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Title: The story of the Pennsylvania Germans
        embracing an account of their origin, their history, and their dialect

Author: William Beidelman

Release date: January 26, 2026 [eBook #77784]

Language: English

Original publication: Easton: Express Book Print, 1898

Credits: Carla Foust, Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS ***




[Illustration:

  _THE PALATINATE
  OF THE
  RHINE
  DURING THE PERIOD OF
  THE LARGE PALATINE
  EMIGRATION TO AMERICA_
]




THE STORY

OF THE

PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS

Embracing an account of their Origin,
their History, and their Dialect.

BY
WILLIAM BEIDELMAN

OF THE NORTHAMPTON COUNTY BAR, AND MEMBER OF THE
PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN SOCIETY.

[Illustration]

EASTON, PENNA.
EXPRESS BOOK PRINT.
1898.




Copyright 1898.
BY WILLIAM BEIDELMAN.

All rights reserved.




DEDICATED


To the descendants of those Germans who many generations ago were
exiled from their homes in the beautiful valleys of the Rhine and
Neckar in South Germany on account of fierce religious, and still
fiercer political persecution.

    So waren wir und sind es auch,
      Das edelste Geschlecht,
    Von biederm Sinn und reinem Hauch,
      Und in der Thaten Recht.

                               GOETHE.




PREFATORY NOTE.


This book has been suggested to the author, by reason of several
visits made by him among the people of the Upper Rhine country in
South Germany, whence emigrated the ancestors of the Pennsylvania
Germans. Much that the reader will find herein contained is familiar
history; but it is believed that there are some Pennsylvania Germans,
who may find some things in this unpretentious volume concerning their
ancestors and their history, with which they may not be altogether
familiar. It is for them that this book has been primarily written.

There are not many people who do not share in the sentiment, which
unites one to the history of his race, his kinsmen, and the home of his
fathers. This sentiment is rooted deep in the affections of most if not
of all people, but with the Germans it is pre-eminent.

The Pennsylvania Germans, whose ancestors were exiled from their homes
in the beautiful valleys of the Rhine and Neckar, by fierce religious,
and still fiercer political persecution, are yet after the lapse of
many generations bound by invisible ties to the land which has been
consecrated and made hallowed, by the same blood which courses in their
veins.

The aim of the author has not been to tell anything especially new, but
rather to bring together in concise form, an account of the origin,
history, and dialect of the Pennsylvania Germans; the causes which led
their ancestors to emigrate to the province of Pennsylvania, together
with other information identified with their story.

For much of this information the author is indebted to Zimmerman’s
“History of Germany,” Bayard Taylor’s “History of Germany,” Henri
Martin’s “History of France,” Proud’s “History of Pennsylvania,”
Watson’s “Annals,” Nebenius’ “Geschichte der Pfalz,” Eckhoff’s “In der
Neuen Heimath,” “Hallischen Nachrichten,” and to other sources.

Certain magazine and newspaper writers are responsible for much
misinformation, which prevails among certain people concerning the
Pennsylvania Germans,--especially with regard to their dialect. Not
many years ago an article appeared in the “Atlantic Monthly,” wherein
it was asserted that “Pennsylvania Dutch” was not German, “nor did they
expect you to call it so.” The same author afterward perpetuated this
misinformation by embodying it in a book. It is scarcely necessary to
contradict such manifest error; if it were necessary to do so, the
examples of the Pfälzisch dialect contained in this volume, and their
comparison with Pennsylvania German will refute conclusively all such
erroneous contention.

In this volume the Pennsylvania Germans are spoken of as Germans,
because that is the only designation which is justified by reason of
their race, their history, and their speech.

                                            THE AUTHOR.

Easton, Pa., 1898.




CONTENTS.


  CHAPTER.                                                     PAGE.

