Transcribed from the 1853 William Tweedie pamphlet by David Price, email
ccx074@pglaf.  Many thanks to Birmingham Central Library, England, for
allowing their copy to be used for this transcription.





                         FREEHOLD LAND SOCIETIES:
                              THEIR HISTORY,
                      PRESENT POSITION, AND CLAIMS.


                                    BY

                            J. EWING RITCHIE.

                                * * * * *

    “The laws of this country recognise nothing more sacred than the
    Forty-shilling Freehold Franchise; and a vote for the county obtained
    by these means is both constitutional and laudable.”—LORD
    CHIEF-JUSTICE TINDAL.

    “What he had heard from hon. members told him nothing more than this,
    that the working population could easily, under the old system,
    acquire the right of voting; and that every man who owned forty
    shillings a-year could entitle himself to vote.  Were they to be told
    that the people of England were so degraded, so besotted, so dead to
    all sense of their true interests, that they could make no efforts to
    possess themselves of the franchise?”—MR. DISRAELI.

                                * * * * *

                                 LONDON:
                      WILLIAM TWEEDIE, 337, STRAND.

                                * * * * *

                             PRICE TWOPENCE.




ADVERTISEMENT.


The following pages are reprinted from the “WEEKLY NEWS AND
CHRONICLE”—the only Paper that aims to be the organ of the Freehold Land
Movement.  They are now published in the hope that they may win for that
movement a wider support and a heartier sympathy than it has already
secured.  It is a child—it will be a giant ere long.

3, Clifford’s Inn.
   April 1853.




FREEHOLD LAND SOCIETIES:
THEIR HISTORY, PRESENT POSITION, AND CLAIMS.


The Freehold Land Movement is the great fact of the age.  We propose to
consider it in its origin, its present position as a means of investment
for the middle and working-classes, and in its political and social and
moral bearings.  We propose to tell what it has done, and what it seeks
to do.  Born of a working-man, it especially aims at the elevation of
working-men.  It comes to them, and offers them independence, wealth, and
political power.  Conceived in a provincial town, its ramifications now
extend through the land.  It demands no mean place in the consideration
of the influences now at work for realising a future brighter and better
than the past.  The philosopher, the political economist, and the
philanthropist must alike, then, deem it worthy of serious regard.  On
the part of a people, the absence of recklessness and waste is a great
good; but the formation of industrial and economical habits is a still
greater good.  From such plain, unpoetical traits of national character
are born the arts and the graces, and all that is civilised and refined
in life.  A rich people is not less virtuous, and is certainly far
happier, than a poor one.  Therefore we say, let the Freehold Movement
have wide support, for it is a schoolmaster, teaching the path leading
the people of this country to wealth, and to the power and independence
which wealth alone can give.  Thus much by way of introduction.  That our
readers may fully understand the subject, we shall begin at the
beginning, and explain.



I.—THE CONSTITUTION OF A FREEHOLD LAND SOCIETY.


Some time back the _Times_ asked scornfully, as Pilate of old did
concerning truth, what was a Freehold Land Society.  We reply, viewed in
a business light, it is simply a society for the purchase of land.  It
involves two commercial principles well understood—that purchasers should
buy in the cheapest market, and that societies can do what individuals
cannot.  Till the movement originated, the purchaser of a small plot of
ground had to pay in lawyer’s expenses connected with the purchase
frequently as much as he paid for the plot itself.  A society buys a
large piece of ground.  They make roads through it; they drain it; they
turn it into valuable building-land; they thus raise its value; and they
divide it amongst their members, not at the price at which each allotment
is worth, but at the price which each allotment has cost.  Being also
registered under the Friendly Societies Act, the conveyance costs the
purchaser generally from 25s. to 30s.; and thus a plot worth £50 is often
put into the fortunate allottee’s hands for half that sum.  Of course,
different societies have different rules, but they all aim at the same
end, and effect that end in pretty nearly a similar manner.  Thus a
member generally, if he subscribes for a share of £30, pays a shilling
a-week, and a trifling sum a-quarter for expenses.  With the money thus
raised an estate is purchased.  It is then cut up into allotments, and
balloted for.  If the subscriber has paid up, he, of course, takes the
land, and there is an end of the matter.  If he has not, the society
gives him his allotment, but saddled with a mortgage.  In some societies
the members are served by rotation, and “first come” are “first served.”
The more generally-adopted plan, however, is division by ballot.  There
has been some doubt as to the legality of the ballot; the Conservative
Society have taken the opinion of eminent counsel upon this matter, and
their opinion is, that the ballot is perfectly legal.  The rotation
societies offer no inducements to new members to join them; so division
by ballot has come to be almost the universal rule.  In the National, for
instance, there was a ballot daily for all subscribers of three months’
standing.  This has recently been altered.  A ballot takes place every
day, to which all are eligible whose subscriptions are paid up.  If you
join the National, you may go to the ballot immediately.

