]e murcnian
  on[.g][=e]an one h[=i]redes ealdor, and us cw[=]don: '[=a]s
  [=y]temestan worhton [=a]ne t[=i]d, and [=u] dydest h[=i]e [.g]el[=i]ce
      [=u]s,  80
  e b[=]ron byrenna on isses d[.g]es h[=]tan.' [=a] cw h[=e]
  and-swariende hiera [=a]num: '[=E]al[=a] [=u] fr[=e]ond, ne d[=o] ic
      [=e]
  n[=a]nne t[=e]onan; h[=u], ne c[=o]me [=u] t[=o] m[=e] t[=o] wyr[.c]enne
      wi
  [=a]num p[e,]ninge? Nim t [=i]n is, and g[=a]; ic wile issum
  [=y]temestum s[e,]llan eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a] [=e]. Oe ne m[=o]t
      ic  85
  d[=o]n t ic wile? Hwer e [=i]n [=e]age m[=a]nfull is for [=]m
  e ic g[=o]d eom? Sw[=a] b[=e]o a fyrmestan [=y]temeste, and [=a]
  [=y]temestan fyrmeste; s[=o]l[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind [.g]eclipode, and
  f[=e]a [.g]ecorene.'

XXII. 2-14.

  Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]el[=i]c [=]m cyninge e macode his suna  90
  [.g]iefta, and s[e,]nde his [=e]owas, and clipode [=a] [.g]elaodan
      t[=o]
  [=]m [.g]ieftum. [=a] noldon h[=i]e cuman. [=a] s[e,]nde h[=e] eft
      [=o]re
  [=e]owas, and s[.g]de [=]m [.g]elaodum: 'N[=u] ic [.g]e[.g]earwode
  m[=i]ne feorme: m[=i]ne fearras and m[=i]ne fuglas sind ofsl[.g]ene,
  and eall m[=i]n ing sind [.g]earu; cuma t[=o] [=]m [.g]ieftum.' [=a]
      95
  forg[=i]emdon h[=i]e t, and f[=e]rdon, sum t[=o] his t[=u]ne, sum
      t[=o]
  his mangunge. And [=a] [=o]re n[=a]mon his [=e]owas, and mid
  t[=e]onan [.g]esw[e,]n[.c]ton, and ofsl[=o]gon. [=a] se cyning t
      [.g]ehierde,
  [=a] ws h[=e] ierre, and s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and fordyde
  [=a] mann-slagan, and hiera burg forbrnde.                100

  [=a] cw h[=e] t[=o] his [=e]owum: 'Witodl[=i]ce [=a]s [.g]iefta sind
  [.g]earwe, ac [=a] e [.g]elaode w[=]ron ne sind wiere. G[=a] n[=u]
  t[=o] wega [.g]el[=]tum, and clipia t[=o] issum [.g]ieftum sw[=a]
      hwelce
  sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]em[=e]ten.' [=a] [=e]odon [=a] [=e]owas [=u]t on
      [=a] wegas,
  and [.g]egadrodon ealle [=a] e h[=i]e [.g]em[=e]tton, g[=o]de and
      yfle;  105
  [=a] w[=]ron [=a] [.g]ieft-h[=u]s mid sittendum mannum [.g]efyldu.

  [=a] [=e]ode se cyning inn, t h[=e] wolde [.g]es[=e]on [=a] e
      [=]r
  {66}
  s[=]ton, and [=a] [.g]eseah h[=e] [=]r [=a]nne mann e ns mid
      [.g]ieftlicum
  r[=e]afe [.g]escr[=y]dd. [=a] cw h[=e]: 'L[=a], fr[=e]ond, h[=u]meta
  [=e]odest [=u] inn, and nfdest [.g]ieftlic r[=e]af?' a sw[=i]gode
      h[=e].  110
  And se cyning cw t[=o] his e[.g]num: '[.G]ebinda his handa
  and his f[=e]t, and weorpa hine on [=a] [=y]terran [=e]ostru; [=]r
      bi
  w[=o]p and t[=o]a gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung.' Witodl[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind
      [.g]elaode,
  and f[=e]a [.g]ecorene.

XXV. 1-13.

  onne bi heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]el[=i]c [=]m t[=i]en f[=]mnum, e
      [=a]  115
  leoht-fatu n[=a]mon, and f[=e]rdon on[.g][=e]an one br[=y]d-guman and
  [=a] br[=y]d. Hiera f[=i]f w[=]ron dysi[.g]e, and f[=i]f gl[=e]awe. And
      [=a] f[=i]f
  dysigan n[=a]mon leohtfatu, and ne n[=a]mon n[=a]nne ele mid him;
  [=a] gl[=e]awan n[=a]mon ele on hiera fatum mid [=]m leohtfatum.
  [=a] se br[=y]dguma ielde, [=a] hnappodon h[=i]e ealle, and sl[=e]pon.
      120
  Witodl[=i]ce t[=o] middre nihte man hr[=i]emde, and cw: 'N[=u] se
  br[=y]dguma cym, fara him t[=o][.g][=e]anes.' [=a] [=a]rison ealle
      [=a]
  f[=]mnan, and gl[e,]n[.g]don hiera leohtfatu. [=a] cw[=]don [=a]
  dysigan to p[=]m w[=i]sum: 'S[e,]lla [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, for [=]m
  [=u]re leohtfatu sind [=a]cw[e,]n[.c]tu.' [=a] andswarodon [=a]
      gl[=e]awan,  125
  and cw[=]don: 'Nese; [=y] l[=]s e w[=e] and [.g][=e] nbben
      [.g]en[=o]g:
  g[=a] t[=o] [=]m [.c][=i]ependum, and by[.c][.g]a [=e]ow ele.'
      Witodl[=i]ce,
  [=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon, and woldon by[.c][.g]an, [=a] c[=o]m se
      br[=y]dguma;
  and [=a] e [.g]earwe w[=]ron [=e]odon inn mid him t[=o] [=]m
  [.g]ieftum; and s[=e]o duru ws belocen. [=a] t n[=i]ehstan c[=o]mon
      130
  a [=o]re f[=]mnan, and cw[=]don: 'Dryhten, Dryhten, l[=]t [=u]s
  inn.' [=a] and-swarode h[=e] him, and cw: 'S[=o] ic [=e]ow
  s[e,][.c][.g]e, ne cann ic [=e]ow.' Witodl[=i]ce, wacia, for [=]m e
      [.g][=e]
  nyton ne one d[.g] ne [=a] t[=i]d.

XXV. 14-30.

  Sum mann f[=e]rde on [e,]l[=e]odi[.g]nesse, and clipode his  135
  {67}
  [=e]owas, and bet[=]hte him his [=]hta. And [=a]num h[=e] sealde
  f[=i]f pund, sumum tw[=a], sumum [=a]n: [=][.g]hwelcum be his [=a]gnum
  m[.g]ne; and f[=e]rde s[=o]na.

  [=a] f[=e]rde s[=e] e [=a] f[=i]f pund underf[=e]ng, and
      [.g]estr[=i]ende
  [=o]ru f[=i]f. And eall-sw[=a] s[=e] e [=a] tw[=a] underfeng,
      [.g]estr[=i]ende  140
  [=o]ru tw[=a]. Witodl[=i]ce s[=e] e t [=a]n underf[=e]ng, f[=e]rde,
      and
  bedealf hit on eoran, and beh[=y]dde his hl[=a]fordes feoh.

  Witodl[=i]ce fter mi[.c]lum fierste c[=o]m [=a]ra [=e]owa hl[=a]ford,
  and dihte him [.g]erad. [=a] c[=o]m s[=e] e [=a] f[=i]f pund
      underf[=e]ng,
  and br[=o]hte [=o]ru f[=i]f, and cw: 'Hl[=a]ford, f[=i]f pund [=u]
      sealdest  145
  m[=e]; n[=u] ic [.g]estr[=i]ende [=o]ru f[=i]f.' [=a] cwp his
      hl[=a]ford t[=o]
  him: 'B[=e]o bl[=i]e, [=u] g[=o]da [=e]ow and [.g]etr[=e]owa: for
      [=]m
  e [=u] w[=]re [.g]etr[=e]owe ofer l[=y]tlu ing, ic [.]ges[e,]tte
      [=e] ofer
  mi[.c]lu; g[=a] int[=o] [=i]nes hl[=a]fordes blisse.' [=a] c[=o]m s[=e]
      e [=a]
  tw[=a] pund underf[=e]ng, and cw: 'Hl[=a]ford, tw[=a] pund [=u]  150
  m[=e] sealdest; n[=u] ic hbbe [.g]estr[=i]ened [=o]ru tw[=a].' [=a]
      cw
  his hl[=a]ford t[=o] him: '[.G]eblissa, [=u] g[=o]da [=e]ow and
      [.g]etr[=e]owa:
  for [=]m e [=u] w[=]re [.g]etr[=e]owe ofer f[=e]a, ofer fela ic
      [=e]
  [.g]es[e,]tte; g[=a] on [=i]nes hl[=a]fordes [.g]ef[=e]an.' [=a]
      c[=o]m s[=e] e t
  [=a]n pund underf[=e]ng, and cw: 'Hl[=a]ford, ic w[=a]t t  155
  [=u] eart heard mann: [=u] r[=i]pst [=]r [=u] ne s[=e]owe, and
  gaderast [=]r [=u] ne spr[e,]n[.g]dest. And ic f[=e]rde ofdr[=]dd,
  and beh[=y]dde [=i]n pund on eoran; h[=e]r [=u] hfst t [=i]n
  is.' [=a] andswarode his hl[=a]ford him, and cw: '[=u] yfla
  [=e]ow and sl[=a]wa, [=u] wistest t ic r[=i]pe [=]r ic ne s[=e]owe,
      160
  and ic gadri[.g]e [=]r ic ne str[=e]dde: hit [.g]ebyrede t [=u]
  befste m[=i]n feoh myneterum, and ic n[=a]me, onne ic c[=o]me,
  t m[=i]n is, mid [=]m gafole. [=A]nima t pund t him, and
  s[e,]lla [=]m e m[=e] [=a] t[=i]en pund br[=o]hte. Witodl[=i]ce
      [=]lcum
  [=a]ra e hf man s[e,]l, and h[=e] hf [.g]en[=o]g; [=]m e nf,
      165
  t him yn[.c] t h[=e] hbbe, t him bi tbrogden. And
  weorpa one unnyttan [=e]ow on [=a] [=y]terran [=e]ostru; [=]r
  bi w[=o]p and t[=o]a gristb[=i]tung.'

{68}

III.

OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.

I.

  fter [=]m s[=o]l[=i]ce ealle m[e,]nn spr[=]con [=a]ne spr[=][.c]e.
      [=a]
  [=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon fram [=E]ast-d[=]le, h[=i]e fundon [=a]nne feld
      on
  Senna[=a]r-lande, and wunodon [=]r-on.

  [=a] cw[=]don h[=i]e him betw[=e]onan: 'Uton wyr[.c]an [=u]s
      ti[.g]elan,
  and [=]lan h[=i]e on f[=y]re!' Witodl[=i]ce h[=i]e hfdon ti[.g]elan for
      5
  st[=a]n and tierwan for weal-l[=i]m. And h[=i]e cw[=]don: 'Uton
  timbrian [=u]s [.c]eastre, and st[=i]epel o heofon h[=e]anne! uton
  weorian [=u]rne naman, [=]r []m e w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o]d[=]lde
      [.g]eond
  ealle eoran!'

  Witodl[=i]ce Dryhten [=a]st[=a]g nier, t[=o] [=]m t h[=e]
      [.g]es[=a]we  10
  [=a] burg and one st[=i]epel, e Ad[=a]mes bearn [.g]etimbrodon.
  And h[=e] cw: 'is is [=a]n folc, and ealle h[=i]e spreca [=a]n
  lden, and h[=i]e begunnon is t[=o] wyr[.c]enne: ne [.g]esw[=i]ca
      h[=i]e
  [=]r [=]m e hit [.g]earu s[=i]e; s[=o]l[=i]ce uton cuman and
      t[=o]d[=]lan
  hiera spr[=][.c]e!'                                          15

  Sw[=a] Dryhten h[=i]e t[=o]d[=]lde of [=]re st[=o]we [.g]eond ealle
      eoran.
  And for [=]m man n[e,]mnde [=a] st[=o]we Bab[=e]l for [=]m e [=]r
  w[=]ron t[=o]d[=]lde ealle spr[=][.c]a.

II.

  God wolde p[=a] fandian Abrah[=a]mes [.g]eh[=i]ersumnesse, and
  clipode his naman, and cw him us t[=o]: 'Nim [=i]nne      20
  [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu Isa[=a]c, e [=u] lufast, and far t[=o] [=]m
  {69}
  lande Visionis hrae, and [.g]eoffra hine [=]r uppan [=a]nre
  d[=u]ne.'

  Abrah[=a]m [=a] [=a]r[=a]s on [=]re ilcan nihte, and f[=e]rde mid
  tw[=]m cnapum t[=o] [=]m fierlenum lande, and Isa[=a]c samod,  25
  on assum r[=i]dende.

  [=a] on [=]m riddan d[.g]e, [=a] h[=i]e [=a] d[=u]ne
      [.g]es[=a]won, [=]r
  [=]r h[=i]e t[=o] scoldon t[=o] ofsl[=e]anne Isa[=a]c, [=a] cw
      Abrah[=a]m
  t[=o] [=]m tw[=]m cnapum us: 'Andb[=i]dia [=e]ow h[=e]r mid [=]m
  assum sume hw[=i]le! ic and [=]t [.c]ild g[=a] unc t[=o]
      [.g]ebiddenne,  30
  and wit sian cuma s[=o]na eft t[=o] [=e]ow.'

  Abrah[=a]m [=a] h[=e]t Isa[=a]c beran one wudu t[=o] [=]re st[=o]we,
  and h[=e] self br his sweord and f[=y]r. Isa[=a]c a [=a]scode
      Abrah[=a]m
  his fder: 'Fder m[=i]n, ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e;
  h[=e]r is wudu and f[=y]r.' Him andwyrde se fder: 'God
      fores[.c][=e]awa,  35
  m[=i]n sunu, him self [=a] offrunge.'

  H[=i]e c[=o]mon [=a] t[=o] [=]re st[=o]we e him [.g]esweotolode God;
  and h[=e] [=]r weofod [=a]r[=]rde on [=a] ealdan w[=i]san, and one
  wudu [.g]el[=o]gode sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] hit wolde habban t[=o] his suna
  brnette, sian h[=e] ofsl[.g]en wurde. H[=e] [.g]eband [=a] his  40
  sunu, and his sweord [=a]t[=e]ah, t h[=e] hine [.g]eoffrode on [=a]
  ealdan w[=i]san.

  Mid [=]m e h[=e] wolde [=]t weorc be[.g]innan, [=a] clipode
  Godes [e,]n[.g]el arodl[=i]ce of heofonum: 'Abrah[=a]m!' H[=e] andwyrde
  s[=o]na. Se [e,]n[.g]el him cw t[=o]: 'Ne [=a]cw[e,]le [=u]  45
  t [.c]ild, ne [=i]ne hand ne [=a]str[e,][.c]e ofer his sw[=e]oran!
      N[=u] ic
  oncn[=e]ow s[=o]l[=i]ce t p[=u] ondr[=]tst sw[=i]e God, n[=u]
      p[=u] p[=i]nne
  [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu woldest ofsl[=e]an for him.'

  [=a] beseah Abrah[=a]m s[=o]na under bc, and [.g]eseah [=]r
  [=a]nne ramm betwix [=]m br[=e]mlum be [=]m hornum [.g]ehftne,  50
  and h[=e] hfde one ramm t[=o] [=]re offrunge, and hine [=]r
  ofsn[=a] Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce for his sunu Isa[=a]c. H[=e] h[=e]t [=a]
      st[=o]we
  _Dominus videt_, t is 'God [.g]esih,' and [.g]iet is [.g]es[.g]d
  sw[=a], _In monte Dominus videbit_, t is, 'God [.g]esih on d[=u]ne.'
  {70}

  Eft clipode se [e,]n[.g]el Abrah[=a]m, and cw: 'Ic s[.g]de  55
  urh m[=e] selfne, s[.g]de se lmihtiga, n[=u] [=u] noldest [=a]rian
  [=i]num [=a]nc[e,]nnedum suna, ac [=e] ws m[=i]n [e,][.g]e m[=a]re
      onne
  his l[=i]f, ic [=e] n[=u] bl[=e]tsi[.g]e, and [=i]nne of-spring
      gemani[.g]-fielde
  sw[=a] sw[=a] steorran on heofonum, and sw[=a] sw[=a] sand-[.c]eosol
  on s[=]; [=i]n ofspring s[.c]eal [=a]gan hiera f[=e]onda [.g]eatu. And
      on  60
  [=i]num s[=]de b[=e]o ealle [=e]oda [.g]ebl[=e]tsode, for [=]m e
      [=u]
  [.g]eh[=i]ersumodest m[=i]nre h[=]se us.'

  Abrah[=a]m [=a] [.g]e[.c]ierde s[=o]na t[=o] his cnapum, and f[=e]rdon
      him
  h[=a]m s[=o]na mid heofonlicre bl[=e]tsunge.

III.

  Sum cw[=e]n ws on s[=u]-d[=]le, Saba [.g]eh[=a]ten, snotor and  65
  w[=i]s. [=a] [.g]eh[=i]erde h[=e]o Salomones hl[=i]san, and c[=o]m fram
  [=]m s[=u]ernum [.g]em[=]rum to Salomone binnan Hierusal[=e]m
  mid mi[.c]elre fare, and hiere olfendas b[=]ron s[=u]erne wyrta,
  and d[=e]or-wiere [.g]imm-st[=a]nas, and un-[.g]er[=i]m gold. S[=e]o
      cw[=e]n
  [=a] hfde spr[=][.c]e wi Salomon, and s[.g]de him sw[=a] hwt  70
  sw[=a] h[=e]o on hiere heortan [.g]e[=o]hte. Salomon [=a] h[=i]e
      l[=]rde,
  and hiere s[.g]de ealra [=a]ra worda and[.g]iet e h[=e]o hine
      [=a]scode.
  [=a] [.g]eseah s[=e]o cw[=e]n Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]m, and t m[=]re
  tempel e h[=e] [.g]etimbrod hfde, and [=a] l[=a]c e man Gode
  offrode, and s cyninges mani[.g]-fealde e[.g]nunga, and ws  75
  t[=o] [=]m sw[=i]e ofwundrod t h[=e]o nfde furor n[=a]nne
      g[=a]st,
  for [=]m e h[=e]o ne mihte n[=a] furor sm[=e]an. H[=e]o cw [=a]
  t[=o] [=]m cyninge: 'S[=o] is t word e ic [.g]eh[=i]erde on
  m[=i]num earde be [=e] and be [=i]num w[=i]sd[=o]me, ac ic nolde
  [.g]el[=i]efan [=]r [=]m e ic self hit [.g]es[=a]we. N[=u] hbbe ic
      [=a]fandod  80
  t m[=e] ns be healfum d[=]le [=i]n m[=]ro [.g]ec[=y]ped. M[=a]re
  is [=i]n w[=i]sd[=o]m and [=i]n weorc onne se hl[=i]sa w[=]re e ic
  [.g]eh[=i]erde. [=E]adige sind [=i]ne e[.g]nas and [=i]ne [=e]owas,
      e
  simle tforan [=e] standa, and [=i]nne w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]eh[=i]era.
  [.G]ebl[=e]tsod s[=i]e se lmihtiga God, e [=e] [.g]e[.c][=e]as and
      [.g]es[e,]tte  85
  {71}
  ofer Israh[=e]la r[=i][.c]e, t [=u] d[=o]mas s[e,]tte and
      riht-w[=i]snesse,'
  H[=e]o for[.g]eaf [=]em cyninge [=a] hundtw[e,]lfti[.g] punda
      goldes,
  and un[.g]er[=i]m d[=e]orwierra wyrta and d[=e]orwierra
      [.g]immst[=a]na.
  Salomon [=e]ac for[.g]eaf [=]re cw[=e]ne sw[=a] hws sw[=a] h[=e]o
      [.g]iernde
  t him; and h[=e]o [.g]ew[e,]nde on[.g]e[=a]n t[=o] hiere [=e]le mid
      hiere  90
  e[.g]num. Salomon [=a] ws [.g]em[=]rsod ofer eallum eorlicum
  cyningum, and ealle [=e]oda [.g]ewilnodon t h[=i]e hine
      [.g]es[=a]wen,
  and his w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]eh[=i]erden, and h[=i]e him mani[.g]feald
      l[=a]c
  br[=o]hton.

  S[=e]o cw[=e]n hfde [.g]et[=a]cnunge [=]re h[=a]lgan [.g]elaunge
      ealles  95
  cr[=i]stenes folces, e c[=o]m t[=o] [=]m [.g]esibbsuman Cr[=i]ste
      t[=o]
  [.g]eh[=i]erenne his w[=i]sd[=o]m and [=a] god-spellican l[=a]re a
      h[=e]
  [=a]stealde, and be onliehtunge s s[=o]an [.g]el[=e]afan, and be
  [=]m t[=o]weardan d[=o]me, be [=u]rre s[=a]wle un-d[=e]adlicnesse, and
      be
  hyhte and wuldre s [.g]em[=]nelican [=]ristes.          100

  S[=e]o cw[=e]n c[=o]m t[=o] Salomone mid mi[.c]lum l[=a]cum on golde
  and on d[=e]orwierum [.g]immst[=a]num and wyrt-br[=]um; and
  t b[=]ron olfendas. S[=e]o [.g]el[=e]affulle [.g]elaung, e cym
  of [=]lcum earde t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, bring him [=a]s fore-s[.g]dan
      l[=a]c
  fter g[=a]stlicum and[.g]iete. H[=e]o offra him gold urh s[=o]ne  105
  [.g]el[=e]afan, and wyrtbr[=]as urh [.g]ebedu, and d[=e]orwiere
  [.g]immas urh f[.g]ernesse g[=o]dra [=e]awa and h[=a]li[.g]ra
      m[.g]na.
  Be isse [.g]elaunge cw se w[=i]tega t[=o] Gode: _Adstitit_
  _regina a dextris tuis, in vestitu deaurato, circumdata varietate_,
  t is, 's[=e]o cw[=e]n st[e,]nt t [=i]nre sw[=i]ran, on ofergyldum
      110
  [.g]ierlan, ymbscr[=y]dd mid mani[.g]fealdre f[=a]gnesse.' S[=e]o
      g[=a]stlice
  cw[=e]n, Godes [.g]elaung, is [.g]egl[e,]n[.g]ed mid d[=e]orwierre
  frtwunge and mani[.g]fealdum bl[=e]o g[=o]dra drohtnunga and
  mihta.