     I. INTRODUCTORY.--Earliest known German Tribes.--Their
              Contact with the Romans, Franks, Goths, Saxons
              and Alemanni,                                        1

    II. THE PALATINATE (German Pfalz),                            15

   III. THE DEVASTATION OF THE PALATINATE,                        22

    IV. THE PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA,                             35

     V. GERMAN EMIGRATION TO PENNSYLVANIA,                        40

    VI. GERMAN EMIGRATION TO OTHER AMERICAN
              COLONIES.--Palatines settle in Ireland,             59

   VII. THE QUAKERS AND THE PROPRIETORS,                          76

  VIII. THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS IN HISTORY.--In the
              Revolution,                                         81

    IX. THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN DIALECT.--Its English
              Infusion.--Pfälzisch and Pennsylvania German
              Compared,                                          102

     X. THE GERMAN AND DUTCH LANGUAGES                           123

    XI. SCHOOLS, CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SECTS,                   129

   XII. SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS,                                 138

  XIII. LIFE IN PENNSYLVANIA IN THE EARLY DAYS OF ITS
              SETTLEMENT.--Courts and the Administration of
              Justice.--Early Legislation,                       156

  APPENDIX A.--EXAMPLES OF PFÄLZISCH, SOUTH GERMAN AND
              PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN DIALECTS,                      179

  APPENDIX B.--VOCABULARY,                                       195

  APPENDIX C.--BRIEF PERSONAL SKETCHES OF ENGLISH, GERMAN,
              AND PALATINE RULERS FROM 1682 TO 1770, THE
              PERIOD OF THE GREAT EXODUS OF GERMAN PALATINES
              TO PENNSYLVANIA,                                   212

  APPENDIX D.--A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF ALL THE REIGNING
              PRINCES OF THE PALATINATE, FROM THE FIRST ELECTOR
              IN 1147, UNTIL 1801, WHEN THE ELECTORATE BECAME
              EXTINCT,                                           225

  APPENDIX E.--GLOSSARY,                                         232




THE STORY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS.




CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.

  Earliest Known German Tribes.--The Cimbrians and Teutonians.--Their
    Invasion of the Roman Provinces.--They defeat the Romans.--They
    invade Gaul.--Romans begin the Conquest of the Germans.--The
    Struggle Continues More than Five Centuries.--Decline of the Roman
    Power.--Barbarous Condition of the German Tribes.--The Four Chief
    German Tribes.--Development of the Alemannic Race.--The Franks
    defeat the Alemanni.--Founding of the Palatinate State.--Conrad of
    Hohenstaufen, Its First Elector.--Extinction of the Electorate.--The
    Alemanni an Important Constituent of the First German Empire.--The
    Alemanni the Progenitors of the Pennsylvania Germans.


In telling the story of the Pennsylvania Germans, a brief review of the
German race in Europe, beginning with the earliest authentic accounts
of it, will enable us to trace the movements of the various tribes
during successive periods, until we find an important branch of the
original stock settled in the region of the Upper Rhine, in the South
of Germany, whence the ancestors of the Pennsylvania Germans emigrated.

The German race is an important branch of the Teutonic stock, which
constitutes a chief group of the races comprising, the Indo-European or
Aryan family.

It is not known where the original home of the Indo-Europeans was.
A vast amount of literature has been produced on this subject by
ethnologists, and other investigators, with varying views, only to
leave the question of man’s birthplace in dispute and doubt. The weight
of the more recent and best evidence on the subject seems to locate
his original habitat, at some point, “somewhere on the southern slope
of the vast chain of mountains which extend in an almost unbroken line
from the northern coast of Spain eastward to the Himalayas, and from
our present knowledge the western rather than the eastern extremity of
this chain, is that which offers the higher probability of having been
the cradle of the species.”

The period during which the dissemination of the species of the human
race began, is also shrouded in the gloom of prehistoric times. The
first authentic accounts of certain German tribes, locates them in the
region of the Baltic Sea, as early as the middle of the fourth century,
B. C. It appears that adventurers from the south of Europe visited the
shores of the Baltic at that early period in search of trade, and there
found numerous tribes of a fiercely savage and warlike people, who
proved to be German tribes.

It is believed that soon after their discovery on the shores of the
Baltic, some of them began to migrate from their homes, and spread
throughout other parts of Europe. It was not, however, until several
centuries after their first discovery, that any accurate knowledge of
those people was gained.

About the beginning of the second century B. C. two barbarous German
tribes, known as the Cimbrians and Teutonians, came down from the north
of Europe, and made a descent on the Roman provinces. Their coming was
unheralded, and they came in such overwhelming numbers, as to bring
dismay to the Romans. History informs us that the fierceness of the
invaders, made the Roman power impotent with terror to resist them for
a time.