As the National is the largest of the existing Freehold Land
Societies—last year its receipts being £190,070—we will briefly allude to
its prospectus as a still further illustration of what a Freehold Land
Society is.  The especial objects of this Society are described as “to
facilitate the acquisition of freehold land, and the erection of houses
thereon; to enable such of its members as are eligible to obtain the
county franchise, and to afford to all of them a secure and profitable
investment for money.”  In the National, all the expenses are defrayed
out of a common fund; consequently, there are no extra charges, and the
net profits, after payment of interest on subscriptions in advance and on
completed shares, are annually divided amongst the holders of uncompleted
shares.  In this way last year the National divided £3,161. 19s. 3d., and
the directors credited each unadvanced share with profit at the rate of
£10. 16s. 8d. per cent. per annum.  We only add, as a still further
explanation of the societies in general, that they are all conducted on
the most perfectly democratic principles.  Vote by ballot and universal
suffrage are the rule with them.  The members elect their own officers.
In all the societies, also, provision is made for casualties, such as
sickness or death.  In case of death, the subscriber’s widow or heirs
take his place.  If he be unable, from sickness or poverty, to continue
his subscription, he is not fined, but is allowed to wait for better
times.  If he wishes his money back, he can have it returned, with a
slight reduction for the working expenses of the Society.  Juniors may be
members.  Actually these societies so far practically admit woman’s
rights as to offer to the ladies the same desirable investments they
offer to the sterner sex.  In short, the Freehold Land Movement appeals
to all ranks and conditions of the community.  It may be said of a
Freehold Land Society what has often been said of the London Tavern, that
it is open to all—who can pay.



II.  ORIGIN AND PRESENT POSITION OF THE MOVEMENT.


Primarily the movement was political, and was established for the purpose
of giving the people of this country the political power which they at
present lack.  Originally the forty-shilling freehold was established to
put down universal suffrage.  As a part and parcel of the British
constitution it has been religiously preserved to the present time, and
threatens to be an excellent substitute for what it was originally
intended to destroy.  During the Anti-Corn-Law agitation Mr. Cobden had
put the free-traders up to the idea of purchasing forty-shilling
freeholds, but it was reserved to Mr. James Taylor, of Birmingham, to
give to the idea of Mr. Cobden a universality of which the latter never
dreamed; Mr. Taylor had been a purchaser of land more than once, and with
the purchase he got an abstract, a legal document, which when he came to
understand it, showed him that he had paid to the vendor much more than
it cost him.  The idea then struck him that as the wholesale price of
land was much greater than the retail, if the working men could be got to
subscribe together a large sum for the purchase of land, they could thus
have, at a wholesale price, a stake in the country and a vote, and when
the general election came and excitement was created, Mr. Taylor felt
that the time for action was arrived.  Accordingly, when he went to
tender his vote, he said to a friend who accompanied him, “here’s a lot
of fellows, and all that they can do is to grin and yawn when I go in to
poll; I have a strong notion that I can get them into the booth.”  This
friend said, “How?”  The answer was, “Meet me to night in the Temperance
Hotel.”  That same evening Mr. Taylor and his friend drew up an
advertisement, stating that “it is expedient that a Freehold Land Society
be formed for the purpose of obtaining freehold property at a most
reasonable cost to, and to get country votes for, the working men.”
Simultaneously with the advertisement in the local paper appeared a
leader from the editor, recognising the immense importance of the
movement thus commenced.  Thus pledged to go on, Mr. Taylor threw his
heart and soul into the cause.  Within a week a committee was formed, and
the support of the principal men in the town secured.  December, 1849 is
the legal date of the Freehold Land Movement, although the Birmingham
Society had been in existence nearly two years previous.  In that month
the rules of the society were certified, and the glorious idea of Mr.
Taylor had a legal habitation and a name.  At the end of the first year
the Birmingham society reported that it had established six independent
societies, in which more than two thousand members had subscribed for
three thousand shares; that in Birmingham alone the subscriptions
amounted to £500 per month, and that it had already given allotments to
nearly two hundred of its members.  Before the termination of the second
year a great conference was held in Birmingham in order to organise a
plan of general union and co-operation amongst the various societies.
Delegates from all parts of the country were present.  In Birmingham it
appeared £13,000 had been subscribed and four estates purchased, two
thousand five hundred shares being taken up by one thousand eight hundred
subscribers.  Wolverhampton, Leicester, Stourbridge, had all co-operated
zealously in the movement.  Nor was the metropolis behind.  The National
had started with seven hundred and fifty members subscribing for one
thousand five hundred shares, and already had £1,900 paid up.  In
Marylebone eight hundred shares had been taken since the previous July.
This conference was attended by Messrs. Cobden, Bright, G. Thompson,
Scholefield, Bass, and Sir Joshua Walmsley.  This conference, of course,
attracted the notice of the press.  The coldly, critical _Spectator_
termed it a “middle-class movement.”  _Tait_ so far forgot himself as to
characterise it as “political swindling.”  The _Times_ said the
working-classes were being deluded by it.  For once the _Standard_ agreed
with the _Times_ and said ditto.  However the conference did its work,
and started the _Freeholder_, which appeared on the 1st of January, 1850.
A second conference was held at Birmingham in November, 1850.  The
report, as usual, was encouraging.  Eighty societies, many of them with
branches, were reported as existing.  The number of members was thirty
thousand subscribing for forty thousand shares.  The amount of paid-up
contributions was £170,000.  A third conference was held in London in
November, 1851.  The report then stated there were one hundred societies
with forty-five thousand members subscribing for sixty-five thousand
shares.  One hundred and fifty estates had been purchased, twelve
thousand allotments made, £400,000 had actually been received, and two
millions of pounds sterling was actually being subscribed for.  At the
fourth conference, held in 1852, it appeared still greater progress had
been made.  One hundred and thirty societies, with eighty-five thousand
members subscribing for a hundred and twenty thousand shares, were in
existence, three hundred and ten estates had been purchased, nineteen
thousand five hundred allotments had been made, and £790,000 had been
received.  Estimating the shares at the average of £30 per share, the
total amount subscribed for was three millions six hundred thousand
pounds.  Such, then, is the movement at the present time.  It has been
obscured by no cloud.  Its progress has been unchecked.  No
disappointment has retarded its onward way.  Forward to victory has been
its march.  All classes and sects have railed round it.  For churchmen
there exists a Church of England Society.  The Conservatives have formed
a large and flourishing society for the manufacture of Conservative
votes.  The movement sneered at, derided, misrepresented, declared
unconstitutional, a swindle like a celebrated land scheme popular with
the Chartists, has now come to be admitted by all as the greatest fact of
the age: to aid it, grave and reverend churchmen, statesmen of all shades
of political options, combine; even coronetted lords now rejoice to lend
it their sanction, and the weight of their illustrious names.  Truly the
mustard seed has branched out into a giant oak.  A little leaven has
leavened the whole lump.