  H[=e]o s[.g]de Salomone ealle hiere d[=i]egolnessa, and s[=e]o  115
  [.g]elaung [.g]eopena Cr[=i]ste hiere inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d and a
      d[=i]eglan
  [.g]e[=o]htas on s[=o]re andetnesse.

  Olfendas b[=]ron [=a] d[=e]orwieran l[=a]c mid [=]re cw[=e]ne
  {72}
  int[=o] Hierusal[=e]m; for [=]m e [=a] h[=]nan, e [=]r w[=]ron
  [.g]ehoferode urh [.g][=i]tsunge and atollice urh leahtras, b[=]ron,
      120
  urh hiera [.g]e[.c]ierrednesse and [.g]el[=e]afan, [=a] g[=a]stlican
      l[=a]c
  t[=o] Cr[=i]stes handum.

  S[=e]o cw[=e]n wundrode Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]mes, and his
      [.g]etimbrunga,
  and e[.g]nunga; and s[=e]o [.g]elaung wundra Cr[=i]stes
  w[=i]sd[=o]mes, for [=]m e h[=e] is s[=o] w[=i]sd[=o]m, and eall
      w[=i]sd[=o]m is  125
  of him. H[=e] [.g]etimbrode [=a] h[=e]alican heofonas and ealne
  middan[.g]eard, and ealle [.g]esceafta [.g]es[e,]tte on rim ingum,
  _in mensura, et pondere, et numero_, t is, on [.g]emete, and
  on h[e,]fe, and on [.g]etele. Cr[=i]stes e[.g]nung is [=u]re h[=]lo
      and
  folca [=a]l[=i]esednes, and [=a] sind [.g]es[=]li[.g]e e him
      e[.g]nia t[=o]  130
  [.g]ecw[=e]mednesse on [=]m g[=a]stlicum [.g]er[=y]num.

  S[=e]o cw[=e]n s[.g]de t hiere n[=]re be healfum d[=]le
      [.g]es[.g]d
  be Salomones m[=]ro, and s[=e]o g[=a]stlice cw[=e]n, Godes
      [.g]elaung,
  oe [.g]ehwelc h[=a]li[.g] s[=a]wol, onne h[=e]o cym t[=o] [=]re
      heofonlican
  Hierusal[=e]m, onne [.g]esih h[=e]o mi[.c]le m[=a]ran m[=]ro  135
  and wuldor onne hiere [=]r on l[=i]fe urh w[=i]tegan oe apostolas
  [.g]ec[=y]dd w[=]re. Ne m[.g] n[=a]n [=e]age on issum l[=i]fe
  [.g]es[=e]on, ne n[=a]n [=e]are [.g]eh[=i]eran, ne n[=a]nes mannes
      heorte
  [=a]sm[=e]an [=a] ing e God [.g]earca [=]m e hine lufia. [=a]
  ing w[=e] magon be[.g]ietan, ac w[=e] ne magon h[=i]e [=a]sm[=e]an,
      140
  ne [=u]s n[=]fre ne [=a]r[=i]ett [=a]ra g[=o]da [.g]enyhtsumnes.

  Cr[=i]st is ealra cyninga cyning, and sw[=a] sw[=a] ealle [=e]oda
  woldon [.g]es[=e]on one [.g]esibbsuman Salomon, and his w[=i]sd[=o]m
  [.g]eh[=i]eran, and him mislicu l[=a]c br[=o]hton, sw[=a] [=e]ac n[=u]
      of eallum
  [=e]odum [.g]ewilnia m[e,]nn t[=o] [.g]es[=e]onne one
      [.g]e-sibbsuman  145
  Cr[=i]st urh [.g]el[=e]afan, and one godspellican w[=i]sd[=o]m
      [.g]eh[=i]eran,
  and h[=i]e him d[.g]-hw[=]ml[=i]ce [=a] g[=a]stlican l[=a]c
      [.g]eoffria on
  mani[.g]fealdum [.g]emetum.

IV.

  On C[=y]res dagum cyninges wr[=e][.g]don [=a] Babil[=o]niscan one
  {73}
  w[=i]tegan Dani[=e]l, for [=]m e h[=e] t[=o]wearp hiera
      d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield,  150
  and cw[=]don [=a]n-m[=o]dl[=i]ce t[=o] [=]m fore-s[.g]dan cyninge
      C[=y]rum:
 'Bet[=][.c] [=u]s Dani[=e]l, e [=u]rne god B[=e]l t[=o]wearp, and one
     dracan
  [=a]cwealde e w[=e] on bel[=i]efdon; [.g]if [=u] hine forst[e,]ntst,
      w[=e]
  fordilgia [=e] and [=i]nne h[=i]red.'

  [=a] [.g]eseah se cyning t h[=i]e [=a]n-m[=o]de w[=]ron, and
      n[=i]edunga  155
  one w[=i]tegan him t[=o] handum [=a]s[.c][=e]af. H[=i]e [=a] hine
  [=a]wurpon int[=o] [=a]num s[=e]ae, on [=]m w[=]ron seofon l[=e]on,
      [=]m
  man sealde d[.g]hw[=]ml[=i]ce tw[=a] hr[=i]eru and tw[=a] s[.c][=e]ap,
      ac him
  ws [=a] oftogen [=]lces f[=o]dan siex dagas, t h[=i]e one Godes
  mann [=a]b[=i]tan scolden.                                  160

  On [=]re t[=i]de ws sum [=o]er w[=i]tega on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, his
  nama waes Abacuc, s[=e] br his rifterum m[e,]te t[=o] cere. [=a]
  c[=o]m him t[=o] Godes [e,]n[.g]el, and cw: 'Abacuc, ber one
  m[e,]te t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and s[e,]le Dani[=e]le, s[=e] e sitt on
      [=a]ra l[=e]ona
  s[=e]ae.' Abacuc andwyrde [=]m [e,]n[.g]le: 'L[=a] l[=e]of, ne
      [.g]eseah  165
  ic n[=]fre [=a] burg, ne ic one s[=e]a n[=a]t.'

  [=a] se [e,]n[.g]el [.g]el[=]hte hine be [=]m feaxe, and hine br
  t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and hine s[e,]tte bufan [=]m s[=e]ae. [=a] clipode
      se
  Abacuc: '[=u] Godes [=e]ow, Dani[=e]l, nim [=a]s l[=a]c e [=e] God
  s[e,]nde!' Dani[=e]l cw: 'M[=i]n Dryhten H[=]lend, s[=i]e [=e] lof
      170
  and weor-mynd t [=u] m[=e] [.g]emundest.' And h[=e] [=a] [=]re
  sande br[=e]ac. Witodl[=i]ce Godes [e,]n[.g]el [=]r-rihte mid swiftum
  flyhte [.g]ebr[=o]hte one disc-e[.g]n, Abacuc, [=]r h[=e] hine
  [=]r [.g]enam.

  Se cyning [=a] C[=y]rus on [=]m seofoan d[.g]e [=e]ode dr[=e]ori[.g]
      175
  t[=o] [=a]ra l[=e]ona s[=e]ae, and inn beseah, and efne [=a]
      Dani[=e]l
  sittende ws [.g]esundfull onmiddan [=]m l[=e]onum. [=a] clipode
  se cyning mid mi[.c]elre stefne: 'M[=]re is se God e Dani[=e]l
  on bel[=i]ef.' And h[=e] [=a] mid [=]m worde hine [=a]t[=e]ah of
      [=]m
  scrfe, and h[=e]t inn weorpan [=a] e hine [=]r ford[=o]n woldon.
      180
  s cyninges h[=]s wear hrdl[=i]ce [.g]efr[e,]mmed, and s
  w[=i]tegan [=e]hteras wurdon [=a]scofene betwix [=a] l[=e]on, and
      h[=i]e
  {74}
  [=]r-rihte mid gr[=]digum [.c]eaflum h[=i]e ealle t[=o]t[=]ron.
      [=a]
  cw se cyning: 'Forhtien and ondr[=]den ealle eor-b[=u]end
  Dani[=e]les God, for [=]m e h[=e] is [=A]l[=i]esend and H[=]lend,
      185
  wyr[.c]ende t[=a]cnu and wundru on heofonan and on eoran.'

V.

  Nabochodonosor, se h[=]ena cyning, [.g]eh[e,]rgode on Godes
  folce, on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, and for hiera m[=a]n-d[=]dum God t
  [.g]eafode. [=a] [.g]enam h[=e] [=a] m[=a]m-fatu, gyldenu and
      silfrenu,
  binnan Godes temple, and t[=o] his lande mid him             190
  [.g]el[=]dde. Hit [.g]elamp eft sian t h[=e] on swefne [=a]ne
  [.g]esihe be him selfum [.g]eseah, sw[=a] sw[=a] him sian
      [=a][=e]ode.

  fter issum ymb twelf m[=o]na, [=e]ode se cyning binnan
  his healle mid orm[=]tre [=u]p-[=a]hafennesse, h[e,]riende his weorc
  and his miht, and cw: 'H[=u], ne is is s[=e]o mi[.c]le Babil[=o]n,
      195
  e ic self [.g]etimbrode t[=o] cyne-st[=o]le and t[=o] rymme, m[=e]
  selfum to wlite and wuldre, mid m[=i]num [=a]gnum m[.g]ne
  and str[e,]n[.g]o?' Ac him clipode [=]rrihte t[=o] sw[=i]e
      [e,][.g]eslic
  stefn of heofonum, us cweende: '[=u] Nabochodonosor,
  [=i]n r[=i][.c]e [.g]ew[=i]tt fram [=e], and [=u] bist fram mannum
      [=a]worpen,  200
  and [=i]n wunung bi mid wild[=e]orum, and [=u] itst grs, sw[=a]
  sw[=a] oxa, seofon [.g][=e]ar, o t [=u] wite t se h[=e]alica
  God [.g]ewielt manna r[=i][.c]a, and t h[=e] for[.g]ief r[=i][.c]e
      [=]m
  e h[=e] wile.'

  Witodl[=i]ce on [=]re ilcan t[=i]de ws [=e]os spr[=][.c]
      [.g]efylled  205
  ofer Nabochodonosor, and h[=e] arn t[=o] wuda, and wunode mid
  wild[=e]orum, leofode be grse, sw[=a] sw[=a] n[=i]eten, o t his
  feax w[=e]ox sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=i]f-manna, and his n[.g]las sw[=a] sw[=a]
  earnes clawa.

  Eft sian him for[.g]eaf se lmihtiga Wealdend his [.g]ewitt,  210
  and h[=e] cw: 'Ic Nabochodonosor [=a]h[=o]f m[=i]n [=e]agan [=u]p
      t[=o]
  heofonum, and m[=i]n and[.g]iet m[=e] wear for[.g]iefen, and ic [=a]
  bl[=e]tsode one h[=i]ehstan God, and ic h[e,]rede and wuldrode
  {75}
  one e leofa on [=e][.c]nesse, for [=]m e his miht is [=e][.c]e, and
  his r[=i][.c]e st[e,]nt on m[=][.g]e and on m[=][.g]e. Ealle
      eor-b[=u]end  215
  sind t[=o] n[=a]hte [.g]etealde on his wimetennesse. fter his
  willan h[=e] d[=e] [=][.g]er [.g]e on heofone [.g]e on eoran, and nis
  n[=a]n ing e his mihte wistande, oe him t[=o] cwee 'hw[=y]
  d[=e]st [=u] sw[=a]?' On [=]re t[=i]de m[=i]n and[.g]iet
      [.g]ew[e,]nde t[=o] m[=e],
  and ic bec[=o]m t[=o] weor-mynde m[=i]nes cyne-r[=i][.c]es, and m[=i]n
      220
  m[e,]nnisce h[=i]w m[=e] bec[=o]m. M[=i]ne witan m[=e] s[=o]hton, and
      m[=i]n
  m[=]ro wear [.g]e[=e]acnod. N[=u] eornostl[=i]ce ic m[=]rsi[.g]e and
  wuldri[.g]e one heofonlican cyning, for [=]m e eall his weorc
  sind s[=o], and his wegas riht-w[=i]se, and h[=e] m[.g]
      [.g]e[=e]a-m[=e]dan
  [=a] e on m[=o]di[.g]nesse fara.'                         225

  us [.g]e[=e]am[=e]dde se lmihtiga God one m[=o]digan cyning
  Nabochodonosor.

{76}

IV.

SAMSON.

  [=A]n mann ws eardiende on Israh[=e]la [=e]ode, Manu[=e]
  [.g]eh[=a]ten, of [=]re m[=][.g]e Dan; his w[=i]f ws un-t[=i]emend,
      and
  h[=i]e wunodon b[=u]tan [.c]ilde. Him c[=o]m [=a] gangende t[=o] Godes
  [e,]n[.g]el, and cw t h[=i]e scolden habban sunu him
  [.g]em[=]nne; 'ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=]fre oe w[=i]n, ne n[=a]ht
      5
  f[=u]les ne i[.c][.g]e; s[=e] bi Gode h[=a]li[.g] fram his
      [.c]ildh[=a]de; and
  man ne m[=o]t hine [e,]fsian oe bes[.c]ieran, for [=]m e h[=e]
  on[.g]in t[=o] [=a]l[=i]esenne his folc, Israh[=e]la [=e]ode, of
      Philist[=e]a
  [=e]owte.'

  H[=e]o [=a]c[e,]nde [=a] sunu, sw[=a] sw[=a] hiere s[.g]de se
      [e,]n[.g]el, and  10
  h[=e]t hine Samson; and h[=e] sw[=i]e w[=e]ox; and God hine bl[=e]tsode,
  and Godes g[=a]st ws on him. H[=e] wear [=a] mihti[.g] on
  mi[.c]elre str[e,]n[.g]o, sw[=a] t h[=e] [.g]el[=]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on
      be we[.g]e, e
  hine [=a]b[=i]tan wolde, and t[=o]br[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um,
      swelce he
  t[=o]t[=]re sum [=e]aelic ti[.c][.c]en.                    15

  H[=e] begann [=a] t[=o] winnenne wi [=a] Philist[=e]os, and hiera
  fela ofsl[=o]g and t[=o] scame t[=u]code, [=e]ah e h[=i]e onweald
      hfden
  ofer h[=i]s l[=e]ode. [=a] f[=e]rdon [=a] Philist[=e]i for fter
      Samsone,
  and h[=e]ton his l[=e]ode t h[=i]e hine [=a][.g][=e]afen t[=o] hiera
      onwealde,
  t h[=i]e wrecan mihten hiera t[=e]on-r[=]denne mid tintregum  20
  on him. H[=i]e [=a] hine [.g]ebundon mid tw[=]m bstenum r[=a]pum
  and hine [.g]el[=]ddon t[=o] [=]m folce. And [=a] Philist[=e]iscan
      s
  f[.g]nodon sw[=i]e; urnon him t[=o][.g][=e]anes ealle hl[=y]dende;
      woldon
  hine tintre[.g]ian for hiera t[=e]onr[=]denne. [=a] t[=o]br[.g]d
  Samson b[=e][.g]en his earmas, t [=a] r[=a]pas t[=o]-burston e h[=e]
      mid  25
  {77}
  [.g]ebunden ws. And h[=e] [.g]el[=]hte [= a] s[=o]na sumes assan
  [.c]inn-b[=a]n e h[=e] [=]r funde, and [.g]efeaht wi h[=i]e, and
      ofsl[=o][.g]
  [=a]n [=u]send mid s assan [.c]innb[=a]ne. H[=e] wear [=a] sw[=i]e
  ofyrst for [=]m wundorlican sl[e,][.g]e, and bd one heofonlican
  God t h[=e] him [=a]s[e,]nde drincan, for [=]m e on [=]re  30
  n[=e]awiste ns n[=a]n wters[.c]ipe. [=a] arn of [=]n [.c]innb[=a]ne
  of [=a]num t[=e] wter; and Samson [=a] dranc, and his Dryhtne
  ancode.

  fter issum h[=e] f[=e]rde t[=o] Philist[=e]a lande, int[=o] [=a]nre
      byri[.g]
  on hiera onwealde, Gaza [.g]eh[=a]ten. And h[=i]e s f[.g]nodon;  35
  bes[e,]tton [=a] [=]t h[=u]s e h[=e] inne wunode; woldon hine
  [.g]eniman mid [=]m e h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode on [=]rne-mer[.g]en, and
      hine
  ofsl[=e]an. Hwt [=a] Samson hiera sierwunga under[.g]eat; and
  [=a]r[=a]s on middre nihte t[=o]middes his f[=e]ondum, and [.g]enam
  [=a] burg-[.g]eatu, and [.g]ebr on his hry[.c][.g]e mid [=]m postum,
      40
  sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e belocenu w[=]ron, [=u]p t[=o] [=a]nre d[=u]ne
      t[=o] ufeweardum
  [=]m cnolle; and [=e]ode sw[=a] or-sorg of hiera [.g]esihum.

  Hine besw[=a]c sw[=a][=e]ah sian [=a]n w[=i]f, Dalila
      [.g]eh[=a]ten, of
  [=]m h[=]nan folce, sw[=a] t h[=e] hiere s[.g]de, urh hiere
      sw[=i]cd[=o]m  45
  bep[=]ht, on hw[=]m his str[e,]n[.g]o ws and his wundorlicu
  miht. [=a] h[=]nan Philist[=e]i beh[=e]ton hiere s[.c]eattas wi
      [=]m
  e h[=e]o beswice Samson one strangan. [=a] [=a]scode h[=e]o
  hine [.g]eorne mid hiere [=o]l[=][.c]unge on hw[=]m his miht w[=]re;
  and h[=e] hiere andwyrde: '[.G]if ic b[=e]o [.g]ebunden mid seofon  50
  r[=a]pum, of sinum [.g]eworhte, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]ewield.' t
  swicole w[=i]f [=a] be[.g]eat [=a] seofon r[=a]pas, and h[=e] urh
      sierwunge
  sw[=a] wear [.g]ebunden. And him man c[=y]de t
  [=]r c[=o]mon his f[=i]end; [=a] t[=o]brc h[=e] s[=o]na [=a]
      r[=a]pas, sw[=a]
  sw[=a] h[e,]fel-r[=]das; and t w[=i]f nyste on hw[=]m his miht  55
  ws. H[=e] wear eft [.g]ebunden mid eall-n[=i]wum r[=a]pum; and
  h[=e] [=a] t[=o]brc, sw[=a] sw[=a] [=a] [=o]re.

  H[=e]o besw[=a]c hine sw[=a][=e]ah, t h[=e] hiere s[.g]de t
  {78}
  n[=i]ehstan: 'Ic eom Gode [.g]eh[=a]lgod fram m[=i]num [.c]ildh[=a]de;
      and
  ic ns n[=]fre [.g]e[e,]fsod, ne n[=]fre bescoren; and [.g]if ic
      b[=e]o  60
  bescoren, onne b[=e]o ic un-mihti[.g], [=o]rum mannum [.g]el[=i]c;'
  and h[=e]o l[=e]t [=a] sw[=a].

  H[=e]o [=a] on sumum d[.g]e, [=a] [=a] h[=e] on sl[=]pe l[.g],
      for[.c]earf
  his seofon loccas, and [=a]weahte hine sian; [=a] ws
  h[=e] sw[=a] unmihti[.g] sw[=a] sw[=a] [=o]re m[e,]nn. And [=a]
      Philist[=e]i  65
  [.g]ef[=e]ngon hine s[=o]na, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e]o hine bel[=]wde, and
      [.g]el[=]ddon
  hine onwe[.g]; and h[=e]o hfde one s[.c]eatt, sw[=a] sw[=a]
  him [.g]ewear.

  H[=i]e [=a] hine [=a]bl[e,]ndon, and [.g]ebundenne l[=]ddon on
  heardum racent[=e]agum h[=a]m t[=o] hiera byri[.g], and on cwearterne  70
  belucon t[=o] langre fierste: h[=e]ton hine grindan t
  hiera hand-cweorne. [=a] w[=e]oxon his loccas and his miht
  eft on him. And [=a] Philist[=e]i fullbl[=i]e w[=]ron: ancodon
  hiera Gode, Dagon [.g]eh[=a]ten, swelce h[=i]e urh his fultum
  hiera f[=e]ond [.g]ewielden.                                 75

  [=a] Philist[=e]i [=a] mi[.c]le feorme [.g]eworhton, and
      [.g]esamnodon
  h[=i]e on sumre [=u]p-fl[=o]ra, ealle [=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and
  [=e]ac swelce w[=i]f-m[e,]nn, r[=e]o [=u]send manna on mi[.c]elre
      blisse.
  And [=a] [=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]ost w[=]ron, [=a] b[=]don h[=i]e sume
      t Samson
  m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen; and hine man s[=o]na           80
  [.g]ef[e,]tte mid sw[=i]licre w[=a]funge, and h[=e]ton hine standan
  betwix tw[=]m st[=]nenum sw[=e]orum. On [=]m tw[=]m sw[=e]orum
  st[=o]d t h[=u]s eall [.g]eworht. And Samson [=a] plegode
  sw[=i]e him tforan; and [.g]el[=]hte [=a] sw[=e]oras mid
      sw[=i]licre
  mihte, and sl[=o]g h[=i]e t[=o]gdre t h[=i]e s[=o]na t[=o]burston;
      and  85
  t h[=u]s [=a] [=a]f[=e]oll eall, [=]m folce t[=o] d[=e]ae, and
      Samson
  for mid, sw[=a] t h[=e] mi[.c]le m[=a] on his d[=e]ae [=a]cwealde
  onne h[=e] [=]r cwic dyde.

{79}

V.

FROM THE CHRONICLE.

