[Illustration]


_Hera and Prometheus
From a red figure vase. No 78 in the British Museum_




Four Plays of Aeschylus

The Suppliant Maidens
The Persians
The Seven Against Thebes
The Prometheus Bound

by Aeschylus

Translated Into English Verse By E.D.A. Morshead, MA.

Contents

 INTRODUCTION
 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS
 THE PERSIANS
 THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES
 PROMETHEUS BOUND




INTRODUCTION


The surviving dramas of Aeschylus are seven in number, though he is
believed to have written nearly a hundred during his life of sixty-nine
years, from 525 B.C. to 456 B.C. That he fought at Marathon in 490, and
at Salamis in 480 B.C. is a strongly accredited tradition, rendered
almost certain by the vivid references to both battles in his play of
_The Persians_, which was produced in 472. But his earliest extant play
was, probably, not _The Persians_ but _The Suppliant Maidens_—a
mythical drama, the fame of which has been largely eclipsed by the
historic interest of _The Persians_, and is undoubtedly the least known
and least regarded of the seven. Its topic—the flight of the daughters
of Danaus from Egypt to Argos, in order to escape from a forced bridal
with their first-cousins, the sons of Aegyptus—is legendary, and the
lyric element predominates in the play as a whole. We must keep
ourselves reminded that the ancient Athenian custom of presenting
dramas in _Trilogies_—that is, in three consecutive plays dealing with
different stages of one legend—was probably not uniform: it survives,
for us, in one instance only, viz. the Orestean Trilogy, comprising the
_Agamemnon_, the _Libation-Bearers_, and the _Eumenides_, or _Furies_.
This Trilogy is the masterpiece of the Aeschylean Drama: the four
remaining plays of the poet, which are translated in this volume, are
all fragments of lost Trilogies—that is to say, the plays are complete
as _poems_, but in regard to the poet’s larger design they are
fragments; they once had predecessors, or sequels, of which only a few
words, or lines, or short paragraphs, survive. It is not certain, but
seems probable, that the earliest of these single completed plays is
_The Suppliant Maidens_, and on that supposition it has been placed
first in the present volume. The maidens, accompanied by their father
Danaes, have fled from Egypt and arrived at Argos, to take sanctuary
there and to avoid capture by their pursuing kinsmen and suitors. In
the course of the play, the pursuers’ ship arrives to reclaim the
maidens for a forced wedlock in Egypt. The action of the drama turns on
the attitude of the king and people of Argos, in view of this intended
abduction. The king puts the question to the popular vote, and the
demand of the suitors is unanimously rejected: the play closes with
thanks and gratitude on the part of the fugitives, who, in lyrical
strains of quiet beauty, seem to refer the whole question of their
marriage to the subsequent decision of the gods, and, in particular, of
Aphrodite.

Of the second portion of the Trilogy we can only speak conjecturally.
There is a passage in the _Prometheus Bound_ (ll. 860-69), in which we
learn that the maidens were somehow reclaimed by the suitors, and that
all, except one, slew their bridegrooms on the wedding night. There is
a faint trace, among the Fragments of Aeschylus, of a play called
_Thalamopoioi_,—i.e. _The Preparers of the Chamber_,—which may well
have referred to this tragic scene. Its grim title will recall to all
classical readers the magnificent, though terrible, version of the
legend, in the final stanzas of the eleventh poem in the third book of
Horace’s _Odes_. The final play was probably called _The Danaides_, and
described the acquittal of the brides through some intervention of
Aphrodite: a fragment of it survives, in which the goddess appears to
be pleading her special prerogative. The legends which commit the
daughters of Danaus to an eternal penalty in Hades are, apparently, of
later origin. Homer is silent on any such penalty; and Pindar,
Aeschylus’ contemporary, actually describes the once suppliant maidens
as honourably enthroned (_Pyth_. ix. 112: _Nem_. x. ll. 1-10). The
Tartarean part of the story is, in fact, post-Aeschylean.

_The Suppliant Maidens_ is full of charm, though the text of the part
which describes the arrival of the pursuers at Argos is full of
uncertainties. It remains a fine, though archaic, poem, with this
special claim on our interest, that it is, probably, the earliest
extant poetic drama. We see in it the _tendency_ to grandiose language,
not yet fully developed as in the _Prometheus_: the inclination of
youth to simplicity, and even platitude, in religious and general
speculation: and yet we recognize, as in the germ, the profound
theology of the _Agamemnon_, and a touch of the political vein which
appears more fully in the _Furies_. If the precedence in time here
ascribed to it is correct, the play is perhaps worth more recognition
than it has received from the countrymen of Shakespeare.

_The Persians_ has been placed second in this volume, as the oldest
play whose date is certainly known. It was brought out in 472 B.C.,
eight years after the sea-fight of Salamis which it commemorates, and
five years before the _Seven against Thebes_ (467 B.C.). It is thought
to be the second play of a Trilogy, standing between the _Phineus_ and
the _Glaucus_. Phineus was a legendary seer, of the Argonautic
era—“Tiresias and Phineus, prophets old”—and the play named after him
may have contained a prophecy of the great conflict which is actually
described in _The Persae_: the plot of the _Glaucus_ is unknown. In any
case, _The Persians_ was produced before the eyes of a generation which
had seen the struggles, West against East, at Marathon and Thermopylæ,
Salamis and Plataea. It is as though Shakespeare had commemorated,
through the lips of a Spanish survivor, in the ears of old councillors
of Philip the Second, the dispersal of the Armada.

Against the piteous want of manliness on the part of the returning
Xerxes, we may well set the grave and dignified patriotism of Atossa,
the Queen-mother of the Persian kingdom; the loyalty, in spite of their
bewilderment, of the aged men who form the Chorus; and, above all, the
royal phantom of Darius, evoked from the shadowland by the libations of
Atossa and by the appealing cries of the Chorus. The latter, indeed,
hardly dare to address the kingly ghost: but Atossa bravely narrates to
him the catastrophe, of which, in the lower world, Darius has known
nothing, though he realizes that disaster, soon or late, is the lot of
mortal power. As the tale is unrolled, a spirit of prophecy possesses
him, and he foretells the coming slaughter of Plataea; then, with a
last royal admonition that the defeated Xerxes shall, on his return, be
received with all ceremony and observance, and with a characteristic
warning to the aged men, that they must take such pleasures as they
may, in their waning years, he returns to the shades. The play ends
with the undignified reappearance of Xerxes, and a melancholy
procession into the palace of Susa. It was, perhaps, inevitable that
this close of the great drama should verge on the farcical, and that
the poltroonery of Xerxes should, in a measure, obscure Aeschylus’
generous portraiture of Atossa and Darius. But his magnificent picture
of the battle of Salamis is unequalled in the poetic annals of naval
war. No account of the flight of the Armada, no record of Lepanto or
Trafalgar, can be justly set beside it. The Messenger might well, like
Prospero, announce a tragedy by one line—

Sit still, and hear the last of our sea-sorrow.


Five years after _The Persians_, in 467 B. C., the play which we call
the _Seven against Thebes_ was presented at Athens. It bears now a
title which Aeschylus can hardly have given to it for, though the scene
of the drama overlooks the region where the city of Thebes afterwards
came into being, yet, in the play itself, Thebes is _never_ mentioned.
The scene of action is the Cadmea, or Citadel of Cadmus, and we know
that, in Aeschylus’ lifetime, that citadel was no longer a mere
fastness, but had so grown outwards and enlarged itself that a new
name, Thebes, was applied to the collective city. (All this has been
made abundantly clear by Dr. Verrall in his Introduction to the _Seven
against Thebes_, to which every reader of the play itself will
naturally and most profitably refer.) In the time of Aeschylus, Thebes
was, of course, a notable city, his great contemporary Pindar was a
citizen of it. But the Thebes of Aeschylus’ date is one thing, the
fortress represented in Aeschylus’ play is quite another, and is never,
by him, called Thebes. That the play received, and retains, the name,
_The Seven against Thebes_, is believed to be due to two lines of
Aristophanes in his _Frogs_ (406 B.C.), where he describes Aeschylus’
play as “the Seven against Thebes, a drama instinct with War, which any
one who beheld must have yearned to be a warrior.” This is rather an
excellent _description_ of the play than the title of it, and could not
be its Aeschylean name, for the very sufficient reason that Thebes is
not mentioned in the play at all. Aeschylus, in fact, was poetizing an
earlier legend of the fortress of Cadmus. This being premised, we may
adopt, under protest as it were, the Aristophanic name which has
accrued to the play. It is the third part of a Trilogy which might have
been called, collectively, _The House of Laius_. Sophocles and
Euripides give us _their_ versions of the legend, which we may
epitomize, without, however, affirming that they followed exactly the
lines of Aeschylus’ Trilogy—they, for instance, speak freely of
_Thebes_. Laius, King of Thebes, married Iokaste; he was warned by
Apollo that if he had any children ruin would befall his house. But a
child was born, and, to avoid the threatened catastrophe, without
actually killing the child he exposed it on Mount Cithaeron, that it
should die. Some herdsmen saved it and gave it over to the care of a
neighbouring king and queen, who reared it. Later on, learning that
there was a doubt of his parentage, this child, grown now to maturity,
left his foster parents and went to Delphi to consult the oracle, and
received a mysterious and terrible warning, that he was fated to slay
his father and wed his mother. To avoid this horror, he resolved never
to approach the home of his supposed parents. Meantime his real father,
Laius, on _his_ way to consult the god at Delphi, met his unknown son
returning from that shrine—a quarrel fell out, and the younger man slew
the elder. Followed by his evil destiny, he wandered on, and found the
now kingless Thebes in the grasp of the Sphinx monster, over whom he
triumphed, and was rewarded by the hand of Iokaste, his own mother! Not
till four children—two sons and two daughters—had been born to them,
was the secret of the lineage revealed. Iokaste slew herself in horror,
and the wretched king tore out his eyes, that he might never again see
the children of his awful union. The two sons quarrelled over the
succession, then agreed on a compromise; then fell at variance again,
and finally slew each other in single combat. These two sons, according
to one tradition, were twins: but the more usual view is that the elder
was called Eteocles, the younger, Polynices.

To the point at which the internecine enmity between Eteocles and
Polynices arose, we have had to follow Sophocles and Euripides, the
first two parts of Aeschylus’ Trilogy being lost. But the third part,
as we have said, survives under the name given to it by Aristophanes,
the _Seven against Thebes_: it opens with an exhortation by Eteocles to
his Cadmeans that they should “quit them like men” against the
onslaught of Polynices and his Argive allies: the Chorus is a bevy of
scared Cadmean maidens, to whom the very sound of war and tramp of
horsemen are new and terrific. It ends with the news of the death of
the two princes, and the lamentations of their two sisters, Antigone
and Ismene. The onslaught from without has been repulsed, but the male
line of the house of Laius is extinct. The Cadmeans resolve that
Eteocles shall be buried in honour, and Polynices flung to the dogs and
birds. Against the latter sentence Antigone protests, and defies the
decree: the Chorus, as is natural, are divided in their sentiments.

It is interesting to note that, in combination with the _Laius_ and the
_Oedipus_, this play won the dramatic crown in 467 B.C. On the other
hand, so excellent a judge as Mr. Gilbert Murray thinks that it is
“perhaps among Aeschylus’ plays the one that bears least the stamp of
commanding genius.” Perhaps the daring, practically atheistic,
character of Eteocles; the battle-fever that burns and thrills through
the play; the pathetic terror of the Chorus—may have given it favour,
in Athenian eyes, as the work of a poet who—though recently (468 B.C.)
defeated in the dramatic contest by the young Sophocles—was yet present
to tell, not by mere report, the tale of Marathon and Salamis. Or the
preceding plays, the _Laius_ and the _Oedipus_, may have been of such
high merit as to make up for defects observable in the one that still
survives. In any case, we can hardly err in accepting Dr. Verral’s
judgment that “the story of Aeschylus may be, and in the outlines
probably is, the genuine epic legend of the Cadmean war.”

There remains one Aeschylean play, the most famous—unless we except the
_Agamemnon_—in extant Greek literature, the _Prometheus Bound_. That it
was the first of a Trilogy, and that the second and third parts were
called the _Prometheus Freed_, and _Prometheus the Fire-Bearer_,
respectively, is accepted: but the date of its performance is unknown.

The _Prometheus Bound_ is conspicuous for its gigantic and strictly
superhuman plot. The _Agamemnon_ is human, though legendary the
_Prometheus_ presents to us the gods of Olympus in the days when
mankind crept like emmets upon the earth or dwelt in caves, scorned by
Zeus and the other powers of heaven, and—still aided by Prometheus the
Titan—wholly without art or science, letters or handicrafts. For his
benevolence towards oppressed mankind, Prometheus is condemned by Zeus
to uncounted ages of pain and torment, shackled and impaled in a lonely
cleft of a Scythian precipice. The play opens with this act of divine
resentment enforced by the will of Zeus and by the handicraft of
Hephaestus, who is aided by two demons, impersonating Strength and
Violence. These agents of the ire of Zeus disappear after the first
scene, the rest of the play represents Prometheus in the mighty
solitude, but visited after a while by a Chorus of sea nymphs who, from
the distant depths of ocean, have heard the clang of the demons’
hammers, and arrive, in a winged car, from the submarine palace of
their father Oceanus. To them Prometheus relates his penalty and its
cause: viz., his over tenderness to the luckless race of mankind.
Oceanus himself follows on a hippogriff, and counsels Prometheus to
submit to Zeus. But the Titan who has handled the sea nymphs with all
gentleness, receives the advice with scorn and contempt, and Oceanus
retires. But the courage which he lacks his daughters possess to the
full; they remain by Prometheus to the end, and share his fate,
literally in the crack of doom. But before the end, the strange half
human figure of Io, victim of the lust of Zeus and the jealousy of
Hera, comes wandering by, and tells Prometheus of her wrongs. He, by
his divine power, recounts to her not only the past but also the future
of her wanderings. Then, in a fresh access of frenzy, she drifts away
into the unknown world. Then Prometheus partly reveals to the sea
maidens his secret, and the mysterious cause of Zeus’ hatred against
him—a cause which would avail to hurl the tyrant from his power. So
deadly is this secret, that Zeus will, in the lapse of ages, be forced
to reconcile himself with Prometheus, to escape dethronement. Finally,
Hermes, the messenger of Zeus, appears with fresh threats, that he may
extort the mystery from the Titan. But Prometheus is firm, defying both
the tyrant and his envoy, though already the lightning is flashing, the
thunder rolling, and sky and sea are mingling their fury. Hermes can
say no more; the sea nymphs resolutely refuse to retire, and wait their
doom. In this crash of the world, Prometheus flings his final defiance
against Zeus, and amid the lightnings and shattered rocks that are
overwhelming him and his companions, speaks his last word, “_It is
unjust!_”

Any spectacular representation of this finale must, it is clear, have
roused intense sympathy with the Titan and the nymphs alike. If,
however, the sequel-plays had survived to us, we might conceivably have
found and realized another and less intolerable solution. The name
_Zeus_, in Greek, like that of _God_, in English, comprises very
diverse views of divine personality. The Zeus in the _Prometheus_ has
little but the name in common with the Zeus in the first chorus of the
_Agamemnon_, or in _The Suppliant Maidens_ (ll. 86-103): and parallel
reflections will give us much food for thought. But, in any case, let
us realize that the _Prometheus_ is not a human play: with the possible
exception of Io, every character in it is an immortal being. It is not
as a vaunt, but as a fact, that Prometheus declares, as against Zeus
(l. 1053), that “Me at least He shall never give to death.”

A stupendous theological drama of which two-thirds has been lost has
left an aching void, which now can never be filled, in our minds. No
reader of poetry needs to be reminded of the glorious attempt of
Shelley to work out a possible and worthy sequel to the _Prometheus_.
Who will not echo the words of Mr. Gilbert Murray, when he says that
“no piece of lost literature has been more ardently longed for than the
_Prometheus Freed_”?

But, at the end of a rather prolonged attempt to understand and
translate the surviving tragedies of Aeschylus, one feels inclined to
repeat the words used by a powerful critic about one of the greatest of
modern poets—“For man, it is a weary way to God, but a wearier far to
any demigod.” We shall not discover the full sequel of Aeschylus’
mighty dramatic conception: we “know in part, and we prophesy in part.”
The Introduction (pp. xvi.-xviii.) prefixed by Mr. A. O. Prickard to
his edition of the _Prometheus_ is full of persuasive grace, on this
topic: to him, and to Dr. Verrall of Cambridge—_lucida sidera_ of help
and encouragement in the study of Aeschylus—the translator’s thanks are
due, and are gratefully and affectionately rendered.

       E. D. A. M.




THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS

DEDICATION


Take thou this gift from out the grave of Time.
The urns of Greece lie shattered, and the cup
That for Athenian lips the Muses filled,
And flowery crowns that on Athenian hair
Hid the cicala, freedom’s golden sign,
Dust in the dust have fallen. Calmly sad,
The marble dead upon Athenian tombs
Speak from their eyes “Farewell”: and well have fared
They and the saddened friends, whose clasping hands
Win from the solemn stone eternity.
Yea, well they fared unto the evening god,
Passing beyond the limit of the world,
Where face to face the son his mother saw,
A living man a shadow, while she spake
Words that Odysseus and that Homer heard,—
_I too, O child, I reached the common doom,
The grave, the goal of fate, and passed away_.
—Such, Anticleia, as thy voice to him,
Across the dim gray gulf of death and time
Is that of Greece, a mother’s to a child,—
Mother of each whose dreams are grave and fair—
Who sees the Naiad where the streams are bright
And in the sunny ripple of the sea
Cymodoce with floating golden hair:
And in the whisper of the waving oak
Hears still the Dryad’s plaint, and, in the wind
That sighs through moonlit woodlands, knows the horn
Of Artemis, and silver shafts and bow.
Therefore if still around this broken vase,
Borne by rough hands, unworthy of their load,
Far from Cephisus and the wandering rills,
There cling a fragrance as of things once sweet,
Of honey from Hymettus’ desert hill,
Take thou the gift and hold it close and dear;
For gifts that die have living memories—
Voices of unreturning days, that breathe
The spirit of a day that never dies.


ARGUMENT

Io, the daughter of Inachus, King of Argos, was beloved of Zeus. But
Hera was jealous of that love, and by her ill will was Io given over to
frenzy, and her body took the semblance of a heifer: and Argus, a
many-eyed herdsman, was set by Hera to watch Io whithersoever she
strayed. Yet, in despite of Argus, did Zeus draw nigh unto her in the
shape of a bull. And by the will of Zeus and the craft of Hermes was
Argus slain. Then Io was driven over far lands and seas by her madness,
and came at length to the land of Egypt. There was she restored to
herself by a touch of the hand of Zeus, and bare a child called
Epaphus. And from Epaphus sprang Libya, and from Libya, Belus; and from
Belus, Aegyptus and Danaus. And the sons of Aegyptus willed to take the
daughters of Danaus in marriage. But the maidens held such wedlock in
horror, and fled with their father over the sea to Argos; and the king
and citizens of Argos gave them shelter and protection from their
pursuers.




THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS

DRAMATIS PERSONAE

DANAUS.
THE KING OF ARGOS.
HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.

_Chorus of the Daughters of Danaus.
Attendants_.

_Scene.—A sacred precinct near the gates of Argos: statue and shrines
of Zeus and other deities stand around_.


CHORUS.
Zeus! Lord and guard of suppliant hands!
  Look down benign on us who crave
  Thine aid—whom winds and waters drave
From where, through drifting shifting sands,
  Pours Nilus to the wave.
From where the green land, god-possest,
Closes and fronts the Syrian waste,
We flee as exiles, yet unbanned
By murder’s sentence from our land;
But—since Aegyptus had decreed
His sons should wed his brother’s seed,—
Ourselves we tore from bonds abhorred,
From wedlock not of heart but hand,
Nor brooked to call a kinsman lord!

And Danaus, our sire and guide,
The king of counsel, pond’ring well
The dice of fortune as they fell,
Out of two griefs the kindlier chose,
And bade us fly, with him beside,
Heedless what winds or waves arose,
And o’er the wide sea waters haste,
Until to Argos’ shore at last
  Our wandering pinnace came—
Argos, the immemorial home
Of her from whom we boast to come—
Io, the ox-horned maiden, whom,
After long wandering, woe, and scathe,
Zeus with a touch, a mystic breath,
  Made mother of our name.
Therefore, of all the lands of earth,
On this most gladly step we forth,
And in our hands aloft we bear—
Sole weapon for a suppliant’s wear—
The olive-shoot, with wool enwound!
  City, and land, and waters wan
Of Inachus, and gods most high,
And ye who, deep beneath the ground,
Bring vengeance weird on mortal man,
Powers of the grave, on you we cry!
And unto Zeus the Saviour, guard
Of mortals’ holy purity!
Receive ye us—keep watch and ward
Above the suppliant maiden band!
Chaste be the heart of this your land
Towards the weak! but, ere the throng,
The wanton swarm, from Egypt sprung,
Leap forth upon the silted shore,
Thrust back their swift-rowed bark again,
Repel them, urge them to the main!
And there, ’mid storm and lightning’s shine,
And scudding drift and thunder’s roar,
Deep death be theirs, in stormy brine!
Before they foully grasp and win
Us, maiden-children of their kin,
And climb the couch by law denied,
And wrong each weak reluctant bride.
  And now on her I call,

Mine ancestress, who far on Egypt’s shore
    A young cow’s semblance wore,—
A maiden once, by Hera’s malice changed!
    And then on him withal,
Who, as amid the flowers the grazing creature ranged,
Was in her by a breath of Zeus conceived;
    And, as the hour of birth drew nigh,
By fate fulfilled, unto the light he came;
    And Epaphus for name,
Born from the touch of Zeus, the child received.
    On him, on him I cry,
    And him for patron hold—
  While in this grassy vale I stand,
    Where Io roamed of old!
And here, recounting all her toil and pain,
Signs will I show to those who rule the land
That I am child of hers; and all shall understand,
Hearing the doubtful tale of the dim past made plain.
      And, ere the end shall be,
Each man the truth of what I tell shall see.
      And if there dwell hard by
One skilled to read from bird-notes augury,
That man, when through his ears shall thrill our tearful wail,
Shall deem he hears the voice, the plaintive tale
Of her, the piteous spouse of Tereus, lord of guile—
Whom the hawk harries yet, the mourning nightingale.
She, from her happy home and fair streams scared away,
  Wails wild and sad for haunts beloved erewhile.
  Yea, and for Itylus—ah, well-a-day!
    Slain by her own, his mother’s hand,
Maddened by lustful wrong, the deed by Tereus planned.
Like her I wail and wail, in soft Ionian tones,
    And as she wastes, even so
Wastes my soft cheek, once ripe with Nilus’ suns
And all my heart dissolves in utter woe
    Sad flowers of grief I cull,

Fleeing from kinsmen’s love unmerciful—
Yea, from the clutching hands, the wanton crowd,
I sped across the waves, from Egypt’s land of cloud[1]

  Gods of the ancient cradle of my race,
  Hear me, just gods! With righteous grace
      On me, on me look down!
 Grant not to youth its heart’s unchaste desire,
 But, swiftly spurning lust’s unholy fire,
  Bless only love and willing wedlock’s crown
  The war-worn fliers from the battle’s wrack
  Find refuge at the hallowed altar-side,
      The sanctuary divine,—
  Ye gods! such refuge unto me provide—
      Such sanctuary be mine!
  Though the deep will of Zeus be hard to track,
      Yet doth it flame and glance,
  A beacon in the dark, ’mid clouds of chance
        That wrap mankind
 Yea, though the counsel fall, undone it shall not be,
 Whate’er be shaped and fixed within Zeus’ ruling mind—
 Dark as a solemn grove, with sombre leafage shaded,
    His paths of purpose wind,
    A marvel to man’s eye

 Smitten by him, from towering hopes degraded,
    Mortals lie low and still
 Tireless and effortless, works forth its will
      The arm divine!
 God from His holy seat, in calm of unarmed power,
 Brings forth the deed, at its appointed hour!
    Let Him look down on mortal wantonness!
  Lo! how the youthful stock of Belus’ line
      Craves for me, uncontrolled—
      With greed and madness bold—
    Urged on by passion’s sunless stress—
 And, cheated, learns too late the prey has ’scaped their hold!
  Ah, listen, listen to my grievous tale,
  My sorrow’s words, my shrill and tearful cries!
        Ah woe, ah woe!
    Loud with lament the accents use,
 And from my living lips my own sad dirges flow!
       O Apian land of hill and dale,
 Thou kennest yet, O land, this faltered foreign wail—
       Have mercy, hear my prayer!
  Lo, how again, again, I rend and tear
  My woven raiment, and from off my hair
       Cast the Sidonian veil!

 Ah, but if fortune smile, if death be driven away,
 Vowed rites, with eager haste, we to the gods will pay!
      Alas, alas again!
 O wither drift the waves? and who shall loose the pain?

          O Apian land of hill and dale,
 Thou kennest yet, O land, this faltered foreign wail!
          Have mercy, hear my prayer!
  Lo, how again, again, I rend and tear
  My woven raiment, and from off my hair
          Cast the Sidonian veil!

  The wafting oar, the bark with woven sail,
          From which the sea foamed back,
  Sped me, unharmed of storms, along the breeze’s track—
          Be it unblamed of me!
  But ah, the end, the end of my emprise!
  May He, the Father, with all-seeing eyes,
          Grant me that end to see!
  Grant that henceforth unstained as heretofore
    I may escape the forced embrace
    Of those proud children of the race
          That sacred Io bore.

  And thou, O maiden-goddess chaste and pure—
          Queen of the inner fane,—
  Look of thy grace on me, O Artemis,
    Thy willing suppliant—thine, thine it is,
  Who from the lustful onslaught fled secure,
    To grant that I too without stain
  The shelter of thy purity may gain!

  Grant that henceforth unstained as heretofore
    I may escape the forced embrace
    Of those proud children of the race
           That sacred Io bore!

           Yet if this may not be,
    We, the dark race sun-smitten, we
    Will speed with suppliant wands
  To Zeus who rules below, with hospitable hands
  Who welcomes all the dead from all the lands:
 Yea by our own hands strangled, we will go,
 Spurned by Olympian gods, unto the gods below!

    Zeus, hear and save!
 The searching, poisonous hate, that Io vexed and drave,
  Was of a goddess: well I know
  The bitter ire, the wrathful woe
    Of Hera, queen of heaven—
 A storm, a storm her breath, whereby we yet are driven!
    Bethink thee, what dispraise
  Of Zeus himself mankind will raise,
 If now he turn his face averted from our cries!
 If now, dishonoured and alone,
 The ox-horned maiden’s race shall be undone,
 Children of Epaphus, his own begotten son—
 Zeus, listen from on high!—to thee our prayers arise.

    Zeus, hear and save!
 The searching poisonous hate, that Io vexed and drave,
  Was of a goddess: well I know
  The bitter ire, the wrathful woe
    Of Hera, queen of heaven—
 A  storm, a storm her breath, whereby we yet are driven!

DANAUS.
  Children, be wary—wary he with whom
  Ye come, your trusty sire and steersman old:
  And that same caution hold I here on land,
  And bid you hoard my words, inscribing them
  On memory’s tablets. Lo, I see afar
  Dust, voiceless herald of a host, arise;
  And hark, within their grinding sockets ring
  Axles of hurrying wheels! I see approach,
  Borne in curved cars, by speeding horses drawn,
  A speared and shielded band. The chiefs, perchance,
  Of this their land are hitherward intent
  To look on us, of whom they yet have heard
  By messengers alone. But come who may,
  And come he peaceful or in ravening wrath
  Spurred on his path, ’twere best, in any case,
  Damsels, to cling unto this altar-mound
  Made sacred to their gods of festival,—
  A shrine is stronger than a tower to save,
  A shield that none may cleave. Step swift thereto,
  And in your left hands hold with reverence
  The white-crowned wands of suppliance, the sign
  Beloved of Zeus, compassion’s lord, and speak
  To those that question you, words meek and low
  And piteous, as beseems your stranger state,
  Clearly avowing of this flight of yours
  The bloodless cause; and on your utterance
  See to it well that modesty attend;
  From downcast eyes, from brows of pure control,
  Let chastity look forth; nor, when ye speak,
  Be voluble nor eager—they that dwell
  Within this land are sternly swift to chide.
  And be your words submissive: heed this well;
  For weak ye are, outcasts on stranger lands,
  And froward talk beseems not strengthless hands.

CHORUS.
  O father, warily to us aware
  Thy words are spoken, and thy wisdom’s best
  My mind shall hoard, with Zeus our sire to aid.

DANAUS.
  Even so—with gracious aspect let him aid.

CHORUS.
  Fain were I now to seat me by thy side.

DANAUS.
  Now dally not, but put our thought in act.

CHORUS.
  Zeus, pity our distress, or e’er we die.

DANAUS.
  If so he will, your toils to joy will turn.