III.—OF ITS FOUNDER.


We must tell our readers something of the founder of this movement.
James Taylor, junior, of Birmingham, deserves a passing notice at our
hands.  He was born in that town in 1814, and is consequently now in the
prime of his life, rather young considering the greatness he has already
achieved.  His father is a tradesman of the same town, where he has
acquired a limited competency by his honest industry, and where he still
carries on business for the benefit of the younger branches of his
family.  Like all other Birmingham boys James was put to work at an early
age, and became an apprentice in one of the fancy trades for which
Birmingham is so well known.  There his industrious habits soon acquired
for him the approbation of his master, who gave up Taylor his indentures
in consequence of his retiring from business before the latter was of
age.  About this time Taylor, earning good wages, and not having the fear
of Malthus before his eyes, got married, and lived happily till troubles
came and the demon of strong drink cast its fatal spell upon his domestic
hearth.  After years of utter misery and degradation Taylor, in a happy
hour for himself and society, signed the Temperance pledge, and became a
new man, and to the pledge, fortunately, he remained faithful, in spite
of ridicule and reproach from the boon companions with whom he had
thoughtlessly squandered so much of happiness, and health, and money, and
time.  No temptation ever led him back.  Nor was he satisfied with his
own reform alone.  He was anxious that others should be rescued from
degradation as he had already been.  For this purpose he identified
himself with the Temperance cause, and was Honorary Secretary to the
Birmingham Temperance Society till he became the Apostle of the Freehold
Land Movement.  Since then his life and labours have become public.  No
man has worked harder than Mr. Taylor.  Our readers would be astonished
if they knew the number of miles Mr. Taylor travels, and of public
meetings he attends in the course of the year connected with the
movement; sometimes the exertion has been too great, and his health has
given way for a time.  Those who have heard him once will never forget
him.  Those who have not heard him, if such there be, have indeed a treat
in store.  With but few or no adventitious aids—without even “little
Latin and less Greek”—an unassuming plain working man, in spite of all
this, so fascinating is his unadorned eloquence that no one can listen to
him without admiring his earnestness and moral worth—without feeling that
England has no worthier son than the originator of the Freehold Land
Movement—without feeling that time alone can tell what he has done for
the political, and social, and moral emancipation of her toiling race.
We may also add here that Mr. Taylor has been at times a contributor to
the press as well as a platform orator—that he has been twice
married—that he resides at Temperance Cottage, Birmingham, in the
enjoyment of a domestic felicity which we trust will attend him to a
green old age.  It may be said of Taylor what has been said of many
infinitely less useful men, that—

    “He is a man, take him for all in all,
    We ne’er shall look upon his like again.”

This feeling has become common wherever Mr. Taylor has been known.  From
far and near have reached him testimonials of respect and esteem.  At an
early stage of its existence the Wolverhampton Society acknowledged its
sense of Mr. Taylor’s services by presenting him with a valuable gold
watch; and at the last Annual Conference of the friends of the Movement,
held in December, 1852, it was unanimously resolved that “as it appeared
that various sums of money have been from time to time subscribed with a
view of offering some suitable recognition of the valuable and
disinterested services of Mr. James Taylor, it is desirable that a
committee be appointed to suggest the most suitable testimonial to that
gentleman, and to take such steps as may seem to them most desirable in
furtherance of the object.”  In pursuance of this resolution a committee
was formed to receive subscriptions, of which Mr. Scholefield, M.P. for
Birmingham, is Treasurer.  This committee consists of most of the
gentlemen connected with the London societies, and it is to be hoped that
they are giving the subject the importance it really deserves.  A prophet
should be honoured in his own age and country.  In their lifetime the
world’s benefactors should reap their reward.

Having thus explained the nature of Freehold Land Societies, and detailed
their rise and progress and present position, we propose to consider
their effects.  For this purpose we shall examine the Movement as
offering



IV.—AN INVESTMENT FOR THE MIDDLE AND WORKING CLASSES.