  Breten [=i]e[.g]-land is eahta hund m[=i]la lang, and tw[=a] hund
  m[=i]la br[=a]d; and h[=e]r sind on [=]m [=i]e[.g]lande f[=i]f
      [.g]e[=e]odu:
  [E,]n[.g]lisc, Brettisc, Scyttisc, Pihtisc, and B[=o]c-lden.

  [=]rest w[=]ron b[=u]end isses landes Brettas. [=a] c[=o]mon
  of Armenia, and [.g]es[=]ton s[=u]an-wearde Bretene [=]rest. [=a]  5
  [.g]elamp hit t Peohtas c[=o]mon s[=u]an of Scithian mid
  langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum; and [=a] c[=o]mon [=]rest on
  Nor-ibernian [=u]p; and [=]r b[=]don Scottas t h[=i]e [=]r
  m[=o]sten wunian. Ac h[=i]e noldon him l[=i]efan, for [=]m e h[=i]e
  cw[=]don t h[=i]e ne mihten ealle tgdre [.g]ewunian [=]r.  10
  And [=a] cw[=]don [=a] Scottas: 'W[=e] magon [=e]ow hwre r[=]d
  [.g]el[=]ran: w[=e] witon [=o]er [=i]e[.g]land h[=e]r-be[=e]astan;
      [=]r [.g][=e]
  magon eardian, [.g]if [.g][=e] willa; and [.g]if hw[=a] [=e]ow
      wist[e,]nt,
  w[=e] [=e]ow fultumia t [.g][=e] hit m[.g]en [.g]eg[=a]n.'

  [=a] f[=e]rdon [=a] Peohtas, and [.g]ef[=e]rdon is land noran-weard;
      15
  s[=u]an-weard hit hfdon Brettas, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] [=]r cw[=]don.
  And [=a] Peohtas him [=a]b[=]don w[=i]f t Scottum on [=a]
      [.g]er[=a]d
  t h[=i]e [.g]ecuren hiera cyne-cynn [=a] on [=a] w[=i]f-healfe. t
  h[=i]e h[=e]oldon sw[=a] lange sian.

  And [=a] [.g]elamp ymbe [.g][=e]ara ryne t Scotta sum d[=]l  20
  [.g]ew[=a]t of Ibernian on Bretene, and s landes sumne d[=]l
  [.g]e[=e]odon; and ws hiera h[e,]re-toga R[=e]oda [.g]eh[=a]ten: fram
  m h[=i]e sind [.g]en[e,]mnede D[=a]lr[=e]odi.
  {80}

  Anno 449. H[=e]r Marti[=a]nus and Valent[=i]nus onf[=e]ngon r[=i][.c]e,
  and r[=i][.c]sodon seofon winter.                             25

  And on hiera dagum, H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa, fram Wyrt[.g]eorne
  [.g]elaode, Bretta cyninge, [.g]es[=o]hton Bretene on [=]m
  st[e,]de e is [.g]en[e,]mned Ypwines-fl[=e]ot, [=]rest Brettum t[=o]
      fultume,
  ac h[=i]e eft on h[=i]e fuhton.

  Se cyning h[=e]t h[=i]e feohtan on[.g][=e]an Peohtas; and h[=i]e sw[=a]
      30
  dydon, and si[.g]e hfdon sw[=a] hw[=]r sw[=a] h[=i]e c[=o]mon.

  H[=i]e [=a] s[e,]ndon t[=o] Angle, and h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran
  fultum; and h[=e]ton him s[e,][.c][.g]an Bret-w[=e]ala n[=a]htnesse and
      s
  landes cysta. H[=i]e [=a] s[e,]ndon him m[=a]ran fultum. [=a] c[=o]mon
  [=a] m[e,]nn of rim m[=][.g]um [.G]erm[=a]nie: of Eald-seaxum, of  35
  [E,]n[.g]lum, of [=I]otum.

  Of [=I]otum c[=o]mon Cant-ware and Wiht-ware--t is s[=e]o
  m[=][.g] e n[=u] earda on Wiht--and t cynn on West-seaxum
  e man n[=u][.g]iet h[=]tt '[=I]otena cynn.' Of Eald-seaxum
  c[=o]mon [=E]ast-seaxe, and S[=u]-seaxe, and West-seaxe.     40
  Of Angle c[=o]mon--s[=e] [=a] sian st[=o]d w[=e]ste betwix [=I]otum
      and
  Seaxum--[=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, Mier[.c]e, and ealle
      Norhymbre.

  455. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa fuhton wi Wyrt[.g]eorne
  [=]m cyninge in [=]re st[=o]we e is [.g]ecweden [.g]les-rep;  45
  and his br[=o]or Horsan man ofsl[=o]g. And fter [=]m H[e,]n[.g]est
  f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, and sc his sunu.

  457. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and sc fuhton wi Brettas in [=]re
  st[=o]we e is [.g]ecweden Cr[e,][.c][.g]an-ford, and [=]r
      ofsl[=o]gon
  f[=e]ower [=u]send wera. And [=a] Brettas [=a] forl[=e]ton
      C[e,]nt-land,  50
  and mid mi[.c]le [e,][.g]e flugon t[=o] Lunden-byri[.g].

  473. H[=e]r Hen[.g]est and sc [.g]efuhton wi W[=e]alas, and
  [.g]en[=a]mon un-[=a]r[=i]medlicu h[e,]re-r[=e]af, and [=a] W[=e]alas
      flugon
  [=a] [E,]n[.g]le sw[=a] sw[=a] f[=y]r.

  787. H[=e]r nam Beorht-r[=i][.c] cyning Offan dohtor [=E]ad-burge.  55
  And on his dagum c[=o]mon [=]rest r[=e]o s[.c]ipu; and [=a] se
  {81}
  [.g]er[=e]fa [=]r t[=o] r[=a]d, and h[=i]e wolde dr[=i]fan t[=o] s
      cyninges
  t[=u]ne, [=y] h[=e] nyste hwt h[=i]e w[=]ron; and hine man ofsl[=o]g.
  t w[=]ron [=a] [=]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna e Angel-cynnes
  land [.g]es[=o]hton.                                         60

  851. H[=e]r [.C]eorl ealdor-mann [.g]efeaht wi h[=]ne m[e,]nn
  mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re t Wi[.c][.g]an-beorge, and [=]r mi[.c]el wl
  [.g]esl[=o]gon, and si[.g]e n[=a]mon.

  And [=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are elst[=a]n cyning and Ealhh[e,]re dux
  mi[.c]elne h[e,]re ofsl[=o]gon t Sand-w[=i]c on C[e,]nt; and nigon  65
  s[.c]ipu [.g]ef[=e]ngon, and [=a] [=o]ru [.g]efl[=i]emdon; and
      h[=]ne m[e,]nn
  [=]rest ofer winter s[=]ton.

  And [=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are c[=o]m f[=e]ore healf hund s[.c]ipa on
  T[e,]mese-m[=u]an, and br[=]con Cantwara-burg, and Lunden-burg,
  and [.g]efl[=i]emdon Beorhtwulf Mier[.c]na cyning mid his    70
  fierde; and f[=e]rdon [=a] s[=u] ofer T[e,]mese on S[=u]ri[.g]e; and
  him [.g]efeaht wi elwulf cyning and elbeald his
  sunu t [=A]c-l[=e]a mid West-seaxna fierde, and [=]r t m[=]ste
  wl [.g]esl[=o]gon on h[=]num h[e,]re e w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an
      h[=i]erdon o
  isne andweardan d[.g], and [=]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon.         75

  867. H[=e]r f[=o]r se h[e,]re of [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum ofer
      Humbre-m[=u]an
  t[=o] Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre on Nor-hymbre. And [=]r ws mi[.c]el
  un-[.g]ew[=]rnes [=]re [=e]ode betwix him selfum, and h[=i]e
  hfdon hiera cyning [=a]worpenne [=O]sbryht, and un-[.g]ecyndne
  cyning underf[=e]ngon llan. And h[=i]e late on [.g][=e]are t[=o] [=]m
      80
  [.g]e[.c]ierdon t h[=i]e wi one h[e,]re winnende w[=]ron; and
      h[=i]e
  [=e]ah mi[.c]le fierd [.g]egadrodon, and one h[e,]re s[=o]hton t
  Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre; and on [=a] [.c]eastre br[=]con, and h[=i]e
      sume
  inne wurdon; and [=]r ws un-[.g]emetlic wl gesl[.g]en Noranhymbra,
  sume binnan, sume b[=u]tan, and [=a] cyningas                85
  b[=e][.g]en ofsl[.g]ene; and s[=e]o l[=a]f wi one h[e,]re fri nam.

{82}

VI.

KING EDMUND.

  Sum sw[=i]e [.g]el[=]red munuc c[=o]m s[=u]an ofer s[=] fram sancte
  Benedictes st[=o]we, on elredes cyninges d[.g]e, to D[=u]nst[=a]ne
  r[.c]e-biscope, rim [.g][=e]arum [=]r [=]m e h[=e] forf[=e]rde,
  and se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo. [=a] wurdon h[=i]e t spr[=][.c]e, o
  t D[=u]nst[=a]n reahte be sancte [=E]admunde, sw[=a] sw[=a]
      [=E]admundes  5
  sweord-bora hit reahte elst[=a]ne cyninge, [=a] [=a]
  D[=u]nst[=a]n [.g][=e]ong mann ws, and se sweord-bora ws forealdod
  mann. [=a] [.g]es[e,]tte se munuc ealle [=a], [.g]er[e,][.c]ednesse
      on
  [=a]nre b[=e]c, and eft, [=a] [=a] s[=e]o b[=o]c c[=o]m t[=o] [=u]s,
      binnan f[=e]am
  [.g][=e]arum, [=a] [=a]w[e,]ndon w[=e] hit on [E,]n[.g]lisc, sw[=a]
      sw[=a] hit h[=e]rfter  10
  st[e,]nt. Se munuc [=a] Abbo binnan tw[=]m [.g][=e]arum [.g]ew[e,]nde
  h[=a]m t[=o] his mynstre, and wear s[=o]na t[=o] abbode
  [.g]es[e,]tt on [=]m ilcan mynstre.

  [=E]admund se [=e]adiga, [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]la cyning, ws snotor and
  weorfull, and weorode simle mid elum [=e]awum one       15
  lmihtigan God. H[=e] ws [=e]a-m[=o]d and [.g]eungen, and
  sw[=a] [=a]n-r[=]d urhwunode t h[=e] nolde [=a]b[=u]gan t[=o]
      bismerfullum
  leahtrum, ne on n[=a]wre healfe h[=e] ne [=a]hielde his
  [=e]awas, ac ws simle [.g]emyndi[.g] [=]re s[=o]an l[=a]re: '[.G]if
      [=u]
  eart t[=o] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn [.g]es[e,]tt, ne [=a]h[e,]fe [=u] [=e],
      ac b[=e]o betwix  20
  mannum sw[=a] sw[=a] [=a]n mann of him.' H[=e] ws
  cysti[.g] w[=]dlum and widewum sw[=a] sw[=a] fder, and mid
  wel-willendnesse [.g]ewissode his folc simle t[=o] riht-w[=i]snesse,
  and [=]m r[=e]um st[=i]erde, and [.g]es[=]li[.g]l[=i]ce leofode on
      s[=o]um
  [.g]el[=e]afan.                                              25
  {83}

  Hit [.g]elamp [=a] t n[=i]ehstan t [=a] D[e,]niscan l[=e]ode
      f[=e]rdon
  mid s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, h[e,]rgiende and sl[=e]ande w[=i]de [.g]eond land,
      sw[=a]
  sw[=a] hiera [.g]ewuna is. On [=]m flotan w[=]ron [=a] fyrmestan
  h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, Hinguar and Hubba, [.g]e[=a]nl[=]hte urh d[=e]ofol,
  and h[=i]e on Norhymbra-lande [.g]el[e,]ndon mid scum, and  30
  [=a]w[=e]ston t land, and [=a] l[=e]ode ofsl[=o]gon. [=a]
      [.g]ew[e,]nde
  Hinguar [=e]ast mid his s[.c]ipum, and Hubba bel[=a]f on
      Norhymbra-lande,
  [.g]ewunnenum si[.g]e mid wl-hr[=e]ownesse.
  Hinguar [=a] bec[=o]m t[=o] [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum r[=o]wende on [=]m
      [.g][=e]are
  e lfred eling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara ws, s[=e] e
      West-seaxna  35
  cyning sian wear m[=]re. And se fore-s[.g]da
  Hinguar f[=]rl[=i]ce, sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf, on lande bestealcode, and
  [=a] l[=e]ode sl[=o]g, weras and w[=i]f, and [=a] un[.g]ewittigan
      [.c][=i]ld,
  and to bismere t[=u]code [=a] bilew[=i]tan Cr[=i]stenan. H[=e] s[e,]nde
  [=a] sian s[=o]na t[=o] [=]m cyninge b[=e]otlic [=]rende, t h[=e]
      40
  [=a]b[=u]gan scolde t[=o] his mann-r[=]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his
      f[=e]ores r[=o]hte.
  Se [=]rend-raca c[=o]m [=a] t[=o] [=E]admunde cyninge, and Hinguares
  [=]rende him arodl[=i]ce [=a]b[=e]ad: 'Hinguar [=u]re cyning, c[=e]ne
  and si[.g]efst on s[=] and on lande, hf fela [=e]oda [.g]eweald,
  and c[=o]m n[=u] mid fierde f[=]rl[=i]ce h[=e]r t[=o] lande, t  45
  h[=e] h[=e]r winter-setl mid his werode hbbe. N[=u] h[=]tt h[=e] [=e]
  d[=]lan [=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas and [=i]nra ieldrena
      [.g]estr[=e]on
  arodl[=i]ce wi hine, and [=u] b[=e]o his under-cyning, [.g]if [=u]
  cwic b[=e]on wilt, for [=]m e [=u] nfst [=a] miht t [=u] m[.g]e
  him wistandan.'                                             50

  Hwt [=a] [=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop e him
  [=a] [.g]eh[e,]ndost ws, and wi hine sm[=e]ade h[=u] h[=e] [=]m
  r[=e]an Hinguare andwyrdan scolde. [=a] forhtode se biscop
  for [=]m f[=]rlican [.g]elimpe, and for s cyninges l[=i]fe,
  and cw t him r[=]d [=u]hte t h[=e] t[=o] [=]m [.g]ebuge e  55
  him b[=e]ad Hinguar. [=a] sw[=i]gode se cyning, and beseah
  t[=o] [=]re eoran, and cw [=a] t n[=i]ehstan cynel[=i]ce him
  t[=o]: '[=E]al[=a] [=u] biscop, t[=o] bismere sind [.g]et[=a]wode
      [=a]s earman
  {84}
  land-l[=e]ode, and m[=e] n[=u] l[=e]ofre w[=]re t ic on [.g]efeohte
  f[=e]olle wi [=]m e m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can.'  60
  And se biscop cw: '[=E]al[=a] [=u] l[=e]ofa cyning, [=i]n folc
  l[=i] ofsl[.g]en, and [=u] nfst one fultum t [=u] feohtan
  m[.g]e, and [=a]s flot-m[e,]nn cuma, and [=e] cwicne [.g]ebinda,
  b[=u]tan [=u] mid fl[=e]ame [=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]ebeorge, oe [=u]
      [=e] sw[=a]
  [.g]ebeorge t [=u] b[=u]ge t[=o] him.' [=a] cw [=E]admund cyning,
      65
  sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] fullc[=e]ne ws: 's ic [.g]ewilni[.g]e and
      [.g]ew[=y]s[.c]e
  mid m[=o]de t ic [=a]na ne bel[=i]fe fter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum
      e[.g]num,
  e on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon mid bearnum and w[=i]fum f[=]rl[=i]ce
  ofsl[.g]ene fram issum flot-mannum. Ns m[=e] n[=]fre [.g]ewunelic
  t ic worhte fl[=e]ames, ac ic wolde sw[=i]or sweltan,      70
  [.g]if ic orfte, for m[=i]num [=a]gnum earde, and se lmihtiga God
  w[=a]t t ic nyle [=a]b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]-g[e,]n[.g]um [=]fre, ne
      fram
  his s[=o]re lufe, swelte ic, libbe ic.'

  fter issum wordum h[=e] [.g]ew[e,]nde t[=o] [=]m [=]rend-racan e
  Hinguar him t[=o] s[e,]nde, and s[.g]de him unforht: 'Witodl[=i]ce  75
  [=u] w[=]re n[=u] wiere sl[e,][.g]es, ac ic nyle [=a]f[=y]lan on
      [=i]num f[=u]lum
  bl[=o]de m[=i]ne cl[=]nan handa, for [=]m e ic Cr[=i]ste folgi[.g]e,
      e
  [=u]s sw[=a] [.g]eb[=y]snode; ac ic bl[=i]el[=i]ce wile b[=e]on
      ofsl[.g]en
  urh [=e]ow, [.g]if hit sw[=a] God fore-s[.c][=e]awa. Far n[=u] sw[=i]e
      hrae,
  and s[e,][.g]e [=i]num r[=e]an hl[=a]forde, "ne [=a]b[=y]h n[=]fre
      [=E]admund  80
  Hinguare on l[=i]fe, h[=]num h[e,]re-togan, b[=u]tan h[=e] to
      H[=]lende
  Cr[=i]ste [=]rest mid [.g]el[=e]afan on issum lande [.g]eb[=u]ge."'

  [=a] [.g]ew[e,]nde se [=]rend-raca arodl[=i]ce onwe[.g], and
      [.g]em[=e]tte
  be we[.g]e one wl-hr[=e]owan Hinguar mid ealre his fierde
  f[=u]se to [=E]admunde, and s[.g]de [=]m [=a]rleasan h[=u] him
      [.g]eandwyrd  85
  ws. Hinguar beb[=e]ad [=a] mid bieldo [=]m s[.c]ip-h[e,]re
  t h[=i]e s cyninges [=a]nes ealle c[=e]pan scolden, e his h[=]se
  forseah, and hine s[=o]na bindan.

  Hwt [=a] [=E]admund cyning, mid [=]m e Hinguar c[=o]m,
  st[=o]d innan his healle, s H[=]lendes [.g]emyndi[.g], and [=a]wearp
      90
  his w[=]pnu: wolde [.g]eefenl[=][.c]an Cr[=i]stes [.g]eb[=y]snungum,
      e
  {85}
  forb[=e]ad Petre mid w[=]pnum t[=o] winnenne wi [=a] wlhr[=e]owan
  I[=u]d[=e]iscan. Hwt [=a] [=a]rl[=e]asan [=a] [=E]admund [.g]ebundon,
      and
  [.g]ebismrodon huxl[=i]ce, and b[=e]oton mid s[=a]glum, and sw[=a]
  sian l[=]ddon one [.g]el[=e]affullan cyning t[=o] [=a]num
      eor-faestan  95
  tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine [=]r-t[=o] mid heardum b[e,]ndum,
  and hine eft swungon langl[=i]ce mid swipum; and h[=e]
  simle clipode betwix [=]m swinglum mid s[=o]um [.g]el[=e]afan t[=o]
  H[=]lende Cr[=i]ste; and [=a] h[=]nan [=a] for his [.g]el[=e]afan
      wurdon
  w[=o]dl[=i]ce ierre, for [=]m e h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o]
      fultume:  100
  h[=i]e scuton [=a] mid gafelocum him t[=o], swelce him to gamene,
  o t h[=e] eall ws bes[e,]tt mid hiera scotungum, swelce [=i]les
  byrsta, sw[=a] sw[=a] Sebasti[=a]nus ws. [=a] [.g]eseah Hinguar, se
  [=a]rl[=e]asa flotmann, t se ela cyning nolde Cr[=i]ste wisacan,
  ac mid [=a]nr[=]dum [.g]el[=e]afan hine [=]fre clipode: h[=e]t hine
      [=a]  105
  beh[=e]afdian, and [=a] h[=]nan sw[=a] dydon. Betwix [=]m e h[=e]
  clipode t[=o] Cr[=i]ste [=a][.g]iet, [=a] tugon [=a] h[=]nan one
      h[=a]lgan
  t[=o] sl[e,][.g]e, and mid [=a]num sw[e,]n[.g]e sl[=o]gon him of t
      h[=e]afod,
  and his s[=a]wol s[=i]ode [.g]es[=]li[.g] t[=o] Cr[=i]ste. [=]r ws
      sum
  mann [.g]eh[e,]nde [.g]ehealden, urh God beh[=y]dd [=]m h[=]num,
      110
  e is [.g]eh[=i]erde eall, and hit eft s[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e]
      hit
  s[e,][.c][.g]a h[=e]r.

  Hwt [=a] se flot-h[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe, and beh[=y]ddon
      t
  h[=e]afod s h[=a]lgan [=E]admundes on [=]m i[.c][.c]um br[=e]mlum,
  t hit bebyr[.g]ed ne wurde. [=a] fter fierste sian h[=i]e  115
  [=a]farene w[=]ron, c[=o]m t land-folc t[=o], e [=]r t[=o] l[=a]fe
      ws,
  [=]r hiera hl[=a]fordes l[=i]c l[.g] b[=u]tan h[=e]afde, and wurdon
      swie
  s[=a]ri[.g]e for his sl[e,][.g]e on m[=o]de, and h[=u]ru t h[=i]e
      nfden t
  h[=e]afod t[=o] [=]m bodi[.g]e. [=a] s[.g]de se s[.c][=e]awere e hit
      [=]r
  [.g]eseah, t [=a] flotm[e,]nn hfden t h[=e]afod mid him; and  120
  ws him [.g]e[=u]ht, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit ws fulls[=o], t h[=i]e
      beh[=y]dden
  t h[=e]afod on [=]m holte forhwega.

