Project Gutenberg's Selections from Viri Romae, by Charles Franois L'Homond

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Title: Selections from Viri Romae

Author: Charles Franois L'Homond

Editor: Robert Arrowsmith
        Charles Knapp

Release Date: August 1, 2010 [EBook #33311]

Language: English

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  SELECTIONS

  from

  VIRI ROMAE


  Edited By

  ROBERT ARROWSMITH, Ph.D.

  Late Professor Of Greek And Latin, Teachers College

  and

  CHARLES KNAPP, Ph.D.

  Instructor In Latin, Barnard College


    [Decoration]


  New York : Cincinnati : Chicago

  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY




  Copyright, 1896, by
  AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.

  VIRI ROMAE.

  W. P. 18




PREFACE

[Decoration]


Upon the reviving perception of the true scope of Latin teaching has
followed a return to some of the methods of former times, which, with
all their faults, were yet imbued with the true spirit of the Classics.
Since for many years the study of Latin lay in bondage to the spirit
which regarded the language merely as a _corpus vile_ for grammatical
dissection, and ignored the rich literature lying beyond the classical
trinity of authors, it is not surprising that it fell into disfavor as
unsuited to the requirements of the times. The revival upon which the
study has now entered is due largely to a recognition of the fact that
mental culture rather than mere mental training is its true aim, and
that, with this aim kept steadily in view, the study of Latin is not a
barren waste of time and energy, but a most potent agency in securing
that broad and sympathetic culture which must ever remain the mark of
the educated man. The results of classical study most valuable to the
character are surely not to be found in the ability, usually lost
after a few years, to recite paradigms faultlessly, to give the
principal parts of verbs, and to enumerate the various kinds of
_cum_-constructions and the subdivisions of the ablative. Of far greater
worth are the mental breadth and sympathy, the weakening of prejudice
and Philistinism, and the increased power of entering into higher forms
of enjoyment which must inevitably flow from the study of the life of a
great people as revealed in its literature and art.

This conception of the sphere of Latin study has brought with it some
modifications of the initial steps and a return to some of the texts in
use fifty years since. In the traditional sequence of authors, and
particularly in the selection of a purely military work as the means by
which to introduce the student to the language, the entrance into the
fields of Latin literature has frequently been made so distasteful as to
destroy the desire for further exploration. More attractive paths,
however, are opening to the beginner; and of these the _Viri Romae_
offers in a notable degree material of real interest to the young, and,
from the very outset, gives a foretaste of the contents of the
literature.

The history of this work is of interest, as showing an early recognition
of the correctness of the standpoint to which we are now returning. It
was compiled by a Professor of the University of Paris, Charles Franois
Lhomond, who lived from 1727 to 1794, and enjoyed an enviable reputation
as a successful teacher, especially of younger pupils. His experience
taught him the need of an introductory text combining interest of story
with simplicity of style. The best proof of the excellence of his work
is the fact that it has ever since remained a favorite with teachers of
Latin. The material is taken from the works of various authors, chiefly
Livy and Eutropius, but was simplified by Lhomond in vocabulary and
construction wherever necessary to fit it to the requirements of
beginners. As its title indicates, it deals with the early stories of
Rome, so fascinating in any dress to the young, and it is therefore
eminently fitted to arouse a desire for further reading.

The present edition has been prepared with reference to the difficulties
most likely to embarrass the young pupil at the outset of the new study.
One of the most perplexing of these difficulties is the inability to
discover in an alphabetical vocabulary the inflected forms encountered
in the text. This is met, in part at least, by giving in italics in the
footnotes the vocabulary form of verbs not easily recognizable. For a
similar reason grammatical constructions are, on their first occurrence,
explained in simple language, or their nature briefly indicated, in
order that the student may more intelligently consult the grammatical
references which follow. For purposes of comparison, and as a means of
helping the pupil to form proper habits of study and observation,
subsequent occurrences are referred to previous instances, or to the
tables of constructions on pages xvi-xxvi.

Although the compiler of the _Viri Romae_ greatly simplified the
language of his authorities, there yet remain in the early part of the
book many constructions which the beginner is not fitted to discuss. It
is strongly recommended, therefore, that the treatment of the more
difficult and complex of these constructions be postponed to a later
period. At the outset the attention of the pupil should be centered upon
matters of primary importance and upon the simplest and most common
usages, such as the form of the sentence, the relation of its parts to
one another, the significance of terminations, and the modes of
expressing the constantly recurring relations of time, place, cause,
means, purpose, and result. Even these should be treated as simply as
possible and with constant regard to English usage. It is the experience
of many teachers that reference to a Latin grammar to explain a
construction possessed by English as well as by Latin frequently creates
a difficulty where the student, if left to his own devices, would have
experienced none.

The notes on matters of Roman custom have been made intentionally full
with the aim of adding reality to the stories, and of inducing the
pupil, under the teacher's guidance, to discover for himself further
details. The use of other accounts, whether in ancient or modern
authors, of photographs, plates, and other graphic aids can not be too
strongly encouraged, in accordance with the dictum of Horace:--

  Segnius irritant animos demissa per aures
  Quam quae sunt oculis subiecta fidelibus.

All vowels known to be long have been carefully marked. The text of this
edition is, in the main, that of C.Holzer (tenth edition, Stuttgart,
1889). In orthography, however, Brambach has been followed. In the
vocabulary compound verbs are given under the simple verbs as an aid to
the fuller appreciation of the methods by which they are formed and
their meanings derived. The exercises in prose composition have been
made simple in order that they may occupy their legitimate place as
subordinate and auxiliary to the development of the more important
reading power.

The thanks of the editors are due to Mr. E. G. Warner, of the Brooklyn
Polytechnic Institute, for his hearty coperation in the work, and
particularly for the labor which he has expended upon the exercises.

  ROBERT ARROWSMITH.
  CHARLES KNAPP.

August, 1895.




CONTENTS

[Decoration]

  PAGE

  Suggestions to the Student                              ix
  Plan of Rome                                        xxviii
       I. Rmn Imperi Exrdium                          1
      II. Rmulus                                          4
     III. Numa Pompilius                                   8
      IV. Tullus Hostlius                                10
       V. Ancus Mrcius                                   15
      VI. Lcius Tarquinius Prscus                       17
     VII. Servius Tullius                                 19
    VIII. Tarquinius Superbus                             22
      IX. Inius Brtus                                   25
       X. Mcius Scaevola                                 26
      XI. Fabi Trecent Sex                              27
     XII. Lcius Virgnius                                29
    XIII. Titus Mnlius Torqutus                         30
     XIV. Pblius Decius                                  35
      XV. Mnius Curius                                   36
     XVI. Gius Dulius                                   38
    XVII. Mrcus Atlius Rgulus                          39
   XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher                         42
     XIX. Quntus Fabius Mximus                          43
      XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varr              48
     XXI. Pblius Cornlius Scpio fricnus              52
    XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gius Gracchus             63
   XXIII. Gius Marius                                    68
    XXIV. Lcius Cornlius Sulla                          74
     XXV. Lcius Lcullus                                 77
    XXVI. Gnaeus Pompius Mgnus                          80
   XXVII. Gius Ilius Caesar                             86
  XXVIII. Mrcus Tullius Cicer                           96
    XXIX. Mrcus Brtus                                  102
     XXX. Octvinus Caesar Augustus                     103
  Exercises for Translation                              112
  Vocabulary                                             131




SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT

[Decoration]

To read Latin quickly and intelligently, and to enjoy the reading
properly, we must possess (1)avocabulary, _i.e._ a collection of Latin
words with whose meanings, whether used singly or in combination, we are
thoroughly familiar; (2)aknowledge of the inflectional system of the
language, _i.e._ its declensions and conjugations; (3)aknowledge of
its syntax; and (4)aknowledge of the plan upon which the Latin
sentence is constructed, or, in other words, we must be able to overcome
the difficulties arising out of the peculiar order of the words and
clauses that form a Latin sentence.

#Vocabulary.#--Words are the material out of which sentences are
constructed. Hence it is of prime importance to know their meanings. The
best way, in fact the only way, to acquire a vocabulary, is by constant
reading, and by noting carefully the force of individual words as they
occur. It soon becomes evident that certain words are very frequently
used, especially verbs which denote actions that have to do with
everyday life, such as _dc_, _e_, _faci_, _habe_, _veni_, _sum_,
and their compounds. These at least must be mastered at the very outset.
It is worth while to notice what prefixes are used in forming compound
verbs, and the modifications of meaning which they produce. If the force
of the simple verb is mastered, alittle practice will enable the
student to detect at sight the meaning of any of its compounds without
reference to any dictionary.

It is useful also to group together in memory words derived from the
same stem, _e.g._ _can_, _cantus_; _cert_, _certmen_; _dc_, _dux_;
_reg_, _rx_, _rgius_; _caed_, _caeds_. Aspecially interesting
study consists in noting the English words which go back to Latin
originals. From various causes a large part of our English vocabulary is
borrowed from Latin. Cf. _donate_ with _dn_ and _dnum_, _lucid_ with
_lx_, _regent_ with _rx_ and _reg_.

Finally, it will be found very helpful constantly to read Latin aloud,
for thus the _ear_ will help the _eye_ and words will have meaning when
_heard_ as well as when _seen_. Indeed, we ought to use our ears far
more than our eyes in acquiring a Latin vocabulary, in order that Latin
words, when heard, shall suggest at once to our minds the same pictures
which they suggested to the minds of Roman boys.

#Inflections and Syntax.#--It is not enough, however, to be familiar
with the meanings of individual words, however many we may succeed in
mastering. We must possess a knowledge also of _inflections_, _i.e._ of
the declensions and conjugations, which tell us how individual words may
be altered in form in order to express different relations to other
words, and of _syntax_, which tells us how words are combined together
into sentences. Aknowledge of inflections and an understanding of
syntax are the tools by which we arrive at the meaning of sentences as a
whole. As the wise workman uses the best and most efficient tools, so
one who undertakes to read Latin with speed and pleasure must make his
mastery of inflections and syntax as complete as possible. It is assumed
that students of this book have already had some drill in the commoner
inflections. The principles of syntax can best be studied as they occur
in actual reading. The commonest, and therefore most important, are
discussed in the notes and illustrated by appropriate references to the
grammars in common use and by the tables of constructions on pages xvi
to xxvi. Avery practical way of fixing the principles of syntax firmly
in mind is by frequent translation from English into Latin. It should be
remembered, however, that we study syntax simply because such study
enables us to read and enjoy the great works of Latin literature.

#The Order of Words.#--The greatest difficulty that confronts the
student of Latin literature is the fact that the order of the words in a
Latin sentence is widely different from that which he ordinarily finds
in an English sentence. This difference is due mainly to two causes.
(1)Every Latin sentence is a kind of word picture, in which the meaning
is developed stroke by stroke, _the separate parts being introduced in
the order of their importance_. (2)It is a principle of Latin to keep
the meaning in suspense until the very end, so that the last word
completes not only the form, but also the meaning of the sentence. Both
these principles may be seen at work in lines 1 to 5 of selection I,
page 1. _Proca_ naturally stands first, partly because the whole work is
a story of the deeds of men, partly because at this point he is
especially important, as being the reigning king, with power to choose
his own successor. The phrase _rx Albnrum_ very properly follows, as
defining the scene of the action. _Numitor_ and _Amlius_ are next
mentioned because the Latin loves to emphasize contrasts of persons. The
sense of the whole is not complete till we reach the very last word,
_habuit_. In the next sentence _Numitr_ is first, because now Numitor
is more important, as being Proca's successor. The relative clause _qu
... erat_ not only states a fact, but also gives the reason why Proca
bequeathed his kingdom (_rgnum relquit_) to Numitor. So in the words
_ut ... fcit_, the _ut_-clause tells why Amulius performed the act
indicated by the words _Rham Silviam ... fcit_, so that by the time
we know _what_ the act was we know also exactly _why_ it was performed.
The Latin thus pictures the parts of the scene in their true order, for
the motive in every case precedes the act. We see therefore that,
however strange at times the Latin order may seem to be, there is always
good reason for it. It is our task at the outset, as it soon will be our
pleasure, to determine just what this reasonis.

Now this freer order of words in the Latin sentence is rendered possible
by the fact that Latin possesses an elaborate inflectional system,
whereas English does not. Note, however, that one familiar with Latin
declensions would know at once that in the first sentence discussed
above Proca was actor (_i.e._ subject), and Numitor and Amulius acted
upon (_i.e._ object). So in the sentence _ut ... fcit_ it is clear
that Amulius is the actor and that Rhea Silvia is acted upon. Thus the
inflectional system serves to relieve, in part at least, the very
difficulty which it creates.

#How to Read.#--By far the best way for the beginner to make himself
familiar with the Latin order and its meaning is to _make a practice
from the very outset of reading the sentence aloud from beginning to end
before attempting to translate at all_. If the meaning is not clear at
once, arepetition of such reading will often serve to make it clear,
provided the student knows the force of the individual words and
constructions. If he does not, he must seek the aid of the vocabulary or
the notes. Then let him read the sentence once more aloud, slowly and
carefully. He should not, however, look into either vocabulary or notes
until he has read the Latin through at least once. Progress at first
will necessarily be slow, but it will be sure. By every page read in the
manner indicated above the pupil is preparing himself to read with more
and more intelligence and pleasure the pages that remain. Besides, in
this way he reads his Latin precisely as he reads English, word after
word, in the order in which it is written, and precisely as a Roman boy
1800 years ago read his Latin story or poem. He will gain further the
advantage of training his ear as well as his eye and of making it do its
fair share of the work. In translating, too, it will be wise to follow
as closely as possible the Latin order. Often it will be found that the
resulting English order, even if not very common, is none the less
intelligible. So the sentence _ut ... fcit_ discussed above may be
translated almost exactly in the Latin order.


LATIN COMPOSITION

#Its Value.#--An exercise which is very practical and helpful, and which
may also become extremely delightful, is the rendering into Latin of
English sentences based upon that portion of the Latin text which has
already been carefully studied. This exercise is helpful, because it
calls upon us to put into practice the knowledge which we have acquired
in reading; it may become delightful because it shows us accurately the
measure of our advance and thus affords us the pleasure which comes from
the feeling that one is making sure progress in a given line of study.

#Essentials.#--To write Latin well one needs precisely the things which
we found necessary in reading (pageix). The words and constructions
required in the sentences for translation given on pages 112 to 129 are
illustrated by the corresponding pages of the Latin text. The pupil
should always endeavor to recall the word, inflectional form, phrase, or
construction for himself before referring to his text or to his grammar.
In other words, he should make the exercise one of thought rather than
of mere mechanical copying from a printed model.

#The Object.#--We read the Latin text in order to understand the
thoughts of the writer. So in turning English sentences into Latin our
chief object is to clothe the _thoughts_ which such sentences convey in
proper Latin dress, not merely to substitute Latin _words_ for English
_words_. Every language has its own peculiar expressions, which are
called _idioms_. Such expressions can never be literally translated from
one language into another. Hence in attempting to turn an English
sentence into Latin, we must begin by noting carefully the thought which
it expresses, and then consider how the Romans gave expression to that
thought.

#Choice of Expression.#--In Latin, just as in English, it often happens
that the same thought may be expressed in several ways, which differ
greatly in the words used as well as in the form and expression. In
English it is often impossible to give a reason for the choice of one
form of expression in preference to others. Sometimes the choice is made
consciously for the sake of variety, or because there is a very slight
shade of difference in meaning,--so slight that we can perhaps feel it,
but cannot put it into words; sometimes unconsciously, because every one
falls into the habit of using certain phrases and manners of speech with
no deeper reason than the habit. The same is true of Latin writers.
Their various forms of expression have been noted and collected, and we
find them laid down in the grammars as _rules_. Some of these
expressions are found to be used by the best writers more frequently
than others, and these are considered the best models. But the student
must avoid the error of confining himself absolutely to one iron-bound
form because most stress is laid upon it by the grammars, if he finds
other modes of expression in the writings of good authors. By searching
out the greatest variety of forms in which an idea may be expressed, by
trying to discover the differences in meaning between them, and by
placing yourself as far as possible in the writer's place, you will gain
a far greater grasp and appreciation of the language than by learning a
single rigid rule and forcing it to fit every case.

One of the central ideas of the following exercises, then, should be to
render the thought in as many ways as possible, drawing your authority
from the text on which the exercise is based, as well as from your
grammar.

Examine the tables on pages xvi to xxvi, where you will find several of
the most important constructions treated. Compare the examples given and
try to trace out the reasons for the different forms. In many cases you
will not be able to do so, and are free to choose one of several modes
of expression. In others the meaning of the sentences and the aid of the
grammar will give the reason for your choice.

#Caution.#--The pupil should note that all the words and constructions
necessary to enable him to write in Latin the sentences given below,
pages 112 to 129, are to be found on the pages of the Latin text upon
which the exercises are based. _An English-Latin vocabulary or
dictionary is, therefore, wholly unnecessary._ Additional sentences
based on the text may be made up by student or teacher as required.


TABLES OF CONSTRUCTIONS

The following tables have been prepared for the purpose of affording the
pupil material for study and comparison, by grouping together under
appropriate heads examples of certain constructions as they actually
occur in this book. It is expected that they will be helpful to the
student in two ways: (1)by supplementing and illustrating the notes,
and (2)by affording him guides which he may follow in his writing of
Latin. No attempt whatever has been made to include under any given head
all the examples that are to be found in the text. The pupil will find
it both interesting and instructive to add to the lists himself as he
finds new instances in his own reading.


_A._ EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE

1. PLACE AT OR NEAR WHICH:

  #Rmae#, VII, 26, and often; #Tarent#, XV, 30; salbrira
  #mlitiae# quam #dom# esse iuvenum corpora, IV, 70 (locative:
  chiefly used with names of towns);--#in sicc#, I, 10; #in is
  locs#, I, 11; #in# (on) #sinistrs manibus#, II, 21; #in colle
  Quirnl#, II, 54; #in r#, III, 4; #in medi urbe#, V, 23; ponte
  .. #in# (over) #Tiber# fact, #in# (at) #re# Tiberis, V,
  27;--#mults locs#, XXV, 17; #terr marque#, XXI, 125;--#apud
  Tcnum# amnem .. #apud Trebiam#, XIX, 16;--#ad# Caprae #paldem#,
  II, 44; #ad# tertium #lapidem#, XIII, 12; #ad flmen# Bagradam,
  XVII,18.


_B._ EXPRESSIONS OF MOTION

1. PLACE FROM WHICH:

  #Curibus# .. acctus est, III, 2; #Tarquinis# .. profectus, VI, 1
  (simple abl., especially with names of towns);--# port# ..
  pergit, XIII, 5; #ab urbe# profectus, XIII, 13; #lds# pblics
  revertns, XVIII, 17;--dlbitur # cael sciss# sctum, III, 15;
  #ex e loc# .. aufgerat, IV, 20; dnec novae cpiae #ex fric#
  advenrent, XVII, 3; #ex angustis# vsit, XIX,38.

2. PLACE TOWARDS WHICH:

  #Albam# propervit, I, 25; Qu cum #Rmam# vnisset, III, 3; #Rmam#
  also in IV, 64, V, 20, and often; Pergunt inde #Colltiam#, VIII,
  21; Profectus #Delphs#, IX, 4; #Carthginem# rediit, XVII, 54;
  #domum# ddcunt, IV, 31; #domum# refugins, VII, 45; cum ..
  #domum# redret, VII, 48 (simple accusative, chiefly with names of
  towns);--Cum lupa saepius #ad parvuls# .. revertertur, I, 16;
  Remum .. #ad Amlium# rgem perdxrunt, I, 27; #ad Gabns# s
  contulit, VIII, 4;--#in fricam# .. tricit, XVII, 15; #in
  taliam# vnit, XIX, 15; abicit #in Tiberim#, I, 7; Sabns #in
  urbem# recpit, II, 38; aciem #in# (to) #collem# subdxit, IV, 58;
  cum #in# (upon) #tribnal# scendisset, XII, 20; #In# (against)
  #eum# .. rediit, IV, 22; ausae sunt s #inter tla# .. nferre,
  II,36.

3. WAY BY WHICH:

  #port# (abl. of means) #qu# profect erant, XI, 19; #Per# (over)
  #loca alta# gmen dcbat, XIX, 23; Qu cum .. #per monts, per
  silvs# hc illc discurrerent, XIX,35.


_C._ EXPRESSIONS OF TIME[I.1]

1. TIME AT WHICH:

  #Poster di#, IV, 61, VIII, 24; #Prm impet#, II, 29; #Kalends
  Mrtis#, III, 20; #e tempestte#, VI, 17; #nocte medi#, XIX,68.

2. TIME WITHIN WHICH OR IN THE COURSE OF WHICH:

  #Ann trecentsim# ab urbe condit, XII, 1; #edem ann#, XIII, 11;
  #bell Latn#, XIV, 11; #hc bell#, XIV, 12; #in proeli#, VI, 26;
  #In proeli qudam, in qu#, VII, 8; #In qu bell#, XV, 2.[I.2]

3. AGE:

  flium #tredecim annrum#, VI, 25; Hannibal .. #novem anns ntus#,
  XIX,1.

    [Footnote I.1: See also below, Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.]

    [Footnote I.2: The form with #in# is the more exact.]


_D._ DURATION OF TIME AND EXTENT OF SPACE

1. DURATION OF TIME:

  Rmulus #septem# et #trgint# rgnvit #anns#, III, 38; rgnvit
  #anns dus# et #trgint#, IV, 75; rgnvit #anns quattuor# et
  #quadrgint#, VII, 52; #per ttum bduum#, XIII, 87; #omn deinde
  vt#, XIII, 60. (This last form should not be imitated.)

2. EXTENT OF SPACE:

  Iam #aliquantum# spati .. aufgerat, IV, 20; centum et vgint
  #peds# longum, XVII, 27; qunque dirum #iter# .. abest, XXI, 163.


_E._ EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE

1. Pure purpose: #ut# or #n# with the subjunctive:

  #ut# eum subole #prvret#, I, 3; #ut# populum ferum religine
  #mtigret#, III, 3; #ut esset# index pcis et bell, III, 25;--#n#
  frt auferr #posset#, III, 16; #n# duo violenta ingenia
  mtrimni #iungerentur#, VII,38.

2. Relative clause:

  msit #qu# societtem .. #peterent#, II, 5; Centum .. lgit,
  #qurum# cnsili omnia #ageret#, II, 40; sacerdts lgit, #qu#
  anclia .. #cstdrent# et .. #ferrent#, III, 19; Rmam missus,
  #ubi# (= ut ibi) .. #interesset#, XXVIII,8.

3. #Qu#[I.3] (whereby) with subjunctive:

  #qu frequentius habitrtur#, IV, 66 (see note); #qu minor# turba
  Rmae #foret#, XVIII, 21; #qu ditius# in magistrt #esset#,
  XIX,46.

4. Gerundive:

  coniug dedit #ducands#, I, 19; gnem .. perpetu #alendum#
  virginibus dedit, III, 4; agellum #colendum# locvit, XVII, 36; #ad
  exercitum lstrandum#, II, 44; mlits #ad vindicandum# facinus
  accendit, XII,26.

5. Future participle:

  quasi d pce #ctrus#, r vr ut tempus extraheret, XVII, 2 (see
  note).

6. Supine:

  aquam .. #pettum# ierat, II, 17; sus num .. mittit
  #scscittum#, VIII, 8; Cum .. lgt Rmam vnissent #conquestum#,
  XIII, 81; pecora .. quae #pstum# prpulsa essent, XIX,63.

7. Substantive clauses:

  adfrmns .. Rmulum .. praecipere #ut# sditinibus #abstinrent#
  et rem mlitrem #colerent#, II, 51-53; Latnrum populs susit
  #ut# .. fnum Dinae .. in Aventn monte #aedificrent#, VII, 25;
  optvit #ut# frter .. #revvsceret# atque iterum classem
  #mitteret#, XVIII, 19; dxit #n# quis .. in hosts #pgnret#,
  XIII, 42; Veritus autem #n# .. poens #daret#, XVI, 21; petiit 
  patribus cnscrpts #n# quid d e r #statuerent#, XIII,83.

    [Footnote I.3: This is merely a special form of (2), but its
    importance entitles it to separate treatment.]


_F._ EXPRESSIONS OF RESULT

1. Pure result: #ut# or #ut nn# with the subjunctive:

  ita omnium anims e piette imbuit #ut# fids .. cvs
  #continret#, III, 33; ade frct .. sunt sprits .. #ut# nll
  re posthc nisi sacrs operam #daret#, IV, 72; ita es adlicins
  #ut# apud omns plrimum #posset#, VIII,6.

Note that in the main clause there is usually some word like #ita#,
#ade#, #tam#, #tlis#, #is#, which paves the way for the result clause.

2. Relative (characteristic):

  invenr potuit nm, #qu .. peteret#, XXIII, 119; nus adulscns
  fuit, #qu audret# quer, XXIV, 50. Here too belongs #qun# with
  the subjunctive: haud procul erat #qun .. gnsceret#, I, 33; nn
  esse dubium #qun .. oportret#, XVI, 27; Nmin dubium est #qun
  .. restituerit#, XIX, 105.

3. Substantive:

  (Rmulus dxit) #futrum ut# omnium gentium domin #exsisterent#,
  II, 53; #oportet# dsciplnam, quam solvist, .. #restitus#, XIII,
  54; #concessum est ut# .. praecinente tbcine  cn #redret#,
  XVI,16.


_G._ TEMPORAL CLAUSES[I.4]

1. #Ubi#, #ut#, or #postquam# with the indicative mood, especially the
perfect tense:

  #Ubi# spectcul tempus #vnit#, II, 11; #Ut .. increpure# arma
  micantsque #fulsre# gladi, IV, 13; Is #postquam adolvit#, VII,
  7; Qu #postquam# frequents #convnre#, XIII,52.

2. #Dum# (while) with the indicative (the tense employed is generally
the present):

  Ea rs #dum# Numitris animum anxium #tenet#, I, 36; #dum# Albnus
  exercitus #inclmat# Critis, IV, 23; Latnus #dum# ad Tiberim
  #dscendit#, sacerds bovem immolvit, VII,34.

3. #Dum#, #dnec# (until) with the subjunctive:

  #dum convalsceret# (indirect discourse also), VII, 17; ut tempus
  extrheret, #dnec# novae cpiae ex fric #advenrent#, XVII,
  3(partly purpose).

4. #Antequam# and #priusquam# with the subjunctive:

  Alterum .. #priusquam# tertius #posset# cnsequ, interfcit, IV,
  24; #priusquam# es bellum #indceret#, lgtum msit qu rs
  repeteret, V, 7; petiit .. n quid .. statuerent #antequam# ipse
  #nspexisset# Macedonum .. causam, XIII, 83 (indirect discourse).

5. #Cum# with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive:

  #cum# is #nsidit essent# latrns, I, 22; #cum# Numitor ..
  #comparret#, I, 30; #cum# (as) Rmae #appropinqurent#, II, 15; cum
  (while) .. cntinem .. #habret#, II, 44; Qu #cum# Rmam
  #vnisset#, III, 2. This form of temporal clause is extremely
  common.

    [Footnote I.4: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 3.]


_H._ CAUSAL CLAUSES[I.5]

1. Relative clause with the subjunctive:

  quppe #qu cerneret# ferrum ante oculs micns, accstinem
  dmsit, XIII, 8; cum in eam cvittem animadvertere dcrvisset
  #quae# (= cumea) sibi #adversta fuisset#, XXVII,37.

2. #Cum# with the subjunctive:

  #Cum# vr uxrs .. nn #habrent#, lgts circ vcns gents
  msit, II, 3; #cum# s invidisum .. #vidret#, Vients ..
  adversus Rmns concitvit, IV, 55; #Cum# .. facinora clandestna
  #fierent#, Ancus carcerem .. aedificvit, V, 21-25.

3. #Quod#,[I.6] #quia#, #quoniam#, or #quand#, with the indicative:

  #quia# tribus impr #erat#, .. fugam capessvit, IV, 18;
  #quandquidem .. pgnvist#, XIII, 53; #quia# nn #pruist#,
  XIII,77.

4. #Quod# with the subjunctive:

  cum s invidisum apud cvs vidret, #quod# bellum n paucrum
  certmine #fnsset#, IV, 55-56 (see note); Tarquinius flium ..
  #quod# in proeli hostem #percussisset#, praetext .. dnvit, VI,
  25-27.

5. #Quasi# with the subjunctive (assumed reason):

  eum accsants, #quasi# Numitris agrs nfstre #solitus esset#,
  I, 28; Is cum rtus ad mortem dc iussisset mlitem, #quasi#
  (because, as was supposed,) #interfcisset# commlitnem, XIII,65.

NOTE.--These clauses resemble those in 4, as giving the reason ascribed
to some one other than the writer. They show also that the reason is
fictitious, and invented by the person who advancesit.

    [Footnote I.5: Cf. also Ablative Absolute, _K_ 4.]

    [Footnote I.6: These conjunctions are regularly used with the
    indicative. They are employed with the subjunctive only when the
    writer is indirectly quoting the reason given by some one else.]


_I._ CONCESSIVE OR ADVERSATIVE CLAUSES

1. #Cum# (although) with the subjunctive:

  #cum retinrtur#  propinqus et amcs, tamen Carthginem rediit,
  XVII,53.

2. #Quamquam# with the indicative:

  #quamquam . . pellbtur#, XXI, 242.

3. #Quamvs# with the subjunctive:

  #quamvs ss# molestus, XXVI, 158.


_J._ CUM CLAUSES

The temporal, causal, and concessive uses of #cum# have already been
given separately. #Cum# was originally a temporal conjunction. From the
temporal idea were developed its other meanings. So the English _when_
frequently contains the ideas of time and cause, or time and concession
combined, and _while_ also is frequently at once temporal and
concessive. So #cum# also may represent these ideas in combination as
well as separately. In many cases, indeed, it is difficult, if not
impossible, to decide which meaning is more prominent:cf.

  #Cum# (_when_ and _since_) lupa saepius ad parvuls ..
  #revertertur#, I, 16; Hs artibus #cum# (_when_ and _although_)
  Hannibalem Fabius .. #clausisset#, ille .. s expedvit, XIX,31.


_K._ THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

1. FORM.--The ablative absolute consists usually of a noun and a
participle. The participle is generally passive, but often active: #E
rgnante#, IV, 3; #relbente flmine#, I,9.

2. Often, however, the ablative absolute consists of a noun and
adjective, or of two nouns, or a noun and pronoun. In such cases there
is an ellipsis of the lost present participle of #sum#:

  #mgn glri# bell, IV, 75; #par# fer #rnt#, X, 6; #Appi
  idice#, XII, 15; #Valeri# et #Coss cnsulibus#, XIV,1.

3. MEANING.--The ablative absolute may denote

  TIME; compare Temporal Clauses, _G_ 1, 2, and5.

  #puls frtre#, rgnvit, I, 3; #E r cgnit#, parvuls ..
  abicit in Tiberim, I, 5; #armts pstribus#, Albam propervit,
  I,25.

NOTE.--This is the original and most frequent use of the ablative
absolute.

4. CAUSE: compare Causal Clauses, _H_ 2 and 3.

  #ort# inter es #contentine#, I, 40; drissim squmrum #lrc#
  omnia tla facile #repellente#, XVII, 22; in cnfert multitdine
  aegr #prcdente carpent#, XVIII,17.

5. CONCESSION:

  agrum ius, #omnibus# circ #vstts#, intctum relquit, XIX,39.

6. Often time and cause together: compare note on Cum Clauses, _J_.
Examples are:

  #mlitibus# sgnius #dmicantibus#, raptum sgnum in hostem msit,
  VII, 9; #occs Tati#, ad Rmulum potenttus omnis recidit, II,40.

7. CONDITION:

  #r# male #gest# (ifhe fails), XVI, 31; n, #dsert# agr, nn
  esset (lest, if he neglected his farm, he might not have), XVII,34.

8. MEANS:

  #advects ballists# et #catapults# (bybringing up, etc.) ..
  diciendus hostis fuit, XVII,23.

9. ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCE:

  #crnibus passs#, II, 36; #mgn glri# bell rgnvit, IV, 75;
  scrb cum rge #par fer rnt# sedbat, X,6.

10. The ablative absolute is often best translated by the English
perfect active participle with an object: #armts pstribus#, I, 25,
_having armed_ the shepherds. Acombination of an abl. abs. and a finite
verb is often best rendered by two verbs in the same mood and tense:
#intermpt Amli#, Numitrem in rgnum #restituit#, I, 37, _he killed_
Amulius _and restored_ Numitor to the throne.


_L._ PARTICIPLES

In Latin the participles, especially the perfect passive participle, are
used far more frequently than in English, and with a much larger variety
of meanings. The use of the participle tends to produce brevity of
expression. Thus the Latin participle may be equivalentto

1. A RELATIVE CLAUSE:

  #raptae# muliers, II, 35; Rmnus .. male #sustinentem# (= qu
  male sustinbat) arma Critium cnficit, IV, 29; ab lani cultr
  #adrept# (with a knife _which he caught up_ from a butcher's
  stall), XII, 24; #volentibus# (= es qu volbant) cnsulere s d
  ire praebuit, XIII,97.

2. A CAUSAL CLAUSE:

  necessitte #compulsus# indicvit, I, 24; nmina mtre nn potuit
  #dterritus# .. Nvi auctritte, VI, 16; Hc terrre cter
  #adct# nmina prmptius dedrunt, XV,25.

3. A CONCESSIVE CLAUSE:

  #victus# (though beaten) crucis supplicium effgit, XVI,30.

4. Latin often uses a perfect passive participle in agreement with a
noun, where, judging from English usage, we should expect a noun with a
limiting genitive:

  ob #virgins# rapts (onaccount of the _seizure of_ the maidens),
  II, 14; Ann trecentsim ab #urbe condit# (from the _founding of_
  the city), XII,1.

5. English is fond of cordinated verbs, that is, verbs in exactly the
same mood, tense, and construction, _e.g._ 'They took the ass and
saddled him.' Latin, however, objects to such constructions, and prefers
to replace the former of the two verbs by some other form of expression,
_e.g._ a passive or deponent participle. We have to notice here two
classes of sentences:

(_a_) Such sentences as fulmine #ctum cnflagrsse#, IV, 74, which =
fulmine #ctum esse et cnflagrsse#, _i.e._ 'he _was struck_ by
lightning _and burned_,' etc.

(_b_) such sentences as the following: parvuls alve #imposits
abicit#, I, 6 = parvuls alve #imposuit et abicit#; #latam# secrim
in ius caput #dicit#, VI, 37 = #extulit# secrim #et# in ius caput
#dicit#; cniugem  Cri #voctum# .. rgem #saltvit#, VII, 47 =
cniugem  Cri #vocvit et# eum rgem #saltvit#.


_M._ INDIRECT DISCOURSE

1. INDIRECT DISCOURSE DEFINED.--The terms _Direct Discourse_ and
_Indirect Discourse_ denote the two distinct ways in which a writer may
quote the statement or represent the thought of another person. If the
writer gives the exact words in which the statement was made, or in
which the thought was formulated (ifput into words at all), he is said
to use the _direct_ discourse. If, on the other hand, he gives merely
the substance or the gist of his own or another's statements or
thoughts, he is said to use the _indirect_ discourse. In Latin, as in
English, the indirect discourse is more common than the direct.

2. In passing from the direct discourse to the indirect, numerous
changes become necessary. These may, however, be readily grouped under
two heads: (_a_) those which occur in principal clauses, and (_b_) those
which occur in subordinate clauses.

3. CHANGES IN PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.--Principal clauses may be declarative,
interrogative, or imperative; that is, they may make a statement, ask a
question, or give expression to a command. We thus have to consider
three forms of principal clauses: (_a_) Statements, (_b_) Questions,
(_c_) Commands.

4. STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

All Statements of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect,
fall into the infinitive mood, because they become objects of verbs of
saying:

  adfrmns #vsum# (sc.#esse#) s Rmulum .. eundemque
  #praecipere#, II, 51 (direct form, #vsus est#  m Rmulus ..
  demque #praecipit#); prclmbat fliam suam ire #caesam esse#,
  IV, 43 (direct form, flia mea ire #caesa est#); mintur s v
  #abstrctrum#, XII, 12 (direct form (ego) v t #abstraham#).

5. QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

All Questions of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect,
fall into the subjunctive mood, because they are in reality dependent on
a verb of asking. No example of a question in formal indirect discourse
occurs in the selections contained in this book. Indirect questions
(cf.p.3, n.2), however, fall under this general head as giving some
one's thoughts without quoting his exact words.

6. COMMANDS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

All Commands of the Direct Discourse, on passing into the Indirect, fall
into the subjunctive, because they are in reality dependent on some verb
like _impervit_, to be supplied in thought:

  proinde #n gravrtur# s spectandum praebre, XXI, 289 (direct
  form, #Nl gravr# t spectandum praebre); satis cnstat Sullam
  .. prclmsse, #vincerent#, dummodo scrent, XXVII, 12-15 (direct
  form, #Vincite#, dummodo scitis).

7. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

All Subordinate Clauses of the Indirect Discourse have their verbs in
the subjunctive mood:

  Tatius .. Tarpiae optinem mneris dedit, #s .. perdxisset#,
  II, 19-21 (direct form, d or dab optinem mneris, #s ..
  perdxeris#: see note); Illa petiit quod #gererent#, II, 21 (direct
  form, Pet quod .. #geritis#).




The grammatical references in the footnotes are to the Latin Grammars in
most common use; H= Harkness' Complete Latin Grammar, references to
Harkness' Standard Grammar being inclosed in parentheses; M= Lane &
Morgan; A= Allen & Greenough; G= Gildersleeve; B= Bennett.




    [Illustration: THE HILLS OF ROME]

The original Latin city comprised only the Palatine and a small portion
of the surrounding territory. The Etruscans inhabited the Caelian Hill,
and extended toward the Esquiline. The Sabine town occupied the
Quirinal, which was originally connected with the Capitoline, on which
was the Sabine citadel, by a ridge sloping toward the Forum and the
Campus Martius. Ancus Marcius added to the city the Aventine, and built
a fortress on the Janiculum. Servius Tullius added the Viminal and
Esquiline, and inclosed the seven hills with a line of fortifications,
of which one portion is still traceable. The ridge connecting the
Capitoline and Quirinal was a barrier which cut the town in two. The
only means of communication between the two halves of the city, when its
population had reached nearly two million inhabitants, were the narrow
strip of land between the Capitoline and the river and a lane ten feet
wide crossing the ridge. To relieve the pressure, this ridge was cut
away by the Emperor Trajan, in whose Forum on the site of the
excavations stands the well-known 'Trajan's Column,' 140 feet high,
'erected to show to posterity how high was the mountain leveled by the
Emperor.' The business portion of the modern city occupies the Campus
Martius, its main artery, the famous 'Corso,' following the line of the
ancient street shown on the plan. See Lanciani, _Ancient Rome_, p.86.




URBIS RMAE VIR INLSTRS


#I. Romani imperii exordium# [[stripped text]]

Proca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium filios habuit. Numitori, qui
natu maior erat, regnum reliquit; sed Amulius, pulso fratre, regnavit
et, ut eum subole privaret, Rheam Silviam, eius filiam, Vestae
sacerdotem fecit, quae tamen Romulum et Remum geminos edidit. Ea re
cognita Amulius ipsam in vincula coniecit, parvulos alveo impositos
abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus; sed,
relabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastae tum in iis locis
solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accurrit,
infantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum ori matremque se gessit.

Cum lupa saepius ad parvulos veluti ad catulos reverteretur, Faustulus,
pastor regius, re animadversa eos tulit in casam et Accae Larentiae
coniugi dedit educandos. Adulti deinde hi inter pastores primo ludicris
certaminibus vires auxere, deinde venando saltus peragrare et latrones a
rapina pecorum arcere coeperunt. Quare cum iis insidiati essent
latrones, Remus captus est, Romulus vi se defendit. Tum Faustulus,
necessitate compulsus, indicavit Romulo quis esset eorum avus, quae
mater. Romulus statim armatis pastoribus Albam properavit.

Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt, eum accusantes,
quasi Numitoris agros infestare solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege
Numitori ad supplicium traditus est; at cum Numitor, adulescentis vultum
considerans, aetatem minimeque servilem indolem compararet, haud procul
erat quin nepotem agnosceret. Nam Remus oris lineamentis erat matri
simillimus aetasque expositionis temporibus congruebat. Ea res dum
Numitoris animum anxium tenet, repente Romulus supervenit, fratrem
liberat, interempto Amulio avum Numitorem in regnum restituit.

Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi expositi ubique
educati erant, condiderunt; sed orta inter eos contentione, uter nomen
novae urbi daret eamque imperio regeret, auspicia decreverunt adhibere.
Remus prior sex vultures, Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus,
victor augurio, urbem Romam vocavit. Ad novae urbis tutelam sufficere
vallum videbatur. Cuius angustias inridens cum Remus saltu id
traiecisset, eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis: "Sic
deinde, quicumque alius transiliet moenia mea!" Ita solus potitus est
imperio Romulus.


    [[1]]

  #I. Rmn imperi exrdium# [[as printed]]

  Proca,[1] rx Albnrum, Numitrem et Amlium flis habuit.
  Numitr, qu nt[2] mior erat, rgnum relquit;[3] sed Amlius,
  puls[4] frtre, rgnvit et, ut[5] eum subole[6] prvret,[5] Rham
    [[2]]
  Silviam, ius fliam, Vestae[1] sacerdtem fcit, quae[2] tamen    {4}
  Rmulum et Remum gemins didit.[3] E[4] r cgnit Amlius ipsam[5]
  in vincula conicit,[6] parvuls
  alve[7] imposits[8] abicit in
  Tiberim, qu tunc forte super
  rps erat effsus[9]; sed, relbente
  flmine, es aqua in sicc                                        {10}
  relquit. Vstae tum in is
  locs slitdins erant. Lupa,
  ut fm[10] trditum est, ad vgtum[11] accurrit,
  nfants lingu[10] lambit, bera erum r[7]
  mtremque[12] s gessit.                                          {15}

    [Illustration: TEMPLE OF VESTA / _From a coin_]

    [Illustration: A VESTAL]

  Cum[13] lupa saepius[14] ad parvuls velut ad
  catuls revertertur,[13] Faustulus, pstor
  rgius,[15] r[16] animadvers es tulit in casam et              {18}
  Accae Lrentiae coniug dedit[17] ducands.[18] Adult[19] deinde
  h inter pstrs prm ldicrs[20] certminibus vrs auxre,[21]
  deinde vnand[22] salts peragrre et latrns  rapn[23] pecorum
  arcre coeprunt. Qur cum[13] is nsidit essent[13] latrns,
  Remus captus est, Rmulus[24] v s dfendit. Tum Faustulus,      {23}
    [[3]]
  necessitte compulsus,[1] indicvit Rmul quis esset[2] erum
  avus, quae mter. Rmulus statim armts[3] pstribus Albam[4]   {25}
  propervit.

  Intere Remum latrns ad Amlium rgem perdxrunt,[5]
  eum accsants, quasi[6] Numitris agrs nfstre solitus[7] esset;
  itaque Remus  rge Numitr ad[8] supplicium
  trditus est; at cum Numitor,                                     {30}
  adulscentis vultum cnsderns, aettem[9]
  minimque servlem indolem comparret,
  haud[10] procul erat qun neptem gnsceret.
  Nam Remus ris lnements[11] erat mtr[12]
  simillimus[13] aetsque expositinis temporibus                   {35}
  congrubat. Ea rs dum Numitris animum anxium tenet,[14]
  repente Rmulus supervenit,[15] frtrem lberat,[15] intermpt Amli
  avum Numitrem in rgnum restituit.[15]

    [Illustration: CASA]

    [Illustration: TIBER STATUE / _Paris_]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 754.]

  Deinde Rmulus et Remus urbem in isdem locs, ubi exposit[16]
  ubique duct erant, condidrunt[17]; sed ort[18] inter es     {40}
  contentine, uter nmen novae urb daret[19] eamque imperi
  regeret, auspicia[20] dcrvrunt[21] adhibre. Remus prior[22] sex
    [[4]]
  vulturs, Rmulus poste duodecim vdit. Sc Rmulus, victor
  auguri,[1] urbem Rmam vocvit. Ad[2] novae urbis ttlam sufficere
  vllum vidbtur. Cius[3] angustis inrdns cum Remus           {45}
  salt id tricisset, eum rtus[4] Rmulus interfcit, hs increpns
  verbs: "Sc[5] deinde, qucumque alius trnsiliet moenia mea!"
  Ita slus pottus est imperi[6] Rmulus.

    Among the few Trojans who escaped after the fall of Troy was
    Aeneas, the son of Venus and the hero Anchises. After many
    wanderings Aeneas reached Italy, married there Lavinia, the
    daughter of Latinus, king of the Latins, and founded a town called
    Lavinium, from the name of his wife. He was succeeded by his son
    Ascanius, who founded a second city, called Alba Longa, and
    transferred thither the seat of government. The date traditionally
    assigned to the capture of Troy was 1184 B.C. Hence it is clear
    that Alba Longa was settled more than 400 years before the
    foundation of Rome in 754 B.C. To fill this gap a list of fourteen
    Alban kings, all descendants of Aeneas, was given by the Roman
    writers. How Rome itself was founded from Alba Longa is described
    in the text. It should be kept constantly in mind that little
    faith is to be put in these traditional accounts of Rome's early
    history, at least as far as details are concerned. Latin writers
    tell us that the oldest records of the city perished in the sack
    of Rome by the Gauls in 388 B.C. The first historical work written
    by a Roman was published about 215 B.C., more than 500 years after
    the foundation of the city. Many of the stories were obviously
    invented to account for institutions which existed in the later
    times, and the traditional narrative is full of inconsistencies
    and contradictions.

    [Footnotes: I (pages 1-4)

    1.1: #Proca# was the twelfth king of Alba Longa.
    1.2: #nt mior#: 'greater by birth' = 'elder.'
    1.3: from _relinqu_.
    1.4: #puls# (_pell_) #frtre#: abl. abs.; 'his brother having
    been driven out' (pass.) = 'having driven out,' _or_ 'when he had
    driven out his brother' (act.): H489 (431): M638: A255: G409:
    B227.
    1.5: #ut prvret#: purpose: H 568 (497, II): M893: A317, 1:
    G545: B282.
    1.6: abl. of separation: H 462 (414, I): M 601: A 243, _a_: G405:
    B214, 1, c.
    2.1: See Voc., _Vesta_.
    2.2: #quae# = _sed ea_.
    2.3: _d_.
    2.4: #e r cgnit# (_cgnsc_): cf. p.1, n.4.
    2.5: i.e. Rhea Silvia.
    2.6: _conici_.
    2.7: dat. with compound verb: H 429 (386): M 534: A228: G347:
    B187, III.
    2.8: #imposits# (_impn_) #abicit# (_abici_) = _imposuit et
    abicit_. English is fond of cordination of clauses; Latin
    prefers to subordinate clause to clause. Hence, in general, Latin
    avoids two cordinated verbs. See p. xxiv, L5, and H639
    (549,5): A292, R.: G664, R. 1, 2: B337,2.
    2.9: _effund_.
    2.10: abl. of means: H 476 (420): M 645: A 248, c, 1: G401:
    B218.
    2.11: #ad vgtum#: 'to (their) squalling,' i.e. to them as they
    were crying.
    2.12: #mtrem s gessit# (_ger_): 'conducted herself, acted like
    a mother.'
    2.13: not only '_when_,' but also '_because_ the wolf kept coming
    back.' See p. xxii,J.
    2.14: 'very often.' The comparative often has this intensive
    force.
    2.15: adj. = the genitive of _rx_.
    2.16: #r . . . tulit# (_fer_) = _rem animadvertit et es tulit_;
    cf. p. xxiii, K10.
    2.17: _d_.
    2.18: = _ut ducrentur_. The gerundive expresses purpose here, as
    often. See p. xviii, E4, H622 (544, N.2): M994: A294, _d_:
    G430: B337, 7,2.
    2.19: #adult# (_adolsc_): 'having grown' = 'when grown.'
    2.20: #ldicrs certminibus#: 'with playful contests,'--such as
    running, wrestling, and boxing. For the case, cf. n.10.
    2.21: = _auxrunt_ (_auge_).
    2.22: The abl. of the gerund here denotes manner.
    2.23: 'from the seizure of' = 'from stealing.'
    2.24: = '_but_ Romulus.'
    3.1: _compell_.
    3.2: indir. quest.: H 649, II (529, I): M 810: A 334: G467:
    B300.
    3.3: See p. 1, n. 4.
    3.4: acc. of limit without preposition: H 418 (380,II): M515:
    A258, _b_: G337: B182, 1, _a_; cf. English 'to go _home_.'
    3.5: _perdc_.
    3.6: 'because, as they said'; _quasi_ often denotes a statement or
    thought of some person other than the writer himself. See p. xxi,
    H5.
    3.7: _sole_.
    3.8: #ad supplicium#: 'to be punished'; _ad_ with its noun often
    denotes purpose.
    3.9: #aettem . . . comparret#: 'compared his age with his
    nature, (which was) by no means that of a slave'; i.e. his
    appearance and demeanor indicated that he belonged to a higher
    station than the shepherds.
    3.10: #haud . . . gnsceret#: 'he came very near to recognizing
    him'; how literally? In this construction _qun_ = _ut nn_, and
    the subjunctive is one of result: H595 (504): M913: A319, _d_:
    G555: B284,3.
    3.11: abl. of specification: H 480 (424): M 650: A 253: G397:
    B226,1.
    3.12: _similis_ is construed with both gen. and dat.
    3.13: 'very like'; cf. a similar use of the comparative in l.16.
    3.14: _dum_, 'while,' regularly takes the pres. indic. where
    English uses the imperfect: H533, 4 (467,4): M917: A276, _e_:
    G570, R.: B293.
    3.15: historical presents: H 532, 3 (467, III): M 734: A276, _d_:
    G229: B259,3.
    3.16: _expn_.
    3.17: _cond_.
    3.18: #ort# (_orior_) . . . #contentine# = '_because_ a strife
    arose'; see p. xxiii, K4.
    3.19: indir. quest. depending on _contentine_; cf. n.2. The
    strife centered in the question, "Which of us shall rule?"
    3.20: Romulus stood on the Palatine Hill, and Remus on the
    Aventine.
    3.21: _dcern_.
    3.22: 'first.'
    4.1: 'by virtue of the augury'; abl. of cause: H 475 (416): M612:
    A245: G408: B219.
    4.2: #Ad . . . ttlam#: 'to guard the new city.' Cf. p.3, n.8.
    4.3: Render 'its.' Latin is fond of closely connecting successive
    clauses, and for this purpose often employs a relative pronoun,
    where English uses a simple demonstrative, or a demonstrative or
    personal pronoun with a conjunction,--generally _and_, often _but_
    or _for_: cf. p.2, n.2.
    4.4: 'in anger.' An adjective may often be best rendered by an
    adverb or adverbial phrase.
    4.5: Sc. _pereat_ (subjunctive of wish).
    4.6: H 477, I (421, I): M 646: A 249: G 407: B 218,1.]


#II. Romulus, Romanorum rex primus# [[stripped text]]

753-715 B.C.

Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat; incolae deerant. Erat
in proximo lucus; hunc asylum fecit. Et statim eo mira vis latronum
pastorumque confugit. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent,
legatos circa vicinas gentes misit, qui societatem conubiumque novo
populo peterent. Nusquam benigne audita legatio est; ludibrium etiam
additum: "Cur non feminis quoque asylum aperuistis? Id enim compar foret
conubium." Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos parat; indici
deinde finitimis spectaculum iubet. Multi convenere studio etiam
videndae novae urbis, maxime Sabini cum liberis et coniugibus. Ubi
spectaculi tempus venit eoque conversae mentes cum oculis erant, tum
signo dato iuvenes Romani discurrunt, virgines rapiunt.

Haec fuit statim causa belli. Sabini enim ob virgines raptas bellum
adversus Romanos sumpserunt, et cum Romae appropinquarent, Tarpeiam
virginem nacti sunt, quae aquam forte extra moenia petitum ierat. Huius
pater Romanae praeerat arci. Titus Tatius, Sabinorum dux, Tarpeiae
optionem muneris dedit, si exercitum suum in Capitolium perduxisset.
Illa petiit quod Sabini in sinistris manibus gererent, videlicet aureos
anulos et armillas. Quibus dolose promissis, Tarpeia Sabinos in arcem
perduxit, ubi Tatius scutis eam obrui iussit; nam et ea in laevis
habuerant. Sic impia proditio celeri poena vindicata est.

Deinde Romulus ad certamen processit, et in eo loco, ubi nunc Romanum
Forum est, pugnam conseruit. Primo impetu vir inter Romanos insignis,
nomine Hostilius, fortissime dimicans cecidit; cuius interitu
consternati Romani fugere coeperunt. Iam Sabini clamitabant: "Vicimus
perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Nunc sciunt longe aliud esse
virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris." Tunc Romulus, arma ad caelum
tollens, Iovi aedem vovit, et exercitus seu forte seu divinitus
restitit. Itaque proelium redintegratur; sed raptae mulieres crinibus
passis ausae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre et hinc patres, hinc
viros orantes, pacem conciliarunt.

Romulus, foedere cum Tatio icto, et Sabinos in urbem recepit et regnum
cum Tatio sociavit. Verum haud ita multo post, occiso Tatio, ad Romulum
potentatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex senioribus elegit, quorum
consilio omnia ageret, quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. Tres
equitum centurias constituit, populum in triginta curias distribuit. His
ita ordinatis, cum ad exercitum lustrandum contionem in campo ad Caprae
paludem haberet, subito coorta est tempestas cum magno fragore
tonitribusque et Romulus e conspectu ablatus est. Ad deos transisse
vulgo creditus est; cui rei fidem fecit Iulius Proculus, vir nobilis.
Orta enim inter patres et plebem seditione, in contionem processit,
iureiurando adfirmans visum a se Romulum augustiore forma, eundemque
praecipere ut seditionibus abstinerent et rem militarem colerent;
futurum ut omnium gentium domini exsisterent. Aedes in colle Quirinali
Romulo constituta, ipse pro deo cultus et Quirinus est appellatus.


  #II. Rmulus, Rmnrum rx prmus# [[as printed]]

  753-715 B.C.

  Rmulus[7] imginem urbis magis quam urbem fcerat; incolae
  deerant.[8] Erat in[9] proxim lcus[10]; hunc asylum fcit. Et
  statim e mra vs[11] latrnum pstrumque cnfgit. Cum[12] vr
    [[5]]
  uxrs ipse[1] populusque nn habrent, lgts circ vcns
  gents msit,[2] qu[3] societtem cnbiumque[4] nov popul      {5}
  peterent.[3] Nsquam bengn audta lgti est; ldibrium etiam
  additum[5]: "Cr nn fmins quoque asylum aperuistis? Id
  enim compr foret[6] cnbium." Rmulus, aegritdinem anim
  dissimulns, lds parat; indc[7] deinde fnitims spectculum
  iubet. Mult convnre[8] studi etiam[9] videndae novae urbis,   {10}
  mxim Sabn cum lbers et coniugibus. Ubi spectcul tempus
  vnit eque[10] conversae[11] ments[12] cum oculs erant, tum sgn
  dat iuvens Rmn discurrunt, virgins rapiunt.[13]

    [Illustration: ARMILLA]

  Haec[14] fuit statim causa bell. Sabn enim ob[15] virgins rapts
  bellum adversus Rmns smpsrunt,[16] et cum                    {15}
  Rmae[17] appropinqurent, Tarpiam virginem nact
  sunt,[18] quae aquam forte[19] extr moenia pettum[20]
  ierat. Hius pater Rmnae praeerat arc. Titus
  Tatius, Sabnrum dux, Tarpiae optinem mneris
  dedit, s exercitum suum in Capitlium                            {20}
    [[6]]
  perdxisset.[1] Illa petiit quod[2] Sabn in sinistrs manibus[3]
      gererent,[4]                                                  {21}
  vidlicet aures nuls et armills. Quibus dols prmisss,
  Tarpia Sabns in arcem perdxit, ubi Tatius
  scts[5] eam obru iussit; nam et[6] ea in laevs[7]
  habuerant.[8] Sc impia prditi celer poen[5] vindicta        {25}
  est.

    [Illustration: DEATH OF TARPIA]

  Deinde Rmulus ad certmen prcessit, et in
  e loc, ubi nunc Rmnum Forum[9] est, pgnam
  cnseruit. Prm[10] impet vir inter[11] Rmns nsgnis, nmine[12]
  Hostlius, fortissim dmicns cecidit; cius interit[13] cnsternt
  Rmn fugere coeprunt. Iam Sabn clmitbant: "Vcimus         {31}
  perfids hospites,[14] imbells hosts. Nunc sciunt long[15] aliud
  esse virgins rapere,[16] aliud pgnre[16] cum virs." Tunc Rmulus,
  arma ad caelum tollns, Iov aedem[17] vvit, et exercitus seu forte
  seu dvnitus restitit.[18] Itaque proelium redintegrtur; sed raptae
  muliers crnibus[19] passs ausae sunt s inter tla volantia nferre
  et hinc patrs, hinc virs rants,[20] pcem concilirunt.       {37}

    [Illustration: RMULUS AS QUIRNUS / _From a coin_]

  Rmulus, foedere[21] cum Tati ct, et Sabns in urbem recpit
    [[7]]
  et rgnum[1] cum Tati socivit. Vrum haud ita mult post,
  occs[2] Tati, ad Rmulum potenttus omnis recidit.[3] Centum   {40}
  deinde ex seniribus lgit, qurum cnsili[4] omnia ageret,[5] qus
  sentrs nminvit propter senecttem. Trs equitum[6] centuris
  cnstituit, populum in trgint cris distribuit. Hs ita
  rdints, cum[7] ad[8] exercitum lstrandum cntinem in camp[9] ad
  Caprae[10] paldem habret, subit coorta est                     {45}
  tempests cum mgn fragre tonitribusque et
  Rmulus  cnspect abltus[11] est. Ad des
  trnssse vulg crditus[12] est; cu[13] re fidem
  fcit Ilius Proculus, vir nbilis. Ort[14] enim
  inter patrs et plbem sditine, in cntinem                    {50}
  prcessit,[15] ireirand adfrmns vsum[16]  s
  Rmulum augustire[17] frm, eundemque[18] praecipere[19] ut
      sditinibus
  abstinrent[20] et rem mlitrem colerent[20]; futrum[21] ut
    [[8]]
  omnium gentium domin exsisterent. Aeds in colle Quirnl
  Rmul[1] cnstitta,[2] ipse[3] pr de cultus[2] et Quirnus est
  appelltus.                                                       {56}

    [Footnotes: II (pages 4-8)

    4.7: It has been suggested that the name _Rmulus_ is derived from
    _Rma_, and that this in turn was made from an ancient word
    _Rumon_, 'river.' _Rma_ would then be 'the town by the river,'
    'Rivertown' (cf.English 'Watertown,' etc.), and _Rmulus_ would
    be 'the man from Rivertown.'
    4.8: _dsum_.
    4.9: #in proxim#: 'near by.' Phrases consisting of a preposition
    and a neuter adjective are common, and have the force of
    adjectives or adverbs.
    4.10: This grove lay between the two summits of the Capitoline
    Hill.
    4.11: #vs# often means 'number,' as here, or 'quantity'; 'power'
    is used in the same sense in some parts of Great Britain.
    4.12: #cum#: 'since': H 598 (517): M 863: A 326: G586: B286, 2.
    5.1: = _Rmulus_. Cf. _ipsam_, I, 5.
    5.2: _mitt_.
    5.3: #qu . . . peterent#: rel. clause of purpose; see p. xviii,
    E2, and H590 (497,I): M835: A317, 2: G630: B282,2.
    5.4: In early times the right of intermarriage did not exist
    between neighboring tribes, except by special treaty.
    5.5: Sc. _est_, which, like _esse_, is often omitted with the
    passive, especially in rapid narrative.
    5.6: = _esset_: H 205, 2 (204, 2): M 327: A 119, N.: G116, N. 1,
    _c_: B100, N.2.
    5.7: #indc . . . iubet#: 'he bids a show to be announced.' Such
    an announcement would carry with it an invitation to be present.
    5.8: Cf. p. 2, n. 21.
    5.9: i.e. they were not only interested in the games, but they
    were also curious to see the new city.
    5.10: = _in spectculum_.
    5.11: _convert_.
    5.12: #ments cum oculs#: 'minds and eyes alike.' The emphasis is
    on _ments_; they were thinking only of the show.
    5.13: In rapid historical narrative, clauses are often set side by
    side without a connective. See also n.5 above.
    5.14: #Haec#, referring to the matters related in the preceding
    paragraph, should theoretically be neuter, but is feminine because
    the predicate noun #causa# is feminine. Such attraction is the
    rule in Latin. H396, 2 (445,4): A195, _d_: G211, 5: B246,5.
    5.15: #ob virgins rapts#: 'on account of the stolen maidens' =
    'on account of the seizure of the maidens.' Aparticiple agreeing
    with a noun is preferred in Latin to an abstract noun with a
    dependent genitive.
    5.16: _sm_.
    5.17: dat.; why?
    5.18: 'they happened upon' (_nancscor_).
    5.19: #forte . . . ierat#: 'had gone by chance' = 'happened to
    have gone.' _Forte_ is often best rendered by a clause: 'as it
    happened,' or 'it so happened.'
    5.20: supine denoting purpose; see p. xviii, E 6, and H633 (546):
    M1005: A302: G435: B340, 1.
    6.1: The subjunctive here, as in #gererent#, is due to implied
    indirect discourse; #s perdxisset# represents the fut. perf.
    indic. of direct discourse _s perdxeris_, 'if you shall have
    led' = 'if you (shall) lead'; H646 (527,I): M1034, 1038: A337:
    G656-7: B319, B.
    6.2: 'that which.'
    6.3: _manus_ often = 'arm,' just as _ps_ = 'leg.'
    6.4: #gererent#: either 'wore' or 'bore.' Tarpeia meant it in the
    former sense; Tatius chose to understand it in the latter.
    6.5: Why abl.?
    6.6: #et ea# = _ea quoque_: 'these too,' as well as the _armillae_
    and _nul_.
    6.7: Sc. _manibus_.
    6.8: Note the tense; they _had had_ these, too, on their arms when
    the bargain was struck.
    6.9: See Vocab., _Forum_.
    6.10: #Prm impet#: 'in the very first charge.' The ablative
    fixes the time of #cecidit#.
    6.11: #inter . . . nsgnis#: 'the most conspicuous of the
    Romans.' How literally?
    6.12: abl. of specification.
    6.13: = _morte_. The abl. includes the ideas of means and cause.
    6.14: 'hosts.' The relation of host and guest was regarded by the
    Romans, as by other ancient peoples, as peculiarly sacred.
    6.15: #long aliud . . . aliud#: 'one thing . .. quite another.'
    Note here the difference between the English and the Latin idiom.
    6.16: Infinitives, because the clauses in which they stand are
    subjects of #esse#; H615 (538): M972: A270: G422: B377.
    6.17: This temple was called the Temple of _Iuppiter Stator_, i.e.
    the 'Stayer,' the god who had _stayed_ the army's flight.
    6.18: _resist_: 'maintained its ground,' 'held its own,' as
    contrasted with its previous flight (_fugere coeprunt_).
    6.19: #crnibus passs# (_pand_): 'with streaming hair.'
    6.20: '_by_ beseeching'; the abl. of the gerund (_rand_) might
    have been used.
    6.21: #foedere . . . ct# (_c_): 'having struck a treaty.' How
    literally? The abl. abs. is one of the regular substitutes in
    Latin for the missing perfect active participle. In the phrase
    _foedus cere_, the verb suggests the striking of the victims in
    the sacrifice which accompanied the making of the treaty.
    7.1: #rgnum . . . socivit#: i.e. henceforth there were two
    kings.
    7.2: By the inhabitants of Laurentum, whose ambassadors he had
    insulted.
    7.3: Note the force of the prefix: the sovereignty 'came _back_,'
    or 'devolved _again_' upon Romulus, precisely as before he shared
    it with Tatius.
    7.4: abl. of means.
    7.5: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
    7.6: See Vocab., _eques_.
    7.7: 'When': H 600, II (521, II): M 858: A 325: G 585: B288.
    7.8: #ad . . . lstrandum# = _ut . . . lstrret_. What does the
    gerundive construction express?
    7.9: Sc. _Mrti_. See Vocab., _campus_, and map, p. xxviii.
    7.10: #Caprae paldem#: 'Goat Swamp.'
    7.11: _aufer_.
    7.12: #crditus est#: we would say: 'it was believed that he,'
    etc.; Latin prefers the personal construction, and says: 'he was
    believed to have,' etc.
    7.13: #cu . . . fcit#: literally 'for which thing he made (i.e.
    secured) belief (i.e. general acceptance).'
    7.14: What does the abl. abs. here express? See p. xxiii, K6.
    7.15: _prcd_.
    7.16: Sc. _esse_. #vsum esse# and #praecipere# depend on
    #adfrmns#: see H642 (523,I): M1023: A336, 2: G650: B314:
    and p. xxv, M4.
    7.17: #augustire frm#: 'of more imposing presence' (than he was
    while on earth); abl. of characteristic, H473, 2 (419,II):
    M643: A251: G400: B224.
    7.18: i.e. _Rmulum_.
    7.19: Note the change of tense from that in _vsum_ (_esse_)
    above. Proculus actually said: (_Rmulus_) _praecipit_, i.e. he
    used the historical present. Above _vsum_ (_esse_) represents
    _vsus est_ of the direct discourse.
    7.20: substantive clause of purpose; H 565 (498, I): M892: A331:
    G546: B295,4.
    7.21: #futrum ut . . . exsisterent# gives the statement, not of
    Proculus, but of Romulus himself. The inf. #futrum# (_esse_)
    depends on a verb of saying implied in #praecipere#. Romulus said
    _exsisttis_. Since, however, _exsist_ has no supine and so no
    future participle, no direct future infinitive can be formed from
    it. Hence the phrase _futrum ut_ with subjunctive becomes
    necessary: 'it would happen that they would become,' etc.
    8.1: 'in honor of Romulus'; dat. of advantage.
    8.2: With #cnstitta# and #cultus# (_col_) sc. _est_.
    8.3: For the omission of the conjunction before #ipse#, cf. p.5,
    n.13.]


#III. Numa Pompilius, Romanorum rex secundus# [[stripped text]]

716-673 B.C.

Successit Romulo Numa Pompilius, vir inclita iustitia et religione. Is
Curibus, ex oppido Sabinorum, accitus est. Qui cum Romam venisset, ut
populum ferum religione mitigaret, sacra plurima instituit. Aram Vestae
consecravit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum virginibus dedit. Flaminem
Iovis sacerdotem creavit eumque insigni veste et curuli sella adornavit.
Dicitur quondam ipsum Iovem e caelo elicuisse. Hic, ingentibus
fulminibus in urbem demissis, descendit in nemus Aventinum, ubi Numam
docuit quibus sacris fulmina essent procuranda, et praeterea imperii
certa pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promisit. Numa laetus rem
populo nuntiavit. Postridie omnes ad aedes regias convenerunt
silentesque exspectabant quid futurum esset. Atque sole orto delabitur e
caelo scisso scutum, quod ancile appellavit Numa. Id ne furto auferri
posset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma fabricare iussit.
Duodecim autem Salios Martis sacerdotes legit, qui ancilia, secreta illa
imperii pignora, custodirent et Kalendis Martiis per urbem canentes et
rite saltantes ferrent. Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum lunae
descripsit; nefastos fastosque dies fecit; portas Iano gemino
aedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli; nam apertus, in armis esse
civitatem, clausus, pacatos circa omnes populos, significabat.

Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut vero maiorem institutis
suis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit sibi cum dea Egeria esse
conloquia nocturna eiusque monitu se omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lucus
erat, quem medium fons perenni rigabat aqua; eo saepe Numa sine arbitris
se inferebat, velut ad congressum deae; ita omnium animos ea pietate
imbuit, ut fides ac iusiurandum non minus quam legum et poenarum metus
cives contineret. Bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati
profuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in Ianiculo monte sepultus est.
Ita duo deinceps reges, ille bello, hic pace, civitatem auxerunt.
Romulus septem et triginta regnavit annos, Numa tres et quadraginta.


  #III. Numa Pompilius, Rmnrum rx secundus# [[as printed]]

  716-673 B.C.

    [Illustration: SELLA CURLIS / _From a coin_]

  Successit Rmul Numa Pompilius, vir inclit istiti[4] et
  religine.[4] Is Curibus,[5] ex oppid Sabnrum, acctus est. Qu
  cum Rmam vnisset, ut[6] populum ferum religine mtigret, sacra
  plrima nstituit. ram Vestae cnsecrvit, et gnem[7] in r
  perpetu alendum virginibus dedit. Flminem[8]                     {5}
  Iovis sacerdtem crevit eumque nsgn veste[9]
  et curl[10] sell adrnvit. Dcitur[11] quondam
  ipsum Iovem  cael licuisse.[12] Hc, ingentibus
  fulminibus in urbem dmisss, dscendit in nemus
  Aventnum, ubi Numam docuit quibus sacrs                         {10}
  fulmina[13] essent prcranda,[13] et praetere imperi
    [[9]]
  certa[1] pgnora popul Rmn datrum s esse prmsit. Numa
  laetus rem popul nntivit. Postrdi omns ad aeds[2] rgis
  convnrunt silentsque exspectbant[3] quid futrum esset.[4] Atque
  sle ort dlbitur  cael sciss[5] sctum, quod                {15}
  ancle appellvit Numa. Id n[6] frt auferr
  posset,[6] Mmurium fabrum ndecim scta edem
  frm fabricre iussit. Duodecim autem Salis[7]
  Mrtis sacerdts lgit, qu anclia, scrta
  illa imperi pgnora, cstdrent[8] et Kalends                  {20}
  Mrtis per urbem canents et rte saltants
  ferrent.[8] Annum in duodecim[9] mnss ad
  cursum lnae dscrpsit; nefsts[10] fstsque
  dis fcit; ports In[11] gemin[12] aedificvit
  ut esset index pcis et bell; nam apertus,[13] in                {25}
  arms esse cvittem, clausus,[13] pcts circ
  omns populs, sgnificbat.

    [Illustration: ANCLIA / _From a coin_]

    [Illustration: INUS]

  Lgs[14] quoque plrims et tils tulit                         {28}
  Numa. Ut vr mirem nstitts[15] sus auctrittem conciliret,
    [[10]]
  simulvit[1] sibi[2] cum de geri esse conloquia nocturna iusque[3]
  monit s omnia, quae ageret, facere. Lcus erat, quem[4] medium
  fns perenn rigbat aqu; e saepe Numa sine arbitrs[5] s      {32}
  nferbat, velut[6] ad congressum deae; ita[7] omnium anims e[7]
  piette imbuit, ut fids[8] ac isirandum nn minus quam lgum
  et poenrum metus cvs continret.[9] Bellum quidem[10] nllum   {35}
  gessit, sed[10] nn minus cvitt prfuit quam Rmulus.[11] Morb[12]
  exstnctus in Inicul monte sepultus[13] est. Ita duo[14] deinceps
  rgs, ille bell, hc pce, cvittem auxrunt. Rmulus septem
  et trgint rgnvit anns,[15] Numa trs et quadrgint.         {39}

    [Footnotes: III (pages 8-10)

    8.4: See p. 7, n. 17.
    8.5: #Curibus . . . Sabnrum#: 'from Cures, atown of the
    Sabines.' H462 (412,II): M605: A258, _a_: G391: B229, 1.
    '_At_ Cures, atown of the Sabines,' would be _Curibus, in oppid
    Sabnrum_. The two phrases well illustrate the difference between
    the treatment of names of towns, and that of common nouns, in
    expressions intended to denote rest in a place, or motion from a
    given point.
    8.6: #ut . . . mtigret#: purpose clause, to be joined with what
    follows. Phrases and clauses often thus precede the words which
    they modify.
    8.7: #gnem . . . alendum#: for the form of expression, see p.2,
    n.18.
    8.8: #Flminem . . . crevit#: 'he appointed a priest to be
    Jupiter's Flamen.' See Vocab., _flmen_.
    8.9: The distinctive parts of the dress worn by the _Flmins_
    were (1)a close-fitting woolen cap, from which projected a stick
    of olive wood, called _apex_; (2)the _toga praetexta_ (see
    Vocab., _toga_); and (3)a laurel crown.
    8.10: See Vocab., _sella_.
    8.11: Cf. p. 7, n. 12.
    8.12: _lici_.
    8.13: The Romans derived many omens from thunder. _Prcrre_ is
    the technical word for 'caring for' an omen, i.e. warding off all
    harmful effects by sacrifices.
    9.1: 'trustworthy.' This word never = 'certain,' as in the phrase
    'acertain man.' In that sense _qudam_ is used.
    9.2: #aeds rgis#: 'the palace.' What two meanings does _aeds_
    bear?
    9.3: 'waited (to see) what,' etc.
    9.4: Why subjunctive? See p. 3, n. 2.
    9.5: _scind_. #dlbitur . . . sctum#: 'the heavens were opened
    and a shield descended.'
    9.6: Negative clause of purpose: H 568 (497, II): M893: A317, 1:
    G545, 3: B282. On the possession of this _ancle_ Rome's power
    was believed to depend; hence Numa's care in guardingit.
    9.7: #Salis . . . fcit#: 'he chose twelve Salii as priests of
    Mars.'
    9.8: Why subjunctive? Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
    9.9: Roman writers say that before Numa's time the year contained
    only ten months, astatement hardly credible.
    9.10: #nefsts . . . fcit#: 'he made a distinction between _dis
    nefst_ and _dis fst_.' See Vocab., _fstus_ and _nefstus_.
    9.11: Cf. p. 8, n. 1.
    9.12: 'two-headed.' The reference is to a temple of Janus in the
    Forum, with two doors opposite each other, so that the whole
    structure resembled an arch.
    9.13: Both adjectives = temporal clauses, signifying respectively
    'when open,' 'when shut.' They agree with _Inus_ understood,
    which means the temple, not the god. After Numa's time the temple
    remained open till 235 B.C. It was opened again in the same year,
    and not closed till 29 B.C.
    9.14: #Lgs quoque#: '_Laws_ too,' i.e. laws as well as religious
    ceremonies and priestly orders.
    9.15: #nstitts#: dative with #conciliret#.
    10.1: How different in meaning from _dissimulns_, II,9?
    10.2: #sibi . . . esse conloquia#: 'that he had conversations.'
    #sibi# is dat. of the possessor; H430 (387): M542: A231: G349:
    B190.
    10.3: #ius monit#: 'at her suggestion.' Cf. _qurum cnsili_,
    II,41.
    10.4: #quem medium#: 'the middle of which.'
    10.5: Here in its original sense of 'witness.'
    10.6: #velut . . . deae#: 'giving it out that he was going to meet
    the goddess'; #velut# is used here as _quasi_ is in I, 28. See
    note there [[note 3.6]]. For #ad congressum# see p.3, n.8.
    #deae# is dat. after the prefix in #congressum#; cf. H429 (386):
    M532: A228: G347: B187, III.
    10.7: #ita# and #e# reinforce each other. 'To such a degree
    (#ita#), and with such (#e#) piety,' etc.
    10.8: Here = 'respect for their oaths (and obligations).' #fids
    ac isirandum# together = 'their own moral sense,' as opposed to
    the restraints of the law.
    10.9: subjunctive of result: H 570 (500, II): M 905: A319, 1:
    G552, 2: B284.
    10.10: #quidem# is concessive, and so = 'to be sure, it is true.'
    Hence #quidem ... sed# = _quamquam ... sed tamen_.
    10.11: Sc. _prfuerat_.
    10.12: #Morb exstnctus# (_exstingu_) means that he died a
    natural death. We are to feel a contrast here to the miraculous
    disappearance of Romulus, as described on page7.
    10.13: _sepeli_.
    10.14: #duo deinceps rgs#: 'two _successive_ kings.' When an
    adverb like _deinceps_ stands between an adjective and a noun, it
    has the value of an adjective.
    10.15: acc. of extent of time: H 417 (379): M 513: A256, 2:
    G336: B181. See also p. xvii, D1.]


#IV. Tullus Hostlius, Romanorum rex tertius# [[stripped text]]

673-641 B.C.

Mortuo Numa Tullus Hostilius rex creatus est. Hic non solum proximo regi
dissimilis, sed ferocior etiam Romulo fuit. Eo regnante bellum inter
Albanos et Romanos exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et Fufetio placuit rem
paucorum certamine finiri. Erant apud Romanos trigemini fratres Horatii,
tres apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum eis agunt reges ut pro sua quisque
patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege, ut, unde victoria, ibi
imperium esset.

Icto foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium inter duas acies
procedunt. Consederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestique
armis terni iuvenes, magnorum exercituum animos gerentes, concurrunt. Ut
primo concursu increpuere arma micantesque fulsere gladii, horror ingens
spectantes perstringit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim duo Romani
alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt; tres Albani vulnerati. Ad
casum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albanus. Romanos iam spes
tota deserebat. Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is
integer fuit; sed quia tribus impar erat, ut distraheret hostes, fugam
capessivit, singulos per intervalla secuturos esse ratus. Iam aliquantum
spatii ex eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerat, cum respiciens videt
unum e Curiatiis haud procul ab sese abesse. In eum magno impetu redit,
et dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis ut opem ferant fratri, iam
Horatius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset
consequi, interfecit.

Iam singuli supererant, sed nec spe nec viribus pares. Alter erat
intactus ferro et geminata victoria ferox; alter fessum vulnere, fessum
cursu trahebat corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans male
sustinentem arma Curiatium conficit, iacentem spoliat. Romani ovantes ac
gratulantes Horatium accipiunt et domum deducunt. Princeps ibat
Horatius, trium fratrum spolia prae se gerens. Cui obvia fuit soror,
quae desponsa fuerat uni ex Curiatiis, visoque super umeros fratris
paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, flere et crines solvere
coepit. Movet ferocis iuvenis animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio
publico; itaque stricto gladio transfigit puellam, simul eam verbis
increpans: "Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad sponsum, oblita fratrum,
oblita patriae. Sic eat, quaecumque Romana lugebit hostem."

Atrox id visum est facinus patribus plebique; quare raptus est in ius
Horatius et apud iudices condemnatus. Iam accesserat lictor iniciebatque
laqueum. Tum Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex
proclamabat filiam suam iure caesam esse; et iuvenem amplexus spoliaque
Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum ne se, quem paulo ante cum egregia
stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis faceret. Non tulit populus patris
lacrimas iuvenemque absolvit admiratione magis virtutis quam iure
causae. Ut tamen caedes manifesta expiaretur, pater quibusdam
sacrificiis peractis transmisit per viam tigillum et filium capite
adoperto velut sub iugum misit; quod tigillum _Sororium_ appellatum est.

Non diu pax Albana mansit; nam Mettius Fufetius, dux Albanorum, cum se
invidiosum apud cives videret, quod bellum uno paucorum certamine
finisset, ut rem corrigeret, Veientes Fidenatesque adversus Romanos
concitavit. Ipse, a Tullo in auxilium arcessitus, aciem in collem
subduxit, ut fortunam belli exspectaret et sequeretur. Qua re Tullus
intellecta magna voce ait suo illud iussu Mettium facere, ut hostes a
tergo circumvenirentur. Quo audito hostes territi et victi sunt. Postero
die Mettius cum ad gratulandum Tullo venisset, iussu illius quadrigis
religatus et in diversa distractus est. Deinde Tullus Albam propter
ducis perfidiam diruit et Albanos Romam transire iussit.

Roma interim crevit Albae ruinis; duplicatus est civium numerus; mons
Caelius urbi additus et, quo frequentius habitaretur, eam sedem Tullus
regiae cepit ibique deinde habitavit. Auctarum virium fiducia elatus
bellum Sabinis indixit. Pestilentia insecuta est; nulla tamen ab armis
quies dabatur. Credebat enim rex bellicosus salubriora militiae quam
domi esse iuvenum corpora, sed ipse quoque diuturno morbo est
implicitus. Tunc vero adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi
feroces, ut nulli rei posthac nisi sacris operam daret. Memorant Tullum
fulmine ictum cum domo conflagrasse. Tullus magna gloria belli regnavit
annos duos et triginta.


  #IV. Tullus Hostlius, Rmnrum rx tertius# [[as printed]]

  673-641 B.C.

  Mortu[16] Num Tullus Hostlius rx cretus est. Hc nn
  slum proxim[17] rg dissimilis, sed fercior etiam Rmul[18] fuit.
    [[11]]
  E rgnante[1] bellum inter Albns et Rmns exortum[2] est.
  Ducibus[3] Hostli et Ffeti placuit rem[4] paucrum certmine[5]
  fnr. Erant apud Rmns trigemin frtrs Horti, trs apud    {5}
  Albns Criti. Cum[6] es agunt rgs ut pr su quisque
  patri dmicent[7] ferr. Foedus[8] ctum est e[9] lge, ut, unde[10]
  victria, ibi imperium esset.

  ct foedere trigemin arma capiunt et in medium inter dus
  acis prcdunt. Cnsderant utrimque duo exercits. Datur        {10}
  sgnum, nfstque[11] arms tern[12] iuvens, mgnrum[13]
      exercituum
  anims gerents, concurrunt. Ut prm concurs increpure[14]
  arma micantsque fulsre[15] gladi, horror ingns spectants[16]
  perstringit. Cnserts[17] deinde manibus, statim duo Rmn alius
  super alium exsprants cecidrunt[18]; trs Albn vulnert. Ad[19]
  csum Rmnrum conclmvit gaudi exercitus Albnus. Rmns     {16}
  iam sps tta dserbat. num Hortium trs Criti
  circumsteterant.[20] Forte[21] is integer fuit; sed quia tribus impr
  erat, ut distraheret hosts, fugam capessvit,[22] singuls[23] per
      intervlla
    [[12]]
  sectrs esse ratus. Iam aliquantum[1] spati ex e loc,        {20}
  ubi pgntum est, aufgerat, cum respicins videt num  Critis
  haud procul ab ss abesse. In[2] eum mgn impet redit,
  et dum Albnus exercitus inclmat[3] Critis ut opem ferant
  frtr, iam Hortius eum occderat. Alterum[4] deinde, priusquam[5]
  tertius posset[5] cnsequ, interfcit.                           {25}

  Iam singul[6] supererant,[7] sed nec sp nec vribus pars.[8]
      Alter[9]
  erat intctus ferr et gemint victri ferx[10]; alter fessum[11]
      vulnere,
  fessum curs trahbat[12] corpus. Nec illud proelium fuit.
  Rmnus exsultns male sustinentem arma Critium cnficit,[13]
  iacentem[14] spoliat. Rmn ovants[15] ac grtulants Hortium  {30}
  accipiunt et domum[16] ddcunt. Prnceps bat Hortius, trium frtrum
  spolia prae s gerns. Cu[17] obvia fuit soror, quae dspnsa
  fuerat n ex Critis, vsque[18] super umers frtris paldment
  spns, quod ipsa cnfcerat, flre et crns[19] solvere coepit.
      Movet                                                         {34}
  fercis iuvenis animum complrti sorris in tant gaudi pblic;
  itaque strict[20] gladi trnsfgit puellam, simul eam verbs[21]
      increpns:                                                    {36}
  "Ab[22] hinc cum immtr amre ad spnsum, oblta[23]
    [[13]]
  frtrum, oblta patriae. Sc eat,[1] quaecumque Rmna lgbit
  hostem."

  Atrx id vsum est facinus[2] patribus[3] plbque; qur raptus  {40}
  est in is[4] Hortius et apud idics condemntus. Iam accesserat
  lctor[5] inicibatque[6] laqueum. Tum Hortius ad populum prvocvit.
  Intere pater Horti senex prclmbat fliam suam ire
  caesam[7] esse; et iuvenem amplexus[8] spoliaque Critirum
  ostentns, rbat populum n[9] s, quem paul                    {45}
  ante cum gregi stirpe cnspexissent,[10] orbum
  lbers[11] faceret.[9] Nn tulit populus patris lacrims
  iuvenemque[12] absolvit admrtine[13] magis
  virttis quam ire[13] causae. Ut tamen caeds
  manifsta expirtur, pater quibusdam[14] sacrificis             {50}
  percts trnsmsit per viam[15] tigillum et flium
  capite adopert velut sub iugum[16] msit; quod
  tigillum _Sorrium_[17] appelltum est.

    [Illustration: FASCS]

  Nn di px[18] Albna mnsit[19]; nam Mettius                    {54}
  Ffetius, dux Albnrum, cum[20] s invidisum apud cvs vidret,[20]
    [[14]]
  quod[1] bellum n[2] paucrum certmine fnsset, ut[3] rem
      corrigeret,
  Vients Fdnatsque adversus Rmns concitvit. Ipse,
   Tull in[4] auxilium arcesstus, aciem in collem subdxit, ut
      fortnam
  bell exspectret et sequertur. Qu[5] r Tullus intellct      {59}
  mgn vce ait[6] su illud iuss Mettium facere, ut hosts  terg
  circumvenrentur. Qu audt hosts territ et vict sunt. Poster
  di Mettius cum ad grtulandum Tull vnisset, iuss illus
  quadrgs[7] religtus et in[8] dversa distrctus[9] est. Deinde
      Tullus Albam
  propter ducis perfidiam druit et Albns Rmam trnsre iussit.[10]

  Rma interim crvit[11] Albae runs[12]; duplictus est cvium   {65}
  numerus; mns Caelius urb additus et, qu[13] frequentius
  habitrtur,[13] eam[14] sdem Tullus rgiae cpit ibique deinde
      habitvit.
  Auctrum[15] vrium fdci ltus[16] bellum Sabns indxit.
      Pstilentia
    [[15]]
  nsecta[1] est; nlla tamen ab arms quis dabtur. Crdbat
  enim rx bellicsus[2] salbrira mlitiae[3] quam dom esse      {70}
  iuvenum[4] corpora, sed ipse quoque[5] diuturn morb est implicitus.
  Tunc vr ade[6] frct[7] simul cum corpore sunt sprits[8]
  ill fercs, ut nll re posthc nisi sacrs operam daret. Memorant
  Tullum fulmine[9] ctum cum dom cnflagrsse. Tullus
  mgn glri bell rgnvit anns dus et trgint.               {75}

    [Footnotes: IV (pages 10-15)

    10.16: #Mortu Num#: abl. abs. = _post Numae mortem_.
    10.17: #proxim rg#: 'his predecessor.' Join with #dissimilis#,
    which has the same constructions as _similis_ (p.3, n.12).
    _Proximus_ may mean 'nearest (inthe past)' = 'last,' or 'nearest
    (inthe future)' = 'next.' The context must determine the sense.
    10.18: abl. of comparison. H 471 (417): M 615: A 247: G398:
    B217.
    11.1: #E rgnante#: 'during his reign.' How does this abl. abs.
    differ from those in I, lines 3, 5, 18, 37, and 40? Cf. p. xxii,
    K1.
    11.2: _exorior_.
    11.3: #Ducibus . . . placuit#: 'the leaders agreed that,' etc. The
    subject of #placuit# is the clause #rem ... fnr#.
    11.4: The meanings of _rs_ are extremely varied. Here #rem# may
    be translated 'dispute,' and so practically = _bellum_ above. For
    the mood of _fnr_, see p.6, n.16.
    11.5: The abl. here denotes both the means by which and the manner
    in which the quarrel was to be ended.
    11.6: #Cum . . . rgs#: 'the kings urge them.' How literally?
    11.7: Cf. p. 1, n. 5.
    11.8: Cf. p. 6, n. 21.
    11.9: #e lge ut#: 'with the understanding that,' 'with the
    proviso (#lge#) that.' The clause #ut ... esset# expresses the
    purpose which the leaders had in mind in striking the treaty.
    11.10: Sc. _fuisset_. #unde# = _qu ex parte_. We would rather
    say, '_on_ which side.' Latin often thus prefers to view an idea
    as one of _motion from_ a place where the English views it rather
    as that of _rest at_ a point. Why?
    11.11: #nfst arms#: 'hostile in (respect of) arms,' i.e. 'with
    hostile arms.'
    11.12: 'three on each side.' Why do we give this meaning to the
    adjective?
    11.13: #mgnrum . . . gerents#: 'breathing the spirit of mighty
    armies.' So we speak of a person as 'ahost in himself.'
    11.14: #increpure# describes the sound made by the spears as they
    struck the shields.
    11.15: _fulge_.
    11.16: = _specttrs_.
    11.17: _cnser_.
    11.18: _cad_.
    11.19: #Ad csum#: we say '_at_ the fall,' but the Latin thinks of
    the shout as rising _against_ (i.e. to greet) the fall.
    11.20: _circumst_.
    11.21: Cf. p. 5, n. 19.
    11.22: #fugam capessvit#: 'took (to) flight'; cf. 'to take to
    one's heels.'
    11.23: #singuls per intervlla#: 'one by one, at intervals.'
    12.1: #aliquantum spati#: 'some distance.' #spati# is a
    partitive genitive; #aliquantum# is an acc. of extent of space:
    H417 (379): M513: A257: G335: B181.
    12.2: #In . . . redit# (_rede_): 'he turned and made a furious
    attack upon him.' How literally?
    12.3: #inclmat . . . ferant#: 'was shouting ... (bidding them)
    to bear aid.' For #inclmat#, see p.3, n.14.
    12.4: = _secundum_, as often.
    12.5: H 605, II (520, 2): M 880: A 327: G 577: B 292.
    12.6: 'one on each side.' Cf. _tern_, l. 11, and note there.
    12.7: _supersum_.
    12.8: 'equally matched.'
    12.9: #alter . . . alter#: 'the one . . . the other (ofthe two).'
    With #intctus# cf. _integer_, l.18.
    12.10: 'inspirited, emboldened.'
    12.11: The repetition of #fessum# gives emphasis by dwelling upon
    the fact.
    12.12: 'was dragging,' i.e. instead of moving with life and vigor.
    We would rather say, 'could barely drag his body along.' So we
    would render #male sustinentem arma#, l. 29, as 'barely able to
    endure (the weightof) his armor.'
    12.13: = _occidit_.
    12.14: 'as he lay prostrate.'
    12.15: #ovants ac grtulants#: 'with rejoicing and
    congratulations.' Participles, like adjectives, may have adverbial
    force.
    12.16: accus. of limit of motion; cf. p. 3, n. 4.
    12.17: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
    12.18: #vs . . . spns#: 'when she saw her lover's cloak,' etc.
    Cf. p.1, n.4.
    12.19: #crns solvere#: a common token of grief among the Romans.
    Cf. _crinibus passs_, II,36.
    12.20: _string_.
    12.21: #verbs increpns#: cf. _hs increpns verbs_, I,46.
    12.22: _abe_.
    12.23: #oblta# (_oblivscor_) #frtrum#: 'you who have
    forgotten,' or 'since you have forgotten.' For the genitives
    #frtrum# and #patriae#, see H454 (406,II): M588: A219: G376:
    B206, 1. Cf. the English 'forgetful of.' For the repetition of
    #oblta# see n.11.
    13.1: 'fare, perish.' The subject is _fmina_, or _illa fmina_,
    as suggested by #quaecumque#. How? With the whole sentence cf.
    _Sc ... mea_, I, 47, and see note there.
    13.2: #facinus#, by its derivation from _faci_, properly =
    'adeed,' whether good or bad, but generally 'acrime.'
    13.3: = _sentribus_, who were officially styled _Patrs
    Cnscrpt_. #patribus plbque# virtually = _omnibus_.
    13.4: 'court.'
    13.5: See Vocab., _lctor_.
    13.6: The tense has dramatic force and = 'was (actually)
    puttingon.'
    13.7: _caed_.
    13.8: _amplector_.
    13.9: clause of negative purpose: see p. 9, n. 6.
    13.10: _cnspici_. The subjunctive may be explained (1)as caused
    by attraction to #faceret#, H652, 1 (529,II): M793: A342:
    G663: B324, or (2)as in informal indir. disc.
    13.11: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6), to be joined with
    #orbum faceret#, which = _orbret_.
    13.12: After a negative clause the Romans often use _que_ or _et_,
    where the English idiom requires _but_.
    13.13: why abl.? see p. 4, n. 1.
    13.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 21.
    13.15: 'a (certain) street.' The street referred to ran up the
    slope of the Esquiline Hill.
    13.16: See Vocab., _iugum_. The father of Horatius, by making him
    pass, as it were, beneath the yoke, symbolically executed the
    sentence of death passed by the judges.
    13.17: Sc. _Tigillum_. Livy says that this beam was renewed from
    time to time at public expense, even down to his own day. Another
    memorial of this fight was the _Pla_ ('Column') _Hortia_,
    adjoining the Forum, on which Horatius is said to have hung the
    spoils taken from the Curiatii.
    13.18: #px Albna# = _px cum Alb cta_.
    13.19: _mane_.
    13.20: #cum . . . vidret#: subjunctive of cause. See p.2, n.13;
    p.4, n.12; and p. xx, H2.
    14.1: #quod . . . fnsset#: 'because (as they said),' etc. The
    subjunctive is due to the implied indirect discourse, and
    expresses the thought, not of the writer, but of Mettius'
    subjects. See p. xxi, H4.
    14.2: #n . . . certmine#: 'by one contest (only), and that a
    contest in which but few fought.' Cf. l.4.
    14.3: #ut . . . corrigeret#: 'to set the matter straight,' i.e. to
    regain the good will of his people. Join this clause with what
    follows.
    14.4: #in auxilium#: 'to give aid,' an expression of purpose.
    Cf. _ad supplicium_, I, 29, and note. Tullus summoned Mettius
    in accordance with the treaty made before the fight between the
    Horatii and the Curiatii (l.7).
    14.5: #Qu r . . . intellct# (_intelleg_): 'when he noticed
    this state of things.' For #qu#, see p.4, n.3.
    14.6: #ait . . . circumvenrentur#: Tullus' purpose in making this
    statement was partly to frighten the enemy, partly to reassure his
    own men. Livy relates that Tullus had stationed his own forces
    against the Veientes, the Albans against the Fidenates. The
    withdrawal of Mettius exposed the flank of the Romans to attack
    from the Fidenates, and so was regarded at once by the Romans as
    proof of treachery.
    14.7: abl. of separation (cf. p. 1, n. 6). _ligre_ and its
    compounds are construed with either (1)the simple ablative, or
    (2)the ablative with _ab_, _d_, or _ex_.
    14.8: #in . . . est#: 'was torn limb from limb.'
    14.9: _distrah_.
    14.10: _iube_.
    14.11: _crsc_.
    14.12: abl. of means.
    14.13: #qu . . . habitrtur#: 'that it might be more densely
    inhabited,' i.e. that a larger number of people might be induced
    to live there. In purpose clauses containing a comparative, _qu_
    is used instead of _ut_: H568, 7 (497,2): M909: A317, _b_:
    G545, 2; B282, _a_. This _qu_ is the abl. sing. neut. of the
    relative pronoun, and = _ut e_, 'that thereby.'
    14.14: #eam . . . cpit# (_capi_): 'Tullus chose it (the
    mountain) as the site of his palace,' Why is #eam# feminine,
    although referring to _mns Caelius_, which is masculine? Cf.
    p.5, n.14.
    14.15: #Auctrum . . . fdci#: 'because of the confidence
    (begotten) of his increased strength,' or 'by his confidence in
    his increased strength.' In the former case the gen. is
    subjective; in the latter it is objective; H440, 1 and 2 (396, II
    and III): M553, 571: A213, 1, 2: G363, 1 and 2: B199, 200.
    14.16: _effer_.
    15.1: _nsequor_.
    15.2: #bellicsus# = a causal clause _quod ipse bellicsus erat_.
    15.3: #mlitiae quam dom#: 'in war than in peace.' See H484, 2
    (426,2): M622: A258, _d_: G. 411, R. 2: B232, 2; xvi, A1.
    15.4: = 'the fighting men,' because _iuvens_ (men under45) were
    eligible for military duty.
    15.5: #sed ipse quoque#: 'but (i.e. in spite of this statement) he
    too.'
    15.6: 'so completely.'
    15.7: _frang_.
    15.8: #sprits ill fercs#: 'that high spirit of his'; #ill# =
    'that for which he was so famous.' Cf. l.2.
    15.9: #fulmine ctum . . . cnflagrsse# = _fulmine ctum esse et
    cnflagrsse_. Instead of using two cordinated verbs with a
    common subject, Latin regularly represents the first verb by a
    perf. pass. part., or by the past part. of a deponent verb, in
    agreement with that common subject. Cf. p.2, n.8, and p. xxiv,
    L5.]


#V. Ancus Marcius, Romanorum rex quartus# [[stripped text]]

641-616 B.C.

Tullo mortuo Ancum Marcium regem populus creavit. Numae Pompilii nepos
Ancus Marcius erat, aequitate et religione avo similis. Tunc Latini, cum
quibus Tullo regnante ictum foedus erat, sustulerant animos, et
incursionem in agrum Romanum fecerunt. Ancus, priusquam eis bellum
indiceret, legatum misit, qui res repeteret, eumque morem posteri
acceperunt. Id autem hoc modo fiebat. Legatus, ubi ad fines eorum venit
a quibus res repetuntur, capite velato "Audi, Iuppiter," inquit "audite,
fines huius populi. Ego sum publicus nuntius populi Romani; verbis meis
fides sit." Deinde peragit postulata. Si non deduntur res quas exposcit,
hastam in fines hostium emittit bellumque ita indicit. Legatus, qui ea
de re mittitur, _Fetialis_ ritusque belli indicendi _Ius Fetiale_
appellatur.

Legato Romano res repetenti superbe responsum est a Latinis; quare
bellum hoc modo eis indictum est. Ancus, exercitu conscripto, profectus
Latinos fudit et compluribus oppidis deletis cives Romam traduxit. Cum
autem in tanta hominum multitudine facinora clandestina fierent, Ancus
carcerem in media urbe ad terrorem increscentis audaciae aedificavit.
Idem nova moenia urbi circumdedit, Ianiculum montem ponte sublicio in
Tiberi facto urbi coniunxit, in ore Tiberis Ostiam urbem condidit.
Pluribus aliis rebus intra paucos annos confectis; immatura morte
praereptus obiit.


  #V. Ancus Mrcius, Rmnrum rx qurtus# [[as printed]]

  641-616 B.C.

    [Illustration: NUMA AND ANCUS MRCIUS]

  Tull mortu[10] Ancum Mrcium rgem[11]
  populus crevit. Numae Pompili neps
  Ancus Mrcius erat, aequitte[12] et
  religine[12] av similis. Tunc Latn, cum quibus
  Tull rgnante ctum foedus erat,                                  {5}
  sustulerant[13] anims, et incursinem in agrum
  Rmnum fcrunt. Ancus, priusquam[14] es
  bellum indceret,[14] lgtum msit, qu[15] rs
    [[16]]
  repeteret, eumque[1] mrem poster accprunt. Id autem hc
  mod fbat. Lgtus, ubi ad fns erum venit  quibus rs       {10}
  repetuntur, capite[2] vlt "Aud, Iuppiter," inquit[3] "audte,
  fns hius[4] popul. Ego sum pblicus[5] nntius popul Rmn;
  verbs[6] mes fids sit." Deinde peragit pstulta. S nn dduntur
  rs qus expscit, hastam in fns hostium mittit bellumque
  ita indcit. Lgtus, qu e d r mittitur, _Ftilis_[7] rtusque
      bell                                                         {15}
  indcend _Is Ftile_ appelltur.

    [Illustration: CARCER MAMERTNUS]

  Lgt Rmn rs repetent superb respnsum[8] est  Latns;
  qur bellum hc[9] mod es indictum est. Ancus, exercit
  cnscrpt, profectus[10] Latns fdit et
  complribus oppids dlts cvs Rmam                           {20}
  trdxit[11]. Cum[12] autem in tant hominum
  multitdine facinora clandestna
  fierent, Ancus carcerem[13] in medi urbe
  ad[14] terrrem incrscentis audciae aedificvit.
  dem nova moenia urb circumdedit,                                {25}
  Iniculum montem ponte[15] sublici
    [[17]]
  in Tiber fact urb cninxit, in re[1] Tiberis stiam urbem
  condidit. Plribus alis rbus intr paucs anns cnfects;
  immtr morte praereptus obiit.                                  {29}

    [Footnotes: V (pages 15-17)

    15.10: What is the force of this abl. abs.?
    15.11: #rgem populus crevit#: This phrase, as it stands, is
    somewhat misleading. As a matter of fact, the kingship was neither
    hereditary nor elective. On the death of a king an _interrx_, or
    regent, was chosen, who took the auspices, and the augurs inferred
    from the signs that the gods favored a certain candidate. He was
    then elected by the Assembly, and the choice was confirmed by the
    Senate.
    15.12: abl. of specification.
    15.13: #sustulerant# (_toll_) #anims#: 'had plucked up courage.'
    15.14: Cf. _priusquam . . . posset_, IV, 25, and note.
    15.15: #qu . . . repeteret#: relative clause of purpose. _Rs
    repetere_ = 'to demand the (stolen) things,' is a technical phrase
    of war, and = 'to demand restitution or satisfaction.' The
    opposite is _rs reddere_, or _rs ddere_, as in l. 13.
    16.1: #eum mrem . . . accprunt#: 'that custom posterity (the
    Romans of later times) adopted.' Traces of the custom appear as
    late as the reign of Augustus.
    16.2: While praying, the Romans covered their faces with a fold of
    the toga, that no untoward sight might interrupt their devotions.
    The _lgtus_ here covers his face, because he is praying to
    Jupiter and to the #fns#, which are personified.
    16.3: This word, rather than _dxit_, is used with direct
    discourse, and regularly stands, as here, _within_ the quotation.
    16.4: The _lgtus_, of course, said _fns Albnrum_, or
    _Vientium_, as the case mightbe.
    16.5: 'official,' i.e. duly accredited.
    16.6: #verbs . . . sit# = _verbs mes crdite_. Cf. II, 48, _cu
    re fidem fcit_. #sit# is a hortatory subjunctive; H559, 1
    (484,II): M713: A266: G263: B274.
    16.7: See Vocab., _ftilis_.
    16.8: #respnsum . . . Latns# = _Latn respondrunt_. The
    impersonal passive is common.
    16.9: #hc#: 'described _above_,' in lines 9-16. In l. 9 _hc_ =
    'described _below_.' _Hc_ more often bears the latter sense, i.e.
    it refers to what follows.
    16.10: #profectus . . . fdit# (_fund_): cf. p.15, n.9.
    16.11: 'transferred, removed.'
    16.12: #Cum . . . fierent#: a causal clause; cf. p.13, n.20.
    16.13: See Vocab., _carcer_.
    16.14: #ad . . . audciae# = _ut incrscentem audciam terrret_.
    Cf. p.3, n.8, and _ad congressum deae_, III, 33. #audciae# is
    objective genitive: cf. p.14, n.15.
    16.15: #ponte sublici#: abl. abs., with #fact#, expressing
    means. This bridge, the earliest and most famous of the bridges
    over the Tiber, derived its name from the circumstance that it was
    always made of wood and supported on piles (_sublicae_). It is
    this bridge that figures so largely in Macaulay's _Lays of Ancient
    Rome_, Horatius, stanzas xxix. ff.
    17.1: #in re#: 'at the mouth.' The town Ostia got its name from
    its position _in re Tiberis_. It was the port of Rome, and thus
    attained great importance. Great harbors were built there in the
    days of the Empire, the remains of which, as well as of the
    warehouses built for the storage of merchandise from abroad, are
    still visible.]


#VI. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Romanorum rex quintus# [[stripped text]]

616-578 B.C.

Anco regnante Lucius Tarquinius, Tarquiniis, ex Etruriae urbe,
profectus, cum coniuge et fortunis omnibus Romam commigravit. Additur
haec fabula: advenienti aquila pilleum sustulit et super carpentum, cui
Tarquinius insidebat, cum magno clangore volitans rursus capiti apte
reposuit; inde sublimis abiit. Tanaquil coniux, caelestium prodigiorum
perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa
et alta sperare eum iussit. Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes
urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato Tarquinius pecunia et
industria dignitatem atque etiam Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus
est; a quo tutor liberis relictus regnum intercepit et ita
administravit, quasi iure adeptus esset.

Tarquinius Priscus Latinos bello domuit; Circum Maximum aedificavit; de
Sabinis triumphavit; murum lapideum urbi circumdedit. Equitum centurias
duplicavit, nomina mutare non potuit, deterritus, ut ferunt, Atti Navii
auctoritate. Attus enim, ea tempestate augur inclitus, id fieri posse
negabat, nisi aves addixissent; iratus rex in experimentum artis eum
interrogavit, fierine posset quod ipse mente concepisset; Attus augurio
acto fieri posse respondit. "Atqui hoc" inquit rex "agitabam, num cotem
illam secare novacula possem." "Potes ergo" inquit augur, et rex
secuisse dicitur. Tarquinius filium tredecim annorum, quod in proelio
hostem percussisset, praetexta bullaque donavit; unde haec ingenuorum
puerorum insignia esse coeperunt.

Supererant duo Anci filii, qui, aegre ferentes se paterno regno
fraudatos esse, regi insidias paraverunt. Ex pastoribus duos
ferocissimos deligunt ad patrandum facinus. Ei simulata rixa in
vestibulo regiae tumultuantur. Quorum clamor cum penitus in regiam
pervenisset, vocati ad regem pergunt. Primo uterque vociferari coepit et
certatim alter alteri obstrepere. Cum vero iussi essent in vicem dicere,
unus ex composito rem orditur; dumque intentus in eum se rex totus
avertit, alter elatam securim in eius caput deiecit, et relicto in
vulnere telo ambo foras se proripiunt.


  #VI. Lcius Tarquinius Prscus, Rmnrum rx quntus# [[as printed]]

  616-578 B.C.

