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                             PROVERB LORE


                            [Illustration]




                             PROVERB LORE

                  _MANY SAYINGS, WISE OR OTHERWISE,
                      ON MANY SUBJECTS, GLEANED
                          FROM MANY SOURCES_


                                  BY

                       F. EDWARD HULME, F.S.A.

                              AUTHOR OF
           "WAYSIDE SKETCHES," "MYTHLAND," "NATURAL HISTORY
                LORE AND LEGEND," "SYMBOLISM IN ART,"
                  "WILD FRUITS OF THE COUNTRYSIDE,"
                    "FAMILIAR WILD FLOWERS," ETC.


                                LONDON
                ELLIOT STOCK, 62 PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.
                                 1902




CONTENTS


CHAPTER I
                                                                    PAGE

     Value of Study of Proverbs -- Difficulty of exact Definition
     -- Definitions by various Writers -- The Saw -- The Adage --
     The Essentials of a Proverb -- The Value of Brevity --
     Legitimate Use of Hyperbole -- Proverbs often one-sided Views
     of Truth -- Sometimes contradict each other -- Figurativeness
     of Language -- A very characteristic Feature -- Parables of
     our Lord -- Proverbs often condensed Parables -- Examples
     of Word-Pictures -- Commonest Objects supply Lessons --
     Interesting as referring to Usages that have passed away --
     Some Proverbs enduring, some transient -- May have more than
     one Significance -- Some palpable Truisms and Platitudes --
     Great Antiquity of Proverbs -- On Jewellery, Pottery,
     Furniture, etc. -- Rustic Conservatism -- The Aid of
     Alliteration -- Rhyme as an Aid to Memory                         1


CHAPTER II

     Ancient Collections of Proverbs -- The Proverbs of Solomon --
     Ecclesiasticus -- The Work of D'Anvers on Solomon's Proverbs --
     The Collections of De Worde, Trevisis, and Lydgate -- The
     "Adagia" of Erasmus -- Tavernar's "Garden of Wisdom" --
     Heywood's Collection of Proverbs -- Camden's "Remaines" --
     Davies, the "Scourge of Folly" -- The "Apophthegms" of Lord
     Bacon -- The "Outlandish Proverbs" of G. H. -- Herbert's
     "Jacula Prudentum" -- The Work of Howell and Cotgrave -- The
     "Gnomologia" of Fuller -- The Difficulties of
     Proverb-classification, by Country, by Leading Word, by
     Subject, etc. -- Ray's "Collection of English Proverbs" -- The
     "Paræmiologia" of Walker -- Palmer on Proverbs -- The Sayings
     of "Poor Richard"                                                26


CHAPTER III

     "The Book of Merry Riddles" -- Introduction of Proverbs in our
     Literature -- A Surfeit of Proverbs -- "The two Angrie Women of
     Abington" -- Fuller on the Misuse of Proverbs -- The Sayings of
     Hendyng -- Proverbs in Works of Chaucer, Lydgate, Spenser,
     Dryden, Shakespeare, and other Writers -- The "Imitation of
     Christ" -- Glitter is not necessarily Gold -- The Cup and the
     Lip -- Comparisons odious -- The Rolling-Stone -- The "Vision
     of Piers Plowman" -- Guelph and Ghibelline -- Dwellers in Glass
     Houses -- A Spade is a Spade -- Chalk and Cheese -- Silence
     gives Consent -- A Nine Days' Wonder -- The little Pot soon Hot
     -- Weakest to the Wall -- Proverb-Hunting through our old
     Literature                                                       65


CHAPTER IV

     National Idiosyncrasies -- The Seven Sages of Greece -- Know
     Thyself -- The Laconic "If" -- Ancient Greek Proverbs -- Roman
     Proverbs -- The Proverbs of Scotland: Strong Vein of Humour in
     them -- Spanish and Italian Proverbs -- The Proverbs of France
     -- The "Comédie des Proverbes" -- The Proverbs of Spain: their
     Popularity and Abundance; Historic Interest: their Bibliography
     -- Italian Proverbs: their Characteristics -- The Proverbs of
     Germany -- Chinese Adages: their Excellence -- Japanese
     Proverbs: their Poetry and Beauty -- Arab Sayings: their
     Servility: their Humour -- Eastern Delight in Stories --
     African Sayings: their pithy Wisdom -- The Proverb-philosophy
     of the Talmud                                                    90


CHAPTER V

     Proverbs that are misunderstood -- The Cheese -- Raining Cats
     and Dogs -- Cattle-harrying -- The Bitter End -- By Hook or
     Crook -- Proverbs of Evil Teaching -- Necessity has no Law --
     The Peck of Dirt -- Howl with the Wolves -- Sarcasm in Proverbs
     -- The Fool -- Selfishness -- The Praise of Truth -- The Value
     of Time -- Death -- The Conduct of Life -- Occupations that
     supply Proverbs -- The Barber, Tailor, Cobbler, Physician,
     Lawyer, and others -- The Cowl and the Monk -- The Long Bow --
     The Meditative Angler -- Sayings associated with particular
     Individuals -- Hobson and his Choice -- Plowden's Law --
     Mortimer's Sow -- The Wisdom of Doddipol -- The Fear of Mrs
     Grundy's Opinion -- Locality Proverbs -- Rustic Humour -- Local
     Products -- Tenterden Steeple                                   124


CHAPTER VI

     Proverbs suggested by Animals -- Animal Characteristics:
     Sagacity, Fidelity, Cunning, Greed, etc. -- The Horse -- The
     Dog -- The Cat: her Nine Lives; the Catspaw; falling on Feet;
     in Mittens -- The Ass -- Pearls before Swine -- A Pig in a Poke
     -- The Wrong Sow by the Ear -- The Sheep -- The Shorn Lamb --
     The Bull -- The Goose -- The Hen -- Roasting Eggs -- The Bird
     and her Nest -- Birds of a Feather -- Catching with Chaff --
     Roasted Larks -- The Fox -- The Wolf; in Sheep's Clothing --
     The Bear -- The Mouse -- Belling the Cat -- Fish Proverbs --
     The Laborious Ant -- The Worm that turns -- Similes: from the
     Animal Kingdom; from Household Surroundings; from various
     Callings; from divers Colours                                   161


CHAPTER VII

     The Power of the Tongue -- Speech and Silence -- Knowledge and
     Wisdom not Interchangeable Terms -- Truth and Untruth --
     Travellers' Tales -- Flattery -- Industry and Sloth -- Youth --
     Friends, True and False -- Riches and Poverty -- The Ladder to
     Thrift -- The Influence of Womankind -- The Good Wife -- The
     Shrew -- The Testimony of Epitaphs -- The Grey Mare -- Home --
     Hope -- Forethought -- Excuses -- Good and Ill Fortune --
     Retribution -- Detraction -- Pretension -- Self-interest --
     Bribery and Corruption -- Custom and Habit -- The general
     Conduct of Life -- The Weather -- The Moon made of Green Cheese
     -- Conclusion                                                   194




PROVERB LORE




CHAPTER I

     Value of Study of Proverbs -- Difficulty of exact Definition
     -- Definitions by various Writers -- The Saw -- The Adage --
     The Essentials of a Proverb -- The Value of Brevity --
     Legitimate Use of Hyperbole -- Proverbs often one-sided Views
     of Truth -- Sometimes contradict each other -- Figurativeness
     of Language -- A very characteristic Feature -- Parables of
     our Lord -- Proverbs often condensed Parables -- Examples
     of Word-Pictures -- Commonest Objects supply Lessons --
     Interesting as referring to Usages that have passed away --
     Some Proverbs enduring, some transient -- May have more than
     one Significance -- Some palpable Truisms and Platitudes --
     Great Antiquity of Proverbs -- On Jewellery, Pottery,
     Furniture, etc. -- Rustic Conservatism -- The aid of
     Alliteration -- Rhyme as an Aid to Memory


The study of proverbs is one of exceeding interest and value. By means
of it our thoughts travel back through the ages to the childhood of the
world, and we see at once how amidst the surroundings that vary so
greatly in every age and in every clime the common inherent oneness of
humanity asserts itself: how, while fashions change, motives of action
remain; how, beneath the burning sun of Bengal or Ashanti, in the tents
of the Crees, or amidst the snows of Lapland, the thoughts of men on the
great problems that confront the race are strikingly at one. Hence,
while the outward garb and phraseology of these proverbial utterances
must necessarily greatly vary, we find, when we pierce below the
surface, a remarkable similarity of idea. When we desire to point out
the foolishness of providing any place or person with anything that they
are really better able to procure for themselves, the absurdity of
"carrying coals to Newcastle" is pointed out, and we might at first
sight very naturally say that surely here we have a popular saying that
we can specially claim as a piece of English proverbial wisdom. We find,
however, in the Middle Ages the popular saying, "Send Indulgences to
Rome"; while even before the Christian era the Greeks were teaching the
same lesson in the formula, "Owls to Athens," the woods of Attica
yielding these birds in abundance, while the city itself, under the
special guardianship of Pallas Athene, had, as its device and symbol, on
its coinage and elsewhere, the owl, the bird associated with that
goddess--coals, owls, indulgences, so different in outward seeming,
teaching the self-same truth. Any attempt at classification of proverbs
by nationality is exceedingly difficult, and in many cases impossible,
since the more one looks into the matter the more one realises what a
cosmopolitan thing a proverb is. Gratifying as it would be to patriotic
feeling to gather together all the best proverbs in circulation in
England and claim them as the product of English wit and wisdom, we
should at once on investigation find that in great degree they were,
perhaps in actual wording, and certainly in significance, the property
of humanity at large.

The necessity of curbing the hasty tongue, the dispraise of folly, the
value of true friendship, the watchfulness that enmity entails, the
influence of womankind, the fabrication of excuses, the vainglory of
boasting and pretension, the exposure of hypocrisy, the evil of
ingratitude, the golden irradiation of the pathway of life by hope, the
buoyant strength and confidence of youth, the sad decrepitude of old
age, the retribution that awaits wrongdoers, were as keenly understood
three thousand years ago as to-day, and the trite expression of these
verities, crystallised into warning, encouragement, or reproof, is as
much a part of the equipment of life to the date-seller of Damascus as
to the ploughman in an English shire.

Proverbs have been handed down from generation to generation from the
remotest ages, and were in circulation from mouth to mouth long before
any written records, since in the earliest writings extant we find them
given as obvious quotations. By means of them, primitive peoples entered
upon a heritage of sound wisdom and good working common-sense, and had
ready to hand counsels of prudence, hints for the conduct of life,
warnings of its pitfalls. Much that is interesting in history, in
manners and customs, is also preserved in them, and though times change
it is scarcely safe to say that any proverb is obsolete. A local
allusion may be understood by some old countryman that to the
philosopher and savant is nought.

Time after time as we travel onwards through life we find our knowledge
somewhat nebulous, our ideas in need of precision and sharpness of
definition. We accept so many things, almost unconsciously, on trust,
and should find it almost impossible in many cases to give an exact
reason for the belief that is in us. The nature and construction of a
proverb appears a thing too self-evident for any question to arise, the
definition of it one of the simplest of tasks, and we do not at all
realise its difficulty until we are fairly brought face to face with the
problem, pen in hand, and a sheet of blank paper before us. Waiving a
personal definition, we will endeavour by means of the statements of
others, men whom we may more or less recognise as authorities and
specialists, to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion.

Dr Johnson, in his noble dictionary, a splendid mass of erudition,[4:A]
defines a proverb as "a short sentence frequently repeated by the
people; a saw; an adage," but this definition, as it stands, is scarcely
sufficient. Having already a fair though nebulous notion of what a
proverb is we may perhaps accept it, since we automatically fill in what
is wanting, but if we could imagine the case of one who had no previous
notion of the nature of a proverb the definition of Dr Johnson would not
fill the void, since there are many colloquial phrases in constant use
that are not proverbial in their nature at all.[4:B] The Doctor points
out, under a second clause in his definition, that a proverb may also be
a byeword of reproach, but it would appear needless to dwell specially
on this. A proverb may exert its influence on us in many ways, by
encouragement, by derision, by warning, and so forth, and there seems no
occasion to make a special section of those that yield their lesson to
us by way of reproach. As an example of the use of this class we may
instance the passage of Milton, from his "Samson Agonistes"--

     "Am I not strong and proverb'd for a fool
      In ev'ry street: do they not say, how well
      Are come upon him his deserts?"

Our readers will doubtless recall, too, how in Holy Writ it is declared
that "Israel shall be a proverb and a byeword among all people."

The word saw is Saxon in its origin, and is defined by our great
lexicographer as "a saying, a maxim, a sentence, an axiom, a proverb."
Shakespeare writes--

     "From the table of my memory
      I'll wipe away all saws of books,"

and elsewhere of another of his characters he says that "his weapons"
were "holy saws of sacred writ." Perhaps, however, the best and
best-known Shakespearian instance is in his graphic description of the
seven ages of man in "As You Like It," where we are presently introduced
to the portly Justice with eyes severe and beard of formal cut, "full of
wise saws and modern instances," a well-bound encyclopædia of legal
axiom, precedent, and practice.

Milton writes, somewhat more forbiddingly, of

     "Strict age and sour severity
      With their grave saws."

The word proverb is Greek in its inception, and means, literally, a
wayside saying. Adage, a fairly equivalent word, is also of Greek birth.
The reference in "Macbeth" will at once be recalled--

     "Letting I dare not wait upon I would,
      Like the poor cat i' the adage."[5:A]

Synesius, a Christian writer of the early part of the fifth century,
affirms, in quoting from a work of Aristotle that is now lost, that "A
proverb is a remnant of the ancient philosophy preserved amid many
destructions on account of its brevity and fitness for use," and in
like strain Agricola declares proverbs to be "short sentences into
which, as in rules, the ancients have compressed life." Cervantes puts
this yet more pithily in his definition, "Short sentences drawn from
long experience." Howell, too, is happy in his declaration, "Sayings
which combine sense, shortness, and salt." Russell declares a proverb to
be "the wisdom of many and the wit of one"--the one being the man who
puts into happy form a truth that many had already felt, and thereby
crystallised it for the use of all future time. Bacon, less happily,
declares proverbs to be "the genius, wit, and spirit of a nation"; but
this definition manifestly covers a far wider area than can be justly
claimed for them. We need scarcely here point out that the word spirit
does not mean the courage and resolution that summon a nation to the
defence of its rights. It is but the Anglicised form of the French
_esprit_, a word that has no entirely satisfactory English equivalent.

Chambers hath it that "proverbs are pithy, practical, popular sayings,
expressive of certain more or less general convictions," and this is a
definition that really seems to cover very satisfactorily the whole
ground. That of Annandale is like unto it, "A proverb is a short and
pithy sentence forming a popular saying, and expressing some result of
the experience of life in a keen, quaint, and lively fashion."
Popularity is an essential feature, an absolute necessity. A saying of
some wise man may strike us at once as one of the happiest of
utterances, but if from any cause it does not find acceptance and
adoption into the common speech, the absence of this popular recognition
of its work debars it. It may richly deserve a place amongst the
proverbs, being as pithy, as wise as any of them, and possess every
essential of a proverb save the one. This one essential of general
acceptance being wanting, we have left to us a golden sentence, a
striking aphorism, a soul-stirring utterance. This is a point that some
of the compilers of lists of proverbs have overlooked, and they have
been tempted to insert in their pages brilliant wisdom-chips from the
writings of divers clever men, or to coin them for themselves.

Worcester, in his dictionary, defines a proverb as "a common or pithy
expression which embodies some moral precept or admitted truth," but we
find in practice that some few of these popular sayings are not
altogether moral in their teaching. Hazlitt affirms that this popular
diction is "an expression or combination of words conveying a truth to
the mind by a figure, periphrasis, antithesis, or hyperbole." Here,
again, the soundness of the teaching is taken for granted.

Cooper, in his Thesaurus, A.D. 1584, translates _proverbium_ as "an old
sayed sawe," and this really, in spite of its great brevity, very nearly
touches the root of the matter. Being "old," the popular utterance has
the stamp and dignity of antiquity: it is no newfangled thing that may
or may not find a lasting resting-place in the minds and consciences of
men; while, being "sayed," it is not merely a golden maxim buried deeply
in the pages of some venerable tome, it has passed into the daily life
and struggle for existence, and become incorporated in the popular
speech. It has borne the test of time; generation after generation of
the sons of men have recognised its value and accepted it.

In the "Encyclopædia Metropolitana" a proverb is defined as "a common
saying, sentiment, or sentence in which all agree"; but while so common
a saying, a sentence that all can agree upon, as "twice two make four,"
comes entirely within this definition, it is in no sense a proverb.
Slavery we all feel to be an evil, and we deplore its existence, but
while the sentiment does credit to our hearts, and unanimous as we may
all be on the point, it is in no degree proverbial. The definition,
moreover, requires from us a unanimity of acceptance, but this is by no
means always forthcoming, as regards the moral teaching, for example, of
some of our ancient adages. If we take, for instance, so well recognised
a proverb as "Honesty is the best policy," some persons will see in it a
mine of shrewd wisdom, while others will decide that the man who is
honest because he thinks that it will pay best is at heart a rogue. Our
acceptance or rejection of its teaching does not alter the fact that for
good or ill the utterance ranks as a proverb.

The Rev. John Ward, the vicar of Stratford-on-Avon in the reign of
Charles the Second, was a great collector of these items of proverbial
wisdom, and his stipulations as to the correct structure of a proverb
were very definite, though perhaps a little too severe. He declared that
in each such utterance six things were essential. It should be short,
plain in its language and teaching, in common use, figurative in its
expression, ancient, true. When all these requirements are met we have,
doubtless, an ideal proverb, but many excellent adages are current that
cannot be thus bound in.

Horace declares, wisely enough, in his "Art of Poetry," in favour of
brevity:

     "Short be the precept which with care is gained
      By docile minds, and faithfully retained,"

and it is a very valuable feature. How happy in expression, for
instance, are such proverbs as "Fast bind, fast find," "Forewarned,
forearmed," "Haste is waste."

That a proverb should be plain in language and teaching is, we take it,
by no means an essential. It rather owes often somewhat of its value to
the fact that there is something in it that compels analysis, possibly
awakens doubt or resistance, startles us by an apparent contradiction,
and compels us to delve at some trouble to ourselves before we grasp its
significance. Ray, one of the best known students of proverb-lore,
realises this when he stipulates for "an instructive sentence in which
more is generally designed than expressed" as his ideal.

Quaint exaggeration of statement, the use of hyperbole, is often
employed, and very happily, to compel attention. Some men seem to be so
specially the children of fortune that they from the most untoward
events gain increased advantage, and after a submergence that would
drown most men emerge buoyantly from this sea of trouble and go cheerily
on their way. Such are very happily described in the Arab proverb, "If
you throw him into the sea he will come up with a fish in his mouth." To
those who would attempt great tasks with inadequate means how truly may
we say, "It is hard to sail across the sea in an eggshell." Of those who
labour hard for results that bear no proportion to the effort made we
may equally truly say, "He dives deep and brings up a potsherd." In
France, if a man attempts a prodigious, or possibly impossible, task, it
is said of him, "Il a la mer à boire," while the thoughtless or reckless
man, who to avoid a slight and passing inconvenience will run imminent
risk of grave misfortune, is said to jump into the river that he may
escape the rain, "Il se jette à l'eau, peur de la pluie." The hyperbole
employed startles and arouses the attention and drives the lesson home.
It is especially characteristic of the Eastern mind, and the Bible, a
book of the East, is full of examples of its use.

Proverbial wisdom, it must be borne in mind, deals sometimes with only
one aspect of a truth. The necessary brevity often makes the teaching
one-sided, as the various limitations and exceptions that may be
necessary to a complete statement of a truth are perforce left unsaid.
One proverb therefore is often in direct contradiction to another, and
yet each may be equally true. Solomon, for example, tells us to "answer
a fool according to his folly, lest he be wise in his own conceit," and
he also tells us to "answer not a fool according to his folly, lest thou
also be like unto him."[10:A] These two directions are placed one
immediately after the other of deliberate forethought that the sharp
contrast may force itself on the attention. The two modes of action are
in direct contradiction, yet each is equally valuable in its place, and
according to circumstances one or other of them would be the right
course to pursue. To the restless, unstable man we may well quote the
well-known adage, "A rolling stone gathers no moss";[10:B] but, on the
other hand, it is equally true that "A tethered sheep soon starves."
While one villager is content to remain in the little hamlet where he
was born, living hardly throughout his life, the recipient of a scanty
wage, of soup and blankets from the vicarage or the hall, and, finally,
of a pauper grave, his schoolmate, the rolling stone, goes out into the
big world and fights his way into a position of independence.

The fourth stipulation of Ward--figurativeness of expression--while it
may appear to somewhat clash with his second, the demand for plainness
of utterance, is undoubtedly of great value; but it is not an essential.
Such proverbs as "Plough, or not plough, you must pay your rent," "The
receiver is as bad as the thief," "The child says what father says,"
"Misfortunes never come singly," "Extremes meet," "Ill doers are ill
deemers," are direct statements to be literally accepted, and to these
scores more could be added. The figurative treatment is, nevertheless,
still more in evidence, and very justly so. By its employment the
attention is at once arrested and the memory helped. This love of
picture language is specially characteristic of early days and of
primitive peoples, and those who would turn away from an abstract
discourse in praise of virtue, temperance, or strenuous endeavour will
gladly accept the teaching if presented in more concrete form--the fairy
tale, the fable, or the parable.

This figurativeness of language was a marked characteristic of the
teaching of our Lord, and the common people, who would have been
repulsed by dogma or exhortation, thronged gladly to the Teacher who
reached their hearts through the beautiful and simple stories that
fascinated them and awoke their interest. The sharp experiences of the
wayward son in the far-off land, the story of the anxious housewife
seeking at midnight for the lost piece of silver, the lonely traveller
sore beset by thieves, the withering grain that fell amidst the roadside
stones, the goodman of the house so stoutly guarding his belongings, the
sheep that had strayed afar into the perils of the wilderness, the
useless tares amidst the fruitful grain, the house upon the shifting
sand, the widely-gathering net, the pearl of great price, have been a
delight to countless generations, and will ever continue to be so.[11:A]

A proverb that is figurative in its construction may be considered as
really a condensed parable. Hence Chaucer, in the prologue of "The Wife
of Bathe," refers to "eke the paraboles of Salomon."

Numerous examples of these word-pictures will at once occur to us. How
expressive of the reproductive power of evil is the well-known proverb,
"Ill weeds grow apace." In one of the Harleian MSS. of about the year
1490 we find it given as "Ewyl weed ys sone y-growe"; or, as another
writer hath it,--

     "Ill weede groweth fast, ales, whereby the corne is lorne,
      For surely the weed overgroweth the corn."

In France it is "Mauvaise herbe croit toujours," and in Italy "Erba mala
preste cresce," and in some kindred form it appears in the proverb lore
of almost all people. How telling, again, the picture and the lesson in
"Still waters run deep."

     "Small griefs find tongues: full casks are ever found
      To give, if any, yet but little sound;
      Deep waters noiseless are, and this we know,
      That chiding streams betray small depth below."--_Herrick._

In Germany it is "Stille Wasser sind tief"--"Still waters are deep"--or
"gründen tief," "are grounded deep." In its English and German dress we
learn that the silent man is a thoughtful man, but in France it is
rendered as "Il n'y a pire eau que l'eau qui dort"--"There is no worse
water than that which sleeps"--making the considerably stronger
assertion that a thoughtful man becomes thereby a distinctly dangerous
member of society!

While we are reminded of the restless turmoil of the babbling brook, and
gain in its contemplation a hint of the fussy activity that in shallow
minds ends in little but outward show, we must nevertheless learn that
the day of small things must not be despised, for "Little brooks make
great rivers." Recalling the fable of the ensnared lion and the kindly
and industrious mouse that came to his rescue, we learn afresh that the
weak may often help the great, for "When large ships run aground, little
boats may pull them off." How true, too, to experience is it that "To a
crazy ship all winds are contrary," when in many lives there seem times
when everything goes wrong, and the unfortunate victim of circumstances
is buffeted from all directions. Another of these aqueous proverbs
reminds us how in such case the most desperate remedies may be tried,
for "A drowning man will catch at a straw." To profit, too, by seasons
of good fortune is no less needful, for "Every tide will have an ebb,"
and we may not assume that the opportunities we neglect to-day will be
always open to our embrace.

     "There is a tide in the affairs of men,"

we are told by Shakespeare, who doubtless knew this proverb, and
transmuted it by his genius into fine gold--

     "Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;
      Omitted, all the voyage of their life
      Is bound in shallows and in miseries."

In the day of prosperity friends appear to be numerous, but adversity
tries their worth, and it is too true for the credit of human nature,
that "Men shut their doors against the setting sun." "Strike," then,
"while the iron is hot"--"Batti il ferro quando è caldo," say in like
manner the Italians. This is a proverb, however, that is met with almost
universally, seeing that the necessity for prompt decision is also
almost equally universal. Chaucer tells us how

     "Pandarus, whiche that stode her faste by,
      Felt iron hotte, and he began to smite."

Yet, remember, would one prosper, "Have not too many irons in the fire."
These proverbs suggested by the smithy recall yet one other, and a very
ancient one, "Inter malleum et incudem"--"Between the hammer and the
anvil"--a position so hemmed in with danger that no way of escape seems
possible.

When a continuous use of any advantage blinds us to the need of
caution, we must remember that "The pitcher goes oft to the well, but is
broken at last," and what we have grown careless in the use of we may
presently find that we have lost.[14:A] When this day comes another
proverb--as to the folly of "shutting the stable door after the horse is
stolen"--may be too late recalled. How picturesque and how true to life
the well-worn adages, "A new broom sweeps clean," "A creaking door hangs
long on its hinges," "One nail drives out another," as portrayed in the
new-born diligence that, mayhap, will not last; in the career that drags
along despite all probabilities of its survival; in the fickle heart and
mind that lightly supplant old friends with new, or drop some hobby that
a week ago seemed all-absorbing in favour of some other thing of no
greater value, but possessing the attraction of novelty.

To those who live in constant nervous dread of impending misfortune it
should be some little comfort to remember that "Every mote doth not
blind a man." Things often work out better than the anticipation of them
suggested. No action is unimportant, and all have their consequences,
seeing "There is no hair so small but hath its shadow." If the action be
wrong the results will accord, for "A crooked stick throws a crooked
shadow." As one sows, so must they reap; thistles will never yield figs,
nor thorns grapes.

As the pains so the gains; and "He that will eat the kernel must crack
the nut." For everything the price must be paid, and "One cannot make
pancakes without breaking eggs."[14:B] We cannot all be of high
position, whatever our zeal and industry, and in every army the rank and
file are far in excess of the leaders, and are yet as indispensable as
they. The French saying, "Toute chair n'est pas venaison"--"All meat is
not venison"--comes in very happily here. When we recall how one revolts
against "toujours perdrix," and how the London apprentices rebelled
against being expected to eat salmon four days a week, we see that there
is abundant welcome in the world for the steady workman, the diligent
official, the succulent sirloin, the fragrant bloater.

That merit shall not go unrewarded, that fitness for duty may fairly
hope to meet full and fair recognition is suggested in the proverb, "A
stone that is fit for the wall is not left in the way," and men, sooner
or later, receive the recognition of their worth that they deserve, for
"The turtle, though brought in at the back door, takes the head of the
table." A little influence, a friend at court, and a bribe to blind his
eyes therewith have ere now been tried as an aid to fortune, for "A
silver key can open an iron lock" in this fallen world it has been
found. While this prescription is working the expectant suitor may amuse
himself by "building castles in the air."

The commonest objects yield their lesson and are worked into the great
mass of proverbial philosophy at the service of those who were daily
using them, and could thus most fully realise the point of the
utterance. The cooper soon found out that "Empty vessels make the most
sound," and that every tub may well be expected to stand on its own
bottom; and the miller early grasped the truth that "A little barrel
gives but a little meal." He saw, too, that "A torn sack will hold no
corn," and that "An empty sack cannot stand upright." The soldier was
warned, "Draw not thy bow before thine arrow be fixed," and did not
shoot before he had some definite aim. He knew, too, how prudent it was
to have "two strings to one's bow," and that "A bow long bent at last
waxeth weak." The woodman's experience added to the store of proverbial
wisdom, "A blunt wedge will sometimes do what a sharp axe cannot"; that
"Willows are weak, but yet they bind other wood"; that "Oaks may fall
while reeds remain"; and that "Great trees keep down little ones"; while
the gardener saw that "Ripe fruit may grow on rough wall"; and even the
nursery yields the declaration that "A burnt child dreads the fire"; and
the tailor grasps the wisdom of the advice, "Measure thy cloth thrice
ere thou cut it once." Other homely adages are--"At open doors dogs come
in," "A spur in the head is worth two in the heels," "The rotten apple
injures its neighbour," "Darns are bad, but better than debts."

Proverbs are of immense value, as they furnish an inexhaustible store of
epigrammatic utterances, and many of them are of considerable
archæological and folk-lore value as keys to usages, beliefs, and so
forth, that have now passed away. The many proverbs, for illustration,
that deal with bows and arrows are survivals from remote antiquity or
mediæval experience.

All proverbs, we need scarcely point out, are not of equal value or
popularity. Some, from their going down to the solid bed-rock of human
nature and common experience, have lasted for centuries, and will
continue, doubtless, while time shall last, their appeal to humanity,
while others are transient, local, restricted. While some collections of
proverbs run into thousands of examples, it is astonishing how few in
these latter days are really in use. If our readers, to test this
matter, will turn their thoughts inwards, or consult any of their
friends, they will probably find that half a sheet of note-paper will
very comfortably suffice to put down their stores, and if a hundred
people did this their lists would be curiously alike, showing that only
a very limited number have really nowadays found popular acceptance. One
hundred per cent. of these lists would include "All is not gold that
glitters," "There is a silver lining to every cloud," and "Those who
live in glass houses should not throw stones," all, it will be noted,
being word-pictures. "A rolling stone gathers no moss," and "A bird in
the hand is worth two in the bush," are also very popular proverbs, and
greatly for the same reason.

Proverbs may have more than one significance, and smite as two-edged
swords. Like the old-fashioned flail, that has now so largely been
superseded by the thrashing-machine, they may very smartly return on the
head of the careless user of them. If, for example, we quote the adage,
"Set the saddle on the right horse," it may signify our intention to see
that those whose action in some matter is blameworthy shall be duly held
up to execration, or it may with the utmost kindliness desire that the
"willing horse," human or equine, shall not be imposed on, and that
those shall bear the burden that are most fit to do so.

Some proverbs are merely palpable truisms, and have little or no claim
on our consideration. They have largely arisen from the mistaken zeal of
some of the old writers in endeavouring to force into their lists
anything that could be got together with any semblance of propriety, and
in such a case the sharp dividing line that should be in evidence
between proverb and platitude was often overstepped. Should A publish a
select list of one hundred proverbs, the book of B, which contains two
hundred examples--the hundred of A, plus axioms, platitudes to make up
the double amount--is not twice as good; it is only half as good,
because one has to spend time and energy in separating the gold from the
dross. The following may be taken as illustrations of the sort of thing
we are protesting against:--"He that does no good does evil," "The act
proves the intention," "Defer not charities till death," "Diligence is
the mother of good luck," "Books should inspire thought, not supersede
it," "Learn first to obey before proceeding to govern," "Great designs
require great consideration," "Self is a poor centre," "Affected
simplicity is but imposture," "Yield graciously or oppose firmly," "Good
cause gives stout heart and strong arm," "It is good to begin well,
better to end well," "Procrastination often brings repentance." These,
all culled from various collections, are perfectly harmless, and,
indeed, praiseworthy. As copy-book headings they might render good
service, but they want the "salt" to make them popular or acceptable. As
truisms they are superb.

The antiquity of many of our proverbs is very great, and their parentage
is enveloped in mystery. Howell, an old writer on the subject, likens
them to "natural children legitimated by prescription and long tract of
ancestriall time," and these foundlings have certainly been made very
welcome. While the name of the coiner is not transmitted with it, the
gift he bestows on posterity enjoys an unending popular appreciation
that the authors of soul-stirring appeals, of learned treatises, of
exquisite poems, sometimes fail to reach. It is a piece of proverbial
wisdom that "liars should have good memories," and there is a very
modern ring about it, but St Jerome, writing in the fourth century,
introduces it to clinch an argument, and refers to it as an old proverb.
Quintilian, a contemporary of Martial, Juvenal, Tacitus, during the
reigns of Titus and Domitian, some three hundred years before the days
of Jerome, also introduced it. How many centuries before this the
proverb was in use, who can say? The rule it lays down would be a
valuable one any time this three thousand years or more, and as
political economists tell us that supply and demand act and react upon
each other, we may reasonably assume that in the earliest ages the
demand for such an axiom would give it birth. There is a homely ring in
the saying that "He who lies down with dogs will rise up with fleas,"
and we could well imagine it starting into circulation somewhere about
the time of our great-grandfathers, when manners were a little coarser,
or at all events, a little more coarsely expressed, and when, without
circumlocution, a spade was a spade; but over eighteen centuries ago
Seneca quoted this proverb, and we find it in his writings in all its
homely directness--"Qui cum canibus concumbunt cum pulicibus surgent."

Hesiod introduces many proverbs in his writings, and we find them again
referred to by Plutarch, Cicero, and others. When St Paul warned his
hearers that "Evil communications corrupt good manners," he was quoting
a saying doubtless well known to them. It may be found again in the
writings of the poet Menander. In the Edda we meet with many striking
Scandinavian proverbs, and one of the books of the Bible, compiled about
a thousand years before the Christian era, is wholly devoted to
proverbial teaching.

Proverbs form a branch of that great mass of folk-lore that is more
especially the possession of the humbler denizens of our towns and rural
districts, and seem to have comparatively little sympathy with the great
ones of the earth. In "Eastward Hoe," written in 1605, we have a quaint
illustration of their use--where Touchstone declares, "I hired me a
small shop, fought low, tooke small game, kept no debt-booke, and
garnished my shop, for want of plate, with good wholesome thriftie
sentences, as 'Touchstone, keepe thy shoppe and thy shoppe will keepe
thee,' 'Light gaines make heavie purses,' ''Tis good to be merrie and
wise.'" A great use was made of proverbs and mottoes during the middle
ages on jewellery, pottery, furniture, and in fact wherever they could
be applied.

"Proverbs," Whateley very happily says, "are somewhat analogous to
those medical formulas which, being in frequent use, are kept ready made
up in the chemists' shops, and which often save the framing of a
distinct prescription." The uneducated are quite willing to be supplied
with happy arguments ready made,[20:A] and having tested their efficacy,
are well content to abide by them. Motherwell very aptly observes that
"A man whose mind has been enlarged by education, and who has a complete
mastery over the riches of his own language, expresses his ideas in his
own words, while a vulgar man, on the other hand, uses these proverbial
forms which daily use and tradition have made familiar to him, and when
he makes a remark which needs confirmation, he clinches it by a
proverb." It is of course obvious here that the word vulgar is not used
in the offensive sense that has in these latter days been associated
with it.

With the uneducated and poorer folk an axiom never becomes hackneyed. In
all such matters they are very conservative, and do not readily forsake
the old paths. Rustic humour, rustic customs, rustic remedies, all
conform to this well-nigh immutable law. Years ago, when we lived in a
little Wiltshire village, the leading farmer had a black horse with a
broad blaize of white running from between its ears to the nostrils, and
anyone meeting the carter leading this animal to plough or stable would
accost him as follows: "That harse of yourn looks pretty baad!" to which
the carter would reply, "Yees, he looks pretty white about the faace,
doant he?" Should this horse, or such a horse, be still to the fore, we
do not for a moment doubt--it is only eighteen years since we left--that
this formula is still flourishing in perennial youth. Everyone knew just
what to say and when to slowly chuckle, and so everybody was entirely
satisfied, and the sally was a guaranteed success. It had ripened with
age, and had long passed the troublesome experimental stage.

Lord Chesterfield declared that "a man of fashion never had recourse to
proverbs," but after all his opinion is not final. The utterance is
often quoted, but proverbs still survive his anathema, and the ban under
which he would place them has had no binding force. It is, moreover, a
matter quite immaterial what the man of fashion thinks of them at all.
They yet remain interesting objects of study for the philosopher, and
are for the man of the busy world a storehouse of practical wisdom.

The Divine Teacher did not scruple to employ this form of speech. In the
synagogue of Nazareth He reminds them of the popular proverb,
"Physician, heal thyself," and at the Well of Sychar He declares that
saying true, "One soweth, another reapeth."

There is reason in all things, and the "happy medium" is one of the most
valuable objects one can strive after in almost every direction. A man
who was continuously firing off adages and axioms would be as terrible
an infliction as the inveterate anecdotist or the everlasting
pun-producer. Shakespeare freely introduces this proverb-lore, and the
titles of two of his plays, "Measure for Measure," and "All's Well that
Ends Well," owe their titles to popular proverbs of the day. Fuller uses
it very largely and effectively in his writings. Butler's "Hudibras" is
overflowing with proverbial allusions, and so, too, are the writings of
Rabelais, Montaigne, Cervantes, and many another who might be instanced.
We shall have occasion, however, later on to dwell at length on their
introduction into literature.

"Apt alliteration's artful aid" is sometimes invoked. Such precepts as
"Live and let live," "No silver, no servant," "Like likes like," "Out of
debt, out of danger," "Time tryeth troth,"[22:A] and "No cross, no
crown," and the Latin, "In vino veritas,"[22:B] are the more easily
retained in the memory in consequence.

Another valuable aid to remembrance is found in rhyme, and many of our
most widely current proverbs owe, no doubt, some at least of their
popular acceptance to the catching jingle that fixes them on the ear.
The following are examples:--"Who goes a borrowing goes a sorrowing,"
"Store is no sore," "The counsels that are given in wine will do no good
to thee or thine," "Little strokes fell great oaks," "One drop of ink
may make a million think." Very familiar examples are these--"Little
pot, soon hot," "A stitch in time saves nine," "Many a little makes a
mickle," "No gains without pains," and "Man proposes, God disposes." How
true to life is it in a censorious world that "When I did well I heard
it never, when I did ill I heard it ever." There is a touch of sarcasm
in the following:--"As a man is friended so the law is ended," and the
old saying, "In vino veritas," reappears in this, "What soberness
conceals, drunkenness reveals." The equally well-known "Bis dat qui cito
dat" is seen in the adage, "He giveth twice who gives in a trice," "He
that by the plough would thrive, himself must either hold or drive," for
"Well begun is half done," and "By hawk and by hound small profit is
found." There are "No gains without pains," and it is "Better small fish
than empty dish," "He that leaves certainty and sticks to chance, when
fools pipe he may dance." He will find it true enough that "Great
spenders are bad lenders," and so it is a case of "Help, hands, for I
have no lands," and "Be the day never so long, at last it cometh to
evensong." "Easy fool is knave's tool," but "He that mischief hatcheth
mischief catcheth." "He has wit at will that with an angry heart can
hold him still," but far better yet, "A little house well filled, a
little land well tilled, a little wife well willed," for "A good wife
and health is a man's best wealth."

Naturally, as rhyming proverbs are found to be valuable as aids to
memory in England, they are equally esteemed elsewhere; thus in France
we have "L'homme propose et le Dieu dispose,"[23:A] and "Ami de table
est variable"--"The friend of one's table is of very little
value,"--while the Spaniard says, "A malas hadas, malas bragas"--"Ill
fortune is shabbily attired." "Asi es el marido sin hecho, como casa sin
techo"--"A husband without ability is like a house without a roof." "El
que lleva la renta que adobe la venta"--"Let him who receives the rent
repair the inn." Those who take the profits should also bear the
expense. In Latin we have "Durum et durum non faciunt murum,"[23:B] that
is to say, two hard materials do not come well together in building a
wall, we must have some soft yielding substance to soften their
asperities, and to bind them together. In other words, two headstrong,
domineering people will never get on well alone: there must be the
intervention of some gentler spirit to palliate, to excuse, to be a
peacemaker, and avert friction. "Nocumentum, documentum" is another
illustration. Its significance is that trouble teaches a man and opens
his eyes, the wise course being to profit by our misfortunes. "Via
crucis, via lucis," and "Qualis vita, finis ita" are other examples of
the rhyming proverb. Portuguese examples are, "De ora em hora Deus
mellora," "Agua molle em pedra dura tanto dà até que fura," "Quem do
alheio veste na praça o despe." Greek, German, Italian and other
proverbs equally conform to this custom of aiding the memory by a
rhyming treatment; but enough has been brought forward to indicate the
point.

Sometimes actual rhyme is absent, but there is nevertheless a certain
catch or jingle in the wording that attracts the attention; as, for
example, "The law of love is better than the love of law," "Look rather
on the good of evil men than on the evil of good men," "It is better to
suffer without cause than to have cause for suffering," and "Take heed
when thou seest no need of taking heed." A Latin example is,
"Præmonitus, præmunitus," being forewarned one is forearmed, and
prepared to defend oneself from a threatened mischief.

Such rhymes, alliterations, and quaint turns of diction have at all
times had a great attraction to children and to primitive people, and to
the great mass of mankind. That "Peter Piper picked a peck of pepper" is
of overwhelmingly more interest, for instance, in the nursery than that
George Piper should have ground a pound of coffee. When Cæsar reported
his success to Rome in the words "Veni, vidi, vici," there can be little
doubt that by both sender and recipients it was considered that he had
put the matter very neatly, and the kindly Gregory and his hearers no
doubt equally felt that a decidedly happy remark had been made when he
hailed the fair-haired Saxon children as "Non angli sed Angeli."

A very interesting Greek inscription that reads the same either
backwards or forwards is found in many English and foreign
churches--"Nipson anonemata me monan opsin." In the Greek lettering the
reversal is complete, but in English characters the "ps" is two letters
instead of one, and when read backwards becomes "sp." The significance
is, "Cleanse thy sins and not thy face only." It appears ordinarily on
the font, and, less usually, on the sacred vessels, and may be taken as
a fair equivalent of the scriptural precept, "Rend your heart and not
your garments." Examples will be found in England in Hadleigh Church,
Suffolk; West Shefford, Berks; Clipston Church, Northampton;
Worlingworth Church, Suffolk; Harlow, in Essex; Melton Mowbray, in
Leicestershire, and other places. One notable and interesting example of
its introduction was on the font of the Basilica of the Heavenly Wisdom
at Constantinople, but on the conversion of this building into a mosque
this font was destroyed.


FOOTNOTES:

[4:A] "A dictionary of the English language, in which the words are
deduced from their originals, and illustrated in their different
significations by examples from the best authors." This early edition is
in two massive quarto volumes, and the later abridgments that are now
alone seen give no conception of the value of the original work.

[4:B] The two illustrative quotations appended are from the writings of
Bacon and Addison respectively. The first runs as follows:--"The proverb
is true that light gains make heavy purses; for light gains come thick,
whereas great come but now and then"; while the second, from Addison,
declares that "the proverb says of the Genoese that they have a sea
without fish, land without trees, and men without faith." This latter
would appear to be rather an epigram than a proverb.

[5:A] We shall later on, when we deal with proverbial philosophy
suggested by the various traits of animal life, find that the cat
furnishes material for several popular sayings. The particular facts
here brought out are the two antagonistic points in the feline
economy--a great liking for fish, and a great disliking to getting wet,
so that "I dare not" becomes the insurmountable obstacle to "I would."
In a sixteenth century manuscript this adage is given as "a cat doth
love the fishe, but she will not wett her foote," and, with various
slight modifications of diction, the proverb is an oft-quoted one.

[10:A] A great use is made in the Bible of this thought-compelling
antithesis. One illustration will suffice: "There is a shame that
bringeth sin, and there is a shame that is glory and grace."

[10:B]

     "The stone that is rouling can gather no mosse,
      Who often remooueth is sure of losse,
      The riche it compelleth to paie for his pride;
      The poore it vndooeth on euerie side."

[11:A] "In manye suche parablis he spak to hem the word, as thei myghten
here, and he spak not to hem withoute parable."--_Wiclif's translation
of the Bible._

"The holye scripture hath her figure and historye, her mysterye and
veritie, her parable and playne doctryne."--_Bale._

[14:A] "Or the golden bowl be broken, or the pitcher broken at the
cistern."--_Ecclesiastes_ xii. 6.

[14:B] "Ou ne fait point d'omelettes sans casser les œufs," says the
Frenchman, and the Spaniard agrees, "No se hacen tortillas sin romper
huevos."

[20:A]

     "My reasoning your reason setteth nought by,
      But reason for reason yee so stiffly lay,
      By proverbe for proverbe that with you doe way."--_Heywood._

[22:A] Nearly equivalent to the delightful saying of classic times,
"Veritas temporis filia."

[22:B] To some extent preserved in the modern equivalents, "La verdad
está en el vino," "Dans le vin on dit la vérité."

[23:A] In modern Portuguese, "O homem impoem, Deus dispoem."

[23:B] In modern Portuguese, "Duro com duro nao faz bom muro."




CHAPTER II

     Ancient Collections of Proverbs -- The Proverbs of Solomon
     -- Ecclesiasticus -- The Work of D'Anvers on Solomon's
     Proverbs -- The Collections of De Worde, Trevisis, and Lydgate
     -- The "Adagia" of Erasmus -- Tavernar's "Garden of Wisdom"
     -- Heywood's Collection of Proverbs -- Camden's "Remaines"
     -- Davies, the "Scourge of Folly" -- The "Apophthegms" of
     Lord Bacon -- The "Outlandish Proverbs" of G. H. -- Herbert's
     "Jacula Prudentum" -- The Work of Howell and Cotgrave
     -- The "Gnomologia" of Fuller -- The Difficulties of
     Proverb-classification, by Country, by leading Word, by
     Subject, etc. -- Ray's "Collection of English Proverbs" -- The
     "Paræmiologia" of Walker -- Palmer on Proverbs -- The Sayings
     of "Poor Richard"


The collecting of proverbs appears at almost all periods to have
exercised a great fascination, and even in classic times we find writers
either amassing stores of them or introducing them freely into their
writings. Many of these sayings arose, there is no doubt, in the
leisurely and sententious East, and from thence found their way to the
widely-spreading colonies of Greece and Phœnicia, and in due course
to Rome, where a still greater area of diffusion was thrown open for
their dispersal. The Jewish proverbs used by our Saviour, or by St Paul
and the other apostles, can be traced back to India, where they were in
use centuries before they found their way through Babylonia and Persia
to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Hesiod, Homer, Pindar, Æsop,
Solon, Aristotle, Phædrus, and many other ancient writers introduced
them. Menander made a fine collection of them under the title of
_Sententiæ Monostichæ_. Pythagoras drew up a collection of adages for
his disciples, and Plato, Theophrastus, and Chrysippus accumulated
stores of them. During the Roman Empire collectors of antiquarian tastes
carried on the work, Zenobius and Diogenianus, during the reign of
Hadrian, being perhaps the most notable and enthusiastic in this
pursuit, and to these, though of much later date, we may add the names
of Gregorius, Cyprius, and Macarius.

Zenobius made an epitome of the proverbs collected by two older writers,
Tarraeus and Didymus, in number five hundred and fifty-two, and
Diogenianus, living about the same time, the beginning of the second
century, accumulated seven hundred and seventy-five. Andrew Schott
edited these two lists, plus fourteen hundred from Suidas and some few
others from various sources at Antwerp in the year 1612.

The Biblical book known as the Proverbs of Solomon must certainly not be
overlooked, as it is a collection of quite inestimable worth, having a
counsel for every emergency in the troublous life of man, an
encouragement for the weak, a reproof for the froward. To the conceited
man it cries "Be not wise in thine own eyes," "Cease from thine own
wisdom," while man swollen up with pride is warned that "Pride goeth
before destruction and an haughty spirit before a fall," so that "When
pride cometh there cometh shame." The value of friendship is very fully
enforced: we are warned that "A man who hath friends must show himself
friendly" in turn, that we must not resent the honest counsel proffered,
for "Faithful are the wounds of a friend," and we must not too hastily
assume that all who profess to be our friends are really so, for "Every
man is a friend to him that giveth gifts," and only adversity could
prove their real value. The mischief done by the hasty tongue is
repeatedly dwelt upon--"A fool's mouth is his destruction," "The words
of a tale-bearer are as wounds," and "Death and life are in the power
of the tongue." The man of business is warned that "Divers weights are
an abomination to the Lord," while the man who honestly endeavours is
encouraged to believe that his labours shall not be lost to him, for
"Whoso keepeth the fig-tree shall eat the fruit thereof, while the
slothful man" excuses his idleness and apathy, and "saith there is a
lion without." The vindictive man is admonished that "Whoso diggeth a
pit shall fall therein," while the value of forethought and common-sense
is enforced in the hint, "Surely in vain is the net spread in the sight
of any bird." That we should read those counsels aright, and not draw
false conclusions, we are reminded that "The legs of the lame are not
equal: so is a parable in the mouth of fools."[28:A]

The priceless gift of wisdom, far in value above rubies, is dwelt upon
and enforced, and its saving strength referred to time after time. The
wisdom enshrined in this book, if incorporated in the heart and
illuminating the life, would suffice as a complete _vade mecum_.

The writings of the son of Sirach are worthy of attentive study: they
will be found in the apocryphal book of Ecclesiasticus, and are of very
similar character to the proverbs of Solomon.[28:B] That the one writer
should appreciate the work of the other was most natural, and the wisdom
of Solomon is thus eulogised:--"How wise wast thou in thy youth, and as
a flood filled with understanding. Thy soul covered the whole earth, and
thou filledst with dark parables. Thy name went far into the islands,
and for thy peace thou wast beloved. The countries marvelled at thee for
thy songs, and proverbs, and parables, and interpretations."

     "O Salomon, richest of all richesse,
      Fulfilled of sapience and worldly glorie,
      Ful worthy ben thy wordes to memorie
      To every wight that wit and reason can."

                                  CHAUCER, _The Marchantes Tale_.

This book, though spoken of as one and as the work of Solomon, is really
divided into several sections, and was doubtless the work of different
authors and the product of different times. All was finally collected
into a single book, but there is absolutely no clue as to how much is
the fruit of the wisdom of Solomon and how much sprang from the
experience of others. Two other contributors are mentioned in the book,
Lemuel and Agur, writers of whom nothing is elsewhere known. The first
nine chapters are chiefly a description and commendation of wisdom, and
these are followed by others that are largely made up of sentences very
loosely strung together. The proverbs of Agur are much more artificial
in style than the others, while the proverbs of King Lemuel are in
commendation of chastity, temperance and justice, and the praise of the
ideal wife.[29:A]

In the year 1676 one Henry D'Anvers collated these proverbs, and
arranged them in alphabetical sequence as an aid to the memory. He
entitled it "A Presentation of the Proverbs of Solomon in English
Dress." At the opening of the book the writer, as in the Biblical
original, seeks wisdom. His search is at first fruitless:--

     "Fare wel (said I), for yet it don't appear,
      That Wisdom (whom I seek for) dwelleth here.
      So I departed thence with speedy feet,
      When as I found that was not Wisdom's seat."

At last, however, he seeks it in the Bible, and his perseverance is here
rewarded:--

     "She's glorious within, enlightened eyes
      Do see such beauty which they can't but prize.
      She hath one room all hung with Pearls (you'll see),
      King Solomon's Proverbs, full of dignity."

This simile of the pearls is to the compiler a very attractive one, and
we find it repeated more than once in the book, as, for instance:--

     "Who searches oft in small things worth descries.
      A Pearl is small and yet of a great price:
      A Proverb is a Pearl then, rich though small,
      But Scriptural most precious is of all.
      King Solomon hath left Posterity
      A rich and everlasting Legacy:
      A cabinet of Pearls, which all may take
      Nor shall they yet their fellows poorer make;
      You may perhaps be owner of't, and yet
      I also may enjoy the Cabinet.
      Who will not then this Cab'net prize and keep?
      They're precious Pearls, although they're in a heap.
      You'l say, perhap, they're mixt together; well,
      Loke here, each Jewell hath its proper Cell;
      And as your use requires, you may repair
      To such a Cell, and have a Jewell there."

This latter part refers to the alphabetical arrangement under such
headings as honour, diligent, slothful. On the right-hand page all
through his book he gives the same proverbs in Latin.

The definition of proverbs by D'Anvers is a happy one, "Short, wise
sentences, containing much in a little." He goes on to say that "they
are in the Scriptures sometimes called the Sayings of the Antients (1
Sam. xxiv. 13), because delivered by the wise antient Fathers or Elders,
and therefore called the words of the wise (Prov. i. 6); and sometimes
the sayings of old (2 Sam. xx. 18, Ps. lxxviii. 2), because the
approbation and consent of Ages went to make them the usage of a Nation,
being brought by Custom and Tradition to every mouth."