CHORUS.
  Lo, on this shrine, the semblance of a bird.[2]

DANAUS.
  Zeus’ bird of dawn it is; invoke the sign.

CHORUS.
  Thus I invoke the saving rays of morn.

DANAUS.
  Next, bright Apollo, exiled once from heaven.

CHORUS.
  The exiled god will pity our exile.

DANAUS.
  Yea, may he pity, giving grace and aid.

CHORUS.
  Whom next invoke I, of these other gods?

DANAUS.
  Lo, here a trident, symbol of a god.

CHORUS.
  Who[3] gave sea-safety; may he bless on land!

DANAUS.
    This next is Hermes, carved in Grecian wise.

CHORUS.
  Then let him herald help to freedom won.

DANAUS.
  Lastly, adore this altar consecrate
  To many lesser gods in one; then crouch
  On holy ground, a flock of doves that flee,
  Scared by no alien hawks, a kin not kind,
  Hateful, and fain of love more hateful still.
  Foul is the bird that rends another bird,
  And foul the men who hale unwilling maids,
  From sire unwilling, to the bridal bed.
  Never on earth, nor in the lower world,
  Shall lewdness such as theirs escape the ban:
  There too, if men say right, a God there is
  Who upon dead men turns their sin to doom,
  To final doom. Take heed, draw hitherward,
  That from this hap your safety ye may win.

 Enter the KING OF ARGOS.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Speak—of what land are ye? No Grecian band
  Is this to whom I speak, with Eastern robes
  And wrappings richly dight: no Argive maid,
  No woman in all Greece such garb doth wear.
  This too gives marvel, how unto this land,
  Unheralded, unfriended, without guide,
  And without fear, ye came? yet wands I see,
  True sign of suppliance, by you laid down
  On shrines of these our gods of festival.
  No land but Greece can read such signs aright.
  Much else there is, conjecture well might guess,
  But let words teach the man who stands to hear.

CHORUS.
  True is the word thou spakest of my garb;
  But speak I unto thee as citizen,
  Or Hermes’ wandbearer, or chieftain king?

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  For that, take heart and answer without fear.
  I am Pelasgus, ruler of this land,
  Child of Palaichthon, whom the earth brought forth;
  And, rightly named from me, the race who reap
  This country’s harvests are Pelasgian called.
  And o’er the wide and westward-stretching land,
  Through which the lucent wave of Strymon flows
  I rule; Perrhaebia’s land my boundary is
  Northward, and Pindus’ further slopes, that watch
  Paeonia, and Dodona’s mountain ridge.
  West, east, the limit of the washing seas
  Restrains my rule—the interspace is mine.
  But this whereon we stand is Apian land,
  Styled so of old from the great healer’s name;
  For Apis, coming from Naupactus’ shore
  Beyond the strait, child of Apollo’s self
  And like him seer and healer, cleansed this land
  From man-devouring monsters, whom the earth,
  Stained with pollution of old bloodshedding,
  Brought forth in malice, beasts of ravening jaws,
  A grisly throng of serpents manifold.
  And healings of their hurt, by knife and charm,
  Apis devised, unblamed of Argive men,
  And in their prayers found honour, for reward.
  —Lo, thou hast heard the tokens that I give:
  Speak now thy race, and tell a forthright tale;
  In sooth, this people loves not many words.

CHORUS.
  Short is my word and clear. Of Argive race
  We come, from her, the ox-horned maiden who
  Erst bare the sacred child. My word shall give
  Whate’er can ’stablish this my soothfast tale.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  O stranger maids, I may not trust this word,
  That ye have share in this our Argive race.
  No likeness of our country do ye bear,
  But semblance as of Libyan womankind.
  Even such a stock by Nilus’ banks might grow;
  Yea and the Cyprian stamp, in female forms,
  Shows to the life, what males impressed the same.
  And, furthermore, of roving Indian maids
  Whose camping-grounds by Aethiopia lie,
  And camels burdened even as mules, and bearing
  Riders, as horses bear, mine ears have heard;
  And tales of flesh-devouring mateless maids
  Called Amazons: to these, if bows ye bare,
  I most had deemed you like. Speak further yet,
  That of your Argive birth the truth I learn.

CHORUS.
  Here in this Argive land—so runs the tale—
  Io was priestess once of Hera’s fane.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Yea, truth it is, and far this word prevails:
  Is’t said that Zeus with mortal mingled love?

CHORUS.
  Ay, and that Hera that embrace surmised.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  How issued then this strife of those on high?

CHORUS.
  By Hera’s will, a heifer she became.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Held Zeus aloof then from the horned beast?

CHORUS.
  ’Tis said, he loved, in semblance of a bull.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  And his stern consort, did she aught thereon?

CHORUS.
  One myriad-eyed she set, the heifer’s guard.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  How namest thou this herdsman many-eyed?

CHORUS.
  Argus, the child of Earth, whom Hermes slew.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Still did the goddess vex the beast ill-starred?

CHORUS.
  She wrought a gadfly with a goading sting.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Thus drave she Io hence, to roam afar?

CHORUS.
  Yea—this thy word coheres exact with mine.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Then to Canopus and to Memphis came she?

CHORUS.
  And by Zeus’ hand was touched, and bare a child.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Who vaunts him the Zeus-mated creature’s son?

CHORUS.
  Epaphus, named rightly from the saving touch.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  And whom in turn did Epaphus beget?[4]

CHORUS.
  Libya, with name of a wide land endowed.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  And who from her was born unto the race?

CHORUS.
  Belus: from him two sons, my father one.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Speak now to me his name, this greybeard wise.

CHORUS.
  Revere the gods thus crowned, who steer the State.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Awe thrills me, seeing these shrines with leafage crowned.

CHORUS.
  Yea, stern the wrath of Zeus, the suppliants’ lord.
    Child of Palaichthon, royal chief
      Of thy Pelasgians, hear!
    Bow down thine heart to my relief—
      A fugitive, a suppliant, swift with fear,
    A creature whom the wild wolves chase
    O’er toppling crags; in piteous case
      Aloud, afar she lows,
  Calling the herdsman’s trusty arm to save her from her foes!

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Lo, with bowed heads beside our city shrines
  Ye sit ’neath shade of new-plucked olive-boughs.
  Our distant kin’s resentment Heaven forefend!
  Let not this hap, unhoped and unforeseen,
  Bring war on us: for strife we covet not.

CHORUS.
  Justice, the daughter of right-dealing Zeus,
  Justice, the queen of suppliants, look down,
    That this our plight no ill may loose
      Upon your town!
    This word, even from the young, let age and wisdom learn:
    If thou to suppliants show grace,
    Thou shalt not lack Heaven’s grace in turn,
  So long as virtue’s gifts on heavenly shrines have place.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Not at my private hearth ye sit and sue;
  And if the city bear a common stain,
  Be it the common toil to cleanse the same:
  Therefore no pledge, no promise will I give,
  Ere counsel with the commonwealth be held.

CHORUS.
  Nay, but the source of sway, the city’s self, art thou,
    A power unjudged! thine, only thine,
    To rule the right of hearth and shrine!
  Before thy throne and sceptre all men bow!
  Thou, in all causes lord, beware the curse divine!

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  May that curse fall upon mine enemies!
  I cannot aid you without risk of scathe,
  Nor scorn your prayers—unmerciful it were.
  Perplexed, distraught I stand, and fear alike
  The twofold chance, to do or not to do.

CHORUS.
  Have heed of him who looketh from on high,
    The guard of woeful mortals, whosoe’er
      Unto their fellows cry,
    And find no pity, find no justice there.
  Abiding in his wrath, the suppliants’ lord
  Doth smite,  unmoved by cries, unbent by prayerful word.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  But if Aegyptus’ children grasp you here,
  Claiming, their country’s right, to hold you theirs
  As next of kin, who dares to counter this?
  Plead ye your country’s laws, if plead ye may,
  That upon you they lay no lawful hand.

CHORUS.
  Let me not fall, O nevermore,
    A prey into the young men’s hand;
  Rather than wed whom I abhor,
    By pilot-stars I flee this land;
  O king, take justice to thy side,
  And with the righteous powers decide!

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Hard is the cause—make me not judge thereof.
  Already I have vowed it, to do nought
  Save after counsel with my people ta’en,
  King though I be; that ne’er in after time,
  If ill fate chance, my people then may say—
  _In aid of strangers thou the state hast slain_.

CHORUS.
  Zeus, lord of kinship, rules at will
    The swaying balance, and surveys
  Evil and good; to men of ill
    Gives evil, and to good men praise.
  And thou—since true those scales do sway—
  Shall thou from justice shrink away?

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  A deep, a saving counsel here there needs—
  An eye that like a diver to the depth
  Of dark perplexity can pass and see,
  Undizzied, unconfused. First must we care
  That to the State and to ourselves this thing
  Shall bring no ruin; next, that wrangling hands
  Shall grasp you not as prey, nor we ourselves
  Betray you thus embracing sacred shrines,
  Nor make the avenging all-destroying god,
  Who not in hell itself sets dead men free,
  A grievous inmate, an abiding bane.—
  Spake I not right, of saving counsel’s need?

CHORUS.
  Yea, counsel take and stand to aid
    At Justice’ side and mine.
  Betray not me, the timorous maid
    Whom far beyond the brine
  A godless violence cast forth forlorn.
    O King, wilt thou behold—
  Lord of this land, wilt thou behold me torn
    From altars manifold?
  Bethink thee of the young men’s wrath and lust,
    Hold off their evil pride;
  Steel not thyself to see the suppliant thrust
    From hallowed statues’ side,
  Haled by the frontlet on my forehead bound,
    As steeds are led, and drawn
  By hands that drag from shrine and altar-mound
    My vesture’s fringed lawn.
  Know thou that whether for Aegyptus’ race
    Thou dost their wish fulfil,
  Or for the gods and for each holy place—
    Be thy choice good or ill,
  Blow is with blow requited, grace with grace
    Such is Zeus’ righteous will.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Yea, I have pondered: from the sea of doubt
  Here drives at length the bark of thought ashore;
  Landward with screw and windlass haled, and firm,
  Clamped to her props, she lies. The need is stern;
  With men or gods a mighty strife we strive
  Perforce, and either hap in grief concludes.
  For, if a house be sacked, new wealth for old
  Not hard it is to win—if Zeus the lord
  Of treasure favour—more than quits the loss,
  Enough to pile the store of wealth full high;
  Or if a tongue shoot forth untimely speech,
  Bitter and strong to goad a man to wrath,
  Soft words there be to soothe that wrath away:
  But what device shall make the war of kin
  Bloodless? that woe, the blood of many beasts,
  And victims manifold to many gods,
  Alone can cure. Right glad I were to shun
  This strife, and am more fain of ignorance
  Than of the wisdom of a woe endured.
  The gods send better than my soul foretells!

CHORUS.
  Of many cries for mercy, hear the end.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Say on, then, for it shall not ’scape mine ear.

CHORUS.
  Girdles we have, and bands that bind our robes.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Even so; such things beseem a woman’s wear.

CHORUS.
  Know, then, with these a fair device there is—

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Speak, then: what utterance doth this foretell?

CHORUS.
  Unless to us thou givest pledge secure—

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  What can thy girdles’ craft achieve for thee?

CHORUS.
  Strange votive tablets shall these statues deck.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Mysterious thy resolve—avow it clear.

CHORUS.
  Swiftly to hang me on these sculptured gods!

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Thy word is as a lash to urge my heart.

CHORUS.
  Thou seest truth, for I have cleared thine eye

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Yea, and woes manifold, invincible,
  A crowd of ills, sweep on me torrent-like.
  My bark goes forth upon a sea of troubles
  Unfathomed, ill to traverse, harbourless.
  For if my deed shall match not your demand,
  Dire, beyond shot of speech, shall be the bane
  Your death’s pollution leaves unto this land.
  Yet if against your kin, Aegyptus’ race,
  Before our gates I front the doom of war,
  Will not the city’s loss be sore? Shall men
  For women’s sake incarnadine the ground?
  But yet the wrath of Zeus, the suppliants’ lord
  I needs must fear: most awful unto man
  The terror of his anger. Thou, old man,
  The father of these maidens, gather up
  Within your arms these wands of suppliance,
  And lay them at the altars manifold
  Of all our country’s gods, that all the town
  Know, by this sign, that ye come here to sue.
  Nor, in thy haste, do thou say aught of me.
  Swift is this folk to censure those who rule;
  But, if they see these signs of suppliance,
  It well may chance that each will pity you,
  And loathe the young men’s violent pursuit;
  And thus a fairer favour you may find:
  For, to the helpless, each man’s heart is kind.

DANAUS.
  To us, beyond gifts manifold it is
  To find a champion thus compassionate;
  Yet send with me attendants, of thy folk,
  Rightly to guide me, that I duly find
  Each altar of your city’s gods that stands
  Before the fane, each dedicated shrine;
  And that in safety through the city’s ways
  I may pass onwards: all unlike to yours
  The outward semblance that I wear—the race
  that Nilus rears is all dissimilar
   That of Inachus. Keep watch and ward
   Lest heedlessness bring death: full oft, I ween,
   Friend hath slain friend, not knowing whom he slew.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Go at his side, attendants,—he saith well.
  On to the city’s consecrated shrines!
  Nor be of many words to those ye meet,
  The while this suppliant voyager ye lead.

 [_Exit DANAUS with attendants._]

CHORUS.
  Let him go forward, thy command obeying.
  But me how biddest, how assurest thou?

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Leave there the new-plucked boughs, thy sorrow’s sign.

CHORUS.
  Thus beckoned forth, at thy behest I leave them.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Now to this level precinct turn thyself.

CHORUS.
  Unconsecrate it is, and cannot shield me.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  We will not yield thee to those falcons’ greed.

CHORUS.
  What help? more fierce they are than serpents fell.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  We spake thee fair—speak thou them fair in turn.

CHORUS.
  What marvel that we loathe them, scared in soul?

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Awe towards a king should other fears transcend.

CHORUS.
  Thus speak, thus act, and reassure my mind.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
Not long thy sire shall leave thee desolate.
But I will call the country’s indwellers,
And with soft words th’ assembly will persuade,
And warn your sire what pleadings will avail.
Therefore abide ye, and with prayer entreat
The country’s gods to compass your desire;
The while I go, this matter to provide,
Persuasion and fair fortune at my side.

 [_Exit the KING OF ARGOS._]

CHORUS.
    O King of Kings, among the blest
    Thou highest and thou happiest,
        Listen and grant our prayer,
    And, deeply loathing, thrust
    Away from us the young men’s lust,
          And deeply drown
  In azure waters, down and ever down,
    Benches and rowers dark,
    The fatal and perfidious bark!
  Unto the maidens turn thy gracious care;
  Think yet again upon the tale of fame,
  How from the maiden loved of thee there sprung
  Mine ancient line, long since in many a legend sung!
    Remember, O remember, thou whose hand
  Did Io by a touch to human shape reclaim.
 For from this Argos erst our mother came
        Driven hence to Egypt’s land,
 Yet sprung of Zeus we were, and hence our birth we claim.
        And now have I roamed back
        Unto the ancient track
  Where Io roamed and pastured among flowers,
        Watched o’er by Argus’ eyes,
  Through the lush grasses and the meadow bowers.
    Thence, by the gadfly maddened, forth she flies
    Unto far lands and alien peoples driven
    And, following fate, through paths of foam and surge,
    Sees, as she goes, the cleaving strait divide
        Greece, from the Eastland riven.
  And swift through Asian borders doth she urge
  Her course, o’er Phrygian mountains’ sheep-clipt side;
  Thence, where the Mysian realm of Teuthras lies
    Towards Lydian lowlands hies,
  And o’er Cilician and Pamphylian hills
    And ever-flowing rills,
  And thence to Aphrodite’s fertile shore,[5]
  The land of garnered wheat and wealthy store
  And thence, deep-stung by wild unrest,
  By the winged fly that goaded her and drave,
  Unto the fertile land, the god-possest,
      (Where, fed from far-off snows,
      Life-giving Nilus flows,
  Urged on by Typho’s strength, a fertilizing wave)
  She roves, in harassed and dishonoured flight
  Scathed by the  blasting pangs of Hera’s dread despite.
      And they within the land
      With terror shook and wanned,
  So strange the sight they saw, and were afraid—
  A wild twy-natured thing, half heifer and half maid.
  Whose hand was laid at last on Io, thus forlorn,
    With many roamings worn?
  Who bade the harassed maiden’s peace return?
    Zeus, lord of time eterne.
  Yea, by his breath divine, by his unscathing strength,
      She lays aside her bane,
  And softened back to womanhood at length
      Sheds human tears again.
  Then, quickened with Zeus’ veritable seed,
      A progeny she bare,
  A stainless babe, a child of heavenly breed.
      Of life and fortune fair.
  _His is the life of life_—so all men say,—
    _His is the seed of Zeus.
  Who else had power stern Hera’s craft to stay,
    Her vengeful curse to loose?_

   Yea, all from Zeus befell!
   And rightly wouldst thou tell
 That we from Epaphus, his child, were born:
      Justly his deed was done;
      Unto what other one,
 Of all the gods, should I for justice turn?
      From him our race did spring;
      Creator he and King,
 Ancient of days and wisdom he, and might.
      As bark before the wind,
      So, wafted by his mind,
 Moves every counsel, each device aright.
      Beneath no stronger hand
      Holds he a weak command,
 No throne doth he abase him to adore;
      Swift as a word, his deed
      Acts out what stands decreed
 In counsels of his heart, for evermore.

 Re-enter DANAUS.

DANAUS.
  Take heart, my children:  the land’s heart is kind,
  And to full issue has their voting come.

CHORUS.
  All hail, my sire; thy word brings utmost joy.
  Say, to what issue is the vote made sure,
  And how prevailed the people’s crowding hands?

DANAUS.
  With one assent the Argives spake their will,
  And, hearing, my old heart took youthful cheer,
  The very sky was thrilled when high in air
  The concourse raised right hands and swore their oath:—
  _Free shall the maidens sojourn in this land.
  Unharried, undespoiled by mortal wight:
  No native hand, no hand of foreigner
  Shall drag them hence; if any man use force—
  Whoe’er of all our countrymen shall fail
  To come unto their aid, let him go forth,
  Beneath the people’s curse, to banishment_.
  So did the king of this Pelasgian folk
  Plead on behalf of us, and bade them heed
  That never, in the after-time, this realm
  Should feed to fulness the great enmity
  Of Zeus, the suppliants’ guard, against itself!
  A twofold curse, for wronging stranger-guests
  Who are akin withal, confrontingly
  Should rise before this city and be shown
  A ruthless monster, fed on human doom.
  Such things the Argive people heard, and straight,
  Without proclaim of herald, gave assent:
  Yea, in full conclave, the Pelasgian folk
  Heard suasive pleas, and Zeus through them resolved.

CHORUS.
  Arouse we now to chant our prayer
  For fair return of service fair
    And Argos’ kindly will.
  Zeus, lord of guestright, look upon
  The grace our stranger lips have won.
  In right and truth, as they begun,
  Guide them, with favouring hand, until
  Thou dost their blameless wish fulfil!

    Now may the Zeus-born gods on high
      Hear us pour forth
    A votive prayer for Argos’ clan!—
    Never may this Pelasgian earth,
  Amid the fire-wrack, shrill the dismal cry
    On Ares, ravening lord of fight,
  Who in an alien harvest mows down man!
    For lo, this land had pity on our plight,
  And unto us were merciful and leal,
  To us, the piteous flock, who at Zeus’ altar kneel!
  They scornèd not the pleas of maidenhood,
  Nor with the young men’s will hath their will stood.
      They knew right well.

  Th’ unearthly watching fiend invincible,
  The foul avenger—let him not draw near!
  For he, on roofs ill-starred,
  Defiling and polluting, keeps a ghastly ward!
  They knew his vengeance, and took holy heed
  To us, the sister suppliants, who cry
    To Zeus, the lord of purity:
  Therefore with altars pure they shall the gods revere.

  Thus, through the boughs that shade our lips, fly forth in air,
      Fly forth, O eager prayer!
    May never pestilence efface
      This city’s race,
    Nor be the land with corpses strewed,
      Nor stained with civic blood!
    The stem of youth, unpluckt, to manhood come,
    Nor Ares rise from Aphrodité’s bower,
  The lord of death and bane, to waste our youthful flower.
        Long may the old
    Crowd to the altars kindled to consume
        Gifts rich and manifold—
    Offered to win from powers divine
    A benison on city and on shrine:
      Let all the sacred might adore
        Of Zeus most high, the lord
      Of guestright and the hospitable board,
  Whose immemorial law doth rule Fate’s scales aright:
        The garners of earth’s store
        Be full for evermore,
  And grace of Artemis make women’s travail light;
    No devastating curse of fell disease
        This city seize;
    No clamour of the State arouse to war
        Ares, from whom afar
    Shrinketh the lute, by whom the dances fail—
        Ares, the lord of wail.
    Swarm far aloof from Argos’ citizens
        All plague and pestilence,
    And may the Archer-God our children spare!
    May Zeus with foison and with fruitfulness
        The land’s each season bless,
    And, quickened with Heaven’s bounty manifold,
        Teem grazing flock and fold.
    Beside the altars of Heaven’s hallowing
        Loud let the minstrels sing,
  And from pure lips float forth the harp-led strain in air!
    And let the people’s voice, the power
    That sways the State, in danger’s hour
      Be wary, wise for all;
    Nor honour in dishonour hold,
    But—ere the voice of war be bold—
    Let them to stranger peoples grant
    Fair and unbloody covenant—
      Justice and peace withal;
    And to the Argive powers divine
    The sacrifice of laurelled kine,
      By rite ancestral, pay.
    Among three words of power and awe,
    Stands this, the third, the mighty law—
    _Your gods, your fathers deified,
    Ye shall adore_. Let this abide
      For ever and for aye.

DANAUS.
  Dear children, well and wisely have ye prayed;
  I bid you now not shudder, though ye hear
  New and alarming tidings from your sire.
  From this high place beside the suppliants’ shrine
  The bark of our pursuers I behold,
  By divers tokens recognized too well.
  Lo, the spread canvas and the hides that screen
  The gunwale; lo, the prow, with painted eyes
  That seem her onward pathway to descry,
  Heeding too well the rudder at the stern
  That rules her, coming for no friendly end.
  And look, the seamen—all too plain their race—
  Their dark limbs gleam from out their snow-white garb;
  Plain too the other barks, a fleet that comes
  All swift to aid the purpose of the first,
  That now, with furled sail and with pulse of oars
  Which smite the wave together, comes aland.
  But ye, be calm, and, schooled not scared by fear,
  Confront this chance, be mindful of your trust
  In these protecting gods. And I will hence,
  And champions who shall plead your cause aright
  Will bring unto your side. There come perchance
  Heralds or envoys, eager to lay hand
  And drag you captive hence; yet fear them not;
  Foiled shall they be. Yet well it were for you
  (If, ere with aid I come, I tarry long),
  Not by one step this sanctuary to leave.
  Farewell, fear nought: soon shall the hour be born
  When he that scorns the gods shall rue his scorn

CHORUS.
  Ah but I shudder, father!—ah, even now,
  Even as I speak, the swift-winged ships draw nigh!

  I shudder, I shiver, I perish with fear:
      Overseas though I fled,
  Yet nought it avails; my pursuers are near!

DANAUS.
  Children, take heart; they who decreed to aid
  Thy cause will arm for battle, well I ween.

CHORUS.
  But desperate is Aegyptus’ ravening race,
  With fight unsated; thou too know’st it well.

  In their wrath they o’ertake us; the prow is deep-dark
      In the which they have sped,
  And dark is the bench and the crew of the bark!

DANAUS.
  Yea but a crew as stout they here shall find,
  And arms well steeled beneath a noon-day sun.

CHORUS.
  Ah yet, O father, leave us not forlorn!
  Alone, a maid is nought, a strengthless arm.
  With guile they pursue me, with counsel malign,
      And unholy their soul;
  And as ravens they seize me, unheeding the shrine!

DANAUS.
  Fair will befall us, children, in this chance,
  If thus in wrath they wrong the gods and you.

CHORUS.
  Alas, nor tridents nor the sanctity
  Of shrines will drive them, O my sire, from us!

  Unholy and daring and cursed is their ire,
      Nor own they control
  Of the gods, but like jackals they glut their desire!

DANAUS.
  Ay, but _Come wolf, flee jackal_, saith the saw;
  Nor can the flax-plant overbear the corn.

CHORUS.
  Lustful, accursèd, monstrous is their will
  As of beasts ravening—’ware we of their power!

DANAUS.
  Look you, not swiftly puts a fleet to sea,
  Nor swiftly to its moorings; long it is
  Or e’er the saving cables to the shore
  Are borne, and long or e’er the steersmen cry,
  _The good ship swings at anchor—all is well_.
  Longest of all, the task to come aland
  Where haven there is none, when sunset fades
  In night. _To pilot wise_, the adage saith,
  _Night is a day of wakefulness and pain_.
  Therefore no force of weaponed men, as yet
  Scatheless can come ashore, before the bank
  Lie at her anchorage securely moored.
  Bethink thee therefore, nor in panic leave
  The shrine of gods whose succour thou hast won
  I go for aid—men shall not blame me long,
  Old, but with youth at heart and on my tongue.

 [_Exit DANAUS._]

CHORUS.
  O land of hill and dale, O holy land,
  What shall befall us? whither shall we flee,
  From Apian land to some dark lair of earth?

O would that in vapour of smoke I might rise to the clouds of the sky,
That as dust which flits up without wings I might pass and evanish and
die!
I dare not, I dare not abide: my heart yearns, eager to fly;
And  dark is the cast of my thought;  I shudder and tremble for fear.
My father looked forth and beheld:  I die of the sight that draws near.
And for me be the strangling cord, the halter made ready by Fate,
Before to my body draws nigh the man of my horror and hate.
Nay,  ere  I will own him as lord, as handmaid to Hades I go!
And oh, that aloft in the sky, where the dark clouds are frozen to
snow,
A refuge for me might be found, or a mountain-top smooth and too high
For the foot of the goat, where the vulture sits lonely, and none may
descry
The  pinnacle veiled in the cloud, the highest and sheerest of all,
Ere to wedlock that rendeth my heart, and love that is loveless, I
fall!
Yea, a prey to the dogs and the birds of the mount will I give me to
be,—
From wailing and curse and pollution it is death, only death, sets me
free:
Let death come upon me before to the ravisher’s bed I am thrust;
What champion, what saviour but death can I find, or what refuge from
lust?
I will utter my shriek of entreaty, a prayer that shrills up to the
sky,
That calleth  the gods  to  compassion, a tuneful, a pitiful cry,
That is loud to invoke the releaser. O father, look down on the fight;
Look down in thy wrath on the wronger, with eyes that are eager for
right.
Zeus, thou that art lord of the world, whose kingdom is strong over
all,
Have mercy on us! At thine altar for refuge and safety we call.
For the race of Aegyptus is fierce, with greed and with malice afire;
They cry as the questing hounds, they sweep with the speed of desire.
But thine is the balance of fate, thou rulest the wavering scale,
And without thee no mortal emprise shall have strength to achieve or
prevail.

    Alack, alack! the ravisher—
  He leaps from boat to beach, he draweth near!
    Away, thou plunderer accurst!
      Death seize thee first,
  Or e’er thou touch me—off! God, hear our cry,
      Our maiden agony!
  Ah, ah, the touch, the prelude of my shame.
      Alas, my maiden fame!
    O sister, sister, to the altar cling,
      For he that seizeth me,
  Grim is his wrath and stern, by land as on the sea.
      Guard us, O king!

 Enter the HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Hence to my barge—step swiftly, tarry not.

CHORUS.
  Alack, he rends—he rends my hair! O wound on wound!
  Help! my lopped head will fall, my blood gush o’er the ground!

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Aboard, ye cursèd—with a new curse, go!

CHORUS.
    Would God that on the wand’ring brine
    Thou and this braggart tongue of thine
      Had sunk beneath the main—
    Thy mast and planks, made fast in vain!
    Thee would I drive aboard once more,
  A slayer and a dastard, from the shore!

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
    Be still, thou vain demented soul;
    My force thy craving shall control.
  Away, aboard!  What, clingest to the shrine?
  Away! this city’s gods I hold not for divine.

CHORUS.
      Aid me, ye gods, that never, never
        I may again behold
      The mighty, the life-giving river,
    Nilus, the quickener of field and fold!
    Alack, O sire, unto the shrine I cling—
  Shrine of this land from which mine ancient line did spring!

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Shrines, shrines, forsooth!—the ship, the ship be shrine!
  Aboard, perforce and will-ye nill-ye, go!
      Or e’er from hands of mine
  Ye suffer torments worse and blow on blow.

CHORUS.
      Alack, God grant those hands may strive in vain
        With the salt-streaming wave,
      When ’gainst  the wide-blown  blasts thy bark shall strain
  To round Sarpedon’s cape, the sandbank’s treach’rous grave.