  Anc rgnante Lcius Tarquinius, Tarquinis,[2] ex Etrriae urbe,
  profectus,[3] cum coniuge et fortns omnibus Rmam commigrvit.
  Additur haec fbula: advenient[4] aquila pilleum sustulit[5] et super
  carpentum,[6] cu[7] Tarquinius nsidbat, cum mgn clangre volitns
  rrsus[8] capit[9] apt reposuit; inde sublmis[10] abiit. Tanaquil
  coniux, caelestium[11] prdigirum perta, rgnum[12] e portend  {6}
  intellxit; itaque, virum complexa, excelsa[13] et alta[13] sprre
    [[18]]
  eum iussit. Hs sps cgittinsque scum portants urbem
  ingress[1] sunt, domicilique ibi compart Tarquinius pecni et
  indstri dgnittem atque etiam Anc rgis familirittem        {10}
  cnsectus[2] est;  qu ttor lbers relctus[3] rgnum intercpit
      et ita
  administrvit, quasi[4] ire adeptus[5] esset.

    [Illustration: AUGUR]

  Tarquinius Prscus Latns bell domuit; Circum[6] Mximum
  aedificvit; d[7] Sabns triumphvit; mrum[8] lapideum urb
  circumdedit. Equitum centuris[9] duplicvit,                     {15}
  nmina mtre nn potuit, dterritus, ut ferunt,
  Att Nvi auctritate. Attus enim, e
  tempestte[10] augur inclitus, id fier posse negbat,
  nisi[11] avs addxissent[11]; rtus rx in[12]
  expermentum artis eum interrogvit, fierne posset[13]           {20}
  quod ipse mente concpisset[14]; Attus auguri
  ct fier posse respondit. "Atqu hc"[15] inquit
  rx "agitbam, num ctem illam secre
  novcul possem."[13] "Potes[16] erg" inquit
  augur, et rx secuisse dcitur. Tarquinius flium tredecim        {25}
  annrum,[17] quod in proeli hostem percussisset,[18] praetext[19]
    [[19]]
  bullque[1] dnvit; unde[2] haec[3] ingenurum puerrum nsgnia esse
  coeprunt.

  Supererant[4] duo Anc fli, qu, aegr ferents s patern[5]
  rgn fraudts esse,[6] rg nsidis parvrunt. Ex pstribus  {30}
  dus fercissims dligunt ad patrandum facinus. E simult
  rix in vstibul rgiae tumultuantur. Qurum[7] clmor cum[8]
  penitus in rgiam pervnisset, voct ad rgem pergunt. Prm
  uterque vciferr coepit et certtim[9] alter alter obstrepere.
  Cum vr iuss essent in vicem dcere, nus ex[10] composit rem  {35}
  rdtur; dumque intentus in eum s rx ttus vertit, alter
  ltam[11] secrim in ius caput dicit, et relct[12] in vulnere
  tl amb fors s prripiunt.

    [Footnotes: VI (pages 17-19)

    17.2: #Tarquinis . . . urbe#: 'from Tarquinii, acity of
    Etruria.' Cf. p.8, n.5.
    17.3: _proficscor_.
    17.4: Sc. _Rmam_: 'while on his way to Rome.' The participle
    agrees with _e_ understood, which is a dat. of separation, or
    disadvantage, with #sustulit#: H427 (385,2): M539: A229:
    G345, R. 1: B188, 2, _d_.
    17.5: _toll_.
    17.6: A two-wheeled carriage, with curtains and an awning.
    17.7: #cu#: 'in which.' Why dat.?
    17.8: #rrsus . . . reposuit#: since _repn_ = 'to put _back_,'
    or 'to place _again_,' #rrsus# is unnecessary.
    17.9: More often _repn_ is followed by _in_ with the abl., or
    the acc.
    17.10: #sublmis abiit#: 'flew high up in the air and departed.'
    17.11: #caelestium . . . perta#: 'skilled in (interpreting)
    portents from heaven.' The Romans regarded the Etruscans as
    exceptionally skillful in such matters. For the gen., see H451, 1
    (399, I,2). M573: A218, _a_: G374: B204,1.
    17.12: #rgnum e portend intellxit#: 'perceived that the sign
    indicated that he was to be king.' How literally? According to
    Livy, the significance of the omen lay in these facts: It came
    from a favorable quarter of the sky (which, to the Romans, was the
    east); it concerned his _head_, the _supreme_ part of his being;
    hence the removal of his cap by the eagle, the bird of Jupiter,
    'king of gods and men,' and its restoration, implied that his
    _cap_ was to be removed and replaced by a _crown_.
    17.13: neuter plural adjectives, used as nouns: 'an exalted
    destiny.'
    18.1: _ingredior_.
    18.2: _cnsequor_.
    18.3: _relinqu_.
    18.4: H 584 (513, II): M 944, 945: A 312, and N. 1: G602 and R.:
    B307.
    18.5: _adipscor_.
    18.6: #Circum Mximum#: see map, p. xxviii. In its final form it
    could accommodate nearly 300,000 spectators. The Romans of the
    Empire were passionately devoted to the chariot races of the
    circus. For a good description of a Roman circus, see Lew
    Wallace's _Ben Hur_, Book V, Chap. XII.
    18.7: #d Sabns triumphvit#: 'he triumphed over'; lit., 'he got
    a triumph out of.' See Vocab., _triumphus_.
    18.8: #mrum . . . circumdedit#: 'he built a stone wall round the
    city.' According to Livy, the wall was merely begun by Tarquin and
    finished by his successor, Servius Tullius.
    18.9: Cf. II, 42. Livy says that when Romulus formed the three
    centuries of horsemen he called one _Ramns_, after his own name,
    another _Titinss_, after King Tatius. Tarquin desired to name
    the new centuries after himself.
    18.10: = _tempore_.
    18.11: #nisi . . . addxissent#: 'unless the birds gave consent,'
    i.e. without taking the _auspicia_ and finding them favorable. Cf.
    I, 42. The subjunctive is due to the indirect discourse. For the
    tense, see p.6, n.1.
    18.12: #in expermentum artis#: 'to test his art.' Cf. p.14,
    n.4.
    18.13: Cf. Cf.] p. 3, n. 2.
    18.14: Cf. p. 6, n. 1. The king said '_Potestne fier quod in
    mente concp?_'
    18.15: #hc# is emphatic, 'Ah, but what I had in mind was _this_.'
    18.16: #Potes erg#: 'well, you can.'
    18.17: descriptive gen.: H 440, 3 (396, V): M 558: A215: G365:
    B203.
    18.18: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.
    18.19: Sc. _tog_.
    19.1: See Vocab., _bulla_.
    19.2: = _ex qu_: 'in consequence of this circumstance.'
    19.3: Cf. p. 5, n. 14, and p. 16, n. 9.
    19.4: 'were still alive.'
    19.5: = _patris_. Cf. the use of _rgius_, I,17.
    19.6: The infinitive depends on #aegr ferents#. Phrases
    expressive of emotion, whether of joy or of sorrow, are often
    followed by the infinitive with subject accus.
    19.7: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
    19.8: The conjunction of the subordinate clause is often preceded
    by one or two words, sometimes by a larger number.
    19.9: #certtim . . . obstrepere#: 'to (try to) drown each other's
    voices'; lit., 'in eager rivalry to make noise one against (_ob_)
    the other.' Why is _alter_ dative?
    19.10: #ex composit#: 'according to previous agreement.'
    19.11: #ltam secrim . . . dicit# = _extulit_ ('raised') _et
    dicit_. Cf. p.2, n.8.
    19.12: #relct . . . tl#: we say, 'leaving the weapon--they
    flee,' i.e. we treat the two actions as simultaneous. The Romans
    say more exactly: 'having left--they flee,' i.e. the act of
    leaving is viewed as prior to that of flight.]


#VII. Servius Tullius, Romanorum rex sextus# [[stripped text]]

578-534 B.C.

Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili femina,
captiva tamen et famula. Qui cum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur,
ferunt prodigium visu eventuque mirabile accidisse. Flammae species
pueri dormientis caput amplexa est. Hoc visu Tanaquil summam ei
dignitatem portendi intellexit coniugique suasit ut eum haud secus ac
suos liberos educaret. Is postquam adolevit, et fortitudine et consilio
insignis fuit. In proelio quodam, in quo rex Tarquinius adversus Sabinos
conflixit, militibus segnius dimicantibus, raptum signum in hostem
misit. Cuius recipiendi gratia Romani tam acriter pugnaverunt, ut et
signum et victoriam referrent. Quare a Tarquinio gener adsumptus est; et
cum Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil, Tarquinii uxor, mortem eius
celavit, populumque ex superiore parte aedium adlocuta ait regem grave
quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse, eumque petere, ut interim dum
convalesceret, Servio Tullio dicto audientes essent. Sic Servius Tullius
regnare coepit, sed recte imperium administravit. Sabinos subegit;
montes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum urbi adiunxit; fossas
circa murum duxit. Idem censum ordinavit, et populum in classes et
centurias distribuit.

Servius Tullius aliquod urbi decus addere volebat. Iam tum inclitum erat
Dianae Ephesiae fanum. Id communiter a civitatibus Asiae factum fama
ferebat. Itaque Latinorum populis suasit ut et ipsi fanum Dianae cum
populo Romano Romae in Aventino monte aedificarent. Quo facto, bos mirae
magnitudinis cuidam Latino nata dicitur, et responsum somnio datum eum
populum summam imperii habiturum, cuius civis bovem illam Dianae
immolasset. Latinus bovem ad fanum Dianae egit et causam sacerdoti
Romano exposuit. Ille callidus dixit prius eum vivo flumine manus
abluere debere. Latinus dum ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem
immolavit. Ita imperium civibus sibique gloriam adquisivit.

Servius Tullius filiam alteram ferocem, mitem alteram habens, cum
Tarquinii filios pari esse animo videret, ferocem miti, mitem feroci in
matrimonium dedit, ne duo violenta ingenia matrimonio iungerentur. Sed
mites seu forte seu fraude perierunt; feroces morum similitudo
coniunxit. Statim Tarquinius a Tullia incitatus advocato senatu regnum
paternum repetere coepit. Qua re audita Servius dum ad Curiam contendit,
iussu Tarquinii per gradus deiectus et domum refugiens interfectus est.
Tullia carpento vecta in Forum properavit et coniugem e Curia evocatum
prima regem salutavit; cuius iussu cum e turba ac tumultu decessisset
domumque rediret, viso patris corpore, cunctantem et frena mulionem
inhibentem super ipsum corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde vicus ille
Sceleratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos quattuor et
quadraginta.


  #VII. Servius Tullius, Rmnrum rx sextus# [[as printed]]

  578-534 B.C.

  Post hunc Servius Tullius suscpit imperium, genitus ex nbil
  fmin,[13] captv tamen et famul. Qu cum in dom Tarquini
  Prsc ducrtur, ferunt[14] prdigium[15] vs ventque mrbile
    [[20]]
  accidisse. Flammae[1] specis puer dormientis caput amplexa est.
  Hc vs Tanaquil summam[2] e dgnittem portend intellxit      {5}
  coniugque susit ut[3] eum haud secus ac sus lbers[4]
  ducret.[3] Is postquam adolvit, et fortitdine et cnsili
  nsgnis fuit. In proeli qudam,[5] in qu rx Tarquinius
  adversus Sabns cnflxit, mlitibus[6] sgnius
  dmicantibus, raptum[7] sgnum in hostem msit. Cius[8]          {10}
  recipiend grti Rmn tam criter pgnvrunt, ut et
  sgnum et victriam referrent. Qur  Tarquini gener
  adsmptus est; et cum Tarquinius occsus esset, Tanaquil,
  Tarquini uxor, mortem ius clvit, populumque
  ex superire[9] parte aedium adlocta[10] ait rgem grave         {15}
  quidem, sed nn ltle vulnus accpisse, eumque petere, ut
  interim dum convalsceret,[11] Servi Tulli[12] dict audients
      essent.
  Sc[13] Servius Tullius rgnre coepit, sed rct imperium
      administrvit.
  Sabns subgit[14]; monts trs, Quirnlem, Vminlem, squilnum
  urb adinxit; fosss[15] circ mrum dxit. dem cnsum[16]      {20}
  rdinvit, et populum in classs[17] et centuris[18] distribuit.

    [Illustration: SIGNUM]

    [[21]]
  Servius Tullius aliquod urb decus addere volbat. Iam[1] tum
  inclitum erat Dinae Ephesiae fnum.[2] Id commniter[3]  cvittibus
  Asiae factum fma ferbat. Itaque Latnrum
  populs susit ut et[4] ips fnum Dinae                         {25}
  cum[5] popul Rmn Rmae in Aventn monte
  aedificrent. Qu[6] fact, bs mrae mgnitdinis[7]
  cudam Latn nta[8] dcitur, et respnsum somni
  datum[8] eum populum summam imperi habitrum,[8]
  cius cvis bovem illam Dinae immolsset.[9]                     {30}
  Latnus[10] bovem ad fnum Dinae git et causam
  sacerdt Rmn exposuit. Ille callidus[11] dxit
  prius eum vv flmine mans abluere dbre.
  Latnus dum ad Tiberim[12] dscendit, sacerds bovem immolvit.
  Ita imperium cvibus sibique glriam adqusvit.                  {35}

    [Illustration: DIANA OF EPHESUS]

    [Illustration: SACRIFICE]

  Servius Tullius fliam alteram fercem, mtem alteram habns,[13]
  cum Tarquini flis par esse anim[14] vidret, fercem[15] mt,
  mtem ferc in mtrimnium dedit, n duo violenta ingenia
    [[22]]
  mtrimni iungerentur. Sed mts seu forte seu fraude perirunt;
  fercs mrum similitd coninxit. Statim Tarquinius             {40}
   Tulli[1] incittus advoct[2] sent rgnum
  paternum repetere coepit. Qu[3] r
  audt Servius dum ad Criam contendit,
  iuss Tarquini per grads[4] diectus et
  domum refugins interfectus est. Tullia                           {45}
  carpent vecta in Forum propervit et
  cniugem  Cri voctum prma rgem
  saltvit; cius iuss cum  turb ac
  tumult dcessisset[5] domumque redret,
  vs patris corpore, cunctantem et frna mlinem inhibentem      {50}
  super ipsum[6] corpus carpentum agere iussit, unde[7] vcus ille
  Scelertus dictus est. Servius Tullius rgnvit anns quattuor et
  quadrgint.

    [Footnotes: VII (pages 19-22)

    19.13: Livy relates that at the capture of the Latin town
    Corniculum, Servius' father was killed and his mother taken
    prisoner. Out of respect to her high rank, Tanaquil set her free
    and welcomed her to the palace. There Servius was born, and he was
    brought up in Tarquin's household.
    19.14: #ferunt . . . accidisse#: in English, the verb
    corresponding to #ferunt# would be parenthetical, thus:
    'aprodigy, _they say_, happened.'
    19.15: #prdigium . . . mrbile#: 'a prodigy, strange to look
    upon, and marvelously fulfilled.' #vs# and #vent# are
    ablatives of specification to #mrbile#: H480 (424): M650:
    A253: G397: B226, 1.
    20.1: #Flammae specis#: 'the semblance of fire.' We may render
    the whole sentence, 'Fire seemed to envelop,' etc.
    20.2: #summam . . . intellxit#: cf. p. 17, n.12.
    20.3: Cf. p. 1, n. 5.
    20.4: governed by _ducbat_ understood.
    20.5: _qudam_ and _nus_ often have no more force than the
    English indefinite article.
    20.6: #mlitibus . . . dmicantibus#: causal.
    20.7: #raptum . . . msit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8. To lose the standard
    was as much of a disgrace then as it is now to lose the flag.
    20.8: #Cius . . . grti#: an expression of purpose = _quod ut
    reciperet_.
    20.9: Roman houses in general had no windows on the ground floor.
    20.10: Cf. p. 19, n. 12.
    20.11: H 603, 2 (519, 2): M 921: A 328: G 572: B 293, III, 2, and
    p. xx, G3.
    20.12: dat. with #dict audients essent#, which together =
    _prrent_: H426 (385,I): M530: A227 and N. 2: G346 and N. 5:
    B187, II. #dict# is dat. with #audients#, which here itself =
    'obeying.'
    20.13: i.e. instead of being formally chosen king by the senate
    and people (p.15, n.11).
    20.14: _subig_.
    20.15: #fosss . . . dxit#: this statement harmonizes with VI,
    14: see note there. Remains of the wall and ditch are extant,
    especially along the east side of the Esquiline, Viminal, and
    Quirinal hills.
    20.16: The census was not, as with us, a mere enumeration of the
    inhabitants, but an enrollment and classification of them
    according to property for purposes of taxation and military
    service. Hence the clause #in ... distribuit# is in part an
    explanation of #cnsum rdinvit#.
    20.17: These classes were six in number.
    20.18: According to Livy, there were 193 centuries. At elections
    each century cast a single vote, the opinion of the majority of
    its members being regarded as the voice of the whole century. The
    first, or richest class, contained 98 centuries, and so controlled
    98 votes, more than a majority.
    21.1: #Iam tum#: 'even in those early days.'
    21.2: This temple was one of the seven wonders of the ancient
    world. See Acts xix, 24f.
    21.3: #commniter . . . factum# (_esse_): 'that the states of Asia
    had united in building it.' How literally?
    21.4: #et ips# = _etiam ips_, or _ips quoque_: 'they too,' i.e.
    as well as the _cvitts Asiae_.
    21.5: 'in conjunction with.' The whole might have been expressed
    thus: _ut ill_ (i.e. the _Latn_) _et populus Rmnus ...
    aedificrent_. Cf. lines 23,24.
    21.6: #Qu fact# = _postquam hc_ (i.e. the building of the
    temple) _factum est_.
    21.7: Cf. p. 18, n. 17.
    21.8: Sc. _esse_. For the personal construction #dcitur#, see
    H611, 1 (534, Iand N.1): M962: A330, _b_, 1: G528, 1: B332.
    21.9: Subjunctive, because in a subordinate clause of indir. disc.
    For the tense, cf. p.6, n.1.
    21.10: '_The_ (aforesaid) Latin,' mentioned in l. 28. This is one
    of the cases where Latin suffers from the lack of the definite
    article.
    21.11: 'cunningly.' Cf. p. 4, n. 4.
    21.12: The Tiber ran close to the foot of the Aventine hill on
    which (l.26) the temple of Diana stood.
    21.13: = _cum habret_, 'since he had.' #cum ... vidret# is
    also causal.
    21.14: abl. of quality: H 473, 2 (419, II): M 643: A251: G400:
    B224.
    21.15: #fercem . . . ferc#: note that the order in the second
    of these two pairs of words is the reverse of that in the first.
    Cf. l. 36, _alteram fercem, mtem alteram_. This arrangement is
    called _Chiasmus_: H666, 2 (562): M1150: A344, _f_, and N.:
    G682, and R.: B350, II, _c_).
    22.1: The daughter of Tullius.
    22.2: #advoct . . . coepit# = _sentum advocvit et ...
    coepit_. Cf. p.2, n.8.
    22.3: #qu r . . . contendit#: 'while Servius, after he had heard
    of this action, was hastening,' etc. For the tense of #contendit#,
    see p.3, n.14.
    22.4: Sc. _Criae_.
    22.5: #dcessisset . . . redret#: 'had departed ... and _was_
    returning.'
    22.6: #super ipsum corpus#: 'over the _very_ body'; #ipsum#
    emphasizes the wickedness of Tullia. Roman feeling usually
    required that the utmost respect be shown to the bodies of the
    dead.
    22.7: Used here as in VI, 27.]


#VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Romanorum rex septimus et ultimus#
[[stripped text]]

534-510 B.C.

Tarquinius Superbus regnum sceleste occupavit. Tamen bello strenuus
Latinos Sabinosque domuit. Urbem Gabios in potestatem redegit fraude
Sexti filii. Is cum indigne ferret eam urbem a patre expugnari non
posse, ad Gabinos se contulit, patris saevitiam in se conquerens.
Benigne a Gabinis exceptus paulatim eorum benevolentiam consequitur,
fictis blanditiis ita eos adliciens, ut apud omnes plurimum posset, et
ad postremum dux belli eligeretur. Tum e suis unum ad patrem mittit
sciscitatum quidnam se facere vellet. Pater nuntio filii nihil
respondit, sed velut deliberabundus in hortum transiit ibique inambulans
sequente nuntio altissima papaverum capita baculo decussit. Nuntius,
fessus exspectando, rediit Gabios. Sextus, cognito silentio patris et
facto, intellexit quid vellet pater. Primores civitatis interemit
patrique urbem sine ulla dimicatione tradidit.

Postea rex Ardeam urbem obsidebat. Ibi cum in castris essent, Tarquinius
Collatinus, sorore regis natus, forte cenabat apud Sextum Tarquinium cum
iuvenibus regiis. Incidit de uxoribus mentio; cum suam unusquisque
laudaret, placuit experiri. Itaque citatis equis Romam avolant; regias
nurus in convivio et luxu deprehendunt. Pergunt inde Collatiam;
Lucretiam, Collatini uxorem, inter ancillas lanae deditam inveniunt. Ea
ergo ceteris praestare iudicatur. Paucis interiectis diebus Sextus
Collatiam rediit et Lucretiae vim attulit. Illa postero die,
advocatispatre et coniuge, rem exposuit et se cultro, quem sub veste
abditum habebat, occidit. Conclamat vir paterque et in exitium regum
coniurant. Tarquinio Romam redeunti clausae sunt urbis portae et
exsilium indictum.

In antiquis annalibus memoriae haec sunt prodita. Anus hospita atque
incognita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum regem adiit, novem libros
ferens, quos esse dicebat divina oracula: eos se velle venumdare.
Tarquinius pretium percontatus est: mulier nimium atque immensum
poposcit. Rex, quasi anus aetate desiperet, derisit. Tum illa foculum
cum igni apponit et tres libros ex novem deurit; et, ecquid reliquos sex
eodem pretio emere vellet, regem interrogavit. Sed Tarquinius id multo
risit magis, dixitque anum iam procul dubio delirare. Mulier ibidem
statim tres alios libros exussit; atque id ipsum denuo placide rogat, ut
tres reliquos eodem illo pretio emat. Tarquinius ore iam serio atque
attentiore animo fit; eam constantiam confidentiamque non neglegendam
intellegit: libros tres reliquos mercatur nihilo minore pretio quam quod
erat petitum pro omnibus. Sed eam mulierem tunc a Tarquinio digressam
postea nusquam loci visam constitit. Libri tres in sacrario conditi
Sibyllinique appellati. Ad eos, quasi ad oraculum, Quindecemviri adeunt,
cum dii immortales publice consulendi sunt.


  #VIII. Tarquinius Superbus, Rmnrum rx septimus et ltimus#
  [[as printed]]

  534-510 B.C.

  Tarquinius Superbus rgnum scelest[8] occupvit.[9] Tamen bell
  strnuus Latns Sabnsque domuit. Urbem Gabis in potesttem
  redgit fraude Sext fli. Is cum indgn ferret eam urbem
   patre expgnr nn posse,[10] ad Gabns s contulit, patris
      saevitiam
  in s conquerns. Bengn  Gabns exceptus paultim              {5}
  erum benevolentiam cnsequitur, fcts blanditis ita es adlicins,
    [[23]]
  ut apud omns plrimum posset,[1] et ad postrmum dux bell
  ligertur. Tum  sus num ad patrem mittit scscittum[2]
  quidnam s[3] facere vellet. Pater nnti fli nihil respondit, sed
  velut dlberbundus[4] in hortum trnsiit ibique inambulns      {10}
  sequente nnti altissima[5] papverum capita bacul dcussit.
  Nntius, fessus exspectand, rediit Gabis. Sextus, cgnit
  silenti patris et fact,[6] intellxit[7] quid vellet pater.
  Prmrs cvittis intermit patrque urbem sine ll dmictine
  trdidit.                                                         {15}

  Poste rx Ardeam urbem obsidbat. Ibi cum in castrs essent,
  Tarquinius Colltnus, sorre[8] rgis ntus, forte cnbat apud
  Sextum Tarquinium cum iuvenibus[9] rgis. Incidit[10] d uxribus
  menti; cum suam nusquisque laudret, placuit experr.
  Itaque citts[11] equs Rmam volant; rgis[12] nurs in
      convvi[13]                                                  {20}
  et lx dprehendunt. Pergunt inde Colltiam[14]; Lucrtiam,
  Colltn uxrem, inter ancills lnae[15] dditam inveniunt. Ea
  erg cters praestre idictur. Paucs interiects dibus Sextus
  Colltiam rediit et Lucrtiae vim[16] attulit. Illa poster di,
      advocts
  patre et coniuge, rem exposuit et s cultr, quem sub veste       {25}
    [[24]]
  abditum habbat, occdit. Conclmat vir paterque et in[1] exitium
  rgum conirant. Tarquini[2] Rmam redeunt clausae sunt
  urbis portae et exsilium indictum.[3]

  In antqus annlibus memoriae haec sunt prdita.[4] Anus
  hospita atque incgnita ad Tarquinium quondam Superbum rgem      {30}
  adiit,[5] novem librs ferns, qus esse dcbat dvna rcula: es
  s velle[6] vnumdare. Tarquinius pretium perconttus est: mulier
  nimium atque immnsum popscit. Rx, quasi[7] anus aette dsiperet,
  drsit.[8] Tum illa foculum cum gn appnit et trs librs
  ex novem derit; et, ecquid reliqus sex edem preti[9] emere    {35}
  vellet, rgem interrogvit. Sed Tarquinius id mult rsit magis,
  dxitque anum iam procul dubi dlrre. Mulier ibdem statim
  trs alis librs exssit[10]; atque id[11] ipsum dnu placid rogat,
  ut[12] trs reliqus edem ill preti emat. Tarquinius re[13] iam
  sri atque attentire anim[13] fit; eam[14] cnstantiam
      cnfdentiamque                                               {40}
  nn neglegendam[15] intellegit: librs trs reliqus merctur
  nihil minre preti[9] quam quod erat pettum pr omnibus. Sed
  eam mulierem tunc  Tarquini dgressam[16] poste nsquam loc
  vsam[15] cnstitit. Libr[17] trs in sacrri condit Sibyllnque
  appellt. Ad es, quasi ad rculum, Qundecemvir adeunt, cum   {45}
  di immortls pblic cnsulend sunt.

    [Footnotes: VIII (pages 22-24)

    22.8: Cf. the whole description VII, 40-53.
    22.9: not 'occupied.'
    22.10: The infinitive depends on #indgn ferret#, an expression
    of emotion. Cf. p.19, n.6.
    23.1: #plrimum posset#: 'he possessed great influence.'
    #plrimum# is an accusative of extent.
    23.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 20.
    23.3: #s# refers to Sextus. Sextus asked his father through the
    messenger: _Quidnam m facere vs?_
    23.4: Adjectives ending in -_bundus_ generally have the force of
    the English present participle active.
    23.5: #altissima . . . capita# = 'the heads of the tallest
    poppies.' How literally?
    23.6: #fact# is here a noun.
    23.7: It has been shown that the whole of this story was derived
    from Greek sources, and that the incident described in the text
    is, so far as Gabii is concerned, without foundation.
    23.8: H 469, 2 (415, II): M 609: A 244: G 395: B 215.
    23.9: #iuvenibus rgis#: 'the princes.'
    23.10: #Incidit . . . menti#: 'the conversation happened to turn
    on (the meritsof) their (respective) wives.' How literally?
    23.11: #citts equs#: 'at top speed.' How literally?
    23.12: #rgis nurs#: 'the king's daughters-in-law,' i.e. the
    princes' wives.
    23.13: #convvi et lx#: 'a banquet and luxury' = 'aluxurious
    banquet.'
    23.14: The home of Collatinus.
    23.15: #lnae dditam#: 'wholly intent on spinning.' In the
    oldest times the Roman housewife made all the garments of the
    household. Hence a frequent laudatory inscription on the
    tombstones of Roman ladies is _lnam fcit_. Macaulay had this
    feature of Roman life in mind when (_Horatius_, stanza LXX) he
    wrote:
        "When the goodwife's shuttle merrily
          Goes flashing through the loom."
    23.16: #vim attulit# (_adfer_): 'outraged.'
    24.1: #in exitium rgum#: 'to kill the royal family (#rgum#).'
    For #in exitium# cf. p.14, n.4.
    24.2: dat. of disadvantage. Translate: 'against T., on his return
    to Rome.'
    24.3: Sc. _est_.
    24.4: _prd_.
    24.5: _ade_.
    24.6: infin. because dependent on _dxit_ understood, to be
    supplied from #dcbat#.
    24.7: #quasi . . . dsiperet#: 'thinking that the old woman's mind
    was failing through age.' See p.3, n.6.
    24.8: _drde_.
    24.9: abl. of price: H 478 (422): M 652: A 252: G 404: B225.
    24.10: _exr_.
    24.11: explained by the clause #ut . . . emat#.
    24.12: #ut . . . emat#: a substantive clause of purpose depending
    on #rogat#: H565 (498,I): M894: A331: G546: B295,4.
    24.13: abl. of quality with #fit#.
    24.14: = _tlem_, as often.
    24.15: sc. _esse_.
    24.16: #dgressam# (_dgredior_) = _postquam dgressa est_.
    24.17: #Libr . . . appellt#: the _Sibyllae_ were inspired
    maidens devoted to the worship of Apollo. The most famous, from
    whom Tarquin was believed to have received the Sibylline books,
    lived at Cumae, on the coast of Campania, in Italy. The books were
    placed in a vault beneath the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. When
    this temple was burned in 83 B.C., the senate sent envoys to
    Greece to make a new collection of oracular sayings. These also
    were deposited for a time in the temple of Jupiter after its
    restoration.]


#IX. Iunius Brutus, Romanorum consul primus# [[stripped text]]

Iunius Brutus, sorore Tarquinii Superbi natus, cum eandem fortunam
timeret, in quam frater inciderat, qui ob divitias et prudentiam ab
avunculo erat occisus, stultitiam finxit, unde Brutus dictus est.
Profectus Delphos cum Tarquinii filiis, quos pater ad Apollinem
muneribus honorandum miserat, baculo sambuceo aurum inclusum dono tulit
deo. Peractis deinde mandatis patris, iuvenes Apollinem consulunt
quisnam ex ipsis Romae regnaturus esset. Responsum est eum Romae summam
potestatem habiturum, qui primus matrem osculatus esset. Tunc Brutus,
velut si casu prolapsus cecidisset, terram osculatus est, scilicet quod
ea communis mater omnium mortalium esset.

Expulsis regibus duo consules creati sunt, Iunius Brutus et Tarquinius
Collatinus Lucretiae maritus. At libertas modo parta per dolum et
proditionem paene amissa est. Erant in iuventute Romana adulescentes
aliquot, sodales adulescentium Tarquiniorum. Hi cum legatis, quos rex ad
bona sua repetenda Romam miserat, de restituendis regibus conloquuntur,
ipsos Bruti consulis filios in societatem consilii adsumunt. Sermonem
eorum ex servis unus excepit; rem ad consules detulit. Datae ad
Tarquinium litterae manifestum facinus fecerunt. Proditores in vincula
coniecti sunt, deinde damnati. Stabant ad palum deligati iuvenes
nobilissimi; sed a ceteris liberi consulis omnium in se oculos
avertebant. Consules in sedem processere suam, missique lictores nudatos
virgis caedunt securique feriunt. Supplicii non spectator modo, sed et
exactor erat Brutus, qui tunc patrem exuit, ut consulem ageret.

Tarquinius deinde bello aperto regnum reciperare conatus est. Equitibus
praeerat Aruns, Tarquinii filius: rex ipse cum legionibus sequebatur.
Obviam hosti consules eunt; Brutus ad explorandum cum equitatu
antecessit. Aruns, ubi procul Brutum agnovit, inflammatus ira "Ille est
vir" inquit "qui nos patria expulit; ipse en ille nostris decoratus
insignibus magnifice incedit." Tum concitat calcaribus equum atque in
ipsum consulem dirigit; Brutus avide se certamini offert. Adeo infestis
animis concurrerunt, ut ambo hasta transfixi caderent; fugatus tamen
proelio est Tarquinius. Alter consul Romam triumphans rediit. Bruti
conlegae funus, quanto potuit apparatu, fecit. Brutum matronae, ut
parentem, annum luxerunt.


    [[25]]

  #IX. Inius Brtus, Rmnrum cnsul prmus# [[as printed]]

  Inius Brtus, sorre[1] Tarquini Superb ntus, cum[2] eandem
  fortnam timret, in quam frter inciderat, qu ob dvitis et
  prdentiam ab avuncul erat occsus, stultitiam finxit, unde
  Brtus dictus est. Profectus[3] Delphs[4] cum Tarquini flis,
  qus pater ad Apollinem mneribus honrandum mserat, bacul[5]    {5}
  sambce aurum inclsum dn[6] tulit de. Percts deinde
  mandts patris, iuvens Apollinem cnsulunt quisnam ex ipss
  Rmae[7] rgntrus esset.[8] Respnsum est eum Rmae[7] summam
  potesttem habitrum, qu prmus mtrem scultus esset.[9] Tunc
  Brtus, velut s cs prlpsus[10] cecidisset, terram scultus est,
  sclicet quod ea commnis mter omnium mortlium esset.           {11}

  [Sidenote: B.C. 509.]

  Expulss rgibus duo cnsuls[11] cret sunt, Inius Brtus et
  Tarquinius Colltnus[12] Lucrtiae martus. At lberts
  modo parta[13] per dolum et prditinem paene missa est.
  Erant in iuventte Rmn adulscents aliquot, sodls           {15}
  adulscentium Tarquinirum.[14] H cum lgts, qus rx ad bona sua
  repetenda Rmam mserat, d restituends rgibus conloquuntur,
  ipss Brt cnsulis flis in societtem cnsili adsmunt. Sermnem
  erum ex servs nus excpit; rem ad cnsuls dtulit.
  Datae[15] ad Tarquinium ltterae manifstum facinus fcrunt.     {20}
  Prditrs in vincula coniect sunt, deinde damnt. Stbant ad
  plum dligt iuvens nbilissim; sed  cters lber cnsulis
  omnium in s oculs vertbant. Cnsuls in sdem prcessre[16]
    [[26]]
  suam, missque lctrs ndts[1] virgs caedunt secrque feriunt.
  Supplici nn specttor modo, sed et[2] exctor erat Brtus,      {25}
  qu tunc patrem exuit, ut cnsulem ageret.[3]

    [Illustration {BRVTVS}]

  Tarquinius deinde bell apert rgnum reciperre cntus[4] est.
  Equitibus praeerat rns, Tarquini flius: rx ipse cum leginibus
  sequbtur. Obviam host[5] cnsuls
  eunt; Brtus ad explrandum cum equitt                          {30}
  antecessit. rns, ubi procul Brtum
  gnvit,[6] nflammtus r "Ille est vir" inquit
  "qu ns patri expulit; ipse[7] n ille nostrs
  decortus nsgnibus mgnific incdit." Tum
  concitat calcribus equum atque in ipsum cnsulem                 {35}
  drigit; Brtus avid s certmin offert. Ade[8] nfsts
  anims concurrrunt, ut amb hast trnsfx caderent; fugtus
  tamen proeli est Tarquinius. Alter[9] cnsul Rmam triumphns
  rediit. Brt conlgae fnus, quant[10] potuit appart, fcit.
  Brtum mtrnae, ut parentem, annum lxrunt.[11]                 {40}

    [Footnotes: IX (pages 25-26)

    25.1: Cf. p. 23, n. 8.
    25.2: #cum#: causal; cf. p. 4, n. 12; also p. xx, H2.
    25.3: _proficscor_.
    25.4: Cf. p. 3, n. 4.
    25.5: Join with #inclsum#, and cf. p. 2, n. 7.
    25.6: dat. of purpose or service: H 433 (390): M 548: A233, _a_:
    G356: B191, 2. This dat. is specially common in connection with
    another dat., as #de# here (dat. of advantage).
    25.7: locative: H 483 (425, II): M 620: A 258, _c_, 2: G411:
    B228,1.
    25.8: Cf. p. 3, n. 2. The whole clause is the object of
    #cnsulunt#, 'consult (byasking).'
    25.9: Cf. p. 6, n. 1. The oracle said: _Is . . . habbit, qu
    ... erit_.
    25.10: #prlpsus# (_prlbor_) #cecidisset# (_cad_) = _prlpsus
    esset et cecidisset_.
    25.11: See Vocab., _cnsul_.
    25.12: Cf. VIII, 17.
    25.13: _pari_.
    25.14: The sons of Tarquin, mentioned above, l. 4.
    25.15: = _quae datae erant_. _datae_ = _missae_, and so is
    construed with _ad_ and the accusative.
    25.16: = _prcessrunt._
    26.1: #ndts virgs caedunt# = _ndant (es) et virgs caedunt_.
    26.2: = _etiam._
    26.3: What does the subjunctive express?
    26.4: _cnor_.
    26.5: dat. after _ob_ in #obviam#. The rule regarding compound
    verbs (p.2, n.7) holds true often of nouns, adjectives, and
    adverbs.
    26.6: _gnsc_.
    26.7: #ipse . . . incdit#: the _spirit_ of this dramatic sentence
    may be reproduced thus: 'Look at him (#nille#)! He is actually
    adorned with _our_ insignia! See in what a lordly way he
    advances!'
    26.8: #Ade#, 'such,' in part qualifies #nfsts#, in part paves
    the way for the result clause #ut ... caderent#.
    26.9: #Alter#: 'the remaining.' Why may it be so translated?
    26.10: #quant . . . appart#: 'with the greatest possible
    splendor.'
    26.11: _lge._]


#X. Mucius Scaevola# [[stripped text]]

Cum Porsena Romam obsideret, Mucius, vir Romanae constantiae, senatum
adiit et veniam transfugiendi petiit, necem regis repromittens. Accepta
potestate cum in castra Porsenae venisset, ibi in confertissima turba
prope tribunal constitit. Stipendium tunc forte militibus dabatur et
scriba cum rege pari fere ornatu sedebat. Mucius, ignorans uter rex
esset, illum pro rege occidit. Apprehensus et ad regem pertractus
dextram accenso ad sacrificium foculo iniecit, velut manum puniens, quod
in caede peccasset. Attonitus miraculo rex iuvenem amoveri ab altaribus
iussit. Tum Mucius, quasi beneficium remunerans, ait trecentos adversus
eum sui similes coniurasse. Qua re ille territus bellum acceptis
obsidibus deposuit. Mucio prata trans Tiberim data, ab eo Mucia
appellata. Statua quoque ei honoris gratia constituta est.


  #X. Mcius Scaevola# [[as printed]]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 507]

  Cum Porsena[12] Rmam obsidret, Mcius, vir Rmnae[13]
  cnstantiae, sentum adiit et veniam[14] trnsfugiend petiit, necem
    [[27]]
  rgis reprmittns. Accept[1] potestte cum in castra Porsenae
  vnisset, ibi in cnfertissim turb prope tribnal cnstitit.
  Stpendium tunc forte[2] mlitibus dabtur et scrba cum           {5}
  rge par[3] fer rnt sedbat. Mcius, gnrns uter rx esset,
  illum pr rge occdit. Apprehnsus et ad rgem pertrctus[4]
  dextram accns[5] ad sacrificium focul inicit, velut manum
  pnins, quod[6] in caede peccsset. Attonitus mrcul rx        {9}
  iuvenem movr ab altribus iussit. Tum Mcius, quasi beneficium
  remnerns, ait trecents adversus eum[7] su simils conirsse.
  Qu r ille territus[8] bellum accepts obsidibus dposuit.[9]
  Mci prta trns Tiberim data,[10] ab e Mcia appellta. Statua
  quoque e[11] honris grti cnstitta est.                      {14}

    [Footnotes: X (pages 26-27)

    26.12: Tarquinius Superbus had applied to Porsena, king of the
    Etruscan city of Clusium, for aid in the recovery of his throne.
    Porsena gathered a large army and marched against Rome. For this
    story, see Macaulay's _Lays of Ancient Rome, Horatius_. Modern
    authorities on Roman history maintain that Porsena was so
    successful in his operations that he compelled the Romans to
    submit to a very humiliating treaty.
    26.13: We would say, 'truly Roman.'
    26.14: #veniam trnsfugiend#: 'permission to go over (tothe
    enemy).'
    27.1: #Accept# (_accipi_) #. . . vnisset# = _Cum potesttem
    accpisset et ... vnisset_.
    27.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 19.
    27.3: #par . . . rnt#: abl. abs. to denote an attendant
    circumstance: H489, 1 (431,1): M640: A255, _d_, 5: G409, N.:
    B227.
    27.4: _pertrah_.
    27.5: _accend_.
    27.6: #quod . . . peccsset# expresses Scaevola's thought: see
    H588, II (516,II): M851: A321: G541: B286, 1, and cf. p.14,
    n.1, and p. xxi, H4.
    27.7: #eum# refers to the king, #su# to Scaevola. Scaevola's
    speech was: _Trecent adversus t me simils conirvrunt._
    27.8: _terre_.
    27.9: _dpn_.
    27.10: Sc. _sunt_.
    27.11: dat. of advantage with #cnstitta est#.]


#XI. Fabii trecenti sex# [[stripped text]]

479-477 B.C.

Cum adsiduis Veientium incursionibus vexarentur Romani, Fabia gens
senatum adit; consul Fabius pro gente loquitur: "Vos alia bella curate;
Fabios hostes Veientibus date: id bellum privato sumptu gerere nobis in
animo est." Gratiaeei ingentes actae sunt. Consul e Curia egressus,
comitante Fabiorum agmine, domum rediit. Manat tota urbe rumor; Fabium
ad caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabii postero die arma capiunt. Numquam
exercitus neque minor numero neque clarior fama et admiratione hominum
per urbem incessit. Ibant sex et trecenti milites, omnes patricii, omnes
unius gentis. Ad Cremeram flumen perveniunt. Is opportunus visus est
locus communiendo praesidio. Hostes non semel fusi pacem supplices
petunt.

Veientes pacis impetratae cum brevi paenituisset, redintegrato bello
inierunt consilium insidiis ferocem hostem captandi. Multo successu
Fabiis audacia crescebat. Cum igitur palati passim agros popularentur,
pecora a Veientibus obviam acta sunt; ad quae progressi Fabii in
insidias delapsi omnes ad unum perierunt. Dies, quo id factum est, inter
nefastos relatus est; porta, qua profecti erant, Scelerata est
appellata. Unus omnino superfuit ex ea gente, qui propter aetatem
impuberem domi relictus erat. Is genus propagavit ad Quintum Fabium
Maximum, qui Hannibalem mora fregit.


  #XI. Fabi trecent sex# [[as printed]]

  479-477 B.C.

  Cum[12] adsidus Vientium[13] incursinibus vexrentur[12] Rmn,
  Fabia gns sentum adit; cnsul Fabius pr gente loquitur:
  "Vs alia bella crte; Fabis[14] hosts Vientibus date: id
  bellum prvt smpt[15] gerere nbs[16] in anim est." Grtiaee
    [[28]]
  ingents ctae sunt. Cnsul  Cri gressus, comitante[1]         {5}
  Fabirum gmine, domum rediit. Mnat tt urbe rmor; Fabium
  ad[2] caelum laudibus ferunt. Fabi poster di arma capiunt.
  Numquam[3] exercitus neque minor numer neque clrior fm et
  admrtine hominum per urbem incessit. bant sex et trecent
  mlits, omns patrici, omns nus gentis. Ad Cremeram flmen   {10}
  perveniunt. Is opportnus vsus est locus commniend praesidi.[4]
  Hosts nn[5] semel fs pcem supplics[6] petunt.

  Vients[7] pcis impetrtae cum brev paenituisset,[8] redintegrt
  bell inirunt cnsilium nsidis fercem hostem captand.
  Mult success Fabis[9] audcia crscbat. Cum igitur plt     {15}
  passim agrs populrentur, pecora  Vientibus obviam[10] cta
  sunt; ad quae prgress Fabi in nsidis dlps[11] omns ad
  num perirunt. Dis, qu id factum est, inter nefsts reltus[12]
  est; porta, qu profect erant, Scelerta est appellta. nus
  omnn superfuit ex e gente, qu propter aettem impberem       {20}
  dom[13] relctus[14] erat. Is[15] genus propgvit ad Quntum[16]
      Fabium
  Mximum, qu Hannibalem mor[17] frgit.[18]

    [Footnotes: XI (pages 27-28)

    27.12: The subjunctive expresses both time and cause: cf. p.2,
    n.13, and p. xxii,J.
    27.13: The Veientes fought almost constantly against Rome from a
    very early time (cf.IV, 57; Livy says that they were defeated by
    Romulus) till their city was completely destroyed in 396 B.C.
    27.14: #Fabis . . . date#: 'give the Veientes the Fabii as their
    enemies,' i.e. let the war against the Veientes be the special
    business of the Fabii.
    27.15: Cf. p. 24, n. 9.
    27.16: #nbs . . . est#: since #nbs# is a dat. of possession
    (H430 (387): M542: A231: G349: B190) with #est#, the phrase
    exactly = 'we have it in mind.' The subject of #est# is the clause
    #id ... gerere#. #Fabis# is strongly opposed to #vs#.
    28.1: #comitante . . . gmine#: 'the Fabii accompanying him in a
    body.' How literally?
    28.2: #ad . . . ferunt#: so we 'laud a person to the skies.'
    28.3: #Numquam . . . neque . . . neque#: in Latin, as in English,
    two negatives neutralize each other and make an affirmative. To
    this law there are two regular exceptions in Latin: When a general
    negative like _nn_, _numquam_, or _nm_ is followed (1)by
    _neque ... neque_ or (2)by the emphatic _n ... quidem_. In
    the former case the negation is distributed by the _neque ...
    neque_ into two (ormore) clauses or phrases; in the latter, the
    full weight of the negation is concentrated upon a single word or
    phrase. In English a single negative is always to be employed.
    28.4: dat. of purpose: cf. p. 25, n. 6. This construction is
    especially frequent with phrases consisting of a gerundive and a
    noun.
    28.5: #nn semel#: 'not once (only),' i.e. repeatedly.
    28.6: Cf. p. 4, n. 4.
    28.7: #Vients . . . paenituisset#: lit., 'when it had repented
    the V. of the peace which they had secured.' What is our idiom?
    #paenituisset# is wholly impersonal; #Vients# is acc., though
    logically its subject, and #pcis# is gen., though logically its
    object. H457 (409, III): M585: A221, _b_: G377: B209.
    28.8: See p. 2, n. 13.
    28.9: dat. of reference: H 425, 4, N. (384, 4, N.2): M537:
    A235, _a_: G346: B187,II.
    28.10: Sc. _es_: 'to meet them.'
    28.11: _dlbor_.
    28.12: _refero_.
    28.13: locative: H 484, 2 (426, 2): M 622: A 258, _d_: G411, R.
    2: B232,2.
    28.14: _relinqu_.
    28.15: #Is . . . Mximum#: freely 'he saved the family from
    extinction and became the ancestor of Maximus.'
    28.16: See Selection XIX.
    28.17: Fabius, by his 'policy of masterly inactivity,' gained the
    title of _Cuncttor_, 'the Delayer.'
    28.18: _frang_.]


#XII. Lucius Virginius# [[stripped text]]

Anno trecentesimo ab urbe condita pro duobus consulibus decemviri creati
sunt, qui adlatas e Graecia leges populo proponerent. Duodecim tabulis
eae sunt perscriptae. Ceterum decemviri sua ipsorum insolentia in
exitium acti sunt. Nam unus ex iis Appius Claudius virginem plebeiam
adamavit. Quam cum Appius non posset pretio ac spe perlicere, unum e
clientibus subornavit, qui eam in servitutem deposceret, facile victurum
se sperans, cum ipse esset et accusator et iudex. Lucius Virginius,
puellae pater, tunc aberat militiae causa. Cliens igitur virgini
venienti in Forum (namque ibi in tabernis litterarum ludi erant) iniecit
manum, adfirmans suam esse servam. Eam sequi se iubet; ni faciat,
minatur se vi abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad clamorem nutricis
fit concursus. Itaque cum ille puellam vi non posset abducere, eam vocat
in ius, ipso Appio iudice.

Interea missi nuntii ad Virginium properant. Is commeatu sumpto a
castris profectus prima luce Romam advenit, cum iam civitas in Foro
exspectatione erecta stabat. Virginius statim in Forum lacrimabundus et
civium opem implorans filiam suam deducit. Neque eo setius Appius, cum
in tribunal escendisset, Virginiam clienti suo addixit. Tum pater, ubi
nihil usquam auxilii vidit, "Quaeso," inquit "Appi, ignosce patrio
dolori; sine me filiam ultimum adloqui." Data venia pater cum filiam
seduxisset, ab lanio cultro adrepto pectus puellae transfigit. Tum vero
sibi viam facit et respersus cruore ad exercitum profugit et milites ad
vindicandum facinus accendit. Concitatus exercitus montem Aventinum
insedit; decem tribunos militum creavit; decemviros magistratu se
abdicare coegit eosque omnes aut morte aut exilio multavit; ipse Appius
Claudius in carcerem coniectus mortem sibi conscivit.


    [[29]]

  #XII. Lcius Virgnius# [[as printed]]

  Ann trecentsim[1] ab urbe[2] condit pr dubus cnsulibus
  decemvir cret sunt, qu[3] adlts  Graeci lgs popul
  prpnerent.[4] Duodecim[5] tabuls[6] eae sunt perscrptae. Cterum
  decemvir[7] su[8] ipsrum nsolenti in exitium ct sunt. Nam
  nus ex is Appius Claudius virginem plbiam adamvit. Quam[9]    {5}
  cum Appius nn posset preti ac sp perlicere, num 
  clientibus[10] subrnvit, qu eam in[11] servittem dpsceret,[12]
      facile
  victrum[13] s sprns, cum ipse esset et accstor et idex. Lcius
  Virgnius, puellae pater, tunc aberat mlitiae caus. Clins igitur
  virgin[14] venient in Forum (namque ibi in taberns litterrum[15]
  ld erant) inicit manum, adfrmns suam esse servam. Eam        {11}
  sequ s iubet; n faciat,[16] mintur s v abstrctrum. Pavid
  puell[17] stupente,[17] ad clmrem ntrcis fit concursus. Itaque
      cum
  ille puellam v nn posset abdcere, eam vocat in is, ips
  Appi[17] idice.[17]                                             {15}

  [Sidenote: B.C. 449.]

  Intere miss nnti ad Virgnium properant. Is commet
  smpt  castrs profectus prm lce Rmam advnit, cum iam
  cvits in For exspecttine rcta stbat. Virgnius statim in
  Forum lacrimbundus et cvium opem implrns fliam suam
    [[30]]
  ddcit. Neque[1] e stius Appius, cum in tribnal scendisset,  {20}
  Virgniam client su addxit. Tum pater, ubi nihil squam
  auxili[2] vdit, "Quaes," inquit "App, gnsce patri dolr[3];
  sine m fliam ultimum adloqu." Dat veni pater cum fliam
  sdxisset, ab lani cultr[4] adrept pectus puellae trnsfgit.
  Tum vr sibi viam facit et respersus crure ad exercitum profugit
  et mlits ad vindicandum facinus accendit. Concittus            {26}
  exercitus montem Aventnum nsdit; decem tribns[5] mlitum
  crevit; decemvirs magistrt s abdicre cogit[6] esque omns
  aut morte aut exili multvit; ipse Appius Claudius in carcerem
  coniectus mortem sibi cnscvit.[7]                               {30}

    [Footnotes: XII (pages 29-30)

    29.1: The dating is not exact, as the Decemvirs were elected in
    451 B.C.
    29.2: Cf. p. 5, n. 15.
    29.3: #qu . . . prpnerent#: i.e. after studying the laws of
    Greece, they were to draw up a code and submit it to the people.
    29.4: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
    29.5: From this circumstance the code was known as the _Lgs XII
    Tabulrum_.
    29.6: abl. of means; we say '_on_ tablets.' The tablets were of
    bronze. For many centuries Roman schoolboys had to commit these
    laws to memory.
    29.7: The Decemvirs had been elected for one year, at the end of
    which time they reported their work still unfinished, and a second
    board was chosen. The story that follows concerns the second
    board. All accounts agree that the rule of the first board was in
    all respects just.
    29.8: #su ipsrum#: a strong expression for 'their own.'
    29.9: Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
    29.10: See Vocab., _clins_.
    29.11: #in servittem# expresses purpose (cf. p.14, n.4), and so
    = _ut serva esset_.
    29.12: Cf. p. 5, n. 3.
    29.13: _vinc_.
    29.14: Join with #inicit manum#, and cf. p. 2, n.7.
    29.15: #litterrum ld#: schools where children were taught their
    A B C's, i.e. what we should call 'primary schools.'
    29.16: subjunctive as the subordinate clause of the indirect
    quotation, which depends on #mintur#. The threat was: _N (id)
    fceris, v (t) abstraham_.
    29.17: abl. abs.
    30.1: #Neque e stius#: 'nevertheless.' How literally? #e# =
    'for that reason.'
    30.2: partitive gen. with #nihil#: H 441 (397,1): M564: A216,
    _a_, 3: G369: B201,2.
    30.3: dat. with #gnsce#: H 426, 2 (385, II): M531: A227:
    G346: B187, II, _a_.
    30.4: #cultr . . . trnsfgit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8.
    30.5: #tribns#: two armies were in the field against the Sabines
    and Aequians. The eight Decemvirs who commanded them were deposed,
    and ten tribunes, or 'captains,' were chosen in their place.
    30.6: _cg_.
    30.7: _cnscsc_. With this whole story cf. Macaulay's _Lays_,
    _Virginia_.]


#XIII. Titus Manlius Torquatus# [[stripped text]]

Titus Manlius ob ingenii et linguae tarditatem a patre rs relegatus
erat. Qui cum audivisset patri diem dictam esse a Pomponio, tribuno
plebis, cepit consilium rudis quidem et agrestis animi, sed pietate
laudabile. Cultro succinctus mane in urbem atque a porta confestim ad
Pomponium pergit: introductus cultrum stringit et super lectum Pomponii
stans se eum transfixurum minatur, nisi ab incepta accusatione desistat.
Pavidus tribunus, quippe qui cerneret ferrum ante oculos micans,
accusationem dimisit. Ea res adulescenti eo maiori fuit honori quod
animum eius acerbitas paterna a pietate non avertisset, ideoque eodem
anno tribunus militum factus est.

Cum postea Galli ad tertium lapidem trans Anienem fluvium castra
posuissent, exercitus Romanus ab urbe profectus in citeriore ripa fluvii
constitit. Pons in medio erat: tunc Gallus eximia corporis magnitudine
in vacuum pontem processit et quam maxima voce potuit "Quem nunc" inquit
"Roma fortissimum habet, is procedat agedum ad pugnam, ut eventus
certaminis nostri ostendat utra gens bello sit melior." Diu inter
primores iuvenum Romanorum silentium fuit. Tum Titus Manlius ex statione
ad imperatorem pergit: "Iniussu tuo," inquit, "imperator, extra ordinem
numquam pugnaverim, non si certam victoriam videam; si tu permittis,
volo ego illi beluae ostendere me ex ea familia ortum esse, quae
Gallorum agmen ex rupe Tarpeia deiecit." Cui imperator "Macte virtute,"
inquit "Tite Manli, esto: perge et nomen Romanum invictum praesta."

Armant deinde iuvenem aequales: scutum capit, Hispano cingitur gladio,
ad propiorem pugnam habili. Exspectabat eum Gallus stolide laetus et
linguam ab inrisu exserens. Ubi constitere inter duas acies, Gallus
ensem cum ingenti sonitu in arma Manlii deiecit. Manlius vero inter
corpus et arma Galli sese insinuans uno alteroque ictu ventrem
transfodit et in spatium ingens ruentem porrexit hostem; iacenti torquem
detraxit, quem cruore respersum collo circumdedit suo. Defixerat pavor
cum admiratione Gallos; Romani alacres obviam militi suo progrediuntur
et gratulantes laudantesque ad imperatorem perducunt. Manlius inde
Torquati cognomen accepit.

Idem Manlius, postea consul factus bello Latino, ut disciplinam
militarem restitueret, edixit ne quis extra ordinem in hostes pugnaret.
T.Manlius, consulis filius, cum propius forte ad stationem hostium
accessisset, is, qui Latino equitatui praeerat, ubi consulis filium
agnovit, "Visne" inquit "congredi mecum, ut singularis certaminis eventu
cernatur, quantum eques Latinus Romano praestet?" Movit ferocem animum
iuvenis seu ira seu detrectandi certaminis pudor. Itaque oblitus imperii
paterni in certamen ruit et Latinum ex equo excussum transfixit
spoliisque lectis in castra ad patrem venit. Extemplo filium aversatus
consul milites classico advocat. Qui postquam frequentes convenere,
"Quandoquidem" inquit "tu, fili, contra imperium consulis pugnasti,
oportet disciplinam, quam solvisti, poena tua restituas. Triste
exemplum, sed in posterum salubre iuventuti eris. I, lictor, deliga ad
palum." Metu omnes obstupuere; sed postquam cervice caesa fusus est
cruor, in questus et lamenta erupere. Manlio Romam redeunti seniores
tantum obviam exierunt: iuventus et tunc eum et omni deinde vita
exsecrata est.

Operae pretium erit aliud severitatis disciplinae Romanae exemplum
proferre, simul ut appareat quam facile severitas in crudelitatem et
furorem abeat. Cn. Piso fuit vir a multis vitiis integer, sed pravus et
cui placebat pro constantia rigor. Is cum iratus ad mortem duci
iussisset militem, quasi interfecisset commilitonem, cum quo egressus
erat e castris et sine quo redierat, roganti tempus aliquod ad
conquirendum non dedit. Damnatus miles extra castrorum vallum ductus est
et iam cervicem porrigebat, cum subito apparuit ille commilito, qui
occisus dicebatur. Tunc centurio supplicio praepositus condere gladium
carnificem iubet. Ambo commilitones alter alterum complexi ingenti
concursu et magno gaudio exercitus deducuntur ad Pisonem. Ille
conscendit tribunal furens et utrumque ad mortem duci iubet, adicit et
centurionem, qui damnatum militem reduxerat, haec praefatus: "Te morte
plecti iubeo, quia iam damnatus es; te, quia causa damnationis
commilitoni fuisti; te, quia iussus occidere militem imperatori non
paruisti."

Ceterum Manlianae gentis propriam fere fuisse illam in filios
acerbitatem alius Manlius, illius de quo supra diximus nepos, ostendit.
Cum Macedonum legati Romam venissent conquestum de Silano, Manlii
Torquati filio, quod praetor provinciam expilasset, pater, avitae
severitatis heres, petiit a patribus conscriptis ne quid de ea re
statuerent, antequam ipse inspexisset Macedonum et filii sui causam. Id
a senatu libenter concessum est viro summae dignitatis, consulari
iurisque civilis peritissimo. Itaque, instituta domi cognitione causae,
solus per totum biduum utramque partem audiebat ac tertio die
pronuntiavit filium suum videri non talem fuisse in provincia, quales
eius maiores fuissent, et in conspectum suum deinceps venire vetuit. Tam
tristi patris iudicio perculsus lucem ulterius intueri non sustinuit et
proxima nocte vitam suspendio finivit. Peregerat Torquatus severi et
religiosi iudicis partes, satisfactum erat rei publicae, habebat
ultionem Macedonia, at nondum erat inflexus patris rigor. Igitur ne
exsequiis quidem filii interfuit, ut patribus mos erat apud Romanos, et
eo ipso die, quo funus eius ducebatur, aures, ut solebat, volentibus
consulere se de iure praebuit.


  #XIII. Titus Mnlius Torqutus# [[as printed]]

  Titus Mnlius ob ingeni et linguae tardittem  patre rs[8]
  relgtus erat. Qu cum audvisset patr[9] diem dictam esse 
  Pompni, tribn plbis, cpit cnsilium rudis quidem et agrestis
  anim,[10] sed piette laudbile. Cultr succinctus mne in
  urbem atque  port cnfstim ad[11] Pompnium pergit:             {5}
  intrductus[12] cultrum stringit et super lectum Pompni stns s eum
  trnsfxrum mintur, nisi ab incept accstine dsistat.[13]
      Pavidus
    [[31]]
  tribnus, quppe[1] qu cerneret ferrum ante oculs micns,
      accstinem
  dmsit. Ea rs adulscent[2] e[3] mir[4] fuit honr
  quod animum ius acerbits paterna  piette nn vertisset,      {10}
  ideque edem ann tribnus mlitum factus est.

    [Illustration: MLIRIUM]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 361.]

  Cum poste Gall[5] ad tertium[6] lapidem trns Aninem fluvium
  castra posuissent, exercitus Rmnus ab urbe profectus in citerire
  rp fluvi cnstitit. Pns in medi[7] erat: tunc Gallus
  eximi corporis mgnitdine in vacuum pontem                      {15}
  prcessit et quam[8] mxim vce potuit "Quem
  nunc" inquit "Rma fortissimum habet, is prcdat[9]
  agedum ad pgnam, ut ventus certminis nostr
  ostendat utra gns bell sit melior." Di inter
  prmrs iuvenum Rmnrum silentium fuit. Tum                    {20}
  Titus Mnlius ex statine ad impertrem pergit:
  "Iniuss[10] tu," inquit, "impertor, extr rdinem
  numquam pgnverim,[11] nn s certam victriam                   {23}
  videam[11]; s t permittis, vol ego ill bluae ostendere m ex e
  famili ortum esse, quae Gallrum gmen ex rpe Tarpi dicit."[12]
    [[32]]
  Cu impertor "Macte[1] virtte," inquit "Tite Mnl, est: perge
  et nmen Rmnum invictum praest."                               {27}

  Armant deinde iuvenem aequls: sctum capit, Hispn[2]
  cingitur[3] gladi, ad propirem[4] pgnam habil. Exspectbat eum
  Gallus stolid laetus et linguam ab inrs exserns.              {30}
  Ubi cnstitre[5] inter dus acis, Gallus nsem cum
  ingent sonit in arma Mnli dicit. Mnlius vr
  inter corpus et arma Gall ss nsinuns n[6] alterque
  ct ventrem trnsfdit et in spatium ingns
  ruentem porrxit hostem; iacent[7] torquem dtrxit,             {35}
  quem crure respersum[8] coll[9] circumdedit[10] su.
  Dfxerat pavor[11] cum admrtine Galls; Rmn
  alacrs obviam mlit su prgrediuntur et grtulants
  laudantsque ad impertrem perdcunt. Mnlius
  inde Torqut cgnmen accpit.                                   {40}

    [Illustration: GLADIUS]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 340.]

  dem Mnlius, poste cnsul factus bell Latn,
  ut dsciplnam mlitrem restitueret, dxit n[12] quis
  extr rdinem in hosts pgnret. T.Mnlius,[13]
  cnsulis flius, cum propius forte ad statinem hostium           {44}
  accessisset, is, qu Latn equittu praeerat, ubi cnsulis flium
  gnvit,[14] "Vsne" inquit "congred mcum, ut singulris certminis
  vent cerntur, quantum eques Latnus Rmn praestet?"
  Mvit fercem animum iuvenis seu ra seu dtrctand[15]
    [[33]]
  certminis pudor. Itaque obltus[1] imperi[2] patern in certmen
  ruit et Latnum[3] ex equ excussum trnsfxit spolisque lcts  {50}
  in castra ad patrem vnit. Extempl flium verstus
  cnsul mlits classic advocat. Qu postquam
  frequents convnre, "Quandquidem" inquit "t,
  fl, contr imperium cnsulis pgnst, oportet[4]
  dsciplnam, quam solvist, poen[5] tu restitus.               {55}
  Trste exemplum, sed in[6] posterum salbre iuventt
  eris. ,[7] lctor, dlig[8] ad plum." Met omns
  obstupure; sed postquam cervce caes fsus est cruor, in quests
  et lmenta rpre.[9] Mnli Rmam redeunt senirs tantum
  obviam exirunt: iuvents et tunc eum et omn[10] deinde vt     {60}
  exsecrta est.

    [Illustration: LCTOR]

  Operae pretium erit aliud sevrittis dsciplnae Rmnae
  exemplum prferre, simul ut appreat quam facile sevrits in[11]
  crdlittem et furrem abeat. Cn. Ps fuit[12] vir  mults vitis
  integer, sed prvus et cu[13] placbat pr cnstanti rigor. Is  {65}
  cum rtus ad mortem dc iussisset mlitem, quasi[14] interfcisset
  commlitnem, cum qu gressus erat  castrs et sine qu redierat,
  rogant[15] tempus aliquod ad conqurendum[16] nn dedit.
  Damntus mles extr castrrum vllum ductus est et iam cervcem
  porrigbat, cum subit appruit ille commlit, qu occsus[17]   {70}
    [[34]]
  dcbtur. Tunc centuri supplici praepositus condere gladium
  carnificem iubet. Amb commlitns alter alterum complex
  ingent concurs et mgn gaudi exercits ddcuntur ad Psnem.
  Ille cnscendit tribnal furns et utrumque ad mortem             {74}
  dc iubet, adicit et centurinem, qu damntum mlitem redxerat,
  haec praeftus[1]: "T morte plect iube, quia iam damntus
  es; t, quia causa damntinis commlitn fuist; t, quia
  iussus occdere mlitem impertr[2] nn pruist."

  Cterum Mnlinae gentis[3] propriam fer fuisse[4] illam in
  flis acerbittem alius Mnlius, illus d qu supr dximus     {80}
  neps, ostendit. Cum Macedonum lgt Rmam vnissent
  conquestum[5] d Sln, Mnli Torqut fli, quod praetor[6]
      prvinciam
  explsset,[7] pater, avtae sevrittis hrs, petiit  patribus[8]
  cnscrpts n quid d e r statuerent, antequam ipse nspexisset
  Macedonum et fli su causam. Id  sent libenter concessum     {85}
  est vir summae[9] dgnittis, cnsulr irisque cvlis pertissim.
  Itaque, nstitt dom cgnitine causae, slus per ttum bduum
  utramque partem audibat ac terti di prnntivit flium suum
  vidr nn tlem fuisse in prvinci, quls ius mirs fuissent,
  et in cnspectum suum deinceps venre vetuit. Tam trst patris   {90}
  idici perculsus[10] lcem[11] ulterius intur nn sustinuit et
  proxim[12] nocte vtam suspendi fnvit. Pergerat[13] Torqutus
      sevr
  et religis idicis parts,[14] satisfactum erat re pblicae,
      habbat
  ultinem Macedonia, at nndum erat nflexus patris rigor. Igitur  {94}
  n[15] exsequis quidem fli interfuit, ut patribus ms erat apud
    [[35]]
  Rmns, et e ips di, qu fnus ius dcbtur, aurs, ut
  solbat, volentibus cnsulere s d ire praebuit.

    [Footnotes: XIII (pages 30-34)

    30.8: Cf. p. 3, n. 4.
    30.9: #patr . . . esse#: 'that a day had been set against his
    father (for trial),' i.e. 'that his father had been summoned to
    appear for trial.' Among the charges against the elder Manlius was
    that of cruelty to his son. #patr# is a dat. of disadvantage.
    30.10: #cpit . . . laudbile#: 'he formed a plan (which, though
    it gave token) of a rough and uncouth temper (was) nevertheless
    commendable by reason of the filial devotion (which it showed).'
    For #quidem ... sed#, cf. p.10, n.10. #anim# is a genitive of
    quality or description with #cnsilium#.
    30.11: #ad Pompnium# = 'to (the house of) Pomponius.'
    30.12: = a temporal clause: 'when he had been usheredin.'
    30.13: For the mood, cf. p. 29, n. 16.
    31.1: #quppe qu#: 'since indeed he,' etc. #qu# = _cum is_
    (cf.p.4, n.3), and the relative clause has its verb in the
    subjunctive because it expresses a reason: H592, 1 (517, 3,1)):
    M840: A320, _e_, N. 1: G633: B283, 3, _a_.
    31.2: dat. of advantage.
    31.3: #e# = 'for this reason,' explained by #quod ...
    vertisset#.
    31.4: #mir fuit honr#: 'was all the more credit'; cf. p.25,
    n.6.
    31.5: In the fifth century B.C. the Gauls left their homes in
    northwestern Europe, and, crossing the Alps, gained control of the
    fertile valley of the Po. Hence that part of the Italian peninsula
    was called Gallia Cisalpina. Thence they made raids into the lands
    to the south.
    31.6: With #tertium# sc. _ab urbe Rm_. On all the roads leading
    from Rome milestones were set up to mark the distance from the
    gate in the Servian Wall (see map, p. xxviii), by which the road
    issued from the capital.
    31.7: Sc. _durum exercituum_, i.e. 'between the two armies.'
    31.8: #quam . . . potuit#: cf. p. 26, n. 10.
    31.9: subjunctive of exhortation or command: H 559, 1 (484,II):
    M713: A266: G263, 3: B274.
    31.10: #Iniuss tu#: 'without your consent.'
    31.11: subjunctive in an ideal condition: H 576 (509): M936:
    A307, _b_: G596: B303.
    31.12: In 388 B.C. the Gauls had captured and destroyed all of
    Rome save the Capitol, which was commanded by M.Manlius, the
    father of Titus. He was aroused one night by the cackling of the
    sacred geese, to find that the Gauls had climbed by a secret path,
    and had almost effected an entrance. He awoke the garrison, hurled
    the foremost Gauls back upon their companions, and thus saved the
    Capitol.
    32.1: #macte virtte . . . est#: lit., 'be glorified in
    (respectof) your valor.' The phrase is in part an expression of
    commendation, like our 'bravo!' in part a prayer, like 'success
    attend thee!'
    32.2: A straight, two-edged sword, not more than two feet long,
    used for thrusting rather than for striking. The Gallic sword was
    long and without point.
    32.3: = _cingit s_, i.e. 'girds himself,' not 'is girded.'
    32.4: 'nearer,' i.e. hand to hand.
    32.5: _cnsist_. What tense?
    32.6: #n alterque ct#: 'with one stroke after the other';
    i.e. he killed him with two quick blows.
    32.7: Sc. _e_, and render 'from him as he lay (dead).' See p.17,
    n.4.
    32.8: _resperg_.
    32.9: What case?
    32.10: In its compounds, _dare_ more often = 'to put' than 'to
    give.'
    32.11: #pavor cum admrtine# = _pavor et admrti_; cf. _ments
    cum oculs_, II,12.
    32.12: #n quis . . . pgnret#: 'that no one should fight.' For
    the subjunctive, see p.9, n.6.
    32.13: Subject of #accessisset#. For its position, see p.19,
    n.7.
    32.14: _gnsc_.
    32.15: #dtrctand . . . pudor#: 'his unwillingness to decline
    the fight.' Aliteral translation would be impossible. _Pudor_
    implies that he was ashamed to decline lest his refusal should be
    attributed to cowardice.
    33.1: _oblivscor_.
    33.2: dependent on #obltus#: H 454 (406, II): M588: A219, 1:
    G376: B206,1.
    33.3: #excussum trnsfxit#: cf. p. 2, n. 8.
    33.4: #oportet restitus#: 'it is fitting that you restore.'
    _Oportet_ is construed either with the infinitive or with the
    subjunctive of result with _ut_ omitted.
    33.5: Why abl.?
    33.6: #in posterum# (cf. p. 4, n. 9) = 'for the future.'
    33.7: Imperative of _e_.
    33.8: Cf. _Stbant ad plum dligti_, IX, 21.
    33.9: _rump_.
    33.10: #omn . . . vt#: 'throughout his whole subsequent life.'
    In this sense the simple acc., or the acc. with _per_ is far more
    common. #deinde#, standing between an adj. and a noun, may be
    rendered by an adj.: cf. p.10, n.14.
    33.11: #in . . . abeat#: 'passes over into,' 'degenerates into.'
    33.12: #fuit . . . sed#: we would say, 'was, to be sure, ...
    but, after all,' i.e. 'although he was ... yet.' In this sense
    _quidem ... sed_ is commonly used: cf. p.10, n.10.
    33.13: H 426 (385, I): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.
    33.14: Cf. p. 3, n. 6.
    33.15: Sc. _mlit_, and join with _dedit_.
    33.16: Sc. _commlitnem_.
    33.17: Sc. _esse_.
    34.1: _praefor_.
    34.2: H 426 (385): M 531: A 227: G 346: B 187, II.
    34.3: Join with _propriam_. _Proprius_, like _similis_, is
    construed with both the gen. and the dat.
    34.4: dependent on #ostendit#, l. 81.
    34.5: supine of _conqueror_, expressing purpose. Cf. p.5, n.20.
    34.6: 'when praetor,' or 'during his praetorship.'
    34.7: Many, indeed most, governors of provinces enriched
    themselves by extortion.
    34.8: See Vocab., _cnscrptus_.
    34.9: #summae . . . pertissim#: these words contain the reasons
    why #Id ... concessum est#.
    34.10: _percell_.
    34.11: #lcem . . . sustinuit#: 'he refused to live longer.' How
    literally?
    34.12: The context must determine whether #proxim nocte# = 'the
    next night' or 'last night.'
    34.13: _perg_.
    34.14: 'role.' This meaning of _parts_ is borrowed from the
    theater.
    34.15: #n . . . quidem# is a very strong negative, and generally
    emphasizes some word or phrase placed between the _n_ and the
    _quidem_.]


#XIV. Publius Decius# [[stripped text]]

P. Decius, Valerio Maximo et Cornelio Cosso consulibus, tribunus militum
fuit. Exercitu Romano in angustiis Gauri montis clauso Decius editum
collem conspexit imminentem hostium castris. Accepto praesidio verticem
occupavit, hostes terruit, consuli spatium dedit ad subducendum agmen in
aequiorem locum. Ipse, colle, quem insederat, undique armatis
circumdato, intempesta nocte per medias hostium custodias somno
oppressas incolumis evasit. Qua re ab exercitu donatus est corona
civica, quae dabatur ei, qui cives in bello servasset. Consul fuit bello
Latino cum Manlio Torquato. Hoc bello cum utrique consuli somnio
obvenisset eos victores futuros, quorum dux in proelio cecidisset,
convenit inter eos uti, utrius cornu in acie laboraret, is diis se
Manibus devoveret. Inclinante sua parte Decius se et hostes diis Manibus
devovit. Armatus in equum insiluit ac se in medios hostes immisit:
corruit obrutus telis et victoriam suis reliquit.


  #XIV. Pblius Decius# [[as printed]]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 343.]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 340.]

    [Illustration: CORNA CVICA]

  P. Decius,[1] Valeri[2] Mxim et Cornli Coss cnsulibus,
  tribnus mlitum fuit. Exercit Rmn in angustis Gaur
  montis claus[3] Decius ditum collem cnspexit imminentem
  hostium castrs. Accept praesidi verticem[4] occupvit, hosts
  terruit, cnsul spatium dedit ad subdcendum gmen in aequirem   {5}
  locum. Ipse, colle, quem nsderat,[5] undique
  armts circumdat, intempest nocte
  per[6] medis hostium cstdis somn oppresss[7]
  incolumis vsit. Qu r ab exercit
  dntus est corn cvic, quae dabtur e,                       {10}
  qu cvs in bell servsset. Cnsul fuit bell
  Latn cum Mnli[8] Torqut. Hc
  bell cum[9] utrque cnsul somni obvnisset
  es victrs futrs, qurum dux in proeli cecidisset,
  convnit inter es ut, utrus corn in aci labrret, is dis[10]
  s Mnibus dvovret. Inclnante su parte Decius s et hosts    {16}
  dis Mnibus dvvit.[11] Armtus in equum nsiluit ac s in medis
  hosts immsit: corruit obrutus tls et victriam sus relquit.

    [Footnotes: XIV (page 35)

    35.1: His full name was P. Decius Mus.
    35.2: #Valeri . . . cnsulibus#: 'in the consulship of,' etc. For
    the abl. abs. consisting of two nouns, see H489 (431,4): M639:
    A255, _a_: G409: B227, 1. For another method of dating events,
    cf. XII,1.
    35.3: _claud_.
    35.4: Sc. _collis_.
    35.5: _nside_.
    35.6: #per . . . cstdis#: 'through the _midst of_ the enemy's
    pickets.' Cf. l. 17, #in medis hosts#, 'against the enemy's
    center.' Note the difference between the Latin and the English
    idioms. H497, 4 (440, N. 1-2): M565: A193: G291, R. 2:
    B241,1.
    35.7: _opprim_.
    35.8: Cf. XIII, 41.
    35.9: #cum . . . obvnisset#: 'when the two consuls had dreamed.'
    How literally? The subject of #obvnisset# is #es ...
    cecidisset#. So the subject of #convnit# is #ut ...
    dvovret#.
    35.10: See Vocab., _Mns_.
    35.11: Decius' act was called #dvti#, and proceeded from the
    idea that for the victim which the Manes seemed to be claiming
    another might be substituted. According to Livy, Decius used this
    formula: "As a substitute for the commonwealth, the army, the
    legions, and the allies of the Roman people I devote to the Manes
    myself and the legions and allies of the enemy."]


#XV. Manius Curius# [[stripped text]]

Manius Curius contra Samnites profectus eos ingentibus proeliis vicit.
In quo bello cum permultum agri hominumque maximam vim cepisset, ipse
inde ditari adeo noluit, ut, cum interversae pecuniae argueretur,
catillo ligneo, quo uti ad sacrificia consueverat, in medium prolato
iuraret se nihil amplius de praeda hostili in domum suam convertisse.
Curio ad focum sedenti in agresti scamno et ex ligneo catillo cenanti
cum magnum auri pondus Samnites attulissent, repudiati ab eo sunt
dixitque non aurum habere sibi praeclarum videri, sed iis qui haberent
aurum imperare. Quo responso Curius Samnitibus ostendit se neque acie
vinci neque pecunia corrumpi posse. Agri capti septena iugera populo
viritim divisit; cumque ipsi senatus iugera quinquaginta adsignaret,
plus accipere noluit quam singulis civibus erat datum, dixitque
perniciosum esse civem, qui eo, quod reliquis tribueretur, contentus non
esset.

Postea consul creatus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque in Capitolio
delectum haberet et iuniores taedio belli nomina non darent, coniectis
in urnam omnium tribuum nominibus primum nomen urna extractum citari
iussit et cum adulescens non responderet, bona eius hastae subiecit,
deinde cum is questus de iniuria consulis tribunos plebis appellasset,
ipsum quoque vendidit, nihil opus esse rei publicae eo cive, qui
nesciret parere, dicens. Neque tribuni plebis adulescenti auxilio
fuerunt; posteaque res in consuetudinem abiit, ut delectu rite acto, qui
militiam detrectaret, in servitutem venderetur. Hoc terrore ceteri
adacti nomina promptius dederunt.

His copiis Curius Pyrrhi exercitum cecidit deque eo rege triumphavit.
Insignem triumphum fecerunt quattuor elephanti cum turribus suis, tum
primum Romae visi. Victus rex relicto Tarenti praesidio in Epirum
revertit. Cum autem bellum renovaturus putaretur, Manium Curium iterum
consulem fieri placuit. Sed inopinata mors regis Romanos metu liberavit.
Pyrrhus enim, dum Argos oppugnat, urbem iam ingressus a iuvene quodam
Argivo lancea leviter vulneratus est. Mater adulescentis, anus
paupercula, cum aliis mulieribus e tecto domus proelium spectabat; quae
cum vidisset Pyrrhum in auctorem vulneris sui magno impetu ferri,
periculo filii sui commota protinus tegulam corripuit et utraque manu
libratam in caput regis deiecit.


    [[36]]

  #XV. Mnius Curius# [[as printed]]

  Mnius Curius contr Samnts profectus[1] es ingentibus proelis
  vcit.[2] In qu bell cum permultum agr[3] hominumque[3]
  mximam vim[4] cpisset,[5] ipse inde[6] dtr ade[7] nluit, ut,
      cum                                                            {3}
  interversae[8] pecniae arguertur, catll[9] lgne, qu[10] t ad
  sacrificia cnsuverat,[11] in medium prlt irret s nihil amplius
  d praed hostl in domum suam convertisse. Curi[12] ad focum    {6}
  sedent in agrest scamn et ex lgne catll cnant cum mgnum
  aur pondus Samnts attulissent,[13] repudit ab e sunt dxitque
  nn[14] aurum habre[15] sibi praeclrum vidr, sed is qu habrent
  aurum imperre.[15] Qu respns Curius Samntibus ostendit s    {10}
  neque aci vinc neque pecni corrump posse. Agr capt septna
  igera popul virtim dvsit[16]; cumque ips sentus igera
  qunqugint adsgnret, pls accipere nluit quam singuls cvibus
  erat datum, dxitque pernicisum esse cvem,[17] qu e,[18] quod
  reliqus tribuertur, contentus nn esset.[19]                    {15}

  Poste cnsul cretus adversus Pyrrhum missus est: cumque
  in Capitli dlctum habret et inirs taedi[20] bell nmina[21]
  nn darent, coniects in rnam omnium tribuum nminibus
  prmum[22] nmen rn extrctum citr iussit et cum adulscns nn
  respondret, bona[23] ius hastae subicit, deinde cum is         {20}
    [[37]]
  questus[1] d iniri cnsulis tribns[2] plbis appellsset, ipsum
      quoque
  vndidit, nihil[3] opus esse re pblicae e cve,[4] qu nescret
  prre, dcns. Neque tribn plbis adulscent[5] auxili[5]
      furunt;
  posteque rs[6] in cnsutdinem abiit, ut dlct rte ct,    {24}
  qu[7] mlitiam dtrctret, in servittem vndertur. Hc[8] terrre
  cter adct[9] nmina prmptius dedrunt.

    [Illustration: ELEPHANT]

  Hs cpis Curius Pyrrh exercitum cecdit[10] dque e rge
  triumphvit. nsgnem[11] triumphum fcrunt quattuor elephant
  cum turribus sus, tum prmum Rmae[12]
  vs. Victus rx relct Tarent[12] praesidi                    {30}
  in prum revertit. Cum[13] autem
  bellum renovtrus putrtur, Mnium
  Curium iterum cnsulem fier placuit.[14]
  Sed inopnta mors rgis Rmns met
  lbervit. Pyrrhus enim, dum Args                                {35}
  oppgnat,[15] urbem iam ingressus  iuvene
  qudam Argv lance leviter vulnertus
  est. Mter adulscentis, anus paupercula,
  cum alis mulieribus  tct doms proelium
  spectbat; quae cum vdisset Pyrrhum in auctrem vulneris         {40}
  su mgn impet ferr,[16] percul fli su commta prtinus
      tgulam
  corripuit et utrque man lbrtam[17] in caput rgis dicit.

    [Footnotes: XV (pages 36-37)

    36.1: _proficscor_.
    36.2: _vinc_.
    36.3: partitive gen.: cf. p. 30, n. 2.
    36.4: Cf. p. 4, n. 11.
    36.5: _capi_.
    36.6: i.e. from the _ager_, or the money derived from the sale of
    the _homins_.
    36.7: Cf. p. 26, n. 8.
    36.8: See p. 5, n. 15; cf. also H 456 (409, II): M 582: A220:
    G378: B208,1.
    36.9: #catll . . . prlt# (_prfer_) #irret# = _catllum
    prferret et irret_. Cf. p.2, n.8.
    36.10: H 477, I (421, I): M 253: A 249: G 407: B 218,1.
    36.11: _cnsusc_.
    36.12: Join with #attulissent#.
    36.13: _adfer_.
    36.14: #nn . . . imperre#: 'it was not the having gold that
    seemed to him glorious, but the ruling over those who had it.'
    Give Curius' exact words.
    36.15: subjects of #vidr#: cf. p. 6, n. 16.
    36.16: = _distribuit_.
    36.17: We would say, '_that_ citizen.'
    36.18: H 476, 1 (421, III): M 629: A 254, _b_, 2: G401, N. 6:
    B219.
    36.19: Why subjunctive?
    36.20: abl. of cause.
    36.21: _nmina dare_ = to hand in one's name to a recruiting
    officer, i.e. 'to volunteer.'
    36.22: #prmum nmen#: i.e. the man whose name was first drawn.
    36.23: #bona . . . subicit#: i.e. he sold his goods at auction.
    At Roman auctions, especially of booty taken in war, aspear was
    set in the ground, just as nowadays a flag is exposed.
    37.1: _queror_.
    37.2: The _tribn plbis_ had been created for the express
    purpose of protecting the people from unjust treatment by the
    patrician magistrates, especially the consuls. They could veto the
    acts of any magistrate.
    37.3: #nihil# (adv. acc.) #. . . cve#: 'the state had no need of
    that citizen.'
    37.4: abl. with #opus#: H 477, III (414, IV): M646: A243, _e_:
    G406: B218,2.
    37.5: For the two datives see p. 25, n. 6.
    37.6: #rs . . . biit#: i.e. it became a regular custom. Cf.
    _sevrits ... abeat_, XIII,63.
    37.7: 'whoever.'
    37.8: #Hc terrre#: i.e. 'by the terror occasioned by this
    (act).'
    37.9: _adig_.
    37.10: At Beneventum, 275 B.C.
    37.11: #nsgnem . . . elephant#: 'this triumph was made notable
    by the presence of four elephants.' How literally?
    37.12: Cf. p. 25, n. 7.
    37.13: #Cum . . . putrtur#: with #renovtrus# sc. _esse_. For
    the personal construction, see p.7, n.12.
    37.14: Sc. _popul Rmn_. Its subject is the clause #Mnium
    ... fier#; hence the infin. #fier#.
    37.15: '_was_ besieging.' Cf. p. 3, n. 14.
    37.16: 'rushing.' How literally?
    37.17: #lbrtam . . . dicit# = _lbrvit et dicit_.]


#XVI. Gaius Duilius# [[stripped text]]

Gaius Duilius Poenos navali pugna primus devicit. Qui cum videret naves
Romanas a Punicis velocitate superari, manus ferreas sive corvos,
machinam ad comprehendendas hostium naves tenendasque utilem,
excogitavit. Quae manus ubi hostilem apprehenderant navem, superiecto
ponte transgrediebatur Romanus et in ipsorum ratibus comminus
dimicabant, unde Romanis, qui robore praestabant, facilis victoria fuit.
Celeriter sunt expugnatae naves Punicae triginta, in quibus etiam
praetoria septiremis capta est, mersae tredecim.

Duilius victor Romam reversus primus navalem triumphum egit. Nulla
victoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod invicti terra iam etiam mari
plurimum possent. Itaque Duilio concessum est, ut per omnem vitam
praelucente funali et praecinente tibicine a cena rediret.

Hannibal, dux classis Punicae, e navi quae iam capiebatur, in scapham
saltu se demittens Romanorum manus effugit. Veritus autem, ne in patria
classis amissae poenas daret, civium odium astutia avertit, nam ex illa
infelici pugna priusquam cladis nuntius domum perveniret quendam ex
amicis Carthaginem misit. Qui postquam curiam intravit, "Consulit"
inquit "vos Hannibal, cum dux Romanorum magnis copiis maritimis
instructis advenerit, num cum eo confligere debeat?" Acclamavit
universus senatus non esse dubium quin confligi oporteret. Tum ille
"Conflixit" inquit "et superatus est." Ita non potuerunt factum damnare,
quod ipsi fieri debuisse iudicaverant. Sic Hannibal victus crucis
supplicium effugit: nam eo poenae genere dux re male gesta apud Poenos
adficiebatur.


    [[38]]

  #XVI. Gius Dulius# [[as printed]]

  Gius Dulius Poens nvl pgn prmus[1] dvcit.
  Qu cum vidret nvs Rmns  Pnics
  vlcitte superr, mans ferres sve corvs,
  mchinam ad comprehendends hostium nvs
  tenendsque tilem, excgitvit. Quae[2] mans ubi                 {5}
  hostlem apprehenderant nvem, superiect ponte
  trnsgredibtur Rmnus[3] et in ipsrum[4] ratibus
  comminus dmicbant, unde[5] Rmns, qu rbore
  praestbant, facilis victria fuit. Celeriter sunt
  expgntae nvs Pnicae trgint, in quibus etiam                {10}
  praetria[6] septirmis[7] capta est, mersae[8] tredecim.

    [Illustration: COLUMNA RSTRTA OF DULIUS]

  Dulius victor Rmam reversus prmus
  nvlem triumphum git. Nlla victria
  Rmns grtior fuit, quod[9] invict terr
  iam etiam mar plrimum[10] possent.[9] Itaque                    {15}
  Duli concessum est, ut per omnem vtam
  praelcente fnli et praecinente tbcine 
  cn redret.[11]

    [Illustration: TBCEN]

  Hannibal, dux classis Pnicae,  nv
  quae iam capibtur, in scapham salt s dmittns Rmnrum      {20}
  mans effgit. Veritus autem, n[12] in patri classis[13] missae
    [[39]]
  poens daret, cvium odium stti vertit, nam ex ill nflc
  pgn priusquam[1] cldis nntius domum[2] pervenret[1] quendam
  ex amcs Carthginem[2] msit. Qu postquam criam intrvit,
  "Cnsulit" inquit "vs Hannibal, cum[3] dux Rmnrum mgns      {25}
  cpis maritims nstrcts advnerit,[3] num cum e cnflgere
  dbeat?" Acclmvit niversus sentus nn esse dubium qun[4]
  cnflg oportret. Tum ille "Cnflxit" inquit "et supertus
  est." Ita nn poturunt factum damnre, quod ips fier dbuisse
  idicverant. Sc Hannibal victus crucis supplicium effgit:      {30}
  nam e[5] poenae genere dux r[6] male gest apud Poens
  adficibtur.

    [Footnotes: XVI (pages 38-39)

    38.1: #prmus dvcit#: 'was the first (Roman) to conquer.' Cf.
    _prmus git_, l. 12. H497, and 1 (443 and1): A191: G325, R.
    6: B239. Such a phrase as _prmus fuit dvincere_ is never used
    by good writers.
    38.2: 'These'; cf. p. 4, n. 3.
    38.3: a collective noun: 'the Romans.'
    38.4: Sc. _hostium_.
    38.5: = 'and as a consequence.'
    38.6: Cf. _rgius_, I, 17. The Romans applied the term _praetor_
    to the commander of any foreign force.
    38.7: Sc. _nvis_. At this time Carthaginian ships generally had
    five banks of oars. In building the fleet commanded by Duilius,
    the Romans, it is said, took as their model a Carthaginian vessel
    which had been wrecked on the coast of Italy.
    38.8: _merg_; sc. _sunt_.
    38.9: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.
    38.10: 'were supreme'; cf. p. 23, n. 1.
    38.11: In commemoration also of the victory the Columna Rstrta
    was erected in the Forum.
    38.12: #n . . . daret#: a clause of purpose, dependent on
    #veritus#: H567 (498, III) M897: A331, _f_: G550: B296,2.
    38.13: #classis missae#: 'for losing the fleet'; see p.5, n.15.
    39.1: Cf. p. 12, n. 5.
    39.2: Why accusative?
    39.3: causal subjunctive.
    39.4: _qun_ with a subjunctive of result is regularly used after
    negative expressions of doubt: H595, 1 (504, 3,2): M913: A332,
    _g_, R.: G555, 2: B298.
    39.5: #e . . . adficibtur#: 'in that way . .. was punished.'
    How literally?
    39.6: #r male gest#: 'if unsuccessful.' How literally?]


#XVII. Marcus Atilius Regulus# [[stripped text]]

Marcus Regulus cum Poenos magna clade adfecisset, Hanno Carthaginiensis
ad eum venit, quasi de pace acturus, re vera ut tempus extraheret, donec
novae copiae ex Africa advenirent. Is ubi ad consulem accessit, exortus
est militum clamor auditaque vox, idem huic faciendum esse, quod paucis
ante annis Cornelio consuli a Poenis factum esset. Cornelius enim, velut
in conloquium per fraudem evocatus, a Poenis comprehensus erat et in
vincula coniectus. Iam Hanno timere incipiebat, sed periculum astuto
responso avertit: "Hoc vero" inquit "si feceritis, nihilo eritis Afris
meliores." Consul tacere iussit eos, qui par pari referri volebant, et
conveniens gravitati Romanae responsum dedit: "Isto te metu, Hanno,
fides Romana liberat." De pace, quia neque Poenus serio agebat et consul
victoriam quam pacem malebat, non convenit.

Regulus deinde in Africam primus Romanorum ducum traiecit. Clypeam urbem
et trecenta castella expugnavit, neque cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam
cum monstris dimicavit. Nam cum ad flumen Bagradam castra haberet,
anguis mira magnitudine exercitum Romanorum vexabat; multos milites
ingenti ore corripuit; plures caudae verbere elisit; nonnullos ipso
pestilentis halitus adflatu exanimavit. Neque is telorum ictu perforari
poterat, durissima squamarum lorica omnia tela facile repellente.
Confugiendum fuit ad machinas advectisque ballistis et catapultis, velut
arx quaedam munita, deiciendus hostis fuit. Tandem saxorum pondere
oppressus iacuit, sed cruore suo flumen corporisque pestifero adflatu
vicina loca infecit Romanosque castra inde submovere coegit. Corium
beluae, centum et viginti pedes longum, Romam misit Regulus.

Huic ob res bene gestas imperium in annum proximum prorogatum est. Quod
ubi cognovit Regulus, scripsit senatui vilicum suum in agello, quem
septem iugerum habebat, mortuum esse et servum, occasionem nactum,
aufugisse ablato instrumento rustico ideoque petere se ut sibi successor
in Africam mitteretur, ne, deserto agro, non esset unde uxor et liberi
alerentur. Senatus, acceptis litteris, res quas Regulus amiserat publica
pecunia redimi iussit, agellum colendum locavit, alimenta coniugi ac
liberis praebuit. Regulus deinde multis proeliis Carthaginiensium opes
contudit eosque pacem petere coegit. Quam cum Regulus nollet nisi
durissimis condicionibus dare, a Lacedaemoniis illi auxilium petierunt.

Lacedaemonii Xanthippum, virum belli peritissimum, Carthaginiensibus
miserunt, a quo Regulus victus est ultima pernicie: nam duo tantum milia
hominum ex omni Romano exercitu refugerunt et Regulus ipse captus et in
carcerem coniectus est. Inde Romam de permutandis captivis missus est
dato iureiurando. ut, si non impetrasset, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Qui
cum Romam venisset, inductus in senatum mandata exposuit; sententiam ne
diceret recusavit; quamdiu iureiurando hostium teneretur, se non esse
senatorem. Iussus tamen sententiam dicere, negavit esse utile captivos
Poenos reddi, illos enim adulescentes esse et bonos duces, se iam
confectum senectute. Cuius cum valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti
sunt, ipse, cum retineretur a propinquis et amicis, tamen Carthaginem
rediit: neque vero tunc ignorabat se ad crudelissimum hostem et ad
exquisita supplicia proficisci, sed iusiurandum conservandum putavit.
Reversum Carthaginienses omni cruciatu necaverunt: palpebris enim
resectis aliquamdiu in loco tenebricoso tenuerunt: deinde cum sol esset
ardentissimus, repente eductum intueri caelum coegerunt; postremo in
arcam ligneam, undique clavis praeacutis horrentem et tam angustam, ut
erectus perpetuo manere cogeretur, incluserunt. Ita dum fessum corpus,
quocumque inclinabat, stimulis ferreis confoditur, vigiliis et dolore
continuo interemptus est. Hic fuit Atilii Reguli exitus, ipsa vita
clarior et inlustrior.


  #XVII. Mrcus Atlius Rgulus# [[as printed]]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 256.]

  Mrcus Rgulus cum Poens mgn clde[7] adfcisset, Hann
  Carthgininsis ad eum vnit, quasi d pce ctrus,[8] r
  vr ut[8] tempus extraheret,[8] dnec[9] novae cpiae ex fric
  advenrent.[9] Is ubi ad cnsulem accessit, exortus[10] est mlitum
  clmor audtaque vx, idem[11] huc faciendum esse, quod paucs    {5}
  ante anns[12] Cornli cnsul  Poens factum esset. Cornlius
  enim, velut in conloquium per fraudem voctus,  Poens
  comprehnsus erat et in vincula coniectus. Iam Hann timre
  incipibat, sed perculum stt respns vertit: "Hc vr" inquit
    [[40]]
  "s fceritis,[1] nihil[2] eritis frs[3] melirs." Cnsul tacre
  iussit es, qu pr[4] par referr volbant, et convenins[5]
      gravitt                                                     {11}
  Rmnae respnsum dedit: "Ist t met, Hann, fids Rmna
  lberat." D pce, quia neque Poenus sri agbat et cnsul
  victriam quam pcem mlbat, nn convnit.

  Rgulus deinde in fricam prmus[6] Rmnrum ducum tricit.     {15}
  Clypeam urbem et trecenta[7] castella expgnvit, neque[8]
  cum hominibus tantum, sed etiam cum mnstrs dmicvit. Nam
  cum ad flmen Bagradam castra habret, anguis mr mgnitdine
  exercitum Rmnrum vexbat; mults mlits ingent re corripuit;
  plrs caudae verbere lsit[9]; nnnlls ips pstilentis       {20}
  hlits adflt exanimvit. Neque is tlrum ct perforr
  poterat, drissim[10] squmrum lrc omnia tla facile repellente.
  Cnfugiendum[11] fuit ad mchins advectsque ballists[12]       {23}
  et catapults, velut[13] arx quaedam mnta, diciendus hostis fuit.
  Tandem saxrum pondere oppressus[14] iacuit, sed crure su flmen
  corporisque pstifer adflt vcna loca nfcit Rmnsque castra
  inde submovre cogit.[15] Corium bluae, centum et vgint peds[16]
  longum, Rmam msit Rgulus.

  Huc ob rs[17] bene gests imperium in annum proximum prrogtum
    [[41]]
  est. Quod ubi cgnvit Rgulus, scrpsit sentu vlicum          {30}
  suum in agell, quem septem igerum[1] habbat, mortuum esse et
  servum, occsinem nactum,[2] aufgisse ablt nstrment[3]
  rstic ideque petere s ut sibi[4] successor in fricam mittertur,
  n, dsert agr, nn esset unde[5] uxor et lber alerentur.[6]  {34}
  Sentus, accepts litters, rs qus Rgulus mserat pblic pecni
  redim iussit, agellum colendum[7] locvit, alimenta[8] coniug ac
  lbers praebuit. Rgulus deinde mults proelis Carthgininsium
  ops contudit[9] esque pcem petere cogit. Quam cum
  Rgulus nllet nisi drissims condicinibus[10] dare, 
  Lacedaemonis ill auxilium petirunt.                            {40}

  [Sidenote: B.C. 255]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 251]

  Lacedaemoni Xanthippum, virum bell pertissimum, Carthgininsibus
  msrunt,  qu Rgulus victus est ltim pernici[10]:
  nam duo tantum mlia hominum ex omn Rmn
  exercit refgrunt et Rgulus ipse captus et in carcerem
  coniectus est. Inde Rmam d permtands captvs missus          {45}
  est dat ireirand. ut,[11] s nn impetrsset,[12] redret ipse
  Carthginem. Qu cum Rmam vnisset, inductus in sentum
  mandta exposuit; sententiam[13] n dceret recsvit; quamdi[14]
  ireirand hostium tenrtur, s nn esse sentrem. Issus
  tamen sententiam dcere, negvit[15] esse tile captvs Poens   {50}
    [[42]]
  redd, ills enim adulscents esse et bons ducs, s iam
  cnfectum[1] senectte. Cius cum[2] valuisset auctrits, captv
  retent sunt, ipse, cum retinrtur  propinqus et amcs, tamen
  Carthginem rediit: neque vr tunc gnrbat s ad crdlissimum
  hostem et ad exqusta supplicia proficsc, sed isirandum      {55}
  cnservandum[3] putvit. Reversum[4] Carthgininss omn
  crucit necvrunt: palpebrs enim resects aliquamdi in loc
  tenebrics tenurunt: deinde cum sl esset rdentissimus, repente
  ductum intur caelum cogrunt; postrm in arcam lgneam,
  undique clvs praeacts horrentem et tam angustam, ut rctus   {60}
  perpetu manre cgertur, inclsrunt. Ita dum fessum corpus,
  qucumque inclnbat, stimuls ferres cnfoditur, vigilis et dolre
  continu intermptus est. Hc fuit Atli Rgul exitus, ips vt
  clrior et inlstrior.

    [Footnotes: XVII (pages 39-42)

    39.7: #clde adfcisset# = 'had inflicted defeat upon.' Cf. _e
    genere ... adficibtur_, XVI, 31. The reference is to the naval
    victory off Ecnomus, in Sicily.
    39.8: Note carefully the two ways of expressing purpose, the
    future participle being exactly equivalent to _ut_ with the
    subjunctive. See p. xviii, E5; #quasi# = 'as if,' and is
    contrasted with #r vr#, 'in reality.'
    39.9: The subjunctive in reality expresses purpose. See also p.
    xx, G3.
    39.10: _exorior_.
    39.11: #idem . . . esse#: 'the same thing _ought to be done_ to
    him.' The gerundive with _esse_ denotes either physical necessity
    ('must'), or moral obligation ('ought').
    39.12: abl. of the measure of difference: H 479 (423): M655:
    A250: G403: B223. #paucs anns# is a sort of temporal adverb
    with _ante_.
    40.1: Latin is extremely exact in the use of the tenses. Of two
    _past_ actions the prior is expressed by the _pluperfect_ tense;
    of two _future_ actions the prior is expressed by the _future
    perfect_ tense. Apply this principle here. We say simply, 'if
    youdo.'
    40.2: Join with #melirs#, and cf. p. 39, n. 12.
    40.3: i.e. the Carthaginians. To the Roman mind _Pnica fids_ was
    a synonym for the vilest treachery. So Livy says of the great
    Hannibal that his character was marred by 'worse than Punic
    treachery.' For #frs#, see p.10, n.18.
    40.4: #pr . . . referr# = 'retaliation.' How literally?
    40.5: 'consistent with.'
    40.6: #prmus . . . tricit#: cf. p. 38, n. 1.
    40.7: indefinite, like our 'hundreds of.' _Sscent_ and _mlle_
    are often used in the same way.
    40.8: = _et nn_ (cf. l. 13).
    40.9: _ld_.
    40.10: #drissim . . . repellente#: what does the abl. abs.
    express?
    40.11: #Cnfugiendum . . . ad#: impersonal passive: 'they had to
    resort to.' Cf. p.39, n.11.
    40.12: The _ballistae_ and _catapultae_ were the artillery of
    antiquity. It is said that from the _ballistae_ stones weighing
    one hundred pounds could be sent half a mile.
    40.13: #velut . . . mnta#: to be taken with what follows.
    40.14: _opprim_.
    40.15: _cg_.
    40.16: acc. of extent (cf. p. 12, n. 1) with #longum#.
    40.17: #rs bene gests#: 'successes,' 'exploits.' Contrast _r
    male gest_, XVI, 31, and note.
    41.1: Cf. p. 18, n. 17.
    41.2: #occsinem nactum# (_nancscor_): 'seizing the
    opportunity.'
    41.3: #nstrment rstic#: 'his farming implements.'
    41.4: Join with #successor#, and cf. p. 26, n.5.
    41.5: #unde . . . alerentur#: 'the wherewithal to support,' etc.
    41.6: subjunctive partly of purpose, partly by attraction, for
    which see p.13, n.10.
    41.7: #colendum#: 'to be tilled' (cf. p. 2, n.18), for Regulus'
    benefit. In such cases the produce of the farm was divided equally
    between owner and tenant.
    41.8: #alimenta . . . praebuit#: i.e. they were supported at
    public expense till the harvest of that year was gathered. No
    salary was given to Roman officials.
    41.9: _contund_.
    41.10: abl. of manner: H 473, 3 (419, III): M 635: A248: G399:
    B220,1.
    41.11: #ut . . . redret# gives the purpose of the Carthaginians
    in exacting the oath.
    41.12: subjunctive in indirect discourse. Regulus said: _S nn
    impetrver, ... redb._
    41.13: #sententiam . . . recsvit#: 'he refused to express his
    opinion.' _recsre_ is construed (1)with the simple infinitive;
    (2)with _n_ and a subjunctive of purpose; (3)with _qun_ or
    _quminus_ and a subjunctive of result.
    41.14: #quamdi . . . sentrem#: indirect discourse = '(saying
    that) as long as,' etc.
    41.15: #negvit esse tile#: 'he _said_ that it was _not_
    expedient.' In such sentences _negre_ rather than _nn dcere_ is
    used. The subject of #esse# is the clause #captvs ... redd#.
    42.1: 'exhausted.'
    42.2: Here temporal, but in the next line adversative, as is shown
    by #tamen#: see p. xxii,J.
    42.3: Sc. _esse_, and cf. p. 39, n. 11.
    42.4: Sc. _eum_: 'on his return.' The story is given by no writer
    earlier than Cicero, and modern historians are inclined to view
    the whole narrative as fictitious.]


#XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher# [[stripped text]]

Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritatis, consul adversus Poenos
profectus priorum ducum consilia palam reprehendebat seque, quo die
hostem vidisset, bellum confecturum esse iactitabat. Qui cum, antequam
navale proelium committeret, auspicia haberet pullariusque ei
nuntiasset, pullos non exire e cavea neque vesci, inridens iussit eos in
aquam mergi, ut saltem biberent, quoniam esse nollent. Ea res cum, quasi
iratis diis, milites ad omnia segniores timidioresque fecisset, commisso
proelio magna clades a Romanis accepta est: octo eorum milia caesa sunt,
viginti milia capta. Qua re Claudius postea a populo condemnatus est
damnationisque ignominiam voluntaria morte praevenit. Ea res calamitati
fuit etiam Claudiae, consulis sorori: quae a ludis publicis revertens,
in conferta multitudine aegre procedente carpento, palam optavit ut
frater suus Pulcher revivisceret atque iterum classem amitteret, quo
minor turba Romae foret. Ob vocem illam impiam Claudia quoque damnata
gravisque ei dicta est multa.


  #XVIII. Appius Claudius Pulcher# [[as printed]]

    [Illustration: SACRED CHICKENS / _From the tomb of a Pullrius_]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 249.]