This, of course, is the principal point of view.  By their merits as
investments alone must Freehold Land Societies stand or fall.  If they
pay, they will flourish; if they do not, they cannot exist, whatever may
be the social, and moral, and political arguments advanced in their
favour.  Now, let us just see what means of investment are within the
reach of the Working man.  There is the savings bank—not always safe, as
recent examples have shown, and offering so small a rate of interest as
to be but little inducement to the classes to whom it appeals, to save.
Then there are the benefit societies, which hold out such fine promises,
which thus have won a support to which they have no claim, and have
excited hopes which they can never realise.  Of two thousand of these
societies, the accounts of which were submitted to one gentleman in
Liverpool a few years ago, _all_ were insolvent.  Much of the money
belonging to them is wasted in drink, in foolish show and mummery; but
the societies are based upon wrong principles, and can never become
right.  Two radical defects taint them all—the contributions have been
much too small in proportion to the proposed benefits, and an almost
indiscriminate regard to diversities in age has caused persons differing
as widely as from eighteen to thirty-five, forty, forty-five, and even
fifty years of age, to be admitted upon equal, or nearly equal, terms.
One of the chief of these friendly societies is that known as the
Manchester Unity.  In 1848 there was an inquiry into the subject before
the House of Lords, when it was stated by Mr. Neison, the eminent
actuary, “that it would take _three millions of money_ to bring the
Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows out of their present difficulties; and if
they went on at their present rates of contribution, no less than _ten
millions_ would be required to fulfil all their engagements.”  So much
for friendly societies, which are, indeed, a delusion and a snare, and
have always failed when the hour of trial has come.  What the savings
banks are we have already seen; yet, actually, till the Freehold Land
Movement originated, these were the only investments within the reach of
the working man.  A Select Committee of the House of Commons has twice
reported “that the great change in the social position of multitudes,
arising from the growth of large towns and crowded districts, renders it
more necessary that corresponding changes in the law should take place,
both to improve their condition and contentment, and to give additional
facilities to investments of the capital which their industry and
enterprise are constantly creating and augmenting;” and “that they doubt
not ultimate benefit will ensue from any measures which the Legislature
may be enabled to devise for simplifying the operation of the law and
unfettering the energies of trade.” But at present nothing has been done,
and the Laws of Partnership fetter the working man who would usefully
employ what little capital he has.  Clearly, then, the Freehold Land
Movement offers him an eligible means of investment.  Land cannot run
away.  So long as England exists, it will always be worth its price.
Nay, it will become more valuable every year, for by no effort of human
ingenuity can it be increased.

At Birmingham several of the allotments have realised premiums as high as
£20 or £30.  On the East Moulsey estate of the Westminster Society
allotments, costing £23, have been let at a chief rent of £3 and £3. 10s.
per annum.  The Ross Society, in one of its annual reports, stated that,
out of thirty allotments made by the Society during the past year, ten
exchanged hands at premiums varying from £3. 10s. to £5., and ten working
men each received £10 premium.  At Ledbury several allotments, costing
£25 each had realised premiums of £15 each.  On the Stoke Newington
estate, belonging to the National, premiums of £30 and even of £40 have
been realised.  At the Gospel Oak estate, belonging to the St. Pancras
Society, allotments which cost £20 each have been let off on building
leases of 50s. per annum each.  Greater sums have been made—but we would
rather understate than overstate our case.

We have inspected returns from one hundred and twenty societies, and in
every case the allotments have realised a handsome premium.  Yet, in the
face of all this, articles have recently appeared in _Chambers’s Journal_
and the _Edinburgh Review_, deprecating these societies as investments.
The Edinburgh Reviewer says:—“Notwithstanding this rapid popularity
however; notwithstanding, also, the high authorities which have
pronounced in their behalf, we cannot look upon these associations with
unmixed favour; and we shall be surprised if any long time elapses
without well-grounded disappointment and discontent arising among their
members.  However it may be desirable for a peasant or an artisan to be
possessor of the garden which he cultivates, and of the house he dwells
in—however clear and great the gain to him in this case—it is by no means
equally certain that he can derive any adequate pecuniary advantages from
the possession of a plot of ground which is too far from his daily work
for him either to erect a dwelling on it, or to cultivate it as an
allotment, and which, from its diminutive size, he will find it very
difficult for him to let for any sufficient remuneration.  In many cases
a barren site will be his only reward for £50 of savings; and however he
may value this in times of excitement, it will, in three elections out of
four, be of little real interest or moment to him.”  Of course we do not
affirm that a badly-conducted society will pay in spite of mismanagement.
We believe it will do nothing of the kind, and that discontent will
arise; but facts show that the reviewer is wrong; that the allotments
cost less than he supposes; that thus they offer a better return for his
money than the allottee can get in any other way.  Numerous as these
societies are, multitudinous as are their members, extensive as have been
their dealings—no one yet has found fault with them as a means of
investment.  Indeed, every day they have come to be more and more
regarded in this light alone.  Where, we ask, can a man make more by his
shilling a-week than by putting it in a Freehold Land Society?  This is
the question which every man should ask himself; and if he does this, we
can await with satisfaction the result.  It is easy to imagine
difficulties, but we turn to the testimony of facts.  That is unanimously
in its favour.  The present time is void of all political interest.
There are no great struggles, and no great hopes and aims.  England seems
satisfied with coalitions.  Yet this precisely is the time when the
Freehold Land Movement finds most favour with the public.  The reason is
obvious.  The times are good.  The public has money to invest, and the
public finds no such desirable investments as those offered by the
Movement; hence it is the societies flourish; hence it is they gain the
hearty support of all who can only spare a little, but who would put a
little by against a rainy day.