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Shrill ye and shriek unto what gods ye may,
  Ye shall not leap from out Aegyptus’ bark,
  How bitterly soe’er ye wail your woe.

CHORUS.
  Alack, alack my wrong!
  Stern is thy voice, thy vaunting loud and strong.
  Thy sire, the mighty Nilus, drive thee hence
  Turning to death and doom thy greedy violence!

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Swift to the vessel of the double prow,
  Go quickly! let none linger, else this hand
  Ruthless will hale you by your tresses hence.

CHORUS.
  Alack, O father! from the shrine
  Not aid but agony is mine.
  As a spider he creeps and he clutches his prey,
  And he hales me away.
  A spectre of darkness, of darkness. Alas and alas! well-a-day!
  O Earth, O my mother! O Zeus, thou king of the earth, and her child!
  Turn back, we pray thee, from us his clamour and threatenings wild!

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Peace! I fear not this country’s deities.
  They fostered not my childhood nor mine age.

CHORUS.
  Like a snake that is human he comes, he shudders and crawls to my
  side;
  As an adder that biteth the foot, his clutch on my flesh doth abide.
  O Earth, O my mother! O Zeus, thou king of the earth, and her child!
  Turn back, we pray thee, from us his clamour and threatenings wild!

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Swift each unto the ship; repine no more,
  Or my hand shall not spare to rend your robe.

CHORUS.
  O chiefs, O leaders, aid me, or I yield!

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Peace! if ye have not ears to hear my words,
  Lo, by these tresses must I hale you hence.

CHORUS.
  Undone we are, O king! all hope is gone.

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Ay, kings enow ye shall behold anon,
  Aegyptus’ sons—Ye shall not want for kings.

 Enter the KING OF ARGOS.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Sirrah, what dost thou? in what arrogance
  Darest thou thus insult Pelasgia’s realm?
  Deemest thou this a woman-hearted town?
  Thou art too full of thy barbarian scorn
  For us of Grecian blood, and, erring thus,
  Thou dost bewray thyself a fool in all!

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Say thou wherein my deeds transgress my right.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  First, that thou play’st a stranger’s part amiss.

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Wherein?  I do but search and claim mine own.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  To whom of our guest-champions hast appealed?

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  To Hermes, herald’s champion, lord of search.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Yea, to a god—yet dost thou wrong the gods!

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  The gods that rule by Nilus I revere.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Hear I aright? our Argive gods are nought?

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  The prey is mine, unless force rend it from me.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  At thine own peril touch them—’ware, and soon!

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  I hear thy speech, no hospitable word.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  I am no host for sacrilegious hands.

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  I will go tell this to Aegyptus’ sons.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Tell it! my pride will ponder not thy word.

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Yet, that I have my message clear to say
  (For it behooves that heralds’ words be clear,
  Be they or ill or good), how art thou named?
  By whom despoilèd of this sister-band
  Of maidens pass I homeward?—speak and say!
  For lo, henceforth in Ares’ court we stand,
  Who judges not by witness but by war:
  No pledge of silver now can bring the cause
  To issue: ere this thing end, there must be
  Corpse piled on corpse and many lives gasped forth.

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  What skills it that I tell my name to thee?
  Thou and thy mates shall learn it ere the end.
  Know that if words unstained by violence
  Can change these maidens’ choice, then mayest thou,
  With full consent of theirs, conduct them hence.
  But thus the city with one voice ordained—

    _No force shall bear away the maiden band_.

  Firmly this word upon the temple wall
  Is by a rivet clenched, and shall abide:
  Not upon wax inscribed and delible,
  Nor upon parchment sealed and stored away.—
  Lo, thou hast heard our free mouths speak their will:
  Out from our presence—tarry not, but go!

HERALD OF AEGYPTUS.
  Methinks we stand on some new edge of war:
  Be strength and triumph on the young men’s side!

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  Nay but here also shall ye find young men,
  Unsodden with the juices oozed from grain.[6]

 [_Exit HERALD OF AEGYPTUS._]


  But ye, O maids, with your attendants true,
  Pass hence with trust into the fencèd town,
  Ringed with a wide confine of guarding towers.
  Therein are many dwellings for such guests
  As the State honours; there myself am housed
  Within a palace neither scant nor strait.
  There dwell ye, if ye will to lodge at ease
  In halls well-thronged: yet, if your soul prefer,
  Tarry secluded in a separate home.
  Choose ye and cull, from these our proffered gifts,
  Whiche’er is best and sweetest to your will:
  And I and all these citizens whose vote
  Stands thus decreed, will your protectors be.
  Look not to find elsewhere more loyal guard.

CHORUS.
  O godlike chief, God grant my prayer:
  _Fair blessings on thy proffers fair,
  Lord of Pelasgia’s race!_
  Yet, of thy grace, unto our side
  Send thou the man of courage tried,
  Of counsel deep and prudent thought,—
  Be Danaus to his children brought;
  For his it is to guide us well
  And warn where it behoves to dwell—
  What place shall guard and shelter us
  From malice and tongues slanderous:
  Swift always are the lips of blame
  A stranger-maiden to defame—
  But Fortune give us grace!

THE KING OF ARGOS.
  A stainless fame, a welcome kind
  From all this people shall ye find:
  Dwell therefore, damsels, loved of us,
  Within our walls, as Danaus
  Allots to each, in order due,
  Her dower of attendants true.

 Re-enter DANAUS.

DANAUS
  High thanks, my children, unto Argos con,
  And to this folk, as to Olympian gods,
  Give offerings meet of sacrifice and wine;
  For saviours are they in good sooth to you.
  From me they heard, and bitter was their wrath,
  How those your kinsmen strove to work you wrong,
  And how of us were thwarted: then to me
  This company of spearmen did they grant,
  That honoured I might walk, nor unaware
  Die by some secret thrust and on this land
  Bring down the curse of death, that dieth not.
  Such boons they gave me: it behoves me pay
  A deeper reverence from a soul sincere.
  Ye, to the many words of wariness
  Spoken by me your father, add this word,
  That, tried by time, our unknown company
  Be held for honest: over-swift are tongues
  To slander strangers, over-light is speech
  To bring pollution on a stranger’s name.
  Therefore I rede you, bring no shame on me
  Now when man’s eye beholds your maiden prime.
  Lovely is beauty’s ripening harvest-field,
  But ill to guard; and men and beasts, I wot,
  And birds and creeping things make prey of it.
  And when the fruit is ripe for love, the voice
  Of Aphrodite bruiteth it abroad,
  The while she guards the yet unripened growth.
  On the fair richness of a maiden’s bloom
  Each passer looks, o’ercome with strong desire,
  With eyes that waft the wistful dart of love.
  Then be not such our hap, whose livelong toil
  Did make our pinnace plough the mighty main:
  Nor bring we shame upon ourselves, and joy
  Unto my foes. Behold, a twofold home—
  One of the king’s and one the people’s gift—
  Unbought, ’tis yours to hold,—a gracious boon.
  Go—but remember ye your sire’s behest,
  And hold your life less dear than chastity.

CHORUS.
  The gods above grant that all else be well.
  But fear not thou, O sire, lest aught befall
  Of ill unto our ripened maidenhood.
  So long as Heaven have no new ill devised,
  From its chaste path my spirit shall not swerve.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Pass and adore ye the Blessed, the gods of the city who dwell
  Around Erasinus, the gush of the swift immemorial tide.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Chant ye, O maidens; aloud let the praise of Pelasgia swell;
  Hymn we no longer the shores where Nilus to ocean doth glide.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Sing we the bounteous streams that ripple and gush through the city;
  Quickening flow they and fertile, the soft new life of the plain.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Artemis, maiden most pure, look on us with grace and with pity—
  Save us from forced embraces: such love hath no crown but a pain.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Yet not in scorn we chant, but in honour of Aphrodite;
  She truly and Hera alone have power with Zeus and control.
  Holy the deeds of her rite,  her craft is secret and mighty,
  And high is her honour on earth, and subtle her sway of the soul.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Yea, and her child is Desire: in the train of his mother he goeth—
  Yea and Persuasion soft-lipped, whom none can deny or repel:
  Cometh Harmonia too, on whom Aphrodite bestoweth
  The whispering parley, the paths of the rapture that lovers love
  well.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Ah, but  I tremble and quake lest again they should sail to reclaim!
  Alas for the sorrow to come, the blood and the carnage of war.
  Ah, by whose will was it done that o’er the wide ocean they came,
  Guided by favouring winds, and wafted by sail and by oar?

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Peace! for what Fate hath ordained will surely not tarry but come;
  Wide is the counsel of Zeus, by no man escaped or withstood:
  Only I pray that whate’er, in the end, of this wedlock he doom,
  We as many a maiden of old, may win from the ill to the good.[7]

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Great Zeus, this wedlock turn from me—
  Me from the kinsman bridegroom guard!

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Come what come may, ’tis Fate’s decree.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Soft is thy word—the doom is hard.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Thou know’st not what the Fates provide.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  How should I scan Zeus’ mighty will,
  The depth of counsel undescried?

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Pray thou no word of omen ill.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  What timely warning wouldst thou teach?

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Beware, nor slight the gods in speech.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Zeus, hold from my body the wedlock detested, the bridegroom
  abhorred!
    It was thou, it was thou didst release
  Mine ancestress Io from sorrow: thine healing it was that restored,
    The touch of thine hand gave her peace.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Be thy will for the cause of the maidens! of two ills, the lesser I
  pray—
    The exile that leaveth me pure.
  May thy justice have heed to my cause, my prayers to thy mercy find
  way!
    For the hands of thy saving are sure.

 [_Exeunt omnes._]


 [1] “ἀερίας ἀπὸ γᾶς.” This epithet may appear strange to modern
 readers accustomed to think of Egypt as a land of cloudless skies and
 pellucid atmosphere. Nevertheless both Pindar (_Pyth_ iv 93) and
 Apollonius Rhodius (iv 267) speak of it in the same way as Aeschylus.
 It has been conjectured that they allude to the fog banks that often
 obscure the low coasts—a phenomenon likely to impress the early
 navigators and to be reported by them.


 [2] The whole of this dialogue in alternate verses is disarranged in
 the MSS. The re-arrangement which has approved itself to Paley has
 been here followed. It involves, however, a hiatus, instead of the
 line to which this note is appended. The substance of the lost line
 being easily deducible from the context, it has been supplied in the
 translation.


 [3] Poseidon.


 [4] Here one verse at least has been lost. The conjecture of Bothe
 seems to be verified, as far as substance is concerned, by the next
 line, and has consequently been adopted.


 [5] Cyprus.


 [6] For this curious taunt, strongly illustrative of what Browning
 calls “nationality in drinks,” see Herodotus, ii. 77. A similar
 feeling may perhaps be traced in Tacitus’ description of the national
 beverage of the Germans: “Potui humor ex hordeo aut frumento, _in
 quandam similitudinem vini corruptus_” (_Germania_, chap, xxiii).


 [7] The ambiguity of these two lines is reproduced from the original.
 The Semi-Chorus appear to pray, in one aspiration, that the threatened
 wedlock may never take place, and, _if_ it does take place, may be for
 weal, not woe.




THE PERSIANS

ARGUMENT


Xerxes, son of Darius and of his wife Atossa, daughter of Cyrus, went
forth against Hellas, to take vengeance upon those who had defeated his
father at Marathon. But ill fortune befell the king and his army both
by land and sea; neither did it avail him that he cast a bridge over
the Hellespont and made a canal across the promontory of Mount Athos,
and brought myriads of men, by land and sea, to subdue the Greeks. For
in the strait between Athens and the island of Salamis the Persian
ships were shattered and sunk or put to flight by those of Athens and
Lacedaemon and Aegina and Corinth, and Xerxes went homewards on the way
by which he had come, leaving his general Mardonius with three hundred
thousand men to strive with the Greeks by land: but in the next year
they were destroyed near Plataea in Boeotia, by the Lacedaemonians and
Athenians and Tegeans. Such was the end of the army which Xerxes left
behind him. But the king himself had reached the bridge over the
Hellespont, and late and hardly and in sorry plight and with few
companions came home unto the Palace of Susa.

DRAMATIS PERSONAE

CHORUS OF PERSIAN ELDERS.
ATOSSA, WIDOW OF DARIUS AND MOTHER OF XERXES.
A MESSENGER.
THE GHOST OF DARIUS.
XERXES.

_The Scene is laid at the Palace of Susa_.


CHORUS.
  Away unto the Grecian land
  Hath passed the Persian armament:
  We, by the monarch’s high command,
  We are the warders true who stand,
  Chosen, for honour and descent,
  To watch the wealth of him who went—
  Guards of the gold, and faithful styled
  By Xerxes, great Darius’ child!

  But the king went nor comes again—
  And for that host, we saw depart
  Arrayed in gold, my boding heart
  Aches with a pulse of anxious pain,
  Presageful for its youthful king!
  No scout, no steed, no battle-car
  Comes speeding hitherward, to bring
  News to our city from afar!
  Erewhile they went, away, away,
  From Susa, from Ecbatana,
  From Kissa’s timeworn fortress grey,
  Passing to ravage and to war—
  Some upon steeds, on galleys some,
  Some in close files, they passed from home,
  All upon warlike errand bent—
  Amistres, Artaphernes went,
  Astaspes, Megabazes high,
  Lords of the Persian chivalry,
  Marshals who serve the great king’s word
  Chieftains of all the mighty horde!
  Horsemen and bowmen streamed away,
  Grim in their aspect, fixed to slay,
  And resolute to face the fray!
  With troops of horse, careering fast,
  Masistes, Artembáres passed:
  Imaeus too, the bowman brave,
  Sosthánes, Pharandákes, drave—
  And others the all-nursing wave
  Of Nilus to the battle gave;
  Came Susiskánes, warrior wild,
  And Pegastágon, Egypt’s child:
  Thee, brave Arsámes! from afar
  Did holy Memphis launch to war;
  And Ariomardus, high in fame,
  From Thebes the immemorial came,
  And oarsmen skilled from Nilus’ fen,
  A countless crowd of warlike men:
  And next, the dainty Lydians went—
  Soft rulers of a continent—
  Mitragathes and Arcteus bold
  In twin command their ranks controlled,
  And Sardis town, that teems with gold,
  Sent forth its squadrons to the war—
  Horse upon horse, and car on car,
  Double and triple teams, they rolled,
  In onset awful to behold.
  From Tmolus’ sacred hill there came
  The native hordes to join the fray,
  And upon Hellas’ neck to lay
  The yoke of slavery and shame;
  Mardon and Tharubis were there,
  Bright anvils for the foemen’s spear!
  The Mysian dart-men sped to war,
  And the long crowd that onward rolled
  From Babylon enriched with gold—
  Captains of ships and archers skilled
  To speed the shaft, and those who wield
  The scimitar;—the eastern band
  Who, by the great king’s high command,
  Swept to subdue the western land!

  Gone are they, gone—ah, welladay!
  The flower and pride of our array;
  And all the Eastland, from whose breast
  Came forth her bravest and her best,
  Craves longingly with boding dread—
  Parents for sons, and brides new-wed
  For absent lords, and, day by day,
  Shudder with dread at their delay!

  Ere now they have passed o’er the sea, the manifold host of the king—
  They have gone forth to sack and to burn; ashore on the Westland they
  spring!
  With cordage and rope they have bridged the sea-way of Helle, to pass
  O’er the strait that is named by thy name, O daughter of Athamas!
  They have anchored their ships in the current, they have bridled the
  neck of the sea—
  The Shepherd and Lord of the East hath bidden a roadway to be!
  From the land to the land they pass over, a herd at the high king’s
  best;
  Some by the way of the waves, and some o’er the planking have
  pressed.
  For the king is a lord and a god: he was born of the golden seed
  That erst upon Danae fell—his captains are strong at the need!
  And dark is the glare of his eyes, as eyes of a serpent blood-fed,
  And with manifold troops in his train and with manifold ships hath he
  sped—
  Yea, sped with his Syrian cars: he leads on the lords of the bow
  To meet with the men of the West, the spear-armed force of the foe!
  Can any make head and resist him, when he comes with the roll of a
  wave?
  No barrier nor phalanx of might, no chief, be he ever so brave!
  For stern is the onset of Persia, and gallant her children in fight.
  But the guile of the god is deceitful, and who shall elude him by
  flight?
  And who is the lord of the leap, that can spring and alight and
  evade?
  For Até deludes and allures, till round him the meshes are laid,
  And no man his doom can escape! it was writ in the rule of high
  Heaven,
  That in tramp of the steeds and in crash of the charge the war-cry of
  Persia be given:
  They have learned to behold the forbidden, the sacred enclosure of
  sea,
  Where the waters are wide and in stress of the wind the billows roll
  hoary to lee!
  And their trust is in cable and cordage, too weak in the power of the
  blast,
  And frail are the links of the bridge whereby unto Hellas they
  passed.

  Therefore my gloom-wrapped heart is rent with sorrow
    For what may hap to-morrow!
  Alack, for all the Persian armament—
   Alack, lest there be sent
  Dread news of desolation, Susa’s land
    Bereft, forlorn, unmanned—
  Lest the grey Kissian fortress echo back
    The wail, _Alack, Alack!_
  The sound of women’s shriek, who wail and mourn,
    With fine-spun raiment torn!
  The charioteers went forth nor come again,
    And all the marching men
  Even as a swarm of bees have flown afar,
    Drawn by the king to war—
  Crossing the sea-bridge, linked from side to side,
    That doth the waves divide:
  And the soft bridal couch of bygone years
    Is now bedewed with tears,
  Each princess, clad in garments delicate,
    Wails for her widowed fate—

  _Alas my gallant bridegroom, lost and gone,
    And I am left alone!_

  But now, ye warders of the state,
  Here, in this hall of old renown,
  Behoves that we deliberate
  In counsel deep and wise debate,
    For need is surely shown!
  How fareth he, Darius’ child,
  The Persian king, from Perseus styled?

  Comes triumph to the eastern bow,
  Or hath the lance-point conquered now?

 Enter ATOSSA.

    See, yonder comes the mother-queen,
  Light of our eyes, in godlike sheen,
  The royal mother of the king!—
  Fall we before her! well it were
  That, all as one, we sue to her,
  And round her footsteps cling!

  Queen, among deep-girded Persian dames thou highest and most royal,
  Hoary mother, thou, of Xerxes, and Darius’ wife of old!
  To godlike sire, and godlike son, we bow us and are loyal—
  Unless, on us, an adverse tide of destiny has rolled!

ATOSSA.
  Therefore come I forth to you, from chambers decked and golden,
    Where long ago Darius laid his head, with me beside,
  And my heart is torn with anguish, and with terror am I holden,
    And I plead unto your friendship and I bid you to my side.

  Darius, in the old time, by aid of some Immortal,
    Raised up the stately fabric, our wealth of long-ago:
  But I tremble lest it totter down, and ruin porch and portal,
    And the whirling dust of downfall rise above its overthrow!

  Therefore a dread unspeakable within me never slumbers,
    Saying, _Honour not the gauds of wealth if men have ceased to grow,
  Nor deem that men, apart from wealth, can find their strength in
  numbers_—
    We shudder for our light and king, though we have gold enow!

  _No light there is, in any house, save presence of the master_—
    So runs the saw, ye aged men! and truth it says indeed—
  On you I call, the wise and true, to ward us from disaster,
    For all my hope is fixed on you, to prop us in our need!

CHORUS.
  Queen-Mother of the Persian land, to thy commandment bowing,
    Whate’er thou wilt, in word or deed, we follow to fulfil—
  Not twice we need thine high behest, our faith and duty knowing,
    In council and in act alike, thy loyal servants still!

ATOSSA.
  Long while by various visions of the night
  Am I beset, since to Ionian lands
  With marshalled host my son went forth to war.
  Yet never saw I presage so distinct
  As in the night now passed.—Attend my tale!—
  A dream I had: two women nobly clad
  Came to my sight, one robed in Persian dress,
  The other vested in the Dorian garb,
  And both right stately and more tall by far
  Than women of to-day, and beautiful
  Beyond disparagement, and sisters sprung
  Both of one race, but, by their natal lot,
  One born in Hellas, one in Eastern land.
  These, as it seemed unto my watching eyes,
  Roused each the other to a mutual feud:
  The which my son perceiving set himself
  To check and soothe their struggle, and anon
  Yoked them and set the collars on their necks;
  And one, the Ionian, proud in this array,
  Paced in high quietude, and lent her mouth,
  Obedient, to the guidance of the rein.
  But restively the other strove, and broke
  The fittings of the car, and plunged away
  With mouth un-bitted: o’er the broken yoke
  My son was hurled, and lo! Darius stood
  In lamentation o’er his fallen child.
  Him Xerxes saw, and rent his robe in grief.

  Such was my vision of the night now past;
  But when, arising, I had dipped my hand
  In the fair lustral stream, I drew towards
  The altar, in the act of sacrifice,
  Having in mind to offer, as their due,
  The sacred meal-cake to the averting powers,
  Lords of the rite that banisheth ill dreams.
  When lo! I saw an eagle fleeing fast
  To Phoebus’ shrine—O friends, I stayed my steps,
  Too scared to speak! for, close upon his flight,
  A little falcon dashed in winged pursuit,
  Plucking with claws the eagle’s head, while he
  Could only crouch and cower and yield himself.
  Scared was I by that sight, and eke to you
  No less a terror must it be to hear!
  For mark this well—if Xerxes have prevailed,
  He shall come back the wonder of the world:
  If not, still none can call him to account—
  So he but live, he liveth Persia’s King!

CHORUS.
  Queen, it stands not with my purpose to abet these fears of thine,
  Nor to speak with glazing comfort! nay, betake thee to the shrine!
  If thy dream foretold disaster, sue to gods to bar its way,
  And, for thyself, son, state, and friends, to bring fair fate to-day.
  Next, unto Earth and to the Dead be due libation poured,
  And by thee let Darius’ soul be wistfully implored—
  _I saw thee, lord, in last night’s dream, a phantom from the grave,
  I pray thee, lord, from earth beneath come forth to help and save!
  To me and to thy son send up the bliss of triumph now,
  And hold the gloomy fates of ill, dim in the dark below!_
  Such be thy words! my inner heart good tidings doth foretell,
  And that fair fate will spring thereof, if wisdom guide us well.

ATOSSA.
  Loyal thou that first hast read this dream, this vision of the night,
  With loyalty to me, the queen—be then thy presage right!
  And therefore, as thy bidding is, what time I pass within
  To dedicate these offerings, new prayers I will begin,
  Alike to gods and the great dead who loved our lineage well.
  Yet one more word—say, in what realm do the Athenians dwell?

CHORUS.
  Far hence, even where, in evening land, goes down our Lord the Sun.

ATOSSA.
  Say, had my son so keen desire, that region to o’errun?

CHORUS.
  Yea—if she fell, the rest of Greece were subject to our sway!

ATOSSA.
  Hath she so great predominance, such legions in array?

CHORUS.
  Ay—such a host as smote us sore upon an earlier day.

ATOSSA.
  And what hath she, besides her men? enow of wealth in store?

CHORUS.
  A mine of treasure in the earth, a fount of silver ore!

ATOSSA.
  Is it in skill of bow and shaft that Athens’ men excel?

CHORUS.
  Nay, they bear bucklers in the fight, and thrust the spear-point
  well.

ATOSSA.
  And who is shepherd of their host and holds them in command?

CHORUS.
  To no man do they bow as slaves, nor own a master’s hand.

ATOSSA.
  How should they bide our brunt of war, the East upon the West?

CHORUS.
  That could Darius’ valiant horde in days of yore attest!

ATOSSA.
  A boding word, to us who bore the men now far away!

CHORUS.
  Nay—as I deem, the very truth will dawn on us to-day.
  A Persian by his garb and speed, a courier draws anear—
  He bringeth news, of good or ill, for Persia’s land to hear.

 Enter a MESSENGER.

MESSENGER.
O walls and towers of all the Asian realm,
O Persian land, O treasure-house of gold!
How, by one stroke, down to destruction, down,
Hath sunk our pride, and all the flower of war
That once was Persia’s, lieth in the dust!
Woe on the man who first announceth woe—
Yet must I all the tale of death unroll!
Hark to me, Persians! Persia’s host lies low.

CHORUS.
  O ruin manifold, and woe, and fear!
  Let the wild tears run down, for the great doom is here!

MESSENGER.
  This blow hath fallen, to the utterance, And I, past hope, behold my
  safe return!

CHORUS.
  Too long, alack, too long this life of mine,
  That in mine age I see this sudden woe condign!

MESSENGER.
  As one who saw, by no loose rumour led,
  Lords, I would tell what doom was dealt to us.

CHORUS.
  Alack, how vainly have they striven!
  Our myriad hordes with shaft and bow
  Went from the Eastland, to lay low
    Hellas, beloved of Heaven!

MESSENGER.
  Piled with men dead, yea, miserably slain,
  Is every beach, each reef of Salamis!

CHORUS.
  Thou sayest sooth—ah well-a-day!
  Battered amid the waves, and torn,
  On surges hither, thither, borne,
  Dead bodies, bloodstained and forlorn,
  In their long cloaks they toss and stray!

MESSENGER.
  Their bows availed not! all have perished, all,
  By charging galleys crushed and whelmed in death.

CHORUS.
  Shriek out your sorrow’s wistful wail!
    To their untimely doom they went;
  Ill strove they, and to no avail,
    And minished is their armament!

MESSENGER.
  Out on thee, hateful name of Salamis,
  Out upon Athens, mournful memory!

CHORUS.
  Woe upon this day’s evil fame!
    Thou, Athens, art our murderess;
  Alack, full many a Persian dame
    Is left forlorn and husbandless!

ATOSSA.
  Mute have I been awhile, and overwrought
  At this great sorrow, for it passeth speech,
  And passeth all desire to ask of it.
  Yet if the gods send evils, men must bear.
                                         (_To the_ MESSENGER)
  Unroll the record! stand composed and tell,
  Although thy heart be groaning inwardly,
  Who hath escaped, and, of our leaders, whom
  Have we to weep? what chieftains in the van
  Stood, sank, and died and left us leaderless?

MESSENGER.
  Xerxes himself survives and sees the day.

ATOSSA.
  Then to my line thy word renews the dawn
  And golden dayspring after gloom of night!

MESSENGER.
  But the brave marshal of ten thousand horse,
  Artembares, is tossed and flung in death
  Along the rugged rocks Silenian.
  And Dadaces no longer leads his troop,
  But, smitten by the spear, from off the prow
  Hath lightly leaped to death; and Tenagon,
  In true descent a Bactrian nobly born,
  Drifts by the sea-lashed reefs of Salamis,
  The isle of Ajax. Gone Lilaeus too,
  Gone are Arsames and Argestes! all,
  Around the islet where the sea-doves breed,
  Dashed their defeated heads on iron rocks;
  Arcteus, who dwelt beside the founts of Nile,
  Adeues, Pheresseues, and with them
  Pharnuchus, from one galley’s deck went down.
  Matallus, too, of Chrysa, lord and king
  Of myriad hordes, who led unto the fight
  Three times ten thousand swarthy cavaliers,
  Fell, with his swarthy and abundant beard
  Incarnadined to red, a crimson stain
  Outrivalling the purple of the sea!
  There Magian Arabus and Artames
  Of Bactra perished—taking up, alike,
  In yonder stony land their long sojourn.
  Amistris too, and he whose strenuous spear
  Was foremost in the fight, Amphistreus fell,
  And gallant Ariomardus, by whose death
  Broods sorrow upon Sardis: Mysia mourns
  For Seisames, and Tharubis lies low—
  Commander, he, of five times fifty ships,
  Born in Lyrnessus: his heroic form
  Is low in death, ungraced with sepulchre.
  Dead too is he, the lord of courage high,
  Cilicia’s marshal, brave Syennesis,
  Than whom none dealt more carnage on the foe,
  Nor perished by a more heroic end.
  So fell the brave: so speak I of their doom,
  Summing in brief the fate of myriads!

ATOSSA.
  Ah well-a-day! these crowning woes I hear,
  The shame of Persia and her shrieks of dole!
  But yet renew the tale, repeat thy words,
  Tell o’er the count of those Hellenic ships,
  And how they ventured with their beakèd prows
  To charge upon the Persian armament.

MESSENGER.
  Know, if mere count of ships could win the day,
  The Persians had prevailed. The Greeks, in sooth,
  Had but three hundred galleys at the most,
  And other ten, select and separate.
  But—I am witness—Xerxes held command
  Of full a thousand keels, and, those apart,
  Two hundred more, and seven, for speed renowned!—
  So stands the reckoning, and who shall dare
  To say we Persians had the lesser host?

ATOSSA.
  Nay, we were worsted by an unseen power
  Who swayed the balance downward to our doom!

MESSENGER.
  In ward of heaven doth Pallas’ city stand.

ATOSSA.
  How then? is Athens yet inviolate?

MESSENGER.
  While her men live, her bulwark standeth firm!

ATOSSA.
  Say, how began the struggle of the ships?
  Who first joined issue? did the Greeks attack,
  Or Xerxes, in his numbers confident?