  Appius Claudius, vir stultae temerittis, cnsul adversus Poens
  profectus prirum ducum cnsilia palam reprehendbat
  sque, qu[5] di hostem vdisset, bellum cnfectrum esse
  iactitbat. Qu cum, antequam nvle proelium committeret,         {4}
  auspicia[6] habret pullriusque[7] e nntisset, pulls nn exre 
    [[43]]
  cave neque vesc, inrdns iussit es in aquam merg, ut saltem
  biberent, quoniam sse[1] nllent. Ea rs cum, quasi[2] rts dis,
  mlits ad omnia sgnirs timidirsque
  fcisset, commiss proeli[3]
  mgna clds  Rmns accepta est:                               {10}
  oct erum mlia caesa sunt, vgint
  mlia capta. Qu re Claudius poste 
  popul condemntus est damntinisque[4]
  gnminiam voluntri morte
  praevnit. Ea rs calamitt[5] fuit                              {15}
  etiam Claudiae,[5] cnsulis sorr: quae
   lds pblics revertns, in[6] cnfert
  multitdine aegr prcdente carpent,
  palam optvit ut frter suus Pulcher
  revvsceret atque iterum classem mitteret,                      {20}
  qu[7] minor turba Rmae foret.[7] Ob vcem illam impiam
  Claudia quoque damnta gravisque[8] e[9] dicta est multa.

    [Footnotes: XVIII (pages 42-43)

    42.5: #qu di#: we should expect _di qu_, or _edem di qu_,
    but the antecedent, as often, is incorporated into the relative
    clause and made to agree with the pronoun: H399, 3 (445,9):
    A200, _b_: G616: B251,4.
    42.6: #auspicia habret#: cf. _auspicia adhibre_, I,42.
    42.7: #pullrius . . . vesc#: on setting out for the seat of war,
    the commanding general often took with him a cage of sacred
    chickens, in charge of a special keeper (#pullrius#). If, when
    food was thrown before them, the chickens ate so greedily that
    portions of the food fell from their mouths to the ground, it was
    considered a very favorable omen. The circumstance described in
    the text would be regarded by the superstitious soldiery as of
    very dire significance.
    43.1: infinitive of _ed_.
    43.2: #quasi . . . dis#: 'because (as they supposed), the gods
    were angry.' Cf. p.3, n.6. #rts dis# is an abl. abs.
    43.3: The battle was fought off Drepanum, in Sicily. Appius lost
    93 out of 123 ships.
    43.4: #que# here = 'but,' a meaning which it bears more frequently
    after negative sentences (p.13, n.12).
    43.5: Cf. p. 25, n. 6.
    43.6: #in . . . carpent#: an abl. abs., giving the cause of
    #optvit#.
    43.7: Cf. p. 14, n. 13.
    43.8: #gravis . . . multa#: 'a heavy fine was imposed upon her.'
    43.9: dat. of disadvantage.]


#XIX. Quintus Fabius Maximus# [[stripped text]]

Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, novem annos natus, a patre aris admotus
odium in Romanos perenne iuravit. Quae res maxime videtur concitasse
secundum Punicum bellum. Nam, mortuo Hamilcare, Hannibal causam belli
quaerens Saguntum, civitatem Hispaniae Romanis foederatam evertit.
Quapropter Roma missi sunt Carthaginem legati, qui Hannibalem, mali
auctorem, exposcerent. Tergiversantibus Poenis Quintus Fabius,
legationis princeps, sinu ex toga facto "Hic" inquit "vobis bellum et
pacem portamus; utrum placet, sumite." Poenis daret utrum vellet
succlamantibus, Fabius, excussa toga, bellum se dare dicit. Poeni
accipere se responderunt et, quibus acciperent animis, iisdem se
gesturos.

Hannibal superatis Pyrenaei et Alpium iugis in Italiam venit. Publium
Scipionem apud Ticinum amnem, Sempronium apud Trebiam, Flaminium apud
Trasumenum profligavit.

Adversus hostem totiens victorem missus Quintus Fabius dictator
Hannibalis impetum mora fregit; namque, priorum ducum cladibus edoctus
belli rationem mutare et adversus Hannibalem, successibus proeliorum
insolentem, recedere ab ancipiti discrimine et tueri tantummodo Italiam
constituit Cunctatorisque nomen et laudem summi ducis meruit. Per loca
alta agmen ducebat modico ab hoste intervallo, ut neque omitteret eum
neque cum eo congrederetur; castris, nisi quantum necessitas cogeret,
miles tenebatur. Dux neque occasioni rei bene gerendae deerat, si qua ab
hoste daretur, neque ullam ipse hosti dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus
proeliis superior discederet, militem minus iam coepit aut virtutis suae
aut fortunae paenitere.

His artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agro Falerno locorum angustiis
clausisset, ille sine ullo exercitus detrimento se expedivit. Namque
arida sarmenta in boum cornibus deligata principio noctis incendi
bovesque ad montes, quos Romani insederant, agi iussit. Qui cum accensis
cornibus per montes, per silvas huc illuc discurrerent, Romani miraculo
attoniti constiterunt; ipse Fabius, insidias esse ratus, militem extra
vallum egredi vetuit. Interea Hannibal ex angustiis evasit.

Dein Hannibal, ut Fabio apud suos conflaret invidiam, agrum eius,
omnibus circa vastatis, intactum reliquit. At Fabius, misso Romam Quinto
filio, inviolatum ab hoste agrum vendidit eiusque pretio captivos
Romanos redemit.

Haud grata tamen Romanis erat Fabii cunctatio: eumque pro cauto timidum,
pro cunctatore segnem vocitabant. Augebat invidiam Minucius, magister
equitum, dictatorem criminando: illum in ducendo bello sedulo tempus
terere, quo diutius in magistratu esset solusque et Romae et in exercitu
imperium haberet. His sermonibus accensa plebs dictatori magistrum
equitum imperio aequavit. Hanc iniuriam aequo animo tulit Fabius
exercitumque suum cum Minucio divisit. Cum autem Minucius temere
proelium commisisset, ei periclitanti auxilio venit Fabius. Cuius subito
adventu repressus Hannibal receptui cecinit, palam confessus ab se
Minucium, se a Fabio victum esse. Redeuntem ex acie dixisse eum ferunt
tandem eam nubem, quae sedere in iugis montium solita esset, cum
procella imbrem dedisse. Minucius autem periculo liberatus castra cum
Fabio iunxit et patrem eum appellavit idemque facere milites iussit.

Postea Hannibal Tarento per proditionem potitus est. Hanc urbem ut
Poenis traderent, tredecim fere nobiles iuvenes Tarentini coniuraverant.
Hi, nocte per speciem venandi urbe egressi, ad Hannibalem, qui haud
procul castra habebat, venerunt. Cui cum quid pararent exposuissent,
conlaudavit eos Hannibal monuitque ut redeuntes pecora Carthaginiensium,
quae pastum propulsa essent, ad urbem agerent et veluti praedam ex hoste
factam aut praefecto aut custodibus portarum donarent. Id iterum ac
saepius ab iis factum eoque consuetudinis adducta res est, ut, quocumque
noctis tempore sibilo dedissent signum, porta urbis aperiretur. Tunc
Hannibal eos nocte media cum decem milibus hominum delectorum secutus
est. Ubi portae appropinquarunt, nota iuvenum vox et familiare signum
vigilem excitavit. Duo primi inferebant aprum vasti corporis. Vigil
incautus, dum beluae magnitudinem miratur, venabulo occisus est.
Ingressi proditores ceteros vigiles sopitos obtruncant. Tum Hannibal cum
suo agmine ingreditur: Romani passim trucidantur. Livius Salinator,
Romanorum praefectus, cum iis, qui caedi superfuerunt, in arcem
confugit.

Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidione cinxit.
Leve dictu momentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam eum adiuvit. Praefectus
praesidii Tarentini deperibat amore mulierculae, cuius frater in
exercitu Fabii erat. Miles iussus a Fabio pro perfuga Tarentum transiit
ac per sororem praefectum ad tradendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigilia
prima accessit ad eam partem muri, quam praefectus custodiebat.
Adiuvantibus recipientibusque eius militibus, Romani in urbem
transcenderunt. Inde, proxima porta refracta, Fabius cum exercitu
intravit. Hannibal nuntiata Tarenti oppugnatione, cum ad opem ferendam
festinans captam urbem esse audivisset, "Et Romani" inquit "suum
Hannibalem habent: eadem, qua ceperamus, arte Tarentum amisimus."

Cum postea Livius Salinator coram Fabio gloriaretur, quod arcem
Tarentinam retinuisset, dixissetque eum sua opera Tarentum recepisse,
"Certe" inquit Fabius ridens, "nam nisi tu amisisses, ego numquam
recepissem."

Quintus Fabius iam senex filio suo consuli legatus fuit; cumque in eius
castra veniret, filius obviam patri progressus est, duodecim lictoribus
pro more antecedentibus. Equo vehebatur senex neque appropinquante
consule descendit. Iam ex lictoribus undecim verecundia paternae
maiestatis taciti praeterierant. Quod cum consul animadvertisset,
proximum lictorem iussit inclamare Fabio patri ut ex equo descenderet.
Pater tum desiliens "Non ego, fili," inquit "tuum imperium contempsi,
sed experiri volui num scires consulem te esse." Ad summam senectutem
vixit Fabius Maximus, dignus tanto cognomine. Cautior quam promptior
habitus est, sed insita eius ingenio prudentia ei bello, quod tum
gerebatur, proprie apta erat. Nemini dubium est quin rem Romanam
cunctando restituerit. Ut Scipio pugnando, ita hic non dimicando maxime
civitati Romanae succurrisse visus est. Alter enim celeritate sua
Carthaginem oppressit, alter cunctatione id egit, ne Roma opprimi
posset.


  #XIX. Quntus Fabius Mximus# [[as printed]]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 236.]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 219.]

  Hannibal, Hamilcaris[10] flius, novem[11] anns[12] ntus, 
  patre rs admtus odium in Rmns perenne irvit.
  Quae rs mxim vidtur concitsse secundum[13] Pnicum bellum.
    [[44]]
  Nam, mortu[1] Hamilcare, Hannibal causam bell quaerns Saguntum,
  cvittem Hispniae Rmns[2] foedertam vertit.                 {5}
  Qupropter Rm miss sunt Carthginem
  lgt, qu Hannibalem, mal auctrem, expscerent.
  Tergiversantibus Poens Quntus Fabius,
  lgtinis prnceps, sin ex tog fact "Hc"
  inquit "vbs bellum et pcem portmus; utrum[3]                  {10}
  placet, smite." Poens daret[4] utrum vellet
  succlmantibus, Fabius, excuss[5] tog, bellum
  s dare dcit. Poen accipere s respondrunt et,
  quibus[6] acciperent anims, isdem s gestrs.[7]

    [Illustration: HANNIBAL]

  Hannibal superts Pyrnae et Alpium iugs in taliam vnit.     {15}
  Pblium[8] Scpinem apud Tcnum[9] amnem, Semprnium apud
  Trebiam, Flminium apud Trasumnum prflgvit.

  Adversus hostem totins victrem missus Quntus Fabius            {18}
  dicttor[10] Hannibalis impetum mor[11] frgit; namque, prirum ducum
  cldibus doctus bell ratinem mtre et adversus[12] Hannibalem,
  succssibus proelirum nsolentem, recdere[13] ab ancipit discrmine
  et tur tantummodo taliam cnstituit Cuncttrisque             {22}
  nmen et laudem summ ducis meruit. Per loca alta gmen
  dcbat modic ab hoste intervll,[14] ut neque omitteret[15] eum
    [[45]]
  neque cum e congredertur; castrs,[1] nisi[2] quantum necessits
  cgeret,[2] mles tenbtur. Dux neque occsin[3] re[4] bene   {26}
  gerendae deerat, s qua ab hoste dartur, neque llam ipse host
  dabat. Itaque cum ex levibus proelis superior discderet,
  mlitem[5] minus iam coepit aut virttis suae aut fortnae
  paenitre.                                                        {30}

  Hs artibus cum Hannibalem Fabius in agr Falern locrum
  angustis clausisset, ille sine ll exercits dtrment s
      expedvit.
  Namque rida sarmenta in boum cornibus dligta[6] prncipi[7]
  noctis incend bovsque ad monts, qus Rmn nsderant, ag
  iussit. Qu cum accnss cornibus per monts, per silvs hc      {35}
  illc discurrerent, Rmn mrcul attonit cnstitrunt; ipse
  Fabius, nsidis esse ratus,[8] mlitem extr vllum gred vetuit.
  Intere Hannibal ex angustis vsit.

  Dein Hannibal, ut Fabi apud sus cnflret invidiam, agrum       {39}
  ius, omnibus circ vstts, intctum relquit. At Fabius, miss
  Rmam Qunt fli, invioltum ab hoste agrum vndidit iusque
  preti captvs Rmns redmit.

  Haud grta tamen Rmns erat Fabi cunctti: eumque pr
  caut timidum, pr cuncttre sgnem[9] vocitbant. Augbat
  invidiam Minucius, magister[10] equitum, dicttrem crminand:   {45}
  illum in dcend bell sdul tempus terere,[11] qu ditius in
  magistrt esset slusque et Rmae et in exercit imperium
  habret. Hs sermnibus accnsa plbs dicttr[12] magistrum
    [[46]]
  equitum imperi[1] aequvit. Hanc iniriam aequ[2] anim tulit
  Fabius exercitumque suum cum Minuci dvsit. Cum autem           {50}
  Minucius temer proelium commsisset, e[3] perclitant auxili
  vnit Fabius. Cius subit advent repressus Hannibal receptu[4]
  cecinit, palam cnfessus[5] ab s Minucium, s  Fabi victum esse.
  Redeuntem ex aci dxisse eum[6] ferunt tandem[7] eam nbem, quae
  sedre in iugs montium solita esset, cum procell imbrem dedisse.
  Minucius autem percul lbertus castra cum Fabi inxit et      {56}
  patrem eum appellvit idemque facere mlits iussit.

  Poste Hannibal Tarent[8] per prditinem pottus est. Hanc
  urbem ut Poens trderent, tredecim fer nbils iuvens Tarentn
  conirverant. H, nocte per[9] speciem vnand urbe gress,     {60}
  ad Hannibalem, qu haud procul castra habbat, vnrunt. Cu
  cum quid parrent exposuissent, conlaudvit es Hannibal monuitque
  ut[10] redeunts pecora Carthgininsium, quae pstum[11] prpulsa
  essent, ad urbem agerent[10] et velut[12] praedam ex hoste
  factam aut praefect aut cstdibus portrum dnrent.[10] Id     {65}
  iterum ac saepius ab is factum eque[13] cnsutdinis adducta rs
  est, ut, qucumque noctis tempore sbil dedissent[14] sgnum, porta
  urbis aperrtur. Tunc Hannibal es nocte medi cum decem
  mlibus hominum dlctrum sectus est. Ubi portae appropinqurunt,
    [[47]]
  nta iuvenum vx et familire sgnum vigilem excitvit.           {70}
  Duo prm nferbant aprum vst corporis. Vigil incautus, dum
  bluae mgnitdinem mrtur, vnbul occsus est. Ingress
  prditrs cters vigils spts[1] obtruncant. Tum Hannibal
  cum su gmine ingreditur: Rmn passim trucdantur. Lvius
  Salntor, Rmnrum praefectus, cum is, qu caed superfurunt,
  in arcem cnfgit.                                                {76}

  Profectus igitur Fabius ad recipiendum Tarentum urbem obsidine
  cinxit. Leve[2] dict mmentum ad rem ingentem perficiendam
  eum adivit. Praefectus praesidi Tarentn dperbat[3]
  amre mulierculae,[4] cius frter in exercit Fabi erat. Mles  {80}
  iussus  Fabi pr perfug Tarentum trnsiit ac per sorrem
  praefectum ad[5] trdendam urbem perpulit. Fabius vigili[6] prm
  accessit ad eam partem mr, quam praefectus cstdibat. Adiuvantibus
  recipientibusque ius mlitibus, Rmn in urbem trnscendrunt.
  Inde, proxim port refrct,[7] Fabius cum exercit              {85}
  intrvit. Hannibal[8] nntit Tarent oppgntine, cum ad opem
  ferendam fstnns captam urbem esse audvisset, "Et Rmn"
  inquit "suum[9] Hannibalem habent: edem, qu cpermus, arte
  Tarentum msimus."

  Cum poste Lvius Salntor cram Fabi glrirtur, quod[10]     {90}
  arcem Tarentnam retinuisset,[10] dxissetque eum[11] su oper
  Tarentum recpisse, "Cert" inquit Fabius rdns, "nam nisi t
  msisss,[12] ego numquam recpissem."[12]

  Quntus Fabius iam senex fli su cnsul lgtus fuit; cumque
    [[48]]
  in ius castra venret, flius obviam patr prgressus est,       {95}
  duodecim lctribus pr mre antecdentibus. Equ[1] vehbtur
  senex neque appropinquante cnsule dscendit. Iam ex lctribus
  ndecim vercundi[2] paternae miesttis tacit praeterierant.
  Quod cum cnsul animadvertisset, proximum lctrem iussit
  inclmre[3] Fabi patr ut ex equ dscenderet. Pater tum       {100}
  dsilins "Nn ego, fl," inquit "tuum imperium contemps, sed
  experr volu num scrs cnsulem t esse." Ad summam senecttem
  vxit Fabius Mximus, dgnus tant cgnmine.[4] Cautior[5]
  quam prmptior habitus est, sed nsita[6] ius ingeni prdentia e
  bell, quod tum gerbtur, propri apta erat. Nmin[7] dubium   {105}
  est qun[8] rem[9] Rmnam cunctand[10] restituerit. Ut Scpi
  pgnand,[10] ita hc nn dmicand[10] mxim cvitt Rmnae
  succurrisse vsus est. Alter enim celeritte su Carthginem
  oppressit, alter cuncttine id[11] git, n Rma opprim posset.

    [Footnotes: XIX (pages 43-48)

    43.10: In the latter part of the First Punic War Hamilcar had
    successfully maintained himself for several years in Sicily
    against the Romans. Subsequently he built up a great Carthaginian
    empire in Spain, partly to offset the losses which Carthage had
    sustained in its struggle with Rome, and partly to supply it with
    the means for a renewal of the conflict.
    43.11: #novem . . . ntus#: 'when only nine years old.'
    43.12: Cf. p. 10, n. 15.
    43.13: This war lasted from 218 to 202 B.C.
    44.1: When Hamilcar was killed in battle in Spain in 227, his
    son-in-law Hasdrubal took command of the Carthaginian forces
    there. He in turn was succeeded by Hannibal in 219.
    44.2: dat. with #foedertam#. Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4,3): A248,
    _a_, R.: G359: B192, 1. Compare the dat. used with _iung_ and
    _msce_.
    44.3: #utrum# is here a relative pronoun; hence the indicative
    #placet#, with which we must supply _vbs_. In #utrum vellet#,
    however, #utrum# is interrogative: hence the subjunctive.
    44.4: = a subjunctive in ind. disc. representing an original
    imperative. See p. xxvi, M6.
    44.5: _excuti_.
    44.6: #quibus . . . anims, isdem#: abl. of manner. See p.42,
    n.5.
    44.7: Sc. _bellum_.
    44.8: P. Cornelius Scipio, father of the famous P. Cornelius
    Scipio Africanus Maior, and consul in 218.
    44.9: The first two battles were fought in 218, the third in 217.
    44.10: See Vocab., _dicttor_.
    44.11: Cf. p. 28, n. 17.
    44.12: #adversus Hannibalem# = a causal clause: 'since he was
    facing H.' Here again the Latin feels the lack of a participle to
    _sum_.
    44.13: #recdere . . . discrmine#: 'to avoid (any) hazardous
    risk.' #recdere# depends on #cnstituit#, l.22.
    44.14: #modic . . . intervll#: we say, 'at a moderate
    distance.' For the abl., see p.39, n.12.
    44.15: 'let slip,' 'lose sight of.'
    45.1: apparently = _in castrs_, but really an abl. of means.
    45.2: #nisi . . . cgeret#: 'except as far as necessity forced
    (Fabius to lead them forth).' #cgeret# is an example of the
    iterative subjunctive, used to denote the frequent repetition of
    an act. It generally occurs in clauses containing a past tense,
    and is common in Livy, on whom this story is based.
    45.3: #neque . . . deerat#: 'missed no chance of scoring a
    success.'
    45.4: #re bene gerendae#: cf. p. 40, n. 17.
    45.5: #mlitem . . . paenitre#: 'the soldiers began to be less
    discontented with (i.e. to be more confidentof),' etc. For the
    construction, see p.28, n.7.
    45.6: #dligta . . . incend# = _dligr et incend_.
    45.7: Why abl.?
    45.8: _reor_.
    45.9: Render by a noun: 'sluggard.'
    45.10: See Vocab., _magister_.
    45.11: indirect discourse, dependent on the verb of saying
    suggested by #crminand#.
    45.12: Indirect object with #aequvit#, which = _aequum fcit_.
    46.1: #abl.# of specification.
    46.2: #aequ anim# is an abl. of manner (p. 41, n.10), and =
    'patiently.'
    46.3: #e . . . auxili#: 'to help him in his peril.' Cf. p.25,
    n.6.
    46.4: #receptu cecinit#: 'gave the signal for a retreat.'
    #receptu# is a dat. of purpose: cf. p.25, n.6. _canere_ is used
    of instrumental music (here of playing on the trumpet) as well as
    of vocal.
    46.5: _cnfiteor_.
    46.6: i.e. Hannibal.
    46.7: #tandem . . . dedisse#: 'the cloud . . . had at last brought
    wind and rain,' i.e. Fabius, after so long threatening the
    Carthaginians, had at last proceeded to active measures.
    46.8: Cf. p. 4, n. 6.
    46.9: #per . . . vnand#: 'under pretense of hunting.'
    46.10: a substantive clause of purpose, object of #monuit#.
    46.11: supine of _psc_, denoting the purpose of #prpulsa
    essent#: cf. p.5, n.20.
    46.12: _veluti . . . factam_: 'as if they (i.e. the cattle) were
    plunder captured from the foe.' #praedam# is accus. by attraction
    to _ea pecora_, to be supplied as the object of dnrent.
    46.13: #e . . . est#: lit., 'to such a degree of custom was the
    matter brought,' = 'so customary did this proceeding become.'
    #cnsutdinis# is a partitive gen. with #e#, which strictly =
    'thither, to that point.'
    46.14: subjunctive by attraction (p. 13, n. 10) to #aperrtur#,
    which itself denotes result.
    47.1: 'who were buried in slumber.' The perf. pass. part. here, as
    often, = a relative clause.
    47.2: #Leve . . . mmentum#: 'a circumstance (almost too) trifling
    to mention.' For #dict#, see p.19, n.15.
    47.3: #dperbat amre#: 'was dying for (lit. becauseof) love,'
    i.e. was desperately in love with.
    47.4: objective gen. with #amre#: cf. p. 14, n.15.
    47.5: #ad . . . perpulit# (_perpell_): 'drove him to,' i.e.
    induced him to, etc.
    47.6: '#watch.#'
    47.7: _refring_.
    47.8: emphatic by reason of its position before the conjunction
    #cum#: cf. p.19, n.8.
    47.9: #suum Hannibalem#: 'a Hannibal of their own.'
    47.10: Cf. p. 14, n. 1.
    47.11: i.e. Fabius. Livius said: _me oper t Tarentum
    recpist_.
    47.12: A conditional sentence, containing a supposition contrary
    to the facts: H579 and N. (510 and N.1): M938: A308: G597:
    B304.
    48.1: #equ vehbtur#: 'was riding.' #equ# is an abl. of means.
    48.2: #vercundi . . . miesttis#: 'out of respect for his
    dignity as a father.' Explain the case of #vercundi#, also of
    #miesttis#. Roman fathers were as absolutely masters of their
    children as they were of their slaves. Yet the rights of a son in
    official position took precedence of the honors due a father.
    48.3: Cf. p. 12, n. 3.
    48.4: abl. with #dgnus#: H 481 (421, III): M 654: A245, _a_:
    G397, N. 2: B226,2.
    48.5: #Cautior . . . est#: = 'he was accounted cautious rather
    than alert.' See H499 (444,2): M429: A192: G299: B240,4.
    48.6: #nsita . . . prdentia#: 'his innate caution'; lit., the
    caution implanted in his nature. For _ingeni_, see p.2, n.7.
    48.7: possessive dative: 'no one has a doubt.'
    48.8: Cf. p. 39, n. 4.
    48.9: = _rem pblicam_.
    48.10: abl. of means. With #cunctand# cf. _mor_, l. 19, and
    _cuncttine_, l. 109.
    48.11: #id . . . posset#: 'accomplished this, that it should be
    impossible to overthrow Rome.' #n ... posset# is a clause of
    purpose, in apposition with #id#.]


#XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro# [[stripped text]]

Hannibal in Apuliam pervenerat. Adversus eum Roma profecti sunt duo
consules, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varro. Paulo Fabii cunctatio
magis placebat; Varro autem, ferox et temerarius, acriora sequebatur
consilia. Ambo consules ad vicum, qui Cannae appellabatur, castra
communiverunt. Ibi deinde Varro, invito conlega, aciem instruxit et
signum pugnae dedit. Hannibal autem ita constituerat aciem, ut Romanis
et solis radii et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflans adversi essent.
Victus caesusque est Romanus exercitus; nusquam graviore vulnere
adflicta est res publica. Aemilius Paulus telis obrutus cecidit: quem
cum media in pugna sedentem in saxo oppletum cruore conspexisset quidam
tribunus militum, "Cape" inquit "hunc equum et fuge, Aemili. Etiam sine
tua morte lacrimarum satis luctusque est." Ad ea consul: "Tu quidem
macte virtute esto! Sed cave exiguum tempus e manibus hostium evadendi
perdas! Abi, nuntia patribus ut urbem muniant ac prius quam hostis
victor adveniat, praesidiis firment. Me in hac strage meorum militum
patere exspirare." Alter consul cum paucis equitibus Venusiam perfugit.
Consulares aut praetorii occiderunt viginti, senatores capti aut occisi
triginta, nobiles viri trecenti, militum quadraginta milia, equitum tria
milia et quingenti. Hannibal in testimonium victoriae suae tres modios
aureorum anulorum Carthaginem misit, quos de manibus equitum Romanorum
et senatorum detraxerat.

Hannibali victori cum ceteri gratularentur suaderentque ut quietem iam
ipse sumeret et fessis militibus daret, unus ex eius praefectis,
Maharbal, minime cessandum ratus, Hannibalem hortabatur ut statim Romam
pergeret, die quinto victor in Capitolio epulaturus. Cumque Hannibal
illud non probasset, Maharbal "Non omnia nimirum" inquit "eidem dii
dedere. Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis." Mora huius diei
satis creditur saluti fuisse urbi et imperio. Hannibal cum victoria
posset uti, frui maluit, relictaque Roma in Campaniam divertit, cuius
deliciis mox exercitus ardor elanguit, adeo ut vere dictum sit Capuam
Hannibali Cannas fuisse.

Numquam tantum pavoris Romae fuit, quantum ubi acceptae cladis nuntius
advenit. Neque tamen ulla pacis mentio facta est; quin etiam animo
civitas adeo magno fuit, ut Varroni ex tanta clade redeunti obviam irent
et gratias agerent, quod de re publica non desperasset: qui, si Poenorum
dux fuisset, temeritatis poenas omni supplicio dedisset. Non autem vitae
cupiditate, sed rei publicae amore se superfuisse reliquo aetatis suae
tempore approbavit. Nam et barbam capillumque submisit, et postea
numquam recubans cibum cepit; honoribus quoque, cum ei deferrentur a
populo, renuntiavit, dicens felicioribus magistratibus rei publicae opus
esse. Dum igitur Hannibal segniter et otiose agebat. Romani interim
respirare coeperunt. Arma non erant: detracta sunt templis vetera
hostium spolia. Deerat iuventus: servi manumissi et armati sunt. Egebat
aerarium: opes suas libens senatus in medium protulit, nec praeter quod
in bullis singulisque anulis erat quidquam sibi auri reliquerunt. Patrum
exemplum secuti sunt equites imitataeque equites omnes tribus. Denique
vix suffecere tabulae, vix scribarum manus, cum omnes privatae opes in
publicum deferrentur.

Cum Hannibal redimendi sui copiam captivis Romanis fecisset, decem ex
ipsis Romam ea de re missi sunt; nec pignus aliud fidei ab iis
postulatum est, quam ut iurarent se, si non impetrassent, in castra esse
redituros. Eos senatus non redimendos censuit responditque eos cives non
esse necessarios, qui, cum armati essent, capi potuissent. nus ex iis
legatis e castris Poenorum egressus, veluti aliquid oblitus, paulo post
in castra erat regressus, deinde comites ante noctem adsecutus erat. Is
ergo, re non impetrata, domum abiit; reditu enim in castra se liberatum
esse iureiurando interpretabatur. Quod ubi innotuit, iussit senatus
illum comprehendi et vinctum duci ad Hannibalem. Ea res Hannibalis
audaciam maxime fregit, quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus adflictis
tam excelso esset animo.


  #XX. Aemilius Paulus et Terentius Varr# [[as printed]]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 216.]

  Hannibal[12] in pliam pervnerat. Adversus eum Rm
  profect sunt duo cnsuls, Aemilius Paulus et Terentius
    [[49]]
  Varr. Paul Fabi cunctti magis placbat; Varr[1] autem, ferx
  et temerrius, crira sequbtur cnsilia. Amb cnsuls ad
  vcum, qu Cannae appellbtur, castra commnvrunt. Ibi          {5}
  deinde Varr, invt[2] conlg, aciem nstrxit et sgnum pgnae
  dedit. Hannibal autem ita cnstituerat aciem, ut Rmns[3] et
  slis radi et ventus ab oriente pulverem adflns advers
  essent. Victus caesusque est Rmnus exercitus; nsquam gravire
  vulnere adflcta est rs pblica. Aemilius Paulus tls obrutus   {10}
  cecidit: quem cum medi in pgn sedentem in sax oppltum crure
  cnspexisset qudam tribnus mlitum, "Cape" inquit "hunc
  equum et fuge, Aemil.[4] Etiam sine tu morte lacrimrum satis
  lctsque est." Ad ea cnsul[5]: "T[6] quidem macte virtte
  est! Sed cav[7] exiguum tempus  manibus hostium vdend       {15}
  perds! Ab, nnti patribus ut urbem mniant ac prius quam
  hostis victor adveniat, praesidis frment. M in hc strge merum
  mlitum patere[8] exsprre." Alter cnsul cum paucs equitibus
  Venusiam perfgit. Cnsulrs aut praetri occidrunt
  vgint, sentrs capt aut occs trgint, nbils             {20}
  vir trecent, mlitum quadrgint mlia, equitum
  tria mlia et qungent. Hannibal in[9] tstimnium
  victriae suae trs modis aurerum nulrum[10]
  Carthginem msit, qus d manibus
  equitum Rmnrum et sentrum dtrxerat.                        {25}

    [Illustration: NULUS]

    [[50]]
  Hannibal victr cum cter grtulrentur sudrentque ut
  quitem iam ipse smeret et fesss mlitibus daret, nus ex ius
  praefects, Maharbal, minim[1] cessandum ratus, Hannibalem
  hortbtur ut statim Rmam pergeret, di qunt victor in
  Capitli epultrus.[2] Cumque Hannibal illud nn probsset,     {30}
  Maharbal "Nn omnia nmrum" inquit "edem[3] di dedre.
  Vincere scs, Hannibal; victri t nescs." Mora hius di satis
  crditur salt[4] fuisse urb[4] et imperi.[4] Hannibal cum victri
  posset t, fru mluit, relctque Rm in Campniam dvertit,
  cius[5] dlicis mox exercits rdor languit, ade ut vr dictum
  sit Capuam[6] Hannibal Canns fuisse.                            {36}

  Numquam tantum pavris Rmae fuit, quantum[7] ubi acceptae
  cldis nntius advnit. Neque tamen lla pcis menti facta est;
  qun[8] etiam anim cvits ade mgn fuit, ut Varrn ex tant  {39}
  clde redeunt obviam rent et grtis agerent, quod d r pblic
  nn dsprsset: qu, s Poenrum dux fuisset,[9] temerittis poens
  omn supplici dedisset.[9] Nn autem vtae cupiditte, sed re
  pblicae amre s superfuisse[10] reliqu aettis suae tempore
  approbvit. Nam et barbam capillumque submsit,[11] et poste numquam
  recubns[12] cibum cpit; honribus quoque, cum e dferrentur   {45}
    [[51]]
  popul, renntivit, dcns flciribus magistrtibus[1] re pblicae
  opus esse. Dum igitur Hannibal sgniter et tis agbat.
  Rmn interim resprre[2]
  coeprunt. Arma nn
  erant: dtrcta sunt                                              {50}
  templs[3] vetera hostium
  spolia. Deerat iuvents:
  serv manmiss et armt
  sunt. Egbat aerrium:
  ops sus libns sentus in medium prtulit, nec praeter quod in  {55}
  bulls singulsque[4] nuls erat quidquam sibi aur relqurunt.
  Patrum exemplum sect sunt equits imittaeque equits omns
  tribs. Dnique vix[5] suffcre tabulae, vix scrbrum mans, cum
  omns prvtae ops in pblicum dferrentur.

    [Illustration: CONVVIUM]

  Cum Hannibal redimend[6] su cpiam captvs Rmns fcisset,   {60}
  decem ex ipss Rmam e d r miss sunt; nec pgnus aliud
  fide ab is pstultum est, quam ut irrent s, s nn impetrssent,
  in castra esse reditrs. Es sentus nn redimends cnsuit
  responditque es cvs nn esse necessris, qu, cum armt
  essent, cap potuissent. nus ex is lgts  castrs Poenrum   {65}
  gressus, velut[7] aliquid[8] obltus, paul post in castra erat
  regressus, deinde comits ante noctem adsectus erat. Is erg, r
  nn impetrt, domum abiit; redit enim in castra s lbertum
  esse ireirand interpretbtur.[9] Quod ubi inntuit, iussit sentus
    [[52]]
  illum comprehend et vinctum dc ad Hannibalem. Ea rs           {70}
  Hannibalis audciam mxim frgit, quod sentus populusque
  Rmnus rbus[1] adflcts tam excels esset anim.

    [Footnotes: XX (pages 48-52)

    48.12: Since the battle at Lake Trasumenus (XIX, 17), there had
    been no general engagement between the Romans and Hannibal. The
    latter, closely watched and followed by Fabius, had marched into
    southern Italy, hoping to induce the peoples there to desert Rome
    and join him. When Fabius resigned the dictatorship at the end of
    the legal period, C.Terentius Varro and L.Aemilius Paulus were
    elected consuls. Their army numbered 80,000 men, and their
    instructions were to fight as speedily as possible.
    49.1: A further cause of trouble between the consuls was the fact
    that Paulus was a patrician, Varro a plebeian.
    49.2: #invt conlg#: abl. abs.: 'though opposed by his
    colleague.' How literally? The consuls held supreme command on
    alternate days.
    49.3: Construe with #advers#.
    49.4: H 83, 5 (51, 5): M 152: A 40, _c_: G 33, 2: B25,1.
    49.5: sc. _inquit_.
    49.6: #T . . . est#: 'God bless you!' Cf. p.32, n.1.
    49.7: #cav . . . perds# = _cav n . . . perds_: 'Take care
    lest,' etc. For this form see H561, 2 (489,2): M715: A269,
    _a_, 3: G271, 2: B276, _c_. We really have two commands here
    side by side, thus: 'Take care'; 'Don't waste,' etc.
    49.8: imperative of _patior_.
    49.9: #in . . . suae#: 'to prove his victory.'
    49.10: The custom of wearing rings was universal among the Romans,
    having arisen out of their use as signets. Originally they were of
    iron. When gold rings were first used they served to distinguish
    the higher classes.
    50.1: #minim . . . ratus#: 'thinking that there ought to be no
    delay.' With #cessandum# sc. _esse_, and see p.16, n.8.
    50.2: #victor . . . epultrus#: 'for he would surely dine as
    victor on the Capitol.' The fut. part. is often thus used to
    denote the certain occurrence of a future event. Further, the
    clause expresses the reason why Maharbal urged H. to proceed to
    Rome. What were Maharbal's exact words?
    50.3: dat. sing.
    50.4: Cf. p. 25, n. 6. Contrast the words of a modern historian:
    "Hannibal knew Rome better than the simpletons who, in ancient and
    modern times, have fancied that he might have terminated the
    struggle by a march on the enemy's capital."
    50.5: #cius . . . fuisse#: a gross exaggeration. Hannibal
    successfully maintained himself in Italy till recalled in 203.
    50.6: Capua, at this time the most powerful city in Italy next to
    Rome, had formed an alliance with Hannibal after the battle of
    Cannae.
    50.7: Sc. _fuit._
    50.8: #qun etiam#: 'on the contrary.'
    50.9: For the construction, see p. 47, n. 12. For the fact, cf.
    XVI, 19ff.
    50.10: #superfuisse . . . approbvit#: 'he showed that he had
    effected his escape (lit., had survived).'
    50.11: 'let grow.' This manner of showing grief is often
    mentioned.
    50.12: The Romans reclined on the left side at meals. Varro's act
    was a kind of penance, since it indicated that he denied himself
    the pleasures of the table.
    51.1: #magistrtibus . . . esse#: cf. p. 37, notes 3 and4.
    51.2: 'to repair their losses'; lit., 'to get their breath again.'
    51.3: dat.; cf. p. 2, n. 7. After a victory, captured arms, as
    well as a portion of the captured treasure, were hung up in some
    temple as a thank-offering to the gods.
    51.4: #singuls . . . nuls#: 'a ring apiece.'
    51.5: #vix . . . mans#: i.e. they hardly had clerks and tablets
    sufficient to keep the record of contributions.
    51.6: #redimend su#: 'of ransoming themselves.' H626, 3 (542,
    #I#, N.1): M1000: A298, _a_: G428, R. 1: B339,5.
    51.7: #velut . . . obltus#: 'pretending to have forgotten
    something.' How literally?
    51.8: A neuter pronoun or adjective is often used with verbs of
    remembering or forgetting. Contrast _oblta frtrum_, IV, 37, and
    note.
    51.9: 'maintained, held.'
    52.1: abl. abs.: 'though their affairs were at the lowest ebb.']


#XXI. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus# [[stripped text]]

Publius Cornelius Scipio nondum annos pueritiae egressus patrem
singulari virtute servavit; qui cum pugna apud Ticinum contra Hannibalem
commissa graviter vulneratus in hostium manus iam iam venturus esset,
filius interiecto corpore Poenis inruentibus se opposuit et patrem
periculo liberavit. Quae pietas Scipioni postea aedilitatem petenti
favorem populi conciliavit. Cum obsisterent tribuni plebis, negantes
rationem eius esse habendam, quod nondum ad petendum legitima aetas
esset, "Si me" inquit Scipio "omnes Quirites aedilem facere volunt,
satis annorum habeo." Tanto inde favore ad suffragia itum est, ut
tribuni incepto desisterent.

Post cladem Cannensem Romani exercitus reliquiae Canusium perfugerant;
cumque ibi tribuni militum quattuor essent, tamen omnium consensu ad
Publium Scipionem, admodum adulescentem, summa imperii delata est.
Quibus consultantibus nuntiat Publius Furius Philus, consularis viri
filius, nobiles quosdam iuvenes propter desperationem consilium de
Italia deserenda inire. Statim in hospitium Metelli, qui conspirationis
erat princeps, se contulit Scipio, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, de
quibus adlatum erat, invenisset, stricto super capita consultantium
gladio, "Iurate" inquit "vos neque ipsos rem publicam populi Romani
deserturos, neque alium civem Romanum deserere passuros: qui non
iuraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum esse sciat." Haud secus pavidi,
quam si victorem Hannibalem cernerent, iurant omnes custodiendosque
semet ipsos Scipioni tradunt.

Cum Romani duas clades in Hispania accepissent duoque ibi summi
imperatores intra dies triginta cecidissent, placuit exercitum augeri
eoque proconsulem mitti; nec tamen quem mitterent satis constabat. Ea de
re indicta sunt comitia. Primo populus exspectabat ut, qui se tanto
dignos imperio crederent, nomina profiterentur; sed nemo audebat illud
imperium suscipere. Maesta igitur civitas ac prope inops consilii
comitiorum die in campum descendit. Subito P. Cornelius Scipio, quattuor
et viginti ferme annos natus, professus se petere, in superiore, unde
conspici posset, loco constitit. In quem postquam omnium ora conversa
sunt, ad unum omnes Scipionem in Hispania proconsulem esse iusserunt. At
postquam animorum impetus resedit, populum Romanum coepit facti
paenitere: aetati Scipionis maxime diffidebant. Quod ubi animadvertit
Scipio, advocata contione ita magno elatoque animo de bello, quod
gerendum esset, disseruit, ut homines cura liberaret speque certissima
impleret.

Profectus igitur in Hispaniam Scipio Carthaginem Novam, quo die venit,
expugnavit. Eo congestae erant omnes paene Africae et Hispaniae opes,
ibi arma, ibi pecunia, ibi totius Hispaniae obsides erant: quibus
omnibus potitus est Scipio. Inter captivos ad eum adducta est eximiae
formae adulta virgo. Quam ubi comperit inlustri loco inter Celtiberos
natam principique eius gentis adulescenti desponsam esse, arcessitis
parentibus et sponso eam reddidit. Parentes virginis, qui ad eam
redimendam satis magnum auri pondus attulerant, Scipionem orabant ut id
a se donum acciperet. Scipio aurum ante pedes poni iussit vocatoque ad
se virginis sponso, "Super dotem" inquit "quam accepturus a socero es,
haec tibi a me dotalia dona accedent" aurumque tollere ac sibi habere
iussit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam Scipioni gratiam Celtiberos
Romanis conciliavit.

Deinde Scipio Hasdrubalem victum ex Hispania expulit. Castris hostium
potitus omnem praedam militibus concessit, captivos Hispanos sine pretio
domum dimisit; Afros vero vendi iussit. Erat inter eos puer adultus
regii generis, forma insigni: quem cum percontaretur Scipio quis et
cuias esset, et cur id aetatis in castris fuisset, "Numida sum" inquit
puer, "Massivam populares vocant: orbus a patre relictus, apud avum
maternum, Numidiae regem, educatus sum. Cum avunculo Masinissa, qui
nuper subsidio Carthaginiensibus venit, in Hispaniam traieci; prohibitus
propter aetatem a Masinissa numquam ante proelium inii. Eo die, quo
pugnatum est cum Romanis, inscio avunculo, clam armis equoque sumpto, in
aciem exii: ibi, prolapso equo, captus sum a Romanis." Scipio eum
interrogat velletne ad avunculum reverti. Cum, effusis gaudio lacrimis,
id vero se cupere puer diceret, tum Scipio puero anulum aureum equumque
ornatum donat datisque qui tuto deducerent equitibus dimisit.

Cum Publius Cornelius Scipio se erga Hispanos clementer gessisset,
circumfusa multitudo eum regem ingenti consensu appellavit; at Scipio,
silentio per praeconem facto, "Nomen imperatoris" inquit, "quo me mei
milites appellarunt, mihi maximum est: regium nomen, alibi magnum, Romae
intolerabile est. Si id amplissimum iudicatis, quod regale est, vobis
licet existimare regalem in me esse animum; sed oro vos ut a regis
appellatione abstineatis." Sensere etiam barbari magnitudinem animi, qua
Scipio id aspernabatur, quod ceteri mortales admirantur et concupiscunt.

Scipio recepta Hispania cum iam bellum in ipsam Africam transferre
meditaretur, conciliandos prius regum et gentium animos existimavit.
Syphacem, Maurorum regem, opulentissimum totius Africae regem, quem
magno usui sibi fore speraret, primum tentare statuit. Itaque legatum
cum donis ad eum misit C. Laelium, quocum intima familiaritate vivebat.
Syphax amicitiam Romanorum se accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec dare nec
accipere, nisi cum ipso coram duce Romano, voluit. Scipio igitur in
Africam traiecit. Forte ita incidit, ut eo ipso tempore Hasdrubal pulsus
Hispania ad eundem portum appelleret, Syphacis amicitiam pariter
petiturus. Uterque a rege in hospitium invitatus. Cenatum simul apud
regem est; eodem etiam lecto Scipio atque Hasdrubal accubuerunt. Tanta
autem inerat comitas in Scipione, ut non Syphacem modo, sed etiam hostem
infestissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliaret. Scipio, foedere icto cum
Syphace, in Hispaniam ad exercitum rediit.

Masinissa quoque amicitiam cum Scipione iungere iam dudum cupiebat.
Quare ad eum tres Numidarum principes misit ad tempus locumque conloquio
statuendum. Duos pro obsidibus retineri a Scipione iubet; remisso
tertio, qui Masinissam ad locum constitutum adduceret, Scipio et
Masinissa cum paucis in conloquium venerunt. Ceperat iam ante Numidam ex
fama rerum gestarum admiratio viri, sed maior praesentis veneratio
cepit: erat enim in vultu maiestas summa; accedebat promissa caesaries
habitusque corporis, non cultus munditiis, sed virilis vere ac
militaris, et florens iuventa. Prope attonitus ipso congressu Numida
gratias de filio fratris remisso agit: adfirmat se ex eo tempore eam
quaesivisse occasionem, quam tandem oblatam non omiserit; cupere se illi
et populo Romano operam navare. Laetus eum Scipio audivit atque in
societatem recepit.

Scipio deinde Romam rediit et ante annos consul factus est. Sicilia ei
provincia decreta est permissumque ut in Africam inde traiceret. Qui cum
vellet ex fortissimis peditibus Romanis trecentorum equitum numerum
complere, nec posset illos subito armis et equis instruere, id prudenti
consilio perfecit. Namque ex omni Sicilia trecentos iuvenes nobilissimos
et ditissimos, qui equis militarent et secum in Africam traicerent,
legit diemque iis edixit, qua equis armisque instructi atque ornati
adessent. Gravis ea militia, procul domo, terra marique multos labores,
magna pericula adlatura videbatur; neque ipsos modo, sed parentes
cognatosque eorum ea cura angebat. Ubi dies quae dicta erat advenit,
arma equosque ostenderunt, sed omnes fere longinquum et grave bellum
horrere apparebat. Tunc Scipio militiam iis se remissurum ait, si arma
et equos militibus Romanis voluissent tradere. Laeti condicionem
acceperunt iuvenes Siculi. Ita Scipio sine publica impensa suos
instruxit ornavitque equites.

Tunc Scipio ex Sicilia in Africam vento secundo profectus est tanto
militum ardore, ut non ad bellum duci viderentur, sed ad certa victoriae
praemia. Celeriter naves e conspectu Siciliae ablatae sunt conspectaque
brevi Africae litora. Scipio cum egrediens ad terram navi prolapsus
esset et ob hoc attonitos milites cerneret, id, quod trepidationem
adferebat, in hortationem convertens, "Africam oppressi" inquit,
"milites!" Expositis copiis in proximis tumulis castra metatus est. Ibi
speculatores hostium in castris deprehensos et ad se perductos nec
supplicio adfecit nec de consiliis ac viribus Poenorum percontatus est,
sed circa omnes Romani exercitus manipulos curavit deducendos; dein
interrogatos num ea satis considerassent, quae speculari erant iussi,
prandio dato incolumes dimisit.

Scipioni in Africam advenienti Masinissa se coniunxit cum parva equitum
turma. Syphax vero a Romanis ad Poenos defecerat. Hasdrubal, Poenorum
dux, Syphaxque Scipioni se opposuerunt, qui utriusque castra una nocte
perrupit et incendit. Syphax ipse captus et vivus ad Scipionem
pertractus est. Syphacem in castra adduci cum esset nuntiatum, omnis
velut ad spectaculum triumphi multitudo effusa est; praecedebat ipse
vinctus, sequebatur grex nobilium Maurorum. Movebat omnes fortuna viri,
cuius amicitiam olim Scipio petierat. Regem aliosque captivos Romam
misit Scipio; Masinissam, qui egregie rem Romanam adiuverat, aurea
corona donavit.

Haec et aliae, quae sequebantur, clades Carthaginiensibus tantum
terroris intulerunt, ut Hannibalem ex Italia ad tuendam patriam
revocarent. Frendens gemensque ac vix lacrimis temperans is dicitur
legatorum verba audisse mandatisque paruisse. Respexit saepe Italiae
litora, semet accusans, quod non victorem exercitum statim ab Cannensi
pugna Romam duxisset. Zamam venerat Hannibal, quae urbs quinque dierum
iter a Carthagine abest, et nuntium ad Scipionem misit ut conloquendi
secum potestatem faceret. Scipio cum conloquium haud abnuisset, dies
locusque constituitur. Itaque congressi sunt duo clarissimi suae aetatis
duces. Steterunt aliquamdiu taciti mutuaque admiratione defixi. Cum vero
de condicionibus pacis inter eos non convenisset, ad suos se receperunt,
renuntiantes armis decernendum esse. Commisso deinde proelio Hannibal
victus cum quattuor equitibus fugit. Ceterum constat utrumque de altero
confessum esse nec melius instrui aciem nec acrius potuisse pugnari.

Carthaginienses metu perculsi ad petendam pacem oratores mittunt
triginta civitatis principes. Qui ubi in castra Romana venerunt, veniam
civitati petebant non culpam purgantes, sed initium culpae in Hannibalem
transferentes. Victis leges imposuit Scipio. Legati, cum nullas
condiciones recusarent, Romam profecti sunt, ut, quae a Scipione pacta
essent, ea patrum ac populi auctoritate confirmarentur. Ita pace terra
marique parta, Scipio exercitu in naves imposito Romam revertit. Ad quem
advenientem concursus ingens factus est; effusa non ex urbibus modo, sed
etiam ex agris multitudo viam obsidebat. Scipio inter gratulantium
plausus triumpho omnium clarissimo urbem est invectus primusque nomine
victae a se gentis est nobilitatus Africanusque appellatus.

Ex his rebus gestis virum eum esse virtutis divinae vulgo creditum est.
Id etiam dicere haud piget, quod scriptores de eo litteris mandaverunt,
Scipionem consuevisse, priusquam dilucesceret, in Capitolium ventitare
ac iubere aperiri cellam Iovis ibi solum diu demorari, quasi
consultantem de re publica cum Iove: aedituosque eius templi saepe esse
miratos, quod eum id temporis in Capitolium ingredientem canes, semper
in alios saevientes, non latrarent. Has vulgi de Scipione opiniones
confirmare atque approbare videbantur dicta factaque eius pleraque
admiranda, ex quibus est unum huiuscemodi. Adsidebat oppugnabatque
oppidum in Hispania, situ moenibusque ac defensoribus validum et
munitum, re etiam cibaria copiosum, neque ulla eius potiundi spes erat.
Quodam die ius in castris sedens dicebat Scipio atque ex eo loco id
oppidum procul videbatur. Tum e militibus, qui in iure apud eum stabant,
interrogavit quispiam ex more in quem diem locumque vades sisti iuberet.
Et Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi, quod obsidebatur, arcem protendens,
"Perendie" inquit "sese sistant illo in loco," atque ita factum. Die
tertia, in quam vades sisti iusserat, oppidum captum est. Eodem die in
arce eius oppidi ius dixit.

Hannibal, a Scipione victus suisque invisus, ad Antiochum, Syriae regem,
confugit eumque hostem Romanis fecit. Missi sunt Roma legati ad
Antiochum, in quibus erat Scipio Africanus, qui cum Hannibale Ephesi
conlocutus ab eo quaesivit, quem fuisse maximum imperatorem crederet.
Respondit Hannibal Alexandrum, Macedonum regem, maximum sibi videri,
quod parva manu innumerabiles exercitus fudisset. Quaerenti deinde, quem
secundum poneret, "Pyrrhum" inquit, "quod primus castra metari docuit
nemoque illo elegantius loca cepit et praesidia deposuit." Sciscitanti
denique quem tertium duceret, semet ipsum dixit. Tum ridens Scipio
"Quidnam tu diceres" inquit "si me vicisses?" "Tum me vero" respondit
Hannibal "et ante Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omnes alios
imperatores posuissem." Ita improviso adsentationis genere Scipionem e
grege imperatorum velut inaestimabilem secernebat.

Scipio ipse fertur quondam dixisse, cum eum quidam parum pugnacem
dicerent, "Imperatorem me mater, non bellatorem peperit." Idem dicere
solitus est non solum dandam esse viam fugientibus, sed etiam muniendam.

Decreto adversus Antiochum bello cum Syria provincia obvenisset Lucio
Scipioni, quia parum in eo putabatur esse animi, parum roboris, senatus
gerendi huius belli curam mandari volebat conlegae eius C. Laelio.
Surgens tunc Scipio Africanus, frater maior Lucii Scipionis, illam
familiae ignominiam deprecatus est: dixit in fratre suo summam esse
virtutem, summum consilium seque ei legatum fore promisit. Quod cum ab
eo esset dictum, nihil est de Lucii Scipionis provincia commutatum:
itaque frater natu maior minori legatus in Asiam profectus est et tam
diu eum consilio operaque adiuvit, donec triumphum ille et cognomen
Asiatici peperisset.

Eodem bello filius Scipionis Africani captus est et ad Antiochum
deductus. Benigne et liberaliter adulescentem rex habuit, quamquam ab
eius patre tum maxime finibus imperii pellebatur. Cum deinde pacem
Antiochus a Romanis peteret, legatus eius Publium Scipionem adiit eique
filium sine pretio redditurum regem dixit, si per eum pacem impetrasset.
Cui Scipio respondit "Abi, nuntia regi, me pro tanto munere gratias
agere; sed nunc aliam gratiam non possum referre, quam ut ei suadeam ut
bello absistat et pacis condicionem nullam recuset." Pax non convenit;
tamen Antiochus Scipioni filium remisit tantique viri maiestatem
venerari quam dolorem suum ulcisci maluit.

Victo Antiocho cum praedae ratio a L. Scipione reposceretur, Africanus
prolatum ab eo librum, quo acceptae et expensae summae continebantur et
refelli inimicorum accusatio poterat, discerpsit, indignatus de ea re
dubitari, quae sub ipso legato administrata esset. Quin etiam hunc in
modum verba fecit: "Non est quod quaeratis, patres conscripti, num
parvam pecuniam in aerarium rettulerim, qui antea illud Punico auro
repleverim, neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocari. Cum Africam
totam potestati vestrae subiecerim, nihil ex ea praeter cognomen
rettuli. Non igitur me Punicae, non fratrem meum Asiaticae gazae avarum
reddiderunt; sed uterque nostrum invidia quam pecunia est locupletior."
Tam constantem defensionem Scipionis universus senatus comprobavit.

Deinde Scipioni Africano duo tribuni plebis diem dixerunt, quod praeda
ex Antiocho capta aerarium fraudasset. Ubi causae dicendae dies venit,
Scipio magna hominum frequentia in Forum est deductus. Iussus causam
dicere rostra conscendit et, corona triumphali capiti suo imposita, "Hoc
ego die" inquit "Hannibalem Poenum, imperio nostro inimicissimum, magno
proelio vici in terra Africa pacemque nobis et victoriam peperi
insperabilem. Ne igitur simus adversus deos ingrati, sed censeo
relinquamus nebulones hos eamusque nunc protinus in Capitolium Iovi
optimo maximo supplicatum." Arostris in Capitolium ascendit; simul se
universa contio ab accusatoribus avertit et secuta Scipionem est, nec
quisquam praeter praeconem, qui reum citabat, cum tribunis remansit.
Celebratior is dies favore hominum fuit, quam quo triumphans de Syphace
rege et Carthaginiensibus urbem est ingressus. Inde, ne amplius
tribuniciis iniuriis vexaretur, in Literninum concessit, ubi reliquam
egit aetatem sine urbis desiderio.

Cum in Liternina villa se contineret, complures praedonum duces ad eum
videndum forte confluxerunt. Quos cum ad vim faciendam venire
existimasset, praesidium servorum in tecto conlocavit aliaque parabat,
quae ad eos repellendos opus erant. Quod ubi praedones animadverterunt,
abiectis armis ianuae appropinquant et clara voce nuntiant Scipioni se
non vitae eius hostes, sed virtutis admiratores venisse, conspectum
tanti viri, quasi caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetentes; proinde ne
gravaretur se spectandum praebere. Haec postquam audivit Scipio, fores
reserari eosque introduci iussit. Illi postes ianuae tamquam
religiosissimam aram venerati, cupide Scipionis dextram apprehenderunt
ac diu deosculati sunt; deinde positis ante vestibulum donis laeti, quod
sibi Scipionem ut viderent contigisset, domum reverterunt. Paulo post
mortuus est Scipio moriensque ab uxore petiit ne corpus suum Romam
referretur.


  #XXI. Pblius Cornlius Scpi fricnus# [[as printed]]

    [Illustration: SCPI]

  Pblius Cornlius Scpi[2] nndum anns
  pueritiae gressus patrem singulr virtte
  servvit; qu[3] cum pgn[4] apud Tcnum[5]
  contr Hannibalem commiss graviter vulnertus
  in hostium mans iam iam[6] ventrus                               {5}
  esset, flius interiect[7] corpore Poens inruentibus
  s opposuit et patrem percul lbervit.
  Quae[8] piets Scpin poste aedlittem
  petent favrem popul concilivit. Cum obsisterent
  tribn plbis, negants[9] ratinem ius esse habendam,          {10}
  quod nndum ad petendum lgitima[10] aets esset, "S m" inquit
  Scpi "omns Quirts aedlem facere volunt, satis annrum
  habe." Tant inde favre ad suffrgia itum[11] est, ut tribn
  incept dsisterent.

  Post cldem Cannnsem Rmn exercits reliquiae Canusium         {15}
  perfgerant; cumque ibi tribn mlitum quattuor essent, tamen
  omnium cnsns ad Pblium Scpinem, admodum[12] adulscentem,
  summa imperi dlta est. Quibus cnsultantibus nntiat
    [[53]]
  Pblius Frius Philus, cnsulris vir flius, nbils qusdam
  iuvens propter dsprtinem cnsilium d Itali dserend       {20}
  inre. Statim in hospitium Metell, qu cnsprtinis erat prnceps,
  s contulit Scpi, et cum concilium ibi iuvenum, d quibus
  adltum[1] erat, invnisset, strict super cpita cnsultantium
  gladi, "Irte" inquit "vs neque ipss rem pblicam popul
  Rmn dsertrs, neque alium cvem Rmnum dserere             {25}
  passrs[2]: qu[3] nn irverit, in s hunc gladium strictum esse
  sciat."[4] Haud[5] secus pavid, quam s victrem Hannibalem
  cernerent,[6] irant omns cstdiendsque smet ipss Scpin
  trdunt.

  [Sidenote: B.C. 212.]

  Cum Rmn dus clds in Hispni accpissent duoque ibi         {30}
  summ impertrs[7] intr dis trgint cecidissent, placuit[8]
  exercitum augr eque prcnsulem mitt; nec tamen
  quem mitterent[9] satis cnstbat. E d r indicta sunt comitia.
  Prm populus exspectbat ut, qu s tant dgns imperi         {34}
  crderent,[10] nmina profitrentur; sed nm audbat illud imperium
  suscipere. Maesta igitur cvits ac prope inops[11] cnsili[12]
  comitirum di in campum dscendit. Subit P. Cornlius Scpi,
  quattuor et vgint ferm anns ntus, professus s petere,[13] in
  superire, unde[14] cnspic posset, loc cnstitit. In quem
  postquam omnium ra conversa sunt, ad num omns Scpinem in     {40}
  Hispni prcnsulem esse iussrunt. At postquam animrum[15]
  impetus resdit, populum[16] Rmnum coepit fact paenitre:
    [[54]]
  aett Scpinis mxim diffdbant. Quod ubi animadvertit
  Scpi, advoct cntine ita mgn ltque anim d bell,
  quod gerendum esset, disseruit, ut homins cr lberret spque  {45}
  certissim implret.

  Profectus igitur in Hispniam Scpi Carthginem Novam,
  qu[1] di vnit, expgnvit. E[2] congestae[3] erant omns paene
  fricae et Hispniae ops, ibi arma, ibi pecnia, ibi ttus Hispniae
  obsids erant: quibus omnibus pottus est Scpi. Inter           {50}
  captvs ad eum adducta est eximiae frmae adulta virg. Quam
  ubi comperit inlstr loc inter Celtibrs ntam prncipque ius
  gentis adulscent dspnsam esse, arcessts parentibus et spns
  eam reddidit. Parents virginis, qu ad eam redimendam satis[4]
  mgnum aur pondus attulerant, Scpinem rbant ut id  s       {55}
  dnum acciperet. Scpi aurum ante peds pn issit voctque
  ad s virginis spns, "Super dtem" inquit "quam acceptrus
   socer es, haec tibi  m dtlia dna accdent" aurumque
  tollere c sibi habre issit. Ille domum reversus ad referendam
  Scpin grtiam Celtibrs Rmns concilivit.                  {60}

  Deinde Scpi Hasdrubalem[5] victum[6] ex Hispni expulit.
  Castrs hostium pottus omnem praedam mlitibus concessit,
  captvs[7] Hispns sine preti domum dmsit; frs vr vnd
  iussit. Erat inter es puer adultus rgi generis,[8] frm       {64}
  nsgn[8]: quem cum percontrtur Scpi quis et cis esset, et
  cr id[9] aettis in castrs fuisset, "Numida sum" inquit puer,
  "Massvam populrs vocant: orbus  patre relctus, apud avum
  mternum, Numidiae rgem, ductus sum. Cum avuncul Masiniss,
  qu nper subsidi Carthgininsibus vnit, in Hispniam
    [[55]]
  tric; prohibitus propter aettem  Masiniss numquam ante      {70}
  proelium ini. E di, qu pgntum est cum Rmns, nsci
  avuncul, clam arms equque smpt, in aciem exi: ibi, prlps
  equ, captus sum  Rmns." Scpi eum interrogat velletne[1]
  ad avunculum revert. Cum, effss[2] gaudi lacrims, id
  vr s cupere puer dceret, tum Scpi puer nulum aureum       {75}
  equumque rntum dnat datsque qu[3] tt ddcerent equitibus
  dmsit.

  Cum Pblius Cornlius Scpi s erg Hispns clmenter gessisset,
  circumfsa multitd eum rgem ingent cnsns appellvit;
  at Scpi, silenti per praecnem fact, "Nmen impertris"      {80}
  inquit, "qu[4] m me mlits appellrunt, mihi[5] mximum est:
  rgium[6] nmen, alib mgnum, Rmae intolerbile est. S id
  amplissimum idictis, quod rgle est, vbs licet exstimre rglem
  in m esse animum; sed r vs ut  rgis appelltine abstinetis."
  Snsre etiam barbar mgnitdinem anim, qu Scpi id           {85}
  spernbtur, quod cter mortls admrantur et concupscunt.

  [Sidenote: B.C. 206.]

  Scpi recept Hispni cum iam bellum in ipsam fricam
  trnsferre meditrtur, conciliands[7] prius rgum et gentium
  anims exstimvit. Syphcem, Maurrum rgem, opulentissimum
  ttus fricae rgem, quem[8] mgn su[9] sibi[9] fore[10] sprret,
  prmum tentre statuit. Itaque lgtum cum dns ad eum msit     {91}
  C. Laelium, qucum intim familiritte vvbat. Syphx amcitiam
  Rmnrum s accipere adnuit, sed fidem nec dare
  nec accipere, nisi cum ips cram duce Rmn, voluit.
  Scpi igitur in fricam tricit. Forte ita incidit, ut e ips  {95}
    [[56]]
  tempore Hasdrubal[1] pulsus Hispni ad eundem portum appelleret,[2]
  Syphcis amcitiam pariter pettrus.[3] Uterque  rge in
  hospitium invttus. Cntum[4] simul apud rgem est; edem
  etiam lect[5] Scpi atque Hasdrubal accuburunt. Tanta autem
  inerat cmits in Scpine, ut nn Syphcem modo, sed etiam      {100}
  hostem nfstissimum Hasdrubalem sibi conciliret. Scpi, foedere
  ct cum Syphce, in Hispniam ad exercitum rediit.

  Masinissa quoque amcitiam cum Scpine iungere iam ddum[6]
  cupibat. Qur ad eum trs Numidrum prncips msit ad         {104}
  tempus locumque conloqui statuendum. Dus pr obsidibus retinr
   Scpine iubet; remiss terti, qu Masinissam ad locum
  cnstittum addceret, Scpi et Masinissa cum paucs in
  conloquium vnrunt. Cperat iam ante Numidam ex fm rrum
  gestrum admrti vir, sed mior praesentis[7] venerti cpit:
  erat enim in vult miests summa; accdbat prmissa caesaris  {110}
  habitusque corporis, nn cultus[8] munditis, sed virlis vr ac
  mlitris, et flrns iuventa. Prope attonitus ips congress
  Numida grtis d[9] fli frtris remiss agit: adfrmat s ex e
  tempore eam quaesvisse[10] occsinem, quam tandem obltam[11]
  nn omserit; cupere s ill et popul Rmn operam nvre.  {115|
  Laetus eum Scpi audvit atque in societtem recpit.

  Scpi deinde Rmam rediit et ante anns[12] cnsul factus est.
  Sicilia e prvincia dcrta est permissumque ut in fricam inde
    [[57]]
  triceret. Qu cum vellet ex fortissims peditibus Rmns
  trecentrum equitum numerum complre, nec posset ills subit    {120}
  arms et equs nstruere, id prdent cnsili perfcit. Namque
  ex omn Sicili trecents iuvens nbilissims et dtissims, qu
  equs mlitrent[1] et scum in fricam tricerent,[1] lgit diemque
  is dxit, qu[2] equs armsque nstrct atque rnt adessent.[1]
  Gravis ea mlitia, procul dom, terr marque mults labrs,    {125}
  mgna percula adltra vidbtur; neque ipss modo, sed parents
  cgntsque erum ea cra angbat. Ubi dis quae dicta
  erat advnit, arma equsque ostendrunt, sed omns fer
  longinquum et grave bellum horrre apprbat. Tunc Scpi mlitiam
  is s remissrum ait, s arma et equs mlitibus Rmns        {130}
  voluissent[3] trdere. Laet condicinem accprunt iuvens Sicul.
  Ita Scpi sine pblic impns sus nstrxit rnvitque equits.

  Tunc Scpi ex Sicili in fricam vent secund profectus est
  tant mlitum rdre, ut nn ad bellum dc vidrentur, sed ad
  certa victriae praemia. Celeriter nvs  cnspect Siciliae    {135}
  abltae sunt cnspectaque brev fricae ltora. Scpi cum gredins
  ad terram nv prlpsus esset et ob hc attonits mlits
  cerneret, id, quod trepidtinem adferbat, in horttinem convertns,
  "fricam oppress" inquit, "mlits!" Exposits cpis in        {139}
  proxims tumuls castra mttus[4] est. Ibi specultrs hostium
  in castrs dprehnss[5] et ad s perducts[5] nec supplici adfcit
  nec d cnsilis ac vribus Poenrum perconttus est, sed circ
  omns Rmn exercits manipuls crvit ddcends; dein
  interrogts[6] num ea satis cnsderssent, quae speculr erant
  iss, prandi dat incolums dmsit.                           {145}

    [[58]]
  Scpin in fricam advenient Masinissa s coninxit cum
  parv equitum turm. Syphx vr  Rmns ad Poens dfcerat.
  Hasdrubal, Poenrum dux, Syphxque Scpin s opposurunt,
  qu utrusque castra n nocte perrpit et incendit.
  Syphx ipse captus et vvus ad Scpinem pertrctus est.         {150}
  Syphcem in castra addc cum esset nntitum, omnis velut ad
  spectculum triumph multitd effsa est; praecdbat ipse[1]
  vinctus, sequbtur grex nbilium Maurrum. Movbat omns
  fortna[2] vir, cius amcitiam lim Scpi petierat. Rgem
  alisque captvs Rmam msit Scpi; Masinissam, qu gregi rem
  Rmnam adiverat, aure corn dnvit.                         {156}

  [Sidenote: B.C. 203.]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 202.]

  Haec et aliae, quae sequbantur, clds Carthgininsibus
  tantum terrris intulrunt, ut Hannibalem ex tali ad
  tuendam patriam revocrent. Frendns gemnsque ac vix
  lacrims[3] temperns is dcitur lgtrum vrba audsse         {160}
  mandtsque pruisse. Respexit saepe taliae ltora, smet accsns,
  quod[4] nn victrem exercitum statim ab[5] Cannns pgn Rmam
  dxisset. Zamam vnerat Hannibal, quae urbs qunque dirum
  iter[6]  Carthgine abest, et nntium ad Scpinem msit ut     {164}
  conloquend scum potesttem faceret. Scpi cum conloquium haud
  abnuisset, dis locusque cnstituitur. Itaque congress sunt duo
  clrissim suae aettis ducs. Stetrunt aliquamdi tacit mtuque
  admrtine dfx.[7] Cum vr d condicinibus pcis inter
  es nn convnisset, ad sus s recprunt, renntiants arms[8]
  dcernendum esse. Commiss deinde proeli Hannibal               {170}
  victus cum quattuor equitibus fgit. Cterum[9] cnstat
    [[59]]
  utrumque d alter cnfessum esse nec melius nstru aciem nec
  crius potuisse pgnr.

  Carthgininss met perculs[1] ad petendam pcem rtrs
  mittunt trgint cvittis prncips. Qu ubi in castra Rmna   {175}
  vnrunt, veniam cvitt petbant nn culpam prgants,[2] sed
  initium culpae in Hannibalem trnsferents.[2] Victs lgs
  imposuit Scpi. Lgt, cum nlls condicins recsrent, Rmam
  profect sunt, ut, quae  Scpine pacta[3] essent, ea patrum ac
  popul auctritte cnfrmrentur. Ita pce terr marque        {180}
  part,[4] Scpi exercit in nvs imposit Rmam revertit. Ad
  quem advenientem concursus ingns factus est; effsa nn ex
  urbibus modo, sed etiam ex agrs multitd viam obsidbat.
  Scpi inter grtulantium plauss triumph omnium[5] clrissim
  urbem est invectus prmusque nmine victae  s gentis est       {185}
  nbilittus fricnusque appelltus.

    [Illustration: TEMPLE OF IUPPITER CAPITLNUS]

  Ex hs rbus gests virum eum esse virttis dvnae vulg
  crditum est. Id etiam dcere haud piget,[6] quod scrptrs d
  e litters mandvrunt, Scpinem cnsuvisse, priusquam
  dlcsceret, in Capitlium[7] ventitre ac iubre               {190}
  aperr cellam Iovis ibi slum di dmorr,
  quasi cnsultantem d r pblic cum Iove:
  aeditusque ius templ saepe esse mrts,
  quod eum id[8] temporis in Capitlium
  ingredientem cans, semper in alis saevients,                  {195}
  nn ltrrent. Hs vulg d Scpine
  opnins cnfrmre atque approbre vidbantur
  dicta factaque ius plraque admranda, ex
  quibus est num hiuscemod. Adsidbat oppgnbatque oppidum
    [[60]]
  in Hispni, sit moenibusque ac dfnsribus validum et         {200}
  mntum, r etiam cibri cpisum, neque lla ius potiund
  sps erat. Qudam di is in castrs sedns dcbat Scpi atque
  ex e loc id oppidum procul vidbtur. Tum [1] mlitibus, qu
  in ire apud eum stbant, interrogvit quispiam ex mre in[2]
  quem diem locumque vads sist iubret. Et Scpi manum ad       {205}
  ipsam oppid, quod obsidbtur, arcem prtendns, "Perendi"
  inquit "ss[3] sistant ill in loc," atque ita factum. Di[4]
terti,
  in quam vads sist iusserat, oppidum captum est. Edem di
  in arce ius oppid is dxit.

  Hannibal,  Scpine victus susque invsus, ad Antiochum,       {210}
  Syriae rgem, cnfgit eumque hostem Rmns fcit. Miss
  sunt Rm lgt ad Antiochum, in quibus erat Scpi fricnus,
  qu cum Hannibale Ephes[5] conloctus ab e quaesvit, quem
  fuisse mximum impertrem crderet. Respondit Hannibal
  Alexandrum, Macedonum rgem, mximum sibi vidr, quod           {215}
  parv man innumerbils exercits fdisset. Quaerent deinde,
  quem secundum pneret, "Pyrrhum" inquit, "quod prmus castra[6]
  mtr docuit nmque ill[7] legantius loca[8] cpit et praesidia
  dposuit." Scscitant dnique quem tertium dceret, smet ipsum
  dxit. Tum rdns Scpi "Quidnam t dcers[9]" inquit "s m   {220}
  vcisss[9]?" "Tum[10] m vr" respondit Hannibal "et ante
  Alexandrum et ante Pyrrhum et ante omns alis impertrs
  posuissem.[9]" Ita imprvs adsenttinis genere Scpinem 
  grege impertrum velut inaestimbilem scernbat.

    [[61]]
  Scpi ipse fertur quondam dxisse, cum eum qudam parum         {225}
  pgncem dcerent, "Impertrem m mter, nn belltrem[1]
  peperit.[2]" dem dcere solitus est nn slum dandam esse viam
  fugientibus, sed etiam mniendam.

  Dcrt adversus Antiochum bell[3] cum Syria prvincia          {229}
  obvnisset Lci Scpin, quia parum in e putbtur esse anim,[4]
  parum rboris,[4] sentus gerend hius bell cram mandr volbat
  conlgae ius C. Laeli. Surgns tunc Scpi fricnus,
  frter mior Lci Scpinis, illam familiae gnminiam
  dprectus est: dxit in frtre su summam esse virttem, summum
  cnsilium sque e lgtum fore prmsit. Quod cum ab e esset   {235}
  dictum, nihil[5] est d Lci Scpinis prvinci commttum:
  itaque frter nt mior minr lgtus in Asiam profectus est
  et tam di eum cnsili operque adivit, dnec triumphum ille
  et cgnmen Asitic peperisset.

  Edem bell flius Scpinis fricn captus est et ad Antiochum
  dductus. Bengn et lberliter adulscentem rx habuit,[6]     {241}
  quamquam ab ius patre tum[7] mxim fnibus imperi pellbtur.
  Cum deinde pcem Antiochus  Rmns peteret, lgtus ius
  Pblium Scpinem adiit eque flium sine preti redditrum
  rgem dxit, s per eum pcem impetrsset.[8] Cu Scpi respondit
  "Ab, nnti rg, m pr tant mnere grtis[9] agere; sed     {246}
  nunc aliam grtiam nn possum referre, quam ut e sudeam[10] ut
  bell absistat et pcis condicinem nllam recset." Px nn
  convnit[11]; tamen Antiochus Scpin flium remsit tantque vir
  miesttem venerr quam dolrem suum ulcsc mluit.            {250}

  Vict Antioch cum praedae rati  L. Scpine repscertur,
    [[62]]
  fricnus prltum[1] ab e librum, qu[2] acceptae et expnsae
  summae continbantur et refell inimcrum accsti poterat,
  discerpsit, indgntus[3] d e r dubitr, quae sub ips lgt
  administrta esset. Qun etiam hunc[4] in modum verba fcit:     {255}
  "Nn[5] est quod quaertis, patrs cnscrpt, num parvam pecniam
  in aerrium rettulerim, qu ante illud Pnic aur replverim,
  neque mea innocentia potest in dubium vocr. Cum
  fricam ttam potestt vestrae subicerim, nihil ex e praeter
  cgnmen rettul. Nn igitur m Pnicae, nn frtrem meum        {260}
  Asiticae gazae avrum reddidrunt; sed uterque nostrum[6]
  invidi quam pecni est locupltior." Tam cnstantem dfnsinem
  Scpinis niversus sentus comprobvit.

    [Illustration: CORNA TRIUMPHLIS]

  Deinde Scpin fricn duo tribn plbis diem dxrunt,
  quod praed ex Antioch capt aerrium fraudsset. Ubi causae    {265}
  dcendae dis vnit, Scpi mgn hominum frequenti in Forum
  est dductus. Iussus causam dcere rstra cnscendit et, corn[7]
  triumphl capit su imposit, "Hc ego di"
  inquit "Hannibalem Poenum, imperi nostr
  inimcissimum, mgn proeli vc in terr                       {270}
  fric pcemque nbs et victriam peper
  nsprbilem. N[8] igitur smus adversus des
  ingrt, sed cnse relinqumus[9] nebulns hs
  emusque nunc prtinus in Capitlium Iov
  optim mxim supplictum."  rstrs in Capitlium scendit;    {275}
  simul s niversa cnti ab accstribus vertit et secta Scpinem
    [[63]]
  est, nec quisquam praeter praecnem, qu reum citbat, cum
  tribns remnsit. Celebrtior is dis favre[1] hominum fuit, quam
  qu[2] triumphns d Syphce rge et Carthgininsibus urbem est
  ingressus. Inde, n amplius tribncis iniris vexrtur, in   {280}
  Lternnum concessit, ubi reliquam git aettem sine urbis dsderi.

  Cum in Lternn vll s continret, complrs praednum
  ducs ad eum videndum forte cnfluxrunt. Qus cum ad vim
  faciendam venre exstimsset, praesidium servrum in tct
  conlocvit aliaque parbat, quae[3] ad es repellends opus erant.
  Quod ubi praedns animadvertrunt, abiects arms inuae        {286}
  appropinquant et clr vce nntiant Scpin s nn vtae ius
hosts,
  sed virttis admrtrs vnisse, cnspectum[4] tant vir, quasi
  caeleste aliquod beneficium, expetents; proinde n[5] gravrtur
  s spectandum praebre. Haec postquam audvit Scpi, fors      {290}
  reserr esque intrdc iussit. Ill posts inuae tamquam
  religisissimam ram venert, cupid Scpinis dextram
  apprehendrunt ac di descult sunt; deinde posits ante vstibulum
  dns laet, quod sibi Scpinem ut vidrent contigisset, domum
  revertrunt. Paul post mortuus est Scpi morinsque ab uxre   {295}
  petiit n corpus suum Rmam referrtur.

    [Footnotes: XXI (pages 52-63)

    52.2: See Vocab., _fricnus_ and _Scpi_.
    52.3: #qu cum#: 'for when he.' Cf. p. 4, n. 3.
    52.4: 'in (the course of) the battle.' _pgna_, like _bellum_ and
    _proelium_, is often used in the abl. of time without a prep.
    52.5: Cf. XIX, 16.
    52.6: #iam iam . . . esset#: 'was on the very point of falling.'
    52.7: #interiect corpore#: 'by interposing his body.' See p.
    xxiii, K8.
    52.8: #Quae piets#: 'this act of devotion.'
    52.9: #negants . . . habendam#: 'by saying that no account should
    be taken of him.' For #negants#, see p.41, n.15. _ratinem
    habre_ is a phrase of mercantile life.
    52.10: Scipio was less than twenty-five years old. In later times
    no one could be aedile till he had completed his thirty-sixth
    year.
    52.11: impersonal pass. from _e_: 'they proceeded.'
    52.12: #admodum adulscentem#: 'though but,' etc.
    53.1: #adltum erat#: impersonal pass.: 'the news had been
    brought.'
    53.2: _patior_.
    53.3: #qu . . . irverit# (fut. perf. indic.) = a conditional
    clause, _s quis nn irverit_. Cf. _qu ... crderent_, l. 35,
    below.
    53.4: Cf. p. 31, n. 9.
    53.5: #Haud . . . s#: 'Quite as much frightened asif.'
    53.6: Cf. p. 47, n. 12.
    53.7: P. Cornelius Scipio and Cn. Cornelius Scipio, respectively
    father and uncle of Africanus.
    53.8: Sc. _sentu_ or _popul_.
    53.9: Cf. p. 3, n. 2.
    53.10: Subjunctive by attraction: see p. 13, n. 10.
    53.11: #inops cnsili#: 'at its wit's end.'
    53.12: The gen. is regularly used with adjectives denoting
    fullness or the opposite: H451, 2 (399, I,3): M573: A218, a:
    G374: B204,1.
    53.13: = 'to be a candidate.'
    53.14: #unde . . . posset = ut inde . . . posset#; cf. p.5, n.3.
    53.15: #animrum impetus#: 'enthusiasm,' 'excitement.'
    53.16: #populum . . . paenitre#: cf. _Vients ...
    paenituisset_, XI, 13, and note.
    54.1: Cf. p. 42, n. 5.
    54.2: = _in eum locum_.
    54.3: _conger_.
    54.4: #satis# often = our 'tolerably.'
    54.5: A brother of Hannibal.
    54.6: #victum . . . expulit# = _vcit et expulit_.
    54.7: = '_but_ the captives,' etc. Cf. p. 2, n.24, and p.5,
    n.13.
    54.8: We have here side by side the gen. and the abl. of
    characteristic. For the difference between them, see H473, 2, N.
    1 (419,2): M558: A215, N.: G400, R.1.
    54.9: #id aettis#: 'at that age,' i.e. though he was so young.
    The accus. #id# is variously explained: see H416, 2 (378,2):
    M507: A240, _b_: G336, N. 2; B185. #aettis# is partitive gen.
    (p.30, n.2) with #id#.
    55.1: Why is #vellet# subjunctive?
    55.2: #effss# (_effund_) . . . #lacrims#: 'with tears of joy.'
    How literally?
    55.3: #qu . . . ddcerent#: 'to escort him.'
    55.4: #qu . . . appellrunt#: Roman soldiers, after a victory,
    hailed their general as Imperator. It was a way of saying that the
    leader had won his spurs and had really earned his title, which he
    had assumed on beginning the campaign.
    55.5: 'in my eyes,' 'to my mind'; a dative of reference.
    55.6: #rgium nmen# = _rgis nmen_, 'the title of king.' Cf.
    _nmen impertris_, l. 80, and _rgis appelltine_, l.84.
    55.7: Sc. _esse_.
    55.8: #quem . . . sprret#: causal rel. clause (p.31, n.1).
    55.9: For the two datives, see p. 25, n. 6.
    55.10: future infinitive of _sum_.
    56.1: Son of Gisco (so also in l. 148); to be carefully
    distinguished from the Hasdrubal of l.61.
    56.2: Sc. _nvem_; 'was sailing.'
    56.3: _= ut peteret_. Cf. p. xviii, E 5.
    56.4: #Cntum . . . est# (_ab is_): impers. pass.; 'they dined.'
    56.5: #lect . . . accuburunt# (_accumb_): the writer has in
    mind the Roman custom, according to which men reclined at meals,
    supporting themselves on the left elbow. Three persons or more
    occupied the same couch.
    56.6: #iam ddum cupibat#: 'had long desired.' _Iam di_, _iam
    ddum_, and _iam prdem_ give to the _present_ the force of the
    English _perfect_, to the _imperfect_ the force of the English
    _pluperfect_.
    56.7: Sc. _ius_: 'of him present' = 'now that he met him face to
    face.'
    56.8: #cultus# (_col_) #munditis#: '(too) elegantly adorned.'
    How literally?
    56.9: #d . . . remiss#: 'for the release of his nephew.' For the
    construction, see p.5, n.15.
    56.10: _quaer_.
    56.11: #obltam# (_offer_): 'now that it was at last offered.'
    56.12: 'the legal time'; _lgitima aets_, l. 11. In later days
    forty-three was the legal age.
    57.1: See p. 5, n. 3.
    57.2: Sc. _di_, for the gender of which, as in _dis, quae dicta
    erat_, l. 127, see Vocab., _dis_.
    57.3: For mood and tense, see p. 6, n. 1. What did Scipio say?
    57.4: 'pitched,' lit. 'measured.' The Roman camp was always laid
    out with great care, according to a fixed plan, and was carefully
    fortified, even if the stay was to last but one night.
    57.5: The participles = rel. clauses: see p. xxiv, L1.
    57.6: #interrogts# (sc. _es_) #. . . dmsit# = _interrogvit
    (es) ... et ... dmsit_, or _cum (es) ... interrogsset,
    ... dmsit_.
    58.1: = Syphax. For _ipse_ referring to the principal personage,
    see also I, 5, and II,4 [[notes 2.5 and 5.1]].
    58.2: 'misfortune.' So _fma_ = both 'fame' and 'ill repute,'
    _valtd_ = both 'health' and 'sickness.'
    58.3: dat. of indir. object with #temperns#.
    58.4: #quod . . . dxisset.# What does the subjunctive show?
    58.5: #ab . . . dxisset#: cf. p. 50, n. 4.
    58.6: acc. of extent of space: cf. p. xvii, D 2.
    58.7: 'motionless.'
    58.8: #arms . . . esse#: 'that the issue must be decided by
    arms.' Note the method employed in translating the impers. passive
    here and in lines 13, 23, and 98, and apply it to #pgnr#,
    l. 173.
    58.9: #Cterum cnstat#: 'it is, however, well known.'
    59.1: _percell_.
    59.2: Cf. _negants_, l. 10, and p. 6, n. 20.
    59.3: #pacta# (_pacscor_) #essent#: subjunctive by attraction:
    see p.13, n.10.
    59.4: _pari_.
    59.5: i.e. of all ever celebrated in Rome.
    59.6: #haud piget#: sc. _m_; 'Iam not ashamed.' _piget_ is
    construed exactly like _paenitet_: see p.28, n.7.
    59.7: Here = the temple, sacred to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.
    59.8: #id temporis# = _e tempore_. Cf. note on _id aettis_,
    l. 66.
    60.1: Join # mlitibus# with #quispiam#, l. 204.
    60.2: #in . . . iubret#: 'when and where he bade (the accused)
    appear for trial.' #vads sist# is the passive of _vads
    sistere_, alegal phrase = 'to make one's bail stand,' i.e. to
    make it effective, and so 'to stand trial.' _Sistere_ often means
    'to produce in court,' as in l. 207.
    60.3: #ss sistant#: 'let them produce themselves,' i.e. appear
    for trial.
    60.4: #Di terti# = _perendi_, l. 206. In counting days, the
    Romans usually included the day from which they started.
    60.5: locative.
    60.6: Cf. n. on _castra mttus est_, l. 140.
    60.7: #ill legantius#: 'more judiciously than he.' For #ill#,
    see p.10, n.18.
    60.8: Sc. _castrs_.
    60.9: See p. 47, n. 12. #dcers# is imperfect, as referring to
    present time; the other verbs denote past time.
    60.10: 'in that event'; = _s t vcissem_.
    61.1: 'a (mere) fighter.'
    61.2: _pari_.
    61.3: This war lasted from 192 to 190.
    61.4: partitive gen. with #parum#, which is here a noun. In l. 225
    it was an adverb.
    61.5: #nihil . . . commttum#: 'no change was made.' Note that
    #nihil# is an adverbial acc. of degree, and that #commttum est#
    is impersonal.
    61.6: 'treated.'
    61.7: #tum mxim#: 'at that very moment.'
    61.8: Explain mood and tense.
    61.9: Distinguish between _grtis agere_ and _grtiam referre_.
    61.10: Notice that _sude_ = merely 'to advise'; 'to persuade' is
    _persude_.
    61.11: 'was not arranged.'
    62.1: = _qu prltus erat_; cf. p. xxiv, L 1.
    62.2: abl. of means (though rendered 'in which') both with
    #continbantur# and #refell poterat#.
    62.3: #indgntus . . . dubitr#: 'angry because doubts were
    raised.' For the infin. see p.19, n.6.
    62.4: See p. 16, n. 9. #verba fcit#: 'he delivered a speech.'
    62.5: #Nn . . . quaertis#: 'there is no reason why you should
    ask'; lit., 'there is not (anything) as to which,' etc. H591, 4
    (503, 1, N.2): M836: A320, _a_: G631, 2: B283,2.
    62.6: _nostrum_, like _vestrum_, is regularly used only as a
    partitive gen.
    62.7: A crown of laurel, worn by the general at his triumph.
    62.8: #N . . . smus#: cf. p. 31, n. 9.
    62.9: (_ut_) #relinqumus . . . emus# is a substantive clause of
    purpose. For the omission of _ut_ see H565, 4 (499,2): M781:
    A331, _f_, R.: G546, R. 2: B295, 8.
    63.1: abl. of specification.
    63.2: #qu# (sc. _di_) = _e di qu_.
    63.3: #quae . . . opus erant#: 'which were necessary'; lit. 'which
    were a necessity.' For a very different construction with _opus_,
    cf. _nihil opus esse ... e cve_, XV, 22, and note.
    63.4: #cnspectum . . . expetents#: 'craving a chance to see so
    great a man, as a sort of heaven-sent favor.'
    63.5: #n . . . gravrtur#: the subjunctive is used here in
    indir. disc., as representing an imperative of the direct: H642,
    4 (523, III): M1023: A339: G652: B316.]


#XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gaius Gracchus# [[stripped text]]

Tiberius et Gaius Gracchi Scipionis Africani ex filia nepotes erant.
Horum adulescentia bonis artibus et magna omnium spe exacta est: ad
egregiam enim indolem optima accedebat educatio. Erant enim diligentia
Corneliae matris a pueris docti et Graecis litteris eruditi. Maximum
matronis ornamentum esse liberos bene institutos merito putabat mater
illa sapientissima. Cum Campana matrona, apud illam hospita, ornamenta
sua, illo saeculo pulcherrima, ostentaret ei muliebriter, Cornelia
traxit eam sermone quousque e schola redirent liberi. Quos reversos
hospitae ostendens, "Haec" inquit "mea ornamenta sunt." Nihil quidem his
adulescentibus neque a natura neque a doctrina defuit; sed ambo rem
publicam, quam tueri poterant, perturbare maluerunt.

Tiberius Gracchus, tribunus plebis creatus, a senatu descivit: populi
favorem profusis largitionibus sibi conciliavit; agros plebi dividebat;
provincias novis coloniis replebat. Cum autem tribuniciam potestatem
sibi prorogari vellet et palam dictitasset, interempto senatu omnia per
plebem agi debere, viam sibi ad regnum parare videbatur. Quare cum
convocati patres deliberarent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius
Capitolium petit, manum ad caput referens, quo signo salutem suam populo
commendabat. Hoc nobilitas ita accepit, quasi diadema posceret,
segniterque cessante consule, Scipio Nasica, cum esset consobrinus
Tiberii Gracchi, patriam cognationi praeferens sublata dextra
proclamavit: "Qui rem publicam salvam esse volunt, me sequantur!" Dein
optimates, senatus atque equestris ordinis pars maior in Gracchum
inruunt, qui fugiens decurrensque Clivo Capitolino fragmento subsellii
ictus vitam, quam gloriosissime degere potuerat, immatura morte finivit.
Mortui Tiberii corpus in flumen proiectum est.

Gaium Gracchum idem furor, qui fratrem, Tiberium, occupavit. Tribunatum
enim adeptus, seu vindicandae fraternae necis, seu comparandae regiae
potentiae causa, pessima coepit inire consilia: maximas largitiones
fecit; aerarium effudit: legem de frumento plebi dividendo tulit:
civitatem omnibus Italicis dabat. His Gracchi consiliis quanta poterant
contentione obsistebant omnes boni, in quibus maxime Piso, vir
consularis. Is cum multa contra legem frumentariam dixisset, lege tamen
lata ad frumentum cum ceteris accipiendum venit. Gracchus ubi
animadvertit in contione Pisonem stantem, eum sic compellavit audiente
populo Romano: "Qui tibi constas, Piso, cum ea lege frumentum petas,
quam dissuasisti?" Cui Piso "Nolim quidem, Gracche" inquit, "mea bona
tibi viritim dividere liceat; sed si facies, partem petam." Quo responso
aperte declaravit vir gravis et sapiens lege, quam tulerat Gracchus,
patrimonium publicum dissipari.

Decretum a senatu est ut videret consul Opimius ne quid detrimenti res
publica caperet: quod nisi in maximo discrimine decerni non solebat.
Gaius Gracchus, armata familia, Aventinum occupavit. Consul, vocato ad
arma populo, Gaium aggressus est, qui pulsus profugit et, cum iam
comprehenderetur, iugulum servo praebuit, qui dominum et mox semet ipsum
super domini corpus interemit. Ut Tiberii Gracchi antea corpus, ita Gaii
mira crudelitate victorum in Tiberim deiectum est. Caput autem a
Septimuleio, amico Gracchi, ad Opimium relatum auro repensum fertur.
Sunt qui tradunt infuso plumbo eum partem capitis, quo gravius
efficeretur, explesse.

Occiso Tiberio Graccho cum senatus consulibus mandasset, ut in eos, qui
cum Graccho consenserant, animadverteretur, Blosius quidam, Tiberii
amicus, pro se deprecatum venit, hanc, ut sibi ignosceretur, causam
adferens, quod tanti Gracchum fecisset, ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi
faciendum putaret. Tum consul "Quid?" inquit "si te Gracchus templo
Iovis in Capitolio faces subdere iussisset, obsecuturusne voluntati
illius fuisses propter istam, quam iactas, familiaritatem?" "Numquam"
inquit Blosius "voluisset id quidem, sed si voluisset, paruissem."
Nefaria est ea vox, nulla enim est excusatio peccati, si amici causa
peccaveris.

Exstat Gaii Gracchi e Sardinia Romam reversi oratio, in qua cum alia tum
haec de se narrat: "Versatus sum in provincia, quomodo ex usu vestro
existimabam esse, non quomodo ambitioni meae conducere arbitrabar. Nemo
possit vere dicere assem aut eo plus in muneribus me accepisse aut mea
causa quemquam sumptum fecisse. Zonas, quas Roma proficiscens plenas
argenti extuli, eas ex provincia inanes rettuli. Alii amphoras, quas
vini plenas extulerunt, eas argento repletas domum reportarunt."


  #XXII. Tiberius Gracchus et Gius Gracchus# [[as printed]]

  Tiberius et Gius Gracch[6] Scpinis fricn[7] ex fli[8]
  nepts erant. Hrum adulscentia bons artibus et mgn omnium sp
    [[64]]
  excta est: ad gregiam enim indolem optima accdbat ducti.
  Erant enim dligenti Cornliae mtris [1] puers doct et Graecs
  ltters[2] rudt. Mximum mtrns rnmentum esse lbers      {5}
  bene nstitts merit putbat mter illa sapientissima. Cum
  Campna mtrna, apud illam hospita,[3] rnmenta sua, ill
  saecul[4] pulcherrima, ostentret e muliebriter,[5] Cornlia trxit
  eam sermne quosque[6]  schol redrent lber. Qus reverss
  hospitae ostendns, "Haec" inquit "mea rnmenta sunt." Nihil[7]  {10}
  quidem hs adulscentibus neque[7]  ntr neque[7]  doctrn
  dfuit; sed[8] amb rem pblicam, quam tur poterant, perturbre
  mlurunt.

  [Sidenote: B.C. 134.]

  Tiberius Gracchus, tribnus plbis cretus,  sent dscvit:
  popul favrem profss largtinibus sibi concilivit;           {15}
  agrs[9] plb dvidbat; prvincis novs colnis[10]
  replbat. Cum autem tribnciam potesttem sibi prrogr[11] vellet
    [[65]]
  et palam dictitsset,[1] intermpt sent omnia per plbem ag
  dbre, viam sibi ad rgnum parre vidbtur. Qur cum convoct
  patrs dlberrent quidnam faciendum esset, statim Tiberius      {20}
  Capitlium petit, manum ad caput referns, qu sgn saltem
  suam popul commendbat. Hc[2] nbilits ita accpit, quasi
  diadma psceret, sgniterque cessante cnsule, Scpi Nsca,
  cum[3] esset cnsbrnus Tiberi Gracch, patriam cgntin
  praeferns sublt dextr prclmvit: "Qu rem pblicam salvam   {25}
  esse volunt, m sequantur!" Dein optimts, sentus atque
  equestris[4] rdinis pars mior in Gracchum inruunt, qu fugins
  dcurrnsque Clv Capitln frgment subselli ctus vtam,
  quam glrisissim dgere[5] potuerat, immtr morte fnvit.
  Mortu Tiberi corpus in flmen priectum est.                    {30}

  [Sidenote: B.C. 123.]

  Gium Gracchum dem furor, qu frtrem, Tiberium, occupvit.
  Tribntum enim adeptus,[6] seu vindicandae frternae necis,
  seu comparandae rgiae potentiae caus, pessima coepit inre
  cnsilia: mxims largtins fcit; aerrium[7] effdit: lgem d
  frment plb dvidend tulit: cvittem[8] omnibus talics
      dabat.[9]                                                     {35}
  Hs Gracch cnsilis quant[10] poterant contentine obsistbant
    [[66]]
  omns[1] bon, in quibus mxim Ps,[2] vir cnsulris. Is
  cum multa contr lgem frmentriam dxisset, lge tamen lt
  ad frmentum cum cters accipiendum vnit. Gracchus ubi
  animadvertit in cntine Psnem stantem, eum sc compellvit     {40}
  audiente popul Rmn: "Qu[3] tibi cnsts, Ps, cum e lge
  frmentum pets, quam dissusist?" Cu Ps "Nlim[4] quidem,
  Gracche" inquit, "mea bona tibi[5] virtim dvidere liceat;
  sed s facis, partem petam." Qu respns apert dclrvit vir  {44}
  gravis et sapins lge, quam tulerat Gracchus, patrimnium pblicum
  dissipr.

  [Sidenote: B.C. 121.]

  Dcrtum  sent est ut[6] vidret cnsul Opmius n quid
  dtrment rs pblica caperet: quod nisi in mxim
  discrmine dcern nn solbat. Gius Gracchus, armt
  famili,[7] Aventnum occupvit. Cnsul, voct ad arma popul,   {50}
  Gium aggressus est, qu pulsus profgit et, cum iam[8]
  comprehendertur, iugulum serv praebuit, qu dominum et mox smet
  ipsum super domin corpus intermit. Ut Tiberi Gracch ante
  corpus, ita Gi mr crdlitte victrum in Tiberim diectum
  est. Caput autem  Septimuli, amc Gracch, ad Opmium         {55}
  reltum aur[9] repnsum fertur. Sunt[10] qu trdunt nfs[11]
  plumb eum partem capitis, qu gravius efficertur, explsse.[12]

  Occs Tiberi Gracch cum sentus cnsulibus mandsset, ut
    [[67]]
  in[1] es, qu cum Gracch cnsnserant, animadvertertur, Blosius
  qudam, Tiberi amcus, pr s dprectum[2] vnit, hanc, ut[3] sibi
  gnscertur, causam adferns, quod tant[4] Gracchum fcisset,   {61}
  ut, quidquid ille vellet, sibi faciendum putret. Tum cnsul
  "Quid?" inquit "s t Gracchus templ Iovis in Capitli facs
  subdere iussisset,[5] obsectrusne voluntt illus fuisss[5]
  propter istam, quam iacts, familirittem?" "Numquam" inquit     {65}
  Blosius "voluisset[5] id quidem,[6] sed s voluisset,[5]
      pruissem.[5]"
  Nefria est ea vx, nlla enim est excsti pecct, s amc
  caus peccveris.

    [Illustration: AMPHORAE]

  Exstat Gi Gracch  Sardini Rmam revers rti, in qu       {69}
  cum[7] alia tum[7] haec d s nrrat: "Verstus sum in prvinci,
  qumodo ex[8] s vestr exstimbam esse, nn qumodo ambitin
  meae condcere arbitrbar. Nm possit vr dcere assem[9]
  aut e pls in mneribus m
  accpisse aut me caus quemquam
  smptum[10] fcisse. Zns, qus                                  {75}
  Rm proficscns plns
  argent[11] extul, es ex prvinci
  inns rettul. Ali amphors,
  qus vn[11] plns extulrunt, es
  argent[11] replts domum                                        {80}
  reportrunt."

    [Footnotes: XXII (pages 63-67)

    63.6: When two persons of the same name are mentioned together,
    the cognomen is usually put in the plural.
    63.7: Africanus Maior.
    63.8: Her brother was the adoptive father of the younger Scipio
    Africanus. The Gracchi were thus connected with two of the most
    distinguished of the Roman clans, the Cornelian and the Aemilian.
    64.1: # puers#: we say, 'from _childhood_.'
    64.2: 'literature'; abl. of means.
    64.3: 'guest.'
    64.4: #ill saecul#: temporal abl. We say: 'for that age.' The
    writer of these words was familiar with the extraordinary luxury
    and extravagance that marked the later history of Rome.
    64.5: 'with womanish pride.' A tone of contempt often attaches to
    _mulier_ and its derivatives.
    64.6: construed here like _dnec_, p. 39, n. 9.
    64.7: Cf. p. 28, n. 3.
    64.8: #sed . . . mlurunt#: this whole account of the Gracchi was
    manifestly written by one who sympathized with the senatorial or
    aristocratic party. Modern scholars are divided in their
    interpretations of the motives of the Gracchi.
    64.9: The reference is to the _ager pblicus_, or land gained in
    conquest. It belonged in theory to the state, but the greater part
    of it had fallen into the hands of wealthy capitalists, who,
    though possessing no legal title to the land, yet regarded it as
    their own, and resented any attempt to interfere with their
    occupancy. Meanwhile, the number of small landholders was
    constantly decreasing. These circumstances tended to drive numbers
    of poor people to the cities, especially Rome. The universal
    employment of slave labor aggravated the trouble by shutting the
    poor out from honest labor. Tiberius attempted to remedy these
    evils by limiting the number of acres of the public land which
    might be held by any individual and by distributing the lands thus
    redeemed among the poorer classes.
    64.10: These colonies were intended to aid in relieving the
    distress at Rome by removing part of the population and supplying
    such persons with lands.
    64.11: It was a general rule that no magistrate should hold the
    same office for two successive terms. Thus no man could be
    relected consul until ten years after the expiration of the first
    term. When Tiberius, at the end of his year as tribune, presented
    himself for relection, the aristocrats appealed to this rule.
    Gracchus might have replied that the rule had often been set aside
    under special circumstances. Still, on the whole, his conduct
    seems to have been unconstitutional.
    65.1: This statement is probably wholly false. As the champions of
    the poor against the rich, the Gracchi were hated by the
    aristocrats, and received no favors at the hands of Roman
    historians.
    65.2: #Hc . . . psceret#: 'The nobles interpreted this to mean
    that he was demanding a kingly crown.' #psceret# is subjunctive
    as giving in indirect discourse the thought of the nobles; cf.
    p.3, n.6.
    65.3: 'although.'
    65.4: See Vocab., _equestris_ and _eques_.
    65.5: #dgere potuerat#: 'he might have spent.' Cf. _tur
    poterant_, l.12.
    65.6: _adipscor_.
    65.7: #aerrium effdit#: 'he wasted (the moneyin) the treasury.'
    The reference is to the corn law mentioned in the next sentence.
    This entitled all citizens residing in Rome to a certain measure
    of corn monthly for less than the market price. The distribution
    was thus a constant drain upon the treasury.
    65.8: 'citizenship.'
    65.9: 'tried to give.' The imperfect tense, like the present,
    often denotes attempted action; cf. _dvidbat_, l. 16, and
    _commendbat_, l. 22. He was unable to carry the law, as the
    citizens of Rome itself were jealous of any extension of the
    franchise. The Italians did not obtain citizenship till 89 B.C.
    65.10: #quant . . . contentine#: 'with the greatest possible
    energy.' Cf. _quant potuit appart_, IX, 39, and note.
    66.1: #omns bon#: 'all loyal citizens.' _bon_, like
    _optimts_, often has this political meaning. Cf. the derivation
    of _aristocracy_.
    66.2: Sc. _obsistbat_.
    66.3: #Qu . . . cnsts#: 'How do you explain your conduct?' How
    literally? See (4)_qu_ in vocabulary.
    66.4: #Nlim#: 'I should hardly desire'; lit. 'Ishould be
    unwilling.' The subjunctive is often thus used in a modest
    assertion: H556 (486, N.1): M719: A311, _b_: G257, 2: B280,
    1. Cf. _possit_, l. 72. Often, as here, the modesty is assumed
    ironically.
    66.5: Join with #liceat#.
    66.6: #ut . . . caperet#: this was the formula by which the senate
    conferred unlimited power upon the consuls. Explain the
    subjunctives #vidret# and #caperet#, and give the words of the
    decree as passed by the senate.
    66.7: here 'household.'
    66.8: #iam comprehendertur#: 'was on the point of being
    arrested.'
    66.9: #aur . . . fertur#: 'is said to have been paid for with
    gold.'
    66.10: #Sunt qu trdunt#: 'there are (those) who relate,' i.e.
    'some say.'
    66.11: #infs plumb#: 'by pouring in lead.' Cf. p. xxiii, K8.
    It is said that Opimius had promised to pay its weight in gold for
    the head of Gaius.
    66.12: = _explvisse_.
    67.1: #in es . . . animadvertertur#: 'punishment should be
    visited upon those.'
    67.2: Cf. p. xviii, E 6.
    67.3: #ut . . . gnscertur#: a result clause, dependent on
    #causam#: 'areason as a result of which he _ought to be
    pardoned_.' The subjunctive at times expresses necessity or
    obligation and propriety.
    67.4: #tant . . . fcisset#: 'he had so highly esteemed
    Gracchus.' #tant# is a so-called gen. of price or value: H448, 1
    (405): M576: A252, _a_: G380: B203, 3. For _fcisset_, cf.
    p.14, n.1.
    67.5: Cf. p. 47, n. 12.
    67.6: #quidem# emphasizes #id#. This emphasis in English would be
    indicated by the stress of the voice, thus: 'he never would have
    dreamed of _that_.' Cf. _Nlim quidem_ above, l.42.
    67.7: #cum . . . tum#: 'not only . . . but also.'
    67.8: #ex s vestr#: 'to your interests.'
    67.9: 'a red cent,' 'a farthing,' as we say.
    67.10: _smptum facere_ = 'to be put to expense.'
    67.11: Verbs and adjectives denoting fulness and want are
    construed with either the gen. or the abl., the abl. in reality
    expressing means.]


#XXIII. Gaius Marius# [[stripped text]]

C. Marius, humili loco natus, militiae tirocinium in Hispania duce
Scipione posuit. Erat imprimis Scipioni carus ob singularem virtutem et
impigram ad pericula et labores alacritatem. Cum aliquando inter cenam
Scipionem quidam interrogasset, si quid illi accidisset, quemnam res
publica aeque magnum habitura esset imperatorem, Scipio, percusso
leniter Marii umero, "Fortasse hunc" inquit. Quo dicto excitatus Marius
dignos rebus, quas postea gessit, spiritus concepit.