  H[=i]e [=e]odon [=a] [e,]ndemes ealle t[=o] [=]m wuda, s[=e][.c]ende
      [.g]ehw[=]r,
  [.g]eond [=y]flas and br[=e]mlas, [.g]if h[=i]e [=a]-hw[=]r mihten
  {86}
  [.g]em[=e]tan t h[=e]afod. Ws [=e]ac mi[.c]el wundor t [=a]n wulf
      125
  wear [=a]s[e,]nd, urh Godes wissunge, t[=o] bew[e,]rienne t
  h[=e]afod wi [=a] [=o]ru d[=e]or ofer d[.g] and niht. H[=i]e [=e]odon
      [=a]
  s[=e][.c]ende and simle clipiende, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit [.g]ewunelic is
      [=]m
  e on wuda g[=a] oft, 'hw[=]r eart [=u] n[=u], [.g]ef[=e]ra?' And him
  andwyrde t h[=e]afod, 'h[=e]r, h[=e]r, h[=e]r;' and sw[=a]
      [.g]el[=o]me  130
  clipode andswariende him eallum, sw[=a] oft sw[=a] hiera [=]ni[.g]
  clipode, o t h[=i]e ealle bec[=o]mon urh [=a] clipunge him t[=o].
  [=a] l[.g] se gr[=]ga wulf e bewiste t h[=e]afod, and mid his
  tw[=]m f[=o]tum hfde t h[=e]afod beclypped, gr[=]di[.g] and
      hungri[.g],
  and for Gode ne dorste s h[=e]afdes onbyr[.g]an, ac       135
  h[=e]old hit wi d[=e]or. [=a] wurdon h[=i]e ofwundrode s
  wulfes hierd-r[=]denne, and t h[=a]li[.g]e h[=e]afod h[=a]m f[e,]redon
  mid him, anciende [=]m lmihtigan ealra his wundra.
  Ac se wulf folgode for mid [=]m h[=e]afde, o t h[=i]e t[=o]
  t[=u]ne c[=o]mon, swelce h[=e] tam wre, and [.g]ew[e,]nde eft sian
      140
  t[=o] wuda on[.g][=e]an.

  [=a] land-l[=e]ode [=a] sian l[e,][.g]don t h[=e]afod t[=o] [=]m
      h[=a]lgan
  bodi[.g]e, and bebyri[.g]don sw[=a] h[=i]e s[=e]lest mihton on swelcre
  hrdunge, and [.c]iri[.c]an [=a]r[=]rdon s[=o]na him onuppan. Eft
  [=a] on fierste, fter fela [.g][=e]arum, [=a] s[=e]o h[e,]rgung
      [.g]esw[=a]c,  145
  and sibb wear for[.g]iefen [=]m [.g]esw[e,]n[.c]tan folce, [=a]
      f[=e]ngon
  h[=i]e t[=o]gdre, and worhton [=a]ne [.c]iri[.c]an weorl[=i]ce [=]m
      h[=a]lgan,
  for [=]m e gel[=o]me wundru wurdon t his byr[.g]enne, t
  [=]m [.g]ebed-h[=u]se [=]r h[=e] bebyr[.g]ed ws. H[=i]e woldon
      [=a]
  f[e,]rian mid folclicre weormynde one h[=a]lgan l[=i]chaman, and  150
  l[e,][.c][.g]an innan [=]re [.c]iri[.c]an. [=a] ws mi[.c]el wundor
      t h[=e]
  ws eall sw[=a] [.g]eh[=a]l swelce h[=e] cwic w[=]re, mid cl[=]num
      l[=i]chaman,
  and his sw[=e]ora ws [.g]eh[=]led, e [=]r ws forsl[.g]en, and
  ws swelce [=a]n seolcen r[=]d ymbe his sw[=e]oran, mannum t[=o]
  sweotolunge h[=u] h[=e] ofsl[.g]en ws. [=E]ac swelce [=a] wunda,  155
  e [=a] wlhr[=e]owan h[=]nan mid [.g]el[=o]mum scotungum on his
  l[=i]ce macodon, w[=]ron [.g]eh[=]lde urh one heofonlican God;
  {87}
  and h[=e]; l[=i] sw[=a] onsund o isne and-weardan d[.g],
      and-b[=i]diende
  [=]ristes and s [=e][.c]an wuldres. His l[=i]chama [=u]s
  c[=y], e l[=i] un-formolsnod, t h[=e] b[=u]tan forli[.g]re h[=e]r
      on  160
  worulde leofode, and mid cl[=]num l[=i]fe t[=o]; Cr[=i]ste s[=i]ode.

  Sum widewe wunode, [=O]swyn [.g]eh[=a]ten, t s h[=a]lgan
  byr[.g]enne, on [.g]ebedum and fstennum manigu [.g][=e]ar sian.
  S[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=]lce [.g][=e]are one sanct, and his n[.g]las
  [.c]eorfan s[=i]eferl[=i]ce mid lufe, and on scr[=i]ne healdan t[=o]
      h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]me  165
  on weofode. a weorode t land-folc mid [.g]el[=e]afan one
  sanct, and [=e]odred biscop earle mid [.g]iefum on golde and
  on seolfre, [=]m sancte t[=o] weormynde.

  [=a] c[=o]mon on sumne s[=]l un-[.g]es[=]lige [=e]ofas eahta on
  [=a]nre nihte t[=o] [=]m [=a]r-weoran h[=a]lgan: woldon stelan [=a]
      170
  m[=a]mas e m[e,]nn ider br[=o]hton, and cunnodon mid crfte
  h[=u] h[=i]e inn cuman mihten. Sum sl[=o]g mid sl[e,][.c][.g]e sw[=i]e
      [=a]
  hspan, sum hiera mid f[=e]olan f[=e]olode ymb[=u]tan, sum [=e]ac
  underdealf [=a] duru mid spadan, sum hiera mid hl[=]ddre wolde
  onl[=u]can [=]t [=e]ag-[=y]rel; ac h[=i]e swuncon on [=i]del, and
      earml[=i]ce  175
  f[=e]rdon, sw[=a] t se h[=a]lga wer h[=i]e wundorl[=i]ce [.g]eband,
  [=]lcne sw[=a] h[=e] st[=o]d str[=u]tiendne mid t[=o]le, t hiera
      n[=a]n ne
  mihte t mor [.g]efr[e,]mman ne h[=i]e anon [=a]styrian; ac
  st[=o]don sw[=a] o mer[.g]en. M[e,]nn [=a] s wundrodon, h[=u] [=a]
  weargas hangodon, sum on hl[=]ddre, sum l[=e]at t[=o] [.g]edelfe,  180
  and [=]lc on his weorce ws fste [.g]ebunden. H[=i]e wurdon
  [=a] [.g]ebr[=o]hte t[=o] [=]m biscope ealle, and h[=e] h[=e]t h[=i]e
      [=a]h[=o]n on
  h[=e]am [.g]ealgum ealle; ac h[=e] ns n[=a] [.g]emyndi[.g] h[=u] se
      mildheorta
  God clipode urh his w[=i]tegan [=a]s word e h[=e]r standa:
  _Eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne cesses_, '[=a] e man l[=]tt  185
  t[=o] d[=e]ae [=a]l[=i]es h[=i]e [=u]t simle.' And [=e]ac [=a]
      h[=a]lgan can[=o]nes
  b[=e]c [.g]eh[=a]dodum forb[=e]oda [.g]e biscopum [.g]e pr[=e]ostum
      t[=o]
  b[=e]onne ymbe [=e]ofas, for [=]m e hit ne [.g]ebyre [=]m e
  b[=e]op [.g]ecorene Gode to e[.g]nienne t h[=i]e
      [.g]ew[=]rl[=][.c]an
  scylen on [=]ni[.g]es mannes d[=e]ae, [.g]if h[=i]e b[=e]o Dryhtnes
      190
  {88}
  e[.g]nas. Eft [=a] [=e]odred biscop s[.c][=e]awode his b[=e]c, h[=e]
      sian
  behr[=e]owsode mid [.g][=e]omrunge t h[=e] sw[=a] r[=e]ne d[=o]m
      s[e,]tte
  [=]m un[.g]es[=]ligum [=e]ofum, and hit bes[=a]rgode [=]fre o his
  l[=i]fes [e,]nde, and [=a] l[=e]ode bd [.g]eorne t h[=i]e him mid
      fsten
  full[=i]ce r[=i]e dagas, biddende one lmihtigan t h[=e] him  195
  [=a]rian scolde.

  On [=]m lande ws sum mann, L[=e]ofst[=a]n [.g]eh[=a]ten, r[=i][.c]e
  for worulde, un-[.g]ewitti[.g] for Gode; s[=e] r[=a]d t[=o] [=]m
      h[=a]lgan
  mid r[=i][.c]etere sw[=i]e, and h[=e]t him t[=i]ewan orgell[=i]ce
      sw[=i]e
  one h[=a]lgan sanct, hwer h[=e] [.g]esund w[=]re; ac sw[=a] hrae
      200
  sw[=a] h[=e] [.g]eseah s sanctes l[=i]chaman, [=a] [=a]w[=e]dde
      h[=e] s[=o]na,
  and wl-hr[=e]owl[=i]ce grymetode, and earml[=i]ce [.g]e[e,]ndode yflum
  d[=e]ae. is is [=]m [.g]el[=i]c e se [.g]el[=e]affulla p[=a]pa
      Greg[=o]rius
  s[.g]de on his [.g]es[e,]tnesse be [=]m h[=a]lgan Laurentie, e l[=i]
      on
  R[=o]me-byri[.g], t m[e,]nn wolden s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e]
      l[=][.g]e [.g]e  205
  g[=o]de [.g]e yfle; ac God h[=i]e [.g]estilde sw[=a] t [=]r swulton
  on [=]re s[.c][=e]awunge seofon m[e,]nn tgdre; [=a] [.g]eswicon
  [=a] [=o]re t[=o] s[.c][=e]awienne one martyr mid m[e,]nniscum
      [.g]edwylde.

  Fela wundra w[=e] [.g]eh[=i]erdon on folclicre spr[=][.c]e be [=]m
      210
  h[=a]lgan [=E]admunde, e w[=e] h[=e]r nylla on [.g]ewrite s[e,]ttan,
      ac h[=i]e
  w[=a]t [.g]ehw[=a]. On issum h[=a]lgan is sweotol, and on swelcum
  [=o]rum, t God lmihti[.g] m[.g] one mann [=a]r[=]ran eft on
  d[=o]mes d[.g]e onsundne of eoran, s[=e] e hielt [=E]admund h[=a]lne
  his l[=i]chaman o one m[=i][.c]lan d[.g], [=e]ah e h[=e] on moldan
      c[=o]me.  215
  Wiere w[=]re s[=e]o st[=o]w for [=]m weorfullan h[=a]lgan t h[=i]e
  man weorode and wel [.g]el[=o]gode mid cl[=]num Godes [=e]owum
  t[=o] Cr[=i]stes [=e]owd[=o]me; for [=]m e se h[=a]lga is m[=]rra
      onne
  m[e,]nn m[.g]en [=a]sm[=e]an. Nis Angel-cynn bed[=]led Dryhtnes
  h[=a]lgena, onne on [E,]n[.g]la-lande li[.c][.g]a swelce h[=a]lgan
      swelce  220
  es h[=a]lga cyning, and C[=u]berht se [=e]adiga and sancte
  elr[=y] on [=E]li[.g], and [=e]ac hiere sweostor, onsund on
      l[=i]chaman,
  [.g]el[=e]afan t[=o] trymmunge. Sind [=e]ac fela [=o]re on
  {89}
  Angel-cynne h[=a]lgan, e fela wundra wyr[.c]a, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit
  w[=i]de is c[=u], [=]m lmihtigan t[=o] lofe, e h[=i]e on
      [.g]el[=i]efdon.  225
  Cr[=i]st [.g]esweotola mannum urh his m[=]re h[=a]lgan t h[=e] is
  lmihti[.g] God e wyr[.c] swelc wundru, [=e]ah e [=a] earman
  I[=u]d[=e]iscan hine eallunga wis[=o]cen, for [=]m e h[=i]e sind
  [=a]wier[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum. Ne
      b[=e]o n[=a]n
  wundru [.g]eworht t hiera byr[.g]ennum, for [=]m e h[=i]e ne  230
  [.g]el[=i]efa on one lifiendan Cr[=i]st; ac Cr[=i]st [.g]esweotola
  mannum hw[=]r se g[=o]da [.g]el[=e]afa is, onne h[=e] swelc wundru
  wyr[.c] urh his h[=a]lgan w[=i]de [.g]eond [=a]s eoran, s him
      s[=i]e
  wuldor and lof [=a] mid his heofonlicum Fder and [=]m H[=a]lgan
  G[=a]ste, [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde.                             235

{91}

NOTES.

The references marked 'Gr.' are to the pages and paragraphs of the grammar;
paragraph-references in ( ) are to the numbered paragraphs in the grammar.

I. SENTENCES.

Line 2. s[=e]. Gr. 21. 1.

is sind. Gr. 45. 2.

l. 6. s[e,]l. Gr. 45. 5.

l. 7. s[=e]o lmesse. Gr. 44. 3.

l. 12. [.g]eworhte. Gr. 46. (3).

l. 16. hiera. Gr. 41. 3.

n[=]fre ... ne ... n[=a]nes. Gr. 52. 2. _ne ws_ is usually contracted
into _ns_; the full form is used here because the _ws_ is emphatic.

l. 17. h[=e]t ofsl[=e]an. Gr. 50. 4.

l. 23. elred cyning. Gr. 42. 6.

l. 24. sces-d[=u]n, _sf._ Ashdown, literally 'hill (or down) of the
ashtree.'

l. 27. wile here denotes _repetition_, = 'is in the habit of.' Cp. l. 52.

l. 28. onne is correlative with _gif_ (l. 26), Gr. 52. 3.

l. 37. lmihtiga. Gr. 43. (4).

l. 43. [=e]ower se heofonlica Fder. This insertion of the definite article
between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is frequent.

l. 50. b[=e]o. Gr. 48. (6).

l. 52. t[=o], for.

l. 56. tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. Gr. 18.

l. 58. D[=e]ofol. Gr. 44. 1.

l. 60. scortan. Gr. 43. (2).

l. 61. fisca. Gr. 41. 3.

l. 63. p[=]m, those.

hider on land, lit. hither on to land, = to this land.

l. 74. bl[=e]tsian. The older form of this word is _bledsian_. It is a
derivative of _bl[=o]d_, like _r[=i][.c]sian_ from _r[=i][.c]e_, with
mutation of the root vowel. Its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with
blood,' and hence, in heathen times, to 'consecrate,' especially to
consecrate an altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim.

l. 80. godspell. The original form of this word was probably _g[=o]dspell_
= 'good tidings,' a literal translation of the Greek _euagglion_. {92}
Afterwards the first vowel was shortened before the following
consonant-group, or else _god_ was directly substituted for _g[=o]d_, as
giving a more evident meaning, the result being that the word was taken in
the sense of 'God's tidings.' In this form it was adopted into Icelandic
(guspiall) and Old High German (gotespel), having been introduced by the
Old English missionaries.

bi. Gr. 45. 5.

l. 82. h[=i]e. Gr. 19.

l. 89. him on [=]lce healfe, lit. 'to (for) themselves on each side,' = on
every side (of themselves).

l. 92. rihtne. Gr. 42. 5.

l. 93. elwulf-ing. Gr. 38.

l. 101. fare [.g][=e]. Gr. 22. 7.

l. 106. fors[=a]won. A plural verb after a singular noun of multitude is
common in O. E., as in other languages.

l. 107. [.g]if se blinda blindne l[=]tt. _[.g]if_ here takes the indic.,
instead of the subj. (Gr. 48. 6), because the case is not assumed to be
unreal. So also in V. 13, where the opposition (wist[e,]nt) is assumed as
certain, and VI. 19.

l. 114. cw[=]de. Gr. 48. (5).

l. 118. m[.g]e. Compare Gr. 47. (B. 1).

l. 119. s[=i]e. Gr. 47. (A).

l. 120. Scotland is here used in its older sense of 'Ireland.' Compare the
first extract from the Chronicle, p. 79 below.

l. 121. his. Gr. 41. 3.

l. 123. healden. Gr. 48. (2).

l. 124. w[=]re. Gr. 47. (B. 1).

l. 132. s[=e] e. Gr. 21.

l. 135. t. Gr. 21; 52. 3.

l. 137. on [=e]are. Gr. 51. 2.

l. 138. [.g]ew[e,]ndon him, lit. 'they went for-themselves'; a reflexive
pronoun in the dative, Gr. 40. (1), is often added to verbs of motion.

l. 139. d[=o] [.g][=e]. Gr. 22.

l. 142. gr[=e]te. Compare Gr. 49. (8).

l. 145. swelce, adverb, 'as it were.'

l. 151. nime. Gr. 49. (7).

l. 161. c[=o]me. Compare _m[.g]e_, l. 118 above.

l. 166. ofsl[.g]enne. Gr. 46. 5.

l. 176. [.g]eweoran. Gr. 47. (B. 1.)

l. 180. wolde. Gr. 45. 5.

l. 191. b[=e]on. Gr. 48. (2). {93}

II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.

l. 1. [=a]s m[=i]n word. Gr. 43. 8.

l. 16. [=a]weorpe. Gr. 49. (8).

l. 20. hit refers back to _s[=]d_, l. 18.

l. 22. [=u]p sprungenre sunnan. Gr. 41. 2.

l. 28. is [.g]eworden. An over-literal rendering of the Latin _factum est_.

l. 32. hine, reflexive, Gr. 19.

l. 40. t[=o] forbrnenne. We see here how out of the active 'in order to
burn it' may be developed the passive 'in order that it may be burnt,' as
in the modern E. 'a house to let.' Compare Gr. 50. 4, (1).

l. 52. on hiera fatu. Compare l. 137.

l. 60. [.g]ewordenre [.g]ecwidr[=]enne [=]m wyrhtum. A very stiff
adaptation of the ablative absolute of the original, 'conventione autem
facta cum operariis.' _[=]m wyrhtum_ is to be taken as a dative of the
person affected (Gr. 41).

l. 67. dyde [=]m sw[=a] [.g]el[=i]ce. The Latin has simply 'fecit
similiter.' The sense is 'did like to it' (like his former proceeding), the
_sw[=a]_ being pleonastic.

l. 86. t. Gr. 21.

l. 90. suna, dative, 'for his son.'

l. 106. [.g]iefth[=u]s. _h[=u]s_ must here be taken in the sense of 'hall,'
'chamber.' In Icelandic the plural _h[=u]s_ is regularly used to denote the
group of buildings (often detached) constituting a house or homestead, the
kitchen, for instance, which was originally detached, being still called
_eldh[=u]s_ (fire-house).

l. 107. t h[=e] wolde ges[=e]on. This clause is due to a confusion of two
constructions, (1) _h[=e] wolde [.g]es[=e]on_, (2) _t_ (in order that)
_h[=e] [.g]es[=a]we_.

III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.

The first two pieces are taken from lfric's translation of the Heptateuch,
first published by Thwaites in his Heptateuchus, and afterwards by Grein as
vol. i. of his _Bibliothek der angelschsischen Prosa_--Genesis xi. and
xxii. The other three are from lfric's Homilies (edited by Thorpe)--ii.
584 foll., i. 570, ii. 432.

l. 4. him betw[=e]onan. Gr. 51. 5.

l. 13. lden. This word is the Latin _latina_ (= _lingua latina_) used
first in the sense of 'Latin language,' then of language generally. {94}

l. 17. for [=]m ... for [=]m e, correlative, the first demonstrative,
the second relative.

l. 28. t[=o] scoldon. This use of _s[.c]eal_ with a verb of motion
understood is very common.

l. 36. him self. _him_ is the reflexive dative of interest referring to
_God_--literally, 'God him-self will appoint for him-self.' In such
constructions we see the origin of the modern _himself_, _themselves_.

ll. 46, 47. n[=u] ... n[=u], correlative, = now ... now that, the second
_n[=u]_ being almost causal (since).

l. 51. hfde ... t[=o], took ... for.

l. 52. Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce. Gr. 40. (1).

l. 57. m[=i]n [e,][.g]e, objective genitive, 'the fear of me.'

m[=a]re, neut. 'a greater thing,' 'something more important.'

l. 81. m[=a]re. Cp. l. 57.

l. 82. w[=]re. Gr. 49. (7).

l. 89. hws is governed by _[.g]iernde_, by 'attraction.'

l. 135. mi[.c]le, adverb.

l. 137. w[=]re. Gr, 49. (7).

l. 153. bel[=i]efan is a later form for _[.g]el[=i]efan_.

l. 156. t[=o] handum. Cp. l. 122 above.

l. 174. [=]r [.g]enam. Gr. 46. 6.

l. 200. fram mannum. _fram_ here, as usual, denotes the agent 'by' in
passive constructions.

l. 202. wite. Compare Gr. 48. (3) and 49. (8).

IV. SAMSON.

From lfric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites' Heptateuch.

l. 8. on[.g]in t[=o] [=a]l[=i]esenne, will release, _on[.g]innan_ is often
used pleonastically in this way.

l. 35. Gaza [.g]eh[=a]ten. When a name together with _[.g]eh[=a]ten_ is put
in apposition to another noun it is left undeclined, contrary to the
general principle (Gr. 42. 6).

l. 41. sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e belocenu w[=]ron, locked as they were.

ufeweardum [=]m cnolle. Gr. 43. 2.

l. 46. ws, consisted.

l. 51. [.g]eworhte. We should expect _[.g]eworhtum_ (Gr. 42. 5). Perhaps
the nom. is due to confusion with the construction with a relative
clause--_e of sinum [.g]eworhte sind_. {95}

l. 74. Dagon [.g]eh[=a]ten. Compare l. 35. swelce, 'on the ground
that'--'because (as they said).'

l. 81. h[=e]ton. Compare l. 106.

l. 87. for is often used pleonastically in this way with _mid_.

V. FROM THE CHRONICLE.

l. 2. h[=e]r sind, there are here. _h[=e]r_ is here used analogously to
_[=]r_, as in II. 3 and the modern E. _there are_. Cp. also l. 12 below.