MESSENGER.
  O queen, our whole disaster thus befell,
  Through intervention of some fiend or fate—
  I know not what—that had ill will to us.
  From the Athenian host some Greek came o’er,
  To thy son Xerxes whispering this tale—
  _Once let the gloom of night have gathered in,
  The Greeks will tarry not, but swiftly spring
  Each to his galley-bench, in furtive flight,
  Softly contriving safety for their life_.
  Thy son believed the word and missed the craft
  Of that Greek foeman, and the spite of Heaven,
  And straight to all his captains gave this charge—
  _As soon as sunlight warms the ground no more,
  And gloom enwraps the sanctuary of sky,
  Range we our fleet in triple serried lines
  To bar the passage from the seething strait,
  This way and that: let other ships surround
  The isle of Ajax, with this warning word—
  That if the Greeks their jeopardy should scape
  By wary craft, and win their ships a road.
  Each Persian captain shall his failure pay
  By forfeit of his head_. So spake the king,
  Inspired at heart with over-confidence,
  Unwitting of the gods’ predestined will.
  Thereon our crews, with no disordered haste,
  Did service to his bidding and purveyed
  The meal of afternoon: each rower then
  Over the fitted rowlock looped his oar.
  Then, when the splendour of the sun had set,
  And night drew on, each master of the oar
  And each armed warrior straightway went aboard.
  Forward the long ships moved, rank cheering rank,
  Each forward set upon its ordered course.
  And all night long the captains of the fleet
  Kept their crews moving up and down the strait.
  So the night waned, and not one Grecian ship
  Made effort to elude and slip away.
  But as dawn came and with her coursers white
  Shone in fair radiance over all the earth,
  First from the Grecian fleet rang out a cry,
  A song of onset! and the island crags
  Re-echoed to the shrill exulting sound.
  Then on us Eastern men amazement fell
  And fear in place of hope; for what we heard
  Was not a call to flight! the Greeks rang out
  Their holy, resolute, exulting chant,
  Like men come forth to dare and do and die
  Their trumpets pealed, and fire was in that sound,
  And with the dash of simultaneous oars
  Replying to the war-chant, on they came,
  Smiting the swirling brine, and in a trice
  They flashed upon the vision of the foe!
  The right wing first in orderly advance
  Came on, a steady column; following then,
  The rest of their array moved out and on,
  And to our ears there came a burst of sound,
  A clamour manifold.—_On, sons of Greece!
  On, for your country’s freedom! strike to save
  Wives, children, temples of ancestral gods,
  Graves of your fathers! now is all at stake_.
  Then from our side swelled up the mingled din
  Of Persian tongues, and time brooked no delay—
  Ship into ship drave hard its brazen beak
  With speed of thought, a shattering blow! and first
  One Grecian bark plunged straight, and sheared away
  Bowsprit and stem of a Phoenician ship.
  And then each galley on some other’s prow
  Came crashing in. Awhile our stream of ships
  Held onward, till within the narrowing creek
  Our jostling vessels were together driven,
  And none could aid another: each on each
  Drave hard their brazen beaks, or brake away
  The oar-banks of each other, stem to stern,
  While the Greek galleys, with no lack of skill,
  Hemmed them and battered in their sides, and soon
  The hulls rolled over, and the sea was hid,
  Crowded with wrecks and butchery of men.
  No beach nor reef but was with corpses strewn,
  And every keel of our barbarian host
  Hurried to flee, in utter disarray.
  Thereon the foe closed in upon the wrecks
  And hacked and hewed, with oars and splintered planks,
  As fishermen hack tunnies or a cast
  Of netted dolphins, and the briny sea
  Rang with the screams and shrieks of dying men,
  Until the night’s dark aspect hid the scene.
  Had I a ten days’ time to sum that count
  Of carnage, ’twere too little! know this well—
  One day ne’er saw such myriad forms of death!

ATOSSA.
  Woe on us, woe! disaster’s mighty sea
  Hath burst on us and all the Persian realm!

MESSENGER.
  Be well assured, the tale is but begun—
  The further agony that on us fell
  Doth twice outweigh the sufferings I have told!

ATOSSA.
  Nay, what disaster could be worse than this?
  Say on! what woe upon the army came,
  Swaying the scale to a yet further fall?

MESSENGER.
  The very flower and crown of Persia’s race,
  Gallant of soul and glorious in descent,
  And highest held in trust before the king,
  Lies shamefully and miserably slain.

ATOSSA.
  Alas for me and for this ruin, friends!
  Dead, sayest thou? by what fate overthrown?

MESSENGER.
  An islet is there, fronting Salamis—
  Strait, and with evil anchorage: thereon
  Pan treads the measure of the dance he loves
  Along the sea-beach. Thither the king sent
  His noblest, that, whene’er the Grecian foe
  Should ’scape, with shattered ships, unto the isle,
  We might make easy prey of fugitives
  And slay them there, and from the washing tides
  Rescue our friends. It fell out otherwise
  Than he divined, for when, by aid of Heaven,
  The Hellenes held the victory on the sea,
  Their sailors then and there begirt themselves
  With brazen mail and bounded from their ships,
  And then enringed the islet, point by point,
  So that our Persians in bewilderment
  Knew not which way to turn.  On every side,
  Battered with stones, they fell, while arrows flew
  From many a string, and smote them to the death.
  Then, at the last, with simultaneous rush
  The foe came bursting on us, hacked and hewed
  To fragments all that miserable band,
  Till not a soul of them was left alive.
  Then Xerxes saw disaster’s depth, and shrieked,
  From where he sat on high, surveying all—
  A lofty eminence, beside the brine,
  Whence all his armament lay clear in view.
  His robe he rent, with loud and bitter wail,
  And to his land-force swiftly gave command
  And fled, with shame beside him! Now, lament
  That second woe, upon the first imposed!

ATOSSA.
  Out on thee, Fortune! thou hast foiled the hope
  And power of Persia: to this bitter end
  My son went forth to wreak his great revenge
  On famous Athens! all too few they seemed,
  Our men who died upon the Fennel-field!
  Vengeance for them my son had mind to take,
  And drew on his own head these whelming woes.
  But thou, say on! the ships that ’scaped from wreck—
  Where didst thou leave them? make thy story clear.

MESSENGER.
  The captains of the ships that still survived
  Fled in disorder, scudding down the wind,
  The while our land-force on Boeotian soil
  Fell into ruin, some beside the springs
  Dropping before they drank, and some outworn,
  Pursued, and panting all their life away.
  The rest of us our way to Phocis won,
  And thence to Doris and the Melian gulf,
  Where with soft stream Spercheus laves the soil.
  Thence to the northward did Phthiotis’ plain,
  And some Thessalian fortress, lend us aid,
  For famine-pinched we were, and many died
  Of drought and hunger’s twofold present scourge.
  Thence to Magnesia came we, and the land
  Where Macedonians dwell, and crossed the ford
  Of Axius, and Bolbe’s reedy fen,
  And mount Pangaeus, in Edonian land.
  There, in the very night we came, the god
  Brought winter ere its time, from bank to bank
  Freezing the holy Strymon’s tide. Each man
  Who heretofore held lightly of the gods,
  Now crouched and proffered prayer to Earth and Heaven!
  Then, after many orisons performed,
  The army ventured on the frozen ford:
  Yet only those who crossed before the sun
  Shed its warm rays, won to the farther side.
  For soon the fervour of the glowing orb
  Did with its keen rays pierce the ice-bound stream,
  And men sank through and thrust each other down—
  Best was his lot whose breath was stifled first!
  But all who struggled through and gained the bank,
  Toilfully wending through the land of Thrace
  Have made their way, a sorry, scanted few,
  Unto this homeland. Let the city now
  Lament and yearn for all the loved and lost.
  My tale is truth, yet much untold remains
  Of ills that Heaven hath hurled upon our land.

CHORUS.
  Spirit of Fate, too heavy were thy feet,
  Those ill to match! that sprang on Persia’s realm.

ATOSSA.
  Woe for the host, to wrack and ruin hurled!
  O warning of the night, prophetic dream!
  Thou didst foreshadow clearly all the doom,
  While ye, old men, made light of woman’s fears!
  Ah well—yet, as your divination ruled
  The meaning of the sign, I hold it good,
  First, that I put up prayer unto the gods,
  And, after that, forth from my palace bring
  The sacrificial cake, the offering due
  To Earth and to the spirits of the dead.
  Too well I know it is a timeless rite
  Over a finished thing that cannot change!
  But yet—I know not—there may come of it
  Alleviation for the after time.
  You it beseems, in view of what hath happed,
  T’ advise with loyal hearts our loyal guards:
  And to my son—if, ere my coming forth,
  He should draw hitherward—give comfort meet,
  Escort him to the palace in all state,
  Lest to these woes he add another woe!

 [_Exit ATOSSA._]

CHORUS.
  Zeus, lord and king! to death and nought
  Our countless host by thee is brought.
  Deep in the gloom of death, to-day,
  Lie Susa and Ecbatana:
  How many a maid in sorrow stands
  And rends her tire with tender hands!
  How tears run down, in common pain
  And woeful mourning for the slain!
  O delicate in dole and grief,
  Ye Persian women! past relief
  Is now your sorrow! to the war
  Your loved ones went and come no more!
  Gone from you is your joy and pride—
  Severed the bridegroom from the bride—
  The wedded couch luxurious
  Is widowed now, and all the house
  Pines ever with insatiate sighs,
  And we stand here and bid arise,
  For those who forth in ardour went
  And come not back, the loud lament!

  Land of the East, thou mournest for the host,
  Bereft of all thy sons, alas the day!
  For them whom Xerxes led hath Xerxes lost—
  Xerxes who wrecked the fleet, and flung our hopes away!

  How came it that Darius once controlled,
  And without scathe, the army of the bow,
  Loved by the folk of Susa, wise and bold?
  Now is the land-force lost, the shipmen sunk below!

  Ah for the ships that bore them, woe is me!
  Bore them to death and  doom!   the  crashing prows
  Of fierce Ionian oarsmen swept the sea,
  And death was in their wake, and shipwreck murderous!

  Late, late and hardly—if true tales they tell—
  Did Xerxes flee along the wintry way
  And snows of Thrace—but ah, the first who fell
  Lie by the rocks or float upon Cychrea’s bay!

    Mourn, each and all! waft heavenward your cry,
      Stung to the soul, bereaved, disconsolate!
    Wail out your anguish, till it pierce the sky,
  In shrieks of deep despair, ill-omened, desperate!

    The dead are drifting, yea, are gnawed upon
      By voiceless children of the stainless sea,
    Or battered by the surge! we mourn and groan
  For husbands gone to death, for childless agony!

    Alas the aged men, who mourn to-day
      The ruinous sorrows that the gods ordain!
    O’er the wide Asian land, the Persian sway
  Can force no tribute now, and can no rule sustain.

    Yea, men will crouch no more to fallen power
      And kingship overthrown! the whole land o’er,
    Men speak the thing they will, and from this hour
  The folk whom Xerxes ruled obey his word no more.

    The yoke of force is broken from the neck—
      The isle of Ajax and th’ encircling wave
    Reek with a bloody crop of death and wreck
  Of Persia’s fallen power, that none can lift nor save!

 Re-enter ATOSSA, in mourning robes.

ATOSSA.
  Friends, whosoe’er is versed in human ills,
  Knoweth right well that when a wave of woe
  Comes on a man, he sees in all things fear;
  While, in flood-tide of fortune, ’tis his mood
  To take that fortune as unchangeable,
  Wafting him ever forward. Mark me now—
  The gods’ thwart purpose doth confront mine eyes,
  And all is terror to me; in mine ears
  There sounds a cry, but not of triumph now—
  So am I scared at heart by woe so great.
  Therefore I wend forth from the house anew,
  Borne in no car of state, nor robed in pride
  As heretofore, but bringing, for the sire
  Who did beget my son, libations meet
  For holy rites that shall appease the dead—
  The sweet white milk, drawn from a spotless cow,
  The oozing drop of golden honey, culled
  By the flower-haunting bee, and therewithal
  Pure draughts of water from a virgin spring;
  And lo! besides, the stainless effluence,
  Born of the wild vine’s bosom, shining store
  Treasured to age, this bright and luscious wine.
  And eke the fragrant fruit upon the bough
  Of the grey olive-tree, which lives its life
  In sprouting leafage, and the twining flowers,
  Bright children of the earth’s fertility.
  But you, O friends! above these offerings poured
  To reconcile the dead, ring out your dirge
  To summon up Darius from the shades,
  Himself a shade; and I will pour these draughts,
  Which earth shall drink, unto the gods of hell.

CHORUS.
  Queen, by the Persian land adored,
  By thee be this libation poured,
  Passing to those who hold command
  Of dead men in the spirit-land!
  And we will sue, in solemn chant,
  That gods who do escort the dead
  In nether realms, our prayer may grant—
    Back to us be Darius led!

  O Earth, and Hermes, and the king
  Of Hades, our Darius bring!
  For if, beyond the prayers we prayed,
  He knoweth aught of help or aid,
  He, he alone, in realms below,
  Can speak the limit of our woe!

  Doth he hear me, the king we adored, who is god among gods of the
  dead?
    Doth he hear me send out in my sorrow the pitiful, manifold cry,
  The sobbing lament and appeal? is the voice of my suffering sped
    To the realm of the shades? doth he hear me and pity my sorrowful
    sigh?
  O Earth, and ye Lords of the dead! release ye that spirit of might,
  Who in Susa the palace was born! let him rise up once more to the
  light!

    There is none like him, none of all
  That e’er were laid in Persian sepulchres!
    Borne forth he was to honoured burial,
  A royal heart! and followed by our tears.
    God of the dead, O give him back to us,
  Darius, ruler glorious!
    He never wasted us with reckless war—
  God, counsellor, and king, beneath a happy star!
    Ancient of days and king, awake and come—
      Rise o’er the mounded tomb!
  Rise, plant thy foot, with saffron sandal shod
    Father to us, and god!
  Rise with thy diadem, O sire benign,
    Upon thy brow!
  List to the strange new sorrows of thy line,
    Sire of a woeful son!

  A mist of fate and hell is round us now,
  And all the city’s flower to death is done!
  Alas, we wept thee once, and weep again!
  O Lord of lords, by recklessness twofold
  The land is wasted of its men,
  And down to death are rolled
  Wreckage of sail and oar,
  Ships that are ships no more,
  And bodies of the slain!

 The GHOST OF DARIUS rises.

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Ye aged Persians, truest of the true,
  Coevals of the youth that once was mine,
  What troubleth now our city? harken, how
  It moans and beats the breast and rends the plain!
  And I, beholding how my consort stood
  Beside my tomb, was moved with awe, and took
  The gift of her libation graciously.
  But ye are weeping by my sepulchre,
  And, shrilling forth a sad, evoking cry,
  Summon me mournfully, _Arise, arise_.
  No light thing is it, to come back from death,
  For, in good sooth, the gods of nether gloom
  Are quick to seize but late and loth to free!
  Yet among them I dwell as one in power—
  And lo, I come! now speak, and speed your words,
  Lest I be blamed for tarrying overlong!
  What new disaster broods o’er Persia’s realm?

CHORUS.
  With awe on thee I gaze,
  And, standing face to face,
  I tremble as I did in olden days!

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Nay, but as I rose to earth again, obedient to your call,
  Prithee, tarry not in parley! be one word enough for all—
  Speak and gaze on me unshrinking, neither let my face appal!

CHORUS.
  I tremble to reveal,
  Yet tremble to conceal
  Things hard for friends to feel!

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Nay, but if the old-time terror on your spirit keeps its hold,
  Speak thou, O royal lady who didst couch with me of old!
  Stay thy weeping and lamenting and to me reveal the truth—
  Speak! for man is born to sorrow; yea, the proverb sayeth sooth!
  ’Tis the doom of mortal beings, if they live to see old age,
  To suffer bale, by land and sea, through war and tempest’s rage.

ATOSSA.
  O thou whose blissful fate on earth all mortal weal excelled—
  Who, while the sunlight touched thine eyes, the lord of all wert
  held!
  A god to Persian men thou wert, in bliss and pride and fame—
  I hold thee blest too in thy death, or e’er the ruin came!
  Alas,  Darius! one brief word must tell thee all the tale—
  The Persian power is in the dust, gone down in blood and bale!

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Speak—by what chance? did man rebel, or pestilence descend?

ATOSSA.
  Neither! by Athens’ fatal shores our army met its end.

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Which of my children led our host to Athens? speak and say.

ATOSSA.
  The froward Xerxes, leaving all our realm to disarray.

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Was it with army or with fleet on folly’s quest he went?

ATOSSA.
  With both alike, a twofold front of double armament.

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  And how then did so large a host on foot pass o’er the sea?

ATOSSA.
  He bridged the ford of Helle’s strait by artful carpentry.

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  How? could his craft avail to span the torrent of that tide?

ATOSSA.
  ’Tis sooth I say—some unknown power did fatal help provide!

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Alas, that power in malice came, to his bewilderment!

ATOSSA.
  Alas, we see the end of all, the ruin on us sent.

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Speak, tell me how they fared therein, that thus ye mourn and weep?

ATOSSA.
  Disaster to the army came, through ruin on the deep!

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Is all undone? hath all the folk gone down before the foe?

ATOSSA.
  Yea, hark to Susa’s mourning cry for warriors laid low!

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Alas for all our gallant aids, our Persia’s help and pride!

ATOSSA.
  Ay! old with young, the Bactrian force hath perished at our side!

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Alas, my son! what gallant youths hath he sent down to death!

ATOSSA.
  Alone, or with a scanty guard—for so the rumour saith—

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  He came—but how, and to what end? doth aught of hope remain?

ATOSSA.
  With joy he reached the bridge that spanned the Hellespontine main.

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  How? is he safe, in Persian land? speak soothly, yea or nay!

ATOSSA.
  Clear and more clear the rumour comes, for no man to gainsay.

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Woe for the oracle fulfilled, the presage of the war
  Launched on my son, by will of Zeus!  I deemed our doom afar
  In lap of time; but, if a king push forward to his fate,
  The god himself allures to death that man infatuate!
  So now the very fount of woe streams out on those I loved,
  And mine own son, unwisely bold, the truth hereof hath proved!
  He sought to shackle and control the Hellespontine wave,
  That  rushes  from  the  Bosphorus,  with fetters of a slave!—
  To curb and bridge, with welded links, the streaming water-way,
  And guide across the passage broad his manifold array!
  Ah, folly void of counsel! he deemed that mortal wight
  Could thwart the will of Heaven itself and curb Poseidon’s might!
  Was it not madness? much I fear lest all my wealth and store
  Pass from my treasure-house, to be the snatcher’s prize once more!

ATOSSA.
  Such is the lesson, ah, too late! to eager Xerxes taught—
  Trusting random counsellors and hare-brained men of nought,
  Who said _Darius mighty wealth and fame to us did bring,
  But thou art nought, a blunted spear, a palace-keeping king!_
  Unto those sorry counsellors a ready ear he lent,
  And led away to Hellas’ shore his fated armament.

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Therefore through them hath come calamity
  Most huge and past forgetting; nor of old
  Did ever such extermination fall
  Upon the city Susa. Long ago
  Zeus in his power this privilege bestowed,
  That with a guiding sceptre one sole man
  Should rule this Asian land of flock and herd.
  Over the folk a Mede, Astyages,
  Did grasp the power: then Cyaxares ruled
  In his sire’s place, and held the sway aright,
  Steering his state with watchful wariness.
  Third in succession, Cyrus, blest of Heaven,
  Held rule and ’stablished peace for all his clan:
  Lydian and Phrygian won he to his sway,
  And wide Ionia to his yoke constrained,
  For the god favoured his discretion sage.
  Fourth in the dynasty was Cyrus’ son,
  And fifth was Mardus, scandal of his land
  And ancient lineage. Him Artaphrenes,
  Hardy of heart, within his palace slew,
  Aided by loyal plotters, set for this.
  And I too gained the lot for which I craved,
  And oftentimes led out a goodly host,
  Yet never brought disaster such as this
  Upon the city. But my son is young
  And reckless in his youth, and heedeth not
  The warnings of my mouth. Mark this, my friends,
  Born with my birth, coeval with mine age—
  Not all we kings who held successive rule
  Have wrought, combined, such ruin as my son!

CHORUS.
  How then, O King Darius? whitherward
  Dost thou direct thy warning? from this plight
  How can we Persians fare towards hope again?

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  By nevermore assailing Grecian lands,
  Even tho’ our Median force be double theirs—
  For the land’s self protects its denizens.

CHORUS.
  How meanest thou? by what defensive power?

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  She wastes by famine a too countless foe.

CHORUS.
  But we will bring a host more skilled than huge.

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Why, e’en that army, camped in Hellas still,
  Shall never win again to home and weal!

CHORUS.
  How say’st thou? will not all the Asian host
  Pass back from Europe over Helle’s ford?

GHOST OF DARIUS.
  Nay—scarce a tithe of all those myriads,
  If man may trust the oracles of Heaven
  When he beholds the things already wrought,
  Not false with true, but true with no word false
  If what I trow be truth, my son has left
  A chosen rear-guard of our host, in whom
  He trusts, now, with a random confidence!
  They tarry where Asopus laves the ground
  With rills that softly bless Boeotia’s plain—
  There is it fated for them to endure
  The very crown of misery and doom,
  Requital for their god-forgetting pride!
  For why? they raided Hellas, had the heart
  To wrong the images of holy gods,
  And give the shrines and temples to the flame!
  Defaced and dashed from sight the altars fell,
  And each god’s image, from its pedestal
  Thrust and flung down, in dim confusion lies!
  Therefore, for outrage vile, a doom as dark
  They suffer, and yet more shall undergo—
  They touch no bottom in the swamp of doom,
  But round them rises, bubbling up, the ooze!
  So deep shall lie the gory clotted mass
  Of corpses by the Dorian spear transfixed
  Upon Plataea’s field! yea, piles of slain
  To the third generation shall attest
  By silent eloquence to those that see—
  _Let not a mortal vaunt him overmuch_.
  For pride grows rankly, and to ripeness brings
  The curse of fate, and reaps, for harvest, tears!
  Therefore when ye behold, for deeds like these,
  Such stern requital paid, remember then
  Athens and Hellas. Let no mortal wight,
  Holding too lightly of his present weal
  And passionate for more, cast down and spill
  The mighty cup of his prosperity!
  Doubt not that over-proud and haughty souls
  Zeus lours in wrath, exacting the account.
  Therefore, with wary warning, school my son,
  Though he be lessoned by the gods already,
  To curb the vaunting that affronts high Heaven!
  And thou, O venerable Mother-queen,
  Beloved of Xerxes, to the palace pass
  And take therefrom such raiment as befits
  Thy son, and go to meet him: for his garb
  In this extremity of grief hangs rent
  Around his body, woefully unstitched,
  Mere tattered fragments of once royal robes!
  Go thou to him, speak soft and soothing words—
  Thee, and none other, will he bear to hear,
  As well I know. But I must pass away
  From earth above, unto the nether gloom;
  Therefore, old men, take my farewell, and clasp,
  Even amid the ruin of this time,
  Unto your souls the pleasure of the day,
  For dead men have no profit of their gold!

 [_The GHOST OF DARIUS sinks._]

CHORUS.
  Alas, I thrill with pain for Persia’s woes—
  Many fulfilled, and others hard at hand!

ATOSSA.
  O spirit of the race, what sorrows crowd
  Upon me! and this anguish stings me worst,
  That round my royal son’s dishonoured form
  Hang rags and tatters, degradation deep!
  I will away, and, bringing from within
  A seemly royal robe, will straightway strive
  To meet and greet my son: foul scorn it were
  To leave our dearest in his hour of shame.

 [_Exit ATOSSA._]

CHORUS.
  Ah glorious and goodly they were, the life and the lot that we
  gained,
  The cities we held in our hand when the monarch invincible reigned,
  The king that was good to his realm, sufficing, fulfilled of his
  sway,
  A lord that was peer of the gods, the pride of the bygone day!
  Then could we show to the skies great hosts and a glorious name,
  And laws that were stable in might; as towers they guarded our fame!
  There without woe or disaster we came from the foe and the fight,
  In triumph, enriched with the spoil, to the land and the city’s
  delight.
  What towns ere the Halys he passed! what towns ere he came to the
  West,
  To the main and the isles of the Strymon, and the Thracian region
  possess’d!
  And those that stand back from the main, enringed by their fortified
  wall,
  Gave o’er to Darius, the king, the sceptre and sway over all!
  Those too by the channel of Helle, where southward it broadens and
  glides,
  By the inlets, Propontis! of thee, and the strait of the Pontic
  tides,
  And the isles that lie fronting our sea-board, and the Eastland looks
  on each one,
  Lesbo and Chios and Paros, and Samos with olive-trees grown,
  And Naxos, and Myconos’ rock, and Tenos with Andros hard by,
  And isles that in midmost Aegean, aloof from the continent, lie—
  And Lemnos and Icaros’ hold—all these to his sceptre were bowed,
  And Cnidos and neighbouring Rhodes, and Soli, and Paphos the proud,
  And Cyprian Salamis, name-child of her who hath wrought us this
  wrong!
  Yea, and all the Ionian tract, where the Greek-born inhabitants
  throng,
  And the cities are teeming with gold—Darius was lord of them all,
  And, great by his wisdom, he ruled, and ever there came to his call,
  In stalwart array and unfailing, the warrior chiefs of our land,
  And mingled allies from the tribes who bowed to his conquering hand!
  But now there are none to gainsay that the gods are against us; we
  lie
  Subdued in the havoc of wreck, and whelmed by the wrath of the sky!

 Enter XERXES in disarray.

XERXES.
  Alas the day, that I should fall
  Into this grimmest fate of all,
    This ruin doubly unforeseen!
  On Persia’s land what power of Fate
  Descends, what louring gloom of hate?
    How shall I bear my teen?
  My limbs are loosened where they stand,
  When I behold this aged band—
  Oh God! I would that I too, I,
    Among the men who went to die,
  Were whelmed in earth by Fate’s command!

CHORUS.
  Ah welladay, my King! ah woe
  For all our heroes’ overthrow—
    For all the gallant host’s array,
    For Persia’s honour, pass’d away,
    For glory and heroic sway
    Mown down by Fortune’s hand to-day!
  Hark, how the kingdom makes its moan,
  For youthful valour lost and gone,
  By Xerxes shattered and undone!
    He, he hath crammed the maw of hell
    With bowmen brave, who nobly fell,
  Their country’s mighty armament,
  Ten thousand heroes deathward sent!
    Alas, for all the valiant band,
    O king and lord! thine Asian land
  Down, down upon its knee is bent!

XERXES.
  Alas, a lamentable sound,
  A cry of ruth! for I am found
  A curse to land and lineage,
  With none my sorrow to assuage!

CHORUS.
  Alas, a death-song desolate
    I send forth, for thy home-coming!
  A scream, a dirge for woe and fate,
    Such as the Asian mourners sing,
  A sorry and ill-omened tale
  Of tears and shrieks and Eastern wail!

XERXES.
  Ay, launch the woeful sorrow’s cry,
  The harsh, discordant melody,
  For lo, the power, we held for sure,
  Hath turned to my discomfiture!

CHORUS.
  Yea, dirges, dirges manifold
  Will I send forth, for warriors bold,
  For the sea-sorrow of our host!
  The city mourns, and I must wail
  With plashing tears our sorrow’s tale,
  Lamenting for the loved and lost!

XERXES.
  Alas, the god of war, who sways
  The scales of fight in diverse ways,
  Gives glory to Ionia!
  Ionian ships, in fenced array,
  Have reaped their harvest in the bay,
  A darkling harvest-field of Fate,
  A sea, a shore, of doom and hate!

CHORUS.
  Cry out, and learn the tale of woe!
  Where are thy comrades?  where the band
  Who stood beside thee, hand in hand,
    A little while ago?
  Where now hath Pharandákes gone,
  Where Psammis, and where Pelagon?
  Where now is brave Agdabatas,
  And Susas too, and Datamas?
  Hath Susiscanes past away,
  The chieftain of Ecbatana?

XERXES.
  I left them, mangled castaways,
    Flung from their Tyrian deck, and tossed
  On Salaminian water-ways,
    From surging tides to rocky coast!

CHORUS.
  Alack, and is Pharnuchus slain,
  And Ariomardus, brave in vain?
  Where is Seualces’ heart of fire?
  Lilaeus, child of noble sire?
  Are Tharubis and Memphis sped?
  Hystaechmas, Artembáres dead?
  And where is brave Masistes, where?
  Sum up death’s count, that I may hear!

XERXES.
  Alas, alas, they came, their eyes surveyed
  Ancestral Athens on that fatal day.
  Then with a rending struggle were they laid
  Upon the land, and gasped their life away!