The unwelcome visitors claimed that they had been driven from their
homes, on the shores of the Baltic and North seas, by the inundation
of their settlements, and that they were in search of new homes. That
they came to stay was not doubted, because they brought with them,
their wives and children, and all their personal effects.

The Romans after they recovered from the consternation into which they
had been thrown, by the precipitous descent upon them by the invading
savages, raised up an army against them, to resist their further
advance, but were defeated in a great battle, fought in the north of
Italy. After this battle the invaders marched into Gaul, destroying
everything in their way, leaving nothing but ruin and desolation in
their trail. It has been estimated that the invading tribes numbered
200,000. After being absent about ten years, they returned, when they
again met the Romans in battle, and were defeated.

From this time on, other German tribes began to make incursions into
the Roman provinces, which brought them into frequent conflict with the
Romans who were very aggressively engaged at that period in extending
their dominion by conquest. After having brought the greater part of
Gaul under their sway, they began the conquest of German territory. The
Romans soon learned, that they had a formidable people to deal with,
who were in possession of the greater part of Central Europe, and who
made fierce resistance to their advance. After a struggle which lasted
for many years, the Romans succeeded in establishing themselves in
that part of Europe, bounded by the Danube on the south, and by the
Main on the north. Beyond that region, the Romans could not penetrate,
although they kept the struggle up for more than five hundred years.
The struggle only ceased with the decline of the Roman empire, after
which the Germans lost no time in recovering the territory, which the
Romans had deprived them of during the long struggle.

The Germans not only recovered the region between the Danube and the
Main, but pushed forward toward the south, as far as Switzerland,
making the area re-occupied by them German territory, which has
remained German ever since.


THE GERMANS DURING THE PERIOD OF THEIR CONFLICT WITH THE ROMANS.

The German tribes with which the Romans were in conflict during the
early centuries of our era, were numerous, and besides fighting a
common enemy, were frequently at war with each other. Their prowess
in war was great, and if they had been united at all times, it is not
believed that the Romans could ever have succeeded in crossing the
Rhine, or to have been able to penetrate as far as the Danube. The
frequent quarrels among them weakened them, and encouraged the Romans
to keep up the struggle for their subjugation.

We are indebted to the Romans for all that we know of the early history
of the various German tribes.[1]

One would suppose that the German tribes who had a common origin,
connected with ties of blood, religion and habits, with a common
destiny, would have lived alongside of each other in peace, with a
common enemy constantly in sight threatening their conquest. But
when we consider that those people were still savages in the early
centuries of our era, and that scarcely more than a generation ago,
their civilized descendants engaged in frequent bloody wars with their
own kinsmen, it ought not occasion much surprise, that their savage
ancestors indulged in similar pastimes many centuries ago.

At the close of the fifth century, when the Roman power was broken,
and its legions began to withdraw from German territory, they left
behind not a few of their civilized arts, which the Germans acquired
during several centuries of contact with them; but notwithstanding,
the Germans were still a fierce and savage people in their habits, and
mode of life. They had not yet learned to live in towns and villages;
the country occupied by them was an unbroken wilderness, through which
roamed “wild animals, only a little more savage than the German tribes
themselves.”

It is remarkable, how few names of German leaders during five hundred
years of conflict with the Romans, are preserved in history, while
the names of Roman heroes confront us on every page. Among the few
German names which we come across, are the names of Hermann, the first
great German leader, who destroyed the Roman legions under Varus;
Ariovistus, chief of the ancient Suevi, who invaded Gaul in the first
century before the Christian era; Marbod, who at the head of the Suevi
and Marcomanni, won numerous battles over the Romans; Theodormar,
an Alemannic chieftain; Alarich, who led the Goths into Rome, and
Geiserich, king of the Vandals. The poverty of German names may be
owing to the fact that the Romans were the chroniclers of all the
events that have come down to us from those days to the present, and
were more concerned about the fame of their own heroes, than of that of
the Germans.


INFLUENCE OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION ON THE GERMANS.

During the wars for the subjugation of the Germans the latter profited
by their contact with the Romans. They acquired some of their habits
and customs, and it has been asserted that those civilizing influences
extended to the speech and laws of their conquerors. While the Romans
were bent on conquest, they were also civilizers. Wherever they
succeeded in establishing themselves, they were prompt in introducing
their civilization; so that when they left the Germans in undisputed
possession of their country, after a lapse of centuries, they left
the impress of their civilization upon them, which became a valuable
acquisition, upon which the Germans began to build a civilization of
their own, which was destined to outgrow that of their tutors.