[.g]e[=e]odu, languages as the test of nationality. It is believed that
Latin was still spoken as a living language by the Romanized Britons at the
time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), from whose Church History this
section was taken by the compilers of the Chronicle.

l. 5. Armenia is an error for _Armorica_.

l. 6. Scithie, Scythia.

l. 8. Noribernie, North of Ireland.

l. 24. h[=e]r, at this date--at this place in the series of entries which
constitute the Chronicle.

l. 26. Wyrt[.g]eorn is the regular development of an earlier *_Wurtigern_
from the British _Vortigern_.

l. 28. Ypwinesfl[=e]ot has not been identified; some say Ebbsfleet.

l. 45. [.g]lesrep, Aylesthorpe, a village near Aylesford.

l. 49. Cr[e,][.c][.g]anford, Crayford.

l. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, shows
that it is taken from some old poem.

l. 61. h[=]ne m[e,]nn, Danes.

l. 62. mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re, literally 'together with Devonshire,' that
is 'with a force of Devonshire men.'

l. 64. dux is here written instead of _ealdormann_. So also we find _rex_
for _cyning_.

l. 65. Sandw[=i]c, Sandwich.

l. 68. f[=e]ore healf hund, fourth half = three and a half. This is the
regular way of expressing fractional numbers, as in the German
_viertehalb_.

l. 71. S[=u]ri[.g]e, Surrey.

l. 73. [=A]cl[=e]a, Ockley.

l. 76. se h[e,]re, the Danish army. _h[e,]re_ got a bad sense, through its
association with _h[e,]rgian_ (to harry), and hence is applied only to a
plundering, marauding body of men. In the Laws _h[e,]re_ is defined as {96}
a gang of thieves more than thirty-five in number. The national English
army (militia) is called _fierd_, l. 71, 3 above.

Humbrem[=u]a, mouth of the Humber.

l. 77. Eoforw[=i]c, York; a corruption of _Eboracum_.

l. 84. inne wurdon, got in.

l. 85. sume. Compare IV. 51.

VI. KING EDMUND.

From lfric's Lives of the Saints, now published for the Early English Text
Society by Prof. Skeat. The present life has been printed only by Thorpe,
in his _Analecta Anglosaxonica_ from a very late MS. It is here given from
the older MS., Cott. Jul. E. 7.

It will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose, that
is, with the letter-rime of poetry, but without its metrical form. The
alliteration is easily discernible:--c[=o]m _s_[=u]an ofer s[=] fram
_s_ancte Benedictes _s_t[=o]we; _d_[.g]e, t[=o] _D_[=u]nst[=a]ne, &c.

l. 1. sancte is an English modification of the Latin genitive _sancti_.

l. 5. sancte is here the E. dative inflection, _sanct_ having been made
into a substantive.

l. 39. bilew[=i]t = _*bile-hw[=i]t_ (with the regular change of _hw_ into
_w_ between vowels) literally 'white (=tender) of bill,' originally, no
doubt, applied to young birds, and then used metaphorically in the sense of
'gentle,' 'simple.'

l. 70. worhte fl[=e]ames. This construction of _wyrcan_ with a genitive is
frequent.

l. 76. w[=]re, subj. Gr. 48. (6).

l. 85. f[=u]se. The correct reading is probably _f[=u]sne_, but the plural
_f[=u]se_ may be taken to refer to Hinguar and his men collectively.

l. 149. [.g]ebedh[=u]s. The Welsh _bettws_, as in Bettws-y-coed = 'chapel
in the wood,' still preserves the O. E. form nearly unchanged.

l. 176. sw[=a] t does not denote result here, but is explanatory--'namely
by being bound....'

l. 178. h[=i]e, reflexive.

l. 179. s ... h[=u], correlative.

l. 185. The reference is apparently to Proverbs xxiv. 11, which (in the
Vulgate) runs thus: 'Erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem.'

l. 200. hwer, (that he might see) whether ...

l. 215. l[=i]chaman, instrumental dative (Gr. 41) of defining.

l. 222. [=E]li[.g] = _[=]l-[=i]eg_ 'eel-island.' {97}

GLOSSARY.

The order is strictly alphabetical ( following _t_) except that words with
the prefix _ge_ are put in the order of the letter that follows the _ge_
(_gebed_ under _b_, &c.).

The following abbreviations are used :--

  _sm._, _sn._, _sf._ masc., neut., fem. substantive.
  _sv._ strong verb.
  _wv._ weak verb.
  _swv._ strong-weak verb (preterito-present).

The others require no explanation.

The numbers after _sv._ refer to the classes of strong verbs in the
grammar.

Words in [ ] are Latin (and Greek) originals or cognate Old E. words. The
latter are only referred to when the connection can be proved by the
phonetic laws given in the grammar.

  [=A], _av._ ever, always.
  abbod, _sm._ abbot [_Latin_ abbatem].
  [=a]-b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, _w. dat._ (offer), announce.
  [=a]-biddan, _sv. 5_, ask for, demand.
  [=a]-b[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, devour.
  [=a]-bl[e,]ndan, _wv._ blind [blind].
  [=a]-brecan, _sv. 4_, break into, take (city).
  [=a]-b[=u]gan, _sv. 7_, bend; swerve, turn.
  ac, _cj._ but.
  [=a]-c[e,]nnan, _wv._ bring forth, bear (child).
  [=a]-cw[e,]llan, _wv._ kill.
  [=a]-cw[e,]n[.c]an, _wv._ extinguish.
  [=a]-dr[=u]gian, _wv._ dry up, _intr._ [dr[=y][.g]e].
  [=a]-dw[=]s[.c]an, _wv._ extinguish.
  cer, _sm._ field.
  ele, _aj._ noble, excellent.
  eling, _sm._ prince.
  [=]fen, _sm._ evening.
  [=]fre, _av._ ever, always.
  fter, _av._, _prep. w. dat._ after--fter [=]em, after that,
      afterwards; according to, by.
  [=][.g]-hwelc, _prn._ each.
  [=][.g]er, _prn._ either, each--_cj._ [=][.g]er [.g]e ... [.g]e, both
      ... and [ = [=][.g] hwer].
  [=]ht, _sf._ property [[=a]hte, [=a]gan].
  [=]lan, _wv._ burn.
  [=]l[.c], _aj._ each.
  lmesse, _sf._ alms, charity [_Greek_ ele[=e]mosn[=e]].
  l-mihti[g.], _aj._ almighty.
  [=]ni[.g], _aj._ any [[=a]n].
  [=]r, _prep. w. dat._ before (of time), [=]r [=]m e, _cj._ before.
  [=]r, _av._ formerly, before; _superl._ [=]rest, _adj. and adv._,
      first.
  r[.c]e-biscop, _sm._ archbishop [_Latin_ archiepiscopus].
  [=]rende, _sn._ errand, message.
  {98}
  [=]rend-raca, _sm._ messenger.
  [=]-rist, _sfm._ (rising again), resurrection [[=a]r[=i]san].
  [=]rne-mergen, _sm._ early morning.
  sc, _sm._ (ash-tree); war-ship.
  t, _prp. w. dat._ at; _deprivation_, from; _origin_,
      _source_--[=a]b[=]don w[=i]f t him, 'asked for wives from them;'
      _specification_, _defining_--wurdon t spr[=][.c]e, 'fell into
      conversation.'
  t-bre[.g]dan, _sv. 3_ (snatch away), deprive of.
  t-foran, _prp. w. dat._ before.
  t-gdre, _av._ together.
  t-[=i]ewan, _wv. w. dat._ show.
  [=]ton, _see_ etan.
  [=a]-fandian,  _wv._ experience, find out [findan].
  [=a]-faran, _sv. 2_, go away, depart.
  [=a]-feallan, _sv. 1_, fall.
  [=a]-f[=e]dan, _wv._ feed.
  [=a]-f[=y]lan, _wv._ defile [f[=u]l].
  [=a]-fyrht, _aj._ frightened [_past partic. of_ [=a]fyrhtan _from_
      forht].
  [=a]gan, _swv._ possess.
  [=a]-g[=a]n, _sv._ happen.
  [=a]gen, _aj._ own [_originally past partic. of_ [=a]gan].
  [=a]-[.g]iefan, _sv. 5_, _w. dat._ give, render.
  [=a]h, _see_ [=a]gan.
  [=a]-h[e,]bban, _sv. 2_, raise, exalt.
  [=a]-hieldan, _wv._ incline.
  [=a]-h[=o]n, _sv. 1_, hang, _trans._
  [=a]-hr[=e]osan, _sv. 7_, fall.
  [=a]hte, _see_ [=a]gan.
  [=a]-hw[=]r, _av._ anywhere.
  [=a]-h[=y]ran, _wv._ hire.
  [=a]-l[=i]esan, _wv._ (loosen), release; redeem [l[=e]as].
  [=a]-l[=i]esed-nes, _sf._ redemption.
  [=a]-l[=i]esend, _sm._ redeemer.
  [=a]n, _aj._ one (_always strong_); a certain one, certain; alone
      (_generally weak_); _gen. pl._ [=a]nra _in_ [=a]nra ge-hwel[.c],
      'each one.'
  [=a]n-c[e,]nned, _aj._ (_past partic._) (only-born), only (child).
  and, _cj._ and.
  and-b[=i]dian, _wv. w. gen._ wait, expect [b[=i]dan].
  andet-nes, _sf._ confession.
  andettan, _wv._ confess.
  and-[.g]iet, _sn._ sense, meaning; understanding, intelligence.
  and-swarian, _wv. w. dat._ answer [andswaru].
  and-swaru, _sf._ answer [sw[e,]rian].
  and-weard, _aj._ present.
  and-wyrdan, _wv. w. dat._ answer [word].
  Angel, _sm._ Anglen (a district in Slesvig).
  Angel-cynn, _sn._ English nation, England.
  [=a]-niman, _sv. 4_, take away.
  [=a]n-l[=][.c]an, _wv._ unite.
  [=a]n-m[=o]d, _aj._ unanimous.
  [=a]n-m[=o]d-l[=i]ce, _av._ unanimously.
  [=a]n-r[=]d, _aj._ (of one counsel) constant, firm, resolute.
  apostol, _sm._ apostle.
  [=a]r, _sf._ mercy; honour.
  [=a]-r[=]ran, _wv._ raise, build [[=a]r[=i]san].
  [=a]rian, _wv. w. dat._ honour; spare, have mercy on [[=a]r].
  [=a]-r[=i]san, _sv. 6_, arise.
  [=a]r-l[=e]as, _aj._ wicked.
  arn, _see_ iernan.
  arod, _aj._ quick, bold.
  arod-l[=i]ce, _av._ quickly, readily, boldly.
  [=a]r-weor, _adj._ worthy of honour, venerable.
  [=a]scian, _wv._ ask.
  [=a]-sc[=u]fan, _sv. 7_, thrust.
  [=a]-s[e,]ndan, _wv._ send.
  [=a]-s[e,]ttan, _wv._ set, place.
  [=a]-sm[=e]an, _wv._ consider, think of, conceive.
  assa, _sm._ ass.
  [=a]-st[e,]llan, _wv._ institute.
  [=a]-st[=i]gan, _sv. 6_, ascend, descend.
  [=a]-str[e,][.c][.c]an, _wv._ stretch out, extend.
  [=a]-styrian, _wv._ stir, move.
  [=a]-t[=e]on, _sv. 7_, draw out, draw, take.
  atol-lic, _aj._ deformed.
  [=a]-r[=e]otan, _sv. 7_, fail, run short.
  {99}
  [=a]-w[e,][.c][.c]an, _wv._ awake, arouse [wacian].
  [=a]-w[=e]dan, _wv._ go mad [w[=o]d].
  [=a]-w[e,]ndan, _wv._ turn; translate.
  [=a]-weorpan, _sv. 3_, throw, throw away; depose (king).
  [=a]-w[=e]stan, _wv._ lay waste, ravage.
  [=a]-wier[.g]ed, _aj._ cursed, accursed, [_past. partic. of_
      [=a]wier[.g]an, _from_ wearg].
  [=a]-wiht, _prn._ aught, anything.
  [=a]-wr[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, write.
  [=a]-wyrtwalian, _wv._ root up.

              B.

  Bc, _sn._ back--under bc, behind.
  bd, _see_ biddan.
  b[=]don, _see_ biddan.
  brnan, _wv._ burn, _trans._ [beornan].
  brnett, _sn._ burning.
  b[=]ron, _see_ beran.
  bst, _sm._ bast.
  bsten, _aj._ of bast.
  be, _prep. w. dat._ by;   about, concerning.
  beald, _aj._ bold.
  bearn, _sn._ child [beran].
  b[=e]atan, _sv. 1_, beat.
  be-b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, _w. dat._ bid, command.
  be-byr[.g]an, _wv._ bury.
  b[=e][.c], _see_ b[=o]c.
  be-clyppan, _wv._ embrace, encompass, hold.
  be-cuman, _sv. 4_, come.
  _[.g]e_bed, _sn._ prayer [biddan].
  be-d[=]lan, _wv. w. gen._ deprive of [d[=]l].
  b[e,]dd, _sn._ bed.
  be-delfan, _sv. 3_; (hide by digging), bury.
  _[.g]e_bed-h[=u]s, _sn._ oratory, chapel.
  be-fstan, _wv._ (make fast); _w. dat._ commit, entrust to.
  be-foran, _prp. w. dat._ before.
  b[=e][.g]en, _prn._ both.
  be-[.g]eondan, _prp. w. acc._ beyond.
  be-[.g]ietan, _sv. 5_, get, obtain.
  be-[.g]innan, _sv. 3_, begin.
  be-h[=a]tan, _sv. 1_, _w. dat._ promise.
  be-h[=e]afdian, _wv._ behead [h[=e]afod].
  be-healdan, _sv. 1_, behold.
  be-h[=o]fian, _wv. w. gen._ require.
  be-hr[=e]owsian, _wv._ repent [hr[=e]owan].
  be-h[=y]dan, _wv._ hide.
  be-l[=]wan, _wv._ betray.
  be-l[=i]efan, _wv._ believe.
  be-l[=i]fan, _sv. 6_, remain [l[=a]f].
  be-l[=u]can, _sv. 7_, lock, close.
  b[e,]nd, _smfn._ bond [bindan].
  b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, _w. dat._ offer.
  b[=e]on, _v._ be--b[=e]on ymbe, have to do with.
  beorg, _sm._ hill, mountain.
  _[.g]e_beorgan, _sv. 3_, _w. dat._ save, protect.
  beornan, _sv. 3_, burn, _intrans_.
  b[=e]ot-lic, _aj._ boastful.
  be-p[=][.c]an, _wv._ deceive.
  beran, _sv. 4_, bear, carry; ([.g]eberan, bring forth).
  b[e,]rn, _sn._ barn.
  berstan, _sv. 3_, burst.
  be-s[=a]rgian, _wv._ lament [s[=a]ri[.g]].
  be-s[.c]ieran, _sv. 4_, shear, cut hair.
  be-s[=e]on, _sv. 5_, see, look.
  be-s[e,]ttan, _wv._ set about, surround, cover.
  be-stealcian, _wv._ go stealthily, steal.
  be-sw[=i]can, _sv. 6_, deceive, circumvent, betray.
  be-t[=][.c]an, _wv._ commit, entrust, give up.
  b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst, _see_ g[=o]d.
  betw[=e]onan, _prp. w. dat._ between, among.
  be-twix, _prep. w. acc. and dat._ between, among; _of time_,
      during--betwix [=]m e, _cj._ while.
  be-w[e,]rian, _wv._ defend.
  be-witan, _swv._ watch over, have charge of.
  b[=i]dan, _sv. 6_, wait.
  biddan, _sv. 5_, ask, beg.
  _[.g]e_biddan, _sv. 5_, _refl._ pray.
  {100}
  bieldo, _sf._ (boldness), arrogance [beald].
  b[=i]-g[e,]ng, _sm._ worship [bi, by, _and_ g[e,]n[.g] _from_ g[=a]n].
  bile-w[=i]t, _aj._ simple, innocent.
  bindan, _sv. 3_, bind.
  binnan, _av._ inside; _prp. w. dat._ within, in [ = be-innan].
  biscop, _sm._ bishop [_Latin_ episcopus].
  bi-smer, _snm._ insult, ignominy.
  bismer-full, _aj._ ignominious, shameful.
  bismerian, _wv._ treat with ignominy, insult [bismer].
  b[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, bite.
  bi, _see_ b[=e]on.
  bl[=a]wan, _sv. 1_, blow.
  bleoh, _sn._ colour.
  bl[=e]ow, _see_ bl[=a]wan.
  bl[=e]tsian, _wv._ bless.
  blind, _aj._ blind.
  bliss, _sf._ merriment, joy.
  blissian, _wv._ rejoice.
  bl[=i]e, _aj._ glad, merry.
  bl[=i]e-l[=i]ce, _av._ gladly.
  bl[=o]d, _sn._ blood.
  b[=o]c, _sf._ book, scripture.
  B[=o]c-lden, _sn._ book Latin, Latin.
  bodian, _wv._ announce, preach [b[=e]odan].
  bodi[.g], _sm._ body.
  bohte, _see_ by[.c][.g]an.
  br[=a]d, _aj._ broad.
  br[=], _sm._ vapour, odour.
  brecan, _sv. 4_, break; take (city).
  bre[.g]dan, _sv. 3_, pull.
  br[=e]mel, _sm._ bramble.
  Breten, _sf._ Britain.
  Brettas, _smpl._ the British.
  Brettisc, _aj._ British [Brettas].
  bringan, _wv._ bring.
  br[=o]hte, _see_ bringan.
  br[=o]or, _sm._ brother.
  br[=u]can, _sv. 7_, _w. gen._ enjoy, partake of.
  br[=y]d, _sf._ bride.
  br[=y]d-guma, _sm._ bridegroom [_literally_ bride-man].
  b[=u]an, _wv._ dwell.
  b[=u]end, _smpl._ dwellers [_pres. partic. of_ b[=u]an].
  bufan, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ over, above, on.
  b[=u]gan, _sv. 7_, bend, incline.
  bundon, _see_ bindan.
  burg, _sf._ city.
  burg-[.g]eat, _sn._ city-gate.
  b[=u]tan, _av._ outs[=i]de; _prp. w. dat._ without, except, besides [ =
      be-[=u]tan].
  b[=u]tan, _cj._ unless, except.
  by[.c][.g]an, _wv._ buy.
  byren, _sf._ burden [beran].
  byr[.g]en, _sf._ tomb [bebyr[.g]an].
  _[.g]e_byrian, _wf._ be due, befit.
  byri[.g], _see_ burg.
  byrst, _sf._ bristle.
  _[.g]e_b[=y]snian, _wv._ give example, illustrate.
  _[.g]e_b[=y]snung, _sf._ example.

              C.

  Cann, _see_ cunnan.
  can[=o]n, _sm._ canon; can[=o]nes b[=e]c, canonical books.
  Cantwara-burg, _sf._ Canterbury [Cantwara, _gen. of_ Cantware].
  Cant-ware, _pl._ Kent-dwellers, men of Kent [_Lat._ Cantia _and_ ware].
  c[=a]sere, _sm._ emperor [_Latin_ Caesar].
  [.c]eaflas, _smpl._ jaws.
  [.c]eald, _aj._ cold.
  [.c]ealf, _sn._ calf.
  [.c][=e]ap, _sn._ purchase.
  [.c][=e]as, _see_ [.c][=e]osan.
  [.c]easter, _sf._ city [_Latin_ castra].
  c[=e]ne, _aj._ brave, bold.
  c[e,]nnan, _wv._ bring forth, bear child.
  C[e,]nt, _sf._ Kent [Cantia].
  C[e,]nt-land, _sn._ Kent.
  [.c]eorfan, _sv. 3_, cut.
  [.c][=e]osan, _sv. 7_, choose.
  c[=e]pan, _wv. w. gen._ attend, look out for.
  [.c][=i]epan, _wv._ trade, sell [[.c][=e]ap].
  [.c][=i]epend, _sm._ seller [_pres. partic. of_ [.c][=i]epan].
  [.c]ierr, _sm._ turn.
  {101}
  [.c]ierran, _wv._ turn, return, go--[.c]ierran t[=o], take to.
  _[.g]e_[.c]ierred-nes, _sf._ conversion.
  [.c]ild, _sn._ child.
  [.c]ild-h[=a]d, _sm._ childhood.
  [.c]inn-b[=a]n, _sn._ jawbone.
  [.c]iri[.c]e, _sf._ church.
  cl[=]ne, _aj._ clean, pure.
  clawu, _sf._ claw.
  clipian, _wv._ call, summon.
  clipung, _sf._ calling.
  clyppan, _wv._ clip, embrace.
  cnapa, _sm._ (boy, youth), servant.
  cnoll, _sm._ top, summit.
  coccel, _sm._ corn-cockle.
  c[=o]m, _see_ cuman.
  coren, _see_ [.c][=e]osan.
  crft, _sm._ skill, cunning.
  cr[=i]sten, _aj._ Christian.
  cuma, _sm._ stranger [cuman].
  cuman, _sv. 4_, come; cuman [=u]p, land.
  cunnan, _swv._ know.
  cunnian, _wv._ try [cunnan].
  curon, _see_ [.c][=e]osan.
  c[=u], _aj._ known [_originally past partic. of_ cunnan].
  cw[=]don, _see_ cwean.
  cwae, _see_ cwean.
  cweartern, _sn._ prison.
  cw[=e]man, _wv._ please, gratify.
  _[.g]e_cw[=e]mednes, _sf._ pleasing.
  cw[=e]n, _sf._ queen.
  cwean, _sv. 5_, say, speak; name, call.
  cwic, _aj._ alive.
  cwide, _sm._ speech, address [cwean].
  _[.g]e_cw[=i]d-r[=]den, _sf._ agreement.
  cwi, _see_ cwean.
  cym, _see_ cuman.
  cyne-cynn, _sn._ royal family.
  cyne-l[=i]c, _aj._ royal.
  cyne-l[=i]ce, _av._ like a king, royally.
  cyne-st[=o]l, _sm._ throne.
  cyning, _sm._ king.
  cynn, _sn._ race, kind.
  cyst, _sf._ excellence [[.c][=e]osan].
  cysti[.g], _aj._ (excellent), charitable.
  c[=y]an, _wv._ make known, tell [c[=u]].

              D.