CHORUS.
  And Batanochus’ child, Alpistus great,
    Surnamed the Eye of State—
  Saw you and left you him who once of old
  Ten thousand thousand fighting-men enrolled?
  His sire was child of Sesamas, and he
  From Megabates sprang.  Ah, woe is me,
    Thou king of evil fate!
  Hast thou lost Parthus, lost Oebares great?
    Alas, the sorrow!  blow succeedeth blow
  On Persia’s pride; thou tellest woe on woe!

XERXES.
  Bitter indeed the pang for comrades slain,
    The brave and bold! thou strikest to my soul
  Pain, pain beyond forgetting, hateful pain.
    My inner spirit sobs and sighs with dole!

CHORUS.
  Another yet we yearn to see,
  And see not! ah, thy chivalry,
  Xanthis, thou chief of Mardian men
  Countless! and thou, Anchares bright,
  And ye, whose cars controlled the fight,
  Arsaces and Diaixis wight,
  Kegdadatas, Lythimnas dear,
  And Tolmus, greedy of the spear!
  I stand bereft! not in thy train
  Come they, as erst! ah, ne’er again
  Shall they return unto our eyes,
  Car-borne, ’neath silken canopies!

XERXES.
  Yea, gone are they who mustered once the host!

CHORUS.
  Yea, yea, forgotten, lost!

XERXES.
  Alas, the woe and cost!

CHORUS.
  Alas, ye heavenly powers!
  Ye wrought a sorrow past belief,
    A woe, of woes the chief!
  With aspect stern, upon us Ate looms!

XERXES.
  Smitten are we—time tells no heavier blow!

CHORUS.
  Smitten! the doom is plain!

XERXES.
  Curse upon curse and pang on pang we know!

CHORUS.
  With the Ionian power
  We clashed, in evil hour!
  Woe falls on Persia’s race, yea, woe again, again!

XERXES.
  Yea, smitten am I, and my host is all to ruin hurled!

CHORUS.
  Yea verily—in mighty wreck hath sunk the Persian world!

XERXES.
  (_holding up a torn robe and a quiver_)
  See you this tattered rag of pride?

CHORUS.
  I see it, welladay!

XERXES.
  See you this quiver?

CHORUS.
  Say, hath aught survived and ’scaped the fray?

XERXES.
  A store for darts it was, erewhile!

CHORUS.
  Remain but two or three!

XERXES.
  No aid is left!

CHORUS.
  Ionian folk such darts, unfearing, see!

XERXES.
  Right resolute they are! I saw disaster unforeseen.

CHORUS.
  Ah, speakest thou of wreck, of flight, of carnage that hath been?

XERXES.
  Yea, and my royal robe I rent, in terror at their fall!

CHORUS.
  Alas, alas!

XERXES.
  Yea, thrice alas!

CHORUS.
  For all have perished, all!

XERXES.
  Ah woe to us, ah joy to them who stood against our pride!

CHORUS.
  And all our strength is minishèd and sundered from our side!

XERXES.
  No escort have I!

CHORUS.
  Nay, thy friends are whelmed beneath the tide!

XERXES.
  Wail, wail the miserable doom, and to the palace hie!

CHORUS.
  Alas, alas, and woe again!

XERXES.
  Shriek, smite the breast, as I!

CHORUS.
  An evil gift, a sad exchange, of tears poured out in vain!

XERXES.
  Shrill out your simultaneous wail!

CHORUS.
  Alas the woe and pain!

XERXES.
  O, bitter is this adverse fate!

CHORUS.
  I voice the moan with thee!

XERXES.
  Smite, smite thy bosom, groan aloud for my calamity!

CHORUS.
  I mourn and am dissolved in tears!

XERXES.
  Cry, beat thy breast amain!

CHORUS.
  O king, my heart is in thy woe!

XERXES.
  Shriek, wail, and shriek again!

CHORUS.
  O agony!

XERXES.
  A blackening blow—

CHORUS.
  A grievous stripe shall fall!

XERXES.
  Yea, beat anew thy breast, ring out the doleful Mysian call!

CHORUS.
  An agony, an agony!

XERXES.
  Pluck out thy whitening beard!

CHORUS.
  By handfuls, ay, by handfuls, with dismal tear-drops smeared!

XERXES.
  Sob out thine aching sorrow!

CHORUS.
  I will thine best obey.

XERXES.
  With thine hands rend thy mantle’s fold—

CHORUS.
  Alas, woe worth the day!

XERXES.
  With thine own fingers tear thy locks, bewail the army’s weird!

CHORUS.
  By handfuls, yea, by handfuls, with tears of dole besmeared!

XERXES.
  Now let thine eyes find overflow—

CHORUS.
  I wend in wail and pain!

XERXES.
  Cry out for me an answering moan—

CHORUS.
  Alas, alas again!

XERXES.
  Shriek with a cry of agony, and lead the doleful train!

CHORUS.
  Alas, alas, the Persian land is woeful now to tread!

XERXES.
  Cry out and mourn! the city now doth wail above the dead!

CHORUS.
  I sob and moan!

XERXES.
  I bid ye now be delicate in grief!

CHORUS.
  Alas, the Persian land is sad and knoweth not relief!

XERXES.
  Alas, the triple banks of oars and those who died thereby!

CHORUS.
  Pass! I will lead you, bring you home, with many a broken sigh!

 [_Exeunt._]




THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES

ARGUMENT


Laius, king of the Cadmeans, was warned by the oracle of Delphi that he
should not beget a child. But he disobeyed this command, and when a son
was born to him, he cast the child away, that he might perish on
Cithaeron. But a herdsman found the babe yet alive, and he was
nourished in Corinth and grew to manhood, not knowing his true
parentage, and was named Oedipus; and he slew, unknowingly, his father,
Laius, and afterwards saved the town of the Cadmeans from a devouring
monster, and married the widowed queen, Iocaste, and begat sons and
daughters. But when he learned what he had wrought unwittingly, he fell
into despair, and the queen slew herself. But before Oedipus died, he
laid a curse upon his male children, Eteocles and Polynices, that they
should make even division of the kingdom by the sword; and it fell out
even so, for the two brothers strove together for the inheritance, and
Polynices brought an army, from Argos, against Eteocles; and the
brothers fought, and fell each by the other’s hand, and the curse was
fulfilled.

DRAMATIS PERSONAE

ETEOCLES.
A SPY.
CHORUS OF CADMEAN MAIDENS.
ANTIGONE.
ISMENE.
A HERALD.




ETEOCLES.
  Clansmen of Cadmus, at the signal given
  By time and season must the ruler speak
  Who sets the course and steers the ship of State
  With hand upon the tiller, and with eye
  Watchful against the treachery of sleep.
  For if all go aright, _thank Heaven_, men say,
  But if adversely—which may God forefend!—
  One name on many lips, from street to street,
  Would bear the bruit and rumour of the time,
  _Down with Eteocles!_—a clamorous curse,
  A dirge of ruin. May averting Zeus
  Make good his title here, in Cadmus’ hold!
  You it beseems now boys unripened yet
  To lusty manhood, men gone past the prime
  And increase of the full begetting seed,
  And those whom youth and manhood well combined
  Array for action—all to rise in aid
  Of city, shrines, and altars of all powers
  Who guard our land; that ne’er, to end of time,
  Be blotted out the sacred service due
  To our sweet mother-land and to her brood.
  For she it was who to their guest-right called
  Your waxing youth, was patient of the toil,
  And cherished you on the land’s gracious lap,
  Alike to plant the hearth and bear the shield
  In loyal service, for an hour like this.
  Mark now! until to-day, luck rules our scale;
  For we, though long beleaguered, in the main
  Have with our sallies struck the foemen hard.
  But now the seer, the feeder of the birds,
  (Whose art unerring and prophetic skill
  Of ear and mind divines their utterance
  Without the lore of fire interpreted)
  Foretelleth, by the mastery of his art,
  That now an onset of Achaea’s host
  Is by a council of the night designed
  To fall in double strength upon our walls.
  Up and away, then, to the battlements,
  The gates, the bulwarks!  don your panoplies,
  Array you at the breast-work, take your stand
  On floorings of the towers, and with good heart
  Stand firm for sudden sallies at the gates,
  Nor hold too heinous a respect for hordes
  Sent on you from afar: some god will guard!
  I too, for shrewd espial of their camp,
  Have sent forth scouts, and confidence is mine
  They will not fail nor tremble at their task,
  And, with their news, I fear no foeman’s guile.

 Enter a SPY.

THE SPY.
  Eteocles, high king of Cadmus’ folk,
  I stand here with news certified and sure
  From Argos’ camp, things by myself descried.
  Seven warriors yonder, doughty chiefs of might,
  Into the crimsoned concave of a shield
  Have shed a bull’s blood, and, with hands immersed
  Into the gore of sacrifice, have sworn
  By Ares, lord of fight, and by thy name,
  Blood-lapping Terror, _Let our oath be heard—
  Either to raze the walls, make void the hold
  Of Cadmus—strive his children as they may—
  Or, dying here, to make the foemen’s land
  With blood impasted_. Then, as memory’s gift
  Unto their parents at the far-off home,
  Chaplets they hung upon Adrastus’ car,
  With eyes tear-dropping, but no word of moan.
  For their steeled spirit glowed with high resolve,
  As lions pant, with battle in their eyes.
  For them, no weak alarm delays the clear
  Issues of death or life! I parted thence
  Even as they cast the lots, how each should lead,
  Against which gate, his serried company.
  Rank then thy bravest, with what speed thou may’st,
  Hard by the gates, to dash on them, for now,
  Full-armed, the onward ranks of Argos come!
  The dust whirls up, and from their panting steeds
  White foamy flakes like snow bedew the plain.
  Thou therefore, chieftain! like a steersman skilled,
  Enshield the city’s bulwarks, ere the blast
  Of war comes darting on them! hark, the roar
  Of the great landstorm with its waves of men!
  Take Fortune by the forelock! for the rest,
  By yonder dawn-light will I scan the field
  Clear and aright, and surety of my word
  Shall keep thee scatheless of the coming storm.

ETEOCLES.
  O Zeus and Earth and city-guarding gods,
  And thou, my father’s Curse, of baneful might,
  Spare ye at least this town, nor root it up,
  By violence of the foemen, stock and stem!
  For here, from home and hearth, rings Hellas’ tongue.
  Forbid that e’er the yoke of slavery
  Should bow this land of freedom, Cadmus’ hold!
  Be ye her help! your cause I plead with mine—
  A city saved doth honour to her gods!

 [_Exit ETEOCLES, etc._]

 Enter the CHORUS OF MAIDENS.

CHORUS.
I wail in the stress of my terror, and shrill is my cry of despair.
The foemen roll forth from their camp as a billow, and onward they
bear!
Their horsemen are swift in the forefront, the dust rises up to the
sky,
A signal, though speechless, of doom, a herald more clear than a cry!
Hoof-trampled, the land of my love bears onward the din to mine ears.
As a torrent descending a mountain, it thunders and echoes and nears!
The doom is unloosened and cometh! O kings and O queens of high Heaven,
Prevail that it fall not upon us: the sign for their onset is given—
They stream to the walls from without, white-shielded and keen for the
fray.
They storm to the citadel gates— what god or what goddess can stay
The rush of their feet? to what shrine shall I bow me in terror and
pray?
O gods high-throned in bliss, we must crouch at the shrines in your
home!
Not here must we tarry and wail: shield clashes on shield as they come—
And now, even now is the hour for the robes and the chaplets of prayer!
Mine eyes feel the flash of the sword, the clang is instinct with the
spear!
Is thy hand set against us, O Ares, in ruin and wrath to o’erwhelm
Thine own immemorial land, O god of the golden helm?
Look down upon us, we beseech thee, on the land that thou lovest of
old,
And ye, O protecting gods, in pity your people behold!
Yea, save us, the maidenly troop, from the doom and despair of the
slave,
For the crests of the foemen come onward, their rush is the rush of a
wave
Rolled on by the war-god’s breath! almighty one, hear us and save
From the grasp of the Argives’ might! to the ramparts of Cadmus they
crowd,
And, clenched in the teeth of the steeds, the bits clink horror aloud!
And seven high chieftains of war, with spear and with panoply bold,
Are set, by the law of the lot, to storm the seven gates of our hold!
Be near and befriend us, O Pallas, the Zeus-born maiden of might!
O lord of the steed and the sea, be thy trident uplifted to smite
In eager desire of the fray, Poseidon! and Ares come down,
In fatherly presence revealed, to rescue Harmonia’s town!
Thine too, Aphrodite, we are! thou art mother and queen of our race,
To thee we cry out in our need, from thee let thy children have grace!
Ye too, to scare back the foe, be your cry as a wolf’s howl wild,
Thou, O the wolf-lord, and thou, of she-wolf Leto the child!
Woe and alack for the sound, for the rattle of cars to the wall,
And the creak of the grinding axles! O Hera, to thee is our call!
Artemis, maiden beloved! the air is distraught with the spears,
And whither doth destiny drive us, and where is the goal of our fears?
The blast of the terrible stones on the ridge of our wall is not
stayed,
At the gates is the brazen clash of the bucklers—Apollo to aid!
Thou too, O daughter of Zeus, who guidest the wavering fray
To the holy decision of fate, Athena! be with us to-day!
Come down to the sevenfold gates and harry the foemen away!
O gods and O sisters of gods, our bulwark and guard! we beseech
That ye give not our war-worn hold to a rabble of alien speech!
List to the call of the maidens, the hands held up for the right,
Be near us, protect us, and show that the city is dear in your sight!
Have heed for her sacrifice holy, and thought of her offerings take,
Forget not her love and her worship, be near her and smite for her
sake!

 Re-enter ETEOCLES.

ETEOCLES
  Hark to my question, things detestable!
  Is this aright and for the city’s weal,
  And helpful to our army thus beset,
  That ye before the statues of our gods
  Should fling yourselves, and scream and shriek your fears?
  Immodest, uncontrolled! Be this my lot—
  Never in troublous nor in peaceful days
  To dwell with aught that wears a female form!
  Where womankind has power, no man can house,
  Where womankind feeds panic, ruin rules
  Alike in house and city! Look you now—
  Your flying feet, and rumour of your fears,
  Have spread a soulless panic on our walls,
  And they without do go from strength to strength,
  And we within make breach upon ourselves!
  Such fate it brings, to house with womankind.
  Therefore if any shall resist my rule—
  Or man, or woman, or some sexless thing—
  The vote of sentence shall decide their doom,
  And stones of execution, past escape,
  Shall finish all. Let not a woman’s voice
  Be loud in council! for the things without,
  A man must care; let women keep within—
  Even then is mischief all too probable!
  Hear ye? or speak I to unheeding ears?

CHORUS.
  Ah, but I shudder, child of Oedipus!
    I heard the clash and clang!
  The axles rolled and rumbled; woe to us
    Fire-welded bridles rang!

ETEOCLES.
  Say—when a ship is strained and deep in brine,
  Did e’er a seaman mend his chance, who left
  The helm, t’invoke the image at the prow?

CHORUS.
  Ah, but I fled to the shrines, I called to our helpers on high,
    When the stone-shower roared at the portals!
  I sped to the temples aloft, and loud was my call and my cry,
    _Look down and deliver. Immortals!_

ETEOCLES.
  Ay, pray amain that stone may vanquish steel!
  Were not that grace of gods? ay, ay—methinks,
  When cities fall, the gods go forth from them!

CHORUS.
  Ah, let me die, or ever I behold
    The gods go forth, in conflagration dire!
  The foemen’s rush and raid, and all our hold
    Wrapt in the burning fire!

ETEOCLES.
  Cry not: on Heaven, in impotent debate!
  What saith the saw?—_Good saving Strength, in verity,
  Out of Obedience breeds the babe Prosperity_.

CHORUS.
  ’Tis true: yet stronger is the power divine,
    And oft, when man’s estate is overbowed
  With bitter pangs, disperses from his eyne
    The heavy, hanging cloud!

ETEOCLES.
  Let men with sacrifice and augury
  Approach the gods, when comes the tug of war;
  Maids must be silent and abide within.

CHORUS.
By grace of the gods we hold it, a city untamed of the spear,
And the battlement wards from the wall the foe and his aspect of fear!
What need of displeasure herein?

ETEOCLES.
  Ay, pay thy vows to Heaven; I grudge them not,
  But—so thou strike no fear into our men—
  Have calm at heart, nor be too much afraid.

CHORUS.
  Alack, it is fresh in mine ears, the clamour and crash of the fray,
  And up to our holiest height I sped on my timorous way,
  Bewildered, beset by the din!

ETEOCLES.
  Now, if ye hear the bruit of death or wounds,
  Give not yourselves o’ermuch to shriek and scream,
  For Ares ravens upon human flesh.

CHORUS.
  Ah, but the snorting of the steeds I hear!

ETEOCLES.
  Then, if thou hearest, hear them not too well!

CHORUS.
  Hark, the earth rumbles, as they close us round!

ETEOCLES.
  Enough if I am here, with plans prepared.

CHORUS.
  Alack, the battering at the gates is loud!

ETEOCLES.
  Peace! stay your tongue, or else the town may hear!

CHORUS.
  O warders of the walls, betray them not!

ETEOCLES.
  Bestrew your cries! in silence face your fate.

CHORUS.
  Gods of our city, see me not enslaved!

ETEOCLES.
  On me, on all, thy cries bring slavery.

CHORUS.
  Zeus, strong to smite, turn upon foes thy blow!

ETEOCLES.
  Zeus, what a curse are women, wrought by thee!

CHORUS.
  Weak wretches, even as men, when cities fall.

ETEOCLES.
  What! clasping gods, yet voicing thy despair?

CHORUS.
  In the sick heart, fear machete prey of speech.

ETEOCLES.
  Light is the thing I ask thee—do my will!

CHORUS.
  Ask swiftly:  swiftly shall I know my power.

ETEOCLES.
  Silence, weak wretch! nor put thy friends in fear.

CHORUS.
  I speak no more: the general fate be mine!

ETEOCLES.
  I take that word as wiser than the rest.
  Nay, more: these images possess thy will—
  Pray, in their strength, that Heaven be on our side!
  Then hear my prayers withal, and then ring out
  The female triumph-note, thy privilege—
  Yea, utter forth the usage Hellas knows,
  The cry beside the altars, sounding clear
  Encouragement to friends, alarm to foes.
  But I unto all gods that guard our walls,
  Lords of the plain or warders of the mart
  And to Isthmus’ stream and Dirge’s rills,
  I swear, if Fortune smiles and saves our town,
  That we will make our altars reek with blood
  Of sheep and kine, shed forth unto the gods,
  And with victorious tokens front our fannies—
  Corsets and cases that once our foemen wore,
  Spear-shattered now—to deck these holy homes!
  Be such thy vows to Heaven—away with sighs,
  Away with outcry vain and barbarous,
  That shall avail not, in a general doom!
  But I will back, and, with six chosen men
  Myself the seventh, to confront the foe
  In this great aspect of a poisèd war,
  Return and plant them at the sevenfold gates,
  Or e’er the prompt and clamorous battle-scouts
  Haste to inflame our counsel with the need.

 [_Exit ETEOCLES._]

CHORUS.
  I mark his words, yet, dark and deep,
  My heart’s alarm forbiddeth sleep!
  Close-clinging cares around my soul
  Enkindle fears beyond control,
  Presageful of what doom may fall
  From the great leaguer of the wall!
  So a poor dove is faint with fear
  For her weak nestlings, while anew
  Glides on the snaky ravisher!
  In troop and squadron, hand on hand,
  They climb and throng, and hemmed we stand,
  While on the warders of our town
  The flinty shower comes hurtling down!

  Gods born of Zeus! put forth your might
  For Cadmus’ city, realm, and right!
  What nobler land shall e’er be yours,
  If once ye give to hostile powers
  The deep rich soil, and Dirce’s wave,
  The nursing stream, Poseidon gave
  And Tethys’ children? Up and save!
  Cast on the ranks that hem us round
  A deadly panic, make them fling
  Their arms in terror on the ground,
  And die in carnage! thence shall spring
  High honour for our clan and king!
  Come at our wailing cry, and stand
  As thronèd sentries of our land!

For pity and sorrow it were that this immemorial town
Should sink to be slave of the spear, to dust and to ashes gone down,
By the gods of Achaean worship and arms of Achaean might
Sacked and defiled and dishonoured, its women the prize of the fight—
That, haled by the hair as a steed, their mantles dishevelled and torn,
The maiden and matron alike should pass to the wedlock of scorn!
I hear it arise from the city, the manifold wail of despair—
_Woe, woe for the doom that shall be_—as in grasp of the foeman they
fare!
For a woe and a weeping it is, if the maiden inviolate flower
Is plucked by the foe in his might, not culled in the bridal bower!
Alas for the hate and the horror—how say it?—less hateful by far
Is the doom to be slain by the sword, hewn down in the carnage of war!
For wide, ah! wide is the woe when the foeman has mounted the wall;
There is havoc and terror and flame, and the dark smoke broods over
all,
And wild is the war-god’s breath, as in frenzy of conquest he springs,
And pollutes with the blast of his lips the glory of holiest things!

  Up to the citadel rise clash and din,
    The war-net closes in,
  The spear is in the heart: with blood imbrued
    Young mothers wail aloud,
  For children at their breast who scream and die!
    And boys and maidens fly,
  Yet scape not the pursuer, in his greed
    To thrust and grasp and feed!
  Robber with robber joins, each calls his mate
    Unto the feast of hate—
  _The banquet, lo! is spread—
      seize, rend, and tear!
    No need to choose or share!_
  And all the wealth of earth to waste is poured—
    A sight by all abhorred!
  The grieving housewives eye it;
      heaped and blent,
    Earth’s boons are spoiled and spent,
  And waste to nothingness; and O alas,
    Young maids, forlorn ye pass—
  Fresh horror at your hearts—beneath the power
    Of those who crop the flower!
  Ye own the ruffian ravisher for lord,
    And night brings rites abhorred!
  Woe, woe for you! upon your grief and pain
    There comes a fouler stain.

 Enter on one side THE SPY; on the other ETEOCLES and the SIX
 CHAMPIONS.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Look, friends! methinks the scout, who parted hence
  To spy upon the foemen, comes with news,
  His feet as swift as wafting chariot-wheels.

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Ay, and our king, the son of Oedipus,
  Comes prompt to time, to learn the spy’s report—
  His heart is fainter than his foot is fast!

THE SPY.
  Well have I scanned the foe, and well can say
  Unto which chief, by lot, each gate is given.
  Tydeus already with his onset-cry
  Storms at the gate called Proetides; but him
  The seer Amphiaraus holds at halt,
  Nor wills that he should cross Ismenus’ ford,
  Until the sacrifices promise fair.
  But Tydeus, mad with lust of blood and broil,
  Like to a cockatrice at noontide hour,
  Hisses out wrath and smites with scourge of tongue
  The prophet-son of Oecleus—_Wise thou art,
  Faint against war, and holding back from death!_
  With such revilings loud upon his lips
  He waves the triple plumes that o’er his helm
  Float overshadowing, as a courser’s mane;
  And at his shield’s rim, terror in their tone,
  Clang and reverberate the brazen bells.
  And this proud sign, wrought on his shield, he bears—
  The vault of heaven, inlaid with blazing stars;
  And, for the boss, the bright moon glows at full,
  The eye of night, the first and lordliest star.
  Thus with high-vaunted armour, madly bold,
  He clamours by the stream-bank, wild for war,
  As a steed panting grimly on his bit,
  Held in and chafing for the trumpet’s bray!
  Whom wilt thou set against him? when the gates
  Of Proetus yield, who can his rush repel?

ETEOCLES.
  To me, no blazon on a foeman’s shield
  Shall e’er present a fear! such pointed threats
  Are powerless to wound; his plumes and bells,
  Without a spear, are snakes without a sting.
  Nay, more—that pageant of which thou tellest—
  The nightly sky displayed, ablaze with stars,
  Upon his shield, palters with double sense—
  One headstrong fool will find its truth anon!
  For, if night fall upon his eyes in death,
  Yon vaunting blazon will its own truth prove,
  And he is prophet of his folly’s fall.
  Mine shall it be, to pit against his power
  The loyal son of Astacus, as guard
  To hold the gateways—a right valiant soul,
  Who has in heed the throne of Modesty
  And loathes the speech of Pride, and evermore
  Shrinks from the base, but knows no other fear.
  He springs by stock from those whom Ares spared,
  The men called Sown, a right son of the soil,
  And Melanippus styled. Now, what his arm
  To-day shall do, rests with the dice of war,
  And Ares shall ordain it; but his cause
  Hath the true badge of Right, to urge him on
  To guard, as son, his motherland from wrong.

CHORUS.
  Then may the gods give fortune fair
  Unto our chief, sent forth to dare
     War’s terrible arbitrament!
  But ah! when champions wend away,
  I shudder, lest, from out the fray,
     Only their blood-stained wrecks be sent!

THE SPY.
  Nay, let him pass, and the gods’ help be his!
  Next, Capaneus comes on, by lot to lead
  The onset at the gates Electran styled:
  A giant he, more huge than Tydeus’ self,
  And more than human in his arrogance—
  May fate forefend his threat against our walls!
  _God willing, or unwilling_—such his vaunt—
  _I will lay waste this city; Pallas’ self,
  Zeus’ warrior maid, although she swoop to earth
  And plant her in my path, shall stay me not_.
  And, for the flashes of the levin-bolt,
  He holds them harmless as the noontide rays.
  Mark, too, the symbol on his shield—a man
  Scornfully weaponless but torch in hand,
  And the flame glows within his grasp, prepared
  For ravin: lo, the legend, wrought in words,
  _Fire for the city bring I_, flares in gold!
  Against such wight, send forth—yet whom? what man
  Will front that vaunting figure and not fear?

ETEOCLES.
  Aha, this profits also, gain on gain!
  In sooth, for mortals, the tongue’s utterance
  Bewrays unerringly a foolish pride!
  Hither stalks Capaneus, with vaunt and threat
  Defying god-like powers, equipt to act,
  And, mortal though he be, he strains his tongue
  In folly’s ecstasy, and casts aloft
  High swelling words against the ears of Zeus.
  Right well I trust—if justice grants the word—
  That, by the might of Zeus, a bolt of flame
  In more than semblance shall descend on him.
  Against his vaunts, though reckless, I have set,
  To make assurance sure, a warrior stern—
  Strong Polyphontes, fervid for the fray;
  A sturdy bulwark, he, by grace of Heaven
  And favour of his champion Artemis!
  Say on, who holdeth the next gate in ward?

CHORUS.
  Perish the wretch whose vaunt affronts our home!
    On him the red bolt come,
  Ere to the maiden bowers his way he cleave,
    To ravage and bereave!

THE SPY.
  I will say on. Eteoclus is third—
  To him it fell, what time the third lot sprang
  O’er the inverted helmet’s brazen rim,
  To dash his stormers on Neistae gate.
  He wheels his mares, who at their frontlets chafe
  And yearn to charge upon the gates amain.
  They snort the breath of pride, and, filled therewith,
  Their nozzles whistle with barbaric sound.
  High too and haughty is his shield’s device—
  An armèd man who climbs, from rung to rung,
  A scaling ladder, up a hostile wall,
  Afire to sack and slay; and he too cries,
  (By letters, full of sound, upon the shield)
  _Not Ares’ self shall cast me from the wall_.
  Look to it, send, against this man, a man
  Strong to debar the slave’s yoke from our town.

ETEOCLES (_pointing to_ MEGAREUS)
  Send will I—even this man, with luck to aid—
  By his worth sent already, not by pride
  And vain pretence, is he. ’Tis Megareus,
  The child of Creon, of the Earth-sprung born!
  He will not shrink from guarding of the gates,
  Nor fear the maddened charger’s frenzied neigh,
  But, if he dies, will nobly quit the score
  For nurture to the land that gave him birth,
  Or from the shield-side hew two warriors down
  Eteoclus and the figure that he lifts—
  Ay, and the city pictured, all in one,
  And deck with spoils the temple of his sire!
  Announce the next pair, stint not of thy tongue!

CHORUS.
  O thou, the warder of my home,
    Grant, unto us, Fate’s favouring tide,
  Send on the foemen doom!
    They fling forth taunts of frenzied pride,
  On them may Zeus with glare of vengeance come;

THE SPY.
  Lo, next him stands a fourth and shouts amain,
  By Pallas Onca’s portal, and displays
  A different challenge; ’tis Hippomedon!
  Huge the device that starts up from his targe
  In high relief; and, I deny it not,
  I shuddered, seeing how, upon the rim,
  It made a mighty circle round the shield—
  No sorry craftsman he, who wrought that work
  And clamped it all around the buckler’s edge!
  The form was Typhon: from his glowing throat
  Rolled lurid smoke, spark-litten, kin of fire!
  The flattened edge-work, circling round the whole,
  Made strong support for coiling snakes that grew
  Erect above the concave of the shield:
  Loud rang the warrior’s voice; inspired for war,
  He raves to slay, as doth a Bacchanal,
  His very glance a terror! of such wight
  Beware the onset! closing on the gates,
  He peals his vaunting and appalling cry!