V.—MOVEMENT CONSIDERED POLITICALLY.


But we may be told, politically the movement has been a failure.  Our
answer is, it has been nothing of the kind.  It is true, and we state the
fact more in sorrow than in anger, that Messrs. Newdegate and Spooner
still represent North Warwickshire; but it is also clear that whilst at
the election previous to the last Mr. Spooner had, in the Birmingham
district, a majority of 196, at the last election, in consequence of the
operation of the Freehold Land Societies of that district, he was
actually in a minority of 395.  But let us look nearer home.  At the
recent election for Middlesex, Bernal Osborne was returned, after a
severe struggle, by a majority of 195.  Now, when we recollect that the
National alone has purchased 152 acres in Middlesex, and that each acre
is capable, on an average, on subdivision, of making five votes—when we
also remember that the remaining London societies have purchased between
them another hundred acres in the same county—it is impossible not to
feel, even supposing all the allotments have not been taken up, that out
of the 250 acres thus cut up into allotments came the majority which
returned Bernal Osborne as the champion of Liberalism and Free Trade.  We
repeat, it is impossible not to feel that if it had not been for the
Freehold Land Societies, to the disgrace and shame of the county, Lord
Maidstone would have misrepresented Middlesex.  Then we remember that Mr.
Locke King was but 400 ahead of Mr. Antrobus at the Surrey election last
summer—we must also feel that that gentleman has some reason for
thankfulness to Freehold Land Societies.  If we pass to Herts, we shall
feel that it sadly failed in its duty by returning three pledged
Protectionists; but when we recollect that the National has purchased 300
acres in that county, we cannot but be persuaded that there is “a good
time coming” for our friend Mr. Lattimore and the Herts Reformers.  At
the last election, the lowest of the Protectionist candidates—the quondam
Reformer, Sir Bulwer Lytton—had 2,190 votes: the highest of the Liberals
had 2,043.  It is thus as clear as anything can be that a very little
effort will make Hertfordshire for ever safe.  It is in the power of any
two hundred persons desirous of a good investment to do so at once.
Essex, the home of Sir J. Tyrrel and the delight of W. B., we regret to
write, is not so easily liberalised.  North Essex at present is
impregnable.  Its squires, as Barry Cornwall ironically writes,

          “With brains made clear
    By the irresistible strength of beer,”

are beyond salvation: there is no hope for this generation of them.  But
South Essex is not so hopelessly lost to the people’s cause.  It is true
that last summer it did unseat Sir E. N. Buxton, and return Sir W. B.
Smijth by a majority of 600; but the National has purchased 242 acres in
that county, and out of that number can create 1,210 electors.
Evidently, then, there is hope for Essex yet.  But we need not continue
this scrutiny.  The people have placed within their hands the very
privilege they so much desire.  They need not wait for Government to
emancipate them; they can emancipate themselves.  For instance, the
National will put any person desirous of the same in possession of a
county qualification for North or South Essex, East or West Kent,
Hertfordshire, West Sussex, North Hants, North Lancashire, or Middlesex.
If, as some of the knowing ones maintain, we shall soon have a general
election, of course the sooner one is put on the register the better.  If
not, the purchaser can take no harm: he will have his _quid pro quo_; he
will have placed his money in that best of all banks, the land, and will
have become one of that important class appealed to on certain occasions
as the “Electors of the United Kingdom.”  Heaven helps those who help
themselves.  Instead of the people waiting for Government to extend the
franchise, they can boldly help themselves.  No man deserves the
electoral privilege who cannot purchase it by his own industry and
self-denial.  At the present time, when provisions are cheap, when work
is abundant, when wages are high and labour scarce, there is not a man in
our streets who may not win the franchise if he has the will.  Half the
men who brawled in low pot-houses, while their wives and children were
starving, over their beer, for the Charter, and nothing but the Charter,
if they had stopped at home, and worked and saved their money, might, by
this time, have realised the manhood suffrage of which they so idly
dreamed; and if, at the next election, the men of progress are beaten,
and the friends of class legislation and injustice prevail, it will be
because the people were not true to themselves—because they had not
enough of self-denial, enough of earnestness and independence, to avail
themselves of the advantages offered by the Freehold Land Movement, and
thus to have a representation that shall be real, and not a sham.  By
means of the Freehold Land Movement, every county in England may be won.
To the very natural suggestion that that is a game that two can play at,
the answer is very obvious.  In such a contest numbers will tell.  A
qualification that may be had for £30 will fall into very different hands
to what it would were its price £1,000.  For one aristocratic voter thus
made, the people will have ten.  An appeal to the masses can have but one
result.  Human nature must be changed before it can be otherwise.  Be
this as it may, the political result is undoubtedly good—the emancipation
of all who have the wit, and will, and worth to win the franchise for
themselves.



