UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE





MEASLES


                                    By

                               W. C. RUCKER

     _Assistant Surgeon General, United States Public Health Service_

                            ------------------

                            SUPPLEMENT NO. 1
                                 TO THE
                          PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS
                             JANUARY 24, 1913

                         [EDITION OF JUNE, 1916]

                               WASHINGTON
                       GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
                                   1916






MEASLES.


By W. C. RUCKER, Assistant Surgeon General, United States Public Health
Service.

Over 11,000 American children died of measles in the year 1910. This did
not include a large number who died of broncho-pneumonia, a great number
of cases of which, in children, are caused by measles. Sixty-eight and
two-tenths per cent of all deaths from broncho-pneumonia occur in children
under 5 years of age, a time of life when measles is most apt to occur.
But the story of the ravages of this disease is not complete without the
mention of the large number of cases of tuberculosis which follow an
attack of it. Less frequently inflammation of the ear or the eye may be
left behind as a mark of a visitation of this common disease. From a
public health standpoint, then, measles is a disease of prime importance.

Long association with a disease breeds a contempt for it, and measles, in
common with the other diseases of childhood, has come to be looked upon as
an unavoidable accompaniment of youth.

Each autumn when school opens there is an increase in the number of cases
of measles, and as the season progresses they gradually increase, and
winter frequently sees the disease spreading in epidemic form. Hirsch has
collected data of 309 epidemics of measles, and has classified them
according to season; summer had 43, autumn had 76, winter had 96, and
spring had 94 epidemics.

Measles is a disease of close association; hence its increase during the
colder months.

Frequently a child will go to a party and engage in innocent games in
which children are brought in close contact with one another. Perhaps
among the guests there is one with reddened, watery, eyes, which are
sensitive to light. The eyelids are perhaps a little puffy, and the guest
has a hard, high-pitched cough. The other children pay no attention to
this, and the games go on uninterruptedly. In this way a single child in
the beginning stages of measles may easily affect 15 or 20 others. This is
frequently the case when kissing games are played.

About 10 days later the children who have exposed themselves to the
disease begin to sicken. They, too, have red, watery, sensitive eyes and
puffy eyelids. In fact, in rather severe cases the whole face has a rather
swollen, puffed appearance. The throat feels parched and a dry, irritating
cough increases the discomfort. The child is apt to come home from school
feeling drowsy and irritable, not infrequently complains of chilly
sensations, and may even have a chill. At night the irritation increases,
the child is feverish, the whites of the eyeballs show little red lines
upon them, and the little sufferer has the appearance of being just ready
to cry.

If the anxious mother takes the child to the window in the morning, raises
the curtain, and examines the little one’s throat she will see that the
hard palate and back of the throat are a dull, angry red. Perhaps there
are a few little red spots on the hard palate, and if the mother will look
closely at the lining membrane of the cheek she will see some small
white-tipped, reddish spots. These are called "Koplik’s" spots, and are
one of the signs of measles.

The child is kept from school that day, and that night his fever is higher
than it was the night before. He rolls and tosses about the bed and wakes
up his mother a good many times to ask for a drink of water. This sort of
thing continues for 3 or 4 days; then, one morning when the child is
having its bath the mother sees some little dusky red spots along the hair
line. They look a good deal like flea bites. Within 24 hours this rash is
spread over the body and the child looks very much bespeckled and swollen.
In from 5 to 7 days the rash begins to fade, and within 3 or 4 days
thereafter is entirely gone away, leaving behind a faint mottling of the
skin. This is followed by a peeling off of the outer layer of the skin in
little bran-like pieces. This process is called desquamation, and lasts
about a week or 10 days.

In the meantime the fever has gone away, and as soon as the child has
finished scaling he is permitted to go out and play with the other
children, and before long is back at school. The foregoing is a
description of a mild case.

If measles assume a malignant type, as it sometimes does among the
nonrobust, it may be ushered in by convulsions, very high fever, and an
excessive development of all the ordinary symptoms, or the rash when it
appears, instead of being a good healthy-looking red, may be a
bluish-black discoloration which looks like a recent bruise.
Broncho-pneumonia, the most common and the most fatal of all the
complications of measles, is very apt to occur. The cough is very painful,
and death quickly relieves the sufferer.