D'Anvers carefully calls attention to a point that is sometimes
overlooked, that such figurative language is sometimes of intent
employed to veil rather than to reveal. Hence sometimes "an obscure and
enigmatical way of speaking," and therefore called "the word of the wise
and their dark sayings," and "dark sayings of old." And therefore it is
said to our Saviour upon His explanation of some teaching that had not
been grasped by His hearers, "Now speakest thou plainly and speakest no
proverb," opposing plain speaking to proverbial and parabolical.

The comprehensiveness of the book of Proverbs is very happily brought
out by D'Anvers when he speaks of it as "containing not only the true
Wisdom (in teaching the fear of the Lord) but all other necessary
learning as well--Ethicks, viz., matters pertaining to moral virtues, as
Prudence, Temperance, Justice. As Oeconomicks, viz., matters of
Domestick and Family-concerns, relating to the duties of Husbands,
Wives, Parents, Children, Masters and Servants, and Politicks, also,
relating to Government and matters of State." We may therefore, on
recognition of this, find no difficulty in assenting to his declaration
that "Plato, Aristotle, Cicero and other Heathenish School-Authors are
not to be named with Solomon who so instructs to every good word and
work."

A manuscript preserved in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, is
of considerable interest in the bibliography of proverbs. It was
written in the beginning of the thirteenth century and is a translation
into Latin of some of the more popular sayings of the time. Thus, for
example, the well-known adage, "A bird in the hand is worth two in the
bush," appears as "Plus valet in manibus avis unica quam dupla silvis."
"When the dog eats his bone he loves not company," is given as "Dum
canis os rodit, sociari pluribus odit." In an old French collection we
find the equivalent of this, "Chen en cosyn compagnie ne desire"--"The
dog while in the kitchen desires no fellow."

Another is the interesting collection got together by Wynkyn de Worde
and Peter Trevisis early in the sixteenth century. The wording is very
quaint, but we are able to recognise many proverbs that are still in
use, the difference of their wording often making them still more
attention-compelling. How delightful, for example, is the variation on
the well-worn theme as to the impropriety and want of delicacy in
looking in a gift-horse's mouth, "A gyuen hors may not be loked in the
tethe." The fate that may attend unasked-for offers of assistance is
graphically brought before us in the rendering, "Profred seruyce
stynketh." The difference in result between the idle aimless wish and
the strenuous endeavour is excellently brought home to us in "Wysshers
and wolders ben smal housholders." "Be ye dayes neuer so long at ye last
cometh euensonge," when "the ploughman homeward plods his weary way." It
is very refreshing, too, to meet another old friend, "Thou hyttest the
nayle on the heed," though in these latter days we make a point of its
being "the right nail." The collection is entitled "Vulgaria Stambrigi."

The "Prourbes of Lydgate," a black letter-treatise of about the same
date as the book just referred to, may also be consulted. Many of the
proverbs, though some are good, appear to have now passed out of use. We
have for instance a somewhat selfish motto, "Payne thee not eche croked
to redresse," a counsel not to worry over other people's troubles.
"Galle under suger hathe double bytternesse," is expressive and
suggestive. It tells of lost friendship, of confidence treacherously
betrayed, of bright hopes dashed. The advice to look at home and to mind
primarily one's own business is brought out in the line, "Loke in thy
mirrour and deme none other wyghts." There is, as will be noted in the
examples we have given, a certain tone of cynicism and selfishness that
is not a pleasant feature and which we would fain hope is at least one
reason for many of them having gone out of service.

Michael Apostolius of Byzantium in the middle of the fifteenth century
compiled a book of ancient proverbs, on which he made comments and gave
explanations where he deemed it needful. The collection contained 2027
examples. The man, however, who in these earlier days did most in this
direction was Erasmus, and his labours supplied for subsequent writers a
mass of very valuable material, for the work was one of gigantic toil.
Erasmus largely contributed in many ways to the advancement of learning
in Europe. The first edition of his book, the "Adagia," was published in
Paris in the year 1500. The work was at once greeted with acclamation,
and fresh editions were repeatedly called for. On each occasion Erasmus
made additions, until at length the book contained over 4000 examples.
These were mostly the proverbs to be found in the early Greek and Roman
writers. The book is a monument of perseverance and erudition; it still
remains unrivalled, and it became on its issue the medium through which
the knowledge of many proverbs was disseminated throughout Europe: the
similarity of many of the proverbs of England, Holland, Germany, Italy,
Spain, was at least in some measure owing to the fact that the Latin
treatise of Erasmus supplied an abundant store for general
appropriation.

Erasmus was one of the many who sought to reform the Church. The
dissolute were denounced whatever their rank, and abuses were fulminated
against with unsparing zeal, so that the people were prepared for some
great change either of mending or ending. Hence it has been said that
Erasmus laid the egg of the Reformation and Luther hatched it. Great
enmity was aroused, and the divines who had had cause to wince,
endeavoured to persuade the Pope, Leo X., to have the "Adagia"
condemned. The morals and comments added to some of the proverbs told
very heavily against the clergy, and they very naturally did not take
kindly to the issue of such a book. The ecclesiastics, however, in
session at the Council of Trent, before whom the matter was brought,
liberally decided that the book was of too great value to be wholly
suppressed, so they contented themselves with ordering its strict
revision, everything which they deemed offensive to the papal sway and
the influence of the priesthood being under their ban. This garbled
version was published in Florence in the year 1575, the name of the
author being suppressed, but the book had ere this passed through so
many editions and had been scattered so far and wide over Europe that
any action of this kind came altogether too late to be of any efficacy.

Taverner, an Englishman, issued a book of proverbs, axioms, and epigrams
in the year 1539. It is in black-letter, and has avowedly been largely
constructed "with newe addicions" out of the monumental work of Erasmus.
It is "the Garden of Wysdome, conteyning pleasant floures, that is to
saye, propre and quycke sayinges of Princes, Phylosphers, and other
sortes of men, Drawen forth of good Authours by Rycharde Tauerner." His
comments on the various adages are often very shrewd. "Lawes," he says,
"be lyke spyders webbes, wherein the weakest and most feble beastes be
catched and stycke faste, but the strongest breake out. So lawes do
bynde the poore and meane persons but the rich cobbes escape
vnpunyshed"; and again, "An angrye bodye dothe nothynge dyffer from a
mad man, but in the tariannce of tyme, sygnifyeng that wrathe is a short
frensye." Many of his "quycke sayinges"[35:A] are very happy, thus,
"Demanded what is a frend, Zeno answered an other I, sygnifyeng that an
entyer and hartye frende no lesse loveth his frende then hymselfe." We
read, too, with interest, of "a certayne person which rose erly in the
mornynge and found his hose knawen and eaten of the rattes, and being
troubled wyth this syght, thynkyng it a prognosticatiō (a tokē of
some misfortune) he cometh to Cato to aske his coūsaile and to know
of hym what euyl thys thyng portended. Cato maketh hym thys answere,
Certes my frend it is no mōstrouse syght to se rattes eat mens hose,
but yf thy hose had eaten the rattes that had been a monstrouse syght."
This answer was so entirely to the point that one would fain hope that
the man of the knawen hose went on his way rejoicing that he knew the
worst.

Books of like nature with that of Taverner will be found in the works of
Florio--one of these is entitled "Merie proverbes, Wittie Sentences and
golden Sayings," and another is the "Garden of Recreation." This latter
contains some six thousand Italian proverbs. They doubtless passed
through divers editions; the copies that came under our own notice were
dated 1578 and 1591 respectively.

A valuable sixteenth century collection of proverbs may be found in a
rhyming treatise written by John Heywood. The first edition that we have
seen is a black-letter quarto of the year 1547. It is entitled "A
Dialogue, contayning in effect the number of al the Proverbs in the
English tongue, compact in a matter concerning two Marriages." In an
issue in 1598 that has come under our notice the title is, "A dialogue
wherein are pleasantlie contrived the number of all the effectuall
proverbs in our English tongue, compact in a matter concerning two
marriages. Together with three hundred epigrams upon three hundred
proverbs." Heywood always refers to the proverbs as already old sayings
and praises them, though he at times dressed up as proverbs some of his
own ideas, and altered others, depriving them of somewhat of their
rugged directness. He says of them:

     "Our common, plaine, pithie proverbes olde
      Some sense of some of whiche beying bare and rude,
      Yet to fine and fruitfull effect they allude,
      And their sentences include so large a reache
      That almost in all thinges good lessons they teache.
      This write I not to teach but to touch: for why?
      Men know this as well or better than I.
      But this and that rest: I write for this,
      Remembering and considering what the pith is,
      That by remembering of these, Proverbs may grow."

This poem on marriage may make an excellent vehicle for the introduction
of these old English sayings, but as a poem it is in itself most
cheerless and disagreeable, the view taken being a most unfavourable
one. One gets no notion of anything like conjugal felicity being
possible, the rhymes being a snarl and a wrangle all through.

John Heywood was a friend of Sir Thomas More. His book at once sprang
into popularity, and was ten times reprinted during the sixteenth
century. He also wrote the "Mery playe betwene the Pardoner and the
Frere, the Curate and Neybour Pratte." The whole tone of this is as
hostile to the clergy as the other to Hymen. Another of his productions
was the "Play of the Wether," where a "gentylman, wynde-miller,
marchaunt, launder," and others all fall foul of the weather, and at
last appeal to Jupiter. The gentleman, for instance, "wants no wynde to
blow for hurt in hys huntynge," while "she that lyveth by laundry must
have wether hot and clere her clothys to dry." He wrote several other
plays and other things.

The following extracts from Heywood give an illustration of his rhyming
treatment:--

     "The cat would eat fish and would not wet her feete.
      They must hunger in frost that will not worke in heate.
      And he that will thrive must aske leave of his wife,
      But your wife will give none, by you and her life."

     "Haste must provoke
      When the pigge is proffered to hold up the poke.
      When the sun shineth make hay: which is to say
      Take time when time com'th, lest time steale away.
      And one good lesson to this purpose I pike
      From the smith's forge, when th' iron is hot, strike."

The reasons may be sound enough, but the rhymes are deplorable. Thus
"pike" is no doubt an example of "poetic license," as pick, the word he
really wants, would not rhyme with strike!

     "From suspicion to knowledge of yll, for sothe,
      Coulde make ye dooe but as the flounder dothe--
      Leape out of the frying-pan into the fyre,
      And chaunge from yl peyn to wurs is smal hyre."

For badness of rhyme it would be hard to surpass this--

     "But pryde she sheweth none, her looke reason alloweth,
      She lookth as butter would not melt in her mouth."

That "newe broom swepth cleene" is the text for another atrociously bad
rhyme. It limps as follows:--

     "But since all thing is the worse of the wearing
      Decay of cleene sweeping folke had in fearing."

In the year 1586 appeared the first edition of Camden's Britannia. The
book was a very popular one, and repeatedly issued. The author
accumulated a vast store of information, more than he found himself able
to utilise in his book, the result being yet another book, the
"Remaines." This, like the first, was received with much favour. The
title was "Remaines concerning Britaine; but especially England and the
Inhabitants thereof, their Languages, Names, Surnames, Allusions,
Anagrams, Armories, Monies, Impresses, Apparell, Artillarie, Wise
Speeches, Prouerbs, Posies, Epitaphs." William Camden was Clarenceaux,
King of Armes, surnamed "the Learned" by some of his contemporaries, and
his heraldic and archæological tastes are clearly seen in his choice of
subjects when dealing with so vast a theme as the thousand and one
interests that divers Englishmen would look for in such a book; the
sportsman, the botanist, the merchant, for example, each having their
special interests quite outside those that seemed to Camden so specially
characteristic and essential to a right comprehension of England.

The book is a very interesting one, and full of valuable matter, but it
is with one section alone, that on proverbs, that we now deal. His
reason for their insertion is as follows:--"Where as proverbs are
concise, witty, and wise Speeches grounded upon long experience,
containing for the most part good caveats, and therefore profitable and
delightfull: I thought it not unfit to set down here, alphabetically,
some of the selectest and most usuall amongst us, as being worthy to
have place amongst the wise Speeches." In the book they immediately
succeed these wise speeches.

We give a selection from these proverbs, held to be worthy of such
commendation. "An ynche in a miss is as good as an ell." "Looke not to
hie least a chip fall in thine eie." "It is euill waking of a sleeping
dogge." "Many stumble at a strawe and leape over a blocke." "Of little
medling commeth great ease." "Poore and proud, fy, fy." "Saue a thiefe
fro the gallowes and heele cut your throat." "So long goes the pot to
the water that at length it comes home broken." "Tread a worme on the
taile and it must turne againe." "Where be no receauers there be no
theeues."[39:A] "When the skye falleth we shall have larkes."

Though the exigencies of space prevent anything like individual comment,
we trust that our readers will not hurry through these as a mere list to
be got through. Each is excellent, and well worthy of quiet thinking
over; while a second theme of interest may, we think, often be
discovered in the recognition of proverbs well known to us in a somewhat
different wording, as, for instance, Camden's version--"A man may well
bring a horse to the water, but he cannot make him drinke without he
will," and "An inche in a misse is as good as an ell,"--proverbs in
common use still, but given here with a certain quaintness of variation
that has a charm.

Other happy utterances in the Camden collection are: "A friend is not so
soon gotten as lost."[39:B] "A leg of a lark is better than the body of
a kyte." "A man far from good is near to harm." "A man may buy golde
too deare." "One piece of a kid is worth two of a cat." "It is a proud
horse that will not bear his own provender." "As good sit still as rise
up and fall." "Blind men should judge no colours." "He that will have a
hare for breakfast must hunt overnight." "It is hard to teach an old dog
tricks." "It is not good to have an oare in every man's boat." "One ill
weede marreth a whole pot of pottage." This latter is in an especial
degree, in its literal wording, a proverb of the past, though its inner
significance will hold good till the end of time. It clearly refers to a
time when the herbs of the field were utilised, and vegetable gardens
did not supply the needful requisites for the table. In these present
days well-ordered ranks of beans, onions, lettuce, and other crops are
to hand, and a mistake is scarcely possible, but in these earlier days,
when the wild growths of the hedgerow were utilised, one can readily see
that a little ignorance in the gathering might contribute an ingredient
that would mar all--a touch of hemlock, for instance, in lieu of
parsley.

It is strikingly true, too, that as on the one hand a soft answer
turneth away wrath, so, on the contrary, "one ill worde asketh another,"
and probably does not ask in vain. It is equally true in one's
experience of life that not uncommonly "One beateth the bush and another
catcheth the birds." The necessity of caution in permitting innovations
is well brought out in, "Once a use then ever a custom"; and the fact
that there is more skill in even the simplest art than the onlooker
quite realises is very effectively brought out in, "There is craft in
daubing." The motto of the Order of the Garter has prepared us for
"Shame take him that shame thinketh." Other happy renderings in the
collection under consideration are, "Such an one hath a good wit if a
wise man had the keeping of it." "No penny, no paternoster." "The
beggar may sing before the thiefe," for, having no property to lose, the
highwayman or the burglar have no terrors for him. "Three may keepe
counsell if two be away." "Who medleth in all things may go shoe the
gostlings." We have by no means exhausted the list. The only one amongst
the whole collection that appears unworthy of a place is "Struggle not
against the streame." This appears to point to a cowardly surrender, a
floating easily down when a stout resistance should be made. A policy of
"Do as the others do; ask no questions; raise no difficulties; make no
protest; keep quiet, or shout with the majority; we are no worse than
other people." We cannot recall the name of any man or woman whose life
shines bright in history whose principles were built up exactly on these
lines.

John Davies, a native of Hereford, in the year 1611 or thereabouts wrote
a book which he called the "Scourge of Folly." The work is now a scarce
one, and the world is no great loser in consequence. He was a versifier
at once prolific and drearily dull. The first edition we have not seen,
but that of 1620 is entitled, "The Scourge of Folly, consisting of
satyricall Epigrams and others in honour of many noble Persons and
worthy Friends, together with a pleasant (though discordant) Descant
upon most English Proverbs and others." The epigrams are, most of them,
of a most offensive character. The references to the names of the
persons satirised carry now no meaning, but at the time they were
written they must have been of the most grossly personal character.
"Against Formias brauery and unceessant prating," "against Cleophus, the
Time observer," "against faint-hearted bragging Bomelio," "against wordy
Classus," are examples of the headings, and the lines that in each case
are appended are grossly insolent. There are two hundred and ninety-two
of these scoundrelisms. His proverbs are four hundred and nineteen in
number, and he adds to each a rhyming comment of his own. They are
mostly very feeble, and many of them much too gross for quotation.

     "Fast binde, fast finde, but Rufus, bound as fast
        As bonds could do, to pay a debt he ought,
      Stole quite away, ere quite the day was past,
        And nowhere can be found, though he be sought."

He lengthens and shortens the proverbs as rhythmical exigencies call
for, and his great idea throughout seems to be to show that these old
proverbs were quite absurd and valueless, and that John Davies was the
real fount of wisdom.

We append a few of these couplets, the first line being a proverb and
the second the comment of Davies upon it. Anything more feeble and
pointless than the latter could scarcely be imagined.

     "A Mouse may in time bite in two a cable--
      That may she at once if she be able."

     "No more can we have of the fox but his skin;
      Yes, Bones to make dice, which now is no sin."

     "Three may keep counsell if two be away,
      And so may all three if nothing they say."

     "A dead Bee will make no Hony,
      But from dead Bees it's had for money."

     "Ill newes are commonly true,
      Not if a lyer made them new."

     "The Cat would eat fish but for wetting her feete,
      To eat ere she wash is fowle and unsweete."

     "Throw no Guift at the Giver againe;
      Yes: if he give me a blow Ile thanke him with twaine."

     "A scabb'd Sheepe will marre a whole flocke,
      Faith, then the Shepherd's a Knave or a Block."

     "Who is worse Shood than the Shoomaker's wife?
      Faith, Geese, that never wore Shoes in their life."

About this time also was published a book called "The Crossing of
Proverbs." The copy before us as we write is, we see, dated 1616. It is
on the same lines as the preceding book, except that it is not in
rhymes. "It is far to the bottom of the sea," says the old proverb. "Not
so," says the author, "'tis but a stone's cast." We will spare our
readers any further extracts. To give several extracts from the "Scourge
of Folly" and then to merely add that "The Crossing of Proverbs" is just
such another book, will give a quite sufficient measure of justice to
both.

In the year 1625 the "Apothegms new and old" of Lord Bacon made their
appearance. The study was a favourite one with him, and he often in his
writings and discourses made a very judicious use of the material he had
collected. He affirms that "Apothegms are not only for delight and
ornament but for business also and civil use," for "they are, according
to Cicero, mucrones verborum, pointed speeches." He also calls them
Salinas, salt pits from whence one can draw the salt of discourse. "By
their sharp edge they penetrate the knots of business, and serve to be
interlaced in continued speech or recited upon occasion by themselves."
He regrets greatly that Cæsar's book was lost. "I imagine these
apothegms were collected with judgment and care; for as his history, and
those few letters of his which we have and those apothegms which were
his own excel all others so I suppose would his collection of them have
done. As for those which are collected by other writers either I have no
taste in such matters, or else their choice has not been happy."
Elsewhere he declares that the modern writers on the subject "draw much
of the dregs."

With all possible respect to the erudition of Bacon we find his book a
somewhat heavy one, the subject appearing to call for a lightness and
delicacy of touch that he would very possibly have considered beneath
the dignity of literature. If we turn, for instance, to his comments on
friendship, we are referred to verse 14 of Psalm xxvii. We read, "He
that blesseth his friend with a loud voice, rising early in the morning,
it shall be counted a curse to him," and this calls forth the following
comment: "Moderate and seasonable praises uttered upon occasion, conduce
much to men's fame and fortune; but praises immoderate, noisy, and
importunately poured out, profit nothing: nay rather, do a good deal of
hurt. First, they manifestly betray themselves to proceed either from
excess of love and kindness, or that they are designed and affected, so
that they may rather ingratiate themselves with the person commended by
false encomiums rather than set him off by just and deserved eulogisms.
Secondly, sparing and modest praises commonly invite such as are present
to add something of their own to the commendation; on the contrary,
profuse and immoderate ones detract and take away something. Thirdly,
which is the principal point, too much magnifying a man stirs up envy;
since all immoderate praises seem to tend to the reproach of others, who
are no less deserving." This is quite Baconian, almost Johnsonian, in
its weighty precision and formal enunciation, but a thousand proverbs
thus handed over to the commentator would be a ponderous tome that few
would dare to open, and the _esprit_ and quaintness of these familiar
utterances would be utterly lost, buried, in such a flow of exposition.

In the year 1640 was published a volume entitled, "Outlandish Proverbs."
The name of the author was not given, "selected by Mr G. H." being all
the information vouchsafed. As these proverbs were those in common use,
the title strikes one as being particularly inappropriate. The
collection was a somewhat meagre one. All gross sayings were omitted, or
softened down. That anything objectionable should be left out seems to
our present ideas so entirely a matter of course that the mention of the
fact appears uncalled for, nevertheless this omission differentiated the
labours of Mr G. H. from much that had gone before. The softening down
process is perhaps not quite so justifiable. A proverb, like a hymn,
should not be edited. All that seems fair and justifiable is to accept
it as it stands or else refuse it admission.

Some considerable time after the appearance of this book on "Outlandish
Proverbs" a second edition appeared, but this time the title was "Jacula
Prudentum, or outlandish proverbs, sentences, etc.," and the authorship
was no longer veiled by mere letters but stands revealed--"selected by
Mr George Herbert, Late Orator of the University of Cambridge." This
second issue contains a great many more proverbs than the first, and the
title, Jacula Prudentum, "javelins of the wise," indicates the value
placed by Herbert upon these popular sayings.

The mystery of the anonymous publication, like that of the Waverley
novels, and other cognate cases, excited some little public interest,
one writer of the day advances we see the somewhat startling thesis, "It
is not a thing that, hastily regarded, one would have expected from
Herbert, hence the genuineness is the more probable!" This is a very
sweeping and far-reaching argument, that because a thing appears
well-nigh impossible there is much to be said in favour of its
probability. It seems so unlikely that Bala lake will ever flood out
Westminster that all prudent persons resident there will at once provide
themselves with life-belts.

A well-known proverb warns us against letting the cat out of the bag,
and this seems to have been just what Herbert very nearly did, another
book of his, of more devotional type, "A priest to the Temple,"
supplying to critical eyes a clue. In it he says that "the Country
Parson doth bear in mind in the morning the outlandish proverb that
prayers and provender never hinder a journey." Also in one of his
letters that he wrote to his brother he added, "Take this rule, and it
is an outlandish one, which I commend to you now as being a father, 'The
best bred child hath the best portion.'" The introduction of the title
of the book and the liking for the use of proverbs were held strong
proofs in favour of his being the Mr G. H. who was being sought for. As
we are told that nothing succeeds like success, we are invited to admire
the sapience of the mystery-hunter, but there really seems no reason
why, the title of the book being in men's minds, some other person might
not have thus referred to it and introduced into his book or letters
proverbs that this book had brought before him and that had attracted
his notice.

Most of the proverbs in the Jacula Prudentum are admirably chosen, and
as many of them are now passing away from the minds of men we make no
apology for quoting freely from the book.

The re-appearance of old proverbs in a slightly altered setting than
that we are now familiar with, is a point of interest in these old
collections that we have already referred to, but each author we consult
gives us anew this pleasure. How refreshing, for instance, is Herbert's
version, "Whose house is of glasse must not throw stones at another," or
this, "You may bring a horse to the river, but he will drinke when and
what he pleaseth," or this, yet again, "A feather in hand is better than
a bird in the ayre." A proverb that is often used at the present time
amongst us in its French dress is found here as "It is a poore sport
that's not worth the candle."

How true and how pithily put are these, "He that studies his content
wants it." "Not a long day but a good heart rids worke." "Hearken to
Reason and shee will bee heard." "He that staies does the businesse."
"Prosperity lets go the bridle." "Still fisheth he that catches one."
"Give a clowne your finger and he will take your hand."[47:A] And this
one like unto it, "Let an ill man lie in the strawe, and he looks to bee
thy heire." "The back-dore robs the house." "One sword keeps another in
the sheath." An excellent motto this last. The Peace Society may have
its uses, but there is no doubt that this side the millennium efficient
army corps and magnificent navies supply yet more cogent arguments. "Si
vis pacem pare bellum."

How sound again the teaching, "He is not poor that hath little, but he
that desireth much." "God provides for him that trusteth." "A cheerful
look makes a dish a feast." "Sometimes the best gain is to lose." "He
that sows trusts in God." "Divine ashes are better than earthlie meale."

How excellent the prudence that gives value to the following: "Send a
wise man on an errand and say nothing unto him." "Although it rain cast
not away thy watering-pot." "Who hath no more breade than nede must not
keepe a dog." "The best remedy against an ill man is much ground
between." "Love your neighbour, yet pull not down your hedge." "Send not
a catt for lard." It is well, too, to remember that "Courtesie on one
side only lasts not long," that a commensurate price has to be paid for
everything, and so "a lion's skin is never cheape," that one's position
must be frankly accepted and its duties adequately met, for "he that
serves must serve," that gentle measures will often succeed better than
rough ones, for "he that will take the bird must not skare it." It is at
once a comfort and a warning that "none is a foole alwaies, everyone
sometimes," and that the crafty at last over-reach themselves and in
the end Nemesis awaits them. "At length the fox is brought to the
furrier," and the farmyard knows him no more.

What an excellent lesson against jumping to conclusions is seen in this,
"Stay till the lame messenger come, if you will know the truth of the
thing," against concluding too hastily that the work we are engaged upon
is finished, for "One flower does not make a garland."

The evil wrought by the tongue is a constant and perennial theme of the
moralist, and the makers of proverbs are in complete accord, "The tongue
talks at the head's cost." "More have repented speech than silence."
Those who suffer at the hands, or rather the tongues, of others may
learn how effectually to avenge themselves, for "Pardon and
pleasantnesse are great revengers of slanders," and the experiment is
one that is well worth trial. In any case, "Neither prayse nor disprayse
thyself: thy actions serve the turne." "The effect speakes, the tongue
need not." How full of wisdom is this final cluster of pearls, this
sheaf of javelins: "A gift much expected is paid, not given." "Pleasing
ware is half sould." "The hole calls the thief"--a warning against
putting temptation in the way and thereby causing a brother to offend.
The man who has gone far on the path of reformation is not safe so long
as any relic of the past yet clings round his heart, for "The horse that
draws after him his halter has not altogether escaped." "Whither shall
the oxe goe where he shall not labour?" How can one hope to evade the
responsibilities of his position? The proverb is an interesting reminder
of the custom once common enough, and which we ourselves have seen in
Sussex and Wiltshire, on the heavy down-lands, of ploughing with a yoke
of oxen. There is quaint humour in this, "The chicken is the countrey's,
but the citie eateth it." "If the old dog barke he gives counsell." "A
married man turns his staffe into a stake," his wandering days are over.

A not unpleasant cynicism gives point to the assertion that "Nothing
dries sooner than a teare," while it is equally one's experience of life
that "When the tree is fallen all goe with their hatchet," and that "Men
speak of the fair as things went with them there." It is a rather
touching assertion that "The reasons of the poor weigh not," and it is
too true. Their poverty makes the poor despised and their words unheeded
by many who, richer in this world's goods, treat with contempt the
struggling and the unsuccessful. Poverty is not a crime: it may be a
badge of shame if the result of vice, or it may be a badge of honour
where a man has scorned to stoop to shuffling dishonesties that may have
enriched some who presume to despise him.

In 1659 James Howell issued a series of proverbs, and some of these were
incorporated in Randle Cotgrave's dictionary in the following year. This
latter has been deemed "that most amusing of all dictionary makers." He
quotes many French proverbs, and then gives English adages that more or
less match them. Thus under faim he gives "A la faim il n'y a point de
mauvais pain," which, he explains, means that "To him who is hungry any
bread seems good"--not quite a sufficiently literal translation, we
should have thought, for a dictionary-maker--and adds, "We say hungrie
dogs love durtie pudding."[49:A] Howell's proverbs were, as a whole, not
very judiciously selected, and he had the presumption and bad taste to
spin out of his own imagination a series of what he called "New Sayings
which may serve for Proverbs for posterity." These were very poor, and
posterity has declined to have anything to do with them.

In this same year, 1659, a small volume of adages, compiled by N. R.
(Nathaniel Richards), appeared.

They are all in English, but are mostly of foreign origin, and are of
no great interest or value.

A much more notable book is the "Gnomologia: Adagies and proverbs; wise
sentences and witty sayings, ancient and modern, foreign and British,
collected by Thomas Fuller, M.D." As the compiler gives over six
thousand proverbs, we may regard the book as a fairly adequate one. He
gives in it no indication of the sources from whence the adages are
derived, adds no explanatory notes, and works on no system. This is
equivalent to writing a natural history and leading off with panther and
earwig. It is, as a matter of fact, very difficult to classify a
collection of such disconnected units as proverbs. If we attempt to do
it by countries we may soon find that it is in most cases quite
impossible to guess where the adage originated, and the general
borrowing that has been going on for centuries makes anything like a
local claim to exclusive possession impossible. It would be quite easy
to write out a list of fifty proverbs, illustrating them exclusively by
passages from Cervantes and other Spanish writers, and, on the strength
of this, claiming them as Spanish, but it would be equally easy
afterwards for Dane, Russian, and German, Englishman, Italian, and Greek
to come and each claim so many of these items that the speedy outcome
would be an almost absolute disappearance from our list of anything
purely Iberian.

There is a good deal to be said in favour of the alphabetical
arrangement, but only on condition that the leading word of the adage be
taken. It is a mere absurdity to take the first word. How can we
reasonably put under letter A, "A rolling stone gathers no moss"? It may
be objected that we are putting an extreme case, but extreme cases have
to be considered as much as any others. In one book before us we find
that the old author in scores of instances produces results as
grotesquely inadequate. Under the letter D, for instance, we find, "Do
not spur a willing horse," though surely everyone, with the exception of
the compiler of the list, would at once realise that the pith of the
adage does not in any way rest in "do." We may at once see this if we
take the proverb in another of its popular forms, "Spur not a willing
horse."

The classification of these old saws according to their subject, such as
friendship, pride, industry, and the like, is sometimes adopted, and it
has many advantages; but we very soon find that we come to something
that declines to be thus pigeon-holed. If we take the Russian proverb,
for instance, "The burden is light on the shoulders of another," how
shall we classify it? It will clearly not come under "friendship," and
it is equally not at home in the section on "industry." While some
adages decline to fit into any section, others we find might with almost
equal appropriateness find a home under three or four headings.

Fuller defines a proverb as "much matter decocted into a few words," and
a very good definition it is. He declares that "six essentials are
necessary for the compleating of a perfect Proverb. Namely that it be--

     1. Short        }                         { 1. Oration
     2. Playne       }   Otherwise it is not   { 2. Riddle
     3. Common       }   a proverb at all      { 3. Secret
     4. Figurative   }   but a                 { 4. Sentence
     5. Antient      }                         { 5. Upstart
     6. True         }                         { 6. Libel."

As he was evidently a little nervous that some persons might think the
subject a little beneath the dignity of Dr Fuller, he allows an
imaginary objector to have his fling, and then proceeds to demolish him.
The "objection" raised by this anonymous disciple of Mrs Grundy is that
"it is more proper for a person of your profession to imploy himself in
reading of, and commenting on, the Proverbs of Solomon, to know wisdome
and instruction, to perceive words of understanding. Whereas you are now
busied in what may be pleasant, not profitable, yet what may inform the
fleshlie not edifie the inward man." As many proverbs do undoubtedly
build up the inner man this judgment is wanting in charity, and as a
student ourselves in the subject we are gratified to find that the
doctor declines to accept this vote of censure, and is able to make out
a good case for himself. His reply is somewhat longer than a quotation
permits, and one must give all or none.

In his preface, also, he alludes to "snarling persons" who have
deprecated his labours. This preface of his is distinctly interesting.

"All of us," he writes therein, "forget more than we remember, and
therefore it hath been my constant Custom to note down and record
whatever I thought of myself, or received from Men or Books worth
preserving. Amongst other things I wrote out Apothegms, Maxims,
Proverbs, acute Expressions, vulgar Sayings, etc., and having at length
collected more than ever any Englishman has before me I have ventur'd to
send them forth to try their Fortune among the People. In ancient Times,
before methodical Learning had got Footing in the Nations and
instructive Treatises were written, the Observations that were from
Experience were us'd to be gather'd and sum'd up into brief and
comprehensive Sentences, which being so contriv'd as to have something
remarkable in their Expressions might be easily remember'd and brought
into Use on Occasions. They are call'd Adagies or Maxims.

"Also the Men of Business and the common People, that they might in
their Affairs and Conversation signify and communicate this Sense and
Meaning in short, with Smartness and with Pleasantness fell into
customary little Forms of Words and trite Speeches, which are call'd
Proverbs and common Sayings. The former of these are from Judgment, and
are us'd by Men of Understanding and Seriousness; the other are from
Wit, and are accommodate to the Vulgar and Men of Mirth. I conceive it
is not needful for me accurately to determine which are to be call'd
Adagies and Proverbs; nor nicely to distinguish the one from the other.
All that I here take upon me to do is only to throw together a vast
confus'd heap of unsorted Things, old and new, which you may pick over
and make use of, According to your Judgment and Pleasure. Many of these
are only plain bare Expressions, to be taken literally in their proper
Meaning: others have something of the Obscure and Surprize, which, as
soon as understood, renders them pretty and notable.

"It is a matter of no small Pains and Diligence (whatever lazy, snarling
Persons may think) to pick up so many independent Particulars as I have
done, And it is no trifling or useless thing neither: it being what many
of the most learned and wisest Men of the World have in all Ages
employ'd themselves upon. The Son of Syrac will be held in everlasting
Remembrance for his Ecclesiasticus, but, above all, that most glorious
of Kings and wisest of Men, Solomon, wrote by Divine Appointment and
Inspiration, Proverbs, Precepts and Counsels.

"No man ought to despise, ridicule, or any ways discourage the Diligence
and Kindness of those that take Pains to bring home to others without
Price those things of Profit and Pleasure. I picked up these Sentences
and Sayings at several times, according as they casually occurr'd, and
most of them so long ago that I cannot remember the Particulars: and am
now (by reason of great Age and ill Sight) utterly unable to review
them; otherwise I would have struck out all such as are not fit for the
Company, or are indecent to be spoke in the Presence of wise, grave,
virtuous, modest, well-bred people." These closing words one can hardly
accept. Years before age and failing sight had come these various items
had been growing bit by bit, and the striking-out process might well
have been going on at the same time as the collecting.

"Our excellent Mr Ray," as a contemporary writer terms him, was another
great collector of proverbs, and he, too, made a book of them. The first
edition of this work appeared in 1670, and a second in 1678. The first
was altogether too gross, so that the second edition gave an
opportunity, which was embraced, for some little amendment. This is
beyond all doubt the coarsest set of proverbs that has come under our
notice.

Ray was a Master of Arts and a Fellow of the Royal Society. The title of
his book is as follows:--"A Collection of English Proverbs Digested into
a convenient Method for the speedy finding any one upon occasion: with
short Annotations. Wherunto are added Local Proverbs with their
Explications, old Proverbial Rhythemes, Less known or Exotick Proverbial
Sentences and Scottish Proverbs." The second edition was enlarged by the
addition of several hundred more English Proverbs, and by an appendix of
Hebrew sayings. The annotations of Ray on various proverbs are often
very feeble. Thus to the adage, or saw, or whatever it may be, "I would
not trust him though he were my brother," he adds to a thing
sufficiently tame in itself the comment, "This is only a physiognomical
observation." The truth is, our learned author, or compiler, seems to
have heaped together all the old "saws," whether wise or not, and all
the "modern instances" that came in his way, and to have strung at
random the precious gems in company with the worthless beads.

His "convenient method" was the alphabetical one, based on the leading
word of the saying. Thus, under A, for example, we get "Adversity makes
a man wise, not rich," "There is no Alchemy like saving," "He that is
Angry is seldom at ease," "For that thou canst do thyself rely not on
Another," "Make a slow Answer to a hasty question," "The best Armour is
to keep out of gun-shot."

Robert Codrington added yet another to the pile of proverb lore in his
"Collection of many Select and Excellent Proverbs out of Several
Languages." These he declared to be "most useful in all Discourses and
for the Government of Life." He gives no preface or any kind of
introductory matter, but begins at once with number one, and goes
straight on till he gets to fourteen hundred and sixty-five. His adage,
"You may not lose your friend to keep your jest," is a curious variant
on the familiar present-day assertion that some men would rather lose a
friend than a joke. His selection is on the whole a very good one. Such
sayings as, "A young man old maketh an old man young," "A drunkard is
not master either of his soul or his body," and "Curses prove
choke-pears to those that plant them," are thought-compelling, and many
such may be encountered.

A book of somewhat different character is the "Parœmiologia
Anglo-Latina" of William Walker, B.D. The sub-title was "English and
Latin proverbs and proverbial sentences and sayings matched together in
a collection of them made out of Plautus, Petronius, Terentius,
Horatius, and other authors." The particular copy that came under our
notice bore the date of 1676. He concludes his short preface by the
following deprecatory passage: "What will be the advantage and benefit
hereof to the Commonwealth of learning I leave to others to judge and
try, as not willing to show the Sun by the light of a Candle. And so,
that I may not set up a great Gate before a little House I commit the
Work to You, and You to God, and rest your humble Drudge, W. W."

As the author has himself raised the question as to the benefit of his
book to others, one can only reply that the advantage to the
Commonwealth would probably not be very great, since the translation of
the old classic authors is so exceedingly free that it is practically no
translation at all. It gives those who do not know the original writings
no adequate idea of them, while the English is of so very colloquial a
character that all the dignity of the original is lost, the result being
that both the Latin and the English languages suffer in the process.

If we take, for example, "Versutior es quam rota figularis," we find
that he cites three so-called equivalents, and none of them at all
giving the beautiful image of the original; the first of these being,
"You are as inconstant as the wind," the next, "As wavering as the
weathercock," and, thirdly, "One knows not where to have you." The "Non
habet plus sapientiæ quam lapis" of Plautus he renders fairly enough as
"He hath no more wit than a stone," but he adds to this, "No more brains
than a burbout. He is a very cod's head"; while "As wise as Solomon"
cannot at all be accepted as a rendering of "Plus sapit quam Thales."
The striking "Verba fiunt mortuo" has lost all its dignity when we are
invited to accept as a translation, "It is of no purpose to talk to him:
he'll not hear you speak: you may as well talk to the wall."

The well-known "Parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus" is thus
Anglicised by Walker, "Great boast, little roast; Great cry and little
wool, as the fellow said when he shore his hogs"; and the equally
familiar "Ad Græcas calendas" is given as, "At Nevermass, when two
Sundays come together." The striking "Leporis vitam vivit" loses much
when we are invited to accept as an equivalent, "He is afraid of the
wagging of a straw." The absurdity of teaching a fish to swim, "Piscem
natare doces," is scarcely adequately rendered by, "Tell me it snows."
How pleasant a glimpse of ancient customs we get in the "Stylum
invertere." The waxen tablet--the stile at one end sharpened for
writing, at the other flattened for erasing--rise before us. But all
this is entirely lost when we are invited to accept, in place of the
classic allusion, "To turn the cat in the pan," "To sing another tune";
and certainly the pith and rhythm of "A minimo ad maximum" suffers woful
deterioration in such renderings of it as "Every mother's son of them,
tag and rag, all that can lick a dish."

The refining influences that are associated with a study of good classic
writers seem to have rather failed when this ancient schoolmaster came
beneath their sway. Such expressions as, "Your brains are addle," "As
subtle as a dead pig," "Chip of the old block," "Lean as a rake," "A
cankered fellow," "A scurvy crack," scarcely rise to the dignity of his
subject. We cannot help wondering how the school prospered in his hands,
and what sort of boys he turned out after a year or two under his
tuition.

The "Moral Essays on some of the most Curious and Significant English,
Scotch, and Foreign Proverbs," of Samuel Palmer,[57:A] "Presbyter of the
Church of England," deserves some little notice. The edition before us,
we note, is dated 1710. His definition of a proverb strikes one as being
an entirely satisfactory one. He tells us that it is "an Instructive
Sentence, in which more is generally Design'd than is Express'd, and
which has pass'd into Common Use and Esteem either among the Learned or
Vulgar. I take this to be its Genuine Definition, for though the
Incomparable Erasmus takes Elegance and Novelty into the Character of a
Proverb it seems to be an Error: for a Proverb has not only more Honour
and Authority from Antiquity, but a Sentence never comes up to that
Title till it has pass'd for Sterling some Competent time, and receiv'd
its Dignity from the Consent of an Age at least. 'Tisn't in a Single
Author's Power to convey this Reputation to any Saying, but the Dignity
grows up in the Use of it." This appears excellent common-sense, and the
distinction that he draws between the use of a saying by the learned or
the vulgar is a very happy one, and one that no other writer appears to
regard. A proverb need not, to establish its position, be in use by all
classes. There are certain sayings from the classics or elsewhere that
find general acceptance amongst the educated, such as the "Ad calendas
Græcas," "A la Tartuffe," "Aut Cæsar aut nullus," "Facilis est descensus
Averni." These, either in the original tongue or Anglicised, are
current, and have a full claim to recognition as proverbial sayings,
though four-fifths of the population never heard them; while many homely
sayings that come freely to the lips of the carter or the village
blacksmith find no welcome or recognition from the professor, the
bishop, or the banker, and yet are as truly of proverbial rank.

Our old author goes on to say: "'Tis the Use, not the Critical History
or Notion of Proverbs I am concern'd in. To see People throw 'em at each
other by way of Jest or Repartee, without feeling their Weight, tasting
their Wit, or being better'd by the Reflection, wou'd vex a man of any
Spirit, and the Indignation forces him to write somewhat that might
Redeem these Fragments of Wisdom from the Contempt and Ill Treatment of
the Ignorant. For as they are now us'd they make up more of the
Ridiculous Conversation than the Solid and Instructive. To this Abuse
some of our Authors of the first Rank have very much contributed: for
the Modern Poets and Novelists have put 'em in the Mouths of their
lowest Characters. They make Fools and Clowns, little and mean People
speak Sentences in Abundance, string 'em like Necklaces and make Sport
with 'em, and Ridicule the Remains of our Ancestors. By this Means 'tis
esteem'd Pedantry if we find one in the Mouth of a Gentleman, and an
Author of Honour and very fine Parts has made the Reciting an Adage or
Two the Sign of a Coxcomb. Thus they are condemn'd to the Use of the
Mob, thrown out of the Minds of our People of Birth, and the Influence
of 'em lost in the Manage of Education."

While Palmer was engaged upon his book, a work called "English Proverbs,
with Moral Reflections" was published by a writer named Dykes, a poor
production enough. "This," said Palmer, "put me on the Thought of
Suppressing the whole, not doubting but an Ingenious Gentleman whose
Imployment isn't only to teach Hic Hæc Hoc, but to Instruct Youth in
Learning and Vertue, and convey the Notions of Religion and Good Manners
while he is managing the Ferula, wou'd have managed the Proverbs to the
best Purpose and without Exception. But upon a View I find my self
extreamly disappointed: His Collection is so very short, being but Fifty
Two, and most of 'em so Lean, Trite, and Insignificant that the Greatest
Excellence of the Work is that he has been so happy as to fill up Four
or Five pages upon Nothing. 'Tis not my Design to Note all his
Indecencies, but I have scarce seen anything under the Name of Moral
more out of Order. Execrable Rant, Curses, and little dirty Language are
one Part of the Entertainment, and tho' it might perhaps be tolerable
enough to cite Billingsgate when he was speaking of Scolds, yet to
introduce the Dialogue of Two Fish Women, with their Curses, Lewd
Epithets, and Brutish Reflections is Insufferable: 'tis opening a Sink
and spreading the Infection." Palmer therefore saw no cause to
discontinue his labours, the work of Dykes not at all trenching on his
own ideal of what such a book should be.

Palmer is struck with "the Likeness of many which are in Modern Use to
the most Sacred Apophthegms," a similarity which "forces us to show 'em
very great Respect, and engages us to think 'em either of the same
Original, or else deriv'd from Divine Proverbs by Wise and Pious Men,
who have only given 'em a different Turn according to the Language and
Genius of the Nation wherein they liv'd."

These essays of Palmer's are each some three or four pages long, the
page being that of a quarto book. In some of these he takes a single
adage as his theme, but very often he brackets together two of like
sense. Thus, one is based on "A Mouse that has but One Hole is soon
Catch'd," or, "Don't venture all your Eggs in one Basket." Another is,
"Fly the Pleasure that will Bite to Morrow," or, "After Sweet Meat comes
Sour Sauce," while yet another is, "Don't throw away Dirty Water till
you have got Clean," or, "He that changes his Trade makes Soop in a
Basket." One readily sees in each case what the drift of the essay based
on the coupled adages must be.

As an example of Palmer's exposition, we will give that based on two
adages of like import. "A baited Cat may grow as Fierce as a Lyon," or,
"Tread on a Worm and it will Turn." "No Enemy," he tells us, "is so Mean
and Impotent but at One Time or Other he becomes sensible of his own
Force, knows how to Exert It, feels an Injury, and has a proportionable
Resentment: for Nature can't easily be Conquer'd: is very Rarely
Forc'd, but will Struggle after all the Discipline either of Power or
Principles. This made Solomon say that Oppression makes a Wise Man Mad.
Now this shou'd be consider'd, and a Wise Man ought to foresee how far
'tis fit to press the most contemptible Enemy: for though his Opposition
be Wicked or Ridiculous yet it may hit the Pursuer and do him a
Mischief. To drive a Coward to the Wall recovers his Spirits, and fear
of being shot thro' the Back makes him turn his Face. The certainty of
being quite lost by Flight gives a new Turn to the Spirits, and
Naturally prompts to a Sudden and Desperate Defence: and tho' this be
not true Courage, nor don't act up to the Regularity that Valour is
distinguished by: yet it may exceed in Face, and give a Home Thrust. He
that is eager in the Pursuit may be struck through by that Hand which
trembled till it was reinforced by Necessity. In Armies this is a known
Rule. He that Beats a Brave Enemy ought to be glad to be Rid of him. Let
him Retreat as quick as He can, provided the Main Victory be secure. In
Private Quarrels, Just and Vnjust, this must be heeded: in the One Case
to be Implacable is Infamous, and in the other Wicked and Dangerous. In
Both, Rashness: and if Pity don't move us to forbear and abate in our
Revenge, Caution and Regard to our own Safety Shou'd." A rat, if driven
into a corner, will fly at a man.[61:A] And it appears that even in
baiting a cat there is a right and a wrong way of going to work. It is
said by old sportsmen that the fox enjoys the sport as much as anybody,
but there comes a time with baited rats and cats and most other
creatures when they tire of that sort of thing, and have a very definite
way of indicating the fact to all whom it may concern.

The proverbial utterances of "poor Richard" were once in great vogue.
They were written by Benjamin Franklin under the _nom de plume_ of
Richard Saunders. "Poor Richard's Almanack" was issued for twenty-six
years, from 1733 to 1758, and with constantly increased acceptance.
These calendars excellently combined entertainment with useful knowledge
and terse concentrated wisdom. All available spaces that occurred
between notable days in the months were filled in with wisdom-chips,
some of them of true proverbial rank, and others the offspring of the
brains of Dr Franklin.

Franklin was born on January 6th, 1706, at Boston, and there is no doubt
that his sterling common-sense and quaint philosophy must have had a
considerable influence in moulding the character of the early
inhabitants of the United States. These almanacks were largely reprinted
in Great Britain and France, and very freely quoted from, so that the
area of their influence was very extensive. In the preface to the first
of this long series he quaintly gives the reasons that influenced him,
poor Richard, to issue it. "I might, in this place," he writes, "attempt
to gain thy favour by declaring that I write Almanacks with no other
view than that of the publick good, but in this I should not be sincere;
and men are now-a-days too wise to be deceived by pretences. The plain
truth of the matter is, I am extremely poor, and my wife, good woman
is, I tell her, excessive proud; she cannot bear, she says, to sit
spinning in her shift of tow while I do nothing but gaze at the stars,
and has threatened more than once to burn all my books if I do not make
some profitable use of them for the good of my family."

Next year he writes, "Your kind and charitable assistance last year in
purchasing so large an impression of my almanack has made my
circumstances much more easy in the world, and requires my most grateful
acknowledgment. My wife has been enabled to get a pot of her own, and is
no longer obliged to borrow one from a neighbour; nor have we ever since
been without something to put in it. She has also got a pair of shoes
and a nice new petticoat, and for my part I have bought a second-hand
coat, that I am not now ashamed to go to town or be seen there. These
things have rendered her temper so much more pacifick than it used to
be, that I may say I have slept more and more quietly within this last
year than in the three foregoing years put together."

There is much excellent wisdom in the sayings that he got together. How
full of wise warning the utterance, "There is no little enemy," or this,
"There's small revenge in words, but words may be greatly avenged." Or
these warnings against covetousness, "If you desire many things many
things will seem but a few." "Avarice and happiness never saw each
other, how then should they become acquainted?" How quaintly sarcastic
are these, "Lawyers, preachers, and tomtits' eggs, there are more of
them hatched than come to perfection." "None preaches better than the
ant, and she says nothing." How true again that "Poverty wants some
things and luxury many things," and that "No man was glorious who was
not first laborious." How valuable the counsel, "Deny self for self's
sake," and that "It is less discredit to abridge petty charges than to
stoop to petty gettings"; and as a hint as to the value of
concentration, "Don't think to hunt two hares with one dog." Others that
we marked for quotation are, "Ever since follies have pleased, fools
have been able to divert"; "He that can have patience can have what he
will"; "Strange that he who lives by shifts can seldom shift himself,"
and to these many more of equal shrewdness could be added.

We make no claim that this list of ours is complete as a bibliography of
proverb-writers. All references to the works of more recent men, Trench
and others, are entirely omitted, as they are so easily accessible, that
all who care to do so will have no difficulty in consulting them.
Amongst the earlier men's works some are good, and some are good for
nothing, but we trust that our readers will feel that this excursus is
not without interest, while somewhat may be added to the dignity of our
subject when it is seen to how many minds it has been a fascinating
study.


FOOTNOTES:

[28:A] "A wise sentence shall be rejected when it cometh out of a fool's
mouth; for he will not speak it in due season."--_Ecclesiasticus_ xx.
20.

[28:B] The following illustrate the nature of these precepts: "Gold is
tried in the fire, and acceptable men in the furnace of adversity."
"Change not a friend for any good." "Of a spark of fire a heap of coals
is kindled." "How agree the kettle and the earthen pot together?" "He
that can rule his tongue shall live without strife." "As the climbing up
a sandy way is to the aged so is a wife full of words." "The furnace
trieth the potter's vessels." "Better is the life of a poor man in a
mean cottage than delicate fare in another man's house." "He that taketh
away his neighbour's living slayeth him." "Every counsellor extolleth
counsel." "Bountifulness is as a most fruitful garden."

[29:A] Amongst the various commentators on this book the works of Ewald,
Berthean, Hitzig, Elster, Rosenmuller, Hirzel, Stuart, Umbreit, and
Noyes may be commended to the reader who would desire detail and
analysis.

[35:A] Quick is here used in its original sense of having life. These
therefore were lively sayings. In the Apostle's creed the quick and the
dead are referred to, and a quick set hedge is one of growing plants as
contrasted with a mere fencing or line of palings.

[39:A] "It is a comon sayinge, ware there is no ryceyver there shoulde
be no thefe." "A Christian exhortation unto customable swearers," 1575.

[39:B] A more modern utterance shrewdly says, "There is a scarcity of
friendship, but none of friends."

[47:A] Somewhat similar proverbs to this are, "If you play with boys you
must take boy's play," and if you "play with a fool at home he will play
with you abroad."

[49:A] "The messenger (one of those dogs who are not too scornful to eat
dirty puddings) caught in his hand the guinea which Hector chucked at
his face."--"The Antiquary."

[57:A] Our author must not be confused with a namesake, Charles Palmer,
who was Deputy Serjeant of the House of Commons, and who published "A
Collection of Select Aphorisms and Maxims extracted from the most
Eminent Authors." He gives eighteen hundred and thirteen of these: the
copy that came into our hands was dated 1748.

[61:A]

                               "For a flying foe
     Discreet and provident conquerors build up
     A bridge of gold."--MASSINGER, _The Guardian_.

"Ouuerez tousiours a voz ennemys toutes les portes et chemins
et plustost leur faictes ung pont d'argent, affin des les
renvoyer."--RABELAIS, _Gargantua_.

See also the Italian proverb--"A nemico che fugge un ponte d'oro." "Le
Comte de Pitillan en parlant de la guerre soulouit dire quand ton ennemy
voudra fuir, fais luy un port d'or."--Extract from _Les divers propos
memorables des Nobles et Illustres Hommes_."--Gilles Corrizot. Paris,
1571.