Q. Metellum in Numidiam contra Iugurtham missum, cuius legatus erat, cum
ab eo Romam missus esset, apud populum Romanum criminatus est bellum
ducere: si se consulem fecissent, brevi tempore aut vivum aut mortuum
Iugurtham se in potestatem populi Romani redacturum. Itaque creatus est
consul et in Metelli locum suffectus. Bellum ab illo prospere coeptum
confecit. Iugurtha ad Gaetulos perfugerat eorumque regem Bocchum
adversus Romanos concitaverat. Marius Gaetulos et Bocchum aggressus
fudit; castellum in excelsa ripa positum, ubi regii thesauri erant, non
sine multo labore expugnavit. Bocchus, bello defessus, legatos ad Marium
misit, pacem orantes. Sulla quaestor, a Mario ad regem remissus, Boccho
persuasit ut Iugurtham Romanis traderet. Iugurtha igitur vinctus ad
Marium deductus est; quem Marius triumphans ante currum egit et in
carcerem caenosum inclusit. Quo cum Iugurtha detracta veste
ingrederetur, os ridentis in modum diduxisse et stupens similisque
desipienti exclamasse fertur: "Pro! quam frigidum est vestrum balneum!"
Paucis diebus post in carcere necatus est.

Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum consul creatus bellumque ei contra
Cimbros et Teutones decretum est. Hi novi hostes, ab extremis Germaniae
finibus profugi, novas sedes quaerebant, exclusique Gallia et Hispania
cum in Italiam remigrarent, a Romanis ut aliquid sibi terrae darent
petierunt. Repulsi, quod nequiverant precibus, armis petere constituunt.
Tres duces Romani impetus barbarorum non sustinuerunt. Omnes fugati,
exuti castris. Actum erat de imperio Romano, nisi Marius fuisset. Hic
primo Teutones sub ipsis Alpium radicibus adsecutus proelio oppressit.
Vallem fluviumque medium hostes tenebant: Romanis aquarum nulla copia.
Aucta necessitate virtus causa victoriae fuit. Nam flagitante aquam
exercitu Marius "Viri" inquit "estis, en illic aquam habetis." Itaque
tanto ardore pugnatum est eaque caedes hostium fuit, ut Romani victores
de cruento flumine non plus aquae biberent quam sanguinis barbarorum.
Caesa traduntur hostium ducenta milia, capta nonaginta. Rex ipse
Teutobochus in proximo saltu comprehensus insigne spectaculum triumphi
fuit: quippe vir proceritatis eximiae super tropaea ipsa eminebat.

Deletis Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbros se convertit. Qui cum ex alia
parte Italiam ingressi Athesim flumen non ponte nec navibus, sed
iniectis arborum truncis, velut aggere, traiecissent, occurrit iis C.
Marius. Cimbri legatos ad consulem miserunt, agros urbesque sibi et
fratribus postulantes, Teutonum enim cladem ignorabant. Quaerente Mario
quos illi fratres dicerent, cum Teutones nominassent, ridens Marius
"Omittite" inquit "fratres; tenent hi acceptam a nobis terram
aeternumque tenebunt." Tum legati se ludibrio haberi sentientes ultionem
Mario minati sunt, simul atque Teutones advenissent. "Atqui adsunt"
inquit Marius "nec sane civile foret vos fratribus vestris non salutatis
discedere." Tum vinctos adduci iussit Teutonum duces, qui in proelio
capti erant.

His rebus auditis, Cimbri egrediuntur castris et cum paucis suorum ad
vallum Romanum adequitans Boiorix, Cimbrorum dux, Marium ad pugnam
provocat et diem pugnae a Romanorum imperatore petit. Proximum dedit
consul. Marius cum aciem ita instituisset, ut pulvis in oculos et ora
hostium ferretur, incredibili strage prostrata est illa Cimbrorum
multitudo: caesa traduntur centum octoginta hominum milia. Nec minor cum
uxoribus pugna quam cum viris fuit, cum obiectis undique plaustris,
desuper, quasi e turribus, lanceis contisque pugnarent. Victae tamen cum
missa ad Marium legatione libertatem non impetrassent, suffocatis
elisisque infantibus suis aut mutuis conciderunt vulneribus aut vinculo
e crinibus suis facto ab arboribus pependerunt. Canes quoque defendere,
Cimbris caesis, eorum domos. Marius pro duobus triumphis, qui
offerebantur, uno contentus fuit. Primores civitatis, qui ei aliquamdiu
ut novo homini ad tantos honores evecto inviderant, conservatam ab eo
rem publicam fatebantur. In ipsa acie Marius duas Camertium cohortes,
mira virtute vim Cimbrorum sustinentes contra legem civitate donaverat.
Quod quidem factum et vere et egregie postea excusavit, dicens inter
armorum strepitum verba se iuris civilis exaudire non potuisse.

Illa tempestate primum Romae bellum civile commotum est. Causam bello
dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla consul contra Mithridatem, regem Ponti,
missus fuisset, Sulpicius, tribunus plebis, legem ad populum tulit ut
Sullae imperium abrogaretur, C. Mario bellum decerneretur Mithridaticum.
Qua re Sulla commotus cum exercitu ad urbem venit, eam armis occupavit,
Sulpicium interfecit, Marium fugavit. Marius hostes persequentes fugiens
aliquamdiu in palude delituit. Sed paulo post repertus extractusque, ut
erat nudo corpore caenoque oblitus, iniecto in collum loro Minturnas
raptus et in custodiam coniectus est. Missus est ad eum occidendum
servus publicus, natione Cimber, quem Marius vultus auctoritate
deterruit. Cum enim hominem ad se stricto gladio venientem vidisset
"Tune, homo," inquit "C.Marium audebis occidere?" Quo audito attonitus
ille ac tremens abiecto ferro fugit, Marium se non posse occidere
clamitans. Marius deinde ab iis, qui prius eum occidere voluerant,
ecarcere emissus est.

Accepta navicula in Africam traiecit et in agrum Carthaginiensem
pervenit. Ibi cum in locis solitariis sederet, venit ad eum lictor
Sextilii praetoris, qui tum Africam obtinebat. Ab hoc, quem numquam
laesisset, Marius humanitatis tamen aliquod officium exspectabat; at
lictor decedere eum provincia iussit, nisi in se animadverti vellet:
torveque intuentem et vocem nullam emittentem Marium rogavit tandem
ecquid renuntiari praetori vellet? Marius "Abi" inquit, "nuntia vidisse
te Gaium Marium in Carthaginis ruinis sedentem." Duobus clarissimis
exemplis de inconstantia rerum humanarum eum admonebat, cum et urbis
maximae excidium et viri clarissimi casum ante oculos poneret.

Profecto ad bellum Mithridaticum Sulla, Marius revocatus a Cinna in
Italiam rediit, efferatus magis calamitate quam domitus. Cum exercitu
Romam ingressus eam caedibus et rapinis vastavit; omnes adversae
factionis nobiles variis suppliciorum generibus adfecit: quinque dies
continuos totidemque noctes illa scelerum omnium duravit licentia. Hoc
tempore admiranda sane populi Romani abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius
occisorum domos multitudini diripiendas obiecisset, inveniri potuit
nemo, qui civili luctu praedam peteret: quae quidem tam misericors
continentia plebis tacita quaedam crudelium victorum vituperatio fuit.
Tandem Marius, senio et laboribus confectus, in morbum incidit et
ingenti omnium laetitia vitam finivit. Cuius viri si examinentur cum
virtutibus vitia, haud facile sit dictu utrum bello melior, an pace
perniciosior fuerit: namque quam rem publicam armatus servavit, eam
primo togatus omni genere fraudis, postremo armis hostiliter evertit.

Erat Marius durior ad humanitatis studia et ingenuarum artium
contemptor. Cum aedem Honoris de manubiis hostium vovisset, spreta
peregrinorum marmorum nobilitate artificumque Graecorum arte, eam
vulgari lapide per artificem Romanum curavit aedificandam. Et Graecas
litteras despiciebat, quod doctoribus suis parum ad virtutem
profuissent. At idem fortis, validus, adversus dolorem confirmatus. Cum
ei varices in crure secarentur, vetuit se adligari. Acrem tamen fuisse
doloris morsum ipse ostendit: nam medico, alterum crus postulanti,
noluit praebere, quod maiorem esse remedii quem morbi dolorem iudicaret.


    [[68]]

  #XXIII. Gius Marius# [[as printed]]

  C. Marius, humil loc ntus,[1] mlitiae trcinium in Hispni
  duce Scpine[2] posuit.[3] Erat imprms Scpin crus ob
  singulrem virttem et impigram[4] ad percula et labrs alacrittem.
  Cum aliquand inter cnam Scpinem qudam interrogsset, s
  quid ill[5] accidisset, quemnam rs pblica aequ mgnum          {5}
  habitra esset impertrem, Scpi, percuss lniter Mari umer,
  "Fortsse hunc" inquit. Qu dict excittus Marius dgns
  rbus, qus poste gessit, sprits concpit.

  [Sidenote: B.C. 107.]

  Q. Metellum[6] in Numidiam contr Iugurtham missum,[7] cius
  lgtus erat, cum ab e Rmam missus esset, apud populum          {10}
  Rmnum crmintus[8] est bellum dcere[9]: s[10] s cnsulem
  fcissent, brev tempore aut vvum aut mortuum Iugurtham s in
  potesttem popul Rmn redctrum. Itaque cretus est
  cnsul et in Metell locum suffectus.[11] Bellum ab ill
  prsper coeptum cnfcit. Iugurtha ad Gaetls perfgerat        {15}
  erumque rgem Bocchum adversus Rmns concitverat. Marius
  Gaetls et Bocchum aggressus fdit; castellum[12] in excels rp
  positum, ubi rgi thsaur erant, nn sine mult labre expgnvit.
  Bocchus, bell dfessus, lgts ad Marium msit, pcem           {19}
  rants.[13] Sulla[14] quaestor,  Mari ad rgem remissus, Bocch
    [[69]]
  persusit ut Iugurtham Rmns trderet. Iugurtha igitur
  vinctus ad Marium dductus est; quem Marius triumphns ante
  currum git et in carcerem[1] caensum inclsit. Qu cum Iugurtha
  dtrct veste ingredertur, s rdentis[2] in modum ddxisse
  et stupns similisque dsipient exclmsse fertur: "Pr! quam    {25}
  frgidum est vestrum balneum!" Paucs dibus post in carcere
  nectus est.

    [Illustration {foldout map of Mediterranean}]

    [Illustration: TRIUMPH]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 104.]

  Marius post bellum Numidicum iterum cnsul cretus bellumque
  e contr Cimbrs[3] et Teutons dcrtum est. H nov
  hosts, ab extrms Germniae fnibus profug, novs sds        {30}
  quaerbant, exclsque Galli et Hispni cum[4] in taliam
  remigrrent,  Rmns ut aliquid sibi terrae darent petirunt.
  Repuls, quod nequverant[5] precibus, arms petere cnstituunt.
  Trs[6] ducs Rmn impets barbarrum nn sustinurunt.
    [[70]]
  Omns fugt,[1] ext[1] castrs. ctum[2] erat d imperi Rmn,
  nisi[3] Marius fuisset. Hc prm Teutons sub ipss Alpium       {36}
  rdcibus adsectus proeli[4] oppressit. Vallem fluviumque
  medium[5] hosts tenbant: Rmns[6] aqurum nlla cpia. Aucta
  necessitte virts causa victriae fuit. Nam flgitante aquam
  exercit Marius "Vir[7]" inquit "estis, n illc aquam habtis."
  Itaque tant rdre pgntum est eaque caeds hostium fuit, ut    {41}
  Rmn victrs d cruent flmine nn pls
  aquae biberent quam sanguinis barbarrum.
  Caesa trduntur hostium ducenta mlia, capta
  nngint. Rx ipse Teutobochus in proxim                        {45}
  salt comprehnsus nsgne spectculum triumph
  fuit: quppe vir prcrittis eximiae
  super tropaea ipsa minbat.

    [Illustration: TROPAEUM]

  Dlts Teutonibus, C. Marius in Cimbrs s convertit. Qu
  cum ex[8] ali parte taliam ingress Athesim flmen nn ponte    {50}
  nec nvibus, sed iniects[9] arborum truncs, velut aggere,
  tricissent, occurrit is C. Marius. Cimbr lgts ad cnsulem
  msrunt, agrs urbsque sibi et frtribus pstulants,[10] Teutonum
  enim cldem gnrbant. Quaerente[11] Mari qus ill frtrs
  dcerent, cum Teutons nminssent, rdns Marius "Omittite[12]"  {55}
  inquit "frtrs; tenent h acceptam  nbs terram aeternumque
    [[71]]
  tenbunt." Tum lgt s ldibri[1] habr sentients ultinem
  Mari mint sunt, simul atque Teutons advnissent. "Atqu
  adsunt" inquit Marius "nec sn cvle foret vs frtribus vestrs
  nn saltts discdere." Tum vincts addc iussit Teutonum      {60}
  ducs, qu in proeli capt erant.

  Hs rbus audts, Cimbr grediuntur castrs et cum paucs
  surum ad vllum Rmnum adequitns Boiorix, Cimbrrum
  dux, Marium ad pgnam prvocat et diem pgnae  Rmnrum
  impertre petit. Proximum dedit cnsul. Marius cum aciem         {65}
  ita nstituisset, ut pulvis[2] in oculs et ra hostium ferrtur,
  incrdibil strge[3] prstrta[4] est illa Cimbrrum multitd: caesa
  trduntur centum octgint hominum mlia. Nec minor cum
  uxribus pgna quam cum virs fuit, cum obiects undique plaustrs,
  dsuper,[5] quasi  turribus, lances contsque pgnrent.        {70}
  Victae tamen cum miss ad Marium lgtine lberttem[6] nn
  impetrssent, suffcts lssque[7] nfantibus sus aut mtus[8]
  concidrunt vulneribus aut vincul  crnibus sus fact ab[9]
  arboribus pependrunt. Cans quoque dfendre, Cimbrs caess,
  erum doms. Marius pr dubus triumphs, qu offerbantur,       {75}
  n contentus fuit. Prmrs cvittis, qu e aliquamdi ut[10]
  nov homin ad tants honrs vect[11] invderant, cnservtam[12]
  ab e rem pblicam fatbantur. In ips aci Marius dus Camertium
  cohorts, mr virtte vim Cimbrrum sustinents[13] contr
  lgem[14] cvitte dnverat. Quod quidem factum et vr et       {80}
    [[72]]
  gregi poste excsvit, dcns inter armrum strepitum verba
  s iris cvlis exaudre nn potuisse.

  [Sidenote: B.C. 88.]

  Ill tempestte prmum Rmae bellum cvle commtum est.
  Causam bell dedit C. Marius. Cum enim Sulla[1] cnsul
  contr Mithridtem,[2] rgem Pont, missus fuisset, Sulpicius,    {85}
  tribnus plbis, lgem[3] ad populum tulit ut Sullae imperium
  abrogrtur, C. Mari bellum dcernertur Mithridticum. Qu r
  Sulla commtus cum exercit ad urbem vnit, eam arms occupvit,
  Sulpicium interfcit, Marium fugvit. Marius hosts persequents
  fugins aliquamdi in palde dlituit.[4] Sed paul post          {90}
  repertus extrctusque, ut erat nd corpore caenque oblitus,[5]
  iniect in collum lr Minturns raptus et in cstdiam coniectus
  est. Missus est ad eum occdendum servus[6] pblicus, ntine
  Cimber, quem Marius vults auctritte dterruit. Cum enim
  hominem ad s strict gladi venientem vdisset "Tne, hom,"     {95}
  inquit "C.Marium audbis occdere?" Qu audt attonitus ille
  ac tremns abiect ferr fgit, Marium s nn posse occdere
  clmitns. Marius deinde ab is, qu prius eum occdere voluerant,
  carcere missus est.                                            {99}

  Accept nvicul in fricam tricit et in agrum Carthgininsem
  pervnit. Ibi cum in locs slitris[7] sedret, vnit ad eum
  lctor Sextili praetris, qu tum fricam obtinbat. Ab hc,
  quem[8] numquam laesisset, Marius hmnittis tamen[9] aliquod
    [[73]]
  officium exspectbat; at lctor dcdere eum prvinci iussit,   {104}
  nisi in s animadvert vellet: torvque intuentem et vcem nllam
  mittentem Marium rogvit tandem ecquid renntir praetr
  vellet? Marius "Ab" inquit, "nnti vdisse t Gium
  Marium in Carthginis runs sedentem." Dubus clrissims
  exempls d incnstanti rrum hmnrum eum admonbat,
  cum et urbis mximae excidium et vir clrissim csum ante      {110}
  oculs pneret.

  Profect ad bellum Mithridticum Sull, Marius revoctus 
  Cinn[1] in taliam rediit, effertus magis calamitte quam domitus.
  Cum exercit Rmam ingressus eam caedibus et rapns             {114}
  vstvit; omns adversae factinis nbils varis[2] supplicirum
  generibus adfcit: qunque dis continus totidemque nocts illa
  scelerum omnium drvit licentia.[3] Hc tempore admranda sn
  popul Rmn abstinentia fuit. Cum enim Marius occsrum        {118}
  doms multitdin dripiends[4] obicisset, invenr potuit nm,
  qu[5] cvl[6] lct praedam peteret[5]: quae quidem tam misericors
  continentia plbis tacita[7] quaedam crdlium victrum vituperti
  fuit. Tandem Marius, seni et labribus cnfectus, in morbum     {122}
  incidit et ingent[8] omnium laetiti vtam fnvit. Cius vir s
  exminentur cum virttibus vitia, haud facile sit dict[9] utrum
  bell melior, an pce pernicisior fuerit: namque quam rem       {125}
  pblicam armtus[10] servvit, eam prm togtus[10] omn genere
      fraudis,
  postrm arms hostliter vertit.

    [[74]]
  Erat Marius drior[1] ad hmnittis[2] studia et ingenurum[3]
  artium contemptor. Cum aedem Honris d manubis hostium         {129}
  vvisset, sprt[4] peregrnrum marmorum nbilitte artificumque
  Graecrum arte, eam vulgr lapide[5] per artificem Rmnum
  crvit aedificandam. Et Graecs litters dspicibat, quod[6]
  doctribus sus parum ad virttem prfuissent. At dem fortis,
  validus, adversus dolrem cnfrmtus. Cum e varics in crre
  secrentur, vetuit s adligr. crem tamen fuisse dolris morsum
  ipse ostendit: nam medic, alterum crs pstulant, nluit       {136}
  praebre, quod mirem esse remedi quem morb dolrem
  idicret.

    [Footnotes: XXIII (pages 68-74)

    68.1: In 157 B.C., near Arpinum in Latium.
    68.2: Sc. _fricn Minre_.
    68.3: = _dposuit_: 'laid aside, completed, served.'
    68.4: #impigram . . . alacrittem#: 'his energetic eagerness in
    the direction of (#ad#),' etc. = 'his energy and eagerness to
    face,' etc.
    68.5: i.e. Scipio.
    68.6: Subject of #dcere#, l. 11.
    68.7: = _qu missus erat_. Cf. _coeptum_, l. 15, and p. xxiv,L1.
    68.8: #crmintus . . . dcere#: 'charged him with prolonging.'
    _crminr_ is treated here as a verb of saying.
    68.9: = _prdcere_, 'prolong.' Simple verbs not infrequently have
    the meanings which are more usually borne by some of their
    compounds. Cf. n.3 above.
    68.10: #s . . . redctrum#: the words of Marius, reported in
    indir. disc. Cf. p. xxv, M4,7.
    68.11: #in . . . suffectus#: 'he was appointed to supersede
    Metellus.' How literally?
    68.12: This fortress lay on the steep, rocky bank of the river
    Malucha, which separated the dominions of Jugurtha and Bocchus.
    68.13: #rants# may be explained (1) as = _qu pcem rbant_
    (cf.n.7 above); or (2)as expressing purpose, and so = _qu
    pcem rrent_. In this latter sense, however, the fut. part.
    active is commonly employed, not the present.
    68.14: See next selection.
    69.1: The Tullianum: see illustration on p. 16.
    69.2: 'of one smiling.' Join with #modum#.
    69.3: The Cimbri and Teutones had left their homes in Denmark as
    early as 113 B.C. Having overrun Gaul, they made their way to the
    northern slopes of the Alps, defeating three Roman armies on the
    way (cf.l. 34 below). They did not, however, at once enter Italy,
    but turned off to Spain, whence they were speedily expelled by the
    natives.
    69.4: For the position of #cum#, see p. 19, n.8.
    69.5: Sc. _petere_, or better _adipsc_, 'to secure.'
    69.6: Cn. Papirius Carbo, 113; M. Iunius Silanus, 109;
    Q.Servilius Caepio, 105.
    70.1: Sc. _sunt_.
    70.2: #ctum . . . fuisset#: 'it was all up with the Romans had
    there not been a Marius.' For #erat# we should have expected
    _esset_, since we have an unreal condition; but the indic., the
    mood of fact, is used to show that the ruin of the Romans actually
    was inevitable but for one thing. H581, 1 (511,1): M940: A308,
    _b_: G597, 2: B304,3.
    70.3: #nisi . . . fuisset#: we would say, 'but for Marius,' or 'if
    it hadn't been for Marius.'
    70.4: in 102, at Aquae Sextiae (now Aix), near Marseilles.
    70.5: 'that ran through (the valley).'
    70.6: dat. of possession with _erat_ (to be supplied). On the
    whole sentence #Vallem ... cpia#, see p.5, n.13.
    70.7: #Vir . . . habtis#: a rhetorical, but vigorous way of
    saying _S vir_ ('true men') _estis_, etc., i.e. the getting of
    water depends wholly on your own courage.
    70.8: 'from a different side' (from that by which the Teutones had
    sought to enter Italy). The Cimbri came through the Brenner Pass
    at the eastern side of the Italian Alps.
    70.9: Sc. _in flmen_.
    70.10: Cf. p. 68, n. 13.
    70.11: #Quaerente . . . nminssent# = two temporal clauses: 'when
    Marius had asked ... and they had named.'
    70.12: 'Never mind.'
    71.1: #s . . . habr#: 'that they were being mocked.' #ldibri#
    is a dat. of purpose: cf. p.25, n.6.
    71.2: #pulvis . . . ferrtur#: cf. XX, lines 7 and8.
    71.3: at the battle of Vercellae (101), near the modern Milan.
    71.4: _prstern_.
    71.5: 'from above,' i.e. from the tops of the wagons.
    71.6: Captives were either killed or sold into slavery.
    71.7: _ld_.
    71.8: #mtus . . . vulneribus#: 'wounds inflicted by each other.'
    71.9: #ab . . . pependrunt#: 'hung _from_ trees' = 'hanged
    themselves _to_ trees.'
    71.10: #ut . . . homin#: 'as (i.e. because he was) anew man,'
    i.e. one whose ancestors had never held any state office. Such a
    man was not necessarily of plebeian birth.
    71.11: #vect#: 'when he had been elevated.' #e ... vect#
    may also be rendered 'his elevation.'
    71.12: Sc. _esse_.
    71.13: The part. gives the cause of _dnverat_.
    71.14: In theory citizenship could be conferred only by action of
    the _comitia tribta_, or assembly in which the people met by
    tribes.
    72.1: See next selection.
    72.2: Mithridates the Great waged war thrice with the Romans,
    88-84 B.C., 83-81, and 74-66, till finally defeated by Pompey the
    Great. At the time referred to in the text he had overrun Asia
    Minor and had entered Greece.
    72.3: #lgem . . . tulit#: 'proposed a law before the people,'
    i.e. submitted a proposed law to their votes. The proposal was
    carried. In the civil strife that followed, Sulla led the
    aristocratic, Marius and Cinna the popular party.
    72.4: _dlitsc_.
    72.5: _oblin_.
    72.6: #servus pblicus#: i.e. a slave owned by the state. Cf. the
    phrase _ager pblicus_, p.64, n.9.
    72.7: Carthage had been destroyed by the Romans in 149 B.C.
    72.8: #quem . . . laesisset# (_laed_): acausal rel. clause =
    'since he had,' etc.: H592 (517): M839: A320, _e_: G633:
    B283,3.
    72.9: #tamen# looks back to #qu . . . obtinbat#, l. 102. The
    thought is that Marius hoped for some kindly consideration
    (#hmnittis aliquod officium#) from Sextilius, though his
    official position would naturally constrain him to be hostile to
    an outlaw.
    73.1: L. Cornelius Cinna, leader with Marius of the popular party
    and enemy of Sulla. He was consul 86-84, but was killed by his own
    troops when he ordered them to cross to Greece to fight Sulla, who
    was preparing to return home at the close of the first Mithridatic
    War.
    73.2: #varis . . . adfcit#: 'he punished in various ways.'
    73.3: 'lawless reign,' 'wild revel.'
    73.4: Cf. p. 2, n. 18.
    73.5: #qu . . . peteret#: rel. clause of result: H591, 1
    (503,I): M838: A320: G631: B283.
    73.6: #cvl lct#: 'at the price of (lit. by meansof) grief to
    his fellow-citizens.'
    73.7: #tacita . . . fuit#: '(though) unexpressed was in a sense
    (#quaedam#) acriticism,' etc.
    73.8: #ingent . . . laetiti#: 'to the great joy of every one';
    cf. p.27, n.3.
    73.9: Join with #facile#, and see p. 19, n. 15.
    73.10: #armtus# = _bell_; #togtus# = _pce_. Cf. l. 125. The
    toga was the regular dress of civilians.
    74.1: #Erat drior ad#: 'He was rather hard as regards,' i.e. 'he
    had no liking for.'
    74.2: 'culture.'
    74.3: #ingenurum artium#: 'polite accomplishments.'
    74.4: _spern_.
    74.5: abl. of material: H 470, 1 (415, III): M 610: A244, _d_:
    G396, and3.
    74.6: #quod . . . prfuissent#: 'because (so he declared) it had
    been of little service to its teachers in the direction of
    (attaining) virtue.' Cf. _quod ... idicret_, l. 137, and see
    p.14, n.1.]


#XXIV. Lucius Cornelius Sulla# [[stripped text]]

138-78 B.C.

Cornelius Sulla cum parvulus a nutrice ferretur, mulier obvia "Salve"
inquit "puer tibi et rei publicae tuae felix," et statim quaesita quae
haec dixisset, nn potuit inveniri.

Hic bello Iugurthino quaestor Marii fuit. Qui cum usque ad quaesturae
comitia vitam libidine, vino, ludicrae artis amore inquinatam
perduxisset, C. Marius consul moleste tulisse traditur, quod sibi
gravissimum bellum gerenti tam delicatus quaestor sorte obvenisset.
Eiusdem tamen, postquam in Africam venit, virtus enituit. Bello
Cimbrico, legatus consulis bonam operam navavit. Consul ipse deinde
factus, pulso in exsilium Mario, adversus Mithridatem profectus est.
Mithridates enim, Ponticus rex, vir bello acerrimus, virtute eximius,
odio in Romanos non inferior Hannibale, occupata Asia necatisque in ea
omnibus civibus Romanis, quos quidem eadem die atque hora per omnes
civitates interimi iusserat, Europae quoque Italiaeque imminere
videbatur. Ac primo Sulla illius praefectos duobus proeliis in Graecia
profligavit; dein transgressus in Asiam Mithridatem ipsum fudit; et
oppressisset, nisi ad bellum civile adversus Marium festinans
qualemcumque pacem componere maluisset. Mithridatem tamen pecunia
multavit; Asia aliisque provinciis, quas occupaverat, decedere
paternisque finibus contentum esse coegit.

Sulla propter motus urbanos cum victore exercitu Romam properavit; eos,
qui Mario favebant, omnes superavit. Nihil autem ea victoria fuit
crudelius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et dictator creatus, vel in eos, qui
se sponte dediderant, iussit animadverti. Quattuor milia deditorum
inermium civium in Circo interfici iussit. Quis autem illos potest
computare, quos in urbe passim, quisquis voluit, occidit, donec
admoneret Fufidius quidam vivere aliquos debere, ut essent, quibus
imperaret. Novo et inaudito exemplo tabulam proscriptionis proposuit,
qua nomina eorum, qui occidendi essent, continebantur; cumque omnium
orta esset indignatio, postridie plura etiam adiecit nomina. Ingens
caesorum fuit multitudo. Nec solum in eos saevivit, qui armis contra se
dimicavissent, sed etiam quieti animi cives propter pecuniae
magnitudinem proscriptorum numero adiecit. Civis quidam innoxius, cui
fundus in agro Albano erat, cum legens proscriptorum nomina se quoque
videret ascriptum, "Vae" inquit "misero mihi! me fundus Albanus
persequitur." Neque longe progressus a quodam, qui eum agnoverat,
confossus est.

Depulsis prostratisque inimicorum partibus Sulla Felicem se edicto
appellavit, cumque eius uxor geminos eodem tunc partu edidisset, puerum
Faustum puellamque Faustam nominari voluit. Sed paucis annis post
repente contra omnium exspectationem dictaturam deposuit. Dimissis
lictoribus diu in Foro cum amicis deambulavit. Stupebat populus eum
privatum videns, cuius modo tam formidolosa fuerat potestas; quodque non
minus mirandum fuit, privato ei non solum salus, sed etiam dignitas
constitit, qui cives innumeros occiderat. Unus adulescens fuit, qui
auderet queri et recedentem usque ad fores domus maledictis incessere.
Atque ille, cuius iram potentissimi viri maximaeque civitates nec
effugere nec placare potuerant, unius adulescentuli contumelias patienti
animo tulit, id tantum in limine iam dicens: "Hic adulescens efficiet ne
quis posthac tale imperium deponat."

Sulla deinde in villam profectus rusticari et venando vitam agere
coepit. Ibi morbo correptus interiit, vir ingentis animi, cupidus
voluptatum, sed gloriae cupidior; litteris Graecis atque Latinis
eruditus et virorum litteratorum adeo amans, ut sedulitatem etiam mali
cuiusdam poetae aliquo praemio dignam duxerit: nam cum ille epigramma in
eum fecisset eique subiecisset, Sulla statim praemium ei dari iussit,
sed ea lege, ne quid postea scriberet. Ante victoriam laudandus, in iis
vero, quae secuta sunt, numquam satis vituperandus, urbem enim et
Italiam civilis sanguinis fluminibus inundavit. Non solum in vivos
saeviit, sed ne mortuis quidem pepercit: nam Gai Marii, cuius, etsi
postea hostis, aliquando tamen quaestor fuerat, erutos cineres in flumen
proiecit. Qua crudelitate rerum praeclare gestarum gloriam corrupit.


  #XXIV. Lcius Cornlius Sulla# [[as printed]]

  138-78 B.C.

  Cornlius Sulla cum parvulus  ntrce ferrtur, mulier[7] obvia
  "Salv" inquit "puer tibi et re pblicae tuae flx," et statim
  quaesta[8] quae haec dxisset, nn potuit invenr.[9]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 107.]

  Hc bell Iugurthn[10] quaestor Mari fuit. Qu[11] cum[12] sque
  ad quaestrae comitia vtam libdine, vn, ldicrae[13] artis     {5}
  amre inquintam perdxisset,[12] C. Marius cnsul molest
  tulisse trditur, quod sibi gravissimum bellum gerent tam dlictus
  quaestor sorte[14] obvnisset. iusdem tamen, postquam in
    [[75]]
  fricam vnit, virts[1] nituit. Bell[2] Cimbric, lgtus       {9}
  cnsulis[3] bonam operam nvvit. Cnsul ipse deinde factus, puls
  in exsilium Mari, adversus Mithridtem[4] profectus est. Mithridts
  enim, Ponticus rx, vir bell cerrimus, virtte eximius,
  odi in Rmns nn nferior Hannibale,[5] occupt Asi nectsque
  in e omnibus cvibus Rmns,[6] qus quidem edem di
  atque hr per omns cvitts interim iusserat, Eurpae quoque  {15}
  taliaeque imminre vidbtur. Ac prm Sulla illus praefects
  dubus proelis[7] in Graeci prflgvit; dein trnsgressus in
  Asiam Mithridtem ipsum fdit; et oppressisset,[8] nisi ad bellum
  cvle adversus Marium fstnns qulemcumque[9] pcem compnere
  mluisset.[8] Mithridtem tamen pecni[10] multvit; Asi[11]    {20}
  alisque prvincis,[11] qus occupverat, dcdere paternsque
  fnibus contentum esse cogit.

  [Sidenote: B.C. 82.]

  Sulla propter mts urbns[12] cum victre exercit Rmam
  propervit; es, qu Mari favbant, omns supervit. Nihil
  autem e victri fuit crdlius. Sulla, urbem ingressus et       {25}
  dicttor[13] cretus, vel in es, qu s sponte ddiderant, iussit
  animadvert. Quattuor mlia dditrum inermium cvium
  in Circ interfic iussit. Quis autem ills potest computre, qus
  in urbe passim, quisquis[14] voluit, occdit, dnec admonret Ffidius
  qudam vvere aliqus dbre, ut[15] essent, quibus[15] imperret.
    [[76]]
  Nov[1] et inaudt exempl tabulam prscrptinis[2] prposuit,  {31}
  qu nmina erum, qu occdend essent, continbantur; cumque
  omnium orta esset indgnti, postrdi plra etiam adicit nmina.
  Ingns caesrum fuit multitd. Nec slum in[3] es saevvit, qu
  arms contr s dmicvissent, sed etiam quit anim cvs       {35}
  propter pecniae mgnitdinem prscrptrum numer adicit.
  Cvis qudam innoxius, cu fundus in agr Albn erat, cum
  legns prscrptrum nmina s quoque vidret scrptum,
  "Vae" inquit "miser mihi[4]! m fundus Albnus persequitur."
  Neque[5] long prgressus  qudam, qu eum gnverat,            {40}
  cnfossus[6] est.

  [Sidenote: B.C. 78.]

  Dpulss prstrtsque[7] inimcrum partibus Sulla Flcem[8] s
  dict appellvit, cumque ius uxor gemins edem tunc part
  didisset, puerum Faustum[8] puellamque Faustam[8] nminr voluit.
  Sed paucs anns post repente contr omnium exspecttinem        {45}
  dicttram dposuit. Dmisss lctribus di in For cum
  amcs deambulvit. Stupbat populus eum prvtum vidns,
  cius modo[9] tam formdolsa fuerat potests; quodque nn
  minus mrandum fuit, prvt e nn slum sals, sed etiam dgnits
  cnstitit,[10] qu cvs innumers occderat. nus adulscns     {50}
  fuit, qu[11] audret quer et recdentem sque ad fors doms
  maledicts incessere. Atque ille, cius ram potentissim vir
  mximaeque cvitts nec effugere nec plcre potuerant, nus
  adulscentul contumlis patient anim tulit, id tantum in[12]
    [[77]]
  lmine iam dcns: "Hc adulscns efficiet[1] n quis[2] posthc
  tle imperium dpnat."                                           {56}

  Sulla deinde in vllam profectus rsticr et vnand[3] vtam
  agere coepit. Ibi morb correptus interiit, vir ingentis anim,
  cupidus volupttum, sed glriae cupidior; ltters[4] Graecs atque
  Latns rudtus et virrum lttertrum ade amns,[5] ut        {60}
  sdulittem etiam mal ciusdam potae aliqu praemi dgnam dxerit:
  nam cum ille epigramma in eum fcisset eque subicisset,[6]
  Sulla statim praemium e dar iussit, sed e lge,[7] n quid[2]
      poste                                                        {63}
  scrberet. Ante victriam laudandus,[8] in is vr, quae secta
  sunt, numquam[9] satis vituperandus, urbem enim et taliam cvlis
  sanguinis flminibus inundvit. Nn slum in vvs saeviit,       {66}
  sed n mortus quidem pepercit[10]: nam G Mari, cius, ets
  poste hostis, aliquand tamen quaestor fuerat, ruts ciners in
  flmen pricit. Qu crdlitte rrum praeclr gestrum glriam
  corrpit.                                                         {70}

    [Footnotes: XXIV (pages 74-77)

    74.7: #mulier obvia . . . inquit#: 'a woman met them and said.'
    74.8: #quaesta . . . dxisset#: 'though inquiries were made as to
    who had said this.' How literally? #dxisset# is a subjunctive of
    indir. question dependent on #quaesta#: cf. p.3, n.2.
    74.9: Cf. VIII, 43.
    74.10: Cf. XXIII, 20.
    74.11: i.e. Sulla.
    74.12: Cf. p. 13, n. 20.
    74.13: #ldicrae artis#: 'the sportive art,' i.e. what we would
    call 'the stage,' or 'the drama.' The better classes at Rome
    looked with disfavor on the theater. Since no free Roman was
    allowed to appear upon the stage, the actors were slaves or
    freedmen. The praetor was empowered to flog actors publicly at
    will.
    74.14: After the election of the quaestors their posts were
    assigned to them by lot.
    75.1: 'ability.' It was mainly through Sulla's efforts that
    Jugurtha was captured.
    75.2: Cf. XXIII, 49.
    75.3: Q. Lutatius Catulus, colleague of Marius in 101.
    75.4: Cf. 72, n. 2.
    75.5: abl. of comparison with #nferior#: cf. p.10, n.18.
    75.6: This butchery occurred in 88. The number of victims is
    variously stated from 80,000 to 150,000.
    75.7: At Chaeronea and Orchomenus in Boeotia. Both battles were
    fought in86.
    75.8: Cf. p. 47, n. 12.
    75.9: #qulemcumque pcem#: 'peace on any terms.'
    75.10: abl. of the penalty: H 456, 3 (410, III): M 584: A220,
    _b_: G378, R. 3: B208, 2, _b_.
    75.11: Cf. p. 1, n. 6.
    75.12: Cf. XXIII, 113-122.
    75.13: Sulla's dictatorship differed widely from those of former
    times (1)because his was unlimited in time, whereas the old
    dictators held office for six months only; (2)his power extended
    to every department of government, whereas formerly dictators had
    been created to accomplish some _one_ object.
    75.14: #quisquis voluit# contains the subject of #occdit#.
    75.15: #ut . . . imperret#: 'that there might be people for him
    (Sulla) to rule over.' For #quibus ... imperret#, see p.5,
    n.3.
    76.1: #Nov . . . prposuit#: 'He exposed to public view (inthe
    Forum) aproscription list, an unprecedented and unheard of act.'
    #exempl#: abl. of manner.
    76.2: #prscrptinis#: Latin often uses a gen. where English
    employs an adj. or a noun with adj. value.
    76.3: #in es saevvit#: 'he vented his rage upon those.'
    76.4: ethical dat.: H 432 (389, N. 2): M 541: A235, _e_: G351:
    B188, 2, _b_.
    76.5: #Neque# = _et nn_, as often at the beginning of clauses.
    76.6: _cnfodi_.
    76.7: _prstern_.
    76.8: These words all = 'Lucky.'
    76.9: 'just now,' 'but a moment before.'
    76.10: 'remained intact.'
    76.11: #qu audret# is a rel. clause of result = _tlis ut
    audret_. It characterizes or describes the antecedent
    #adulscns#. See p.73, n.5.
    76.12: #in lmine iam#: 'when he was already at (on) his own
    threshold,' i.e. even the brief comment that he deigned to make
    was not uttered till the last moment.
    77.3: #vnand . . . coepit#: cf. I, 21, _vnand ...
    coeprunt_, and note.
    77.4: Cf. p. 64, n. 2.
    77.5: #amns# is treated here as an adj., and so construed with
    the gen. Cf. _cupidus volupttum_, l.59.
    77.6: 'had thrust up from below.' Sulla was sitting on a tribunal
    in the Forum.
    77.7: Cf. p. 11, n. 9.
    77.8: Sc. _erat_.
    77.9: #numquam . . . vituperandus# (_est_): 'can never be blamed
    enough.' In _negative_ sentences the gerundive often conveys this
    idea of possibility. For its other meanings, see p.39, n.11.
    77.10: _parc._]


#XXV. Lucius Lucullus# [[stripped text]]

Lucius Lucullus ingeni, doctrina, virtute fuit insignis. In Asiam
quaestor profectus ibi per multos annos admirabili quadam laude
provinciae praefuit, deinde absens factus aedilis, continuo praetor,
inde ad consulatum promotus est, quem ita gessit, ut omnes diligentiam
admirarentur, ingenium agnoscerent. Post ad Mithridaticum bellum missus
a senatu non modo opinionem vicit omnium, sed etiam gloriam superiorum
ducum. Idque eo fuit mirabilius, quod ab eo laus imperatoria non admodum
exspectabatur, qui adulescentiam in forensi opera, quaesturae diuturnum
tempus in Asiae pace consumpserat; sed incredibilis quaedam ingenii
magnitudo non desideravit usus disciplinam. Itaque cum totum iter et
navigationem consumpsisset partim in percontando a peritis, partim in
rebus gestis legendis, in Asiam factus imperator venit, cum esset Roma
profectus rei militaris rudis.

Lucullus eo bello magnas ac memorabiles res gessit; Mithridatem saepe
multis locis fudit; Tigranem, regum maximum, in Armenia vicit,
ultimamque bello manum magis noluit imponere, quam non potuit; sed
alioqui per omnia laudabilis et bello paene invictus pecuniae cupidini
nimium deditus fuit; quam tamen ideo expetebat, ut per luxuriam
effunderet. Itaque postquam de Mithridate triumphavit, abiecta omnium
rerum cura coepit delicate ac molliter vivere otioque et luxu diffluere:
magnifice et immenso sumptu villas aedificavit atque ad eorum usum mare
ipsum vexavit. Nam in quibusdam locis moles mari iniecit; in aliis,
suffossis montibus, mare in terras induxit, unde eum haud infacete
Pompeius Xerxem togatum vocare adsueverat.

Habebat Lucullus villam prospectu et ambulatione pulcherrimam. Quo cum
venisset Pompeius, id unum reprehendit, quod ea habitatio esset quidem
aestate peramoena, sed hieme minus commoda videretur; cui Lucullus
"Putasne" inquit "me minus sapere quam hirundines, quae adveniente hieme
sedem commutant?" Villarum magnificentiae respondebat epularum sumptus.
Cum aliquando modica ei, utpote soli, cena esset posita, coquum graviter
obiurgavit, eique excusanti ac dicenti se non debuisse lautum parare
convivium, quod nemo esset ad cenam invitatus, "Quid ais?" inquit iratus
Lucullus. "Nesciebasne Lucullum hodie cenaturum esse apud Lucullum?"

Laudanda est Luculli impensa et studium in libris. Nam et multos et
optimos conquisivit eosque liberaliter dedit utendos. Patebat omnibus
bibliotheca, et in porticus ei adiectas velut ad Musarum aedem veniebant
maxime Graeci tempusque ibi iucunde inter se traducebant ab aliis curis
liberi. Saepe cum iis versabatur Lucullus et inter magnam doctorum
virorum turbam ambulabat.


  #XXV. Lcius Lcullus# [[as printed]]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 74.]

  Lcius Lcullus ingeni, doctrn, virtte fuit nsgnis. In
  Asiam quaestor profectus ibi per mults anns admrbil qudam[11]
  laude[12] prvinciae praefuit, deinde absns factus[13] aedlis,
  continu praetor, inde ad cnsultum[14] prmtus est, quem
  ita gessit, ut omns dligentiam admrrentur, ingenium            {5}
    [[78]]
  gnscerent. Post ad Mithridticum[1] bellum missus  sent
  nn modo opninem vcit[2] omnium, sed etiam glriam superirum
  ducum. Idque e[3] fuit mrbilius, quod ab e laus[4] impertria
  nn admodum exspectbtur, qu adulscentiam in forns[5] oper,
  quaestrae diuturnum tempus in[6] Asiae pce cnsmpserat; sed    {10}
  incrdibilis quaedam[7] ingeni mgnitd nn dsdrvit ss[8]
  dsciplnam. Itaque cum ttum iter[9] et nvigtinem cnsmpsisset
  partim in percontand  perts,[10] partim in rbus[11] gests
  legends, in Asiam factus[12] impertor vnit, cum esset Rm
  profectus re mlitris rudis.[13]                                {15}

  Lcullus e bell mgns ac memorbils rs gessit; Mithridtem
  saepe mults locs fdit; Tigrnem,[14] rgum mximum, in
  Armeni vcit, ultimamque[15] bell manum magis nluit impnere,
  quam nn potuit; sed alioqu per omnia laudbilis[16] et bell paene
  invictus pecniae cupdin nimium dditus fuit; quam tamen        {20}
  ide expetbat, ut per lxuriam effunderet. Itaque postquam
  d Mithridte triumphvit,[17] abiect omnium rrum cr coepit
  dlict ac molliter vvere tique et lx diffluere: mgnific et
  immns smpt vlls aedificvit atque ad erum sum[18] mare
    [[79]]
  ipsum vexvit. Nam in quibusdam locs mls[1] mar inicit; in   {25}
  alis, suffosss montibus, mare in terrs indxit, unde eum haud
  nfact Pompius Xerxem togtum[2] vocre adsuverat.[3]

    [Illustration: VLLA]

  Habbat Lcullus vllam prspect[4] et ambultine pulcherrimam.
  Qu cum vnisset Pompius, id num reprehendit, quod
  ea habitti esset[5] quidem aestte peramoena, sed hieme minus   {30}
  commoda vidrtur[5]; cu Lcullus "Putsne" inquit "m minus
  sapere quam hirundins, quae adveniente hieme sdem commtant?"
  Vllrum mgnificentiae respondbat epulrum smptus.
  Cum aliquand modica e, utpote[6] sl, cna esset posita, coquum
  graviter obirgvit, eque excsant ac dcent s nn dbuisse   {35}
  lautum parre convvium, quod nm esset[5] ad cnam invttus,
    [[80]]
  "Quid ais?" inquit rtus Lcullus. "Nescibsne Lcullum
  hodi cntrum esse apud Lcullum?"

  Laudanda est Lcull impnsa et studium in librs. Nam et         {39}
  mults et optims conqusvit esque lberliter dedit[1] tends.
  Patbat omnibus bibliothca, et in portics e adiects velut ad
  Msrum[2] aedem venibant mxim Graec tempusque ibi icund
  inter s trdcbant ab alis crs lber. Saepe cum is
  versbtur Lcullus et inter mgnam doctrum virrum turbam
  ambulbat.                                                        {45}

    [Footnotes: XXV (pages 77-80)

    77.1: #efficiet n . . . dpnat#: 'will prevent any one from
    resigning.' For the subjunctive #dpnat#, see p.9, n.6.
    77.2: The indefinite pronoun _quis_ occurs chiefly after _s_,
    _nisi_, _n_, and _num_. Elsewhere _aliquis_ is used.
    77.11: Cf. p. 76, n. 1.
    77.12: 'ability.'
    77.13: Sc. _est_.
    77.14: The offices mentioned here formed the _cursus honrum_, or
    official career, through which all desirous of political
    distinction were required to pass. The aedileship, however, might
    be omitted.
    78.1: Cf. p. 72, n. 2. Lucullus assumed command against
    Mithridates in 74 B.C.
    78.2: 'surpassed,' 'outstripped.'
    78.3: causal abl., explained by #quod . . . exspectbtur#.
    78.4: 'ability.'
    78.5: #forns oper#: 'legal business,' i.e. the practice of law.
    In or near the Forum were the law courts, as well as business
    places in general.
    78.6: #in Asiae pce#: 'in Asia, which was then at peace.'
    78.7: #qudam# is often used, as here, to soften a phrase which
    the writer fears may seem exaggerated.
    78.8: #ss dsciplnam#: 'the training of experience.'
    78.9: #iter et nvigtinem#: 'voyage.'
    78.10: 'experts.' Sc. #re mlitris#.
    78.11: #rbus gests#: 'history'; here, of course, military
    history especially.
    78.12: Cf. our use of the word 'finished.'
    78.13: The statements in lines 9-15 are untrue, since Lucullus had
    served with distinction under Sulla in the first Mithridatic War.
    78.14: King of Armenia, and son-in-law of Mithridates, with whom
    he had formed alliance.
    78.15: #ultimam . . . potuit#: 'his failure to put the finishing
    touches (#ultimam manum#) to the war was due more to unwillingness
    than to inability.' How literally? Here too the biographer shows
    his prejudice. Lucullus' failure to end the war was due to the
    mutiny of his soldiers, who were weary of their incessant
    exertions, and angry because L. did not permit them to gratify
    their greed for plunder.
    78.16: '(though) praiseworthy.' #invictus# must be similarly
    translated.
    78.17: Cf. p. 18, n. 7.
    78.18: 'convenience.'
    79.1: #mls . . . inicit#: 'he built huge structures out into
    the sea.'
    79.2: Cf. p. 73, n. 10. Xerxes, king of Persia, made an expedition
    against Greece in 480 B.C., in the course of which he executed
    certain important engineering works.
    79.3: _adsusc_.
    79.4: #prspect . . . pulcherrimam#: 'with a very beautiful view
    and promenade.' #prspect# and #ambultine# are abl. of
    specification.
    79.5: Why subjunctive?
    79.6: #utpote sl# = _quod slus erat_. In phrases like this
    Latin suffers from the lack of a present part. to _sum_.
    80.1: #dedit tends#: i.e. loaned them. For #tends#, see p.2,
    n.18.
    80.2: The Muses were patrons of literature in its various forms.]


#XXVI. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus# [[stripped text]]

Gnaeus Pompeius, stirpis senatoriae, bello civili se et patrem consilio
servavit. Cum enim Pompei pater exercitui suo ob avaritiam esset
invisus, facta in eum conspiratione, Terentius quidam, Gnaei Pompei
filii contubernalis, hunc occidendum suscepit, dum alii tabernaculum
patris incenderent. Quae res cum iuveni Pompeio cenanti nuntiata esset,
nihil periculo motus solito hilarius bibit et cum Terentio eadem, qua
antea, comitate usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam subduxit se
tentorio et firmam patri circumdedit custodiam. Terentius tum destricto
ense ad lectum Pompei accessit multisque ictibus stragula percussit.
Orta mox seditione Pompeius se in media coniecit agmina, militesque
tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit ac duci reconciliavit.

Eodem bello Pompeius partes Sullae secutus ita se gessit ut ab eo maxime
diligeretur. Annos tres et viginti natus, ut Sullae auxilio veniret,
paterni exercitus reliquias conlegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit.
Magnus illius apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit; nullus
ei labor taedio, nulla defatigatio molestiae erat. Cibi vinique
temperans, somni parcus; inter milites corpus exercens cum alacribus
saltu, cum velocibus cursu, cum validis luctando certabat. Tum ad Sullam
iter intendit et in eo itinere tres hostium exercitus aut fudit aut sibi
adiunxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad se accedere audivit egregiamque sub signis
iuventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem
et postea ei venienti solebat sella adsurgere et caput aperire et equo
descendere, quem honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat.

Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam a Carbone, Sullae
inimico, occupatam reciperet. Carbo comprehensus et ad Pompeium ductus
est: quem Pompeius, etsi Carbo muliebriter mortem extimescens demisse et
flebiliter mortem deprecabatur, ad supplicium duci iussit. Longe
moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium, Siciliae cuiusdam civitatis
principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem animadvertere decrevisset, quae
sibi adversata fuisset, inique eum facturum Sthenius exclamavit, si ob
unius culpam omnes puniret. Interroganti Pompeio quisnam ille unus
esset, "Ego" inquit Sthenius "qui cives meos ad id induxi." Tam libera
voce delectatus Pompeius omnibus et Sthenio ipsi pepercit.

Transgressus inde in Africam Iarbam, Numidiae regem, qui Marii partibus
favebat, bello persecutus intra dies quadraginta oppressit et Africam
subegit adulescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Deinde cum litterae ei a
Sulla redditae essent, quibus exercitu dimisso cum una legione
successorem exspectare iubebatur, Pompeius, quamquam aegre id ferebat,
tamen paruit et Romam revertit. Revertenti incredibilis hominum
multitudo obviam ivit; Sulla quoque laetus eum excepit et Magni
cognomine consalutavit. Nihilo minus Pompeio triumphum petenti restitit:
neque vero ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius aususque dicere
plures adorare solem orientem quam occidentem: quo dicto innuebat Sullae
potentiam minui, suam crescere. Ea voce audita Sulla, confidentia
adulescentis perculsus, "Triumphet! triumphet!" exclamavit.

Metello iam seni et bellum in Hispania segnius gerenti conlega datus
Pompeius adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. Maximum ibi in
proelio quodam periculum subiit: cum enim vir vasta corporis magnitudine
impetum in eum fecisset, Pompeius manum amputavit; sed multis in eum
concurrentibus vulnus in femore accepit et a suis fugientibus desertus
in hostium potestate erat. At praeter spem evasit: barbari enim equum
eius auro phalerisque eximiis instructum ceperant. Dum igitur praedam
inter se altercantes partiuntur, Pompeius eorum manus effugit. Altero
proelio cum Metellus Pompeio laboranti auxilio venisset, Sertorius
recedere coactus dixisse fertur: "Nisi anus illa supervenisset, ego hunc
puerum verberibus castigatum Romam dimisissem." Metellum anum
appellabat, quia is, iam senex, ad mollem et effeminatam vitam
deflexerat. Sertorio interfecto Pompeius Hispaniam recepit.

Cum piratae illa tempestate maria omnia infestarent et quasdam etiam
Italiae urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos cum imperio
extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimiae viri potentiae obsistebant
quidam ex optimatibus et imprimis Quintus Catulus. Qui cum in contione
dixisset esse quidem praeclarum virum Cn. Pompeium, sed non esse uni
omnia tribuenda, adiecissetque: "Si quid huic acciderit, quem in eius
locum substituetis?" summo consensu succlamavit universa contio, "Te,
Quinte Catule." Tam honorifico civium testimonio victus Catulus e
contione discessit. Pompeius, dispositis per omnes maris recessus
navibus, brevi terrarum orbem illa peste liberavit; praedones multis
locis victos fudit; eosdem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris
procul a mari conlocavit. Nihil hac victoria celerius, nam intra
quadragesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.

Confecto bello piratico, Gnaeus Pompeius contra Mithridatem profectus in
Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Proelium cum rege conserere cupiebat,
neque opportuna dabatur pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu
castris se continebat, noctu vero haud tutum erat congredi cum hoste in
locis ignotis. Nocte tamen aliquando cum Pompeius Mithridatem aggressus
esset, luna magno fuit Romanis adiumento. Quam cum Romani a tergo
haberent, umbrae corporum longius proiectae ad primos usque hostium
ordines pertinebant, unde decepti regii milites in umbras, tamquam in
propinquum hostem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum
profugit. Pharnaces filius bellum ei intulit, qui, occisis a patre
fratribus, vitae suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus venenum
sumpsit; quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea
medicamentis corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo, a quo ut adiuvaret se
petierat, interfectus est.

Tigrani deinde, Armeniae regi, qui Mithridatis partes secutus erat,
Pompeius bellum intulit eumque ad deditionem compulit. Qui cum
procubuisset ad genua Pompei, eum erexit, et benignis verbis recreatum
diadema, quod abiecerat, capiti reponere iussit, aeque pulchrum esse
iudicans et vincere reges et facere. Inde in Iudaeam profectus Romanorum
primus Iudaeos domuit, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, cepit, templumque iure
victoriae ingressus est. Rebus Asiae compositis, in Italiam versus ad
urbem venit, non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitu,
et tertium triumphum biduo duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis
inusitatisque ornamentis hic triumphus; sed nihil inlustrius visum, quam
quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes devictae causam praebuerant:
Pompeius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, iterum ex
Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, felix opinione hominum futurus, si,
quem gloriae, eundem vitae finem habuisset neque adversam fortunam esset
expertus iam senex.

Posteriore enim tempore orta inter Pompeium et Caesarem gravi
dissensione, quod hic superiorem, ille parem ferre non posset, bellum
civile exarsit. Caesar infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pompeius,
relicta urbe ac deinde Italia ipsa, Thessaliam petit et cum eo consules
senatusque omnis: quem insecutus Caesar apud Pharsalum acie fudit.
Victus Pompeius ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypti regem, cui tutor a senatu datus
erat, profugit, qui Pompeium interfici iussit. Latus Pompei sub oculis
uxoris et liberorum mucrone confossum est, caput praecisum, truncus in
Nilum coniectus. Deinde caput cum anulo ad Caesarem delatum est, qui eo
viso lacrimas non continens illud multis pretiosissimisque odoribus
cremandum curavit.

Is fuit Pompei post tres consulatus et totidem triumphos vitae exitus.
Erant in Pompeio multae et magnae virtutes ac praecipue admiranda
frugalitas. Cum ei aegrotanti praecepisset medicus ut turdum ederet,
negarent autem servi eam avem usquam aestivo tempore posse reperiri,
nisi apud Lucullum, qui turdos domi saginaret, vetuit Pompeius turdum
inde peti, medicoque dixit: "Ergo, nisi Lucullus perditus deliciis
esset, non viveret Pompeius?" Aliam avem, quae parabilis esset, sibi
iussit apponi.

Viris doctis magnum honorem habebat Pompeius. Ex Syria decedens,
confecto bello Mithridatico, cum Rhodum venisset, Posidonium cupiit
audire; sed cum audivisset eum graviter esse aegrum, quod vehementer
eius artus laborarent, voluit tamen nobilissimum philosophum visere. Mos
erat ut, consule aedes aliquas ingressuro, lictor fores percuteret,
admonens consulem adesse, at Pompeius fores Posidonii percuti honoris
causa vetuit. Quem ut vidit et salutavit, moleste se dixit ferre, quod
eum non posset audire. At ille "Tu vero" inquit "potes, nec committam ut
dolor corporis efficiat ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit." Itaque
cubans graviter et copiose de hoc ipso disputavit: nihil esse bonum nisi
quod honestum esset, nihil malum dici posse, quod turpe non esset. Cum
vero dolores acriter eum pungerent, saepe "Nihil agis," inquit "dolor!
quamvis sis molestus, numquam te esse malum confitebor."


  #XXVI. Gnaeus Pompius Mgnus# [[as printed]]

    [Illustration: POMPEY]

  Gnaeus Pompius,[3] stirpis sentriae, bell[4]
  cvl s et patrem cnsili servvit. Cum enim
  Pomp pater exercitu su ob avritiam esset
  invsus, fact in eum cnsprtine, Terentius
  qudam, Gnae Pomp fli[5] contubernlis, hunc[6]               {5}
  occdendum suscpit, dum[7] ali tabernculum
  patris incenderent.[7] Quae rs cum iuven Pompi
  cnant nntita esset, nihil percul mtus
  solit[8] hilarius bibit et cum Terenti edem,
  qu[9] ante, cmitte sus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam  {10}
  subdxit s tentri et frmam patr circumdedit cstdiam.
  Terentius tum dstrict nse ad lectum Pomp accessit multsque
  ctibus strgula percussit.[10] Ort mox sditine Pompius s in
    [[81]]
  media conicit gmina, mlitsque tumultuants precibus et lacrims
  plcvit ac duc reconcilivit.                                   {15}

  Edem bell Pompius parts Sullae sectus ita s gessit ut ab
  e mxim dligertur. Anns trs et vgint ntus, ut Sullae
  auxili venret, patern exercits reliquis conlgit, statimque
  dux pertus exstitit.[1] Mgnus illus apud mlitem amor, mgna
  apud omns admrti fuit; nllus e[2] labor taedi,[2] nlla
      dfatgti                                                   {20}
  molestiae[2] erat. Cib[3] vnque[3] temperns, somn parcus[4];
  inter mlits corpus exercns cum alacribus salt,[5] cum vlcibus
  curs,[5] cum valids luctand[5] certbat. Tum ad Sullam iter
  intendit et in e itinere trs hostium exercits aut fdit aut sibi
  adinxit. Quem ubi Sulla ad s accdere audvit gregiamque       {25}
  sub sgns iuventtem spexit, dsiliit ex equ Pompiumque
  saltvit impertrem et poste e[6] venient solbat sell
  adsurgere et caput aperre et equ dscendere, quem honrem nmin
  nisi Pompi tribubat.

  Poste Pompius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam  Carbne,      {30}
  Sullae inimc, occuptam reciperet. Carb comprehnsus et ad
  Pompium ductus est: quem Pompius, etsi Carb[7] muliebriter
  mortem extimscns dmiss et flbiliter mortem dprecbtur,
  ad supplicium dc iussit. Long modertior fuit Pompius erg
  Sthenium, Siciliae ciusdam cvittis prncipem. Cum enim in      {35}
  eam cvittem animadvertere dcrvisset, quae[8] sibi adversta
  fuisset, inqu eum factrum Sthenius exclmvit,[9] s ob nus
  culpam omns pnret. Interrogant Pompi quisnam ille nus
  esset, "Ego" inquit Sthenius "qu cvs mes ad id indx."
    [[82]]
  Tam lber vce dlecttus Pompius omnibus et Stheni ips       {40}
  pepercit.[1]

  Trnsgressus inde in fricam Iarbam, Numidiae rgem, qu
  Mari partibus favbat, bell persectus intr dis quadrgint
  oppressit et fricam subgit adulscns[2] quattuor et vgint
  annrum. Deinde cum litterae e  Sull redditae essent, quibus   {45}
  exercit[3] dmiss cum n legine successrem exspectre
  iubbtur, Pompius, quamquam aegr id ferbat, tamen pruit et
  Rmam revertit. Revertent incrdibilis hominum multitd
  obviam vit; Sulla quoque laetus eum excpit et Mgn
  cgnmine cnsaltvit. Nihil minus Pompi triumphum petent    {50}
  restitit: neque vr e r  prposit dterritus est Pompius
  aususque[4] dcere plrs adrre slem orientem quam occidentem:
  qu dict innubat Sullae potentiam minu, suam crscere.
  E vce audt Sulla, cnfdenti adulscentis perculsus,[5]
  "Triumphet! triumphet!" exclmvit.                               {55}

  Metell[6] iam sen[7] et bellum in Hispni sgnius gerent
  conlga datus Pompius adversus Sertrium vari vent dmicvit.
  Mximum ibi in proeli qudam perculum subiit: cum enim vir
  vst corporis mgnitdine impetum in eum fcisset, Pompius
  manum amputvit; sed mults[8] in eum concurrentibus vulnus in    {60}
  femore accpit et  sus fugientibus dsertus in[9] hostium potestte
  erat. At praeter spem vsit: barbar enim equum ius aur
  phalersque eximis nstrctum cperant. Dum igitur praedam
  inter s altercants[10] partiuntur, Pompius erum mans effgit.
  Alter proeli cum Metellus Pompi labrant auxili vnisset,   {65}
  Sertrius recdere coctus dxisse fertur: "Nisi anus illa
    [[83]]
  supervnisset,[1] ego hunc puerum verberibus castgtum Rmam
  dmsissem."[1] Metellum anum appellbat, quia is, iam senex,[2] ad
  mollem et effmintam vtam dflexerat. Sertri interfect
  Pompius Hispniam recpit.                                       {70}

  [Sidenote: B.C. 67.]

  Cum[3] prtae ill tempestte
  maria omnia nfstrent[3] et qusdam
  etiam taliae urbs dripuissent,[3]
  ad es opprimends
  cum imperi extrardinri                                        {75}
  missus est Pompius. Nimiae
  vir potentiae obsistbant qudam
  ex optimtibus et imprms Quntus Catulus. Qu cum in cntine
  dxisset esse quidem[4] praeclrum virum Cn. Pompium, sed[4] nn
  esse n omnia tribuenda, adicissetque: "S quid huc acciderit,
  quem in ius locum substitutis?" summ cnsns succlmvit      {81}
  niversa cnti, "T, Qunte Catule." Tam honrific cvium
  tstimni victus Catulus  cntine discessit. Pompius,
  disposits[5] per omns maris recesss nvibus, brev terrrum orbem
  ill pste lbervit; praedns mults locs victs fdit; esdem
  in dditinem accepts in urbibus et agrs procul  mar          {86}
  conlocvit. Nihil hc victri celerius, nam intr quadrgsimum
  diem prts tt mar expulit.

    [Illustration: NVIS PRTA]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 66.]

  Cnfect bell prtic, Gnaeus Pompius contr Mithridtem
  profectus in Asiam mgn celeritte contendit. Proelium           {90}
  cum rge cnserere cupibat, neque[6] opportna dabtur
  pgnand facults, quia Mithridts interdi castrs s continbat,
  noct vr haud ttum erat congred cum hoste in locs gnts.
  Nocte tamen aliquand cum Pompius Mithridtem aggressus
  esset, lna mgn fuit Rmns adiment. Quam cum Rmn         {95}
    [[84]]
  [1] terg habrent, umbrae corporum longius priectae ad prms
  sque hostium rdins pertinbant, unde dcept rgi mlits in
  umbrs, tamquam in propinquum hostem, tla mittbant. Victus
  Mithridts in Pontum profgit. Pharnacs flius bellum e        {99}
  intulit, qu, occss  patre frtribus, vtae suae ipse timbat.
  Mithridts  fli obsessus[2] vennum smpsit; quod cum tardius
  subret, quia adversus venna mults ante medicments corpus
  frmverat,  mlite Gall, [3] qu ut adiuvret s petierat,
  interfectus est.

    [Illustration: DIADMA]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 63.]

  Tigrn deinde, Armeniae rg, qu Mithridtis parts sectus    {105}
  erat, Pompius bellum intulit eumque ad dditinem compulit.
  Qu cum prcubuisset ad genua Pomp, eum
  rxit,[4] et bengns verbs recretum diadma,
  quod abicerat, capit repnere iussit, aequ[5]
  pulchrum esse idicns et vincere rgs et                       {110}
  facere. Inde in Idaeam profectus Rmnrum
  prmus[6] Idaes domuit, Hierosolyma,
  caput gentis, cpit, templumque ire[7]
  victriae ingressus est. Rbus Asiae                             {114}
  composits, in Italiam versus[8] ad urbem[9] vnit, nn, ut plrque
  timuerant, armtus, sed dmiss exercit, et tertium triumphum
  bdu[10] dxit. nsgnis fuit mults novs insittsque rnments
  hc triumphus; sed nihil inlstrius vsum, quam quod[11] tribus
  triumphs trs orbis parts dvictae causam praebuerant: Pompius
    [[85]]
  enim, quod[1] ante contigerat nmin, prmum ex fric,         {120}
  iterum ex Eurp, terti ex Asi triumphvit, flx opnine
  hominum futrus, s, quem[2] glriae, eundem vtae fnem habuisset
  neque adversam fortnam esset expertus iam senex.

  [Sidenote: B.C. 49.]

  Posterire enim tempore ort inter Pompium et Caesarem[3]
  grav dissnsine, quod[4] hc[5] superirem, ille[5] parem ferre
  nn posset, bellum cvle exrsit. Caesar nfst[6] exercit    {126}
  in taliam vnit. Pompius, relct urbe ac deinde tali ips,
  Thessaliam petit et cum e cnsuls sentusque omnis: quem
  nsectus Caesar apud Pharslum aci fdit. Victus Pompius
  ad Ptolemaeum, Aegypt rgem, cu ttor  sent datus erat,     {130}
  profgit, qu Pompium interfic iussit. Latus Pomp sub oculs
  uxris et lberrum mcrne cnfossum est, caput praecsum,
  truncus in Nlum coniectus. Deinde caput cum nul ad Caesarem
  dltum est, qu e vs lacrims nn continns illud
  mults pretisissimsque odribus cremandum crvit.             {135}

  Is fuit Pomp post trs cnsults et totidem triumphs vtae
  exitus. Erant in Pompi multae et mgnae virtts ac praecipu
  admranda frglits. Cum e aegrtant praecpisset
  medicus ut turdum ederet, negrent autem[7] serv eam avem
  squam aestv tempore posse reperr, nisi apud Lcullum, qu   {140}
  turds dom sagnret, vetuit Pompius turdum inde pet, medicque
  dxit: "Erg,[8] nisi Lcullus perditus dlicis esset, nn
  vveret Pompius?" Aliam avem, quae parbilis esset, sibi iussit
  appn.

    [[86]]
  Virs[1] docts mgnum honrem habbat Pompius. Ex Syri        {145}
  dcdns, cnfect bell Mithridtic, cum Rhodum vnisset,
  Posdnium cupiit audre[2]; sed cum audvisset eum graviter esse
  aegrum, quod[3] vehementer ius arts labrrent, voluit tamen
  nbilissimum philosophum vsere. Ms erat ut, cnsule[4] aeds   {149}
  aliqus ingressr, lctor fors percuteret,[5] admonns cnsulem
  adesse, at Pompius fors Posdni percut honris caus vetuit.
  Quem ut vdit et saltvit, molest s dxit ferre, quod eum nn
  posset audre. At ille "T vr" inquit "potes, nec committam
  ut dolor corporis efficiat[5] ut frstr tantus vir ad m vnerit.[5]"
  Itaque cubns graviter et cpis d hc ips disputvit: nihil  {155}
  esse[6] bonum nisi quod honestum esset, nihil malum dc posse,
  quod turpe nn esset. Cum vr dolrs criter eum pungerent,
  saepe "Nihil agis," inquit "dolor! quamvs[7] ss molestus, numquam
  t esse malum cnfitbor."

    [Footnotes: XXVI (pages 80-86)

    80.3: See Vocab., _Pompius_.
    80.4: The reference is to the war between Marius and Sulla. See
    selections XXIV and XXV.
    80.5: Cf. _iuven_, l. 7. We should say 'the younger.' He was at
    this time but nineteen years of age.
    80.6: #hunc . . . suscpit#: 'undertook to kill him.' How
    literally? For #occdendum#, see p.2, n.18.
    80.7: #dum#, though meaning 'while' (cf. p. xx, G2), takes the
    subjunctive here because of the informal indir. disc. Terenti
    said: _flium ... suscipiam dum ali incenditis_.
    80.8: #solit hilarius#: 'with (even) more gaiety than usual.'
    #solit# is here a noun. Neuter adj. and part. are often so used.
    For its case, see p.10, n.18.
    80.9: #qu ante#: sc. _sus erat_.
    80.10: _percuti_.
    81.1: 'proved himself.'
    81.2: See p. 25, n. 6.
    81.3: objective gen. (p. 14, n. 15) with the part. #temperns#,
    which here = a simple adj. So #somn# is obj. gen. with #parcus#.
    81.4: Sc. _erat_.
    81.5: abl. of specification.
    81.6: #e venient#: '(as a mark of respect) to him when
    approaching.' #e# is a dat. of advantage with #adsurgere#.
    81.7: After #quem#, whose antecedent is #Carb#, l. 31, this word
    might have been omitted without loss of clearness. In fact, such
    omission is the more usual construction.
    81.8: #quae . . . fuisset#: causal. Note that in forming the
    pluperfect subjunctive certain writers often use _fuisset_ for
    _esset_.
    81.9: What were the exact words of Sthenius?
    82.1: _parc_.
    82.2: '(being then) a young man.' Cf. p. 44, n. 12.
    82.3: #exercit dmiss . . . exspectre# = _exercitum dmittere
    et ... exspectre_.
    82.4: Cf. p. 13, n. 12.
    82.5: _percell_.
    82.6: Quintus Caecilius Metellus, proconsul in Spain 79-76 B.C.
    82.7: #sen#: 'because he was old.'
    82.8: #mults . . . concurrentibus#: the abl. abs. here denotes
    both time and cause; see p. xxiii, K6. The prefix in
    #concurrentibus# conveys the idea of 'from every side.'
    82.9: #in . . . erat# = _ab hostibus captus est_.
    82.10: #altercants partiuntur#: lit., 'wrangling they divided' =
    'they wrangled about the division.'
    83.1: Why subjunctive?
    83.2: '_though_ already old.' The thought is that luxury and
    effeminacy are especially unbecoming to old age.
    83.3: See p. xx, H 2. What is the meaning of the change of tense
    in #dripuissent#?
    83.4: Cf. p. 10, n. 10.
    83.5: See p. xxiii, K 10.
    83.6: #neque . . . facults#: 'but no opportunity,' etc.
    84.1: # terg#: 'in the rear.' See p. 11, n. 10.
    84.2: _obside_.
    84.3: # qu . . . petierat#: 'whom he had asked to help him.' How
    literally? #ut adiuvret s# is a substantive clause of purpose
    and object of _petierat_. See p.7, n.20.
    84.4: _rig_.
    84.5: #aequ . . . facere#: lit., 'because he thought it an
    equally fine thing both to conquer kings and to create them.' The
    expression is somewhat careless. We would say: 'as glorious to
    create kings as to conquer them.' #aequ pulchrum# is predicate,
    #et vincere ... et facere# subject to #esse#.
    84.6: #prmus . . . domuit#: cf. p. 38, n. 1.
    84.7: #ire victriae#: 'by right of (i.e. on the strengthof) his
    victory.'
    84.8: 'turning'; lit., 'having turned himself.' Cf. n. on
    _cingitur_, XIII, l.29.
    84.9: 'the City,' i.e. Rome.
    84.10: Cf. p. xvii, D 1.
    84.11: #quod . . . praebuerant#: 'the fact that the conquest of
    (the) three parts,' etc. Cf. p.5, n.15, and p. xxiv, L4.
    85.1: 'something which'; its antecedent is the clause #prmum
    ... triumphvit# below.
    85.2: With #quem glriae#, sc. _fnem habuit_.
    85.3: The famous C. Julius Caesar, for whom see next selection.
    85.4: #quod . . . posset#: 'because (as men said) the one,' etc.
    For the subjunctive, see p. xxi, H4.
    85.5: #hc . . . ille#: 'the one (Caesar) . . . the other
    (Pompey).'
    85.6: #nfst exercit#: abl. of accompaniment: H474, 2, N. 1
    (419, III, 1,1): M634: A243, _a_, N.: G392, R. 1: B222,1.
    85.7: #autem# contrasts #negrent# with #praecpisset#. There is a
    contrast also between #serv# and #medicus#.
    85.8: #Erg . . . Pompius#? The force of this sentence can be
    given only by a free rendering, thus: 'Shall it be said, then,
    that Pompey would not be alive, had not Lucullus ruined himself by
    his luxury?'
    86.1: #Virs . . . habbat#: 'he highly honored learned men.'
    86.2: _audi_, like our 'hear,' is often used of listening to
    lectures or to teachers.
    86.3: #quod . . . labrrent#: i.e. because he had the gout.
    86.4: #cnsule . . . ingressr#: 'whenever the consul,' etc.;
    atemporal abl. abs.
    86.5: Subjunctive in substantive clauses of result: see p. xix,
    F3.
    86.6: infinitive, because the clause in which it stands is in
    apposition to #hc#. This use of the infin. is common.
    86.7: #quamvs ss#: concessive subjunctive: H586, II (515, III):
    M875: A313, _a_: G606: B308.]


#XXVII. Gaius Iulius Caesar# [[stripped text]]

C. Iulius Caesar, nobilissima Iuliorum genitus familia, annum agens
sextum et decimum patrem amisit. Corneliam, Cinnae filiam, duxit uxorem;
cuius pater cum esset Sullae inimicissimus, is Caesarem voluit
compellere ut eam repudiaret; neque id potuit efficere. Qua re Caesar
bonis spoliatus cum etiam ad necem quaereretur, mutata veste nocte urbe
elapsus est et quamquam tunc quartanae morbo laborabat, prope per
singulas noctes latebras commutare cogebatur; et comprehensus a Sullae
liberto, ne ad Sullam perduceretur, vix data pecunia evasit. Postremo
per propinquos et adfines suos veniam impetravit. Satis constat Sullam,
cum deprecantibus amicissimis et ornatissimis viris aliquamdiu
denegasset atque illi pertinaciter contenderent, expugnatum tandem
proclamasse, vincerent, dummodo scirent eum, quem incolumem tanto opere
cuperent, aliquando optimatium partibus, quas secum simul defendissent,
exitio futurum; nam Caesari multos Marios inesse.

Stipendia prima in Asia fecit. In expugnatione Mitylenarum corona civica
donatus est. Mortuo Sulla, Rhodum secedere statuit, ut per otium
Apollonio Moloni, tunc clarissimo dicendi magistro, operam daret. Huc
dum traicit, a praedonibus captus est mansitque apud eos prope
quadraginta dies. Per omne autem illud spatium ita se gessit, ut piratis
pariter terrori venerationique esset. Comites interim servosque ad
expediendas pecunias, quibus redimeretur, dimisit. Viginti talenta
piratae postulaverant: ille quinquaginta daturum se spopondit. Quibus
numeratis cum expositus esset in litore, confestim Miletum, quae urbs
proxime aberat, properavit ibique contracta classe invectus in eum
locum, in quo ipsi praedones erant, partem classis fugavit, partem
mersit, aliquot naves cepit piratasque in potestatem redactos eo
supplicio, quod illis saepe minatus inter iocum erat, adfecit crucique
suffixit.

Quaestori ulterior Hispania obvenit. Quo profectus cum Alpes transiret
et ad conspectum pauperis cuiusdam vici comites per iocum inter se
disputarent num illic etiam esset ambitioni locus, serio dixit Caesar
malle se ibi primum esse, quam Romae secundum. Dominationis avidus
aprima aetate regnum concupiscebat semperque in ore habebat hos
Euripidis, Graeci poetae, versus:

  Nam si violandum est ius, regnandi gratia
  Violandum est. Aliis rebus pietatem colas.

Cumque Gades, quod est Hispaniae oppidum, venisset, animadversa apud
Herculis templum magni Alexandri imagine ingemuit et quasi pertaesus
ignaviam suam, quod nihildum a se memorabile actum esset in ea aetate,
qua iam Alexander orbem terrarum subegisset, missionem continuo
efflagitavit ad captandas quam primum maiorum rerum occasiones in urbe.

Aedilis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitolium ornavit porticibus.
Venationes autem ludosque et cum conlega M. Bibulo et separatim edidit:
quo factum est ut communium quoque impensarum solus gratiam caperet. His
autem rebus patrimonium effudit tantumque conflavit aes alienum, ut ipse
diceret sibi opus esse millies sestertium, ut haberet nihil.

Consul deinde creatus cum M. Bibulo, societatem cum Gnaeo Pompeio et
Marco Crasso iunxit Caesar, ne quid ageretur in re publica, quod
displicuisset ulli ex tribus. Deinde legem tulit ut ager Campanus plebi
divideretur. Cui legi cum senatus repugnaret, rem ad populum detulit.
Bibulus conlega in Forum venit, ut legi obsisteret, sed tanta in eum
commota est seditio, ut in caput eius cophinus stercore plenus
effunderetur fascesque ei frangerentur atque adeo ipse armis Foro
expelleretur. Qua re cum Bibulus per reliquum anni tempus domo abditus
Curia abstineret, unus ex eo tempore Caesar omnia in re publica ad
arbitrium administrabat, ut nonnulli urbanorum, si quid testandi gratia
signarent, per iocum non, ut mos erat, 'consulibus Caesare et
Bibulo' actum scriberent, sed 'Iulio et Caesare,' unum consulem nomine
et cognomine pro duobus appellantes.

Functus consulatu Caesar Galliam provinciam accepit. Gessit autem novem
annis, quibus in imperio fuit, haec fere: Galliam in provinciae formam
redegit; Germanos, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Romanorum ponte
fabricato aggressus maximis adfecit cladibus. Aggressus est Britannos,
ignotos antea, superatisque pecunias et obsides imperavit. Hic cum multa
Romanorum militum insignia narrantur, tum illud egregium ipsius
Caesaris, quod, nutante in fugam exercitu, rapto fugientis e manu scuto
in primam volitans aciem proelium restituit. Idem alio proelio legionis
aquiliferum ineundae fugae causa iam conversum faucibus comprehensum in
contrariam partem detraxit dextramque ad hostem tendens "Quorsum tu"
inquit "abis? Illic sunt, cum quibus dimicamus." Qua adhortatione omnium
legionum trepidationem correxit vincique paratas vincere docuit.

Interfecto interea apud Parthos Crasso et defuncta Iulia, Caesaris
filia, quae, nupta Pompeio, generi socerique concordiam tenebat, statim
aemulatio erupit. Iam pridem Pompeio suspectae Caesaris opes et Caesari
Pompeiana dignitas gravis, nec hic ferebat parem, nec ille superiorem.
Itaque cum Caesar in Gallia detineretur, et, ne imperfecto bello
discederet, postulasset ut sibi liceret, quamvis absenti, alterum
consulatum petere, a senatu, suadentibus Pompeio eiusque amicis, negatum
ei est. Hanc iniuriam acceptam vindicaturus in Italiam rediit et
bellandum ratus cum exercitu Rubiconem flumen, qui provinciae eius finis
erat, transiit. Hoc ad flumen paulum constitisse fertur ac reputans
quantum moliretur, conversus ad proximos, "Etiamnunc" inquit "regredi
possumus; quod si ponticulum transierimus, omnia armis agenda erunt."
Postremo autem "Iacta alea esto!" exclamans exercitum traici iussit
plurimisque urbibus occupatis Brundisium contendit, quo Pompeius
consulesque confugerant.

Qui cum inde in Epirum traiecissent, Caesar, eos secutus a Brundisio,
Dyrrachium inter oppositas classes gravissima hieme transmisit;
copiisque quas subsequi iusserat diutius cessantibus, cum ad eas
arcessendas frustra misisset, mirae audaciae facinus edidit. Morae enim
impatiens castris noctu egreditur, clam naviculam conscendit, obvoluto
capite, ne agnosceretur, et quamquam mare saeva tempestate intumescebat,
in altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium iubet et, gubernatore
trepidante, "Quid times?" inquit "Caesarem vehis!" neque prius
gubernatorem cedere adversae tempestati passus est, quam paene obrutus
esset fluctibus.

Deinde Caesar in Epirum profectus Pompeium Pharsalico proelio fudit, et
fugientem persecutus, ut occisum cognovit, Ptolemaeo regi, Pompeii
interfectori, a quo sibi quoque insidias tendi videret, bellum intulit;
quo victo in Pontum transiit Pharnacemque, Mithridatis filium,
rebellantem et multiplici successu praeferocem intra quintum ab adventu
diem, quattuor, quibus in conspectum venit, horis una profligavit acie,
more fulminis, quod uno eodemque momento venit, percussit, abscessit.
Nec vana de se praedicatio est Caesaris ante victum hostem esse quam
visum. Pontico postea triumpho trium verborum praetulit titulum: "Veni,
vidi, vici." Deinde Scipionem et Iubam, Numidiae regem, reliquias
Pompeianarum partium in Africa refoventes, devicit.

Victorem Africani belli Gaium Caesarem gravius excepit Hispaniense, quod
Cn. Pompeius, Magni filius, adulescens fortissimus, ingens ac terribile
conflaverat, undique ad eum auxiliis paterni nominis magnitudinem
sequentium ex toto orbe confluentibus. Sua Caesarem in Hispaniam
comitata fortuna est: sed nullum umquam atrocius periculosiusque ab eo
initum proelium, adeo ut, plus quam dubio Marte, descenderet equo
consistensque ante recedentem suorum aciem increpans fortunam, quod se
in eum servasset exitum, denuntiaret militibus vestigio se non
recessurum; proinde viderent, quem et quo loco imperatorem deserturi
essent. Verecundia magis quam virtute acies restituta est. Cn. Pompeius
victus et interemptus est. Caesar, omnium victor, regressus in urbem
omnibus, qui contra se arma tulerant, ignovit et quinquies triumphavit.

Bellis civilibus confectis, conversus iam ad ordinandum rei publicae
statum fastos correxit annumque ad cursum solis accommodavit, ut
trecentorum sexaginta quinque dierum esset et, intercalario mense
sublato, unus dies quarto quoque anno intercalaretur. Ius laboriosissime
ac severissime dixit. Repetundarum convictos etiam ordine senatorio
movit. Peregrinarum mercium portoria instituit: legem praecipue
sumptuariam exercuit. De ornanda instruendaque urbe, item de tuendo
ampliandoque imperio plura ac maiora in dies destinabat: imprimis ius
civile ad certum modum redigere atque ex immensa legum copia optima
quaeque et necessaria in paucissimos conferre libros; bibliothecas
Graecas et Latinas, quas maximas posset, publicare; siccare Pomptinas
paludes: viam munire a Mari Supero per Apennini dorsum ad Tiberim usque:
Dacos, qui se in Pontum effuderant, coercere: mox Parthis bellum inferre
per Armeniam.

Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevenit. Dictator enim in
perpetuum creatus agere insolentius coepit: senatum ad se venientem
sedens excepit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem, irato vultu respexit.
Cum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus bellis comes et tunc consulatus
conlega, capiti eius in sella aurea sedentis pro rostris diadema,
insigne regium, imposuisset, id ita ab eo est repulsum, ut non offensus
videretur. Quare coniuratum in eum est a sexaginta amplius viris, Cassio
et Bruto ducibus conspirationis, decretumque eum Idibus Martiis in
senatu confodere.

Plurima indicia futuri periculi obtulerant dii immortales. Uxor
Calpurnia, territa nocturno visu, ut Idibus Martiis domi subsisteret
orabat et Spurinna haruspex praedixerat ut proximos dies triginta quasi
fatales caveret, quorum ultimus erat Idus Martiae. Hoc igitur die Caesar
Spurinnae "Ecquid scis" inquit "Idus Martias iam venisse?" et is "Ecquid
scis illas nondum praeterisse?" Atque cum Caesar eo die in senatum
venisset, adsidentem conspirati specie officii circumsteterunt ilicoque
unus, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propius accessit renuentique ab utroque
umero togam apprehendit. Deinde clamantem "Ista quidem vis est!" Casca,
unus e coniuratis, adversum vulnerat paulum infra iugulum. Caesar Cascae
bracchium adreptum graphio traiecit conatusque prosilire alio vulnere
tardatus est. Dein ut animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti,
toga caput obvolvit et ita tribus et viginti plagis confossus est. Cum
Marcum Brutum, quem filii loco habebat in se inruentem vidisset, dixisse
fertur: "Tu quoque, mi fili!"

Illud inter omnes fere constitit talem ei mortem paene ex sententia
obtigisse. Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophontem legisset Cyrum ultima
valetudine mandasse quaedam de funere suo, aspernatus tam lentum mortis
genus subitam sibi celeremque optaverat, et pridie quam occideretur, in
sermone nato super cenam quisnam esset finis vitae commodissimus,
repentinum inopinatumque praetulerat. Percussorum autem neque triennio
quisquam amplius supervixit neque sua morte defunctus est. Damnati omnes
alius alio casu perierunt, pars naufragio, pars proelio; nonnulli semet
eodem illo pugione, quo Caesarem violaverant, interemerunt.

Quo rarior in regibus et principibus viris moderatio, hoc laudanda magis
est. C. Iulius Caesar victoria civili clementissime usus est; cum enim
scrinia deprehendisset epistularum ad Pompeium missarum ab iis, qui
videbantur aut in diversis aut in neutris fuisse partibus, legere
noluit, sed combussit, ne forte in multos gravius consulendi locum
darent. Cicero hanc laudem eximiam Caesari tribuit, quod nihil oblivisci
soleret nisi iniurias. Simultates omnes, occasione oblata, libens
deposuit. Ultro ac prior scripsit C. Calvo post famosa eius adversum se
epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cuius versiculis famam suam laceratam
non ignorabat, adhibuit cenae. C. Memmii suffragator in petitione
consulatus fuit, etsi asperrimas fuisse eius in se orationes sciebat.

Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, ore paulo pleniore, nigris vegetisque
oculis, capite calvo; quam calvitii deformitatem, quod saepe
obtrectatorum iocis obnoxia erat, aegre ferebat. Ideo ex omnibus
decretis sibi a senatu populoque honoribus non alium aut recepit aut
usurpavit libentius quam ius laureae perpetuo gestandae. Vini
parcissimum eum fuisse ne inimici quidem negaverunt. Verbum Catonis est
unum ex omnibus Caesarem ad evertendam rem publicam sobrium accessisse.
Armorum et equitandi peritissimus, laboris ultra fidem patiens; in
agmine nonnumquam equo, saepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, seu
sol, seu imber erat. Longissimas vias incredibili celeritate
conficiebat, ut persaepe nuntios de se praeveniret: neque eum morabantur
flumina, quae vel nando vel innixus inflatis utribus traiciebat.


  #XXVII. Gius Ilius Caesar# [[as printed]]

    [Illustration: CAESAR]

  C. Ilius Caesar,[8] nbilissim Ilirum genitus
  famili,[9] annum agns sextum et decimum patrem
  msit. Cornliam, Cinnae[10] fliam, dxit uxrem;
  cius pater cum esset Sullae inimcissimus, is[11]
  Caesarem voluit compellere ut eam repudiret;                      {5}
  neque[12] id potuit efficere. Qu r Caesar bons
  spolitus cum etiam ad necem quaerertur, mtt
  veste nocte urbe lpsus[13] est et quamquam tunc
    [[87]]
  qurtnae[1] morb labrbat, prope[2] per singuls nocts latebrs
  commtre cgbtur; et comprehnsus  Sullae lbrt, n[3] ad   {10}
  Sullam perdcertur, vix dat[4] pecni vsit. Postrm per
  propinqus et adfns sus veniam impetrvit. Satis cnstat
  Sullam, cum dprecantibus[5] amcissims et rntissims virs
  aliquamdi dnegsset atque ill pertinciter contenderent,
  expgntum tandem prclmsse, vincerent,[6] dummodo scrent[7] eum,
  quem incolumem tant opere cuperent, aliquand optimtium         {16}
  partibus, qus scum simul dfendissent, exiti futrum; nam
  Caesar mults Maris inesse.

  Stpendia prma in Asi fcit. In expgntine Mitylnrum
  corn cvic dntus est. Mortu Sull, Rhodum scdere          {20}
  statuit, ut per otium Apollni Moln, tunc clrissim dcend[8]
  magistr, operam daret. Hc dum tricit,  praednibus captus
  est mnsitque apud es prope quadrgint dis. Per omne autem
  illud spatium ita s gessit, ut prts pariter terrr venertinque
  esset. Comits interim servsque ad expediends pecnis, quibus  {25}
  redimertur, dmsit. Vgint talenta prtae pstulverant: ille
  qunqugint datrum s spopondit. Quibus numerts cum           {27}
  expositus esset in ltore, cnfstim Mltum, quae urbs proxim[9]
  aberat, propervit ibique contrct classe invectus in eum locum,
  in qu ips praedns erant, partem classis fugvit, partem mersit,
  aliquot nvs cpit prtsque in potesttem redcts e supplici,
  quod ills saepe mintus inter iocum erat, adfcit crucque suffxit.

    [[88]]
  Quaestr lterior[1] Hispnia obvnit. Qu profectus cum Alps
  trnsret et ad cnspectum pauperis ciusdam vc comits per     {35}
  iocum inter s disputrent num illc[2] etiam esset ambitin locus,
  sri dxit Caesar mlle s ibi prmum esse, quam Rmae secundum.
  Domintinis avidus[3] prm aette rgnum concupscbat
  semperque in re habbat hs Eurpidis, Graec potae, verss:

    Nam s violandum est is, rgnand grti                       {40}
    Violandum est. Alis[4] rbus piettem cols.[5]

  Cumque Gads, quod est Hispniae oppidum, vnisset, animadvers
  apud Herculis templum mgn Alexandr imgine ingemuit
  et quasi pertaesus gnviam suam, quod nihildum  s memorbile
  ctum esset in e aette, qu iam Alexander orbem terrrum        {45}
  subgisset, missinem continu efflgitvit ad captands quam prmum
  mirum rrum occsines in urbe.

  Aedlis praeter comitium ac Forum etiam Capitlium rnvit
  porticibus. Vntines autem ldsque[6] et cum conlg M. Bibul
  et spartim didit: qu[7] factum est ut commnium quoque        {50}
  impnsrum slus grtiam caperet. Hs autem rbus patrimnium
  effdit tantumque cnflvit aes alinum, ut ipse dceret sibi[8] opus
  esse mllis sstertium, ut habret nihil.

  [Sidenote: B.C. 60.]

  Cnsul deinde cretus cum M. Bibul, societtem[9] cum Gnae
  Pompi et Marc Crass inxit Caesar, n quid agertur in        {55}
  r pblic, quod displicuisset ll ex tribus. Deinde lgem
    [[89]]
  tulit ut ager Campnus plb dvdertur. Cu lg cum sentus
  repgnret, rem ad populum dtulit. Bibulus conlga in Forum
  vnit, ut lg obsisteret, sed tanta in eum commta est sditi, ut
  in caput ius cophinus stercore plnus effundertur fascsque e  {60}
  frangerentur atque ade ipse arms For expellertur. Qu r
  cum Bibulus per reliquum ann tempus dom abditus Cri abstinret,
  nus ex e tempore Caesar omnia in r pblic ad arbitrium
  administrbat, ut nnnll urbnrum, s[1] quid tstand grti
  sgnrent, per iocum nn, ut ms erat, 'cnsulibus[2] Caesare et  {65}
  Bibul' ctum[3] scrberent, sed 'Ili et Caesare,' num cnsulem
  nmine et cgnmine pr dubus appellants.

  Fnctus[4] cnsult Caesar Galliam prvinciam accpit. Gessit
  autem novem[5] anns, quibus[5] in imperi fuit, haec fer: Galliam
  in prvinciae frmam redgit; Germns, qu trns Rhnum          {70}
  incolunt, prmus Rmnrum ponte fabrict aggressus mxims
  adfcit cldibus. Aggressus est Britanns, gnts ante,
  supertsque[6] pecnis et obsids impervit. Hc[7] cum[8] multa
  Rmnrum mlitum nsgnia nrrantur, tum[8] illud[9] gregium ipsus
  Caesaris, quod, ntante in fugam exercit, rapt fugientis  man
  sct in prmam volitns aciem proelium restituit. dem ali      {76}
  proeli leginis aquiliferum ineundae fugae caus iam[10] conversum
  faucibus comprehnsum[11] in contrriam partem dtrxit dextramque
    [[90]]
  ad hostem tendns "Qursum t" inquit "abs? Illc sunt,
  cum quibus dmicmus." Qu adhorttine omnium leginum           {80}
  trepidtinem corrxit vincque parts vincere docuit.

  [Sidenote: B.C. 53.]

  [Sidenote: B.C. 49.]

  Interfect intere apud Parths Crass et dfnct Ili,
  Caesaris fli, quae, npta Pompi, gener socerque concordiam
  tenbat,[1] statim aemulti rpit. Iam prdem Pompi
  sspectae[2] Caesaris ops et Caesar Pompina dgnits gravis,  {85}
  nec hc[3] ferbat parem, nec ille[3] superirem. Itaque cum
  Caesar in Galli dtinrtur, et, n imperfect bell discderet,
  pstulsset ut sibi licret, quamvs absent,[4] alterum cnsultum
  petere,  sent, sudentibus Pompi iusque amcs, negtum e
  est. Hanc iniriam acceptam vindictrus[5] in taliam rediit et  {90}
  bellandum[6] ratus cum exercit Rubicnem flmen, qu[7]
  prvinciae ius fnis erat, trnsiit. Hc ad flmen paulum
  cnstitisse fertur ac reputns quantum mlrtur, conversus ad
  proxims, "Etiamnunc" inquit "regred possumus; quod s ponticulum
  trnsierimus, omnia arms agenda erunt." Postrm autem           {95}
  "Iacta lea est!" exclmns exercitum tric iussit plrimsque
  urbibus occupts Brundisium contendit, qu Pompius cnsulsque
  cnfgerant.

  Qu cum inde in prum tricissent, Caesar, es sectus         {99}
  Brundisi, Dyrrachium inter[8] opposits classs gravissim hieme
  trnsmsit; cpisque[9] qus subsequ iusserat ditius cessantibus,
  cum ad es arcessends frstr msisset, mrae audciae facinus
    [[91]]
  didit. Morae enim impatins castrs noct greditur, clam
  nviculam cnscendit, obvolt capite, n gnscertur, et quamquam
  mare saev tempestte intumscbat, in altum tamen prtinus      {105}
  drig nvigium iubet et, guberntre trepidante, "Quid tims?"
  inquit "Caesarem vehis!" neque prius[1] guberntrem cdere
  adversae tempestt passus est, quam[1] paene obrutus esset[1]
  fluctibus.

  [Sidenote: B.C. 48.]

  Deinde Caesar in prum profectus Pompium Pharslic            {110}
  proeli fdit, et fugientem persectus, ut occsum cgnvit,
  Ptolemae rg, Pompi interfectr,  qu sibi quoque
  nsidis tend vidret, bellum intulit; qu vict in Pontum
  trnsiit Pharnacemque, Mithridtis flium, rebellantem et        {114}
  multiplic success[2] praefercem intr[3] quntum ab advent diem,
  quattuor, quibus[4] in cnspectum vnit, hrs[4] n prflgvit
  aci, mre fulminis, quod n edemque mment vnit, percussit,
  abscessit. Nec vna d s praedicti est Caesaris ante
  victum hostem esse quam vsum.[5] Pontic[6] poste triumph
  trium verbrum praetulit titulum: "Vn, vd, vc." Deinde     {120}
  Scpinem[7] et Iubam, Numidiae rgem, reliquis Pompinrum
  partium in fric refovents, dvcit.[8]

  Victrem fricn bell Gium Caesarem gravius excpit Hispninse,
  quod Cn. Pompius, Mgn[9] flius, adulscns fortissimus,
  ingns ac terribile cnflverat, undique ad eum auxilis[10]     {125}
  patern nminis mgnitdinem sequentium[11] ex tt orbe
      cnfluentibus.
    [[92]]
  Sua[1] Caesarem in Hispniam comitta fortna est: sed
  nllum umquam atrcius perculsiusque ab e initum proelium,
  ade ut, pls[2] quam dubi Mrte, dscenderet equ cnsistnsque
  ante recdentem surum aciem increpns fortnam, quod s in      {130}
  eum servsset exitum, dnntiret mlitibus vstgi s nn
  recessrum; proinde vidrent,[3] quem[4] et qu loc impertrem
  dsertr essent. Vercundi magis quam virtte acis restitta est.
  Cn. Pompius victus et intermptus est. Caesar, omnium victor,
  regressus in urbem omnibus, qu contr s arma tulerant, gnvit
  et qunquis triumphvit.                                        {136}

  Bells cvlibus cnfects, conversus iam ad rdinandum re
  pblicae statum fsts[5] corrxit annumque ad cursum slis
  accommodvit, ut trecentrum sexgint qunque dirum esset
  et, intercalri[5] mnse sublt, nus dis qurt quque[6] ann
  intercalrtur. Is labrisissim ac sevrissim dxit.         {141}
  Repetundrum[7] convicts etiam rdine sentri mvit. Peregrnrum
  mercium portria nstituit: lgem[8] praecipu smpturiam exercuit.
  D rnand nstruendque urbe, item d tuend ampliandque
  imperi plra ac mira in dis dstinbat: imprms is         {145}
  cvle ad certum modum redigere[9] atque ex immns lgum cpi
    [[93]]
  optima quaeque et necessria in paucissims cnferre librs;
  bibliothcs Graecs et Latns, qus[1] mxims posset, pblicre;
  siccre Pomptns palds: viam munre  Mar Super per Apennn
  dorsum ad Tiberim sque: Dcs, qu s in Pontum effderant,     {150}
  coercre: mox Parths bellum nferre per Armeniam.

  Haec et alia agentem et meditantem mors praevnit. Dicttor
  enim in perpetuum cretus agere nsolentius coepit: sentum ad
  s venientem sedns excpit et quendam, ut adsurgeret monentem,  {154}
  rt vult respexit. Cum Antnius,[2] Caesaris in omnibus bells
  comes et tunc cnsults conlga, capit ius in sell aure sedentis
  pr rstrs diadma, nsgne rgium, imposuisset, id ita ab e
  est repulsum, ut nn offnsus vidrtur. Qur conirtum in
  eum est [3] sexgint amplius virs, Cassi et Brt ducibus    {159}
  cnsprtinis, dcrtumque eum dibus Mrtis in sent cnfodere.

  [Sidenote: March 15, B.C. 44.]

  Plrima indicia futr percul obtulerant di immortls. Uxor
  Calpurnia, territa nocturn vs, ut dibus Mrtis dom subsisteret
  rbat et Sprinna harspex praedxerat[4] ut proxims dis
  trgint quasi ftls cavret, qurum ultimus erat ds Mrtiae.
  Hc igitur di Caesar Sprinnae "Ecquid scs" inquit "ds       {165}
  Mrtis iam vnisse?" et is "Ecquid scs ills nndum praetersse?"
  Atque cum Caesar e di in sentum vnisset, adsdentem
  cnsprt speci[5] offici circumstetrunt licque nus, quasi
  aliquid rogtrus, propius accessit renuentque[6] ab[7] utrque
  umer togam apprehendit. Deinde clmantem "Ista quidem           {170}
  vs est!" Casca, nus  conirts, adversum[8] vulnerat paulum
    [[94]]
  nfr iugulum. Caesar Cascae bracchium adreptum graphi tricit
  cntusque prsilre ali vulnere tardtus est. Dein ut
  animadvertit undique s stricts puginibus pet,[1] tog caput
  obvolvit et ita tribus et vgint plgs cnfossus est. Cum      {175}
  Mrcum Brtum, quem fli loc habbat in s inruentem vdisset,
  dxisse fertur: "T quoque, m fl!"

    [Illustration: THE DEATH OF CAESAR]

  Illud inter omns fer cnstitit tlem e mortem paene ex
  sententi obtigisse.[2] Nam et quondam cum apud Xenophntem
  lgisset Cyrum ultim valtdine mandsse quaedam d fnere      {180}
  su, sperntus tam lentum mortis genus subitam sibi celeremque
    [[95]]
  optverat, et prdi quam occdertur, in sermne nt super
  cnam quisnam esset fnis vtae commodissimus, repentnum
  inopntumque praetulerat. Percussrum autem neque trienni
  quisquam amplius supervxit neque su[1] morte dfnctus est.    {185}
  Damnt omns alius ali cs perirunt, pars naufragi, pars
  proeli; nnnll smet edem ill pugine, qu Caesarem violverant,
  intermrunt.

  Qu[2] rrior in rgibus et prncipibus virs moderti, hc
  laudanda magis est. C. Ilius Caesar victri cvl[3]          {190}
  clmentissim sus est; cum enim scrnia dprehendisset epistulrum
  ad Pompium missrum ab is, qu[4] vidbantur aut in dverss
  aut in neutrs fuisse partibus, legere nluit, sed combssit, n[5]
  forte in mults gravius cnsulend locum darent. Cicer hanc     {194}
  laudem eximiam Caesar tribuit, quod nihil oblivsc solret nisi
  iniris. Simultts omns, occsine oblt, libns dposuit.
  Ultr ac prior scrpsit C. Calv post fmsa ius adversum s
  epigrammata. Valerium Catullum, cius[6] versiculs fmam suam
  lacertam nn gnrbat, adhibuit cnae. C. Memmi suffrgtor
  in pettine cnsults fuit, ets asperrims fuisse ius in s  {200}
  rtins scibat.