ETEOCLES.
  Yet first our Pallas Onca—wardress she,
  Planting her foot hard by her gate—shall stand,
  The Maid against the ruffian, and repel
  His force, as from her brood the mother-bird
  Beats back the wintered serpent’s venom’d fang
  And next, by her, is Oenops’ gallant son,
  Hyperbius, chosen to confront this foe,
  Ready to seek his fate at Fortune’s shrine!

  In form, in valour, and in skill of arms,
  None shall gainsay him. See how wisely well
  Hermes hath set the brave against the strong!
  Confronted shall they stand, the shield of each
  Bearing the image of opposing gods:
  One holds aloft his Typhon breathing fire,
  But, on the other’s shield, in symbol sits
  Zeus, calm and strong, and fans his bolt to flame—
  Zeus, seen of all, yet seen of none to fail!
  Howbeit, weak is trust reposed in Heaven—
  Yet are we upon Zeus’ victorious side,
  The foe, with those he worsted—if in sooth
  Zeus against Typhon held the upper hand,
  And if Hyperbius, (as well may hap
  When two such foes such diverse emblems bear)
  Have Zeus upon his shield, a saving sign.

CHORUS.
  High faith is mine that he whose shield
  Bears, against Zeus, the thing of hate.
  The giant Typhon, thus revealed,
  A monster loathed of gods eterne
  And mortal men—this doom shall earn
  A shattered skull, before the gate!

THE SPY.
  Heaven send it so!
  A fifth assailant now
  Is set against our fifth, the northern, gate,
  Fronting the death-mound where Amphion lies
  The child of Zeus.

  This foeman vows his faith,
  Upon a mystic spear-head which he deems
  More holy than a godhead and more sure
  To find its mark than any glance of eye,
  That, will they, nill they, he will storm and sack
  The hold of the Cadmeans. Such his oath—
  His, the bold warrior, yet of childish years,
  A bud of beauty’s foremost flower, the son
  Of Zeus and of the mountain maid. I mark
  How the soft down is waxing on his cheek,
  Thick and close-growing in its tender prime—
  In name, not mood, is he a maiden’s child—
  Parthenopaeus; large and bright his eyes
  But fierce the wrath wherewith he fronts the gate:
  Yet not unheralded he takes his stand
  Before the portal; on his brazen shield,
  The rounded screen and shelter of his form,
  I saw him show the ravening Sphinx, the fiend
  That shamed our city—how it glared and moved,
  Clamped on the buckler, wrought in high relief!
  And in its claws did a Cadmean bear—
  Nor heretofore, for any single prey,
  Sped she aloft, through such a storm of darts
  As now awaits her. So our foe is here—
  Like, as I deem, to ply no stinted trade
  In blood and broil, but traffick as is meet
  In fierce exchange for his long wayfaring!

ETEOCLES.
  Ah, may they meet the doom they think to bring—
  They and their impious vaunts—from those on high!
  So should they sink, hurled down to deepest death!
  This foe, at least, by thee Arcadian styled,
  Is faced by one who bears no braggart sign,
  But his hand sees to smite, where blows avail—
  Actor, own brother to Hyperbius!
  He will not let a boast without a blow
  Stream through our gates and nourish our despair,
  Nor give him way who on his hostile shield
  Bears the brute image of the loathly Sphinx!
  Blocked at the gate, she will rebuke the man
  Who strives to thrust her forward, when she feels
  Thick crash of blows, up to the city wall.
  With Heaven’s goodwill, my forecast shall be true.

CHORUS.
  Home to my heart the vaunting goes,
    And, quick with terror, on my head
  Rises my hair, at sound of those
    Who wildly, impiously rave!
  If gods there be, to them I plead—
    _Give them to darkness and the grave_.

THE SPY.
  Fronting the sixth gate stands another foe,
  Wisest of warriors, bravest among seers—
  Such must I name Amphiaraus: he,
  Set steadfast at the Homoloid gate,
  Berates strong Tydeus with reviling words—
  _The man of blood, the bane of state and home,
  To Argos, arch-allurer to all ill,
  Evoker of the fury-fiend of hell,
  Death’s minister, and counsellor of wrong
  Unto Adrastus in this fatal field_.
  Ay, and with eyes upturned and mien of scorn
  He chides thy brother Polynices too
  At his desert, and once and yet again
  Dwells hard and meaningly upon his name
  Where it saith _glory_ yet importeth _feud_.
  _Yea, such thou art in act, and such thy grace
  In sight of Heaven, and such in aftertime
  Thy fame, for lips and ears of mortal men!
  “He strove to sack the city of his sires
  And temples of her gods, and brought on her
  An alien armament of foreign foes.
  The fountain of maternal blood outpoured
  What power can staunch? even so, thy fatherland
  Once by thine ardent malice stormed and ta’en,
  Shall ne’er join force with thee.”    For me, I know
  It doth remain to let my blood enrich
  The border of this land that loves me not—
  Blood of a prophet, in a foreign grave!
  Now, for the battle! I foreknow my doom,
  Yet it shall be with honour_. So he spake,
  The prophet, holding up his targe of bronze
  Wrought without blazon, to the ears of men
  Who stood around and heeded not his word.
  For on no bruit and rumour of great deeds,
  But on their doing, is his spirit set,
  And in his heart he reaps a furrow rich,
  Wherefrom the foison of good counsel springs.
  Against him, send brave heart and hand of might,
  For the god-lover is man’s fiercest foe.

ETEOCLES.
  Out on the chance that couples mortal men,
  Linking the just and impious in one!
  In every issue, the one curse is this—
  Companionship with men of evil heart!
  A baneful harvest, let none gather it!
  The field of sin is rank, and brings forth death
  At whiles a righteous man who goes aboard
  With reckless mates, a horde of villainy,
  Dies by one death with that detested crew;
  At whiles the just man, joined with citizens
  Ruthless to strangers, recking nought of Heaven,
  Trapped, against nature, in one net with them,
  Dies by God’s thrust and all-including blow.
  So will this prophet die, even Oecleus’ child,
  Sage, just, and brave, and loyal towards Heaven,
  Potent in prophecy, but mated here
  With men of sin, too boastful to be wise!
  Long is their road, and they return no more,
  And, at their taking-off, by hand of Zeus,
  The prophet too shall take the downward way.
  He will not—so I deem—assail the gate—
  Not as through cowardice or feeble will,
  But as one knowing to what end shall be
  Their struggle in the battle, if indeed
  Fruit of fulfilment lie in Loxias’ word.
  He speaketh not, unless to speak avails!
  Yet, for more surety, we will post a man,
  Strong Lasthenes, as warder of the gate,
  Stern to the foeman; he hath age’s skill,
  Mated with youthful vigour, and an eye
  Forward, alert; swift too his hand, to catch
  The fenceless interval ’twixt shield and spear!
  Yet man’s good fortune lies in hand of Heaven.

CHORUS.
  Unto our loyal cry, ye gods, give ear!
  Save, save the city! turn away the spear,
    Send on the foemen fear!
  Outside the rampart fall they, rent and riven
    Beneath the bolt of heaven!

THE SPY.
  Last, let me name yon seventh antagonist,
  Thy brother’s self, at the seventh portal set—
  Hear with what wrath he imprecates our doom,
  Vowing to mount the wall, though banished hence,
  And peal aloud the wild exulting cry—
  _The town is ta’en_—then clash his sword with thine,
  Giving and taking death in close embrace,
  Or, if thou ’scapest, flinging upon thee,
  As robber of his honour and his home,
  The doom of exile such as he has borne.
  So clamours he and so invokes the gods
  Who guard his race and home, to hear and heed
  The curse that sounds in Polynices’ name!
  He bears a round shield, fresh from forge and fire,
  And wrought upon it is a twofold sign—
  For lo, a woman leads decorously
  The figure of a warrior wrought in gold;
  And thus the legend runs—_I Justice am,
  And I will bring the hero home again,
  To hold once more his place within this town,
  Once more to pace his sire’s ancestral hall_.
  Such are the symbols, by our foemen shown—
  Now make thine own decision, whom to send
  Against this last opponent! I have said—
  Nor canst thou in my tidings find a flaw—
  Thine is it, now, to steer the course aright.

ETEOCLES.
  Ah me, the madman, and the curse of Heaven!
  And woe for us, the lamentable line
  Of Oedipus, and woe that in this house
  Our father’s curse must find accomplishment!
  But now, a truce to tears and loud lament,
  Lest they should breed a still more rueful wail!
  As for this Polynices, named too well,
  Soon shall we know how his device shall end—
  Whether the gold-wrought symbols on his shield,
  In their mad vaunting and bewildered pride,
  Shall guide him as a victor to his home!
  For had but Justice, maiden-child of Zeus,
  Stood by his act and thought, it might have been!
  Yet never, from the day he reached the light
  Out of the darkness of his mother’s womb,
  Never in childhood, nor in youthful prime,
  Nor when his chin was gathering its beard,
  Hath Justice hailed or claimed him as her own.
  Therefore I deem not that she standeth now
  To aid him in this outrage on his home!
  Misnamed, in truth, were Justice, utterly,
  If to impiety she lent her hand.
  Sure in this faith, I will myself go forth
  And match me with him; who hath fairer claim?
  Ruler, against one fain to snatch the rule,
  Brother with brother matched, and foe with foe,
  Will I confront the issue. To the wall!

CHORUS.
  O thou true heart, O child of Oedipus,
  Be not, in wrath, too like the man whose name
  Murmurs an evil omen! ’Tis enough
  That Cadmus’ clan should strive with Argos’ host,
  For blood there is that can atone that stain!
  But—brother upon brother dealing death—
  Not time itself can expiate the sin!

ETEOCLES.
  If man find hurt, yet clasp his honour still,
  ’Tis well; the dead have honour, nought beside.
  Hurt, with dishonour, wins no word of praise!

CHORUS.
      Ah, what is thy desire?
    Let not the lust and ravin of the sword
    Bear thee adown the tide accursed, abhorred!
  Fling off thy passion’s rage, thy spirit’s prompting dire!

ETEOCLES.
  Nay—since the god is urgent for our doom,
  Let Laius’ house, by Phoebus loathed and scorned,
  Follow the gale of destiny, and win
  Its great inheritance, the gulf of hell!

CHORUS.
    Ruthless thy craving is—
  Craving for kindred and forbidden blood
    To be outpoured—a sacrifice imbrued
  With sin, a bitter fruit of murderous enmities!

ETEOCLES.
  Yea, my own father’s fateful Curse proclaims—
  A ghastly presence, and her eyes are dry—
  _Strike! honour is the prize, not life prolonged!_

CHORUS.
  Ah, be not urged of her! for none shall dare
  To call thee _coward_, in thy throned estate!
  Will not the Fury in her sable pall
  Pass outward from these halls, what time the gods
  Welcome a votive offering from our hands?

ETEOCLES.
  The gods! long since they hold us in contempt,
  Scornful of gifts thus offered by the lost!
  Why should we fawn and flinch away from doom?

CHORUS.
  Now, when it stands beside thee! for its power
  May, with a changing gust of milder mood,
  Temper the blast that bloweth wild and rude
    And frenzied, in this hour!

ETEOCLES.
  Ay, kindled by the curse of Oedipus—
  All too prophetic, out of dreamland came
  The vision, meting out our sire’s estate!

CHORUS.
  Heed women’s voices, though thou love them not!

ETEOCLES.
  Say aught that may avail, but stint thy words.

CHORUS.
  Go not thou forth to guard the seventh gate!

ETEOCLES.
  Words shall not blunt the edge of my resolve.

CHORUS.
  Yet the god loves to let the weak prevail.

ETEOCLES.
  That to a swordsman, is no welcome word!

CHORUS.
  Shall thine own brother’s blood be victory’s palm?

ETEOCLES.
  Ill which the gods have sent thou canst not shun!

 [_Exit ETEOCLES._]

CHORUS.
I shudder in dread of the power, abhorred by the gods of high heaven,
The ruinous curse of the home till roof-tree and rafter be riven!
Too true are the visions of ill, too true the fulfilment they bring
To the curse that was spoken of old by the frenzy and wrath of the
king!
Her will is the doom of the children, and Discord is kindled amain,
And strange is the Lord of Division, who cleaveth the birthright in
twain,—
The edged thing, born of the north, the steel that is ruthless and
keen,
Dividing in bitter division the lot of the children of teen!
Not the wide lowland around, the realm of their sire, shall they have,
Yet enough for the dead to inherit, the pitiful space of a grave!

  Ah, but when kin meets kin, when sire and child,
    Unknowing, are defiled
  By shedding common blood, and when the pit
    Of death devoureth it,
  Drinking the clotted stain, the gory dye—
    Who, who can purify?
  Who cleanse pollution, where the ancient bane
    Rises and reeks again?
  Whilome in olden days the sin was wrought,
    And swift requital brought—
  Yea on the children of the child came still
    New heritage of ill!
  For thrice Apollo spoke this word divine,
    From Delphi’s central shrine,
  To Laius—_Die thou childless!_ thus alone
    Can the land’s weal be won!
  But vainly with his wife’s desire he strove,
    And gave himself to love,
  Begetting Oedipus, by whom he died,
    The fateful parricide!
  The sacred seed-plot, his own mother’s womb,
    He sowed, his house’s doom,
  A root of blood! by frenzy lured, they came
    Unto their wedded shame.
  And now the waxing surge, the wave of fate,
    Rolls on them, triply great—
  One billow sinks, the next towers, high and dark,
    Above our city’s bark—
  Only the narrow barrier of the wall
    Totters, as soon to fall;
  And, if our chieftains in the storm go down,
    What chance can save the town?
  Curses, inherited from long ago,
    Bring heavy freight of woe:
  Rich stores of merchandise o’erload the deck,
    Near, nearer comes the wreck—
  And all is lost, cast out upon the wave,
    Floating, with none to save!

  Whom did the gods, whom did the chief of men,
    Whom did each citizen
  In crowded concourse, in such honour hold,
    As Oedipus of old,
  When the grim fiend, that fed on human prey,
    He took from us away?

But when, in the fulness of days, he knew of his bridal unblest,
A twofold horror he wrought, in the frenzied despair of his breast—
Debarred from the grace of the banquet, the service of goblets of gold,
He flung on his children a curse for the splendour they dared to
withhold,
A curse prophetic and bitter—_The glory of wealth and of pride,
With iron, not gold, in your hands, ye shall come, at the last, to
divide!_
Behold, how a shudder runs through me, lest now, in the fulness of
time,
The house-fiend awake and return, to mete out the measure of crime!

 Enter THE SPY.

THE SPY.
  Take heart, ye daughters whom your mothers’ milk
  Made milky-hearted! lo, our city stands,
  Saved from the yoke of servitude: the vaunts
  Of overweening men are silent now,
  And the State sails beneath a sky serene,
  Nor in the manifold and battering waves
  Hath shipped a single surge, and solid stands
  The rampart, and the gates are made secure,
  Each with a single champion’s trusty guard.
  So in the main and at six gates we hold
  A victory assured; but, at the seventh,
  The god that on the seventh day was born,
  Royal Apollo, hath ta’en up his rest
  To wreak upon the sons of Oedipus
  Their grandsire’s wilfulness of long ago.

CHORUS.
  What further woefulness besets our home?

THE SPY.
  The home stands safe—but ah, the princes twain—

CHORUS.
  Who? what of them?  I am distraught with fear.

THE SPY.
  Hear now, and mark! the sons of Oedipus—

CHORUS.
  Ah, my prophetic soul!  I feel their doom.

THE SPY.
  Have done with questions!—with their lives crushed out—

CHORUS.
  Lie they out yonder? the full horror speak!
  Did hands meet hands more close than brotherly?
  Came fate on each, and in the selfsame hour?

THE SPY.
  Yea, blotting out the lineage ill-starred!
  Now mix your exultation and your tears,
  Over a city saved, the while its lords,
  Twin leaders of the fight, have parcelled out
  With forged arbitrament of Scythian steel
  The full division of their fatherland,
  And, as their father’s imprecation bade,
  Shall have their due of land, a twofold grave.
  So is the city saved; the earth has drunk
  Blood of twin princes, by each other slain.

CHORUS.
  O mighty Zeus and guardian powers,
  The strength and stay of Cadmus’ towers!
  Shall I send forth a joyous cry,
    _Hail to the lord of weal renewed?_
  Or weep the misbegotten twain,
  Born to a fatal destiny?
  Each numbered now among the slain,
     Each dying in ill fortitude,
  Each _truly named_, each _child of feud?_

  O dark and all-prevailing ill,
     That broods o’er Oedipus and all his line,
  Numbing my heart with mortal chill!
     Ah me, this song of mine,
  Which, Thyad-like, I woke, now falleth still,
     Or only tells of doom,
     And echoes round a tomb!

  Dead are they, dead! in their own blood they lie—
  Ill-omened the concent that hails our victory!
  The curse a father on his children spake
    Hath faltered not, nor failed!
  Nought, Laius! thy stubborn choice availed—
  First to beget, then, in the after day
      And for the city’s sake,
      The child to slay!
      For nought can blunt nor mar
      The speech oracular!
    Children of teen! by disbelief ye erred—
  Yet in wild weeping came fulfilment of the word!

 ANTIGONE and ISMENE approach with a train of mourners, bearing the
 bodies of ETEOCLES and POLYNICES.

    Look up, look forth! the doom is plain,
    Nor spake the messenger in vain!
    A twofold sorrow, twofold strife—
    Each brave against a brother’s life!
    In double doom hath sorrow come—
    How shall I speak it?—on the home!

  Alas, my sisters! be your sighs the gale,
  The smiting of your brows the plash of oars,
  Wafting the boat, to Acheron’s dim shores
  That passeth ever, with its darkened sail,
  On its uncharted voyage and sunless way,
  Far from thy beams, Apollo, god of day—
    The melancholy bark
  Bound for the common bourn, the harbour of the dark!
    Look up, look yonder! from the home
    Antigone, Ismene come,
  On the last, saddest errand bound,
  To chant a dirge of doleful sound,
  With agony of equal pain
  Above their brethren slain!
  Their sister-bosoms surely swell,
  Heart with rent heart according well
  In grief for those who fought and fell!
  Yet—ere they utter forth their woe—
  We must awake the rueful strain
  To vengeful powers, in realms below,
  And mourn hell’s triumph o’er the slain!

  Alas! of all, the breast who bind,—
  Yea, all the race of womankind—
    O maidens, ye are most bereaved!
  For you, for you the tear-drops start—
    Deem that in truth, and undeceived,
  Ye hear the sorrows of my heart!
    (_To the dead_.)
  Children of bitterness, and sternly brave—
    One, proud of heart against persuasion’s voice,
    One, against exile proof! ye win your choice—
  Each in your fatherland, a separate grave!

    Alack, on house and heritage
  They brought a baneful doom, and death for wage!
  One strove through tottering walls to force his way,
  One claimed, in bitter arrogance, the sway,
    And both alike, even now and here,
  Have closed their suit, with steel for arbiter!
    And lo, the Fury-fiend of Oedipus, their sire,
  Hath brought his curse to consummation dire!
      Each in the left side smitten, see them laid—
        The children of one womb,
        Slain by a mutual doom!
      Alas, their fate! the combat murderous,
        The horror of the house,
      The curse of ancient bloodshed, now repaid!
      Yea, deep and to the heart the deathblow fell,
        Edged by their feud ineffable—
      By the grim curse, their sire did imprecate—
        Discord and deadly hate!
      Hark, how the city and its towers make moan—
      How the land mourns that held them for its own!
      Fierce greed and fell division did they blend,
        Till death made end!
      They strove to part the heritage in twain,
        Giving to each a gain—
      Yet that which struck the balance in the strife,
        The arbitrating sword,
      By those who loved the twain is held abhorred—
      Loathed is the god of death, who sundered each from life!
        Here, by the stroke of steel, behold! they lie—
          And rightly may we cry
    _Beside their fathers, let them here be laid—
    Iron gave their doom, with iron their graves be made—
    Alack, the slaying sword, alack, th’ entombing spade!_

    Alas, a piercing shriek, a rending groan,
    A cry unfeigned of sorrow felt at heart!
    With shuddering of grief, with tears that start,
    With wailful escort, let them hither come—
    For one or other make divided moan!
    No light lament of pity mixed with gladness,
    But with true tears, poured from the soul of sadness,
  Over the princes dead and their bereavèd home

    Say we, above these brethren dead,
      _On citizen, on foreign foe,
    Brave was their rush, and stern their blow—
      Now, lowly are they laid!_
    Beyond all women upon earth
    Woe, woe for her who gave them birth!
    Unknowingly, her son she wed—
    The children of that marriage-bed,
    Each in the self-same womb, were bred—
    Each by a brother’s hand lies dead!

  Yea, from one seed they sprang, and by one fate
      Their heritage is desolate,
    The heart’s division sundered claim from claim,
      And, from their feud, death came!
      Now is their hate allayed,
      Now is their life-stream shed,
    Ensanguining the earth with crimson dye—
  Lo, from one blood they sprang, and in one blood they lie!
    A grievous arbiter was given the twain—
      The stranger from the northern main,
        The sharp, dividing sword,
        Fresh from the forge and fire
    The War-god treacherous gave ill award
  And brought their father’s curse to a fulfilment dire!
      They have their portion—each his lot and doom,
        Given from the gods on high!
      Yea, the piled wealth of fatherland, for tomb,
        Shall underneath them lie!
      Alas, alas!  with flowers of fame and pride
        Your home ye glorified;
      But, in the end, the Furies gathered round
        With chants of boding sound,

  Shrieking, _In wild defeat and disarray,
    Behold, ye pass away!_
  The sign of Ruin standeth at the gate,
    There, where they strove with Fate—
  And the ill power beheld the brothers’ fall,
    And triumphed over all!

ANTIGONE, ISMENE, _and_ CHORUS
(_Processional Chant_)
  Thou wert smitten, in smiting,
    Thou didst slay, and wert slain—
  By the spear of each other
    Ye lie on the plain,
  And ruthless the deed that ye wrought was, and ruthless the death of
  the twain!

  Take voice, O my sorrow!
    Flow tear upon tear—
  Lay the slain by the slayer,
    Made one on the bier!
  Our soul in distraction is lost, and we mourn o’er the prey of the
  spear!

  Ah, woe for your ending,
    Unbrotherly wrought!
  And woe for the issue,
    The fray that ye fought,
  The doom of a mutual slaughter whereby to the grave ye are brought!

  Ah, twofold the sorrow—
    The heard and the seen!
  And double the tide
    Of our tears and our teen,
  As we stand by our brothers in death and wail for the love that has
  been!

  O grievous the fate
  That attends upon wrong!
  Stern ghost of our sire,
  Thy vengeance is long!
  Dark Fury of hell and of death, the hands of thy kingdom are strong!

  O dark were the sorrows
  That exile hath known!
  He slew, but returned not
  Alive to his own!
  He struck down a brother, but fell, in the moment of triumph hewn
  down!

  O lineage accurst,
  O doom and despair!
  Alas, for their quarrel,
  The brothers that were!
  And woe! for their pitiful end, who once were our love and our care!

  O grievous the fate
  That attends upon wrong!
  Stern ghost of our sire,
  Thy vengeance is long!
  Dark  Fury of hell and of death,  the hands of thy kingdom are
  strong!

  By proof have ye learnt it!
  At once and as one,
  O brothers beloved,
  To death ye were done!
  Ye came to the  strife of the sword, and behold! ye are both
  overthrown!

  O grievous the tale is,
  And grievous their fall,
  To the house, to the land,
  And to me above all!
  Ah God! for the curse that hath come, the sin and the ruin withal!

  O children distraught,
  Who in madness have died!
  Shall ye rest with old kings
  In the place of their pride?
  Alas for the wrath of your sire if he findeth you laid by his side!

 Enter a HERALD.

HERALD.
  I bear command to tell to one and all
  What hath approved itself and now is law,
  Ruled by the counsellors of Cadmus’ town.
  For this Eteocles, it is resolved
  To lay him on his earth-bed, in this soil,
  Not without care and kindly sepulture.
  For why? he hated those who hated us,
  And, with all duties blamelessly performed
  Unto the sacred ritual of his sires,
  He met such end as gains our city’s grace,—
  With auspices that do ennoble death.
  Such words I have in charge to speak of him:
  But of his brother Polynices, this—
  Be he cast out unburied, for the dogs
  To rend and tear: for he presumed to waste
  The land of the Cadmeans, had not Heaven—
  Some god of those who aid our fatherland—
  Opposed his onset, by his brother’s spear,
  To whom, tho’ dead, shall consecration come!
  Against him stood this wretch, and brought a horde
  Of foreign foemen, to beset our town.
  He therefore shall receive his recompense,
  Buried ignobly in the maw of kites—
  No women-wailers to escort his corpse
  Nor pile his tomb nor shrill his dirge anew—
  Unhouselled, unattended, cast away!
  So, for these brothers, doth our State ordain.

ANTIGONE.
  And I—to those who make such claims of rule
  In Cadmus’ town—I, though no other help,
  (_Pointing to the body of_ POLYNICES)
  I, I will bury this my brother’s corse
  And risk your wrath and what may come of it!
  It shames me not to face the State, and set
  Will against power, rebellion resolute:
  Deep in my heart is set my sisterhood,
  My common birthright with my brothers, born
  All of one womb, her children who, for woe,
  Brought forth sad offspring to a sire ill-starred.
  Therefore, my soul! take thou thy willing share,
  In aid of him who now can will no more,
  Against this outrage: be a sister true,
  While yet thou livest, to a brother dead!
  Him never shall the wolves with ravening maw
  Rend and devour: I do forbid the thought!
  I for him, I—albeit a woman weak—
  In place of burial-pit, will give him rest
  By this protecting handful of light dust
  Which, in the lap of this poor linen robe,
  I bear to hallow and bestrew his corpse
  With the due covering. Let none gainsay!
  Courage and craft shall arm me, this to do.

HERALD.
  I charge thee, not to flout the city’s law!

ANTIGONE.
  I charge thee, use no useless heralding!

HERALD.
  Stern is a people newly ’scaped from death.

ANTIGONE.
  Whet thou their sternness! Burial he shall have.

HERALD.
  How? Grace of burial, to the city’s foe?

ANTIGONE.
  God hath not judged him separate in guilt.

HERALD.
  True—till he put this land in jeopardy.

ANTIGONE.
  His rights usurped, he answered wrong with wrong.

HERALD.
  Nay—but for one man’s sin he smote the State.

ANTIGONE.
  Contention doth out-talk all other gods! Prate thou no more—I will to
  bury him.

HERALD.
  Will, an thou wilt! but I forbid the deed.

 [_Exit the HERALD._]

CHORUS.
  Exulting Fates, who waste the line
  And whelm the house of Oedipus!
  Fiends, who have slain, in wrath condign,
  The father and the children thus!
  What now befits it that I do,
  What meditate, what undergo?
  Can I the funeral rite refrain,
  Nor weep for Polynices slain?
  But yet, with fear I shrink and thrill,
  Presageful of the city’s will!
  Thou, O Eteocles, shalt have
  Full rites, and mourners at thy grave,
  But he, thy brother slain, shall he,
  With none to weep or cry _Alas_,
  To unbefriended burial pass?
  Only one sister o’er his bier,
  To raise the cry and pour the tear—
  Who can obey such stern decree?

SEMI-CHORUS.
  Let those who hold our city’s sway
  Wreak, or forbear to wreak, their will
  On those who cry, _Ah, well-a-day!_
  Lamenting Polynices still!
  We will go forth and, side by side
  With her, due burial will provide!
  Royal he was; to him be paid
  Our grief, wherever he be laid!
  The crowd may sway, and change, and still
  Take its caprice for Justice’ will!
  But we this dead Eteocles,
  As Justice wills and Right decrees,
  Will bear unto his grave!
  For—under those enthroned on high
  And Zeus’ eternal royalty—
  He unto us salvation gave!
  He saved us from a foreign yoke,—
  A wild assault of outland folk,
  A savage, alien wave!

 [_Exeunt._]




PROMETHEUS BOUND

ARGUMENT


In the beginning, Ouranos and Gaia held sway over Heaven and Earth. And
manifold children were born unto them, of whom were Cronos, and
Okeanos, and the Titans, and the Giants. But Cronos cast down his
father Ouranos, and ruled in his stead, until Zeus his son cast him
down in his turn, and became King of Gods and men. Then were the Titans
divided, for some had good will unto Cronos, and others unto Zeus;
until Prometheus, son of the Titan Iapetos, by wise counsel, gave the
victory to Zeus. But Zeus held the race of mortal men in scorn, and was
fain to destroy them from the face of the earth; yet Prometheus loved
them, and gave secretly to them the gift of fire, and arts whereby they
could prosper upon the earth. Then was Zeus sorely angered with
Prometheus, and bound him upon a mountain, and afterward overwhelmed
him in an earthquake, and devised other torments against him for many
ages; yet could he not slay Prometheus, for he was a God.