"Press not a falling man too far."--SHAKESPEARE, _King Henry VIII._




CHAPTER III

     "The Book of Merry Riddles" -- Introduction of Proverbs in our
     Literature -- A Surfeit of Proverbs -- "The two Angrie Women
     of Abington" -- Fuller on the Misuse of Proverbs -- The
     Sayings of Hendyng -- Proverbs in Works of Chaucer, Lydgate,
     Spenser, Dryden, Shakespeare, and other Writers -- The
     "Imitation of Christ" -- Glitter is not necessarily Gold --
     The Cup and the Lip -- Comparisons odious -- The Rolling-Stone
     -- The "Vision of Piers Plowman" -- Guelph and Ghibelline --
     Dwellers in Glass Houses -- A Spade is a Spade -- Chalk and
     Cheese -- Silence gives Consent -- A Nine Days' Wonder -- The
     little Pot soon Hot -- Weakest to the Wall -- Proverb-Hunting
     through our old Literature.


Throughout the Middle Ages a great use was made, as we have seen, of
these popular adages on tapestries, rings, and in fact wherever they
could be employed. Shakespeare, it will be recalled, writes of a but
moderately good poetaster as one "whose poetry was

     For all the world like cutler's poetry
     Upon a knive, 'Love me, and leave me not,'"[65:A]

and we shall therefore naturally expect to find numerous allusions to
this wealth of proverb-lore in the writings of the day. The works of the
Elizabethan dramatists are brimming over with them. Such a fund of
material as the "Book of Merry Riddles" must have been often drawn upon.
The first edition was printed in 1600, and contained, amongst other
entertaining material, a collection of "choice and witty proverbs." It
was often re-issued, and our last chapter has revealed to us how many
other collections of like nature were issued and immediately became
available.

We propose to devote now some little space to exploring in search of
proverbial allusions a little of the literary wealth of our country, and
we may say at once that proverbs, like everything else, require discreet
use, and it is not difficult to overdo the thing. A person who would be
always dragging in these adages would be a terrible nuisance in
conversation, and no less so in literature. In such a case "Enough is as
good as a feast." One would quickly weary of a page or two of this sort
of thing--a brochure during the days of a suggested invasion of England
by "Boney"--

     "Our foes on the ocean sent plenty of ships,
      But 'It's not the best carpenter makes the most chips';
      They promise to give Britain's sailors a beating,
      Though 'the proof of the pudding is found in the eating.'
      The French have big armies, but their threats are but froth,
      For 'too many cooks do but spoil good broth';
      They are welcome Britannia to catch when they get her,
      But though 'Brag is a good dog yet Holdfast's a better.'
      For their threats of invasion we ne'er care a rush--
      'A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush';
      They may think, open-mouthed, to devour us like sharks,
      But 'Till the sky falls we must wait to catch larks.'"

"The pleasant historie of the two angrie women of Abington"[66:A] is,
despite its self-assertion of its pleasantness, rendered very tedious by
this abuse and superabundance of proverbs--one of the characters in the
play, one Nicholas Prouerbes, introducing them _ad nauseam_. To give any
notion of the drift of the play is beside our present need. We will
content ourselves, therefore, with some few extracts that will suffice
to indicate the point before us, the excessive use of these popular
adages:

     "_Nicholas._ O maister Philip forbeare. You must not leape
     ower the stile before you come to it; haste makes waste; softe
     fire makes sweet malte; not too fast for falling; there's no
     hast to hang true men.

     "_Philip._ Now will I see if my memorie will serue for some
     prouerbes too. O, a painted cloath were as well worth a
     shilling as a theefe worth a halter; wel, after my heartie
     commendations, as I was at the making therof. He that trots
     easilie will indure. You have most learnedly proverbde it,
     commending the virtue of patience and forbearance, but yet you
     know forbearance is no quittance.

     "_Nich._ I promise ye, maister Philip, you have spoken as true
     as steele.

     "_Phil._ Father, there's a prouerbe well applied.

     "_Nich._ And it seemeth vnto me that you mocke me; do you not
     kno mocke age and see how it will prosper?

     "_Phil._ Why ye prouerbe booke bound up in follio, have ye no
     other sense to answere me but euery word a prouerbe, no other
     English?"

Presently a dispute arises outside, and Nicholas is asked, "Wilt thou
not go see the fraye?" to which this inveterate proverb-monger replies:

     "No indeed, even as they brew so let them bake--I will not
     thrust my hand into a flame and neede not--'Tis not good to
     have an oare in another man's boat--Little said is soone
     amended, and in a little medling commeth great rest. 'Tis good
     sleeping in a whole skin--so a man might come home by
     weeping-crosse. No, by Lady, a friend is not so soone gotten
     as lost--blessed are the peace-makers--they that strike with
     the sword shall be beaten with the zcabberd."

To this flow of wisdom Philip replies:

     "Well said, Prouerbes, is ne're another to that purpose?"

The too ready Nicholas makes reply:

     "Yes, I could have said to you, Syr, take heede is a good
     reede."

His fellow serving-man at one portion of the play sees well to call
Nicholas "tripe-cheeke, fat asse," and other epithets of like nature;
upon which he replies:

     "Good words cost nought, ill words corrupt good manners,
     Richard, for a hasty man never wants woe, and I had thought
     you had been my friende, but I see alle is not golde that
     glisters, time and truth tryeth all, and 'tis an old prouerbe
     and not so olde as true, bought wit is the best. I can see day
     at a little hole. I knowe your minde as well as though I were
     within you: goe to, you seeke to quarrell, but beware of lead
     I wist; so long goes the potte to the water at length it comes
     home broken. I knowe you are as goode a man as ever drew
     sword, as ere lookt man in the face, as ere broke bred or
     drunke drinke; but he is propper that hath propper conditions,
     be not you like the Cowe that gives a good sope of milke and
     casts it downe with his heeles. I speak, plainely, for plaine
     dealing is a Iewell, yet Ile take no wrong, if hee had a head
     as big as Brasse and lookt as high as Poules steple."

Coomes, not quite liking the tone of these remarks, replies:

     "Sirra, thou grashoper, thou shal skip from my sword as from a
     sithe. Ile cut thee out in collops and steakes and frye thee
     with the fier I shall strike from the pike of thy Bucklet."

To this appalling threat, not best adapted to soothe matters over, or
pour oil on the troubled waters, Nicholas replies:

     "Brag's a good dog: threatened folkes liue long."

Further quotation is quite needless; enough, amply enough, has been
brought forward to convince us how terrible a bore the inveterate quoter
of proverbs can readily become. We are prepared after this to sympathise
entirely with the sentiments of old Fuller: "Adages and prouerbs are to
be accounted only as Sauce to relish Meat with, but not as substantial
Dishes to make a Meal on; and therefore were never good but upon proper
Subjects and Occasions, where they may serve to give a lively Force and
pleasant Turn to what is said: but to apply them wrong and crack them
off too thick, like Sancho in 'Don Quixote,' is abominably foppish,
ridiculous and nauseous." We had our eye on Sancho Panza, but any
comments that we might have made on his conduct in cracking off proverbs
so thick become needless, since Fuller has already said all that need be
hurled against so hardened an offender.

A very curious early manuscript has come under our notice, in which the
common proverbs of the time are quoted by one of the villains. It is
arranged in stanzas of six lines, each being then followed by a proverb.
This latter is sometimes in two lines and sometimes in one, but is in
every case attributed to the villains, "Ce dit li vilains." It deals
with the proverbs current in Bretaigne, and commences:

     "Qui les proverbes fist
      Premierement bien dist
      Au tans qu'alors estoit
      Or est tout en respit.
      En ne chante ne lit
      D'annor en nul endroit
      'Que a la bone denrée
      A mauvaise oubliée'
      Ce dit li vilains."

This quaint old French may be thus Anglicised: "He who first made
proverbs spoke well to the people of his time; now all is forgotten,
people neither sing nor read of honour in any place. He who has the good
ware has forgotten the bad--so says the villain." The moral does not
seem somehow to quite fit, unless indeed we read it to mean that when
people had abundant supply of this proverb-law they had the good, and
were so enamoured of it that it had supplanted in their hearts all
desire for what they once preferred--the evil that was now quite driven
from their hearts and forgotten.

Another verse terminates thus:

     "Qui n'aime son mestier
      Ne son mestier lui
      Ce dit li vilains"--

"Who likes not his business his business likes not him." Another proverb
that remains a very familiar one, as to the folly of not taking full
precautions, and only shutting the stable door when the horse has
already been taken, appears as

     "Quant le cheval est emble
      Dounke ferme fols l'estable
      Ce dit li vilains."

The date of this poem is about the year 1300. How long the proverbs
given therein date before its appearance--centuries possibly--we cannot
say; but even if we took this poem as a point to start from, it is very
interesting to reflect that this stolen horse and his unlocked stable
have been for hundreds of years a warning to the heedless, and as well
known to the men of Cressy and Agincourt as to those of this present
day. However men, as Cavaliers or Roundheads, Lancastrians or Yorkists,
priests or presbyters, differed from each other in much else, all agreed
in this recognition of the folly of not taking better care of the steed
they all knew so well.

We have an imitation of this old French poem in an English one that was
almost contemporaneous, and, as in the preceding poem, each stanza is an
amplification of the idea in the proverb that immediately follows,
though in either case this gloss or development is not always very much
to the point.

The first verse is dedicatory, invoking the Divine blessing:

     "Mon that wol of wysdom heren
      At wyse Hendyng he may lernen
      That wes Marcolmes sone:
        Gode thonkes out monie thewes
        For te teche fele shrewes
      For that wes ever is wone
      Jhesu Crist al folke red
      That for us all tholede ded
        Upon the rode tre
      Lene us all to ben wys
      Ant to ende in his servys.
      Amen, par charite.
      God biginning maketh god endyng
        Quoth Hendyng."

"Of fleysh lust cometh shame," and "if thou will fleysh overcome" the
wisest course is flight from the temptation:

     "Wel fytht that wel flyth
        Quoth Hendyng."

If you would avoid the evils that follow hasty speech keep the tongue
with all diligence in subjection, for though one's tongue has no bone in
it itself it has been the cause of many a broken bone in the quarrels
that it has fostered:

     "Tonge breketh bon
      Ant nad hire selve non
        Quoth Hendyng."

"Al too dere," he warns us, "is botht that ware that we may wythoute
care," gather at a terrible risk to ourselves. It is the grossest folly
to find a momentary pleasure in any act that will bring misery in its
train, for

     "Dere is boht the hony that is licked of the thorne
        Quoth Hendyng."

Where counsel fails, experience may step in and exact a higher price for
the lesson taught:

     "So that child withdraweth is hond
      From the fur ant the brond
      That hath byfore ben brend
      Brend child fur dredeth
        Quoth Hendyng."[72:A]

The Italians still more powerfully say that "A scalded dog dreads cold
water," the meaning of this clearly being that those who have suffered
in any direction have an exaggerated fear in consequence, and are
afraid, even when there is no cause, really, for terror. This idea is
even more strongly brought out in the old Rabbinical adage, "He who has
been bitten by a serpent fears a piece of rope," a quite imaginable
state of mind to arrive at.[72:B]

Up till now we have shown how one writer may use many proverbs; we will
turn to the other alternative and seek to show how one proverb is used
by many writers. In doing so we are at once struck by the variety of
garb in which it may appear. The inner spirit and meaning, the core,
remains inviolate naturally, but its presentation to us is by no means
in one set formula. We are warned not to judge alone by outward
appearance, nor to assume too hastily precious metal in what may prove
to be but dross or a poor counterfeit of the real thing. Hence Chaucer
warns us, "All thing which that shineth as the gold He is no gold, as I
have heard it told." Lydgate, writing on "the Mutability of human
affairs," declares truly enough that "all is not golde that outward
showeth bright"; while Spenser, in his "Faerie Queene," hath it that
"Gold all is not that doth golden seem"; and Shakespeare, in the
"Merchant of Venice," writes, "All that glisters is not gold."[73:A]
Dryden's version, in the "Hind and Panther," is very similar, "All, as
they say, that glitters is not gold"; and Herbert, in the "Jacula
Prudentum," reverses the wording into "All is not gold that glisters."
In "Ralph Roister Doister" we find the reading, "All things that shineth
is not by and by pure gold"; while the Italians have the equivalent,
"Non é oro tutto quel che luce."

In Greene's "Perimedes," published in the year 1588, we find the
passage, "Though men do determine the gods doo dispose, and oft times
many things fall out betweene the cup and the lip." The first portion of
this passage is almost invariably cited in French--"l'homme propose et
le Dieu dispose"--giving the impression that the saying is of Gallic
origin. How far back into the ages this proverb goes we cannot trace. We
find it in the "Imitation of Christ" of Thomas à Kempis as, "Nam homo
proponit sed Deus disponit." It is possible that the French rendering
became current in our midst because the "Imitation," when first
translated from the original Latin, was rendered into French. The book
at once sprang into notice and esteem, and the passages under our
consideration would be noticeable not only from its declaration of a
great truth but from its rhythm--a rhythm that was well preserved in its
French rendering. The French translation of the "Imitation of Christ"
appeared in 1488, while the first English version was not produced till
the year 1502. In the "Vision of Piers ploughman," written somewhere
about the year 1360, we find the saying given in Latin, while George
Herbert, who died in 1633, introduces it as "Man proposeth, God
disposeth."

The possibilities that may exist in the short interval of time between
raising the cup to the lips and setting it down again are made the
subject of a warning proverb that is of immense antiquity. The Samian
king, Ancæus, while planting a vineyard was warned by a diviner that he
would not live to take its fruits. Time passed on and the vineyard
prospered, until at length one day the king, goblet in hand, was to
taste for the first time the wine it had yielded. He recalled the
prophecy, and derided the power of the seer as he stood before him. At
this moment a messenger arrived with the news that a wild boar was
ravaging the vineyard, and Ancæus, hastily putting down the cup, seized
his spear and rushed out to slay the boar, but himself fell a victim to
the onslaught of the furious beast.[74:A] Thus, to quote a considerably
more modern authority, Jonson's "Tale of a Tub," "you see the old adage
verified--many things fall between the cup and lip."

It is a wise rule of conduct to bear in mind that great offence may be
given by comparing one thing with another, as the process is almost sure
to end to the more or less detriment of one or the other, or possibly,
when the spirit of criticism is rampant, in the depreciation of both.
Hence Lydgate writes in 1554, "Comparisons do oftimes great grevance,"
and in More's "Dial" the idea recurs--"Comparysons be odyouse."
Gascoigne, in the year 1575, declares in his "Posies," "I will forbear
to recyte examples by any of mine owne doings, since all comparisons are
odious." Dr John Donne in an "Elegy" has the line, "she and comparisons
are odious," and we find the same idea in Burton's "Anatomy of
Melancholy," in Heywood's play, "A Woman Killed with Kindness," in "Don
Quixote," and many other works.

Shakespeare, in his "Much Ado about Nothing," puts into the mouth of
Dogberry the variation "comparisons are odorous." Swift, in his "Answer
to Sheridan's Simile," writes:

     "We own your verses are melodious,
      But then comparisons are odious."

Lilly, in the "Euphues," seems to think that comparisons may at times be
an offence when the objects of such a scrutiny are incomparable in their
excellence; that each is so perfect that any suggestion of comparison
becomes necessarily a depreciation and a dethronement. Hence he
writes--"But least comparisons should seeme odious, chiefly where both
the parties be without comparison, I will omitte that," and he returns
to this idea in his "Midas," where he distinctly lays down the
proposition that "Comparisons cannot be odious where the deities are
equall."

The picturesque adage, "a rolling stone gathers no moss," is still
popular amongst our people. In Turner's "Five hundred pointes of good
husbandrie," a book written between three and four hundred years ago, we
find the same precept:

     "The stone that is rouling can gather no mosse;
      Who often remoueth is sure of losse.
      The rich it compelleth to paie for his pride;
      The poore it vndooeth on euerie side."

Marston, in "The Fawn," written in the year 1606, has an allusion to
this proverb:

     "Thy head is alwaies working: it roles and it roles,
      Dondolo, but it gathers no mosse."

In the "Vision of Piers Plowman" we appear at first sight to have a
quaint and interesting variant--"Selden mosseth the marbelston that men
ofte treden." But it will be seen that in thus altering the wording from
the type-form we have also varied its significance; it is, in fact, a
new saying, and of different application. To point out to a restless and
aimless ne'er-do-well, throwing up one position after another, that no
moss will be found growing on the doorstep of some busy office would be
an entirely pointless proceeding not tending to edification.

Another familiar proverb is "well begun is half done." We find its
equivalent in Horace and the severer Juvenal. Many of our proverbs were
as familiar to Horace as to ourselves. "Money in purse will always be in
fashion," and to "harp on the same string" are expressions, for
instance, that were very familiar to the ancient Romans, and which are
quite as intelligible to-day.

In the "Confessio Amantis" of Gower we find:

     "A prouerbe I haue herde saie,
      That who that well his worke beginneth,
      The rather a good ende he winneth."

This proverb has historic interest, as its use on one fateful occasion
was the final cause of desolating civil war that long ravaged Tuscany.
When Boundelmonte broke his engagement with a lady of the family of the
Amadei, and married into another, the kinsmen assembled in council to
consider how the slight should be avenged, and atonement made for their
wounded honour. Some of the more impetuous demanded the death of the
young cavalier as the only possible reparation; but others hesitated,
not from any particular regard for the traitor, but because of the great
issues involved--consequences which in the after-event proved so
disastrous to the Florentines. At length Mosca Lamberti, tired of this
hesitation, sprang to his feet, and declared that those who talked were
not likely to do anything else but talk, that the consideration of the
matter from every point of view would lead to no worthy result, and
make them objects of contempt, and then quoted the adage familiar to
them all--"Capo a cosa fatta"--well begun is half done. This sealed the
fatal determination, the die was cast, Boundelmonte was murdered, and
thus was Florence at once involved in the strife between Guelph and
Ghibelline, and the fair land of Tuscany became the battlefield of those
contending factions.

The incident is referred to by Dante in the "Inferno." Amid his
wanderings in these gloomy shades he presently arrives where

       "One deprived of both his hands, who stood
     Lifting the bleeding stumps amid the dim
     Dense air, so that his face was stained with blood,
     Cried--'In thy mind let Mosca take a place,
     Who said, alas! "Deed done is well begun,"
     Words fraught with evil to the Tuscan race.'"

It is a widely recognised principle that those who live in glass houses
themselves should be very careful how they throw stones at others, as
retaliation is so fatally easy.[77:A] In a collection of "Proverbes en
rimes," published in Paris in 1664, we find--

     "Qui a sa maison de verre
      Sur le voisin ne jette pierre."

In the "Troilus" of Chaucer we find the same prudent abstinence from
stone-throwing advocated, but in this case it is the stone-thrower's
head and not his house that is in danger of reprisals.

     "Who that hath an hede of verre
      Fro caste of stones war hym in the werre."

The use of the word "verre" instead of glass seems to suggest that the
French version was so far current in England that all would know it, and
that it was immaterial whether the rendering was in French or in
English. When James of Scotland succeeded, at the death of Elizabeth,
to the English throne, one of the first results was that London became
inundated with Scotchmen, all anxious to reap some benefit from the new
political position. This influx caused a considerable amount of
jealousy, and the Duke of Buckingham organised a movement against them,
and parties were formed for the purpose of breaking their windows, and
in a general way making them feel the force of an adverse public
opinion. By way of retaliation, a number of Scotchmen smashed the
windows of the duke's mansion in St Martin's Fields, known as "the Glass
House," and on his complaining to the king His Majesty replied,
"Steenie, Steenie, those who live in glass houses should be carefu' how
they fling stanes." The story is told in Seton's "Life of the Earl of
Dunfermline," and it will be appreciated that the quotation by our
"British Solomon" of this ancient adage was very neatly put in.

Those who pride themselves on a certain blunt directness of speech, and
who declare that they always speak their mind, further define the
position they take up by declaring that they call a spade a spade. There
certainly are occasions when such a course is the only honest one, when
a man has to make his protest and refuse to connive at any
circumlocution or whittling away of principle. There are other occasions
when a regard for the feelings of others makes such a proceeding sheer
brutality, and it is, we believe, a well-established fact that the
audience of those who pride themselves on speaking their mind ordinarily
find that they are the victims of a somewhat unpleasant experience.
Baxter declares, "I have a strong natural inclination to speak of every
subject just as it is, and to call a spade a spade, so as that the thing
spoken of may be fullest known by the words. But I unfeignedly confess
that it is faulty because imprudent." "I am plaine," we read in
Marprelate's "Epitome," "I must needs call a spade a spade," and Ben
Jonson advises to "boldly nominate a spade a spade."

In the year 1548 Archbishop Cranmer was busily engaged on a design for
the better unity of all the Protestant churches by having one common
confession and one body of doctrine drawn out of Holy Writ, to which all
could give their assent. Melancthon, amongst others, was consulted by
the archbishop, and was very favourable to the idea, but he strongly
advised him, if the matter were to be carried to a successful issue, "to
avoid all ambiguities of expression, call a spade a spade, and not cast
words of dubious meaning before posterity as an apple of discord." Wise
and weighty words that never fructified.

John Knox, who was not by any means the man to go out of his way to
prophesy smooth things or palliate wrong-doing by any euphuism or a
prudent turning away of the head, declares, "I have learned to call
wickedness by its own terms, and to call a fig a fig and a spade a
spade"; while Shakespeare, in his "Coriolanus," goes equally straight to
the mark: "We call a nettle but a nettle, and the faults of fools but
folly." Erasmus writes: "Ficus ficus, ligonem ligonem vocat" of a
certain man.

Boileau in like manner writes, "J'appelle un chat un chat"; and
Rabelais, "Nous sommes simples gents, puisqu'il plaist à Dieu: et
appellons les figues figues, les prunes prunes, et les poires poires."

In the pages of Plutarch we read that Philip of Macedon, in answer to an
irate ambassador, who complained to him that the citizens on his way to
the palace had called him a traitor, replied: "My subjects are a blunt
people, and call things always by their right names. To them figs are
figs, and they call spades spades." The adage is one of unknown
antiquity, and may be found in the writings of Aristophanes,
Demosthenes, Lucian, and other classic authors. Erasmus, in his
"Apophthegmes," published in 1542, tells the story of the discomfiture
of the embassy to the Macedonian court very quaintly: "When those
persons that were at Lasthenes found themselfes greued and toke fumishly
that certain of the traine of Phillipus called theim traitours,
Phillipus answered that the Macedonians were feloes of no fine witte in
their termes, but altogether grosse, clubbish, and rusticall, as the
whiche had not the witte to cal a spade by any other name than a spade,
alluding to that the commen vsed prouerbe of the Grekes calling figgues
figgues, and a bote a bote. As for his mening was that they were
traitours in very deede. And the fair flatte truthe that the vplandishe
or homely and play-clubbes of the countree dooen use, nameth eche thinge
of the right names."

In Taverner's "Garden of Wysdome," published in 1539, the Macedonians
are described as "very homely men and rudely brought vppe, which call a
mattok nothing els but a mattok, and a spade a spade"--a very right and
proper thing for Macedonians or anyone else to do on most occasions, but
sometime a little too much like the unconscious brusqueness of children,
who have in such matters no discretion, and who forget, or have never
been taught, the more cautious precept that "all truths are not to be
told on all occasions."

Those who, avoiding one difficulty, rashly run into a still greater
dilemma, are warned, as in More's "Dial," that "they lepe lyke a
flounder out of the fryenge panne into the fyre." Tertullian, Plato, and
other early writers vary the wording to "Out of the smoke into the
fire," but the pith of the matter is the same. Fire and smoke play their
part in several adages. One of these, "If you will enjoy the fire you
must not mind the smoke," recalls the days when the domestic
arrangements were somewhat cruder than in those more luxurious days,
but it still remains a valuable reminder that whatever advantages we may
enjoy we must also be prepared for certain drawbacks. The Latin
"Commodatis quævis sua fert incommoda secum" covers the same ground; and
the French, "Nul feu sans fumée"--no fire without smoke, no good without
some inconvenience--echoes the same idea. On the other hand, "Where
there is smoke there is fire," the appearance of evil is a warning that
the evil exists, the loose word implies the loose life. As the effect we
see cannot be causeless, it is a danger-signal that we must not ignore.
The present whiff of smoke, if disregarded, may be the herald of half an
hour hence a raging conflagration, spreading ruin on every side.

When a strong comparison, the expression of a marked difference, is
called for, we may, in the words of Shaclock, in his "Hatchet of
Heresies," published in 1565, exclaim, "Do not these thynges differ as
muche as chalcke and chese?" or, turning to the "Confessio Amantis" of
Gower, find for our purpose, "Lo, how they feignen chalk for cheese!"
while Heywood hath it:

     "That as well agreeth the comparison in these,
      As alyke to compare in tast, chalk and cheese."

Another popular proverb of our ancestors was "Fast bind, fast find."
Hence, on turning to the "Merchant of Venice," we find the admonition,
"Do as I bid you. Shut doors after you: fast bind, fast find--a proverb
never stale in thrifty mind"; and the counsel is found repeated in the
"Jests of Scrogin," published in 1565: "Wherefore a plaine bargain is
best, and in bargaines making, fast bind, fast find"--a certain business
shrewdness, a legal document, even the turning of a key in a door, will
at times preserve to us unimpaired property that carelessness would have
lost to us.

"The more the merrier" is an adage that has a pleasantly hospitable
ring about it, though we are reminded in addition that the multiplicity
of guests may lead to a certain pinching in the supplies. Heywood
reminds us how

     "The more the merrier we all day here see,
      Yea, but the fewer the better fare, sayd he";

while Gascoigne, in his "Poesies," while he quotes with approval the old
adage, "Store makes no sore"--no one is the worse for having a little
reserve laid by--yet "Mo the merier is a proverbe eke" that must not be
overlooked. "More the merrier" is the happy title of a book of epigrams
published in 1608, and we may come across the sentiment in two or three
of the plays of Beaumont and Fletcher, and in many other directions.

Our readers will recall Spenser's eulogium on

     "Dan Chaucer, well of English undefyled,
      On Fame's eternal beadroll worthie to be fyled."

The proverb-seeker finds in his picturesque pages abundant store. The
"nonne preeste" exclaims, "Mordre wol out, that see we day by day," and
in the Reve's prologue he reminds us that "Yet in our ashen cold is fire
yreken"; or, as a later writer hath it, "E'en in our ashes live our
wonted fires." Chaucer again reminds us that "The proverbe saith that
many a small makith a grete"; or, as it is sometimes given, "Many a
little makes a mickle." The French tell us that even the drainage of the
great deep is possible if only there be sufficient patience: "Goutte à
goutte la mer s'egoute."[82:A] Every heart knows its own bitterness,
knows all about that skeleton in the cupboard that the world has no
suspicion of, knows just where the shoe pinches. Hence Chaucer
exclaims, "But I wot best when wryngeth me my scho";[83:A] and in his
"Testament of Love," where he writes, "Lo, eke an old proverb, he that
is still seemeth as he granted," or, as we should say now-a-days,
"Silence gives consent."[83:B] Another well-known adage and piece of
worldly wisdom is, "Of two ills choose the least," a proverb found in
the "Imitation of Christ" of À Kempis, in Hooker's "Polity," and
elsewhere. Chaucer is to the fore with the saying, "Of harmes two the
lesse is for to cheese." The saying appears as "E duobus malis minimum
eligendum" in the pages of Cicero, so that it is not by any means an
adage of yesterday's creation. It was, doubtless, a venerable saying
long before Cicero employed it. When the idea got compacted into a
recognised wisdom-chip, who can say? The rule of conduct is so clear and
so in accordance with common-sense that we may well believe that the
practice, if not the precept, would date from about the year one.

A "nine days' wonder" appears in the pages of the "Troilus" of Chaucer,
as "Eke wonder last but nine daies never in towne." A thing makes a
great sensation for a few days, and then something else arises, and the
former matter is quite forgotten. Chaucer's addition to the adage of the
limitation to town is curious, though on consideration a good deal can
be said for it, since in towns incidents succeed each other quickly, and
aid this obliteration of the past. Sometimes the proverb is extended
into "A nine days' wonder, and then the puppy's eyes are open"--in
allusion to the fact that dogs, like cats and several other animals,
are born blind. One may read this as referring to those who make a
wonder of an ordinary thing; the blindness of these little new-born
puppies, or, in somewhat less literal sense, the puppies whose eyes are
presently open, are those people who are blind and puzzled over some
incident which they presently see through and unravel, and then lose all
interest in.

As an encouragement to those who seem to be the victims of one
misfortune after another, of continued ill fortune, the ancient saw is
quoted, "'Tis a long lane has no turning." The expression is a
picturesque one, and no doubt carries comfort and teaches patience. In
the pages of Chaucer it appears as "Som tyme an end ther is on every
deed." The only time we knew it absolutely to fail was in the case of an
old man named Lane, who had his full share of the worries of life, and
to whom one kindly well-wisher after another quoted this well-worn
saying. Each thought that he had hit upon a happy idea, and applied it
there and then, in full faith that it would be of soothing efficacy, but
as, in the aggregate, the old fellow had had it fired off at him some
hundreds of times, it acted instead as a powerful irritant! It was one
trouble the more to carry through life.

One might, in the same way, though we have by no means exhausted the
Chaucerian wealth of proverb-lore, hunt through the pages of
Shakespeare, Milton, Pope, and other writers, and should reap an
abundant harvest. It may be somewhat of a shock that Milton's name
should appear in such a connection, since the stately dignity of his
work would appear entirely alien to the general tone of the popular
adage; but one sees in this passage from "Comus"--

     "Was I deceived, or did a sable cloud
      Turn forth her silver lining to the night?"--

a beautiful allusion to a well-known proverb. The plays of Shakespeare
abound with these proverbial allusions. In the "Taming of the Shrew,"
for instance, we find, "Now, were I a little pot and soon hot," a
proverb applied to short-tempered people who on slight cause wax wroth.
The homely pot plays its part in homely conversation. The man whom
Fortune has thwarted "goes to pot," waste and refuse metal to be cast
into the melting-pot. The man on hospitable thoughts intent may invite
his neighbour to pot-luck, to such chance repast, good or bad, as the
"pot au feu" may yield. People who deride or scorn others for matters in
which they are at least as much concerned are compared to the pot that
called the kettle black,[85:A] while the rashness of those who,
insufficiently provided with this world's goods, seek to rival others
better provided and come to grief in the experiment, are reminded how
the brazen and earthen pot swam down together on the swirling flood and
collided to the detriment of the pitcher.[85:B] In "King Henry VI." we
have "Ill blows the wind that profits nobody,"[85:C] and "Smooth runs
the water where the brook is deep." In "Hamlet" the familiar adage,
"Murder will out," appears as "Murder, though it have no tongue, will
speak." "Every dog has his day"; we say: every man his chance, so in
"Hamlet" we find--

     "Let Hercules himself do what he may,
      The cat will mew, and dog will have his day."

In "Othello" we come across an equally well-known proverb, "They laugh
that win," so quaintly curtailed by Heywood into "He laugth that winth."
Another familiar adage is that "Use is second nature," and this
Shakespeare, in the "Two Gentlemen of Verona," refines into "How use
doth breed a habit in a man!" In "As You Like It" another well-known saw
presents itself in the lines, "If it be true that good wine needs no
bush, 'tis true that a good play needs no epilogue." The bush in
question was an ivy-bough, the emblem of Bacchus, and the custom of
marking the wine-shop by this dates from Roman days. "Vino vendibili
hedera non opus est." The custom was continued throughout the Middle
Ages; but a good article, the proverb tells us, needs no advertisement,
or, as the French proverb hath it, "Au vin qui se vend bien il ne faut
point de lierre."

In the days of our forefathers the streets were narrow, and there were
no pavements; while discharging pipes and running gutters by the sides
of the walls made the centre of the road the more agreeable place for
the traveller. Wheeled conveyances of divers sorts passing and repassing
forced the foot-passenger to the side of the road, and any tumult or
street fight would drive the conquered pell-mell to take refuge in the
houses or to the shelter of the wall out of the rush. Hence the proverb,
"The weakest goes to the wall." In "Romeo and Juliet" Sampson and
Gregory are found in the market-place of Verona, and the former
declares, "I will take the wall of any man or maid of Montague's"; to
whom the latter unsympathetically replies, "That shows thee a weak
slave, for the weakest goes to the wall."

The wisdom of our ancestors discovered that "He who is born to be hanged
will never be drowned," and our readers will recall how in the "Tempest"
Gonzalo comforts himself in the contemplation of the villainous ugliness
of the boatswain. "I have great comfort," he says, "from this fellow:
methinks he hath no drowning mark upon him; his complexion is perfect
gallows. Stand fast, good fate, to his hanging! Make the rope of his
destiny our cable, for our own doth little advantage! If he be not born
to be hanged our case is miserable."

To make our list of quotations exhaustive, and therefore probably
exhausting, is by no means necessary; we give but samples from the bulk,
and in conclusion of our present chapter give some few of our commoner
saws and one, or at most two, references to some old writer's work where
it may be encountered. Naturally, the wording of some of the more
ancient quotations is not always quite that of to-day.

"The potte may goo so longe to water that atte the last it is broken" we
found in a manuscript of about the year 1545, entitled, "The book of the
Knight of La Tour." The very ancient proverb, familiar to us in its
Biblical garb, about the folly of the blind leading the blind, will be
found in Gower's "Confessio Amantis"--

     "As the blinde another ledeth,
      And, till they falle, nothing dredeth."

The constant dropping that wears at length away a stone we found
referred to in a manuscript of the time of Henry VIII. "So long may a
droppe fall that it may perse a stone."

     "The common proverb, as it is read,
      That we should hit the nail on the head,"

is a couplet in a little book, "Wit Restor'd," issued in 1568, and we
also find Skelton writing, "He hyt the nayle on the hede."

A caution to those who try and steer a deceitful course between those of
opposing interests, treacherously allowing each to think they have
exclusive support, has duly been crystallised into a proverb, and Lily
introduces it in the following passage:--"Whatsouer I speake to men, the
same also I speake to women. I meane not to run with the Hare and holde
with the Hounde." "By hook or by crook" will be found in Spenser's
"Fairie Queene." "Diamond cut diamond" is in Ford's play of "the Lover's
Melancholy." "Every tub must stand upon its own bottom" occurs in the
"Pilgrim's Progress." "He must have a long spoon that would eat with the
devil" is found in Chaucer and Shakespeare, amongst other writers. That
"The moon is made of green cheese" is re-asserted by Rabelais and in the
pages of "Hudibras."

In Swift's "polite conversation," proverbs are thickly strewn. We find
the old statement that "You must eat a peck of dirt before you die," the
well-meant impertinence of "teaching one's grandmother to suck eggs,"
the communistic doctrine that "Sauce for the goose is no less sauce for
the gander," and many other well-worn scraps of ancestral belief and
practice. The wisdom of suiting your position to your circumstances, of
cutting one's garment according to the material available, is emphasised
in a "Health to the gentlemanly profession of Serving-Men," a brochure
issued in 1598, where these worthies are warned, "You, with your
fraternitie in these latter dayes cannot be content to shape your coate
according to your cloth." In Marston's play of "What you Will," written
in 1607, we have a familiar and homely caution borrowed from the
experience of the kitchen--"Faith, Doricus, thy braine boils; keele it,
keele it, or all the fatts in the fire," a proverb employed when by some
inadvertence a man brings against himself a sudden blaze of wrath.

Proverb-hunting is a very pleasant recreation. We have left a vast field
practically untrodden. We cannot do better than conclude in the quaint
words of a little pamphlet that we once came across--"a collection of
the Choycest Poems relating to the late Times" (1662). "Gentlemen, you
are invited here to a feast, and if variety cloy you not, we are
satisfied. It has been our care to please you. These are select things,
a work of time, which for your sake we publish, assuring you that your
welcome will crown the entertainment. Farewell."


FOOTNOTES:

[65:A] "Love me little, love me long" is found in the writings of
Christopher Marlowe: "Pray, love me little, so you love me long," in
Herrick.

[66:A] "The Pleasant Historie of the two Angrie Women of Abington, with
the humerous mirthe of Dick Coomes and Nicholas Prouerbes, two
seruingmen. As it was lately played by the Right Honourable the Earl of
Nottingham, Lord High Admirall, his Servants. By Henry Porter, gent.
Imprinted at London for Joseph Hunt and William Farbrand, and are to be
solde at the corner of Colman Street, neere Loathburie. 1599."

[72:A]

     "Why urge yee me? My hart doth boyle with heate
      And will not stoope to any of your lures:
      A burnt child dreads the ffyre."--Timon, c. 1590.

[72:B] Ovid writes: "Tranquillas etiam naufragus horret aquas"--the man
who has been wrecked dreads still water. The Portuguese make the cat the
subject of their proverb--"Gato escaldado d'agua fria tem medo."

[73:A] We need scarcely point out that any reference to the use of any
proverb is not intended to imply that this is the only use of it by that
writer. "Yet gold is not that doth golden seem" is equally Shakespeare
with the quotation given above. One passage will ordinarily suffice, but
not because it is the only one available.

[74:A] The story is told by Pausanias: "Multa cadunt inter calicem
supremaque labra."--_Horace._

[77:A] "Stones and idle words are things not to be thrown at random."

[82:A] "Petit à petit l'oiseau fait son nid."

[83:A]

     "What cloke for the rayne so ever yee bring mee,
      Myselfe can tell best where my shoee doth wring mee."--_Heywood._

[83:B] In "Cymbeline" Shakespeare writes--

"But that you shall not say I yield, being silent, I would not speak."
It was a proverb of Ancient Rome, "Qui tacet consentire videtur," and in
Modern Italy it reappears as "Chi ta ce confessa." In France it is
"Assez consent qui ne dit mot."

[85:A] Or, to quote another expressive and homely English proverb, "The
chimney-sweep told the collier to go wash his face." In France they say
"La pêle se moque du fourgon," the shovel makes game of the poker.

[85:B] "Burden not thyself above thy power, and have no fellowship with
one that is mightier or richer than thyself. For how agree the kettle
and the earthen pot together? For if one be smitten against the other it
shall be broken."--_Ecclesiasticus_ xiii. 2.

[85:C] "An yll wynd that blowth no man good."--HEYWOOD, _Song against
Idleness_, 1540.

     "It is an old proverb and a true,
      I sware by the roode,
      It is an il wind that blows no man to good."

                            --"Marriage of Wit and Wisdom," 1570.




CHAPTER IV

     National Idiosyncrasies -- The Seven Sages of Greece -- Know
     Thyself -- The Laconic "If" -- Ancient Greek Proverbs -- Roman
     Proverbs -- The Proverbs of Scotland: Strong Vein of Humour in
     them -- Spanish and Italian Proverbs -- The Proverbs of France
     -- The "Comédie des Proverbes" -- The Proverbs of Spain: their
     Popularity and Abundance; Historic Interest: their Bibliography
     -- Italian Proverbs: their Characteristics -- The Proverbs of
     Germany -- Chinese Adages: their Excellence -- Japanese
     Proverbs: their Poetry and Beauty -- Arab Sayings: their
     Servility: their Humour -- Eastern Delight in Stories --
     African Sayings: their pithy Wisdom -- The Proverb-philosophy
     of the Talmud.


While we find a striking similarity existing between the proverbs of
various peoples, many being absolutely identical, and others teaching
the same truths under somewhat different external guise; there is also
in many cases a certain local and individual colouring that gives added
interest.

We see, too, national idiosyncrasies coming to the front in the greater
prominence given to proverbs having a bearing in some particular
direction. Thus, a poetic and imaginative people will specially dwell on
proverbs of a picturesque and refined type, while a thrifty and cautious
race will hold in especial esteem the inculcation of saving, of early
rising, of steady labour, the avoidance of debt and suretyship. A more
impulsive people will care but little for such thraldom, and will teach
in its sayings the delights of the present, the pursuit of the
pleasures rather than the duties of life, and the wild doctrine of
revenge against those who thwart their desires; while an oppressed and
downtrodden race will very faithfully reflect the oppression under which
they lie by the sayings that find most favour amongst them.

Our English proverbs, like our language, have come to us from many
sources; and while we have some little store that we may claim as of
home-growth, the greater part has been judiciously borrowed. We may
fairly ascribe to our changeable climate such a warning adage as the
advice to "Make hay while the sun shines"; and when a settler on the
prairies of the West clothes the excellent doctrine that every man for
himself should perform the disagreeable tasks that come in his way, and
not seek to transfer them to other people, in the formula, "Every man
must skin his own skunk," we feel the sentiment to be redolent of the
soil of its birth. The picture it presents to us is so entirely American
that it is quite needless to search for its origin in the folk-lore of
Wessex or on the banks of the Indus.[91:A]

The greater number of the proverbs of ancient Greece were fraught with
allusions to the mythology, poetry, and national history of Hellas, and
thus form a valuable testimony to the general high level of intellectual
training of this wonderful people. The "Adagia" of Erasmus contains, as
the result of the search of many years amongst the literary remains of
the classical authors, some five thousand of these ancient sayings. Many
that, from their Latin dress we ascribe to the Romans, were really
derived from Greek or still earlier sources.

It will be recalled that those who, from their pre-eminent wisdom, were
entitled, the Seven Sages of Greece, each inscribed in the Temple of
Apollo one sentence of concentrated wisdom. The best known and most
freely quoted of these was the "Know thyself," the contribution of Solon
of Athens; and the more we reflect on this the more we realise its
profundity. To know thyself--to know, for example, thy possibilities of
health and strength for strenuous bodily or mental labour, to know thy
worldly status, and what of influence is there open to thee or closed
against thee; to know thyself, not as the crowd regards thee, but in all
the secret workings of thy heart, controlling thy actions, biassing thy
thoughts, influencing thy motives; to step aside out of the bustle of
life and quietly take stock of thyself; to know how thou standest in
view of eternity--that is wisdom. The maxim of Chilo of Sparta was
"Consider the end," and that of Bias of Priene the sad indictment, "Most
men are bad." Thales of Miletos declared, and the yet greater and wiser
Solomon was in accord--"Who hateth suretyship is sure." Periander of
Corinth sang the praise of honest work in "Nothing is impossible to
industry";[92:A] and Pittacos of Mitylene warned his hearers and pupils
to "Seize Time by the forelock." The seventh, Cleobulos of Lindos,
pinned his faith on the golden mean, "Avoid extremes." These maxims
passed into general circulation and adoption, and thus became of
proverbial rank. They do not strike one as being of at all equal value,
but there is no doubt that a man who was fortified, not only by the
knowledge of these precepts, but, more important yet, by their practice,
would be equipped to face unscathed all the possibilities of life.

In our ordinary English word "laconic" is preserved a curious little
allusion. The Lacones or Spartans were noted amongst the other Greeks
for their brusque and sententious speech, the practice of expressing
much in little. Hence our word laconic, meaning concise, pithy. Plato
wrote that "If anyone desires converse with a Lacedæmonian he will at
first sight appear to him wanting in thought, in power of utterance, but
when the opportunity arrives, this same man, like a skilful hurler of
the javelin, will hurl a sentence worthy of the greatest consideration."
A good example of this trait of the Spartans will be seen in their reply
to Philip of Macedon when he threatened them, "If I enter Laconia I will
level your city to the dust." Their rejoinder was, "If"!

The prostrate Saul was warned that it was hard for him to "kick against
the pricks," to resist the Higher Power, to rebel against the guiding
goad, and the utterance was a very familiar one in his ears. It will be
found in the Odes of Pindar, the tragedies of Euripides and Æschylus,
and in the writings of Terence. Another familiar Biblical text is that
"One soweth and another reapeth."[93:A] This, too, would appeal at once
to the hearers as a piece of their own proverbial lore. It is at least
as ancient as Hesiod, who wrote his "Theogony," and introduced this
proverb therein, some nine hundred years before the Christian era.

It is in all countries an accepted belief that the Higher Powers, under
whatever name worshipped, help those who help themselves. Thus, the
Spaniards say, "Pray to God and ply the hammer," while the Greeks
taught, "Call on Athene but exert yourself as well." Another very
expressive Greek proverb was "A piped-out life," as applied to one who,
in rioting and dissipation, in feasting and drunkenness, had carried out
that grim ideal, "A short life and a merry one," who to lulling siren
song, the harp, the tabret, and the viol, sailed swiftly down the stream
of Time. A graphic picture again is this--"You have burst in upon the
bees," applied to one who causelessly, needlessly meddled with matters
that were no concern of his, and thereby brought swift retribution on
himself.

The proverbs born on Roman soil were considerably fewer in number than
those of Greek birth, and this is a result that we should naturally
anticipate, since the Romans had not the strong religious feeling, nor
the poetic afflatus, nor the subtle thought of the Greeks. The Romans in
this, as in much else, were borrowers rather than producers. At the same
time the sterling common-sense and energy of the Roman people is seen in
their proverbs. They are business-like and practical, inculcating
patience, perseverance, independence, and frugality; dealing in a wise
spirit with the affairs of life, marriage, education, agriculture, and
the like. How true, for instance, to all experience is the "Aliquis in
omnibus est nullus in singulis," while in some, heathen as they were in
origin, a high moral sense is reached, as, for example, "Conscientia,
mille testes."

How expressive is "Res in cardine est." The matter is on the hinge, it
must soon now be settled one way or the other, for, as another proverb
hath it, "A door must be open or shut"--there can here be no middle
course of procrastination and uncertainty. How good, again, the
oft-quoted "Qui cito dat bis dat"--"He giveth twice that giveth in a
trice," as an old English version rhymingly renders it, or the "Quot
homines tot sententiæ." "I see wel the olde proverbe is true," quoth
Gascoigne in his "Glasse of Government," which saith, "So many men so
many mindes." The French reading is "Autant d'hommes, autant d'avis."

Our old English proverb about the difficulty of getting blood out of a
stone is paralleled in the "Aquam a pumice postulare" of ancient Rome,
and the saw, "Extremis, ut dicitur, digitis attingere"--to touch, so to
speak, with the tips of the fingers--is of special interest to us, as it
will be recalled that it is quoted in the New Testament, and applied to
the Pharisees who laid on others burdens that they themselves would not
touch with one of their fingers.

Our adage, "Opportunity makes the thief," is but the old Roman "Occasio
facet furem."

The brief "Latum unguem" is expressive of those who cavil and split
hairs[95:A] over trifles, when not the breadth of a nail of difference
exists between them, and yet sharp contention is stirred up.

It is needless to dwell at any length on these proverbs of ancient Rome.
Their character and tone of thought are very English, and therefore many
of them we shall find incorporated in English guise in our midst, while
others find a place in our literature in their original setting. Amongst
these latter we may name, by way of illustration, "Ab ovo," "Ad
captandum vulgus," "Dum vivimus vivamus," "Ex cathedra," "Facilis est
descensus Averni," "Humanum est errare," "De mortuis nil nisi bonum,"
"Carpe diem," "Argumentum ad hominem," "Ars est celare artem," "Petitio
principii," "Per fas et nefas," "Ne sutor ultra crepidam," "Vox populi
vox Dei," and "Festine lente."[95:B]

While many of the proverbs of Scotland are identical in significance
with our own, and only vary from them by some slight dialectic
influence, there are not a few that are the special possession of the
Scottish people. These have a very distinct individuality. There is
rarely much grace or tenderness in them, but they contain abundant
common-sense. There is scarcely one that is pointless, while in most the
point is driven home mercilessly. As maxims of prudence and worldly
morality they are admirable, and have a certain roughness of expression
that is often taking. They are distinctly canny, and not uncommonly have
a strong touch of saturnine humour.

Many examples are easily recognisable as identical in spirit with the
parallel English adages, the slight differences of setting giving them
an added interest. One gets so used to things when always presented to
us the same way that their value gets dulled, and a new reading then
comes very opportunely. The Scottish version, "A bird in the hand is
worth twa fleeing bye"[96:A] is, we think, a good example of this. The
leading idea in both this and the English declaration that "A bird in
the hand is worth two in the bush" is the greater value of a small
certainty than a larger possibility; but, while the twittering of the
free birds in the bush may be provoking, there is at least the
possibility of their capture, while the Scottish version gives a still
greater value to our possession, seeing that even as we grasp it the
possibility of increasing our store is rapidly passing away. In a
collection, gathered together in 1586, we find "It is better to haif ane
brede in hand nor twa in the wood fleande."

Other examples of this practical identity are these: "Before you choose
a friend eat a peck o' saut wi' him"; "It's no easy to straucht in the
oak the crook that grew in the sapling." The "sour grapes" of our
English proverb are at once suggested in this northern version: "Soor
plooms, quo' the tod, when he couldna' climb the tree"; "Ill weeds wax
weel."

The value of this change of diction as an aid to appreciation is also
felt still more when it arises from some little antiquity. Our most
familiar adages, for instance, seem to possess an added charm when we
find them embedded in the quaint English of the poems of Chaucer and
others of our earlier writers, and in like manner many of the proverbs
given in this collection of the year 1586 have a special interest. The
mere setting is a very secondary point, though not without importance,
since we readily see that what we need is, in the first and foremost
place, the sterling truth, and then this truth enhanced in value by the
happy way it is presented to our notice. The following extracts from
this collection, gathered together over three centuries ago, will be of
interest:--"The fische bred in durtie pooles will taiste of mude,"
"Whane the sunne schyneth the lyt of the starres ar not seene," "All the
praise of wertew consisteth in doing," "Wit is the better gif it be the
dearer bocht," "The foull taide hath a faire stoine in his hede," "The
sweite kirnell lyeth in the harde schell," "The glass anes crazed will
wt the leist clap be crackt," "The fairest silke is soonest soylede,"
"He quhilk walde gather frwite sould plant treis," "Bargaines maid in
speid are comonlie repented at leasure," "Thair is no smoke but quhair
thair is sum fyre," "In grettest charge ar grettest cares," "A kyndome
is more esilie gotten than keipit," "Quhen the sone schyneth the cloudis
wanish away," "The fyne golde must be purified in the flamyng fyre,"
"Greiwous woundes must have smarting plasters," "Many thingis happen
betwene the cupe and the lyp,"[98:A] "Thair is no clayth so fine bot
mothes will eit it," "He that lepeth or he looke may hap to leip in the
brook."

Scottish proverbs, despite the assertion that the only way to get a joke
into a Scotchman's head is by a surgical operation, have a strong vein
of humour in them--a feature that is much more characteristic of them
than of those of any other nationality the wide world over. What could
be happier than this caution to those whose presence is not desired: "A
weel-bred dog goes out when he sees them going to kick him out!"
"They're keen o' company that tak' the dog on their back," "Friends are
like fiddle-strings, they maunna be screwed ower tight."

The national shrewdness and mother-wit is naturally reflected in the
national proverb-lore. A very quaint example of this is seen in the
warning that "Ye'll no sell your hens on a rainy day." Drenched and
wretched-looking, no one will look at them; it is not at all making the
best of things. How excellent is this hint against avarice: "Greed is
envy's auldest brither, scraggy wark they mak thegither";[98:B] or this:
"Ne'er let your gear o'ergang you"; or this: "A greedy e'e ne'er got a
gude pennyworth."

How shrewd such adages as: "Changes are lightsome and fools like them";
"He that gets gear before he gets wit is but a short time master of it";
"He is no the fool that the fool is, but he that with the fool deals";
"Oft counting keeps friends lang thegither," the English equivalent
being, "Short reckonings make long friends"; "A wise man gets learning
fra' them that hae nane i' their ain"; "Better a gude fame than a gude
face"; "He that seeks motes gets motes";[99:A] "Ill payers are aye gude
cravers"; "He speaks in his drink what he thinks in his drouth."
Prosperous people can afford to listen to envious remarks, for "A fu'
sack can bear a clout in the side," and be never the worse for it.

There is a sharp touch of sarcasm in many of these northern adages: "The
deil's journeyman ne'er wants wark." How true to life the feeling, yet
how deftly pointed the satire, "They are aye gude that are far awa," or
this very similar utterance, "They're no a' saints that get the name
o't." A valuable lesson, too, to people consumed with a sense of their
own importance is this: "The king lies doun, but the world runs round."
The point becomes sharper yet in the statement that a "Green turf is a
gude mother-in-law"--that is to say, this particular member of the
family is best in the churchyard.

An old English proverb says that "Almost and very nigh save many a lie";
but the Scotch say, "Amaist and very near hae aye been great liars." The
two dicta are in direct opposition, yet both may be accepted.

The power of money to make money is very picturesquely expressed by "Put
twa pennies in a purse and they'll creep thegither." Down south we say
that "Experience is a dear school, but fools will learn in no other";
but the Scottish method is wiser, if practicable, though there is a
touch of selfishness in it: "Better learn frae your neebor's skaith
(misfortune) than frae your ain."