  D[=]d, _sf._ deed.
  d[.g], _sm._ day.
  d[.g]-hw[=]m-l[=i]ce, _av._ daily.
  d[=]l, _sm._ part--be healfum d[=]le, by half.
  d[=]lan, _wv._ divide, share.
  d[=e]ad, _aj._ dead.
  d[=e]a, _sm._ death.
  Defena-s[.c][=i]r, _sf._ Devonshire [Devonia].
  dehter, _see_ dohtor.
  _[.g]e_delf, _sn._ digging.
  delfan, _sv. 3_, dig.
  D[e,]ne, _smpl._ Danes.
  D[e,]nisc, _aj._ Danish.
  d[=e]ofol, _sum._ devil [_Latin_ diabolus].
  d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, _sn._ idol.
  d[=e]op, _aj._ deep.
  d[=e]or, _sn._ wild beast.
  d[=e]ore, _aj._ dear, precious.
  d[=e]or-wiere, _aj._ precious.
  d[=i]egol, _aj._ hidden, secret.
  d[=i]egol-nes, _sf._ secret.
  d[=i]epe, _sf._ depth [d[=e]op].
  dihtan, _wv._ appoint [_Latin_ dictare].
  disc-e[.g]n, _sm._ (dish-thane), waiter.
  dohtor, _sf._ daughter.
  d[=o]m, _sm._ doom, judgment, sentence.
  d[=o]n, _sv._ do, act.
  dorste, _see_ durran.
  draca, _sm._ dragon.
  dranc, _see_ drincan.
  dr[=e]ori[.g], _aj._ sad.
  dr[=i]fan, _sv. 6_, drive.
  drinca, _sm._ drink.
  drincan, _sv. 3_, drink.
  drohtnian, _wv._ live, continue, behave.
  drohtnung, _sf._ conduct.
  dr[=y][.g]e, _aj._ dry.
  Dryhten, _sm._ Lord,
  d[=u]n, _sf._ hill, down.
  durran, _swv._ dare.
  duru, _sf._ door.
  d[=u]st, _sn._ dust.
  _[.g]e_dwyld, _sn._ error.
  dyde, _see_ d[=o]n.
  dyppan, _wv._ dip.
  dysi[.g], _aj._ foolish.

  {102}
              E.

  [=E]ac, _av._ also; [=e]ac swelce, also.
  [=e]acnian, _wv._ increase.
  [=e]adi[.g], _aj._ (prosperous), blessed.
  [=e]age, _sn._ eye.
  [=e]ag-[=y]rel, _sn._ (eye-hole), window.
  eahta, _num._ eight.
  [=e]a-l[=a], _interj._ oh!
  eald, _aj._ old--_cp._ ieldra.
  Eald-seaxe, _smpl._ Old Saxons.
  ealdor, _sm._ chief, master.
  ealdor-mann, _sm._ chief, officer.
  eall, _aj._ all.
  eall, _av._ quite ; eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a], (quite) as much as.
  eall-n[=i]we, _aj._ quite new.
  eallunga, _av._ entirely.
  ealu, _sn._ ale.
  eard, _sm._ country, native land.
  eardian, _wv._ dwell.
  [=e]are, _sn._ ear.
  earm, _sm._ arm.
  earm, _aj._ poor, wretched, despicable.
  earm-lic, _aj._ miserable.
  earm-l[=i]ce, _av._ miserably, wretchedly.
  earn, _sm._ eagle.
  eart, _see_ wesan.
  [=e]ast, _av._ eastwards.
  [=e]ast-d[=]l, _sm._ east part, the East.
  [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, _smpl._ East-Anglians.
  [=E]ast-seaxe, _smpl._ East-Saxons.
  [=e]ae-lic, _aj._ insignificant, weak.
  [=e]a-m[=e]dan, _wv._ humble [[=e]am[=o]d].
  [=e]a-m[=o]d, _aj._ humble.
  [=e][.c]e, _aj._ eternal.
  [=e][.c]-nes, _sf._ eternity.
  efen, _aj._ even.
  _[.g]e_efen-l[=][.c]an, _wv._ imitate.
  efne, _av._ behold, lo! [efen].
  [e,]fsian, _wv._ clip, shear.
  eft, _av._ again; afterwards, then; back.
  [e,][.g]e, _sm._ fear.
  [e,][.g]esa, _sm._ fear [e[.g]e].
  [e,][.g]es-lic, _aj._ fearful, awful.
  [=e]htere, _sm._ persecutor.
  ele, _sm._ oil.
  [e,]l-[=e]odi[.g]-nes, _sf._ foreign land.
  [e,]nde, _sm._ end.
  [e,]ndemes, _av._ together.
  _[.g]e_[e,]ndian, _wv._ end; die.
  [e,]ndlufon, _num._ eleven.
  [e,]ndlyfta, _aj._ eleventh.
  _[.g]e_[e,]ndung, _sf._ ending, end.
  [e,]n[.g]el, _sm._ angel [_Latin_ angelus].
  [E,]n[.g]la-land, _sn._ England [[E,]n[.g]la _gen. pl. of_ [E,]n[.g]le].
  [E,]n[.g]le, _smpl._ the English [Angel].
  [E,]n[.g]lisc, _aj._ English--_sn._ English language [[E,]n[.g]le].
  [=e]ode, _see_ g[=a]n.
  eom, _see_ wesan.
  eorl, _sm._ earl.
  eor-b[=u]end, _sm._ earth-dweller.
  eore, _sf._ earth.
  eor-fst, _aj._ firm in the earth.
  eor-lic, _aj._ earthly.
  eornost, _sf._ earnest.
  eornost-l[=i]ce, _av._ in truth, indeed.
  [=e]ow, _see_ [=u].
  etan, _sv. 5_, eat.
  [=e]el, _sm._ country, native land.

              F.

  Fder, _sm._ father.
  f[.g]en, _aj._ glad.
  f[.g]er, _aj._ fair.
  f[.g]er-nes, _sf._ fairness, beauty.
  f[.g]nian, _wv. w. gen._ rejoice.
  f[=]mne, _sf._ virgin.
  f[=]r, _sf._ danger.
  f[=]r-lic, _aj._ sudden.
  f[=]r-l[=i]ce, _av._ suddenly.
  fst, _aj._ fast, firm.
  fstan, _wv._ fast.
  fsten, _sf._ fasting.
  ft, _sn._ vessel.
  f[=a]g-nes, _sf._ variegation, various colours.
  fandian, _wv. w. gen._ try, test, tempt [findan].
  faran, _sv. 2_, go.
  faru, _sf._ procession, retinue, pomp.
  f[=e]a, _aj. pl._ few.
  _[.g]e_f[=e]a, _sm._ joy.
  feallan, _sv. 1_, fall.
  fearr, _sm._ bull; ox.
  feax, _sn._ hair of head.
  {103}
  f[=e]dan, _wv._ feed [f[=o]da].
  fela, _aj. pl. w. gen._ many.
  feld, _sm._ field.
  feoh, _sn._ money, property.
  _[.g]e_feoht, _sn._ fight.
  feohtan, _sv. 3_, fight.
  f[=e]ole, _sf._ file.
  f[=e]olian, _wv._ file.
  f[=e]oll, _see_ feallan.
  f[=e]ond, _sm._ enemy.
  feorh, _snm._ life.
  feorm, _sf._ (food); feast, banquet.
  feorr, _av._ far.
  f[=e]ora, _num._ fourth.
  f[=e]ower, _num._ four.
  _[.g]e_f[=e]ra, _sm._ companion [f[=o]r].
  f[=e]ran, _wv._ go, fare [f[=o]r].
  _[.g]e_f[=e]ran, _wv._ (go over), take possession of.
  f[e,]rian, _wv._ carry [faran].
  f[=e]t, _see_ f[=o]t.
  f[e,]tian, _wv._ fetch--_pret._ [.g]ef[e,]tte.
  _[.g]e_f[e,]tte, _see_ f[e,]tian.
  f[=i]end, _see_ f[=e]ond.
  fierd, _sf._ army [faran].
  fierlen, _aj._ distant [feorr].
  fierst, _sm._ period, time.
  f[=i]f, _num._ five.
  findan, _sv. 3_ (_pret._ funde), find.
  fisc, _sm._ fish.
  fisc-cynn, _sn._ fish-kind.
  fl[=e]am, _sm._ flight [fl[=e]on].
  fleax, _sn._ flax.
  fl[=e]ogan, _sv. 7_, fly.
  fl[=e]on, _sv. 7_, flee.
  fl[=e]otan, _sv. 7_, float.
  fl[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, quarrel, dispute.
  _[.g]e_fl[=i]eman, _wv._ put to flight [fl[=e]am].
  fl[=o]d, _sm._ flood.
  flota, _sm._ fleet [fl[=e]otan].
  flot-h[e,]re, _sm._ naval army, army of pirates.
  flot-mann, _sm._ sailor, pirate.
  fl[=o]wan, _sv. 1_, flow.
  flugon, _see_ fl[=e]on.
  flyht, _sm._ flight [fl[=e]ogan].
  f[=o]da, _sm._ food.
  folc, _sn._ people, nation.
  folc-lic, _aj._ popular.
  folgian, _wv. w. dat._ follow; obey.
  f[=o]n, _sv. 1_, seize, take, capture; f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, came to
      the throne; t[=o]gdre f[=e]ngon, joined together.
  for, _prep. w. dat._ before--r[=i][.c]e for worulde, in the eyes of the
      world; _causal_, for, because of, for the sake of--ne dorste for
      Gode, for the fear of God--for [=]m, therefore, for [=]em (e),
      because; _w. acc._, instead of, for.
  f[=o]r, _sf._ journey [faran].
  f[=o]r, _see_ faran.
  for-brnan, _wv._ burn up, burn, _trans._
  for-b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, forbid.
  for-br[=e]otan, _sv. 7_, break.
  for-[.c]eorfan, _sv. 3_, cut off.
  for-dilgian, _wv._ destroy.
  for-d[=o]n, _sv._ destroy.
  for-ealdod, _aj._ aged [_past partic. of_ forealdian, grow old].
  fore-s[.c][=e]awian, _wv._ pre-ordain, decree, appoint.
  fore-s[e,][.c][.g]an, _wv._ say before--se fores[.g]da, the aforesaid.
  for-[.g]iefan, _sv. 5_, _w. dat._ give, grant; forgive.
  for-[.g]ief-nes, _sf._ forgiveness.
  for-[.g][=i]eman, _wv._ neglect.
  for-[.g]ietan, _sv._ forget.
  forht, _aj._ afraid.
  forhtian, _wv._ be afraid.
  for-hwega, _av._ somewhere.
  for-l[=]tan, _sv. 1_, leave, abandon.
  for-l[=e]osan, _sv. 7_, lose.
  for-li[.g]er, _sn._ wantonness, immorality.
  forma, _aj._ first--_superl._ fyrmest, first.
  for-molsnian, _wv._ crumble, decay.
  for-scrincan, _sv. 3_, shrink up.
  for-s[=e]on, _sv. 5_, despise.
  for-sl[=e]an, _sv. 2_, cut through.
  for-standan, _sv. 2_, (stand before), protect.
  for, _av._ forth, forwards, on.
  for-f[=e]ran, _wv._ depart, die.
  for-rysman, _wv._ suffocate, choke.
  {104}
  for-weoran, _sv. 3_, perish.
  f[=o]t, _sm._ foot.
  frtwian, _wv._ adorn.
  frtwung, _sf._ ornament.
  fram, _prep. w. dat._ from; _agent. w. pass._ h[=i]e w[=]ron fram
      Wyrt[.g]eorne [.g]elaode, invited by.
  fr[e,]mman, _wv._ perform, do.
  fr[=e]ond, _sm._ friend.
  fri, _sm._ peace--fri niman, make peace.
  fugol, _sm._ bird.
  fuhton, _see_ feohtan.
  f[=u]l, _aj._ foul, impure.
  full, _aj._ full.
  full-bl[=i]e, _aj._ very glad.
  full-c[=e]ne, _aj._ very brave.
  ful-l[=i]ce, _av._ fully.
  full-s[=o], _aj._ very true.
  fultum, _sm._ help; forces, troops.
  fultumian, _wv. w. dat._ help.
  funde, _see_ findan.
  furor, _av._ further, more [for].
  f[=u]s, _aj._ hastening.
  fyllan, _wv._ fill, fulfil [full].
  f[=y]r, _sn._ fire.
  fyrmest, _see_ forma.

              G.

  Gadrian, _wv._ gather.
  grs, _sn._ grass.
  gafeloc, _sm._ missile, spear.
  gafol, _sn._ interest, profit.
  gamen, _sn._ sport.
  g[=a]n, _sv._ go.
  _[.g]e_g[=a]n, _sv._ gain, conquer.
  gangende, _see_ g[=a]n.
  g[=a]st, _sm._ spirit; se h[=a]lga g[=a]st, the Holy Ghost.
  g[=a]st-lic, _aj._ spiritual.
  [.g]e, _cj._ and--[.g]e ... [.g]e, both ... and.
  [.g][=e], _see_ [=u].
  [.g]ealga, _sm._ gallows.
  [.g][=e]ar, _sn._ year.
  [.g]earcian, _wv._ prepare [[.g]earo].
  [.g]eard, _sm._ yard, court.
  [.g]earu, _aj._ ready.
  [.g]earwian, _wv._ prepare.
  [.g]eat, _sn._ gate.
  [.g][=e]ogu, _sf._ youth.
  [.g][=e]omrung, _sf._ lamentation.
  [.g]eond,  _prp. w. acc._ through, throughout.
  [.g][=e]ong, _aj._ young.
  [.g]eorn, _aj._ eager.
  [.g]eorne, _av._ eagerly, earnestly.
  [.g]iefan, _sv. 5_, give.
  [.g]iefta, _sfpl._ marriage, wedding [[.g]iefan].
  [.g]ieft-h[=u]s, _sn._ wedding-hall.
  [.g]ieft-lic, _aj._ wedding.
  [.g]iefu, _sf._ gift; grace (of God) [[.g]iefan].
  [.g]ierla, _sm._ dress [[.g]earu].
  [.g]iernan, _wv. w. gen._ yearn, desire; ask [[.g]eorn].
  [.g]iet, _av._ yet; further, besides.
  [.g]if, _cj._ if.
  [.g]imm, _sm._ gem, jewel [_Latin_ gemma].
  [.g]imm-st[=a]n, _sm._ gem, jewel.
  [.g]it, _see_ [=u].
  [.g][=i]tsian, _wv._ covet.
  [.g][=i]tsung, _sf._ covetousness, avarice.
  gld, _aj._ glad.
  gld-l[=i]ce, _av._ gladly.
  gl[=e]aw, _aj._ prudent, wise.
  gl[e,]n[.g]an, _wv._ adorn; trim (lamp).
  god, _sm._ God.
  god-fder, _sm._ godfather.
  god-spell, _sn._ gospel.
  godspel-lic, _aj._ evangelical.
  g[=o]d, _aj._ good--_compar._ b[e,]tera. _superl._ b[e,]tst.
  g[=o]d, _sn._ good thing, good.
  gold, _sn._ gold.
  gold-hord, _sn._ treasure.
  gr[=]di[.g]. _aj._ greedy.
  gr[=][.g], _aj._ grey.
  gr[=e]tan, _wv._ greet, salute.
  grindan, _sv. 3_, grind.
  gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung, _sf._ gnashing of teeth.
  grymetian, _wv._ grunt, roar.
  gyldan, _wv._ gild [gold].
  gylden, _aj._ golden [gold].

              H.

  Habban, _wv._ have; take.
  {105}
  h[=a]d, _sm._ rank, condition.
  _[.g]e_h[=a]dod, _aj._ ordained, in orders, clerical [_past partic. of_
      h[=a]dian, ordain].
  hfde, hf, _see_ habban.
  hftan, _wv._ hold fast, hold [habban].
  h[=]lan, _wv._ heal [h[=a]l].
  h[=]lend, _sm._ Saviour [_pres. partic. of_ h[=]lan].
  h[=]lo, _sf._ salvation [h[=a]l].
  h[=]s, _sf._ command.
  hspe, _sf._ hasp.
  h[=]te, _sf._ heat [h[=a]t].
  h[=], _sf._ heath.
  h[=]en, _aj._ heathen [h[=]].
  h[=a]l, _aj._ whole, sound.
  _[.g]e_h[=a]l, _aj._ whole, uninjured.
  h[=a]lga, _sm._ saint.
  h[=a]l[.g]ian, _wv._ hallow, consecrate.
  h[=a]li[.g], _aj._ holy.
  h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]m, _sm._ holy object, relic.
  h[=a]m, _av._ homewards, home.
  hand, _sf._ hand.
  hand-cweorn, _sf._ hand-mill.
  hangian, _wv._ hang, _intr._ [h[=o]n].
  h[=a]t, _aj._ hot.
  h[=a]tan, _sv. 1_, command, ask--_w. inf. in passive sense_, h[=e]ton him
      s[e,][.c][.g]an, bade them be told ; name--_passive_, h[=a]tte.
  hatian, _wv._ hate.
  h[=a]tte, _see_ h[=a]tan.
  h[=e], _prn_. he.
  h[=e]afod, _sn._ head.
  h[=e]afod-mann, _sm._ head-man, ruler, chief.
  h[=e]ah, _aj._ high--_superl._ h[=i]ehst.
  healdan, _sv. 1_, hold, keep; guard; preserve; observe, keep.
  healf, _aj._ half.
  healf, _sf._ side.
  h[=e]a-lic, _aj._ lofty [h[=e]ah].
  heall, _sf._ hall.
  heard, _aj._ hard ; strong; severe.
  h[e,]bban, _sv. 2_, raise.
  h[e,]fel-r[=]d, _sm._ web-thread, thread.
  h[e,]fe, _sm._ weight [h[e,]bban].
  h[e,]fi[.g], _aj._ heavy [h[e,]fe].
  h[e,]ll, _sf._ hell.
  _[.g]e_h[e,]nde, _aj. w. dat._ near [hand].
  h[=e]o, _see_ h[=e].
  heofon, _sm._ heaven--_often in plur._, heofona r[=i][.c]e.
  heofon-lic, _aj._ heavenly.
  h[=e]old, _see_ healdan.
  heord, _sf._ herd.
  heorte, _sf._ heart.
  h[=e]r, _av._ here; hither--h[=e]rfter, &c., hereafter.
  h[=e]r-be-[=e]astan, _av._ east of this.
  h[e,]re, _sm._ army.
  h[e,]re-r[=e]af, _sn._ spoil.
  h[e,]re-toga, _sm._ army-leader, general, chief [toga _from_ t[=e]on].
  h[e,]rgian, _wv._ ravage, make war [h[e,]re].
  h[e,]rgung, _sf._ (ravaging), warfare, war.
  h[e,]rian, _wv._ praise.
  h[=e]t, _see_ h[=a]tan.
  hider, _av_. hither.
  h[=i]e, _see_ h[=e].
  h[=i]ehst, _see_ h[=e]ah.
  hiera, _see_ h[=e].
  _[.g]e_h[=i]eran, _wv._ hear.
  hierde, _sm._ shepherd [heord].
  hierd-r[=]den, _sf._ guardianship.
  hiere, _see_ h[=e].
  _[.g]e_h[=i]er-sum, _aj. w. dat._ obedient [h[=i]eran].
  _[.g]e_h[=i]ersum-nes, _sf._ obedience.
  him, hine, _see_ h[=e].
  h[=i]red, _snm._ family, household.
  his, _see_ h[=e].
  hit, _see_ h[=e].
  h[=i]w, _sn._ hue, form.
  hl[=]dder, _sf._ ladder.
  hlst, _sm._ load.
  hl[=a]f, _sm._ bread, loaf of bread.
  hl[=a]ford, _sm._ lord.
  hl[=i]sa, _sm._ fame.
  hl[=u]d, _aj._ loud.
  hl[=y]dan, _wv._ make a noise, shout [hl[=u]d].
  hnappian, _wv_. doze.
  _[.g]e_hoferod, _aj._ (past partic.), hump-backed.
  holt, _sn._ wood.
  {106}
  h[=o]n, _sv. 1_, hang [hangian].
  horn, _sm._ horn.
  hrd-l[=i]ce, _av._ quickly.
  hrdung, _sf._ hurry.
  hrae, _av._ quickly--sw[=a] hrae sw[=a], as soon as.
  hr[=e]od, _sn._ reed.
  hr[=e]owan, _sv. 7_, rue, repent.
  hr[=i]eman, _wv._ cry, call.
  hr[=i]er, _sn._ ox.
  hr[=o]f, _sn._ roof.
  hry[.c][.g], _sm._ back.
  hryre, _sm._ fall [hr[=e]osan].
  h[=u], _av._ how.
  h[=u]-meta, _av._ how.
  hund, _sn. w. gen._ hundred.
  hund, _sm._ dog.
  hund-feald, _aj._ hundredfold.
  hund-nigonti[.g], _num._ ninety.
  hund-tw[e,]lfti[.g], _num._ hundred and twenty.
  hungor, _sm._ hunger; famine.
  hungri[.g], _aj._ hungry.
  h[=u]ru, _av._ especially.
  h[=u]s, _sn._ house.
  hux-l[=i]ce, _av._ ignominiously.
  hw[=a], _prn._ who.
  [.g]ehw[=a], _prn._ every one.
  hw[=]m, _see_ hw[=a].
  hw[=]r, _av._ where--sw[=a] hw[=]r sw[=a], wherever.
  [.g]ehw[=]r, _av._ everywhere.
  hws, hwt, _see_ hw[=a].
  hwt, _interj._ what! lo! well.
  hw[=]te, _sm._ wheat.
  hwer, _av. cj._ whether--hwer e, _to introduce a direct question_.
  hwre, _av._ however.
  hwanon, _av._ whence.
  hwel[.c], _prn._ which; any one, any--sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a], whoever.
  [.g]ehwel[.c], _prn._ any, any one.
  hw[=i]l, _sf._ while, time.
  hwone, _see_ hw[=a].
  hwonne, _av._ when.
  hw[=y], _av._ why.
  h[=y]dan, _wv._ hide.
  hyht, _sf._ hope.
  _[.g]e_hyhtan, _wv._ hope.
  h[=y]ran, _wv._ hire.

              I.

  I[.c], _prn._ I.
  [=i]del, _aj._ idle; useless, vain--on [=i]del, in vain.
  [=i]e[.g]-land, _sn._ island.
  ieldan, _wv._ delay [eald].
  ieldra, _see_ eald.
  ieldran, _smpl._ ancestors [_originally compar._ of eald].
  iernan, _sv. 3_, run; flow.
  ierre, _aj._ angry.
  [=i]l, _sm._ hedgehog.
  ilca, _prn._ same (always weak, and with the definite article).
  in, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ in, into.
  inc, _see_ [=u].
  inn, _av._ in (of motion).
  innan, _prp. w. dat._ (_av._) within.
  inne, _av._ within, inside.
  inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d, _sn._ inner thoughts, mind.
  in-t[=o], _prp. w. dat._ into.
  [=I]otan, _smpl._ Jutes.
  [=I]r-land, _sn._ Ireland.
  I[=u]d[=e]isc, _aj._ Jewish--[=a] I[=u]d[=e]iscan, the Jews.