The military stations of the Romans grew into German towns and cities.
Everywhere along the Rhine, and throughout Central and Southern Germany
are numerous prosperous cities whose names attest their Roman origin.
The Romans built roads in the conquered territory, which connected with
highways that led to Rome, so as to bring all parts of the subjugated
country in easy communication with the Roman capital; streams were
spanned by stone arched bridges, whose enduring piers and foundations
still remain, to be pointed out to the tourist at the present day.

It can thus be seen how the influences of Roman civilization helped the
Germans, to rise from their barbarous condition, to a higher state. The
Germans were apt scholars, and long before the middle ages, they had
outstripped many other people, in many of the civilized arts.

The tribal names hereinbefore mentioned, began to disappear soon after
the struggle between the Romans and the Germans began. Different tribes
became united with each other from various causes; often no doubt for
mutual aid and protection; while small and weak tribes were absorbed by
larger and stronger ones.

About the close of the third century A. D. or the beginning of the
fourth, all tribal names had disappeared from history except those of
the Alemanni, Franks, Saxons and Goths; all other names had merged into
these four; although many tribal characteristics continued, chief among
which was that of speech. It is claimed by certain philologists, that
the dialects of some of those early German tribes can yet be traced, in
some of the numerous dialects spoken by the common people in certain
parts of Germany at this day. When it is considered that there are
people living in the mountainous region of Switzerland, who after the
lapse of more than a thousand years since their progenitors dwelt in
the same region, still speak a corrupted Latin dialect, the foregoing
claim may be entitled to some credit.


THE FRANKS, GOTHS, SAXONS AND ALEMANNI.

After the various tribal names became merged in the four mentioned, a
national formative process was begun by each, which resulted variously
during a century or more. The Franks were the most progressive, and
soon overran Gaul, and laid the foundation of the kingdom of France.
They occupied at this time the region of the lower course of the
Scheldt, the Meuse, and the region west of the Rhine. They did not,
however, separate at once from all connection with the other German
tribes, but maintained a geographical union with them for several
centuries, until they finally became separated, during the process of
the formation of the European nations.

The Goths during about the same period were scattered over a large area
north of the Danube, from which they made frequent incursions into the
Roman provinces, against which the declining Roman power could make but
little resistance. The Saxons at the same time dwelt along both sides
of the Elbe, extending northwest to the North Sea, and west as far
as the Lower Rhine. Their name is preserved in the Saxony of to-day.
The Alemanni were chiefly of Suevic origin, but they embraced many
other German tribes, as their name, Alemanni--all men, or men of all
nations--indicates. In the third century of our era, they occupied the
region from the Main to the Danube, from whence they were driven by the
Romans, but which territory they recovered after the Roman empire began
to decline. They not only re-established themselves in the country from
which they had been driven, but extended their dominion as far as the
Rhine and beyond, including Alsace and part of Lorraine. Southward they
pressed forward, until they occupied the greater part of South Germany,
and Eastern and Northern Switzerland.

At the end of six hundred years, from the time of their first contact
with the Romans, the triumph of the German races was complete, after
which they were never again disturbed by a Roman foe. The Alemanni
remained in the region of the Upper Rhine country, where they developed
into the race, from which sprung the progenitors of those Germans, who
many centuries afterwards found their way to Pennsylvania.

The Roman writers regarded the Alemanni as the largest, and most
formidable of all the German tribes. They constituted a league of
different German races against which the Romans struggled in vain,
and when the latter ceased to offer much resistance, the Alemanni
themselves undertook the part of conquerors. About the close of the
fifth century they met an army under Clovis, the first French king, in
battle, on a field not far from the present city of Cologne, in which
they were defeated, when they withdrew to Southwestern Germany where
their descendants are living at this day. During the whole period of
German history, from the founding of the first empire, the Alemanni
constituted a very important element, and for many centuries maintained
an influential and independent political existence.