It is very true that "His you are whom you serve,"[99:B] and "They that
work i' the mill maun wear the livery." How full, too, of wise teaching:
"When you dance ken who you tak' by the hand," and realise what the
association involves. The mighty power of influence, and the
responsibility that rests on us for our actions, the impossibility of
arresting the ever-widening circle is well seen in the hint: "If the
laird slight the lady sae will the kitchen boy." The saying, "Ye hae
gude manners, but ye dinna bear them about wi' ye," is a very delicate
way of saving the _amour propre_ of the reproved while indicating
evident shortcomings. How quaintly picturesque the adage, again, "Like a
chip amang parritch, little gude, little ill," to describe some wholly
immaterial thing.

The proverbs of the three great Latin races--French, Italian, and
Spanish--are naturally very similar, and are practically
interchangeable, all having sprung from the same stock, and thrown into
one great store-house. We cannot too distinctly bear in mind that,
because a proverb greets us in French, or Italian, or Danish, we must
not at once class it as a French, an Italian, or a Danish utterance
alone. The inner idea is probably cosmopolitan, and its outer garb is of
very little importance; yet, as we have already said, the idiosyncrasy
of each people affects their borrowing from the common store, and
greatly influences any additions they may make. Instead, therefore, of
classifying certain proverbs as French or German, which ordinarily they
are not, we should really think of such a gathering as merely French or
German individualism, selecting to taste from the general hoard. An old
writer says: "The Spanish and Italian proverbs are counted the most
Curious and Significant--the first are remarkable for Gravity and fine
Instruction, the Latter for Beauty and Elegance, tho' they are a little
tinctured with Levity and have too much of the Amour. This last Variety
is the Imperfection of many of the French, tho' otherwise they are very
Fine and Bright, and solemnly Moral as well as Facetious and Pleasant."
This verdict, though somewhat quaintly worded, is a very discriminating
and just one: we should be inclined to add to it in the case of the
typically French proverbs a rather characteristic touch of conceit and
gasconade. The Frenchman ordinarily studies effect a good deal.

Despite a certain unpleasant sneering at women, as in the proverb, "A
deaf husband and a blind wife make the best couple," and others that
affect to hold feminine virtue, constancy, truthfulness and the like in
poor esteem, the Frenchman appears to preserve a perennial spring of
affection for his mother and a fervent belief in its reciprocity on her
part. Hence, in all proverb-lore, dramatic representation, poetry,
oratory, this special relationship is a sacred one, and we get in an
arid desert of cynicism so sweet an oasis as, "Tendresse maternelle
toujours se renouvelle."

Such proverbs in common use in France as "A cheval donné il ne faut
point regarder à la bouche," "Les murailles ont des oreilles," "Il n'y a
que le premier pas qui coute," "Il ne faut pas parler de corde dans la
maison d'un pendu," are but cosmopolitans in French garb. In England we
find that "A bad workman finds fault with his tools," but in France this
is softened down a little and becomes, "Mechant ouvrier jamais ne
trouvera bons outils." Our picturesque declaration that it is sometimes
advisable to "Throw away a sprat to catch a herring," loses somewhat in
"Il faut hazarder un petit poisson pour prendre un grand." The Gallic "A
beau jour beau retour," is a very pleasant variant of our saying, "One
good turn deserves another." There is in the English version a somewhat
unpleasant suggestion of barter and bargain in this exchange of help,
"Nothing for nothing, and not much for a half-penny."[101:A] On the
other hand, our "Diamond cut diamond" is pleasanter in expression than
the cruder "Ruse contre ruse."

We have already seen how an English playwright once wrote a comedy in
which he introduced English proverbs _ad nauseam_, and we find, in like
manner, in France, a French author, Adrien de Montluc, writing in the
year 1615 or thereabouts, a play called the "Comédie des Proverbës,"
where we find strung together dialogue-wise all the most familiar adages
then current in France.[102:A]

The proverbs of Spain are very numerous, and are often distinguished by
a stately sententiousness, much thoughtfulness, a strong sense of
chivalry and honour, and very frequently, with these good qualities, a
very happy dash of humour or irony. Ford declares that this abounding
proverb-lore "gives the Spaniard his sententious dogmatical admixture of
humour, truism, twaddle, and common-sense." A proverb aptly introduced
is a decisive argument, and is always greeted with approval by high and
low, an essentially national characteristic. It will be recalled how
Sancho Panza has an adage for every emergency. The Don uses his own
words, being a man of fine fancy and good breeding, to express his own
ideas, but the vocabulary of his Squire is almost entirely composed of
the well-nigh inexhaustible proverbs of his country. The Arabs, whose
language is rich in such wisdom, doubtless furnished numerous
contributions to this very marked feature of the national literature.

Many of the Spanish proverbs are of very great antiquity. One
interesting example to the historian is connected with an incident that
happened at the beginning of the twelfth century. It is very rarely
that one can trace the actual birth of a proverb, but in the present
example, "Laws go where kings please to make them," the origin is known.
The Church of Spain was in these early days greatly disturbed by a
contest as to whether the Roman or the Gothic liturgy should be adopted,
and at last the king, Alfonso VI., gave orders for a decisive test and
definite settlement. A fire was lighted and duly blessed by the
Archbishop, and then a copy of each of these liturgies was dropped into
it, it being decided that whichever escaped destruction should be
recognised as the true rite. The Gothic text emerged unconsumed from
this fiery test, but the king, displeased at the way things had gone,
tossed it back again into the fire, and thus arose the proverb, "Alla
van leyes adonde quieren reyes." Many proverbs again will be found in
the "Chronica General," one of the oldest Spanish books.

The Marquis of Santillana collected some 700 proverbs--"such," he says,
"as the old women were wont to use in their chimney-corners." These were
published in the year 1508. The "Cartas" of Blasco de Garay appeared
soon after this, and went through many editions. The author was one of
the cathedral staff at Toledo, and his book was thrown into epistolary
form, almost every sentence being a popular adage. The "cartas"
concluded with a devout prayer that his labours might tend to
edification.

In the year 1549 we have an alphabetical collection of over 4000 adages
compiled by Valles, while a famous scholar and professor at the
University of Salamanca, Hernan Nuñez de Guzman, accumulated over 6000.
These were published in 1555, by a brother professor, two years after
the death of Nuñez. While acting as literary executor he somewhat
ungraciously declared that respect for his friend and not for the
dignity of the task was his motive. In 1568, Mal Lara selected from the
compilation of Nuñez 1000 of the best examples, added some explanatory
or appreciative comments to each, and sent them out into the world under
the title "The Philosophy of the Common People."

Cæsar Oudin published in Paris in 1608 the "Refranes o Proverbios
Castellanos." These were translated into French, and form a very
interesting and valuable book.

While the gleanings of Mal Lara were especially intended to foster a
practical working philosophy of life, Juan Sorapan de Rieros, in his
"Medicina Española en Proverbios Vulgares," took up the medical side,
dealing alone with such utterances of popular wisdom as bore on the
healing art.

Bartolomé Ximinez Paton, in the year 1567, published a collection of
over 1000 Greek and Latin proverbs, with a translation into Spanish,
and, where practicable, the addition of a parallel or illustrative
Castilian proverb. The book passed through many editions. The
translations into the vernacular were in terse rhymes. Other
collections, needless to particularise, though good to see, are those of
Palmerino, Juan de Yriarte, and Cejudo, all of considerable antiquity,
while so recently as 1815 was published in Barcelona the "Refranes de la
Langua Castellana," and to this list others could no doubt be added. It
will have been observed that the word, "Proverbios" is not employed, but
"Refrane," a term derived from _a referendo_, because it describes a
thing that is often repeated, an idea that we are familiar with in our
common word "refrain."

How happily does this Spanish proverb satirise the readiness to resent
what may have been, after all, a quite innocent remark, "He who takes
offence has eaten garlic." The cap, as we say in English, fits. How
happy again the sarcasm against awkward and inexpert helpers, "She
tucked up her sleeves and overturned the kettle." The deference paid to
wealth, the smoothing of the path, is graphically hit off in the adage,
"An ass loaded with gold overtakes everything." The man who can perhaps
scarce write his name will find many to flatter him if his coffers be
full.[105:A] On the other hand how good the counsel, "Seek not for a
good man's pedigree,"[105:B] or this, "Advice whispered is worthless,"
for anything secret may well be regarded with suspicion, and sincerity
needs no veil. How happy again the saying, "I have a good doublet in
France," as applied to those who boast of something that cannot be come
at; or the advice to avoid over-familiarity, "Shut your door and you
will make your neighbour a good one."[105:C] A somewhat similar saying
is this, "When the door is shut the work improves," for gossiping means
distraction and neglect of duty. "Do not go every evening to the house
of your brother." There is sound common-sense in the statement that "An
indolent magistrate will have thieves every market-day," since his
easy-going neglect of his duties will produce a goodly crop of knaves.
Those who solemnly tell as news what all can learn for themselves are
happily ridiculed in the assertion that "When the spouts run the streets
will be wet," or they are described as "guessing at things through a
sieve,"[105:D] making a mystery of what anyone can see at a glance.

     "Those that fly may fight again,
      Which he can never do that's slain,"

we learn in "Hudibras," and the sentiment re-appears in the Spanish
adage, "It is better they should say, here he ran away, than here he
died." The English dictum "Charity begins at home," is paralleled in
this, "My teeth are nearer to me than my kindred," while our "Well begun
is half done" re-appears in "A beard well lathered is half shaved." The
well-known English proverb, "One cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's
ear," is happily rendered in Spain by the assertion, "A pig's tail will
not make a good arrow"; while our advice to the cobbler to stick to his
last, to attend to what he understands, has its counterpart in
"Fritterman, to thy fritters."

The temptation to quote is great, but we will, in conclusion, set down
but half-a-dozen more, leaving their interpretation to the sapience of
our readers. "A friend to everybody and to nobody is the same thing,"
"Truth and oil are ever above," "Words and feathers are carried away by
the wind," "A little gall makes bitter much honey," "It is better to
accept one than to be promised two," "When we have crossed the sea the
saint is forgotten."

The proverbs of fair Italy are very numerous. While not a few are sound
in teaching and justly extol the ways of truth and uprightness, of
honour and righteous dealing, others are too often merely the advocates
of unmitigated selfishness, are strongly imbued with cynicism, and teach
a general distrust and suspicion and the glorification of revenge. The
political condition of the country, split up for so many centuries into
petty principalities and republics, in an almost constant state of
jealousy and feud, has no doubt greatly influenced its proverb-lore.
Thus, "Who knows not to flatter, knows not to reign," tells of a
government at the mercy of cabals, while the saying, "An open
countenance, but close thoughts," indicates the wisdom in an atmosphere
of suspicion of a seeming content and the importance of great reticence
of speech; while the ingratitude of princes is summed up in the adage,
"He who serves at court dies on straw."[107:A] Fierce insurrection and
sanguinary suppression have fed the fiery Southern temperament with
burning hatred. Hence we get utterances so terrible in their
vindictiveness as these: "He who cannot revenge himself is weak, he who
will not is contemptible"; "Revenge of a hundred years old hath still
its sucking teeth"--is yet but at its commencement. What internecine
strife becomes under such influence is seen in the utterance, "When war
begins hell opens."

The soft Italian tongue lends itself readily to musical rhythm and
pleasing alliteration, features that are ordinarily entirely lost in
translation. This attractive cadence may be seen, for instance, in "Chi
piglia leoni in assenza suol temer dei topi in presenza," or "Chi ha
arte da per tutto ha parte." There is often, too, a pregnant brevity, as
"Amor regge senza legge," and a very happy use of hyperbole.

The proverb-literature of Italy is very extensive. In the year 1591
Florio, by birth an Englishman, by extraction an Italian, published in
London "Il giardino di Ricreatione," a collection of some 6000 Italian
adages; and a little later another Italian, Torriano, followed his
example, he also being resident in England. Angelus Monozoni, in the
year 1604, published in Italy another book on the subject, and in 1642
Julius Varini gave to the world his "Scuola del Vulgo." A much more
recent and altogether excellent series is the "Raccolta di Proverbi
Toscani" of Guiseppe Guisti, issued at Florence in 1853, and containing
over 6000 examples.

"It is a foolish bird," we say, "that fouls its own nest," a sentiment
that the Italians reproduce in their adage, "Mad is the priest who
blasphemes his own relics." A higher point is reached in this, "We are
all clay and God is the potter," and this, "Who has God for a friend has
the saints in his pocket." Their intervention is needless. Another fine
proverb is found in "Who doth not burn doth not inflame"--he must
himself be on fire who would kindle ardour in others. "The favour
gained, the saint derided," appears needlessly strong--"neglected" would
have been truer to human nature.[108:A] "Sin confessed is half pardoned"
is true and good. "Everyone cannot have his house on the piazza," all
cannot expect the best position, is quaint and of sound philosophy. "He
who flings gold away with his hands seeks it with his feet," wandering
forth in beggary and want. To such we may commend the warning, "Work in
jest, want in earnest." In every nation the virtue of silence is upheld,
and the Italians have many proverbs that deal with this: thus the gain
of quiet listening is seen in this--"Talkers sow, the silent reap," reap
rich wisdom from the words of the wise, prudence and caution from the
loquacity of the thoughtless. The undignified flow of explanation, the
lack of reserve in face of misfortune, are rebuked in the saying, "Words
in plenty when the cause is lost."

In that mine of wisdom, the book of _Ecclesiastes_, we are warned that
"He that observeth the wind shall not sow, and he that regardeth the
clouds shall not reap," and the Italians in like manner declare that "He
that looks at every cloud never makes the journey." The intuitive gift
of womankind to realise the best course of action is the subject of
proverbs the wide world over. In Italy it appears as "Women, wise on a
sudden, fools on reflection." Every nation, too, appears to have some
little tinge of self-righteousness, some sarcasm to spare for those
outside its borders. Thus we are told that if one scratches a Russian we
get at once to the Tartar beneath; and the Spaniard says, "Take away
from a Spaniard his good qualities and there remains a Portuguese." The
Italian in like manner has a proverbial rebuke for those who "drink wine
like a German--in the morning, neat; at dinner without water; at supper,
as it comes from the bottle"; and says, "May my death come to me from
Spain," for so it will be long in coming--a hit at the Spanish habit of
procrastination and the wearisome delays that thwart the despatch of
business in that easy-going land where "manana" (to-morrow) is one of
the commonest of expressions.[109:A]

Many of the proverbs of Italy are, naturally, not exclusively Italian,
but when the Florentine declares that "Arno swelleth not without
becoming turbid," we have a distinctly local application of the broad
truth that they who would acquire riches quickly may fall into a snare,
and that a sudden prosperity may be achieved at the expense of a soiled
conscience. "Il remedio e peggio del male" is but an Italian version of
the generally-accepted adage, "The remedy is worse than the disease,"
and "Una rondina non fa primavera" is their rendering of a truth
familiar to us in the statement that "One swallow does not make a
summer," a proverb of wide acceptance. In France it is "Une hirondelle
ne fait pas le printemps"; in Holland, "Een swaluw maakt geen zomer"; in
Spain, "Una golondrina no hace verano." We find it, too, equally at home
in Germany, Sweden, and many other lands. Its significance is repeated
in another Italian proverb that tells us that "One flower does not make
a garland." A very characteristic utterance is that "Summer is the
mother of the poor," life in sunny Italy being then less arduous to the
indigent, and the problems of existence appear by no means so exacting.

The thorough-going character of German work is itself almost proverbial,
and the treatment of the national proverbs in the "Deutsches
Sprichwörter-Lexicon" is an excellent illustration of this German
thoroughness, the editor having managed to gather in over 80,000.
Another excellent compilation is that of Dr. Wilhelm Körte.

The proverbs, native or imported, that find most favour in the
Fatherland are ordinarily excellent in quality and full of sterling good
sense. We occasionally meet with rhyming examples, as in "Mutter treu
wird täglich neu," a mother's love is ever fresh; or the less tender
"Ehestand, wehestand," marriage state, mournful state; or "Stultus und
Stolz wachset aus einem Holz," stupidity and pride grow on one bush; or
again, in "Wie gewonnen so zerronen"; our "Lightly come, lightly go."
But these rhyming adages do not appear to be so characteristic a feature
in German proverb-lore as in some other nationalities. The English
protest as to the absurdity of carrying coals to Newcastle[110:A] is in
Germany the equally needless task of carrying water to the sea--"Wasser
ins Meer tragen." Another picturesque proverb is "Die süssessten Trauben
hangen am höchsten," the sweetest grapes hang the highest. The greedy
are rebuked in the adage--"The eyes here are bigger than the stomach,"
and the thoughtless and thriftless are warned that "One may in seeking a
farthing burn up three candles." The difficulty in pleasing some people
is felt as much in Germany as elsewhere and is expressed in the
proverb, "No tree will suit the thief to be hung on"; and there is the
equally true remark, "There are many more thieves than gallows," many
escape detection and punishment. "Woman and the moon," we are told,
"shine with borrowed light," and the wife, in "die Hausfrau soll nit
sein eine Ausfrau," is advised that her duties lie within the home and
not outside it. It is, however, evident that to treat at any length on
the proverbial lore even of Europe would mean not a volume alone but a
shelf of goodly folios, a prospect much too overpowering. We pass then
at once to a quite different sphere, and seek in widely different
peoples some expression of their modes of thought and principles of
action, as revealed to us in their popular dicta, and we may at once say
that the search will result in the decision that, however much the outer
envelope may differ, the inner thought will reveal to us that man,
wherever we find him, is swayed by much the same impulses and guided by
much the same motives, as he thinks over the problems of life. The
resident in a mansion in Mayfair, in a kraal in Zululand, in a sanpan on
some Chinese river, differ widely enough in externals and in much else,
but we would venture to say that any good collection of proverbs, if
rendered in the vernacular of each district, might travel round the
world and find appreciation in every land. The burnt child dreads the
fire in Samoa as in Salisbury, and that prosperity makes friends, and
adversity proves them, is a piece of world-wide experience.

Chinese proverbs do not appear to be very numerous, but they are often
very happily phrased and thought out. "As the twig is bent so the tree
is inclined," we say, and in China they have the same idea, "The growth
of the mulberry tree is as its youth." Filial respect and the duties of
friendship and hospitality are often enforced in this Celestial
teaching. Thus, "At home respecting father and mother, what need at a
distance to burn incense?" so only the heart be right, no need of
ceremonial and formal observance. "To meet an old friend is as the
delightfulness of rain after drought." On the other hand, "If a man does
not receive guests at home he will meet with very few hosts abroad." The
upholders of the "spare the rod and spoil the child" system of education
of which Solomon was so distinguished an exponent will be in full
sympathy with the Chinese view, "Pitying your child, give him much
cudgel."

On our journey through life we may find, as they have done in the far
East, that "If you do not entreat their assistance all men will appear
good-natured," but "The sincerity of him who assents to everything must
be small." "Master easy, servant lazy," is only too true. It is again a
common experience that, as we say in England, "One man may steal a horse
while another may not look over the gate," a state of things that they
yet more forcibly express in China as "One man may set the town in a
blaze, another may not light his lantern." What graceful lessons of
trust in a Higher Power are these: "Every blade of grass has its share
of the dews of heaven," "Though the birds of the forest have no garners
the wide world is before them." To avoid even the semblance of evil we
are quaintly told, "In melon patch tie not shoe, under plum-tree touch
not cap," actions innocent in themselves, but possibly giving rise to
misapprehensions!

The exigencies of the Chinese language make a literal translation often
scarcely endurable or possible, while a lengthened paraphrase gives a
wordiness that is not a true reflection of the epigrammatic pithiness of
the original. Thus in Chinese "Yaou chi sin fo sze tau ting kow chung
yen" is "Wishing to know heart's thoughts listen to mouth"--that is to
say, if you would desire to find out what most engages a man's thoughts
you have only to listen to his conversation, for a man's words reflect
his disposition, and he will thus, surely though unconsciously, reveal
himself to you. The wisdom of knowing oneself, of offering something
more than a formal service, are admirably enforced in these two heathen
proverbs, redolent with the teaching of the New Testament: "If a man be
not enlightened within, what lamp shall he light?" "If a man's
intentions are not upright, what sacred book shall he recite?" "By a
long journey we know a horse's strength, and length of days shows a
man's heart." How beautiful, again, the imagery in this description of
the swift flight of the days and years of human life: "Time is like an
arrow, days and months as a weaver's shuttle."

How excellent the lesson of contentment with one's lot, "All ten fingers
cannot be of the same length," yet all have their work to do. How good
the lesson of forethought, of prevision of coming needs in this: "The
tiles which protect thee in the wet season were fabricated in the dry."
How prudent the advice: "He who wishes to know the road across the
mountains must ask him who has trodden it," must be willing to profit by
the experience of the experienced, and take counsel. There is a rich
mine of wealth for the social economist, for the agitator who would set
one class against another, in the following: "Without the wisdom of the
learned the clown could not be governed, without the labour of the clown
the learned could not be fed."

The mischief that may be wrought by evil speaking, the impossibility of
recalling a hasty word, of cancelling a false judgment, is emphasised in
the picturesque declaration that "A coach and horses cannot bring back
a spoken word." How true the economic warning, "Who borrows to build
builds to sell." How equally true the moral warning, "The forming of
resentments is the planting of misery." How needful often the caution,
"A single false move loses the game," a single false step may wreck a
life.

Nothing can afford a better insight into the character and thoughts of a
people than a consideration of their every-day utterances. If we were
told a hundred things that a man had said we should have an excellent
knowledge of the man, and if we read a hundred sayings that a nation
accepts as guides, the nation stands revealed before us. Judged by this
standard, and it is an entirely reasonable and just one, the Japanese
come excellently out of the ordeal. Many suffer much in translation--the
beauty of their outward presentment, as apart from their inner meaning,
their manner as apart from their matter, consists often in an
untranslatable play of words. Many are like ours, for God made of one
blood all nations, thus: "Cows to cows, horses to horses," is
practically our "Birds of a feather flock together." We append some few
illustrations of the wealth and beauty of this Japanese proverb-wisdom;
and while we forbear to make any comment, we would ask our readers to
ponder on each one: "The frog in the well knows nothing of the great
sea"; "Overdone politeness is but rudeness"; "A famous sword may be made
from an iron scraper"; "The mouth is the door of mischief";
"Impossibility is a good reason"; "More words, less sense"; "Making an
idol does not give it a soul"; "To submit is victory"; "The spawn of
frogs will become but frogs"; "Sword-wounds may be healed, word-wounds
are beyond healing"; "Enquire seven times before you doubt anyone";
"Good medicine may yet be bitter to the taste"; "If you handle cinnabar
you will become red"; "Too much done is nothing done"; "Who steals money
is killed, who steals a country is a king"; "Good doctrine needs no
miracle."

The Arabs delight in figurative language and happy comparisons and
allusions; hence proverbs are constantly in use. Many of them have a
strong touch of humour and sarcasm. John Lewis Burckhardt, after a very
long residence in Cairo, made a collection of these, and they were
published under the title of "The Manners and Customs of the Modern
Egyptians, illustrated from their proverbial sayings." In this he was
greatly assisted by native helpers, and the book is a most valuable one.
The examples are 999 in number, the author adopting a notion prevalent
amongst the Arabs that even numbers bring misfortune, and that anything
perfect in its quantity is especially affected by the evil-eye. By this
means he doubtless received much valuable help from the natives that
would otherwise have been withheld. Many of these proverbs are
rhythmical in structure in their original form, but this feature is lost
ordinarily in a translation. Long centuries of misrule have had their
influence on the people, and the oppression of the strong, the
insecurity of the weak, the power of bribery, the denial of justice, the
imprudence of any independence of spirit, are revealed in these maxims.
Such a saying as "What does heaven care for the cries of the dogs?" has
a sadly hopeless ring about it, while the depth of servility is reached
in this: "When the monkey reigns dance before him," in utter abasement
of spirit. "If thou seest a wall inclines run from under it"--that is to
say, shout ever on the stronger side, and fly from him whose rule is
tottering. Another striking adage is "He strikes me, and says why does
he cry out?" the surprise of the unjust overseer that anyone should
presume to raise any objection to his injustice and tyranny; while the
prudence of being on the stronger side is seen again in this: "If the
moon be with thee thou needest not to care about the stars." We would
fain hope that a brighter day has now risen on this ancient land.

We have in the adage, "Truly the sword inspires dread even in its
scabbard," a further suggestion of the fear inspired by those in
authority; while the depth of misery, of callous brutality, is seen in
"Thou takest from the sore-footed his sandal," the man is hopelessly
crippled. Double-dealing and the evil of a sham friendship inspires the
idea in "He said to the thief, steal, and to the householder, take care
of thy goods"; while the selfish man is warned that in the day of
trouble he need look for no assistance from others, for "He who eats
alone chokes alone." "Three," another proverb tells us, "if they unite
against a town, will ruin it," for while "Union is strength" for good,
it is no less powerful for harm.

A quaint and delightful humour, as we have said, is a frequent attribute
of these Arab utterances; thus the generosity of those who only give
away what they have no need for is very happily satirised in the saying
that "The dogs had enough, and then made presents to each other out of
their leavings." How pithily, too, the braggart is brought before us in
the saying, "If they had not dragged me from underneath him I should
have killed him!" The sense of supreme self-importance is capitally
illustrated in the saying, "They came to shoe the pacha's horses, and
the beetle stretched out his leg." The liberties that some people
venture on with impunity when they think it safe are very happily
brought home to us in the saying, "The captain loves thee, wipe thy hand
on the sail." There is a good deal of quiet humour, too, in this, "He
fled from the rain and sat down beneath the waterspout," a case of what
in England we should call "Out of the frying-pan into the fire." How
true, again, the proverb, "The camel has his schemes, and the
camel-driver has his schemes," the interests of the driven and the
driver being ordinarily very different; or this again, "The barber
learns his art on the orphan's face," on the poor and the friendless who
cannot resent an indignity or adequately protect themselves from
maltreatment.[117:A] Of people who receive a piece of good fortune that
they neither desire nor appreciate, the proverb, "A rose fell to the
share of the monkey," holds good. It is also a warning against a
thoughtless distribution of good things without heed to their
appropriateness.

The picturesque expression, "Hunting dogs have scratched faces," is a
wholesome recognition of the honour of the scars gained in honest
labour; while the adage, "He walks on top of the wall and says I trust
in God," is a reproof to those who needlessly and deliberately place
themselves in positions of peril or temptation and then expect
providence to step in and save them from the consequences of their
folly. "God grant us no neighbour with two eyes" is the cry of the knave
who would prefer that those around him should be a little blind to his
proceedings.

"If they call thee reaper, whet thy scythe"; endeavour so far as may be
to rise to the position, and show the title deserved. Inculcating the
lesson of gratitude, we read, "A well from which thou drinkest, throw
not a stone into it." Our proverb that declares that "The shoemaker's
wife is the worst shod" has its Arab counterpart in the adage, "She went
to sleep hungry, though her husband is a baker." The mischief done by
careless speech in the land of the scimitar is enforced in the saying,
"The tongue is the neck's enemy." "A single grain makes the balance
heavier," and when two courses of action seem of almost equal
importance, a very slight difference will turn the scale in favour of
one or the other. The lesson of interdependence, the power of the small
to assist the great, is indicated in "The date-stone props up the
water-jar." "He left off sinning but never asked forgiveness" very
graphically describes those who think reformation sufficient, and take
no heed of bygone days, make no atonement for the old wrongs, solicit no
pardon from those they have injured. "It is a fire, to-morrow it will be
ashes," the fierce heat of passion will have subsided, the glowing sense
of wrong will have burnt itself out, and calm or apathy will take its
place. The stronger the emotion the less likely is it to be lasting.

The delight in stories is a very marked feature of the Arab, and many of
their proverbs are the pith and point of some narrative that their use
at once recalls. Thus, when they say "Dust is good for the eyes of the
wolf," it recalls the hypocrisy of the wolf who was asked why he was
following after those poor sheep? He explained that he had found that
the cloud of dust they created was good for his poor eyes! When a
business is found to be somewhat risky they tell how one said to the
mouse, "Take these two pounds of sugar and go carry this letter to the
cat." "The fee is good enough," she replied, "but the business is
tiresome." The wisdom of keeping one's own counsel is seen in the
dialogue between master and servant. The former said, "O slave, I have
bought thee." "That is thy business," he replied. "Wilt thou run away?"
"That is my business," he answered--a policy of non-committal.

Even amongst the savage tribes of Africa the proverb is greatly
esteemed, and many of the maxims in common use are abundantly shrewd,
while not a few of them have a very homely ring in them. Our English
experience that "Fine words butter no parsnips" runs on all-fours with
the West African savage's discovery that "The best words give no food";
while our bad exchange from the frying-pan to the fire is paralleled in
the saying, "He fled from the sword and hid in the scabbard." The
desirability of not too hastily trusting plausible strangers is very
effectively taught in "Make not friends by the way, lest you lose your
knife."

Over 2000 of these popular proverbs were collected by Richard Burton and
given to the world as "Wit and Wisdom from West Africa," and a very
interesting collection it is. Another good store will be found in the
"Dahomey and the Dahomans" by Commander Forbes, R.N., and various
missionaries have added to our fund of knowledge,[119:A] so that even
stay-at-home people have abundance of interesting material brought
within their ken.

That unreachable date of classic folk-lore, the Greek Calends, has its
quaint counterpart in the African saying, "I will pay thee when the
fowls cut their teeth." A lesson on the importance of keeping up one's
dignity, even in Yoruba circles, is given in the hint, "If thou husketh
corn with the fowl it will not esteem thee." The animal life all around
the village is naturally pressed into the service and made to contribute
its share of proverb-lore. How quaintly happy, for instance, is this,
"If stretching were wealth, the cat would be rich." How many a man in
West Africa and elsewhere would be well content to find so easy a road
to affluence. How equally happy this, "If there were no elephant in the
jungle the buffalo would be a great animal"; or this, "One who has
elephant's flesh does not search for crickets." What a shrewd humour
again in the statement that "When the mouse laughs at the cat there is a
hole near." By continuous effort much may be accomplished,[120:A] for
"String added to string will bind a leopard"--a lesson taught again in
this saying, "By going and coming the bird builds its nest."[120:B] How
true again the statement that "One cannot deceive a baboon by tricks";
in all such he is more than one's match, and the trickster must be
foiled by quite other methods. To try and outwit a knave is a hopeless
task and is, moreover, bad for one's self-respect. It is well to see
some return for one's outlay; it is bad enough to "buy," in English
parlance, "a pig in a poke," but in Africa they carry the idea yet
further and declare that "It is not well to buy the foot-prints of a
bullock," while another caution as to the disposal of one's property is
very aptly given in the reminder that "No one gives his pig to the hyena
to keep," this keeping being in such case all too thoroughly seen to.

The Akra-man tells us that "The thread follows the needle"; in other
words, certain consequences will naturally follow certain actions, and
these results, good or bad, may be confidently anticipated when we have
once set the machinery to work. He tells us, too, that "Food you will
not eat you do not boil"; people will not willingly work at any task
unless in some way or other they see their advantage in it. Another
illustration of consequences following upon a certain line of action is
seen in the proverb, "A stick that goes into the fire begins to burn";
a deliberate entry into any temptation will scarcely leave one
unscathed. Another quaint little piece of worldly wisdom is that "If you
lay your snare in company you go in company to look at it"--if you avail
yourself of the help of others, they in turn will expect a share of any
resulting good fortune.

The Yoruba-man warns you that "When a man says he will give you a gun,
ask his name"--that is to say, when a stranger displays a quite
unexpected interest in you, and develops a quite unlooked-for
generosity, it would be well before you accept his gift to find out
something about him, and what his motive may be for this sudden
friendship. "Lay on, lay on, makes a load," a fact that the man or beast
that has to carry it realises sooner than the person packing. The
repeated addition of small things soon mounts into a considerable
burden. "A canoe is paddled on both sides,"--no half-measures, no want
of unanimity, will suffice when some joint task has to be formed; it
must be "a long pull, a strong pull, and a pull altogether," if any good
is to come of it. We see the sudden impulse, the overmastering
temptation, forcibly expressed in this, "When gold comes near you it
glistens"; the eye and the desire are strained and dazzled, the desire
to possess it is overmastering and "opportunity makes the thief."
Another very characteristic utterance is that "A slave does not show the
timber." This at first sight is enigmatical, but Burton in his comment
on it explains clearly enough that if the slave points out suitable
trees that he knows of in the dense forest, his only return would be
that on him would fall the labour of felling them and dragging them to
where they were wanted; he therefore maintains a discreet silence.
Another woodman proverb is that "The split tree still grows," calamity
is not so crushing but that much good may yet be done in the life.

The importance of being on good terms with the ruler is as great in West
Africa as elsewhere; hence we get the happy saw, "To love the king is
not bad, but to be loved by the king is better." In the last that we
shall quote, though the temptation to extend our list is great, we find
ourselves quite in the opposite scale of savage society, in the touching
proverb, "When a poor man makes a proverb it does not spread." This is
Oji experience, but it is certainly not Oji alone. The man is poor and
friendless, overridden and despised. The writer of _Ecclesiastes_ saw
the matter as clearly, for he tells us that "There was a little city and
few men within it, and there came a great king against it and besieged
it, and built great bulwarks against it. Now, there was found in it a
poor wise man, and he by his wisdom delivered the city, yet no man
remembered that same poor man. Then said I, wisdom is better than
strength; nevertheless the poor man's wisdom is despised, and his words
are not heard." As it was in Palestine in the days of old, so it is in
Oji-land to-day, and so in all lands will it ever be. The jokes of the
judge will convulse the court and his wisdom enthral it, but no meaner
authority therein, either as humorist or sage, will be heard, under pain
of expulsion.

Another valuable store of proverb-philosophy will be found in the pages
of the Talmud. The teaching is excellent: "A myrtle among nettles is
still a myrtle"; "He who prays for his neighbour will be heard for
himself"; "Prepare thyself in the hall, that thou mayest be admitted
into the palace"; so pass through these things temporal that a welcome
may be thine in the presence of the King. If offence must come, "Be thou
the cursed, not he who curses," and "Let the honour of thy neighbour be
to thee as thine own."

Scorn ingratitude and "Throw no stone into the well whence thou hast
drunk," and bear ever in mind the difficult lesson, "Teach thy tongue to
say I do not know." He who professes to know all things shuts himself
out of much opportunity for gaining knowledge. "In two cabs of dates is
one cab of stones," much that is profitless will ever be mixed with the
good. How true too the caution, "He who is suspicious should be
suspected." To the pure all things are pure, and the honest man thinks
no evil, but the man of evil heart lives in a beclouded atmosphere and
sees all things through a distorted medium. How wise and charitable, how
just, the counsel, "Do not judge thy neighbour until thou hast stood in
his place." The Arab proverb about standing on the wall and trusting to
Allah is re-echoed in this Talmudic precept, "Do not stand in a place of
danger, trusting in miracles."

Others, and these we must simply put down without comment, are--"One
thing acquired with pain is better than fifty with ease"; "When the
thief has no opportunity of stealing he thinks himself honest"; "Let the
grapes pray for the welfare of the branches"; "Who is strong? he who
subdues his passion"; "If I had not lifted the stone you had not found
the jewel"; "Whosoever does too much does too little"; "In his own house
the weaver is a king"; "Iron sharpens iron, and scholar scholar"; "The
way man wishes to go, thither his feet will carry him." It will, we
trust, be seen from these examples that our commendation of the Talmud
as a mine of proverbic wealth has full justification.


FOOTNOTES:

[91:A] The warning, "We know not under which stone lurks the scorpion,"
could not, for example, have had its birth in England, as it points to a
peril from which we are wholly exempt.

[92:A] Or in less classic phrase--"It's dogged as does it."

[93:A] "The preaching of the Word is in some places like the planting of
woods, where, though no profit is received for twenty years together, it
cometh afterwards. And grant that God honoureth not thee to build His
Temple in thy parish, yet thou mayest, with David, provide metals and
materials for Solomon, thy successor, to build it with."--THOMAS FULLER,
_Holy State_.

[95:A]

     "But in the way of bargain, mark ye me,
      I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair."--"Henry IV."

[95:B]

     "Festina lente, not too fast;
      For haste, the proverb says, makes waste."--"Hudibras."

[96:A] The Portuguese is identical: "Mais valle um passaro na mao do que
dous voando."

[98:A] In French: "Entre la bouche et le verre, le vin souvent tombe à
terre."

[98:B] Yet it must be remembered that--

     "When I hae saxpence under my thumb,
      Then I get credit in ilka toon,
      But when I hae naethin' they bid me gang by,
      Hech! poverty parts gude company."

[99:A] He who mixes with unclean things becomes unclean.

[99:B] "Quien sirve no est libre," say the Spaniards--"He who serves is
not free"; while an old English proverb reminds us that "He who rides
behind another does not saddle when he pleases."

[101:A] "Donner est mort et prêter est bien malade."

[102:A] Those interested may turn for fuller treatment of the proverbs
of France to the "Six mille proverbes" of C. Cahier, published in Paris
in 1836, to the "Livre des proverbes Français" of Le Roux de Lincy,
1859, or the "Petite Encyclopédie des proverbes Français" of Hilaire le
Gais, 1860.

[105:A] In France they say, "Clef d'or ouvre toutes sortes de serrures."

[105:B] "I weigh the man, not his title: 'tis not the king's stamp can
make the metal better."--WYCHERLEY, _The Plain Dealer_.

[105:C] The Germans happily say, "Liebe deinen Nachbar, reiss, aber den
Zaun nicht ein"--"Love your neighbour, but do not pull down the hedge."

[105:D] The sieve re-appears very graphically again in this: "A grain
does not fill a sieve, but it helps its companion to do so."

[107:A] Another expressive proverb tells that, "Courtiers are shod with
watermelon rind," a somewhat slippery and uncertain foot-gear, rendering
one's footing not particularly safe.

[108:A] "In prosperity no altars smoke" is like unto it. This too is
Italian.

[109:A] The old English proverb declares that "By the Street of
By-and-by one arrives at the House of Never."

[110:A] "To send you any news from hence were to little purpose, ours
being little else but the translation of English or French; and to send
you our news from England were to carry coals to Newcastle."--"Thoresby
Correspondence," 1682.

[117:A] The French adage, "À barbe de fou on apprendre à raire" is very
similar.

[119:A] As, for instance, "The Oji Language, with a Collection of Native
Proverbs," by the Rev. H. N. Riis. The sketch of the Akra language by
the Rev. J. Zimmerman, of the Efik language by the Rev. Hugh Goldie, of
the Yoruba by the Rev. J. Bowen, all give many examples of proverbs.

[120:A] The Italians say, "Piuma a piuma se pela l'occha," feather by
feather the goose was stripped.

[120:B] This recurs in the French, "Petit à petit l'oiseau fait son
nid."




CHAPTER V

     Proverbs that are misunderstood -- The Cheese -- Raining Cats
     and Dogs -- Cattle-harrying -- The Bitter End -- By Hook or
     Crook -- Proverbs of Evil Teaching -- Necessity has no Law --
     The Peck of Dirt -- Howl with the Wolves -- Sarcasm in Proverbs
     -- The Fool -- Selfishness -- The Praise of Truth -- The Value
     of Time -- Death -- The Conduct of Life -- Occupations that
     supply Proverbs -- The Barber, Tailor, Cobbler, Physician,
     Lawyer, and others -- The Cowl and the Monk -- The Long Bow --
     The Meditative Angler -- Sayings associated with particular
     Individuals -- Hobson and his Choice -- Plowden's Law --
     Mortimer's Bow -- The Wisdom of Doddipol -- The Fear of Mrs
     Grundy's Opinion -- Locality Proverbs -- Rustic Humour -- Local
     Products -- Tenterden Steeple.


Though in the great majority of cases the significance of a proverb is
more or less apparent on consideration, and when discovered is more or
less helpful to the conduct of life, we from time to time encounter
adages that have achieved some considerable popularity and yet are quite
misunderstood, or are entirely unsound in teaching. Comparatively few
proverbs reach the highest plane; they are mostly content to supply good
work-a-day maxims for a man's prosperity and easy passage through this
life, but occasionally self-interest is carried to a point where
principle is lost sight of, and the result is wholly evil.

The proverbs that are misunderstood are ordinarily sound enough in their
teaching, and are freely used by all--a meaning, not the correct one,
having been tacked on to them and found to be a good working one. This
is a philological principle that we meet with in all directions.
Asparagus, for instance, is so called from the Greek word to tear, many
of the species being armed with spines that lacerate,[125:A] but the
costermonger knows nothing of this, so he drops the word that has no
meaning to him and calls it sparrow-grass, a much more meaningless word
really. A somewhat common expression amongst a certain class is "That's
the ticket," meaning "that is the proper course to pursue." Why it
should carry this significance is not on the face of it obvious, but the
whole matter is cleared up when we find that it is a corruption of
"C'est l'etiquette." Another popular expression of approval takes the
form of "That's the cheese." Familiarity makes such an expression
accepted without demur, but one moment's consideration suffices to
convince us that what it says cannot really be what it means.[125:B] If
we turn it, for instance, into "C'est le fromage," and so get rid of the
old formula, we realise this better. What we are to put in its place is
quite another matter. One authority suggests that cheese is really the
French word "chose," and would bid us accept "C'est le chose" as the
true rendering. Another informs us that "chiz" is Bengalee for "thing,"
and that the expression has been imported from the East; while a third,
and he is the man that we would personally pin our faith on, reminds us
that "choice" was in Anglo-Saxon times "chese." In the "Vision of Piers
Plowman," for example, we read--

           "Now thou might chese
     How thou cal me, now thou knowst al mi names."

"That's the cheese," then, if we accept this explanation, is "That's the
choice," the satisfactory result that one would have chosen to happen.

Another misconception is the familiar saying, "Raining cats and dogs."
Such a meteorologico-zoological phenomenon never really takes place; no
instance of it has ever been known, and yet people go on using the
expression as though the experience was of very ordinary occurrence. The
word we want is "catadupe"--καΤα δοῦπος. Δοῦπος is a word used by
Homer to express the crash of falling trees, and it is applied, too, to
certain falls of the Nile. Thus Pliny writes: "Here and there, and ever
and anon, hitting upon islands, and stirred as it were with so many
provocations, and at last inclosed and shut within mountaines, and in no
place carrieth he (the Nile) a rougher and swifter streame, while the
water that he beareth hasteneth to a place of the Æthiopians, called
Catadupa, where in the last fall amongst the rockes that stand in his
way he rusheth downe with a mightie noise."[126:A] Catadoupe is also a
French word for waterfall, though it is now obsolete; and Ralph
Thoresby, is his "Diary," describes Coldwarth Force in the Lake District
as "a remarkable catadupa." When, then, we say that it is "raining cats
and dogs" we mean that there is a tremendous downpour, a perfect
catadoupe.

Another old country proverb, "Hurry no man's cattle, you may have a
horse of your own some day," appears on the face of it a protest against
over-driving, but the first word is a corruption of harry or steal.

To carry a thing through "to the bitter end" seems to imply that, come
what may of opposition, the matter shall be forced through, no matter
whose heart breaks in the process, but nothing so terrible as this is
involved. The expression is a nautical one. Bite is a turn of a cable,
and the bitter end is that part of the cable which is wound round the
bitt. The bitter end is therefore the extreme end. We read, for
instance, in "Robinson Crusoe," that during the storm his vessel
encountered, the cables were "veered out to the bitter end"; and, if we
turn to Admiral Smyth's "Sailors' Word Book," we find the bitter end
defined as "that part of the cable which is abaft the bitts, and
therefore within board when the ship rides at anchor. When a chain or
rope is paid out to the bitter end no more remains to let go." The
popular expression, therefore, that we are considering implies a
determination to carry a thing through to a finish, but no bitterness of
feeling is a necessary element in the process.

The expression "By hook or by crook" has grown into the idea of a dogged
determination to effect a certain purpose--honestly, it may be--but at
all events to effect it; but its origin carries no such idea, the most
that is involved being a choice of alternatives. Those who by ancient
manorial privilege had the right to collect wood for burning were
allowed a hook and a crook, the former cutting the green wood, and the
latter breaking off the dry; hence, one way or the other, by hook or by
crook, they effected their purpose.

In Ray's collection of proverbs we find, "Reckon right, and February
hath thirty-one days." What the significance of this can be utterly
baffles us. "A little chink lets in much light," but this necessary
chink is not as yet forthcoming. "They are well off that have not a home
to go to" is another enigma. It sounds distinctly silly. Denham, we see,
in his collection of proverbs, has the boldness to declare it "an
apposite remark, often quoted by those who, sitting comfortably by their
'ain ingleside,' hear the pelting of the pitiless storm without." We
would fain hope, for the credit of human nature, that this adage is not
quite so apposite as this Denham would have us believe.

Bad-hearted proverbs are, fortunately, not very numerous in proportion
to the sound ones, but there are yet too many of them when we remember
how the clinching of a matter by a proverb is to some people almost
equivalent to supporting it by a text. In some cases an evil meaning
that is not justified is read into a proverb; thus, to declare that
"Charity begins at home" is to enunciate a great truth, for he that
careth not for his own flesh, we are told, is an infidel. Too often,
however, this adage is made the excuse for withholding any wider
sympathy, a meaning that it really gives no warrant for. "Honesty is the
best policy" is an oft-quoted saying, and it is, as far as it goes, a
true one, but it fails because it puts the matter on too low a footing.
Honesty for the sake of right, one's duty to God, to one's neighbour,
and to one's own conscience and self-respect, is a right worthy aim, but
honesty because on the whole it pays best is an ignoble thing. The man
whom such a maxim helps is a poor creature, and one whom we should be
unwilling to trust very far. The saying, "Every man for himself, and God
for us all," while it clothes itself in sham invocation to Providence,
is at heart bad--a mere appeal to selfishness--the weakest going to the
wall and trodden under foot, or what is more deftly called "the survival
of the fittest." The French put it more unblushingly as "Better a grape
for me than a fig for thee." How scoundrel a maxim is the declaration
that "It is not the offence, but the being found out, that matters"; and
how mean a view of integrity and uprightness is shown in the statement
that "Every man has his price"--only bid high enough, some perhaps
requiring a little more than others, and truth and honour and
righteousness become mere merchandise. "As well be hung for a sheep as
a lamb" is an utterance equally unsound.

Such proverbs are found in all lands, human nature being what it is. The
Bengalis say, "He that gives blows is a master, he that gives none is a
dog," whole centuries of tyranny, of cringing to the strong, being
revealed in these few words. The Spaniard says, "Draw the snake from its
hole by another man's hand"--throw upon another the danger. The Dutchman
says, "Self is the man for me." The German says, "Once is never"--some
little sin may be allowed to all and never be counted. The Italian says,
"At the open chest the righteous may sin"--the opportunity given to
theft being a sufficient justification for availing oneself of it. Thus
might we travel round the world, finding in every land some maxims of
evil import.

To "look at home" is, however, a sufficient task, for no amount of
depravity in a Swede or a Zulu will mend matters in Sussex or Yorkshire.
"Necessity has no law" is one of the utterances quoted as though gospel
truth, but it is a doctrine that will not bear investigation, and
"Better a bad excuse than none at all" is not much better. The slovenly
housekeeper gravely declares, as a palliative of her untidiness, that
"Everyone must eat a peck of dirt before they die," and, indeed, appears
to feel somewhat virtuous that her operations are assisting this great
natural law! "To accept an obligation is to sell your liberty" is a
double-edged adage.[129:A] If we consider it as encouraging
self-reliance it is good, but if we take it as a churlish disinclination
to accept a kindness, it cuts at the root of all kindly mutual help and
sympathy.

The proverb that "The wholesomest meat is at another man's cost" is
despicable, but the adage "Up the hill favour me, down the hill beware
thee" is atrocious, diabolical. That a man should be willing to accept
every possible help in his upward struggle, and then, when he has
attained success, trample on those who befriended him, and that a
proverb approving the proceeding should pass from mouth to mouth, seems
almost impossible of credence. Another atrocious saying is, "If I see
his cart overturning I will give it a push"; and yet another runs,
"Better kiss a knave than be troubled with him." A fair parallel in
abominable teaching to these may be found in the saying, "A slice off a
cut loaf will not be missed";[130:A] and for a flat denial of all
honourable and manly action it would be hard to beat the teaching, "One
must howl with the wolves"--make no protest against evil, take no stand
for righteousness, but band oneself with the powers of evil in craven
fear of them.

Not fiendish, like some we have quoted, but lamentably weak as a rule of
life, is the old adage, "For want of company, welcome trumpery," and
this motto of the idler, "If anything stay, let work stay." One could
not imagine a very noble character to be built up on such nutriment as
this. Another adage that "Good ale is meat, drink, and cloth" must be
taken with considerable limitations. Good ale, _instead_ of the good
food, the warm clothing, has much to be said for it as a corrected
reading, as the sad experience of thousands of empty homes can testify.

Some proverbs have a strong touch of sarcasm in them, and this, when not
too bitter and uncharitable, is a quite legitimate feature, as it may
drive in a home truth where a gentler treatment would fail, while others
have a touch of wit that helps to impress them on the memory. The line
between the wit that makes us laugh and that which makes us wince is
often rather a fine one. We propose to give some few examples of
proverbs on these lines, and we may very well commence our series with
the two adages that "Wise men make proverbs, and fools repeat them," and
that "The less wit a man has the less he knows he wants it."

The fool, from the days of Solomon, and probably long before them, has
supplied the basis of many a proverb; how happy, for instance, the hit
at pompous self-conceit[131:A] is this: "A nod from a lord is a
breakfast for a fool"; or the suggestion of the utter hopelessness of
his condition, for "Heaven and earth fight in vain against a
fool";[131:B] or his recklessness and want of prevision, for "The
chapter of accidents is the bible of the fool"; and his want of brains,
for "A wager is a fool's argument." The only ray of hope for him is in
the French saying, "Tous sont sages quand ils se taisent"--fools are
wise, or may at least be so reputed, when they are silent.

It is for the help of the fool that such a maxim as this canny Scotch
proverb is floated--"Dinna gut your fish till ye get them." As these
unfortunate people appear to be cosmopolitan, the Dutch have very
similar advice for them, "Don't cry your herrings till they are in the
net." The Italians warn them not to "Sell the bird on the bough," nor
"Dispose of the skin before the bear is caught"; while even the sensible
German appears to need the caution that "Unlaid eggs are uncertain
chickens." The lamentable condition of the fool being only too obvious,
"What good can it do an ass to be called a lion?"[131:C]

The selfishness and scheming of certain people has been made the target
for many shafts. The Romans had the adage, "Ficos dividere," to satirise
those who strove too cheaply to gain credit for their liberality by
cutting up a fig into portions and distributing these. An old English
proverb says of such a man, "He would dress an egg for himself, and give
the broth to the poor." How true, again, "He that is warm thinks all are
so," and is careful not to raise the question. Have we not all seen,
too, how the weak are imposed on, and that "The least boy always carries
the greatest fiddle," and that "Those who can deny others everything
often deny themselves nothing." The Italians have found out that "He who
manages other people's wealth does not go supperless to bed." The way
these artful people hang together (not, unfortunately, in a literal
sense)[132:A] has not escaped attention, the old Roman declaring: "Ait
latro ad latronem"--another rogue always being ready to say "Yes" to
what the first rogue says. On the other hand, it is some little comfort
to know that "When the cook and the maid fall out we shall know what has
come of the butter"! How true, again, is the assertion that "We confess
our faults in the plural, but deny them in the singular," and many a man
who calls himself a miserable sinner would warmly repudiate any assent
that others might make to this assertion of his.

A happy sarcasm is that "He refuseth the bribe, but putteth out his
hand"--seeking to save appearances, and yet anxious not to lose in the
process. "A bribe enters," we are told, "without knocking," no special
publicity in the matter being desirable, and "He that bringeth a present
findeth the door open," no obstacle being placed in his way. It must,
however, be remarked that "Favourites are like sun-dials." Why? Because
no one regards them any longer when they are in the shade. "Those that
throw away virtue must not expect to save reputation," and "None have
less praise than those who hunt after it." The Spaniards have a severe
proverb on the corruption of the law-givers: "To the judges of Gallicia
go with feet in hand"--a delicate way of advising the law-seeker to
bring with him a brace of pheasants or some poultry to help his cause.

Things that all may well remember for their guidance are, that "Form is
good, but not formality"; that "Respect is better secured by deserving
than by soliciting"; that "Candour is pleasant, rudeness is not"; that
"Popularity is not love"; that "Desert and reward seldom keep company";
that "Many suffer long who are not long-suffering"; that "Good reasons
must give place to better"; that "Favour is no inheritance"; that "He
who sets his timepiece by everyone's clock will never know the hour";
that "Things intended are not of the same value as things done"; that
"Many complain of want of memory and few of lack of judgment"; that "Too
much learning hinders knowledge." The Spaniards say that "A fool, unless
he know Latin, is never a great fool"--a severe hit on pompous pedantry.
A room may be so full of furniture that one can hardly find a chair to
sit down upon, and a man's brain may be so stuffed with recondite lore
that common work-a-day knowledge is crowded out.