              L.

  L[=a], _interj._ lo!--l[=a] l[=e]of! Sir!
  l[=a]c, _sn._ gift; offering, sacrifice.
  [.g]el[=][.c]an, _wv._ seize.
  l[=]dan, _wv._ lead; carry, bring, take.
  lden, _sn._ Latin; language.
  l[.g], _see_ li[.c][.g]an.
  l[=]ran, _wv. w. double acc._ teach; advise, suggest [l[=a]r].
  _[.g]e_l[=]red, _aj._ learned [_past partic._ of l[=]ran].
  l[=]s, _av._ less--[=y] l[=]s (e), _cj. w. subj._ lest.
  l[=]tan, _sv. 1_, let; leave--h[=e]o l[=e]t [=a] sw[=a], she let the
      matter rest there.
  _[.g]e_l[=]te, _sn._--wega [.g]el[=]tu, _pl._ meetings of the roads.
  l[=a]f, _sf._ remains--t[=o] l[=a]fe b[=e]on, remain over, be left
      [(be)l[=i]fan].
  {107}
  _[.g]e_lamp, _see_ _[.g]e_limpan.
  land, _sn._ land, country.
  land-folc, _sn._ people of the country.
  land-h[e,]re, _sm._ land-army.
  land-l[=e]ode, _smpl._ people of the country.
  lang, _aj._ long.
  lange, _av._ for a long time, long.
  lang-l[=i]ce, _av._ for a long time, long.
  l[=a]r, _sf._ teaching, doctrine.
  late, _av._ slowly, late--late on [.g][=e]are, late in the year.
  _[.g]e_laian, _wv._ invite.
  _[.g]e_laung, _sf._ congregation.
  l[=e]af, _sf._ leave.
  __[.g]e_l_[=e]afa, _sm._ belief, faith.
  _[.g]e_l[=e]af-full, _aj._ believing, pious.
  leahtor, _sm._ crime, vice.
  l[=e]as, _aj._ without (expers), _in compos._--less; false.
  l[=e]at, _see_ l[=u]tan.
  l[e,][.c][.g]an, _wv._ lay [li[.c][.g]an].
  _[.g]e_l[e,]ndan, _wv._ land [land].
  l[=e]o, _smf._ lion.
  l[=e]ode, _smpl._ people.
  l[=e]of, _aj._ dear, beloved; pleasant--m[=e] w[=]re l[=e]ofre, I would
      rather--[lufu].
  leofode, _see_ libban.
  leoht, _sn._ light.
  leoht-ft, _sn._ (light-vessel), lamp.
  leornian, _wv._ learn.
  leornung-cniht, _sm._ disciple.
  l[=e]t, _see_ l[=]tan.
  libban, _wv._ live.
  l[=i]c, _sn._ body, corpse.
  _[.g]e_l[=i]c, _aj. w. dat._ like.
  _[.g]e_l[=i]ce, _av._ in like manner, alike, equally.
  li[.c][.g]an, _sv. 5_, lie.
  l[=i]c-hama, _sm._ body.
  l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce, _av._ bodily.
  _[.g]e_l[=i]cian, _wv. w. dat._ please.
  l[=i]efan, _wv. w. dat._ allow [l[=e]af].
  _[.g]e_l[=i]efan, _wv._ believe [gel[=e]afa].
  l[=i]f, _sn._ l[=i]fe.
  lifiend, _see_ libban.
  lim, _sn._ limb, member.
  _[.g]e_limp, _sn._ event, emergency, calamity.
  _[.g]e_limpan, _sv. 3_, happen.
  l[=i], _see_ li[.c][.g]an.
  locc, _sm._ lock of hair.
  lof, _sn._ praise; glory.
  _[.g]e_l[=o]gian, place; occupy, furnish.
  _[.g]e_l[=o]m, _aj._ frequent, repeated.
  _[.g]e_l[=o]me, _av._ often, repeatedly.
  losian, _wv. w. dat._ be lost--him losa, he loses [(for)l[=e]osan].
  l[=u]can, _sv. 7_, close.
  lufian, _wv._ love.
  lufu, _sf._ love [l[=e]of].
  Lunden-burg, _sf._ London [Lundonia].
  l[=u]tan, _sv. 7_, stoop.
  l[=y]tel, _aj._ little.

              M.

  M[=a], _see_ micel.
  macian, _wv._ make.
  m[.g], _swv._ can, be able.
  m[.g]en, _sn._ strength, capacity; virtue [m[.g]].
  m[=][.g], _sf._ family; tribe, nation; generation.
  _[.g]e_m[=]ne, _aj._ common.
  _[.g]e_m[=]nelic, _aj._ common, general.
  m[=]re, _aj._ famous, glorious, great (metaphorically).
  _[.g]e_m[=]re, _sn._ boundary, territory.
  m[=]rsian, _wv._ extol, celebrate [m[=]re].
  m[=]ro, _sf._ glory [m[=]re].
  msse, _sf._ mass [_Latin_ missa].
  msse-pr[=e]ost, _sm._ mass-priest.
  m[=]st, _see_ mi[.c]el.
  magon, _see_ m[.g].
  man, _indef._ one [mann].
  m[=a]n, _sn._ wickedness.
  m[=a]n-d[=]d, _sf._ wicked deed.
  m[=a]n-full, _aj._ wicked.
  mangere, _sm._ merchant.
  mangung, _sf._ trade, business.
  mani[.g], _aj._ many.
  man[=i][.g]-feald, _aj._ manifold.
  mani[.g]-fieldan, _wv._ multiply [mani[.g]feald].
  mann, _sm._ man; person.
  mann-cynn, _sn._ mankind.
  {108}
  mann-r[=]den, _sf._ allegiance.
  mann-slaga, _sm._ manslayer, murderer [sl[=e]an, sl[e,][.g]e].
  m[=a]re, _see_ mi[.c]el.
  martyr, _sm._ martyr.
  m[=a]m, _sm._ treasure.
  m[=a]m-ft, _sn._ precious vessel.
  m[=e], _see_ ic.
  mearc, _sf._ boundary.
  m[=e]d, _sf._ reward, pay.
  m[=e]der, _see_ m[=o]dor.
  m[e,]nn, _see_ mann.
  m[e,]nnisc, _aj._ human [mann].
  m[e,]re-grot, _sr._ pearl [margarita].
  mer[.g]en, _sm._ morning [morgen].
  _[.g]e_met, _sn._ measure; manner, way.
  metan, _sv. 5_, measure.
  _[.g]e_m[=e]tan, _wv._ meet; find [[.g]em[=o]t].
  m[e,]te, _sm._ food--pl. m[e,]ttas.
  mi[.c]el, _aj._ great, much--_comp._ m[=a]re, m[=a] (_adv._, _sn._,
      _aj._), _sup._ m[=]st.
  mi[.c]le, _av._ greatly, much.
  mid, _prp. w. dat._ (_instr._) with--mid [=]m e, _cj._ when.
  middan-[.g]eard, _sm._ world [_literally_ middle enclosure].
  midde, _aj._ mid, middle (only of time).
  middel, _sn._ middle.
  Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, _smpl._ Middle-Angles.
  Mier[.c]e, _smpl._ Mercians [mearc].
  miht, _sf._ might, strength; virtue [m[.g]].
  mihte, _see_ m[.g].
  mihti[.g], _aj._ mighty, strong.
  m[=i]l, _sf._ mile [_Latin_ milia (passuum)].
  mild-heort, _aj._ mild-hearted, merciful.
  _[.g]e_miltsian, _wv. w. dat._ have mercy on, pity [milde].
  m[=i]n, _see_ ic.
  mis-l[=]dan, _wv._ mislead, lead astray.
  mis-lic, _aj._ various.
  m[=o]d, _sn._ heart, mind.
  m[=o]dig, _aj._ proud.
  m[=o]di[.g]-nes, _sf._ pride.
  m[=o]dor, _sf._ mother.
  molde, _sf._ mould, earth.
  m[=o]na, _sm._ moon.
  m[=o]na, _sm._ month--_pl._ m[=o]na [m[=o]na].
  morgen, _sm._ morning.
  mor, _sn._ (murder), crime.
  m[=o]ste, see m[=o]tan.
  _[.g]e_m[=o]t, _sn._ meeting.
  m[=o]tan, _swv._ may; ne m[=o]t, must not.
  _[.g]e_munan, _swv._ remember.
  munt, _sm._ mountain, hill [_Latin_ montem].
  munuc, _sm._ monk [_Latin_ monachus].
  murcnian, _wv._ grumble, complain.
  m[=u], _sm._ mouth.
  m[=u]a, _sm._ mouth of a river [m[=u]].
  _[.g]e_mynd, _sf._ memory, mind [[.g]emunan].
  _[.g]e_myndi[.g], _aj. w. gen._ mindful.
  mynet, _sf._ coin [_Latin_ moneta].
  mynetere, _sm._ money-changer.
  mynster, _sn._ monastery [_Latin_ monasterium].

              N.

  N[=a], _av._ not, no [ = ne [=a]].
  nabban = ne habban.
  n[=]ddre, _sf._ snake.
  nfde, nfst, = ne hfde, ne hfst.
  n[=]fre, _av._ never [ = ne [=]fre].
  n[.g]el, _sm._ nail.
  ns = ne ws.
  n[=a]ht, _prn. w. gen._ naught, nothing [ = n[=a]n wiht].
  n[=a]ht-nes, _sf._ worthlessness, cowardice.
  nam, _see_ niman.
  nama, _sm._ name.
  n[=a]mon, _see_ niman.
  n[=a]n, _prn._ none, no [ = ne [=a]n].
  n[=a]t = ne w[=a]t.
  n[=a]wer, _prn._ neither [ = ne [=a]hwer (either)].
  ne, _av._ not--ne ... ne, neither ... not.
  {109}
  n[=e]ah, _av._ near; _superl._ n[=i]ehst--t n[=i]ehstan, next,
      immediately, afterwards.
  nearu, _aj._ narrow.
  n[=e]a-wist, _sfm._ neighbourhood [wesan].
  n[e,]mnan, _wv._ name [nama].
  neom = ne eom.
  nese, _av._ no.
  n[e,]tt, _sn._ net.
  n[=i]ed, _sf._ need.
  n[=i]edunga, _av._ needs, by necessity.
  n[=i]ehst, _see_ n[=e]ah.
  n[=i]eten, _sn._ animal.
  nigon, _num._ nine.
  nigoa, _aj._ ninth.
  niht, _sf._ night.
  niman, _sv. 4_, take, capture; take in marriage, marry.
  nis = ne is.
  nier, _av._ down.
  n[=i]we, _aj._ new.
  _[.g]e_n[=o]g, _aj._ enough.
  nolde = ne wolde.
  nor, _av._ north.
  Norhymbra-land, _sn._ Northumberland.
  Nor-hymbre, _smpl._ Northumbrians [Humbra].
  noran-weard, _aj._ northward.
  Nor-m[e,]nn, _pl._ Norwegians.
  n[=u], _av._ now, just now; _cj. causal_, now that, since.
  n[=u][.g]iet, _av._ still.
  _[.g]e_nyht-sum-nes, _sf._ sufficience, abundance.
  nyle, = ne wile.
  nyste, nyton = ne wiste, ne witon.

              O.

  Of, _prp. w. dat._ of, from _of place_, _origin_, _privation_, _release_,
      &c.; _partitive_, s[e,]lla [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, some of your oil.
  of-dr[=]dd, _aj._ afraid [_past partic. of_ ofdr[=]dan, dread].
  ofer, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ over; on; _of time_, during, throughout,
      over.
  ofer-gyld, _aj._ (past partic.), gilded over, covered with gold.
  ofer-h[e,]rgian, _wv._ ravage, over-run.
  ofer-s[=a]wan, _sv. 2_, sow over.
  offrian, _wv._ offer, sacrifice [_Latin_ offerre].
  offrung, _sf._ offering, sacrifice.
  of-sl[=e]an, _sv. 2_, slay.
  of-sn[=i]an, _sv. 6_, kill [sn[=i]an, cut].
  of-spring, _sm._ offspring [springan].
  oft, _av._ often.
  of-t[=e]on, _sv. 7, w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing_, deprive.
  of-yrst, _aj._ thirsty [_past partic. of_ ofyrstan, _from_ urst].
  of-wundrian, _wv. w. gen._ wonder.
  [=o]-l[=][.c]ung, _sf._ flattery.
  olfend, _sm._ camel [_Latin_ elephas].
  on, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ on; in; _hostility_, against, on h[=i]e
      fuhton; _of time_, in.
  on-byr[.g]an, _wv._ taste.
  on-cn[=a]wan, _sv. 1_, know, recognize.
  ondr[=]dan, _sv. 1_, _wv._ dread, fear.
  on-f[=o]n, _sv. 1_, receive.
  on-[.g][=e]an, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ towards; _hostility_, against.
  on-[.g][=e]an, _av._ back--[.g]ew[e,]nde on-[.g][=e]an, returned.
  on-[.g]inn, _sn._ beginning.
  on-[.g]innan, _sv. 3_, begin.
  on-liehtan, _wv._ illuminate, enlighten [leoht].
  onliehtung, _sf._ illumination, light.
  on-l[=u]can, _sv. 7_, unlock.
  on-middan, _prp. w. dat._ in the midst of.
  on-s[=i]en, _sf._ appearance, form.
  on-sund, _aj._ sound, whole.
  on-uppan, _prp. w. dat._ upon.
  on-weald, _sm._ rule, authority, power; territory.
  on-we[.g], _av._ away.
  open, _aj._ open.
  openian, _wv._ open, reveal, disclose.
  orgel-l[=i]ce, _av._ proudly.
  {110}
  or-m[=]te, _aj._ immense, boundless [metan].
  or-sorg, _aj._ unconcerned, careless.
  o, _prp. w. acc._ until--o t, _cj._ until; up to, as far as.
  [=o]er, _prn._ (always strong), second; other.
  oe, _cj._ or--oe ... oe, either ... or.
  oxa, _sm._ ox.

              P.

  P[=a]pa, _sm._ pope [_Latin_ papa].
  p[e,]ning, _sm._ penny.
  Peohtas, _smpl._ Picts.
  Philist[=e]isc, _aj._ Philistine.
  Pihtisc, _aj._ Pictish [Peohtas].
  plegian, _wv._ play.
  post, _sm._ post [_Latin_ postis].
  pr[=e]ost, _sm._ priest  [_Latin_ presbyter].
  pund, _sn._ pound [_Latin_ pondus].
  pytt, _sm._ pit [_Latin_ puteus].

              R.

  Racent[=e]ag, _ sf._ chains.
  r[=a]d, _see_ r[=i]dan.
  _[.g]e_r[=a]d, _sn._ reckoning, account; on [=a] [.g]er[=a]d t, on
      condition that.
  r[=]d, _sm._ advice; what is advisable, plan of action--him r[=]d
      [=u]hte, it seemed advisable to him.
  ramm, _sm._ ram.
  r[=a]p, _sm._ rope.
  r[=e]af, _sn._ robe, dress.
  reahte, _see_ re[.c][.c]an.
  r[=e][.c]an, _wv. w. gen._ reck, care.
  r[e,][.c][.c]an, _wv._ tell, narrate.
  _[.g]e_r[e,][.c]ednes, _sf._ narrative.
  _[.g]e_r[=e]fa, _sm._ officer, reeve, bailiff.
  re[.g]en, _sm._ rain.
  r[=e]e, _aj._ fierce, cruel.
  r[=i][.c]e, _aj._ powerful, of high rank.
  r[=i][.c]e, _sn._ kingdom, sovereignty, government.
  r[=i][.c]etere, _sn._ (ambition), pomp.
  r[=i][.c]sian, _wv._ rule.
  r[=i]dan, _sv. 6_, ride.
  riftere, _sm._ reaper.
  riht, _aj._ right; righteous.
  riht-l[=i]ce, _av._ rightly, correctly.
  riht-w[=i]s, _aj._ righteous.
  riht-w[=i]snes, _sf._ righteousness.
  r[=i]m, _sm._ number.
  r[=i]man, _wv._ count.
  r[=i]nan, _wv._ rain [re[.g]en].
  r[=i]pan, _sv. 6_, reap.
  r[=i]pere, _sm._ reaper.
  r[=i]p-t[=i]ma, _sm._ reaping-time, harvest.
  r[=o]hte, _see_ r[=e][.c]an.
  R[=o]me-burg, _sf._ city of Rome.
  r[=o]wan, _sv. 1_, row.
  ryne, _sm._ course.
  _[.g]e_r[=y]ne, _sn._ mystery.

              S.