  Fuisse trditur excels statr,[7] re[7] paul[8] plnire, nigrs
  vegetsque oculs,[7] capite[7] calv; quam calviti dfrmittem,
  quod saepe obtrcttrum iocs obnoxia erat, aegr ferbat. Ide
  ex omnibus dcrts sibi  sent populque honribus nn alium  {205}
  aut recpit aut srpvit libentius quam is laureae[9] perpetu
    [[96]]
  gestandae. Vn[1] parcissimum eum fuisse n inimc quidem
  negvrunt. Verbum Catnis est num ex omnibus Caesarem
  ad vertendam rem pblicam sbrium accessisse. Armrum et
  equitand pertissimus, labris ultr fidem patins; in gmine   {210}
  nnnumquam equ, saepius pedibus antebat, capite dtct, seu
  sl, seu imber erat. Longissims vis incrdibil celeritte
  cnficibat, ut[2] persaepe nntis d s praevenret: neque eum
  morbantur flmina, quae vel nand vel innxus nflts utribus
  tricibat.                                                      {215}

    [Footnotes: XXVII (pages 86-96)

    86.8: See Vocab., _Ilius_.
    86.9: ablative of source.
    86.10: Cf. p. 73, n. 1.
    86.11: i.e. Sulla.
    86.12: #neque potuit#: '_but_ he was not able.'
    86.13: _lbor_.
    87.1: #qurtnae# (sc. _febris_) #. . . labrbat#: 'he was
    suffering from intermittent fever.' #morb# is abl. of cause.
    87.2: #prope . . . nocts#: 'almost every night.'
    87.3: #n . . . vsit#: 'he barely, by giving money, escaped
    being surrendered to Sulla.' #n ... perdcertur# expresses the
    purpose of #dat pecni#.
    87.4: Cf. p. xxiii, K 8.
    87.5: = a rel. clause (cf. p. xxiv, L 1): 'who pleaded (for
    Caesar)'; lit., 'who sought to beg him off.'
    87.6: For the subjunctive, see p. 63, n. 5. Sulla said: _Vincite,
    dummodo scitis_, etc. Translate #prclmsse ... scrent# thus:
    'cried out (bidding them) have their way, but at the same time to
    (lit. provided they) realize.'
    87.7: See H 587 (513, I): M 920: A 314: G 573: B 310.
    87.8: 'oratory.'
    87.9: _prope abesse_ = 'to be near by,' is a common idiom.
    88.1: See Vocab., _Hispnia_.
    88.2: i.e. even in so insignificant a place.
    88.3: = _quod avidus erat_.
    88.4: #alis rbus#: 'under other circumstances,' 'otherwise.' For
    the case, see p.27, n.3.
    88.5: The subjunctive here = an imperative: see p. 31, n.9. Note
    also that #cols# is an example of the indefinite or universal
    second person, since the command is addressed, not to any
    particular individual, but to any one and every one.
    88.6: #lds didit#: 'he celebrated games.' On the magnificence
    of the games which the Aediles gave depended very largely their
    chance of promotion to the higher offices.
    88.7: 'whereby'; abl. of means.
    88.8: #sibi . . . sstertium#: with #mllis# sc. _centna mlia_,
    and take #sstertium# as gen. plural from _sstertius_, and
    dependent on _mlia_. Translate: 'that he needed 100,000,000
    sesterces,' i.e. about $4,000,000. See Vocab., _sstertius_.
    88.9: #societtem . . . inxit#: this combination is called 'The
    First Triumvirate.'
    89.1: #s . . . sgnrent#: an instance of the iterative
    subjunctive (p.45, n.2) = 'whenever they affixed their seals as
    witnesses.'
    89.2: #cnsulibus . . . Bibul#: for this way of dating events,
    see XIV,1.
    89.3: Sc. _esse_.
    89.4: #fnctus# (_fungor_) = _postquam fnctus est_.
    89.5: Cf. p. xvii, C 2.
    89.6: Sc. _es_, as dat. of indirect object with #impervit#.
    Caesar's operations were confined to the southern portion of Great
    Britain.
    89.7: = _Hc tempore_, i.e. during this campaign. The language of
    this whole sentence is somewhat loose. The writer begins as if he
    were going to say: _Hc, cum ... nrrantur, tum Caesarem ipsum
    gregium fcisse nrrant_, but changes the construction at #tum#.
    89.8: #cum . . . tum#: cf. p. 67, n. 7.
    89.9: #illud# is explained by the clause #quod ... restituit#.
    The episode occurred in one of Caesar's Gallic campaigns, not, as
    here stated, in Britain. It is related in the second book of
    Caesar's _Gallic War_. Cf. also Longfellow's _Courtship of Miles
    Standish_,II.
    89.10: #iam conversum# = _qu iam conversus erat_.
    89.11: #comprehnsum . . . dtrxit# = _comprehendit et ...
    dtrxit_.
    90.1: 'preserved.'
    90.2: Sc. _erant_; also _erat_ with #gravis#. Through the
    influence of #iam prdem# both verbs have the force of Eng.
    pluperfects: H535, 1 (469,2): M738: A277, _b_: G234:
    B260,4.
    90.3: Point out the chiasmus (p. 21, n. 15) in #Caesaris ...
    superirem#.
    90.4: The law required a candidate to give notice of his candidacy
    in person at Rome within seventeen days of the election. Caesar
    desired to stand for the consulship in 49 B.C.
    90.5: Cf. p. xviii, E 5.
    90.6: #bellandum# (sc. _esse_): an impersonal passive: 'that war
    was necessary.'
    90.7: #qu . . . erat#: this river also formed the boundary
    between Italy proper and Cisalpine Gaul; hence by crossing it
    Caesar put himself in a position of open hostility to the
    government.
    90.8: = _per_, 'through the midst of.'
    90.9: #cpis . . . cssantibus#: causal abl. abs.: 'when, because
    his forces ... tarried too long, he had sent,' etc.
    91.1: Cf. p. xx, G 4.
    91.2: abl. both of cause and means. Join with #praefercem#.
    91.3: #intr . . . vnit#: 'within four days of his arrival (and)
    within four hours after he caught sight of him.'
    91.4: See p. xvii, C 2.
    91.5: Strictly, we ought to have _ante victum esse quam vsus
    esset_, the subjunctive being due to the indirect discourse.
    Caesar said: _ante victus est quam vsus_ (_est_). The infinitive
    #vsum# (_esse_) is due to attraction of the neighboring
    infinitive #victum esse#.
    91.6: #Pontic . . . triumph#: i.e. the procession in which he
    celebrated his victory in Pontus. #triumph# is dat. with
    #praetulit#.
    91.7: Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey.
    91.8: at Thapsus, 46 B.C.
    91.9: Cf. XXVI, 49.
    91.10: #auxilis . . . cnfluentibus#: the abl. abs. denotes both
    cause and attendant circumstance.
    91.11: = _erum qu sequbantur_. Cf. _volentibus_, XIII, 97.
    92.1: 'His own,' i.e. his usual.
    92.2: #pls . . . Mrte#: 'since the battle was more than
    doubtful.' The battle was fought at Munda, 45 B.C.
    92.3: Cf. p. 63, n. 5.
    92.4: = _qulem_. So #qu# = _qul_.
    92.5: #fsts corrxit#: In III, 22, it is stated that Numa
    divided the year into twelve months according to the course of the
    moon. This year contained only 355 days. In order, therefore, to
    make the months coincide with the seasons to which they belong,
    Numa ordered that every two years an extra month, called a _mnsis
    intercalris_, should be added. These intercalary months were
    inserted after February 23d, and contained alternately 22 and 23
    days. This arrangement made the average length of the year 366-1/4
    days. Afurther cause of confusion was the fact that the
    Pontifices, who had charge of the calendar, often, for political
    reasons, omitted the intercalary month. In Caesar's time the error
    amounted to about three months. The calendar arranged by him is
    almost identical with that in use to-day.
    92.6: from _quisque_: 'each,' 'every.'
    92.7: Sc. _rrum_. _rs repetundae_ was a technical term for
    'extortion.' For the gen., see p.36, n.8.
    92.8: A _lx sumpturia_ was a law regulating the sums of money
    which might be spent for various purposes. Caesar attempted
    especially to check extravagance in dress and at banquets.
    92.9: The infinitives in lines 146-151 are used because the
    clauses in which they stand are in apposition to _plra ac
    mira_, l. 144. See p.86, n.5.
    93.1: #qus . . . pblicre#: 'to throw open to the public as
    large libraries as possible.'
    93.2: The celebrated Mark Antony.
    93.3: # . . . virs#: 'by more than sixty men.' For the case of
    #virs#, see p.10, n.18.
    93.4: 'had warned him,' _not_ 'had predicted': hence it may be
    construed with a substantive clause of purpose (#ut...
    cavret#) as its object.
    93.5: #speci offici#: 'under pretense of doing him honor.' Cf.
    _per speciem vnand_, XIX,60.
    93.6: Sc. _e_: dat. of interest.
    93.7: 'by'; cf. p. 11, n. 10.
    93.8: #adversum# (sc. _eum_) #vulnerat#: 'wounds him in front.'
    The wound was in the shoulder. For #adversum# as = an adverbial
    phrase, cf. p.4, n.4.
    94.1: 'assailed.'
    94.2: _obting_.
    95.1: #su morte#: 'a natural death'; an ablative of manner.
    95.2: #Qu rrior . . . hc laudanda magis#: 'The rarer ... the
    more praiseworthy.' #Qu# and #hc# are ablative of the degree of
    difference (avariety of the ablative of means): cf. p.39, n.12.
    95.3: i.e. over his fellow-citizens.
    95.4: #qu . . . partibus#: 'who had apparently belonged,' etc.
    How literally? With #dverss# sc. _Pompi_.
    95.5: #n . . . darent#: 'that they might not by any chance give
    occasion to vigorous measures,' etc.
    95.6: #cius . . . gnrbat#: 'by whose verses, as he very well
    knew, his own fair fame had been wounded.'
    95.7: ablatives of characteristic.
    95.8: #paul plnire#: 'somewhat full.'
    95.9: Sc. _cornae_, and cf. the frequent omission of _manus_ with
    _dextra_ and _sinistra_.
    96.1: #Vn parcissimum#: cf. _Cib vnque temperns, somn
    parcus_, XXVI, 21, and note.
    96.2: #ut . . . praevenret# expresses result, not purpose.]


#XXVIII. Marcus Tullius Cicero# [[stripped text]]

Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere, Arpini, quod est Volscorum
oppidum, natus est. Ex eius avis unus verrucam in extremo naso sitam
habuit, ciceris grano similem; inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum.
Suadentibus quibusdam ut id nomen mutaret, "Dabo operam" inquit "ut
istud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splendorem vincat." Cum a patre
Romam missus, ubi celeberrimorum magistrorum scholis interesset, eas
artes disceret, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem solet informari,
tanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum tum ceterorum discipulorum
admiratione id fecit, ut, cum fama de Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad
alios manasset, non pauci, qui eius videndi et audiendi gratia scholas
adirent, reperti esse dicantur.

Cum nulla re magis ad summos in re publica honores viam muniri posse
intellegeret quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto animo in eius studium
incubuit, in quo quidem ita versatus est, ut non solum eos, qui in Foro
et iudiciis causas perorarent, studiose sectaretur, sed privatim quoque
diligentissime se exerceret. Primum eloquentiam et libertatem adversus
Sullanos ostendit. Nam cum Roscium quendam, parricidii accusatum, ob
Chrysogoni, Sullae liberti, qui in eius adversariis erat, potentiam nemo
defendere auderet, tanta eloquentiae vi eum defendit Cicero, ut iam tum
in arte dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ex quo invidiam veritus
Athenas studiorum gratia petiit, ubi Antiochum philosophum studiose
audivit. Inde eloquentiae causa Rhodum se contulit, ubi Molonem, Graecum
rhetorem tum disertissimum, magistrum habuit. Qui cum Ciceronem dicentem
audivisset, flevisse dicitur, quod per hunc Graecia eloquentiae laude
privaretur.

Romam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nullius vero quaestura aut
gratior aut clarior fuit; cum magna tum esset annonae difficultas,
initio molestus erat Siculis, quos cogeret frumenta in urbem mittere;
postea vero, diligentiam et iustitiam et comitatem eius experti, maiores
quaestori suo honores quam ulli umquam praetori detulerunt. E Sicilia
reversus Romam in causis dicendis ita floruit, ut inter omnes causarum
patronos et esset et haberetur princeps.

Consul deinde factus L. Sergii Catilinae coniurationem singulari
virtute, constantia, cura compressit. Catilinae proavum, M. Sergium,
incredibili fortitudine fuisse Plinius refert. Stipendia is fecit
secundo bello Punico. Secundo stipendio dextram manum perdidit:
stipendiis duobus ter et vicies vulneratus est: ob id neutra manu,
neutro pede satis utilis, plurimisque postea stipendiis debilis miles
erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis vinculorum eius profugus, viginti
mensibus nullo non die in catenis aut compedibus custoditus. Sinistra
manu sola quater pugnavit, duobus equis, insidente eo, suffossis.
Dextram sibi ferream fecit eaque religata proeliatus Cremonam obsidione
exemit, Placentiam tutatus est, duodena castra hostium in Gallia cepit.
Ceteri profecto, Plinius addit, victores hominum fuere, Sergius vicit
etiam fortunam.

Singularem huius viri gloriam foede dehonestavit pronepotis scelus. Hic
enim rei familiaris, quam profuderat, inopia multorumque scelerum
conscientia in furorem actus et dominandi cupiditate incensus
indignatusque, quod in petitione consulatus repulsam passus esset,
coniuratione facta senatum confodere, consules trucidare, urbem
incendere, diripere aerarium constituerat. Actum erat de pulcherrimo
imperio, nisi illa coniuratio in Ciceronem et Antonium consules
incidisset, quorum alter industria rem patefecit, alter manu oppressit.
Cum Cicero, habito senatu, in praesentem reum perorasset, Catilina,
incendium suum ruina se restincturum esse minitans, Roma profugit et ad
exercitum, quem paraverat, proficiscitur, signa inlaturus urbi. Sed
socii eius, qui in urbe remanserant, comprehensi in carcere necati sunt.
A. Fulvius, vir senatorii ordinis, filium, iuvenem et ingenio et forma
inter aequales nitentem, pravo consilio Catilinae amicitiam secutum
inque castra eius ruentem, ex medio itinere retractum supplicio mortis
adfecit, praefatus non se Catilinae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae
adversus Catilinam genuisse.

Neque eo magis ab incepto Catilina destitit, sed infestis signis Romam
petens Antonii exercitu opprimitur. Quam atrociter dimicatum sit exitus
docuit: nemo hostium bello superfuit; quem quisque in pugnando ceperat
locum, eum amissa anima tegebat. Catilina longe a suis inter hostium
cadavera repertus est: pulcherrima morte, si pro patria sic concidisset!
Senatus populusque Romanus Ciceronem patrem patriae appellavit. Cicero
ipse in oratione pro Sulla palam praedicat consilium patriae servandae
fuisse iniectum sibi a diis, cum Catilina coniurasset adversus eam.
"Odii immortales," inquit "vos profecto incendistis tum animum meum
cupiditate conservandae patriae. Vos avocastis me a cogitationibus
omnibus ceteris et convertistis ad salutem unam patriae. Vos denique
praetulistis menti meae clarissimum lumen in tenebris tantis erroris et
inscientiae. Tribuam enim vobis, quae sunt vestra. Nec vero possum
tantum dare ingenio meo, ut dispexerim sponte mea in tempestate illa
turbulentissima rei publicae, quid esset optimum factu."

Paucis post annis Ciceroni diem dixit Clodius tribunus plebis, quod
cives Romanos indicta causa necavisset. Senatus maestus, tamquam in
publico luctu, veste mutata pro eo deprecabatur. Cicero, cum posset
armis salutem suam defendere, maluit urbe cedere quam sua causa caedem
fieri. Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clodius
edictum proposuit ut Marco Tullio igni et aqua interdiceretur: illius
domum et villas incendit. Sed vis illa non diuturna fuit, mox enim totus
fere populus Romanus ingenti desiderio Ciceronis reditum flagitare
coepit et maximo omnium ordinum studio Cicero in patriam revocatus est.
Nihil per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, accidit
iucundius. Obviam ei redeunti ab universis itum est: domus eius publica
pecunia restituta est.

Gravissimae illa tempestate inter Caesarem et Pompeium ortae sunt
inimicitiae, ut res nisi bello dirimi non posse videretur. Cicero quidem
summo studio enitebatur ut eos inter se reconciliaret et a belli civilis
calamitatibus deterreret, sed cum neutrum ad pacem ineundam permovere
posset, Pompeium secutus est. Sed victo Pompeio, a Caesare victore
veniam ultro accepit. Quo interfecto Octavianum, Caesaris heredem,
fovit, Antonium impugnavit effecitque ut a senatu hostis iudicaretur.

Sed Antonius, inita cum Octaviano societate, Ciceronem iam diu sibi
inimicum proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero transversis itineribus in
villam, quae a mari proxime aberat, fugit indeque navem conscendit, in
Macedoniam transiturus. Unde aliquotiens in altum provectum cum modo
venti adversi rettulissent, modo ipse iactationem maris pati non posset,
taedium tandem eum et fugae et vitae cepit regressusque ad villam
"Moriar" inquit "in patria saepe servata." Satis constat, adventantibus
percussoribus, servos fortiter fideliterque paratos fuisse ad
dimicandum, ipsum deponi lecticam et quietos pati, quod sors iniqua
cogeret, iussisse. Prominenti ex lectica et immotam cervicem praebenti
caput praecisum est. Manus quoque abscissae; caput relatum est ad
Antonium eiusque iussu cum dextra manu in rostris positum.

Quamdiu res publica Romana per eos gerebatur, quibus se ipsa commiserat,
in eam curas cogitationesque fere omnes suas conferebat Cicero et plus
operae ponebat in agendo quam in scribendo. Cum autem dominatu unius
C.Iulii Caesaris omnia tenerentur, non se angoribus dedidit nec
indignis homine docto voluptatibus. Fugiens conspectum Fori urbisque
rura peragrabat abdebatque se, quantum licebat, et solus erat. Nihil
agere autem cum animus non posset, existimavit honestissime molestias
posse deponi, si se ad philosophiam rettulisset, cui adulescens multum
temporis tribuerat, et omne studium curamque convertit ad scribendum:
atque ut civibus etiam otiosus aliquid prodesse posset, elaboravit ut
doctiores fierent et sapientiores, pluraque brevi tempore, eversa re
publica, scripsit, quam multis annis ea stante scripserat. Sic facundiae
et Latinarum litterarum parens evasit paruitque virorum sapientium
praecepto, qui docent non solum ex malis eligere minima oportere, sed
etiam excerpere ex his ipsis, si quid insit boni.

Multa exstant facete ab eo dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum suum, exiguae
staturae hominem, vidisset longo gladio accinctum, "Quis" inquit
"generum meum ad gladium adligavit?"--Matrona quaedam iuniorem se, quam
erat, simulans dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere; cui Cicero
"Verum est," inquit "nam hoc viginti annos audio."--Caesar, altero
consule mortuo die Decembris ultima, Caninium consulem hora septima in
reliquam diei partem renuntiaverat; quem cum plerique irent salutatum de
more, "Festinemus" inquit Cicero "priusquam abeat magistratu." De eodem
Caninio scripsit Cicero: "Fuit mirifica vigilantia Caninius, qui toto
suo consulatu somnum non viderit."


  #XXVIII. Mrcus Tullius Cicer# [[as printed]]

    [Illustration: CICER]

  Mrcus Tullius Cicer, equestr genere, Arpn,
  quod est Volscrum oppidum, ntus est. Ex ius
  avs[3] nus verrcam[4] in extrm ns[5] sitam
  habuit, ciceris[6] grn similem; inde cgnmen
  Cicernis gent inditum. Sudentibus quibusdam                     {5}
  ut id nmen mtret, "Dab operam"
  inquit "ut istud cgnmen nbilissimrum
  nminum splendrem vincat." Cum  patre
  Rmam missus, ubi[7] celeberrimrum magistrrum
  schols interesset, es arts dsceret, quibus aets puerlis ad  {10}
  hmnittem[8] solet nfrmr, tant success tantque cum
  praeceptrum tum cterrum dscipulrum admrtine id fcit, ut,
  cum fma d Cicernis ingeni et doctrn ad alis mnsset,[9]
  nn pauc, qu ius vidend et audiend grti schols adrent,
  repert esse dcantur.                                            {15}

  Cum nll r magis ad summs in r pblic honrs viam
  mnr posse intellegeret quam arte dcend et loquenti, tt
    [[97]]
  anim in ius studium incubuit,[1] in qu quidem ita verstus[2] est,
  ut nn slum es, qu in For et idicis[3] causs perrrent,[4]
  studis sectrtur,[5] sed prvtim quoque dligentissim s     {20}
  exercret. Prmum loquentiam et lberttem[6] adversus Sullns
  ostendit. Nam cum Rscium quendam, parricdi accstum, ob
  Chrysogon, Sullae lbrt,[7] qu in ius adversris erat, potentiam
  nm dfendere audret, tant loquentiae v eum dfendit Cicer,
  ut iam tum in arte dcend nllus e pr esse vidrtur. Ex qu   {25}
  invidiam veritus[8] Athns studirum grti petiit, ubi Antiochum
  philosophum studis audvit. Inde loquentiae caus Rhodum
  s contulit, ubi Molnem, Graecum rhtorem tum disertissimum,[9]
  magistrum habuit. Qu cum Cicernem dcentem audvisset,
  flvisse dcitur, quod per hunc Graecia loquentiae laude         {30}
  prvrtur.[10]

  Rmam reversus quaestor Siciliam habuit. Nllus vr quaestra
  aut grtior aut clrior fuit; cum mgna tum esset annnae[11]
  difficults, initi molestus erat Siculs, qus cgeret frmenta in
  urbem mittere; poste vr, dligentiam et istitiam et cmittem[12]
  ius expert,[13] mirs quaestr su honrs quam ll         {36}
  umquam praetr dtulrunt.  Sicili reversus Rmam in causs
  dcends ita flruit, ut inter omns causrum patrns[14] et esset
  et habrtur prnceps.

  Cnsul deinde factus L. Sergi Catilnae conirtinem singulr  {40}
  virtte, cnstanti, cr compressit.[15] Catilnae proavum,[16]
  M. Sergium, incrdibil fortitdine fuisse Plnius refert.
      Stpendia[17]
  is fcit secund bell Pnic. Secund stpendi[18] dextram      {43}
  manum perdidit: stpendis[18] dubus ter et vcis vulnertus est:
  ob id neutr man, neutr pede satis tilis, plrimsque[19] poste
    [[98]]
  stpendis dbilis[1] mles erat. Bis ab Hannibale captus, bis[2]
  vinculrum ius profugus, vgint mnsibus nll[3] nn di in
  catns[4] aut compedibus[5] cstdtus. Sinistr man sl quater
  pgnvit, dubus equs, nsidente e, suffosss.[6] Dextram sibi
  ferream fcit eque religt[7] proelitus Cremnam obsidine     {50}
  exmit, Placentiam tttus est, duodna castra hostium in Galli
  cpit. Cter profect, Plnius addit, victrs hominum fure,
  Sergius vcit etiam fortnam.

  Singulrem hius vir glriam foed dehonestvit proneptis[8]
  scelus. Hc enim re familiris, quam profderat, inopi          {55}
  multrumque scelerum cnscienti in furrem ctus et dominand
  cupiditte incnsus indgntusque, quod in pettine cnsults
  repulsam[9] passus esset, conirtine fact sentum cnfodere,
  cnsuls trucdre,[10] urbem incendere, dripere aerrium
      cnstituerat.
  ctum[11] erat d pulcherrim imperi, nisi illa conirti       {60}
  in[12] Cicernem et Antnium cnsuls incidisset, qurum alter[13]
  indstri rem patefcit, alter man[14] oppressit. Cum Cicer,
  habit sent, in praesentem reum[15] perrsset, Catilna, incendium
  suum run[16] s restinctrum esse minitns, Rm profgit
  et ad exercitum, quem parverat, proficscitur, sgna inltrus   {65}
  urb. Sed soci ius, qu in urbe remnserant, comprehns in
  carcere nect sunt. A. Fulvius, vir sentri rdinis, flium,
  iuvenem et ingeni et frm inter aequls nitentem,[17] prv
  cnsili Catilnae amcitiam sectum inque castra ius ruentem,
  ex medi itinere retrctum supplici mortis adfcit, praeftus[18]
  nn s Catilnae illum adversus patriam, sed patriae adversus     {71}
  Catilnam genuisse.[19]

    [[99]]
  Neque e magis ab incept Catilna dstitit, sed nfsts sgns
  Rmam petns Antni exercit opprimitur. Quam atrciter
  dmictum sit exitus docuit: nm hostium bell superfuit;        {75}
  quem quisque in pgnand cperat locum, eum miss anim[1]
  tegbat. Catilna long  sus inter hostium cadvera[2] repertus
  est: pulcherrim morte,[3] s pr patri sc concidisset! Sentus
  populusque Rmnus Cicernem patrem patriae appellvit. Cicer
  ipse in rtine pr Sull palam praedicat cnsilium patriae      {80}
  servandae fuisse iniectum sibi  dis, cum Catilna conirsset
  adversus eam. " di immortls," inquit "vs profect
  incendistis tum animum meum cupiditte cnservandae patriae. Vs
  vocstis m  cgittinibus omnibus cters et convertistis ad
  saltem nam patriae. Vs dnique praetulistis ment meae         {85}
  clrissimum lmen in tenebrs tants errris et nscientiae.
  Tribuam enim vbs, quae sunt vestra. Nec vr possum tantum
  dare ingeni me, ut[4] dspexerim sponte me in tempestte ill
  turbulentissim re pblicae, quid esset optimum fact."

  Paucs post anns Cicern diem dxit Cldius tribnus plbis,    {90}
  quod cvs Rmns indict[5] caus necvisset. Sentus maestus,[6]
  tamquam in pblic lct, veste[7] mtt pr e dprecbtur.
  Cicer, cum posset arms saltem suam dfendere, mluit urbe
  cdere quam su caus caedem fier. Proficscentem omns bon
  flents prsect sunt. Dein Cldius dictum prposuit ut Mrc   {95}
  Tulli[8] gn et aqu interdcertur: illus domum et vlls
  incendit. Sed vs illa nn diuturna fuit, mox enim ttus fer populus
  Rmnus ingent dsderi Cicernis reditum flgitre coepit et
  mxim omnium rdinum studi Cicer in patriam revoctus est.
    [[100]]
  Nihil per ttam vtam Cicern itinere, qu in patriam rediit,   {100}
  accidit icundius. Obviam[1] e redeunt ab niverss itum est: domus
  ius pblic pecni restitta est.

  Gravissimae ill tempestte inter Caesarem et Pompium ortae
  sunt inimcitiae, ut rs[2] nisi bell drim nn posse vidrtur.
  Cicer quidem summ studi ntbtur[3] ut es inter s reconciliret
  et  bell cvlis calamittibus dterrret, sed cum neutrum     {106}
  ad pcem ineundam permovre posset, Pompium sectus est.
  Sed vict Pompi,  Caesare victre veniam ultr accpit. Qu
  interfect Octvinum, Caesaris hrdem, fvit,[4] Antnium
  impgnvit effcitque ut  sent hostis idicrtur.            {110}

  Sed Antnius, init cum Octvin societte,[5] Cicernem iam
  di sibi inimcum prscrpsit. Qu r audt, Cicer trnsverss[6]
  itineribus in vllam, quae  mar proxim aberat, fgit indeque
  nvem cnscendit, in Macedoniam trnsitrus. Unde aliquotins
  in altum prvectum cum modo[7] vent advers rettulissent, modo  {115}
  ipse iacttinem maris pat nn posset, taedium[8] tandem eum
  et fugae et vtae cpit regressusque ad vllam "Moriar" inquit
  "in patri saepe servt." Satis cnstat, adventantibus percussribus,
  servs fortiter fidliterque parts fuisse ad dmicandum,
  ipsum dpn lectcam[9] et quits pat, quod                   {120}
  sors inqua cgeret, iussisse. Prminent[10]
  ex lectc et immtam cervcem[11] praebent[10]
  caput praecsum est. Mans quoque abscissae;
  caput reltum est ad Antnium iusque
  iuss cum dextr man in rstrs positum.                        {125}

    [Illustration: LECTCA.]

  Quamdi rs pblica Rmna per es gerbtur, quibus s ipsa
  commserat, in eam crs cgittinsque fer omns sus cnferbat
    [[101]]
  Cicer et pls[1] operae pnbat in agend quam in scrbend.
  Cum autem domint nus C. Ili Caesaris omnia tenrentur,
  nn s angribus[2] ddidit nec indgns homine doct volupttibus.
  Fugins cnspectum For urbisque rra peragrbat abdbatque      {131}
  s, quantum licbat, et slus erat. Nihil agere autem cum
  animus nn posset, exstimvit honestissim molestis posse
  dpn, s s ad philosophiam rettulisset, cu adulscns multum
  temporis tribuerat, et omne studium cramque convertit ad scrbendum:
  atque ut cvibus etiam tisus[3] aliquid prdesse[4] posset,    {136}
  labrvit ut doctirs fierent et sapientirs, plraque brev
  tempore, vers r pblic, scrpsit, quam mults anns e stante
  scrpserat. Sc fcundiae[5] et Latnrum litterrum parns      {139}
  vsit[6] pruitque virrum sapientium praecept, qu docent nn
  slum ex[7] mals ligere minima oportre, sed etiam excerpere[8] ex
  hs ipss, s quid nsit bon.

  Multa exstant fact[9] ab e dicta. Cum Lentulum, generum[10]
  suum, exiguae statrae hominem, vdisset long gladi accinctum,
  "Quis" inquit "generum meum ad gladium adligvit?"--Mtrna      {145}
  quaedam inirem s, quam erat, simulns dictitbat s
  trgint tantum anns habre; cu Cicer "Vrum est," inquit
  "nam hc vgint anns audi."--Caesar, alter cnsule mortu
  di[11] Decembris ltim, Cannium cnsulem hr septim in
  reliquam di partem renntiverat; quem cum plrque rent      {150}
  salttum d mre, "Fstnmus" inquit Cicer "priusquam abeat
  magistrt." D edem Canni scrpsit Cicer: "Fuit mrific[12]
  vigilanti Cannius, qu tt su cnsult somnum nn
  vderit.[13]"

    [Footnote: The following selections have been edited for rapid
    reading or reading at sight:]

    [Footnotes: XXVIII (pages 96-101)

    96.3: 'ancestors.'
    96.4: 'wart.'
    96.5: 'nose'; cf. _nasal_.
    96.6: #ciceris grn#: 'a tiny chickpea.'
    96.7: = _ut_.
    96.8: 'culture.'
    96.9: 'had spread.'
    97.1: 'applied himself.'
    97.2: 'engaged.'
    97.3: 'courts.'
    97.4: 'pleaded.'
    97.5: 'followed,' 'courted' (cf. _sequor_).
    97.6: 'independence.'
    97.7: 'freedman.'
    97.8: 'fearing.'
    97.9: 'most eloquent.'
    97.10: 'was being deprived.'
    97.11: #annnae difficults#: 'a lack of corn.'
    97.12: 'courtesy.'
    97.13: 'having had proof of.'
    97.14: 'lawyers.'
    97.15: 'crushed.'
    97.16: 'great-grandfather.'
    97.17: Cf. XXVII, 19.
    97.18: 'campaign.'
    97.19: #que# here = 'but.'
    98.1: '_though_ disabled.'
    98.2: #bis . . . profugus# = _bis vincula ius profgit_.
    98.3: #nll nn#: 'every.'
    98.4: 'chains.'
    98.5: 'shackles.'
    98.6: 'slain'; lit., 'stabbed from below.'
    98.7: 'fastened' (to the stump of his arm).
    98.8: 'great-grandson.'
    98.9: 'defeat'; a technical term of Roman politics.
    98.10: 'butcher.'
    98.11: #ctum erat d#: 'it would have been all up with.'
    98.12: #in . . . incidisset#: 'happened in the daysof.'
    98.13: Cicero.
    98.14: 'prowess.'
    98.15: 'culprit.'
    98.16: 'by a general downfall.'
    98.17: 'conspicuous'; lit., 'shining.'
    98.18: 'having first said.'
    98.19: from _ggn_, 'to beget.'
    99.1: 'life.'
    99.2: 'corpses.'
    99.3: Sc. _concidisset_.
    99.4: #ut . . . dspexerim#: '(as to say) that I should have of my
    own accord clearly perceived.'
    99.5: #indict caus#: 'with their cause unpleaded,' i.e. without
    giving them a trial.
    99.6: 'mourning.'
    99.7: #veste mtt#: i.e. changing their ordinary attire, which
    was white, for darker robes of mourning.
    99.8: #Tulli . . . interdcertur#: lit., 'that a ban should be
    laid on Tullius in respect of fire and water,' i.e. that he should
    be outlawed, and every one forbidden to aid him, even with the
    necessaries of life.
    100.1: #Obviam . . . est#: 'all went to meet him.'
    100.2: 'trouble.'
    100.3: 'strove.'
    100.4: 'cherished,' 'supported.'
    100.5: The reference is to the Second Triumvirate.
    100.6: #trnsverss itineribus#: i.e. by out of the way paths.
    100.7: #modo . . . modo#: 'now . . . now.'
    100.8: 'disgust.'
    100.9: 'litter,' 'sedan chair.'
    100.10: 'leaning out'; sc. _e_, dat. of disadvantage with
    #praecsum est#.
    100.11: 'neck.'
    101.1: #pls . . . scrbend#: 'he devoted more of his time to
    practical affairs than to literature.'
    101.2: 'sorrow.'
    101.3: #etiam tisus#: 'even though at ease,' i.e. not burdened
    with official duties. #tisus# here, as often = _prvtus_.
    101.4: 'benefit.'
    101.5: 'eloquence.' Sc. #Latnae#, to be derived from #Latnrum#.
    101.6: 'became.'
    101.7: #ex . . . oportre#: we should say, 'of two evils choose
    the less.'
    101.8: 'extract'; lit., 'pluck.'
    101.9: 'wittily.'
    101.10: 'son-in-law.'
    101.11: On this day the consuls went out of office.
    101.12: 'wondrous.'
    101.13: causal subjunctive.]


#XXIX. Marcus Brutus# [[stripped text]]

M. Brutus, ex illa gente, quae Roma Tarquinios eiecerat, oriundus,
Athenis philosophiam, Rhodi eloquentiam didicit. Eius pater, qui Sullae
partibus adversabatur, iussu Pompei interfectus erat, unde Brutus cum eo
graves gesserat simultates. Bello tamen civili Pompei causam, quod
iustior videretur, secutus dolorem suum rei publicae utilitati
posthabuit. Victo Pompeio Brutus a Caesare servatus est et praetor etiam
factus. Postea vero, cum Caesar superbia elatus senatum contemnere et
regnum adfectare coepisset, populus, praesenti statu haud laetus,
vindicem libertatis requirebat. Subscripsere quidam L. Bruti statuae:
"Utinam viveres!" Item ipsius Caesaris statuae: "Brutus, quia reges
eiecit, primus consul factus est; hic, quia consules eiecit, postremo
rex factus est." Inscriptum quoque est M. Bruti praetoris tribunali:
"Dormis, Brute!"

Cognita populi Romani voluntate, Brutus adversus Caesarem conspiravit.
Pridie quam Caesar est occisus, Porcia, Bruti uxor, Catonis filia,
consilii conscia, egresso cubiculum Bruto, cultellum tonsorium quasi
unguium resecandorum causa poposcit eoque velut forte elapso se
vulneravit. Clamore deinde ancillarum in cubiculum revocatus obiurgare
eam coepit, quod tonsoris praeripuisset officium. Cui secreto Porcia
"Non est" inquit "hoc temerarium factum meum, sed in tali statu nostro
mei erga te amoris certissimum indicium. Experiri enim volui, si tibi
propositum ex sententia parum cessisset, quam aequo animo me ferro essem
interemptura." Quibus verbis auditis Brutus ad caelum manus et oculos
sustulisse dicitur et exclamavisse: "Utinam dignus tali coniuge maritus
videri possem!"

Interfecto Caesare, cum Antonius vestem eius sanguinolentam ostentans
populum veluti furore quodam adversus coniuratos inflammasset, Brutus in
Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem Philippos adversus Antonium et
Octavianum dimicavit. Victus acie, cum in tumulum se nocte recepisset,
audita Cassii morte, ne in hostium manus veniret, uni ex comitibus latus
transfodiendum praebuit. Antonius Bruti corpus liberto suo sepeliendum
tradidit, quoque honoratius cremaretur, inici ei suum paludamentum
iussit, iacentem non hostem, sed civem deposito existimans odio. Cumque
interceptum a liberto paludamentum comperisset, ira percitus protinus
in eum animadvertit, praefatus: "Quid? tu ignorasti cuius tibi viri
sepulturam commisissem?" Non eadem fuit Octaviani erga Brutum moderatio,
is enim avulsum Bruti caput Romam misit, ut Gai Caesaris statuae
subiceretur. Porcia cum victum et interemptum virum suum cognovisset,
quia ferrum non dabatur, ardentes ore carbones hausit, virilem patris
exitum mulier imitata novo mortis genere.


    [[102]]

  #XXIX. Mrcus Brtus# [[as printed]]

    [Illustration: BRTUS]

  M. Brtus, ex ill gente, quae Rm Tarquinis
  icerat, oriundus,[1] Athns philosophiam,
  Rhod loquentiam didicit. ius pater, qu Sullae
  partibus adversbtur, iuss Pomp interfectus
  erat, unde Brtus cum e gravs gesserat[2]                        {5}
  simultts. Bell tamen cvl Pomp causam,
  quod istior vidrtur, sectus dolrem suum re
  pblicae tilitt posthabuit. Vict Pompi
  Brtus  Caesare servtus est et praetor etiam
  factus. Poste vr, cum Caesar superbi ltus sentum           {10}
  contemnere et rgnum adfectre[3] coepisset, populus, praesent stat
  haud laetus, vindicem[4] lbrttis requrbat. Subscrpsre qudam
  L. Brt[5] statuae: "Utinam[6] vvers!" Item ipsus Caesaris
  statuae: "Brtus, quia rgs icit, prmus cnsul factus         {14}
  est; hc, quia cnsuls icit, postrm rx factus est." nscrptum
  quoque est M. Brt praetris tribnl: "Dorms,[7] Brte!"

  Cgnit popul Rmn voluntte, Brtus adversus Caesarem
  cnsprvit. Prdi quam Caesar est occsus, Porcia, Brt uxor,
  Catnis flia, cnsili[8] cnscia, gress cubiculum[9] Brt,   {19}
  cultellum[10] tnsrium quasi unguium[11] resecandrum caus popscit
  eque velut forte lps s vulnervit. Clmre deinde ancillrum[12]
  in cubiculum revoctus obirgre[13] eam coepit, quod tnsris
  praeripuisset officium. Cu scrt Porcia "Nn est" inquit
  "hc temerrium[14] factum meum, sed in tl stat nostr me
  erg t amris certissimum indicium. Experr enim volu, s[15]  {25}
    [[103]]
  tibi prpositum ex sententi parum cessisset, quam aequ anim
  m ferr essem intermptra." Quibus verbs audts Brtus ad
  caelum mans et oculs sustulisse dcitur et exclmvisse: "Utinam
  dgnus tl cniuge martus vidr possem!"

  Interfect Caesare, cum Antnius vestem ius sanguinolentam[1]    {30}
  ostentns populum velut furre qudam adversus conirts
  nflammsset, Brtus in Macedoniam concessit ibique apud urbem
  Philipps adversus Antnium et Octvinum dmicvit. Victus
  aci, cum in tumulum[2] s nocte recpisset, audt Cassi morte,
  n in hostium mans venret, n ex comitibus latus trnsfodiendum
  praebuit. Antnius Brt corpus lbert su sepeliendum[3]        {36}
  trdidit, quque[4] honrtius cremrtur, inic e suum
  paldmentum[5] iussit, iacentem[6] nn hostem, sed cvem dposit
  exstimns odi. Cumque interceptum  lbert paldmentum
  comperisset, r percitus[7] prtinus in eum animadvertit, praeftus:
  "Quid? t gnrst cius tibi vir sepultram commsissem?"      {41}
  Nn eadem fuit Octvin erg Brtum moderti, is
  enim vulsum[8] Brt caput Rmam msit, ut G Caesaris
  statuae subicertur. Porcia cum victum et intermptum virum suum
  cgnvisset, quia ferrum nn dabtur, rdents re carbnes[9]    {45}
  hausit, virlem patris[10] exitum mulier[11] imitta nov mortis
  genere.

    [Footnotes: XXIX (pages 102-103)

    102.1: = _ortus, ntus_.
    102.2: _simultts gerere_ = 'to carry on a feud.'
    102.3: 'to aim at.'
    102.4: 'champion.'
    102.5: The Brutus of selection IX.
    102.6: #Utinam vvers!# 'O that you were yet alive.' The
    subjunctive here expresses a wish or prayer; cf. l.29.
    102.7: 'you're fast asleep.'
    102.8: #cnsili cnscia#: 'who was aware of,' etc.
    102.9: 'sleeping-room.'
    102.10: #cultellum tnsrium#: 'a barber's knife.'
    102.11: 'nails.'
    102.12: 'maids.'
    102.13: 'scold.'
    102.14: 'heedless,' 'random.'
    102.15: #s . . . cessisset#: 'if your plan did not turn out
    according to your expectations.' Join with what follows.
    103.1: 'bloody.'
    103.2: 'hill.'
    103.3: _sepelre_ = 'to dispose of a body,' whether by burial or
    by cremation.
    103.4: #quque# = 'and in order that.'
    103.5: 'cloak.'
    103.6: 'the dead man.'
    103.7: 'thoroughly aroused.'
    103.8: 'torn (from the body).'
    103.9: 'coals.'
    103.10: See Vocab., _Cat_.
    103.11: 'woman though she was.']


#XXX. Octavianus Caesar Augustus# [[stripped text]]

Octavianus, Iuliae, Gai Caesaris sororis, nepos, quartum annum agens
patrem amisit. Ab avunculo adoptatus profectum eum in Hispanias adversus
Gnaei Pompei liberos secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam missus studiis
vacavit. Utque primum occisum Caesarem heredemque se comperit, in urbem
regressus hereditatem adiit, nomen Caesaris sumpsit conlectoque
veteranorum exercitu opem Decimo Bruto tulit, qui ab Antonio Mutinae
obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditu prohiberetur, ut Brutum de omnibus
rebus certiorem faceret, primo litteras misit plumbeis laminis
inscriptas, quas ad bracchium religatas urinatores Scultennam amnem
transnantes ad Brutum deferebant. Quin et avibus internuntiis utebatur.
Columbis enim, quas inclusas ante fame adfecerat, epistulas ad collum
religabat easque a proximo moenibus loco emittebat. Illae, lucis cibique
avidae, altissima aedificiorum petentes excipiebantur a Decimo Bruto,
qui eo modo de omnibus rebus certior fiebat, utique postquam disposito
quibusdam locis cibo columbas illuc devolare instituerat.

Bellum Mutinense Octavianus duobus proeliis confecit, quorum in altero
non ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus est officio atque in media
dimicatione, aquilifero legionis suae graviter saucio, aquilam umeris
subisse diuque fertur portasse. Postea reconciliata cum Antonio
gratiaiunctisque cum eo copiis, ut Gai Caesaris necem ulcisceretur, ad
urbem hostiliter accessit misitque qui nomine exercitus sibi consulatum
deposcerent. Cunctante senatu centurio, princeps legationis, reiecto
sagulo, ostendens gladii capulum non dubitavit in Curia dicere: "Hic
faciet, si vos non feceritis."

Ita cum Octavianus vicesimo aetatis anno consulatum invasisset, pacem
fecit cum Antonio et Lepido, ita ut triumviri rei publicae constituendae
per quinquennium essent ipse et Lepidus et Antonius, et ut suos quisque
inimicos proscriberent. Quae proscriptio Sullana longe crudelior fuit.
Exstant autem ex ea multa vel extremae impietatis vel mirae fidei ac
constantiae exempla. T. Toranius, triumvirorum partes secutus,
proscripti patris sui, praetorii et ornati viri, latebras, aetatem
notasque corporis, quibus agnosci posset, centurionibus edidit, qui eum
persecuti sunt. Alius quidam cum proscriptum se cognovisset, ad clientem
suum confugit; sed filius eius per ipsa vestigia patris militibus ductis
occidendum eum in conspectu suo obiecit.

Cum C. Plotius Plancus a triumviris proscriptus in regione Salernitana
lateret, servi eius, comprehensi multumque ac diu torti, negabant se
scire ubi dominus esset. Non sustinuit deinde Plancus tam fideles tamque
boni exempli servos ulterius cruciari; sed processit in medium
iugulumque gladiis militum obiecit. Senatoris cuiusdam servus cum ad
dominum proscriptum occidendum milites advenisse cognosset, commutata
cum eo veste, permutato etiam anulo, illum postico clam emisit, se autem
in cubiculum ad lectulum recepit et ut dominum occidi passus est.
"Quanti viri est" addit Seneca, "cum praemia proditionis ingentia
ostendantur, praemium fidei mortem concupiscere!"

Octavianus deinde M. Brutum, interfectorem Caesaris, bello persecutus id
bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplici proelio transegit;
quorum priore castris exutus vix fuga evasit. Victor acerbissime se
gessit: in nobilissimum quemque captivum non sine verborum contumelia
saeviit. Uni suppliciter sepulturam precanti respondisse dicitur iam
istam in volucrum fore potestate. Alios, patrem et filium, pro vita
rogantes sortiri fertur iussisse ut alterutri concederetur, ac cum,
patre quia se obtulerat occiso, filius quoque voluntaria occubuisset
nece, spectasse utrumque morientem. Orare veniam vel excusare se
conantibus, una voce occurrebat moriendum esse. Scribunt quidam
trecentos ex dediticiis electos ad aram divo Iulio exstructam Idibus
Martiis hostiarum more mactatos.

Abalienatus postea est ab Antonio, quod is, repudiata Octavia sorore,
Cleopatram, Aegypti reginam, duxisset uxorem: quae quidem mulier cum
Antonio luxu et deliciis certabat. Una se cena centies sestertium
absumpturam aliquando dixerat. Cupiebat discere Antonius, sed fieri
posse non arbitrabatur. Postero igitur die magnificam alias cenam, sed
cottidianam Antonio apposuit inridenti, quod promisso stare non
potuisset. At illa inferri mensam secundam iussit. Ex praecepto ministri
unum tantum vas ante eam posuere aceti, cuius asperitas visque
margaritas resolvit. Exspectante igitur Antonio quidnam esset actura,
margaritam, quam auribus gerebat, detraxit et aceto liquefactam
absorbuit. Victum Antonium omnes, qui aderant, pronuntiaverunt.

Octavianus cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus est in Epiro, navali
proelio dimicavit. Victum et fugientem persecutus Aegyptum petiit, et
Alexandream, quo Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, obsedit. Antonius in
ultima rerum desperatione, cum habitu regis in solio regali sedisset,
mortem sibi ipse conscivit. Cleopatra, quam Octavianus, Alexandrea in
potestatem redacta, magno opere cupiebat vivam comprehendi triumphoque
servari, aspidem sibi adferendam curavit eiusque morsu periit.
Cleopatrae mortuae communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit.

Tandem Octavianus, hostibus victis solus imperio potitus, clementem se
exhibuit. Omnia deinceps in eo plena mansuetudinis et humanitatis.
Multis ignovit vel iis qui saepe graviter eum offenderant. Reversus in
Italiam triumphans Romam ingressus est. Tum bellis toto orbe compositis
Iani gemini portas sua manu clausit, quae bis tantum antea clausae
fuerant, primum sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Punicum bellum. Tunc
omnes praeteritorum malorum oblivio cepit populusque Romanus praesentis
otii laetitia perfruebatur. Octaviano maximi honores a senatu delati
sunt. Ipse Augustus cognominatus et in honorem eius mensis Sextilis
eodem nomine appellatus est, quod illo mense bellis civilibus finis
esset impositus. Patris patriae cognomen universi maximo consensu
detulerunt ei. Deferentibus lacrimans respondit Augustus his verbis:
"Compos factus votorum meorum, patres conscripti, quid habeo aliud, quod
deos immortales precer, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum vitae
finem mihi perferre liceat!"

Dictaturam magna vi offerente populo deprecatus est. Domini
appellationem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribui edicto vetuit. Immo de
restituenda re publica non semel cogitavit, sed reputans et se privatum
non sine periculo fore, et rem publicam plurium arbitrio commissum iri,
summam retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit ne quem novi status
paeniteret. Bene de iis etiam, quos adversarios expertus erat, et
sentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e nepotibus invenit;
cumque puer territus volumen Ciceronis, quod manu tenebat, veste
tegeret, Augustus librum cepit eoque statim reddito, "Hic vir," inquit
"fili mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans."

Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat summaque comitate adeuntes excipiebat.
Convenit aliquando eum veteranus miles, qui vocatus in ius
periclitabatur rogavitque ut sibi adesset. Statim Augustus unum e
comitatu suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem commendaret. Tum
veteranus exclamavit: "At non ego, te periclitante bello Actiaco,
vicarium quaesivi, sed ipse pro te pugnavi," simulque detexit
cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus atque ipse venit in advocationem.

Cum post Actiacam victoriam Octavianus Romam reverteretur, occurrit ei
inter gratulantes opifex quidam corvum tenens, quem instituerat haec
dicere: "Ave, Caesar, victor, imperator!" Miratus Caesar officiosam avem
viginti milibus nummorum emit. Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex illa
liberalitate pervenerat, adfirmavit Caesari habere illum et alium
corvum, quem ut adferre cogeretur rogavit. Adlatus verba, quae
didicerat, expressit: "Ave, Antoni, victor, imperator!" Nihil
exasperatus Caesar satis duxit iubere illum dividere donativum cum
contubernali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco emi eum iussit.

Exemplum sutorem pauperem sollicitavit ut corvum institueret ad parem
salutationem. Qui impendio exhaustus saepe ad avem non respondentem
dicere solebat "Opera et impensa periit!" Aliquando tamen corvus coepit
dicere dictam salutationem. Hac audita, dum transit, Augustus respondit:
"Satis domi talium salutatorum habeo." Superfuit corvo memoria, ut et
illa, quibus dominum querentem solebat audire, subtexeret: "Opera et
impensa periit." Ad quod Caesar risit emique avem iussit, quanti nullam
ante emerat.

Solebat Graeculus quidam descendenti e palatio Caesari honorificum
aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id cum frustra saepe fecisset et tamen
rursus eum idem facturum duxisset Augustus, breve sua manu in charta
exaravit Graecum epigramma et Graeculo advenienti obviam misit. Ille
inter legendum laudare mirarique tam voce quam vultu gestuque. Deinde
cum accessisset ad sellam, qua Caesar vehebatur, demissa in pauperem
crumenam manu paucos denarios protulit, quos principi daret, dixitque se
plus daturum fuisse, si plus habuisset. Secuto omnium risu,
dispensatorem Caesar vocavit et satis grandem pecuniae summam numerari
Graeculo iussit.

Augustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus igitur a quodam cena
satis parca et paene cottidiana, hoc tantum insusurravit: "Non putabam
me tibi esse tam familiarem." Cum aliquando apud Pollionem quendam
cenaret fregissetque unus e servis vas crystallinum, rapi eum ad mortem
Pollio iussit et obici muraenis quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e
manibus puer et ad pedes Caesaris confugit, nihil aliud petiturus quam
ut aliter periret nec esca piscium fieret. Motus est novo crudelitatis
genere Caesar et illum quidem mitti, crystallina autem omnia coram se
frangi iussit complerique piscinam.

Augustus in quadam villa aegrotans noctes inquietas agebat, rumpente
somnum eius crebro noctuae cantu. Qua molestia cum liberari se
vehementer cupere significasset, miles quidam, aucupii peritus, noctuam
prehendendam curavit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis praemii.
Cui cum Augustus mille nummos dari iussisset, ille minus dignum praemium
existimans dicere ausus est: "Malo ut vivat," et avem dimisit.
Imperatori nec ad irascendum causa deerat nec ad ulciscendum potestas:
hanc tamen iniuriam aequo animo tulit Augustus hominemque impunitum
abire passus est.

Augustus amicitias neque facile admisit et constantissime retinuit.
Imprimis familiarem habuit Maecenatem, equitem Romanum; qui ea, qua apud
principem valebat, gratia ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus,
quibus posset, noceret nemini. Ius aliquando dicebat Augustus et multos
capite damnaturus videbatur. Aderat tum Maecenas, qui per circumstantium
turbam perrumpere et ad tribunal propius accedere conabatur. Quod cum
frustra tentasset, haec verba in tabella scripsit: "Surge tandem,
carnifex!" eamque tabellam ad Augustum proiecit. Qua lecta is statim
surrexit neque quisquam est morte multatus.

Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis, neque laxitate neque cultu
conspicuis, ac per annos amplius quadraginta in eodem cubiculo hieme et
aestate mansit. Suppellex quoque eius vix privatae elegantiae erat. Raro
veste alia usus est quam confecta ab uxore, sorore, filia neptibusque.
Item tamen Romam, quam pro maiestate imperii non satis ornatam
invenerat, adeo excoluit, ut iure gloriaretur marmoream se relinquere,
quam latericiam accepisset.

Forma fuit Augustus eximia et per omnes aetatis gradus venustissima.
Erat tamen omnis lenocinii neglegens et in capite comendo tam
incuriosus, ut eo ipso tempore, quo illud tonsoribus committeret, aut
legeret aliquid aut etiam scriberet.

Paucis annis antequam moreretur, gravissimam in Germania accepit cladem,
tribus legionibus cum duce Varo legatisqueet auxiliis omnibus caesis.
Hac nuntiata excubias per urbem indixit, ne quis tumultus exsisteret, et
magnos ludos Iovi optimo maximo vovit, si res publica in meliorem statum
vertisset. Adeo denique consternatum ferunt, ut, per continuos menses
barba capilloque submisso, caput interdum foribus inlideret, vociferans:
"Quintili Vare, legiones redde!" diemque cladis quotannis maestum
habuerit ac lugubrem.

Tandem adflicta valetudine in Campaniam concessit, ubi, remisso ad otium
animo, nullo hilaritatis genere abstinuit. Supremo vitae die petito
speculo capillum sibi comi iussit et amicos circumstantes percontatus
ecquid iis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse, adiecit solitam
clausulam: "Edite strepitum vosque omnes cum gaudio applaudite." Obiit
Nolae sextum et septuagesimum annum agens.


  #XXX. Octvinus Caesar Augustus# [[as printed]]

  Octvinus, Iliae, G Caesaris sorris, neps, qurtum annum
  agns patrem msit. Ab avuncul adopttus profectum eum in
  Hispnis[12] adversus Gnae Pomp lbers sectus est. Deinde
  ab e Apollniam missus studis[13] vacvit. Utque prmum occsum
    [[104]]
  Caesarem hrdemque s comperit, in urbem regressus                {5}
  hrdittem adiit, nmen Caesaris smpsit conlctque veternrum
  exercit opem Decim[1] Brt tulit, qu ab
  Antni Mutinae obsidbtur. Cum autem
  urbis adit prohibrtur, ut Brtum d omnibus
  rbus certirem faceret, prm ltters                           {10}
  msit plumbes[2] lmins nscrpts, qus ad
  bracchium[3] religts rntrs[4] Scultennam
  amnem trnsnants[5] ad Brtum dferbant.
  Qun et avibus internntis tbtur. Columbs[6]
  enim, qus inclss ante fam[7] adfcerat,                       {15}
  epistuls ad collum religbat esque  proxim moenibus loc
  mittbat. Illae, lcis cibque avidae, altissima aedificirum
  petents excipibantur  Decim Brt, qu e mod d omnibus
  rbus certior fbat, utique[8] postquam disposit quibusdam locs
  cib columbs illc dvolre nstituerat.                         {20}

    [Illustration: YOUNG AUGUSTUS]

  Bellum Mutinnse Octvinus dubus proelis cnfcit, qurum
  in alter nn ducis modo, sed mlitis etiam fnctus est offici
  atque in medi dmictine, aquilifer leginis suae graviter
  sauci,[9] aquilam umers subsse dique fertur portsse. Poste
  reconcilit cum Antni grti[10]inctsque cum e cpis, ut   {25}
  G Caesaris necem ulcscertur, ad urbem hostliter accessit
  msitque qu nmine exercits sibi cnsultum dpscerent.
  Cunctante sent centuri, prnceps lgtinis, riect sagul,[11]
  ostendns gladi capulum[12] nn dubitvit[13] in Cri dcere: "Hc
  faciet, s vs nn fceritis."                                    {30}

  Ita cum Octvinus vcsim aettis ann cnsultum invsisset,
  pcem fcit cum Antni et Lepid, ita ut triumvir re
    [[105]]
  pblicae cnstituendae per qunquennium essent ipse et Lepidus
  et Antnius, et ut sus quisque inimcs prscrberent. Quae
  prscrpti Sulln long crdlior fuit. Exstant autem ex e     {35}
  multa vel extrmae impiettis vel mrae fide c cnstantiae
  exempla. T. Tranius, triumvirrum parts sectus, prscrpt
  patris su, praetri et rnt vir, latebrs, aettem notsque[1]
  corporis, quibus gnsc posset, centurinibus didit, qu eum
  persect sunt. Alius qudam cum prscrptum s cgnvisset,      {40}
  ad clientem suum cnfgit; sed flius ius per ipsa vstgia
  patris mlitibus ducts occdendum eum in cnspect su obicit.

  Cum C. Pltius Plancus  triumvirs prscrptus in regine
  Salernitn[2] latret, serv ius, comprehns multumque c di
  tort,[3] negbant s scre ubi dominus esset. Nn sustinuit deinde
  Plancus tam fidls tamque bon exempl servs ulterius crucir;
  sed prcessit in medium iugulumque gladis mlitum obicit.       {47}
  Sentris ciusdam servus cum ad dominum prscrptum occdendum
  mlits advnisse cgnsset, commtt cum e veste,
  permtt etiam nul, illum postc[4] clam msit, s autem in  {50}
  cubiculum ad lectulum[5] recpit et ut dominum occd passus est.
  "Quant[6] vir est" addit Seneca,[7] "cum praemia prditinis
  ingentia ostendantur, praemium fide mortem concupscere!"

  Octvinus deinde M. Brtum, interfectrem Caesaris, bell
  persectus id bellum, quamquam invalidus atque aeger, duplic     {55}
  proeli trnsgit; qurum prire castrs extus[8] vix fug vsit.
  Victor acerbissim s gessit: in nbilissimum quemque captvum
  nn sine verbrum contumli saeviit. n suppliciter sepultram
  precant respondisse dcitur iam istam in volucrum fore
  potestte. Alis, patrem et flium, pr vt rogants sortr     {60}
  fertur iussisse ut alterutr[9] concdertur, ac cum, patre quia
    [[106]]
  s obtulerat occs, flius quoque voluntri occubuisset nece,
  spectsse utrumque morientem. rre veniam vel excsre s
  cnantibus, n vce occurrbat[1] moriendum esse. Scrbunt
  qudam trecents ex dditcis[2] lcts ad ram dv[3] Ili   {65}
  exstrctam dibus Mrtis hostirum[4] mre mactts.[5]

  Abalintus poste est ab Antni, quod is, repudit Octvi
  sorre, Cleopatram, Aegypt rgnam, dxisset uxrem: quae quidem
  mulier cum Antni lx et dlicis[6] certbat. n s cn
  centis[7] sstertium absmptram aliquand dxerat. Cupibat     {70}
  dscere Antnius, sed fier posse nn arbitrbtur. Poster igitur
  di mgnificam[8] alis cnam, sed cottdinam Antni apposuit
  inrdent, quod prmiss stre nn potuisset. At illa nferr
  mnsam[9] secundam iussit. Ex praecept ministr num tantum      {74}
  vs ante eam posure act,[10] cius asperits vsque margarts[11]
  resolvit.[12] Exspectante igitur Antni quidnam esset ctra,
  margartam, quam auribus gerbat, dtrxit et act liquefactam
  absorbuit. Victum Antnium omns, qu aderant, prnntivrunt.   {78}

  Octvinus cum Antni apud Actium, qu locus est in pr,       {80}
  nvl proeli dmicvit. Victum et fugientem persectus Aegyptum
  petiit, et Alexandram, qu Antnius cum Cleopatr cnfgerat,
  obsdit. Antnius in ultim rrum dsprtine, cum
  habit rgis in soli[13] rgl sdisset, mortem sibi ipse cnscvit.
  Cleopatra, quam Octvinus, Alexandr in potesttem redct,     {85}
  mgn opere cupibat vvam comprehend triumphque servr,
  aspidem[14] sibi adferendam crvit iusque mors periit. Cleopatrae
  mortuae commnem cum Antni sepultram tribuit.

    [[107]]
  Tandem Octvinus, hostibus victs slus imperi pottus,
  clmentem s exhibuit.[1] Omnia deinceps in e plna mnsutdinis[2]
  et hmnittis. Mults gnvit vel is qu saepe graviter         {91}
  eum offenderant. Reversus in taliam triumphns Rmam
  ingressus est. Tum bells tt orbe composits In gemin ports
  su man clausit, quae bis tantum ante clausae fuerant, prmum
  sub Num rge, iterum post prmum Pnicum bellum. Tunc            {95}
  omns praeteritrum malrum oblvi cpit populusque Rmnus
  praesentis ti laetiti perfrubtur. Octvin mxim honrs
   sent dlt sunt. Ipse Augustus cgnmintus et in honrem
  ius mnsis Sextlis[3] edem nmine appelltus est, quod ill
  mnse bells cvlibus fnis esset impositus. Patris patriae     {100}
  cgnmen nivers mxim cnsns dtulrunt e. Dferentibus
  lacrimns respondit Augustus hs verbs: "Compos[4] factus
  vtrum merum, patrs conscrpt, quid habe aliud, quod des
  immortls precer, quam ut hunc cnsnsum vestrum ad ultimum
  vtae fnem mihi perferre liceat!"                               {105}

  Dicttram mgn v offerente popul dprectus est. Domin
  appelltinem semper exhorruit eamque sibi tribu dict vetuit.
  Imm[5] d restituend r pblic nn semel cgitvit, sed
  reputns et s prvtum nn sine percul fore, et rem pblicam
  plrium arbitri commissum[6] r, summam retinuit potesttem,   {110}
  id vr studuit n quem nov stats paenitret. Bene d is
  etiam, qus adversris expertus erat, et sentibat et loqubtur.
  Legentem aliquand num  neptibus invnit; cumque puer
  territus volmen Cicernis, quod man tenbat, veste tegeret,
  Augustus librum cpit eque statim reddit, "Hc vir," inquit    {115}
  "fl m, doctus fuit et patriae amns."

    [[108]]
  Pedibus saepe per urbem incdbat summque cmitte adeunts
  excipibat. Convnit[1] aliquand eum veternus mles, qu
  voctus in is perclitbtur rogvitque ut sibi adesset. Statim
  Augustus num  comitt[2] su lgit advoctum, qu ltigtrem
  commendret. Tum veternus exclmvit: "At nn ego,              {121}
  t perclitante bell Actiac, vicrium[3] quaesv, sed ipse pr t
  pgnv," simulque dtxit cictrcs.[4] rubuit[5] Augustus
  atque ipse vnit in advoctinem.

  Cum post Actiacam victriam Octvinus Rmam revertertur,       {125}
  occurrit e inter grtulants opifex[6] qudam corvum[7] tenns,
  quem nstituerat haec dcere: "Av,[8] Caesar, victor, impertor!"
  Mrtus Caesar officisam avem vgint mlibus nummrum[9] mit.
  Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex ill lberlitte pervnerat,
  adfrmvit Caesar habre illum et alium corvum, quem ut adferre
  cgertur rogvit. Adltus verba, quae didicerat, expressit:     {131}
  "Av, Antn, victor, impertor!" Nihil exaspertus Caesar
  satis dxit iubre illum dvidere dntvum[10] cum contubernl.
  Salttus similiter  psittac[11] em eum iussit.

  Exemplum strem[12] pauperem sollicitvit ut corvum nstitueret
  ad parem salttinem. Qu impendi[13] exhaustus saepe ad       {136}
  avem nn respondentem dcere solbat "Opera et impnsa[13]
  periit[14]!" Aliquand tamen corvus coepit dcere dictam
  salttinem. Hc audt, dum trnsit, Augustus respondit: "Satis
  dom tlium salttrum habe." Superfuit corv memoria, ut      {140}
  et illa, quibus dominum querentem solbat audre, subtexeret[15]:
  "Opera et impnsa periit." Ad quod Caesar rsit emque avem
  iussit, quant[16] nllam ante merat.

  Solbat Graeculus qudam dscendent  palti Caesar honrificum
  aliquod epigramma porrigere.[17] Id cum frstr saepe fcisset   {145}
    [[109]]
  et tamen rrsus eum idem factrum dxisset Augustus, breve
  su man in chart[1] exarvit[2] Graecum epigramma et Graecul
  advenient obviam msit. Ille inter legendum laudre[3] mrrque[3]
  tam[4] vce quam[4] vult gestque. Deinde cum accessisset       {149}
  ad sellam, qu Caesar vehbtur, dmiss in pauperem crumnam[5]
  man paucs dnris[6] prtulit, qus prncip daret, dxitque
  s pls datrum fuisse, s pls habuisset. Sect omnium
  rs, dispnstrem[7] Caesar vocvit et satis grandem pecniae
  summam numerr Graecul iussit.

  Augustus fer nll s invtant negbat. Exceptus igitur       {155}
  qudam cn satis parc et paene cottdin, hc tantum
  nsusurrvit[8]: "Nn putbam m tibi esse tam familirem." Cum
  aliquand apud Pllinem quendam cnret frgissetque nus 
  servs vs crystallinum, rap eum ad mortem Plli iussit et     {159}
  obic mraens[9] qus ingns piscna[10] continbat. vsit  manibus
  puer et ad peds Caesaris cnfgit, nihil aliud pettrus quam
  ut aliter perret nec sca[11] piscium fieret. Mtus est nov
      crdlittis
  genere Caesar et illum quidem mitt,[12] crystallina autem
  omnia cram s frang iussit complrque piscnam.

  Augustus in qudam vll aegrtns nocts inquits agbat,      {165}
  rumpente somnum ius crbr noctuae[13] cant. Qu molesti cum
  lberr s vehementer cupere sgnificsset, mles qudam, aucupi
  pertus, noctuam prehendendam crvit, vvamque August attulit,
  sp ingentis praemi. Cu cum Augustus mlle numms[14] dar     {169}
  iussisset, ille minus dgnum praemium exstimns dcere ausus est:
  "Ml ut vvat," et avem dmsit. Impertr nec ad rscendum
  causa deerat nec ad ulcscendum potests: hanc tamen iniriam
  aequ anim tulit Augustus hominemque impntum abre passus est.

    [[110]]
  Augustus amcitis neque facile admsit et cnstantissim retinuit.
  Imprms familirem habuit Maecntem, equitem Rmnum;          {175}
  qu e, qu apud prncipem valbat, grti ita semper sus
  est, ut prdesset omnibus, quibus posset, nocret nmin. Is
  aliquand dcbat Augustus et mults capite damntrus vidbtur.
  Aderat tum Maecns, qu per
  circumstantium turbam perrumpere et                              {180}
  ad tribnal propius accdere cnbtur.
  Quod cum frstr tentsset, haec verba
  in tabell scrpsit: "Surge tandem,
  carnifex[1]!" eamque tabellam ad Augustum
  pricit. Qu lct is statim surrxit                           {185}
  neque quisquam est morte multtus.

    [Illustration: AUGUSTUS]

  Habitvit Augustus in aedibus modics,
  neque laxitte[2] neque cult[3] cnspicus,
  ac per anns amplius quadrgint
  in edem cubicul hieme et aestte                               {190}
  mnsit. Suppellex[4] quoque ius vix
  prvtae legantiae erat. Rr veste
  ali sus est quam cnfect ab uxre,
  sorre, fli neptibusque.[5] Item tamen
  Rmam, quam pr miestte imperi nn                            {195}
  satis rntam invnerat, ade excoluit, ut ire glrirtur
  marmoream s relinquere, quam laterciam[6] accpisset.

  Frm fuit Augustus eximi et per omns aettis grads
  venustissim. Erat tamen omnis lncini[7] neglegns et in capite
  cmend tam incrisus, ut e ips tempore, qu illud tnsribus
  committeret, aut legeret aliquid aut etiam scrberet.            {201}

  Paucs anns antequam morertur, gravissimam in Germni
  accpit cldem, tribus leginibus cum duce Vr lgtsqueet
    [[111]]
  auxilis omnibus caess. Hc nntit excubis[1] per urbem      {204}
  indxit, n quis tumultus exsisteret, et mgns lds Iov optim
  mxim vvit, s rs pblica in melirem statum vertisset. Ade
  dnique[2] cnsterntum ferunt, ut, per continus mnss barb
  capillque submiss,[3] caput interdum foribus inlderet, vciferns:
  "Quntil Vre, legins redde!" diemque cldis quotanns
  maestum habuerit ac lgubrem.                                    {210}

  Tandem adflct valtdine in Campniam concessit, ubi, remiss
  ad tium anim, nll hilarittis genere abstinuit. Suprm vtae
  di pett specul[4] capillum sibi cm iussit et amcs
  circumstants perconttus ecquid is vidrtur mmum[5] vtae commod
  trnsgisse, adicit solitam clausulam[6]: "dite strepitum      {215}
  vsque omns cum gaudi applaudite." Obiit Nlae sextum et
  septugsimum annum agns.

    [Footnotes: XXX (pages 103-111)

    103.12: See Vocab., _Hispnia_.
    103.13: #studis vacbat#: 'had time for (i.e. devoted himselfto)
    study.'
    104.1: At Caesar's death he was governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Antony
    carried a law allotting this province to himself, and then
    undertook to expel Brutus.
    104.2: #plumbes lmins#: 'leaden plates.'
    104.3: 'arm.'
    104.4: 'divers.'
    104.5: 'by swimming across.'
    104.6: 'doves.'
    104.7: 'hunger.'
    104.8: 'especially.'
    104.9: '(being) wounded.'
    104.10: = _amciti_.
    104.11: 'cloak.'
    104.12: 'hilt.'
    104.13: 'hesitate.'
    105.1: 'marks.'
    105.2: 'of Salernum,' a town in Campania; the modern Salerno.
    105.3: 'though tortured.'
    105.4: 'by a back door.'
    105.5: 'couch.'
    105.6: #Quant . . . est#: 'What marvelous manhood it shows.'
    105.7: A philosopher of the first century A.D.
    105.8: 'stripped of.'
    105.9: 'to one or the other,' i.e. to one, but not to both.
    106.1: 'he met,' i.e. he answered.
    106.2: 'prisoners of war.' Cf. _ddere_, 'to surrender.'
    106.3: Julius Caesar, like the later emperors, was deified after
    his death.
    106.4: 'sacrificial victims.'
    106.5: 'slaughtered.'
    106.6: 'pleasure.'
    106.7: #centis# (sc. _centna mlia_) #sstertium# = 'ten million
    sesterces,' or about four hundred thousand dollars. Cf. p.88,
    n.8.
    106.8: #mgnificam . . . Antni#: 'under other circumstances
    truly splendid, but to Antony quite commonplace.'
    106.9: 'course.'
    106.10: 'vinegar.'
    106.11: 'pearls.'
    106.12: 'melts,' 'dissolves.'
    106.13: 'throne.'
    106.14: 'asp.'
    107.1: = _ostendit_.
    107.2: 'gentleness.'
    107.3: 'the sixth,' counting from March, with which, it is said,
    the Roman year originally began.
    107.4: #Compos . . . merum#: 'Now that I have gained my heart's
    desire,' which had been to avenge his uncle's death.
    107.5: 'Nay.'
    107.6: #commissum r# is fut. infin. pass. of _committ_, and =
    'was sure to be (lit. was going tobe) handed over,' i.e. if he
    resigned.
    108.1: 'met.'
    108.2: 'retinue.'
    108.3: 'substitute.'
    108.4: 'wounds.'
    108.5: 'blushed.'
    108.6: 'artisan.'
    108.7: 'raven.'
    108.8: 'Hail!'
    108.9: = _sstertirum_.
    108.10: = _dnum_.
    108.11: 'parrot.'
    108.12: 'cobbler.'
    108.13: 'outlay.'
    108.14: 'have come to naught.'
    108.15: 'added': lit., 'wove in.'
    108.16: #quant . . . merat#: 'at a higher price than he had paid
    before.'
    108.17: 'offer.'
    109.1: 'paper.'
    109.2: 'scratched off,' 'wrote.'
    109.3: Examples of the historical infinitive, so called because it
    is especially common in historical writing. It is to be translated
    by an imperfect or perfect indicative.
    109.4: = _et . . . et_.
    109.5: 'purse.'
    109.6: 'francs.'
    109.7: 'steward.'
    109.8: 'whispered.'
    109.9: 'eels.'
    109.10: 'fish-pond.'
    109.11: 'food.'
    109.12: 'freed.'
    109.13: 'night-owl.'
    109.14: = _sstertis_.
    110.1: 'executioner,' 'butcher.'
    110.2: 'size.'
    110.3: 'style.'
    110.4: 'furniture.'
    110.5: 'granddaughters.'
    110.6: 'made of brick.'
    110.7: 'finery.'
    111.1: #excubis . . . indxit#: 'ordered watches to be set.'
    111.2: Often used like our 'to cut a long story short,' 'in
    short.'
    111.3: #barb . . . submiss#: 'letting his beard grow.'
    111.4: 'mirror' (of metal, generally bronze or silver).
    111.5: 'comedy.'
    111.6: 'conclusion.' Latin plays regularly close with an appeal of
    the actors to the spectators to grant them 'loud and prolonged
    applause.']


    [Illustration {SPQR}]




EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN

Words in round brackets are not to be translated; those in square
brackets indicate the Latin rendering. Note the 'Caution' on p. xxv. The
section numbers refer to the selections.


I.

#Apposition.#

1. Proca left his kingdom to his older son, Numitor. 2. Romulus and
Remus were the sons of Rhea Silvia, apriestess of Vesta. 3. The boys
were thrown into the river. 4. Ashepherd of the king[1] carried them to
his hut. 5. Who was the grandfather of these boys? 6. Remus, when
grown,[2] was caught by (some) robbers.[3] 7. They thus accused him:
"You have trespassed on the king's lands." 8. Adispute arose between
the brothers. 9. Romulus said: "Ishall give my name to the new city."
10. Which of them leaped over the wall?

    [Footnotes:
    1: Use adj.
    2: See p. 2, n. 19.
    3: H. 468 (415, I); M. 614; A 246; G 401; B 216.]


II.

#Agreement of adjectives, pronouns, and participles.#

1. Robbers and shepherds took refuge in[1] the city which Romulus had
founded. 2. These were the fathers of the Romans. 3. The envoys that the
king sent were nowhere kindly received. 4. The tribes to which he sent
did not seek an alliance. 5. Many of those who gathered had not seen
Rome. 6. The maidens whom they seized were the children of the Sabines,
who now undertook war. 7. (While) advancing to battle, the Romans
carried (their) shields on (their) left arms. 8. The Sabines killed
Hostilius (while he was) fighting very bravely. 9. The Romans fell
fighting bravely. 10. They founded a temple in honor[2] of Romulus and
worshiped him as a god.

    [Footnotes:
    1: _ad_ with acc.
    2: See p. 8, n. 1.]


III.

#Expressions of place; extent of time.#

1. Who succeeded Romulus? Numa Pompilius. 2. From what city did he come?
From Cures, [from] acity of the Sabines. 3. What did he do at Rome? 4.
He established many religious customs and had many useful laws passed.
5. Ashield once slipped down from the sky. 6. (There) was a smith in
Rome[1] who made twelve shields of the same shape. 7. The Romans had
peace (for) forty-three years. 8. No temple was erected in honor of
Numa, but he was of more use to the state than Romulus.

    [Footnote:
    1: Locative case.]


IV.

#Ablative absolute; locatives of common nouns.#

1. At the death of Numa [Numa having died] the Romans elected a more
warlike king. 2. War[1] having broken[1] out between the Romans and the
Sabines, the dispute was settled by a contest between [of] the Curiatii
and the Horatii. 3. The young men took up arms and [arms having been
taken up][1] advanced to battle. 4. At a given[2] signal,[2] with drawn
swords, they rushed together. 5. As the two Romans fell [the two Romans
falling], the Alban army shouted for joy. 6. The sister of Horatius
began to weep when she saw her lover's cloak. 7. He drew his sword and
stabbed the girl who forgot [having forgotten] her brothers and her
country. 8. When Tullus learned of the treachery of the Alban general,
in anger[3] he ordered him to be put to death. 9. Then war was declared
against the Sabines.[4] 10. Very many young men were in military
service, afew were at home. 11. Tullus[5] Hostilius, who succeeded
Numa, liked war [war pleased] rather than peace.

    [Footnotes:
    1: See p. 1, n. 4.
    2: See p. 5, l. 12. [[in selection II]]
    3: Use participle.
    4: H. 429 (386); M. 534; A. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.
    5: H. 426, 1 (385, I); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187,II.]


V.

#Ablative of specification; dative with compounds.#

1. Ancus Marcius, the fourth king, was like Numa[1] in justice and
piety, but was more warlike. 2. During[2] his reign[2] araid was made
on the Roman territory by the Latins. 3. When the king heard of this
[which having been learned], he declared war against them. 4. Having
defeated the Latins, he destroyed their towns and transferred the
citizens to Rome. 5. Romulus had built a wall around the city, but this
wall was larger. 6. Of these four kings of Rome, two were distinguished
in war, two in peace.

    [Footnotes:
    1: H. 434 (391, I); M. 536; A. 234; G. 359; B. 192,1.
    2: Abl. abs.]


VI.

#Direct and indirect questions.#

1. Tarquin came from Etruria, a city of the Etruscans. 2. When Ancus
died,[2] Tarquin was made guardian of his children. 3. Thus he obtained
the throne. 4. (There) was at Rome a celebrated augur. 5. The king once
asked him whether he could cut a whetstone with a razor. Can[1] you cut
a whetstone witha razor? 7. You cannot[2] cut a whetstone with a razor,
can you? 8. The sons of Ancus asked the shepherds whether they could
commit a crime. 9. Can you commit a crime? 10. The shepherds entered[3]
the palace and[3] began to bawl out. 11. One of them killed the king
with an axe. 12. Does not this seem to you an atrocious crime?

    [Footnotes:
    1: H. 378, 2 (351, 1, N. 1); M. 698; A. 210, _a_; G. 454;
       B. 162, _c_.
    2: H. 378 (351, 1, N. 3); M. 701; A. 210, _c_; G. 456;
       B. 162, _b_.
    3: See p. 2, n. 8.]


VII.

#Ablative of source; ablative of quality.#

1. At the death of Tarquin, Servius Tullius succeeded to the throne. 2.
He was born of a woman[1] of rank, who, however, was a slave in
Tarquin's house. 3. On the advice of Tanaquil [Tanaquil advising] he was
brought up just as the children of the king. 4. He was a young man of
great bravery,[1] and became the king's son-in-law. 5. One of Tullius's
daughters was gentle, the other wild. 6. Tarquin's sons were of like
character. 7. The king was slain by order of his own son-in-law. 8.
Tullia was a woman of base character and did not love her father. 9. The
people asked Tullia what she had done.[2]

    [Footnotes:
    1: Abl. Why?
    2: See p. 3, n. 2.]


VIII.

#Temporal clauses with _cum_; ablative of price.#

1. The city of Gabii could not be captured by Tarquin. 2. When Sextus
had been chosen general, he sent a messenger to his father. 3. When he
learned of the silence[1] and act of his father, he killed the chief men
of the state. 4. When each of the young men praised his own wife, it was
decided to find out who was the best. 5. When Lucretia had summoned her
husband[1] and father,[1] she killed herself with a knife. 6. An old
woman once asked Tarquin whether he wished to buy some books at an
enormous price. 7. At first Tarquin ridiculed her, but, after she had
burned six books, he bought the remaining three at the same price.

    [Footnote:
    1: Abl. abs.]


IX.

#Causal clauses with _cum_; purpose clauses with _ut_.#

1. Since his brother had been killed, Brutus feared the same fate, for
he was a young man of great sagacity. 2. He set out for Delphi with
Tarquin's sons. 3. When they had consulted the oracle, they returned to
Rome. 4. The Romans chose Brutus and Collatinus, the son of the sister
of Tarquin the Elder, consuls. 5. As the sons of Brutus were traitors,
they were put to death. 6. In order to regain[1] his throne, Tarquin
undertook war. 7. Brutus, who had gone ahead with the cavalry to[2]
reconnoitre,[2] met the enemy. 8. Brutus and Aruns fell in the first
charge. 9. Since one consul had been slain, the other returned to the
city alone.

    [Footnotes:
    1: See p. 1, l. 3 and n. 5.
    2: Express in two ways; cf. l. 30, and #ageret#, l.26.]


X.

#Causal clauses with _quod_.#

1. Mucius received permission to go over [of going over] to the enemy,
because (ashe said) he wished to kill the king. 2. Because he did not
know which was[1] the king, he killed the clerk. 3. To punish the hand
which had committed the crime, he placed it on a lighted altar. 4. After
this he was called Scaevola.

    [Footnote:
    1: See p. 3, n. 2.]


XI.

#Dative of possessor; construction with _paenitet_.#

1. The Veientes harassed the Romans with repeated raids. 2. The Fabian
gens proposed [had in mind] to carry on the war at its own expense. 3.
The senate thanked the consul because he had provided for this war. 4.
When they arrived at the river Cremera, they established a fortified
post and repeatedly routed the enemy. 5. The Veientes soon repented of
the peace they had secured and renewed the war. 6. The Fabians roamed
about in order to lay waste the enemy's territory. 7. They were
entrapped in an ambush and all slain.


XII.

#Relative clauses of purpose.#

1. I intend to write about the crime of Appius Claudius, the Decemvir.
2. He fell in love with a beautiful girl, and, when he found that he
could not entice her with money, he claimed her as a slave [for
slavery]. 3. He sent one of his clients to the market place to carry[1]
her off by force. 4. The girl's friends sent a messenger to carry the
news[1] to her father Virginius, who was then away on military duty. 5.
Virginius immediately returned to Rome and sought the aid of the people.
6. When he saw that there was no aid anywhere, he seized a knife and
killed his daughter. 7. Appius then repented of his crime.

    [Footnote:
    1: See p. 5, n. 3.]


XIII.

#Complementary infinitive; genitive with _oblivscor_; hortatory
subjunctive.#

1. The tribune of the plebs appointed a day for (the trial of) Manlius,
because with great severity he had banished his son to the country. 2.
When his son Titus heard of this design of the tribune, he hastened to
Rome and forced him to abandon the charge. 3. Such [this] filial
devotion reflected great credit on the young man, and his father
repented of his harshness. 4. Afterwards, when the Gauls were carrying
on war with the Romans, aGaul of enormous size wanted to fight with the
bravest Roman. 5. "Let him come on," said Titus Manlius, who was now
tribune of the soldiers, "that I may show him which of us is the
braver." 6. Between the two lines they joined[1] in close[1] combat,[1]
and with a stroke or two of his Spanish sword he thrust through his
gigantic foe. 7. Having stripped a necklace from the Gaul, he was
afterwards called Torquatus. 8. The son of this same Torquatus, without
the consent of the consul, his father, met and conquered a Latin in a
single combat. 9. When he returned to camp, his father ordered him to be
put to death because he had disobeyed[2] his commander. 10. The young
man's companions did not forget the father's cruelty. 11. Cornelius Piso
was also a man of great sternness. 12. He once ordered a soldier to be
put to death on the charge of murdering a comrade. 13. The comrade had
not been murdered and soon appeared in camp. 14. When they returned to
Piso with great rejoicing, he angrily ordered both the comrades and the
centurion who had been placed in charge of the execution to be put to
death. 15. Another Manlius was guilty of [showed] like cruelty toward
his son. 16. The Macedonians sent ambassadors to complain[3] about his
son Silanus. 17. Manlius wanted to try the case himself, and this was
granted by the senate. 18. After he had heard both sides of the case, he
forbade his son to return to his home. 19. The next day[4] the young man
committed[5] suicide.[5]

    [Footnotes:
    1: See p. 11, l. 14.  [[in selection IV]]
    2: The reason is that of the father, not the writer.
    3: Cf. #conquestum#, l. 82, with #qu dpsceret#, XII, l. 7, and
       express in two ways.
    4: H. 486 (429); M. 630; A. 256; G. 393; B. 230.
    5: See XII, l. 30.]


XIV.

#Construction of _medius_, _summus_, etc.#

1. The consul sent Publius Decius to get possession of the summit of a
hill. 2. When the consul had escaped, he led his army in safety through
the midst of [middle] enemies. 3. In the Latin war he sacrificed himself
in order to save his army. 4. Let us never forget this brave man.


XV.

#Indirect quotation of simple sentences; ablative with _opus_.#

1. "The Samnites are our enemies," said Curius; "let us set out against
them." 2. Immediately he set out, and, having[1] conquered[1] the
Samnites,[1] he took a large amount of land and many captives [men]. 3.
He swore (that there) was[2] none [nothing] of the booty in his house.
4. Cicero says (that) the Samnites brought [to have brought] agreat
weight of gold to Curius. 5. Curius scorned[1] their gold[1] (and) said
that he could not be bribed. 6. He told the senate that he was contented
with seven jugera of land. 7. He afterwards sold into slavery a young
man who refused to serve in the army [military service]. 8. The young
man saw that the tribunes could not help him [not to be able to be for
an aid to him]. 9. After he had destroyed the army of Pyrrhus, he
returned to Rome in triumph [triumphing]. 10. It is said that Pyrrhus
was slain by a woman of Argos.[3] 11. So the Romans[4] did not need the
aid[5] of Curius again.

    [Footnotes:
    1: Abl. abs.
    2: See p. 7, n. 16.
    3: Use adj.
    4: Dat. of poss.
    5: Cf. #cve#, l. 22.]


XVI.

#_N_ with verbs of fearing; ablative with _tor_.#

1. It is said that Duilius was the first to conquer the Carthaginians in
a naval battle. 2. He used grappling[1] irons[1] to seize and hold the
enemy's ships. 3. He saw that with this useful contrivance the Romans
would have an easy victory [victoryto be about to be easy to the
Romans]. 4. He now set[2] out boldly into the midst[3] of the enemy's
fleet, and captured many of their ships. 5. The Romans were pleased with
this victory. 6. The Carthaginians feared that the Romans would now be
supreme on land and sea. 7. Hannibal, the leader of the Carthaginians,
by a shrewd trick escaped punishment for losing his fleet.

    [Footnotes:
    1: Cf. #qu#, p. 36, l. 4 and n. 10.
    2: Use participle.
    3: See Ex. XIV, sentence 2.]


XVII.

#Gerundive with _esse_; ablative of separation; ablative with
comparatives.#

1. After the Carthaginians had been defeated by Regulus, Hanno came to
negotiate[1] [about] peace. 2. The Roman soldiers saw that[2] he had
come[2] treacherously and was not in earnest in his negotiations [did
not negotiate seriously]. 3. Hanno was afraid that[3] he would be
arrested and put in chains. 4. Regulus relieved him of his fear[4] and
told him that the Romans did not wish to retaliate. 5. In Africa,
Regulus[5] had[6] to fight not only with men, but also with an enormous
serpent. 6. As its scales could not be pierced by javelins, Regulus was
compelled to use the artillery. 7. In this way the monster was crushed.
8. When Regulus learned that the senate had extended his command to the
next year, he asked that his successor should be sent at once.[7] 9. He
said that he had lost his slave and farming implements and that his wife
and children had no means of support [he had nothing whence his wife and
children should be supported]. 10. The senate relieved him of this
anxiety. 11. After he had defeated the Carthaginians in many battles,
Regulus himself was defeated and captured. 12. It is said that he was
sent from Carthage to Rome to negotiate an exchange of [about
exchanging] prisoners. 13. When the senate ordered him to state his
opinion, he said that the Carthaginian captives ought not to be
returned. 14. He thought that they were better generals than the
Romans.[8] 15. As[9] he had given[9] his oath,[9] he returned to
Carthage and was put to death with terrible torture.

    [Footnotes:
    1: Several forms of expressing purpose have been used in the text.
       Express this in as many ways as you can.
    2: See p. 7, n. 16.
    3: See p. 38, n. 12.
    4: Abl. Why?
    5: H. 431 (388); M. 544; A. 232; G. 355; B. 189,1.
    6: See p. 39, n. 11.
    7: #statim.#
    8: See #frs#, l. 10, and note.
    9: Abl. abs.]


XVIII.

#Ablative of time.#

1. Appius Claudius was no[1] better than the preceding generals, who did
not boast that they would sink the enemy's fleet (on) the first day[2]
of the war. 2. The chicken-keeper informed him that the chickens would
not [to be unwilling to] eat. 3. "Let[3] them drink then," said Appius,
and ordered them to be plunged into the sea. 4. That very [self] day he
was defeated, and many thousands of the Romans slain. 5. He afterwards
committed suicide, for he knew that he would be put to death by the
people. 6. Upon his sister, too, aheavy fine had[4] to be imposed.

    [Footnotes:
    1: See XVII, l. 10, and note.
    2: Cf. Ex. XIII, sent. 19.
    3: Cf. Ex. XIII, sent. 5.
    4: Cf. Ex. XVII, sent. 5.]


XIX.

#Purpose clauses with _qu_; ablative with _potior_; unreal conditions;
_qun_ clauses; ablative with _dgnus_.#

1. It is said that Hannibal, when a boy of nine years, took an oath of
undying hatred toward the Romans. 2. On the death of his father, he
stirred up war by capturing Saguntum [Saguntum captured]. 3. Fabius said
that he carried peace and war in his toga. 4. "Give which you please,"
replied the Carthaginians. 5. "Igive war," said Fabius. ["War," said
Fabius, "Igive."] 6. After three Roman consuls had been defeated by
Hannibal, Fabius was sent against him. 7. Changing[1] the policy[1] of
the war, he held his soldiers in camp, and did not come to an engagement
with the enemy. 8. When, on account of some trifling successes, his
soldiers had begun to have more confidence in their valor and fortune,
he blockaded Hannibal in a narrow pass. 9. Fabius thought that he could
not escape. 10. But Hannibal knew how[2] cautious Fabius was,[3] and got
out (ofthe trap) without any loss. 11. Minucius,[4] the master of
horse, did not like the policy of Fabius. 12. He made charges against
the dictator in order to obtain greater authority[5] himself. 13. When
he had joined battle, he had to be rescued from his peril by Fabius. 14.
Minucius now confessed that the policy of Fabius was better than his
own. 15. They say that some young men of rank betrayed Tarentum to
Hannibal. 16. In the middle of the night the gates were opened and the
young men entered, followed by Hannibal [Hannibal following] with his
army. 17. Fabius recaptured Tarentum the same[6] year[6] it was lost.
18. If he had not used cunning he would not have recaptured it. 19. When
an old man, Fabius, at the command of a lictor, dismounted from a horse
which he was riding out of respect for the rank of his son, then consul.
20. "If you were not consul," said he, "Ishould not dismount." 21. No
one doubts that Fabius was worthy of the name _Maximus_. 22. At that
time the Romans needed[7] acautious general.

    [Footnotes:
    1: Abl. abs.
    2: #quam.#
    3: See p. 3, n. 2.
    4: Cf. l. 43.
    5: Cf. #Tarent#, l. 58, and note.
    6: See l. 88, and Ex. XVIII, n. 4.
    7: See Ex. XV, sent. 11.]


XX.

#Subjunctive of result; dative with special verbs; partitive genitive.#

1. Varro was so rash that,[1] although he was opposed by his colleague,
he formed[1] his army in line and gave[1] the signal for battle. 2. In
the midst of the carnage a certain military tribune urged[2] Paulus to
take[2] his horse and flee.[2] 3. But Paulus said that he preferred to
perish with his soldiers. 4. When the Carthaginians heard of Hannibal's
victory, they sent messengers to congratulate him.[3] 5. Maharbal[4] did
not like[4] the advice of the others. 6. He said that Hannibal knew
(how) to conquer, but did not know (how) to make use of a victory. 7.
Hannibal permitted his army to enjoy the luxuries of Campania. 8. The
terror at Rome was so great that they did not delay an instant. 9. No
one doubted that[5] Hannibal would come[5] with his victorious army. 10.
If he had advanced at once to Rome, the city would have been captured.
11. Though Varro survived the battle,[6] he thought that he was not
worthy of office[7] again. 12. As the soldiers did not have enough
weapons,[8] they took down from the temples the ancient spoils of the
enemy. 13. One of the ambassadors,[9] whom Hannibal had sent to Rome to
offer an opportunity of ransoming the captives, did not return. 14. The
senate decided that he must be led back to Hannibal in chains [bound].
15. Rome has no need of citizens who can be captured when armed.

    [Footnotes:
    1: See p. 10, n. 9.
    2: Cf. lines 26 and 27.
    3: H. 426, 2 (385, II); M. 531; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, _a_.
    4: Cf. Ex. XIX, sent. 11.
    5: See p. 39, n. 4.
    6: See p. 2, n. 7.
    7: See Ex. XIX, sent. 21.
    8: H. 440, 5 (397); M. 564; A. 216; G. 367; B. 201.
    9: Cf. with n. 7 nus ex ius praefects, l. 27.]


XXI.

#Concessive clauses with _cum_; genitive of characteristic; causal
relative clauses; gerundive with _ad_; accusative of extent.#

1. Scipio would have been slain in the battle at the river Ticinus, if
his son Publius had not rescued him. 2. When Publius Scipio was not yet
twenty years old, he thought that he was old enough [had enough of
years] to be a candidate for[1] the aedileship. 3. After the battle of
Cannae, some young men of rank began to form plans for abandoning Italy.
4. Scipio hastened to their meeting-place, and, although[2] he was
alone, he forced them to give[3] up their conspiracy.[3] 5. After the
Romans had suffered two defeats in Spain, Scipio was chosen proconsul
and sent thither. 6. Here he prosecuted the war with such wisdom and
bravery that he earned the approval of all. 7. Do you not think that he
was worthy of the honor? 8. He gained possession of a large amount of
money and arms, but let the Spanish captives go without ransom. 9. He
did not doubt that in this way he would secure for the Romans the favor
of the Spanish [conciliate the Spanish to the Romans]. 10. Among the
captive Africans he found a boy of remarkable beauty,[4] who said that
his grandfather was the king of Numidia, and that he had crossed over
into Spain with his uncle Masinissa to carry on war with the Romans. 11.
Scipio freed the boy, and thus won the favor of the Numidian king. 12.
When the Spaniards wanted to call Scipio king, he asked them to refrain
from that title. 13. After Hannibal had been driven from Spain, Scipio,
who had[5] long been planning to transfer the war to Africa, sent
Laelius, whose[6] friendship he did not mistrust, to win over some of
the African chiefs. 14. Afterwards he crossed over to Africa himself,
and it is said that he met Hannibal [to him a meeting with Hannibal to
have been] at the court of Syphax. 15. It happened that many of those
chiefs were eager to form an alliance with Scipio. 16. His plan,
therefore, was easily carried out. 17. Although the young men of Sicily
shrank from so great a war themselves, still they were willing to
furnish horses and arms. 18. Although they were wealthy, they were not
(men) of great bravery. 19. In Africa the Romans fought with such
determination that in a short time the Carthaginians recalled Hannibal
from Italy to defend his country. 20. Abattle was fought [it was
fought] at Zama, atown five days' march from Carthage. 21. The
Carthaginians were defeated, and forced to send ambassadors to sue for
peace. 22. As peace was now secured, Scipio returned to Italy. 23. On[7]
his arrival in Rome a vast multitude poured forth to meet him. 24.
Scipio was not only the most illustrious general of his age, but he was
also a man distinguished for [of distinguished] piety.[8] 25. The old
writers say that he used to visit [resort to] the capitol every day, to
consult with Jupiter about the public interests. 26. At Ephesus he[9]
afterwards had a conversation with Hannibal. 27. It is reported that
Hannibal acknowledged that Scipio was the greatest of all commanders.
28. When the senate seemed on the point[10] of transferring the conduct
of the war against Antiochus from Lucius Scipio to Laelius, because
(aswas thought) the former[11] had too little courage and too little
wisdom for such a war, Africanus promised to be himself his brother's
lieutenant. 29. Scipio could endure no dishonor to his family. 30. After
Antiochus had been defeated, when the senate demanded from Lucius Scipio
an accounting of the spoils, Africanus prevented it. 31. He said that he
had been of [for] so great aid to his country that his integrity ought
not to be doubted. 32. It happened that Africanus himself was afterwards
summoned for trial by the tribunes on the very day on which the battle
of Zama had been fought.[12] 33. When ordered to plead his cause, he
mounted the rostrum and said: "Let us offer thanks to Jupiter, by whose
aid we obtained[13] so great a victory." 34. As the whole assembly
followed him he was relieved from the insults of the tribunes. 35. Soon
afterward Scipio retired to the country and never returned to Rome.

    [Footnotes:
    1: Use #ad# with gerundive or gerund.
    2: H. 598 (515, III); M. 863; A. 326; G. 587; B. 309,3.
    3: Cf. _incept dsisterent_, l. 14.
    4: Cf. lines 51 and 64.
    5: See p. 56, n. 6.
    6: See p. 55, n. 8.
    7: See XIII, l. 59.
    8: _religi._
    9: Use dat. of poss. with #esse#.
    10: Use future participle.
    11: _ille._
    12: See sent. 20, and p. 56, n. 4.
    13: See p. 55, n. 8.]


XXII.

#Future conditions.#

1. Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, was the daughter of Scipio
Africanus. 2. She had been educated with such care herself that she was
able to train her sons wisely. 3. She told a Campanian woman, who was a
guest at her house, that she[1] too had some very beautiful jewels. 4.
Everybody knows that Cornelia's jewels were her sons. 5. She has justly
been considered one of the wisest women of that age. 6. Though her sons
were most worthy of their excellent mother, yet the nobles thought that
they were disturbing the republic. 7. Both of the Gracchi thought more
of [preferred] their country's safety than [to] their own lives. 8.
Tiberius tried to protect the common people, but the senate thought that
he was preparing for himself a way to regal power. 9. So Nasica urged[2]
all loyal citizens to follow him. 10. When Gracchus saw that the
senators were rushing upon him he fled, but was killed by a broken piece
of a bench. 11. Caius had the same[3] love for the common people as[3]
his brother. 12. All loyal citizens said that they opposed his plans
because they wanted the republic to be safe. 13. "If the law about
distributing grain to the common people is[4] passed," said Piso,
"Ishall come with the others to get the grain." 14. Finally this was
decreed by the senate: "Let the consul see that the republic receive no
harm." 15. Some say that Gracchus armed his household and took
possession of the Aventine. 16. When he was put to flight he ordered his
slave to kill him that he might not be arrested. 17. Such was the fate
of the Gracchi, the jewels of Cornelia, the best sons of the Roman
republic.

    [Footnotes:
    1: Use dat. of poss.
    2: Cf. Ex. XX, sent. 2, and note.
    3: Cf. #dem qu#, l. 31.
    4: See XVII, l. 10, and note.]


XXIII.

#Substantive clauses of purpose; latter supine.#

1. When Marius was in Spain with Scipio, some one asked this (question)
of Scipio. 2. If anything happens[1] to you, what equally great
commander will the republic have? 3. Scipio replied that Marius would be
a great commander. 4. In the war against Jugurtha it is said that he
made charges against Metellus so that he might be appointed commander
himself. 5. If you make me consul, Iwill shortly bring Jugurtha under
the power of the Romans. 6. Thus he persuaded the people to make[2] him
consul. 7. After Jugurtha had been conquered, he carried on war with the
Cimbri and Teutones. 8. His soldiers entreated Marius to lead them
against the enemy. 9. The battle was fought right at the foot of the
Alps. 10. As the Romans[3] had no water, Marius told his soldiers that,
if they conquered[4] the enemy, they would have abundance of water. 11.
It is said that after the battle the soldiers drank no less blood than
water, because the river was filled with the bodies of the slain. 12.
The Cimbri, having now entered Italy, sent messengers to Marius to ask
him to give them some land. 13. Marius threatened them[5] with the same
fate[5] which had befallen their brothers. 14. On the next day a battle
was fought, and slaughter terrible to witness[6] followed. 15. When the
women saw that they were defeated they strangled their babes and killed
themselves. 16. Marius envied the new consul, Sulla, because the war
against Mithridates had been assigned him. 17. When Sulla heard what
Marius had done, he returned to Rome with his army and drove him into
exile. 18. While Marius was hiding in a swamp, he was caught and thrown
into prison. 19. He asked the slave, who was sent to kill him, whether
he dared kill the great consul. 20. After Sulla had set out for Asia,
Marius, who was a few days' journey from the city, returned and renewed
the civil war. 21. When he had put to death the best men of the state,
he gave over their homes to the rabble for plunder. 22. His death
afforded the Romans[7] more joy than his victory at Aquae Sextiae.

    [Footnotes:
    1: See p. 40, n. 1.
    2: Cf. #ut trderet#, l. 21.
    3: Dat. Why?
    4: Cf. #s fcissent#, etc., l. 11.
    5: Observe carefully the construction in lines 57 and58.
    6: Cf. #dict#, l. 124, and p. 19, n. 15.
    7: #Dative.#]


XXIV.

#Relative clause of characteristic.#

1. A woman told Sulla (when he was) a child that he would be a blessing
to his country. 2. Was this the same woman who sold the Sibylline books
to King Tarquin? 3. Marius was vexed because Sulla had been chosen
quaestor. 4. Although Sulla had been dissolute, his military ability was
soon displayed. 5. He conquered Mithridates, the king of Pontus, and
would have completely subdued him had he not been recalled to Italy. 6.
When he had returned, with the greatest cruelty he punished with death
all who had supported Marius. 7. There was one young man who ventured to
advise him to spare some of his fellow-citizens. 8. If he had killed
all, there would have been none to govern [whom he should govern]. 9. He
wanted to kill not only his enemies, but also all who had money. 10.
When he at last laid down the dictatorship, the people were so crushed
that they did not dare to complain. 11. Sulla was fond of literary men
and was well versed in Greek literature. 12. He once gave a reward to a
wretched poet who had dedicated a poem to him, on condition that he
should write nothing thereafter.


XXV.

#Genitive with adjectives.#

1. Lucullus was distinguished both in war and in peace. 2. It is stated
by certain writers that he spent all of his early life in law practice
and was untrained in the art[1] of war. 3. But in the war with
Mithridates he surpassed even[2] experts in this art.[1] 4. All say that
he was exceedingly fond of money. 5. And this is the more surprising for
the reason that he had been educated in Greek philosophy. 6. He was not
the only one of the Romans to[3] squander his money in building villas.
7. He used to dine with the greatest luxury even when he was alone. 8.
Though fond of banquets, he was no less fond of books, and had a great
library, which was always open to the public.

    [Footnotes:
    1: H. 451, 1 (399, I, 2); M. 573; A. 218, _a_; G. 374; B. 204,1.
    2: Cf. #mare ipsum#, l. 25.
    3: See p. 76, n. 11.]




ABBREVIATIONS


  abl. = ablative.
  abs. = absolute.
  acc. = accusative.
  act. = active.
  adj. = adjective.
  adv. = adverb.
  cf. = compare.
  comp. = comparative.
  conj. = conjunction.
  dat. = dative.
  def. = defective.
  dem. = demonstrative.
  desid. = desiderative.
  dim. = diminutive.
  disc. = discourse.
  e.g. = for example.
  encl. = enclitic.
  esp. = especially.
  f. = feminine, following.
  freq. = frequentative.
  gen. = genitive.
  i.e. = that is.
  imperf. = imperfect.
  impers. = impersonal.
  indef. = indefinite.
  indir. = indirect.
  insep. = inseparable.
  interj. = interjection.
  interr. = interrogative.
  intrans. = intransitive.
  l. = line.
  m. = masculine.
  n. = neuter, note.
  nom. = nominative.
  num. = numeral.
  obj. = objective.
  orig. = originally.
  p. = page.
  part. = participle, partitive.
  pass. = passive.
  perf. = perfect.
  pers. = personal.
  pl. = plural.
  poss. = possessive.
  prep. = preposition.
  pres. = present.
  pron. = pronoun, pronominal.
  rel. = relative.
  sc. = supply.
  sup. = superlative.
  trans. = transitive.

The star prefixed to certain verbs, e.g. #flg# and #speci#, indicates
that the verb was obsolete, i.e. not in ordinary use. Compound verbs are
defined under the simple verbs from which they are derived. To this
practice there are, however, two exceptions: (1)When neither the simple
verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and
(2)in the case of certain verbs like #sm# and #surg#, which, though
themselves compounds, came to be regarded virtually as simple verbs and
served as the base of further compounds.

The student will therefore save time and labor if he accustoms himself
when reading to analyze compound verbs before consulting the Vocabulary.
This analysis will often make plain the meaning of the compound, and
render it unnecessary to seek the aid of the Vocabulary at all.




VOCABULARY


#A.#, abbreviation of the Roman praenomen _Aulus_.

#, ab, abs#, prep. with abl.; (1) of place, _from, away from, out of_;
(2)of time, _from, since, after_; (3)of agency, _by_; (4)of
separation, source, cause, _from, through, because of_; in composition,
_off, away_.

#abalin, re, v, tus# [#ab# + #alinus#], _to remove, alienate,
estrange_.

#abdic#, see #dic#.

#abditus# [orig. part. of #abd#], adj., _hidden, concealed_.

#abd#, see #d#.

#abdc#, see #dc#.

#abe#, see (1) #e#.

#abici#, see #iaci#.

#ablu, ere, , tus# [#ab# + #lu#, _to wash_], _to wash, cleanse,
purify_.

#abnu#, see #*nu#.

#abripi#, see #rapi#.

#abrog#, see #rog#.

#abs#, see ##.

#abscd#, see #cd#.

#abscind#, see #scind#.

#absns, entis# [orig. part. of #absum#], adj., _absent, away_.

#absist#, see #sist#.

#absolv#, see #solv#.

#absorbe, re, u, absorptus# [#ab# + #sorbe#, _to swallow_], _to
swallow_.

#abstinentia, ae# [#abstine#], f., _abstinence, self-restraint,
integrity_.

#abstine#, see #tene#.

#abstrah#, see #trah#.

#absum#, see #sum#.

#absm#, see #sm#.

#ac#, see #atque#.

#Acca, ae#, f., praenomen of Acca Larentia, foster-mother of Romulus and
Remus.

#accd#, see #cd#.

#accend#, see #cande#.

#accid#, see #cad#.

#accing#, see #cing#.

#acci, re, v, tus# [#ad# + #cie#, _to set in motion_], _to summon,
invite_.

#accipi#, see #capi#.

#acclm#, see #clm#.

#accommod, re, v, tus# [#ad# + #commodus#], _to fit to, adjust,
regulate_.

#accumb#, see #*cumb#.

#accurr#, see #curr#.

#accsti, nis# [#accs#], f., _accusation, prosecution_.

#accstor, ris# [#accs#], m., _accuser, prosecutor_.

#accs, re, v, tus# [#ad# + #causa#], _to call to trial, accuse,
blame_.

#cer, cris, cre#, comp. #crior#, sup. #cerrimus#, adj., _sharp,
bitter, piercing_; _keen, eager, vigorous, fierce_.

#acerb# [#acerbus#, _bitter_], adv., _bitterly, cruelly, severely_.

#acerbits, tis# [#acerbus#, _bitter_], f., _harshness, severity,
unkindness_.

#actum, # [cf. #cer#], n., _vinegar_.

#acis, # [cf. #cer#], f., _a sharp point_ of a sword or dagger; _a
battle line_ (conceived of as a sword point); _battle_.

#criter#, comp. #crius#, sup. #cerrim# [#cer#], adv., _sharply,
spiritedly, fiercely, grievously_.

#Actiacus#, adj., _of_ or _at Actium_.

#Actium, #, n., a promontory and town in Epirus, near which, in 31
B.C., Octavianus defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle.

#ad#, prep. with accus.; (1) of place, _to, towards, to the house of,
at, near_; (2)of time, _up to, towards, until, at_; (3)of purpose,
_to, in order to, for, for the sake of_; (4)of other relations,
_according to, at_. In composition, it = _to, towards_, and also denotes
_addition_ and _intensity_.

#adam, re, v, tus# [#ad# + #am#, _to love_], _to love earnestly_.

#addc#, see #dc#.

#add#, see #d#.

#addc#, see #dc#.

(1) #ade#, see (1) #e#.

(2) #ade# [#ad# + (2) #e#], adv., _to this point, so very, so, to such
a degree, actually_; #atque ade#, _and in fact_.