The two forms of the disease which have just been cited are in no way
exaggerated and unfortunately they are of far too common occurrence. The
first child received the infection directly in the harmless games at the
party by coming in intimate contact with a child who was just coming down
with measles at a time when, according to the researches of Anderson and
Goldberger in the Hygienic Laboratory of the United States Public Health
Service, the infecting virus is most active. Their work seems to show that
the infection does not persist after the fever has gone away.

While all of the severe cases may not be as grave as the one which was
cited above, it must be admitted, nevertheless, that broncho-pneumonia is
the great menace of measles. Fifty-odd years ago Gregory wrote "I am sure
I speak much within bounds when I say that nine-tenths of the deaths by
measles occur in consequence of pneumonia." Less frequently there are
other complications, and the eyes, ears, the central nervous system,
heart, and the skin may any one of them suffer. Sometimes there is
gangrene at the corners of the mouth and this may result in death or
horrible deformity.

Measles, then, is a serious disease, sparing practically no exposed person
who has not had it. In 1846 it attacked the Faroe Islands, and the record
of that visitation is both remarkable and instructive. The island had been
free from the disease for 65 years, when a Danish cabinetmaker returned
from Copenhagen to Thorshavn with the disease. He infected two friends,
and the epidemic increased by leaps and bounds, until within a very short
time over 6,000 persons out of a population of 7,782 were attacked. Almost
every house on the island became a hospital, and the only persons who
passed through the visitation unscathed were old inhabitants who had had
the disease as children 65 years before. Not a single old person who was
not protected by a previous attack and who was exposed to the infection
failed to contract the disease.

This is one of the oldest ailments with which man has been afflicted. In
fact the word "measles" traces its genealogy back through the German
"masern" to the Sanskrit "masura," a word meaning "spots." The writings of
the ancient Arabian physicians are replete with mention of this disease.
The Italians, who evidently regarded it no more seriously than we do,
called it "morbillo," which means "little sickness."

Time and again measles has been widely diffused on Asiatic and European
soil, and shortly after the colonization of America it appeared in our
colonies. Many are the quaint records of its visitations, not the least
interesting of which is a letter which appeared in the Boston Evening
Post, November 12, 1739, entitled "A letter about good management under
the distemper of measles at this time spreading in the country, here
published for the benefit of the poor and such as may want help of able
physicians." It is signed "Your hearty friend and servant," and the
authorship is attributed to Cotton Mather. It is stated that this letter
is a reprint of one which Dr. Mather wrote prior to his death in 1728.

At present the disease is distributed over the entire habitable globe,
from Iceland on the north to Tierra del Fuego on the south. It occurs most
often and more severely in the colder months, probably because at such
times people are more closely crowded together under more insanitary
conditions. When introduced among a people who have never suffered from it
before, its ravages are frightful, as in the case of the inhabitants of
certain of the Fiji Islands, who, upon being exposed to the infection,
fell ill and died by thousands, so that it is estimated that 20,000 deaths
occurred in four months. The epidemic ceased only when almost every person
on the island had been infected.

During the year 1910 the death rates from this disease in the States of
Rhode Island and North Carolina were 32.6 and 27.1 per 100,000
inhabitants.

In the same year the death rate per 100,000 from measles in Pittsburgh,
Pa., was 33.1; Providence, R. I., 31.9; Kansas City, Mo., 28.4; Lowell,
Mass., 28.1; Albany, N. Y., 23.9; Columbus, Ohio, 23.6; Buffalo, N. Y.,
22.1; and Richmond, Va., 21.1.

The death rate among those attacked varies from 1/2 to 35 per cent. If it
is estimated that the death rate is 1 per cent, and the number of deaths
from it in the United States during the year 1910 was 11,000, then it
would follow that during that year at least 1,100,000 children suffered
from this disease. When it is considered that perhaps 30 per cent of these
children were of school age, and that the disease occurs most often during
the months of school attendance, then it will be seen that 330,000
children were kept from school from six weeks to two months on account of
measles. Leaving out of consideration the death and suffering which was
produced in this way, this is a serious economic loss.