       *       *       *       *       *

With the coming into existence of the princely family of Hohenstaufen,
in the twelfth century, whose members furnished a long line of kings
and emperors to Germany, the political state of the Palatinate was
founded, with Conrad of Hohenstaufen as the first prince invested
with the Electoral authority by his brother, the Emperor Frederick I.
The Palatinate as a distinct hereditary sovereignty, continued for
nearly seven hundred years, until in 1801, when it became extinct,
and its territory went to the adjoining states in Germany, except
Rhenish Bavaria, which yet remains to remind us, of the dignity of
a once influential principality. During the continuance of the old
state of the Palatinate, its people spread to Baden, Wurtemberg,
Swabia, Bavaria, the Tyrol, and parts of Switzerland. All of these
states contributed to the German emigration to Pennsylvania, and all
practically spoke the same dialect, which came down from the Alemanni,
and which students claim to be the best type of old High German, as it
exists in German literature from the eighth to the eleventh century.

Down to the time when the Romans quitted Germany, there had been
no successful attempts made to nationalize the German races,
notwithstanding the greater part of Europe had fallen under their
sway. Soon after this period, the races began to coalesce, and lay the
groundwork from which the European nations began to be evolved. The
Franks, who conquered Gaul, founded the kingdom of France about this
time. The Alemanni who were established in Southwestern Germany and who
had maintained their independence long before that period, also began
the formation of a national existence with a hereditary chief at the
head. Later they constituted the most powerful political division of
the first German empire, which dates its existence from 843, with the
Treaty of Verdun.


FOOTNOTES:

[1] According to Bayard Taylor’s “History of Germany” the German
tribes, during their early contact with the Romans were settled, east
of the Rhine, except two or three small tribes, which are supposed to
have crossed that river and settled between the Vosges and the Rhine,
from Strasburg to Mayence. The greater part of Belgium was occupied
at that time by the Eburones and Condrusii, to which were afterwards
added the Aduatuci. At the mouth of the Rhine dwelt the Batavi, the
forefathers of the Dutch. A little eastward of the Rhine, on the shores
of the North sea, dwelt the Frisii, where they still dwell in the
province of Friesland; and beyond them, about the mouth of the Weser,
lived the Chauci.

What is now Westphalia was inhabitated by the Sicambrians; the Marsi
and Ampsivarii lived beyond them, towards the Hartz, and south of the
latter the Ubii, from the Weser to the Elbe, in the north was the land
of the Cherusci; south of them were the Chatti, the ancestors of the
modern Hessians; and still further south along the headwaters of the
Main were the Marcomanni. The Hermunduri were settled in what is now
Saxony, with their kindred, the Chatti, who were called Suevi by the
Romans. Northward toward the mouth of the Elbe, dwelt the Longobardi
(Lombards); beyond them, in Holstein the Saxons; and north of the
latter, in Schleswig, the Angles.

East of the Elbe were the Semnones; north of them dwelt the Vandals,
and along the Baltic coast the Rugii; between these and the Vistula
were the Burgundiones, and a few smaller tribes. In the extreme
northeast, between the Vistula and where Königsberg now stands, was
the home of the Goths, south of whom were the Slavonic Sarmatians, who
afterwards founded Poland.

The German tribes enumerated constituted all the tribes with which the
Roman power contended for five centuries, few of which have their names
preserved in history. It will be seen later on in this volume how all
the names of the German tribes disappeared, and were merged into four
principle ones.




CHAPTER II.

THE PALATINATE,--(GERMAN PFALZ).

  Palatinate as an Independent State of Germany.--Erection of
    the Electorate.--Division of the Palatinate.--France Takes
    a Portion.--Its Restoration to Germany.--Present Rhine
    Palatinate.--Ancestors of the Pennsylvania Germans.--Exodus of
    German Palatines to Pennsylvania.--The Rhine Palatinate the
    Battleground of all Europe.


The Palatinate was formerly an independent state of Germany, and
consisted of two separate territorial divisions, respectively called
the Upper, or Bavarian Palatinate, and the Lower, or Rhine Palatinate.
The Bavarian Palatinate now forms the northern part of the kingdom of
Bavaria. The Lower, or Rhine Palatinate was situated on both sides
of the Rhine, bounded by Wurtemberg and Baden on the east; Baden and
Lorraine on the south; Alsace and Lorraine on the west. It extended
north as far as the cities of Treves and Mainz.

In the twelfth century the Palatinate was erected into a hereditary
monarchy, as already stated, which was ruled by electors of the old
German empire, until about the middle of the seventeenth century, when
the two territories were divided, and the Upper Palatinate became
united with Bavaria; while the Rhine Palatinate continued in the
possession of the original dynasty. During the eighteenth century, the
two districts were again united under the elector Charles Theodore, who
afterwards also became king of Bavaria.