#adequit#, see #equit#.

#adfect, re, v, tus# [#ad# + #faci#], _to strive after,
aspireto_.

#adfer#, see #fer#.

#adfici#, see #faci#.

#adfnis, is# [#ad# + #fnis#], m., _a relative_ (bymarriage).

#adfrm#, see #frm#.

#adfltus, s# [#adfl#], m., _a blast, breath; effluvia, exhalation_.

#adflctus# [orig. part. of #adflg#], adj., _shattered, weakened,
wretched_.

#adflg#, see #*flg#.

#adfl#, see #fl#.

#adhibe#, see #habe#.

#adhortti, nis# [#adhortor#, _to encourage_], f., _encouragement,
exhortation_.

#adici#, see #iaci#.

#adig#, see #ag#.

#adipscor, , adeptus sum# [#ad# + #apscor#, _to reach_], _to gain by
effort, get, acquire_.

#aditus, s# [(1) #ade#], m., _approach, access_.

#adimentum# [orig. #adiuvmentum#, from #adiuv#], n., _help, aid,
service_.

#adiung#, see #iung#.

#adiuv, re, iv, itus# [#ad# + #iuv#, _to help_], _to aid, help_.

#adlici#, see #*laci#.

#adlig#, see #lig#.

#adloquor#, see #loquor#.

#administr, re, v, tus# [#ad# + #ministr#, _to manage_], _to
manage, direct, govern, regulate_.

#admrbilis, e# [#admror#], adj., _admirable, wonderful_.

#admrandus# [#admror#], adj., _marvelous, wonderful, strange_.

#admrti, nis# [#admror#], f., _wonder, admiration_; _surprise_.

#admrtor, ris# [#admror#], m., _admirer_.

#admror, r, tus sum# [#ad# + #mror#, _to marvel at_], _to marvel
at, admire_.

#admitt#, see #mitt#.

#admodum# [#ad# + #modus#], adv., _up to the full limit, very,
exceedingly_.

#admone#, see #mone#.

#admove#, see #move#.

#adnu#, see #*nu#.

#adolsc, ere, olv, adultus# [#ad# + #olsc#, _to grow_], _to grow
up, become mature, reach manhood_.

#adoperi#, see #pari#.

#adopt#, see #opt#.

#adrn#, see #rn#.

#adr#, see #r#.

#adqur#, see #quaer#.

#adripi#, see #rapi#.

#adscrb#, see #scrb#.

#adsentti, nis# [#adsentor#, _to agree with, to flatter_], f.,
_flattery_.

#adsequor#, see #sequor#.

#adside#, see #sede#.

#adsd#, see #sd#.

#adsiduus# [#adside#], adj., _incessant, repeated, continued_.

#adsgn#, see #sgn#.

#adspici#, see #*speci#.

#adsusc#, see #susc#.

#adsum#, see #sum#.

#adsm#, see #sm#.

#adsurg#, see #surg#.

#adulscns, entis# [#adolsc#], m. and f., _a young man_ or _woman_
(usually applied to persons between the ages of fifteen and thirty).

#adulscentia, ae# [#adulscns#], f., _youth_.

#adulscentulus, # [dim. of #adulscns#], m., _a very young man,
stripling_.

#adlor, r, tus sum#, _to flatter_.

#adultus# [orig. part. of #adolsc#], adj., _grown up, mature, adult_.

#adveh#, see #veh#.

#adveni#, see #veni#.

#advent, re, v#, -- [freq. of #adveni#], _to advance, approach_.

#adventus, s# [#adveni#], m., _coming, approach, arrival_.

#adversrius, # [#adversor#], m., _opponent, enemy_.

#adversor, r, tus sum# [#adversus#], _to oppose, withstand, resist_.

#adversus# [#ad# + #vert#], adj., _turned towards, facing, in front_;
_opposed, adverse, unfavorable_. As noun, #adversum, #, n.,
_misfortune, calamity_.

#adversus# and #adversum#, prep. with acc., _in opposition to, against,
towards_.

#advocti, nis# [#advoc#], f., _advocacy, legal assistance_; #in
advoctinem venre#, _to come to one's aid in court_.

#advoctus, # [#advoc#], m., _adviser, advocate_.

#advoc#, see #voc#.

#aeds#, see #aedis#.

#aedificium, # [#aedific#], n., _a building_.

#aedific, re, v, tus# [#aedis# + #faci#], _to build_.

#aedlis, is# [#aedis#], m., _aedile, commissioner of public works_, the
name of certain Roman magistrates, four in number, charged with the care
of the streets and public buildings, the regulation of the markets, and
the duty of distributing the corn which the state furnished to the poor.
They took care, also, of the records of the senate and other documents,
and superintended the performance of certain public games.

#aedlits, tis# [#aedlis#], f., _aedileship_.

#aedis# or #aeds, is#, f., in sing., _temple_; in pl., _house,
dwelling_.

#aedituus, # [#aedis# + #tueor#], m., _keeper of a temple, sexton_.

#aeger, aegra, aegrum#, adj., _sick, ill, feeble_.

#aegr# [#aeger#], adv., _painfully, with difficulty, scarcely_; #aegr
ferre#, _to be vexed at, take amiss_.

#aegritd, inis# [#aeger#], f., _sickness_; _grief, vexation,
mortification_.

#aegrt, re, v#, -- [#aeger#], _to be ill_ or _feeble, lie sick_.

#Aegyptus, #, m., _Egypt_.

#Aemilius, #, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Paulus#.

#aemulti, nis# [#aemulor#, _to rival_], f., _rivalry, competition_.

#aequlis, e# [#aequus#], adj., _equal, like_ (esp. in age). As noun,
m., _comrade, companion_.

#aequ# [#aequus#], adv., _equally_.

#aequits, tis# [#aequus#], f., _evenness, fairness, justice_.

#aequ, re, v, tus# [#aequus#], _to make even, place on an
equality_.

#aequus#, adj., _even, level_; _fair, just_; #aequ anim#, _patiently_.

#aerrium, # [#aes#], n., _state treasury_; _public money_.

#aes, aeris#, n., _copper, bronze_; _money_ (first coined of bronze);
#aes alinum#, _debt_.

#aests, tis#, f., _summer_.

#aestvus# [#aests#], adj., _of summer, summer_.

#aets, tis#, f., _time of life, life, age, youth, old age_; _period,
time_.

#aeternum# [acc. sing. neut. of #aeternus#, _eternal_], adv.,
_eternally, forever_.

#fer, fr#, m., _an African_, esp. an inhabitant of Carthage.

#frica, ae#, f., _Africa_, esp. that part of it which lay near
Carthage.

#fricnus#, adj., _African_. As noun, #fricnus, #, m., the cognomen
bestowed on Publius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Hannibal. See
#Scpi#.

#agedum#, an interj., used with the imperative or hortatory subjunctive,
_come on! come! quick!_

#agellus, # [dim. of #ager#], m., _a little field, small estate_.

#ager, agr#, m., _field, farm, estate_; _territory, land, district_;
_the country_.

#agger, eris# [#ad# + #ger#], m., _mass_ (esp. of earth and brushwood),
_mound, rampart_.

#aggredior#, see #gradior#.

#agit, re, v, tus# [freq. of #ag#], _drive violently hither and
thither_; _discuss, consider, meditate_.

  #con--cgit, re, v, tus#, _to think, reflect, consider_;
  _plan_.

  #ex# + #con--excgit, re, v, tus#, _to think out, devise_.

#gmen, inis# [#ag#], n., _an army_ (on the march), _marching column_;
_troop, array_.

#gnsc#, see #nsc#.

#ag, agere, g, ctus#, _to set in motion, drive, lead_; _act, do,
perform_; _treat, deal, arrange_; _spend, pass_ (oftime); #ctum est
d#, _it was all up with_; #augurium agere#, _to perform the augural
ceremonies_; #cnsulem agere#, _to act the consul_, #dlctum agere#,
_to hold a levy_; #grtis agere#, _to feel thankful_; #triumphum
agere#, _to celebrate a triumph_.

  #ad--adig, ere, g, ctus#, _drive, urge, compel, constrain_.

  #con--cg, ere, cog, coctus#, _drive together, collect_;
  _compel, force_.

  #d--dg, ere, dg, ----#, _pass, spend_ (of time).

  #ex--exig, ere, g, ctus#, _to drive out_; _finish_; _pass,
  spend_.

  #per--perag, ere, g, ctus#, _to finish, accomplish, play_
  (apart); _set forth, relate, describe_.

  #re--redig, ere, g, ctus#, _to drive back, force, reduce,
  bring_.

  #sub--subig, ere, g, ctus#, _to drive under, conquer, subdue_.

  #trns--trnsig, ere, g, ctus#, _to finish, settle, perform_.

#agrestis, e# [#ager#], adj., _of the fields_; _rustic_; _countrified,
rude, uncouth_.

#i, ais, ait, iunt# [def. verb], _to say_.

#alacer, cris, cre#, adj., _lively, nimble, quick_; often = an adv.,
_eagerly_.

#alacrits, tis# [#alacer#], f., _liveliness, eagerness, spirit_.

#Alba# or #Alba Longa# (sc. #urbs#), f., an ancient town of the Latins.

#Albnus#, adj., _pertaining to Alba, Alban_. As noun, #Albnus, #, m.,
_an inhabitant of Alba_.

#lea, ae#, f., _game of dice_; _die_.

#Alexander, dr#, m., _Alexander the Great_, king of Macedonia from 336
to 323 B.C., and conqueror of Persia.

#Alexandra, ae#, f., _Alexandria_, a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the
Nile, founded by Alexander the Great.

#alis# [#alius#], adv., _at another time, under other circumstances_.

#alib# [#alius# + #ibi#], adv., _elsewhere, in other places_.

#alinus# [#alius#], adj., _belonging to another, another's_; #aes
alinum#, _debt_.

#alimentum, # [#al#], n., _nourishment_; in plur., _food, provisions_.

#aliqu#, adv., _in other respects, otherwise_.

#aliquamdi# [#aliquis# + #di#], adv., _for a while, for some time_.

#aliquand# [#aliquis#], adv., _at some time or other, once, on a
certain occasion_; _at length, at last_.

#aliquantus#, adj., _some, considerable_. As noun, #aliquantum, #, n.,
_a little, something_.

#aliqu, aliqua, aliquod# [#alius# + #qu#], indef. pron. adj., _some
one or other, some, any_.

#aliquis, qua, quid# [#alius# + #quis#], indef. pron., _some one,
something_; _any one, anything_; _some, any_. As noun, #aliquid#, n.,
_something, anything_.

#aliquot# [#alius# + #quot#], indef. indecl. adj., _some, several_.

#aliquotins# [#aliquot#], adv., _several times_.

#aliter# [#alius#], adv., _otherwise, differently_.

#alius, a, ud# (gen. #alus#, dat. #ali#), pron. adj., _another, other,
different_; #alius ... alius#, _one ... one, one ... another_;
#ali ... ali#, _some ... others_.

#al, ere, u, tus#, _to feed, nourish, support, keep_.

#Alps, ium#, f., _the Alps_.

#altria, ium#, pl. n., _an altar_.

#alter, altera, alterum# (gen. #alterus#, dat. #alter#), pron. adj.,
_one of two, the other, the second_; #alter ... alter#, _the one ...
the other_.

#altercor, r, tus sum# [#alter#], _to dispute, wrangle_.

#alteruter, utra, utrum# (gen. #alterutrus#, dat. #alterutr#), pron.
adj., _one or the other of two, one_ (only) _of two_.

#altus# [#al#], adj., _high, lofty_; _deep_. As noun, #altum, #, n.,
_the deep sea, the deep_; sup. #altissimum, #, n., _top_.

#alveus, #, m., _a basket, trough_.

#am, amb, ambi#, insep. prefix (seen in #amput#), _around, on both
sides_.

#amns, antis# [part. of #am#, _to love_], adj., _loving, fond_; with
gen., _fond of, devotedto_.

#ambiti, nis# [#ambi#, _to go around_], f., _canvassing for public
office, ambition_.

#amb, ae, #, adj., _both_.

#ambulti, nis# [#ambul#], f., _a walk, promenade_.

#ambul, re, v, --#, _to walk, stroll_.

  #d--deambul, re, --, --#, _to walk, stroll, promenade_.

  #in--inambul, re, --, --#, _to walk up and down, stroll_.

#amcitia, ae# [#amcus#], f., _friendship_.

#amictus# [orig. part. of #amici#, _to wrap about_], adj., _clothed in,
cladin_.

#amcus# [#am#, _to love_], adj., _friendly_.

#amcus, # [#am#, _to love_], m., _a friend_.

#mitt#, see #mitt#.

#amnis, is#, m., _river, torrent, stream_.

#amor, ris# [#am#, _to love_], m., _love, passion_.

#move#, see #move#.

#amphora, ae#, f., _a two-handled jar_. It held about six gallons.

#amplector, , amplexus sum#, _to twine around, embrace_.

#ampli, re, v, tus# [#amplus#], _to enlarge, widen, extend_.

#amplius# [comp. of #amplus#], indecl. adj. and adv., _further, more,
besides_.

#amplus#, adj., _great, large_; _noble, distinguished_.

#amput#, see #put#.

#Amlius, #, m., _Amlius_, son of Proca, a legendary king of Alba
Longa.

#anceps, ancipitis# [#ambi# + #caput#], adj., _two-headed_; _doubtful,
hazardous_.

#ancle, is#, n., asmall oval shield, shaped like the faces of a
guitar.

#ancilla, ae#, f., _a maid-servant, maid_.

#Ancus, #, m., the praenomen of Ancus Marcius, the fourth king of Rome.

#ang, ere, --, --#, _squeeze, choke_; _vex, annoy_.

#angor, ris# [#ang#], m., _vexation, sorrow, anguish_.

#anguis, is# [#ang#], m. and f., _a snake_.

#angulus, # [#ang#], m., _corner, nook_.

#angustiae, rum# [#angustus#], f., _narrowness, narrow place, narrow
pass_.

#angustus# [#ang#], adj., _narrow_.

#anima, ae#, f., _air, breath, soul, life_.

#animadvert, ere, vert, versus# [#animus# + #advert#], _to turn the
mind to, perceive, notice_; #in aliquem animadvertere#, _to punish_.

#animal, lis# [#anima#], n., _a living thing, an animal_.

#animus, #, m., _mind, soul, reason_; _courage, spirit_; _temper,
disposition_; in plur., _affections, allegiance_.

#Ani, Aninis#, m., a tributary of the Tiber.

#annlis, is# [#annus#], adj., _yearly, annual_. As noun, #Annls#
(sc._libr_), _year-books, records_; strictly brief abstracts of
contemporary events kept in early days by the Pontifex Maximus, and
exposed to view on a white-washed plank set up at his official
residence. #Annls# is a frequent title of Latin historical works.

#annna, ae# [#annus#], f., _the year's crop_, esp. of grain; _corn
supply_.

#annus, #, m., _a year_.

#ante# (1) adv.; of space, _before, in front of_; of time, _before,
previously, ago_; (2)prep. with acc., both of space and time, _in front
of, before_.

#ante# [#ante#], adv., _before, formerly_.

#antecd#, see #cd#.

#antee#, see (1) #e#.

#antequam# or #ante . . . quam#, conj., _before, until_.

#Antiochus, #, m., _Antiochus_.

  1. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria 223-187 B.C., conquered by
  Scipio Asiaticus in 190.

  2. A philosopher, born at Ascalon in Palestine, whose lectures
  Cicero heard at Athens in 79 B.C.

#antquus#, adj., _ancient_.

#Antnius, #, m., a Roman gentile name.

  1. _M.Antnius_, afriend of Julius Caesar and a member of the
  second triumvirate. He was defeated by Octavianus off Actium in 31
  B.C., and killed himself the following year.

  2. _C. Antnius Hybrida_, uncle of the triumvir, and consul with
  Cicero, B.C.63.

#nulus, # [dim. of #nus#, _a circle_], m., _a finger ring_.

#anus, s#, f., _an old woman_.

#anxius# [#ang#], adj., _anxious, troubled_.

#aper, apr#, m., _a wild boar_.

#aperi#, see #pari#.

#apert# [#apertus#], adv., _openly, plainly_.

#apertus# [orig. part. of #aperi#], adj., _open, manifest_.

#Apoll, inis#, m., _Apollo_, the Greek god (worshiped by the Romans
also) of poetry and music, divination and medicine. His chief shrine was
at Delphi, in Greece.

#Apollnia, ae#, f., a city of Illyria, on the east coast of the
Adriatic. Toward the close of the first century B.C. it was a famous
seat of learning.

#Apollnius, #, m., _Apollnius_, surnamed _Mol_, under whom Cicero
studied rhetoric at Rhodes.

#appartus, s#, m., _equipment, preparation_; _splendor, pomp_.

#appre#, see #pre#.

#appellti, nis# [(2) #appell#], f., _name, title_.

(1)#appell#, see #pell#.

(2) #appell#, see #pell#.

#Appennnus, #, m., _the Apennines_, a range of mountains in Italy.

#Appius, #, m., a Roman praenomen, esp. common in the Claudian gens.

#applaud, ere, plaus, plausus# [#ad# + #plaud#, _to clap the hands_],
_to applaud_.

#appn#, see #pn#.

#apprehend#, see #prehend#.

#approb#, see #prob#.

#appropinqu, re, v, --# [#ad# + #propinquus#], _to draw near,
approach_.

#apt# [#aptus#], adv., _fitly, neatly_.

#aptus#, adj., _fitted, suited for, adapted to_.

#apud#, prep. with acc.; of place, _near_; of persons, _with, among, in
the presence of, at the house of_; with the name of an author, _in the
worksof_.

#plia, ae#, f., _Apulia_, a district in the southeastern part of
Italy.

#aqua, ae#, f., _water_.

#aquila, ae#, f., _an eagle_; _standard_ (ametal eagle, elevated upon a
pole).

#aquilifer, fer# [#aquila# + #fer#], m., _standard bearer_.

#ra, ae#, f., _an altar_.

#arbiter, tr#, m., _witness, judge, umpire_.

#arbitrium, # [#arbiter#], n., _judgment, decision_; _will, caprice_.

#arbitror, r, tus sum# [#arbiter#], _to think, believe, consider_.

#arbor, oris#, f., _a tree_.

#arca, ae# [#arce#], f., _chest, box_.

#arce, re, u, --#, _to shut up, inclose_; _hinder, prevent_.

  #con--coerce, re, u, itus#, _to confine closely, shut in_;
  _restrain, check_.

  #ex--exerce, re, u, itus#, _to exercise, drill, employ_; #lgem
  exercre#, _to enforce a law_.

#arcess, ere, v, tus#, _to cause to come, summon, send for_.

#Ardea, ae#, f., _Ardea_, atown in Latium, about eighteen miles south
of Rome.

#rdns, entis# [orig. part. of #rde#, _to burn, glow_], adj.,
_glowing, fiery, bright_.

#rdor, ris# [#rde#, _to burn, glow_], m., _heat, glow_; _zeal,
enthusiasm, fire_.

#argentum, #, n., _silver_; _money_.

#Arg, rum#, m., _Argos_, a city in the northeastern part of the
Peloponnesus.

#Argvus#, adj., of _Argos, Argive_.

#argu, ere, , tus#, _to show, prove_; _charge, accuse, blame_.

#ridus# [#re#, _to be dry_], adj., _dry, arid_.

#arma, rum#, n. pl., _arms, weapons_ (esp. for defense); _warfare_.

#armtus# [orig. part. of #arm#], adj., _armed, in full armor_. As
noun, #armt, rum#, m. pl., _armed men, soldiers_.

#Armenia, ae#, f., _Armenia_, a country in Asia, southeast of the Black
Sea.

#armilla, ae# [#armus#, _shoulder, arm_], f., _a bracelet, armlet_.

#arm, re, v, tus# [#arma#], _to arm, equip_.

#Arpnum, #, n., _Arpinum_, a town of the Volsci, fifty miles southeast
of Rome; the birthplace of Marius and Cicero.

#ars, artis#, f., _skill, art, knowledge_; _accomplishment_, esp. in
pl.; _device, stratagem_.

#artifex, icis# [#ars# + #faci#], m., _workman, artist, builder_.

#arts, uum#, m. pl., _joints, limbs_.

#rns, untis#, m., a son of Tarquinius Superbus.

#arx, arcis# [#arce#], f., _citadel, stronghold_.

#s, assis#, m., _an as_, the unit of Roman coinage, orig. apound of
copper, but finally reduced to half an ounce. It was then worth about a
cent.

#scend#, see #scand#.

#Asia, ae#, f., _Asia_, esp. Asia Minor.

  #Asiticus#, adj., _Asiatic_. As noun, #Asiticus, #, m., (cognomen
  of Lucius Cornelius Scipio, conqueror of Antiochus.

#asper, aspera, asperum#, adj., _rough, bitter, sharp_; _harsh, violent,
severe_.

#asperits, tis# [#asper#], f., _roughness, harshness_; _acidity_
(ofvinegar).

#spernor#, see #spern#.

#aspis, idis#, f., _an asp, viper_.

#sttia, ae# [#sttus#], f., _shrewdness, smartness, cleverness_.

#sttus# [#st#, _cunning_], adj., _smart, clever, shrewd, cunning_.

#asy:lum, #, n., _place of refuge, asylum_.

#at#, conj., _but, but yet, nevertheless_.

#Athnae, rum#, f. plur., _Athens_, the chief city of Greece, situated
in Attica, in the southeastern part of central Greece.

#Athesis, is#, m., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near which Marius defeated
the Cimbri in 101 B.C.

#Atlius, #, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Rgulus#.

#atque, ac#, conj., _and, and also_.

#atqu#, conj., _and yet, but yet, yet_.

#atrciter# [#atrx#], adv., _fiercely, cruelly_.

#atrx, cis#, adj., _savage, fierce, cruel, horrible_.

#attentus#, adj., _attentive_.

#attonitus# [#atton#, _to thunder at_], adj., _thunder-struck,
awe-struck, overwhelmed_.

#Attus, #, m., _Attus Nvius_, an augur who defied Tarquinius Priscus.

#auctor, ris# [#auge#], m., _producer, originator, cause_.

#auctrits, tis# [#auctor#], f., _authority, power_; _influence,
weight, dignity_.

#aucupium, # [#avis# + #capi#], n., _bird-catching, fowling_.

#audcia, ae# [#audx#, _bold_], f., _boldness, daring_; _rashness,
presumption_.

#aude, re, ausus sum#, _to venture, dare_.

#audi, re, v, tus#, _to hear, listen to_; #dict audins esse#, _to
obey_.

  #ex--exaudi, re, v, tus#, _to hear clearly, distinguish_.

#aufer#, see #fer#.

#aufugi#, see #fugi#.

#auge, re, aux, auctus#, _to increase, enlarge_.

#augur, uris# [#avis#], m., _an augur, soothsayer_, apriest whose
business it was to take the _auspicia_. See #auspicium#.

#augurium, # [#augur#], n., _observance of omens, divination_;
#augurium agere#, _to perform the augural ceremonies_.

#augustus# [#auge#], adj., _majestic, venerable, imposing_.

#Augustus, # [#augustus#], m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in
B.C. 27, and after him to all the Roman emperors.

#aureus# [#aurum#], adj., _golden_.

#auris, is#, f., _ear_.

#aurum, #, n., _gold_.

#auspicium, # [#avis# + #*speci#], n., _divination_ by noting the
flight or cries of birds. In taking the #auspicia#, _auspices_, the
augur sought to learn whether the gods favored or disapproved a proposed
course of conduct.

#aut#, conj., _or_; #aut . . . aut#, _either ...or_.

#autem#, conj., always postpositive, _but, however, moreover_.

#auxilium, # [#auge#], n., _help, aid_; plur., _auxiliary troops_
(usually foreign and light-armed troops).

#avritia, ae# [#avrus#], f., _greed, avarice_.

#avrus#, adj., _greedy, grasping, covetous_.

#vell, ere, vell, vulsus# [#ab# + #vell#, _to pluck_], _to tear off_
or _away, sever_.

#Aventnus, #, m. (sc. #mns#), _the Aventine_, one of the seven hills
of Rome.

#Aventnus#, adj., _of_ or _on the Aventine_.

#ave, re, --, --#, _to fare well_, used only in the imperative #av!#
_hail! welcome! greetings!_

#versor, r, tus sum# [#vert#], _to scorn, repulse_.

#vert#, see #vert#.

#avid# [#avidus#], adv., _eagerly, greedily_.

#avidus#, adj., _desirous, eager, greedy_.

#avis, is#, f., _bird_; _sign, omen_.

#avtus# [#avus#], adj., _ancestral_.

#voc#, see #voc#.

#vol#, see (2) #vol#.

#avunculus# [dim. of #avus#], m., _uncle, mother's brother_.

#avus, #, m., _grandfather, ancestor_.


#B#

#baculum, #, n., _a staff, stick_.

#Bagrada(s), ae#, m., a river near Carthage.

#ballista, ae#, f., _the ballista_, a military engine for hurling
stones.

#balneum, #, n., _bath, bathing-place_.

#barba, ae#, f., _beard_.

#barbarus#, adj., _foreign, uncivilized, barbarous_. As noun, #barbar,
rum#, pl. m., _foreigners, barbarians_.

#belltor, ris# [#bell#], m., _fighter, brawler_; _warrior, soldier_.

#bellicsus# [#bellicus#, _warlike_], adj., _warlike_.

#bell, re, v, tum# [#bellum#], _to wage war, fight_.

  #re--rebell, re, v, tum#, _to wage war again, rebel_.

#bellum, # (orig. #duellum#, from #duo#), n., _war, warfare_.

#blua, ae#, f., _a wild beast_; of a person, _beast, brute, monster_.

#bene# [#bonus#], adv., _well, successfully_; comp. #melius#, sup.
#optim#.

#beneficium, # [#bene# + #faci#], n., _favor, kindness, service_.

#benevolentia, ae# [#bene# + (1) #vol#], f., _good will, kindly
feeling_; _favor_.

#bengn# [#bengnus#], adv., _kindly, courteously_.

#bengnus#, adj., _kind, favorable_.

#bibliothca, ae#, f., _library_.

#bib, ere, , --#, _to drink_.

#Bibulus, #, m., _L. Calpurnius_, consul with Julius Caesar in 59 B.C.

#bduum, # [#bis# + #dis#], n., _a period of two days, two days'
time_.

#bis# [orig. #duis#; cf. #duo#], num. adv., _twice_.

#blanditia, ae#, f., _flattery_; in pl., _blandishments, allurements_.

#Blosius, #, m., gentile name of _C. Blosius Cmnus_, afriend of
C.Gracchus.

#Bocchus, #, m., _Bocchus_, king of the Gaetuli, and ally of Jugurtha.

#Boiorix, icis#, m., _Boiorix_, chief of the Cimbri, defeated by Marius,
101 B.C.

#bonus#, comp. #melior#, sup. #optimus#, adj., _good_; as noun, #bon,
rum#, m. pl., _good men, loyal citizens_; #bona, rum#, n. pl., _goods,
possessions_.

#bs, bovis#, m. and f., _ox, cow_; pl., _cattle_.

#bracchium, #, n., _forearm, arm_.

#brev#, see #brevis#.

#brevis, e#, adj., _short_; #brev# (sc. #tempore#), adv., _in a little
while, soon_.

#Britann, rum#, m. pl., _the inhabitants of England, the Britons_.

#Brundisium, #, n., _Brundisium_, a seaport in southeastern Italy, the
regular point of embarkation for Greece.

#Brtus, #, m., a cognomen in the Junian gens.

  1. _L.Inius Brtus_, the Liberator, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus,
  and consul with Collatinus in 509 B.C.

  2. _M.Inius Brtus_, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, 44
  B.C.

  3. _D.Inius Brtus_, an officer of Julius Caesar in Gaul, but
  afterwards one of his murderers.

#bulla, ae#, f., an _amulet_ or _charm_ for the neck, commonly of gold,
though often of leather. It was worn by children of free birth, but laid
aside with the _toga praetexta_ (see #praetextus#), and consecrated to
the _Lars_, or gods of the hearth.


#C#

#C#, orig. = English _G_, later = both _C_ and _G_, finally = _C_ alone;
with proper names = _Gius_, aRoman praenomen.

#cadver, eris# [#cad#], n., _a corpse_.

#cad, ere, cecid, csrus#, _to fall_; _fall dead, be killed, die_;
_happen_.

  #ad--accid, ere, cid, --#, _to happen, befall, come to pass_.

  #con--concid, ere, cid,--#, _to fall, be slain, perish_.

  #in--incid, ere, cid,--#, _fall, fall into_ or _on, meet_;
  _happen, occur_; #incidere in aliquem#, _to happen in the time of
  anybody_.

  #ob--occid, ere, cid, --#, _fall down, fall, perish_; _set_
  (ofthe sun).

  #re--recid, ere, cid, --#, _to fall back, return_; _fall_.

#caeds, is# [#caed#], f., _slaughter, massacre_.

#caed, ere, cecd, caesus#, _to cut, cut to pieces_; _kill, conquer,
rout_; #virgs caedere#, _to flog_.

  #ob--occd, ere, cd, csus#, _to cut down, kill, slay_.

  #prae--praecd, ere, cd, csus#, _to cut short, cut off_.

#caelestis, e# [#caelum#], adj., _from heaven, heavenly, celestial_.

#Caelius, #, m. (sc. #mns#), _the Caelian hill_, one of the seven
hills of Rome.

#caelum, #, n., _the sky, heavens_.

#caensus# [#caenum#], adj., _foul, filthy_.

#caenum, #, n., _mud, filth, mire_.

#Caesar, aris#, m., _Caesar_, a family name in the Julian gens.

  1. _C. Ilius Caesar_, the famous dictator, born 100 B.C., quaestor
  in 68, aedile in 65, praetor in 62, consul in 59; conquered Gaul,
  58-50; engaged in civil war with Pompey and his supporters, 49-46;
  created perpetual dictator in 46; murdered, March 15,44.

  2. The grandson of Caesar's sister, _C. Octvius_, was adopted by
  Caesar, and henceforth known as _C.Ilius Caesar Octvinus_. He
  was born 63 B.C., formed the second triumvirate with Antony and
  Lepidus in 44; with Antony's help defeated Brutus and Cassius, the
  murderers of Caesar, in 42, at Philippi; defeated Antony at Actium,
  in 31, and became sole master of the Roman world, which he ruled
  till his death in 14 A.D. See also #Augustus#.

#caesaris, --#, acc. #em#, f., _hair_ (of the head), _locks_ (only in
sing.).

#calamits, tis#, f., _calamity, disaster_.

#calcar, ris#, n., _a spur_.

#callidus#, adj., _shrewd, cunning, sly_.

#Calpurnia, ae#, f., _Calpurnia_, daughter of L. Calpurnius Piso, and
wife of Julius Caesar.

#Calpurnius, #, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Bibulus#.

#calvitium, # [#calvus#], n., _baldness_.

#calvus#, adj., _bald_.

#Calvus, # [#calvus#], m., cognomen of _C. Licinius Macer Calvus_, poet
and orator, 82-47 B.C.

#Camers, ertis#, m., an inhabitant of Camerinum, a town of Umbria,
adistrict in Central Italy.

#Campnia, ae#, f., a district on the west coast of Italy, south of
Latium.

#Campnus#, adj., _Campanian_.

#campus, #, m., _a field_, especially the #Campus Mrtius#, aplain
lying between the Capitoline Hill and the Tiber, and thus orig. outside
the walls. It was used as a place of exercise, as a parade ground and
place for reviews. Later, elections were held there.

#cande, re, u, --#, _to shine, glow_.

  #ad--accend, ere, , cnsus#, _to set fire to, kindle, burn_;
  _arouse, fire, anger_.

  #in--incend, ere, , cnsus#, _to set on fire_; _arouse, excite_.

#candidus# [#cande#], adj., _white_.

#Cannius, #, m., gentile name of _C. Cannius Rbilus_, consul for a
few hours on December 31, 45 B.C.

#canis, is#, m. and f., _a dog_.

#Cannae, rum#, f. pl., a small town in Apulia in southeastern Italy.

#Cannnsis, e#, adj., _of_ or _at Cannae_.

#can, ere, cecin, --#, _to sing, chant, play_; _sound, give signal_.

  #prae--praecin, ere, u, --#, _to play before_ (one).

#cantus, s# [#can#], m., _song_; _note, cry_.

#Canusium, #, n., a town in Apulia near Cannae.

#capesso, ere, v, tus# [desid. of #capi#], _to take eagerly, seize,
resortto_.

#capillus, # [#caput#], m., _the hair_.

#capi, ere, cp, captus#, _to take, seize, capture_; #cnsilium
capere#, _to form a plan_.

  #ad--accipi, ere, cp, ceptus#, _to take to one's self, receive,
  adopt_; _meet with, welcome_; _understand, interpret_.

  #con--concipi, ere, cp, ceptus#, _to take in, imagine, conceive_.

  #d--dcipi, ere, cp, ceptus#, _to take in, catch, deceive,
  cheat_.

  #ex--excipi, ere, cp, ceptus#, _to take out, appropriate,
  overhear_; _receive, greet_; _await, confront_.

  #in--incipi, ere, cp, ceptus#, _to take up, begin, undertake_.

  #inter--intercipi, ere, cp, ceptus#, _to seize in passing, steal,
  usurp_.

  #prae--praecipi, ere, cp, ceptum#, _direct, bid, order_.

  #re--recipi, ere, cp, ceptus#, _to take back, recover_; _take,
  receive_; #s recipere#, _to retreat, withdraw_.

  #sub--suscipi, ere, cp, ceptus#, _to take up, undertake, assume,
  succeedto_.

#Capitlnus#, adj., _pertaining to the Capitol_.

#Capitlium, #, n., _the Capitol_, the chief temple of Jupiter in Rome;
often, also, the hill on which this temple stood, the _Mns
Capitlnus_, the citadel of Rome.

#capra, ae#, f., _a she-goat_; #Caprae pals#, _Goat Swamp_, in the
Campus Martius.

#captvus# [#capi#], adj., _captive_; as noun, #captvus, #, m., _a
prisoner, captive_.

#capt, re, v, tus# [freq. of #capi#], _to seize eagerly, strive to
seize, strive for_; _take in, deceive, trap_.

#Capua, ae#, f., a city in Campania noted for its luxury.

#capulus, # [#capi#], m., _hilt, handle_.

#caput, itis#, n., _the head, life_; _head_ or _capital_ of a nation;
#capite damnre#, _to condemn to death_.

#carb, inis#, m., _a coal, charcoal_.

#Carb, inis#, m., _C. Paprius_, an enemy of Sulla, defeated by Pompey.

#carcer, eris#, n., _a prison_, esp. the state prison at Rome, built by
Ancus Marcius, and known since the middle ages as the 'Mamertine
Prison.' It lay at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, on the side towards
the Forum. The historian Sallust thus describes it: "In the prison there
is a place called the _Tullinum_, about twelve feet below the surface
of the ground. It is built with strong walls, and above it there is a
room constructed with stone vaulting. It is a disgusting and horrible
place on account of the filth, the darkness, and the stench."

#carnifex, ficis# [#car#, _flesh_ + #faci#], m., _executioner,
butcher_.

#carpentum, #, n., _a two-wheeled carriage_.

#carp, ere, s, tus#, _to pluck, tear_.

  #dis--discerp, ere, s, tus#, _to pluck_ or _tear in pieces_.

  #ex--excerp, ere, s, tus#, _to pluck out, choose, select_.

#Carthgininsis, e#, adj., _Carthaginian_.

#Carthg, inis#, f., _Carthage_, a city on the northern coast of
Africa, colonized by Phoenicians from Tyre.

#Carthg Nova#, f., _New Carthage_, a city on the east coast of Spain,
founded by the Carthaginians.

#crus#, adj., _dear, beloved_; _costly_.

#casa, ae#, f., _a hut, cottage_.

#Casca, ae#, m., _C. Servlius_, one of the murderers of Julius Caesar.

#Cassius, #, m., gentile name of _C. Cassius Longnus_, one of the
foremost conspirators against Caesar in 44 B.C.

#castellum, # [dim. of #castrum#], n., _a stronghold, castle, fort_.

#castg, re, v, tus# [#castus#, _pure_ + #ag#], _to correct,
punish, chastise_.

#castrum, #, n., _a fortified place_; pl., #castra, rum#, _a camp_.

#csus, s# [#cad#], m., _that which befalls, accident, chance_;
_misfortune, calamity_.

#catapulta, ae#, f., _an engine for hurling arrows, catapult_.

#catna, ae#, f., _a chain, fetter_.

#Catilna, ae#, m., _L. Sergius_, who conspired against the state during
Cicero's consulship, 63 B.C.

#catllus, #, m., _a small dish, plate_.

#Cat, nis#, m., _M. Porcius_, called _Uticnsis_, because he committed
suicide at Utica in Africa, after the battle of Thapsus 46 B.C.

#Catullus, #, m., _C. Valerius_, the famous lyric poet, 87-54 B.C.

#catulus, #, m., _a young animal, cub_.

#Catulus, #, m., _Q. Luttius_, who in 67 B.C. opposed the grant of
extraordinary powers to Pompey for the war with the pirates.

#cauda, ae#, f., _tail_.

#causa, ae#, f., _cause, reason, occasion_; _case at law_; #caus# (with
preceding gen.), _for the sake of_, acommon expression of purpose;
#causam dcere#, _to plead a case_ in court.

#cautus# [orig. part. of #cave#], adj., _careful, wary, cautious_.

#cavea, ae# [#cavus#, _hollow_], f., _a cage_.

#cave, re, cv, cautus#, _to be on one's guard, beware, guard
against_.

#cd, ere, cess, cessum#, _to go, move_; _to go from, retire_; _yield,
submit_; #ex sententi cdere#, _to turn out to one's satisfaction_.

  #ab--abscd, ere, cess, cessrus#, _to go away, withdraw, depart_.

  #ad--accd, ere, cess, cessrus#, _to go_ or _come to, move
  towards, approach_; _be added_.

  #ante--antecd, ere, cess, --#, _to go before, precede._

  #con--concd, ere, cess, cessus#, _to withdraw, retire, depart_;
  _yield, submit_; _allow, grant, concede_.

  #d--dcd, ere, cess, cessum#, _to go away, withdraw, depart_;
  _to die_ (sc.#vt#).

  #dis--discd, ere, cess, cessum#, _to go away, depart_; _come
  off_.

  #in--incd, ere, cess, cessrus#, _to advance, approach_; _march_;
  _move slowly_.

  #prae--praecd, ere, cess, cessrus#, _to go before_.

  #pr--prcd, ere, cess, cessum#, _to move forward, advance, make
  progress_.

  #re--recd, ere, cess, cessum#, _to move back, withdraw, retire,
  retreat_.

  #s--scd, ere, cess, cessrus#, _to retire, withdraw_.

  #sub--succd, ere, cess, cessum#, _to follow, succeed_; _be
  successful_.

#celeber, bris, bre#, adj., _famous_.

#celebrtus# [part. of #celebr#, _to throng_], adj., of a place,
_thronged, frequented_; of persons, places, or things, _famous,
brilliant_.

#celer, eris, ere#, adj., _swift, quick, lively_.

#celerits, tis# [#celer#], f., _swiftness, speed, alertness_.

#celeriter# [#celer#], adv., _quickly, soon_.

#cella, ae#, f., _chamber, sanctuary, shrine_.

#cl, re, v, tus#, _to hide, conceal_.

#Celtibr, rum#, m. pl., _the Celtiberi_, a tribe in Spain.

#cna, ae#, f., _dinner_, the principal meal of the Romans, taken about
three o'clock.

#cn, re, v, tus# [#cna#], _to dine, eat_.

#cnse, re, u, us#, _to rate, value_; _be of the opinion, think_;
_determine, decide_.

#cnsus, s# [#cnse#], m., _an enumeration_ and _classification of the
people_ according to wealth, _a census_.

#centis# [#centum#], adv., _a hundred times_.

#centum#, indecl. num. adj., _a hundred_.

#centuria, ae# [#centum#], f., _a division of the army or the people_,
containing a hundred persons, _a century_.

#centuri, nis# [#centuria#], m., _a commander of a century, centurion,
captain_.

#cern, ere, crv, certus# [#crtus#], _to separate_; _see, perceive_;
_decide, determine_.

  #d--dcern, ere, crv, crtus#, _to decide, determine_; _decree,
  vote, entrust_ (bya decree); _contend, fight_.

  #s--scern, ere, crv, crtus#, _to separate, divide_.

#certmen, inis# [#cert#], n., _match, trial_ of skill or strength;
_contest, battle_.

#certtim# [#cert#], adv., _in rivalry, zealously_.

#cert# [#certus#], adv., _certainly, surely_.

#cert, re, v, tum# [#certus#], _to vie with, contend_.

#certus# [orig. part. of #cern#], adj., _determined, fixed_; _certain,
definite, specified, assured_; #certirem facere#, _to inform_; #certior
fier#, _to be informed_.

#cervx, cis#, f., _neck, throat_.

#cess, re, v, tum# [freq. of #cd#], _to be inactive, loiter,
delay_.

#cterum# [#cterus#], adv. and conj., _for the rest, but, moreover,
besides_.

#cter, ae, a#, adj., _the rest, the other, the others_.

#charta, ae#, f., _writing material, paper, sheet_ (ofEgyptian
papyrus).

#Chry:sogonus, #, m., _L. Cornlius_, a freedman of Sulla.

#cibrius# [#cibus#], adj., _pertaining to food_; #rs cibria#,
_provisions_.

#cibus, #, m., _food, victuals_.

#cictrx, cis#, f., _a scar_.

#cicer, ciceris#, n., _a pea, chickpea_.

#Cicer, nis# [#cicer#], m., cognomen of _M. Tullius Cicer_, the
famous orator, born at Arpinum, 106 B.C.; quaestor in Sicily, 75;
praetor, 66; consul, 63; killed by Antony's order in43.

#Cimber, br#, m., _a Cimbrian_, one of the Cimbri, the Teutonic tribe
which, together with the Teutones, invaded Italy, and was defeated by
Marius in 101 B.C.

#Cimbricus#, adj., _Cimbrian_.

#cing, ere, cinx, cinctus#, _to encircle, surround_; _gird, gird on,
equip_; #obsidine cingere#, _to blockade, besiege_.

  #ad--accing, ere, cinx, cinctus#, _to gird, gird on, equip, arm_.

  #sub--succing, ere, cinx, cinctus#, _to gird, arm, equip_.

#cinis, eris#, m., _ashes_.

#Cinna, ae#, m., _L. Cornlius_, leader with Marius of the popular
party.

#circ#, adv. and prep, with acc., _around, round about, throughout_.

#circum#, adv. and prep, with acc., _around, about_.

#circumd#, see #d#.

#circumfund#, see #fund#.

#circumst#, see #st#.

#circumveni#, see #veni#.

#circus, #, m., _a circle, enclosure_ for athletic sports, esp.
chariot-races; #Circus Mximus#: see p.18, n.6.

#citerior, ris#, adj., _on this side, hither, nearer_.

#cit, re, v, tus# [freq. of #cie#, _to set in motion_], _to rouse,
urge on_; _summon_.

  #con--concit, re, v, tus#, _to rouse, excite_; _move,
  instigate_.

  #ex--excit, re, v, tus#, _to call or bring forth_; _rouse,
  excite_.

  #in--incit, re, v, tus#, _urge on, arouse, incite_.

#cvicus# [#cvis#], adj., _of citizens, civic_; #cvica corna#, _the
civic crown_, given to a soldier who saved the life of a citizen in
battle.

#cvlis, e# [#cvis#], adj., _of citizens, civil, civic_; _courteous,
polite_.

#cvis, is#, m., _citizen, fellow-citizen_.

#cvits, tis# [#cvis#], f., _citizenship_; _state, body of citizens_.

#clds, is#, f., _disaster, overthrow, defeat_; #cldem accipere#, _to
sustain a defeat_; #clde adficere#, _to defeat_.

#clam# [#cl#], adv., _secretly_.

#clmit, re, v, tus# [freq. of #clm#], _to cry aloud, shout
loudly_.

#clm, re, v, tus#, _to shout_.

  #ad--acclm, re, v, tum#, _to shout loudly, exclaim_.

  #con--conclm, re, v, tum#, _cry out together, shout_.

  #ex--exclm, re, v, tum#, _to cry out, shout aloud, exclaim_.

  #in--inclm, re, v, tus#, _shout loudly_; _cry out to, call
  upon, appealto_.

  #pr--prclm, re, v, tum#, _to call, cry out, proclaim_.

  #sub--succlm, re, v, tus#, _to shout in answer, to answer
  loudly_.

#clmor, ris# [#clm#], m., _shout, cry, noise_.

#clandestnus# [#clam#], adj., _secret_.

#clangor, ris#, m., _noise, clash, clang_.

#clrus#, adj., _bright_; _famous, renowned_; of sound, _clear, loud_.

#classicum, # [#classis#], n. (sc. #sgnum#), _battle signal_ on the
trumpet.

#classis, is#, f., _a class_ or _division of citizens_; _a fleet_.

#Claudia, ae#, f., a sister of Appius Claudius Pulcher.

#Claudius, #, m., the name of a famous Roman gens.

  1. _Appius Claudius_, one of the Decemvirs of 451 B.C.

  2. _Appius Claudius Pulcher_, consul in 249 B.C., and defeated in a
  naval battle off Drepanum in Sicily.

#claud, ere, claus, clausus#, _to shut, close_; _shut in, imprison_.

#ex--excld, ere, cls, clsus#, _to shut out, exclude_.

#in--incld, ere, cls, clsus#, _to shut in, enclose_; _imprison_.

#clausula, ae# [#claud#], f., _conclusion_.

#clvus, #, m., _a nail_.

#clmns, entis#, adj., _gentle, kindly, merciful_.

#clmenter# [#clmns#], adv., _quietly, mercifully, mildly_.

#clmentia, ae# [#clmns#], f., _mercifulness, forbearance, kindness_.

#Cleopatra, ae#, f., the famous queen of Egypt, renowned for her wit and
beauty. She lived 69-30 B.C.

#clins, entis# [orig. #cluns#, from #clue#, _to hear_], m., _a
vassal, dependent, client_. The #clients# attached themselves to some
patrician, who aided them in business, esp. legal business, and was
practically their father or guardian. The clients in turn were bound to
respect and serve their patron, and to assist him financially, esp. in
ransoming him, if captured, and in providing a marriage portion for his
daughters.

#clvus, #, m., _ascent, slope, hill_; #Clvus Capitlnus#, astreet
running up from the Forum to the Capitol.

#Cldius, #, m., plebeian form of Claudius, the gentile name of
_P.Cldius Pulcher_, Cicero's enemy, who, as tribune of the people,
brought about his banishment.

#Clypea, ae#, f., a fortified town in Africa, near Carthage.

#Cn.#, abbreviation of the name #Gnaeus#.

#coep, coepisse, coeptus#, _to begin_.

#coerce#, see #arce#.

#cgitti, nis# [#cgit#], f., _thought, consideration, plan_.

#cgit#, see #agit#.

#cgnti, nis# [#cgntus#], f., _blood relationship, ties of blood_.

#cgntus# [#con# + #(g)nscor#], adj., _related by blood_; as noun, _a
kinsman, blood relation_.

#cgniti, nis# [#cgnsc#], f., _a legal investigation, judicial
hearing_; #cgnitinem nstituere#, _to hold a hearing_.

#cgnmen, inis# [#con# + #(g)nmen#], n., a name added to the
individual and clan names of a person; _a surname_, either as a title of
honor, as #fricnus, Mgnus, Torqutus#, or as a nickname, as #Cicer#.
_Cgnmina_ served to distinguish different families of the same gens.

#cgnmin, re, v, tus# [#cgnmen#], _to surname, call_.

#cgnsc#, see #nsc#.

#cg#, see #ag#.

#cohors, ortis#, f., _cohort, company_ (the tenth part of a legion). See
#legi#.

#Colltia, ae#, f., a Sabine town near Rome.

#Colltnus, #, m., _L. Tarquinius_, the husband of Lucretia, and one
of the first two consuls, 509 B.C.

#collis, is#, m., _a hill_.

#collum, #, n., _neck_.

#col, ere, u, cultus#, to _till, cultivate_; _dwell in_; _practice,
cherish_; _clothe, adorn_; _honor, esteem_.

  #ex--excol, ere, u, cultus#, _to cultivate, improve, adorn_;
  _refine_.

  #in--incol, ere, u, --#, _to dwell, dwell in, live_.

#colnia, ae# [#col#], f., _a colony, settlement_.

#columba, ae#, f., _a dove, pigeon_.

#com, con, co#, forms of the prep. #cum#, found only in compound words.
See #cum#.

#combr#, see #r#.

#comes, itis# [#con# + (1) #e#], m., _companion, comrade_; _attendant,
follower_.

#cmits, tis# [#cmis#, _courteous_], f., _courtesy, kindness_.

#comittus, s# [#comitor#], m., _escort, train_.

#comitium, # [#con# + (1) #e#], n., _the Comitium_, aplace adjoining
the Forum Romanum, where the voters assembled; #comitia, rum#, _the
comitia_, an assembly of the people (esp. for elections); _election_;
#comitia indcere#, _to set a date for an election_.

#comitor, r, tus sum# [#comes#], _to accompany_.

#commetus, s#, m., _a furlough_.

#commend#, see #mand#.

#commigr#, see #migr#.

#commlit, nis# [#con# + #mles#], m., _fellow-soldier, comrade_.

#comminus# [#con# + #manus#], adv., _hand to hand, at close quarters_.

#committ#, see #mitt#.

#commod# [#commodus#], adv., _properly, fittingly, rightly_.

#commodus# [#con# + #modus#], adj., _in due measure, suitable, fit,
convenient_.

#commove#, see #move#.

#commni#, see #mni#.

#commnis, e# [#con# + #mnus#], adj., _common, joint, general_.

#commniter# [#commnis#], adv., _in common, together_.

#commt#, see #mt#.

#cm#, see #em#.

#compr, paris# [#con# + #pr#], adj., _equal to, like_; _fitting,
suitable_.

#compar#, see #par#.

#compell#, see #pell#.

#comperi#, see #pari#.

#comps, edis# [#con# + #ps#], f., usually in the pl., _shackles,
fetters_.

#complector, , plexus sum#, _to embrace_.

#comple#, see #*ple#.

#complrti, nis# [#complr#, _to bewail_], f., _lamentation,
wailing_.

#complrs, a# or #ia# [#con# + #pls#], adj., _several, many, very
many_.

#compn#, see #pn#.

#compos, potis# [#con# + #potis#, _able_], adj., _master of_; #vt
compos fier#, _to gain one's heart's desire_.

#compositum, # [#compn#], n., _agreement_.

#comprehend#, see #prehend#.

#comprim#, see #prem#.

#comprob#, see #prob#.

#comput#, see #put#.

#con#, see #com#.

#concd#, see #cd#.

#concid#, see #cad#.

#concili, re, v, tus# [#concilium#], _to bring together,
conciliate_; _win over, secure_.

  #re--reconcili, re, v, tus#, _to reunite, reconcile_.

#concilium, # [#con# + #cal#, _to call_], n., _assembly, gathering_.

#concipi#, see #capi#.

#concit#, see #cit#.

#conclm#, see #clm#.

#concordia, ae# [#con# + #cor#, _heart_], f., _union, harmony, concord_.

#concupsc, ere, cupv, cuptus# [#con# + #cupi#], _to desire
greatly, crave_.

#concurr#, see #curr#.

#concursus, s# [#concurr#], m., _a concourse, throng_; _attack,
charge, onset_.

#condemn#, see #damn#.

#condici, nis# [#condc#, _to agree_], f., _agreement, stipulation,
terms_.

#cond#, see #d#.

#condc#, see #dc#.

#cnfer#, see #fer#.

#cnfertus# [part. of #cnferci#, _to stuff together_], adj., _crowded,
dense_.

#cnfessi, nis# [#cnfiteor#], f., _confession, acknowledgment_.

#cnfstim#, adv., _immediately, at once_.

#cnfici#, see #faci#.

#cnfdentia, ae# [#cnfd#, _to trust_], f., _boldness, assurance,
confidence_.

#cnfrmtus# [orig. part. of #cnfrm#], adj., _courageous, resolute_.

#cnfrm#, see #frm#.

#cnfiteor#, see #fateor#.

#cnflagr, re, v, --# [#con# + #flagr#, _to burn_], _to burn, be
destroyed_ (byfire).

#cnflg#, see #*flg#.

#cnfl#, see #fl#.

#cnflu#, see #flu#.

#cnfodi#, see #fodi#.

#cnfugi#, see #fugi#.

#conger#, see #ger#.

#congredior#, see #gradior#.

#congressus, s# [#congredior#], m., _meeting, interview, encounter,
fight_.

#congru, ere, , --#, _to agree, tally_.

#conici#, see #iaci#.

#coniung#, see #iung#.

#coniunx# or #coniux# [#coniung#], m. and f., _married person, husband,
wife_.

#conirti, nis# [#conir#], f., _a conspiracy, plot_.

#conirt, rum# [orig. part. of #conir#], m. pl., _conspirators_.

#conir#, see #ir#.

#coniux#, see #coniunx#.

#conlaud#, see #laud#.

#conlga, ae# [#con# + #leg#], m., _one chosen at the same time,
acolleague_.

#conlig#, see #leg#.

#conloc#, see #loc#.

#conloquium, # [#conloquor#], n., _an interview, conference_.

#conloquor#, see #loquor#.

#cnor, r, tus sum#, to _attempt, try_.

#conqueror#, see #queror#.

#conqur#, see #quaer#.

#cnsalt#, see #salt#.

#cnscend#, see #scand#.

#cnscientia, ae# [#con# + #sci#], f., _consciousness, knowledge_.

#cnscsc#, see #scsc#.

#cnscius# [#con# + #sci#], adj., _acquainted with, awareof_.

#cnscrb#, see #scrb#.

#cnscrptus# [orig. part. of #cnscrb#], adj., _enrolled_; #patrs
cnscrpt#, the official title of the senators. Roman writers took this
phrase as = #patrs et cnscrpt#, explaining #patrs# as _patricians_,
of whom orig. the senate was wholly composed, and #cnscrpt# as
denoting the plebeians newly enrolled in the senate in 509 B.C., after
the expulsion of the kings. It may, however, = _enrolled patricians_, to
distinguish the senators from the patricians who were not enrolled in
the senate.

#cnsecr#, see #sacr#.

#cnsnsus, s# [#cnsenti#], m., _united opinion, consent, agreement_.

#cnsenti#, see #senti#.

#cnsequor#, see #sequor#.

#cnser#, see #ser#.

#cnserv#, see #serv#.

#cnsder, re, v, tus#, _to look at closely, examine, reflect,
consider_.

#cnsd#, see #sd#.

#cnsilium, # [cf. #cnsul#], n., _plan, scheme_; _judgment, wit,
sense, shrewdness_; #cnsilium capere# or #inre#, _to plan_.

#cnsist#, see #sist#.

#cnsobrnus, # [#con# + #soror#], m., _first-cousin, cousin_.

#cnslor, r, tus sum# [#con# + #slor#, _to comfort_], _to comfort,
cheer_.

#cnspectus, s# [#cnspici#], m., _sight, view_.

#cnspici#, see #*speci#.

#cnspicuus# [#cnspici#], adj., _in plain sight, conspicuous,
remarkable_.

#cnsprti, nis# [#cnspr#, _to breathe together, plot_], f., _a
plot_.

#cnsprt, rum# [#cnspr#, _to plot_], m. pl., _conspirators_.

#cnstns, antis# [orig. part. of #cnst#], adj., _of strong character,
firm, resolute_; _steadfast, consistent_.

#cnstanter# [#cnstns#], adv., _firmly, resolutely, steadfastly_.

#cnstantia, ae# [#cnstns#], f., a typical Roman virtue, _strength of
character, steadiness of purpose, firmness_; _courage, faithfulness_.

#cnstern#, see #stern#.

#cnstitu#, see #statu#.

#cnst#, see #st#.

#cnsusc#, see #susc#.

#cnsutd, inis# [#cnsutus#, part. of #cnsusc#], f., _habit,
custom_.

#cnsul, ulis#, m., _a consul_, the title given to the two highest
officials of the Roman republic. The office was created in 509 B.C.At
first its powers were equal to those of the kings, except in religious
matters. Later, certain of these powers were transferred to other
magistrates. The consuls were elected annually; their joint names were
used in giving dates. At the close of their official term, the consuls
usually governed a province for a year as proconsuls.

#cnsulris, e# [#cnsul#], adj., _of consular rank_; as noun, _an
ex-consul_.

#cnsultus, s# [#cnsul#], m., _consulship_.

#cnsul, ere, u, tus#, _to take counsel, deliberate_; _to take counsel
with, to consult_; #graviter cnsulere#, _to take vigorous measures_.

#cnsult, re, v, tus# [freq. of #cnsul#], _to take counsel,
deliberate_.

#cnsm#, see #sm#.

#contemn, ere, temps, temptus#, _to despise, scorn_.

#contemptor, ris# [#contemn#], m., _one who despises, scorner_.

#contend#, see #tend#.

#contenti, nis# [#contend#], f., _straining, effort, energy_;
_dispute, strife_.

#contentus# [orig. part. of #contine#], adj., _content, satisfied
with_.

#continentia, ae# [#contine#], f., _self-restraint, moderation_.

#contine#, see #tene#.

#conting#, see #tang#.

#continu# [#continuus#], adv., _forthwith, straightway_.

#continuus# [#contine#], adj., _uninterrupted, continuous, successive,
incessant_.

#cnti, nis# [orig. #co(n)venti#, from #conveni#], f., _an assembly,
meeting_.

#contr#, prep. with acc., _against, contrary to_.

#contrah#, see #trah#.

#contrrius# [#contr#], adj., _opposite, contrary_.

#contubernlis, is# [#con# + #taberna#, _a tent_], m., _tent-companion,
comrade_.

#contumlia, ae#, f., _insult, reproach, abuse_.

#contund# [#con# + #tund#, _to beat, strike_], _to crush, destroy_.

#contus, #, m., _a pole, pike_.

#cnbium, # [#con# + #nb#], n., _marriage, right of intermarriage_.

#convalsc, ere, valu, --# [#con# + #vale#], _to begin to be well,
recover_.

#convenins, entis# [#conveni#], adj., _agreeing or consistent with,
befitting_.

#conveni#, see #veni#.

#convert#, see #vert#.

#convinc#, see #vinc#.

#convvium, # [#con# + #vv#], n., _a feast_.

#convoc#, see #voc#.

#coorior#, see #orior#.

#cophinus, #, m., _a basket_.

#cpia, ae# [#co(n)# + #ops#], f., _abundance, supply_; _opportunity_;
in pl., _resources, forces, troops_.

#cpis# [#cpisus#], adv., _abundantly_; _of speech, fluently,
eloquently_.

#cpisus# [#cpia#], adj., _abounding in, well supplied_.

#coquus, #, m., _a cook_.

#cram# [#co(n)# + #s#], adv., _before one's eyes, in person_; prep.
with abl., _before, in the presenceof_.

#corium, #, n., _skin, hide_.

#Cornlia, ae#, f., _Cornelia_.

  1. Adaughter of P.Scipio Africanus Maior, and mother of the
  Gracchi.

  2. A daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna, first wife of Julius Caesar.

#Cornlius, #, m., the name of a very important Roman gens. See #Cinna,
Cossus, Lentulus, Scpi#, and #Sulla#.

#corn, s#, n., _horn_; _wing_ (of an army).

#corna, ae#, f., _a crown, garland_. See #cvicus#.

#corpus, oris#, n., _a body_.

#corrig#, see #reg#.

#corripi#, see #rapi#.

#corrump#, see #rump#.

#corru#, see #ru#.

#corvus, #, m., _a raven_. In XVI. 3 it may be translated
_grappling-iron_, though the reference is rather to a wooden boarding
bridge, which swung freely round a pole in the prow of the ship. In
battle it was dropped upon the deck of a hostile vessel and held there
by a sharp iron spike in its under side.

#cs, ctis#, f., _flint stone, whetstone_.

#Cossus, #, m., _A. Cornlius_, consul in 343 B.C.

#cottdinus# [#cottdi#, _daily_], adj., _daily_; _usual, customary_;
_everyday, commonplace_.

#Crassus, #, m., _M. Licinius_, called _Dves_ because of his enormous
wealth; consul in 70 B.C., and triumvir with Caesar and Pompey in 60;
defeated and killed by the Parthians 53 B.C.

#crber, bra, brum#, adj., _crowded, numerous, incessant_.

#crd, ere, crdid, crditus#, _to lend, entrust to_; _believe in,
trust_; _believe, think_.

#Cremera, ae#, f., a river in Etruria, near Veii.

#crem, re, v, tus#, _to burn_.

#Cremna, ae#, f., a town on the river Po.

#cre, re, v, tus#, _to make, create_; _to choose, elect_.

  #re--recre, re, v, tus#, _to renew, revive, encourage_.

#crsc, ere, crv, crtus#, _to grow, increase_.

#in--incrsc, ere, crv, --#, _to grow upon_; _grow, increase_.

#crminor, r, tus sum# [#crmen#, _a charge_], _to complain of,
denounce_; with infin., _to charge_.

#crnis, is#, m., _hair_.

#crucitus, s# [#cruci#], m., _torture, torment_.

#cruci, re, v, tus# [#crux#], _to crucify, torture, torment_.

#crdlis, e#, adj., _cruel, unfeeling_.

#crdlits, tis# [#crdlis#], f., _cruelty_.

#cruentus# [cf. #cruor#], adj., _blood-stained_.

#crumna, ae#, f., _a purse, money bag_.

#cruor, ris#, m., _running blood, gore_.

#crs#, #crris#, n., _a leg_.

#crux#, #crucis#, f., _cross, gallows_.

#crystallinus# [#crystallum#, _crystal_], adj., _of crystal_; as noun,
#crystallinum, # (sc.#vs#), n., _a vase of crystal_.

#cubiculum, # [#cub#], n., _a bedchamber_.

#cub, re, u, itum#, _to lie down, recline_; _to lie sick_.

  #re--recub, re, --, --#, _to lie on one's back, lie, recline_.

#cis, tis#, interr. pron., _of what country? whence?_

#culpa, ae#, ., _fault, guilt_.

#cultellus, # [dim. of #culter#], m., _a small knife_.

#culter, tr#, m., _knife, dagger_.

#cultus, s# [#col#], m., _cultivation; refinement, luxury_; _mode of
living, style_.

#cum#, prep. with abl., _with, together with, at the same time with_. In
composition the forms #com, con#, and #co# are used, and denote
(1)accompaniment, (2)intensity.

#cum#, conj.; of time, _when, while, whenever_; of cause, _since_; of
concession, _although_; #cum ... tum#, _both ... and, not only ...
but also_.

#*cumb#, an old verb, same root as #cub#.

  #ad--accumb, ere, cubu, cubitum#, _to lie or recline_ (esp. at
  table).

  #in--incumb, ere, cubu, cubitum#, _to lie or lean upon_; _devote
  one's self_.

  #ob--occumb, ere, cubu, cubitum#, _to fall_ (in death), _die_.

  #pr--prcumb, ere, cubu, cubitum#, _to fall forward, fall
  prostrate_.

#cunctti, nis# [#cunctor#], f., _delay_.

#Cuncttor, ris# [#cunctor#], m., _Delayer_, aname given to Q.Fabius
Maximus.

#cunctor, r, tus sum#, _to delay, linger_.

#cupid# [#cupidus#], adv., _eagerly_.

#cupidits, tis# [#cupidus#], f., _craving, desire, eagerness_.

#cupd, inis# [cf. #cupidus#], f., _desire, craving, greed_.

#cupidus# [#cupi#], adj., _desirous, fond_; _greedy, covetous_.

#cupi, ere, v (i), tus#, _to crave, desire, covet_.

#cr#, adv., _why? for what reason?_

#cra, ae#, f., _care, anxiety_.

#Curs, um#, f. pl., a Sabine town.

#Cria, ae#, f., _a curia, ward_, one of the ten divisions into which
each of the three orig. Roman tribes was divided; _council chamber_,
esp. the Roman _Senate-house_, either the _Cria Hostlia_, adjoining
the Forum on the north side, or the _Cria Pompia_, built by Pompey in
the Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar was murdered.

#Critius, #, m., name of the three Alban brothers who fought with the
Horatii.

#Curius, #, m., gentile name of _Mnius Curius Denttus_, afamous
Roman hero, renowned for his frugality and simplicity of life. He died
in 270 B.C.

#cr, re, v, tus# [#cra#], _to care for, attend to_; with
gerundive and infin., _see to it that, take care that_.

  #pr--prcr, re, v, tus#, to _care for, attend to_; of omens,
  _to avert by sacrifices_.

#curr, ere, cucurr, cursum#, _to run_.

  #ad--accurr, ere, (cu)curr, cursum#, _to run, to, hasten towards_.

  #con--concurr, ere, (cu)curr, cursum#, _to run together_; _to rush
  together_ (inbattle), _charge, fight_.

  #d--dcurr, ere, (cu)curri, cursum#, _to run down, hasten down_.

  #dis--discurr, ere, (cu)curr, cursum#, _to run in different
  directions_; _wander, roam_.

  #ob--occurr, ere, (cu)curr, cursum#, _to run to meet, meet_;
  _withstand, oppose_.

  #sub--succurr, ere, , --#, _to run to, help, aid_.

#currus, s# [#curr#], m., _a chariot_.

#cursus, s# [#curr#], m., _running_; _journey, passage, course_;
_speed_.

#curlis, e# [#currus#], adj., _of a chariot_. #Sella curlis#, see
#sella#.

#cstdia, ae# [#csts#], f., _watching_; _guard-house, prison_; pl.,
_pickets, watchmen_.

#cstdi, re, v, tus# [#csts#], _to watch, guard, defend_.

#csts, dis#, m. and f., _guardian, protector_.

#Cy:rus, #, m., Cyrus the Great, 559-529 B.C., founder of the Persian
empire.


#D#

#D.#, abbreviation of the name #Decimus#.

#Dc, rum#, m. pl., _the Dacians_, a people living on the north of the
Danube.

#damnti, nis# [#damn#], f., _condemnation_.

#damn, re, v, tus#, _to judge guilty, condemn_; #capite damnre#,
_to condemn to death_.

  #con--condemn, re, v, tus#, _to find guilty, condemn,
  sentence_.

#d#, prep, with abl.; of place, _from, down from, out of_; of time,
_after, during_; of cause, _in consequence of, through_; of relation,
_concerning, in respect to_. In compounds it generally denotes
thoroughness, but occasionally has negative force.

#dea, ae#, f., _a goddess_.

#deambul#, see #ambul#.

#dbe#, see #habe#.

#dbilis# [#d# + #habilis#], adj., _weak, disabled, helpless_.

#dcd#, see #cd#.

#decem#, indecl. num. adj., _ten_.

#december, bris, bre#, adj., _tenth_; as noun, #December#
(sc.#mnsis#), m., _December, the tenth month_ (counting from March,
with which the Roman year originally began).

#decemvir, # [#decem# + #vir#], m., _a member of a commission of ten
men, adecemvir_.

#dcern#, see #cern#.

#decet, re, uit#, impers., _it is fitting_.

#decimus# [#decem#], num. adj., _tenth_.

#Decimus, #, m., a Roman praenomen.

#dcipi#, see #capi#.

#Decius, #, m., the gentile name of _P. Decius Ms_, consul B.C. 340.

#dclr, re, v, tus# [#d# + #clrus#], _to make clear, disclose_;
_show, declare_.

#decor, re, v, tus# [#decus#], _to adorn, deck_.

#dcurr#, see #curr#.

#decus, oris#, n., _grace, glory, honor, splendor, ornament_.

#dcuti#, see #quati#.

#dditcius, # [#dditus#], m., _a captive_.

#dditi, nis# [#dd#], f., _a surrender_.

#dditus# [orig. part. of #dd#], adj., _surrendered_; #devoted to,
addicted to#. As noun, #dditus, #, m., _a captive_.

#dd#, see #d#.

#ddc#, see #dc#.

#dfatgti, nis#, f., _weariness_.

#dfend#, see #*fend#.

#dfnsi, nis# [#dfend#], f., _a defense_.

#dfnsor, ris# [#dfend#], m., _a defender_.

#dfer#, see #fer#.

#dfessus#, adj., _worn out, weary_.

#dfici#, see #faci#.

#dfg#, see #fg#.

#deflect#, see #flect#.

#dfrmits, tis# [#dfrmis#, _ugly_], f., _ugliness, disfigurement_.

#dfungor#, see #fungor#.

#dg#, see #ag#.

#dhonest, re, --, --# [#d# + #honest# (cf.#hons#), _to honor_],
_to disgrace, dishonor_.

#dici#, see #iaci#.

#dein#, see #deinde#.

#deinceps#, adv., _one after the other, in succession_; _next_;
_thereafter, in the future_.

#deinde# or #dein# [#d# + #inde#], adv., _subsequently_; _then, next_;
_thereafter, from that timeon_.

#dlbor#, see #lbor#.

#dlct, re, vi, tus# [#d# + #laci#], to _delight, please,
entertain_.

#dlctus# [orig. part. of (1) #dlig#], adj., _picked, choice_.

#dlctus, s# [(1) #dlig#], m., _a picking out, alevy, draft_;
#dlctum agere# or #habre#, _to hold a levy_.

#dle, re, v, tus#, _to blot out, destroy_.

#dlberbundus# [#dlber#], adj., _pondering, reflecting_.

#dlber, re, v, tus# [#d# + #lbra#, _a balance_], _to weigh_
(consider) _well, deliberate, ponder_.

#dlict# [#dlictus#], adv., _luxuriously, effeminately_.

#dlictus# [cf. #dliciae#], adj., _devoted to pleasure, luxurious,
effeminate_.

#dliciae, rum#, pl. f., _delights, pleasure, luxury_.

(1) #dlig#, see #leg#.

(2) #dlig, re#, see #lig#.

#delr, re, --, --# [#d# + #lra#, _a furrow_], _to be crazy_.

#dlitsc, ere, litu, --# [#d# + #late#, _to hide_], _lie hid, be
concealed_.

#Delphi, rum#, pl. m., _Delphi_, a town of Phocis in Central Greece,
renowned for its oracle of Apollo.

#dmiss# [#dmissus#, _modest_], adv., _modestly, humbly, abjectly_.

#dmitt#, see #mitt#.

#dmoror#, see #moror#.

#dmum#, adv., _at last, finally_; #tum dmum#, _then at last, not till
then_.

#dnrius, #, m., a silver coin, equivalent orig. to 10, afterwards to
16, asses. Its value varied from 16 to 20 cents.

#dneg#, see #neg#.

#dnique#, adv., _thereafter, thereupon_; _at last, finally_; _briefly,
in short_.

#dnnti#, see #nnti#.

#dnu# [#d# + #nov#], adv., _anew, again_.

#desculor#, see #sculor#.

#dpell#, see #pell#.

#dpere#, see #pere#.

#dpn#, see #pn#.

#dpsc#, see #psc#.

#dprecor#, see #precor#.

#dprehend#, see #prehend#.

#drde#, see #rde#.

#dscend#, see #scand#.

#dscsc#, see #scsc#.

#dscrb#, see #scrb#.

#dser#, see #ser#.

#dsderium, # [#dsder#], n., _longing, yearning_; _regret_.

#dsder, re, v, tus#, _to long for_; _require, need_.

#dsili#, see #sali#.

#dsipins, entis# [orig. part. of #dsipi#], adj., _foolish, silly_.
As noun, #dsipins, entis#, m., _a fool, madman_.

#dsipi#, see #sapi#.

#dsist#, see #sist#.

#dsprti, nis# [#dspr#], f., _despair, desperation_.

#dspr#, see #spr#.

#dspici#, see #*speci#.

#dsponde#, see #sponde#.

#dstin, re, v, tus#, _to make fast, fix_; _resolve, design, plan_.

#dstring#, see #string#.

#dsum#, see #sum#.

#dsuper# [#d# + #super#], adv., _from above_.

#dteg#, see #teg#.

#dterre#, see #terre#.

#dtine#, see #tene#.

#dtrah#, see #trah#.

#dtrct, re, v, tus# [#d# neg. + #trct#, _to handle, manage_],
_to decline, shirk_.

#dtrmentum, # [#dter#, _to rub away_], n., _loss, damage_.

#der#, see #r#.

#deus, #, m., _a god, divinity_.

#dvinc#, see #vinc#.

#dvol#, see (2) #vol#.

#dvove#, see #vove#.

#dexter, era, erum#, and #tra, trum#, adj., _right_. As noun, #dextra#
(sc.#manus#), f., _the right hand_.

#diadma, atis#, n., _a royal crown, diadem_.

#Dina, ae#, f., an ancient Italian goddess, identified by the Romans
with the Greek Artemis, goddess of the moon and the chase.

#dc, ere, dx, dictus#, _to say, speak_; _call, name_; _appoint_;
#causam dcere#, _to plead a case_; #diem dcere alicu#, _to bring a
complaint against some one_; #is dcere#, _to administer justice, hold
court_; #multam dcere#, _to impose a fine_.

  #ad--addc, ere, dx, dictus#, _to be propitious to, assent_;
  with acc., _to adjudge, award_.

  #--dc, ere, dx, dictus#, _to make known, proclaim_; _order,
  command_; #diem dcere#, _to set a day_ (bypublic proclamation).

  #in--indc, ere, dx, dictus#, _to proclaim, announce_; _appoint_;
  _impose, inflict_.

  #inter--interdc, ere, dx, dictum#, _to forbid, prohibit,
  exclude_.

  #prae--praedc, ere, dx, dictus#, _to foretell, prophesy_; _warn,
  admonish_.

#dic, re, v, tus#, _to declare_; _dedicate, consecrate_.

  #ab--abdic, re, v, tus#, _to disown, reject_; #s abdicre#,
  _to resign_.

  #in--indic, re, v, tus#, _to make known, reveal_.

  #prae--praedic, re, v, tus#, _to say openly, assert, declare_.

#dicttor, ris# [#dict#, _to order_], m., _a dictator_, amagistrate
usually appointed only in times of extreme peril. He was named by one of
the consuls, after the senate had declared the appointment of a dictator
necessary. He held unlimited powers, but the term of his office was
limited to six months.

#dicttra, ae# [#dicttor#], f., _dictatorship_.

#dictit, re, v, tus# [freq. of #dc#], _to say often, assert,
insist_.

#dictum, # [#dc#], n., _saying, word, remark_; _command_.

#ddc#, see #dc#.

#dis, #, m. and (sometimes in sing.) f., _a day_; #in dis#, _from
day to day_.

#diffd, ere, fsus sum# [#dis# neg. + #fd#, _to trust_], _to
distrust, doubt_.

#difflu#, see #flu#.

#dgnits, tis# [#dgnus#], f., _worth, high character_; _eminence,
rank, reputation_.

#dgnus#, adj., _worthy, deserving of_.

#dgredior#, see #gradior#.

#dligenter# [#dlig#], adv., _industriously, diligently_.

#dligentia, ae# [#dlig#], f., _carefulness, diligence, industry_.

#dlig#, see #leg#.

#dlcsc, ere, lx, --# [cf. #lx#], _to grow light, dawn_.

#dmicti, nis# [#dmic#], f., _a fight_.

#dmic, re, v, tum#, _to fight_.

#dmitt#, see #mitt#.

#drig#, see #reg#.

#drim#, see #em#.

#dripi#, see #rapi#.

#dru#, see #ru#.

#ds, dtis#, comp. #dtior#, sup. #dtissimus#, adj., _rich, wealthy_.

#dis# or #d#, inseparable prefix, _apart, asunder_; sometimes negative,
_not_.

#discd#, see #cd#.

#discerp#, see #carp#.

#dsciplna, ae# [#dsc#], f., _teaching, training, discipline_.

#dscipulus, # [#dsc#], m., _a pupil_.

#dsc, ere, didic, --#, _to learn_.

#dscrb#, see #scrb#.

#discrmen, inis# [#discern#, _to divide_], n., _difference_;
_turning-point, decision_; _peril, crisis_.

#discurr#, see #curr#.

#disertus# [#disser#], adj., _eloquent_.

#dispnstor, ris# [#dispns#, _to manage_], m., _manager, steward,
treasurer_.

#dspici#, see #*speci#.

#displice#, see #place#.

#dispn#, see #pn#.

#disput#, see #put#.

#dissnsi, nis# [#dissenti#, _to disagree_], f., _disagreement,
strife_.

#disser#, see #ser#.

#dissimilis, e# [#dis# neg. + #similis#], adj., _unlike_.

#dissimul#, see #simul#.

#dissip, re, v, tus#, _to scatter, squander, dissipate_.

#dissude#, see #sude#.

#distrah#, see #trah#.

#distribu#, see #tribu#.

#dtior, dtissimus#, see #ds#.

#dt, re, v, tus# [#ds#], _to enrich_.

#di#, adv., _for a long time, long_.

#diuturnus# [#di#], adj., _prolonged, long_.

#dversus# [#dvert#], adj., _turned different ways, opposite,
contrary_; #in dversa#, _apart, asunder_.

#dvert#, see #vert#.

#dvid, ere, vs, vsus#, _to divide, separate, distribute_.

#dvnitus# [#dvnus#], adv., _by divine agency, providentially_.

#dvnus# [#dvus#], adj., _godlike, divine_.

#dvitiae, rum# [#dives#, _rich_], pl. f., _wealth_.

#dvus#, adj., _godlike, deified_; often applied to the Roman emperors
after death.

#d, dare, ded, datus#, _to put, place_; _give, present, entrust_;
#operam dare#, _to pay attention_; #poens dare#, _to suffer
punishment_.

  #ab--abd, dere, did, ditus#, _to put away, hide, conceal_.

  #ad--add, dere, did, ditus#, _to put or join to, add_.

  #circumd, dere, did, ditus#, _to place around, surround, enclose_.

  #con--cond, dere, did, ditus#, _to put together, found, build_;
  _put away, hide_; _sheathe_ (asword).

  #d--dd, dere, did, ditus#, _to give up, surrender_.

  #ex--d, dere, did, ditus#, _to give out, give_; _give birth to,
  bear_; _publish, announce, reveal_; _perform_; #lds dere#, _to
  celebrate games_.

  #in--ind, dere, did, ditus#, _to put in or on, give, confer_.

  #per--perd, dere, did, ditus#, _to lose, destroy, ruin, waste_.

  #pr--prd, dere, did, ditus#, _to give_ or _put forth, make
  known_; _hand down, record_; _betray_.

  #re--redd, dere, did, ditus#, _to give back, restore, return_;
  _deliver_ (aletter); _render_.

  #sub--subd, dere, did, ditus#, _to put under, apply_.

  #trns--trd, dere, did, ditus#, _to give over, give up,
  surrender_; _hand down, report, relate_; _hand over, entrust_.

#doce, re, u, tus#, _to teach, point out_.

  #--doce, re, u, tus#, _to teach thoroughly_.

#doctor, ris# [#doce#], m., _teacher_.

#doctrna, ae# [#doce#], f., _instruction_; _learning, training_.

#doctus# [orig. part. of #doce#], adj., _educated, learned, skilled_.

#dolor, ris# [#dole#, _to feel pain_], m., _pain, grief, resentment_.

#dols# [#dolus#], adv., _craftily_.

#dolus, #, m., _craft, trickery_.

#domicilium, # [#domus#], n., _dwelling_.

#dominti, nis# [#dominor#], f., _rule, supremacy, dominion_.

#domintus, s# [#dominor#, _to rule_], m., _rule, sway, mastery,
command_.

#dominus, #, m., #master# (esp. of slaves), _ruler, lord_.

#dom, re, u, itus#, _to tame, subdue_.

#domus, s#, f., _a house, home_; loc. #dom#, _at home_; acc. #domum#,
_homewards, home_.

#dntvum, # [#dn#], n., _a gift_.

#dnec#, conj., _while, until, as long as_.

#dn, re, v, tus# [#dnum#], _to give, present_.

#dnum, # [#d#], n., _a gift, present_.

#dormi, re, v, --#, _to sleep_.

#dorsum, #, n., _back_ (of an animal); _range_ or _ridge_ (ofa
mountain).

#ds, dtis# [#d#], f., _dowry_.

#dtlis, e# [#ds#], adj., of a dowry; #dtlia dna#, _wedding
presents_.

#dubit, re, v, tum# [#dubius#], _to doubt, waver, hesitate_.

#dubius#, adj., _doubtful, uncertain_; #in dubium vocre#, _to call in
question_.

#ducent, ae, a# [#duo# + #centum#], num. adj., _two hundred_.

#dc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead_; _prolong_; _consider, reckon_;
#fossam dcere#, _to build a ditch_; #fnus dcere#, _to celebrate a
funeral_; #uxrem dcere#, _to marry_.

  #ab--abdc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead off_ or _away, drag off,
  remove_.

  #ad--addc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead to, bring_; _induce,
  influence_.

  #con--condc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to bring together_; _contribute
  to, serve_.

  #d--ddc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead_ (away); _attend, escort_.

  #dis--ddc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead_ or _draw apart,
  separate, open_.

  #--dc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead forth_ or _out_; _bring up,
  rear_.

  #in--indc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead_ or _bring in, introduce_;
  _lead, induce, influence_.

  #intr--intrdc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead_ or _bring in, usher
  in, admit_.

  #per--perdc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead, conduct, escort_;
  _pursue_; _spend, pass_.

  #re--redc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead_ or _escort back,
  accompany_.

  #s--sdc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead apart_ or _aside_.

  #sub--subdc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead_ or _draw away_
  (secretly), _withdraw, remove_; _hide_.

  #trns--trdc, ere, dx, ductus#, _to lead_ or _carry across,
  transport_; _spend, pass_ (time).

#ddum#, adv., _a while ago_. See #iam#.

#Dulius, #, m., _C._, a Roman general who defeated the Carthaginians
in a naval battle, 260 B.C.

(1) #dum#, adverbial particle found only in compounds, _a while_; with
negatives, _yet_.

(2) #dum#, conj., _while, until_.

#dummodo# [#dum# + #modo#], conj., _provided_.

#duo, ae, o#, num. adj., _two_.

#duodecim# [#duo# + #decem#], num. adj., _twelve_.

#duodn, ae, a#, adj., _twelve each, twelve_.

#duplex, icis# [#duo# + #plic#, _to fold_], adj., _twofold, double_.

#duplic, re, v, tus# [#duplex#], _to double, repeat_.

#dr, re, v, tus# [#drus#], _to harden_; _endure, hold out, last_.

#drus#, adj., _hard, rough_; _rude, uncultivated_; _unfeeling_.

#dux, ducis# [#dc#], m., _leader, guide_; _commander, general_.

#Dy:rrachium, #, n., a town in Illyria, on the east coast of the
Adriatic, nearly opposite Brundisium.


#E#

##, see #ex#.

#ecquid#, interr. adv., used (1) to emphasize a direct question, _at
all?_ (2)in indir. question, _whether_.

#dc#, see #dc#.

#dictum, # [#dc#], n., _proclamation, edict_.

#ditus# [orig. part. of #d#], adj., _high_.

#ed, ere (sse), s, sus#, _to eat, consume_.

#d#, see #d#.

#doce#, see #doce#.

#ducti, nis# [#duc#], f., _training, education_.

#dc#, see #dc#.

#duc, re, v, tus# [#dc#], _to bring up, rear, train, educate_.

#effmintus# [orig. part. of #effmin#, _to make womanish_], adj.,
_womanish_.

(1) #effer#, see #fer#.

(2) #effer, re, v, tus# [#ex# + #ferus#], _to render wild_ or
_savage_; _madden_.

#effici#, see #faci#.

#efflgit#, see #flgit#.

#effugi#, see #fugi#.

#effund#, see #fund#.

#ege, re, u, --#, _to be lacking_; _to be poor_ or _in need_.

#Egeria, ae#, f., the nymph from whom King Numa received revelations.

#ego, me#, pers. pron., _I_; pl., #ns#, _we_.

#gredior#, see #gradior#.

#gregi# [#gregius#], adv., _excellently, exceedingly, strikingly_.

#gregius# [## + #grex#], adj., _select, distinguished, excellent_.

#ici#, see #iaci#.

#lbor#, see #lbor#.

#labr#, see #labr#.

#langusc, ere, langu, --#, _to grow faint_ or _feeble_; _slacken,
abate_.

#ltus# [orig. part. of (1) #effer#], adj., _high_; _elated, exalted,
puffedup_.

#leganter# [#legns#, _choice_], adv., _with good judgment,
judiciously_.

#legantia, ae# [#legns#, _choice_], f., _taste, refinement, elegance,
grace_.

#elephantus, #, m., _the elephant_.

#lici#, see #*laci#.

#ld#, see #laed#.

#lig#, see #leg#.

#loquentia, ae# [#loquor#, _to speak_], f., _eloquence_.

#mine, re, u, --#, _to stand out, tower up_.

#mitt#, see #mitt#.

#em, ere, m, mptus#, _to take_; _buy, purchase_; _gain, acquire_.

  #con--cm, ere, cmps, cmptus#, _to bring together, arrange,
  dress_ (the hair), _comb_.

  #dis--drim, ere, m, mptus#, _to take apart, separate_; #rs
  drimere#, _to adjust matters_.

  #ex--eximo, ere, m, mptus#, _to take out, remove_; _free,
  release_.

  #inter--interim, ere, m, mptus#, _to take from the midst_
  (ofmen), _kill_.

  #re--redim, ere, m, mptus#, _to buy back, ransom_; _replace_.

#n#, interj., _lo! behold! see!_

#enim#, conj., always postpositive, _namely, in fact, you know_; _for,
because_.

#nite#, see #nite#.

#ntor#, see #ntor#.

#nsis, is#, m., _a sword_.

(1) #e, re, v (i), itrus#, _to go_ or _come, walk, march_.

#ab--abe, re, v (i), itrus#, _to go away, depart_; #abre in#,
_pass into, change into_.

#ad--ade, re, v (i), itus#, _to go_ or _come to, approach, visit_.

#ante--antee, re, v (i), --#, _to go before_.

#d# + #per--dpere, re, v (i), itrus#, _to die, perish_.

#ex--exe, re, v (i), itrus#, _to go_ or _come forth_; _retire_.

#in--ine, re, v (i), itus#, _to enter, begin_; #cnsilium inre#,
_to form a plan_.

#inter--intere, re, v (i), itrus#, _to perish, die_.

#intr--introe, re, v (i), itrus#, _to enter_.

#ob--obe, re, v (i), itus#, _to go to meet_; _perform_; _perish,
die_.

#per--pere, re, v (i), itrus#, _to perish, disappear, die_.

#praeter--praetere, re, v (i), itus#, _to go_ or _pass by_; _omit_.

#re--rede, re, v (i), itrus#, _to go_ or _come back, return_.

#sub--sube, re, v (i), itus#, _to come_ or _go up to, go under,
encounter, face_ (danger); #vennum subit#, _the poison spreads_.

#trns--transe, re, v (i), itus#, _to cross_ (over); _passby_.

(2) #e# [#is#], adv., _for that reason, therefore_; _to that place,
thither_; _to that degree, so far_.

#Ephesius#, adj., _Ephesian_.

#Ephesus, #, f., a Greek city on the west coast of Asia Minor.

#epigramma, atis#, n., _epigram, poem_.

#prus, #, f., acountry on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece
proper.

#epistula, ae#, f., _a letter_.

#epulor, r, tus sum# [#epulum#], _to feast_.

#epulum, #, n. (pl., #epulae, rum#, f.), _a feast, banquet_.

#eques, itis# [#equus#], m., _a horseman, cavalryman_; _knight_, or
member of the equestrian order. The three centuries of knights
established by Romulus formed the cavalry of the Roman army. Later, the
number was increased to 1800, to each of whom a horse was furnished by
the state, together with an allowance for its keep. Later, the term
_equits_ included not only those who actually served in the army, but
also those who possessed a certain fortune, which in the time of
Augustus was set at about $15,000.

#equester, tris, tre# [#equus#], adj., _of the knights, knightly_.

#equit, re, v, --# [#equus#], _to ride_.

  #ad--adequit, re, v, --#, _to ride to, rideup_.

#equus, #, m., _a horse_.

#rctus# [orig. part. of #rig#], adj., _upright, erect_.

#erg#, prep. with acc., _towards, to, with respect to_.

#erg#, adv., expressing an inference, like _now, well, then,
therefore_.

#rig#, see #reg#.

#error, ris# [#err#, _to wander_], m., _wandering, error, mistake_.

#rubsc, ere, rubu, --#, _to grow red, blush_; _feel ashamed_.

#rudi, re, v, tus# [## + #rudis#], _to polish, educate, train_.

#rump#, see #rump#.

#ru#, see #ru#.

#sca, ae# [#ed#], f., _food, bait_.

#scend#, see #scand#.

#squilnus, #, m. (sc. #collis#), _the Esquiline Hill_, the largest of
the seven hills of Rome.

#et#, (1) adv., _also, too, even_; (2) conj., _and, and yet, but_; #et
... et#, _both ... and_.

#etiam# [#et# + #iam#], adv. and conj., _and also, also, even_.

#Etrria, ae#, f., the country of the Etruscans, northwest of Latium.

#Etrsc, rum#, pl. m., _the Etruscans_, the people of Etruria.

#ets# [#et# + #s#], conj., _even if, although_.

#Eurpids, is#, m., a Greek tragic poet of the fifth century B.C.

#Eurpa, ae#, f., _Europe_.

#vd#, see #vd#.

#veh#, see #veh#.

#ventus, s# [#veni#, _to come out_], m., _outcome, result_;
_occurrence, event_.

#vert#, see #vert#.

#voc#, see #voc#.

#ex#, before consonants often ##, prep. with abl.; of place, _out of_
(the midstof), _from_; of cause, _in consequence of, because of_;
_according to_; in compounds, _forth, out_; _thoroughly_; _not_.

#exctor, ris# [#exig#, _to exact_], m., _exactor, enforcer_.

#exmin, re, v, tus# [#exmen#, _means of weighing_], _to weigh,
examine, compare_.

#exanim, re, v, tus# [#ex# + #anima#], _to put out of breath,
kill_.

#exrdsc, ere, rs, --# [#ex# + #rdsc#, intens. of #rde#, _to
burn, glow_], _to blaze forth_.

#exar, re, v, tus# [#ex# + #ar#, _to plow_], _to scratch off,
compose_.

#exasper, re, v, tus# [#ex# + #asper#], _to roughen, irritate,
provoke_.

#exaudi#, see #audi#.

#excelsus#, adj., _lofty, high_; as noun, #excelsum, #, n., _elevated
station_.

#excerp#, see #carp#.

#excidium, #, n., _downfall, ruin_.

#excipi#, see #capi#.

#excit#, see #cit#.

#exclm#, see #clm#.

#excld#, see #claud#.

#excgit#, see #agit#.

#excol#, see #col#.

#excubiae, rum# [#ex# + #cub#], pl. f., _a lying out on guard_; _the
watch, watchmen_.

#excsti, nis# [#excs#], f., _excuse_.

#excs, re, v, tus# [#ex# + #causa#], _to free from trial, excuse_.

#excuti#, see #quati#.

#exemplum, # [#exim#], n., _specimen, example, precedent, warning_.

#exe#, see (1) #e#.

#exerce#, see #arce#.

#exercitus, s# [#exerce#], m., _an army_.

#exhauri#, see #hauri#.

#exhibe#, see #habe#.

#exhorrsc, ere, horru, --#, _to shudder at, shrink from_.

#exig#, see #ag#.

#exiguus# [#exig#, _to weigh exactly_], adj., _scanty, short, brief_.

#eximius# [#exim#], adj., _choice, distinguished, remarkable,
excellent_.

#exim#, see #em#.

#exstim, re, v, tus# [#ex# + #aestim#, _to value_], _to value_;
_think, believe_.

#exitium, # [#exe#], n., _destruction, ruin, death_.

#exitus, s# [#exe#], m., _outcome, close_; _departure_; _end of life,
death_.

#exorior#, see #orior#.

#expedi, re, v (i), tus# [#ex# + #ps#], _to set free, extricate_;
_procure, obtain_.

#expell#, see #pell#.

#expend#, see #pend#.

#expermentum, # [#experior#], n., _proof, test, trial_.

#experior, r, tus sum#, _to test, try_; _find out, learn, experience_.

#expet#, see #pet#.

#expl, re, v, tus#, _to plunder, rob_.

#expi, re, v, tus# [#ex# + #pi#, _to appease_], _to make amends
for, atone for_.

#exple#, see #*ple#.

#explr, re, v, tus#, _to reconnoiter_.

#expn#, see #pn#.

#expsc#, see #psc#.

#expositi, nis# [#expn#], f., _exposure_.

#exprim#, see #prem#.

#expgnti, nis# [#expgn#], f., #a taking by storm, storming,
capture#.

#expgn#, see #pgn#.

#exqustus# [#exqur#, _to seek out_], adj., _carefully sought out,
special_.

#exsecr#, see #sacr#.

#exsequiae, rum# [#ex# + #sequor#], pl. f., _funeral procession,
funeral_.

#exser#, see #ser#.

#exsilium, #, n., _banishment, exile_.

#exsist#, see #sist#.

#exspectti, nis# [#exspect#], f., _expectation, anticipation_.

#exspect#, see #spect#.

#exspr#, see #spr#.

#exstingu#, see #stingu#.

#exst#, see #st#.

#exstru#, see #stru#.

#exsult#, see #salt#.

#extempl# [#ex# + dim. of #tempus#], adv., _on the instant, at once,
forthwith_.

#exter# or #exterus, tera, terum#, adj., _outer, foreign_; comp.
#exterior#; sup. #extrmus#, _outermost, extreme_; _last, furthermost_;
_last partof_.

#extimsc, ere, timu, --# [#ex# + #*timsc#, inceptive of #time#],
_to fear_ or _dread greatly_.

#extr# [#exter#], (1) adv., _on the outside, without_; (2)prep, with
acc., _outside of, beyond_.

#extrah#, see #trah#.

#extrardinrius# [#extr# + #rd#], adj., _out of the common run,
uncommon_.

#extrmus#, see #exter#.

#exu, ere, , tus#, _to draw or pull off, lay aside_; _strip,
despoil_.

#exr#, see #r#.


#F#

#faber, fabr#, m., _a workman_ (in hard materials), _smith, carpenter_.

#Fabius, #, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Mximus#.

#fabric, re, v, tus# [cf. #faber#], _to make, build, construct_.

#fbula, ae# [#for#, _to speak_], f., _story, play_.

#fact# [#factus#, _witty_], adv., #wittily#.

#facile# [#facilis#], adv., _easily_; _readily, willingly_.

#facilis, e# [#faci#], adj., _easy_.

#facinus, oris# [#faci#], n., _a deed_; _crime_.

#faci, facere, fc, factus#, _to make, do, perform_; _choose,
appoint_; #stpendia facere#, _to serve a campaign_; #smptum facere#,
_to spend_; #verba facere#, _to speak_; #vim facere#, _to use violence_;
pass., #f, fier, factus sum#, _to be done, occur, take place,
happen_.

  #ad--adfici, ere, fc, fectus#, _to do something to, affect_;
  _treat, visit with_.

  #con--cnfici, ere, fc, fectus#, _to do thoroughly_; _complete,
  prepare_; _accomplish, make_; _exhaust, kill_.

  #d--dfici, ere, fc, fectum#, _withdraw, revolt_; _fail,
  disappear, give out_.

  #ex--effici, ere, fc, fectus#, _to work out, bring to pass,
  accomplish_; _make, render, cause, effect_.

  #in--nfici, ere, fc, fectus#, _to stain, dye_; _pollute, taint_.

  #inter--interfici, ere, fc, fectus#, _to kill_; _murder_.

  #per--perfici, ere, fc, fectus#, _to do thoroughly, execute,
  accomplish_.

  #sub--suffici, ere, fc, fectus#, _to put under_, or _in place of,
  appoint as successor, substitute_; intrans., _suffice, be
  sufficient_.

#facti, nis# [#faci#], f., _party, faction_.

#factum, # [#faci#], n., _a deed, act_.

#facults, tis# [#facilis#], f., _means, opportunity_; _ability,
skill_.

#fcundia, ae# [#fcundus#, _eloquent_], f., _eloquence, oratory_.

#Falernus#, adj., _Falernian_; #ager Falernus#, _a famous wine-growing
district in Campania_.

#fma, ae# [#for#, _to speak_], f., _talk, report, rumor_; _tradition_;
_fame, reputation_.

#fams, is#, f., #hunger#.

#familia, ae# [#famulus#, _a slave_], f., _the slaves in a household_;
_family, house, race_.

#familiris, e# [#familia#], adj., _belonging to a household, private,
intimate, friendly_; _well-known_; #rs familiris#, _private property_.
As noun, m., _an intimate friend_.

#familirits, tis# [#familiris#], f., _friendship, intimacy_.

#fmsus# [#fma#], adj., _famous_; _notorious_; _scurrilous,
slanderous_.

#famula, ae#, f., _a slave-woman_.

#fnum, #, n., _a shrine, temple_.

#fascis, is#, m., _a bundle_; pl., _the fasces_, abundle of rods
carried by the lictors before various magistrates. Outside of Rome an
axe was bound with the rods. The rods and axe were typical of the
magistrate's power to punish, even to the extent of inflicting the death
penalty. See #lctor#.

#fst, rum# [#fstus#], pl. m., _a register_, esp. of business days,
also of officers, triumphs, etc.; _the calendar_.

#fstus# [#fs#, _right_], adj., _not forbidden, legal_; #dis fstus#,
aday on which it was legal to hold court, abusiness day.

#ftlis, e# [#ftum#, _fate_], adj., _fateful, fatal_.

#fateor, r, fassus sum#, _to confess_.

  #con--cnfiteor, r, fessus sum#, _to confess freely, acknowledge,
  avow_.

  #pr--profiteor, r, fessus sum#, _to declare publicly, avow_;
  #nmen profitr#, _to avow one's self a candidate_.

#faucs, ium#, pl. f., _throat_.

#Faustulus, #, m., the shepherd who brought up Romulus and Remus.

#Faustus, # [#fave#], m., _the Lucky_, a name given by Sulla to his
son.

#Fausta, ae# [#fave#], f., _the Lucky_, a name given by Sulla to his
daughter.

#fave, re, fv, fautrus#, _to favor, support_.

#favor, ris# [#fave#], m., _favor, good will_.

#fax, facis#, f., _torch, firebrand_.

#flcits, tis# [#flx#], f., _good fortune, luck, happiness_.

#flx, cis#, adj., _lucky, fortunate, happy_. As noun, m., cognomen of
#Sulla#.

#fmina, ae#, f., _a woman, female_.

#femur, femoris#, n., _the thigh_.

#*fend, ere#, _to strike_.

  #d--dfend, ere, , fnsus#, _to ward off, repel_; _defend,
  protect_.

  #ob--offend, ere, , fnsus#, _to strike against, displease, vex_.

#fer#, adv., _almost, about_ (esp. with numbers).

#feri, re, percuss, percussus#, _to strike_.

#ferm# [for #ferim#, sup. of #fer#], adv., _almost, about_ (esp. with
numbers).

#fer, ferre, tul, ltus#, _to bear, carry, take_; _bear, endure,
suffer_; _say, report, tell_; pass., _to be borne, rush_; #aegr,
indgn# or #molest ferre#, _to take amiss_; #lgem ferre#, _to propose
a law_.

  #ab--aufer, ferre, abstul, abltus#, _to take_ or _carry away,
  remove_; _steal_.

  #ad--adfer, ferre, attul, adltus#, _to bring to, offer, give_;
  _announce, report_.

  #con--cnfer, ferre, tul, ltus#, _to bring together, collect_;
  _devote, apply_; _bestow_; #s cnferre#, _betake one's self,go_.

  #d--dfer, ferre, tul, ltus#, _to bring_ or _carry down_ or _to,
  carry off, remove_; _give, offer_; _report_; #rem dferre ad
  populum#, _to submit a matter to the people_.

  #ex--effer, ferre, extul, ltus#, _to carry out, take away_;
  _lift up, puff up, elate, exalt_.

  #in--nfer, ferre, tul, ltus#, _to bring in, upon_, or _against_;
  #bellum nferre#, _to wage_ (offensive) _war_; #sgna nferre#, _to
  advance against_; #s nferre#, _to betake one's self_.

  #ob--offer, ferre, obtul, obltus#, _to bring before, offer,
  present_; _expose_.

  #per--perfer, ferre, tul, ltus#, _to bear or carry through,
  carry_; _retain_.

  #prae--praefer, ferre, tul, ltus#, _to carry_ or _put before_;
  _set before, prefer, rate higher_.

  #pr--prfer, ferre, tul, ltus#, _to carry_ or _bring forth,
  produce_; _cite, quote_; _make known, mention_.

  #re--refer, ferre, rettul, reltus#, _to bear_ or _bring back_;
  _give back, return, repay_; _lift, raise_; _count, reckon_; #s
  referre#, _to betake one's self_.

  #trns--trnsfer, ferre, tul, ltus#, _to bear_ or _take over_ or
  _across_, _transport_; _transfer, shift_.

#ferx, cis# [#ferus#], adj., _bold, confident_; _high-strung,
warlike_; _fierce, cruel_.

#ferreus# [#ferrum#], adj., _of iron, iron_.

#ferrum, #, n., _iron_; _an iron tool_, as a _sword, axe, dagger_.

#ferus#, adj., _wild, barbarous, cruel_.

#fessus#, adj., _tired, weary_; _weak, feeble_.

#fstn, re, v, tum#, _to hasten, hurry_.

#Ftilis, is# (sc. #sacerds#), m., _an ambassador, treaty priest_, who
negotiated treaties of peace, and made formal declarations of war.

#Ftilis, e#, adj., _pertaining to the Fetiales, Fetial_ (see preceding
word).

#fdliter# [#fdlis#, _faithful_], adv., _faithfully_.

#Fdnts, ium#, pl. m., the people of Fidenae, an ancient town on the
Tiber, five miles north of Rome.

#fids, fide#, f., _good faith, integrity_; _trust, belief, credence_;
_pledge_.

#fdcia, ae# [#fdus#, _faithful_], f., _trust, confidence, reliance_;
_courage_.

#fg, ere, fx, fxus#, _to fix, fasten_.

  #d--dfg, ere, fx, fxus#, _to fasten_, esp. _to fasten_
  (tothe ground) _with amazement, astonish_.

  #sub--suffg, ere, fx, fxus#, _to fasten beneath_ or _on_;
  #cruc suffgere#, _to crucify_.

  #trns--trnsfg, ere, fx, fxus#, _to pierce through, transfix,
  stab_.

#flia, ae#, f., _daughter_.

#flius, #, m., _son_.

#fing, ere, finx, fctus#, _to form, invent_; _feign, pretend_.

#fni, re, v, tus# [#fnis#], _to limit, bound_; _finish, end,
settle_.

#fnis, is#, m., _boundary, limit, end_; pl. m., _territory_.

#fnitimus# [#fnis#], adj., _neighboring_; as noun, #fnitim, rum#,
pl. m., _neighbors_.

#f, fier, factus sum#, see #faci#.

#frm, re, v, tus# [#frmus#], _to make firm, strengthen_.

  #ad--adfrm, re, v, tus#, _to strengthen_; _assert, declare_.

  #con--cnfrm, re, v, tus#, _to strengthen, ratify, confirm_;
  _assert_.

#frmus#, adj., _strong, powerful_; _trusty_.

#flgit, re, v, tus#, _to demand_.

  #ex--efflgit, re, v, tus#, _to demand vigorously_ or
  _earnestly_.

#flmen, inis#, m., _a Flamen_, a priest devoted to the service of a
particular god, esp. Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus. His office was to make
sacrifices and to watch the sacred fire of the god.

#flamma, ae#, f., _flame, fire_.

#flbiliter# [#flbilis#, _mournful_], adv., _mournfully, tearfully_.

#flect, ere, flex, flexus#, _to bend, turn_.

  #d--dflect, ere, flex, flexus#, _to bend_ or _turn aside_ or
  _away, turn_.

  #in--nflect, ere, flex, flexus#, _to bend, curb, relax_.

#fle, flre, flv, fltus#, _to weep_; _bewail_.

#*flg, ere#, _to strike_.

  #ad--adflg, ere, flx, flctus#, _to dash against_ or _down_;
  _afflict, ruin_.

  #con--cnflg, ere, flx, flctus#, _to dash together, contend,
  fight_.

  #pr--prflg, re, v, tus#, _to dash down, overcome_
  (inbattle).

#fl, flre, flv, --#, _to blow_.

  #ad--adfl, flre, flv, --#, _to blow towards, blow_.

  #con--cnfl, re, v, tus#, _to blow up, kindle, cause_; #aes
  alinum cnflre#, _to contract debt_.

  #in--nfl, re, v, tus#, _to blow up, inflate_.

#flrns, entis# [#flre#], adj., _blooming, flourishing_; #flrns
iuventa#, _youthful beauty_.

#flre, re, u#, -- [#fls#, _a flower_], _to bloom, flourish,
prosper_.

#fluctus, s# [#flu#], m., _wave, billow, flood_.

#flmen, inis# [#flu#], n., _stream, river_.

#flu, ere, flux, --#, _to flow_.

  #con--cnflu, ere, flux, --#, _to flow_ or _stream together,
  assemble_.

  #dis--difflu, ere, flux, --#, _to flow in different directions,
  melt away, disappear_; #ti et lx diffluere#, _to abandon one's
  self to ease and luxury_.

#fluvius, # [#flu#], m., _a stream, river_.

#foculus, # [dim. of #focus#], m., _a fire-pan, brazier_.

#focus, #, m., _fireplace, hearth_.

#fodi, ere, fd, fossus#, _to dig_.

  #con--cnfodi, ere, fd, fossus#, _to stab, pierce_.

  #sub--suffodi, ere, fd, fossus#, _to dig beneath, undermine,
  tunnel_; _stab beneath_.