The direct appeal to religion is, naturally, not often met with in
proverb-lore, such appeal being somewhat outside its functions, and on a
higher plane than is ordinarily reached. The wisdom of proverbs concerns
itself more with time than with eternity, though the advocacy of truth
and honour, the exposure of knavery, the importance of a right judgment,
and many other points that make for the right, are contributory to the
higher life. The beacon light for those steering for the Celestial City
must, nevertheless, be sought elsewhere. The old and beautiful adage,
"The grace of God is gear enough," is very striking, and is,
furthermore, interesting from the Shakespearean reference to it in the
"Merchant of Venice," where Launcelot Gobbo says to Bassanio: "The old
proverb is very well parted between my master, Shylock, and you, Sir;
you have the grace of God, Sir, and he hath enough."

To "Tell the truth, and shame the devil," is one of our well-known
popular sayings. Though often quoted lightly enough, it is a noble
advocacy for standing up for the right at all hazards. The French
proverb tells us that "Truth, like oil, must come to the top," and the
Swiss, in like spirit, declare that "Truth cannot be buried." The old
Roman adage also affirms, "Great is the truth and it shall prevail."
This, in turn, reminds us of the old saw: "A lie has no legs."
Nevertheless, unfortunately it has, and may travel gaily enough for
awhile, but it contains within itself the seed of its own dissolution,
and sooner or later its vitality has gone, and it perishes discredited;
for "Truth," as the Spanish proverb beautifully has it, "is the daughter
of God," and its final victory is thereby assured. Forgiveness of
injuries is the lesson taught in the Bengali proverb: "The sandal-tree
perfumes the axe that fells it"[134:A]; and an equally beautiful Persian
saying is this: "Cast thy bread upon the water, God will know of it if
the fishes do not." Another non-Christian proverb is the Greek saying:
"Many meet the gods, but few salute them"--borne down by the cares of
time, fail to recognise their presence, and suffer them to pass
unheeded, or receive blessing at their hands, yet thank them not.

It is often too true that "The vow made in the storm is forgotten in
the calm," for promises made readily enough in the time of trouble
require a better memory than people ordinarily possess, and gratitude
seems to be one of the most short-lived of emotions. Another old saying
is also too painfully true: "Complaint is the largest tribute heaven
receives"--the sincerest part of our devotion--and to this we may add,
"If pride were an art how many graduates should we have."

The value of Time is appreciated in such sayings as "He that has most
time has none to lose"; "Time is the stuff that life is made of." Our
ancestors counsel us that we "Use the minutes wisely, then will not the
hours reproach," for "Like as the waves make toward the pebbled shore,
so do our minutes hasten to their end," and "Every day in thy life is a
page in thy history." An ancient adage warns us: "Take time while time
is, for time will away"; or, as we find it in "The Notable and Antient
Historie of the Cherrie and the Slae" (1595):--

     "Yet Wisdom wisheth thee to weigh
      This figure in Philosophie,
      A lesson worth the lear,
      Which is, in time for to take tent,
      And not, when time is past, repent,
      And buy repentance dear."

In Howell's "Old Sayed Sawes" it is given as "All time's no time when
time's past." Hence we are warned to take Time by the forelock. Life is
a loan to man, and, while we complain that our days are few, we act
practically as though there could come no end to them. "The shortest day
is too long to waste," therefore "Do not squander time, for that is the
stuff life is made of." The French say: "Il n'est si grand jour qui ne
vienne à vespre." So that it becomes us well, in the words of a
fifteenth century poem, to

     "Thinke on the end or thou begyn,
      And thou schalt never be thral to syn."[136:A]

The Italians very graphically and poetically say: "La notte è la madre
di pensieri"--night is the mother of thoughts, a quiet resting time, a
pause in life when we can honestly take stock of ourselves.[136:B]

Death hath its special proverbs and warning saws: thus one warns the
young and careless that "The churchyard graves are of all sizes," while
another dwells on its inevitableness, declaring that "Death is deaf and
takes no denial," and that all, fit or unfit, must face the fact, for
"Death is the only master who takes his servants without a character."
The Romans had the proverb, "Finis coronat opus," and an English proverb
hath it: "'Tis not the fight that crowns us, but the end." The Italians
say: "A ogni cosa è remedio fuora qu'alla morte"--there is a remedy for
everything save death; but "Men must endure their going hence, even as
in their coming hither; ripeness is all," and what death has of terror
is what the life has made to be terrible. A well-known proverb will be
recalled as to the folly of waiting to step into dead men's shoes.
Thomas Fuller, in his essay on "Marriage," very happily says: "They that
marry ancient people, merely in expectation to bury them, hang
themselves, in hope that one will come and cut the halter"--a
sufficiently painful position.

Though it seem impossible that the place of some great philanthropist
or statesman could ever, on his removal, be adequately filled up, we
soon learn that no one is really indispensable. The torch is handed on:
"God buries his workman, but carries on his work."

The trials of life are many, and their lessons have their place in the
proverbial wisdom of our forefathers, and we learn thereby how best to
face them, and to see in them not evil but good. "The worse the passage
the more welcome the port," and "Bitter to endure may be sweet to
remember." How excellent, too, the advice: "Make a crutch of your
cross"--no longer a thing to harass but to support and help. It is well,
too, to remember that, in any real and high sense, "'Tis not the
suffering but the cause that makes the martyr."[137:A]

The deliberate offender is warned that "He who thinks to deceive God has
already deceived himself," and "That sin and sorrow cannot long be
separated." He is reminded that "He that sins against his own conscience
sins with a witness," and that "Trifling with sin is no trifling sin."
How true, again, that "Few love to bear the sins they love to act." He
who offends against Heaven hath none to whom he can plead. In ancient
days it was held that in such a case Nemesis was inevitable, and a
proverb in use before the Christian era declared that "Fate moves with
leaden feet, but strikes with iron hands"--that punishment might be long
in coming, but was no less sure--a later proverb, in like manner,
teaching that "The mill of God grinds slowly but it grinds exceeding
fine." The mere hypocrite--one of the most despicable of mortals--has a
special adage for his warning, that "Religion is the best armour in the
world, but the worst cloak"--an altogether excellent utterance.

Proverbs cast their nets far and wide, and gather in materials from many
sources of inspiration. Speech and silence, wisdom and folly, truth and
falsehood, friendship and enmity, wealth and poverty, industry and
idleness, youth and age, moderation and excess, are all pressed into the
service; even the divers occupations of life have their varying lessons,
and to these we now give attention.

All who, even in the most amateur way, have tried their hands at
carpentry will at once understand the point of the saying, "To go
against the grain," when a task that has been undertaken is in some way
distasteful; and carpenters, like other handicraftsmen, have opportunity
of testing the truth of another very common remark, "A bad workman finds
fault with his tools," or yet another happy criticism, "A man is known
by his chips."

The loquacity of the barber has grown into a generally recognised
feature of his calling. He is the "middle man," the cause of much
dissemination of news, receiving and imparting it freely during the
day's business. This is no reputation of yesterday; in ancient Rome the
citizens said, "Omnibus notum tonsoribus," and we see in the old English
adage, "Every barber knows that," that some few centuries afterwards the
matter was as much in evidence as ever, and it is by no means out of
date to-day.

The occupation of the tailor, as he sits all day cramped up in some
room, has been held to be so enfeebling that it has been thought to
justify the adage that "It takes nine tailors to make a man." This
certainly is a great number. In a poem of the year 1630 we read--

     "Some foolish knave, I thinke, at first began
      The slander that three taylers are one man."

Nine, however, is the generally accepted figure, and the poet shows such
a strong animus that we can scarcely accept his counter-statement. Nine
would have suited the requirements of his metre as well as three, and we
can only conclude that the fraction he took was one of his own devising.
"The three tailors of Tooley Street" achieved lasting fame, it will be
remembered, by sending a petition to Parliament commencing, "We, the
people of England."

The cobbler, and eke his wife, share in the immortality that popular
proverbs go far to confer. It will be remembered how, as an illustration
of the general inconsistency and unexpectedness of things, "The
cobbler's wife is the worst shod." "She goeth broken shoone and torne
hoses," says a mediæval bard, "but," as may be expected from the general
unaccountableness of such matters, "Who is worse shod than the
shoemaker's wife, With shops full of new shooes all the days of her
life?" Cobblers pursue a steady and somewhat monotonous business which
seems to favour reflection, and the followers of the craft have supplied
from their ranks not a few famous men. It will be remembered, however,
how in one case a rebuke became necessary, when the cobbler in question
criticised adversely a shoe-latchet in one of the pictures of Apelles.
The great painter accepted the criticism and repainted the fastening,
whereupon the critic extended his self-imposed functions, and objected
to the drawing of the foot. Apelles felt the time had come to put down
his own foot, and advised the cobbler to stick to his trade. The ancient
proverb that this little incident evoked has its modern counterpart in
the saying, "Let the cobbler stick to his last," a proverb as valuable
to-day as it was of service in the studio of Apelles, when people will
insist in talking about what they do not understand.

The brewer would find a dictum after his own heart in the old lines--

     "He that buys land buys many stones,
      He that buys flesh buys many bones,
      He that buys eggs buys many shells,
      But he that buys ale buys nothing else."

The kitchen realm has supplied a very expressive proverb in "The fat is
in the fire," and such sayings as "Sweep before your own door"; "The
pitcher goes oft to the well, but is broken at last"; "If you enjoy the
fire you must put up with the smoke"; "A watched pot never boils"--all
suggested by the service of the house; while even the breakages so
common in these regions are found, by those who do not have to pay for
them, to have a bright side, for "Were it not for breakage there would
be no potter's trade." It is so fatally easy to be generous at another
person's expense.

Ready though people be to avail themselves at need of the skill of the
physician, when they are in, shall we say, rude health, they regard him
as very fair game for banter. "He that wants health wants all," but
while they are enjoying this happy condition of rampant well-being they
cry cheerfully enough, "Throw physic to the dogs, I'll none of
it."[140:A] Another proverb, however, declares that "Physic always does
good--if not to the patient then to the doctor." This is a bit of German
sarcasm; and this Spanish saying, "The earth covers the mistakes of the
physician," is equally unappreciative and--dare one say it?--equally
true.

The issues of life and death are not the physician's to control. One
proverb on the faculty, "Physician, heal thyself," has a special
interest, being quoted in one of His discourses by our Lord; while
another biblical reference, that of the woman who had spent all her
living on doctors and was no better, but rather the worse, is sometimes
rather maliciously quoted against our medical practitioners. A proverb
for the patient's benefit will be found in "Much meat, many maladies,"
or in the statement that "Englishmen dig their graves with their teeth,"
a genial way of asserting that the Briton eats and drinks too much,
which in many cases is probably true. He is also reminded, that "If
pills were pleasant they would need no gilding."[141:A]

The man of law has always been the subject of satire and his work
derided, the difference between law and justice being often too
conspicuous. A man who flourishes on the dissensions of others can
scarcely expect to be a very popular member of society. Their clients
are warned that "Better is a lean agreement than a fat lawsuit," and
that "In a thousand pounds of law there is not an ounce of love." We are
instructed to mark that no lawyer ever goes to law on his own account,
and as a warning to their victims we are invited to take note that
"Lawyers' gowns are lined with the wilfulness of their clients." A thing
may be entirely lawful and yet not honourable, technically right and
wanting in all else. In Swaffam Church we find an epitaph commencing--

     "Here lieth one, believe it if you can,
      Who, tho' an attorney, was an honest man;
      The gates of heaven shall open wide,
      But will be shut 'gainst all the tribe beside."

Another lawyer was the subject of the following couplet:--

     "Here lieth one who often lied before,
      But now he lies here he lies no more."

The ecclesiastic is the subject of many proverbs, and these mostly of an
unfavourable character. It is said, "Woe to those preachers who listen
not to themselves," and the caution is a very just one, but we have to
realise that while the message from God to man is beyond all criticism,
"we have this treasure in earthen vessels" that may be very much open to
criticism, and yet not necessarily hypocrites, knaves, fools, as some
would have us believe. "He who teaches religion without exemplifying it
loses the advantage of its best argument," a criticism again most just.
An epitaph that may be seen in Wallesley Churchyard, on the tomb of one
of the vicars of the church, shows a lofty ideal fully attained:--

     "Led by Religion's bright and cheering ray,
      He taught the way to Heaven, and went that way;
      And while he held the Christian life to view,
      He was himself the Christian that he drew."

It is not those who talk righteousness but those who live righteously
who are the light of the world, while those who are false to this incur
a tremendous responsibility when they assume the position of guides and
bring discredit on their mission. The Spanish proverbs are of especial
bitterness: "Do by the friar as he does by you"; "A proud friar requires
a new rope and a dry almond tree," in other words, deserves hanging.
Again we are warned that "A turn of the key is better than the
conscience of a friar"; what, then, of honour, reputation, or possession
is held of value must be protected from his malign influence. Again, we
are warned to "Take care of an ox before, an ass behind, and a monk on
all sides." Their greed is satirised in such popular sayings as these:
"Priests eat up the stew and then ask for the stewpan"; "The covetous
abbot for one loaf loses a hundred"; "The abbot gives for the good of
his soul what he cannot eat." In like manner the Russians say, "Give the
priest all thou hast, and thou wilt have given them nearly enough"; and
the Italians declare that "Priests, monks, nuns, and poultry never have
enough"; while in England we have the adage, "As crafty as a friar." We
are warned, too, that "It is not the cowl that makes the monk."
Appearances may be deceitful: "They should be good men," writes
Shakespeare in "Henry VIII.," "their affairs are righteous; but all
hoods make not monks." It was in mediæval England a common expression,
"The bishop hath blessed it," when the food was burnt in preparation; a
reminder of the days of fiery persecution. Tyndale, for instance, writes
in his "Obedyence of a Chrystene Man," "When a thynge speadeth not well
we borow speache and say, 'The byshope hath blessed it,' because that
nothynge speadeth well that they medyll withall. If the podech be burned
or the meate over rosted, we say, 'The byshope has put his fote in the
potte,' because the byshoppes burn who they list and whosoever
displeaseth them." The Marian persecutions appear to us mere ancient
history, but they were real enough when this sarcasm on the episcopal
benediction passed from mouth to mouth.

The French attack the craftiness that has too often been a
characteristic of the ecclesiastic in the saying: "Le renard prêche aux
poules"; while in England we find the adages, "Reynard is reynard still,
though in a cowl," and "When the fox preacheth then beware of your
geese," and to these many other sayings of like import might be added.

The miller was the target for considerable adverse comment. An epitaph
in Calne churchyard over one of the fraternity reads--

     "God worketh wonders now and then,
      Here lies a miller, and an honest man,"

and this would appear to be about the popular view of the craft. Thus
Chaucer writes of his "Wel cowde he stele, and tollen thries," and he
describes him as having "a thomb of golde," in itself a proverbial
expression. The miller tests the fineness of the grinding by taking up a
portion of the meal and rubbing it between his thumb and fingers, in
itself a most harmless and necessary operation. Another well-known
proverb is, "All is grist that comes to his mill," good or bad, all is
used and turned to advantage; while an Italian proverb declares that
"Millers are the last to die of famine"--the process of grinding the
corn of other people leading, it is suggested, to a considerable
quantity being transferred from the bag of the farmer to the bin of the
miller, no question of mutual consent arising.

Army service suggested as a proverb based on experience and observation,
"The blood of the common soldier makes the glory of the general," an
adage not yet out of date; while such proverbs as, "Two strings to one's
bow," "To draw the long bow," and "A fool's bolt is soon shot"[145:A]
recall the days when archery was the national defence and recreation. To
"Draw not your bow till your arrow is fixed," is another old English
proverb; it is tantamount to another wise saw, "Look before you leap."

The pursuit of the angler appears to those not of the craft so dreary
and monotonous that one hesitates to call it a recreation. It is at
least an excellent school for patience and such virtues as may be taught
by hope deferred. The French say, "Still he fishes, that catcheth one";
while an English proverb bluntly declares that "An angler eats more than
he gets." For everything in this world a price has to be paid, and the
fisherman is warned that "He who would catch fish must not mind a
wetting." A very familiar saying that derives its inspiration from the
pursuit of the fisherman is that "All is fish that comes to the net," a
parallel saying to the one that has just been referred to concerning the
grist of the miller.

The innings of the cricketer supplies the saying, "Off his own bat," to
describe the results in any direction achieved by a man's own exertions,
while the chess-player's board suggests the moral, "At the end of the
game the king and the pawn go into the same bag," one lot befalls all;
and to this we may add, "The die is cast," when the irrevocable step is
taken--

     "I have set my life upon the cast
      And I will stand the hazard of the die."--"Richard III."

The busy pursuits and pleasant recreations of life would doubtless
yield much more material for the searcher after proverb-lore thereon. We
are content but to indicate something of the interest that the subject
may be made to evolve, and leave it to the reader to amplify, if he so
will.

Maxims that apply equally to all callings are to be found in abundance.
Of these we may instance, as examples: "A useful trade is a mine of
gold," "Sell not thy conscience with thy goods," "He that thinks his
place below him will certainly be below his place," "Mind what you do
and how you do it." To these we would add, "Nothing is little," a
proverb of far-reaching significance and deep import; for we need at
times to consider how, from actions small in themselves, from a few
words hastily spoken, from the pressure of a hand when hearts are
breaking, from the neglect of a little duty or precaution, how great may
be the outcome.

Personal proverbs are very numerous: a list of over a hundred could
readily be compiled. Many of these we cannot now really attribute to any
particular individual. They often refer to some local circumstance, some
story that has been forgotten. In some cases, as in "Hobson's choice" or
"the case is altered, quoth Plowden," we are dealing with real
individuals; in other cases we may reasonably assume that we are, though
we cannot prove it; while, in a third section, the matter is
considerably more doubtful. Proverbs, for instance, that deal only with
Christian names probably do not allude to any particular individual, and
it may be assumed that these names are there to give a concrete realism
such as the rustic loves, and are of no more definite existence than
"Tom, Dick, and Harry," or "Tag, Rag, and Bobtail"--all representative
of the units forming some gathering. In some cases it is a passing skit
on some local character who has laid himself open in some way; while in
others, such as "Madam Parnell, crack the nut and eat the kernel," or
"Mock not, quoth Mumford," the things owe all the brilliancy they
possess to the attraction of rhyme or alliteration. The "Jack Sprat, who
could eat no fat" was doubtless a myth, created to gratify the poetic
instincts of the creator of the character. The well-known nursery
characters, "Jack and Jill, who went up the hill" supply, no doubt,
another illustration. It would be quite hopeless to search for their
baptismal registers. "As wise as the Mayor of Banbury" is an example of
a local proverb. These civic authorities were often made the butt of a
good deal of banter. What particular mayor was thus honoured it is, of
course, impossible to determine; his individuality has been absorbed in
his mayoral dignity. Small local jealousies between one village or town
and a neighbouring one are often responsible for this sort of thing, the
provincial mind loving to score over the people in the next parish or
the next county.

Where no real option is given to a person the proverb "Hobson's choice"
is suggested. One Tobias Hobson was an innkeeper and carrier at
Cambridge, and a man of considerable local influence. He was said to be
the first man in England that made a business of letting out horses for
hire. However this may be, his custom, a custom that supplies the
material for the adage, was that when anyone wanted a horse he was led
into the stables, where some forty animals were ready for use, but the
inexorable rule was that there should be no picking and choosing, a
necessity being laid upon the customer that he took the horse which
stood nearest the stable door. He had Hobson's choice and no other. This
procedure placed all on an equal level and ensured a rough justice for
the horses themselves, as the last horse entering from a journey was put
at the far end and was only again liable for service when all the others
had first done their turn.

"The case is altered, quoth Plowden," was a very popular adage with our
ancestors, and especially in Shropshire. Edmund Plowden was an eminent
lawyer in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, born at Plowden, a little
village in Shropshire. The following circumstance is said to have given
birth to the adage:--A neighbour asked him what remedy he had in law
against a person whose hogs had broken into his field, and he was
assured that the law would amply protect his rights. Whereupon the
farmer replied that they were his (Plowden's) hogs. "Nay then,
neighbour," quoth Plowden, "the case is altered." We learn hereby that
it is hardly well for a man to be both defendant and judge, but it is
due to Plowden's memory to add that in choosing the name of some lawyer
to tack on to the proverb they merely took the name of one exceptionally
well known. He was by a distinguished contemporary writer described as
"A man second to none in his profession for honour and integrity."
Plowden or no Plowden, the adage points to the duty of doing as we would
be done by, and is a fair satire on the general readiness of lawyers to
argue on either side at short notice, and to take very special care of
"number one."

The old saying, "As coy as Croker's mare," may refer to some incident of
which all knowledge is now lost; but as we sometimes find it rendered,
"As coy as a crocker's mare," it has been, with great reason, suggested
that this crocker is simply a crock-dealer, a retailer of earthenware
round the country, to whom the possession of a restive animal would mean
the smashing up of his stock and his consequent ruin. In a play of the
year 1566, where a widow of somewhat flippant mood appears, we are told
that "Of auncient fathers she took no cure nor care, She was to them as
koy as a croker's mare."

A proverb that has a curious history is, "Two heads are better than one,
said Weymark." Three-fourths of this is of great antiquity, and, we may
take it, rank in significance with "In the multitude of counsellors
there is safety," and other proverbs of that type. Whence, then, came
the added fourth, and why? One theory is that it is a mere accretion,
but this probably everyone, except the broacher of the idea, will feel
to be very unlikely. Weymark is a distinctly peculiar name, and there
must surely be some allusion to some one so called. It has been
suggested that we should read it as way-mark,[149:A] a mark to guide the
traveller: that we should understand that two heads are better than one
to guide us on our earthly journey, but in this case why the word
"said"?

In the "Anglorum Speculum," A.D. 1684, we get on to firmer ground; we
there read that "One Wiemark was called to account for saying the head
of Sir Walter Raleigh (beheaded that day) would do very well on the
shoulders of Sir Robert Naunton; and having alleged in his own
justification that two heads were better than one, he was for the
present dismissed. Afterwards Wiemark being, with other wealthy persons,
called on for a subscription to St Paul's, first subscribed a hundred
pounds at the Council Table, but was glad to double it after Mr
Secretary had told him two heads were better than one." We can readily
understand that this jeering addition to the old saw quickly found
acceptance when the incident got abroad.

The expression, "Backare, quoth Mortimer to his sow," has an extended
range over our old literature, but its meaning is very enigmatical.
Heywood writes, "Backare, quoth Mortimer to his sow, Went that sow back
at that bidding, trow you?" In John Grange's "Golden Aphroditis" (1577)
we read, "Yet wrested he so his effeminate bende to the siege of
backwarde affection, that both trumpet and drumme sounded nothing but
baccare, baccare." Wherever we find this baccare--in "Roister Doister,"
"The Dial," "Repentance of Mary Magdalene," the "Scourge of Folly,"
"Mydas," or elsewhere--its significance is always "Stand back." Its
spelling is very variable.[150:A] Who Mortimer was, it is hopeless to
conjecture, or on what occasion he found it necessary to curb the
impatience of his sow.

The expression, "As wise as Dr Doddipol," is of sarcastic significance.
The name of this doctor is spelt in many ways, but in all its variations
the saying preserves its depreciatory character. Skelton in "Colin
Clout" has Dr Daupatus and Doddypatis. Hoddypoule, Huddypeake, Dotypoll,
Noddipole, are other readings one encounters in old plays and the like.
In Fox's "Book of Martyrs" we have, "I will contemne these dastardly
dotipoles." Latimer in his sermons used the plainest language. In
preaching before King Edward, he said, "But some will say our curate is
nought, an asshead, a dodipoll, a lacklatine," while in another of his
discourses he breaks out, "Ye brainsicke fooles, ye hoddy-peakes, ye
doddy poules." We may perhaps explain that these epithets were not
applied to his audience; they were words put by the preacher into the
mouths of the Pharisees in their disgust at the flocking of the common
people to the teaching of the Messiah. In the works of Sir Thomas More,
1557, we find him declaring of something that, concerning it, "a verye
nodypoll nydyote might be ashamed."[151:A]

Sterne in "Tristram Shandy" is quite Latimeresque. He writes: "Here,
without staying for my reply, shall I be called as many blockheads,
numsculls, doddypoles, dunderheads." Thompson uses the expression
"doddering mast" in his description of a storm, while Dryden writes of a
rotting "doddar'd oke" falling piecemeal to the ground. The idea all
through is clearly weakness, feebleness, physical or mental.

Another proverb, "Bate me an ace, quoth Bolton," has a certain historic
interest. A collection of proverbs was presented by its compiler to
Queen Elizabeth, with the declaration that it contained every proverb in
the English language. To test the matter, she asked if he had this one,
and he was obliged to confess that he had not. Without the surname
appended it may often be found in various old authors; in Beaumont and
Fletcher's "Prophetess," for instance, we find the passage, "Nor bate ye
an ace of a sound senator." We are told that this Bolton was one of the
courtiers in attendance on Henry VIII., who, in card-playing with his
Sovereign, was discreet enough to beg to be allowed an ace, or some such
considerable advantage, that he might have some little chance against so
skilful a player. The proverb was ordinarily used as an appeal for some
little advantage, or, ironically, as a hint to some one whose statements
were held to be a little beyond credence to abate them somewhat.

It will readily be noted that most of these name-proverbs are obsolete,
but one of them, "What will Mrs Grundy say?" is still in use. It is
found in the old play of "Speed the Plough," and was thence transported
into general service. A Mrs Ashfield was there represented as always in
terror of the opinion of this old lady, until at length her husband, a
bluff old farmer, can stand it no longer, and bursts out: "Be quiet,
wool ye? Always ding, dinging Dame Grundy into my ears, What will Mrs
Grundy say!" The influence of the old lady is yet strong in the land.

In the west of England we encounter the adage, "He will live as long as
old Ross of Potterne." Potterne is a village near Devizes, and this
venerable Ross was probably a genuine centenarian, though all clue to
him is now lost. The proverb is sometimes rather unkindly amplified
into, "Who lived till all the world was a-weary of him," a very unhappy
state of things for all parties.

A proverb long current in Shropshire and the adjoining counties is,
"Ahem! as Dick Smith said when he swallowed the dishcloth." The moral
here clearly is that troubles should be borne bravely and with as little
fuss as possible. Another old saw is, "My name is Twyford; I know
nothing of the matter"--a statement that would mean, "I object to
enquiry; I decline to be bothered." A sarcastic saying on
pretentiousness is seen in, "Great doings at Gregory's; heated the oven
twice for a custard." The futility of attempting to stop proceedings
after they had got to a certain point was illustrated in the adage,
"Nay, stay, quoth Stringer, when his neck was in the halter." One can
imagine the depth of scorn that might be thrown into "Don't hurry,
Hopkins," when fired off at some notorious laggard; but the legend goes
that a certain, or uncertain, Hopkins gave a creditor a promissory-note,
having previously written on it, "The said John Hopkins is not to be
hurried in paying this amount." Of course, in all these explanations we
have to wonder whether some incident led to the adage, or whether the
process has been reversed--the popular saying, its real origin
forgotten, having a fictitious explanation tacked on to it. "Credit is
dead; bad pay killed him," is a popular adage with those who believe in
ready-money transactions[153:A]--a sentiment that the creditors of the
late John Hopkins would readily appreciate.

Locality proverbs, like personal proverbs, are naturally more in vogue
in the places named than of general usage, though some of them travel
far outside their place of origin. Others of them, and those generally
of a derisive cast, do not originate in the place itself, but are
conferred on it by outsiders. "Go to Bath," for instance, was a
reference to the fact that lunatics used to be sent there for the
benefit of its waters, and the inference was that the person addressed
was a fit subject for a stay there. Had the proverb originated in the
city, it would have been "Come to Bath." "Cheshire bred, strong in the
arm, weak in the head," is a saying that scarcely originated in that
county. Another county saying is, "You were born at Hog's-Norton." This
was a reproof to a boorish person, but there is no such place; the
village referred to is that of Hock-Norton, in Oxfordshire, rustic
humour readily making the change of spelling to fit it for its purpose.
Such saws as, "Grantham gruel, nine grits and a bucket of water," or
"Like Banbury tinkers, that mend one hole and make three," we may be
sure did not originate in the places designated. If the adage be
complimentary, it probably arose in the place, as, for instance, "True
as Coventry blue," an allusion to an excellent dye for which the town
was noted; or "Diamond cut diamond, I am Yorkshire too," a testimony to
the Yorkshireman's brilliancy and keenness.

The allusion is sometimes topographical. Thus, "Crooked as Crawley
brook" is suggested by a little stream in Bedfordshire that has a course
of twenty miles between two points that are actually five miles apart.
"When Dudman and Ramhead meet"--in a word, never. These are two
conspicuous headlands in Cornwall, miles apart. In Norfolk is a saying,
"Arrested by the bailiff of Marshland," when the unacclimatised stranger
succumbs to the ague, the product of the local aqueous surroundings.

Rustic humour is responsible for the somewhat blunt point of many of
these local sayings. A play upon words is very popular. Thus Beggar's
Bush, near Huntingdon, suggests that a man "Goes home by Beggar's Bush"
when his means are dwindling away. "On the high road to Needham," a
place in Suffolk, is of similar import, the idea of need being the point
of the adage. Tusser, for instance, writes:

     "Toiling much and spoiling more, great charge smal gains or none,
      Soon sets thine host at Needham's shore, to craue the begger's
          bone."

On the contrary, if he would prosper, let him "Set up shop on the
Goodwin sands," a most unpromising locality, one would imagine, until we
realise that the saw-maker means "good win." "As plain as the Dunstable
road" sounds straightforward enough, especially when we recall that
Dunstable is on Watling Street, one of the noble main roads of the
Romans; but the humour (save the mark!) of the thing is in the play on
the idea of "dunce." In "Redgauntlet" we read: "If this is not plain
speaking, there is no such place as downright Dunstable"--_i.e._ the
meaning of the remark is so plain that even a mere fool, the veriest
dunce, could not fail to grasp it.

In Lincolnshire, when anyone is not over-acute, they delicately say, "He
was born at Little Wittham," hence the cause of his having so little
wit: the actual spelling is Witham. On the decease of anyone it is said,
"He is gone to Deadham." In Sussex, if a man were slow over his work,
they would say, "He is none of Hastings," the idea of haste being
somehow involved. The dwellers in the little town of Ware were pleased
to say that it was "worth all London." Fuller, who wrote a delightful
folio on the counties of England, says: "This, I assure you, is a
masterpiece of the vulgar wits in this county, wherewith they endeavour
to amuse travellers. The fallacy lieth in the homonymy of Ware, here not
taken for that town so named, but appellatively for all vendible
commodities." In the fen districts the frogs are called "Cambridgeshire
nightingales." At night, and especially before rain, the frogs make a
tremendous croaking. At Ripley, in Surrey, where there is a pond near
the village, we have heard them called "The town band."

To be "stabbed with a Bridport dagger" was a delicate way of saying that
a man had been hanged. The best hemp used to be grown round this
Dorsetshire town, and the place was famous for its manufacture of rope;
in fact, an ancient statute was long in force requiring that the cables
for the royal navy should be made there.

To be "As thin as Banbury cheese" was a favourite simile with our
ancestors. Bardolph, it will be recalled, in the "Merry Wives of
Windsor," compares Slender to a Banbury cheese. In "Jack Drum's
Entertainment," 1601, we find: "Put off your cloathes and you are like
a Banbury cheese, nothing but paring"; while, in a pamphlet issued in
1664, on "The Sad Condition of the Clergy," we read, "Our lands and
glebes are clipped and pared to become as thin as Banbury
Cheese."[156:A] Another cheese that became proverbial was that of
Suffolk. It was locally called "Bang" or "Thump."

     "Unrivall'd stands thy county cheese, O Giles!
      Whose very name alone engenders smiles,
      Whose fame abroad by every tongue is spoke,
      The well-known butt of many a flinty joke;
      Its name derision and reproach pursue,
      And strangers tell of three times skimm'd sky-blue."

                                                   --_Blomfield._

"Hunger will break through stone walls, or anything but Suffolk cheese,"
was one depreciating proverb, and Mowbray says that "It is only fit to
be cut up for gate-latches, a use to which it is often applied." Other
suggestions for its use are the making of millstones or grindstones or
the wheels of barrows. The mention of a wheelbarrow reminds us of the
saying, "A Coggleshall job." The residents in Coggleshall were the butts
of the country round, and one of the tales against them is that a mad
dog running through the place snapped at a barrow, and the people,
fearing it might go mad as well, chained it up in a stable till they saw
how things would go with it. "The wise men of Gotham," in
Nottinghamshire, were similarly made the victims of many stories
reflecting on their sagacity. A Gothamite, Andrew Boyde, wrote the
"Menye Tales of the Wise Men of Gotham," wherein many of the follies
that have been fathered on them are duly set forth. Men in all ages
have made themselves merry with singling out some place as the special
seat of stupidity; thus the Phrygians were accounted the fools of all
Asia, and the anvil for other men's wits to work upon. The men of Gotham
were so enamoured of the singing of a cuckoo, we are told, that a number
of them joined hands round the hawthorn bush in which it was perched to
prevent its escape; while, on another occasion, they endeavoured to
divert the course of their river by putting a line of hurdles across.

Local products sometimes figure in these proverbs: thus "a Yarmouth
capon" is a bloater,[157:A] and "Colchester beef" is a dish of the
sprats that are caught abundantly in that neighbourhood, while the
language of "Billingsgate" is a local growth that has attained to
proverbial fame. Dryden refers to it in the line, "Parnassus spoke the
cant of Billingsgate."

When a man of Newcastle-on-Tyne suspected his companion of anything
doubtful he would say, "Let's have no Gateshead," marking the popular
local opinion of the folks in the sister town--a case of "the pot
calling the kettle black," and no doubt duly resented by a Gateshead
sarcasm of equal strength.

The "fair maids of Suffolk" and the "Lancashire beauties"[157:B] were
recognised, by their respective counties at least, as worthy of
proverbial recognition for their special charm; while the men of Essex,
doubtless unfairly, were dubbed "As valiant as an Essex lion," these
lions being the calves for which this county is famous. "As wise as a
Waltham calf" was another ironical reference to the Essex folk. In a
book written in 1566 we find a man called in to mediate between man and
wife declaring--

     "Ye will me to a thanklesse office heere,
      And a busy officer I may appeare,
      And Jack out of office she may bid me walke,
      And thinke me as wise as Waltam's calf to talke."[158:A]

In "Dyet's Dry Dinner," 1599, after dispraise of veal as an article of
food, the author says that "Essex calves the proverb praiseth, and some
are of the mind that Waltome calfe was also that countrey man."

A common proverb in Yorkshire is, "A Scarborough warning," equivalent to
"a word and a blow and a blow first." Several explanations have been
given of this adage. One explanation was that if ships passed the castle
without saluting it a shot was fired into them, but in an old ballad
another theory is started--

     "This term, Scarborow warning, grew, some say,
      By hasting hanging for rank robbery theare,
      Who that was met, but suspect in that way,
      Strait he was trust up, whatever he were."

We need scarcely point out that when several reasons are given for
anything it is an indication that nothing very satisfactory is
forthcoming.

That "Tenterden Steeple is the cause of the Goodwin Sands" is a proverb
that was at one time often brought forth when any ridiculous cause was
assigned as an explanation of anything. We have already seen how very
colloquial Bishop Latimer could be on occasion, and he tells us that a
"Mr Moore was once sent with commission into Kent to try out, if it
might be, what was the cause of Goodwin's Sands which had stopped up
Sandwich Haven. Thither cometh Mr Moore, and calleth all the country
before him, such as were thought to be men of experience, and men that
could of likelihood best satisfy him of the matter. Among the rest came
one in before him, an old man with a white head, and one that was
thought to be little less than a hundred years old. When Mr Moore saw
this aged man he called him unto him and said, Father, tell me, if you
can, what is the cause of the great arising of the sand here about this
harbour, which stops it up, so that no ships can arrive here. You are
the oldest man I can espy in all the company, so that if any man can
tell the cause of it you in all likelihood can say most of it. Yea,
forsooth, good Mr Moore, quoth the old man, for I am well-nigh one
hundred years old, and no man in this company anywhere near my age. Well
then, quoth Mr Moore, how say you to this matter, what think you to be
the cause? Forsooth, sir, I think that Tenterden Steeple is the cause of
Goodwin's Sands. I remember the building of Tenterden Steeple, and
before that was in building there was no manner of talking of any flats
or sands that stopped up the haven, and therefore I think that the
Tenterden Steeple is the cause of the decay and destroying of Sandwich
Haven." This was the tale as the bishop told it, and the explanation
seems particularly far-fetched; but one story is good until another is
told, and though this as it stands supplied the material for the
proverb, there is really a supplement. Time out of mind money was
constantly collected to fence the eastern shore of Kent against the
inroads of the sea, and such sums were deposited in the hands of the
Bishop of Rochester. For many years, the work being so well done, no
irruption took place, and the bishop diverted some of the money to the
building of a steeple to Tenterden Church. People dwelt in a false
security, and the dykes were gradually growing weaker, until at last the
catastrophe came. The old man's tale was quite rational, had he been
allowed to finish it, but the audience, impatient of his garrulousness,
and ready for a laugh at his expense, did not give him an opportunity to
do so. It was not the ignorance of the speaker but the impatience of the
auditors that supplies the true moral of the story.

Any extended reference to old collections of proverbs, to county
histories, to old plays, and such-like sources of information would
readily yield a large harvest of these local allusions, but enough has
been brought forward to illustrate the nature of them, and for our
purpose a specimen twenty is as satisfying as an illustrative hundred.


FOOTNOTES:

[125:A] A South African species of this genus is called by the settlers
and natives, "Waht en beetje"--wait a bit, because its crooked thorns
catch their clothes as they journey.

[125:B] A quaint and true old proverb that says cheese and means it too
is this, "The king's cheese goes half away in parings," so many
dependants being ready to help themselves to a share of it.

[126:A] Holland's translation.

[129:A] The Italians have it, "Chi prende, si vende"--"He sells himself
who accepts a gift."

[130:A]

                       "Easy it is
     Of a cut loaf to steal a shive."--"Titus Andronicus."

[131:A] "Every man has just as much of vanity as he wants
understanding."

[131:B] Another old English proverb says, "Send a fool to market and a
fool he will come back." The Italians have it, "Chi bestia va à Roma
bestia retorna," and the ancient Romans made the discovery that "Cœlum
non animam mutant qui trans mare currunt."

[131:C] "The man that once did sell the lion's skin while the beast
lived, was killed with hunting him."--SHAKESPEARE, _Henry V._

[132:A] "Kleine Diebe henkt man, vor grosser zieht man den Hut
ab"--"Petty thieves are hanged," say the Germans, "but people take off
their hats to great ones."

[134:A] Or again: "If you crush spice it will be the sweeter."

[136:A] A poem full of suggestive thoughts, as, for instance:--

     "He that in southe no vertu usit,
      In age alle honure hym refusit."

     "Ever the hiere that thou art,
      Ever the lower be thy hert."

     "Deme the best of every doute,
      Tyl the truthe be tryed out."

[136:B] "'Tis greatly wise to talk with our past hours, and ask them
what report they bore to heaven." "Think nought a trifle, though it
small appear, sands make the mountain, moments make the year, and
trifles life."

[137:A] "To wilful men the injuries which they themselves procure must
be their schoolmasters"; or, in more colloquial phrase, "Experience is a
dear school, but fools learn in no other."

[140:A] This side of the question may be seen somewhat forcibly put in
John Halle's "Historick Expostulation against the beastlye Abuses of
Chyrurgerie and Physicke," 1565.

[141:A]

     "Aske Medicus counsell ere medcine ye make,
      And honour that man for necessitie's sake,
      Though thousands hate physick because of the cost,
      Yet thousands it helpeth that else should be lost."

"Five hundred pointes of good husbandrie," by Tusser, 1573. It will be
noted that it is "ye make"; nowadays it would have to be written "ye
take." The verse is from a section on "Good huswifelie physicke." The
farmer's wife herself cultivates a goodly store of

     "Cold herbes in her garden for agues that burne,
      That ouer strong heate to good temper may turne,"

such as "Endiue and Suckerie," "Water of Fumentorie, liver to coole."
"Conserve of the Barbarie, quinces as such, With Sirops that easeth the
sickly so much," must also be provided, to say nothing of "Spinnage
ynough."

[145:A] In Shakespeare's "Henry V." we read how the Constable of France
and the Duke of Orleans thus bandied proverbs: "_Orl._ Ill will never
said well. _Con._ I will cap that proverb with--there is flattery in
friendship. _Orl._ And I will take that up with--give the devil his due.
You are the better at proverbs, by how much?--a fool's bolt is soon
shot."

[149:A] "Set thee up waymarks."--_Jeremiah_ xxi. 21.

     "Is this the path of sanctity? Is this
      To stand a waymark in the road to bliss?"

                                   --COWPER, _Progress of Error_.

[150:A] In some cases it is "backer," as though the comparative, "more
back."

[151:A] "Nydyote" is really an idiot, even as "naddere" in old books is
really an adder.

[153:A] "Many, when a thing was lent them, reckoned it to be found, and
put them to trouble that helped them. Till he hath received he will kiss
a man's hand; and for his neighbour's money he will speak submissively:
but when he should repay he will prolong the time, and return words of
grief, and complain of the time."--_Ecclesiasticus_, B.C. 200.

An old English proverb declares that "Lent seems short to him that
borrows money to be paid at Easter."

[156:A] This thinness would appear to have been of bulk, not of quality.
"Some preferre Cheshire Cheese, and others also commend the cheese of
other countries; but Banbury Cheese shall goe for my money."--COGAN'S
_Haven of Health_, 1612.

[157:A] "Few capons, save what have more fins than feathers, are bred in
Yarmouth. But to countenance this expression, I understand that the
Italian Friers, when disposed to eat flesh on Fridays, call a capon
'piscem e corte,' a fish of the coop."--_Fuller._

[157:B] A Doctor of Divinity, fearing, we may presume, that such high
praise might turn a head here and there, improved the occasion for the
benefit of these ladies--"I believe that the God of Nature, having given
fair complection to the Women in this County, Art may spare her pains in
endeavouring to better them. But let the Females of this County know
that, though in the Old Testament express notice be taken of the beauty
of many Women--Sarah, Rebekah, Rachael, Abigail, Thamar, Abishag,
Esther--yet in the New Testament no mention is made at all of the
fairness of any Woman, not because they wanted, but because Grace is
chief Gospel-beauty, and this is far better than skin-deep Fairness."

[158:A] A proverb of like import is this, "He talks in the bear-garden
tongue."




CHAPTER VI

     Proverbs suggested by Animals -- Animal Characteristics:
     Sagacity, Fidelity, Cunning, Greed, etc. -- The Horse -- The
     Dog -- The Cat: her Nine Lives; the Catspaw; falling on Feet;
     in Mittens -- The Ass -- Pearls before Swine -- A Pig in a
     Poke -- The Wrong Sow by the Ear -- The Sheep -- The Shorn
     Lamb -- The Bull -- The Goose -- The Hen -- Roasting Eggs --
     The Bird and her Nest -- Birds of a Feather -- Catching with
     Chaff -- Roasted Larks -- The Fox -- The Wolf; in Sheep's
     Clothing -- The Bear -- The Mouse -- Belling the Cat -- Fish
     Proverbs -- The Laborious Ant -- The Worm that turns --
     Similes: from the Animal Kingdom; from Household Surroundings;
     from various Callings; from divers Colours


The animal life around him has always been an object of interest to man.
Some creatures, like the horse, the dog, or the camel, he has trained to
minister to his wants--for man is at his lowest level of sympathy and
intelligence, the lowest type of savage, when we find him absolutely
alone--while others, like the fox or the wolf, have necessarily become
of concern to him in their power of molestation, disturbing his peace
and thwarting his interests. In either case the very varying nature of
the animals amidst which he dwelt has attracted his notice, since the
fidelity of the dog, for example, the cunning of the fox, the sagacity
of the elephant, could not fail to impress themselves upon his mind. Far
away in the mist of a great antiquity the Old Testament has numerous
allusions to the lessons that may be derived from the observation of
animals, while Æsop and many other writers have made the various
creatures the subject of their writings and evolved lessons for the
benefit of mankind from their varying dispositions. We are, therefore,
entirely prepared to find that in proverb-lore also the animal kingdom
has been largely drawn upon, and we propose to give some few examples of
this.

We are told that "It is a good horse that never stumbles," a proverb
that reminds us to make allowance for others and to take heed to
ourselves. We are warned, too, that "Boisterous horse must have
boisterous bridle," that those who incline to resist authority have no
cause for complaint if the hand of authority press somewhat hardly upon
them. A fairly analogous adage is that "Mettle is dangerous in a blind
horse." That "A horse is neither better nor worse for his trappings"
teaches us to look below the surface in forming our judgments, and then
again there is the well-known and excellent warning that "One may take a
horse to the water but you cannot make him drink," a hint that one
cannot always have one's own way, and that the co-operation of the other
party in the arrangement is an essential point. To "Get upon the high
horse" is to take up a needlessly dignified position, and make oneself
somewhat unpleasant in the process; while "Putting money on the wrong
horse," a saw suggested by the race-course, implies that one has
supported the wrong side and helped on, through folly or ignorance, a
matter that we had much better have left alone.[162:A] The caution, "Do
not lash a willing horse," is often necessary, and the hopelessness of
"Flogging a dead horse," endeavouring to infuse life into a defunct
cause, sometimes needs a reminder; while the "Working for a dead horse"
is almost as disheartening a process. The Spaniards in such a case say,
"When the money is paid the arms are broken."

That "One must not look a gift-horse in the mouth" is a lesson in the
proprieties of immense antiquity; we find it, for instance, in the
writings of St Jerome in the fourth century. A mediæval writer tells us
that "A gyuen hors may not be loked in the tethe." Rabelais says it must
not, and the author of "Hudibras" says it must not; in fact there is an
abundance of testimony to this effect, extending over centuries. The
Frenchman says, "À cheval donné il ne faut pas regarder aux dens"; the
Portuguese says, "Cavallo dado nao se repara a idade"; and the Spaniard
says, "Caval donate non guardar in bocca"; and all over the world we
find this delicacy of feeling advocated. In the proverb, "He is a proud
horse that will not carry his own provender," we have a good lesson
quaintly put. In Puttenham's "Arte of Englishe Poesie," 1589, we are
instructed that "When we misplace our wordes and set that before which
should be behind, we call it in English proverbe, 'The cart before the
horse.'" The unequal way in which Fortune appears to work is borne home
to us in the strong, yet scarcely too strong, statement that "One man
may steal a horse while another may not look over the gate"; or, as
Lily, in his "Endimion," hath it, "For as some man may better steale a
horse than another looke over a hedge." In the "Paradise of Daynty
Devices," 1578, we find this couplet--

     "To whom of old this proverbe well it serves,
      While grasse doth growe the silly horse he sterves."

In the more modern guise this is "While the grass is growing the steed
is starving." It may at first sight appear a little hard to brand the
horse as silly, since he can in no way be held responsible for the
backward condition of the meadow, but we must remind our readers that
"silly" is one of the words that has greatly changed its
significance--it originally meant harmless or innocent.

"Money," we are told, "will make the mare to go," and the finding of "a
mare's nest" is a feat that is still now and then performed.

         "Why doest thou laugh?
     What mare's nest hast thou found?"

                              --BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER, _Bonduca_.

In France it is the rabbit's nest, "nid le lapin," that people sometimes
discover.

It is a curious thing that the fidelity and affection of the dog get
little or no recognition in proverb-lore. This may possibly arise from
the fact that in the East, the original source of many of our proverbs,
the dog is held in no esteem. He is an outcast, the scavenger of the
streets. "Him that dieth in the city shall the dogs eat"; and "Is thy
servant a dog that he should do this thing?" was the indignant outburst
of Hazael. In classic days it was said of a morose, ill-conditioned
person, "A black dog has walked over him," and at the present day such a
person is said to have "the black dog on his back." The dog of the
fabulist that dropped the substance for the shadow was held up as a
warning in his greed and folly, and "to dog" a person is not to lavish
canine affection on them by any means; while a favourite piece of
nursery teaching was, and perhaps still is, that "Dogs delight to bark
and bite." "Every dog," we are told, "has his day," and "Love me, love
my dog," has sometimes been made a stipulation. Latimer puts it more
pleasantly, "Whosoever loveth me loveth my hound"--from his regard for
me he will for my sake look kindly on what he knows to be dear to me.

To him who is hungry any food is welcome--"À la faim il n'y a point de
mauvais pain," and therefore "Hungry dogs will eat dirty pudding." "Let
sleeping dogs lie" is excellent counsel; the precept is not in the
interest of the sleepers but of those injudicious enough to disturb
their slumbers. "It is nought goode," writes Chaucer in his "Troylus and
Cryseyde," "a sleping hound to wake," and again in the "Frankeleine's
Tale," "Wyf, quod he, lat slepen that is stille"; while Shakespeare
writes, in "Henry VIII.":--

     "This butcher's cur is venom-mouth'd, and I
      Have not the power to muzzle him; therefore best
      Not wake him in his slumber."

In Italy and Germany we have the same proverb, but it becomes in France
"N'as tu pas tort de reveiller le chat qui dort," a much less formidable
proceeding; and in Spain we find the variant, "When sorrow is asleep do
not awaken it." Another Spanish proverb, and one of excellent wisdom, is
"Though your blood-hound be gentle do not bite him on the lip." It is,
by the way, remarkable how gentle big dogs are, mastiffs, retrievers,
Newfoundlands, and the like, while being mauled and hauled by small
children. Little Bessie, aged five, might venture to any extent on her
great companion's forbearance and magnanimity, while we, reader, must
exercise much more discretion.

"Give a dog a bad name and then you may as well hang him"[165:A] is a
true and very oft-quoted adage. One less well known is "He that would
hang his dog gives out first that he is mad."[166:A] He who is about to
do something dubious first bethinks himself of some plausible excuse
that appears to justify his action, and when this is accepted he is free
from all fear of interference. The Greeks say that "He who keeps another
man's dog shall have nothing left but the line." If he endeavour to keep
it dishonestly--in fact, to become a dog-stealer--he cannot complain if
such care as he has bestowed comes to nought and nothing is left to him
but the cord and the food-bill. One old commentator would tell us that
the meaning is that "He who bestows a benefit upon an ungrateful person
loses his cost." This is a common enough experience, but it scarcely
appears to be a moral springing from this proverb. The dog, stolen, tied
up, amongst strangers, has no particular reason to feel grateful! The
following proverb, "Wash the dog and comb the dog, still the dog remains
the dog," indicates that externals do not affect the real nature.

Other doggy sayings are: "Two dogs agree not well over one bone,"
"Brawling curs have torn ears," "A scalded dog dreads cold water." Those
who, having a good staff of assistants, find that much of the burden and
responsibility yet weighs on them, will appreciate the point of the
adage, "What, keep a dog, and bark myself?" a proceeding that certainly
seems unreasonable. The Turks have a happy proverb that "The dog barks,
but the caravan passes," its fussy interference being simply ignored.
The Spaniards declare, in like manner, that "More are threatened than
are stabbed," while the Dutch with equal wisdom advise us that "No one
dies of threats." The Danes very happily warn us against judging too
hastily in the hint that "An honest man is none the worse because a dog
barks at him."

The cat takes its place in our proverb-literature. The "Kilkenny cats"
that fought so desperately have often been quoted as a warning to
warring factions, and tenacity of purpose gone mad and self-destructive.
The old belief that a cat has nine lives has also got embalmed in an
adage, and the question will be recalled, in "Romeo and Juliet," "What
wouldst thou have with me?" the reply being, "Good king of cats, nothing
but one of your nine lives."[167:A] Yet "Care," we are told, "will kill
a cat." While we may accept this saw on its moral side, and learn from
it a lesson against despondency, its zoological side is open to grave
question. A cat dying of anxiety may fairly be bracketted off with the
broken-hearted oyster crossed in love. The "Grinning like a Cheshire
cat," in a continual state of mirthful good humour, suggests a quite
opposite phrase of feline nature. To "let the cat out of the bag" is
another old saying that will at once occur to the reader; a less known,
but very good one, Scotch in its birth, is, "He that puts the cat in the
pock kens best how to tak' her oot." Another good proverb of like nature
is, "Who will carry the cat to the water?"--_i.e._ who will endeavour to
carry the plan through, undeterred by the difficulty of its
accomplishment? To be made "a catspaw of" is also a very expressive
saying; it arose from the old fable of the monkey using the cat's paw
instead of his own to rake out chestnuts from the glowing embers. To
live "a cat-and-dog life" is to lead such an existence of strife and
snarl as one ordinarily sees in the aversion felt by these two animals
for each other. The old saw, "A cat may look at a king," has, too,
ordinarily been used as an impertinence.[168:A] In France its equivalent
is "Un chien regarde bien l'évêque."