DRAMATIS PERSONAE

STRENGTH AND FORCE.
HEPHAESTUS.
PROMETHEUS.
CHORUS OF SEA-NYMPHS.
DAUGHTERS OF OCEANUS.
OCEANUS.
IO.
HERMES.

_Scene—A rocky ravine in the mountains of Scythia_.


STRENGTH.
  Lo, the earth’s bound and limitary land,
  The Scythian steppe, the waste untrod of men!
  Look to it now, Hephaestus—thine it is,
  Thy Sire obeying, this arch-thief to clench
  Against the steep-down precipice of rock,
  With stubborn links of adamantine chain.
  Look thou: thy flower, the gleaming plastic fire,
  He stole and lent to mortal man—a sin
  That gods immortal make him rue to-day,
  Lessoned hereby to own th’ omnipotence
  Of Zeus, and to repent his love to man!

HEPHAESTUS.
  O Strength and Force, for you the best of Zeus
  Stands all achieved, and nothing bars your will:
  But I—I dare not bind to storm-vext cleft
  One of our race, immortal as are we.
  Yet, none the less, necessity constrains,
  For Zeus, defied, is heavy in revenge!
                                            (_To PROMETHEUS_)

  O deep-devising child of Themis sage,
  Small will have I to do, or thou to bear,
  What yet we must. Beyond the haunt of man
  Unto this rock, with fetters grimly forged,
  I must transfix and shackle up thy limbs,
  Where thou shalt mark no voice nor human form,
  But, parching in the glow and glare of sun,
  Thy body’s flower shall suffer a sky-change;
  And gladly wilt thou hail the hour when Night
  Shall in her starry robe invest the day,
  Or when the Sun shall melt the morning rime.
  But, day or night, for ever shall the load
  Of wasting agony, that may not pass,
  Wear thee away; for know, the womb of Time
  Hath not conceived a power to set thee free.
  Such meed thou hast, for love toward mankind
  For thou, a god defying wrath of gods,
  Beyond the ordinance didst champion men,
  And for reward shalt keep a sleepless watch,
  Stiff-kneed, erect, nailed to this dismal rock,
  With manifold laments and useless cries
  Against the will inexorable of Zeus.
  Hard is the heart of fresh-usurpèd power!

STRENGTH.
  Enough of useless ruth! why tarriest thou?
  Why pitiest one whom all gods wholly hate,
  One who to man gave o’er thy privilege?

HEPHAESTUS.
  Kinship and friendship wring my heart for him.

STRENGTH.
  Ay—but how disregard our Sire’s command?
  Is not thy pity weaker than thy fear?

HEPHAESTUS.
  Ruthless as ever, brutal to the full!

STRENGTH.
  Tears can avail him nothing: strive not thou,
  Nor waste thine efforts thus unaidingly.

HEPHAESTUS.
  Out on my cursed mastery of steel!

STRENGTH.
  Why curse it thus? In sooth that craft of thine
  Standeth assoiled of all that here is wrought.

HEPHAESTUS.
  Would that some other were endowed therewith!

STRENGTH.
  All hath its burden, save the rule of Heaven,
  And freedom is for Zeus, and Zeus alone.

HEPHAESTUS.
  I know it; I gainsay no word hereof.

STRENGTH.
  Up, then, and hasten to do on his bonds,
  Lest Zeus behold thee indolent of will!

HEPHAESTUS.
  Ah well—behold the armlets ready now!

STRENGTH.
  Then cast them round his arms and with sheer strength
  Swing down the hammer, clinch him to the crags.

HEPHAESTUS.
  Lo, ’tis toward—no weakness in the work!

STRENGTH.
  Smite harder, wedge it home—no faltering here!
  He hath a craft can pass th’ impassable!

HEPHAESTUS.
  This arm is fast, inextricably bound.

STRENGTH.
  Then shackle safe the other, that he know
  His utmost craft is weaker far than Zeus.

HEPHAESTUS.
  He, but none other, can accuse mine art!

STRENGTH.
  Now, strong and sheer, drive thro’ from breast to back
  The adamantine wedge’s stubborn fang.

HEPHAESTUS.
  Alas, Prometheus!  I lament thy pain.

STRENGTH.
  Thou, faltering and weeping sore for those
  Whom Zeus abhors! ’ware, lest thou rue thy tears!

HEPHAESTUS.
  Thou gazest on a scene that poisons sight.

STRENGTH.
  I gaze on one who suffers his desert.
  Now between rib and shoulder shackle him—

HEPHAESTUS.
  Do it I must—hush thy superfluous charge!

STRENGTH.
  Urge thee I will—ay, hound thee to the prey.
  Step downward now, enring his legs amain!

HEPHAESTUS.
  Lo, it is done—’twas but a moment’s toil.

STRENGTH.
  Now, strongly strike, drive in the piercing gyves—
  Stern is the power that oversees thy task!

HEPHAESTUS.
  Brutish thy form, thy speech brutality!

STRENGTH.
  Be gentle, an thou wilt, but blame not me
   For this my stubbornness and anger fell!

HEPHAESTUS.
  Let us go hence; his legs are firmly chained.

STRENGTH (_To_ PROMETHEUS).
Aha!  there play the insolent, and steal,
For creatures of a day, the rights of gods!
O deep delusion of the powers that named thee
Prometheus, the Fore-thinker! thou hast need
Of others’ forethought and device, whereby
Thou may’st elude this handicraft of ours!

[_Exeunt HEPHAESTUS, STRENGTH and FORCE.—A pause._]

PROMETHEUS.
  O Sky divine, O Winds of pinions swift,
  O fountain-heads of Rivers, and O thou,
  Illimitable laughter of the Sea!
  O Earth, the Mighty Mother, and thou Sun,
  Whose orbed light surveyeth all—attest,
  What ills I suffer from the gods, a god!
  Behold me, who must here sustain
  The marring agonies of pain,
  Wrestling with torture, doomed to bear
  Eternal ages, year on year!
  Such and so shameful is the chain
  Which Heaven’s new tyrant doth ordain
  To bind me helpless here.
  Woe! for the ruthless present doom!
  Woe! for the Future’s teeming womb!
  On what far dawn, in what dim skies,
  Shall star of my deliverance rise?

  Truce to this utterance!  to its dimmest verge
  I do foreknow the future, hour by hour,
  Nor can whatever pang may smite me now
  Smite with surprise. The destiny ordained
  I must endure to the best, for well I wot
  That none may challenge with Necessity.
  Yet is it past my patience, to reveal,
  Or to conceal, these issues of my doom.
  Since I to mortals brought prerogatives,
  Unto this durance dismal am I bound:
  Yea, I am he who in a fennel-stalk,
  By stealthy sleight, purveyed the fount of fire,
  The teacher, proven thus, and arch-resource
  Of every art that aideth mortal men.
  Such was my sin:  I earn its recompense,
  Rock-riveted, and chained in height and cold.

 [_A pause._]


  Listen! what breath of sound,
  what fragrance soft hath risen
  Upward to me? is it some godlike essence,
  Or being half-divine, or mortal presence?
  Who to the world’s end comes, unto my craggy prison?
  Craves he the sight of pain, or what would he behold?
  Gaze on a god in tortures manifold,
  Heinous to Zeus, and scorned by all
  Whose footsteps tread the heavenly hall,
  Because too deeply, from on high,
  I pitied man’s mortality!
  Hark, and again! that fluttering sound
  Of wings that whirr and circle round,
  And their light rustle thrills the air—
  How all things that unseen draw near
  Are to me Fear!

 Enter the CHORUS OF OCEANIDES in winged cars.

CHORUS.
  Ah, fear us not! as friends, with rivalry
  Of swiftly-vying wings, we came together
  Unto this rock and thee!
  With our sea-sire we pleaded hard, until
  We won him to our will,
  And swift the wafting breezes bore us hither.
  The heavy hammer’s steely blow
  Thrilled to our ocean-cavern from afar,
  Banished soft shyness from our maiden brow,
  And with unsandalled feet we come, in winged car!

PROMETHEUS.
  Ah well-a-day! ye come, ye come
  From the Sea-Mother’s teeming home—
  Children of Tethys and the sire
  Who around Earth rolls, gyre on gyre,
  His sleepless ocean-tide!
  Look on me—shackled with what chain,
  Upon this chasm’s beetling side
  I must my dismal watch sustain!

CHORUS.
  Yea, I behold, Prometheus! and my fears
  Draw swiftly o’er mine eyes a mist fulfilled of tears,
  When I behold thy frame
  Bound, wasting on the rock, and put to shame
  By adamantine chains!
  The rudder and the rule of Heaven
  Are to strange pilots given:
  Zeus with new laws and strong caprice holds sway,
  Unkings  the ancient Powers, their might constrains,
  And thrusts their pride away!

PROMETHEUS.
  Had he but hurled me, far beneath
  The vast and ghostly halls of Death,
  Down to the limitless profound
  Of Tartarus, in fetters bound,
  Fixed by his unrelenting hand!
  So had no man, nor God on high,
  Exulted o’er mine agony—
  But now, a sport to wind and sky,
  Mocked by my foes, I stand!

CHORUS.
  What God can wear such ruthless heart
  As to delight in ill?
  Who in thy sorrow bears not part?
  Zeus, Zeus alone! for he, with wrathful will,
  Clenched and inflexible,
  Bears down Heaven’s race—nor end shall be, till hate
  His soul shall satiate,
  Or till, by some device, some other hand
  Shall wrest from him his sternly-clasped command!

PROMETHEUS.
  Yet,—though in shackles close and strong
  I lie in wasting torments long,—
  Yet the new tyrant, ’neath whose nod
  Cowers down each blest subservient god,
  One day, far hence, my help shall need,
  The destined stratagem to read,
  Whereby, in some yet distant day,
  Zeus shall be reaved of pride and sway:
  And no persuasion’s honied spell
  Shall lure me on, the tale to tell;
  And no stern threat shall make me cower
  And yield the secret to his power,
  Until his purpose be foregone,
  And shackles yield, and he atone
  The deep despite that he hath done!

CHORUS.
  O strong in hardihood, thou striv’st amain
  Against the stress of pain!
  But yet too free, too resolute thy tongue
  In challenging thy wrong!
  Ah, shuddering dread doth make my spirit quiver,
  And o’er thy fate sits Fear!
  I see not to what shore of safety ever
  Thy bark can steer—
  In depths unreached the will of Zeus doth dwell,
  Hidden, implacable!

PROMETHEUS.
  Ay, stern is Zeus, and Justice stands,
  Wrenched to his purpose, in his hands—
  Yet shall he learn, perforce, to know
  A milder mood, when falls the blow—
  His ruthless wrath he shall lay still,
  And he and I with mutual will
  In concord’s bond shall go.

CHORUS.
  Unveil, say forth to us the tale entire,
  Under what imputation Zeus laid hands
  On thee, to rack thee thus with shameful pangs?
  Tell us—unless the telling pain thee—all!

PROMETHEUS.
  Grievous alike are these things for my tongue,
  Grievous for silence—rueful everyway.
  Know that, when first the gods  began  their strife,
  And heaven was all astir with mutual feud—
  Some willing to fling Cronos from his throne,
  And set, forsooth, their Zeus on high as king,
  And other some in contrariety
  Striving to bar him from heaven’s throne for aye—
  Thereon I sought to counsel for the best
  The Titan brood of Ouranos and Earth;
  Yet I prevailed not, for they held in scorn
  My glozing wiles, and, in their hardy pride,
  Deemed that sans effort they could grasp the sway.
  But, for my sake, my mother Themis oft,
  And Earth, one symbol of names manifold,
  Had held me warned, how in futurity
  It stood ordained that not by force or power,
  But by some wile, the victors must prevail.
  In such wise I interpreted; but they
  Deigned not to cast their heed thereon at all.
  Then, of things possible, I deemed it best,
  Joining my mother’s wisdom to mine own,
  To range myself with Zeus, two wills in one.
  Thus, by device of mine, the murky depth
  Of Tartarus enfoldeth Cronos old
  And those who strove beside him. Such the aid
  I gave the lord of heaven—my meed for which
  He paid me thus, a penal recompense!
  For ’tis the inward vice of tyranny,
  To deem of friends as being secret foes.
  Now, to your question—hear me clearly show
  On what imputed fault he tortures me.
  Scarce was he seated on his father’s throne,
  When he began his doles of privilege
  Among the lesser gods, allotting power
  In trim division; while of mortal men
  Nothing he recked, nor of their misery
  Nay, even willed to blast their race entire
  To nothingness, and breed another brood;
  And none but I was found to cross his will.
  I dared it, I alone; I rescued men
  From crushing ruin and th’ abyss of hell—
  Therefore am I constrained in chastisement
  Grievous to bear and piteous to behold,—
  Yea, firm to feel compassion for mankind,
  Myself was held unworthy of the same—
  Ay, beyond pity am I ranged and ruled
  To sufferance—a sight that shames his sway!

CHORUS.
  A heart of steel, a mould of stone were he,
  Who could complacently behold thy pains
  I came not here as craving for this sight,
  And, seeing it, I stand heart-wrung with pain.

PROMETHEUS.
  Yea truly, kindly eyes must pity me!

CHORUS.
  Say, didst thou push transgression further still?

PROMETHEUS.
  Ay, man thro’ me ceased to foreknow his death.

CHORUS.
  What cure couldst thou discover for this curse?

PROMETHEUS.
  Blind hopes I sent to nestle in man’s heart.

CHORUS.
  This was a goodly gift thou gavest them.

PROMETHEUS.
  Yet more I gave them, even the boon of fire.

CHORUS.
  What? radiant fire, to things ephemeral?

PROMETHEUS.
  Yea—many an art too shall they learn thereby!

CHORUS.
  Then, upon imputation of such guilt,
  Doth Zeus without surcease torment thee thus?
  Is there no limit to thy course of pain?

PROMETHEUS.
  None, till his own will shall decree an end.

CHORUS.
  And how shall he decree it? say, what hope?
  Seëst thou not thy sin? yet of that sin
  It irks me sore to speak, as thee to hear.
  Nay, no more words hereof; bethink thee now,
  From this ordeal how to find release.

PROMETHEUS.
  Easy it is, for one whose foot is set
  Outside the slough of pain, to lesson well
  With admonitions him who lies therein.
  With perfect knowledge did I all I did,
  I willed to sin, and sinned, I own it all—
  I championed men, unto my proper pain.
  Yet scarce I deemed that, in such cruel doom,
  Withering upon this skyey precipice,
  I should inherit lonely mountain crags,
  Here, in a vast tin-neighboured solitude.
  Yet list not to lament my present pains,
  But, stepping from your cars unto the ground,
  Listen, the while I tell the future fates
  Now drawing near, until ye know the whole.
  Grant ye, O grant my prayer, be pitiful
  To one now racked with woe! the doom of pain
  Wanders, but settles, soon or late, on all.

CHORUS.
  To willing hearts, and schooled to feel,
  Prometheus, came thy tongue’s appeal;
  Therefore we leave, with lightsome tread,
  The flying cars in which we sped—
  We leave the stainless virgin air
  Where winged creatures float and fare,
  And by thy side, on rocky land,
  Thus gently we alight and stand,
  Willing, from end to end, to know
  Thine history of woe.

 The CHORUS alight from their winged cars. Enter OCEANUS mounted on a
 griffin.

OCEANUS.
  Thus, over leagues and leagues of space
  I come, Prometheus, to thy place—
  By will alone, not rein, I guide
  The winged thing on which I ride;
  And much, be sure, I mourn thy case—
  Kinship is Pity’s bond, I trow;
  And, wert thou not akin, I vow
  None other should have more than thou
  Of my compassion’s grace!
  ’Tis said, and shall be proved; no skill
  Have I to gloze and feign goodwill!
  Name but some mode of helpfulness,
  And thou wilt in a trice confess
  That I, Oceanus, am best
  Of all thy friends, and trustiest.

PROMETHEUS.
  Ho, what a sight of marvel! what, thou too
  Comest to contemplate my pains, and darest—
  (Yet how, I wot not!) leaving far behind
  The circling tide, thy namefellow, and those
  Rock-arched, self-hollowed caverns—thus to come
  Unto this land, whose womb bears iron ore?
  Art come to see my lot, resent with me
  The ills I bear? Well, gaze thy fill! behold
  Me, friend of Zeus, part-author of his power—
  Mark, in what ruthlessness he bows me down!

OCEANUS.
  Yea, I behold, Prometheus! and would warn
  Thee, spite of all thy wisdom, for thy weal!
  Learn now thyself to know, and to renew
  A rightful spirit within thee, for, made new
  With pride of place, sits Zeus among the gods!
  Now, if thou choosest to fling forth on him
  Words rough with anger thus and edged with scorn,
  Zeus, though he sit aloof, afar, on high,
  May hear thine utterance, and make thee deem
  His present wrath a mere pretence of pain.
  Banish, poor wretch! the passion of thy soul,
  And seek, instead, acquittance from thy pangs!
  Belike my words seem ancientry to thee—
  Such, natheless, O Prometheus, is the meed
  That doth await the overweening tongue!
  Meek wert thou never, wilt not crouch to pain,
  But, set amid misfortunes, cravest more!
  Now—if thou let thyself be schooled by me—
  Thou must not kick against the goad. Thou knowest,
  A despot rules, harsh, resolute, supreme,
  Whose law is will. Yet shall I go to him,
  With all endeavour to relieve thy plight—
  So thou wilt curb the tempest of thy tongue!
  Surely thou knowest, in thy wisdom deep,
  The saw—_Who vaunts amiss, quick pain is his_.

PROMETHEUS.
  O enviable thou, and unaccused—
  Thou who wast art and part in all I dared!
  And now, let be! make this no care of thine,
  For Zeus is past persuasion—urge him not!
  Look to thyself, lest thine emprise thou rue.

OCEANUS.
  Thou hast more skill to school thy neighbour’s fault
  Than to amend thine own: ’tis proved and plain,
  By fact, not hearsay, that I read this well.
  Yet am I fixed to go—withhold me not—
  Assured I am, assured, that Zeus will grant
  The boon I crave, the loosening of thy bonds.

PROMETHEUS.
  In part I praise thee, to the end will praise;
  Goodwill thou lackest not, but yet forbear
  Thy further trouble! If thy heart be fain,
  Bethink thee that thy toil avails me not.
  Nay, rest thee well, aloof from danger’s brink!
  I will not ease my woe by base relief
  In knowing others too involved therein.
  Away the thought! for deeply do I rue
  My brother Atlas’ doom. Far off he stands
  In sunset land, and on his shoulder bears
  The pillar’d mountain-mass whose base is earth,
  Whose top is heaven, and its ponderous load
  Too great for any grasp. With pity too
  I saw Earth’s child, the monstrous thing of war,
  That in Cilicia’s hollow places dwelt—
  Typho; I saw his hundred-headed form
  Crushed and constrained; yet once his stride was fierce,
  His jaws gaped horror and their hiss was death,
  And all heaven’s host he challenged to the fray,
  While, as one vowed to storm the power of Zeus,
  Forth from his eyes he shot a demon glare.
  It skilled not: the unsleeping bolt of Zeus,
  The downward levin with its rush of flame,
  Smote on him, and made dumb for evermore
  The clamour of his vaunting: to the heart
  Stricken he lay, and all that mould of strength
  Sank thunder-shattered to a smouldering ash;
  And helpless now and laid in ruin huge
  He lieth by the narrow strait of sea,
  Crushed at the root of Etna’s mountain-pile.
  High on the pinnacles whereof there sits
  Hephaestus, sweltering at the forge; and thence
  On some hereafter day shall burst and stream
  The lava-floods, that shall with ravening fangs
  Gnaw thy smooth lowlands, fertile Sicily!
  Such ire shall Typho from his living grave
  Send seething up, such jets of fiery surge,
  Hot and unslaked, altho’ himself be laid
  In quaking ashes by Zeus’ thunderbolt.
  But thou dost know hereof, nor needest me
  To school thy sense: thou knowest safety’s road—
  Walk then thereon! I to the dregs will drain,
  Till Zeus relent from wrath, my present woe.

OCEANUS.
  Nay, but, Prometheus, know’st thou not the saw—
  _Words can appease the angry soul’s disease?_

PROMETHEUS.
  Ay—if in season one apply their salve,
  Not scorching wrath’s proud flesh with caustic tongue.

OCEANUS.
  But in wise thought and venturous essay
  Perceivest thou a danger? prithee tell!

PROMETHEUS.
  I see a fool’s good nature, useless toil.

OCEANUS.
  Let me be sick of that disease; I know,
  Loyalty, masked as folly, wins the way.

PROMETHEUS.
 But of thy blunder I shall bear the blame.

OCEANUS.
  Clearly, thy word would send me home again.

PROMETHEUS.
  Lest thy lament for me should bring thee hate.

OCEANUS.
  Hate from the newly-throned Omnipotence?

PROMETHEUS.
  Be heedful—lest his will be wroth with thee!

OCEANUS.
  Thy doom, Prometheus, cries to me _Beware!_

PROMETHEUS.
  Mount, make away, discretion at thy side!

OCEANUS.
  Thy word is said to me in act to go:
  For lo, my hippogriff with waving wings
  Fans the smooth course of air, and fain is he
  To rest his limbs within his ocean stall.

 [_Exit OCEANUS._]

CHORUS.
For the woe and the wreck and the doom, Prometheus I utter my sighs;
O’er my cheek flows the fountain of tears from tender, compassionate
eyes.
For stern and abhorred is the sway of Zeus on his self-sought throne,
And ruthless the spear of his scorn, to the gods of the days that are
done.
And over the limitless earth goes up a disconsolate cry:
_Ye were all so fair, and have fallen; so great and your might has gone
by!_
So wails with a mighty lament the voice of the mortals, who dwell
In the Eastland, the home of the holy, for thee and the fate that
befel;
And they of the Colchian land, the maidens whose arm is for war;
And the Scythian bowmen, who roam by the lake of Maeotis afar;
And the blossom of battling hordes, that flowers upon Caucasus’ height,
With clashing of lances that pierce, and with clamour of swords that
smite.
Strange is thy sorrow! one only I know who has suffered thy pain—
Atlas the Titan, the god, in a ruthless, invincible chain!
He beareth for ever and ever the burden and poise of the sky,
The vault of the rolling heaven, and earth re-echoes his cry.
The depths of the sea are troubled; they mourn from their caverns
profound,
And the darkest and innermost hell moans deep with a sorrowful sound;
And the rivers of waters, that flow from the fountains that spring
without stain,
Are as one in the great lamentation, and moan for thy piteous pain.

PROMETHEUS.
  Deem not that I in pride or wilful scorn
  Restrain my speech; ’tis wistful memory
  That rends my heart, when I behold myself
  Abased to wretchedness. To these new gods
  I and none other gave their lots of power
  In full attainment; no more words hereof
  I speak—the tale ye know. But listen now
  Unto the rede of mortals and their woes,
  And how their childish and unreasoning state
  Was changed by me to consciousness and thought.
  Yet not in blame of mortals will I speak,
  But as in proof of service wrought to them.
  For, in the outset, eyes they had and saw not;
  And ears they had but heard not; age on age,
  Like unsubstantial shapes in vision seen,
  They groped at random in the world of sense,
  Nor knew to link their building, brick with brick,
  Nor how to turn its aspect to the sun,
  Nor how to join the beams by carpentry,
  In hollowed caves they dwelt, as emmets dwell,
  Weak feathers for each blast, in sunless caves.
  Nor had they certain forecast of the cold,
  Nor of the advent of the flowery spring,
  Nor of the fruitful summer. All they wrought,
  Unreasoning they wrought, till I made clear
  The laws of rising stars, and inference dim,
  More hard to learn, of what their setting showed.
  I taught to them withal that art of arts,
  The lore of number, and the written word
  That giveth sense to sound, the tool wherewith
  The gift of memory was wrought in all,
  And so came art and song. I too was first
  To harness ’neath the yoke strong animals,
  Obedient made to collar and to weight,
  That they might bear whate’er of heaviest toil
  Mortals endured before. For chariots too
  I trained, and docile service of the rein,
  Steeds, the delight of wealth and pomp and pride.
  I too, none other, for seafarers wrought
  Their ocean-roaming canvas-wingèd cars.
  Such arts of craft did I, unhappy I,
  Contrive for mortals: now, no feint I have
  Whereby I may elude my present woe.

CHORUS.
  A rueful doom is thine! distraught of soul,
  And all astray, and like some sorry leech
  Art thou, repining at thine own disease,
  Unskilled, unknowing of the needful cure.

PROMETHEUS.
  More wilt thou wonder when the rest thou hearest—
  What arts for them, what methods I devised.
  Foremost was this: if any man fell sick,
  No aiding art he knew, no saving food,
  No curing oil nor draught, but all in lack
  Of remedies they dwindled, till I taught
  The medicinal blending of soft drugs,
  Whereby they ward each sickness from their side.
  I ranged for them the methods manifold
  Of the diviner’s art; I first discerned
  Which of night’s visions hold a truth for day,
  I read for them the lore of mystic sounds,
  Inscrutable before; the omens seen
  Which bless or ban a journey, and the flight
  Of crook-clawed birds, did I make clear to man—
  And how they soar upon the right, for weal,
  How, on the left, for evil; how they dwell,
  Each in its kind, and what their loves and hates,
  And which can flock and roost in harmony.
  From me, men learned what deep significance
  Lay in the smoothness of the entrails set
  For sacrifice, and which, of various hues,
  Showed them a gift accepted of the gods;
  They learned what streaked and varied comeliness
  Of gall and liver told; I led them, too,
  (By passing thro’ the flame the thigh-bones, wrapt
  In rolls of fat, and th’ undivided chine),
  Unto the mystic and perplexing lore
  Of omens; and I cleared unto their eyes
  The forecasts, dim and indistinct before,
  Shown in the flickering aspect of a flame.
  Of these, enough is said. The other boons,
  Stored in the womb of earth, in aid of men—
  Copper and iron, silver, gold withal—
  Who dares affirm he found them ere I found?
  None—well I know—save who would babble lies!
  Know thou, in compass of a single phrase—
  All arts, for mortals’ use, Prometheus gave.

CHORUS.
  Nay, aid not mortal men beyond their due,
  Holding too light a reckoning of thyself
  And of thine own distress: good hope have I
  To see thee once again from fetters free
  And matched with Zeus in parity of power.

PROMETHEUS.
  Not yet nor thus hath Fate ordained the end—
  Not until age-long pains and countless woes
  Have bent and bowed me, shall my shackles fall;
  Art strives too feebly against destiny.

CHORUS.
  But what hand rules the helm of destiny?

PROMETHEUS.
  The triform Fates, and Furies unforgiving.

CHORUS.
  Then is the power of Zeus more weak than theirs?

PROMETHEUS.
  He may not shun the fate ordained for him.

CHORUS.
  What is ordained for him, save endless rule?

PROMETHEUS.
  Seek not for answer: this thou may’st not learn.

CHORUS.
  Surely thy silence hides some solemn thing.

PROMETHEUS.
  Think on some other theme: ’tis not the hour,
  This secret to unveil; in deepest dark
  Be it concealed: by guarding it shall I
  Escape at last from bonds, and scorn, and pain.

CHORUS.
  O never may my weak and faint desire
      Strive against God most high—
  Never be slack in service, never tire
      Of sacred loyalty;
  Nor fail to wend unto the altar-side,
      Where with the blood of kine
  Steams up the offering, by the quenchless tide
      Of Ocean, Sire divine!
  Be this within my heart, indelible—
      _Offend not with thy tongue!_
  Sweet, sweet it is, in cheering hopes to dwell,
      Immortal, ever young,
  In maiden gladness fostering evermore
      A soft content of soul!
  But ah, I shudder at thine anguish sore—
      Thy doom thro’ years that roll!
  Thou could’st not cower to Zeus: a love too great
      Thou unto man hast given—
  Too high of heart thou wert—ah, thankless fate!
      What aid, ’gainst wrath of Heaven,
  Could mortal man afford? in vain thy gift
      To things so powerless!
  Could’st thou not see? they are as dreams that drift;
      Their strength is feebleness
  A purblind race, in hopeless fetters bound,
      They have no craft or skill,
  That could o’erreach the ordinance profound
      of the eternal will.
  Alas, Prometheus! on thy woe condign
      I looked, and learned this lore;
  And a new strain floats to these lips of mine—
      Not the glad song of yore,
  When by the lustral wave I sang to see
      My sister made thy bride,
  Decked with thy gifts, thy loved Hesione,
      And clasped unto thy side.

 Enter IO, horned like a cow.