  #trns--trnsfodi, ere, fd, fossus#, _to pierce, stab, slash_.

#foed# [#foedus#, _foul_], adv., _foully, basely_.

#foedertus# [#foedus#], adj., _leagued_ or _allied with_.

#foedus, eris#, n., _a treaty, alliance_.

#fns, fontis#, m., _a spring, fountain_.

#fors# [#*fora#, _a door_; cf. #foris#], adv., _out of doors, forth,
out_.

#fore#, fut. infin. of #sum#.

#fornsis, e# [#forum#], adj., _of_ or _in the forum, forensic_.

#foris, is#, f., _a door_; usually in pl.

#frma, ae#, f., _form, figure, beauty_.

#formdolsus# [#formd#, _dread_], adj., _dreadful, terrible_.

#fors, fortis# (only nom. and abl. sing.), f., _chance, accident, good
fortune_.

#fortsse# [#fors#], adv., _perhaps, possibly_.

#forte# [abl. of #fors#], adv., _by chance_.

#fortis, e#, adj., _strong, brave_.

#fortiter# [#fortis#], adv., _bravely_.

#fortitd, inis# [#fortis#], f., _bravery, resolution_.

#fortna, ae# [#fors#], f., _luck, fortune_ (whether good or ill);
personified, _the goddess of fortune_.

#Forum, # [cf. #fors#, _out of doors_], n., _an out-of-door place,
market, Forum_; esp. the _Forum Rmnum_ between the Capitoline and
Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and
business life of Rome.

#fossa, ae# [#fodi#], f., _a ditch_.

#fove, re, fv, ftus#, _to warm, cherish, favor_.

#re--refove, re, fv, ftus#, _to restore, refresh, revive_.

#frgmentum, # [#frang#], n., _fragment, bit_.

#fragor, ris# [#frang#], m., _noise_, esp. _thunder peal_.

#frang, ere, frg, frctus#, _to break in pieces, break_; _subdue,
overcome_.

  #re--refring, ere, frg, frctus#, _to break up_ or _open_.

#frter, tris#, m., _brother_.

#frternus# [#frter#], adj., _brother's, brotherly_.

#fraud, re, v, tus# [#fraus#], _to cheat, rob_.

#fraus, fraudis#, f., _foul play, treachery_.

#frend, ere, --, --#, _to gnash the teeth_.

#frnum, #, n., _bridle, curb, rein_.

#frequns, entis#, adj., _crowded, frequent_; _in great numbers_.

#frequenter# [#frequns#], adv., _often_.

#frequentia, ae# [#frequns#], f., _crowd, throng_.

#frgidus# [#frge#, _to be cold_], adj., _cold_.

#frglits, tis# [#frglis#, _thrifty_], f., _thrift, economy,
frugality_.

#frmentrius# [#frmentum#], adj., _concerning corn_; #rs
frmentria#, _the corn supply_.

#frmentum, # [#fruor#], n., _grain, corn_.

#fruor, fru, frctus sum#, _to use, enjoy_.

  #per--perfruor, fru, frctus sum#, _to enjoy thoroughly_.

#frstr#, adv., _in vain, fruitlessly_.

#Ffetius, #, m., _Mettius Ffetius_, leader of the Albans against
Tullius Hostilius.

#Ffidius, #, m., a follower of Sulla.

#fuga, ae#, f., _flight_.

#fugi, ere, fg, --#, _to flee, flee from_.

  #ab--aufugi, ere, fg, --#, _to flee from, run away, escape_.

  #con--cnfugi, ere, fg, --#, _to flee for refuge_; _resortto_.

  #ex--effugi, ere, fg, --#, _to escape_.

  #pr--profugi, ere, fg, --#, _to flee, escape_.

  #re--refugi, ere, fg, --#, _to flee back, escape_.

  #trns--trnsfugi, ere, fg, --#, _to flee to the other side, go
  over to the enemy, desert_.

#fug, re, v, tus# [#fugi#], _to put to flight, rout_.

#fulge, re, fuls, --#, _to flash, gleam_.

#fulmen, inis# [#fulge#], n., _lightning flash, thunderbolt_.

#Fulvius, #, m., _A. Fulvius_, who put his son to death because he
joined Catiline's conspiracy.

#fnle, is# [#fnis#, _a cord_], n., _a torch_.

#fund, ere, fd, fsus#, _to pour, pour out, shed_; _rout, scatter_.

  #circum--circumfundo, ere, fd, fsus#, _to pour about_; pass., _to
  surround_.

  #ex--effund, ere, fd, fsus#, _to pour out_; _scatter, squander,
  lavish_.

  #pr--profund, ere, fd, fsus#, _to pour forth or out, squander,
  waste_.

#fundus, #, m., _farm, estate_.

#fungor, , fnctus sum#, _to perform, discharge, serve through_
(anoffice).

  #d--dfungor, , fnctus sum#, _to perform, finish_; _to die_
  (sc.#vt#).

#fnus, eris#, n., _burial, funeral rites_.

#furns, entis# [orig. part, of #fur#, _to rave_], adj., _furious,
raging_.

#Frius, #, m., _P. Frius Philus_, who revealed the plan of certain
nobles to leave Italy after the battle of Cannae.

#furor, ris# [#fur#, _to rave_], m., _rage, madness, fury_.

#frt# [abl. of #frtum#, _theft_], adv., _stealthily, secretly_.

#futrus# [orig. fut. part, of #sum#], adj., _coming, future_.


#G#

#Gabi, rum#, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome.

#Gabn, rum#, pl. m., the inhabitants of Gabii.

#Gads, ium#, pl. f., atown on the southern coast of Spain (modern
Cadiz).

#Gaetul, rum#, pl. m., _the Gaetuli_, a tribe of northern Africa.

#Gius, #, m., a Roman praenomen.

#Gallia, ae#, f., _Gaul_, which included modern France, Belgium and
Holland, and the parts of Germany and Switzerland west of the Rhine.

#Gallus, #, m., _a Gaul_.

#gaudium, #, n., _joy, gladness_.

#Gaurus, #, m., _a mountain of Campania_.

#gaza, ae#, f., _treasure, riches_.

#gemintus#, adj., _doubled, twofold_; _consecutive_.

#geminus#, adj., _twin, twofold_. As noun, #gemin, rum#, pl. m.,
_twins_.

#gem, ere, u, --#, _to sigh, groan_.

#gener, gener#, m., _a son-in-law_.

#genitus#, see #ggn#.

#gns, gentis#, f., _a gens_ or _clan_, consisting of a number of
families claiming a common lineage, and having certain religious rites
in common; _tribe, people, nation_.

#gen, s#, n., _knee_.

#genus, eris#, n., _race, family, stock, birth_; _kind, class, sort_.

#Germn, rum#, pl. m., _the Germans_.

#Germnia, ae#, f., _Germany_.

#ger, ere, gess, gestus#, _to bear, carry_; _wear_; _carry on, wage,
manage_; _perform, do_; #s gerere#, _to conduct one's self, behave_;
#rem pblicam gerere#, _to administer the state_; #rs gestae#,
_exploits, history_.

  #con--conger, ere, gess, gestus#, _to bring_ or _heap together,
  collect_.

#gest, re, v, tus# [freq. of #ger#], _to bear, carry, wear_.

#gestus, s# [#ger#], m., _bearing_; _gesture_.

#ggn, ere, genu, genitus#, _to produce, beget_; #genitus#, _bornof_.

#gladius, #, m., _a sword_.

#glria, ae#, f., _glory, fame, renown_.

#glrior, r, tus sum#, _to boast, brag, pride one's self_.

#glris# [#glria#], adv., _gloriously_.

#Gnaeus, #, m., a Roman praenomen.

#Gracchus, #, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens.

  1. _Ti. Semprnius Gracchus_, tribune of the people in 133 B.C.

  2. _C. Semprnius Gracchus_, brother of (1), and tribune in 123
  B.C.; killed in 121.

#gradior, grad, gressus sum#, _to walk, step_.

  #ad--aggredior, , gressus sum#, _to approach, attack, assail_.

  #con--congredior, , gressus sum#, _to meet_; _join battle, fight_.

  #dis--dgredior, , gressus sum#, _to go apart or away, depart_.

  #ex--gredior, , gressus sum#, _to go_ or _march out_ or _away_;
  _disembark_. (The verb is construed with the abl., the abl. with
  #ex#, or the acc.).

  #in--ingredior, , gressus sum#, _to enter, advance, proceed_.

  #pr--prgredior, , gressus sum#, _to go forth_ or _on, advance_.

  #re--regredior, , gressus sum#, _to go back, return, retreat_.

  #trns--trnsgredior, , gressus sum#, _to step over_ or _across,
  cross_.

#gradus, s#, m., _a step_; _stage, period, degree_; pl., _steps,
stairs_.

#Graecia, ae#, f., _Greece_.

#Graeculus, # [dim. of #Graecus#], m., _a poor_ or _paltry Greek_.

#Graecus#, adj., _Greek, Grecian_. As noun, #Graecus, #, m., _a Greek_.

#grnum, #, n., _a grain, seed_.

#graphium, #, n., _stylus_ (of metal) for writing, _pen_.

#grtia, ae# [#grtus#], f., _favor, regard, credit_; _influence_;
_return, thanks, gratitude_; #grtiam habre#, _to feel thankful_;
#grtis agere#, _to show gratitude, thank_; #grtiam referre#, _to
repay a favor_; #grti#, with preceding gen., frequent in expressions
of purpose, _for the sakeof_.

#grtulor, r, tus sum# [#grtus#], _to show joy, congratulate_.

#grtus#, adj., _pleasing, dear, acceptable_.

#gravis, e#, adj., _heavy, severe, difficult_; _weighty, important_.

#gravits, tis# [#gravis#], f., _weight_; _dignity, influence,
importance_.

#graviter# [#gravis#], adv., _weightily_; _vigorously, seriously, with
dignity_.

#gravor, r, tus sum# [#gravis#], _to be burdened_; _take amiss,
grudge_.

#grex, gregis#, f., _herd, common herd_; _band, company_.

#guberntor, ris# [#gubern#, _to steer_], m., _helmsman, pilot_.


#H#

#habe, re, u, itus#, _to have, hold, keep_; _consider, regard, treat,
use_; _render_ (honor, etc.); #rtinem habre#, _to deliver a speech_;
#ldibri habre#, _to mock_.

  #ad--adhibe, re, u, itus#, _to hold to_ or _toward, apply,
  employ_; _employ as counsel, consult_; _summon, invite_.

  #d--dbe, re, u, itus#, _to withhold, owe_; #dbet, dbuit# +
  inf., _ought, must, should_.

  #ex--exhibe, re, u, itus#, _to hold forth, show, display,
  exhibit_.

  #in--inhibe, re, u, itus#, _to hold_ or _draw in, restrain_.

  #post--posthabe, re, u, itus#, _to place after_ (i.e. lower
  than), _rate lower, esteem less_.

  #prae--praebe, re, u, itus#, _to hold forth, offer, grant,
  supply, furnish_; #aurs praebre#, _to listen_.

  #pr--prohibe, re, u, itus#, _to check, keep off_; _hinder,
  prevent_.

#habilis, e# [#habe#], adj., _handy, easily wielded_.

#habitti, nis# [#habit#], f., _dwelling-place_.

#habit, re, v, tum# [freq. of #habe#], _to inhabit_; _dwell,
live_.

#habitus, s# [#habe#], m., _state, condition_; _habit, dress, attire_.

#hlitus, s#, m., _breath_.

#Hamilcar, aris#, m., a famous Carthaginian general, father of
Hannibal(2).

#Hannibal, alis#, m., a Carthaginian name.

  1. Anaval commander, defeated by C.Duilius, 260 B.C.

  2. The son of Hamilcar, born B.C. 247. He invaded Italy in 218, but
  was defeated by Scipio at Zama in 202; he then fled to the East, and
  died in 183.

#Hann, nis#, m., a Carthaginian general, defeated by Regulus.

#haruspex, icis#, m., _a soothsayer_.

#Hasdrubal, alis#, m., a Carthaginian name.

  1. Son of Hamilcar, and brother of Hannibal (2); fought against
  Scipio Africanus in Spain; defeated and killed at the battle of the
  Metaurus in Italy, 207 B.C.

  2. Son of Gisco; fought against Scipio Africanus in Spain and
  Africa.

#hasta, ae#, f., _a spear_.

#haud#, adv., _by no means, not, not at all_.

#hauri, re, haus, haustus#, _to drink, swallow_.

  #ex--exhauri, re, haus, haustus#, _to empty, exhaust_; _ruin,
  impoverish_.

#Herculs, is#, m., a Grecian hero, celebrated for his strength and
marvelous deeds in many parts of the world.

#hrs, dis#, m., _an heir_.

#hc, haec, hc#, dem. pron., _this, the following, the latter_; _he,
she,it_.

#hc# [#hc#], adv., _here, hereupon, at this point_.

#hiems, hiemis#, f., _winter, storm_.

#Hierosolyma, rum#, pl. n., _Jerusalem_.

#hilar# [#hilarus#, _merry_], adv., _merrily, cheerfully, gaily_.

#hilarits, tis# [#hilaris#, _merry_], f., _merriment, gaiety_.

#hinc# [#hc#], adv., _from this place_ or _time, hence_; #hinc--hinc#,
_on this side ... on that, on the one side ... on the other_.

#hirund, inis#, f., _a swallow_.

#Hispnia, ae#, f., _Spain_ (including Portugal). It was divided into
two provinces, _Hispnia Citerior_ and _Hispnia lterior_.

#Hispninsis, e#, adj., _Spanish, in Spain_.

#Hispnus#, adj., _Spanish_. As noun, #Hispnus, #, m., _a Spaniard_.

#hodi# [#h(c)# + #di#], adv., _to-day_.

#hom, inis#, m. and f., _a human being, man_; #homins#, _mankind, the
world_.

#honest# [#honestus#], adv., _honorably_.

#honestus# [#hons#], adj., _honored, respected_; _honorable, right,
virtuous_.

#honrt# [#honrtus#, _honored_], adv., _honorably, with respect_.

#honrificus# [#hons# + #faci#], adj., _that does honor,
complimentary_.

#honor, re, v, tus# [#hons#], _to honor, do honorto_.

#hons# or #honor, ris#, m., _honor, respect, esteem_; _public office_;
personified, _Honor_ (adeity).

#hra, ae#, f., _hour_, the twelfth part of the day (sunrise to sunset)
or night.

#Hortius, #, m., the name of a Roman gens.

#horre, re, u, --#, _to stand on end, bristle_; _shudder at, shrink
from_.

#horror, ris# [#horre#], m., _dread, terror, horror_.

#hortti, nis# [#hortor#], f., _encouragement, exhortation_.

#hortor, r, tus sum#, _to exhort, urge_.

#hortus, #, m., _a garden_.

#hospes, itis#, m., _entertainer, host_; _guest, friend_; _stranger_.

#hospita, ae# [#hospes#], f., _a stranger_; _guest_.

#hospitium, # [#hospes#], n., _entertainment, hospitality_; _lodgings,
inn_.

#hostia, ae#, f., _an animal for sacrifice, victim_.

#hostlis, e# [#hostis#], adj., _of_ or _from the enemy, hostile_.

#hostliter# [#hostlis#], adv., _in hostile manner_.

#Hostlius, #, m., the name of a Roman gens.

  1. _Hostus Hostlius_, ageneral of the time of Romulus.

  2. _Tullus Hostlius_, third king of Rome.

#hostis, is#, m., _an enemy_.

#hc# [#hc#], adv., _to this place, hither_; #hc ... illc#, _hither
... thither_.

#hiuscemod# [#hc# + #modus#], adv., _of this_ (i.e. the following)
_kind_.

#hmnits, tis# [#hmnus#], f., _humanity, kindliness_; _refinement,
culture_.

#hmnus# [#hom#], adj., _human, of man_; _kind, refined, cultured_.

#humilis, e# [#humus#, _the ground_], adj., _low_; _lowly, humble,
common_.


#I#

#iace, re, u, --#, _to lie, lie prostrate_ or _dead_.

#iaci, iacere, ic, iactus#, _to throw, cast, hurl_.

  #ab--abici, ere, ic, iectus#, _to throw down, away_, or _aside,
  lay aside_.

  #ad--adici, icere, ic, iectus#, _to throw to, add_ or _join to,
  add_ (inspeech).

  #con--conici, icere, conic, coniectus#, _to throw together,
  unite_; _hurl, throw_.

  #d--dici, icere, ic, iectus#, _to throw_ or _hurl down, bring
  down_; _lay low, dislodge, destroy_.

  #ex--ici, icere, ic, iectus#, _to cast_ or _drive out, expel_.

  #in--inici, icere, ic, iectus#, _to throw in_; _put in_ or _on,
  lay_; _inspire, suggest_.

  #inter--interici, icere, ic, iectus#, _to throw_ or _place
  between, interpose; intervene_ (inpass.).

  #ob--obici, icere, ic, iectus#, _to throw before, put in the
  way_; _put in the hands of, turn over_.

  #pr--prici, icere, ic, iectus#, _to throw forth, fling out,
  throw_.

  #re--rici, icere, ic, iectus#, _to throw back, repel_.

  #sub--subici, icere, ic, iectus#, _to throw_ or _place under_;
  _hand up_; _present, submit_; _subdue_.

  #super--superiaci, ere, ic, iectus#, _to throw across, let down_.

  #trns--trici, icere, ic, iectus#, _to throw_ or _carry across,
  transport_; _pierce, penetrate, transfix_; _go_ or _pass over,
  cross_.

#iactti, nis# [#iact#], f., _tossing, motion_.

#iactit, re, --, --# [freq. of #iact#], _to boast, brag_.

#iact, re, v, tus#, _to push_ or _toss about_; _boast of, take
pridein_.

#iam#, adv., _already, by this time, now_; _soon, presently_; #iam iam#,
_already, at that very moment_; #iam ddum# or #iam prdem#, _long ago,
long since_.

#iam ddum#, see #iam#.

#Iniculum, #, n., a hill on the west bank of the Tiber.

#inua, ae#, f., _a door, entrance_.

#Inus, #, m., #Janus#, an old Latin divinity, who presided over all
beginnings; commonly represented with two faces.

#Iarbs, ae#, m., king of Numidia and Mauretania (the modern Morocco).

#ibi#, adv., _there, on that side_; _then, thereupon_.

#ibdem# [#ibi#], adv., _in the same place, on the spot_.

#c, ere, c, ctus#, _to strike_; #foedus cere#, _to strike_
(conclude) _a treaty_.

#ctus, s# [#c#], m., _blow, stroke, wound_.

#dem, eadem, idem#, dem. pron., _the same_; often best rendered by
adv., _also, too, besides_.

#ide#, adv., _for that reason, therefore_; _with this_ (that)
_purpose_.

#ds, uum#, pl. f., _the Ides_, or middle of the month; the fifteenth
of March, May, July, and October, the thirteenth of other months.

#igitur#, adv., _then, therefore, accordingly_.

#gnvia, ae# [#gnvus#, _idle_], f., _idleness, sloth_;
_worthlessness_.

#gnis, is#, m., _fire_.

#gnminia, ae# [#in# neg. + #(g)nmen#], f., _dishonor, disgrace,
degradation_.

#gnr, re, v, tus#, _not to know_; _to be ignorant of, be
unacquainted with_.

#gnsc#, see #nsc#.

#gntus# [#in# neg. + #(g)ntus#], adj., _unknown, unfamiliar,
strange_.

#lic# [#in# + #loc#], adv., _on the spot, at once, immediately_.

#ille, illa, illud#, dem. pron., _that, yonder_; _he, she, it_; _the
famous, the_.

#illc# [#ille#], adv., _there, yonder_.

#illc# [#ille#], adv., _to that place, thither_.

#img, inis#, f., _likeness, semblance, image_; _statue_.

#imbellis, e# [#in# neg. + #bellum#], adj., _unfit for war, unwarlike,
cowardly_.

#imber, bris#, m., _rain, shower_.

#imbu, ere, , btus#, _to wet, moisten_; _inspire, imbue_.

#imitor, r, tus sum#, _to imitate, copy_.

#immtrus# [#in# neg. + #mtrus#, _ripe_], adj., _unripe_; _untimely,
premature_.

#immnsus# [#in# neg. + #mtior#, _to measure_], adj., _immeasurable,
vast, immense_.

#immine, re, u, --#, _to overhang, threaten_.

#immitt#, see #mitt#.

#imm#, adv., _by no means, nay_.

#immol, re, v, tus# [#in# + #mola#, _meal_], _to sprinkle_
(avictim) _with sacrificial meal, sacrifice_.

#immortlis, e# [#in# neg. + #mortlis#], adj., _immortal_.

#immtus# [#in# neg. + #mtus#, part of #move#], adj., _unmoved,
motionless_.

#impr, paris# [#in# neg. + #pr#], adj., _unequal_.

#impatins, entis# [#in# neg. + #patins#], adj., _impatient,
intolerant_.

#impendium, # [#impend#, _to expend_], n., _outlay, cost, expense_.

#impnsa, ae# [#impend#, _to expend_], f., _outlay, cost, expense_.

#impertor, ris# [#imper#], m., _commander-in-chief, general_;
_emperor_.

#impertrius# [#impertor#], adj., _of a general_.

#imperfectus# [#in# neg. + #perfectus#, part. of #perfici#], adj.,
_unfinished_.

#imperium, # [#imper#], n., _a command, order_; _military authority_;
_sovereignty, supremacy_; _the state_.

#imper, re, v, tum#, _to command, order_; _rule, govern_; _levy,
demand_.

#impetr, re, v, tus#, _to gain by asking, obtain, procure_.

#impetus, s# [#in# + #pet#], m., _an attack, onset_; _impulse,
excitement_; _violence, energy, fury_.

#impiets, tis# [#impius#], f., _irreverence, impiety_.

#impiger, gra, grum# [#in# neg. + #piger#, _lazy_], adj., _active,
energetic_.

#impius# [#in# + #pius#], adj., _irreverent, wicked, undutiful_.

#imple#, see #*ple#.

#implic, re, v# or #u, tus# or #itus# [#in# + #plic#, _to fold_],
_to fold in, envelop_; _involve, attack_.

#implr, re, v, tus# [#in# + #plr#, _to wail, lament_], _to beg,
beseech, implore_.

#impn#, see #pn#.

#imprms# [= #in prms#], adv., _especially_.

#imprvsus# [#in# neg. + #prvide#], adj., _unforeseen, unexpected_.

#impbs, eris# [#in# neg. + #pbs#, _full grown_], adj., _youthful_.

#impgn#, see #pgn#.

#impntus# [#in# neg. + #pni#], adj., _unpunished_.

#in#, prep, with (1) acc.; of place, _into, to, on, upon, towards,
against_; of purpose, _for, with a view to_; of other relations,
_respecting, according to_; #in dis#, _day by day_; (2)with abl.; of
place, _in, on, upon, in the midst of, among_; of time, _in, in the
course of, during_; of other relations, _in the case of, respecting,
accordingto_.

#in#, _not_, a prefix, which, when attached to adj. or participles,
negatives or reverses their meaning.

#inaestimbilis, e# [#in# neg. + #aestim#, _to reckon_], _inestimable_.

#inambul#, see #ambul#.

#innis, e#, adj., _empty_; _vain, idle_.

#inaudtus# [#in# neg. + #audtus#, part. of #audi#], adj., _unheard
of, strange_.

#incautus# [#in# neg. + #cautus#, _wary_], adj., _unsuspecting, off
one's guard_.

#incd#, see #cd#.

#incendium, # [#incend#], n., _fire, conflagration_.

#incend#, see #cande#

#inceptum, # [#incipi#], n., _beginning, attempt_; _undertaking,
purpose_.

#incertus# [#in# neg. + #certus#], adj., _uncertain, doubtful_.

#incss, ere, --, --# [freq. of #incd#], _to assail, attack_;
_railat_.

#incid#, see #cad#.

#incipi#, see #capi#.

#incit#, see #cit#.

#inclm#, see #clm#.

#incln, re, v, tus# [#in# + #*cln#, _to lean_], (1)trans., _to
cause to lean, bend, turn_; (2)intrans., _lean, incline_; _yield, give
way_.

#inclitus#, adj., _famous_.

#incld#, see #claud#.

#incgnitus# [#in# neg. + #cgnitus#, part. of #cgnsc#], adj.,
_unknown_.

#incola, ae# [#incol#], m., _inhabitant_.

#incol#, see #col#.

#incolumis, e#, adj., _safe, unharmed_.

#incnstantia, ae# [#in# neg. + #cnstantia#], f., _changeableness,
fickleness_.

#incrdibilis, e# [#in# neg. + #crd#], adj., _beyond belief,
incredible_.

#increp, re, u, itus#, _to sound, resound_; _scold, upbraid_;
_exclaim_.

#incrsc#, see #crsc#.

#incumb#, see #*cumb#.

#incrisus# [#in# neg. + #crisus#, _careful_], adj., _careless,
negligent_.

#incursi, nis# [#incurr#, _to attack_], f., _onset, attack, raid_.

#inde#, adv., _from that place_ or _time, thence_; _thereupon_; _from
that circumstance, therefore_.

#index, icis# [#indic#], m., _mark, sign_.

#indicium, # [#indic#], n., _sign, indication, evidence_.

#indc# see #dc#.

#indic#, see #dic#.

#indictus# [#in# neg. + #dictus#, part of #dc#], adj., _unsaid_;
_unplead_.

#indgnti, nis# [#indgnor#, _to be angry_], f., _displeasure,
anger_.

#indgn# [#indgnus#], adv., _unworthily_; _angrily_; #indgn ferre#
_to take_ (_it_) _amiss_.

#indgnor, r, tus sum# [#indgnus#], _to think unworthy_; _be angry_.

#indgnus# [#in# neg. + #dgnus#], adj., _unworthy of, unfit for_ (with
abl.).

#ind#, see #d#.

#indols, is#, f., _inborn quality, natural gifts_; _character, nature,
spirit_.

#indc#, see #dc#.

#indstria, ae# [#indstrius#, _active_], f., _diligence, activity,
industry_.

#ine#, see (1) #e#.

#inermis, e# [#in# neg. + #arma#], adj., _unarmed, defenseless_.

#nfact# [#in# neg. + #fact#], adv., _without wit_.

#nfns, antis# [#in# neg. + #fns#, part. of #fr#, _to speak_], adj.,
_not speaking, speechless_; as noun, m. and f., _an infant_.

#nflx, cis# [#in# neg. + #flx#], adj., _unfortunate, disastrous_.

#nferior, ris# [comp. of #nferus#, _low_], adj., _lower, inferior_.

#nfer#, see #fer#.

#nfst, re, v, tus# [#nfstus#], _to annoy, disturb_.

#nfstus#, adj., _hostile, threatening_.

#nfici#, see #faci#.

#nflamm, re, v, tus# [#in# + #flamma#], _to kindle, arouse,
excite_.

#nfltus# [#nfl#], adj., _blown up, inflated_.

#nflect#, see #flect#.

#nfl#, see #fl#.

#nfrm, re, v, tus# [#in# + #frma#], _to shape, mould, fashion_;
_train, instruct_.

#nfr#, adv. and prep. with acc., _below, beneath_.

#ingemsc, ere, gemu, --# [#in# + #gemsc#, incep. of #gem#], _to
groan over, groan_.

#ingenium, # [#in# + #ggn#], n., _natural gifts, nature_; _ability,
intellect, wit_; _character, disposition_.

#ingns, entis#, adj., _large, huge, great_.

#ingenuus#, adj., _free-born_; _noble, liberal_.

#ingrtus# [#in# neg. + #grtus#], adj., _unpleasant, thankless,
ungrateful_.

#ingredior#, see #gradior#.

#inhibe#, see #habe#.

#inici#, see #iaci#.

#inimcitia, ae# [#inimcus#], f., _enmity_.

#inimcus# [#in# neg. + #amcus#], adj., _unfriendly, hostile_; as noun,
_a personal enemy, foe_, as distinguished from #hostis#, _a public
enemy_.

#inqu# [#inquus#, _unjust_], adv., _unjustly_.

#initium, # [#ine#], n., _beginning_; #initi#, abl. as adv., _at the
outset, at first_.

#iniria, ae# [#in# neg. + #is#], f., _wrong, injustice_; _insult,
injury_.

(#iniussus, s#) [#in# neg. + #iube#], m., found in abl. only, _without
orders_.

#inld#, see #laed#.

#inlstris, e#, adj., _bright, clear_; _famous, renowned_
(cf.#clrus#).

#inntor#, see #ntor#.

#innocentia, ae# [#in# neg. + #noce#], f., _harmlessness, innocence,
integrity_.

#inntsc, ere, ntu, --# [#in# + #ntsc#, _to become known_], _to
become known_.

#innoxius# [#in# neg. + #noxius#, _harmful_], adj., _harmless,
blameless, innocent_.

#innumerbilis, e# [#in# neg. + #numer#, _to count_], adj., _beyond
number, countless_.

#innumerus# [#in# neg. + #numerus#], adj., _countless_.

#innu#, see #*nu#.

#inopia, ae# [#inops#], f., _want, scarcity, need, poverty_.

#inopntus# [#in# neg. + #opnor#, _to think_], adj., _unexpected_.

#inops, opis# [#in# neg. + #ops#], adj., _without resources, helpless,
poor, needy_.

#inquam#, def. verb, _I say_. See #297#, II, 2: 144, _b_: _175_,2.

#inquitus# [#in# neg. + #quitus#], adj., _restless_.

#inquin, re, v, tus#, _to stain, defile_.

#inrde#, see #rde#.

#inrsus, s# [#inrde#], m., _derision, mockery_.

#inru#, see #ru#.

#nscientia, ae# [#nscins#, _ignorant_], adj., _ignorance_.

#nscius# [#in# neg. + #sci#], adj., _ignorant, unaware_.

#nscrb#, see #scrb#.

#nsequor#, see #sequor#.

#nside#, see #sede#.

#nsidiae, rum# [#nside#], pl. f., _ambush_; _trap_; _artifice,
plot_.

#nsidior, r, tus sum# [#nsidiae#], _to lie in wait for, plot
against_.

#nsgne, is# [#nsgnis#], n., _a mark, badge_.

#nsgnis, e# [#in# + #sgnum#], adj., _marked, conspicuous, noted,
famous_.

#nsili#, see #sali#.

#nsinu, re, v, tus# [#in# + #sinus#, _fold, coil_], _to push or
thrustin_.

#nsitus# [#inser#, _to implant_], adj., _inborn, innate, ingrafted_.

#nsolns, entis# [#in# neg. + #solns#, part. of #sole#], adj.,
_unusual, haughty, insolent_.

#nsolenter# [#nsolns#], adv., _haughtily_.

#nsolentia, ae# [#nsolns#], f., _unusual_ or _extravagant conduct,
insolence_.

#nsprbilis, e# [#in# neg. + #spr#], adj., _unhoped for,
unexpected_.

#nspici#, see #*speci#.

#nstitu#, see #statu#.

#nstittum, # [#nstitu#], n., _institution_; _habit, custom_.

#nstrmentum, # [#nstru#], n., _tool_; _collectively, stock of
tools, plant_.

#nstru#, see #stru#.

#nsusurr, re, v, tus# [#in# + #susurrus#, _a whisper_], _to
whisper to, suggest_.

#nsum#, see #sum#.

#intctus# [#in# neg. + #tctus#, part. of #tang#], adj., _untouched,
uninjured_.

#integer, gra, grum# [#in# neg. + root #tag# in #tang#], adj.,
_untouched, uninjured_; #integer, #, _free from, untouchedby_.

#intelleg#, see #leg#.

#intempestus#, adj., _stormy_.

#intend#, see #tend#.

#intentus# [orig. part. of #intend#], adj., _attentive, intent_.

#inter#, prep. with acc.; of place, _between, among_; of time, _during_.

#intercalrius# [#intercal#], adj., _intercalary, inserted in the
calendar_.

#intercal, re, v, tus#, _to intercalate, insert in the calendar_.

#intercipi#, see #capi#.

#interdc#, see #dc#.

#interdi# [#inter# + #di#], adv., _by day_.

#interdum# [#inter# + (1) #dum#], adv., _between whiles, now and then,
sometimes_.

#intere# [#inter# + #is#], adv., _in the meantime, meanwhile_.

#intere#, see (1) #e#.

#interfector, ris# [#interfici#], m., _slayer, assassin, murderer_.

#interfici#, see #faci#.

#interici#, see #iaci#.

#interim#, adv., _meanwhile_.

#interim#, see #em#.

#interitus, s# [#intere#], m., _overthrow, death, destruction_.

#internntius, # [#inter# + #nntius#], m., _go-between, messenger_.

#interpretor, r, tus sum#, _to explain, interpret_; _maintain_.

#interrog#, see #rog#.

#intersum#, see #sum#.

#intervllum, # [#inter# + #vllum#], n., _interval_ (oftime or
space), _distance_.

#intervert#, see #vert#.

#intimus#, adj., _inmost, deepest_; _close, intimate_.

#intolerbilis, e# [#in# neg. + #toler#, _to bear_], adj.,
_unendurable_.

#intr#, adv. and prep. with acc., _inside of, within, during_.

#intr, re, v, tus# [#intr#, adv., _within_], _to enter_.

#intrdc#, see #dc#.

#introe#, see (1) #e#.

#intueor#, see #tueor#.

#intumsc, ere, tumu, --# [#in# + #tumsc#, incep. of #tume#, _to be
swollen_], _to swell, rise_.

#inund, re, v, tus# [#in# + #und#, _to rise in waves_], _to
deluge, flood_.

#insittus# [#in# neg. + #sittus#, _usual_], adj., _unusual,
unfamiliar, novel_.

#invd#, see #vd#.

#invalidus# [#in# neg. + #validus#], adj., _weak, feeble_.

#inveh#, see #veh#.

#inveni#, see #veni#.

#invicem, in vicem#, see #vicis#.

#invictus# [#in# neg. + #victus#, part. of #vinc#], adj.,
_unconquerable_.

#invide#, see #vide#.

#invidia, ae# [#invide#], f., _envy_; _ill-will, odium, unpopularity_.

#invidisus# [#invidia#], adj., _envious_; _exciting envy, unpopular,
hateful_.

#invioltus# [#in# neg. + #viol#], adj., _unhurt_.

#invsus# [orig. part. of #invide#], adj., _hated, hateful_.

#invt, re, v, tus#, _to invite, ask, summon_; _feast, entertain_.

#invtus#, adj., _unwilling, on compulsion_.

#iocus, # (pl. also #ioca#), m., _a jest, joke_.

#ipse, a, um#, _himself, herself, itself, themselves_; often best
rendered by _very, mere, in person, even, actually_.

#ra, ae#, f., _anger, passion_.

#rscor, , rtus sum# [#ra#], _to be_ or _become angry_.

#rtus# [orig. part. of #rscor#], adj., _angered, enraged_; _in
anger, angrily_.

#is, ea, id#, dem. pron., _this_ or _that_; _he, she, it_; _such_ (esp.
before #ut# with #subj.#).

#iste, a, ud#, gen. #istus#, dat. #ist#, _that of yours, your_; _that,
this_.

#ita# [#is#], adv., _in this way, so, thus, as follows_.

#talia, ae#, f., _Italy_. The name did not include the basin of the Po
(Cisalpine Gaul) until the time of Augustus.

#talicus, #, m., _an Italian_.

#itaque# [#ita# + #que#], adv. and conj., _and so, therefore, as a
consequence, accordingly_.

#item#, adv., _besides, likewise, also_.

#iter, itineris# [#e, re#], n., _a journey, march_; _road, highway_.

#iterum#, adv., _a second time, again_.

#Iuba, ae#, m., a king of Numidia, ally of Pompey, but defeated by
Caesar at the battle of Thapsus, B.C.46.

#iube, re, iuss, iussus#, _to order, command_.

#icund# [#icundus#], adv., _agreeably, pleasantly, delightfully_.

#icundus#, adj., _pleasing, agreeable, charming, delightful_.

#Iudaea, ae#, f., _Judaea_.

#Iudaeus, #, m., _a Jew_.

#idex, icis# [#is# + #dc#], m., _a judge, juror_.

#idicium, # [#idex#], n., _judgment, decision_.

#idic, re, v, tus# [#idex#], _to examine judicially, judge,
adjudge_; _think, consider_; _declare, resolve_.

#igerum, #, n., a land measure = about two thirds of an English acre;
_an acre_.

#iugulum, # [dim. of #iugum#], n., _throat, neck_.

#iugum, # [#iung#], n., _a yoke, collar_; _mountain summit, range of
mountains_; _a military yoke_, formed by fixing two spears upright in
the ground and tying a third across between their upper ends. Beneath
such a yoke the Romans made their conquered enemies pass, in token of
complete surrender of liberty and life to their conquerors.

#Iugurtha, ae#, m., the famous king of Numidia, who fought with Rome 111
to 106 B.C.; defeated by Marius.

#Iugurthnus#, adj., _of_ or _with Jugurtha, Jugurthine_.

#Ilia, ae#, f., _Julia_.

  1. Daughter of Julius Caesar, and wife of Pompey.

  2. Sister of Julius Caesar and grandmother of the Emperor Augustus.

#Ilius, #, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Caesar#.

#iung, ere, inx, inctus#, _to join together, unite, bind, fasten,
yoke_.

  #ad--adiung, ere, inx, inctus#, _to join_ or _add to, attach_.

  #con--coniung, ere, inx, inctus#, _to fasten together, join,
  unite_.

#inior#, see #iuvenis#.

#Inius, #, m., the name of a famous Roman gens. See #Brtus#.

#Iuppiter, Iovis#, m., the chief god of the Latins, orig.
apersonification of the sky. He controlled thunder, lightning, rain,
and storms.

#ire#, see #is#.

#ir, re, v, tus# [#is#], _to take an oath, swear_; _swearto_.

  #con--cnir, re, v, tus#, _to take an oath together, conspire,
  plot_.

#is, iris#, n., _right, justice, law_; _court of justice, trial in
court_; abl. #ire# as adv., _rightly, justly_; #in is vocre#, _to
summon into court, bring to trial_.

#isirandum, # [#is# + #ir#], n., _an oath_.

(#iussus, s#) [#iube#], m., _order, command_ (found only in abl.
sing.).

#istitia, ae# [#is#], f., _justice, uprightness_.

#iuvenis, is#, comp. #inior#, sup. #minimus nt#, adj., _young_. As
noun, #iuvenis, is#, m., _young person, youth_ (between 17 and45);
#iuvens# or #inirs#, _the fighting men_.

#iuventa, ae# [#iuvenis#], f., _youth_.

#iuvents, tis# [#iuvenis#], f., _youth_; collectively, _young people_,
esp. _fighting men_. Cf. #iuvenis#.


#K#

#Kalendae, rum#, pl. f., _the Kalends_, or the first day of the month.


#L#

#labor, ris#, m., _labor, toil_; _hardship, distress_.

#lbor, , lpsus sum#, _to slip_.

  #d--dlbor, , lpsus sum#, _to glide down_; _slip_ or _fall down,
  fall_.

  #ex--lbor, , lpsus sum#, _to slip away, glide off, escape_.

  #pr--prlbor, , lpsus sum#, _to fall down_; _slip, stumble_.

  #re--relbor, , lpsus sum#, _to slip_ or _sink back_; _flow back,
  subside_.

#labris# [#labrisus#, _toilsome_], adv., _laboriously, carefully_.

#labr, re, v, tum#, _to labor, toil_; _be hard pressed, suffer, be
afflicted_.

  #ex--labr, re, v, tum#, _to labor, toil, endeavor_.

#Lacedaemonius, #, m., an inhabitant of Lacedaemon or Sparta, the chief
city of Laconia, adistrict of Southern Greece.

#lacer, re, v, tus#, _to tear to pieces, rend, mutilate, wound_.

#*laci, ere#, _to entice_.

  #ad--adlici, ere, lex, lectus#, _to entice, win over, attract_.

  #ex--lici, ere, u, itus#, _to draw forth, call down_.

  #per--perlici, ere, lex, lectus#, _to entice, allure, win over_.

#lacrima, ae#, f., _a tear_.

#lacrimbundus# [#lacrim#, _to weep_], adj., _weeping_.

#laed, ere, laes, laesus#, _to hurt, injure_.

  #ex--ld, ere, ls, lsus#, _to dash out_; _shatter, crush_.

  #in--inld, ere, ls, lsus#, _to dash against_.

#Laelius, #, m., gentile name of _C. Laelius_, a friend of Scipio
Africanus.

#laetitia, ae# [#laetus#], f., _joy, exultation_.

#laetus#, adj., _joyful, glad, cheerful_.

#laevus#, adj., _left_.

#lamb, ere, --, --#, _to lick, lap_.

#lmenta, rum#, pl. n., _lamentations_.

#lmina, ae#, f., _a thin plate_.

#lna, ae#, f., _wool_.

#lancea, ae#, f., _a spear, lance, dart_.

#lnificium, # [#ln# + #faci#], n., _spinning, weaving_.

#lanius, #, m., _a butcher_.

#lapideus# [#lapis#], adj., _of stone, stone_.

#lapis, idis#, m., _a stone_; _milestone_.

#laqueus, #, m., _noose, halter_.

#Lrentia, ae#, f., see #Acca#.

#largti, nis# [#largior#, _to bribe_], f., _liberality_; _bribery_.

#latebra, ae#, [#late#, _to lie hid_], f., _hiding place_ (usually only
inpl.).

#latercius# [#later#, _a brick_], adj., _made of brick, brick_.

#Latnus#, adj., _pertaining to Latium, Latin_; as noun, #Latnus, #,
m., _an inhabitant of Latium, aLatin_.

#ltr, re, v, tus#, _to bark at_.

#latr, nis#, m., _robber, brigand_.

#latus, eris#, n., _side_; _flank_.

#laudbilis, e# [#laud#], adj., _praiseworthy, commendable_.

#laudandus# [gerundive of #laud#], adj., _praiseworthy, commendable_.

#laud, re, v, tus#, _to praise, extol_.

  #con--conlaud, re, v, tus#, _to praise very highly, extol_.

#laurea, ae# (sc. #corna#), f., _a laurel wreath_ or _crown_.

#laus, laudis#, f., _praise, fame, glory_; _ability_ (asthat which
excites praise). #laudibus ferre#, _to extol_.

#lautus# [part. of #lav#, _to wash_], adj., _well-washed, neat_;
_elegant, splendid_.

#laxits, tis# [#laxus#, _roomy_], f., _spaciousness, roominess, size_.

#lectca, ae# [#lectus#], f., _a litter, sedan chair, palanquin_.

#lectulus, # [dim. of #lectus#], m., _a small couch, bed_.

#lectus, #, m., _a couch, bed_.

#lgti, nis# [#lg#, to commission], f., _embassy, legation_.

#lgtus, # [#lg#, _to commission_], m., _one specially commissioned,
ambassador, envoy_; _a deputy, lieutenant_, an officer next in command
to the #impertor#, who selected him subject to the approval of the
senate. Often several attended the general, serving in turn, acting as
his counsellors, and commanding in his absence.

#legi, nis# [#leg#], f., _a legion_, containing from four to six
thousand men; #legins#, _the infantry_, as distinct from the cavalry.

#lgitimus# [#lx#], adj., _fixed by law, legal_.

#leg, ere, lg, lctus#, _to gather, collect_; _select, appoint,
choose_; _read_.

  #con--conlig, ere, lg, lctus#, _to collect, gather_.

  #d--dlig, ere, lg, lctus#, _to choose, select_; _levy_.

  #dis--dlig, ere, lx, lctus#, _to single out, esteem, love,
  prize_.

  #ex--lig, ere, lg, lctus#, _to pick out, choose, select_.

  #inter--intelleg, ere, lx, lctus#, _learn_; _perceive,
  understand_.

#lniter# [#lnis#, _soft, gentle_], adv., _softly, mildly, lightly_.

#lncinium, #, n., _excessive finery_ or _nicety in dress_.

#Lentulus, #, m., _P. Cornlius Lentulus Dolbella_, ason-in-law of
Cicero.

#lentus#, adj., _pliant, tough_; _slow, sluggish_.

#Lepidus, #, m., _M. Aemilius_, consul with Caesar, B.C. 46; amember,
with Octavianus and Antony, of the second triumvirate.

#ltlis, e# [#ltum#, _death_], adj., _deadly, fatal_.

#levis, e#, adj., _light, slight, trivial_.

#leviter# [#levis#], adv., _lightly, slightly_.

#lx, lgis#, f., _law, decree_; _term, condition_.

#libns, entis# [#libet#, _it pleases_], adj., _willing_; _with good
will_ or _pleasure, gladly_.

#libenter# [#libns#], adv., _gladly, willingly_.

#lber, lbera, lberum#, adj., _free_; _generous_; _outspoken, frank_.

#liber, libr#, m., _a book_.

#lberlits, tis# [#lberlis#, _generous_], f., _generosity,
kindness_; _a gift_.

#lberliter# [#lberlis#, _generous_], adv., _kindly, generously,
graciously_.

#lber, rum# [#lber#], pl. m., _children_; properly the free persons
of the family as distinct from the slaves.

#lber, re, v, tus# [#lber#], _to set free, free_; _acquit,
absolve_.

#lberts, tis# [#lber#], f., _freedom, independence_.

#lbertus, # [#lber#], m., _a freedman_.

#libd, inis# [#libet#, _it pleases_], f., _pleasure_; _lust,
wantonness, passion_.

#lbr, re, v, tus# [#lbra#, _a balance_], _to balance, poise,
brandish_.

#licentia, ae# [#licet#], f., _freedom, license_.

#licet, re, uit# or #itum est#, impers., _it is allowed_ or
_permitted_.

#lctor, ris#, m., _a lictor_, a Roman officer. The lictors were orig.
attendants of the kings, but later were granted to dictators, consuls,
and praetors. They accompanied these magistrates whenever they appeared
in public, and cleared the way before them. They also carried the
fasces, and executed criminal sentences.

#lgneus# [#lgnum#, _wood_], adj., _wooden_.

#lig, re, v, tus#, _to bind_.

  #ad--adlig, re, v, tus#, _to bind to, bind fast, bind_.

  #d--dlig, re, v, tus#, _to bind to, tie, fasten_.

  #re--relig, re, av, tus#, _to bind, fasten_.

#lmen, inis#, n., _threshold, doorstep_.

#lnementum, # [#lnea#, _a line_], n., _a line_; _feature,
lineament_.

#lingua, ae#, f., _tongue_; _language_.

#liquefaci, ere, fc, factus# [#lique#, _to be liquid_ + #faci#],
_to melt, dissolve_.

#Lternnus#, adj., _at Literum_, a town of Campania. As noun,
#Lternnum, # (sc.#praedium#, _an estate_), n., an estate of Scipio
Africanus Maior at Liternum.

#ltigtor, ris# [#ls#, _lawsuit_ + #ag#], m., _a party to a lawsuit,
litigant_.

#littera, ae#, f., _a letter_ (of the alphabet); in pl., _a letter,
epistle_; _literature_.

#littertus# [#littera#], adj., _lettered, educated, learned_.

#ltus, oris#, n., (sea)_shore, beach, strand_.

#Lvius, #, m., gentile name of _M. Lvius Salntor_, who commanded
the garrison of Tarentum during the second Punic War.

#loc, re, v, tus# [#locus#], _to place, put_; _contract for, let,
lease_.

  #con--conloc, re, v, tus#, _to place, arrange, station,
  establish_.

#locupls, tis# [#locus# + #plnus#], adj., _rich in lands, rich_.

#locus, #, m. (pl., #loc# and #loca#), _a place, spot_; _locality,
region_; _position, station, post_; _room, opportunity_.

#long# [#longus#], adv., _a long way_ or _distance, at a distance_;
_far, by far_.

#longinquus# [#longus#], adj., _remote, distant_.

#longus#, adj., _long_; _distant_.

#loquor, , loctus sum#, _to speak, talk, say_.

  #ad--adloquor, , loctus sum#, _to speak to, address_.

  #con--conloquor, , loctus sum#, _to talk with, converse, confer_.

#lrca, ae# [#lrum#], f., _a corselet_ of leather, _coat of mail_;
#squmrum lrca#, _armor-like covering of scales_.

#lrum, #, n., _a leather thong_ or _strap_.

#Lcius, #, m., a Roman praenomen.

#Lucrtia, ae#, f., the wife of Collatinus, a type of the Roman matron
of the olden time.

#luctor, r, tus sum#, _to wrestle, struggle_.

#lctus, s# [#lge#], m., _grief, sorrow, mourning_.

#Lcullus, #, m., _L. Licinius_, born about 110 B.C., consul 74;
conducted the war against Mithridates 74-67, after which he gave himself
to a life of luxury, dying in 57 or56.

#lcus, #, m., _a sacred grove, grove_.

#ldibrium, # [#ldus#], n., _laughing-stock, jest_; _mockery,
derision_.

#ldicer, cra, crum# [#ldus#], adj., _playful, sportive_.

#ldus, #, m., _play, sport_; _a game_, esp. (inpl.) _the public
games_, consisting of chariot races, gladiatorial combats, and
theatrical performances.

#lge, re, lx, lctus#, _to grieve_; _grieve for, mourn, lament_.

#lgubris, e# [#lge#], adj., _mournful_.

#lmen, inis# [cf. #lux#], n., _light_.

#lna, ae# [cf. #lx#], f., _the moon_.

#lupa, ae#, f., _a she-wolf_.

#lstr, re, v, tus#, _to purify, cleanse_; _to review, inspect_.

#lx, lcis#, f., _light, daylight, day_; #prm lce#, _at dawn_.

#lxuria, ae# [#lxus#], f., _luxury, excess_.

#lxus, s#, m., _excess, luxury, self-indulgence_.


#M#

#Maced, onis#, m., _a Macedonian_.

#Macedonia, ae#, f., _Macedonia_, an extensive country north of Greece.
Its inhabitants were not generally reckoned as Greeks. Under Alexander
the Great it became the chief power of the ancient world.

#mchina, ae#, f., _machine_ or _engine of war_; _a contrivance, trick_.

#mact, re, v, tus#, _to offer as sacrifice, kill, slaughter_.

#mactus#, adj., _worshiped, glorified_.

#Maecns, tis#, m., _C. Cilnius_, the close friend of Augustus and his
chief adviser in civil affairs.

#maestus#, adj., _sad, gloomy, mournful_.

#magis#, comp., adv., _in a greater degree_; _more, rather_; sup.
#mxim# [#mximus#], _in the highest degree, particularly_;
_exceedingly, very_.

#magister, tr#, m., _master, chief_; _teacher_; #magister equitum#,
_Master of the Horse_, an officer appointed by a dictator as his
lieutenant. The name perhaps indicates that he had especial command of
the cavalry.

#magistrtus, s# [#magister#], m., _civil office, magistracy_.

#mgnific# [#mgnificus#], adv., in good sense, _grandly_; in bad
sense, _in lordly fashion, haughtily, proudly_.

#mgnificentia, ae# [#mgnificus#], f., _splendor, grandeur_.

#mgnificus# [#mgnus# + #faci#], adj., _splendid, magnificent_.

#mgnitd, inis# [#mgnus#], f., _greatness, size_.

#mgnus#, comp. #mior#, sup. #mximus#, adj., _great, large_; #mior#
or #mximus# (sc.#nt#), _elder, eldest_. As noun, #Mgnus, #, m.,
_the Great_, cognomen of Pompey; #mirs# (sc.#nt#), pl. m.,
_ancestors_.

#Maharbal, alis#, m., _a Carthaginian general_.

#miests, tis# [cf. #mior#], f., _greatness, dignity_.

#mior, mius#, gen. #miris#, see #mgnus#.

#male# [#malus#], comp. #pius#, sup. #pessim#, adv., _badly, ill,
unsuccessfully_; _feebly, barely, scarcely_.

#maledictum, # [#male# + #dc#], n., _a curse_.

#ml, mlle, mlu# [#magis# + (1) #vol#], _to prefer_.

#malus#, comp. #pior#, sup. #pessimus#, adj., _bad, wicked_; _evil,
unfortunate_. As noun, #malum, #, n., _evil, misfortune, trouble_.

#Mmurius, #, m., a Roman smith of the time of King Numa.

#mandtum, # [#mand#], n., _an order, command_.

#mand, re, v, tus# [#manus# + #d#], _to hand over, commit,
entrust_; _order, command_; #ltters mandre#, _to write_.

  #con--commend, re, v, tus#, _to commit, entrust_; _assist,
  defend_.

#mne#, adv., _early in the morning_.

#mane, re, mns, mnsrus#, _to remain, stay, tarry_.

  #re--remane, re, mns, mnsrus#, _to stay behind, remain_.

#Mns, ium#, pl. m., _the deified spirits of the dead_, to whom
sacrifice was regularly made.

#manifstus# [#manus# + #*fend#], adj., _clear, manifest, evident_;
_exposed_.

#manipulus, # [#manus# + #*ple#] m., _a company of soldiers, maniple_
(one third of a cohort). The standard of the maniple orig. bore (itis
said) a_handful_ of hay.

#Mnius, #, m., abbreviated #M'.#, a Roman praenomen.

#Mnlinus#, adj., _Manlian_.

#Mnlius, #, m., the name of a Roman gens. See #Torqutus#.

#mn, re, v, --#, _to flow, trickle_; _to flow_ or _stream abroad,
spread_.

#mnsutd, inis# [#mnsutus#, _tame_], f., _mildness, gentleness_.

#manubiae, rum# [#manus#], pl. f., _prize-money, booty, plunder_.

#manmitt, ere, ms, missus# [#manus# + #mitt#], _to set free,
emancipate_.

#manus, s#, f., _hand, arm_; #ferreae mans#, _grappling irons_ (see
#corvus#); _force, strength, prowess_; _band, troop_; #mans cnserere#,
_to join battle_.

#Mrcus, #, m., a common praenomen.

#Mrcius, #, m., see #Ancus#.

#mare, is#, n., _the sea_; #Mare Superum#, _the Upper_ or _Adriatic
Sea_.

#margarta, ae#, f., _a pearl_.

#maritimus# [#mare#], adj., _pertaining to the sea, sea, maritime_.

#martus, #, m., _husband_.

#Marius, #, m., _C._, born near Arpinum in Latium, 107 B.C.; conquered
Jugurtha, 106; was seven times consul; defeated Teutones in 102, Cimbri
in 101; died in86.

#marmor, oris#, n., _marble_.

#marmoreus# [#marmor#], adj., _marble, of marble_.

#Mrs, Mrtis#, m., _Mars_, the Roman god of war; _war, battle_.

#Mrtius# [#Mrs#], adj., _of March_.

#Masinissa, ae#, m., king of Numidia, ally of Scipio Africanus Maior, in
Africa, B.C. 202. He reigned till 148.

#Massva, ae#, m., nephew of Masinissa.

#mter, mtris#, f., _mother_.

#mternus# [#mter#], adj., _of a mother, mother's_; _maternal, on the
mother's side_.

#mtrimnium, # [#mter#], n., _marriage_.

#mtrna, ae# [#mter#], f., _a married woman, wife, matron_.

#Maur, rum#, pl. m., _Moors_, inhabitants of Mauretania, the modern
Morocco.

#mxim# [#mximus#], adv., see #magis#.

#mximus#, adj., see #mgnus#.

#Mximus, #, m., a Roman cognomen.

  1. _M.Valerius Mximus Corvnus_, consul 343 B.C.

  2. _Q. Fabius Mximus_, a famous general opposed to Hannibal,
  surnamed _Cuncttor_, from his caution. He was five times consul,
  and died in 203.

#medicmentum, # [#medic#, _to heal_], n., _drug, potion_; _antidote,
cure_.

#medicus, # [#medeor#, _to heal_], m., _a physician, surgeon, doctor_.

#meditor, r, tus sum#, _to reflect upon, consider_; _plan, devise_.

#medius#, adj., _in the middle, middle, midst of_. As noun, #medium, #,
n., _the middle, midst, intervening space_; #in medi#, _in the midst
of, between_; #in medium prferre#, _to bring out, produce_.

#melior, ius#, gen. #ris#, adj., see #bonus#.

#melius#, adv., see #bene#.

#Memmius, #, m., gentile name of _C. Memmius Gemellus_, an opponent of
Julius Caesar.

#memorbilis, e# [#memor#], adj., _worth telling, remarkable_.

#memoria, ae# [#memor#, _mindful_], f., _memory_; _record, account_.

#memor, re, v, tus# [#memor#, _mindful_], _to bring to mind,
relate_; _say, tell_.

#mns, mentis#, f., _the mind, intellectual faculties_; _thought,
purpose_.

#mnsa, ae#, f., _table_; _course_ (at dinner).

#mnsis, is#, m., _a month_.

#menti, nis#, f., _mention_.

#mercor, r, tus sum# [#merx#], _to buy, purchase_.

#mere, re, u, itus#, _to earn, deserve, merit_.

#merg, ere, mers, mersus#, _to dip, plunge in_; _sink_.

#merit# [#meritum#, _desert_], adv., _deservedly, justly_.

#merx, mercis#, f., _goods, wares, merchandise_.

#Metellus, #, m., a Roman cognomen.

  1. _L.Caecilius Metellus_, one of the young nobles who, after the
  battle of Cannae, proposed to leave Italy.

  2. _Q. Caecilius Metellus_, called _Numidicus_, because of the
  success with which he carried on the Jugurthine War, till superseded
  by Marius.

  3. _Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius_, consul B.C. 80. He fought against
  Sertorius.

#mtor, r, tus sum#, _to measure off, mark out_.

#Mettius, #, m., see #Ffetius#.

#metus, s#, m., _fear, dread, terror_.

#meus#, adj., _my, mine_. As noun, #me, merum#, pl. m., _my friends,
my followers_.

#m#, vocative sing. of #meus#.

#mic, re, u, --#, _to quiver, flash, gleam_.

#migr, re, v, tum#, _to remove, migrate_.

  #con--commigr, re, v, tum#, _to change one's home, move,
  migrate_.

  #re--remigr, re, v, tum#, _to journey_ (back), _return_.

#mles, itis#, m., _a soldier, fellow-soldier_; as collective noun,
_soldiery_.

#Mltus, #, f., a city in Asia Minor, near Ephesus.

#mlitris, e# [#mles#], adj., _soldierly, military_; #rs mlitris#,
_the art of war, military tactics_.

#mlitia, ae# [#mles#], f., _military service, war_; #mlitiae#, loc.,
_in the field, abroad_, opposed to #dom#, _at home_.

#mlit, re, v, tum#, _to be a soldier, serve in war, fight_.

#mlle#, indecl. adj., _a thousand_; as noun, #mlia#, pl. n.,
_thousands_.

#mllis# [#mlle#], adv., _a thousand times_.

#mmus, #, m., _farce, comedy_.

#minim# [#minimus#], adv., see #parum#.

#minister, tr#, m., _attendant, servant_.

#minitor, r, tus sum# [freq. of #minor#], _to threaten_.

#minor, us#, gen. #ris#, see #parvus#.

#minor, r, tus sum#, _to threaten_.

#Minucius, #, m., _M. Minucius Rfus, magister equitum_ under Q.Fabius
Maximus.

#Minturnae, rum#, pl. f., a town between Campania and Latium.

#minu, ere, , tus# [#minus#], _to diminish, lessen_; _weaken_.

#minus#, adv., see #parum#.

#mrbilis, e# [#mror#], adj., _wonderful, strange, amazing_.

#mrculum, # [#mror#], n., _a wonder, marvel, miracle_.

#mrificus# [#mrus# + #faci#], adj., _wonderful_.

#mror, r, tus sum#, _to wonder, marvel at_.

#mrus#, adj., _wonderful, marvelous_.

#miser, era, erum#, adj., _wretched, unfortunate_.

#misericordia, ae# [#misericors#], f., _pity, compassion, mercy_.

#misericors, cordis# [#misere#, _to pity_ + #cor#, _heart_], adj.,
_tender-hearted, merciful_.

#missi, nis# [#mitt#], f., _release from service, discharge_.

#Mithridts#, is, m., surnamed _the Great_, king of Pontus, B.C.
120-63.

#Mithridticus#, adj., _Mithridatic_.

#mtig, re, v, tus# [#mtis# + #ag#], _to make gentle, soften,
civilize_.

#mtis, e#, adj., _mild, gentle, kind_.

#mitt, ere, ms, missus#, _send, despatch, dismiss_; _throw, hurl,
shoot_.

  #ab--mitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to send away, let go, lose_.

  #ad--admitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to admit, receive_.

  #con--committ, ere, ms, missus#, _to send_ or _bring together,
  join_; _entrust, commit, bring_ (it) _about, cause, allow_; #pgnam#
  or #proelium committere#, _to begin battle_.

  #d--dmitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to send_ or _let down, cast down,
  let fall_; _put_.

  #dis--dmitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to send_ (away), _dismiss_;
  _give up, abandon_.

  #ex--mitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to send forth_ or _out_; _hurl,
  cast_; _utter_; _let loose_.

  #in--immitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to send in, admit_; _send, hurl_.

  #ob--omitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to lay aside_; _neglect, omit_;
  _pass over, say nothing of_; _lose sight of, let slip_.

  #per--permitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to let pass_; _permit, allow_.

  #pr--prmitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to put forward_; _promise_.

  #re--remitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to send back_; _yield, give up_;
  _remit, grant exemption from_.

  #re + pr--reprmitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to promise in return_.

  #sub--submitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to send_ or _let down_; _let
  grow_.

  #trns--trnsmitt, ere, ms, missus#, _to send_ or _put across_,
  _make to cross_; _despatch_; intrans., _to go across, cross_.

#Mitylnae, rum#, pl. f., capital of Lesbos, an island in the Aegean
Sea.

#moderti, nis# [#moderor#, _to set bounds to_], f., _self-control,
moderation_.

#modertus# [#moderor#, _to check_], adj., _within bounds, moderate,
merciful_.

#modicus# [#modus#], adj., _moderate, modest_.

#modius, # [#modus#], m., _a measure_; _a peck_.

#modo# [#modus#], adv., _only_; _just now, lately_; #modo ... modo#,
_at one time ... at another, now ... now_; #nn; modo ... sed
etiam#, _not only ... but also_.

#modus, #, m., _measure, limit, end_; _way, manner_; _measure, strains_
(ofmusic).

#moenia, ium#, pl. n., _defensive walls, city walls, fortifications_.

#mls, is#, f., _mass, weight, bulk_; _massive structure_.

#molest# [#molestus#], adv., _with difficulty_ or _vexation_; #aegr#
or #molest ferre#, _to take amiss, be vexed_(at).

#molestia, ae# [#molestus#], f., _trouble, annoyance, burden_.

#molestus# [#mls#], adj., _troublesome, annoying, vexatious_.

#mlior, r, tus sum# [#mls#], _to struggle, toil_; _undertake,
attempt_.

#mollis, e#, adj., _soft, tender_; _effeminate, unmanly_.

#molliter# [#mollis#], adv., _effeminately, luxuriously_.

#Mol, nis#, m., see #Apollnius#.

#mmentum, # [#move#], n., _movement_; _cause, circumstance_;
(sc.#temporis#), _moment, instant_.

#mone, re, u, itus#, _to remind, admonish_; _advise, warn_.

  #ad--admone, re, u, itus#, _to remind, admonish, warn_.

#monitus, s# [#mone#], m., _warning, counsel_.

#mns, montis#, m., _a mountain, height, hill_.

#mnstrum, # [#mone#], n., _a warning, omen_; _strange being,
monster_.

#mora, ae#, f., _delay, policy of delay_.

#morbus, #, m., _sickness, disease_.

#morior, mor, mortuus sum#, _to die_.

#moror, r, tus sum#, _to delay, linger, tarry_; with acc., _to
hinder, impede_.

  #d--dmoror, r, tus sum#, _to linger, tarry, remain_.

#mors, mortis#, f., _death_.

#morsus, s# [#morde#, _to bite_], m., _bite_; _pain, sting, agony_.

#mortlis, e# [#mors#], adj., _mortal, human_; as noun, _mortlis, is_,
m., _a man, mortal_.

#mortuus# [part. of #morior#], adj., _dead_.

#ms, mris#, m., _a habit, custom_; _manner, fashion_; pl., _customs,
character_.

#mtus, s# [#move#], m., _movement, agitation, tumult, insurrection_.

#move, re, mv, mtus#, _to stir, move, remove_; _affect, arouse_.

  #ab--move, re, mv, mtus#, _to take away, remove_.

  #ad--admove, re, mv, mtus#, _to move towards_; _bring near_;
  _offer_.

  #con--commove, re, mv, mtus#, _to move thoroughly_; _agitate,
  excite_.

  #per--permove, re, mv, mtus#, _to move deeply, excite,
  influence_.

  #pr--prmove, re, mv, mtus#, _to move forward, promote,
  advance_.

  #sub--submove, re, mv, mtus#, _to thrust aside, remove,
  dislodge_.

#mox#, adv., _soon, presently_; _thereupon, next_.

#mcr, nis#, m., _sword-point, sword_.

#muliebriter# [#muliebris#, _womanish_], adv., _like a woman, in
womanish fashion_.

#mulier, ieris#, f., _a woman, wife_.

#muliercula, ae# [dim. of #mulier#], f., a (little, i.e.) _young woman,
girl_.

#mli, nis# [#mlus#, _a mule_], m., _a mule-driver_.

#multa, ae#, f., _a fine, penalty_.

#multiplex, icis# [#multus# + #plic#, _to fold_], adj., _manifold,
many_.

#multitd, inis# [#multus#], f., _a multitude, throng_.

#mult# [#multus#], adv., _by far, much_.

#mult, re, v, tus# [#multa#], _to fine, punish_.

#multum# [#multus#], adv., _much_; _greatly, severely_.

#multus#, comp. #pls#, sup. #plrimus#, adj., _much, many a_; in pl.,
_many_; #plrs#, _several_; often used as noun in all three degrees.

#munditia, ae# [#mundus#, _neat_], f., _neatness, elegance, niceness_.

#mni, re, v (i), tus#, _to fortify, protect_; _open up, build_
(aroad).

  #con--commni, re, v (i), tus#, _to fortify strongly,
  intrench_.

#mnus, eris#, n., _service_; _present, gift_.

#muraena, ae#, f., _an eel_.

#mrus, #, m., _city wall, wall_.

#Msae, rum#, pl. f., _the Muses_, the goddesses of the liberal arts,
esp. music and poetry.

#Mutina, ae#, f., _Mutina_ (now Modena), a city in Cisalpine Gaul, south
of thePo.

#Mutinnsis, e#, adj., _of_ or _at Mutina_.

#mt, re, v, tus#, _to change, alter_.

  #con--commt, re, v, tus#, _to alter, change_; _exchange_.

  #per--permt, re, v, tus#, _to change throughout, exchange,
  interchange_.

#mtuus# [#mt#], adj., _mutual_.


#N#

#nam#, conj. (1) causal, _for, because, inasmuch as_; (2)explanatory,
_you know, indeed_.

#nancscor, , nactus sum#, _to get_ (by accident), _happen upon, find,
meet with_.

#nrr, re, v, tus#, _to narrate, tell_.

#nscor, , ntus sum#, _to be born_; _spring from, arise_.

#Nsca, ae#, m., cognomen of _P. Cornlius Scpi Nsca Serpi_,
opponent of Tiberius Gracchus.

#nsus, #, m., _the nose_.

#nti, nis# [#nscor#], f., _birth, race_; _tribe, nation, people_.

#ntra, ae# [#nscor#], f., _nature, character, disposition_;
personified, _Nature_.

#ntus# [orig. part. of #nscor#], adj., lit. _born_; with #anns#,
_old_.

(#ntus, s#) [#nscor#], m., _birth, age_ (found only in abl. sing.).

#naufragium, # [#nvis# + #frang#], n., _shipwreck_.

#nvlis, e# [#nvis#], adj., _naval_.

#nvicula, ae# [dim. of #nvis#], f., _a small vessel, boat, skiff_.

#nvigti, nis# [#nvig#, _to sail_], f., _voyage_.

#nvigium, # [#nvig#, _to sail_], n., _ship, boat_.

#nvis, is#, f., _a ship_.

#Nvius, #, m., see #Attus#.

#nv, re, v, tus# [#(g)nvus#, _busy_], _to do with zeal_; #operam
nvre#, _to render vigorous aid, act with vigor_.

#n#, (1) adv., _not_; #n . . . quidem#, _not even, not at all_;
(2)conj., _in order that not, not to, for fear that, lest_.

#ne#, enclitic interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions, and
then translatable only by the inflection of the voice; (2)as conj. with
indirect questions, _whether_.

#nebul, nis# [#nebula#, _mist_], m., _a worthless fellow,
good-for-naught, scamp_.

#nec#, see #neque#.

#necessrius# [#necesse#, _necessary_], adj., _necessary,
indispensable_.

#necessits, tis# [#necesse#, _necessary_], f., _necessity_.

#nec, re, v, tus# [#nex#], _to kill, slay_.

#nefrius# [#nefs#, _a crime_], adj., _wicked, impious, nefarious_.

#nefstus# [#nefs#, _a crime_], adj., _unhallowed_; #dis nefstus#,
aday on which no public business could be transacted.

#neglegns, entis# [orig. part. of #negleg#], adj., _heedless,
careless_.

#negleg, ere, lx, lctus# [#nec# + #leg#], _to disregard, despise,
neglect_.

#neg, re, v, tus#, _to say no_; _deny, refuse_.

  #d--dneg, re, v, tus#, _to say no, deny_; _refuse, reject_.

#nm#, gen. #nllus#, dat. #nmin#, acc. #nminem#, abl. #nll#; pl.
not found [#n# + #hom#], m. and f., _no one, nobody_.

#nemus, oris#, n., _a grove_.

#neps, tis#, m., _grandson, descendant_.

#neptis, is#, f., _granddaughter_.

#neque# or #nec# [#n# + #que#], adv. and conj., _and not, but not, nor,
nor yet_; #neque# or #nec ... neque# or #nec#, _neither ... nor_.

#neque, re, v, --# [#n# + #que#, _to be able_], _to be unable_.

#n . . . quidem#, see #n#.

#nesci, re, v (i), --# [#n# + #sci#], _not know, to be ignorant_.

#neuter, tra, trum# [#n# + #uter#], adj., _neither_.

#nex, necis#, f., _death_; _murder, slaughter_.

#n#, conj., _if not, unless_.

#niger, gra, grum#, adj., _black_.

#nihil# or #nl# [#n# + #hlum#, _a trifle_], n. indecl., _nothing_;
acc. often as adv., _in no wise, not at all, not_.

#nihilum, # [older form of #nihil#], n., _nothing_; abl. #nihil#, as
adv., _not at all_; #nihil minus#, _none the less_.

#nihildum# [#nihil# + (1) #dum#], n. indecl., _nothing as yet_.

#Nlus, #, m., _the river Nile_.

#nmrum#, adv., _without doubt, surely, truly, plainly_.

#nimium# [#nimius#], adv., _excessively_.

#nimius#, adj., _beyond measure, excessive, too much, too great_.

#nisi# [#n# + #s#], conj., _if not, unless, except_.

#nite, re, u, --#, _to shine, glitter_; _be conspicuous, flourish_.

  #ex--nite, re, u, --#, _to shine forth_; _be distinguished_.

#ntor, , nsus# or #nxus sum#, _lean_ or _rest upon_; _to exert one's
self, strive_.

#ex--ntor, , nsus# or #nxus sum#, _to strive, struggle_.

#in--inntor, , nsus# or #nxus sum#, _to lean upon, support one's
selfby_.

#n, nre, nv, --#, _to swim_.

#trns--trn, re, v, tus#, _to swim across_.

#nbilis, e# [#nsc#], adj., _known, noted, famous_; _high-born,
noble_.

#nbilits, tis# [#nbilis#], f., _fame, renown_; _high birth_; _the
nobility, nobles_.

#nbilit, re, v, tus# [#nbilis#], _to make known_ or _famous,
glorify, dignify_.

#noceo, re, u, itrus#, _to hurt, injure_.

#noct# [abl. of #*noctus# = #nox#], adv., _by night_.

#noctua, ae# [#nox#], f., _night-owl, owl_.

#nocturnus# [#nox#], adj., _of_ or _by night, nocturnal_.

#Nla, ae#, f., a town of Campania.

#nl, nlle, nlu, --# [#nn# + (1) #vol#], _to be unwilling, not
wish_.

#nmen, inis# [#nsc#], n., _a name_, esp. the gentile name; #nmina
dare# or #profitr#, _to volunteer_.

#nmin, re, v, tus# [#nmen#], _to name, designate_.

#nn# [#n# + #oenum# = #num#], adv., _not, not at all_.

#nngint#, indecl. num. adj., _ninety_.

#nndum# [#nn# + (1) #dum#], adv., _not yet_.

#nnnllus# [#nn# + #nllus#], adj., _some, several_.

#nnnumquam# [#nn# + #numquam#], adv., _sometimes, at times_.

#nsc, ere, nv, ntus#, _to come to know, become acquainted with_; in
perf., plup.; and fut. perf., _to know_.

  #ad--gnsc, ere, gnv, gnitus#, _to recognize_.

  #con--cgnsc, ere, cognv, cgnitus#, _to learn, perceive,
  understand_.

  #in--gnsc, ere, gnv, gntus#, _to overlook, pardon, forgive_.

#nota, ae# [cf. #nsc#], f., _a mark, sign_.

#ntus# [orig. part. of #nsc#], adj., _well-known, familiar_.

#novcula, ae#, f., _a razor_.

#novem#, indecl. num. adj., _nine_.

#novus#, adj., _new, fresh, young, recent_.

#nox, noctis#, f., _night_.

#nbs, is#, f., _a cloud_.

#nb, ere, nps, nptum#, _to veil one's self, be married, wed_.

#nd, re, v, tus# [#ndus#], _to strip, bare_.

#ndus#, adj., _naked, lightly clad_.

#nllus#, gen. #nllus#, dat. #nll# [#n# + #llus#], adj., _none,
no_; as noun, _no one_.

#num#, interrog. particle, used (1) in direct questions expecting a
negative answer, _not so ... is it?_ (2)in indir. questions,
_whether,if_.

#Numa, ae#, m., see #Pompilius#.

#numer, re, v, tus# [#numerus#], _to count out_ (money), _pay_.

#numerus, #, m., _number, quantity_.

#Numida, ae#, m., _a Numidian_.

#Numidia, ae#, f., a country of Northern Africa, west of Carthage; now
Algiers.

#Numidicus#, adj., _Numidian_.

#Numitor, ris#, m., king of Alba Longa, grandfather of Romulus.

#nummus, #, m., _a piece of money, coin_, esp. the #sstertius#. See
#sstertius#.

#numquam# [#n# + #umquam#, _ever_], adv., _never_.

#nunc#, adv., _at the present moment, now_.

#nnti, re, v, tus# [#nntius#], _to announce, inform, report_;
_bid, urge, direct_.

  #d--dnnti, re, v, tus#, _to announce, declare, proclaim_.

  #pr--prnnti, re, v, tus#, _to announce, declare_.

  #re--rennti, re, v, tus#, _to send_ or _bring back word,
  report, announce_; with dat., _to refuse, decline_.

#nntius, #, m., _a messenger_; _message tidings_.

#*nu, nuere#, _to nod_.

  #ab--abnu, ere, , --#, _to refuse_.

  #ad--adnu, ere, , --#, _to nod assent to, agree to_; _agree,
  promise_.

  #in--innu, ere, , --#, _to signal by a nod, hint, intimate_.

  #re--renu, ere, , --#, _to nod refusal, refuse_.

#nper#, adv., _lately, recently_.

#nurus, s#, f., _a daughter-in-law_.

#nsquam# [#n# + #squam#], adv., _nowhere, in no place_.

#nt, re, v, tum# [freq. of #*nu#], _to nod_; of an army, _to
waver, be ready to give way_.

#ntrx, cis# [#ntri#, _to nourish_], f., _a nurse_.


#O#

#ob#, prep. with acc., _to, towards_; _for, on account of, by reason
of_; in composition, _towards, against, at, before_.

#obe#, see (1) #e#.

#obici#, see #iaci#.

#obirg, re, v, tus#, _to berate, scold_.

#oblin, ere, lv, litus# [#ob# + #lin#, _to smear_], _to daub, smear,
defile_.

#oblitus#, see #oblin#.

#obltus#, see #oblvscor#.

#oblvi, nis# [cf. #oblvscor#], f., _forgetfulness_.

#oblvscor, , obltus sum#, _to forget_.

#obnoxius# [#ob# + #noxa#, _harm_], adj., _liable to punishment_;
_liable, exposed_.

#obru#, see #ru#.

#obsequor#, see #sequor#.

#obses, idis#, m., _a hostage, surety_.

#obside#, see #sede#.

#obsidi, nis# [#obside#], f., _a siege_.

#obsist#, see #sist#.

#obstrep, ere, u, --# [#ob# + #strep#, _to make a noise_], _to rail
at, roarat_.

#obstupsc, ere, stupu, --#, _to become amazed, be struck dumb_.

#obtine#, see #tene#.

#obting#, see #tang#.

#obtrcttor, ris# [#obtrct#, _to under-rate_], m., _detractor,
traducer_.

#obtrunc, re, --, tus# [#ob# + #trunc#, _to maim_; cf. #truncus#],
_to lop off_; _kill, slay_.

#obveni#, see #veni#.

#obviam# [#ob# + #via#], adv., _across one's path, in the way, towards_;
#obviam re, prgred# or #venre#, _to go to meet_; #obviam esse# or
#fier#, _to meet_.

#obvius# [#ob# + #via#], adj., _in the way, meeting_; with #esse,
fier#, or #venre#, _to meet_.

#obvolv, ere, , voltus# [#ob# + #volv#, _to roll_], _to wrap round,
envelop, cover_.

#occsi, nis# [#occid#], f., _fitting time, opportunity, chance_.

#occsus, s# [#occid#], m., _downfall_.

#occid#, see #cad#.

#occd#, see #caed#.

#occumb#, see #*cumb#.

#occup, re, v, tus# [#ob# + #capi#], _to take possession of,
seize_; _attack_.

#occurr#, see #curr#.

#Octvia, ae#, f., _sister of Octavianus_.

#Octvinus, #, m., see #Augustus# and #Caesar#.

#oct#, indecl. num. adj., _eight_.

#octgint#, indecl. num. adj., _eighty_.

#oculus, #, m., _the eye_.

#odium, #, n., _hatred, grudge, aversion_.

#odor, ris#, m., _smell, perfume_.

#offend#, see #*fend#.

#offnsus# [orig. part. of #offend#], adj., _vexed, displeased,
offended_.

#offer#, see #fer#.

#officisus# [#officium#], adj., _courteous, obliging_.

#officium, # [#opus# + #faci#], n., _service, kindness, favor_; _duty,
office_.

#lim# [#ole#, old form of #ille#], adv., _formerly_.

#omitt#, see #mitt#.

#omnn# [#omnis#], adv., _in all, altogether_.

#omnis, e#, adj., _each, every, all, the whole_; #omns ad num#, _all
to a man_.

#opera, ae# [#opus#], f., _work, labor, pains, aid_; #operam dare#, _to
devote pains to_; #operam nvre#, see #nv#.

#opifex, ficis# [#opus# + #faci#], m., _workman, artisan_.

#Opmius, #, m., _Lcius_, consul 121 B.C., and opponent of
C.Gracchus.

#opni, nis# [#opnor#, _to think_], f., _opinion, fancy, belief_.

#oportet, re, uit#, impers., _it is necessary_ or _proper, it befits_.

#oppidum, #, n., _a walled town, city_.

#opple#, see #*ple#.

#oppn#, see #pn#.

#opportnus#, adj., _fit, suitable, convenient_.

#opprim#, see #prem#.

#oppgnti, nis# [#oppgn#], f., _assault, attack, siege, storming_.

#oppgn#, see #pgn#.

#(ops), ops#, f., _aid, help_; in pl., _power, influence_; _means,
wealth_.

#optimts, um# or #ium# [#optimus#], pl. m., _the aristocrats, the
nobles_.

#optimus#, see #bonus#.

#opti, nis# [#opt#], f., _choice, option_.

#opt, re, v, tus#, _to choose, select_; _wish_ or _pray for,
desire_.

  #ad--adopt, re, v, tus#, _to take to one's self by choice,
  adopt_.

#opulentus# [#ops#], adj., _rich, wealthy_.

#opus, eris#, n., _work, labor_; _need, necessity_; #opus est# with
abl., _there is need of_; #mgn opere#, _greatly_; #tant opere#, _so
greatly_.

#rculum, # [#r#], n., _an oracle_; _a prophecy_.

#rti, nis# [#r#], f., _a speech, oration, discourse_.

#rtor, ris# [#r#], m., _speaker, pleader, ambassador_.

#orbis, is#, m., _ring, circle, orbit_; #orbis terrrum# (or#orbis#
alone), _the world_.

#orbus#, adj., _bereft_ (of parents or children), _parentless,
childless_. As noun, #orbus, #, m., _an orphan_.

#rdin, re, v, tus# [#rd#], _to set in order, arrange, adjust,
regulate_.

#rdior, r, rsus sum#, _to begin_.

#rd, inis#, f., _row, series, arrangement, order_; _bank_ or _tier of
oars_; _class, rank_.

#orins, entis# [part. of #orior#], m. (sc. #sl#), _the rising sun_;
_the East, Orient_.

#orior, r, tus sum#, _to arise, begin_; _to spring from, be descended
from_.

  #con--coorior, r, tus sum#, _to arise_.

  #ex--exorior, r, tus sum#, _to arise, rise, begin_.

#oriundus# [#orior#], adj., _descended, sprung from_.

#rnmentum, # [#rn#], n., _preparation_; _decoration, ornament,
jewel_.

#rntus# [#rn#], adj., _fitted out, equipped_; of men,
_distinguished, illustrious_.

#rntus, s# [#rn#], m., _dress, fine attire_; _decoration,
ornament_.

#rn, re, v, tus#, _to fit out, equip_; _adorn, decorate,
beautify_.

  #ad--adrn, re, v, tus#, _to equip, provide_; _adorn,
  beautify_.

  #sub--subrn, re, v, tus#, _to incite secretly, bribe_.

#r, re, v, tus#, _to speak, plead, treat_; _entreat, beseech,
pray_.

  #ad--adr, re, v, tus#, _to supplicate_; _worship, reverence_.

  #per--perr, re, v, tus#, _to speak, plead_.

#s, ris#, n., _mouth, face_.

#sculor, r, tus sum# [#sculum#, _a kiss_], _to kiss_.

  #d--desculor, r, tus sum#, _to kiss_.

#ostend#, see #tend#.

#ostent, re, v, tus# [freq. of #ostend#], _to show, exhibit_.

#stia, ae# [#s#], f., _Ostia_, a town at the Tiber's mouth, the
sea-port of Rome.

#tis# [#tisus#], adv., _leisurely, idly_.

#tisus# [#tium#], adj., _at leisure, idle_; _in retirement_ (_i.e._,
not in office).

#tium, #, n., _leisure, ease, idleness_.

#ov, re, --, --#, _to exult, rejoice_.


#P#

#P.#, abbreviation of the name _Pblius_.

#pctus# [#pc#, _to subdue_], adj., _pacified, subdued, at peace_.

#pacscor, , pactus sum#, _to agree together, bargain, stipulate_.

#paene#, adv., _almost, nearly_.

#paenitet, re, uit, --#, impers., _it grieves, it repents_.

#palam#, adv., _openly, publicly_.

#Paltium, #, n., _the Palatine Hill_. Since Augustus had his palace
there, #paltium# came to mean _palace_.

#plor, r, tus sum#, _to roam abroad, scatter, straggle_.

#palpebrae, rum#, pl. f., _the eyelids_.

#paldmentum, #, n., _a military cloak, cloak_.

#plus, #, m., _a stake, post_.

#pals, dis#, f., _swamp, marsh, pool_.

#pand, ere, , passus#, _to spread out, unfold_.

#papver, eris#, n., _poppy_.

#pr, paris#, adj., _equal, like, similar_; _well-matched_. As noun, _an
equal, mate_.

#parbilis, e# [#par#], adj., _easily obtainable, readily procured_.

#parc, ere, peperc#, and #pars, --#, _to spare_.

#parcus# [#parc#], adj., _sparing, frugal, temperate_.

#parns, entis# [part. of #pari#], m. and f., _a parent, afather_ or
_mother_.

#pre, re, u, --#, _to appear_ (esp. in answer to a command), _obey_.

  #ad--appre, re, u, --#, _to become visible, appear_; _be plain_
  or _evident_.

#pari, ere, peper, partus#, _to give birth to, bring forth, produce_;
_acquire, obtain, procure_.

#ab--aperi, re, u, tus#, _to uncover, bare_; _open, disclose_.

  #ad# + #op--adoperi, re, u, tus#, _to cover, veil_.

  #con--comperi, re, , tus#, _to find out, learn_.

  #re--reperi, re, repper, repertus#, _to find_ (again), _meet
  with, discover_.

#pariter# [#pr#], adv., _equally, alike_; _likewise_.

#par, re, v, tus#, _to make ready, prepare_; _resolve, plan_; _get,
acquire_.

  #con--compar, re, v, tus#, _to prepare, make ready_; _obtain,
  procure_.

#parricdium, # [#pater# + #caed#], n., _murder of a father,
parricide_.

#pars, partis#, f., _a part, portion_; _direction_; _a side, faction,
political party_ (both sing. andpl.); _a character, role_ (esp.
inpl.).

#Parth, rum#, pl. m., _the Parthians_, a people in Asia, southeast of
the Caspian Sea. In the second century B.C. they overran the country to
the east of the Euphrates. They were brave warriors and skillful
archers, and successfully resisted the Roman power.

#partim# [#pars#], adv., _partly_.

#partior, r, tus sum# [#pars#], _to distribute, divide_.

#partus, s# [#pari#], m., _a bringing forth, delivery, birth_.

#parum#, adv., _too little, not enough_; comp. #minus#, _less, by no
means, not_; sup. #minim#, _least of all, by no means, not at all_. As
noun, #parum#, indecl. n., _too little, not enough_.

#parvulus# [dim. of #parvus#], adj., _very small, tiny_. As noun,
#parvulus, #, m., _a small child, infant_.

#parvus#, adj., _little, small_; comp. #minor#, _smaller, less_;
_younger_ (sc.#nt#); sup. #minimus#, _smallest, least_.

#psc, ere, pv, pstus#, _to feed_; of animals, _to graze, browse_
(esp. in pass. and supine).

#passim# [#passus#, part. of #pand#], adv., _in every direction,
everywhere_.

#pstor, ris# [#psc#], m., _herdsman, shepherd_.

#patefaci# [#pate# + #faci#], _to lay open, disclose, bring to
light_.

#pate, re, u, --#, _to be open_.

#pater, patris#, m., _father_; pl., #patrs# or #patrs cnscrpt#,
_the senators_. See #cnscrptus#.

#paternus# [#pater#], adj., _of a father, fatherly, father's_.

#patins, entis# [#patior#], adj., _able to endure, long suffering,
patient_.

#patior, , passus sum#, _to suffer, bear, endure_; _experience_;
_allow, permit_.

#patria, ae# [#pater#], f., _fatherland, native land_.

#patricius# [#pater#], adj., _of fatherly dignity, patrician, noble_. As
noun, #patrici, rum#, pl. m., _the nobles, patricians_, the
descendants of the orig. settlers of Rome.

#patrimnium, # [#pater#], n., _inheritance, patrimony, property_.

#patrius# [#pater#], adj., _of a father, father's_.

#patr, re, v, tus#, _to carry out, perform, execute_.

#patrnus, # [#pater#], m., _defender, patron_; _pleader, advocate,
lawyer_.

#paucus#, adj., _few, little_ (chiefly in pl.).

#paultim# [#paulum#], adv., _little by little, by degrees, gradually_.

#paul# and #paulum# [#paulus#, _little_], adv., _by a little,
somewhat_.

#Paulus, #, m., _L. Aemilius_, a famous general, consul in 219 and 216
B.C.In the latter year he fell at Cannae, and was hence regarded as a
national hero.

#pauper, eris#, adj., _poor_; _scanty, small_.

#pauperculus# [dim. of #pauper#], adj., _quite poor_.

#pavidus# [#pave#, _to be afraid_], adj., _trembling, fearful,
frightened_.

#pavor, ris# [#pave#, _to be afraid_], m., _terror, fear, dread_.

#px, pcis#, f., _peace_; _treaty_.

#pecctum, # [#pecc#], n., _an error, fault, sin_.

#pecc, re, v, tum#, _to do wrong, act amiss, err, sin_.

#pectus, oris#, n., _breast, bosom, heart_.

#pecnia, ae# [#pecus#], f., _money, property_.

#pecus, oris#, n., _cattle, flock, herd_.

#pedes, itis# [#ps#], m., _a foot-soldier_; collectively,
_foot-soldiers, infantry_.

#pell, ere, pepul, pulsus#, _to drive out_ or _away, expel_; _defeat,
rout_.

  #ad--#(1)#appell, ere, pul, pulsus#, _to drive towards, steer
  for, direct_.

  #ad--#(2) #appell, re, v, tus#, _to call_ (byname), _address_;
  _appeal to, call upon_; _name, term, mention_.

  #con--#(1) #compell, ere, pul, pulsus#, _to drive together_;
  _force, compel_.

  #con--#(2) #compell, re, v, tus#, _to address_.

  #d--dpell, ere, pul, pulsus#, _to drive out_ or _away, expel,
  dislodge_.

  #ex--expell, ere, pul, pulsus#, _to drive out, expel, banish_.

  #per--perpell, ere, pul, pulsus#, _to drive, force, induce_.

  #pr--prpell, ere, pul, pulsus#, _to drive forward_ or _away_;
  _incite_.

  #re--repell, ere, reppul, repulsus#, _to drive back, shake off,
  repulse, reject_.

#pende, re, pepend, --#, _to hang, be suspended_; _hang one's self_.

#pend, ere, pepend, pnsus#, _to weigh, pay_.

  #ex--expend, ere, , pnsus#, _to weigh_ or _pay out_.

  #re--repend, ere, , pnsus#, _to pay for, purchase_; used esp. of
  buying a thing with its weight in money.

#penitus#, adv., _inwardly, within_; _deeply, completely_.

#per#, prep. with acc.; used (1) of place, _through, across, over,
throughout_; (2)of time, _through, during_; (3)of means or agency, _by
means of, by the agency of, through_; (4)often in adv. phrases, #per
iocum#, _jokingly_, #per tium#, _quietly_, #per intervlla#, _at
intervals_; in composition, _thoroughly, very_.

#perag#, see #ag#.

#peragr, re, v, tus# [#per# + #ager#], _to wander through, roam
over, traverse, scour_.

#peramoenus# [#per# + #amoenus#, _lovely_], adj., _very lovely,
charming_.

#percell, ere, cul, culsus#, _to smite, strike_; _overturn, upset_;
_dishearten, discourage_.

#percie, cire, cv, citus# [#per# + #cie#, _to stir up_], _to arouse
thoroughly, excite_.

#percitus#, see #percie#.

#percontor, r, tus sum#, _to ask, question_.

#percussor, ris# [#percuti#], m., _murderer, assassin_.

#percuti#, see #quati#.

#perd#, see #d#.

#perdc#, see #dc#.

#peregrnus# [#per# + #ager#], adj., _from foreign parts, foreign_.

#perendi#, adv., _on the day after tomorrow_.

#perennis, e# [#per# + #annus#], adj., _perennial_; _perpetual,
never-failing_.

#pere#, see (1) #e#.

#perfer#, see #fer#.

#perfici#, see #faci#.

#perfidia, ae# [#perfidus#], f., _treachery_.

#perfidus#, adj., _faithless, treacherous_.

#perfor, re, v, tus# [#per# + #for#, _to bore_], _to bore through,
pierce_.

#perfruor#, see #fruor#.

#perfuga, ae# [#perfugi#], m., _a fugitive, deserter, refugee_.

#perfugi#, see #fugi#.

#perg#, see #reg#.

#perclitor, ri, tus sum# [#perculum#], _to try, test_; intrans., _to
be in danger, incur risk_.

#perculsus# [#perculum#], adj., _perilous, dangerous_.

#perculum, #, n., _trial_; _danger, peril_.

#pertus#, adj., _experienced, skilled, expert_. As noun, #pertus, #,
m., _an expert_.

#perlici#, see #*laci#.

#permitt#, see #mitt#.

#permove#, see #move#.

#permultus# [#per# + #multus#], adj., _very much, very many_. As noun,
#permultum, #, n., _a great deal_; #permult, rum#, pl. m., _very
many_ (persons).

#permt#, see #mt#.

#pernicis, #, f., _destruction, ruin, overthrow_.

#pernicisus# [#pernicis#], adj., _dangerous, destructive_.

#perr#, see #r#.

#perpell#, see #pell#.

#perpetu# [abl. of #perpetuus#], adv., _continually, forever_.

#perpetuus#, adj., _continuous, uninterrupted_; #in perpetuum#,
_forever_.

#perrump#, see #rump#.

#persaepe# [#per# + #saepe#], adv., _very often_.

#perscrb#, see #scrb#.

#persequor#, see #sequor#.

#perstring#, see #string#.

#persude#, see #sude#.

#pertaesus# [orig. part. of #pertaedet#, _it wearies, disgusts_], adj.,
_disgusted with, sickof_.

#pertinciter# [#pertinx#, _persistent_], adv., _persistently,
stubbornly_.

#pertine#, see #tene#.

#pertrah#, see #trah#.

#perturb, re, v, tus# [#per# + #turb#, _to disturb_], _to confuse,
disturb, upset_.

#perveni#, see #veni#.

#ps, pedis#, m., _the foot_; _a foot_ (in measurements).

#pessimus#, see #malus#.

#pstifer, fera, ferum# [#pstis# + #fer#], adj., _baneful,
destructive_.

#pstilns, entis# [#pstis#], adj., _baneful_.

#pstilentia, ae# [#pstilns#], f., _pest, plague, disease_.

#pstis, is#, f., _plague, pest_; _curse, bane_.

#petti, nis# [#pet#], f., _candidacy_.

#pet, ere, v (i), tus#, _to strive for, seek_; _beg, ask, request_;
_assail, attack_; intrans., _to be a candidate_.

  #ex--expet, ere, v, tus#, _to seek, desire, crave_.

  #re--repet, ere, v, tus#, _to seek again, try to get back,
  demand back_.

#phalerae, rum#, pl. f., _a metal breastplate_ (esp. for horses),
_trappings_.

#Pharnacs, is#, m., _a son of Mithridates_.

#Pharslicus#, adj., _of_ or _at Pharsalus_.

#Pharslus, #, f., a city in Thessaly, near which Caesar defeated
Pompey, 48 B.C.

#Philipp, rum#, pl. m., a city in Macedonia, near which Brutus and
Cassius were defeated by Octavianus and Antony, B.C.42.

#philosophia, ae#, f., _philosophy_.

#philosophus, #, m., _a philosopher_.

#Philus, #, m., see #Frius#.

#piets, tis# [#pius#, _dutiful_], f., _conscientiousness, dutiful
conduct, devotion, piety_; _filial affection, loyalty_.

#piget, re, uit# and #itum est#, impers., _it pains, grieves,
disgusts_.

#pgnus, oris#, n., _pledge, security_; _assurance, proof_.

#pilleus, #, m., _a_ (close-fitting) _cap_.

#pinguis, e#, adj., _fat, sleek_.

#prta, ae#, m., _a sea-robber, pirate_.

#prticus# [#prta#], adj., _of_ or _with_ (against) _the pirates_.

#piscna, ae# [#piscis#], f., _a fish-pond_.

#piscis, is#, m., _a fish_.

#Ps, nis#, m., a cognomen in the Calpurnian gens.

  1. _Cn._ (_Calpurnius_) _Ps_, mentioned in XIII, 64, as a type of
  excessive rigor and severity.

  2. _L. Calpurnius Ps Frg_, consul 133 B.C.; opponent of
  C.Gracchus in 121; author of a historical work called _Annls_.

#Placentia, ae#, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po.

#place, re, u, --#, _to please, be agreeable to_; _seem best to_;
impers., #placet, uit# or #placitum est#, with dat., _to be
resolvedby_.

  #dis--displice, re, u, --#, _to displease_.

#placid# [#placidus#, _calm_], adv., _calmly, quietly_.

#plc, re, v, tus#, _to soothe, appease_; _conciliate, reconcile_.

#plga, ae#, f., _a stroke, blow_.

#Plancus, #, m., _C. Pltius Plancus_, proscribed by the Second
Triumvirate.

#plaustrum, #, n., _a wagon, cart_.

#plausus, s# [#plaud#, _to clap the hands_] m., _applause,
acclamations_.

#plbius# [#plbs#], adj., _plebeian_. As noun, #plb, rum#, pl. m.,
_the plebeians_. See #plbs#.

#plbs, plbis#, f., _the common people, rabble_; _the plebeians_, or
the population that grew up round the patricians (see #patricius#) from
such causes as the settlement of foreigners in Rome, or the emancipation
of slaves.

#plect, ere, --, --#, _to beat, punish_ (usually in pass.).

#plnus# [cf. #*ple#], adj., _full, full of_.

#*ple, plre, plv, pltus#, _to fill_.

  #com--comple, re, v, tus#, _to fill_ (tothe brim): _complete_.

  #ex--exple, re, v, tus#, _to fill up, fill_.

  #in--imple, re, v, tus#, _to fill up_.

  #ob--opple, re, v, tus#, _to fill_; _cover_.

  #re--reple, re, v, tus#, _to fill again, refill, fillup_.

#plrque, aeque, aque#, adj., _very many, most_.

#Plnius, #, m., _C. Plnius Secundus_, commonly known as _Pliny the
Elder_, A.D. 23-79. He wrote a sort of encyclopaedia called _Historia
Ntrlis_.

#Pltius, #, m., see #Plancus#.

#plumbeus# [#plumbum#], adj., _leaden_.

#plumbum, #, n., _lead_.

#plrimus#, see #multus#.

#pls, plris#, adj., see #multus#.

#poena, ae#, f., _compensation, punishment, penalty_.

#Poen, rum#, pl. m., _the Phoenicians, Carthaginians_ (see
#Carthg#).

#pota, ae#, m., _a poet_.

#Plli, nis#, m., _Vedius Plli_, punished by Augustus for cruelty to
a slave.

#Pompinus#, adj., _Pompey's, Pompeian_.

#Pompius, #, m., _Cn. Pompius_, surnamed _Mgnus_; born B.C. 106, he
was consul in 70, having fought Sertorius in Spain, 76-71; defeated the
pirates in 67, Mithridates in 66, and formed the First Triumvirate with
Caesar and Crassus in 60. He was defeated by Caesar in 48 at Pharsalus
in Thessaly, and soon after murdered.

#Pompilius, #, m., #Numa Pompilius#, second king of Rome.

#Pompnius, #, m., _M. Pompnius_, tribune of the people in 362 B.C.

#Pomptnus#, adj., _Pomptine_; #palds Pomptnae#, _the Pomptine
Marshes_ in Latium, southeast of Rome.

#pondus, eris# [#pend#,], n., _weight_.

#pn, ere, posu, positus#, _to put down, place, set, deposit_; _serve_
(atmeals); _spend_; _set up, build_; #castra pnere#, _to pitch a
camp_; #rudmentum pnere#, _to lay aside_ (i.e. get through) _the first
steps, to learn_.

  #ad--appn, ere, posu, positus#, _to set before, serve_
  (attable).

  #con--compn, ere, posu, positus#, _to arrange, settle_;
  _conclude, finish_.

  #d--dpn, ere, posu, positus#, _to lay down_ or _aside, put
  down_; _stop_; _arrange, establish_.

  #dis--dispn, ere, posu, positus#, _to arrange, array, dispose_.

  #ex--expn, ere, posu, positus#, _to set_ or _put forth_; _land,
  disembark_; _expose, abandon_; _relate, explain_.

  #in--impn, ere, posu, positus#, _to place_ or _put upon_ or _in_;
  #lgs impnere#, _to dictate terms_.

  #ob--oppn, ere, posu, positus#, _to put in the way, set against,
  oppose_.

  #prae--praepn, ere, posu, positus#, _to set over, put in
  chargeof_.

  #pr--prpn, ere, posu, positus#, _to put_ or _set forth_;
  _exposeto view, submit_; _propose, offer_; _resolve, determine_.

  #re--repn, ere, posu, positus#, _to put back, replace, restore_.

#pns, pontis#, m., _a bridge_.

#ponticulus, # [dim. of #pns#], m., _a little bridge_.

#Ponticus#, adj., _pertaining to Pontus, Pontic_.

#Pontus, #, m., _Pontus_, a country in Asia Minor, south of the Black
Sea.

#populris, is# [#populus#], m., _a fellow-countryman_.

#populor, r, tus sum#, _to lay waste, ravage, plunder_.

#populus, #, m., _a people, nation_; collectively, _the people, the
citizens_.

#Porcia, ae#, f., a daughter of Cato Uticensis (see #Cat#), and wife of
M.Brutus.

#porrig#, see #reg#.

#Porsena, ae#, m., _Porsena_, a king of Clusium in Etruria.

#porta, ae#, f., _a city gate, gate_.

#portend#, see #tend#.

#porticus, s# [#porta#], f., _a colonnade, arcade, portico_.

#port, re, v, tus#, _to bear, carry, bring_.

  #re--report, re, v, tus#, _to bring back_; _carry off or away_.

#portrium, # [#portus#], n., _a tax, duty, tariff_.

#portus, s#, m., _a harbor, haven_.

#psc, ere, popsc, --#, _to ask, demand_.

  #d--dpsc, ere, popsc, --#, _to demand urgently, claim_.

  #ex--expsc, ere, popsc, --#, _to demand, claim_.

  #re--repsc, ere, --, --#, _to demand_ (back), _claim_.

#Posdnius, #, m., a Stoic philosopher, contemporary with Cicero and
Pompey.

#possum, posse, potu, --# [#potis#, _able_ + #sum#], _to be able, can_;
_have influence, be strong_.

#post#, (1) adv., _after, later, afterwards_; (2) prep, with acc.,
_after, behind_.

#poste# [#post# + #is#], adv., _afterwards_.

#posterus# [#post#], adj., _following, next_; comp. #posterior, us#,
gen. #ris#, _later_; sup. #postrmus#, _last, lowest_; #in posterum#,
_for the future_; #ad postrmum#, _finally_; #postrm#, _at last,
finally_. As noun, #poster, rum#, pl. m., _descendants, posterity_.

#posthabe#, see #habe#.

#posthc# [#post# + #hc#], adv., _hereafter, thereafter, in the
future_.

#postcum, # [#postcus#, _in the rear_], n., _a back door_.

#postis, is#, m., _a door-post, post_.

#postquam# or #post . . . quam# [#post# + #quam#], conj., _after, when_.

#postrm#, see #posterus#.

#postrmus#, see #posterus#.

#postrdi# [#posterus# + #dis#], adv., _on the following day, next
day_.

#pstultum, # [#pstul#], n., _a demand, request_.

#pstul, re, v, tus#, _to request, demand_.

#potns, entis# [orig. part. of #possum#], adj., _able, mighty,
influential_.

#potenttus, s# [#potns#], m., _power, authority, dominion_.

#potentia, ae# [#potns#], f., _power, might_.

#potests, tis# [#potis#, _able_], f., _might, power_ (esp. that of a
magistrate); _dominion, rule_; _opportunity_.

#potior, r, tus sum#, _to become master of, obtain, acquire, get_.

#prae#, prep, with abl., _before, in front of_; _in comparison with_; in
composition, _before, very_.

#praeactus# [#prae# + #actus#, _sharp_], adj., _sharp at the end,
pointed_.

#praebe#, see #habe#.

#praecd#, see #cd#.

#praeceptor, ris# [#praecipi#], m., _teacher_.

#praeceptum, # [#praecipi#], n., _teaching, maxim, rule_; _command,
order_.

#praecd#, see #caed#.

#praecin#, see #can#.

#praecipi#, see #capi#.

#praecipu# [#praecipuus#, _special_], adv., _chiefly, principally,
especially_.

#praeclr# [#praeclrus#], adv., _gloriously, excellently_.

#praeclrus# [#prae# + #clrus#], adj., _very bright_ or _brilliant,
excellent, distinguished_.

#praec, nis#, m., _a crier, herald_.

#praeda, ae#, f., _booty, spoil, plunder_.

#praedicti, nis# [#praedic#], f., _a public proclamation,
statement_.

#praedic#, see #dic#.

#praedc#, see #dc#.

#praed, nis# [#praeda#], m., _one that makes_ (gains) _booty, robber_.

#praefectus, # [#praefici#, _to place in command_], m., _a leader,
commander_.

#praefer#, see #fer#.

#praeferx, cis# [#prae# + #ferx#], adj., _insolent, full of
confidence_.

#praefor, fr, ftus sum# [#prae# + #for#, _to speak_], _to say by way
of preface_.

#praelce, re, lx, --# [#prae# + #lce#, _to shine_], _to shine
before, light the way before_.

#praemium, # [#prae# + #em#], n., _reward, prize_.

#praepn#, see #pn#.

#praeripi#, see #rapi#.

#praesns, entis# [orig. part. of #praesum#], adj., _present, at hand_;
_face to face_.

#praesidium, # [#praeside#, _to defend_], n., _help, aid, defense_;
_defensive force, garrison_; _fort, post, station_.

#praest#, see #st#.

#praesum#, see #sum#.

#praeter#, prep, with acc., _past, beyond_; _contrary to, against_;
_besides, except_; in composition, _past, beyond_.

#praetere# [#praeter# + #is#], adv., _in addition to this, besides,
moreover_.

#praetere#, see (1) #e#.

#praeteritus# [orig. part. of #praetere#], adj., _past_.

#praetextus# [orig. part. of #praetex#, _to edge, border_], adj.,
_bordered, edged_. As noun, #praetexta, ae# (sc.#toga#), f., _the toga
praetexta_, or white toga with purple border, worn by magistrates and by
free-born children till the sixteenth or seventeenth year, when they
became of age and assumed the _toga virlis_, which was wholly white.

