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Title: Projet de la constitution franaise de 1791

Author: Maximilien Robespierre

Editor: Edmond Tardif

Release Date: December 9, 2009 [EBook #30633]

Language: French

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROJET--CONSTITUTION FRANCAISE, 1791 ***




Produced by Daniel Fromont








[Transcriber's notes: Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), _Projet de
la constitution franaise de 1791: notes manuscrites et indites,
conserves dans la bibliothque de M. le Dr Bertrand-Goyrand  Aix
et publies par les soins du Dr Edmond Tardif_ (1894)

Le manuscrit est aujourd'hui conserv dans la bibliothque de la
Chambre des dputs]






PROJET DE LA CONSTITUTION FRANCAISE DE 1791


NOTES MANUSCRITES ET INEDITES


DE

ROBESPIERRE



CONSERVEES DANS LA BIBLIOTHEQUE

De M. le Dr BERTRAND-GOYRAND  Aix



et publies par les soins

du Dr Ed. TARDIF



AIX

ACHILLE MAKAIRE, IMPRIMEUR-LIBRAIRE

2, rue Thiers, 2

1894





NOTES MANUSCRITES ET INEDITES

DE ROBESPIERRE




I. Authenticit du document.


L'authenticit du manuscrit que nous livrons aujourd'hui  la
publicit, est tablie par des preuves qui la rendent incontestable. Ce
manuscrit consiste en notes marginales crites de la propre main de
Robespierre sur quelques-uns des feuillets du projet de constitution
prsent  l'Assemble Nationale en 1791.

L'tat du document est parfait, grce  la reliure moderne qui en
soutient les feuillets. Toutefois les pages 41 et 49 ont t perdues;
la premire page, qui formait autrefois la couverture, a t double et
recolle contre les autres pages, dont elle s'tait dtache par
l'usure.

Nous lisons sur un des feuillets de la garde de la reliure:

"Exemplaire recueilli des papiers de Robespierre et annot par lui.
Achet par M. Philippe Lebas, bibliothcaire de la bibliothque la
Sorbonne, de l'Institut.

Le catalogue de ses livres a t vendu en dcembre 1860."

Nous avons trouv encore, entre les feuillets du document, une fiche
mobile de classification. Cette fiche porte imprim le n 171 avec
cette rclame:

"A. Aubry, libraire, 16 rue Dauphine, Paris. Rdacteur de catalogues.
Vente de livres aux enchres."

Au-dessous se trouve cette inscription manuscrite:

"Bibliothque de M. Victor Foucher. Vente du 6 avril 1866."

Le document se trouve actuellement dans la bibliothque de M. le
docteur Bertrand-Goyrand, rue du 4 septembre, 15,  Aix-en-Provence.

Pour nous assurer de la vrit des renseignements qui se trouvent sur
la garde de la reliure, nous avons compar consciencieusement
l'criture des notes marginales en question avec un fac-simile
d'autographe de Robespierre; les deux critures sont identiques, et
cette comparaison suffit  elle seule pour garantir l'authenticit du
manuscrit qui nous intresse.

Ce manuscrit ne peut tre l'oeuvre d'un faussaire car il contient de
nombreuses ratures, et on voit, par le style des notes et les
frquentes coupures des phrases, que l'auteur a voulu jeter, comme  la
hte, quelques rflexions sur le papier.



II. Importance du manuscrit.


Si le document tait seulement le texte dfinitif de la constitution,
il aurait dj,  raison des notes manuscrites de Robespierre, un rel
intrt; mais il porte pour titre gnral:

"CONSTITUTION FRANAISE, PROJET PRESENTE A L'ASSEMBLEE NATIONALE PAR
LES COMITES DE CONSTITUTION ET DE REVISION."

Il s'agit donc du projet lui-mme de la constitution de 1791, ainsi que
l'atteste encore le millsime 1791, qui est imprim au bas du titre.

Ce document n'est donc autre que l'exemplaire du projet de constitution
que Robespierre a eu en mains, lors des discussions de la Constituante.

En effet, ainsi qu'on peut le constater en se rapportant au tome IX de
la rimpression de l'ancien Moniteur, pages 362 et 574, ces notes sont
les plans de deux discours de Robespierre  cette assemble.