     "Where window is open cat maketh a fray,
      Yet wilde cat with two legs is worse, by my fay."[168:B]

The cat utilised as an excuse for other people's shortcomings has always
been a favourite subject. Thus--"How can the cat help it if the maid be
a fool?" On the other hand, the cat's larcenous propensities must be
reckoned with, so we have the disheartening thought for the thrifty
housekeeper, "What the good wife spares the cat eats," and "It's easy
learning the cat the way to the churn." The Arabs say, "He trusted the
keys of the pigeon-house to the cat," but on the other hand, "Honest is
the cat when the meat is on the hook." Of him who declines to be turned
aside by trifles, the Scottish proverb may be quoted, "He's ower auld a
cat to draw a strae before." The man whose affairs, big and little, run
smoothly, and whose ventures, however speculative they may be, are
successful, may be said to be "Like a cat, he always falls on his feet."
This power of falling on her feet from any height is a most valuable
gift for pussy, and saves her from many a mishap.

The cat has her enthusiastic admirers, but as a friend of man she is
ordinarily held in no great esteem. "Make much of the cat, and she will
fly in your face." She is too commonly treacherous, selfish, and
unreliable. We have more than once seen, and our experience cannot be
unique, a cat fondled and stroked and made much of, suddenly savagely
bite or scratch the hand that has been caressing it.

Pussy as a follower of the chase has suggested the proverb, "The cat
that is always crying catches nothing," and the better known saw, "A cat
in mittens catches no mice." "Fain would the cat fish eat, but she's
loath her feet to wet"; and in Chaucer's "House of Fame" we find an
interesting reference to this--

     "Ye be like the slepie cat
      That would have fish; but wost thou what?
      He will nothing weate his clawes."

The "slepie cat," dormant on the hearth-rug, is, of course, like its
confrères of the jungle, a nocturnal animal, and in the hours of
darkness often becomes a little more wakeful than is altogether
appreciated. As a songster of the night, instead of receiving merely
barren compliments on its performance, it often gets the much more
tangible reward of a boot, lump of coal, cake of soap, or such-like
little token of appreciation as the auditor may find most readily come
to hand.

A very venerable proverb indeed tells us that "The ass and his master do
not always think alike." Phædrus, living nearly nineteen hundred years
ago, had a fable in his collection to illustrate this. He pictures to us
a man resting by the road-side, and his ass grazing near him. The man,
suddenly catching sight of an advancing enemy, says that they must at
once decamp that they be not captured, whereupon the donkey asks, "Will
they clap on me a double load?" and the man can only reply that he does
not suppose that they will. "Then," said the donkey, "what matters it
to me to whom I belong?"

"He that makes himself an ass must not mind if men ride him," truly says
the old English proverb, and another is like unto it, "When all men say
you are an ass it is time to bray." It is no less true that "If an ass
goes travelling he will not come back a horse." The locality changes,
but under every sky the traveller remains much as he started. The
ancient Romans declared that "One ass rubs another," a lesson in mutual
help. When a coward boasts what great things he will do, or a fool
assumes the philosopher, "An ass in a lion's skin" is suggested--from
the fable that an ass once decking himself in the skin of the lion, was
so elated at the terror he created that he could not forbear braying his
delight, a performance which entirely altered the whole complexion of
things and the animal stood revealed, the mere ass that he really
was.[170:A] "The ass is wagging his ears" is a hit at those who,
understanding little or nothing of the matter in question, assume a
grave demeanour and an attitude of close attention. Two German proverbs
may be quoted here, as they are both good: "The ass dreams of thistles,"
and "One ass nicknames another, Long-ears." The Spaniards have a very
expressive adage, "The ass knows well in whose face he brays," a warning
against too great a familiarity with unsuitable companions, or we shall
infallibly find ourselves exposed to great liberties and a free-and-easy
"Hail fellow, well met" manner that give us cause for repentance.

The Arabs have a happy reflection on those who, when we are in an
intricate business, raise additional difficulties instead of smoothing
our path, "A narrow lane and the ass kicking."

A lesson of contentment is found in this homely saw: "Better the head of
an ass than tail of a horse"--to be valued in a low position is far
preferable to being the fag-end of a higher. We once heard a man of some
considerable influence in a country town declare that he was there a
whale amongst the minnows, but that if he moved to the metropolis, as
his family were desiring him to do, he should be but a minnow amongst
the whales. Such a man would entirely appreciate this proverb. Another
lesson of very similar import is seen in this: "Better an ass that
carries us than a horse that throws us." A very quaint and shrewd
utterance is: "Now I have got a donkey, everyone says, Good morning,
John." Things are looking up, and friends are beginning to come
in.[171:A] Finally, the Spanish caution: "He who wants an animal without
fault may go afoot," that particular kind not often coming into the
market.

The Sermon on the Mount and other discourses of our Lord afford us
numerous examples of the national Jewish proverbs.[171:B] "Sufficient
unto the day is the evil thereof," is one illustration of this kind of
popular folk-lore, and "Cast not your pearls before swine," is another;
and in the old Greek proverb, "A scorpion for a perch," we have
practically, "If he asks a fish will he give him a serpent?"

The Spaniards say, "Echar magaritas a puercos," and this throwing of
pearls before swine re-appears in English proverb-lore, and, indeed,
much further afield.

To "buy a pig in a poke" is to make a purchase without knowing really
what one is buying. The alliteration has, no doubt, given the saying an
added popularity. In France it is, "acheter chat en poche," or "acheter
le chat pour le lièvre," a cat being palmed off as a hare on the
incautious purchaser. We see now, too, how a determination to see for
oneself would "let the cat out of the bag," and expose the trickery of
the proceeding.

When a man has heedlessly made a bad bargain he is said, ironically, to
have "brought his pigs to a pretty market"--the advantageous sale of his
pig being a very important matter to the country cottager, meaning the
payment of his rent, the clearing of the score at the village shop, and
his general rehabilitation in the ranks of the solvent.[172:A] The
generally unsympathetic and unsociable nature of the pig and his human
counterparts is expressed in such sayings as: "Feed a pig and you will
have a hog," and "What can you expect from a hog but a grunt?" while its
"wallowing in the mire," and being well content to have it so,[172:B]
has also been utilised as a warning.

A bit of homely advice, quaintly put, is found in this--"Do not drive
black hogs at night." "Much cry and no wool" is the result of shearing
swine, a hopeless task. The adage is often met with. In Fortescue's
treatise on "Absolute and Limited Monarchy," written over four hundred
years ago, we find a reference to "the man that scheryd his hogge, moche
crye and no wull." In a book published in 1597 it runs: "Of the
shearing of hogges there is great crie for so little wolle," and we find
the saying again in "Hudibras" and many other books, and in old plays.

In "Hudibras," too, may be found the equally familiar expression, "wrong
sow by the ear," a proverb of great antiquity that occurs frequently in
the old dramas. We are told by some etymologists that the sow in
question is not porcine at all, but is a large tub with handles. Sowsed
meat is meat that has been in pickle in one of these sows. To have got
the wrong sow (by the ear or handle for facility of moving) is to have
brought the wrong vessel. To confirm this view they quote the old Latin
proverb, "Pro amphora urceolus"--instead of the great amphora you have
brought me a small pitcher. Either reading will serve the turn, and is
of like significance in application--the warning against getting hold of
an entirely wrong idea and hammering away at it.

To "cast sheep's eyes" on one is to snatch a hasty glance, looking
askance with sheep-like timidity on some fair object whose regard has
not been won or as yet appealed to. The idea that "One black sheep
infects the flock and poisons all the rest" has, we need scarcely say,
no warrant in actual fact, though, morally, a black sheep is a dangerous
addition to any flock, a something to be promptly eliminated from
regiment, workshop, school, or whatever other body he may be infecting
or exposing to risk of contagion. A much more attractive adage is the
well-known declaration, "God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb." The
French say, "À brebis tondue Dieu mesure le vent," and the English
proverb, as we find Herbert using it in 1640, is a repetition of
this--"To a close-shorn sheep God gives wind by measure." This shearing
process suggested eighteen hundred years ago, or possibly long before
this,[174:A] the proverb, "Boni pastoris est tondere pecus, non
deglubere"--"It is the duty of a good shepherd to shear his sheep, not
to skin them." This note of warning is repeated in the reminder that
"The orange that is too hard squeezed yields a bitter juice," both
proverbs teaching moderation.

It is a pleasant little saying that "He who has one sheep in the flock
will like all the rest the better for it." In these happy islands the
fear of the wolf has long been extinct, but in other lands the sheep and
the wolf are often bracketted together in their proverbs; thus in France
one is warned against a too self-effacing humility in this world in the
words, "He that maketh himself a sheep shall be eaten of the wolf";
while another lesson of worldly prudence is taught in the Italian
proverb, "It is a foolish sheep that makes the wolf his confessor." The
Spaniard says, "Oveja que bala bocada pierde"--"The sheep loses a
mouthful when it bleats," a proverb which seems to encourage mere
greediness at the expense of social converse, but which we may take more
favourably to imply that it is better to stick steadily to one's work
than break off for useless interruptions and, possibly, querulous
complaints.

A "bull in a china shop" calls up a picture of tremendous uproar and
devastation. The ancient Greeks substituted "An ass peeping." Menander,
three hundred years before the Christian era, refers to it, as do Lucian
and others. The story upon which it is founded is, that an ass, being
driven along the road, put its head into the shop of a potter. This
potter was a great lover of birds, and had many of them in his shop, and
the sudden appearance of the ass's great head frightened them and led to
a big smashing up of the crockery. The moral may be found in another
ancient saying--"A mad beast must have a sober driver." The Latin "Bovem
in lingua habet"--"He has an ox on his tongue"--is a hint that the man
has been bribed to silence or false speech, an ox being a favourite
device on the coins. Another saying of like significance is that, "The
man has a bone in his mouth." A valuable lesson to the discontented, a
warning that necessary troubles must be endured, that duties may not be
shirked, is this--"To what place can the ox go where he will not
plough?"

That the malicious cannot do all the harm they would is happily
suggested in the adage, "Curst cows have curt horns." This proverb is
centuries old, and is merely a translation from an ancient Latin[175:A]
original--if indeed it be safe to suggest any date when this proverb
sprung into birth--for it is quite possible that Noah quoted it as a bit
of the good old wisdom of his forefathers.

It is scarcely necessary to remind our readers of, and much less to
expound for their benefit, so familiar a saying as, "A regular John
Bull."

The goose appears in several adages, one rather severe one being, that
"If all fools wore white we should look a flock of geese." One could
readily acquiesce in this if the adage said "they"; it is the "we" that
is so painful. It is held that the goose is a foolish bird,[175:B] but
how much more foolish was he who, having a goose that laid him a golden
egg each day, cut the bird open to get at once the whole store. "Much
would have more, and so lost all." The man who cannot say "Bo! to a
goose" is rightly regarded as a poor creature. A very sarcastic adage is
that which satirises the man who, having gained great wealth by dubious
means, endeavours to buy over Heaven and his own conscience by a little
cheap almsgiving in the words--"He steals a goose and gives away the
giblets to the poor." We must not overlook, either, the great charter of
freedom and equality enshrined in "What is sauce for the goose is sauce
for the gander." "To shoe the goose" is now quite obsolete as a saying,
though it was at one time very popular as a suggestion to those people,
fussy busybodies, who will keep meddling in other people's affairs. It
was a task that would take them, at all events, some little time, give
their energies something to work on, and was no more useless than many
of their toils. In the "Parliament of Byrdes," written about 1650, we
read that he "Who wyll smatter what euery man doos maye go helpe to shoo
the goose." There is a useful word of warning in the following:--"A
goose-quill may be more dangerous than a lion's claw" to one attacked by
it.

There is homely wisdom in the hint that "If you would have a hen lay you
must bear with the cackling"; and, of course, the need or otherwise of
teaching one's grandmother to suck eggs must not be forgotten. The
Greeks phrased the idea as "Teaching a dolphin to swim," while the
French say: "The goslings want to drive the geese to pasture." Two
useful proverbs in this connection are that "There is reason in roasting
eggs," a right and a wrong way for almost everything, and "Don't carry
all your eggs in one basket."

A crotchety, fanciful individual, regarded by most people as a little
peculiar, has, in English proverbial phrase, "A bee in his bonnet," or
"Is bitten by a maggot," while the French say, "He has a rat in his
head," and the Dutchmen account for his eccentricities by crediting him
with a mouse's nest in his brains.

The Italians say: "Si prendono piu mosche col miele che coll'
aceto"--"More flies are caught by honey than by vinegar." To arrive at
any desired result, sweetness of manner will carry matters on much more
efficaciously than the reverse.

"Where there are industrious persons there is wealth," and "Where bees
are there is honey." Steady industry must reap a reward. On the other
hand, we find a proverb, "To poke one's hand into a hornet's nest," and
receive the painful reward of indiscreet meddling thereby.

An old English proverb hath it that "It is an ill bird that bewrays its
own nest." Skelton, writing in 1520, declares how

     "Rede and lerne ye may,
      Howe olde prouerbys say
      That byrd ys not honest
      That fylyth hys owne nest."

While Heywood gives it as: "It is a foule byrde that fyleth his owne
nest." As a member of a family, of a trade or profession, as the
citizen, or the denizen of any country, each should bear in mind this
adage, and beware of bringing reproach on himself or his surroundings.

The Italians say: "Ad ogni uccello suo nido è bello"--every bird thinks
its own nest beautiful--and in a very old French book we found the
equivalent of this: "A chescun oysel son nye li semble bel." A quaint
little adage is this one from Spain: "A little bird must have a little
nest"--a lesson in contentment, a warning against pretension and undue
importance; while the Turkish saying, "The nest of a blind bird is made
by God," is a beautiful lesson of resignation and faith.

The Italians say: "Better be bird of the wood than bird of the cage."
This is rightly enough the bird's point of view; but the owner of the
cage puts things rather differently, and declares: "Better one bird in
the hand than ten in the wood." The Italians say that "It is better to
have an egg to-day than a hen to-morrow"; but this, surely, is rather
overdoing the thing. Even though present gain may outweigh future
grander possibilities, the policy may be too narrowly pinched, and does
away then with legitimate hope.

Those troublous little robbers, the quarrelsome sparrows, supply the
material for some few proverbs. Of these we may instance a couple: "For
fear of the sparrows the hemp is not sown"--a saying directed against
the over-cautious, for necessary things must be done, even though there
be some little risk in the doing; and "Two sparrows on one ear of corn
cannot agree," though, if they would only be wise enough to let the
other alone, there would be ample provision for both.

The French have a very true saying: "Chacun aime son semblable"--our
English equivalent being "Birds of a feather flock together." Hence it
is a saying: "Tell me with whom thou goest, and I will tell thee what
thou doest." Burchardt, in his collection of Arabic proverbs, gives the
following very graphic one: "He who introduces himself between the onion
and its peel goes forth with the onion smell"; but, on the other hand,
we have in the Spanish, "Associate with the good and thou shalt be one
of them."

When some matter comes unexpectedly and inconveniently to general
knowledge, the explanation of the informant as to his or her source of
information sometimes takes the form of "A little bird told me." The
probable origin of this will be found in the Biblical warning: "Curse
not the king, no, not in thy thought, and curse not the rich in thy
bed-chamber, for a bird of the air shall carry the voice, and that which
hath wings shall tell the matter." Another very familiar saying, and
still in use amongst our people, is that "One swallow does not make a
summer,"[179:A] and yet another adage, and one equally well known, is
the reminder that "Fine feathers make fine birds," almost always quoted
disparagingly, but at least a hint that even externals have their value,
and are worth consideration.

Another well-known adage is that "An old bird is not to be caught with
chaff." The art of the bird-snarer has supplied several other useful
contributions to the cosmopolitan ingathering of proverbial wisdom:
thus, for instance, we are cautioned that "Drumming is not the way to
catch a blackbird," and, again, that "An empty hand is no lure for a
hawk"--that is to say, if we are unwilling to risk anything we shall
probably also not obtain anything. There is yet again another, the
warning voice against temptation and the snare, in this: "The fowler's
pipe sounds sweet till the bird be caught." The Arabs declare that "A
thousand cranes in the air are not worth one sparrow in the fist." This,
with due allowance for Eastern exaggeration and hyperbole, we recognise
as but over again the familiar estimate of the respective values of the
so well-known bird in the hand as compared with that of the bird in the
bush.

When folks are looking for some special and exceptional interposition of
fortune that is going to put everything straight for them, and lead them
by a delightfully lazy route to an easy affluence, we may not unfairly
remind them that "When the sky falls we shall catch larks ready
roasted." Only the little "when," that will call for no labour at all,
and then a glorious abundance to at once follow.

The Scotch remind us that "A craw is nae whiter for being washed"; but
then, on the other hand, this washing process seems needless, for
another saw tells us that "The crow thinks her young ones the fairest."
Elsewhere, though, we find that "The rook said to the raven, Stand
aside, blackamoor"--an ornithological version of the same derisive
spirit that led to the jeering pot calling the kettle black. It has been
suggested that it would be a happy thing if some power would "the giftie
gi'e us, to see oursel's as others see us," but we fancy it would be but
a doubtful blessing after all.

An old proverb, with much good sense in it, says that "The woodpecker
loses itself by its bill," the continuous tapping calling attention to
its presence, and making its life depend on the gamekeeper's
forbearance. The scream of the jay and the fussy cry of the blackbird
often, in like manner, betray their presence in the woodlands, and thus,
also, chatterers expose themselves, and are the cause of their own
downfall. In many cases it is what other people are saying that works
mischief to a man; but in the case of the blatant and thoughtless
chatterer he works his own woe--all that other people have to do being
to let him do his own summing-up, and be his own executioner. Other bird
proverbs are: "One raven will not pluck out another raven's eyes," and
"He greatly needs a bird that gives a groat for an owl." We are told,
too, and it is a capital saying, that "An eagle does not catch
flies";[181:A] that "The hawk is not frighted by the cry of the
crane"--greater size being not necessarily greater courage. Yet another
true, too true, proverb is, that "If you breed up a crow he will pluck
out your eyes"--a lesson to prepare one for the base ingratitude that
may follow great kindness shown, and of the still sadder returning evil
for good.

The cunning of the fox has been a never-failing subject for the writer
of fables, and has supplied the material for scores of popular sayings.
Of these we need quote but a few as samples of the many, since they are
almost all constructed on the same lines, the subject being nearly
always more or less of admiration for successful trickery. Not a very
good moral this, we may say, yet if, in its outcome, it teaches to
beware of putting oneself in the power of such particularly artful and
shifty characters, it will not be without its use.

Absolutely the only proverb that we can recall that takes up entirely
different ground is one of jubilation on the final downfall of this
arch-trickster, and, curiously enough, it is of wide appreciation. In
Italy, it is: "Tutte le volpi si trouvano in pellicaria." In France it
is: "En fin les renards se trouvent chez le pelletier"--the fox at last
finds his way to the furrier's.

When he would conceal the real object in view, "We are going for a
little music, said the fox." We are told, too, that "An old fox needs
not to be taught tricks," and that "He would cheat the fox must be an
early riser." The Germans say: "Wenn der Fuchs Richter ist gewinnt
schwerlich eine Gans den Process"--if the fox be judge the goose is
hardly likely to win the case.[182:A] "Wenn der Fuchs sie todt stellt so
sind die Hühner in Gefahr"--when the fox feigns death the poultry are in
danger.

The wolf is often introduced in proverb-wisdom, but he is, as his nature
is, always a cruel, cheerless beast, quite wanting in the debonair
attractiveness of the fox--who is as big a rascal really as he is. "To
put one's head into the wolf's mouth" is to needlessly court great
risks. The proverb is based on the old fable of the crane putting its
head down the wolf's throat to extract a bone that had stuck there. The
operation was entirely successful, and, on asking for his reward, the
wolf told him that it was reward sufficient to have safely withdrawn his
head. "To keep the wolf from the door" is to keep starvation at bay, and
"To eat like a wolf" is to eat ravenously.

The Italians say that "Who keeps company with the wolf will learn to
howl." Deliberate association with evil characters will make one as bad
as those they associate with.[182:B] "Though the wolf may lose his teeth
he does not lose his inclinations"--he is at heart as wolfish as ever.
The Persians give the caution: "Keep the dogs near when thou suppest
with the wolf," while the Romans had a saying, "Auribus lupum teneo."
This having the wolf by the ears is a most dangerous position to be in,
for the furious creature is so difficult to hold, and yet one dare not
let go on any consideration. Thus do unfortunates at times get entangled
in some bad business--the beginnings of a lawsuit, or the like--where
advance or retreat seem equally alarming. The "Wolf in sheep's
clothing" is a still more objectionable beast than the wolf _in propria
personâ_, since he thereby adds treachery to all his other evil
qualities:

     "And by these guileful means he more prevail'd
      Than had he open enmity profest.
      The wolf more safely wounds when in sheep's clothing drest."

The bear has not so distinctive an individuality in fabledom as the fox
or wolf. The best proverb that we have met with in which he figures is
the declaration that "A man without restraint is a bear without a ring;"
and then there is, of course, the well-known caution to the
over-sanguine, "Sell not the bear's skin before you have caught him,"
or, as it is also phrased, "Spending your Michaelmas rent at Midsummer
noon," not consider what may arise to mock your present confidence.

In our list of wild beasts it is a considerable drop from the wolf and
bear to the mouse; but the mouse claims his place on our list, and is a
much better known wild beast in England than the wolf, and therefore
more in evidence in our proverbs. "The mouse that hath but one hole is
easily caught," says an old adage, and we meet with it again in
Chaucer's "Wife of Bath," in the couplet,

     "The mouse that always trusts to one poor hole
      Can never be a mouse of any soul";

or, at all events, of any great enterprise.

A very true and impressive proverb is that "A mouse may stir what a man
cannot stay"--a very small commencement may lead to an incalculable
ending; a momentary slip unarrested may hurl half-a-dozen mountaineers
over a precipice; a little trickle of water unregarded may be the
solvent that will melt away all barriers, and sweep all living things
to destruction in the swirling torrent as it breaks its bonds.

There is a note of caution in the picturesque statement, "I gave the
mouse a hole, and she has become my heir." The Spanish, "Give me where I
may sit down and I will make a place for myself to lie down" is like
unto it, showing in each case that if we "Give an inch, they will take
an ell," and that we may, too late, repent of our first assistance when
it has led in the end to our effacement.

The Chinese say, with quaint common-sense, "A mouse can drink no more
than its fill from a river." Beyond a certain point that is soon reached
all else is needless superfluity.

The strained relations between the cat and the mouse form the subject of
divers popular adages. How good is the Scottish, "Weel kens the mouse
when the cat's oot o' the house," paralleled in our English version,
"When the cat's away the mice will play," or in the French, "Les rats se
promenent a l'aise la ou il n'y a point des chats," and there is a
pleasant vein of truth and humour in the assertion that "Mice care not
to play with kittens."

In the "Order of Foles," a manuscript of about the year 1450, we find
the graphic declaration that "It is a hardy mouse that is bold to breede
in cattis eeris"; and Skelton writes, in 1520, "It is a wyly mouse that
can build his dwellinge house within the cattes eare."[184:A] Heywood
and other later writers also refer to this proverb in their various
works.

The query, "Who shall bell the cat?" may be called a fable abridged, for
it contains the point of one. The mice held a consultation how to secure
themselves from the too marked attentions of the cat, and someone
suggested that it would be an excellent plan to hang a bell round her
neck, so as to give warning of her approach. The idea was taken up
warmly, but then the point arose--Who shall do it?

     "Quoth one mouse unto the rest,
      Which of us all dare be so stout
      To hang the bell cat's neck about:
      If here be any let him speake.
      Then all replide, We are too weake;
      The stoutest mouse and tallest rat
      Doe tremble at a grim-fac'd cat."

The above is from "Diogenes Lanthorne," issued in the year 1607. Heywood
writes:

     "Who shall ty the bell about the cat's necke low?
      Not I (quoth the mouse) for a thing that I know."

To "smell a rat" is to have one's suspicions aroused as to something
concealed, and is suggested by the eagerness of dog or cat to follow
scent. The saying will be found in Ben Jonson's "Tale of a Tub," in
Butler's "Hudibras," and elsewhere.

The art of the fisherman supplies material for some few wisdom-chips.
"All is fysshe that cometh to net" we read in "Colyn Cloute" and other
old sources of information.[185:A] "To swallow a gudgeon" is to be
caught by some designing schemer's bait, some lying prospectus of the
"All-England Aërated Soap Company, Limited," in which it is shown that
the profits must necessarily warrant a dividend of sixty-five per cent.
after six hundred thousand pounds have been set aside for working
expenses. "To throw away a sprat to catch a herring" is a popular adage
and of much good sense. "All fish are not caught with flies" is a useful
hint too--all people that we would influence are not open to the same
considerations. "It is a silly fish that is caught twice with the same
bait." To err is human, and to be once entrapped may easily happen, but
it is mere folly not to profit by bitter experience. The French say,
"C'est la sauce qui fait le poisson," and the way in which a thing is
presented to one is often of great importance. The use of proper means
to effect our purpose is enforced in the warning that "Fish are not to
be caught with a bird-call."

It is excellent advice to "Never offer to teach monkeys to climb up
trees"--another variant on instruction in ovisuction. It is very true,
too, that "Monkeys are never more beasts than when they wear men's
clothes" and "ape" humanity.

The laborious ant has not escaped the notice of the moralist, fabulist,
and adage-employer. That they store up a mass of grain for winter
service is entirely untrue, but it was at all events thought that they
did; hence Juvenal writes, "Some men, instructed by the labouring ant,
provide against the extremities of want," while Ovid declares that "Ants
go not to an empty granary." The Arabs say that "If God wills the
destruction of an ant He allows her wings," a hint that sudden elevation
above the capacity and beyond the experience of anyone will very
probably cause their downfall. Another Arab proverb is, "The beetle is a
beauty in the eyes of its mother." Whatever the rest of the world may
think, maternal affection is all-embracing. The French adage, "Faire
d'une mouche un eléphant," is a needed caution, equivalent to our
reproof of those who would "make a mountain out of a mole-hill." Such
exaggeration is most profitless; it is soon detected, and thenceforth
even true statements are subjected by the hearers to a liberal discount.

That "Even the worm will turn" is an oft-quoted saying to rightly
justify a limit to endurance of injustice. "Tread a woorme on the tayle
and it must turne agayne," quotes Heywood; and Shakespeare, who clothes
with beauty the commonest sayings of his day, writes:

     "The smallest worm will turn, being trodden on,
      And doves will peck in safeguard of their brood."

A great proverbial use is popularly made of similes or comparisons, and
observation of the very varying characteristics of the animals around
them soon supplied our forefathers with an abundant store of these. "All
that is required," as Bland, an old proverb-collector, states, "in
forming this species of adage is that the person or thing used as a
comparison be generally known or reputed to possess the property
attributed to it."

As examples of the sort of thing we find amongst similes suggested by
various beasts: "As greedy as a pig," "as surly as a bear," "as cunning
as a fox," "as quiet as a mouse," "as poor as a church mouse," "as
obstinate as a mule," "as sharp as a weasel," "as fierce as a lion," "as
timid as a hare," "as mischievous as a monkey," "as faithful as a dog,"
"as quiet as a lamb," "as playful as a kitten," "as sly as a cat," "as
patient as an ox," or "as weak as a rat," and "as wet as a drowned rat."
"As drunk as a rat" may have arisen from an idea that the creature
imbibed too freely from the liquors often stored in the cellars it
frequented. In Borde's "Book of Knowledge," 1542, we find the passage,
"I wyll be dronken other whyles as a rat." These sayings sometimes refer
to old beliefs that are now exploded. "As uneven as a badger" arose from
an idea that the badger's legs are shorter on one side than on the
other. "As melancholy as a hare" was a saying that sprang from the
belief that the flesh of a hare engendered melancholy in those who
partook of it, and that this effect was naturally produced from the
unhappy disposition of the animal itself. Another saying, and one that
has come down to the present day, is, "As mad as a March hare."[188:A]

Amongst the similes derived from bird nature we find: "As hoarse as a
raven," "as stupid as an ostrich," "as innocent as a dove," "as
chattering as a jay," "as plump as a partridge," "as proud as a
peacock," "as bald as a coot," "as black as a crow," "as giddy as a
goose," "as dull (or as wise) as an owl," "as blithe as a lark," and "as
rare as a black swan." To our forefathers the idea of a black swan
seemed an absolute contradiction, and to say, as was said in classic
days, "Rara avis in terris, nigroque simillima cygno," was to express at
once the greatest impossibility the speaker could imagine.[188:B] Many
things have happened since then, and amongst them the discovery of
Australia and its singular fauna.

"As slippery as an eel," "as flat as a flounder," "as dead as a
herring," "as round as a roach," are other well-used similes. "As
thirsty as a fish," "as busy as a bee," "as blind as a bat," "as
spiteful as a toad," are also in common use. The spitefulness of the
toad arose from an old belief in his venomous nature and his promptitude
in spitting poison on those who molested him. We also hear, "as merry as
a cricket" or "as a grig." It has been conjectured that this latter
should be, "as a Greek," and in support of this the Shakespearean
passage, "Then she's a merry Greek," may be brought forward, and others
of like tenor might be cited. "As blind as a beetle" doubtless arose
from the way that some species have of blundering into the wayfarer in
the dusk of the evening. The common dor-beetle, the cockchafer, the
stag-beetle, and others supply us with illustrations of this. Sir Thomas
Brown, in his interesting book on "Vulgar Errours," writes: "Slow worms
are accounted blind, and the like we affirm proverbially of the beetle:
although their eyes be evident." Udall writes: "Proude Ierusalem
deserued not to haue this pre-eminence, which, albeit she were in every
dede as blynde as a betell, yet thought herselfe to haue a perfect good
syght, and for that cause was more vncurable"; while in the "Mirror for
Magistrates" we find: "Say not the people well, that Fortune fauours
fooles? So well they say, I thinke, which name her beetle-blind."

To compare a man out of his element to a fish out of water is a
well-worn and familiar simile. Chaucer writes that "A monk whan he is
cloysterless is likned till a Fissh that is watreles." This illustration
of the unhappy condition of the monk outside his cloister is found not
uncommonly, the earliest perhaps being in a Greek "Life of St Anthony,"
that is certainly not later than the year 373. Wyclif, for instance,
writes: "For as they seyn that groundiden in these cloystris thes men
myghten no more dwelle out therof than fiss mighte dwelle out of water."
Some fish, as the tench, are much more tenacious of life when removed
from their native element than others, and the saying that we have
already quoted, "as dead as a herring," originated from the fact that
this fish is in a marked degree unable to survive a very short removal
from the sea.

The household surroundings of our ancestors readily supplied them with
many apt similes readily understood by all. Of these we may instance:
"As thin as a rake," "as round as a tub," "as cold as ice," "as dull as
ditch-water," "as rough as a nutmeg-grater," "as hard as iron," "as
smooth as a pebble," "as deep as a well," "as cool as a cucumber," "as
soft as wool," "as hard as nails," "as stiff as a poker," "as light as a
feather," "as flat as a pancake," "as dry as a bone," and "as fresh as
paint." "As naked as a needle" occurs in "Piers Plowman," the only place
we have come across it. "As dead as a door-nail" no doubt owes some of
its popularity to its alliteration; it is sometimes "as dead as a
dore-tree." In "Wit Restored," 1658, we find, "As dead as a dore-nayle";
and in "2 King Henry IV." Falstaff exclaims, "What! is the old king
dead?" and Pistol replies, "As nail in door." In a much older work than
either of these we find, in the description of a tournament: "Thurth the
bold bodi he bar him to the erthe as ded as dornayl"; while another
manuscript reads: "Feith withoute fait is feblere than nought, and as
ded as a dorenail"--faith without works is dead. Piers Plowman says on
this, "Feith withouten the feet is right nothyng worthi, and as dead as
a dore-tree." The door-tree is the door-post, once part of a living
tree, but now dead; while the door-nails are the equally moribund nails
that in mediæval days studded the surface of the door.

Other similes from the furniture or other details of the house or its
surroundings were, "as clear as a bell," referring to its tone, or "as
sound as a bell," referring to its freedom from cracks that would
destroy its sounding powers. We also have "as hot as toast," or "as
crusty as a houshold loaf." "As clean as a whistle," or perhaps "as
clear as a whistle." Those who have seen a country boy making a whistle
from a bit of elder or other pithy or hollow wood, and then seen the
final peeling of the bark and the revealing of the light green of the
spotless underwood thereby, would give their vote probably in favour of
"clean." It has been suggested again that the word means empty, a
whaler that returns unsuccessfully from the fishing-ground being
technically called "clean." On the other hand, the word "clear" may
suggest either the quality of the sound or the necessity for their being
no stoppage or impediment in the tube. Some will brush aside both
explanations and say that the thing in question is not a whistle at all
but a whittle, the big knife that butchers use, and that the notion
really is that the thing in question, whatever it may be that calls
forth the comparison, is cut off as cleanly and clearly as if it had
been done by a whittle.

To be "as like as two peas" is a very happy simile, as all who have ever
shelled peas will recognise. "As right as a trivet" is still an
expression that may be heard from time to time. What those who use it
quite mean by it it might perhaps puzzle them to explain. Some tell us
that the trivet is a three-legged thing and must therefore necessarily
stand firm, while we know by experience that a four-legged article will
not always do so. Others tell us that this valuable quality of rightness
depends on its being truly rectangular, as if it be not accurately made
it will not fit the bars to which we would attach it, and will not give
a level surface to stand pot or kettle on. Whatever the true explanation
may be the rightness of a trivet is an article of popular faith, and no
theorising will have any power to upset our firm belief in its
rectitude. "As big as a parson's barn" refers to the olden time when the
minister of the parish received his tithes in kind instead of in cash,
and had to find sufficient stowage-room accordingly for these
contributions.

Various callings were also laid under contribution in the quest for
similes. Thus are: "As hungry as a hunter," "as dusty as a miller," "as
black as a sweep," or a coal-heaver or a collier, "as sober as a judge,"
and "as drunk as a lord"--this latter being a relic of the old times
when men of wealth and influence thought it no shame to give way to
intoxication, and one of the duties of the butler, having supplied them
with wine, was to loosen the cravat of any gentlemen who showed any
signs of apoplexy, and to generally make their stay beneath the table as
comfortable as possible. "As mad as a hatter" is really a corruption of
the French, "Il raisonne comme une huitre"--he reasons like an oyster,
and has no association with the gentlemen who provide our head-gear. The
French proverb, we need scarcely point out, is sarcastic. The oyster
when crossed in love, it will be remembered, is thus again made mock of
and its feelings derided.

The various colours of the objects that meet our view are also pressed
into the service of the seeker after similes; thus we have the excellent
one, "as white as snow." We also find "as yellow as a guinea," a coin we
rarely see, but familiar enough when this saying was to the fore. "As
red as a rose" was common enough as a popular saying, but it is not so
happy as many, seeing that roses are not by any means always red. "As
red as a lobster" is above reproach if only we come across the creature
after he has passed through the boiling stage, and "as white as a sheet"
will pass muster. "As green as grass" is admirably descriptive, and "as
grey as a badger" will do very well. "As brown as a berry" is more open
to question, unless indeed it be a roasted coffee-bean. Berries are
white, red, yellow, green, purple, orange, black, but we really cannot
at this moment recall a brown one, so that it seems as though to be true
we should say "as un-brown as a berry!" Black invites many comparisons.
"As midnight," "as coal," "as ink," "as pitch," "as jet," are a few of
these.

We were gratified to learn from a Brazilian that they have a simile, "as
reliable as an Englishman." Job is of course the model of patience,
Solomon of wisdom, Crœsus of wealth, and we have also "as true as
Troilus," though the simile never took hold of the popular fancy. He was
the Shakespearean ideal of unshaken constancy, and he declares that,

     "After all comparisons of truth,
      As truth's authentic author to be cited,
      As true as Troilus shall crown up the verse."

"As true as steel" is the more ordinary simile that rises to one's
memory. Other qualities, good and bad, that have supplied material for
the makers of similes are: "Swift as an arrow," "deaf as a post," "ugly
as sin," "cold as charity," "bright as the sun," "changeable as the
moon," "sweet as sugar," "sour as vinegar," "hard as a diamond," "good
as gold," "changeable as a weathercock," "quick as lightning," "firm as
a rock," "soft as silk," "clear as crystal," "bitter as gall," "as rosy
as an apple," "as cross as two sticks," "as bright as a new pin." Our
list has no pretension to be complete--doubtless many others might be
recalled; we have, as we write these words, remembered that we have
overlooked "as plain as a pikestaff" and "as tight as a drum." Many such
omissions will be duly noted by our readers, but our full justification
will be found in the fact that we have had no desire or intention to
make our list all-embracing. If those we have given are sufficiently
representative of the sort of thing we have had under consideration, our
object is gained.


FOOTNOTES:

[162:A] This is sometimes rendered "saddling the wrong horse." Cicero,
before the Christian era, thus quoted it. His writings and orations teem
with proverbs--the foolishness of trying to kill two birds with one
stone, the undignified spectacle of a tempest in the classic equivalent
of a tea-cup, the statement that while there is life there is hope, and
many other such adages familiar to ourselves being introduced.

[165:A] "Give a dog an ill name and hang him, and it may be added, if
you give a man, or race of men, an ill name, they are very likely to do
something that deserves hanging."--WALTER SCOTT, _Guy Mannering_. The
French say, "Le bruit pend l'homme."

     "_Clown._ Oh, Maister, you are half-hanged!

     "_Nobody._ Hanged. Why, man?

     "_Clown._ Because you have an ill name: a man had almost as
     good serve no master as serve you."--"Nobody and Somebody,"
     1606.

[166:A] "Qui veut noyer son chien, l'accuse de rage."

[167:A] A school-boy, writing an essay on the cat, put down that it was
said to have nine lives, but he added that he did not now need them,
because of Christianity. This, quaint as it is, has a great truth
wrapped up in it--the love of mercy, including kindness to animals, that
is one of the points of the teaching of Christ.

[168:A] John Dunton, for instance, wrote in the year 1705, "A cat may
look on a Queen, or a Satyr on her present Majesty."

[168:B] Tusser. "Fray" may be taken as foray, while "fay" is
faith--_i.e._ by my faith.

[170:A] The Germans vary this into, "Wenn der Esel auch eine Löwenhaut
trägt, die Ohren gucken vor"--"Even when the donkey wears the lion's
skin its ears peep out and betray it."

[171:A]

     "As long as I am riche reputed
      With solemn voyce I am saluted;
      But wealthe away once worne,
      Not one wyll say 'Good morne.'"

                             --_Harleian MS., sixteenth century._

[171:B] "Jesus did vouchsafe to aunswere by a riddle and a prouerbiall
saying: teaching that it was an other manier of kyngdome whereof the
prophetes had spoken."--_Udall._

[172:A] A quaint old English proverb warns us that "A hog upon trust
grunts until he is paid for," a very discomposing habit.

[172:B] "For thilke verrei prouerbe befelde to him--The hound turnyde
agen to his castyng, and a sowe to waischen in walewing in fenne."--_2
Peter_, chap. ii. Wyclif's translation.

[174:A] The date we have given is that of Suetonius, from whose writings
we quote it. It was probably an ancient saying in his day.

[175:A] "Dat Deus immiti cornua curta bovi."

[175:B] Pliny, in speaking of the goose, says that "It may be thought
there is visible in the creature some sparks of wisdom, for Lacydes, the
philosopher, is said to have had one of them attached to him as a
constant companion, which would never leave him night or day, neither in
the open street nor in the baths." One does not quite see where the
wisdom comes in. It appears either to suggest that the bird showed great
fidelity, or, as some might think it, became an intolerable nuisance.
However that may be, Pliny points to a remedy for the latter when he
adds quaintly--"But our countrymen are wiser, who know how to make a
dainty of their liver!" He then goes on to describe the cramming to
which they are exposed. Polladius says that they were chiefly fed on
powdered figs. Martial also mentions the great size to which the liver
was developed--all of which goes to show that "There is nothing new
under the sun," and that the equivalent of Strasburg paté has been an
appreciated delicacy for many years before Derby hampers were dreamt of.

[179:A] "One swallow proueth not that summer is neare."--"Treatise
against Dauncing," 1577.

[181:A]

     "The eagle suffers little birds to sing,
      And is not careful what they mean thereby."

[182:A]

     "Pheasants are fools if they invite the hawk to dinner.
      And wer't not madness then
      To make the fox surveyor of the fold."

                                                 --_Shakespeare._

[182:B] On the other hand, the Portuguese warn those who do not want to
be taken for wolves not to wear the skin: "Quem nao quer ser loubo nao
che vista a pelle."

[184:A] "That's a valiant flea that dare eat his breakfast on the lip of
a lion."--SHAKESPEARE, _King Henry V._

[185:A] As, for instance, in Gascoigne's "Steele Glas," 1575, where we
read:

     "Where favor sways the sentence of the law,
      Where al is fishe that cometh to net."

[188:A]

     "Contrary to reason ye stamp and ye stare,
      Ye fret and ye fume, as mad as a March hare."--_Heywood._

     "Thou madde Marche hare."--_Skelton_, 1520.

[188:B] "He that worse may must holde the candle, but my Maister is not
so wise as God might have made him: hee is gone to seeke a Hayre in a
Hennes nest, a Needle in a Bottle of Haye, which is as sildome seene as
a black Swan."--"Angrie Women of Abington."




CHAPTER VII

     The Power of the Tongue -- Speech and Silence -- Knowledge and
     Wisdom not Interchangeable Terms -- Truth and Untruth --
     Travellers' Tales -- Flattery -- Industry and Sloth -- Youth
     -- Friends, True and False -- Riches and Poverty -- The Ladder
     to Thrift -- The Influence of Womankind -- The Good Wife --
     The Shrew -- The Testimony of Epitaphs -- The Grey Mare --
     Home -- Hope -- Forethought -- Excuses -- Good and Ill Fortune
     -- Retribution -- Detraction -- Pretension -- Self-interest --
     Bribery and Corruption -- Custom and Habit -- The General
     Conduct of Life -- The Weather -- The Moon made of Green
     Cheese -- Conclusion


Speech, wise or otherwise, and silence, under the same limitations, have
supplied the material for countless wisdom-chips, the power of the
tongue in what it says and how it says it being recognised as of vital
importance, and this has been admitted at every period and under every
sky. It has been said that "More have repented speech than silence," and
the assertion has much experience in its favour. Though times arise when
prompt speech is needful, and cowardice and a poor expediency prevents
the words being uttered, it is, perhaps, more ordinarily the experience
that one unavailingly regrets having spoken, and would give much to be
able to recall the hasty and inconsiderate utterance.[194:A]

It has been truly said that he knows much who knows when to speak, but
that he knows yet more who knows when to be silent, and that the good
talker is known by what he says, and also by what he does not say. It
has been very happily declared that "Flow of words is not always flow of
wisdom," and that "Quality is ever better than quantity," so that "Words
should be delivered not by number but by weight."[195:A] Another very
true adage is that "Talking comes by nature, silence by understanding."

The Italians say: "Great eloquence, little conscience," and it is
certainly true that "Great talkers fire too fast to take good aim."
Speech has been declared to be the portraiture of the mind, so that as
the man talks to us he is quite unconsciously depicting himself. "A
close mouth catches no flies" says the old saw, and modest merit that
trusts to its deserving is likely enough to be supplanted by the boldly
importunate. Many would prefer to let these others do the impudent
begging, and would surrender the flies, but keep their self-respect.
Young tells us that

     "Thoughts shut up want air,
      And spoil like bales unopen'd to the sun"--

which is very true; while Shakespeare's advice is no less so:

     "Have more than thou showest,
      Speak less than thou knowest."

A very homely saw declares, "Least said, soonest mended," and certainly
"Speaking silence is better than senseless speech"; but the assumption
that the speech is of such a quality that it is best left unsaid is a
little severe, and the mental atmosphere in which the less said implied
the less to be mended would be, we would fain hope, a very exceptional
one. We shall all agree that "Say well is good, but do well is better,"
and in the value of the caution that "In lavishing words one wears out
ideas." An old rhyme hath it that "A man of words and not of deeds Is
like a garden full of weeds," and a grave old writer advises us on this
that "The way of God's commandments is more in doing than in
discourse."[196:A] "Great talkers are ill doers" is another version of
the saying.

It has been said, and very justly, that "Silence often expresses more
powerfully than speech the verdict and the judgment," and to one who
comes beneath its sway it must be more eloquent and more crushing than
any audible denunciation that can be repudiated or challenged. It is a
very common saying that "Silence gives consent," but one readily sees
that this is much too sweeping. Nevertheless, the adage is of venerable
antiquity and of wide distribution. We find it quoted by Euripides long
before the Christian era. The Romans said, "Qui tacet consentire
videtur," while the modern Frenchman believes that "Assez consent qui ne
dit pas mot." In Psalm L. v. 21, things are presented on an entirely
different footing. "Silence," says Shakespeare, "is the perfectest
herald of joy; I were but little happy if I could say how much." The
tongue, "the unruly member," has been the subject of countless
discourses and essays, and also of warning adages beyond number. The
writer of Ecclesiasticus tells us that "The pipe and the psaltery make
sweet melody, but a pleasant tongue is above them both," and a French
proverb runs that "Douces paroles ne scorchent pas la langue."

Richard Taverner, writing in 1539, tells us that being "demaunded what
in a man is the worst thyng and the best, Anacharsis answered--the
tonge. Meanyng that the selfe same parte of a manne bryngeth most
utilitie yf it be with ryght reason gouverned, and agayne is most
perylouse and hurtfull yf otherwyse." This testimony may be accepted as
being about the truth; but, as it is much less necessary to commend the
good than to denounce the evil, the general set of proverb teaching is
strongly in the latter direction. An old Roman proverb runs, "Lingua quo
vadis?"--"Tongue, where goest thou?" The hint, to stop a moment and see
in what direction we are being taken, the journey and its ending, is an
excellent one.

     "The first vertue, sone, if thou wilt lere,
      Is to restreine and kepen wel thy tonge,"[197:A]

writes Chaucer, in the "Manciple's Tale," and he repeats this in
"Troilus and Creseide," and refers to this control of the tongue as part
of the valuable practice and precept of the wise men of old:

     "For which these wise clerkes that ben dede
      Have euer this prouerbed to us young
      That the first vertue is to kepe the toung."

Hence, "If you keep your tongue prisoner your body may go free." Another
old proverb of similar import is, "Confine your tongue, lest your tongue
confine you"; while the Spaniards throw even more force into their
version, "Let not the tongue say what the head shall pay for." "Life and
death are in the power of the tongue"--self-destruction, or that of
others. "A fool's tongue may cut his throat" is a homely English saw,
and very much to the point.

A very quaint old MS. in the Harleian collection deals with the faults
and failings to which men are liable. Thus, for instance:

     "With thy tong thou mayst thyself spylle,
      And with tong thou mayst haue all thy wylle.
      Here and se, and kepe thee stylle,[198:A]
      Whatsoever ye thynk avyse ye wele."

This call to reflection terminates each verse. The whole poem is so
quaintly refreshing that we cannot forbear quoting, at all events, one
more verse--the caution against insobriety; and as this particular evil
has, amongst its other bad effects, that of provoking strife, angry
discussion, and foul language, we may still feel that it comes within
our scope--the influence of the tongue:

     "And thow goo vnto the wyne
      And thow thynk yt good and fyne,
      Take thy leve whane yt ys tyme,
      Whatsoever ye thynk avyse ye wele."

An ancient proverb reminds us that "It is good sleeping in a whole
skinne," and thereupon Heywood comments and advises: "Let not your tong
run at rover, since by stryfe yee may lose and can not winne." To "Teach
thy tongue to say, I do not know" is also an excellent discipline. The
young, especially, shut themselves off from much valuable knowledge
rather than admit their ignorance.[198:B]

In a manuscript of the fourteenth century we found the following:--

     "Wykkyd tunge breket bon, the first
      Thow the self haue non"--

This is the first reference that we have come across to a proverb
commonly encountered in the form of "The tongue breaks bones, though she
herself has none."[199:A] It is no doubt based on the passage in
Ecclesiasticus, declaring that "The stroke of the whip maketh marks in
the flesh, but the stroke of the tongue breaketh the bones. Many have
fallen by the edge of the sword, but not so many as have fallen by the
tongue." The book of Ecclesiasticus is an overflowing treasury of
wisdom. What could be wiser counsel, for example, than this?--"If thou
hast understanding, answer thy neighbour: if not, lay thy hand upon thy
mouth. Honour and shame is in talk, and the tongue of man is his fall.
Be not called a whisperer, and lie not in wait with thy tongue." "Where
there is whispering there is lying" says one of our proverbs, and it is
in the main true. The honourable and straightforward thing can
ordinarily be proclaimed in the ears of all.

The Spaniards declare that "La langua del mal amigo mas corta que el
cuchillo"--"The tongue of a false friend is sharper than a knife." "Mors
et vita in manibus linguæ": it is the arbiter of life and death, and yet
it has been necessary to remind men that "It is better to lose a jest
than a friend." A quick sense of humour, a talent at repartee, the power
of seeing the ridiculous side of things, are dearly bought when their
display is at the expense of the feelings of others.[199:B] A happy
conceit may be the beginning of an unhappy strife, and it must be
remembered that "He who makes others afraid of his wit had need be
afraid of their memories"--the sarcastic speech, the little touch of
ridicule rankling in the mind of the victim long after the utterer has
entirely forgotten them.

We are reminded, too, that "A fool, when he hath spoken, hath done all";
and the Spaniard tells us that "A long tongue betokens a short
head"--the braggart tells us much of what he is going to do, but the
performance is not at all in proportion.[200:A]

"The price of wisdom is above rubies" we read in one of the most ancient
of books, dating some fifteen hundred years before the Christian era;
and Baruch, also writing in far-off time, exclaims: "Learn where is
wisdom, where is strength, where is understanding, that thou mayst know
also where is length of days and life, where is the light of the eyes
and peace." The apocryphal books of the Bible include Ecclesiasticus and
the Book of Wisdom, and in each of these the praise of wisdom is the
dominant theme, as, for example: "Wisdom is glorious, and never fadeth
away"; "She is a treasure unto men that never faileth"; "All gold of
respect of her is as a little sand, and silver shall be counted as clay
before her"; "All wisdom cometh from the Lord, and is with Him for
ever"; "The parables of knowledge are in the treasures of wisdom";
"Wisdom exalteth her children, and layeth hold of them that seek her."
We need scarcely stay to point out that in the book of the Proverbs of
Solomon wisdom is again exalted in many striking passages full of poetry
and beauty.

We are all familiar with the adage, "Experientia docet"; but the
following, equally true, is less well known--"He that loses anything and
gets wisdom by it is a gainer by his loss." Another very happy saying
is, that "A wise man has more ballast than sail," and yet another is
that "Wisdom is always at home to those who call." It is very true, too,
that "By the thoughts of others wise men may correct their own," for a
wise man gets learning even from those who have none themselves; and "He
is the true sage," says the Persian proverb, "who learns from all the
world"--a wide field, but not too wide for profitable service.

We must be careful to bear in mind that knowledge and wisdom are not
necessarily interchangeable terms; a man may have a far-reaching
knowledge, and be a perfect encyclopædia of useful and useless facts,
and yet be wofully deficient in wisdom. "Learning is but an adjunct to
oneself," writes Shakespeare, in "Love's Labour's Lost," a sentence
luminous and golden. We see the essential difference perhaps the better
if we append to each its opposite--knowledge and ignorance, wisdom and
folly.

The fool has supplied material for countless proverbs. Solomon tells us
that "A foolish son is the heaviness of his mother"; that "A prating
fool shall fall"; that "It is as sport to a fool to do mischief"; that
"The fool shall be servant to the wise of heart"; that "He that is soon
angry dealeth foolishly"; that "Folly is joy to him that is destitute of
wisdom"; that "He that begetteth a fool doeth it to his sorrow"; that "A
fool returneth to his folly"; that "A fool uttereth all his mind"; that
"Fools die for want of wisdom"; that "The legs of the lame are not
equal, so is a parable in the mouth of fools";[201:A] while the writer
of Ecclesiasticus says--"Weep for the dead, for he hath lost the light;
and weep for the fool, for he wanteth understanding. Make little weeping
for the dead, for he is at rest; but the life of the fool is worse than
death. Seven days do men mourn for him that is dead, but for a fool all
the days of his life." Many other Biblical references may very readily
be found.