During the French Revolution, France took possession of that part of
the Palatinate on the west bank of the Rhine, but after the fall of
Napoleon in 1815, that part was again restored to Germany. Prussia and
Hesse-Darmstadt received a part, but the greater part fell to Bavaria.
This part constitutes the present Rhine Palatinate, as is shown on the
map of Germany, and is bounded by the Rhine on the east; Prussia and
Hesse-Darmstadt on the north; Alsace-Lorraine on the south and west. It
forms a _Regierungsbezirk_ of Bavaria, with Speyer for its capital.

After 1801, the Rhine Palatinate ceased to exist as an independent
state, and its territory was divided under the terms of the Treaty
of Luneville, by which Napoleon dictated, that the Rhine should
thenceforth be the frontier of France. By the terms of that treaty,
the territory comprising the Rhine Palatinate was divided between
Hesse-Darmstadt, Baden, Leinigen-Dachsburg, Nassau; France taking all
west of the Rhine. This partition of the Palatinate remains undisturbed
at this day, with the exception of that part which fell to France,
which was transferred back again to Germany, after Napoleon’s downfall,
as stated.

       *       *       *       *       *

There is nothing in all German history, which possesses a greater
interest, than the story of the Rhine Pfalz. In that beautiful country
dwelt the ancestors of the Pennsylvania Germans two centuries ago,
before persecution drove them from it. A journey through the valley
of the Upper Rhine at the present day will suggest the inquiry, why a
people should wish to leave so fair an estate. Nowhere has nature been
more lavish in bestowing its bounties, than in that fair land. There,
are to be seen, the most highly cultivated fields; vine-clad hills;
enchanting scenery; ruined castles, that tell of a once feudal dignity
and glory. The valley of the Rhine is indeed “the garden of Germany,”
if not of all Europe. The causes however which led to the enormous
emigration from the charming Rhine nigh unto two hundred years ago were
irresistable. They are written in fire and blood.

For more than a thousand years, reaching far back into the earliest
times, the Rhine was the prize for which the Romans, Gauls and the
Germans contended. There is no region of country on the globe, of
equal extent, that has witnessed so many sanguinary conflicts as the
Palatinate of the Rhine. It is there where the Romans struggled for
more than five centuries to subdue the fierce German tribes, only
to leave them unconquered at the end of that time. After the Romans
withdrew, the Palatinate continued to be the battlefield of rival
races and of nations. The many strategic points along the stream made
it always a rich prize to be coveted by European nations when at war
with each other, which was nearly all the time. No matter what nations
were engaged in war the scene of their conflict was almost invariably
transferred to the Upper Rhine country.

From no nation did the Rhine provinces suffer more, than from the
French. The battles of the incessant wars of the French monarchs, were
almost invariably fought in the region of the Rhine. As late as the
Franco-German war, if it had not been for the promptness with which the
German troops marched to the frontier, where they met the French army:
defeated it, and drove it back upon French territory, the operations of
that war would have once more taken place in the Rhine country.

The crimes committed in the Palatinate, in consequence of religious
intolerance, fanaticism, and political persecution, are unparalleled
in the history of human savagery. They make the blackest pages in the
history of the whole world.

       *       *       *       *       *

The German Palatines, at an early day, embraced the tenets of the
Reformation; so did the people of most of the other German states.
This exercise of freedom of thought in matters pertaining to religion,
soon brought them in collision with the German emperors, who continued
to adhere to the Roman Catholic faith. The See of Rome determined to
crush out heresy everywhere, and judging from subsequent events, it
would seem as if the Palatines had been selected as the special victims
upon whom to inflict the fullest vengeance of the Catholic princes.
The latter manifested the greatest zeal, in seconding the injunctions
of the papal authority. The religious contentions followed soon after
Martin Luther’s protestation against the Church of Rome, and they
continued for more than one hundred years. They were waged with a
cruelty and ferocity compared to which the crimes of the Turks in later
years against the Christian Armenians pale into a mere shadow.