#praetor, ris# [orig. #praeitor#, from #prae# + (1)#e#], m., _a
leader, commander_; among the Romans, _a praetor_ or magistrate, whose
especial business was the administration of justice. After Sulla's time
eight or more were elected annually. The praetors often served in
command of armies, esp. in the provinces, and after acting as judges in
Rome, were regularly assigned to duty in the provinces with the title of
_prpraetor_.

#praetrius# [#praetor#], adj., _of_ or _belonging to the general, the
general's_; _praetorian_. As noun, #praetrius, #, m., _a man of
praetorian rank, an ex-praetor_.

#praeveni#, see #veni#.

#prandium, #, n., _lunch_.

#prtum, #, n., _a field, meadow_.

#prvus#, adj., _crooked, wrong_; _perverse, wicked_.

#precor, r, tus sum# [#prex#], _to ask, beg, beseech_.

  #d--dprecor, r, tus sum#, _to plead against, plead, avert by
  prayer_; _decline_.

#prehend, ere, , prehnsus#, _to grasp, seize, catch_.

  #ad--apprehend, ere, , hnsus#, _to lay hold of, seize, grasp_.

  #con--comprehend, ere, , hnsus#, _to seize, catch, arrest_;
  _understand_.

  #d--dprehend, ere, , hnsus#, _to seize, catch_; _surprise,
  detect, discover_.

  #re--reprehend, ere, , hnsus#, _to hold back, check_; _blame,
  criticise, reprove_.

#prem, ere, press, pressus#, _to press_; _press hard, crush_.

#con--comprim, ere, press, pressus#, _to restrain, check, crush_.

#ex--exprim, ere, press, pressus#, _to press_ or _force out_; _utter,
express_.

#ob--opprim, ere, press, pressus#, _to crush utterly, overpower,
overwhelm, master_.

#re--reprim, ere, press, pressus#, _to press_ or _keep back, check,
restrain_.

#pretisus# [#pretium#], adj., _of great value, costly, precious_.

#pretium, #, n., _money value, price_; _money_; _recompense, reward_;
#operae pretium est#, _it is worth while_.

#prex, precis#, f., _a prayer, entreaty_ (chiefly inpl.).

#prdem#, adv., _long since, long ago_.

#prdi# [#pri(or)# + #di#], adv., _the day before_.

#prm#, see #prior#.

#prmrs, um# [#prmus#], pl. m., _first men, chiefs, nobles_.

#prmum#, see #prior#.

#prmus#, see #prior#.

#prnceps, ipis# [#prmus# + #capi#], adj., _first, foremost_. As noun,
m., _leading man, chief, leader_.

#prncipium, # [#prnceps#], n., _beginning_.

#prior, us#, gen. #priris#, comp. adj., _foremost, first, prior_; sup.
#prmus#, _first, foremost_; #prm, prmum#, _at first, first_.

#Prscus, #, m., cognomen of _Tarquinius Prscus_, the fifth king of
Rome.

#prius# [neuter of #prior#], adv., _before, sooner, previously, first of
all_.

#priusquam# or #prius . . . quam# [#prius# + #quam#], conj., _earlier
than, before_.

#prvtim# [#prvtus#], adv., _individually_; _by one's self,
privately_.

#prvtus# [#prv#], adj., _personal, private, individual_. As noun,
#prvtus, #, m., _a man in private life, aprivate citizen_.

#prv, re, v, tus#, _to bereave, deprive, rob_.

#pr#, prep. with abl., _in front of, before_; _in behalf of, for_;
_instead of_; _in comparison with, in accordance with_; in composition,
_forth, for_.

#pr#, interj., _O! ah! alas! Heavens!_

#proavus, # [#pr# + #avus#], m., _great-grandfather_.

#prob, re, v, tus# [#probus#, _good_], _to test_ (and find good),
_approve, commend_; _show, prove_.

  #ad--approb, re, v, tus#, _to approve fully, favor_; _show,
  demonstrate_.

  #con--comprob, re, v, tus#, _to approve, sanction_; _confirm_.

#Proca, ae#, m., a king of Alba Longa, father of Numitor and Amulius.

#prcd#, see #cd#.

#procella, ae#, f., _a strong wind_; _storm_.

#prcrits, tis# [#prcrus#, _tall_], f., _height, tallness_.

#prclm#, see #clm#.

#prcnsul, is# [#pr#, _in place of_ + #cnsul#], m., _a proconsul,
governor of a province_. See #cnsul# (end).

#procul#, adv., _in the distance, afar_; with abl., _far from_.

#Proculus, #, m., a Roman senator who claimed that Romulus appeared to
him after his death.

#prcumb#, see #*cumb#.

#prcr#, see #cr#.

#prdigium, #, n., _an omen, portent_; _strange being, prodigy,
monster_.

#prditi, nis# [#prd#], f., _treason_.

#prditor, ris# [#prd#], m., _a traitor_.

#prd#, see #d#.

#proelior, r, tus sum# [#proelium#], _to fight, wage war_.

#proelium, #, n., _a battle, combat_.

#profect# [#pr# + #factum#], adv., _indeed, in truth, certainly, to be
sure_.

#prfer#, see #fer#.

#proficscor, , profectus sum#, _to set out, proceed_; _depart_.

#profiteor#, see #fateor#.

#prflg#, see #*flg#.

#profugi#, see #fugi#.

#profugus, # [#profugi#], m., _a fugitive, exile_.

#profund#, see #fund#.

#profsus# [orig. part. of #profund#], adj., _lavish, extravagant,
profuse_.

#prgredior#, see #gradior#.

#prohibe#, see #habe#.

#prici#, see #iaci#.

#proinde# [#pr# + #inde#], adv., _hence, therefore_.

#prlbor#, see #lbor#.

#prmine, re, u, --#, _to project, extend, lean out_.

#prmissus# [orig. part. of #prmitt#], adj., _hanging down, long,
flowing_.

#prmissum, # [#prmitt#], n., _a promise_.

#prmitt#, see #mitt#.

#prmove#, see #move#.

#prmpt# [#prmptus#], adv., _quickly, readily_.

#prmptus# [#prm#, _to put forth_], adj., _visible, at hand_; _ready,
alert, prompt_.

#proneps, tis# [#pr# + #neps#], m., _great-grandson_.

#prnnti#, see #nnti#.

#propg, re, v, tus#, _to propagate, increase, prolong_.

#prope#, adv., _near by_; _nearly, almost_ (esp. with numbers): comp.
#propius#; sup. #proxim#, _nearest, next_.

#prpell#, see #pell#.

#proper, re, v, tum# [#properus#, _quick_], _to speed, hasten_.

#propinquus# [#prope#], adj., _neighboring, near_; as noun, _a
relative_.

#propior# [#prope#], comp. adj., _nearer_; sup. #proximus#, _nearest,
next_; _latest, last_; _next, following_; #in proxim#, _near by_. As
noun, #proxim, rum#, pl. m., _bystanders_.

#prpn#, see #pn#.

#prpositum, # [#prpn#], n., _plan, purpose_.

#propri# [#proprius#], adv., _peculiarly, especially_.

#proprius#, adj., _own, one's own_; with gen. or dat., _peculiar to,
characteristicof_.

#propter#, prep. with acc., _on account of_.

#prripi#, see #rapi#.

#prrog#, see #rog#.

#prscrb#, see #scrb#.

#prscrpti, nis# [#prscrb#], f., _a notice of sale_;
_proscription, confiscation_.

#prsequor#, see #sequor#.

#prsili#, see #sali#.

#prspectus, s# [#prspici#, _to look forward_], m., _view, prospect_.

#prsper# [#prsperus#], adv., _propitiously, successfully_.

#prsperus# [#pr# + #sps#], adj., _according to one's hopes,
favorable_.

#prstern#, see #stern#.

#prsum#, see #sum#.

#prtend#, see #tend#.

#prtinus#, adv., _right on, continuously_; _at once, immediately_.

#prveh#, see #veh#.

#prvincia, ae#, f., _a province_ (i.e. a territory outside of Italy
under Roman government); _sphere of operations_.

#prvoc#, see #voc#.

#proxim#, see #prope#.

#proximus#, see #propior#.

#prdns, entis# [orig. #prvidns#, part. of #prvide#, _to see
ahead_], adj., _fore-seeing, skillful, clever, prudent_.

#prdentia, ae# [#prdns#], f., _foresight, practical wisdom, good
sense_.

#psittacus, #, m., _a parrot_.

#Ptolemaeus, #, m., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after the time
of Alexander the Great.

#pblic# [#pblicus#], adv., _in the name of_ (byorderof) _the state,
publicly, officially_.

#pblic, re, v, tus# [#pblicus#], _to open to the public, make
public_.

#pblicus# [orig. #populicus#: cf. #populus#], adj., _belonging to the
people_ (state), _public_; _official_. As noun, #pblicum, #, n., _the
state treasury_.

#Pblius, #, m., a Roman praenomen.

#pudor, ris#, m., _modesty, shame, hesitancy_.

#puella, ae# [dim. of #puer#], f., _a girl_.

#puer, puer#, m., _a child_; _boy_; _slave_.

#puerlis, e# [#puer#], adj., _boyish, youthful_.

#pueritia, ae# [#puer#], f., _childhood_; _boyhood, youth_ (extending
usually to the 17th year).

#pugi, nis#, m., _a dagger, dirk_.

#pgna, ae#, f., _a combat, fight, battle_.

#pgnx, cis# [#pgna#], adj., _fond of fighting, combative_.

#pgn, re, v, tum#, _to fight_; _oppose, resist_.

  #ex--expgn, re, v, tus#, _to take by storm, capture_;
  _overpower, prevail upon_.

  #in--impgn, re, v, tus#, _to fight against, oppose, attack_.

  #ob--oppgn, re, v, tus#, _to fight against, assault, besiege_.

  #re--repgn, re, v, tus#, _to fight back, oppose, resist_.

#pulcher, chra, chrum#, adj., _beautiful_; _excellent, illustrious_.

#Pulcher, chr#, m., _P. Claudius_, a son of A. Claudius Caecus, consul
249 B.C.

#pullrius, # [#pullus#], m., _keeper of the sacred chickens_.

#pullus, #, m., _a young animal_; _chicken_.

#pulvis, eris#, m., _dust_.

#pung, ere, pupug, punctus#, _to strike, prick, puncture_; _sting,
torment_.

#Pnicus#, adj., _Phoenician, Punic_; _Carthaginian_ (see #Carthg#).

#pni, re, v, tus# [#poena#], _to punish_.

#prg, re, v, tus# [#prus#, _clean_ + #ag#], _to make clean_;
_clear away, excuse_.

#put, re, v, tus#, _to cleanse_ (vines by cutting); _consider,
think, suppose_.

  #am--amput, re, v, tus#, _to cut all round, cut away, lop off_.

  #con--comput, re, v, tus#, _to sum up, reckon, compute_.

  #dis--disput, re, v, tus#, _to weigh, examine_; _discuss_;
  _argue_.

  #re--reput, re, v, tus#, _to think over, reflect on, reflect_.

#Py:rnaeus, # (sc. #mns#), m., _the Pyrenees_.

#Pyrrhus, #, m., a king of Epirus, who allied himself with Tarentum,
and invaded Italy, 280-275 B.C.


#Q#

#Q.#, abbreviation of the name #Quntus#.

#quadrgsimus# [#quadrgint#], num. adj., _fortieth_.

#quadrgint#, indecl. num. adj., _forty_.

#quadrgae, rum#, pl. f., a _four-horse team_.

#quadringent, ae, a# [#quattuor# + #centum#], num. adj., _four
hundred_.

#quaer, ere, quaesv, quaestus#, _to seek_; _ask_; _get, gain_.

  #ad--adqur, ere, qusv, qustus#, _to acquire, get, gain_.

  #con--conqur, ere, qusv, qustus#, _to seek_ or _search fo_;
  _huntup_.

  #re--requr, ere, qusv (i), qustus#, _to seek_ or _search
  for_.

#quaes, ere, v, --#, _to seek_; _beg, pray_.

#quaestor, ris# [orig. #quaestor#; cf. #quaer, quaes#], m.,
_quaestor, quartermaster_, aname given to certain magistrates who had
the care of public monies and military supplies, both at Rome and in the
provinces.

#quaestra, ae# [#quaestor#], f., _the quaestorship_.

#qulis, e#, adj., (1) interrog., _of what kind? what sort of?_
(2)rel., _of such a kind, such as,as_.

#quliscumque, qulecumque#, adj., _of whatsoever kind, of any kind_.

#quam# [(1) #quis#], adv., _how, how much_; after a comp., _than_; with
a sup., _as possible_; #quam prmum#, _as soon as possible_; #quamdi#,
_as long as_; #tam ... quam#, _as ... so, not only ... but also_.

#quamquam#, conj., _although, even if_.

#quamvs# [#quam# + #vs#, from #vol#], adv. and conj., _howevermuch,
although_.

#quandquidem# [#quand#, _since_ + #quidem#], conj., _since indeed_.

#quantus# [#quam#], adj., (1) interr., _how great? how much?_ (2)rel.,
correl. to #tantus#, _as great as,as_.

#quantum#, adv., _how much? how far?_

#qupropter# [(1) #quis# + #propter#], adv.; (1)interr., _why?
wherefore?_ (2)rel., _for which reason, wherefore_.

#qure# [#qu# + #r#], adv., (1) interr., _why?_ (2)rel., _for which
reason, wherefore, therefore_.

#qurtna, ae# [#qurtus#], f. (sc. #febris#, _fever_), afever or ague
recurring every fourth day.

#qurtus# [#quattuor#], num. adj., _fourth_.

#quas#, adv. and conj., _as if, just as if, as though, ostensibly_; _on
the ground that_.

#quater#, adv., _four times_.

#quati, ere, --, quassus#, _to shake, strike_.

  #d--dcuti, ere, cuss, cussus#, _to shake off_ or _down, strike
  off_.

  #ex--excuti, ere, cuss, cussus#, _to shake off, fling off_.

  #per--percuti, ere, cuss, cussus#, _to strike through, pierce_;
  _smite, strike_; _kill, slay_; _overwhelm, shock_.

#quattuor#, indecl. num. adj., _four_.

#que#, conj., enclitic, _and, and yet, but_.

#queror, , questus sum#, _to complain_.

  #con--conqueror, , questus sum#, _to complain bitterly, lament,
  deplore_.

#questus, s# [#queror#], m., _complaint, lament_.

(1) #qu, quae, quod#, interr. pron., used adjectively, _which? what?
what kind of?_ See (1)#quis#.

(2) #qu, quae, quod#, rel. pron., _who, which, what, that_; _whoever,
whatever_.

(3) #qu, quae#, or #qua, quod#, indef. pron., used adjectively, _any,
some_.

(4) #qu# [old abl. of (1) #qu#], adv., _how?_

#quia#, conj., _because, since_.

#qucumque, quaecumque, quodcumque#, indef. rel. pron., _whoever,
whichever, whatever_.

#qudam, quaedam, quiddam#, and as adj., #quoddam#, indef. pron., _a
certain one, somebody_; _a certain_.

#quidem#, adv., _indeed, in fact, to be sure_; #n ... quidem#, _not
even, not at all_.

#quis, tis#, f., _rest, sleep, quiet, respite_.

#quitus# [orig. part, of #quisc#, _to be at rest_], _quiet,
peaceful_.

#qun# [(4) #qu# + #n#], conj., _how not? why not_; _that, that not,
but that_; #qun et# or #etiam#, _nay more_.

#Quntilius, #, m., gentile name of _P. Quntilius Vrus_, an officer
of Augustus, who sustained a severe defeat at the hands of the Germans,
B.C.9.

#Quntlis, is# [#Quntus#], m. (sc. #mnsis#), _July_, the fifth month
(counting from March. See #December#).

#qundecemvir, # [#qundecem#, _fifteen_ + #vir#], m., _a member of a
board of fifteen men_.

#qungent, ae, a# [#qunque# + #centum#], num. adj., _five hundred_.

#qunqugint#, indecl. num. adj., _fifty_.

#qunque#, indecl. num. adj., _five_.

#qunquennium, # [#qunque# + #annus#], n., _a period of five years_.

#qunquis# [#qunque#], adv., _five times_.

#quntus# [#qunque#], num. adj., _fifth_.

#Quntus, #, m., a praenomen.

#quppe#, adv., _indeed, as you see, surely_.

#Quirnlis, is# (sc. #collis#), m., _the Quirinal_, one of the hills of
Rome.

#Quirnus, #, m., a name given to Romulus after his death and
deification.

#Quirts, ium# [#Curs#], pl. m., orig. _the people of Cures_; later,
the name used to denote the Romans in their civil capacity, hence:
_citizens, Romans_. See #Rmn#.

(1) #quis, quid#, interr. pron. used substantively, _who? which? what?_
See (1)#qu#.

(2) #quis, qua, quid#, indef. pron. used substantively, _some one, any
one_; _something, anything_. See (3)#qu#.

#quisnam, quaenam, quidnam# [(1) #quis# + #nam#], interr. pron., _who_
or _what in the world? who? which? what?_

#quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam# and #quidpiam#, indef. pron., _some, any,
some one_.

#quisquam, quaequam, quicquam#, indef. pron., adj. or noun, _any one,
anything, any_.

#quisque, quaeque, quidque# or #quodque#, indef. pron., noun or adj.,
_each, every, each one, every one_.

#quisquis, quicquid#, indef. pron., _whoever, whatever, every one who,
everything which_.

#qu# [#qu#], adv. and conj. As adv., (1)interr., _whither_? (2)rel.,
_whither_; as conj., _in order that, that, that thereby_.

#qucumque#, adv., _whithersoever_.

#quod#, conj., _because, that, in that_; _as to the fact that, so far
as_; #quod s#, _butif_.

#qumodo# [(1) #qu# + #modus#], adv., (1) interr., _how?_ (2)rel., _in
the manner that,as_.

#quondam#, adv., _once, formerly_.

#quoniam# [#quom# (= #cum#, _since_) + #iam#], conj., _since, because,
seeing that_.

#quoque#, conj., _also, too_ (placed after the word it emphasizes).

#qursum# or #qursus# [orig. #quversus#; #qu# + #vert#], adv.,
_whither?_

#quotanns# [#quot# + #annus#], adv., _each year, yearly_.

#quosque# [#qu# + #sque#, _until_], adv., (1)interr., _until what
time?_ (2)rel., _until_.


#R#

#radius, #, m., _a staff, rod_; _beam, ray_.

#radx, cis#, f., _a root_; _foot, base_.

#rapna, ae# [#rapi#], f., _robbery, pillage_.

#rapi, ere, rapu, raptus#, _to seize_ and _carry off, drag off_;
_plunder, destroy_; _hasten, hurry_.

  #ab--abripi, ere, u, reptus#, _to take away forcibly, drag off_.

  #ad--adripi, ere, u, reptus#, _to snatch quickly, seize_.

  #con--corripi, ere, u, reptus#, _to seize, catch up_; #morb
  corrip#, _to fall sick_.

  #dis--dripi, ere, u, reptus#, _to tear apart_; _ravage, plunder_.

  #prae--praeripi, ere, u, reptus#, _to snatch away, carry off_ or
  _away_.

  #pr--prripi, ere, u, reptus#, _to fling forth_; with #s#,
  _rush_.

#rr# [#rrus#], adv., _seldom, rarely_.

#rrus#, adj., _thin_; _scattered, rare_.

#rati, nis# [#reor#], f., _reckoning, calculation, account_; _method,
plan_.

#ratis, is#, f., _a raft, boat, vessel_.

#re# or #red#, insep. prefix, _again, back_.

#rebell#, see #bell#.

#recd#, see #cd#.

#receptus, s# [#recipi#], m., _a retreat_.

#recessus, s# [#recd#], m., _nook, corner_.

#recid#, see #cad#.

#reciper, re, v, tus#, _to regain, recover_.

#recipi#, see #capi#.

#reconcili#, see #concili#.

#recre#, see #cre#.

#rct# [#rctus# (part. of #reg#), _straight, right_], adv., _rightly,
duly, well_.

#recub#, see #cub#.

#recs, re, v, tus# [#re# + #causa#], _to decline, refuse_.

#redd#, see #d#.

#rede#, see (1) #e#.

#redig#, see #ag#.

#redim#, see #em#.

#redintegr, re, v, tus# [#red# + #integer#], _to make whole again,
renew_.

#reditus, s# [#rede#], m., _a going_ (or coming) _back, return_.

#redc#, see #dc#.

#refell, ere, , --# [#re# + #fall#, _to deceive_], _to prove false,
refute, disprove_.

#refer#, see #fer#.

#refove#, see #fove#.

#refring#, see #frang#.

#refugi#, see #fugi#.

#rglis, e# [#rx#], adj., _kinglike, royal_.

#rgia, ae# [#rgius#], f. (sc. #domus#), _a palace_.

#rgna, ae# [#rx#], f., _a queen_.

#regi, nis# [#reg#], f., _district, region_.

#rgius# [#rx#], adj., _kingly, royal, king's_.

#rgn, re, v, tus# [#rgnum#], _to be king_; _rule, govern_.

#rgnum, # [#rx#], n., _kingly government, sovereignty, sway_; _a
kingdom_.

#reg, ere, rx, rctus#, _to keep straight, guide, conduct, rule_.

  #con--corrig, ere, rx, rctus#, _to straighten, correct,
  improve_.

  #dis--drig, ere, rx, rctus#, _to guide, steer, direct_.

  #ex--rig, ere, rx, rctus#, _to raise_ or _lift up_; _stir up,
  arouse_.

  #per--perg, ere, perrx, perrctus#, _to go straight on, proceed,
  hasten_; with acc., _pursue with vigor, perform_; #parts pergere#,
  _to play the rle_.

  #por# (= #pr#)#--porrig, ere, porrx, porrctus#, _to spread_ or
  _stretch out_; _hold forth, offer, present_.

#regredior#, see #gradior#.

#Rgulus, #, m., _M. Atlius_, consul in 256 B.C.; defeated in Africa
and taken prisoner by the Carthaginians, 255.

#rici#, see #iaci#.

#relbor#, see #lbor#.

#relg, re, v, tus# [#re# + #lg#, _to send_], _to send out of the
way, remove_.

#religi, nis#, f., _sense of duty_; _religion, devotion to the gods_;
_scruple_.

#religisus# [#religi#], adj., _careful, scrupulous_; _sacred, holy_.

#relig#, see #lig#.

#relinqu, ere, lqu, lctus# [#re# + #linqu#, _to leave_], _to leave
behind, leave_; _bequeath_; _appoint by will_.

#reliquiae, rum# [#relinqu#], pl. f., _remainder, remnant, residue_.

#reliquus# [cf. #relinqu#], adj., _remaining, rest_.

#remane#, see #mane#.

#remedium, # [#re# + #medeor#, _to cure_], n., _a cure, remedy_.

#remigr#, see #migr#.

#remitt#, see #mitt#.

#remneror, r, tus sum# [#re# + #mner#, _to reward_], _to reward,
repay_.

#Remus, #, m., the brother of Romulus.

#renov, re, v, tus# [#re# + #novus#], _to renew, restore, revive_.

#rennti#, see #nnti#.

#renu#, see #*nu#.

#reor, rr, ratus sum#, _to reckon_; _think, suppose_; #ratus#,
_thinking_.

#repell#, see #pell#.

#repend#, see #pend#.

#repente# [#repns#, _sudden_], adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_.

#repentnus# [#repns#, _sudden_], adj., _sudden, unexpected_.

#reperi#, see #pari#.

#repet#, see #pet#.

#reple#, see #*ple#.

#repn#, see #pn#.

#report#, see #port#.

#repsc#, see #psc#.

#reprehend#, see #prehend#.

#reprim#, see #prem#.

#reprmitt#, see #mitt#.

#repudi, re, v, tus#, _to cast off, divorce_; _reject, scorn_.

#repgn#, see #pgn#.

#repulsa, ae# [#repell#], f., _rejection, repulse_; _a defeat at the
polls_.

#reput#, see #put#.

#requr#, see #quaer#.

#rs, re#, f., _thing, matter_; _affair, deed, exploit, event_;
_circumstance_; _a story_; _property, fortune_; _trouble_; #rs
familiris#, _private property_; #rs pblica#, _the commonwealth,
state_; #rs gestae#, _exploits_; #rs repetundae#, _extortion_; #r
vr#, _in reality, in truth_.

#resec#, see #sec#.

#reser, re, v, tus# [#re# + #sr#, _to bolt_], _to unlock, open_.

#resd#, see #sd#.

#resist#, see #sist#.

#resolv#, see #solv#.

#resperg, ere, spers, spersus# [#re# + #sparg#, _to strew,
sprinkle_], _to besprinkle, bespatter_.

#respici#, see #*speci#.

#respr#, see #spr#.

#responde#, see #sponde#.

#respnsum, # [#responde#], n., _answer, reply_, esp. of an oracle;
_warning_.

#rs pblica#, see #rs#.

#restingu#, see #stingu#.

#restitu#, see #statu#.

#retine#, see #tene#.

#retrah#, see #trah#.

#reus, #, m., _defendant, accused person, prisoner_.

#revertor#, see #vert#.

#revvsc, ere, --, --# [#re# + #vvsc#, inceptive of #vv#], _to
come to life again_.

#revoc#, see #voc#,

#rx, rgis# [cf. #reg#], m., _king, monarch_.

#Rha, ae#, f., _Rha_, also called _Rha Silvia_, mother of Romulus and
Remus.

#Rhnus, #, m., the river Rhine.

#rhtor, oris#, m., _a teacher of oratory, rhetorician_; _orator_.

#Rhodus, #, f., _Rhodes_, a large island off the coast of Asia Minor,
famous for its schools of rhetoric (see #Apollnius#), its colossal
statue of Apollo, and for the skill of its people in navigation.

#rde, re, rs, rsus#, _to smile, laugh_; _laugh at, mock_.

  #d--drde, re, rs, rsus#, _to laugh at, mock, deride_.

  #in--inrde, re, rs, rsus#, _to jeer at, mock, ridicule_.

#rig, re, v, tus#, _to wet, moisten_.

#rigor, ris#, m., _severity, rigor_.

#rpa, ae#, f., _a bank_ (of a river).

#rsus, s# [#rde#], m., _laughter_.

#rt# [cf. #rtus#], adv., _with due ceremonies, duly, fitly,
properly_.

#rtus, s#, m., _religious ceremony, rite_.

#rixa, ae#, f., _a quarrel_ (of blows), _brawl_.

#rbur, oris#, n., _hard wood, oak_; _strength, vigor, power_.

#rog, re, v, tus#, _to ask, inquire_; _request, implore_.

  #ab--abrog, re, v, tus#, _to repeal, annul_.

  #inter--interrog, re, v, tus#, _to ask, question_.

  #pr--prrog, re, v, tus#, _to prolong, extend_.

#Rma, ae#, f., _Rome_.

#Rmnus#, adj., _Roman_; as noun, #Rmnus, #, m., _a Roman_; #Rmn,
rum#, pl. m., _the Romans_, the name given to the Romans in their
military capacity.

#Rmulus, #, m., _Romulus_, founder and first king of Rome, son of Rhea
and Mars.

#Rscius, #, m., _Sextus Rscius_, defended by Cicero on a capital
charge.

#rstrum, # [#rd#, _to gnaw_], n., _the beak_ or _ram of a ship_;
pl., _the Rostra_, or speaker's platform in the Forum (adorned with
beaks of captured ships).

#Rubic, nis#, m., _the Rubicon_, a river in the northeastern part of
Italy.

#rudmentum, # [#rudis#], n., _first attempt, beginning_. See #pn#.

#rudis, e#, adj., _uncouth, unpolished_; _ignorant, rude_.

#runa, ae# [#ru#], f., _downfall, ruin, destruction_; pl., _a fallen
building, ruins_.

#rmor, ris#, m., _a story, report, rumor_.

#rump, ere, rp, ruptus#, _to break, destroy_.

  #con--corrump, ere, rp, ruptus#, _to destroy_; _seduce, bribe,
  corrupt_.

  #ex--rump, ere, rp, ruptum#, _to break forth_ or _out, burst
  forth_.

  #per--perrump, ere, rp, ruptus#, _to break through, force a way
  through, get across_.

#ru, ere, , tus#, _to fall_; _rush, hasten_; with acc., _to cause to
fall, overthrow_.

  #con--corru, ere, , --#, _to fall_ (inbattle).

  #dis--dru, ere, , tus#, _to tear apart, overthrow, destroy_.

  #ex--ru, ere, , tus#, _to cast out_; _dig up, destroy utterly_.

  #in--inru, re, , --#, _to rush in, make an attack_.

  #ob--obru, ere, , tus#, _to overwhelm, hide, bury_.

#rps, is# [#rump#], f., _a rock, cliff_.

#rrsus# or #rrsum# [orig. #revorsus#; cf. #revert#], adv., _back_;
_again_.

#rs, rris#, n., _the country_; pl., _the fields_; #rr#, _in the
country_.

#rsticor, ri, tus sum# [#rs#], _to live in the country_; _take a
vacation_.

#rsticus# [#rs#], adj., _rural, rustic_.


#S#

#Sabn, rum#, pl. m., _the Sabines_, a race in central Italy,
adjoining Latium on the north.

#sacer, cra, crum#, adj., _holy, sacred_; as noun, #sacrum, #, n., _a
holy thing, sacred vessel_; pl., _religious rites, sacrifices_.

#sacerds, tis# [#sacer#], m. and f., _priest, priestess_.

#sacrrium, # [#sacer#], n., _sanctuary, shrine_.

#sacrificium, # [#sacer# + #faci#], n., _a sacrifice_.

#sacr, re, v, tus#, _to set apart_; _bless_; _curse_.

  #con--cnsecr, re, v, tus#, _to dedicate, consecrate, devote_.

  #ex--exsecror, r, tus sum#, _to curse, abhor_.

#saeculum, #, n., _a race_; _generation, age, time_.

#saepe#, adv., _frequently, often_.

#saevi, re, v (i), tum# [#saevus#], _to be fierce_ or _cruel,
rage_; #saevre in aliquem#, _to treat any one cruelly_.

#saevitia, ae# [#saevus#], f., _fury, cruelty_.

#saevus#, adj., _raging, fierce, cruel_.

#sagn, re, v, tus# [#sagna#, _stuffing_], _to fatten_.

#sagulum, #, n., _a short military cloak_.

#Saguntus, #, f., and #Saguntum, #, n., _Saguntum_, atown on the east
coast of Spain.

#Salernitnus#, adj., _of_ or _near Salernum_ (modern Salerno), atown
in Campania.

#Sali, rum# [#sali#], pl. m., _the Salii_ or _Leapers_, the dancing
priests of Mars.

#Salntor, ris#, m., see #Lvius#.

#sali, re, u, tus#, _to leap_.

  #d--dsili, re, u, sultum#, _to leap down_.

  #in--nsili, re, u, --#, _to leap up_ or _on, mount_.

  #pr--prsili, re, u, --#, _to leap_ or _spring forward_.

  #trns--trnsili, re, u, --#, _to leap across, jump over_.

#saltem#, adv., _at least, at all events_.

#salt, re, v, tus# [freq. of #sali#], _to dance, leap_.

  #ex--exsult, re, v, --#, _to leap, dance_ (esp. with joy),
  _exult, rejoice_.

#saltus, s# [#sali#], m., _a leap, bound_; _leaping, jumping_.

#saltus, s#, m., _a forest pasture, mountain glen, ravine, pass_.

#salbris, e# [#sals#], adj., _health-giving, wholesome, healthy_;
_beneficial_.

#sals, tis#, f., _health, vigor_; _safety_.

#saltti, nis# [#salt#], f., _greeting, salutation_.

#salttor, ris# [#salt#], m., _saluter, visitor_.

#salt, re, v, tus# [#sals#], _to wish one health, greet, salute,
visit_.

  #con--cnsalt, re, v, tus#, _to greet_ or _salute warmly_.

#salve, re, --, --# [#salvus#], _to be well_; imperative, #salv,
salvte#, _hail! greetings!_

#salvus#, adj., _well, sound, safe_.

#sambceus# [#sambcus#, _an elder-tree_], adj., _of elder, elder_.

#Samnts, ium#, pl. m., _the Samnites_, a branch of the Sabine race
inhabiting the mountains southeast of Latium.

#sn# [#snus#, _sound_], adv., _indeed, truly, by all means_;
_certainly_.

#sanguinolentus# [#sanguis#], adj., _bloody_.

#sanguis, inis#, m., _blood_.

#sapi, ere, v, --#, _to taste_; _to have taste_ or _understanding_;
_be wise_.

  #d--dsipi, ere, --, --#, _to be foolish_ or _crazy_.

#sapins, entis# [orig. part. of #sapi#], adj., _wise, sensible,
discreet_.

#sapientia, ae# [#sapins#], f., _wisdom_.

#Sardinia, ae#, f., an island between Italy and Spain.

#sarmentum, # [#sarp#, _to prune_], n., _a twig_; pl., _brushwood,
fagots_.

#satis#, adv., _enough_; _tolerably, quite_; as noun, n., _enough,
sufficiency_.

#satisfaci, ere, fc, factum# [#satis# + #faci#], _to satisfy, make
reparation_.

#saucius#, adj., _wounded, hurt_.

#saxum, #, n., _a stone, rock, boulder_.

#scamnum, #, n., _a bench, stool_.

#scand, ere, --, --#, _to climb, mount_.

  #ad--scend, ere, , scnsus#, _to climb up, mount, ascend_.

  #con--cnscend, ere, , scnsus#, _to mount, ascend_; _go on
  board_.

  #d--dscend, ere, , scnsum#, _to climb_ or _come down, descend_;
  _dismount_.

  #ex--scend, ere, , scnsus#, _to mount, ascend_.

  #trns--trnscend, ere, , scnsus#, _to climb_ or _pass over,
  cross_.

#scapha, ae#, f., _a light boat, skiff_.

#scelertus# [#scelus#], adj., _wicked, impious, accursed_.

#scelest# [#scelestus#, _impious_], adv., _wickedly, impiously_.

#scelus, eris#, n., _wicked deed, sin, crime_.

#schola, ae#, f., _leisure, leisure for learning_; _place of learning,
school_.

#sclicet# [#scre# + #licet#], adv., _plainly, of course, doubtless_.

#scind, ere, scid, scissus#, _to cut, tear, rend, split_.

  #ab--abscind, ere, scid, scissus#, _to cut_ or _tear off, hew
  off_.

#sci, re, scv, sctus#, _to know, understand_; with infin., _to know
how_.

#Scpi, nis#, m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of
Rome, belonging to the Cornelian gens.

  1. _P.Cornlius Scpi_, consul 218 B.C.; defeated by Hannibal at
  the Ticinus and the Trebia; killed, with his brother Cn., in Spain,
  in 212.

  2. _P. Cornlius Scpi fricnus Mior_, son of (1), born B.C. 237;
  commanded in Spain 210-206; consul in 205; defeated Hannibal at Zama
  in 202. He died about 183 B.C.

  3. _L. Cornlius Scpi_, brother of (2), consul in B.C. 190. After
  defeating Antiochus at Magnesia, he received the cognomen
  _Asiticus_.

  4. _P. Cornlius Scpi fricnus Minor_, captured Carthage, B.C.
  146; took Numantia, in Spain, 133; died in 129.

  5. _P. Cornlius Scpi Nsca Serpi_, see #Nsca#.

  6. _Q. Metellus Pius Scpi_, father-in-law of Pompey.

#scscitor, r, tus sum# [#scsc#], _to ask, inquire_.

#scsc, ere, scv, sctus# [#sci#], _to seek to know_; _approve,
enact, decree_.

  #con--cnscsc, ere, scv, sctus#, _to approve of, decree_;
  #mortem sibi cnscscere#, _to commit suicide_.

  #d--dscsc, ere, scv, sctum#, _to withdraw, desert, revolt_.

#scrba, ae# [#scrb#], m., _a clerk, secretary_.

#scrb, ere, scrps, scrptus#, _to write_.

  #ad--adscrb, ere, scrps, scrptus#, _to add, include, enroll_.

  #con--cnscrb, ere, scrps, scrptus#, _to enroll, enlist_.

  #d--dscrb, ere, scrps, scrptus#, _to copy off, sketch,
  describe_.

  #dis--dscrb, ere, scrps, scrptus#, _to mark off, divide_.

  #n--nscrb, ere, scrps, scrptus#, _to write on, inscribeon_.

  #per--perscrb, ere, scrps, scrptus#, _to write out_ (infull).

  #pr--prscrb, ere, scrps, scrptus#, _to offer for sale_;
  _proscribe, outlaw_.

  #sub--subscrb, ere, scrps, scrptus#, _to write beneath_.

#scrnium, #, n., _a case, box_ (esp. for books or papers).

#scrptor, ris# [#scrb#], m., _a writer, author_; _narrator_.

#Scultenna, ae#, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, near Mutina.

#sctum, #, n., _a shield_.

(1) #s#, see #su#.

(2) #s# or #sd#, insep. prefix, _apart, away from_.

#scd#, see #cd#.

#scern#, see #cern#.

#sec, re, u, tus#, _to cut_.

  #re--resec, re, u, tus#, _to cut loose_ or _off_.

#scrtus# [part. of #scern#], adj., _separate_; _hidden, concealed_;
_secret_; abl. #scrt# as adv., _secretly_.

#sector, r, tus sum# [freq. of #sequor#], _to follow eagerly, pursue,
seek the societyof_.

#secundus# [#sequor#], adj., _following, second_; _favorable,
fortunate_.

#secris, is# [#sec#], f., _an axe, hatchet_.

#secus#, comp. #stius#, adv., _otherwise, differently_.

#sed#, conj., _but, on the contrary_.

#sdecim# [#sex# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _sixteen_.

#sede, re, sd, sessum#, _to sit_.

  #ad--adside, re, sd, sessus#, _to sit at_ or _beside, besiege_.

  #in--nside, re, sd, sessus#, with dat., _to sit in, on_, or
  _upon_; with acc., _to settle on, occupy_.

  #ob--obside, re, sd, sessus#, _block, besiege, beset_.

#sds, is# [cf. #sede#], f., _seat, chair_; _residence, abode_.

#sditi, nis# [#sd# + #iti#, from #e, re#], f., _dissension,
rebellion, revolt_.

#sdc#, see #dc#.

#sdulits, tis# [#sdulus#, _earnest_], f., _earnestness,
persistency_.

#sdul# [abl. of #sdulus#, _earnest_], adv., _earnestly, busily_;
_purposely, deliberately_.

#sgnis, #, adj., _slow, tardy, sluggish_.

#sgniter# [#sgnis#], adv., _without spirit_ or _vigor, lazily_.

#sella, ae# [#sede#], f., _a seat, chair_; #sella curlis#, aportable
stool, with bent legs, made to open and shut like a camp-stool. Such
chairs were often of bronze, or of wood finely carved, and inlaid with
ivory, or even adorned with ornaments of gold. The right to use this
chair belonged at first only to the king, but later to curule aediles,
praetors, consuls, dictators, and the Flamines.

#semel#, adv., _once, once for all_.

#smet#, see #su#.

#semper#, adv., _always, continually_.

#sempiternus# [#semper#], adj., _eternal_.

#Semprnius, #, m., _Ti. Semprnius Longus_, defeated by Hannibal at
the Trebia B.C. 218.

#sentor, ris# [#sentus#], m., _a senator_.

#sentrius# [#sentor#], adj., _senatorial_.

#sentus, s# [cf. #senex#], m., _council of elders, senate_, in the
time of the kings a mere advisory body, called together by the king when
he desired advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state.

#Seneca, ae#, m., _L. Annaeus Seneca_, the Stoic philosopher, tutor of
the Emperor Nero.

#senecta, ae# [#senex#], f., _old age_.

#senects, tis# [#senex#], f., _old age_.

#senex#, gen. #senis#, adj., _old_; comp. #senior#, _elder_; sup.
#mximus# (#nt#), _eldest_. As noun, #senex, senis#, m., _an old man_;
#senirs, um#, pl. m., _the elders_ (men over45).

#senior#, see #senex#.

#senium, # [#senex#], n., _old age, decay_.

#sententia, ae# [#senti#], f., _opinion, thought_; _wish, inclination_.

#senti, re, sns, snsus#, _to discern by sense, feel_; _see,
perceive_; #bene sentre d#, _to think wellof_.

  #con--cnsenti, re, sns, snsum#, _to agree_; _conspire, plot_.

#spartim# [(2) #s# + #par#], adv., _separately, apart_.

#sepeli, re, v (i), sepultus#, _to bury, inter_.

#septem#, indecl. num. adj., _seven_.

#septn, ae, a# [#septem#], num. adj., _seven each, seven apiece_.

#Septimulius, #, m., _L. Septimulius_ of Anagnia in Latium, afriend
of Ti. Gracchus, who afterwards sold his head for gold.

#septimus# [#septem#], num. adj., _seventh_.

#septirmis, e# [#septem# + #rmus#, _oar_], f. (sc.#nvis#), _a ship
with seven banks_ or _tiers of oars_.

#septugsimus# [#septugint#, _seventy_], num. adj., _seventieth_.

#sepultra, ae# [#sepeli#], f., _burial, funeral_.

#sequor, , sectus sum#, _to follow_; _favor_.

  #ad--adsequor, , sectus sum#, _to follow up, overtake_; _gain,
  attain_.

  #con--cnsequor, , sectus sum#, _to follow, overtake_; _attain,
  acquire_.

  #in--nsequor, , sectus sum#, _to pursue, overtake_.

  #ob--obsequor, , sectus sum#, _to comply with, yield to,
  submitto_.

  #per--persequor, , sectus sum#, _to follow persistently, pursue,
  hound_.

  #pr--prsequor, , sectus sum#, _to follow, accompany, escort_.

  #sub--subsequor, , sectus sum#, _to follow after, follow_.

#Sergius, #, m., a Roman gentile name.

  1. _L.Sergius Catilna_, see #Catilna#.

  2. _M. Sergius Catilna_, grandfather of (1).

#sri# [abl. of #srius#], adv., _in earnest, seriously, in good
faith_.

#srius#, adj., _grave, serious, earnest_.

#serm, nis# [#ser#], m., _talk, conversation_; _speech_.

#ser, ere, --, tus#, _to bind together_.

  #con--cnser, ere, u, tus#, _to join_; #mans# or #pgnam
  cnserere#, _to join battle, fight_.

  #d--dser, ere, u, tus#, _to leave, abandon_; _forsake, neglect_.

  #dis--disser, ere, u, tus#, _to speak, discourse, harangue_.

  #ex--exser, ere, u, tus#, _to thrust out_.

#sr# [abl. of #srus#, _late_], adv., _late, too late_.

#Sertrius, #, m., _Quntus_, an officer in the army of Marius. He went
to Spain as propraetor in B.C. 82, and maintained himself at the head of
an independent force till his death in72.

#serva, ae# [#servus#], f., _a slave woman_.

#servlis, e# [#servus#], adj., _of a slave_; _slavish, servile_.

#servits, tis# [#servus#], f., _slavery_.

#Servius, #, m., see #Tullius#.

#serv, re, v, tus#, _to save, preserve, watch_.

  #con--cnserv, re, v, tus#, _to keep safe, preserve_.

#servus, #, m., _a slave_.

#sse#, see #su#.

#sstertius, # [#smis#, _half_ + #tertius#], m. (sc.#nummus#), _a
sesterce_, asmall silver coin equivalent orig. to two and one-half
asses, but later worth about four cents. See #s#. In naming large sums
of money the Romans speak of 'so many times a hundred thousand
_ssterti_' (_centna mlia sstertium_).

#stius#, see #secus#.

#seu#, see #sve#.

#sevr# [#sevrus#], adv., _gravely, severely, sternly, strictly_.

#sevrits, tis# [#sevrus#], f., _sternness, strictness_.

#sevrus#, adj., _stern, strict, severe_.

#sex#, indecl. num. adj., _six_.

#sexgint#, num. adj., _sixty_.

#Sextlis, e#, adj., _of the sixth month_. As noun, #Sextlis, is#, m.
(sc.#mnsis#), _August_. See #December#.

#Sextlius, #, m., praetor in Africa in B.C. 88.

#sextus# [#sex#], num. adj., _sixth_.

#Sextus, #, m., a Roman praenomen.

#s#, conj., _if, whether_; #quod s#, _but if_.

#sibi#, see #su#.

#sbilus, #, m., _a hissing, whistling_.

#Sibyllnus# [#Sibylla#, _a Sibyl, prophetess_], adj., _pertaining to
the Sibyls, Sibylline_.

#sc#, adv., _in this way, thus, so_.

#sicc, re, v, tus# [#siccus#], _to drain_.

#siccus#, adj., _dry_. As noun, #siccum, #, n., _the dry ground_.

#Sicilia, ae#, f., _Sicily_.

#Siculus#, adj., _Sicilian_.

#sd, sdere, --, --#, _to seat one's self, sit down_.

  #ad--adsd, ere, sd, --#, _to seat one's self, sit down_.

  #con--cnsd, ere, sd, sessum#, _to sit down_; _settle, encamp_;
  _take a position_.

  #re--resd, ere, sd, --#, _to settle down, sink, subside_;
  _abate, grow calm_.

#sgnific, re, v, tus# [#sgnum# + #faci#], _to make signs, show_;
_point out, indicate_.

#sgn, re, v, tus# [#sgnum#], _to set a mark on_; _sign, seal_
(adocument).

  #ad--adsgn, re, v, tus#, _to allot, award, assign_.

#sgnum, #, n., _sign, signal_; _military standard, ensign_; _statue,
image_; #sgna nferre alicu#, _to advance against_ or _attack any
one_.

#Slnus, #, m., _D. Inius Slnus Mnlinus_, praetor in Macedonia
B.C. 142.

#silns, entis# [orig. part. of #sile#, _to be still_], adj., _still,
quiet, silent_.

#silentium, # [#silns#], n., _stillness, quiet, silence_.

#silva, ae#, f., _a wood, forest_.

#Silvia, ae#, f., see #Rha#.

#similis, e#, adj., _like, similar_.

#similiter# [#similis#], adv., _in like manner, similarly_.

#similitd, inis# [#similis#], f., _likeness, resemblance, similarity_.

#simul#, adv., _at the same time_; #simul atque# or #c#, _as soonas_.

#simul, re, v, tus# [#similis#], _to make like, copy_; _feign,
pretend_.

  #dis--dissimul, re, v, tus#, _to disguise, conceal, dissemble_.

#simults, tis# [#simul#], f., _enmity, hatred_; #simultts gerere#,
_to carry on a feud_.

#sine#, prep, with abl., _without_.

#singulris, e# [#singul#], adj., _one by one, single, individual_;
_remarkable, singular, unparalleled_.

#singul, ae, a#, adj., _one at a time, one apiece, single_.

#sinister, tra, trum#, adj., _left_.

#sin, ere, sv, situs#, _to put, place_; _permit, let_.

#sinus, s#, m., _a curve, hollow, fold_; _fold of the toga_ (asit
crosses the breast), _pocket_; _bosom_.

#sist, ere, stit, status#, trans., _to cause to stand, place, set_;
intrans., _stand_.

  #ab--absist, ere, stit, --#, _to withdraw, cease, desist_.

  #con--cnsist, ere, stit, --#, _to stand, take position_ (ofan
  army); _stop, halt_; _be firm, endure, continue_.

  #d--dsist, ere, stit, --#, _to stand off from, cease, desist_.

  #ex--exsist, ere, stit, --#, _to step forth_; _come to be, become,
  arise_.

  #ob--obsist, ere, stit, --#, _to stand in the way of, resist,
  oppose_.

  #re--resist, ere, stit, --#, _to oppose, withstand, resist_.

  #sub--subsist, ere, stit, --#, _to take a stand, remain, tarry_.

#situs# [orig. part. of #sin#], adj., _placed, situate, lying_.

#situs, s# [#sin#], m., _location, site_.

#sve# or #seu#, conj., _or, or if, whether_; #sve ... sve# or #seu
... seu#, _whether ... or, if ... orif_.

#sbrius#, adj., _sober, temperate_.

#socer, socer#, m., _a father-in-law_.

#societs, tis# [#socius#], f., _fellowship, association_; _alliance_.

#soci, re, v, tus# [#socius#], _to join, unite_; _hold in common,
share, divide_.

#socius, #, m., _fellow, comrade, ally_.

#sodlis, is#, m., _companion, associate_.

#sl, slis#, m., _the sun_.

#sole, re, itus sum#, _to be wont, be accustomed, use_.

#slitrius# [#slus#], adj., _lonely, isolated_.

#slitd, inis# [#solus#], f., _loneliness_; _lonely place,
wilderness_.

#solitus# [#sole#], adj., _wonted, usual, accustomed_; as noun,
#solitum, #, n., _the customary, the usual_.

#solium, #, n., _chair of state, throne_.

#sollemnis, e#, adj., _religiously fixed, holy, sacred_.

#sollicit, re, v, tus# [#sollicitus#, _troubled_], _to stir up,
arouse, excite_.

#slum# [#slus#], adv., _only_; #nn . . . slum ... sed ...
etiam#, _not only ... but also_.

#slus#, adj., _alone, single-handed, single, only_; _lonely, solitary_.

#solv, ere, , soltus#, _to loosen, unbind_; _let down_; _impair,
destroy_.

  #ab--absolv, ere, , soltus#, _to set free, release_; _acquit_.

  #re--resolv, ere, , soltus#, _to loosen_; _dissolve, melt_.

#somnium, # [#somnus#], n., _a dream, vision_.

#somnus, #, m., _sleep_.

#sonitus, s# [#son#, _to resound_], m., _sound, crash, noise_.

#spi, re, v (i), tus# [cf. #sopor#, _a deep sleep_], _to put to
sleep_; pass., _to sleep_; #spt#, _buried in slumber_.

#soror, ris#, f., _a sister_.

#sorrius# [#soror#], adj., _of a sister, sister's_.

#sors, sortis#, f., _lot, fate, destiny_; _decision by lot_.

#sortior, r, tus sum# [#sors#], _to cast lots_; _obtain by lot_.

#spatium, #, n., _space, room_; _distance_; _period of time_.

#specis, --#, acc. em, abl. ## [#*speci#], f., _sight, appearance_;
_semblance, pretense_.

#*speci, ere, spex, --#, _to look_.

  #ad--adspici, ere, spex, spectus#, _to look at, examine, inspect_.

  #con--cnspici, ere, spex, spectus#, _to catch sight of, spy_;
  _see_.

  #d--dspici, ere, spex, spectus#, _to look down upon, despise_.

  #ds--dspici, ere, spex, spectus#, _to descry, perceive_.

  #in--nspici, ere, spex, spectus#, _to look into, examine,
  consider_.

  #re--respici, ere, spex, spectus#, _to look back_ (_at_), _gaze
  at, consider_; _regard, respect_.

#spectculum, # [#spect#], n., _show, sight, spectacle_.

#specttor, ris# [#spect#], m., _spectator_.

#spect, re, v, tus# [freq. of #*speci#], _to look at, watch,
behold_.

  #ex--exspect, re, v, tus#, trans., _to look out for, await,
  expect_; intrans., _wait, wait to see_.

#specultor, ris# [#speculor#], m., _a lookout, spy, scout_.

#speculor, r, tus sum# [#specula#, _a watch-tower_], _to spy out,
examine_.

#speculum, # [#*speci#], n., _a looking-glass, mirror_ (usually of
metal).

#spern, ere, sprv, sprtus#, _to set aside, despise, scorn_.

  #ab--spernor, r, tus sum#, _to disdain, despise, scorn_.

#spr, re, v, tus# [#sps#], _to hope_ (for), _look for, expect_.

  #d--dspr, re, v, tus#, _to lose hope, despair, despairof_.

#sps, spe#, f., _hope, expectation_; _promise_.

#spritus, s# [#spr#], m., _breath_; _disposition, lofty spirit,
ambition, pride_.

#spr, re, v, tus#, _to breathe_.

  #ex--exspr, re, v, tus#, _to breathe out_; _die, expire_
  (sc.#animam#).

  #re--respr, re, v, tum#, _to breathe back_ or _out, breathe_
  (again); intrans., _to recover breath, revive_.

#splendor, ris# [#splende#, _to shine_], m., _brightness, splendor,
magnificence_.

#spoli, re, v, tus# [#spolium#], _to strip, rob, plunder_.

#spolium, #, n., _booty, spoil_.

#sponde, re, spopond, spnsus#, _to promise_ (sacredly), _agree_.

  #d--dsponde, re, , spnsus#, _to promise in marriage, betroth_.

  #re--responde, re, , spnsus#, _to answer, reply_; _correspond
  to, agree with_.

#spnsus, # [#sponde#], m., _a lover, betrothed man_.

#sponte# [abl. of #*spns#, _free will_], f., _voluntarily_; with #me,
tu#, or #su#, _of my, your_, or _his own free will_.

#Sprinna, ae#, m., _Vestritius Sprinna_, an augur of the time of
Julius Caesar.

#squma, ae#, f., _scale_ (of fish or snake).

#statim# [cf. #st#], adv., _instantly, at once_.

#stati, nis# [#st#], f., _station, post_; _picket line, guard_.

#statua, ae# [#statu#], f., _a statue, image_.

#statu, ere, , tus# [#st#], _to cause to stand, set up, place_;
_determine_; _determine on, appoint, arrange_.

  #con--cnstitu, ere, , tus#, _to set up, erect_; _set in order,
  organize_; _arrange, appoint_; _resolve_.

  #in--nstitu, ere, , tus#, _to set in place, arrange_; _found,
  establish_; _determine, undertake, begin_; _train, teach_.

  #re--restitu, ere, , tus#, _to set up again, replace, restore,
  reinstate_; _repair, remedy, save_.

  #sub--substitu, ere, , tus#, _to put in place of, substitute_;
  _put_.

#statra, ae# [#st#], f., _size, height, stature_.

#status, s# [#st#], m., _state, condition, rank_.

#stercus, oris#, n., _dung, manure_.

#Sthenius, #, m., _a Sicilian chief_.

#stern, ere, strv, strtus#, _to spread out, scatter_; _lay low_.

  #con--cnstern, re, v, tus#, _to terrify, frighten, confound_;
  _move deeply, affect powerfully_.

  #pr--prstern, ere, strv, strtus#, _to overthrow, destroy_.

#stimulus, #, m., _goad_; _sharp point, prick_.

#stingu, ere, --, --#, _to quench_.

  #ex--exstingu, ere, stnx, stnctus#, _to extinguish_; _destroy,
  kill_.

  #re--restingu, ere, stnx, stnctus#, _to quench, extinguish,
  destroy_.

#stpendium, # [#stips#, _gift_ + #pend#], n., _a payment_; _salary,
pay_; _campaign_; #stpendia facere# or #merre#, _to serve a campaign_.

#stirps, stirpis#, f., _stock, race_; _offspring, progeny_.

#st, stre, stet, statum#, _to stand_; _stand firm, abide_; #stre
prmiss#, _to stand by_ (lit., _on_) _one's promise_.

  #circum--circumst, re, stit, --#, _to stand about, surround_.

  #con--cnst, re, stit, --#, _to agree_; _stand firm, be fixed_;
  _consist of_; #cnstat#, _it is agreed, it is well known, it is
  certain_; #sibi cnstre#, _to be consistent_.

  #ex--exst, re, stit, --#, _to be extant, remain, exist_.

  #prae--praest, re, stit, stitus#, intrans., _to stand before,
  surpass, excel_; trans., _to show, make, render_.

#stolid# [#stolidus#, _stupid_], adv., _stupidly_.

#strgs, is# [#stern#], f., _overthrow, ruin, defeat_; _massacre_.

#strgulum, # [#stern#], n., _coverlet, bedspread_.

#strnuus#, adj., _brisk, active, vigorous_.

#strepitus, s# [#strep#, _to make a noise_], m., _noise, din, crash_;
_applause_.

#string, ere, strinx, strictus#, _to draw_ or _bind tight_, _press
together, graze_; _draw, unsheathe_ (asword or dagger).

  #d--dstring, ere, strinx, strictus#, _to draw, unsheathe_.

  #per--perstring, ere, strinx, strictus#, _to touch, graze_;
  _thrill, run through_.

#stru, ere, strx, strctus#, _to pile up, arrange_; _build, erect_.

  #ex--exstru, ere, strx, strctus#, _to pile_ or _heap up, build_.

  #in--nstru, ere, strx, strctus#, _to build_; _arrange, draw up_
  or _array_ (troops); _make ready, equip, fit out_.

#studis# [#studisus#, _eager_], adv., _eagerly, zealously_.

#studium, # [#stude#, _to be eager_], n., _zeal, enthusiasm_; _desire,
pursuit, study_; _good-will, affection_.

#stultitia, ae# [#stultus#], f., _folly_.

#stultus#, adj., _foolish, silly_.

#stupns, entis# [orig. part. of #stupe#], adj., _dazed, confused,
dumbfounded_.

#stupe, re, u, --#, _to be struck senseless, be amazed_ or
_astounded_.

#sude, re, sus, susrus#, _to advise, urge, exhort_.

  #dis--dissude, re, sus, susus#, _to advise against, oppose_
  (byargument).

  #per--persude, re, sus, susrus#, _to persuade, induce_;
  _convince_.

#sub#, prep. with (1) acc., _under, towards, until, after_; (2)with
abl., _under, beneath, at the foot of, close to_; _in the reign of_; in
composition, _under, somewhat_; _in place of_; _underhandedly_.

#subd#, see #d#.

#subdc#, see #dc#.

#sube#, see (1) #e#.

#subici#, see #iaci#.

#subig#, see #ag#.

#subitus# [#sube#], adj., _sudden, unexpected_; abl. #subit# as adv.,
_on short notice, suddenly_.

#subltus#, see #toll#.

#sublicius# [#sublica#, _a pile_], adj., _consisting of_ or _resting on
piles_.

#sublmis, e#, adj., _uplifted, lofty_; _on high, through the sky_.

#submitt#, see #mitt#.

#submove#, see #move#.

#subols, is#, f., _a sprout, shoot_; _offspring, issue_; _race_.

#subrn#, see #rn#.

#subscrb#, see #scrb#.

#subsellium, # [#sub# + #sella#], n., _a low bench, seat_.

#subsequor#, see #sequor#.

#subsidium, # [cf. #subsd#, _to lie in wait_], n., _reserve troops_;
_aid, help_.

#subsist#, see #sist#.

#substitu#, see #statu#.

#subtex, ere, u, tus# [#sub# + #tex#, _to weave_], _to weave under,
join_; _subjoin, add_ (inspeech).

#succd#, see #cd#.

#succssor, ris# [#succd#], m., _follower, successor_.

#succssus, s# [#succd#], m., _favorable outcome, success_.

#succing#, see #cing#.

#succlm#, see #clm#.

#succurr#, see #curr#.

#susc, ere, suv, sutus#, _to become accustomed to_.

  #ad--adsusc, ere, suv, sutus#, _to accustom one's self to, be
  wont_.

  #con--cnsusc, ere, suv, sutus#, _to become accustomed_.

#suffici#, see #faci#.

#suffg#, see #fg#.

#suffc, re, v, tus# [#sub# + #fauces#, _the throat_], _to choke,
strangle_.

#suffodi#, see #fodi#.

#suffrgtor, ris# [#suffrgor#, _to vote for_], m., _supporter,
partisan, follower_.

#suffrgium, #, n., _a voting tablet, vote, ballot_.

#su# gen., #sibi# dat., #s# acc. and abl. of the reflexive pron.,
sing. and pl., _himself, herself, itself, themselves_; #sse, smet#,
strengthened forms of #s#.

#Sulla, ae#, m., a cognomen in the Cornelian gens.

  1. _L.Cornlius Sulla_, surnamed Flx, born B.C. 138; consul in
  88; commanded against Mithridates 88-84; fought Marius in 88, and
  again in 83, 82, becoming master of Italy. He was then chosen
  perpetual dictator, and made many changes in the constitution. He
  resigned the dictatorship in 79, and died next year.

  2. _P. Cornlius Sulla_, nephew of (1), defended in 62 B.C. by
  Cicero from a charge of complicity in Catiline's conspiracy.

#Sullnus#, adj., _of_ or _by Sulla, Sullan_; as noun, #Sulln, rum#,
pl. m., _the followers of Sulla_.

#Sulpicius, #, m., _Ser. Sulpicius Rfus_, tribune of the people in 88
B.C., and a supporter of Marius.

#sum, esse, fu, futrus#, _to be, exist, live_; with gen., _belong to,
be the part of_; _be true, be so_; _happen, take place_; with dat.,
_have, possess_.

  #ab--absum, esse, fu#, _to be away_ or _absent, be far from_;
  #prope abesse#, _to be at no great distance, be near_.

  #ad--adsum, esse, adfu#, _to be present_ or _near_; _to aid_ (esp.
  in court).

  #d--dsum, deesse, dfu#, _to be away_ or _absent_; _be wanting_;
  _fail_; _to miss, let slip_.

  #in--nsum, inesse, nfu#, _to be in_ or _on_; _belongto_.

  #inter--intersum, esse, fu#, _to be present at, take partin_.

  #prae--praesum, praeesse, fu#, _to be over_ or _before_; _rule,
  govern, be in commandof_.

  #pr--prsum, prdesse, prfu#, _to benefit, profit, aid_.

  #super--supersum, esse, fu#, _to be over_ and _above, remain_;
  _survive, outlive_.

#summa, ae# [#summus#], f., _top, summit_; _chief point_ or _place,
supremacy_; _total, amount, sum_.

#summus#, see #superus#.

#sm, ere, smps, smptus# [#sub# + #em#], _to take up, take,
choose_; _enter upon, begin_; _spend_.

  #ab--absm, ere, smps, smptus#, _to use up, consume_; _spend_.

  #ad--adsm, ere, smps, smptus#, _to take to one's self,
  receive_.

  #con--cnsm, ere, smps, smptus#, _to use up, spend_.

#smpturius# [#smptus#], adj., _relating to expense, sumptuary_.

#smptus, s# [#sm#], m., _outlay, expense_.

#supellex, supellectilis#, f., _household stuff, furniture_.

#super#, prep. (1) with acc., _over, above, upon, in addition to_;
_during_; (2)with abl., _over, upon, beyond, in additionto_.

#superb# [#superbus#], adv., _haughtily, proudly, arrogantly_.

#superbia, ae# [#superbus#], f., _pride, arrogance_.

#superbus# [#super#], adj., _haughty, proud, arrogant, insolent_.

#Superbus, #, m., see #Tarquinius#.

#superiaci#, see #iaci#.

#superior#, see #superus#.

#super, re, v, tus# [#superus#], _to pass over, cross_; _overcome,
subdue, conquer_; _excel, surpass_.

#supersum#, see #sum#.

#superus# [#super#], adj., _above, upper, higher_; comp. #superior#,
_higher, superior, earlier_; as noun, _a superior_; sup. #suprmus#,
_highest, topmost, last_, or #summus#, _highest, greatest, extreme, most
distinguished_; _often the highest part of, top of_; #Mare Superum#,
_the Upper_ or _Adriatic Sea_.

#superveni#, see #veni#.

#supervv#, see #vv#.

#supplex, icis# [#sub# + #plic#, _to fold, bend_], adj., bending the
knees in entreaty, _begging, suppliant_; as noun, _a suppliant_.

#suppliciter# [#supplex#], adv., _suppliantly, humbly_.

#supplicium, # [#supplex#], n., _a kneeling down_ (assuppliant, or to
receive punishment); _punishment, execution_.

#supplic, re, v, tum# [#supplex#], _to kneel down_; _entreat,
beseech_; _pray, worship_; _thank_.

#supr# [#super#], adv., _above_.

#surg, ere, surrx, surrctum# [#sub# + #reg#], _to stand up, rise,
arise_.

  #ad--adsurg, ere, surrx, --#, _to rise up, arise_.

#suscipi#, see #capi#.

#sspectus# [orig. part. of #sspici#, _to suspect_], adj.,
_mistrusted, suspected_.

#suspendium, #, n., _hanging_.

#sustine#, see #tene#.

#stor, ris# [#su#, _to sew, stitch_], m., _a shoemaker, cobbler_.

#suus# [#su#], adj., _his own, her own, its own, their own_; _his, her,
its, their_; as noun, #su, rum#, pl. m., _his_ (their) _friends,
followers, soldiers_ or _fellow-citizens_.

#Syphx, cis#, m., a prince of Numidia.

#Syria, ae#, f., _Syria_, a country on the eastern coast of the
Mediterranean.


#T#

#T.#, abbreviation of the name #Titus#.

#tabella, ae# [dim. of #tabula#], f., _a small board, writing tablet_.

#taberna, ae#, f., _stall, shop_ (of boards); _hut, tent_.

#tabernculum, # [#taberna#], n., _a tent_.

#tabula, ae#, f., _a board, plank_; _picture_ (sc.#picta#, _painted_);
_writing tablet_; _record, list_.

#tace, re, u, --#, _to be silent, say nothing_.

#tacitus# [#tace#], adj., _silent, secret_.

#taedium, # [#taedet#, _it wearies_], n., _weariness, disgust,
loathing_.

#talentum, #, n., _a talent_, a Greek money measure, worth about $1100.

#tlis, e#, adj., such, _of such a kind_; #tlis ... qulis#, _such
...as_.

#tam#, adv., _to such a degree, so much, as much, so_; #tam ... quam#,
_as ... so, not only ... but also_.

#tamdi#, adv., _so long_.

#tamen#, adv., _yet, still, for all that, all the same, however,
nevertheless_.

#tamquam#, conj., _as if_.

#Tanaquil, lis#, f., the wife of Tarquinius Priscus.

#tandem#, adv., _at length, at last, finally_.

#tang, ere, tetig tctus#, _to touch_.

  #con--conting, ere, tig, tctus#, with acc., _to touch_; with
  dat., _to occur to, fall to lot of, befall_; _happen_.

  #ob--obting, ere, tig, --#, _to fall to the lot of, befall_;
  _occur_.

#tantum# [#tantus#], adv., _so much_ (and no more), _only, merely_.

#tantummod# [#tantum# + #mod#], adv., _only, merely_.

#tantus#, adj., _so great, such_; as noun, #tantum, #, n., _so much_.

#tard# [#tardus#, _slow_], adv., _slowly_.

#tardits, tis# [#tardus#, _slow_], f., _slowness, sluggishness_.

#tard, re, v, tus# [#tardus#, _slow_], _to delay, hinder, impede_.

#Tarentnus#, adj., of _Tarentum, Tarentine_; as noun, #Tarentn,
rum#, pl. m., _the people of Tarentum_.

#Tarentum, #, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of
Italy; modern _Taranto_.

#Tarpia, ae#, f., a Roman maiden of the time of Romulus.

#Tarpius#, adj., _of Tarpeia, Tarpeian_; #rps Tarpia#, _the
Tarpeian_ rock, apart of the Capitoline Hill, on the side toward the
Forum.

(1) #Tarquini, rum#, pl. m., a city in Etruria.

(2) #Tarquini, rum#, pl. m., _the Tarquin family, the Tarquins_.

#Tarquinius, #, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come
from Etruria.

  1. _Tarquinius Prscus_, the fifth king of Rome.

  2. _Tarquinius Superbus_, the last king of Rome, expelled B.C. 509.

  3. _Sextus Tarquinius_, son of (2).

  4. _L. Tarquinius Colltinus_, cousin of (3), and husband of Lucretia.

#Tatius, #, m., #Titus Tatius#, a Sabine king, and joint ruler with
Romulus.

#tctum, # [#teg#], n., _a covering, roof_; _covered structure,
house_.

#teg, ere, tx, tctus#, _to cover_; _hide, conceal_; _defend, guard_.

  #d--dteg, ere, tx, tctus#, _to uncover, expose_; _betray_.

#tgula, ae# [#tego#], f., _roof tile, tile_.

#tlum, #, n., _missile_; _spear, javelin_.

#temerrius# [#temer#], adj., _heedless, rash, reckless_.

#temer#, adv., _blindly, rashly, heedlessly_.

#temerits, tis# [#temer#], f., _rashness, heedlessness, temerity_.

#temperns, antis# [orig. part. of #temper#], adj., _moderate,
temperate, sober_.

#temper, re, v, tus# [#tempus#], _to set bounds to, restrain_.

#tempests, tis# [#tempus#], f., _point_ or _period of time; storm,
tempest_.

#templum, #, n., _a sacred spot_; _temple_.

#tempus, oris#, n., _time, period, season_; _opportunity, occasion_.

#tend, ere, tetend, tentus# and #tnsus#, _to spread out, stretch_;
#nsidis tendere#, _to lay a trap for, plot against_.

  #con--contend, ere, , tentus#, _to stretch_; _exert one's self,
  strive, insist_; _hasten, march quickly_.

  #in--intend, ere, , tentus#, _to stretch, stretch, towards_; _aim,
  direct_.

  #ob(s)--ostend, ere, , tentus#, _to stretch out, show_; _produce,
  furnish_; _disclose, make known_.

  #por (= pr)--portend, ere, , tentus#, _to point out, indicate_;
  _foreshadow, portend_.

  #pr--prtend, ere, , tentus#, _to stretch out, extend_.

#tenebrae, rum#, pl. f., _darkness, gloom_; _a hiding place_.

#tenebricsus# [#tenebrae#], adj., _dark, gloomy_.

#tene, re, u, tentus#, _to hold, keep_; _possess_; _maintain, guard,
defend_; _seize_.

  #ab--abstine, re, u, tentus#, _to hold back_ or _from_; _keep
  aloof from_; _refrain from, abstain_.

  #con--contine, re, u, tentus#, _to keep, hold, contain_;
  _restrain, rule, curb_.

  #d--dtine, re, u, tentus#, _to hold back_ or _off_; _detain,
  hinder_.

  #ob--obtine, re, u, tentus#, _to hold, possess_; _rule, govern_.

  #per--pertine, re, u, --#, _to stretch out, extend_; _reach_.

  #re--retine, re, u, tentus#, _to keep_ or _hold_ (back), _retain,
  detain_.

  #sub(s)--sustine, re, u, tentus#, _to hold up, support, sustain_;
  _bear, endure_; _hold in check, restrain_.

#tent, re, v, tus# [freq. of #tend#], _to touch, handle_; _try,
attempt_; _sound, try to win over_.

#tentrium, # [#tend#], n., _a tent_.

#ter#, num. adv., _thrice, three times_.

#Terentius, #, m., a Roman gentile name. See #Varr#.

#Terentius, #, m., a comrade of Pompey the Great.

#tergiversor, r, --# [#tergum# + #vert#], _to twist and turn,
shuffle, evade_.

#tergum, #, n., _back, rear_.

#tern, ae, a# [cf. #trs#], num. adj., _three on each side, by threes,
three_.

#ter, ere, trv, trtus#, _to rub, wear away_; _waste, kill_.

#terra, ae#, f., _the earth, ground_; _land_.

#terre, re, u, itus#, _to frighten, alarm, terrify_; _deter_.

  #d--dterre, re, u, itus#, _to frighten off, deter, keep from_.

#terribilis, e# [#terre#], adj., _frightful, dreadful_.

#terror, ris# [#terre#], m., _fear, panic_.

#tertius# [cf. #trs#], adj., _third_; abl. n. #terti# as adv., _the
third time_.

#tstimnium, # [#tstis#, _a witness_], n., _evidence, testimony,
proof_.

#tstor, r, tus sum# [#tstis#, _a witness_], _to bear witness, be a
witness_.

#Teutobochus, #, m., a chief of the Teutones.

#Teutons, um#, pl. m., _the Teutones_, a Germanic people which invaded
Italy, but was defeated by Marius.

#thsaurus, #, m., _a treasure, hoard_.

#Thessalia, ae#, f., _Thessaly_, a large district in the northeastern
part of Greece.

#Ti.#, abbreviation of the name #Tiberius#.

#Tiberis, is#, m., _the river Tiber_.

#Tiberius, #, m., a Roman praenomen.

#Tcinus, #, m., _the Ticinus_, a river in Cisalpine Gaul, tributary to
thePo.

#tigillum, # [dim. of #tgnum#, _beam_], n., _a little beam_.

#Tigrns, is#, m., a king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithridates.

#time, re, u, --#, _to be afraid, fear_.

#timidus# [#time#], adj., _fearful, timid_.

#trcinium, # [#tr#, _a raw recruit_], n., _a soldier's first
campaign_; _military inexperience_.

#titulus, #, m., _inscription, placard, notice_.

#Titus, #, m., a Roman praenomen.

#toga, ae#, f., _the toga_, the characteristic outer robe of the Romans.
See also #praetextus#.

#togtus# [#toga#], adj., _clad in the toga_; _in peaceful garb,
unarmed_.

#toll, ere, sustul, subltus#, _to lift, raise, take up_; _remove,
abolish_.

#tonitrus, s# [#ton#, _to thunder_], m., _thunder, peal of thunder_.

#tnsor, ris# [#tonde#, _to shear_], m., _a barber_.

#tnsrius# [#tnsor#], adj., _of a barber, barber's_.

#Tranius, #, m., _Titus_, who betrayed his father to the second
triumvirate.

#Torqutus, # [#torquis#], m., a cognomen common in the Manlian gens.

  1. _T.Mnlius Torqutus_, dictator in 353 and 349 B.C., consul 347,
  344, and 340.

  2. _T. Mnlius Torqutus_, son of (1), put to death by his father
  for disobedience of orders.

#torque, re, tors, tortus#, _to turn, twist_; _torture, torment_.

#torquis, is# [#torque#], m., _a twisted collar, necklace_.

#torv# [#torvus#, _grim_], adv., _sternly, grimly_.

#tot#, indecl. adj., _so many_.

#totidem# [#tot#], indecl. adj., _just as many, the same numberof_.

#totins# [#tot#], adv., _so many times, so often_.

#ttus#, gen. #ttus#, dat. #tt#, adj., _all, all the, the whole,
entire_.

#trd#, see #d#.

#trdc#, see #dc#.

#trah, ere, trx, trctus#, _to draw, drag_; _detain_.

  #ab--abstrah, ere, trx, trctus#, _to drag off_ or _away_; _carry
  off_.

  #con--contrah, ere, trx, trctus#, _to draw together, collect,
  assemble_.

  #d--dtrah, ere, trx, trctus#, _to draw_ or _strip off,
  remove_; _drag_.

  #dis--distrah, ere, trx, trctus#, _to pull asunder, part,
  separate_.

  #ex--extrah, ere, trx, trctus#, _to draw_ or _pull out_;
  _prolong, waste_.

  #per--pertrah, ere, trx, trctus#, _to draw along, drag_; _lead_.

  #re--retrah, ere, trx, trctus#, _to draw_ or _drag back_.

#trici#, see #iaci#.

#trn#, see #n#.

#trns#, prep. with acc., _across, beyond, over_.

#trnscend#, see #scand#.

#trnse#, see (1) #e#.

#transfer#, see #fer#.

#trnsfg#, see #fg#.

#trnsfodi#, see #fodi#.

#trnsfugi#, see #fugi#.

#trnsgredior#, see #gradior#.

#trnsig#, see #ag#.

#trnsili#, see #sali#.

#trnsmitt#, see #mitt#.

#trnsversus# [#trns# + #vert#], adj., _turned across, crosswise_;
_out of the way_.

#Trasumnus, #, m., a lake in Etruria, famous as the scene of
Hannibal's victory over the Romans in B.C. 217.

#Trebia, ae#, f., _the Trebia_, a small tributary of the Po, near
Placentia.

#trecentsimus# [#trecent#], num. adj., _three hundredth_.

#trecent, ae, a# [#trs# + #centum#], num. adj., _three hundred_.

#tredecim# [#trs# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _thirteen_.

#trem, ere, u, --#, _to quake, tremble_.

#trepidti, nis# [#trepid#], f., _alarm, confusion_.

#trepid, re, v, --#, _to be in alarm_ or _confusion_; _tremble,
waver_.

#trs, tria#, num. adj., _three_.

#tribnal, lis# [#tribnus#], n., _a judgment seat, tribunal_.

#tribntus, s# [#tribnus#], m., _the tribuneship, office of tribune_.

#tribncius# [#tribnus#], adj., _of a tribune, tribunitial_.

#tribnus, # [#tribus#], m., _chief of a tribe, tribune_; #tribnus
mlitum# or #mlitris#, _military tribune, captain_, one of the minor
officers of a legion, six in number; #tribnus plbis#, _tribune of the
people_, elected from the plebeians. The office was created in 494 B.C.
to protect the plebeians against the patricians. Ten _tribn plbis_
were elected annually. Their persons were sacred.

#tribu, ere, , tus# [#tribus#], _to assign, grant, give_.

  #dis--distribu, ere, , tus#, _to divide, distribute, apportion_.

#tribus, s# [cf. #trs#], f., _a tribe_ (orig. a third part of the
people).

#tribtum, # [#tribu#], n., _tax, tribute_.

#triennium, # [#trs# + #annus#], n., _the space of three years, three
years_.

#trigemin, ae, a# [#trs# + #geminus#], adj., _born three at a birth_;
as noun, pl. m., _triplets_.

#trgint#, indecl. num. adj., _thirty_.

#trstis, e#, adj., _sad, sorrowful_; _stern, severe_.

#triumphlis, e# [#triumphus#], adj., _pertaining to a triumph,
triumphal_.

#triumph, re, v, tum# [#triumphus#], _to celebrate a triumph,
triumph_.

#triumphus, #, m., _a triumph_, the splendid procession in which the
victorious general entered the city, accompanied by his soldiers and the
spoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed round the
Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and on up to
the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.

#triumvir, vir# [#trs# + #vir#], m., _a triumvir_, one of a board of
three commissioners.

#tropaeum, #, n., _a trophy, sign of victory_, made usually by
fastening captured arms to the trunk of a tree.

#trucd, re, v, tus#, _to cut to pieces, slaughter, butcher_.

#truncus, #, m., _stem, trunk_ (of a tree); _trunk, body_.

#t, tu#, pl. #vs, vestrum# or #vestr#, pers. pron., _thou, you_.

#tueor, r, itus sum#, _to look at, watch_; _defend, protect_.

  #in--intueor, r, itus sum#, _to look closely at or upon, gazeat_.

#Tullius, #, m., the name of a Roman gens.

  1. _Servius Tullius_, sixth king of Rome.

  2. _M. Tullius Cicer_, the orator. See #Cicer#.

#Tullus, #, m., praenomen of _Tullus Hostlius_, third king of Rome.

#tum#, adv., _then, at that time_; _thereupon_.

#tumultuor, r, tus sum# [#tumultus#], _to make a disturbance, riot_.

#tumultus, s#, m., _a disturbance, uproar_; _rebellion, riot_.

#tumulus, # [#tume#, _to swell_], m., _a hillock, mound, hill_.

#tunc#, adv., _then, at that time_; _accordingly, thereupon_.

#turba, ae#, f., _a hubbub, crowd, throng_.

#turbulentus# [#turba#], adj., _stormy, confused, troubled_.

#turdus, #, m., _a thrush, fieldfare_.

#turma, ae#, f., _a troop_ or _squadron_ (of cavalry).

#turpis, e#, adj., _ugly_; _base, dishonorable_.

#turris, is#, m., _tower, castle_; _howdah_.

#ts, tris#, n., _incense_.

#ttla, ae# [#tueor#], f., _protection, guardianship_.

(1) #ttor, ris# [#tueor#], m., _protector, guardian_.

(2) #ttor, r, tus sum# [freq. of #tueor#], _to guard, protect_.

#ttus# [orig. part. of #tueor#], adj., _safe_; #tt#, abl. as adv.,
_safely_.


#U#

#ber, eris#, n., _teat, dug, udder_.

#ubi#, interr. adv., _where? when?_ As conj. interr. and rel., _where,
when_.

#ulcscor, , ultus sum#, _to punish, avenge_.

#llus#, gen. #llus#, adj., _any, any one_.

#ulterior, ius#, gen. #rs# [#ultr#], adj., _farther, remoter_; sup.
#ultimus#, _farthest, last, utmost, greatest_; #ultima manus#,
_finishing touches_; #ulterius#, adv., _beyond, farther, more, longer_;
#ultimum#, adv., _for the last time_.

#ultimum, ultimus#, see #ulterior#.

#ulti, nis# [#ulcscor#], f., _revenge_.

#ultr#, adv., and prep. with acc., _on the other side, beyond_; #ultr
fidem#, _incredibly_.

#ultr#, adv., _of one's own accord, voluntarily_.

#umbra, ae#, f., _shadow, shade_.

#umerus, #, m., _the shoulder_.

#umquam#, adv., _at any time, ever_.

#unde#, adv. (1) interr., _whence? from whom, from which?_ (2)rel.,
_whence, from whom, from which_; _wherefore_.

#ndecim# [#nus# + #decem#], indecl. num. adj., _eleven_.

#undique#, adv., _from all sides_; _on all sides, everywhere_.

#unguis, is#, m., _a_ (finger) _nail_.

#niversus# [#nus# + #vert#], adj., _all in one, whole, entire_.

#nus#, gen. #unus#, adj., _one, only, sole, alone_; #nus quisque#,
_each one_.

#urbnus# [#urbs#], adj., _of_ or _in the city_, esp. _in Rome_;
_refined, witty_; as noun, #urbn, rum#, pl. m., _city people_; _town
wits_.

#urbs, urbis#, f., _a city_; The City (Rome).

#rntor, ris#, m., _a diver_.

#rna, ae# [#r#], f., _a vessel, urn_ (of baked clay).

#r, ere, ss, stus#, _to burn_.

  #co# + #amb(i)--combr, ere, ss, stus#, _to burn up, consume_.

  #d--der, ere, ss, stus#, _to burn up, consume_.

  #ex--exr, ere, ss, stus#, _to burn up, consume_.

#squam#, adv., _anywhere_.

#sque#, adv., _all the way, right on, continuously, even_.

#srp, re, v, tus# [#sus# + #rapi#], _to make use of, enjoy_.

#sus, s# [#tor#], m., _use, employment_; _experience, training_;
_profit, advantage, convenience_.

#ut#, adv., interr., _how? in what way?_ rel., _as, just as_; _since,
seeing that_; #ut ... ita#, _just as ...so_.

#ut#, conj., (1) with indic., _when_; #ut prmum#, _as soon as_;
(2)with subj. of purpose, _in order that, that_; of result, _so that,
that_.

(1) #uter, utris#, m., _leather bag, skin_.

(2) #uter, utra, utrum#, adj., (1) interr., _which of (the) two?_
(2)rel., _whichever one_ (ofthe two).

#uterque, traque, trumque# [#uter# + #que#], adj., _each_ (ofthe two),
_both_.

#tilis, e# [#tor#], adj., _useful, helpful_; _profitable, expedient_.

#tilits, tis# [#tilis#], f., _profit, advantage_.

#utinam#, adv., _oh that! would that!_

#utique#, adv., _at any rate, surely_; _especially_.

#tor, t, sus sum#, _make use of, employ_; _enjoy, take advantage
of_; #aliquid tendum dare#, _to lend_.

#utpote#, adv., _seeing that, inasmuch as, since_.

#utrimque# [#uterque#], adv., _from_ or _on both sides, on either hand_.

#uxor, ris#, f., _a wife_.


#V#

#vac, re, v, --#, _to be empty, be free_ (e.g. from labor), _have
leisure_.

#vacuus# [#vac#], adj., _empty, unoccupied_.

#vd, ere, --, --#, _to go, rush_.

  #ex--vd, ere, vs, vsus#, _to go forth_ or _away_; _get away,
  escape_; _get to be, become_.

  #in--invd, ere, vs, vsum#, _to enter_; _attack_; _seize, take
  possessionof_.

#vae#, interj., _oh! alas! woe!_

#vgtus, s# [#vgi#, _to cry_], m., _squalling, crying_.

#vale, re, u, itrus#, _to be well_ or _strong_; _have power_ or
_influence, prevail_.

#Valerius, #, m., the name of a Roman gens.

  1. _M.Valerius Mximus Corvnus_. See #Mximus#(1).

  2. _C. Valerius Catullus_. See #Catullus#.

#valtd, inis# [#vale#], f., _health_ (good or bad); _good health_;
_sickness_.

#validus# [#vale#], adj., _strong, stout; powerful_.

#valls#, or #vallis, is#, f., _valley, vale_.

#vllum, #, n., _stockade, rampart, wall_.

#vnus#, adj., _empty, idle_; _ostentatious, vain_.

#varius#, adj., _various, different, diverse_.

#varix, icis#, m., _a dilated vein_.

#Varr, nis#, m., _C. Terentius Varr_, consul in 219 and 216; defeated
at Cannae, with his colleague Paulus.

#Vrus, #, m., see #Quntilius#.

#vas, vadis#, m., _bail, security_; _surety_.

#vs, vsis# (pl. #vsa, rum#), n., _a vessel, dish_.

#vst, re, v, tus# [#vstus#], _to lay waste, devastate, destroy_.

#vstus#, adj., _empty, waste_; _immense, huge_.

#vegetus# [#vege#, _to quicken_], adj., _lively, animated_.

#vehementer# [#vehemns#, _earnest_], adv., _earnestly, seriously,
severely_; _exceedingly_.

#veh, ere, vex, vectus#, _to bear, carry, convey_; in pass., with
#nv# or #equ#, _to sail, ride_.

  #ad--adveh, ere, vex, vectus#, _to carry_ or _bring to, bring_.

  #ex--veh, ere, vex, vectus#, _to lift, raise, elevate_.

  #in--inveh, ere, vex, vectus#, _to carry in_ or _to_; in pass.,
  _ride into, sailto_.

  #pr--prveh, ere, vex, vectus#, _to carry forward_; in pass., _to
  sail, proceed_.

#Vients, um#, pl. m., _the people of Veii_, a town in Etruria, about
twelve miles from Rome.

#vel# [old imperative of (1) #vol#], adv. and conj., _even_; _or, or
else_; #vel ... vel#, _either ...or_.

#vl, re, v, tus#, _to cover up, veil_.

#vlcits, tis# [#vlx#], f., _speed, swiftness_.

#vlx, cis#, adj., _swift, fleet, quick_.

#velut# or #velut#, adv., _just as if, as if_; _ostensibly_.

#vnbulum, # [#vnor#], n., _a hunting spear_.

#vnti, nis# [#vnor#], f., _hunting_; _a hunting spectacle_, in
which wild beasts fought against men, or against one another.

#vnd, ere, did, ditus# [contr. from vnumd], _to sell_.

#vennum, #, n., _poison_.

#venerti, nis# [#veneror#], f., _respect, reverence_; _an object of
reverence_ or _awe_.

#veneror, r, tus sum#, _to reverence, worship, revere, respect,
honor_.

#venia, ae#, f., _indulgence, favor, pardon_.

#veni, re, vn, ventum#, _to come, go_.

  #ad--adveni, re, vn, ventum#, _to come to, reach, arrive at,
  arrive_.

  #circum--circumveni, re, vn, ventus#, _to surround, beset_.

  #con--conveni, re, vn, ventus#, _to come together, assemble_;
  with acc., _to meet_; #convenit#, impers., _it is agreed, an
  arrangement is made_.

  #in--inveni, re, vn, ventus#, _to come upon, find, discover_.

  #ob--obveni, re, vn, ventum#, _to come_ or _go to meet_;
  _befall, occur to_; _fall to the lotof_.

  #per--perveni, re, vn, ventum#, _to come to, reach_; _penetrate,
  attainto_.

  #prae--praeveni, re, vn, ventus#, _to come before, get start of,
  anticipate, outstrip_.

  #super--superveni, re, vn, ventum#, _to come to the rescue,
  arrive_.

#vnor, r, tus sum#, _to hunt, chase_.

#venter, tris#, m., _the stomach_.

#ventit, re, v, --# [freq. of #veni#], _to come_ or _go often,
resort_.

#ventus, #, m., _wind_.

#vnumd, dare, ded, datus# [#vnum#, _sale_ + #d#], _to sell_.

#Venusia, ae#, f., a town in Southern Italy, between Apulia and Lucania.

#venustus# [#venus#, _grace_], adj., _charming, graceful_.

#verber, eris#, n., _a lash, whip_; _blow_.

#verbum, #, n., _a word_; _saying, phrase_.

#vr# [#vrus#], adv., _truthfully, truly_.

#vercundia, ae# [#vereor#], f., _modesty, shame_; _respect, reverence_.

#vereor, r, itus sum#, _to feel awe of, respect_; _fear, be afraid_.

#vr# [abl. of #vrus#], adv., _truly, heartily_; _in truth, indeed,
however, but_.

#verrca, ae#, f., _a wart, pimple_.

#versiculus# [dim. of #versus#], m., _a little verse_; _a line_.

#vers, re, v, tus# [freq. of #vert#], _to twist, turn_; pass., _to
dwell, abide, be_; _employ one's self, conduct one's self_.

#versus, s# [#vert#], m., _a verse, line_.

#vertex, icis# [#vert#], m., _summit, peak, crest_.

#vert, ere, , versus#, _to turn, change_; in pass., _turn about,
return_.

  #ab--vert, ere, , versus#, _to turn away_ or _aside, avert,
  divert_.

  #con--convert, ere, , versus#, _to turn round, change_; _turn,
  direct_; _divert, misuse_; #conversus#, _turning_.

  #dis--dvert, ere, , versus#, _to turn away_ or _aside_.

  #ex--vert, ere, , versus#, _to overturn, destroy, ruin_.

  #inter--intervert, ere, , versus#, _to turn aside_; _embezzle,
  misappropriate_.

  #re--revertor, , revert# or (less often) #reversus sum#, _to
  return_; _revert, recur_.

#vrum# [#vrus#], adv., _truly, certainly_; _but_.

#vrus#, adj., _true, real, genuine_. For #r vr#, see #rs#.

#vescor, , --#, _to eat_.

#vesper, er#, m., _evening_.

#Vesta, ae#, f., the goddess of the hearth, and so of the family and the
state. Afire was kept burning continually in her temple near the Forum,
which six maidens, called Vestals, watched in turn, since the Romans
believed that the maintenance of this fire was closely connected with
the continuance of their state. The Vestals were not allowed to marry
during their term of office.

#vester, tra, trum# [orig. #voster#; cf. #vs#], poss. pron. adj.,
_your, yours_.

#vstibulum, #, n., _vestibule, entrance_.

#vstgium, #, n., _footstep, footprint_.

#vestis, is#, f., _clothing, garments_; _a robe_.

#veternus# [#vetus#], adj., _old, veteran_. As noun, #vetern, rum#,
pl. m., _veteran soldiers, veterans_.

#vet, re, u, itus#, _not allow, forbid_.

#vetus, eris#, adj., _old, aged_; _of a former time, ancient_.

#vex, re, v, tus# [freq. of #veh#], _to shake_; _trouble,
disturb_.

#via, ae#, f., _highway, road_; _passage, march, journey_.

#vicrius, # [#vicis#], m., _a substitute, proxy_.

#vcsimus# [cf. #vgint#], num. adj., _twentieth_.

#vcis# [cf. #vgint#], num. adv., _twenty times_.

#vcnus# [#vcus#], adj., _neighboring, near_.

(#vicis#), #is# (nom. wanting), f., _alternation, change, succession_;
#in vicem#, _in turn_.

#victor, ris# [#vinc#], m., _conqueror, victor_; as adj.,
_victorious_.

#victria, ae# [#victor#], f., _victory_.

#vcus, #, m., _a street_; _village, town_.

#vidlicet# [#vidre# + #licet#], adv., _you see, clearly_; _of course,
thatis_.

#vide, re, vd, vsus#, _to see, perceive, understand_; in pass.,
_seem_.

  #in--invide, re, vd, vsus#, _to look askance at, to envy_.

#vigil, vigilis#, adj., _wakeful, alert_; as noun, _a watchman,
sentinel_.

#vigilantia, ae# [#vigil#], f., _wakefulness, vigilance, watchfulness_.

#vigilia, ae# [#vigil#], f., _wakefulness_; _a watch_ (afourth part of
the night).

#vgint#, indecl. num. adj., _twenty_.

#vlicus, # [#vlla#], m., _overseer, steward_.

#vlla, ae#, f., _a country house, villa_.

#vminlis, e# [#vmen#, _an osier_], adj., _of osiers_; as noun,
#Vminlis, is#, m. (sc.#collis#), _the Viminal Hill_, one of the seven
hills of Rome.

#vinci, re, vinx, vinctus#, _to bind, fetter_.

#vinc, ere, vc, victus#, _to conquer, defeat_; _surpass_; intrans.,
_prevail_.

  #d--dvinc, ere, vc, victus#, _to conquer completely, subdue_.

#vinculum, # [#vinci#], n., _a bond_; in pl., _bonds, chains, jail_.

#vindex, icis#, m., _champion, protector_.

#vindic, re, v, tus# [#vs# + #dc#], _to claim_; _protect_;
_avenge_; _punish_.

#vnum, #, n., _wine_.

#violentus# [#vs#], adj., _violent, impetuous_.

#viol, re, v, tus# [#vs#], _to injure_; _dishonor, outrage_.

#vir, vir#, m., _a man, hero_; _husband_.

#vrs#, see #vs#.

#virga, ae#, f., _a rod, scourge_.

#Virgnia, ae#, f., the maiden whose attempted enslavement by Appius
Claudius led to the downfall of the Decemvirs, B.C. 449.

#Virgnius, #, m., _L._, the father of Virginia, consul in B.C. 449.

#virg, inis#, f., _young girl, maiden, virgin_.

#virlis, e# [#vir#], adj., _manly_.

#virtim# [#vir#], adv., _man by man, singly, individually_.

#virts, tis# [#vir#], f., _manliness, strength, bravery_; _ability_.

#vs#, gen. and dat. wanting, acc. #vim#, abl. #v#, f., _strength,
force_; _hostile force, violence_; _quantity, number_; pl., #vrs#,
_energy, vigor, resources_; #vim facere#, _to use violence_.

#vs, ere, , us# [freq. of #vide#], _to go to see, visit_.

#vsus, s# [#vide#], m., _appearance, vision_.

#vta, ae# [cf. #vv#], f., _life_.

#vitium, # [#vie#, _to twist_], n., _a fault, failing, vice_.

#vituperandus# [gerundive of #vituper#], adj., _blameworthy_.

#vituperti, nis# [#vituper#], f., _censure, criticism_.

#vituper, re, v, tus#, _to blame, censure_.

#vv, ere, vx, vctum#, _to live_.

  #super--supervv, ere, vx, --#, _to live beyond, outlive,
  survive_.

#vvus# [#vv#], adj., _living, alive_; of water, _running_.

#vix#, adv., _with difficulty, hardly, scarcely_.

#vciferor, r, tus sum# [#vx# + #fer#], _to cry out, shout,
exclaim_.

#vocit, re, v, tus# [freq. of #voc#], _to call repeatedly_ or
_loudly_.

#voc, re, v, tus# [cf. #vx#], _to call, summon, name_.

  #ab--voc, re, v, tus#, _to call off_, or _away_.

  #ad--advoc, re, v, tus#, _to call to_ (one), _summon_; _call
  together_.

  #con--convoc, re, v, tus#, _to call together, summon_.

  #ex--voc, re, v, tus#, _to call forth_ or _out, summon_.

  #pr--prvoc, re, v, tus#, _to call forth, challenge_;
  _appealto_.

  #re--revoc, re, v, tus#, _to call back, call again, recall_.

#volit, re, v, --# [freq. of (2) #vol#], _flit about_; _fly,
hasten_.

(1) #vol, velle, volu, --#, _to wish_; _be willing_; _be minded,
determine_.

(2) #vol, re, v, trus#, _to fly_.

  #ab--vol, re, v, --#, _to fly_ or _hasten away_.

  #d--dvol, re, --, --#, _to fly down, fly_.

#Volsc, rum#, pl. m., an ancient tribe living in the southern part of
Latium, finally subdued by the Romans in B.C. 338.

#volucer, cris, cre# [(2) #vol#], adj., _flying, winged_; as noun, f.
(sc.#avis#), _a bird_.

#volmen, inis# [#volv#, _to roll_], n., _roll of writing, scroll,
volume, book_.

#voluntrius# [#volunts#], adj., _of free will, voluntary_.

#volunts, tis# [(1)#vol#], f., _will, wish, desire, inclination_.

#volupts, tis#, f., _pleasure, enjoyment_.

#vs#, see #t#.

#vtum, # [#vove#], n., _a vow, wish, prayer_.

#vove, re, vv, vtus#, _to promise solemnly, vow, dedicate_.

  #d--dvove, re, vv, vtus#, _to consecrate, doom, devote_.

#vx, vcis#, f., _voice, sound, tone_; _cry, call_; _saying, speech_.

#vulgris, e# [#vulgus#], adj., _commonplace, ordinary, vulgar_.

#vulg# [#vulgus#], adv., _commonly, popularly, generally_.

#vulgus, #, n., _the masses, multitude, the common people_.

#vulner, re, v, tus# [#vulnus#], _to wound, hurt, injure_.

#vulnus, eris#, n., _a wound_; _blow, misfortune_.

#vultur, uris#, m., _a vulture_.

#vultus, s#, m., _the expression of the face, features, countenance_.


#X#

#Xanthippus, #, m., a Spartan general by whose aid the Carthaginians
defeated Regulus in B.C. 255.

#Xenophn, ntis#, m., _Xenophon_, an Athenian general and author, who
lived about B.C. 440-350.

#Xerxs, is#, m., a king of Persia, defeated by the Greeks at Salamis
B.C. 480.


#Z#

#Zama, ae#, f., a city in Numidia, near Carthage.

#zna, ae#, f., _a girdle, belt_; _money belt_.




REFERENCES TO HARKNESS' COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR

To accompany Arrowsmith and Knapp's Viri Romae


Page   Note

  1     4  489
        5  568
        6  446, 2

  2     7  429
        8  639
       10  476
       18  622

  3     2  649, II.
        4  418
       10  595
       11  480
       14  533, 4
       15  532, 3

  4     1  475
        6  477, I.
       12  598

  5     3  590
        6  205, 2
       14  396, 2
       20  633

  6     1  646
       16  615

  7     7  600, II.
       16  642
       17  473, 2
       20  565

  8     5  462

  9     6  568

 10     2  430
        6  429
        9  570
       15  417
       18  471

 12     1  417
        5  605, I.
       23  454

 13    10  652, 1

 14    13  568, 7
       15  440, 1 and 2

 15     3  484, 2

 16     6  559, 1

 17     4  427
       11  451, 1

 18     4  584
       17  440, 3

 19    15  424

 20    11  603, 2
       12  426

 21     8  611, 1
       14  473, 2
       15  666, 2

 23     8  467

 24     9  478
       12  565

 25     6  433
        7  483

 27     3  489, 1
        6  588, II.
       16  430

 28     7  457
        9  425, 4, N.
       13  484, 2

 30     2  441
        3  426, 2

 31     1  592, 1
        9  559, 1
       11  576

 33     2  454
       13  426

 34     2  426

 35     2  489
        6  497, 4

 36     8  456
       10  477, I.
       18  476, 1

 37     4  477, III.

 38     1  497 and 1
       12  567

 39     4  595, 1
       12  479

 41    10  473, 3

 42     5  399, 5

 44     2  428, 3

 47    12  579 and N.

 48     4  481
        5  499

 49     4  83, 5
        7  561, 2

 51     6  626, 3

 53    12  451, 2

 54     8  473, 2, N. 1
        9  416, 2

 62     5  591, 4
        9  565, 4

 63     5  642, 4

 66     4  556

 67     4  448, 1

 70     2  581, 1

 72     8  592

 73     5  591, 1

 74     5  470, 1

 75    10  456, 3

 76     4  432

 85     6  474, 2, N. 1

 86     7  586, II.

 87     7  587

 90     2  535, 1

112     3  468

114     2  429
        3  426, 1
        4  434
        6  378, 2

115     1  378

118     4  486

120     7  431

123     2  426, 2
        7  440, 5

124     1  598

129     1  451, 1


       *       *       *       *       *
           *       *       *       *
       *       *       *       *       *


Harkness's New Latin Grammars


=A COMPLETE LATIN GRAMMAR=

  Cloth-leather binding. 12mo, 464 pages    =$1.25=

=A SHORT LATIN GRAMMAR=

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These new text-books are the crowning triumph of a life-work which has
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LATIN PROSE WRITING

  =With Full Introductory Notes On Idiom=

  By MAURICE W. MATHER, Ph.D.
  Formerly Instructor in Latin in Harvard University

  and ARTHUR L. WHEELER, Ph.D.
  Instructor in Latin in Yale University

  =Half Leather, 12mo, 216 pages    Price $1.00=


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  Cloth, 12mo, 320 Pages
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VIRGIL'S AENEID

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#CICERO'S ORATIONS#

AND SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS

  Edited By

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LATIN LITERATURE OF THE EMPIRE

  =Selected and Edited with Revised Texts and Brief Introductions=

  By ALFRED GUDEMAN, Ph.D.
  Associate Professor of Classical Philology,
  University of Pennsylvania

  =In Two Volumes. Cloth, 12mo.  Per Volume, $1.80=

  VOL. I--PROSE. Selections from Velleius, Curtius, Seneca
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  VOL. II--POETRY. Pseudo Vergiliana, Aetna, Manilius,
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  the Octavia (anonymous), Persius, Statius, Silius Italicus, Martial,
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INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS

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FIRST LATIN READINGS

An Equivalent for Caesar

  by

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  and

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  Instructor in Classics, Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, N.Y.

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LATIN DICTIONARIES


=HARPER'S LATIN DICTIONARY=

  Founded on the translation of "Freund's Latin-German Lexicon."
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Testament, and carefully explains the difference between classical and
sacred usage.


=YONGE'S ENGLISH-GREEK LEXICON=

  By C. D. YONGE. Edited by HENRY DRISLER, LL.D.

  Royal Octavo, 903 pages. Sheep    =$4.50=


=AUTENRIETH'S HOMERIC DICTIONARY=

  Translated and Edited by ROBERT P. KEEP, Ph.D. New Edition.
  Revised by ISAAC FLAGG, Ph.D.

  12mo, 312 pages. Illustrated. Cloth    =$1.10=


_Copies sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of the price._

  =American Book Company=
  =New York  Cincinnati  Chicago=


       *       *       *       *       *
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Errors and Inconsistencies (noted by transcriber):

_Main Text_

  page 3: Rmulus statim armts[3] pstribus  [armtis]
  Footnote 2.18 ... See p. xviii, E4, H622 ... B337, 7,2.
    [E4. H622 ... B337, 7,2).]
  Footnote 3.4 ... B182, 1, _a_;  [B182, 1, _a_);]
  Footnote 10.13: _sepeli_  [_final . missing_]
  Footnote 18.13: Cf. p. 3, n. 2.  [cf.]
  Footnote 18.14 ... quod in mente concp?_'  [_close quote missing_]
  page 23: Incidit[10] d uxribus menti  [de]
  Footnote 28.9: dat. of reference  [dat of]
  page 29: n faciat,[16]  [facit]
  Footnote 29.16 ... v (t) abstraham  [te]
  Footnote 39.4 ... H595, 1 (504, 3,2)  [(504, 3,2))]
  page 41 Inde Rmam d permtands captvs  [captvis]
  page 48: n Rma opprim posset  [ne]
  Footnote 44.2 ... Cf. H 428, 3 (385, 4,3):  [(385, 4,3))]
  page 63: deinde posits ante vstibulum dns  [vstibulm]
  Footnote 59.6: #haud piget#: sc. _m_  [sc. _me_]
  page 72: vnit ad eum lctor  [d]
  page 74: Cum aedem Honris  [adem]
  Footnote 85.1 ... #prmum ... triumphvit#  [primum]
  Footnote 85.6 ... (419, III, 1,1)  [(419, III, 1,1))]
  page 88: sri dxit Caesar mlle  [mll]
  page 96: [Illustration: CICER]  [CICERO]
  page 100 Sed Antnius, init cum Octvin societte,[5]  [Sd]
  Footnote 98.17: 'conspicuous'; lit., 'shining.'
    [_first open quote missing_]
  page 106: aspidem[14] sibi adferendam crvit  [13]

_Glossary_

  #ad#, prep. with accus. ... (3) of purpose  [_missing (3)_]
  #cnfodi#, see #fodi#.  [#cnfodi#.]
  #ad--addc, ere, dx, dictus#  [addc, re]
  #bis# [orig. #duis#; cf. #duo#], num. adv., _twice_.
    [_close parenthesis for bracket_]
  #Falernus# ... _a famous wine-growing district in Campania_.
    [_printed as shown, with anomalous italics_]
  #implr, re, v, tus#  [v tus]
  #integer, gra, grum# ... #integer, #  [integer ]
  #rtus# [orig. part. of #rscor#]  [orig part.]
  #per--perlici, ere, lex, lectus#,  [_missing , after "lectus"_]
  #inquam# ... See #297#, II, 2: 144, _b_: _175_,2.
    [_reference printed as shown_]
  #introe#, see (1) #e#.  [_final . missing_]
  #latebra, ae#,  [_missing , after "ae"_]
  #mult, re, v, tus# [#multa#], _to fine, punish_.  [re v]
  #per--permt, re, v, tus#  [re, vi]
  #rdior, r, rsus sum#, _to begin_.  [r rsus]
  #ad--adr, re, v, tus#  [ad adr]
  #persude#, see #sude#.  [#persude# see]
  #d--dcuti, ere, cuss, cussus#  [d dcuti]
  #ex--rump, ere, rp, ruptum#,  [_missing , after "ruptum"_]
  #spi, re, v (i), tus#  [ro, v]
  #spern, ere, sprv, sprtus#  [spern, re]
  #super, re, v, tus# [#superus#]  [re, vi]
  #re--retrah, ere, trx, trctus#,  [trctus#.]
  #vindic, re, v, tus#  [re, vi]

_References to Harkness_

  90  2  535, 1  [_missing 1_]

_Advertising_

Format of prices (usually $4.50, sometimes $4 50) is unchanged.

  sight tests and occasional examinations.  [_final . missing_]
  VOL. I--PROSE. ... Seneca Rhetor, Justinus  [Rhetor. Justinus]
  [last page]
  _Copies sent ... on receipt of the price_.  [_final . missing_]






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