  S[=], _sf._ sea--_dat._ s[=].
  s[=]d, _sn._ seed.
  s[.g]de, _see_ s[e,][.c][.g]an.
  s[=]l, _sm._ time, occasion.
  _[.g]e_s[=]li[.g], _aj._ happy, blessed.
  _[.g]e_s[=]li[.g]-l[=i]ce, _av._ happily, blessedly.
  st, s[=]ton, _see_ sittan.
  sagol, _sm._ rod, staff.
  [.g]esamnian, _wv._ collect, assemble.
  samod, _av_. together, with.
  sanct, _sm._ saint [_Latin_ sanctus].
  sand, _sf._ dish of food [s[e,]ndan].
  sand-[.c]eosol, _sm._ sand (_literally_ sand-gravel).
  s[=a]r, _sn._ grief.
  s[=a]r, _aj._ grievous.
  s[=a]ri[.g], _aj._ sorry, sad.
  s[=a]wan, _sv. 1_, sow.
  s[=a]were, _sm._ sower.
  s[=a]wol, _sf._ soul.
  scamu, _sf._ shame.
  scand, _sf._ disgrace.
  scand-lic, _aj._ shameful.
  s[.c][=e]af, _sm._ sheaf [sc[=u]fan].
  s[.c][=e]af-m[=]lum, _av._ sheafwise.
  _[.g]e_s[.c]eaft, _sf._ creature, created thing. s[.c]eal, _swv._ ought
      to, must; shall.
  s[.c][=e]ap, _sn._ sheep.
  s[.c]eatt, _sm._ (tribute); money.
  s[.c][=e]awere, _sm._ spy, witness.
  s[.c][=e]awian, _wv._ see; examine; read.
  s[.c][=e]awung, _sf._ seeing, examination.
  s[.c][=e]otan, _sv. 7_, shoot.
  {111}
  s[.c]ieppan, _sv. 2_, create.
  s[.c]ieran, _sv. 4_, shear.
  s[.c]ip, _sn._ ship.
  s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, _sm._ fleet.
  s[.c]ip-hlst, _sm._ (shipload), crew.
  s[.c][=i]r, _sf._ shire.
  scolde, _see_ sceal.
  sc[=o]p, _see_ s[.c]ieppan.
  scort, _aj._ short.
  scotian, _wv._ shoot [s[.c][=e]otan].
  Scot-land, _sn._ Ireland.
  Scottas, _smpl._ the Irish.
  scotung, _sf._ shot.
  scrf, _sn._ cave.
  scr[=i]n, _sn._ shrine [_Latin_ scrinium].
  scrincan, _sv. 3_, shrink.
  scr[=u]d, _sn._ dress.
  scr[=y]dan, _wv._ clothe [scr[=u]d].
  sc[=u]fan, _sv. 7_, push--sc[=u]fan [=u]t, launch (ship).
  sculon, _see_ s[.c]eal.
  scuton, _see_ s[.c][=e]otan.
  scyld, _sf._ guilt [sculon, sceal].
  scyldig, _aj._ guilty.
  scylen, _see_ sceal.
  Scyttisc, _aj._ Scotch [Scottas].
  se, s[=e], _prn._ that; the; he; who.
  _[.g]e_seah, _see_ _[.g]e_s[=e]on.
  sealde, _see_ s[e,]llan.
  s[=e]a, _sm._ pit.
  Seaxe, _smpl._ Saxons.
  s[=e][.c]an, _wv._ seek; visit, come to; attack.
  s[e,][.c][.g]an, _wv._ say.
  self, _prn._ self.
  s[e,]llan, _wv._ give; sell.
  s[=e]lest, _av. superl._ best.
  s[e,]ndan, _wv._ send, send message [sand].
  s[=e]o, _see_ se.
  seofon, _num._ seven.
  seofoa, _aj._ seventh.
  seolc, _sf._ silk.
  seolcen, _aj._ silken.
  seolfor, _sn._ silver.
  _[.g]e_s[=e]on, _sv. 5_, see.
  s[=e]ow, _see_ s[=a]wan.
  _[.g]e_s[e,]tnes, _sf._ narrative [s[e,]ttan].
  s[e,]ttan, _wv._ set; appoint, institute--d[=o]m s[e,]ttan _w. dat._ pass
      sentence on; compose, write; create [sittan].
  sibb, _sf._ peace.
  _[.g]e_sibb-sum, _aj._ peaceful.
  s[=i]e, _see_ wesan.
  s[=i]efer-l[=i]ce, _av._ purely.
  s[=i]efre, _aj._ pure.
  sierwung, _sf._ stratagem.
  siex, _num._ six.
  siexta, _aj._ sixth.
  siexti[.g], _num._ sixty.
  siexti[.g]-feald, _aj._ sixtyfold.
  si[.g]e, _sm._ victory--si[.g]e niman, gain the victory.
  si[.g]e-fst, _aj._ victorious.
  _[.g]e_sih, _sf._ sight; vision, dream [[.g]es[=e]on].
  sifren, _aj._ silver.
  simle, _av._ always.
  sind, _see_ wesan.
  sinu, _sf_, sinew.
  sittan, _sv. 5_, sit; settle, stay.
  _[.g]e_sittan, _sv. 5_, take possession of.
  s[=i], _sm._ journey.
  s[=i]ian, _wv._ journey, go.
  sian, _av._ since, afterwards; cj. when.
  sl[=]p, _sm._ sleep.
  sl[=]pan, _sv. 1_, sleep,
  slaga, _sm._ slayer. [sl[=e]an, _past. partic._ [.g]esl[.g]en].
  sl[=a]w, _aj._ slow, slothful, dull.
  sl[=e]an, _sv. 2_, strike; slay, kill.
  sl[e,][.c][.g], _sm._ hammer [slaga, sl[=e]an].
  sl[e,][.g]e, _sm._ killing [slaga, sl[=e]an].
  sl[=e]p, _see_ sl[=]pan.
  sl[=o]g, _see_ sl[=e]an.
  sml, _aj._ narrow.
  sm[=e]an, _wv._ consider, think; consult.
  sm[=e]ocan, _sv. 7_, smoke.
  sm[=e]e, _aj._ smooth.
  snotor, _aj._ wise, prudent.
  s[=o]na, _av._ soon; then.
  sorg, _sf._ sorrow.
  s[=o], _aj._ true.
  s[=o], _sn._ truth.
  s[=o]-l[=i]ce, _av._ truly, indeed.
  spade, _wf._ spade [_Lati_n spatha].
  {112}
  spr[=][.c], _sf._ speech, language; conversation [sprecan].
  sprecan, _sv. 5_, speak.
  spr[e,]n[.g]an, _wv._ (scatter); sow [springan].
  springan, _sv. 3_, spring.
  sprungen, _see_ springan.
  st[=]nen, _aj._ of stone [st[=a]n].
  st[=]niht, _sn._ stony ground [_originally adj._ 'stony,' from st[=a]n].
  st[=a]n, _sm._ stone; brick.
  standan, _sv. 2_, stand.
  st[=e]ap, _aj._ steep.
  st[e,]de, _sm._ place.
  stefn, _sf._ voice.
  stelan, _sv. 4_, steal.
  st[e,]nt, _see_ standan.
  st[=e]or, _sf._ steering, rudder.
  steorra, _sm._ star.
  sticol, _aj._ rough.
  st[=i]epel, _sm._ steeple [st[=e]ap].
  st[=i]eran, _wv. w. dat._ restrain [st[=e]or].
  _[.g]e_stillan, _wv._ stop, prevent.
  stille, _aj._ still, quiet.
  st[=o]d, _see_ standan.
  st[=o]l, _sm._ seat.
  st[=o]w, _sf._ place.
  str[=]t, _sf._ street, road [_Latin_ strata via].
  strand, _sm._ shore.
  strang, _aj._ strong.
  str[=e]dan, _wv._ (scatter), sow.
  str[e,]n[.g]o, _sf._ strength [strang].
  [.g]estr[=e]on, _sn._ possession.
  [.g]estr[=i]enan, _wv._ gain [[.g]estr[=e]on].
  str[=u]tian, _wv._ strut.
  sty[.c][.c]e, _sn._ piece.
  sum, _prn._ some, a certain (one), one; a.
  _[.g]e_sund, _aj._ sound, healthy.
  _[.g]e_sund-full. _aj._ safe and sound.
  sundor, _av._ apart.
  sunne, _sf._ sun.
  sunu, _sm._ son.
  s[=u], _av._ south, southwards.
  s[=u]an, _av._ from the south.
  s[=u]an-weard, _aj._ southward.
  s[=u]-d[=]l, _sm._ the South.
  s[=u]erne, _aj._ southern.
  S[=u]-seaxe, _smpl._ South-Saxons.
  sw[=a], _av._ so; sw[=a], sw[=a], as, like--sw[=a] ... sw[=a], so ... as.
  sw[=a]c, _see_ sw[=i]can.
  sw[=a]-[=e]ah, _av._ however.
  swefn, _sn._ sleep; dream.
  swel[.c], _prn._ such.
  swel[.c]e, _av._ as if, as it were, as, like.
  sweltan, _sv. 3_, die.
  sw[e,]n[.c]an, _wv._ afflict, molest [swincan].
  sw[e,]n[.g], _sm._ stroke, blow [swingan].
  sw[=e]or, _sm._ pillar.
  sw[=e]ora, _sm._ neck.
  sweord, _sn._ sword.
  sweord-bora, _sm._ sword-bearer [beran].
  sweotol, _aj._ clear, evident.
  sweotolian, _wv._ display, show, indicate.
  sweotolung, _sf._ manifestation, sign.
  sw[e,]rian, _sv. 2_, swear.
  sw[=i]c, _sm._ deceit.
  _[.g]e_sw[=i]can, _sv. 6_ (fail, fall short); cease (betray).
  sw[=i]c-d[=o]m, _sm._ deceit [sw[=i]can].
  swicol, _aj._ deceitful, treacherous.
  swicon, _see_ sw[=i]can.
  swift, _aj._ swift.
  sw[=i]gian, _wv._ be silent.
  swincan, _sv. 3_, labour, toil.
  swingan, _sv. 3_, beat.
  swingle, _sf._ stroke [swingan].
  swipe, _sm._ whip.
  sw[=i]e, _av._ very, much, greatly, violently--_cp._ sw[=i]or, rather,
      more.
  sw[=i]-lic, _aj._ excessive, great.
  sw[=i]re, _sf._ right hand [_cp. of_ sw[=i]e _with_ hand _understood_].
  swulton, _see_ sweltan.
  swuncon, _see_ swincan.
  swungon, _see_ swingan.
  syndri[.g], _aj._ separate [sundor].
  syn-full, _aj._ sinful.
  syngian, _wv._ sin.
  synn, _sf._ sin.

  {113}
              T.

  T[=a]cen, _sn._ sign, token; miracle.
  t[=a]cnian, _wv._ signify.
  _[.g]e_t[=a]cnung, _sf._ signification, type.
  t[=][.c]an, _wv. w. dat._ show; teach.
  talu, _sf._ number [getel].
  tam, _aj._ tame.
  t[=a]wian, _wv._ ill-treat.
  t[=e]am, _sm._ progeny [t[=e]on].
  _[.g]e_tel, _sn._ number.
  t[e,]llan, _wv._ count, account--t[e,]llan t[=o] n[=a]hte, count as
      naught [talu].
  T[e,]mes, _sf._ Thames [Tamisia].
  tempel, _sn._ temple [_Latin_ templum].
  t[=e]on, _sv. 7_, pull, drag.
  t[=e]ona, _sm._ injury, insult.
  t[=e]on-r[=]den, _sf._ humiliation.
  t[=e], _see_ t[=o].
  ti[.c][.c]en, _sn._ kid.
  t[=i]d, _sf._ time; hour.
  t[=i]e[.g]an, _wv._ tie.
  t[=i]eman, _wv._ teem, bring forth [t[=e]am].
  t[=i]en, _num._ ten.
  tierwe, _sf._ tar.
  ti[.g]ele, _wf._ tile [_Latin_ tegula].
  t[=i]ma, _sm._ time.
  timbrian, _wv._ build.
  _[.g]e_timbrung, _sf._ building.
  tintre[.g], _sn._ torture.
  tintregian, _wv._ torture.
  t[=o], _prp. w. dat._ (_av._) to--t[=o] abbode [.g]es[e,]tt, made abbot;
      _time_, at--t[=o] langum fierste, for a long time; _adverbial_, t[=o]
      scande, ignominiously; _fitness_, _purpose_, _for_--[=]m folce
      (dat.) t[=o] d[=e]ae, to the death of the people, so that the people
      were killed; t[=o] [=]m t, cj. in order that--t[=o] m
      (sw[=i]e) ... t, so (greatly) ... that.
  t[=o], _av._ too.
  t[=o]-berstan, _sv. 3_, burst, break asunder.
  t[=o]-brecan, _sv. 4_, break in pieces, break through.
  t[=o]-bre[.g]dan, _sv. 3_, tear asunder.
  t[=o]-cw[=i]esan, _wv._ crush, bruise.
  t[=o]-cyme, _sm._ coming [cuman].
  t[=o]-d[.g], _av._ to-day.
  t[=o]-d[=]lan, _wv._ disperse; separate, divide.
  t[=o]-gdre, _av._ together.
  t[=o]-[.g][=e]anes, _prp. w. dat._ towards--him t[=o][.g][=e]anes, to
      meet him.
  t[=o]l, _sn._ tool.
  t[=o]-l[=i]esan, _wv._ loosen [l[=e]as].
  t[=o]-middes, _prp. w. dat._ in the midst of.
  t[=o]-teran, _sv. 4_, tear to pieces.
  t[=o], _sm._ tooth.
  t[=o]-weard, _aj._ future.
  t[=o]-weorpan, _sv. 3_, overthrow, destroy.
  tr[=e]ow, _sn._ tree.
  _[.g]e_tr[=e]owe, _aj._ true, faithful.
  trum, _aj._ strong.
  trymman, _wv._ strengthen [trum].
  trymmung, _sf._ strengthening, encouragement.
  t[=u]cian, _wv._ ill-treat.
  tugon, _see_ t[=e]on.
  t[=u]n, _sm._ village, town.
  tw[=a], tw[=]m, _see_ tw[=e][.g]en.
  tw[=e][.g]en, _num._ two.
  tw[e,]lf, _num._ twelve.
  tw[e,]nti[.g], _num. w. gen._ twenty.

              .

  [=a], _av. cj._ then; when--[=a] [=a], when, while--_correlative_
      [=a] ... [=a], when ... (then).
  [=a], [=]m, &c., _see_ se.
  [=]r, _av._ there--[=]rt[=o], &c. thereto, to it; where--[=]r
      [=]r, _correl._ where.
  [=]re, _see_ se.
  [=]r-rihte, _av._ immediately.
  s, _av._ therefore; wherefore.
  s, t, _see_ se.
  t, _cj._ that.
  _[.g]e_afian, _wv._ allow, permit.
  [=a]-[.g]iet, _av._ still, yet.
  anc, _sm._ thought; thanks.
  ancian, _wv. w. gen. of thing and dat. of person_, thank.
  {114}
  anon, _av._ thence, away.
  [=a]s, _see_ is.
  e, _rel. prn._ who--s[=e] e, who; _av._ when.
  [=e], _see_ [=u].
  [=e]ah, _av. cj._ though, yet, however--[=e]ah e, although.
  earf, _swv._ need.
  earle, _av._ very, greatly.
  [=e]aw, _sm._ custom, habit; [=e]awas, virtues, morality.
  e[.g]en, _sm._ thane; servant.
  e[.g]nian, _wv. w. dat._ serve.
  e[.g]nung, _sf._ service, retinue.
  [e,]n[.c]an, _wv._ think, expect [anc].
  [=e]od, _sf._ people, nation.
  _[.g]e_[=e]ode, _sn._ language.
  [=e]of, _sm._ thief.
  [=e]os, _see_ es.
  [=e]ostru, _spl._ darkness.
  [=e]ow, _sm._ servant.
  [=e]ow-d[=o]m, _sm._ service.
  [=e]owian, _wv. w. dat._ serve.
  [=e]owot, _sn._ servitude.
  es, _prn._ this.
  i[.c][.c]e, _aj._ thick.
  i[.c][.g]an, _sv. 5_, take, receive; eat, drink.
  [=i]n, _see_ [=u].
  ing, _sn._ thing.
  is, issum, &c., _see_ es.
  _[.g]e_p[=o]ht, _sm._ thought.
  [=o]hte, _see_ [e,]n[.c]an.
  one, _see_ se.
  onne, _av. cj._ then; when; because.
  onne, _av._ than.
  orfte, _see_ earf.
  orn, _sm._ thorn.
  r[=]d, _sm._ thread.
  r[=e]o, _see_ r[=i]e.
  ridda, _aj._ third.
  r[=i]e, _num._ three.
  rim, _see_ r[=i]e.
  riti[.g], _num._ thirty.
  riti[.g]-feald, _aj._ thirtyfold.
  rymm, _sm._ glory.
  [=u], _prn._ thou.
  [=u]hte, _see_ yn[.c]an.
  _[.g]e_ungen, _aj._ excellent, distinguished.
  urh, _prp. w. acc._ through; _causal_, through, by.
  urh-wunian, _wv._ continue.
  urst, _sm._ thirst.
  ursti[.g], _aj._ thirsty.
  us, _av._ thus.
  [=u]send, _sn._ thousand.
  _[.g]e_w[=]r-l[=][.c]an, _wv._ agree.
  [=y], _instr. of_ se; _av._ because.
  [=y]fel, _sm._ bush.
  [=y]l[=]s, _cj._ lest.
  yn[.c]an, _wv. impers. w. dat._ m[=e] yn[.c], methinks [[e,]n[.c]an].
  [=y]rel, _sn._ hole [urh].

              U.

  Ufe-weard, _aj._ upward, at the top of.
  un-[=a]r[=i]med-lic, _aj._ innumerable.
  unc, _see_ ic.
  un-_[.g]e_cynd, _aj._ strange, of alien family.
  un-d[=e]ad-lic-nes, _sf._ immortality.
  under, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ under.
  under-cyning, _sm._ under-king.
  under-delfan, _sv._ dig under.
  under-f[=o]n, _sv. 1_, receive, take.
  under-[.g]ietan, _sv. 5_, understand.
  undern-t[=i]d, _sf._ morning-time.
  un-forht, _aj._ dauntless.
  un-for-molsnod, _aj._ (past partic.) undecayed.
  un-_[.g]e_h[=i]ersum, _aj. w. dat._ disobedient.
  un-hold, _aj._ hostile.
  un-_[.g]e_metlic, _aj._ immense.
  un-mihti[.g], _aj._ weak.
  un-nytt, _aj._ useless.
  un-rihtl[=i]ce, _av._ wrongly.
  un-rihtw[=i]s, _aj._ unrighteous.
  un-_[.g]e_r[=i]m, _sn._ countless number or quantity.
  un-_[.g]e_r[=i]m, _aj._ countless.
  un-_[.g]e_s[=]li[.g], _aj._ unhappy, accursed.
  un-scyldi[.g], _aj._ innocent.
  un-t[=i]emend, _aj._ barren [_from pres. partic._ of t[=i]eman].
  {115}
  un-_[.g]e_w[=]r-nes, _sf._ discord.
  un-_[.g]e_witti[.g], _aj._ foolish.
  [=u]p, _av._ up.
  [=u]p-[=a]hafen-nes, _sf._ conceit, arrogance.
  [=u]p-fl[=o]r, _sf._ (_dat. sing._ -a) upper floor, upper story.
  uppan, _prp. w. dat._ on, upon.
  urnon, _see_ iernan.
  [=u]s, _see_ ic.
  [=u]t, _av._ out.
  [=u]tan, _av._ outside.
  uton, _defect. verb, w. infin._ let us--uton g[=a]n, let us go!

              W.

  Wacian, _wv._ be awake, watch.
  w[=]dla, _sm._ poor man.
  wl, _sn._ slaughter--wl [.g]esl[=e]an, make a slaughter.
  wl-hr[=e]ow, _aj._ cruel.
  wlhr[=e]ow-l[=i]ce, _av._ cruelly, savagely.
  wlhr[=e]ownes, _sf._ cruelty.
  w[=]pen, _sn._ weapon.
  wr, _aj._ wary.
  w[=]ron, ws, _see_ wesan.
  wstm, _sm._ (growth); fruit.
  wter, _sn._ water.
  wter-s[.c]ipe, _sm._ piece of water, water.
  w[=a]fung, _sf._ (spectacle), display.
  -ware, _pl._ (only in composition) dwellers, inhabitants [_originally
      defenders, cp._ w[e,]rian].
  w[=a]t, _see_ witan.
  _[.g]e_w[=a]t, _see_ _[.g]e_w[=i]tan.
  w[=e], _see_ ic.
  _[.g]e_weald, _sn._ power, command.
  wealdan, _sv. 1, w. gen._ rule.
  Wealh, _sm._ (_pl._ W[=e]alas), _sm._ Welshman, Briton (_originally_
      foreigner).
  weall, _sm._ wall.
  weall-l[=i]m, _sm._ (wall-lime), cement, mortar.
  wearg, _sm._ felon, criminal [_originally_ wolf, _then_ proscribed man,
      outlaw].
  weaxan, _sv. 1_, grow, increase.
  we[.g], _sm._ way, road.
  we[.g]-f[=e]rende, _aj._ (pres. partic.) way-faring.
  wel, _av._ well.
  wel-willend-nes, _sf._ benevolence.
  w[=e]nan, _wv._ expect, think.
  _[.g]e_w[e,]ndan, _wv._ turn; go [windan].
  w[e,]nian, _wv._ accustom, wean [[.g]ewuna].
  weofod, _sn._ altar.
  weorc, _sn._ work.
  weorpan, _sv. 3_, throw.
  weor, _sn._ worth.
  weor, _aj._ worth, worthy.
  weoran, _sv. 3_, happen; become--w. t spr[=][.c]e, enter into
      conversation.
  _[.g]e_weoran, _sv. 3, impers. w. dat._--him [.g]ewear, they agreed
      on.
  weor-full, _aj._ worthy.
  weorian, _wv._ honour, worship; make honoured, exalt.
  weor-l[=i]ce, _aj._ honourably.
  weor-mynd, _sf._ honour.
  w[=e]ox, _see_ weaxan.
  w[=e]pan, _sv. 1_, weep.
  wer, _sm._ man.
  w[e,]rian, _wv._ defend [wr].
  werod, _sn._ troop, army.
  wesan, _sv._ be.
  west, _av._ west.
  West-seaxe, _smpl._ West-saxons.
  w[=e]ste, _aj._ waste, desolate.
  w[=i]d, _aj._ wide.
  w[=i]de, _av._ widely, far and wide.
  widewe, _sf._ widow.
  _[.g]e_wieldan, _wv._ overpower, conquer [wealdan].
  wiere, _aj. w. gen._ worthy [weor].
  w[=i]f, _sn._ woman; wife.
  w[=i]f-healf, _sf._ female side.
  w[=i]f-mann, _sm._ woman.
  wiht, _sf._ wight, creature, thing.
  Wiht, _sf._ Isle of Wight [Vectis].
  Wiht-ware, _pl._ Wight-dwellers.
  wilde, _aj._ wild.
  wild[=e]or, _sn._ wild beast.
  willa, _sm._ will.
  {116}
  willan, _swv._ will, wish; _of repetition_, be used to.
  _[.g]e_wilnian, _wv. w. gen._ desire.
  w[=i]n, _sn._ wine.
  wind, _sm._ wind.
  windan, _sv. 3_, wind.
  w[=i]n-[.g]eard, _sm._ vineyard.
  winnan, _sv. 3_, fight.
  _[.g]e_winnan, _sv. 3_, win, gain.
  winter, (_pl._ winter), _sm._ winter; _in reckoning_ = year.
  winter-setl, _sn._ winter-quarters.
  w[=i]s, _aj._ wise.
  w[=i]s-d[=o]m, _sm._ wisdom.
  w[=i]se, _sf._ (wise), way.
  _[.g]e_wiss, _aj._ certain.
  _[.g]e_wissian, _wv._ guide, direct.
  _[.g]e_wissung, _sf._ guidance, direction.
  wiste, _see_ witan.
  wit, _see_ ic.
  wita, _sm._ councillor, sage.
  witan, _swv._ know.
  _[.g]e_w[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, depart.
  w[=i]te, _sn._ punishment; torment.
  w[=i]tega, _sm._ prophet.
  witod-l[=i]ce, _av._ truly, indeed, and [witan].
  _[.g]e_witt, _sn._ wits, intelligence, understanding [witan].
  wi, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ towards; along--wi we[.g], by the road;
      _hostility_, against--fuhton wi Brettas, fought with the Britons;
      _association, sharing, &c._, with; _defence_, against; _exchange,
      price, for_--wi [=]m e, in consideration of, provided that.
  wi-meten-nes, _sf._ comparison.
  wi-sacan, _sv. 2, w. dat._ deny.
  wi-standan, _sv. 2, w. dat._ withstand, resist.
  wlite, _sm._ beauty.
  w[=o]d, _aj._ mad.
  w[=o]d-l[=i]ce, _av._ madly.
  wolde, _see_ willan.
  w[=o]p, _sm._ weeping [w[=e]pan].
  word, _sn._ word, sentence; subject of talk, question, answer, report.
  _[.g]e_worden, _see_ weoran.
  worhte, _see_ wyr[.c]an.
  woruld, _sf._ world.
  woruld-ing, _sn._ worldly thing.
  wrecan, _sv. 5_, avenge.
  wr[=e][.g]an, _wv._ accuse.
  _[.g]e_writ, _sn._ writing [wr[=i]tan].
  wr[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, write.
  wudu, _sm._ wood.
  wuldor, _sn._ glory.
  wuldrian, _wv._ glorify, extol.
  wulf, _sm._ wolf.
  _[.g]e_wuna, _sm._ habit, custom [wunian].
  wund, _sf._ wound.
  wundor, _sn._ wonder; miracle.
  wundor-lic, _aj._ wonderful, wondrous.
  wundor-l[=i]ce, _av._ wonderfully, wondrously.
  wundrian, _wv. w. gen._ wonder.
  _[.g]e_wunelic, _aj._ customary.
  wunian, _wv._ dwell, stay, continue [[.g]ewuna].
  wunung, _sf._ dwelling.
  _[.g]e_wunnen, _see_ _[.g]e_winnan.
  wyr[.c]an, _wv._ work, make; build; do, perform [weorc].
  wyrhta, _sm._ worker.
  wyrt, _sf._ herb, spice; crop.
  wyrt-br[=], _sm._ spice-fragrance, fragrant spice.
  wyrtruma, _sm._ root.
  w[=y]s[.c]an, _wv._ wish.

              Y.

  Yfel, _aj._ evil, bad.
  yfel, _sn._ evil.
  ymbe, _prp. w. acc._ around; _of time_, about, at.
  ymb-scr[=y]dan, _wv._ clothe, array.
  ymb-[=u]tan, _av._ round about.
  [=y]terra, _aj. comp._ outer; _superl._ [=y]temest, outermost, last
      [[=u]t].




       *       *       *       *       *




Notes

[1] Where no key-word is given for a long vowel, it must be pronounced
exactly like the corresponding short one, only lengthened.

[2] Both vowels.

[3] Wherever the acc. is not given separately, it is the same as the nom.

[4] So also _n[=a]h_ = _ne_ (not) _[=a]h_.



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