Le premier a t prononc le mercredi 10 aot 1791, sur les pouvoirs
publics; le second, qui traite du marc d'argent comme condition requise
pour tre lecteur, a t prononc le lendemain jeudi, 11 du mme mois
et de la mme anne.

L'Assemble Constituante, avant de soumettre la constitution 
l'adhsion de Louis XVI, rsolut de la lire tout entire, pour juger de
l'ensemble et pour mettre en harmonie toutes ses parties. C'est l ce
qu'on nomma la rvision. Robespierre pronona les deux discours dont il
s'agit dans la priode de cette rvision.



III. Des pouvoirs publics.



Sur la Dclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen et sur les deux
premiers titres du projet, Robespierre ne fait aucune observation mais
au titre troisime, des pouvoirs publics, le clbre rvolutionnaire
commence ses remarques.

"Art. Ier du projet. La souverainet est une, indivisible, et
appartient  la nation; aucune section du peuple ne peut s'en attribuer
l'exercice."

"_Il n'ya q_", ajoute Robespierre mais, mcontent de cette premire
rdaction, il s'arrte et se reprend ensuite dans une deuxime note:
"_Si la nation alinait de quelque manire que_." Ici Robespierre
s'arrte encore et biffe d'un trait de plume sa deuxime rdaction.

"Art. II du projet. La nation, de qui seule manent tous les pouvoirs,
ne peut les exercer que par dlgation. La constitution franaise est
reprsentative: les reprsentants sont !e corps lgislatif et le Roi."

Aprs ces mots _le roi_, Robespierre met deux rangs de points de
suspension et il ajoute dans une note:

"_On fait plus; on ananti la souverainet mme; aucune section du
peuple; le peuple s'en attribue l'exercice, quand il dit: la nation ne
peut les exercer que par dlgation. Remarquez bien que ce sont vos
comits qui ont viol la constitution et moi qui la dfends_."

Les termes de cette note sont assez incohrents mais nous pouvons
nanmoins entendre ce que veut dire Robespierre: il trouve une
contradiction entre le premier et le deuxime article du titre en
question. Selon Robespierre, dire que la nation n'exerce sa
souverainet que par dlgation, c'est anantir sa souverainet.
Deuximement, par le fait mme que la nation dlgue sa souverainet,
elle s'attribue un acte de l'exercice de celle-ci. Les comits de
constitution et de rvision sont donc tombs dans une contradiction.

Robespierre ajoute:

"_Le pouvoir lgislatif, le pouvoir judiciaire, le pouvoir excutif
sont des parties du pouvoir souverain, divis sous le rapport des
divers objets auxquels il s'applique_."

L'art. III du titre est ainsi conu:

"Le pouvoir lgislatif est dlgu  une Assemble Nationale compose
de reprsentants temporaires, librement lus par le peuple, pour tre
exerc par elle, avec la sanction du Roi, de la manire qui sera
dtermine ci- aprs."

"_Remarquez, dit Robespierre, je vous prie, que le pouvoir lgislatif
ne peut dire dlgu de cette manire, car il est l'essence-mme de la
souverainet. (Rousseau.) Il n'y aurait plus mme l'ombre de volont
gnrale, puisque l'on suppose ici que le Roi partage cette dlgation
du pouvoir lgislatif_."

Art. IV du projet: "Le gouvernement est monarchique: le pouvoir
excutif est dlgu au Roi, pour tre exerc, sous son autorit, par
des ministres et autres agents responsables, de la manire qui sera
dtermine ci-aprs."

Robespierre ajoute en note:

"_Le pouvoir doit tre bien distingu des fonctions; la nation dlgue
en effet les diverses fonctions publiques; mais le pouvoir ne peut tre
alin, ni dlgu. Si l'on pouvait dlguer ces pouvoirs en dtail, il
s'en suivrait que la souverainet pourrait tre dlgue; et alors vous
adopteriez ce qu'a propos (le comit, mot biff) M. Malouet; vous
feriez plus: vous dcrteriez qu'elle peut tre aline, car la
dlgation est perptuelle. Ni convention, ni aucun moyen pour rformer
les abus du corps lgislatif_."

Cette remarque, qui termine la srie des notes sur les pouvoirs publics
nous fait bien entrevoir, quels taient, ds 1791, les projets du futur
conventionnel.