VI.  THE MORAL AND SOCIAL ADVANTAGES OF THE MOVEMENT.


Anything offering a man inducement to save must be attended with
beneficial results.  As society is constituted, a spendthrift is a
nuisance and a curse; the charge hitherto against the working classes of
this country has been, that they have been reckless and improvident—that
they are beggars one day and spendthrifts the next—that the money gained
with such difficulty is squandered away with a wicked wastefulness, such
as can be paralleled in no other part of the world.  The English lower
orders have always been thus improvident.  During the late war the
sailors, when on shore, would resort to every absurdity to get rid of
their money.  Colonel Landman tells us of one who had just received prize
money to the amount of £500, and, being allowed only one week in which to
get rid of it, had, to do so more effectually, hired a carriage and four
for himself, another for his hat, and another for his cudgel, in which
style he travelled to London.  A common sight at Plymouth was that of
sailors sitting on the ground breaking watches to pieces for a glass of
grog, for which they had previously paid £5 each; one hard-hearted
captain having refused leave to a sailor to go on shore, the man, in the
bitterness of his disappointment, filled a pint pot with guineas and
threw them overboard, as he could not immediately derive enjoyment from
their use.  It is true a great change has been effected in this respect,
and society has reaped the benefit.  A man who saves money is not a drain
upon his friend; is not a dissipated man; costs society less, and does
more for it than another man.  The self-imposed taxation of the working
classes has been set down by Mr. Porter at fifty millions a-year.  In
reality it is much more: there is loss of time—there is sickness induced
by intemperance—there are the gaols, and police-stations, and police,
which would be much less expensive were the intemperance of the country
less.  Thus, if you change a nation of spendthrifts into a nation of
economical men, you bring about a great and glorious result.  Such a
nation never can be poor.  It will always have capital, and capital is
the fund out of which labour is maintained, out of which the arts that
humanise and bless mankind spring—out of which the soft humanities of
life arise.  Thus, then, the Freehold Land Movement is attended with
great moral and social good.  Viewed politically, also, it must be
considered to have had the same result.  It is something to have made a
man an independent voter—to have made him feel that he has won his
political rights for himself—that he has no need to cringe and beg—to
have taught him that—

    “Man who man would be
    Must rule the empire of himself.”

Such a man will infuse fresh blood into the constituency.  He will not
give a vote like a browbeaten tradesman or a dependent tenant-farmer.
His landlord will not be able to drive him to the polling-booth like a
sheep.  On the contrary, he will go there erect and free—a man, and not a
slave.  In every point of view, indeed, the benefits of the movement are
immense.  In the neighbourhood of all our large towns estates are being
built on, where the members of the different societies living on their
own freeholds enjoy the blessings of pure air, and light, and water, of
which otherwise they would have been deprived.  In Birmingham the
mortality amongst children has been already lessened 2½ per cent. in
consequence of this very fact.  If it be true that we cannot get the
healthy mind without the healthy body, this is something gained; but when
we further remember that the money thus profitably invested would most of
it have been squandered in reckless enjoyment—in body and soul destroying
drink—it is clear nothing more need be said.  It was calculated that out
of £25,000 received by the Birmingham Society, £20,000 have been saved
from those sinks of poison, the dram-shop and the beer-house.  Mr. James
Taylor tells us, “Our working men are beginning to ponder the
often-quoted saying that every time they swallow a glass of ale they
swallow a portion of land.  From calculations which have been made, it
appears that the average price of land is 5½d. per yard, and therefore
every time a man drinks a quart of ale he engulphs at the same time a
yard of solid earth.”  Nor is Mr. Taylor alone in his testimony.  A
correspondent of the _Freeholder_ at Leominster stated, that instead of
money being spent in drink it was devoted to the society there.  In a
late report of the Committee of the Coventry Society we read that “one of
the most pleasing results of the society’s operations is the improved
moral habits of many of its members.”  The North and East Riding Society
also reported “The society’s operations produce the best effects on the
habits of its poorer members by encouraging them to save money from the
public house.”  Similar testimony was also borne by the Newcastle
Committee, and at Darlington we learn that the society has been the means
of converting many of its members into steady members of society, and
instead of finding them at the ale-bench, wrote a correspondent, a few
months since, “you may now see them at our Mechanics’ Institution,
gaining all the information they can.”  Thus, then, the Freehold Movement
is creating everywhere a great moral revolution.  It teaches the drunkard
to be sober and the spendthrift to save.  It comes to man in his
degradation and strikes away the chain and sets him free.  To the cause
of Temperance it has been a most invaluable ally.  For the money saved
from the public-house it has been the most suitable investment.  No
wonder, then, that most of the leading men connected with the movement
are also connected with the Temperance societies, or that it originated
with them.  It was born in a Temperance Hotel.  Its founder was the
Secretary of a Temperance society.  Did the Temperance societies effect
no other good, for this one fact alone would they deserve lasting honour
in the land.



VII.—HINTS FOR THE FORMATION OF FREEHOLD LAND SOCIETIES.