In the domain of secular literature and proverb-lore the material at our
service is equally lavish in amount and definite in its pity and scorn
of these unfortunates. The following may be accepted as samples from the
bulk: "Wise men learn more from fools than fools from wise men"; "Folly,
as well as wisdom, is justified in its children"; "Little minds, like
small beer, are soon soured"; "Wise men make jests, and fools repeat
them"; "He is a fool who makes his fist a wedge"; "On the heels of folly
shame treads"; "To promise and give nothing is a comfort to a fool"; "A
foolish judge passes a quick sentence"; "A wise man shines, a fool would
outshine"; "Cunning is the fool's substitute for wisdom"; "The fools
wonder, wise men ask"; "A fool and his money are soon parted";[202:A]
"The fool says, Who would have thought it?"; "Folly jumps into the
river, and wonders why Fate lets him"; "Wit is folly, unless a wise man
has the keeping of it"; "A fool can ask more questions than a wise man
can answer, but a wise man cannot ask more questions than a fool is
ready to answer"; "A fool shoots without taking aim." These proverbs are
severe, but one feels, on full consideration of them, one after another,
that there is not one that is exaggerated. They all describe people whom
we have all met, and who are still living.

There is some considerable compensation in the fact that "The less wit a
man has, the less he knows he wants it." The French say that "Un sot
trouve toujours un plus sot qui l'admire"--a fool always finds a bigger
fool to admire him--and that, too, must be very comforting.[203:A] As
writer and reader alike happily feel beyond any uncomfortable misgiving
that these various proverbs refer to quite other folk than themselves,
we may pick up a few hints from yet other proverbs as to our dealings
with these unfortunate people. One point that we need to remember is
that "He who has to deal with a blockhead has need of much brains." It
is expedient, too, to remember that "If you play with a fool at home, he
will play with you in the street"; and the caution may be given that "A
fool demands much, but he is a greater fool that gives it." It is
painful to know that "Knaves are in such repute that honest men are
counted fools," though to be counted a fool by a knave is, after all, of
little moment. We must bear in mind, too, that "No one is so foolish but
may give another good counsel sometimes," and the true wisdom is to
value good, from whatever quarter it comes.

The value of truth and the meanness of falsehood find due place in our
proverb literature. "Truth," we are told, "hath always a fast bottom," a
firm anchorage. "Truth hath but one way, but that is the right way."
Esdras tells us that, "As for the truth, it endureth, and is always
strong: it liveth and conquereth for evermore." Even in the old classic
days, before Christianity influenced the lives of men, the beauty of
truth was recognised, for Plautus wrote, two hundred years before the
coming of Christ, "That man is an upright man who does not repent him
that he is upright"; and Seneca declared that "He is most powerful who
has himself in his power." It has been beautifully said that "Truth is
God's daughter," and that "It may be blamed, but it may never be
shamed."

The following sayings will bear consideration:--"Truth begets trust,
and trust truth," "The usefullest truths are the plainest," "He who
respects his word will find it respected," "Craft must have clothes, but
truth can go naked," "No one ever surfeited of too much honesty," "A
straight line is the shortest in morals as in mathematics," "It is
always term-time in the court of conscience," "Character is the diamond
that scratches every other stone," "Truth is the cement of society,"
"Sell not thy conscience with thy goods," "Smart reproof is better than
smooth acquiescence." Truth, then, must necessarily make enemies, for
"Honest men never have the love of a rogue," and "Truth is always
unpalatable to those who will not relinquish error"--to those who love
darkness rather than light.

In the Library of Jesus College, Cambridge, in a manuscript of the
fifteenth century we find the following excellent teaching:

     "Of mankynde thou shalt none sle
      Ne harm with worde, wyll, nor dede;
      Ne suffir non lorn ne lost to be
      If thow wele may than help at nede.

      Be thou no thef, nor theves fere
      Ne nothing wyn with trechery;
      Okur ne symony cum thow not nere,
      But conciens clere kepe al ay trewely.

      Thou shalt in worde be trewe alsso;
      And fals wytnes thou shalt none bere:
      Loke thow not lye for frende nor foo
      Lest thow they saull full gretely dere.

      Hows, ne land, ne othir thyng,
      Thow shalt not covet wrangfully;
      But kepe ay wele Goddes biddyng
      And Cristen fayth trow stedfastly."

Another writer gives the very wise advice to take some little care of
what goes into the mouth, but much more of what comes out of it. Bacon,
in his "Advancement of Learning," speaks of "The sun which passeth
through pollutions and itself remains as pure as before," and Milton
adopts the thought but modifies it into this: "Truth is as impossible to
be soiled by any outward touch as the sunbeam." It has been said that
"Ridicule is the test of truth," but one scarcely sees why, and we see
that Carlyle, referring to it in one of his books, says, "We have,
oftener than once, endeavoured to attach some meaning to that aphorism."
Another adage, which we find in France as well as in England, is that
"All truth must not be told at all times." Expediency is a somewhat
doubtful guide, but expediency at its best is good common-sense, and
common-sense admits the truth of this adage. A much more doubtful saying
is that, "That is true which all men say," practically an echo of "Vox
populi, vox Dei," though in the highest and deepest sense a great truth
is involved in it. To assert that the clamour of the mob is necessarily
inspired by the wisdom of Heaven is mere blasphemy; self-interest,
prejudice, passion, are too evidently factors, and what all men are
saying at a certain period may be but a passing emotion built on the
shifting sand. Such a proverb so employed may serve well enough as a
plea for drifting with the stream and shouting with the crowd, but if we
go deeper the proverb is profoundly true. Man, born in the image of God,
marred as that image now is, preserves yet something of the divine, and
far below popular clamour and waves of passion is the seed of truth and
righteousness; and where this throughout humanity blossoms into
detestation of slavery, unjust war, or other outrage against the
conscience of mankind, and the cry goes to Heaven against the iniquity,
the Spirit of God is dwelling in the souls of men, and they become
co-workers with Deity.

Falsehood, like truth, has its attendant proverbs. How true, for
instance, is this, "Subterfuge is the coward's defence," or this,
"Falsehood stings those who meddle with it."

     "O what a tangled web we weave,
      When first we practise to deceive."

Hence the French say, "Il faut qu'un menteur ait bonne mémoire"--"Liars
need to have good memories"; while the Scotch say very happily, "Frost
and fausehood hae baith a dirty wa'-gang." Other adages are: "To conceal
a fault is to add to it another,"[206:A] "The credit that is got by a
lie only lasts till the truth comes out," "Ill doers are ill deemers,"
"No poverty like poverty of spirit," "Better lose good coat than good
conscience," "Half a truth is often a whole falsehood," "He who breaks
his word bids others be false to him." "Almost, and very nigh, saves
many a lie," is a saw that is somewhat difficult to classify; it appears
to be on the side of truth, and yet it seems to suggest a way of coming
nearly to the boundary-line without actually crossing into the domain of
falsehood. In an old book of morals we find the precept, "In relating
anything extraordinary it is better, in case of doubt, to be within
rather than beyond the line of fact"--a somewhat half-hearted precept
this!

"Travellers' tales" have long been under suspicion, and certainly some
of the earlier explorers did expose the credence of their auditors and
readers to a severe strain in some of their narrations. On the other
hand, we must have the grace to admit that later explorers have
verified many statements that were long held impossible. The Persians
say that "Whoso seeth the world telleth many a lie"; while human nature
is so essentially the same all the world over that in the sayings of a
savage tribe in West Africa we meet with this, "He who travels alone
tells lies." The common experience of mankind is unfortunately against
the traveller, and he must sometimes be content to wait, years or
centuries maybe, before his wonderful experiences are fully accepted.

It is a true and far-reaching proverb that "Error, though blind herself,
sometimes brings forth seeing children." Thus from alchemy, with its
_elixir vitæ_ and _aurum potabile_, has sprung the science of chemistry;
and astrology, a farrago of superstitious rubbish, had yet within it the
seed that should afterwards develop into the grandest of all sciences,
astronomy.

"Flattery," Swift tells us, "is the food of fools," and Gray speaks of
"Painted flattery with its serpent train," while Goldsmith dwells on the

     "Flattering painter who made it his care
      To draw men as thy ought to be, not as they are."

The lines in "Julius Cæsar" will also be recalled, where Shakespeare
writes, "But when I tell him he hates flatterers, He says he does, being
then most flattered."[207:A] These various passages sufficiently
indicate that when we tag on flattery to the end of our section on
falsehood, the arrangement is not far wrong. Those only are the
recipients of flattery from whom some benefit may be obtained; hence
"Flatterers haunt not cottages" we are told, with quaint humour. That
such incense is appreciated by its objects rather than plain truths may
be gathered from another quaint old adage, "Flattery sits in the parlour
when plain-dealing is kicked out of doors." Perhaps this is a little the
fault of plain-dealing, its directness being not always tempered with
courtesy. The man who boasts that he always speaks his mind is not
invariably the pleasantest of companions. There must be a happy medium
somewhere between acidulated brutality of frankness and the sugared
seductiveness of flattery.

The virtue of industry and the vice of sloth are factors in life that
have not by any means escaped the notice of the builders-up of our
proverb lore and store. The praise and inculcation of industry may very
happily be seen, for example, in this gleaning: "Every man's task is his
life-preserver," for rust consumes more than use wears. "He who serves
well need not fear to ask his wages"; "Those that trust to their
neighbours may wait for their harvest"; "It is better to do the thing
than to wish it done"; "A wise man makes more opportunities than he
finds"; "He that will eat the kernel must crack the nut"; "Learn to
labour and to wait, but learn to labour first"; "Well begun is half
done";[208:A] "God calls men when they are busy, Satan when they are
idle"; "Work provides easy chairs for old age"; "Time wasted is
existence, used is life"; "Save yourself pains by taking pains"; "Things
don't turn up, they must be turned up"; "If you don't open the door to
the devil he goes away"; "One grain fills not the sack, but it helps";
"Prudence is not satisfied with maybe"; "Nothing venture nothing have";
"It is working that makes a workman"; "Industry is Fortune's right
hand";[209:A] "A willing helper does not wait till asked"; "We must not
spend all the time whetting the scythe"; "Love labour, for if you want
it not for food you may for physic"; "Bustle is not necessarily
industry"; "The deeper the ploughing the heavier the reaping"; "He that
begins many things finishes but few"; "Good beginning makes good
ending." To these one could readily add one hundred more.

It is a true saying that "Every man is the son of his own works," and
another good old saw is that "The burden which one likes is not felt."
The labour is then wonderfully lightened, and those who are fond of
their calling think little of the attendant toil, but perform as a
pleasure what others consider a weariness.

A proverb still in common use is that "Many hands make light work";
while sometimes one can do better work by not working at all, for "The
master's eye will do more than his two hands," the supervision being of
more value than the sharing in the toil.

An interesting old relic and reminder of old times, when the
spinning-wheel was in daily use, is seen in the saying, "I have tow on
my distaff"--in other words, I have work all ready to engage my
attention. Chaucer and other old writers introduce this proverb, but now
the lapse of time, or, rather, the change of customs, has made it
obsolete, a distaff being as utterly out of date as a battle-axe or a
pair of snuffers.

The entirely accepted, and very justifiable, belief that "Satan finds
some mischief still for idle hands to do," is seen in such proverbs as,
"If the devil catch a man idle he will set him to work," and its
parallel, "Our idle days are Satan's busy days." It has been said,
again, that "An idle brain is the Devil's workshop," and that "It is an
ill army where the Devil carries the colours." Chaucer is in full
agreement, and says that "Idlenesse is the gate of all harmes. An idel
is like to a place that hath no walles; theras deviles may enter on
every side," while Bishop Hall declares that "The idle man is the
Devil's cushion, upon which he taketh his free ease."

Amongst the many proverbs that have the dispraise of idleness as their
theme we may quote the following:--"Easy it is to bowl down hill"; "He
is but idle who might be better employed"; "They must starve in frost
who will not toil in heat"; "Idleness is the greatest prodigality";
"Idleness always envies industry"; "Business neglected is business
lost"; "He that maketh his bed ill must be content to lie ill"; "Better
to do a thing than wish it done"; "More die of idleness than of hard
work"; "There is more fatigue in laziness than in labour"; "Shameful
craving must have shameless refusing"; "Fish are not caught in one's
sleep"; "Like a pig's tail, going all day, and nothing done at night";
"Lie not in the mud and cry for Heaven's aid"; "Were wishes horses
beggars would ride"; "One of these days is none of these days"; "Wishing
is of all employments the poorest paid"; "Accusing the times is excusing
ourselves"; "There belongs more than whistling in going to plough."
Life, however brief, is made yet shorter by waste of its opportunities,
and it has been very truly said that "He who will not work until he
feels himself in the proper mood will soon find himself in the proper
mood never to work at all." For years we have had illuminated round our
study walls the stirring words: "Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do
it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor
wisdom in the grave," and they have lightened for us many a burden, and
given an impulse to many an undertaking.

A Spanish proverb says that "She that gazes much spins little"--the
distraction caused by externals being fatal to concentration of thought
on the work. "No mill, no meal," is an old English proverb, signifying
that if the necessary rattle of the machinery and the supervision of it
is an offence one must be content to forego the benefits. "Black will
take no other colour," is to be read as a hint that vicious people are
seldom or never satisfactorily reclaimed. Camden, writing in 1614, tells
a story of "A lusty gallant that had wasted much of his patrimony,
seeing a gentleman in a gowne, not of the newest cut, tolde him that he
had thought it had beene his great-grandfather's gowne. 'It is so,'
saith he, 'and I have also my great-grandfather's lands, and so have not
you.'" We see that Fuller declares "Oil of whip to be the proper
plaister for the cramp of lazinesse"; while Cowper compares the idler to
"A watch that wants both hands, As useless if it goes as if it
stands"--a very happy idea.

One Smart, whom we may without offence class amongst the lesser poets,
wrote an ode on "Idleness," in which he declares that that is the goal,
and work merely its means of attainment. He thus apostrophises his
ideal:

     "For thee, O Idleness, the woes
      Of life we patiently endure;
      Thou art the source whence labour flowes,
      We shun thee but to make thee sure."

The aspirations, the temptations, the duties of youth, form the subject
of divers proverbs. These we may illustrate sufficiently by a judicious
selection from the great mass of material available. How excellent the
advice: "Be true to the best of yourself"; or this, "Rather set than
follow example"; or yet, again, this, "Take care to be what thou wouldst
seem to be." How good the teaching: "Liberty is not the freedom to do as
we like, but as we ought"; that "Golden age never was present age"; that
"Trinkets are no true treasure"; and that "In seeking happiness we may
overlook content"--the first may perhaps be ours, but the second should
always be obtainable.

The very familiar adage, "As the twig is bent so is the tree inclined,"
remains as true as ever; therefore "Guard well thy thoughts, for
thoughts are heard in Heaven."[212:A] Another writer very aptly declares
that "It is better to hammer and forge one's character than to dream
oneself into one"; while the old adage, "Keep good company and be one of
the number," is excellent advice, pithily put.

Tusser, some three hundred or more years ago, declared that

     "The greatest preferments that childe we can giue,
      Is learning and nurture, to traine him to liue."

It has been well said that "Ignorance is a voluntary misfortune," and
that "If the brain sows not corn it plants thistles." Were a farmer to
leave a field a year untilled, not only would the corn supply that it
might have yielded be lost, but the ground would produce in abundance
useless weeds that would scatter their seed on the wind over the whole
country-side; neither brain nor cornfield will remain neutral and
dormant; a crop of something or other is inevitable. "If a man empties
his purse," says the proverb, "into his head no man can take it from
him;" and other good adages are: "Not the studies, but the study, makes
the scholar"; "Inquirers who are always inquiring never learn anything";
"It is less painful to learn in youth than to be ignorant in age"; while
the doctrine of plain living and high thinking was admirably
foreshadowed in this: "Cater frugally for the body, but feed the mind
sumptuously"--an altogether excellent precept, and we must remember
that, when all is done, the best and most important part of a man's
education is that which he gives himself, and which fits him in this
great workshop of the world to use his tools to the best advantage, and
contribute something of value to the general store.

It is a wise counsel to "Read not books alone but men, and chiefly to be
careful to read oneself"--to take stock of oneself from time to time;
that youth should remember what seems too difficult then to realise,
that a day will come when youth has fled, when the demands of life will
continue, and the power to meet them will have weakened. Such proverbs
as these should be pondered over: "Reckless youth makes rueful age"; "If
youth knew what age would crave, it would both get and save"; "A young
man negligent, an old man necessitous." The same truth is put as
clearly, but not so lugubriously, in the quainter saying: "He that
saveth his dinner will have the more for his supper"--he that spares,
that is, when he is young may the better spend when he is old. We have
this, again, in a slightly varied and more intense form in the French,
"He sups ill who eats all at dinner."

When the youth goes forth into the world his knowledge of the trials
and temptations of life is small, while his faith in himself is great,
and he sadly needs, far more than he knows, guidance, human and divine.
What of counsel and of warning will our proverbs yield here?

The following precepts answer this weighty question, and all are rich in
wisdom and guidance:--"No one is mighty but he that conquers himself";
"As we sow the habit so we reap the character"; "Let others' shipwrecks
be your beacons"; "Careless watch invites vigilant foe"; "Every day is a
leaf in our history"; "We live in the body, not as the servant but as
the master"; "One vice is more expensive than many virtues"; "Consider
not pleasures as they come, but as they go"; "Wade not where you see no
bottom"; "The path of virtue is the path of peace"; "Clean glove may
hide soiled hand"; "Satan promises the best and pays the worst"; "Those
that would be kept from harm must keep out of harm's way"; "One bad
example spoils many good precepts"; "The day has eyes, the night has
ears"; "He who makes light of small faults will fall into great ones";
"He that cometh into needless danger dies the Devil's martyr." Each of
these will amply repay quiet pondering over.

We give two verses of a very striking poem from a manuscript of the
fifteenth century. It is entitled, "Man his own Woe," and is fifteen
verses long:

     "I made covienaunte trewe to be
      When I fiyrste crystened was,
      I wente to the worlde, and turned fro Thee,
      And folowede the fend and his trace.
      Fro wrathe and enuye wolde I not passe,
      With covetyse I was bawte also,
      My flesh hadde his wyll, alas,
      I wyte myselfe myne owene woo.

     "Ryche manne a thefe ys another,
      That of covetyse woll not slake,
      What he with wronge begyle his brother,
      In blysse ful sone shall he forsake.
      Byfore God for thefte hit ys take,
      All that wyth wronge he wynneth so;
      But he the radure amends make
      He shall wyte hymeself hys owen wo."

We have seen that rhymes are commonly used as a means of impressing
proverbs on the memory. The four couplets--one from Gower's "Confessio
Amantis"; one from Burns, from his "Tam O'Shanter"; one from "An Honest
Man's Fortune," written by John Fletcher three hundred years ago; and
the fourth from "The Lady's Dream" of Hood--that we now quote are
equally worth remembrance:

     "Lo now, my son, what it is,
      A man to caste his eyes amis."

     "Pleasures are like poppies spread,
      You seize the flower, its bloom is shed."

     "Our acts are angels, for good or ill,
      Our fatal shadows that walk by us still."

     "Evil is wrought by want of thought,
      As well as want of heart."

Other good proverbs for those at the commencement of life, are: that "A
man is valued as he makes himself valuable"; "Crises form not character,
but reveal it"; "He that finds it easy to repent will not find it hard
to sin"; "Wine neither keeps secrets nor carries out promises"; "Bacchus
has drowned more than Neptune"; and, happy truth, "Every slip is not a
fall." It must be remembered that, while a man may have enough of the
world to drag him down, he will never have enough to satisfy him--peace
and satisfaction being found in a quite other direction than what by a
strange misnomer is called "life." "A sound conscience is a triple fence
of steel," so "Better keep evil out than turn it out." "Character is
property," and "A good conscience makes an easy couch"; "Complaining is
a contempt upon oneself"; "Thanksgiving is good, thanks-living is
better."

Friends, true and false, have made their mark on our proverb store, and
counsels of encouragement and of warning are abundantly at our service.
How to recognise the true friend, how to detect the counterfeit article,
is invaluable knowledge, and if we could only at all times be as wise as
our rich mass of proverb-lore would fain have us to be, we should in
matters of friendship, and in most other things, make a very prosperous
voyage on the sea of life. One seems to detect several grades or
qualities of friendship in these adages. There is that, for instance,
which is unfailing, which in sickness and health, poverty or wealth, is
always true and real; then at the other end of the scale a sham article
that soon has all the gilt rubbed off; and then in between these a less
obvious failure, which has many of the marks of the real thing, and
which will stand by one bravely when all is going smoothly, but which
must not be put to any severe strain or it may snap. Then, again, we
detect another variety of the article, who appears to be merely some one
to be worked on, as, for example, "He is my friend that grindeth at my
mill"--who comes to our help in our necessity, lends us money, tools,
and so forth, and of whom we presently tire because he loses his
yielding properties, or who presently tires of us and our multitudinous
wants. Then there is the candid friend, who is theoretically such a
helpmate, but who in practice grows unbearable. This by no means
exhausts the types one meets with, and we soon find that "friend" is a
noun of multitude and stands for many things, from pure gold down to
the veriest brass or pinchbeck.

The touchy people who are easily offended are not the people to make
friends, or to keep them long if they do make them. "Who would be loved
must love," or, with a slightly different shade of meaning, "That you
may be loved, forget not to be lovable." To love and to be lovable are
both essential if you would be loved. "A man is little the better for
liking himself if no one else like him," since self-sufficiency means
selfishness, and love does not prosper on that. A very good hint against
selfishness is found in the Spanish, "Who eats his dinner alone must
saddle his horse alone," for no one will go out of their way to help
curmudgeons. It is an excellent maxim, too, that "He who receives a good
turn should never forget it; he who does one should never remember it."

All have not the tact of him whose praises Moore sings:

     "Whose wit in the combat as gentle as bright
      Ne'er carried a heart-stain away on its blade."

An old adage says, "Leave jesting ere it ceaseth to please"; while
another warns us that "A joke never gains over an enemy, but often loses
a friend."[217:A] Some folk have a bantering manner that is disastrous,
and if not held sternly in check will presently turn a warm-hearted
friendship into indifference and repulsion.

The part of the candid friend is a very difficult one; nothing short of
transparent honesty and abounding sympathy will make it possible. "Few
there are," says the adage, "that will endure a true friend"; while
another runs, "I will be thy friend, but not thy vice's friend," but we
should imagine that the recipient would scarcely take kindly to such a
remark. "Better a little chiding than a great deal of heart-break," but
few can bear it. On the other hand, "Toleration should spring from our
charity, and not from our indifference." "Reproach is usually
honest--the same cannot always be said of praise"; but the happiest
proverb is, "Charity is greater than all." Those who live their lives in
the light of that will need no lessons in the art of friendship, but
will be already in the midst of friends, and themselves of that happy
company.

Some people's notion of acquaintance seems to be what they can get out
of it, and though they talk freely of "my friend," such folk have little
notion of friendship. The following proverbs, though not exclusively
theirs, point to this state of mind: "A friend in need is a friend
indeed," "Short reckonings make long friends," "The begging of a
courtesy is selling of liberty," "He is not charitable that will not be
so privately," "Lenders have better memories than borrowers," "He is my
friend that succoureth me, not he that pitieth me," "Promises may get
friends, but performance keeps them," "He that gives his heart will not
deny his money," "He loseth his thanks who promiseth and delayeth."
Chaucer, in the "Romant of the Rose," writes:

                 "Soth to saie
     Of him that loueth trew and well
     Frendship is more than is cattell,
     For frend in Court aie better is
     Then penny in purse certis";

while one of our old proverbs declares, "As a man is friended, so the
law is ended." This seems to imply that in the case of the man who has
friends on the bench Justice will be a little blinder than usual, but it
is evident that an unknown and friendless culprit must necessarily start
under a disadvantage.

The following proverbs we see we have classed in our rough notes as
pertaining to "friends you have not proved,"[219:A] and this
classification may very well stand. It includes such sayings as "Friends
got without desert will be lost without cause," "A friend is never known
till one have need," "Before you make a friend eat a bushel of salt with
him." Heywood seems to have got very near to the root of the matter in
these lines of his:

     "Many kinsfolke and few friends, some folke say:
      But I find many kinsfolke and friend not one.
      Folke say it hath been sayd many yeares since gone
      Prove thy friend ere thou hast neede: but in deede
      A friend is never knone till a man have neede.
      Before I had neede my most present foes
      Seemed my best friends, but thus the world goes."

The experience, we suppose, of all men, if ever this testing time really
comes, is a twofold surprise--how entirely some they had trusted failed
them, and how splendidly others came out of whom it was not expected.

Seneca declares that "Our happiness depends upon the choice of our
company," and we may, we suppose, take it that we all of us get about
such friends as we deserve. "Our friends are the mirror in which we see
ourselves." Other excellent adages pertaining to friendship are these:
"Be slow in choosing a friend, slower yet in changing";[219:B]
"Friendship multiplies joy and divides grief"; "Wherever you see your
friend trust yourself"; "The way to have a friend is to be one";
"Hearts may agree though heads differ"; "Wise and good men are friends,
others are but companions"; "Search thy friend for his virtues, thyself
for thy faults"; "Love sought is good, but given unsought is better";
"God divideth man into men, that so they may help each other"; "A man is
valued as he makes himself valuable." The Spaniards declare that "Eggs
of an hour, bread of a day, wine of a year, a friend of thirty years,
are best."

     "The friends thou hast, and their adoption tried,
      Grapple them to thy soul with hooks of steel";

and in another passage Shakespeare writes of kindly

     "Words of so sweet breath compounded,
      As made the things more rich";

and it certainly appears to us that if we had reached the lowest depth
of destitution we would yet rather have the gracious inability to help
that some would express to us than the brusque brutality of some donors.
When one would seek fine thoughts admirably presented one naturally
turns in the first place to Shakespeare, but Chaucer makes an excellent
second. How charming this line from "The Clerke's Tale," "He is gentil
that doeth gentil dedis," and this passage again from the "Romant of the
Rose":

     "Loue of frendshippe also there is,
      Which maketh no man dou amis,
      Of wil knitte betwixt two,
      That wol not breke for wele ne wo."

Tusser, in his quaint directness, says in his "Five Hundred Points of
Good Husbandrie":

     "The quiet friend all one in worde and dede
      Great comfort is, like ready golde at nede
      With bralling fooles that wrall for euerie wrong
      Firme friendship neuer can continue long.
      Oft times a friend is got with easie cost,
      Which vsed euill is oft as quickly lost.
      Hast thou a friend, as heart may wish at will?
      Then vse him so to haue his friendship still.
      Wouldst haue a friend, wouldst knowe what friend is best?
      Haue God thy friend, who passeth all the rest."

The following sayings of warning and experience have their valuable
lessons:--"Trust not new friend nor old enemy"; "Though the sore may be
healed yet the scar may remain";[221:A] "Small wounds, if many, may be
mortal"; "Vexation is rather taken than given"; "At the gate which
suspicion enters friendship departs"; "False friends are worse than open
enemies"; "He that ceased to be a friend never was a good one"; "An
unbidden guest knoweth not where to sit"; "All are not friends that
speak us fair"; "Every one's friend, no one's"; "A friend that you buy
will be bought from you."

An old saw bluntly says, "To make an enemy lend money, and ask for it
again"; and it is certainly an excellent rule to have as little to do
with money matters as one can help with one's friends and relatives. To
appeal for help and to be refused, to lend and to see very little chance
of repayal, to receive and to be under a heavy sense of obligation, are
all destructive of frank and hearty friendship. Chaucer declares that

     "His herte is hard that woll not weke
      When men of meeknesse him beseeke."

An excellent man, most kindly in all his dealings, told us that he never
lent money. The borrower is ordinarily in such straits that he has
little chance of ever repaying. If he never intends to pay he is a
knave,[222:A] and if he has more honourable thought he is crushed by
the burden of the debt. Anyone who came to our excellent friend with a
true and touching story was sympathetically received, and his request
for the temporary loan of twenty pounds promptly declined! As an
alternative he was offered a somewhat smaller sum, the half or, mayhap,
the quarter of this, as a free gift, which he never failed to accept
joyfully. In one of the Harleian manuscripts, dating from the reign of
Edward IV., the writer's experience is a very common one, and his
decision sound:

     "I wold lend but I ne dare,
      I have lent and I will beware
      When I lant I had a frynd,
      When I hym asked he was unkynd.
      Thus of my frynd I made my foo,
      Therefore darre I lend no moo."

The writer was evidently a kindly man, desiring to do the best he could,
and he touchingly appeals to us not to judge him harshly:

     "I pray yo of your gentilnesse
      Report for no unkyndnesse."

Some one has very wisely remarked that many of the disappointments of
life arise from our mistaking acquaintances for friends, and then when
some little testing incident arises they break under the strain.
"Prosperity makes friends, adversity proves them." One sarcastic adage
hath it that "Friends are like fiddle-strings: they must not be screwed
too tight"; but the Scotch say, and justly, that "He that's no my friend
at a pinch is no my friend ava." Some centuries ago, human nature being
then evidently very similar to what it is to-day, a wise man wrote: "If
thou wouldst get a friend, prove him first, and be not hasty to credit
him. For some man is a friend for his own occasion, and will not abide
in the day of thy trouble; and there is a friend who, being turned to
enmity and strife, will discover thy reproach; again, some friend is a
companion at the table, and will not continue in the day of thy
affliction."

In Chaucer's "Romaunt of the Rose," we find the poet using the
expression, "Farewel fieldfare," a valediction on summer friends that,
like the wild and migratory fieldfare, take to themselves wings and
depart. An old rhyming adage declares that "In time of prosperity
friends will be plenty, in time of adversity not one in twenty"; or, to
quote Tusser:

     "Where welthines floweth, no friendship can lack,
      Whom pouertie pincheth, hath friendship as slack";

while Goldsmith, it will be remembered, bitterly sums all up in,

     "What is friendship but a name,
      A charm that lulls to sleep,
      A shade that follows wealth and fame,
      But leaves the wretch to weep."

Another adage declares that "Compliments cost nothing but may be dearly
bought," while another candidly warns, "I cannot be your friend and your
flatterer too." The flatterer has ordinarily "an axe to grind,"

     "His fetch is to flatter, to get what he can,
      His purpose once gotten, a fig for thee then."

In the "Rambler" No. 155, Johnson sapiently remarks, "Flattery, if its
operations be nearly examined, will be found to owe its acceptance, not
to our ignorance, but to our knowledge of our failures, and to delight
us rather as it consoles our wants than displays our possessions."
Swift asserts that

     "'Tis an old maxim in the schools,
      That flattery's the food of fools,
      Yet now and then your men of wit
      Will condescend to take a bit."

Bacon tells us, however, that "There is no such flatterer as is a man's
selfe, and there is no such remedie against flatterie of a man's selfe
as the libertie of a friend." It has been said that "A friend's frown is
worth more than a fool's smile," but a cynical writer has affirmed, with
some little truth, that "Most of our misfortunes are more supportable
than the comments of our friends upon them," and it was long since
discovered that "Whoso casteth a stone at the birds frayeth them away,
and he that upbraideth his friend breaketh friendship." The duty of
remonstrance is one of the most difficult that the friend can undertake,
and "Save, save, O save me from the candid friend!" is the cry of
Canning in "The New Morality," a cry that many have been inclined to
echo.

Our ancestors, with blunt directness, asserted that "Fish and guests
stink in three days," while the Arabs have the picturesque proverb, "A
thousand raps, but no welcome"--a pertinacious hammering at the closed
door but no response from within; a fruitless endeavour to thrust an
intimacy on those who do not desire it.

We have seen that the friend lost is never really recovered and may
become very readily an implacable enemy. Shakespeare warns us to "Trust
not him that hath once broken faith," and we most of us know by
experience how true are the lines of Dryden:

     "Forgiveness to the injured doth belong,
      But they ne'er pardon who have done the wrong."

The ancient Romans had a proverb that the French have adopted in the
words, "Jeter de l'huile sur le feu." We have no identical English
proverb, but its meaning is clearly a reference to those evil spirits
who foment a quarrel, add fuel to the fire, irritate rather than soothe,
and who have no part or lot in the blessing promised to the
peace-makers.

The following adages are here worthy of our consideration:--"He that
does you an ill turn will not forgive you"; "Pardon others often,
thyself seldom"; "We are bound to forgive an enemy, but we are not bound
to trust him";[225:A] "Better ride alone than have a bad man's company";
"Haste is the beginning of wrath, and its end repentance"; "It is wiser
to prevent a quarrel than to revenge it"; "If thou wouldst be borne
with, bear with others." To these we may add the oft-used saw, "The
absent are always wrong," without at all endorsing its truth. The absent
are often quite as right as the other people, and are merely unable
through absence to protect themselves from defamation.

Poverty and riches naturally find a place in proverb-lore. "Poverty,"
says an old author, "is no crime, and it is no credit"; but the truth
is, it is impossible to generalise quite so dogmatically as this--for
poverty may be a crime when a lazy ne'er-do-well allows his wife and
children to come to rags, and, on the other hand, it may be a credit
when a man has done his best and foresworn all the dirty little tricks
that have enriched his trade rivals. It is sometimes too readily and
sentimentally assumed that poverty is itself a benediction; hence such
sayings as "The poor are God's receivers and the angels are His
auditors," but the real state of the case is excellently well put in the
proverb, "There are God's poor, and the devil's poor."

     "Honour and shame from no condition rise;
      Act well your part, there all the honour lies."

Everywhere in life, some one has admirably said, the true question is
not what we gain, but rather what we do. "Poverty need not be shame, but
being ashamed of it is," poverty of spirit being a more distressing
state of things than emptiness of pocket.

Let us turn to the wisdom of those who have gone before us, and see what
teaching for our edification we may find. "Nothing is to be got without
pains except poverty"; "Dependence is a poor trade to follow";
"Opportunities do not generally wait"; "Enough is a plenty, too much is
pride"; "The groat is ill-saved which shames its master"; "Providence
provides for the provident"; "To bear is to conquer"; "Poverty craves
much, but avarice more"; "Gain ill-gotten is loss"; "Poverty is the
mother of all arts"; "Content is the true philosopher's stone"; "If
honesty cannot, knavery must not"; "Poor and content is rich";
"Flatterers haunt not cottages"; "Thrive honestly, or remain poor."

In a manuscript of the fifteenth century we found the following
excellent precepts amongst many others, the whole being much too long to
quote:

     "If thou be visite with pouerte
      Take it not to hevyle
      For he that sende the adversite
      May turn the agen to wele.
      Purpose thy selfe in charite
      Demene thy worschip in honeste
      Let not nygardschip haue the maystre
      For schame that may befalle
      Faver not meche thy ryeches,
      Set not lytel by worthynes
      Kepe thyn hert from dowblenes
      For any manner thyng."

Another budget of excellent precepts will commend itself to the
thoughtful reader in the following:--"He who buys what he does not want
will want what he cannot buy"; "Winter finds out what summer has laid
up"; "Sleeping master makes servant lazy"; "Thrush paid for is better
than turkey owed for"; "Better small fish than empty dish"; "He that
borrows binds himself with his neighbour's rope"; "A man must plough
with such oxen as he hath"; "He goes like a top, no longer than he is
whipped"; "Better half a loaf than no bread"; "Better do it than wish it
done"; "He that goes borrowing goes sorrowing"; "Better say here it is,
than here it was"; "If you light the fire at both ends the middle will
take care of itself."

Some three hundred years ago an old writer thought out what he called
"the ladder to thrift," and these were some of his hints:

     "To take thy calling thankfully
      And shun the path to beggary.

      To grudge in youth no drudgery,
      To come by knowledge perfectly.

      To plow profit earnestlie,
      But meddle not with pilferie.

      To hold that thine is lawfullie
      For stoutness or for flatterie.

      To suffer none live idlelie
      For feare of idle knaverie.

      To answere stranger ciuilie,
      But show him not thy secresie.

      To vse no friend deceitfully,
      To offer no man villeny.

      To learne how foe to pacifie,
      But trust him not too trustilie.

      To meddle not with vsurie
      Nor lend thy monie foolishlie.

      To loue thy neighbor neighborly
      And shew him no discurtesy.

      To learne to eschew ill company
      And such as liue dishonestlie."

Though quaintly put--and their quaintness is accentuated by spelling
such as would not at all pass muster in these iron-bound days of
examinations for high and low, rich and poor--these halting couplets
contain a full modicum of excellent common-sense.

It is not really the man whose possessions are few who is poor as he
whose desires are great, and it has been well said that if we help some
one who is worse off than ourselves we soon realise that we are more
affluent than we thought. The helping to bear another's burden does not
add to our own, but lightens it.

The French say, "Vent au visage rend un homme sage," a proverb fairly
paralleled in an English adage, "Adversity makes a man wise, not rich."
A quaint and serviceable proverb, quoted by Ray and others, though it
has now passed quite out of use, is the assertion that "A bad bush is
better than the open field," whether in sultry sunshine, piercing gale,
or heavy downpour. It is better to have some friends, even though they
can do little or nothing for us, than to be thrown quite destitute on a
pitiless world; and it is wiser to make the best of what is than to
scorn the small amount of help that it is able to give.

Wealth has its store of proverb-wisdom even in more abundance than
poverty has, and it is only reasonable that this should be so, for it
is a position of great responsibility, and its proper use requires all
the wisdom that a man possesses, and sometimes, as we see, more than he
possesses. Let us turn, then, to the precepts of the past and see what
of value we can find in them for the present and the future. The
following are a few of these:--"If a good man thrive, all will thrive
with him";[229:A] "Riches rather enlarge than satisfy appetite";
"Possess your money, but do not let it possess you"; "Reputation is
often measured by the acre"; "Great spenders are bad lenders";
"Liberality is not giving largely, but giving wisely"; "One may buy gold
too dearly"; "He gives but little who gives only from a sense of duty";
"No estate can make him rich that hath a poor heart"; "Lavishness is not
generosity"; "Great receipt renders us liable to great account"; "Wealth
is not his that gets it, but his that enjoys it";[229:B] "Worth has been
under-rated ever since wealth was over-rated"; "Covetous people always
think themselves in want"; "He is alone rich who has contentment"; "God
reaches us good things by our own hands"; "Slow help is very little help
at all"; "Bounty is more commended than imitated";[229:C] "Spare well
that you may spend well"; "The liberal hand gathers."[230:A] It has
been said that "Some men give of their means and others of their
meanness," and the statement has copious experience either way to fully
justify it.

Plutarch declared "E tribus optimis rebus tres pessimæ oriuntur,"--that
from three things excellent three very bad things were produced; truth
begetting hatred, familiarity contempt, and success envy. Another old
Roman saying is, "An dives sit, omnes quærunt, nemo an bonus"--all want
to know if a man be rich, but no one troubles to inquire if he be good;
yet "Great possession is not necessarily great enjoyment," and the
moralist warns us--

     "Put not in this world too much trust,
      The riches whereof will turne to dust."[230:B]

"As a means of grace prosperity has never been much of a success." The
Spaniards say, "Honor y provecho no capen en un saco": "Honour and
profit cannot be contained in the same bag," rather too sweeping a
statement. Another Spanish adage is, "El que trabaja y madra, hila oro":
"He who labours and strives spins gold," reaps the reward of his
industry. The French say, in praise of the thriftiness that is so
characteristic of them, that "Le petit gain remplit la bourse": "Light
gains make a full purse." Those who sell dearly sell little, and the
small margin of profit oft repeated is the more advantageous. The
Spanish proverb affirms that "He who would be rich in a year gets hanged
in half a year," the pace being too great for honesty to keep up with.
Another maxim of thrift is that "If you make not much of threepence you
will never be worth a groat." The moral atmosphere, however, is getting
a little stifling, and we are reminded of the lines of Gower on the
over-frugal man:

     "For he was grutchende euermore,
      There was wyth hym none other fare
      But for to pinche and for to spare
      Of worldes mucke to gette encres."

Let us "Take care of the pence that the pounds may take care of
themselves,"[231:A] but having got the pounds let us remember that
"Judicious saving affords the means of judicious giving," and that "The
best way to expand the chest is to have a large heart in it." "Money is
a good servant but an ill master," and "He is not fit for riches who is
afraid to use them"; "To a good spender God is treasurer."

Woman's influence on mankind is the subject of many proverbs, some of
them kindly enough in tone, but the greater number of them characterised
by satire and bitter feeling. As a sample of the first method of
treating the subject may be instanced the testimony borne by this old
rhyming adage: "Two things do prolong thy life--a quiet heart and a
loving wife." It has been truly said that "A man's best fortune, or his
worst, is a wife," and another excellent saying is this: "Men make
houses--women make homes."[231:B]

Another wise old saw tells us that a man should "Choose a wife rather
by ear than eye," judging her, not by personal charms, that are at best
evanescent,[232:A] but by the kindliness of her nature and by the
testimony of her worth that others declare. "Beauty," we are warned, "is
but skin-deep," a truth that the old moralists and painters sometimes
made more of with their paraphernalia of skulls and other symbols of
mortality than was altogether seemly. St Chrysostom writes: "When thou
seest a fair and beautiful person, a comely woman, having bright eyes
and merry countenance, a pleasant grace, bethink with thyself that it is
but earth that thou seest."[232:B]

Another piece of sound proverbial teaching is this: "Choose your wife on
a Saturday, not Sunday," that is to say, be drawn to her rather by what
you see of her industry and power of management than be merely
fascinated by a triumph of the milliner's art; choose her rather when
her sweetness of temper carries her smoothly through turmoil and worry
than when the Sunday rest gives no test of her power to stand this
strain. Saturday manners may be very different to Sunday manners.

     "Good husewife good fame hath of best in the towne,
      Ill husewife ill name hath of euerie clowne."

Amongst popular proverbs we find the cautious--"Marry in haste and
repent at leisure,"[233:A] and "Love and lordship like not fellowship,"
and the advice--"Marry for love, but only love that which is lovely." It
is very gracefully true, too, that "When the good-man's from home the
good-wife's table is soon spread," while there is quaint sarcasm in
this: "Next to no wife a good wife is best";[233:B] and the value of
influence is brought before us in the adage, "A good Jack makes a good
Jill."

In Torrington churchyard we find the following high testimony to a
wife:--

     "She was--my words are wanting to say what--
      Think what a woman should be--she was that";

while in Chaucer's "Shipmanne's Tale" we find the following quaint
appeal:--

     "For which, my dere wife, I thee beseke,
      As be to every wight buxom and meke,
      And for to kepe our good be curious,
      And honestly governe wel our hous."

The following Italian proverb is a very happy one, and accords entirely
with general experience:--"La donna savia è all' impensata, alla pensata
è matta": "Women are wise offhand and fools on reflection"; while the
advice of the Spaniard, though ungracious enough in its utterance, is
valuable--"El consejo de la muger es poco, y quieu no le toma es loco":
"A woman's counsel is no great thing, but he who does not take it is a
fool." An old English proverb goes so far as to declare that "A man must
ask his wife's leave to thrive," and there is not a little wisdom in the
counsel. A very ungracious proverb, indeed, is the German--"Es giebt nur
zwei gute Weiber auf der Welt: die Eine ist gestorben, die Andere nicht
zu finden": "There are only two good women in the world; one of them is
dead, and the other is not to be found."

Some would tell us that marriages are made in heaven,[234:A] but a
sapient saw reminds us that "There is no marriage in heaven, neither is
there always heaven in marriage."

Gossip, and the mischief-making that may too often accrue from imprudent
loquacity, have at all times been so commonly attributed to the fair sex
that we naturally find many such proverbs as these: "Silence is not the
greatest vice of a woman"; "A woman conceals what she does not know";
"He that tells his wife news is but newly married." The words of Hotspur
will be recalled:

                 "Constant you are,
     But yet a woman, and for secrecy
     No lady closer; for I well believe
     Thou wilt not utter what thou dost not know."

The writer of Ecclesiasticus declares that "As the climbing up a sandy
way is to the feet of the aged, so is a wife full of words to a quiet
man"; while in a MS. of the time of Henry V. we find the following
quaint statement:--

     "Two wymen in one howse,
      Two cattes and one mowse,
      Two dogges and one bone
      Maye never accorde in one."

Udall writes that "As the kynde of women is naturally geuen to the vyce
of muche bablynge there is nothyng wherein theyr womanlynesse is more
honestlie garnyshed than with sylence"; but a Welsh proverb declares
that "A woman's strength is in her tongue,"[235:A] and we can scarcely
be surprised that she is at times reluctant to forego the use of this
weapon.

The Spaniards sarcastically assert that "He who is tired of a quiet life
gets him a wife"; and Solomon, we recall, declares that "It is better to
dwell in a corner of the house-top than with a brawling woman"; while
another proverb bitterly, but truly, declares that "He fasts enough
whose wife scolds all dinner-time"; and yet another hath it that "He
that can abide a curst wife need not fear any"; so that an old writer
breaks out:

     "Why then I see to take a shrew
      (As seldome other there be few)
        Is not the way to thriue:
      So hard a thing I spie it is,
      The good to chuse, the shrew to mis,
        That feareth me to wiue."

This bitter feeling against womankind is seen not only in our proverbs,
but very largely also in epitaphs, as for example:

     "Here lies my wife, a sad slattern and shrew,
      If I said I respected her I should lie too."

     "Here lies my wife, and, Heaven knows,
      Not less for mine than her repose."

     "Here lies my poor wife, much lamented;
      She is happy, and I am contented."

     "Here rests my spouse; no pair through life
        So equal lived as we did;
      Alike we shared perpetual strife,
        Nor knew I rest till she did."

     "Here lies my poor wife,
        Without bed or blanket;
      But dead as a door nail:
        God be thanked."

At Prittlewell Church a man buried his two wives in one grave, and then
placed over their remains this callous rigmarole:

     "Were it my choice that either of the twaine
      Might be restor'd to me to enjoy again,
          Which should I choose?
      Well, since I know not whether,
      I'll mourn for the loss of both,
          But wish for neither."[236:A]

On the tomb of a man at Bilston we get the other side, as the widow
selected as a text the words: "If any man ask you, why do you loose him,
then shall ye say unto him, because the Lord hath need of him." Those
who recall the occasion on which these words were first used will see
that her husband was, by implication, an ass.

Mere loquacity is satirised in the two following:--

     "Here lies, returned to Clay,
        Miss Arabella Young,
      Who, on the first of May,
        Began to hold her tongue."

     "Beneath this silent stone is laid
      A noisy, antiquated maid,
      Who from her cradle talked till death,
      And ne'er before was out of breath."

Other proverbs that deal with womankind are the following:--"He that has
a wife has strife"; "Of all tame beasts sluts are the worst"; "If a
woman were as little as good, a peascod would make her a gown and a
hood"; "He that loses his wife and a farthing hath great loss of the
farthing"; "Every man can tame a shrew but he that hath her"; "Lips,
however rosy, must be fed"; "Women, wind, and fortune soon change." The
feminine readiness to take refuge in tears is responsible for the
following cynical adage:--"It is no more sin to see a woman weep than to
see a goose go barefoot."[237:A] Another well-known proverb is that "No
mischief in the world is done, but a woman is always one"; while the
French say, if any inexplicable trouble breaks out, "Cherchez la
femme"--in the assured belief that a woman is in some way or another at
the bottom of it. Lamartine, on the other hand, declares that "There is
a woman at the beginning of all great things." There is considerable
truth in both statements, antagonistic as they are.

In the household where the unfortunate husband has allowed the control
to slip into the hands of his wife, "The grey mare is the better
horse." The French call this "Le marriage d'epervier"--a hawk's wedding,
because the female hawk is the bigger bird. In "A Treatyse Shewing and
Declaring the Pryde and Abuse of Women Now a Days," c. 1550, we find:

     "What! shall the graye mayre be the better horse,
        And be wanton styll at home?
      Naye, then, welcome home, Syr Woodcocke,
        Ye shall be tamed anone."

Heywood, writing in the year 1546, has the couplet:

     "She is, quoth he, bent to force you perforce,
      To know that the grey mare is the better horse,"

and in many of the old plays the saying crops up:

     "Ill thrives that hapless family that shows
      A cock that's silent and a hen that crows;
      I know not which live more unnatural lives,
      Obeying husbands, or commanding wives."

"The whistling maid" and "the crowing hen" are alike held objectionable,
these masculine performances being considered entirely out of place and
of bad omen.

The perils of matrimony would, according to the proverb-mongers, appear
to be so great that we can scarcely wonder at the counsel:

     "If that a batchelor thou bee
      Keepe the same style, be ruled by mee,
      Lest that repentance all too late
      Rewarde thee withe a broken pate.
      Iff thou be yonge then marye not yett,
      Iff thou be olde thou hast more wytt:
      For yonge men's wyves wyll not be taught,
      And olde men's wyves bee good for nought."

The home-life has goodly store of proverbial wisdom associated with it.
The French say: "Chaque oiseau trouve son nid bien," and the Italians,
"Ad ogni uccello il suo nido é bello," while the Englishman says, "East,
west, home is best."[239:A] Monckton Milnes very truly says, "A man's
best things are nearest him, lie close about his feet"; and a charming
old saying is this, that "Small cheer, with great welcome, make a big
feast." Proverbs, it must be confessed, are ordinarily very worldly
wise, and much more frequently see the worse than the better side of
things, and most of the adages about the home are very materialistic in
tone; the sweet sentiment that is associated with the idea must be
sought elsewhere. "The suit is best that fits me best," says an English
adage, and the comfort of content is seen again in the Scottish
saying--"Better a little fire that warms than mickle that burns."
Socrates, passing through the markets, cried: "How much is here I do not
want." "He who wants content," says an old proverb, "cannot find an easy
chair."

Prudential maxims are very numerous; thus, we are warned that "Wilful
waste makes woful want," that "Silks and satins put out the kitchen
fire," and that "If you pay not a servant his wages he will pay
himself;" while caution in another direction is advised in the saying,
"The child says in the street what he heard at the fireside," and in
this: "One bad example spoils many good precepts." The Germans say that
"It is easier to build two hearths than to keep a fire in one," while
the Portuguese advocate a judicious blending of prudence with sentiment
in the adage: "Marry, marry, but what about the housekeeping?"--a by no
means unimportant consideration. Love in a cottage will fare the better
if the larder be not too bare.

The writer of Ecclesiasticus describes very happily the plight of the
unwelcome guest--the man or woman who, as we say in English, is sitting
all the while on thorns. "Better is the life of a poor man in a mean
cottage than delicate fare in another man's house. For it is a miserable
life to go from house to house, for where thou art a stranger thou
darest not open thy mouth. Give place, thou stranger, to an honourable
man; my brother cometh to be lodged, and I have need of mine house"--a
sufficiently humiliating dismissal. It has, we presume, been the lot of
most people to find themselves the objects of a special and not quite
disinterested friendship; to feel that one is being used, and one's
kindness abused. Such people in the end defeat their own object, since
one soon learns to avoid the risk of an invitation for a week when we
remember that the last acceptance of such an invitation meant a two
months' sojourn, and the upsetting of all our plans. Proverbs relating
to this state of things will be seen in "An unbidden guest knows not
where to sit"; "Who depends on another's table may often dine late"; and
the advice to "Scald not your lips with another's porridge"--all
warnings of excellent value and weight.

Our readers will long ere this have discovered that the book of
Ecclesiasticus is ever at our elbow when we would find words of wisdom,
and we turn to it now afresh in our search for caution as to the
tale-bearer and the breaker of confidences. "Love thy friend and be
faithful unto him; but if thou bewrayest his secrets follow no more
after him. For as a man hath destroyed his enemy, so hast thou lost the
love of thy neighbour. As one that letteth a bird go out of his hand, so
hast thou let thy neighbour go, and shall not get him again." And
elsewhere, in the same treasury of wisdom, we read: "Whoso discovereth
secrets loseth his credit, and shall never find friend to his need." In
the Book of Proverbs[241:A] we find: "He that repeateth a matter
separateth very friends"--loss of faith implying loss of friend.

Chaucer, it will be remembered, says that "Three may keep a counsel if
twain be away." Another old writer tells us that "Curiosity is a kernel
of the forbidden fruit, which still sticketh in the heart of the natural
man," and this is seen almost at its worst when endeavouring to find out
a matter that the person most concerned would desire to leave unknown,
and quite at its worst when knowledge thus gained is made general
property. "None are so fond of secrets as those who do not mean to keep
them." There is no more trying person to deal with than he or she who
continually punctuate their conversation with cautions that they "wish
this matter to go no further," and warn us that that detail is "entirely
between ourselves." They are an unmitigated nuisance.

A very quaint old proverb is that which tells us that "He was scarce of
news that told that his father was hanged," and a very excellent rule of
conduct is this: "Whether it be to friend or foe talk not of other men's
lives." We are warned, too, that "He who chatters to you will chatter
also of you," and the experience of most of us will confirm the wisdom
of the adage.

Other happy sayings are these: "No one will repeat the matter if it be
not said"; "Sudden trust heralds sudden repentance"; "More have
repented of speech than of silence"; "A fool will neither give nor keep
counsel"; "He that tells all he knows will also tell what he does not
know"; "To tell our own secrets is folly, to tell those of others
treachery"; "Thy friend has a friend, and thy friend's friend hath a
friend"--great discretion is therefore necessary.