Measles is a frequent accompaniment of war, or any other occasion which
brings large numbers of persons together under unhygienic conditions. In
fact, measles is one of the most formidable of camp diseases. This fact is
well demonstrated by morbidity and mortality statistics of the Civil War.
At that time the mortality rate was very high in the general field
hospital at Chattanooga, being 22.4 per cent, and in the general field
hospital at Nashville it was 19.6 per cent. In 1865 there were 38,000
cases with 1,900 deaths from measles in the Confederate army. It is
reported that during the Brazilio-Paraguayan War an epidemic of measles
swept off nearly a fifth of the Paraguayan army in three months.

It is thus seen that measles is many times a very severe disease, one
which can not be dealt with lightly, one to which we should not expose our
children. A child with measles should be put to bed and kept there as long
as it has any fever or cough. The room should be airy, but it should be
darkened, because children with measles are very sensitive to light. The
bedclothes should be light, because the child is apt to get too warm, kick
off the covers, and suffer from the cold. A chilling in this way may
predispose to pneumonia. Food should be light and should consist chiefly
of nutritious broths, pasteurized milk, soft-boiled eggs, and the like.
Ice lemonade will bring comfort to the inflamed throat. The child’s eyes
should be kept clean, and should the fever get high the comfort of the
little sufferer may be increased by sponging with tepid water and alcohol.
Sometimes it is necessary to put an ice bag to the head, but, if the child
is sick enough to require this, skilled assistance should be summoned.

When the fever and cough have gone the child may be allowed to be up and
about the room, but for a time should not indulge in violent exercise,
because there is often some weakening of the heart muscle by the disease.
The aim is to allow the heart muscle to regain its normal condition before
putting too much strain upon it. The diet should be increased when the
fever has gone away, and should include good, plain, strong foods. If
there is a tendency to regain weight and strength slowly, the child may be
given an increased amount of pasteurized cream or good butter. If the
child prefers cod-liver oil, this may be substituted.

The important point about the prevention of the disease is the fact that,
judging from the experiments of Anderson and Goldberger above referred to,
measles is rarely transmissible after the fever has gone down.
Experimenting with monkeys, they found that they were unable to transmit
measles from monkey to monkey after the stage of fever had ceased. It used
to be thought that the germs of measles were in the scales of skin which
were shed at the close of the disease.

It is thought by some that there may be chronic carriers of measles, but
this is not at all proven. It is also believed that a discharging ear
following measles may be the means of continuing the transmission of the
disease. This is not proven. There are on record a large number of
instances which seem to point to the fact that under certain conditions a
third person may carry the infection from the sick to the well.
Transmission of measles to human beings by the lower animals is still
unproven.

It is not known what the cause of measles is. A great many scientists have
described germs which they believe to be the causal agents, but up to date
these have not been positively proven as the cause of measles. We do,
however, know that the infection of measles is found in the secretions
from the nose and throat during the first stages of the disease; therefore
persons suffering with measles should not be allowed to come in contact
with well persons until the period of fever has well passed.

Since the disease is known to be spread by the sputum, the prime measure
in the prevention of this disease is to prevent the sputum from the sick
being taken into the system of well persons. Children with measles should
be provided with a quantity of soft paper napkins, and as soon as the
napkins become soiled they should be burned. Children should be taught
that they must always hold a handkerchief in front of the mouth while
coughing. This is a measure which tends to control the spread of a good
many diseases besides measles, because during coughing and sneezing sputum
may be thrown several feet. Everything which has come in contact with
measles patients should be sterilized before it is allowed to come in
contact with other people or other things which may be handled or used by
other people. Bedclothes, napkins, table linen, towels, and the like may
be sterilized by boiling.

When it is known that measles exists in a community, no child having a bad
cough should be allowed to come in contact with other children during the
first three or four days of the cough.

It is little less than criminal to permit children known to have measles
to come in contact with well children. In this connection it may be
remarked that while it is generally considered that one attack of measles
confers immunity, there are many cases on record of second and third
attacks. It is true that the second attacks are usually very mild, but too
great reliance should not be placed on this immunity.

Children should be discouraged as far as possible from playing games which
will permit of an interchange of nasal or mouth secretions. It is the duty
of every parent having measles in the home to see to it that it is
reported to the public-health authorities. It is equally the duty of
parents to see to it that their children do not come in contact with well
children during the time when the infection may be transmitted. Measles
kills more people in the United States every year than smallpox. You can’t
kill a child any deader with smallpox than you can with measles. It is the
duty of private citizens and municipalities to take every known measure
for the prevention of the spread of this disease.