IO.
  Alack! what land, what folk are here?
  Whom see I clenched in rocky fetters drear
  Unto the stormy crag? for what thing done
  Dost thou in agony atone?
  Ah, tell me whither, well-a-day!
  My feet have roamed their weary way?
  Ah, but it maddens, the sting! it burns in my piteous side!
  Ah, but the vision, the spectre, the earth-born, the myriad-eyed!
  Avoid thee! Earth, hide him, thine offspring! he cometh—O aspect of
  ill!
  Ghostly, and crafty of face, and dead, but pursuing me still!
  Ah, woe upon me, woe ineffable!
  He steals upon my track, a hound of hell—
  Where’er I stray, along the sands and brine,
  Weary and foodless, come his creeping eyne!
      And ah, the ghostly sound—
  The wax-stopped reed-flute’s weird and drowsy drone!
  Alack my wandering woes, that round and round
  Lead me in many mazes, lost, foredone!
  O child of Cronos! for what deed of wrong
  Am I enthralled by thee in penance long?
  Why by the stinging bruise, the thing of fear,
  Dost thou torment me, heart and brain?
  Nay, give me rather to the flames that sear,
      Or to some hidden grave,
  Or to the rending jaws, the monsters of the main!
  Nor grudge the boon for which I crave, O king!
  Enough, enough of weary wandering,
      Pangs from which none can save!
      Hearken! in pity hold
  Io, the ox-horned maid, thy love of old!

PROMETHEUS.
  Hear Zeus or not, I hear and know thee well,
  Daughter of Inachus;  I know thee driven,
  Stung by the gadfly, mazed with agony.
  Ay, thou art she whose beauty fired the breast
  Of Zeus with passion;  she whom Hera’s hate
  Now harasses o’er leagues and leagues of land.

IO.
      Alack, thou namest Inachus my sire!
  Wottest thou of him? how, from lips of pain,
  Comes to my woeful ears truth’s very strain?
      How knowest thou the curse, the burning fire
  The god-sent, piercing pest that stings and clings?
  Ah me! in frenzied, foodless wanderings
  Hither I come, and on me from on high
      Lies Hera’s angry craft! Ah, men unblest!
  Not one there is, not one, that is unblest as I.
     But thou—tell me the rest!
  Utter the rede of woes to come for me;
  Utter the aid, the cure, if aid or cure there be!

PROMETHEUS.
  Lo, clearly will I show forth all thy quest—
  Not in dark speech, but with such simple phrase
  As doth befit the utterance of a friend.
  I am Prometheus, who gave fire to men.

IO.
  O daring, proven champion of man’s race,
  What sin, Prometheus, dost thou thus atone?

PROMETHEUS.
  One moment since, I told my woes and ceased.

IO.
  Then should I plead my suit to thee in vain?

PROMETHEUS.
  Nay, speak thy need; nought would I hide from thee.

IO.
  Pronounce who nailed thee to the rocky cleft.

PROMETHEUS.
  Zeus, by intent; Hephaestus, by his hand.

IO.
  For what wrongdoing do these pains atone?

PROMETHEUS.
  What I have said, is said; suffice it thee!

IO.
  Yet somewhat add; forewarn me in my woe
  What time shall bring my wandering to its goal?

PROMETHEUS.
  Fore-knowledge is fore-sorrow; ask it not.

IO.
  Nay, hide not from me destiny’s decree.

PROMETHEUS.
  I grudge thee not the gift which I withhold.

IO.
  Then wherefore tarry ere thou tell me all?

PROMETHEUS.
  Nothing I grudge, but would not rack thy soul.

IO.
  Be not compassionate beyond my wish.

PROMETHEUS.
  Well, thou art fain, and I will speak. Attend!

CHORUS.
  Nay—ere thou speak, hear me, bestow on me
  A portion of the grace of granted prayers.
  First let us learn how Io’s frenzy came—
  (She telling her disasters manifold)
  Then of their sequel let her know from thee.

PROMETHEUS.
  Well were it, Io, thus to do their will—
  Right well!  they are the sisters of thy sire.
  ’Tis worth the waste and effluence of time,
  To tell, with tears of perfect moan, the doom
  Of sorrows that have fallen, when ’tis sure
  The listeners will greet the tale with tears.

IO.
  I know not how I should mistrust your prayer;
  Therefore the whole that ye desire of me
  Ye now shall learn in one straightforward tale.
  Yet, as it leaves my lips, I blush with shame
  To tell that tempest of the spite of Heaven,
  And all the wreck and ruin of my form,
  And whence they swooped upon me, woe is me!
  Long, long in visions of the night there came
  Voices and forms into my maiden bower,
  Alluring me with smoothly glozing words—
  _O maiden highly favoured of high Heaven,
  Why cherish thy virginity so long?
  Thine is it to win wedlock’s noblest crown!
  Know that Zeus’ heart thro’ thee is all aflame,
  Pierced with desire as with a dart, and longs
  To join in utmost rite of love with thee.
  Therefore, O maiden, shun not with disdain_
  _Th’ embrace of Zeus, but hie thee forth straightway
  To the lush growth of Lerna’s meadow-land,
  Where are the flocks and steadings of thy home,
  And let Zeus’ eye be eased of its desire_.
  Night after night, haunted by dreams like these,
  Heartsick, I ventured at the last to tell
  Unto my sire these visions of the dark.
  Then sent he many a wight, on sacred quest,
  To Delphi and to far Dodona’s shrine,
  Being fall fain to learn what deed or word
  Would win him favour from the powers of heaven.
  But they came back repeating oracles
  Mystic, ambiguous, inscrutable,
  Till, at the last, an utterance direct,
  Obscure no more, was brought to Inachus—
  A peremptory charge to fling me forth
  Beyond my home and fatherland, a thing
  Sent loose in banishment o’er all the world;
  And—should he falter—Zeus should launch on him
  A fire-eyed bolt, to shatter and consume
  Himself and all his race to nothingness.
  Bowing before such utterance from the shrine
  Of Loxias, he drave me from our halls,
  Barring the gates against me: loth he was
  To do, as I to suffer, this despite:
  But the strong curb of Zeus had overborne
  His will to me-ward.  As I parted thence,
  In form and mind I grew dishumanized,
  And horned as now ye see me, poison-stung
  By the envenomed bitings of the brize,
  I leapt and flung in frenzy, rushed away
  To the bright waters of Cerchneia’s stream
  And Lerna’s beach: but ever at my side,
  A herdsman by his heifer, Argus moved,
  Earth-born, malevolent of mood, and peered,
  With myriad eyes, where’er my feet would roam.
  But on him in a moment, unforeseen,
  Came Fate, and sundered him from life; but I,
  Still maddened by the gadfly’s sting, the scourge
  Of God’s infliction, roam the weary world.
  How I have fared, thou hearest: be there aught
  Of what remains to bear, that thou canst tell,
  Speak on! but let not thy compassion warm
  Thy words to cheering falsehood.  Worst of woes
  Are words that break their promise to our hope!

CHORUS.
  Woe! woe! avaunt—thou and thy tale of bane!
    O never, never dared I dream
  Such horror of strange sounds should pierce mine ear;
  Such loathly sights, such tortures hard to bear,
  Outrage, pollution, agony supreme,
  Wasting my heart with double edge of pain!
  Ah Fate, ah Fate! I gaze on Io’s dole,
  And shudder to my soul!

PROMETHEUS.
  Thou wailest all too soon, fulfilled of fear—
  Tarry awhile, till thou have learned the whole.

CHORUS.
  Say on, reveal it! suffering souls are fain
  To know aright what yet remains to bear.

PROMETHEUS.
  Lightly, with help of mine, did ye achieve
  That which ye first desired: from Io’s mouth
  craved to hear, recounted by herself,
  The story of her strivings.  Listen now
  To what shall follow, to what woefulness
  The wrath of Hera must compel this maid.
                                            (_To_ Io)
  And thou, O child of Inachus, within
  Thine inmost heart store up these words of mine,
  That thou may’st learn thy wanderings and their goal.
  First from this spot toward the sunrise turn,
  And cross the steppe that knoweth not the plough:
  Thus to the nomad Scythians shalt thou come,
  Who dwell in wattled homes, not built on earth
  But borne along on wains of sturdy wheel—
  Equipped, themselves, with bows of mighty reach.
  Pass them avoidingly, and leave their land,
  And skirt the beaches where the tides make moan,
  Till lo! upon the left hand thou shalt find
  The Chalybes, stout craftsmen of the steel—
  Beware of them! no gentleness is theirs,
  No kindly welcome to a stranger’s foot!
  Thence to the Stream of Violence shalt thou come—
  Like name, like nature; see thou cross it not,
  (’Tis fatal to the forder!) till thou come
  Right to the very Caucasus, the peak
  That overtops the world, and from its brows
  The river pants in spray its wrathful stream.
  Thence, o’er the pinnacles that court the stars,
  Onward and southward thou must take thy way,
  And reach the warlike horde of Amazons,
  Maidens through hate of man; and gladly they
  Will guide thy maiden feet.  That host, in days
  That are not yet, shall fix their home and dwell
  At Themiscyra, on Thermodon’s bank,
  Nigh whereunto the grim projecting fang
  Of Salmydessus’ cape affronts the main,
  The seaman’s curse, to ships a stepmother!
  Then at the jutting land, Cimmerian styled,
  That screens the narrowing portal of the mere,
  Thou shalt arrive; pass o’er it, brave at heart,
  And ferry thee across Macotis’ ford.
  So shall there be great rumour evermore,
  In ears of mortals, of thy passage strange;
  And Bosporos shall be that channel’s name,
  Because the ox-horned thing did pass thereby.
  So, from the wilds of Europe wander’d o’er,
  To Asia’s continent thou com’st at last.
                                            (_To the_ CHORUS)
  And ye, what think ye?  Seems he not, that lord
  And tyrant of the gods, as tyrannous
  Unto all other lives?  A high god’s lust
  Constrained this mortal maid to roam the world!
                                               (_To_ Io)
  Poor maid! a brutal wooer sure was thine!
  For know that all which I have told thee now
  Is scarce the prelude of thy woes to come.

IO.
  Alas for me, alas!

PROMETHEUS.
  Again thou criest, with a heifer’s low.
  What wilt thou do, learning thy future woes?

CHORUS.
  What, hast thou further sorrows for her ear?

PROMETHEUS.
  Yea, a vext ocean of predestined pain.

IO.
  What profit then is life to me?  Ah, why
  Did I not cast me from this stubborn crag?
  So with one spring, one crash upon the ground,
  I had attained surcease from all my woes.
  Better it is to die one death outright
  Than linger out long life in misery.

PROMETHEUS.
  Ill would’st thou bear these agonies of mine—
  Mine, with whose fate it standeth not to win
  The goal of death, which were release from pain!
  Now, there is set no limit to my woe
  Till Zeus be hurled from his omnipotence.

IO.
  Zeus hurled from pride of place!  Can such things be?

PROMETHEUS.
  Thou wert full fain, methinks, to see that sight!

IO.
  Even so—his overthrow who wrought my pain.

PROMETHEUS.
  Then may’st thou know thereof; such fall shall be.

IO.
  And who shall wrench the sceptre from his hand?

PROMETHEUS.
  By his own mindless counsels shall he fall.

IO.
  And how? unless the telling harm, say on!

PROMETHEUS.
  Wooing a bride, his ruin he shall win.

IO.
  Goddess, or mortal? tell me, if thou may’st.

PROMETHEUS.
  No matter which—more must not be revealed.

IO.
  Doth then a consort thrust him from his throne?

PROMETHEUS.
  The child she bears him shall o’ercome his sire.

IO.
  And hath he no avoidance of this doom?

PROMETHEUS.
  None, surely—till that I, released from bonds—

IO.
  Who can release thee, but by will of Zeus?

PROMETHEUS.
  Fate gives this duty to a child of thine!

IO.
  How?  Shall a child of mine undo thy woes?

PROMETHEUS.
  Yea, of thy lineage, thirteen times removed.

IO.
  Dark beyond guessing grows thine oracle.

PROMETHEUS.
  Yea—seek not therefore to foreknow thy woes.

IO.
  As thou didst proffer hope, withdraw it not.

PROMETHEUS.
  Two tales I have—choose! for I grant thee one.

IO.
  And which be they? reveal, and leave me choice.

PROMETHEUS.
  I grant it: shall I in all clearness show
  Thy future woes, or my deliverance?

CHORUS.
  Nay! of the two, vouchsafe her wish to her
  And mine to me, deigning a truth to each—
  To her, reveal her future wanderings—
  To me, thy future saviour, as I crave!

PROMETHEUS.
  I will not set myself to thwart your will
  Withholding aught of what ye crave to know.
  First to thee, Io, will I tell and trace
  Thy scared circuitous wandering mark it well,
  Deep in retentive tablets of the soul.
  When thou hast overpast the ferry’s flow
  That sunders continent from continent,
  Straight to the eastward and the flaming face
  Of dawn, and highways trodden by the sun,
  Pass, till thou come unto the windy land
  Of daughters born to Boreas: beware
  Lest the strong spirit of the stormy blast
  Snatch thee aloft, and sweep thee to the void,
  On wings of raving wintry hurricane!
  Wend by the noisy tumult of the wave,
  Until thou reach the Gorgon-haunted plains
  Beside Cisthene.  In that solitude
  Dwell Phorcys’ daughters, beldames worn with time,
  Three, each swan-shapen, single-toothed, and all
  Peering thro’ shared endowment of one eye;
  Never on them doth the sun shed his rays,
  Never falls radiance of the midnight moon.
  But, hard by these, their sisters, clad with wings,
  Serpentine-curled, dwell, loathed of mortal men,—
  The Gorgons!—he of men who looks on them
  Shall gasp away his life. Of such fell guard
  I bid thee to beware. Now, mark my words
  When I another sight of terror tell—
  Beware the Gryphon pack, the hounds of Zeus,
  As keen of fang as silent of their tongues!
  Beware the one-eyed Arimaspian band
  That tramp on horse-hoofs, dwelling by the ford
  Of Pluto and the stream that flows with gold:
  Keep thou aloof from these. To the world’s end
  Thou comest at the last, the dark-faced tribe
  That dwell beside the sources of the sun,
  Where springs the river, Aethiopian named.
  Make thou thy way along his bank, until
  Thou come unto the mighty downward slope
  Where from the overland of Bybline hills
  Nile pours his hallowed earth-refreshing wave.
  He by his course shall guide thee to the realm
  Named from himself, three-angled, water-girt;
  There, Io, at the last, hath Fate ordained,
  For thee and for thy race, the charge to found,
  Far from thy native shore, a new abode.
  Lo, I have said: if aught hereof appear
  Hard to thy sense and inarticulate,
  Question me o’er again, and soothly learn—
  God wot, I have too much of leisure here!

CHORUS.
  If there be aught beyond, or aught pass’d o’er,
  Which thou canst utter, of her woe-worn maze,
  Speak on! if all is said, then grant to us
  That which we asked, as thou rememberest.

PROMETHEUS.
  She now hath learned, unto its utmost end,
  Her pilgrimage; but yet, that she may know
  That ’tis no futile fable she hath heard,
  I will recount her history of toil
  Ere she came hither; let it stand for proof
  Of what I told, my forecast of the end.
  So, then—to sum in brief the weary tale—
  I turn me to thine earlier exile’s close.
  When to Molossia’s lowland thou hadst come,
  Nigh to Dodona’s cliff and ridge sublime,
  (Where is the shrine oracular and seat
  Of Zeus, Thesprotian styled, and that strange thing
  And marvel past belief, the prophet-oaks
  That syllable his speech), thou by their tongues,
  With clear acclaim and unequivocal,
  Wert thus saluted—_Hail, O bride of Zeus
  That art to be_—hast memory thereof?
  Thence, stung anew with frenzy, thou didst hie
  Along the shoreward track, to Rhea’s lap,
  The mighty main; then, stormily distraught,
  Backward again and eastward.  To all time,
  Be well assured, that inlet of the sea
  All mortal men shall call Ionian,
  In memory that Io fared thereby.
  Take this for proof and witness that my mind
  Hath more in ken than ever sense hath shown.
                                          (_To the_ CHORUS)
  That which remains, to you and her alike
  I will relate, and, to my former words
  Reverting, add this final prophecy.
                                             (_To_ Io)
  There lieth, at the verge of land and sea,
  Where Nilus issues thro’ the silted sand,
  A town, Canopus called: and there at length
  Shall Zeus renew the reason in thy brain
  With the mere touch and contact of his hand
  Fraught now with fear no more: and thou shalt bear
  A child, dark Epaphus—his very name
  Memorial of Zeus’ touch that gave him life.
  And his shall be the foison and the fruit
  Of all the land enriched by spreading Nile.
  Thence the fifth generation of his seed
  Back unto Argos, yet unwillingly,
  Shall flee for refuge—fifty maidens they,
  Loathing a wedlock with their next in blood,
  More kin than kind, from their sire’s brother sprung.
  And on their track, astir with wild desire,
  Like falcons fierce closing on doves that flee,
  Shall speed the suitors, craving to achieve
  A prey forbidden, a reluctant bride.
  Yet power divine shall foil them, and forbid
  Possession of the maids, whom Argive land
  Shall hold protected, when unsleeping hate,
  Horror, and watchful ambush of the night,
  Have laid the suitors dead, by female hands.
  For every maid shall smite a man to death,
  Dyeing a dagger’s edges in his throat—
  Such bed of love befall mine enemies!
  Yet in one bride shall yearning conquer hate,
  Bidding her spare the bridegroom at her side,
  Blunting the keen edge of her set resolve.
  Thus of two scorns the former shall she choose,
  The name of coward, not of murderess.
  In Argos shall she bear, in after time,
  A royal offspring.  Long it were to tell
  In clear succession all that thence shall be.
  Take this for sooth—in lineage from her
  A hero shall arise, an archer great,
  And he shall be my saviour from these woes.
  Such knowledge of the future Themis gave,
  The ancient Titaness, to me her son.
  But how, and by what skill, ’twere long to say,
  And no whit will the knowledge profit thee.

IO.
  O woe, O rending and convulsive pain,
  Frenzy and agony, again, again
      Searing my heart and brain!
  O dagger of the sting, unforged with fire
  Yet burning, burning ever!  O my heart,
  Pulsing with horror, beating at my breast!
  O rolling maddened eyes! away, apart,
      Raving with anguish dire,
  I spring, by frenzy-fiends possest.
  O wild and whirling words, that sweep in gloom
      Down to dark waves of doom!

 [_Exit IO._]

CHORUS.
  O well and sagely was it said—
    Yea, wise of heart was he who first
    Gave forth in speech the thought he nursed—
  _In thine own order see thou wed!_

  Let not the humble heart aspire
    To the gross home of wealth and pride;
    Nor be it to a hearth allied
  That vaunts of many a noble sire.

  O Fates, of awful empery!
    Never may I by Zeus be wooed—
    Never give o’er my maidenhood
  To any god that dwells on high.

  A shudder to my soul is sent,
    Beholding Io’s doom forlorn—
    By Hera’s malice put to scorn,
  Roaming in mateless banishment.

  From wedlock’s crown of fair desire
    I would not shrink—an idle fear!
    But may no god to me draw near
  With shunless might and glance of fire!

  That were a strife wherein no chance
    Of conquest lies: from Zeus most high
    And his resolve, no subtlety
  Could win me my deliverance.

PROMETHEUS.
  And yet shall Zeus, for all his stubborn pride,
  Be brought to low estate! aha, he schemes
  Such wedlock as shall bring his doom on him,
  Flung from his kingship to oblivion’s lap!
  Ay, then the curse his father Cronos spake
  As he fell helpless from his agelong throne,
  Shall be fulfilled unto the utterance!
  No god but I can manifest to him
  A rescue from such ruin as impends—
  I know it, I, and how it may be foiled.
  Go to, then, let him sit and blindly trust
  His skyey rumblings, for security,
  And wave his levin with its blast of flame!
  All will avail him not, nor bar his fall
  Down to dishonour vile, intolerable
  So strong a wrestler is he moulding now
  To his own proper downfall—yea, a shape
  Portentous and unconquerably huge,
  Who truly shall reveal a flame more strong
  Than is the lightning, and a crash of sound
  More loud than thunder, and shall dash to nought
  Poseidon’s trident-spear, the ocean-bane
  That makes the firm earth quiver.  Let Zeus strike
  Once on this rock, he speedily shall learn
  How far the fall from power to slavery!

CHORUS.
  Beware! thy wish doth challenge Zeus himself.

PROMETHEUS.
  I voice my wish and its fulfilment too.

CHORUS.
  What, dare we look for one to conquer Zeus?

PROMETHEUS.
  Ay—Zeus shall wear more painful bonds than mine

CHORUS.
  Darest thou speak such taunts and tremble not?

PROMETHEUS.
  Why should I fear, who am immortal too?

CHORUS.
  Yet he might doom thee to worse agony.

PROMETHEUS.
  Out on his dooming! I foreknow it all.

CHORUS.
  Yet do the wise revere Necessity.

PROMETHEUS.
  Ay, ay—do reverence, cringe and crouch to power
  Whene’er, where’er thou see it! But, for me,
  I reck of Zeus as something less than nought.
  Let him put forth his power, attest his sway,
  Howe’er he will—a momentary show,
  A little brief authority in heaven!
  Aha, I see out yonder one who comes,
  A bidden courier, truckling at Zeus’ nod,
  A lacquey in his new lord’s livery,
  Surely on some fantastic errand sped!

 Enter HERMES.

HERMES.
  Thou, double-dyed in gall of bitterness,
  Trickster and sinner against gods, by giving
  The stolen fire to perishable men!
  Attend—the Sire supreme doth bid thee tell
  What is the wedlock which thou vauntest now,
  Whereby he falleth from supremacy?
  Speak forth the whole, make all thine utterance clear,
  Have done with words inscrutable, nor cause
  To me, Prometheus! any further toil
  Or twofold journeying. Go to—thou seest
  Zeus doth not soften at such words as thine!

PROMETHEUS.
  Pompous, in sooth, thy word, and swoln with pride,
  As doth befit the lacquey of thy lords!
  O ye young gods! how, in your youthful sway,
  Ye deem secure your citadels of sky,
  Beyond the reach of sorrow or of fall!
  Have I not seen two dynasties of gods
  Already flung therefrom? and soon shall see
  A third, that now in tyranny exults,
  Shamed, ruined, in an hour! What sayest thou?
  Crouch I and tremble at these stripling powers?
  Small homage unto such from me, or none!
  Betake thee hence, sweat back along thy road—
  Look for no answer from me, get thee gone!

HERMES.
  Think—it was such audacities of will
  That drove thee erst to anchorage in woe!

PROMETHEUS.
  Ay—but mark this: mine heritage of pain
  I would not barter for thy servitude.

HERMES.
  Better, forsooth, be bond-slave to a crag,
  Than true-born herald unto Zeus the Sire!

PROMETHEUS.
  Take thine own coin—taunts for a taunting slave!

HERMES.
  Proud art thou in thy circumstance, methinks!

PROMETHEUS.
  Proud? in such pride then be my foemen set,
  And I to see—and of such foes art thou!

HERMES.
  What, blam’st thou me too for thy sufferings?

PROMETHEUS.
  Mark a plain word—I loathe all gods that are,
  Who reaped my kindness and repay with wrong.

HERMES.
  I hear no little madness in thy words.

PROMETHEUS.
  Madness be mine, if scorn of foes be mad.

HERMES.
  Past bearing were thy pride, in happiness.

PROMETHEUS.
  Ah me!

HERMES.
  Zeus knoweth nought of sorrow’s cry!

PROMETHEUS.
  He shall! Time’s lapse bringeth all lessons home.

HERMES.
  To thee it brings not yet discretion’s curb.

PROMETHEUS.
  No—else I had not wrangled with a slave!

HERMES.
  Then thou concealest all that Zeus would learn?

PROMETHEUS.
  As though I owed him aught and should repay!

HERMES.
  Scornful thy word, as though I were a child—

PROMETHEUS.
  Child, ay—or whatsoe’er hath less of brain—
  Thou, deeming thou canst wring my secret out!
  No mangling torture, no, nor sleight of power
  There is, by which he shall compel my speech,
  Until these shaming bonds be loosed from me.
  So, let him fling his blazing levin-bolt!
  Let him with white and winged flakes of snow,
  And rumbling earthquakes, whelm and shake the world!
  For nought of this shall bend me to reveal
  The power ordained to hurl him from his throne.

HERMES.
  Bethink thee if such words can mend thy lot.

PROMETHEUS.
  All have I long foreseen, and all resolved.

HERMES.
  Perverse of will! constrain, constrain thy soul
  To think more wisely in the grasp of doom!

PROMETHEUS.
  Truce to vain words! as wisely wouldst thou strive
  To warn a swelling wave: imagine not
  That ever I before thy lord’s resolve
  Will shrink in womanish terror, and entreat,
  As with soft suppliance of female hands,
  The Power I scorn unto the utterance,
  To loose me from the chains that bind me here—
  A world’s division ’twixt that thought and me!

HERMES.
  So, I shall speak, whate’er I speak, in vain!
  No prayer can melt or soften thy resolve;
  But, as a colt new-harnessed champs the bit,
  Thou strivest and art restive to the rein.
  But all too feeble is the stratagem
  In which thou art so confident: for know
  That strong self-will is weak and less than nought
  In one more proud than wise. Bethink thee now—
  If these my words thou shouldest disregard—
  What storm, what might as of a great third wave
  Shall dash thy doom upon thee, past escape!
  First shall the Sire, with thunder and the flame
  Of lightning, rend the crags of this ravine,
  And in the shattered mass o’erwhelm thy form,
  Immured and morticed in a clasping rock.
  Thence, after age on age of durance done,
  Back to the daylight shall thou come, and there
  The eagle-hound of Zeus, red-ravening, fell
  With greed, shall tatter piecemeal all thy flesh
  To shreds and ragged vestiges of form—
  Yea, an unbidden guest, a day-long bane,
  That feeds, and feeds—yea, he shall gorge his fill
  On blackened fragments, from thy vitals gnawed.
  Look for no respite from that agony
  Until some other deity be found,
  Ready to bear for thee the brunt of doom,
  Choosing to pass into the lampless world
  Of Hades and the murky depths of hell.
  Hereat, advise thee! ’tis no feigned threat
  Whereof I warn thee, but an o’er-true tale.
  The lips of Zeus know nought of lying speech,
  But wreak in action all their words foretell.
  Therefore do thou look warily, and deem
  Prudence a better saviour than self-will.

CHORUS.
  Meseems that Hermes speaketh not amiss,
  Bidding thee leave thy wilfulness and seek
  The wary walking of a counselled mind.
  Give heed! to err through anger shames the wise.

PROMETHEUS.
  All, all I knew, whate’er his tongue
  In idle arrogance hath flung.
  ’Tis the world’s way, the common lot—
  Foe tortures foe and pities not.
  Therefore I challenge him to dash
  His bolt on me, his zigzag flash
    Of piercing, rending flame!
  Now be the welkin stirred amain
  With thunder-peal and hurricane,
  And let the wild winds now displace
  From its firm poise and rooted base
    The stubborn earthly frame!
  The raging sea with stormy surge
  Rise up and ravin and submerge
    Each high star-trodden way!
  Me let him lift and dash to gloom
  Of nether hell, in whirls of doom!
  Yet—do he what extremes he may—
  He cannot crush my life away!

HERMES.
  Such are the counsels, such the strain,
  Heard from wild lips and frenzied brain!
  In word or thought, how fails his fate
  Of madness wild and desperate?
                                          (_To the_ CHORUS)
  But ye, who stand compassionate
  Here at his side, depart in haste!
  Lest of his penalty ye taste,
  And shattered brain and reason feel
  The roaring, ruthless thunder-peal!

CHORUS.
  Out on thee! if thy heart be fain
  I should obey thee, change thy strain!
  Vile is thine hinted cowardice,
  And loathed of me thy base advice,
    Weakly to shrink from pain!
  Nay, at his side, whate’er befall,
  I will abide, endure it all!
  Among all things abhorr’d, accurst,
  I hold betrayers for the worst!

HERMES.
  Nay, ye are warned! remember well—
  Nor cry, when meshed in nets of hell,
  _Ah cruel fate, ah Zeus unkind—
  Thus, by a sentence undivined,
  To dash us to the realms below!_
  It is no sudden, secret blow—
  Nay, ye achieve your proper woe—
  Warn’d and foreknowing shall ye go,
  Through your own folly trapped and ta’en,
  Into the net the Fates ordain—
  The vast, illimitable pain!

 [_Thunder and lightning._]

PROMETHEUS.
  Hark! for no more in empty word,
  But in sheer sooth, the world is stirred!
  The massy earth doth heave and sway,
  And thro’ their dark and secret way
    The cavern’d thunders boom!
  See, how they gleam athwart the sky,
    The lightnings, through the gloom!
  And whirlwinds roll the dust on high,
  And right and left the storm-clouds leap
  To battle in the skyey deep,
  In wildest uproar unconfined,
  An universe of warring wind!
  And falling sky and heaving sea
  Are blent in one! on me, on me,
  Nearer and ever yet more near,
  Flaunting its pageantry of fear,
  Drives down in might its destined road
  The tempest of the wrath of God!
  O holy Earth, O mother mine!
  O Sky, that biddest speed along
  Thy vault the common Light divine,—
    Be witness of my wrong!

 [_The rocks are rent with fire and earthquake, and fall, burying
 PROMETHEUS in the ruins._]