Heywood warns the man who thinks himself secure:

     "Some heare and see him whom he heareth and seeth not
      For fieldes have eies and woods have eares ye wot,"

an idea that we find yet earlier in a manuscript, "King Edward and the
Shepherd," written about the year 1300:

     "The were bettur be styll,
      Wode has erys, felde has syght."

So gracious a gift of Heaven to the sons of men as hope must necessarily
find recognition in our proverbial wisdom. Our readers will recall the
lines in Pope's "Essay on Man," where he declares that

     "Hope springs eternal in the human breast;
      Man never is, but always to be, blest.
      The soul, uneasy, and confin'd from home
      Rests and expatiates in a life to come."

And in "Measure for Measure" we read that "the miserable have no other
medicine, but only hope"; hence the saying: "Quench not hope, for when
hope dies all dies." The Italians say: "L'ultima che si perde è la
speranza"--the last thing lost is hope,[242:A] and the terrible words
in the "Paradise Lost" recur to us:

     "So farewell hope, and, with hope, farewell fear,
      Farewell remorse: all good to me is lost,
            Evil, be thou my good."

Lord Bacon, being in York House garden, looking at some fishermen as
they were throwing their nets in what was then the pellucid and silvery
Thames, asked them what they would take for their catch. They mentioned
a certain price, and his lordship offered them somewhat less, which they
declined to accept. They drew up their nets and in it were but three
small fishes, and Lord Bacon said that it had been better for them had
they closed with his offer. They replied that they had hoped that the
catch would have been much greater, and his lordship in response
reminded them of the proverb, "Hope is a good breakfast, but a bad
supper";[243:A] and an admirably true saying it is.

A pithy old adage has it that "Hope is as cheap as despair," and it is
certainly pleasanter; while another proverb tells us, as we lament
departed opportunities, "When one door shuts another opens," a
comforting state of things that the experience of many will confirm. How
strong the encouragement to look forward with courage when cares seem
overwhelming is the reminder that "When the tale of bricks is doubled
Moses comes." Philosophy, good as it is, breaks under the strain, and
is, when most wanted, but a broken reed. Goldsmith, in his play of "The
Good-natured Man," says that "this same philosophy is a good horse in
the stable, but an arrant jade on a journey," and Rochefoucauld equally
happily declares that "Philosophy triumphs easily over past and over
future evils, but present evils triumph over philosophy." We are
reminded here anew of that definition of a proverb, "The wit of one
voicing the experience of many," for certainly here Rochefoucauld
supplies the _esprit_ while the rest of mankind can in this matter
supply the experience.

A quaint little French proverb is this, "L'espoir du pendu que la corde
casse," when they wish to express the idea of a very faint ground indeed
for hope. When all that a man who is already hanging can hope for is
that the cord may perchance break, his chance of a reprieve is but
small. He has most legitimate ground for hope who has already done what
in him lay to deserve success, hence foresight and forethought are a
valuable possession: the one to see in advance the possibilities, the
other to think how best to turn them to account:

     "When all is done, lerne this my sonne
      Not friend, nor skill, nor wit at will,
      Nor ship, nor clod, but onelie God,
        Doth all in all.
      Man taketh paine, God giueth gaine,
      Man doth his best, God doth the rest,
      Man knew well intendes, God foizon[244:A] sendes
        Else want he shall."

The value of forethought in various directions is enforced in the
following wisdom-chips: "A wise man will make more opportunities than he
finds"; "Hasty climbers have sudden falls";[245:A] "Count not your
chickens before they are hatched"; "He that would enjoy the fruit must
not gather the flower"; "Short reflection may save long regret"; "From
bad to worse is poor exchange"; "Haste makes waste"; "Leave not to
hazard what forethought may provide for"; "Cast not away the dirty water
till thou hast clean"; "Little chips will kindle a large fire"; "Look
before you leap"; "Beware of--had I known this before"; "Better be sure
first than sorry after"; "Be wisely worldly, not worldly wise"; "Take
heed that the relish be not spoiled by the cost"; "Heaven is a cheap
purchase, whatever it costs"; "Ask thy purse what thou shouldest buy";
"He that measureth not himself is measured"; "When a fool hath bethought
himself, the market is over"; "If things could be done twice all would
be wise"; "Small beginnings may have great endings"; "A forest is in an
acorn"; "Every maybe hath a maybe not"; "While it is fine weather mend
your sails"; "Measure thrice before cutting once"; "Haste trips up its
own heels"; "Take more time, that you may have done the sooner"; "Wisdom
not only gets but retains"; "Defer not till to-morrow to be wise"; "Safe
bind, safe find"; "A little wariness may save much weariness"; "Haste is
a poor apology"; "That which the fool has to do in the end the wise man
does at first"; and even then the dilatory man may never compass the
task, for our position in life on the morrow depends largely upon our
attitude of to-day, and the remedy of to-morrow may come too late. "Our
deeds determine us as much as we determine our deeds." It has been said
that if we cannot go backward and change what has been we can go forward
and change what is, but even this unfortunately is only partly true, and
the shadow of the past may darken the future, do what we will.[246:A]
Hence the adage, "To-morrow is untouched," cannot be accepted without
reservation.

Other proverbs that may well be quoted in praise of forethought are
these: "Little stumble may save big fall"; "He who begins and does not
finish, loses his labour"; "Put out your arm no further than your sleeve
will reach"; "To change and to better are not always the same thing";
"Quick choice, long repentance."

     "Take warning at once, that a worse may not hap,
      Foresight is the stopper of many a gap."

The French say truly enough that "Tout le monde est sage après coup," an
equivalent saying to our "After-wit is everybody's wit"; and the
Portuguese declare that "An empty purse makes a man wise, but too
late,"--a most unfortunate state of things. Another well-known adage is
"Festina lente"--tarry a little that we make our end the sooner. "Presto
et bene non conviene"--hastily and well rarely meet. A Ciceronian maxim
was, "Certis rebus certa signa præcurrunt"--certain signs are the
forerunners of certain events, or, as we say in English, "Coming events
cast their shadows before."

     "Often do the spirits
      Of great events stride on before the events,
      And in to-day already walks to-morrow."[246:B]

"Chi va piano va lontano"--he who goes gently travels far. A quaint old
proverb tells us that "It is good to have a hatch before your door"--in
order, that is, that one may not rush out too impetuously, but that a
momentary pause may give opportunity for a moment's consideration. One
of the most startling proverbs on this need of forethought is the Arab
"Live, thou ass, until the clover sprouts"--a better day is coming,
despondency must give place to patience and to hope.

The manufacture of excuses has not escaped the notice of the
proverb-makers and users. These excuses take two forms--the excuses that
omission calls for, and those that commission needs--that black may look
at least grey, if not absolutely white. A very good example of the
former is this, "Am I my brother's keeper?"--originally the plea of a
murderer, and ever after the excuse of those who would wrap themselves
up in their selfishness, and shut their eyes, their hearts, their
consciences, their pockets, to the needs of the suffering. It has been
well said that "Apologies only account for that which they do not
alter." In some few cases, such as "A bad workman finds fault with his
tools," or "The creaking wheel blames the badness of the road," the
utterance is quaint and not unwholesome, and very true to human nature;
but in most of these proverbs dealing with excuses there is an actual
incitement to evil, a justification of wrongdoing, an implication that
people are only honest because it pays better or because the chance of
knavery is for the time being debarred to them. We have so often heard
the declaration that "Opportunity makes the thief," that it has lost its
meaning; but if we really think it out a moment, how abominable in
teaching it is! A similar saying is this, "A bad padlock invites a
picklock," an insinuation that we would all be dishonest if we got the
opportunity; while the Spaniards say, "Puerta abierta al santo
tiento"--an open door tempts a saint. Shakespeare's utterance, "How oft
the sight of means to do ill deeds makes ill deeds done," may express a
sad truth, but after all we would fain believe that things are not quite
so bad as not a few of our proverbs would imply: there is surely yet
some little virtue and honesty left.

Fortune, good or ill, is not by any means overlooked. Thus we find the
philosophic reflection, "Fortune can take nothing from us but what she
gave"; and the warning, "Fortune is constant in nothing but
inconstancy." We are warned yet again that "When fortune comes smiling
she often designs the most mischief." All, however, is not blind chance;
the hand of God is guiding; "There's a divinity that shapes our ends,
rough hew them how we will." Nor is the hand of man without its
influence, for "To him that is willing ways are not wanting," and "If
you weave your web God will find the thread." The Italians say, "Vien la
fortuna a chi la procura"--good fortune is to him who earns it; while
the French declare, "Qui ne se lasse pas lasse l'adversité"--he who does
not tire tires adversity, and steady perseverance will conquer
ill-fortune. "La fortune aide aux audacieux," say the French again,
while the Romans declared, "Fortes fortuna adjuvat"--fortune assists the
brave, the classic reading of our more homely version, "Nothing venture,
nothing have."

The victim of ill-fortune is reminded that "It is a long lane that has
no turning"; or, as Gower puts it:

     "Sometime I drew into memoire
      Howe sorowe maie not euer last."

The French have a saying, "The wind in a man's face makes him wise,"
equivalent to the English adage, "Adversity makes a man wise, not rich,"
and so the Psalmist sings, "It is good for me that I have been
afflicted, that I might learn thy statutes." Trouble works, however, in
a twofold way, and while some it softens, others it hardens.

It is a matter of common observation that misfortunes often fall most
unexpectedly, and that they seldom come singly.

     "O soden hap, O thou fortune unstable,
      Like to the scorpion so deceivable,
      That flatrest with thy hed whan thou wilt sting."[249:A]

"Mischiefs," says an old proverb, "come by the pound and go away by the
ounce," and the Italians have a practically identical saying. These
calamities come sometimes in such a flood that no resistance to their
attack seems of any avail, hence the quaint and homely adage, "There is
no fence against a flail." The Romans had the saw, "Mustelam habes"--you
have a weasel in your house, which they applied to those with whom
everything seemed to turn out unfortunately: to meet a weasel being
considered by the Romans an ill-omen.

It has been said that each man is the architect of his own
fortune.[249:B] The statement is not wholly true, but it is sufficiently
so to justify such proverbs as "As you have made your bed, so you must
lie"; "As you brew, so must you drink"; and we must be prepared to take
the consequences of our own fault. Zeno, the philosopher, having
detected his servant in a theft, ordered him to be whipped; the servant,
in excuse for what he had done, said it was decreed by the fates that
he should be a thief, alluding to the doctrine of fatalism which his
master maintained. And so, too, it was decreed, said Zeno, that you
should be whipped. It has been well said that "Presumption first blinds
a man, and then sets him running." The Germans say, "Wer da fallt, über
ihm laufen alle Welt"--he that falls down all the world runs over. All
are ready to bear a hand in beating the man whom fortune buffets; and,
as an old proverb says, "When the tree is fallen every man goeth to it
with his hatchet." This kicking a man when he is down would appear a
mean and contemptible proceeding were it not dignified by being termed
the survival of the fittest in the struggle for existence, and this
somehow throws a halo of philosophy on the proceeding, and the kicker is
seen to be working out a law of the universe, in which the kicked also
has an essential place.

We are told, truly enough, that "Half a loaf is better than no bread,"
that "A man had better be half-blind than have both his eyes out." Burke
declares that "He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and
sharpens our skill; our antagonist is our helper"; and the French say,
"On apprend en faillant"--one learns by failing. Riches entail
responsibility and anxiety, and a poet of the reign of Queen Elizabeth
would have us believe that they are on the whole more trouble than gain:

     "Take upp thy fortune wythe good hape,
      Wyth rytches thou doste fyle thy lappe;
      Yet lesse were better for thy store,
      Thy quyetnes sholde be the more."

One compensation of poverty is perhaps seen in the adage, "He that is
down need fear no fall." We are told, too, that "A threadbare coat is
armour against the highwayman"; and Chaucer, in "The Wif of Bathe's
Tale," tells how

     "The poure man whan he goth by the way,
      Before the theves he may sing and play,"

since he has nothing to lose, and therefore nothing to fear.

The sad but just law of retribution finds its due recognition in our
proverb lore. The following may be taken as a few examples of this: "He
that toucheth pitch shall be defiled therewith"; "Over-reachers most
ordinarily over-reach themselves"; "A guilty mind punishes itself"; "He
that will not be saved needs no preacher"; "He who sows thorns must not
go barefoot"; "He who sows the wind shall reap the whirlwind"; "Hoist
with his own petard." Shakespeare tells us how

     "Diseases, desperate grown,
      By desperate appliance are relieved,
      Or not at all";

and of one elsewhere who cries: "I have lost my reputation! I have lost
the immortal part, sir, of myself, and what remains is bestial." Do we
not see again the dread law of retribution in the passage:

     "Suspicion always haunts the guilty mind:
      The thief doth fear each bush an officer,"

and Gay tells us how at last all has to be faced, and the responsibility
of one's actions has to be realised--

     "Then comes a reckoning when the banquet's o'er,
      The dreadful reckoning, and men smile no more."

As an alternative to a picture so sombre, we may quote the declaration,
that "Chastisement is the knife that tells we still abide in the Vine."

Detraction, hypocrisy, ingratitude are all scourged by proverbs, but one
feels over and over again how very much the proverbial wisdom of our
ancestors seemed to dwell on the darker side of things. One may find a
dozen adages that have ingratitude as their theme, but scarcely one that
sings the praise of sweet thankfulness, and in like manner pretension,
boasting, time-serving, self-interest have their attendant proverbs,
while the praise of gentle modesty and sweet self-surrender finds little
or no place. It may, perhaps, be said that this latter end is reached
practically by the denouncing of the evil, but this is scarcely so--a
scathing attack on falsehood is in its time needful, but there is still
place and need for the recognition of the spotless beauty of truth.
Denunciation may do much, but sweet persuasiveness yet more.

Shakespeare, in his "Cymbeline," writes of deadly slander--

     "Whose edge is sharper than the sword; whose tongue
      Outvenoms all the worms of Nile";

and again, in "Much Ado about Nothing," we find the line--"Done to death
by slanderous tongues"; and yet again warns us that "No might nor
greatness in mortality can censure 'scape," and that "Back-wounding
calumny the whitest virtue strikes." Byron writes in his "Childe
Harold's Pilgrimage" of those whose evil task is "Sapping a solemn creed
with solemn sneer," and Thomson tells how "Still the world prevailed,
and its dread laugh,"--a laugh "which scarce the firm philosopher can
scorn."

The following adages may be quoted:--"Envy shoots at others and wounds
itself"; "Envy never does a good turn but when it designs an evil one";
"Malice seldom wants a mark to aim at"; "'They say' is a poisoned
arrow." The Welsh say--"Faults are thick where love is thin." Other
sayings are--"One jeer going forth brings back another"; "Once in
people's mouths, 'tis hard to get out of them again"; "Those who have
most need of credit seldom get much"; "The evil which issues from thy
mouth falls into thy bosom"; "The sting of a reproach is in the truth of
it";[253:A] "He that prepares a net for another should not shut his own
eyes"; "Respect is better got by deserving than by exacting"; "Little
minds, like weak liquors, are soon soured"; "Suspicion, like bats, fly
by twilight"; "In a little mind everything is little"; "Despise none and
despair of none"; "Faint praise is disparagement"; "A blow from a
frying-pan blacks, though it may not hurt"; "Truth is truth, though
spoken by an enemy"; "Harm set, harm get"; "Envy never enriched any
man."

In a curious manuscript of the fifteenth century may be found "the
answere which God gave to a certyn creture that desired to wit whate
thinge was moost plesure to hym in this worlde." The answer is a very
full one, fuller than we can quote, but it includes the following
precepts:--"Suffre noysous wordis with a meke harte, for that pleseth me
more than thow beate thy body with as many roddys as growen in an
hundred wodys. Have compassion on the seeke and poore, for that pleaseth
me more than thow fasteth fifty wynter brede and water. Saye no
bakbyting wordis, but shon from them and love thy nayghber and turne
alle that he saithe or dothe to good, me onely love and alle other for
me, for that pleseth me more than if thowe every daye goo upon a whele
stikking fulle of nayles that shulde prik thy bodye." Another manuscript
of the same date that has come under our notice, in the Library of Jesus
College, Cambridge, introduces a personification of the deadly sins,
and each is treated with much graphic power, thus, under the heading of
"Invidia" we find--

     "I am full sory in my hert
      Of other mens welefare and whert:
      I ban and bakbyte wykkedly,
      And hynder all that I may sikerly."

The sneaking treachery of the envious man, grieved to the heart at the
welfare of others, and doing them what evil he can safely compass, is
very forcibly painted, and this of "Ira," in its picture of downright
brutality, is as graphic--

     "I chide and feght and manas fast;
      All my fomen I wylle doun kast,
      Mercy on thaym I wylle none haue
      But vengeance take, so God me saue."

Revenge, however sweet it may appear, always costs more than it is
worth, so that to be of this mind is to scourge oneself with one's own
flail. Thus the adage says truly enough, "To be angry is to revenge the
faults of others on ourselves." Another useful hint is that "Anger is
danger, and even the anger of the righteous is not always righteous
anger." How full, too, of wisdom the precept that "Anger should set with
the sun but not rise with it," carrying on with vindictive perseverance
into the present and the future the evil of the past. Other proverbs
are:--"Anger begins with folly and ends with repentance"; "Anger makes a
rich man hated, and a poor man scorned"; "Anger is more hurtful than the
injury that caused it"; "A man in a passion rides a horse that runs away
with him"; "Anger may glance into the breast of a good man, but rests
only in the bosom of fools"; "An angry man opens his mouth and shuts his
eyes"; and to these many others bearing on the subject might be added.

Other excellent wisdom chips are these:--"Religion is the best armour
in the world, but the worst cloak"; "Imitate good but do not counterfeit
it"; "Roguery with pretext is double roguery"; "Better the blame of the
just than the praise of the wicked." Of all the virtues it has been said
that gratitude has the shortest memory--"Eaten bread is soon forgotten."
The Spaniards have, too, a very graphic proverb: "Cria el cuervo y
sacarte ha los ojos"--breed up a crow and he will tear out your eyes;
while the French say: "Otez un vilain, du gibet, il vous y mettra"--save
a thief from the gallows and he will place you there.

Pretension is exposed in many proverbs. An excellent one is this: "The
best horseman is always on his feet." This is sometimes varied into "The
man on the wall is the best player." It is in either version an obvious
satire on the looker-on, who always tells how he could have done the
thing better. Other good saws are these: "In a calm all can steer";
"Vainglory blossoms but does not bear"; "All his geese are swans"; "We
cannot all do everything"; "Not even the youngest is infallible";
"Conceit in weakest bodies strongest works"; "Presumption blinds a man
and then sets him running"; "Vanity has no greater foe than itself"; "A
small mind has usually still room for pride"; "Insolence is pride with
her mask pulled off"; "Arrogance is a weed that grows on poor soil."

Sir Thomas More reminds us that "Pride, as the proverb is, must needs
have a shame," while a yet older writer declares that "Loste and
deignouse pride and ille avisement mishapnes oftentide," and centuries
even before this we find the warning that "A haughty spirit goes before
a fall." Shakespeare puts the matter very pithily--"Who knows himself a
braggart (let him fear this: for it will come to pass), That every
braggart shall be found an ass." "Brag is a good dog, but hold-fast is a
better," we are told; a less familiar version found in old collections
of proverbs being, "Brag is a good dog, but dares not bite." A very
quaint old saw against boasting and pretension is this, "We hounds
killed the hare, quoth the lap-dog"; while another good doggy adage is
the warning that "A snappish cur must be tied short." "Great boasters,"
we are told, "are little doers,"[256:A] even as "Great promisers are bad
paymasters." It is equally true, the statement that "One sword keeps
another in its sheath." A quaint proverb hath it that "My father's name
was Loaf, and I die of hunger," a Spanish satire on those who, in
poorest circumstances, yet boast of their kindred,[256:B] while a very
true Italian saw is that "Many are brave when the enemy is running." On
the other hand, "A brave retreat is a brave exploit." Throughout our
pages we have made but slight reference to Biblical sayings since these
are so readily accessible to all, and are, we may presume, so well
known, but we cannot here quite forbear, for the counsel--"Let not him
that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it
off"--seems so particularly happy a termination to our proverbs on
pretension and boasting. Having thus broken through our procedure, we
are tempted to add yet one more reference from the same source, the
splendid irony on the man, "Wiser in his own conceit than seven men
that can render a reason"--a race not yet extinct.

The following proverbs, dealing with various phases of self-interest,
have more or less of worldly wisdom in them, and are worth
quotation:--"Better go round than fall in the ditch"; "Better say here
it is than here it was"; "Better cut the shoe than pinch the foot"; "If
you wish a thing done--go; if not--send"; "Light not a blaze that you
cannot extinguish"; "A hook's well lost to catch a salmon"; "Buyers want
a hundred eyes; sellers, two"; "All is lost that is poured into a
cracked dish"; "Those who put on livery must put on patience"; "Of two
evils choose the less"; "Better one's house too little one day than too
large all the year beside"; "Sometimes it is better to give your apple
than to eat it yourself"; "Venture not all in one bottom"; "A man's gift
makes room for him"; "An ass laden with gold overtakes everything"; "If
you grease a cause well it will stretch"; "Praise the bridge by which
you pass over"; "It is wit to pick a lock, but wisdom to let it alone";
"Those disposed for mischief will never want occasion"; "A petitioner
that spares his purse angles without his bait."

In "The Ship of Fools," 1570, we find the line, "Aungels worke wonders
in Westminster Hall," the angel being a coin of that period, and the
Hall the great seat of Justice, or at all events, of Law. The Romans had
a proverb--"Bos in lingua"--an ox on the tongue. As some of the ancient
money was stamped with the device of an ox, the proverb was a delicate
way of saying that a man had been bribed to be silent. We are told that
Demosthenes, having received a present from some who wished to obtain a
privilege that they were fearful he would oppose, appeared in the court
with his throat muffled up, pretending that he had so violent a cold as
to be incapable of speaking; but one of the members of the court
suspected the matter, and quoted this proverb, intimating that it was
not the cold but the bribe that had debarred him from speech. Another of
these old Roman proverbs was, "Argenteis hastis pugna et omnia
expugnabis"--if only one fights with silver spear they will be
all-conquering. A similar cynical maxim appreciative of the power of
bribery and corruption is that, "Where gold avails argument fails."
Another old Roman adage was, "Oleum et operam perdere"--to lose both oil
and labour. This was applied to those who had spent much time, given
much labour, made considerable pecuniary sacrifice, to attain some
object, and had, after all, failed in doing so. Those who contended in
the public games freely anointed their limbs with oil to make them
supple ere entering on the contest, and so if, after all, they were
conquered they lost both oil and labour. In like manner, the student
poring over his books and burning the midnight oil, if he failed in the
acquisition of knowledge, lost oil and labour. The ancients tell how a
man, having a suit at law, sent to the judge a present of a vessel of
oil, but his antagonist sent a fatted pig, and this turned the scale in
his favour, and he gained his cause. Justice may well be represented as
blind when such proceedings are possible. The first man complained and
reminded the judge of his gift, but the judge told him that a great pig
had rushed in and overturned the oil, so that it and his labour in
bringing it had been lost. Whether the proverb grew out of the story or
the story out of the proverb it is now impossible to pronounce any
opinion upon.

Other keen proverbs are:--"He that finds a thing steals it if he
restores it not"; "What will not make a pot may make a lid"; "The best
patch is off the same cloth"; "Break not eggs with a hatchet"; "Ease and
honour are seldom bedfellows"; "Stretch your legs according to your
coverlet"; "Pin not your faith on another's sleeve"; "As a man is finded
so the law is ended"; "Live and let live"; "An ill agreement is better
than a good judgment"; "Misreckoning is no payment"; "Name not a rope in
his house that hanged himself." A very marked example of this delicacy
of feeling is seen in the saying, "Father disappeared about
assizes-time, and we asked no questions!" "Take away fuel and you take
away fire"; "No man is impatient with his creditors"; "Command yourself
and you may command much else."

Turning our attention awhile in other directions, we find the Spaniard's
warning, "Cada cuba bucele al vino que tiene"--the cask smells of the
liquid it held; a man's surroundings stamp him, and he is known by the
company he keeps. Self-interest is blatant in the Spanish saying that
"People don't give black puddings to those who kill no pigs"; and the
same cynical teaching is found in the French adage, "To one who has a
pie in the oven you may give a piece of your cake."[259:A] The French
version of "To him that hath shall be given," is, "He who eats chicken
gets chicken."[259:B] The Spanish proverbs, as we have seen, have a
strong tinge of mocking sarcasm in them; here are two more examples:
"Give away for the good of your soul what you cannot eat"; "Steal the
pig but give away the feet in alms." There is a delightful touch of
human nature in the French saying, "No one is so open-handed as he who
has nothing to give," or its Scotch equivalent, "They are aye gudewilly
o' their horse that hae nane." Another canny Scotch experience is that
"He that lacks (disparages) my mare would buy my mare." Self-interest
degenerates into self-abasement in the Arab counsel, "If the king at
noon-day says it is night, behold the stars." The Persian warning, "It
is ill sport between the cotton and the fire," is very graphic. The old
Roman, "Aliam quercum excute," the advice to go and shake some other
tree, since enough has been gathered here, is expressive. It is
equivalent to telling one's importunate neighbour that he must really
try fresh ground at last; to advise one's friend to cease from the
pursuit they have been following, since they have reaped from it all the
advantage it is likely to yield to them. A dignified and noble saying is
this, "Deridet sed non derideor"--he laugheth, but I am not laughed at;
the impertinence is suffered, is passed unregarded, and falls flat and
dead.

Custom and habit exercise their influence on our proverb lore; thus we
are told, wisely enough, that "Custom is the plague of wise men, the
idol of fools." Kelly tells a good story, in illustration of this bowing
to custom, of a captain's wife whose husband the South Sea Islanders had
eaten, being consoled by a friend; "Mais, madame, que voulez-vous?
Chaque peuple a ses usages." The power of habit is immense; an old
saying tells us that "Habit is overcome by habit," but ordinarily the
habit in possession fights hard, and is not readily dispossessed. Hence
it is of solemn warning to "Kill the cockatrice while yet in the egg."
It is one of the most familiar of truisms that "Habit becomes second
nature," and that "What is bred in the bone will never come out of the
flesh." To check at the beginning may be difficult, but to overcome in
the end may be impossible. "Can the Ethiopian," asks the prophet,
"change his skin or the leopard his spots? Then may you also do good
that are accustomed to do evil." As the bough of a tree bent from its
usual direction returns to its old position so soon as the temporary
force to which it yielded is removed, so do men return to their old
habits so soon as the motives, whether of interest or fear, which had
influenced them, are done away. "Nature," says Lord Bacon, "is often
hidden, sometimes overcome, seldom extinguished. Let not a man trust his
victory over his nature too far; for nature will be buried a great time
and yet revive upon the occasion or temptation, like as it was with
Æsop's damsel, turned from a cat to a woman, who sat very demurely at
the board's end till a mouse ran before her." The same philosopher gives
the following admirable caution: "A man's nature runs either to herbs or
weeds: therefore let him seasonably water the one and destroy the
other." The Spaniards say: "Mudar costumbre a par de muerte"--to change
a habit is like death.

     "Ill habits gather by unseen degrees,
      As brooks make rivers, rivers run to seas."

And Shakespeare, in the "Two Gentlemen of Verona," exclaims: "How use
doth breed a habit in a man!" The ancient Romans declared: "Fabricando
fit faber," which we find in French as "En forgeant ou devient
forgeron"; in Spanish, as "El usar saca oficial"; in German, as "Uebung
macht den meister"; and in English, as "Use makes the craftsman."

Boys catch the habit of stammering if thrown with those who stammer, and
the Dutch declare: "Die bij kreupelen woont, leert hinken"--he that
lives with cripples learns to limp. Fortunately, there are good habits
as well as bad ones; hence the Romans taught: "Boni principii finis
bonus," and the French say, "De bon commencement bonne fin"--we
insensibly imitate what we habitually admire.

Experience teaches, and we propose to quote some few of the proverbial
lessons that are of value in the conduct and wear and tear of life, and
we commence with the homely bit of wisdom that, if realised, would save
so much of worry and heartache: "What can't be cured must be
endured."[262:A] Another good saying is: "Well begun is half
done"--poetically rendered by the Italians in the counsel, "Begin your
web, and God will find you thread." "Procrastination is the thief of
time," is another well-worn and excellent adage. How valuable, again,
are these: "Teaching of others teacheth the teacher"; "He teaches ill
that teaches all"; "He that seeks trouble rarely misses it"; "He that is
surety is not sure"; "Look before you leap"; "The horse that draws is
most whipped"; "Blow first and sip after"; "At open doors dogs come in";
"He that is angry without cause must be pleased without amends"; "It is
but lip-wisdom that lacks experience"; "Fetters, though of gold, are
fetters still"; "Without danger, danger cannot be overcome"; "Experience
is a dear school, but fools learn in no other"; "Some advice at
fourpence is a groat too dear"; "The counsel that we favour we most
scrutinise"; "He that sits to work in the market-place shall have many
teachers"; "Valour that parleys is near surrender"; "As you salute you
will be saluted"; "Responsibility must be shouldered, you cannot carry
it under your arm"; "One eye-witness is better than ten hear-says"; "If
you pity knaves you are no friend to honest men"; "Every man is a pilot
in a calm sea"; "Plant the crab-tree where you will it will never bear
pippins"; "Wide will wear, but narrow will tear." This last, homely as
it sounds, is excellent in its counsel in praise of a wise liberality.

The ancient Roman, "Bis dat qui cito dat," that is so often quoted in
advocacy of prompt aid, re-appears in modern Italy in the version, "A
gift long waited for is not given, but sold." "Say not to your
neighbour, Go, and come again, and to-morrow I will give, when thou hast
it by thee." "Hope deferred maketh the heart sick,"[263:A] and ready
help at the critical moment might have averted a catastrophe. Another
very true classic adage is, "Beneficium accipere, libertam est
vendere"--accept a favour and you sell your freedom. Excellent counsel
is in the twin proverbs, "Deliberating is not delaying," and "That is a
wise delay which maketh the road safe." An old writer[263:B] very sagely
puts it thus: "When we are in a strait that we know not what to do, we
must have a care of doing we know not what," and thus save time by
giving time.

Advice for the conduct of life is freely bestowed on us by our
proverbial wisdom. We may well head the examples we propose to give with
the caution, "In vain does he ask advice who will not follow it."

"Few things," says Dr Johnson, "are so liberally bestowed, or
squandered with so little effect, as good advice." Another reading is
that "He that will not be counselled cannot be helped." Some few
specimens of counsel tendered are these: "At great bargains pause
awhile"; "The best throw of the dice is to throw them away"; "Raise up
no spirits that you cannot lay"; "Rather suffer a great evil than do a
little one"; "Agree, for the law is costly"; "Avoid the pleasure that
will bite to-morrow"; "Let the shipwrecks of others be your beacons";
"Let every man praise the bridge he goes over." Speak not ill of him who
hath done you a courtesy, or whom you have made use of to your benefit.
The Arabs in like spirit teach, "A well from which thou drinkest throw
not a stone into it." An Italian saw sarcastically says, "Does thy
neighbour annoy thee? lend him a zechin"--he will then keep out of the
way. A Danish proverb wisely advises to "Take help of many, and counsel
of few"; while a homely German proverb--"Henke nicht alles auf einen
Nagel"--warns us not to hang all on one nail; or, as our equally homely
English proverb has it, "Do not carry all your eggs in one basket"--have
not all your ventures in one vessel.

The weather in this our changeable climate has supplied abundant store
for popular lore; it would indeed suffice in itself to yield material
for a goodly volume, and the result would be a collection of great
literary and antiquarian interest.

One very familiar adage is the comforting statement that "It is an ill
wind that blows no one any good." Shakespeare quotes it more than once;
in one case it is rendered as "Ill blows the wind that profits nobody,"
and elsewhere, "Not the ill wind which blows no man good," while Tusser
gives us the rhyming version--

     "Except wind stands as never it stood,
      It is an ill wind turns none to good."

Another old saw teaches that "Ill weather is seen soon enough when it
comes," but this is indefensible, for while it is a wise counsel not to
meet troubles half way, to exercise no forethought at all is mere
lunacy. Such a proverb, again, as this, "Though the sun shine leave not
your coat at home," is much too rigid in its insistence, and the advice,
whether taken literally or metaphorically, would be at times absurd. If
we try it, for instance, in this guise--Though surrounded by loving
friends carry suspicion ever with you--we feel that the tension is
needless. A much truer saying is this, "When the sun shines nobody minds
him, but when he is eclipsed all consider him," and we realise at last
on the withdrawal of the benefit of how great value it had been to us.

A wise and helpful Latin proverb is, "Sequitur Ver Hyemem"--spring
succeeds winter, and sunshine follows rain. "After a storm, calm," or,
as the French have it, "Apres la pluie vient le beau temps."

     "What, man, plucke up your harte, bee of good cheere,
      After cloudes blacke wee shall have wether clere."

"Heaviness may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning," is no
discovery of yesterday.

"March winds and April showers bring forth the May flowers," and the
French recognise the welcome assurance in their version, "Mars venteux,
Avril pluvieux, font le Mai gai et gracieux," while across the Rhine the
saying is again, "Märzen Wind and Aprilen Regen verheissen im Mai
grossen segen." The value of dry weather at sowing time is indicated in
the saying that "A bushel of March dust is worth a king's ransom"; while
"February fill-dyke" is a testimony to the abundant rain that is
ordinarily characteristic of that month; in France it is said that
"Fevrier remplit les fosses: Mars les seche." This rain is of great
value, and "All the months of the year curse a fair Februeer," and "If
the grass look green in Janiveer 'twill look the worser all the year."
The exigencies of rhyme are responsible for the miscalling of these
month-names. A great many of these rustic weather proverbs are thrown
into more or less, and ordinarily more, uncouth rhyme, no doubt as an
aid to memory; thus we are told that "No weather's ill if the wind be
still," that it is well should "September blow soft till the fruit's in
the loft," and that "If the first of July be rainy weather, 'twill rain
more or less four weeks together." We are taught again that "In February
if thou hearest thunder thou wilt see a summer's wonder." Undoubtedly a
thunderstorm in February might well be regarded as one of the least
likely things to happen in July, while the hearing of its sonorous peals
would certainly be a remarkable feat of vision. As the literal
acceptance is so impossible we must perforce look a little below the
surface, and when we recall that our ancestors were great at prognostics
we see that we are expected to regard this ill-timed storm as an omen of
coming events of startling nature. Thus Willford, in his "Nature's
Secrets," teaches that "Thunder and lightning in winter is held ominous,
portending factions, tumults, and bloody wars, and a thing seldome seen,
according to ye old adigy, Winter's thunder is ye Sommer's
wonder."[266:A]

The countryman has abundant opportunity of studying the varying aspects
of Nature, hence he has discovered that "An evening red and morning grey
will set the traveller on his way";[267:A] though he seems to have also
observed that "If the sun in red should set, the next day surely will be
wet." The two statements appear to directly contradict each other. On
the other hand we are told that when the reverse happens, "The evening
grey and morning red make the shepherd hang his head"; and that "If the
sun should set in grey the next will be a rainy day"; the sun setting in
a bank of clouds--the west in this country being the direction in which
we ordinarily look for wet weather--the result on the morrow will
probably be rain. Hence, "A rainbow in the morning is the shepherd's
warning, a rainbow at night is the shepherd's delight"; or in Germany,
"Regenborgen am Morgen macht dem Schäfer sorgen: Regenborgen am Abend
ist dem Schäfer labend."

The statement that "The moon is made of green cheese" may be mentioned
in passing. Shacklock, in the "Hatchet of Heresies," written in 1565,
says, "They may make theyr blinde brotherhode, and the ignorant sort
beleeve that the mone is made of grene chese," and many old writers
introduce this venerable belief in their plays and other works. We
now-a-days associate the idea with age, the green suggesting mouldiness,
but the word here means the very opposite, and refers really to a cheese
not matured; the moon being new every month, the material of which it
was composed never got beyond the green or unripe stage.

It is popularly held that "When the wind is in the east 'tis good for
neither man nor beast," and a quaint Spanish proverb advises, "Ask no
favour during the Solano." This Solano is a wind that blows over from
Africa, and is exceedingly hot and dry. It is also known as the sirocco.
The moral clearly is that when people are in a state of irritation it is
not advisable to lay one's needs before them, the time being
inopportune.

Many of our weather proverbs are very naturally associated with various
saints' days. Thus we get "St Martin's Summer" and "All Saints' Summer"
in reference to the bright clear weather that we occasionally get in the
late autumn, All Saints' Day being on the first, and St Martin's Day on
the eleventh of November. Allusions to both will be found in
Shakespeare; thus, in "I. Henry VI."--"Expect St Martin's Summer,
halcyon days." The eighteenth of October was in like manner called "St
Luke's little Summer." Another old adage was, "If the day of St Paul be
clear, then shall betide a happy year"; this day, the festival of the
conversion of the saint, was in the calendar ascribed to January the
25th.

Another well-known belief is summed up in the old rhyme: "St Swithin's
day if it do rain, for forty days it will remain." This date is July
15th, and it may not be generally known that, taking the year round,
July is often a very rainy month. The Saint was Bishop of Winchester,
and when he died, in the year 862, he desired to rest where the sweet
rain of heaven might fall. His desire was respected, but later on the
monks thought it beneath his and their dignity that he should be laid to
rest in the graveyard, and so they proposed to re-inter the body in the
choir, but when the day came the rain was so terrific that they had to
postpone matters till the next day. This, however, was no better, nor
was the next, or next, till at length, after forty such postponements,
it dawned upon them that their late bishop felt a strong objection to
the removal of his remains, and they at last had the sense to decide to
let him rest in peace as he had desired, whereupon the sun burst forth,
and it is to be hoped that they all lived happy ever after.

       *       *       *       *       *

The subject of our book has a scope so all-embracing, a wisdom so
piquant, an utterance so quaint, a wit so trenchant, a body of material
so vast, an antiquity so remarkable that not a volume but a library
would be needed to do it justice.

He who would desire to discourse wisely, comprehensively, on the
proverbs of all times and of all countries has before him a task too
great for fulfilment, if not too vast for ambition, and what to select
from the sheer necessity of its inclusion, what to discard since the
impossibility of completeness might be our plea in forgiveness of its
absence, has been a problem constantly before us. Where there are many
men there are many minds, and we shall be, doubtless, blamed alike by
some for what they find, and, no less, for what they fail to find. Could
our readers see, as we now see before us on reaching this our last page,
the great bulk of material that we have accumulated, and that remains
unused, they would realise the better the vastness of the field--the
ever-recurring problem and responsibility of selection.

The subject has been, from the first page to the last, one of abounding
interest to us, and we would fain hope that we have succeeded in imbuing
our readers with something of the pleasure that we have ourselves
derived from a study in itself so full of charm.


FOOTNOTES:

[194:A] The Portuguese warn us that great talkers make many mistakes, in
the adage, "Quem muito falla muito erra."

[195:A] "They have spent theyr tyme lesse fruitfully heretofore in ouer
runnyng a multitude of wordes with small consideracion or weyghing of
them."--FISHER, _A Godlye Treatise_.

[196:A] "There are perilous times at hande by reason of some that vnder
pretence of godlynesse turne true godlynesse vp side down, and so prate
boastynglye of themselues as thoughe the Christian religion consisted in
wordes and not rather in purenesse of herte."--_Udall._

[197:A] "The tunge is but a litel membre, and reiseth greet thingis. Lo
hou litel fier breuneth a ful greet word: and our tunge is fier, the
unyversitie of wickidnesse."--_St James._ Translation of Wiclif.

[198:A] In the "Parlament of Byrdes," written somewhere about 1550, the
chough, or Cornish crow, is thus admonished, in very similar strains to
the above:

     "Thou Cornysshe, quod the Hauke, by thy wil
      Say well, and holde thee styll."

[198:B] The following wisdom-chips may be commended to these
unfortunates: "Affectation of wisdom often prevents our being wise";
"The man who knows most knows his own ignorance"; "Knowledge is proud
that he has learned so much: wisdom is humble that he knows no more."

[199:A]

     "Thou hast hearde of many a man,
      Tongue breaketh bone and it selfe hath none."

                          --The "Parlament of Byrdes," _c._ 1550.

[199:B] "Raise not the credit of your wit at the expense of your
judgment."

[200:A] "Beaucoup de bruit, peu de fruit," as the expressive French
jingle has it.

[201:A] "By a fole in the prouerbes is pryncypally vnderstande him that
in folowynge his awne councell defendeth infydelyte and the vnknowing of
God for trueth and hyghe wysdome."--_Matthew._

[202:A]

     "A foole and his monie be soone at debate
      Which after with sorrow repents him too late."

                                   --TUSSER'S _Husbandrie_, 1580.

[203:A] "No creature smarts so little as a fool."--_Pope._

[206:A]

     "A fault denied is twice committed,
      And, oftentimes, excusing of a fault
      Doth make the fault the worse for the excuse."--_Shakespeare._

[207:A] And again in another passage--

     "O that men's ears should be
      To counsel deaf, but not to flattery."

[208:A] In France they say, "Il est bien avancé qui a bien commencé." In
both English and French versions there is a certain ring that helps the
memory.

[209:A] "Industrie is a qualitie procedying of Wytte and Experience by
whyche a man perceyveth quickely, inuenteth freshely, and counsayleth
spedily: wherfore they that be called industrious do most craftely and
depely vnderstand in al affayres what is expedient, and by what meanes
or wayes they may sonest exployte them. Those thingis in whome other men
trauayle these lightley and with facilitie spedeth, and findeth new
wayes and meanes to bring to effecte that he deseyreth."--_Sir Thomas
Elyot._

[212:A] "To dread no eye, and to fear no tongue is the great and blessed
prerogative of the innocent life"; "Man is a thinking being, whether he
will or not--all he can do, then, is to turn his thoughts aright."

[217:A] Similar wise counsel is found in the warning that "A jest driven
too far brings home hate," and that "Jeerers must be content to taste of
their own broth."

[219:A]

     "Myne ease is builded all on trust,
      And yet mistrust breedes myne anoye."--_Gascoigne._

[219:B] "I love everything that is old--old friends, old times, old
manners, old books."--"She Stoops to Conquer."

"What find you better or more honourable than age? Take the pre-eminence
of it in everything: in an old friend, in old wine, in an old
pedigree."--"The Antiquary."

[221:A] "Geflickte Freundschaft wird selten wieder ganz," say the
Germans--patched up friendship seldom becomes whole again.

[222:A] Tusser writes of such:

     "His promise to pay is as slipprie as ice,
      His credit much like the cast of the dice,
      His knowledge and skill is in prating too much,
      His companie shunned, and so be all such.
      His friendship is counterfeit, seldome to trust."

[225:A] "The book sayeth that no wight retourneth safely into the grace
of his olde enemie, and Ysope sayth, ne troste not to hem, to which thou
hast some time hed werre or enmitee, ne telle hem not thy
counseil."--CHAUCER, _The Tale of Melibeus_.

[229:A] "To become rich is a good thing, but to make all rich about you
is better."--_V. Hugo._

[229:B]

     "They call'd thee rich, I deem'd thee poor,
      Since, if thou dar'dst not use thy store,
      But sav'd it only for thy heirs,
      The treasure was not thine, but theirs."

"The prodigal robs his heir; the miser himself."

[229:C] "Bountifulness is as a most fruitful garden, and mercifulness
endureth for ever." "Of great riches there is no real use, except it be
in distribution, the rest is but conceit."

     "Who shuts his hand hath lost his gold,
     Who opens it, hath it twice told."

[230:A] "If lyberalyte be well and duely employed it acquireth
pepetuelle honour to the gyuer, and moche frute and syngular commoditie
thereby encreaseth."--_Elyot._

[230:B] "A little wealth will suffice us to live well, and still less to
die well." "Seek not proud riches, but such as thou mayest get justly,
use soberly, distribute cheerfully, and leave contentedly."

[231:A] "But then their saving pennie proverbe comes."--"Two Angry Women
of Abington," 1599.

[231:B] "Who so fyndeth an honest faythfull woman she is moch more worth
than perles. The hert of her husband maye safely trust in her, so that
he shall have no nede of spoyles. She wyll do hym good and not euill all
the dayes of her lyf. Strength and honoure is her clothynge and in the
latter daye she shall reioyce. She openeth her mouth with wysdome, and
in her tonge is the lawe of grace. She loketh well to the wayes of her
housholde, and eateth not her bred with ydelnes. Her children aryse and
call her blessed: and her husband maketh moche of her."--"Matthew's
Version of Bible," 1537.

[232:A]

     "La beauté du visage est un frêle ornement,
      Une fleur passagère, un éclat d'un moment."--_Molière._

[232:B] "But admitting your body's finer, all that beauty is but
skin-deep."--"The Female Rebellion," 1682. "All the beauty of the world,
'tis but skin-deep, a sunne-blast defaceth it."--"Orthodoxe Paradoxes,"
1650.

[233:A]

     "Daughter, in this I can thinke none other
      But that it is true thys prouerbe old,
      Hastye loue is soone hot and soone cold."

                            --"Play of Wyt and Science," c. 1540.

[233:B] "Whosoever lives unmarried lives without joy, without comfort,
without blessing. Love your wife like yourself, honour her more than
yourself. It is woman alone through whom God's blessings are vouchsafed
to a house. She teaches the children, speeds the husband, and welcomes
him when he returns, keeps the house godly and pure, and God's blessings
rest upon these things."--_Talmud._

[234:A] "You see marriage is destinie, made in heaven, though
consummated on earth."--LELY, _Mother Bombie_, 1594. Shakespeare, too,
in the "Merchant of Venice," declares that "hanging and wiving go by
destiny." In "The Cheats," written by Wilson in 1662, Scruple remarks,
"Good sir, marriages are made in heaven." Many similar passages to these
might be cited.

[235:A]

     "He is a fool who thinks by force or skill
      To turn the current of a woman's will."

                          TUKE, _Adventures of Five Hours_, 1673.

[236:A] The following, from Wycombe Church, is an agreeable variation:

     "Here lies one, whose rest
        Gives me a restless life,
      Because I've lost a good
        And virtuous wife."

In Milton Abbot Church we find a memorial to one Bartholomew Doidge and
Joan, his wife. The wife was buried on the 1st of February 1681, and the
husband on the 12th, and the inscription goes on to say:

     "She first deceased: he a little tried
      To live without her, liked it not, and died."

[237:A] "By thys tale ye may se that the olde prouerbe ys trew that yt
is as gret pyte to se a woman wepe as a gose to go barefoote."--"Mery
Tayls," c. 1525. Puttenham, in "The Arte of English Poesie," 1589, gives
a rather different rendering, a satire on feminine gush and misplaced
sympathy, "By the common prouerbe a woman will weepe for pitie to see a
gosling goe barefoote."

[239:A]

     "The shuddering tenant of the frigid zone,
      Boldly proclaims the happiest spot his own,
      Extols the treasures of his stormy seas,
      And his long night of revelry and ease.
      The naked savage, panting at the line,
      Boasts of his golden sands, and palmy wine,
      Basks in the glare, or stems the tepid wave,
      And thanks his gods for all the good they gave.
      Nor less the patriot's boast, where'er he roam,
      His first, best country, ever is at home."

                                    --GOLDSMITH, _The Traveller._

[241:A] The Book of Proverbs is no less rich in wisdom than the Book of
Ecclesiasticus, but the latter being somewhat less familiar to many
readers we prefer to draw upon its pages in illustration of our English
adages.

[242:A]

     "To speed to-day, to be put back to-morrow;
      To feed on hope, to pine with feare and sorrow;
      To fret thy soule with crosses and with cares;
      To eate thy heart through comfortlesse dispaires."

                                                     --_Spenser._

[243:A] In the following passage Bacon shows us hope as a veritable
life-preserver. "Hope, being the best of all the affections and
passions, is very powerful to prolong life, if, like a nodding muse, it
does not fall asleep and languish, but continually feeds the fancy: and
therefore such as propose certain ends to be compassed, thriving and
prospering therein according to their desire, are commonly long-lived;
but having attained to their highest hopes, all their expectations and
desires being satisfied, live not long afterwards."

[244:A] In Cotgrave's Dictionary defined as "store, plentie, abundance,
great fulnesse, enough."

[245:A] "Babel's projectors, seeking a name, found confusion; and
Icarus, by flying too high, melted his waxen wings and fell into the
sea." "_Grey cap for a green head._" Gray express the idea very
forcibly:

     "Ambition this shall tempt to rise,
      Then hurl the wretch from high,
      To bitter scorn a sacrifice,
      And grinning infamy!"

[246:A] "Life is like wine, he that would drink it pure must not drain
it to the dregs."--_Sir William Temple._

[246:B] _Coleridge._

[249:A] CHAUCER, _The Marchaunt's Tale_.

[249:B] "Men at some time are masters of their fates."--SHAKESPEARE,
_Julius Cæsar_.

[253:A] The friends of a Roman patrician condemned by Tiberias to death,
dwelt strongly on the injustice of the sentence. "That," said he, "my
friends, is my greatest consolation, you do not surely wish that I had
been guilty!"

[256:A]

     "But did this boaster threaten, did he pray,
      Or, by his own example, urge their stay?
      None, none of these, but ran himself away."

                     --DRYDEN, _Ovid's Metamorphoses_, Book xiii.

[256:B] The Spanish revel in these proverbs of sarcastic nature.
Another, for instance, is, "Praise me, friends, I love my daughters,"
applied to those who expect commendation for fulfilling the most obvious
duties.

[259:A] In Germany they say, "Siedet der Topf, so blühet die
Freundschaft"--while the pot boils the friendship blooms.

[259:B] In Welsh proverb lore, "Have a horse of your own and then you
can borrow another."

[262:A]

                     "Things without all remedy
     Should be without regard: what's done is done."

                                                       _Macbeth._

[263:A] "Is not a patron," says Dr Johnson to the Earl of Chesterfield,
"one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water,
and when he has reached the land encumbers him with help? The notice
which you have been pleased to take of my labours had been kind: but it
has been delayed until I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; till I am
solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it."

[263:B] One Richard Nichols, of Warrington, writing in 1670 or
thereabouts. Many of his sayings are admirable; here are half-a-dozen of
them: "Self-denial makes a poor condition easy, and a rich one safe"; "A
good intention will not justify a bad action"; "Though time be not
lasting, yet what depends upon time is everlasting"; "The weak, when
watchful, are more safe than the strong when secure"; "He that has all
his religion in his prayers has no religion at all"; "The best way to
wipe off reproaches is to live so that none will believe them."

[266:A] "Sondayes thundre should bryng ye death of learned men, judges,
and others: Mondayes thundre ye death of women: Tuesdayes thundre
plentie of graine: Wednesdayes thundre ye death of ye wicked: Thursdayes
thundre plentie of sheepe and corne: Fridaies thundre ye slaughter of a
great man and other horrible murders: Saturdayes thundre a generall
plague and grate deathe."--LEONARD DIGGES, _A Prognostication
Everlasting of Ryght Good Effecte_, 1556.

[267:A] Sometimes rendered as, "Evening red and morning grey, tokens of
a bonny day"; or, "An evening red and a morning grey are the two sure
signs of a fine day."


           _Elliot Stock, 62 Paternoster Row, London, E.C._


                            [Illustration]




TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES


The following corrections have been made to the text:

     Page iii: "[original has single quote]FAMILIAR WILD FLOWERS,"
     ETC.

     Page 23: Durum et durum non[original has not] faciunt murum

     Page 43: bottom of the sea," says the old proverb.[original
     has comma]

     Page 99: old English[original has Engish] proverb

     Page 113: what sacred book shall he[original has be] recite

     Page 118: recalls the hypocrisy[original has hyprocrisy] of
     the wolf

     Page 126: you may have a horse of your[original has you] own
     some day

     Page 135: and[original has nad] "Every day in thy life is a
     page in thy history."

     Page 135: "The Notable and Antient Historie of the Cherrie and
     the Slae"[original has single quote]

     Page 144: who they list and whosoever[original has whoesoever]
     displeaseth them

     Page 171: Echar magaritas a puercos[original has puerco s]

     Page 180: estimate of the respective[original has repective]
     values

     Page 185: we read in "[original has single quote]Colyn Cloute"

     Page 189: the saying that we have already quoted[original has
     quotod]

     Page 191: perhaps puzzle them to explain.[original has comma]

     Page 215: "Wine neither keeps secrets nor carries out
     promises"[quotation mark missing in original]

     Page 234: Some would tell[original has tells] us that
     marriages

     Page 246: saying to our[original has extraneous comma]
     "After-wit is everybody's wit"

     Page 267: refers really to a cheese[original has chesse] not
     matured

     [29:A] the works of Ewald,[comma missing in original]
     Berthean, Hitzig

     [149:A] "[quotation mark missing in original]Set thee up
     waymarks."

     [232:A] Number was added to footnote by transcriber.