There are many counties yet to which the movement has not extended.  For
the sake of those who may wish to extend it to them, we state that the
first step to be taken is to procure a copy of the rules of some society
already in operation.  For this purpose, the Birmingham, the National and
the Westminster Societies’ rules, which have been prepared with care, and
under the management of practical men, should be procured.  They are
virtually the same as the rules of an ordinary building society, and are
certified by Mr. Tidd Pratt.  The next step is the appointment of
trustees, directors, solicitor and secretary.  This is very important.
The greater part of the failures which take place in working men’s
associations arise from the incapacity or dishonesty of the directors or
their officers.  Men of character and substance should be chosen for
trustees, and for directors men experienced in business, of persevering
habits, and of unquestionable integrity.  The solicitor and secretary
ought to be favourably disposed to the objects of the society.  The
offices for business ought in no case to be connected either with a
public-house or a Temperance coffee-house.  Eating and drinking are bad
adjuncts to business.  As every society must incur expenses, it is not
desirable to form societies in small towns or villages, but to connect
them with a large society.  The National, for instance, has agents to
receive subscriptions in every part of the country.  Indeed, many of the
local societies have become merged in it.  In consequence of its
excellent business arrangements, and of its immense capital it can do
what local societies cannot.  Already the Herts and Beds Society, the
Bristol Society and the Cardiff Society, have become incorporated with
it, and the arrangement has been found satisfactory to all parties
concerned, the National having the power to purchase an estate, when a
local society with its limited funds would be utterly unable to do so.
The same can be said of the Conservative and other larger societies.
Local societies have, however, this in their favour.  The managers are
well known men.  Confidence is felt in them; they appeal to local
sympathies, and they will have local support.



VIII.—A LIST OF EXISTING SOCIETIES.


It has been suggested that we give a list of the societies at present in
operation.  We do so here, though aware that the list is necessarily very
imperfect.  The _Freeholder_ aimed to give a list, but it never could
give a correct one.  We see Mr. Brooks in his Building Societies
Directory has also made a similar attempt, and in an equally unsuccessful
manner.  The societies are so numerous that it is impossible to do more
than chronicle the existence of the more active ones.  These are:—1. The
Arundel, 38, Arundel-street, Strand; Manager, Mr. J. Carpenter.  2. The
Birkbeck, Mechanics’ Institution, Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane;
Secretary, Mr. F. Ravenscroft.  3. The British, 3, Ivy-lane; Secretary,
Mr. H. Brooks.  4. The Britannia; Secretary, Mr. D. W. Ruffy, 1a, Great
George-street, New-road.  4. The Church of England, 22, John-street,
Adelphi; Secretary, Mr. Campbell.  5. The Conservative, 33,
Norfolk-street, Strand; Secretary, Mr. Gruneisen.  6. The Chelsea,
Cheyne-row.  7. The Finsbury, Featherstone-buildings; Secretary, Mr.
Scott.  8. The Home Counties, Chatham-place, Blackfriars-bridge;
Secretary, Mr. Knight.  9. The Lambeth, 90 Blackman-street, Borough;
Secretary, Mr. W. Banks.  10. London District, 10, Leadenhall-street;
Secretary, Mr. F. Redfern.  11. The London and Suburban; Secretary, Mr.
Weale.  12. The Metropolitan, 24, East-cheap; Secretary, Mr. D. R. White.
13. The Marylebone, Great Portland-street; Secretary, Mr. J. W. Knight.
14. The Middle Class, Peele’s Coffee House, Fleet-street; Secretary, Mr.
W. Peacock.  15. The National, 14, Moorgate-street; Secretary, Mr.
Whittingham.  16. The North London, British School Room, Denmark-terrace,
Pentonville; Secretary, Mr. Bernard.  17. The St. Pancras; Secretary, Mr.
Spring.  18. The Union.  19. The Westminster, 4, Beaufort-buildings,
Strand; Secretary, Mr. G. Hugget.  Most of these societies are in full
operation, and have purchased valuable estates.  The probable number of
Freehold Land Societies in the country is 130.  In some parts societies
have not flourished, in consequence of their being confounded with
O’Connor’s Land Scheme; in others, more especially in the North, there
has been an utter impossibility in the way of getting freehold property;
in others, the management has been languid, and the societies have
decayed.  But the number is, we believe, that which we have stated; or at
any rate is as near the truth as it is possible for us to be.



IX.—CONCLUSION.


We have thus gone through our self-appointed task.  We have considered
the Freehold Land Movement in its origin and effects.  We have shown them
to be good.  We have shown the movement itself to be well worthy the
support of every philanthropic man.  It has now grown, and become strong.
It is now doing what Parliament dare not, providing for the political
emancipation of the people.  It has put the franchise in the hands of
honest men.  It has given a new character to political agitation.  It has
shown how, without resorting to intimidation, or without the frantic
appeal of the demagogue, the working men of England may enfranchise
themselves.  Parliament may refuse to legislate on the matter—one Reform
Bill after another may be prepared, and then thrown by—one party
combination after another may be driven from the Treasury benches, but
the movement is gradually working its way, which is to reform Parliament,
to put down W. B. and his man Frail—to root out the demoralisation of
which St. Albans is a type, and to give to the people a perfect
representation in the peopled house.  It is time the present state of
things was altered.  For this purpose, the Freehold Land Movement exists.

We thus make our appeal to the friends of political progress.  We aim at
the advocacy of the movement which has for its end what you profess to
desire.  That movement we believe destined to be the salvation of our
country, and we ask you to rally round it.  It is true Free-trade is not
in danger, but Parliamentary Reform is.  A large party headed by Lord
Derby take their stand by the Bill of ’31, and maintain that concession
has reached its limits—that class legislation is still to prevail—that
the people are still to be ignored—that inside the constitution are still
to be the privileged few, and outside of it the unprivileged many.
Against this mockery we ask England’s manhood to protest—not by crowded
assemblies or inflammatory harangues, but in the constitutional manner
pointed out by Freehold Land Societies.  We want not voices but votes.
In the House of Commons, the thoughts that breathe and words that burn
avail not, but votes are omnipotent.  No member can disregard or despise
his constituents; their will to him must be law.