Malouet, dont il est parl dans cette note, fut, avec l'appui de
Barnave et des Lameth, le dfenseur des prrogatives royales, lors de
la rvision de la constitution. Mais le plan qu'il avait concert en
secret avec eux ne put aboutir en prsence de l'intolrance des partis.
(Thiers, la Rvolution franaise, chap. VI.)



IV. Le droit lectoral.


Ce n'est qu'a l'article 2 de la section deuxime du chapitre I, o sont
dvelopps les principes formuls en tte du titre Ier, que nous
trouvons encore des notes manuscrites de Robespierre.

L'article 2 en question numre les conditions requises pour tre
lecteur.

"Pour tre citoyen actif, il faut:

Etre Franais ou devenu Franais;

Etre g de 25 ans accomplis;

Etre domicili dans la ville ou dans le canton, au moins depuis un an;

Payer, dans un lieu quelconque du royaume, une contribution directe au
moins gale a la valeur de trois journes de travail, et en reprsenter
la quittance;

N'tre pas dans un tat de domesticit, c'est--dire de serviteur 
gages;

Etre inscrit dans la municipalit de son domicile, au rle des gardes
nationales;

Avoir prt le serment civique."

A cet article, Robespierre a accot une longue note il commence par
dire: "_limiter les_."

Mais mcontent de cette premire tournure, il reprend sa phrase ainsi
qu'il suit:

"_Le motif de supprimer le marc d'argent s'applique avec plus de force
encore  ce qui concerne les lecteurs. Quel peut tre le motif? De
laisser la conscience libre: mais le choix des lecteurs est aussi
l'ouvrage de la conscience. De prvenir l'aristocratie des richesses
mais vous l'introduisez encore plus srement. Les lecteurs choisissent
ordinairement dans leur sein; et par le fait il n'y aura que les gens
au marc d'argent qui soient lus. Les citoyens actifs n'iront pas.
Rfutation du motif. Les richesses corrompent plus que la pauvret. Ce
serait plutt les millionnaires qu'il faudrait exclure que les gens 
dix journes d'ouvriers_.

"_Ce dcret est votre propre satire. Ceux qui vous ont lus peuvent-ils
tre dpouills par vous?_

"_La prochaine lgislature ne vaudra donc rien_.

"_Que signifie votre garantie de l'galit des droits? L'admissibilit
 tous les emplois. Qu'importe que vous ayez supprime la Noblesse!
Quelle tait la garantie d'Aristide; quelle tait la garantie de
Rousseau. Un dput riche veut augmenter sa fortune; un dput pauvre
veut tre libre_."

Robespierre termine enfin sa rfutation:

"_Contradiction des comits. Le ministre; la lgislature: ils croient
qu'il n'est permis de... ils croient qu'une incompatibilit qui rsulte
de la nature mme de la chose, peut empcher la perptuit de la
coalition du corps lgislatif avec le roi contre la nation, et ils ne
trouvent aucun inconvnient  exclure les reprsentants de_..."

Ces mots "_exclure les reprsentants_" sont biffs.


V. Notes diverses.


L'article 8 de la section troisime du chapitre III, est ainsi conu:

"Ne sont nanmoins sujets  la sanction (royale) les actes du corps
lgislatif, concernant sa constitution en assemble dlibrante, sa
police intrieure, etc. etc."

Robespierre ajoute:

"_Les dcrets portant runion au domaine des biens nationaux alins
contre les formes_."

Il nous faut maintenant aller au chapitre V, du pouvoir judiciaire,
pour trouver,  l'article 9, une note de Robespierre.

Il veut que le tribunal de cassation ait  se prononcer

"_Sur les demandes en cassation de titres d'alination ou d'change des
biens nationaux alins ou changs contre les formes. Ces demandes
seront formes par l'Assemble nationale_."

Au titre IV, de la force publique, Robespierre crit:

"Il appartient au corps lgislatif de dterminer le nombre des troupes
et d'en fixer la solde."

Le document porte encore  la fin cette note de Robespierre:

"_La manire dont les communes peuvent assembles, n'est pas
dtermine_."


VI. Une perte regrettable.


La perte des pages 41 et 42 du document est trs regrettable. Il devait
y avoir sur ce feuillet des notes relatives a l'article 10 de la
section deuxime du chapitre III, car lors de la rvision de la
constitution, Robespierre pronona, le lundi aot, un troisime
discours au sujet de cet article.







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