But we stop not here.  We seek a still wider support.  The Freehold Land
Movement has done wonders, it has removed the reproach cast upon the
working man, that he is reckless and improvident.  It has shown that he
can save when a proper object is offered.  In a speech a year or two
since, in the House of Commons, by Mr. Sotheron, M.P. for Wiltshire, it
was stated that the total number of friendly societies was not less than
33,232, and the aggregate of the members which they included amounted to
3,032,000.  The annual revenue of these societies was £4,980,000, and the
accumulated capital from the savings of these poor persons was no less a
sum than £11,360,000.  Faulty as most of these societies were, so
desirous of saving was the working man, that he had actually entrusted
them with the enormous sum we have just named.  If these things were done
by Friendly Societies, what will not be done when the advantages of
Freehold Land Societies are well and widely understood?  At this time
there is much maudlin sympathy expressed on behalf of the working
classes.  They need it not.  They are stout enough and strong enough to
take care of themselves.  The Freehold Land Movement has given them an
investment, and they have become saving men.  The money that would
formerly have been spent in the public-house has given many a man a
freehold and a stake in the country, such as even a revising barrister
must admit.  The present system of revision of votes by barristers is
bad.  Members of Freehold Land Societies have been much wronged in
consequence.  One worthy disfranchised several claimants last summer, on
the ground that the forty-shilling franchise, in all cases, should cost
£50.  It ought to be in the power of no man to arrive at such a decision.
The question should be left to a jury—not to a barrister, eager of
promotion, and for that purpose desirous to please the powers that be.
But still a man may thus obtain wealth and a vote.  And the man thus
taught self-denial and providence will not be contented with remaining
merely a freeholder; he cannot make himself that without becoming
intellectually and morally a better man.  He will be a better father of a
family, a better citizen, better in his public and private life.  Workmen
of England, Ireland and Wales, we call upon you to rally round the
Freehold Land Societies.  They exist for your benefit alone.  They will
give you all that you require—desirable investments for your
savings—habits of economy and political influence.  You have no need to
cringe and beg.  All that you want, you have it in your power to obtain.
Never was there a more favourable time for you to avail yourselves of the
Freehold Land Societies now springing up in your midst.  You have now
money you can put by.  When the Corn Laws cursed the land, it would have
been mockery to have asked you to do so then.  Now the case is altered,
and you must each one of you seek to elevate yourselves.  As Mr. Cobden
aptly remarked, half the money annually spent in gin would give the
people the entire county representation, and thus also provide desirable
investments for the money that you are morally bound to lay by against a
rainy day.  The man who refuses to make provision for the future cannot
expect to prosper.  Not to do so when a man can is a folly and a crime.
Now then is the time to support the Freehold Land Societies.  Thus when
sickness or old age or bad times come, you will have something you can
call your own.  Habits of economy will thus grow and strengthen, and the
reward will be sure.  Of all luxuries, that of independence is the
sweetest, and that these societies put within your reach.  Their failure
is impossible.  They are the societies for the age: they will parcel out
the English ground amongst English men: their triumph will be the
emancipation of the working man from the misery and wrongs and
degradation of the past.

We appeal also to men who aim at the moral reformation of our race—who
care little about politics—who believe that in a world of knaves it is
difficult to get a good government at all, and we claim their support.
The mission of the Freehold Land Movement is the same with theirs.  The
philanthropist labouring to remove the degradation, which compels to a
life little better than that of the beasts that perish, men made in the
image of their Maker—the advocate of Temperance aiming at the destruction
of a vice which has slain its thousands, and which, like a destroying
pestilence, still walks the land—the Christian seeking to permeate our
age with a living faith—all these we claim as co-workers.  The movement,
besides its direct bearings, tends to bring about the results they
desire.  Not merely has political emancipation been the result of the
movement—moral emancipation has invariably followed in its train.

We thus make our appeal for the support of the cause which is yet in its
infancy, and which has a thousand trophies yet in store.  Peacefully does
it conduct the people to power, and give practical utterance to the
spirit of the age.  The doom of whatever keeps man in subjection to
another has long been sealed.  The proud patrician of Imperial Rome—the
feudal baron of the Middle Ages, have passed away.  Even Oxford abandons
the faith at one time it armed to defend, and no longer acknowledges the

    “Right divine of kings to govern wrong.”

Onward to victory is the people’s march.  The decree has gone forth, they
must be free.  For this consummation we have ever hoped and striven.
From the contentions of party we have ever turned to advocate whatever
gives to the people moral dignity and political power; to others we leave
the cause of the privileged classes—the advocacy of existing wrongs—the
preservation of existing abuses.  We plead the cause of the
unenfranchised, but of the unenfranchised who have faith and energy and
self-denial enough to win the franchise for themselves.  We conjure them
to bestir themselves, to give their support to the Freehold Land
Movement, to quit themselves like men.  We need at the polling booths
independent voters, not men who can be bullied or bribed—to make such is
our aim, for such England needs, aye, and needs more than ever now.

                                * * * * *

                                 THE END.

                                * * * * *

                                * * * * *

       Woodfall and Kinder, Printers, Angel-court, Skinner-street.