During the Thirty Years’ War the Palatinate was frequently ravaged
by contending armies. Both the Protestants and Catholics, in South
Germany, were among the first to take up arms in defense of their
religion, which made the Palatinate the theatre of war at once, and it
continued the scene of many of its most important conflicts until peace
came at the end of thirty years. Even when the war was transferred
for a time to Bohemia and elsewhere, the Palatinate did not get a
respite, for it was then invaded by a Spanish army under Spinola in
1620, and again in 1645 the armies under Turenne and Conde, invaded the
Palatinate and each time it was devastated.

When peace came at last with the Treaty of Westphalia, by which
Protestantism was saved to Germany, but at a fearful cost, the
Palatines retired from the contest, believing that their persecutions
had now come to an end. The war left them in a frightfully
impoverished condition. Their land had been turned into a desert,
their substance wasted, a great part of the population had been
destroyed, while those who were left, had declined morally and mentally
to such an extent, as to require very many years for them, as well as
of all Germany to recover from the demoralization, as the result of the
Thirty Years’ War.

With the end of the war, the Protestant Palatines gained religious
freedom; it was no longer sought to compel them to worship God at the
point of the sword, in violation of the dictates of their conscience.
But there was not yet peace for them. Their persecutions were not yet
to end. The echoes of the clashing of arms of the Thirty Years’ War had
scarcely ceased, when the tramp of the invader was again heard, and it
was not long before the unfortunate Palatines learned, that the worst
cruelties were yet to be inflicted upon them.




CHAPTER III.

THE DEVASTATION OF THE PALATINATE.

  Death of the Elector Philip Wilhelm.--Louis XIV. seeks the
    Electorate for His Sister-in-law, the Duchess of Orleans.--He
    invades the Palatinate.--Louvois the King’s Secretary of
    War.--His atrocious Order.--Burning of a Score of Cities
    and Towns in the Palatinate.--The Palatinate overrun and
    Devastated by the French.--William III. of England succors the
    Palatines.--Imperial Germany also acts.--Persecutions By Louvois,
    Tesse, and Duras.--Heidelberg sacked and Burned.--Its Inhabitants
    expelled.--Peace and the Treaty of Ryswick.--The War of the Spanish
    Succession.--German Emigration to America begins.--Causes of German
    Emigration.


We have now reached a period in the history of the Palatinate, when
a recital of the events which transpired there, will show the chief
reasons for the large emigration of the Palatines to America, of whom
the province of Pennsylvania received by far the larger number.

Upon the death of the Elector Philip Wilhelm, in 1688, John Wilhelm,
his eldest son, became the lawful successor to the Electorate. Louis
XIV. of France undertook to usurp the Electorate for his sister-in-law,
the Duchess of Orleans.

In the autumn of 1688, there began a chapter in the history of the
Palatinate which has no parallel in the history of the world, for
savage brutality, and the atrocities perpetrated by the French
soldiers, with the approbation, and under the direction of the
French monarch. The invasion of the Palatinate was attended by such
monstrous crimes, that a belief in them taxes the credulity of mankind,
notwithstanding the barbarities of the Turks in these later days. No
war was ever waged with such ferocity, as characterized the French
attempt to subjugate the Palatinate.

In September, 1688, Louis entered on his campaign of invasion, and
in less than two months from that time, the whole of the Palatinate
was overrun by his soldiers, under Louvois, Bouffiers, and Marshal
de Duras. The whole country was pillaged, and made desolate; towns
and cities were laid in ashes, and more than one hundred thousand of
the inhabitants murdered. The descent of the French troops into the
Palatinate came unexpectedly, and was made with such suddenness, as to
give no chance to arrest the progress of the invaders. After Louis had
set up the claims of the Duchess of Orleans, and promised to sustain
her pretensions by force of arms, the German government determined to
sustain the lawful elector’s just claim. But the imperial government
was weak, without being prepared to come speedily to the aid of the
lawful prince, while the Palatines were able to make but feeble
resistance against the invaders, who soon overwhelmed the people, and
more than a score of beautiful cities and towns, fell into the hands
of Louis’ ferocious soldiers, to which they applied the torch, and the
sword to the inhabitants, none of whom were spared,--not even the women
and children.

The spirit which controlled the soldiers of the French king can be
judged, by the order which Louvois made to his subordinates in command:
to “seek people in the country capable of setting fire to houses at
night, in order that places too remote to be reached by troops, might
nevertheless submit through fear, to the levy of contributions.”

While the work of destruction was going on, the crafty Louis succeeded
in involving the imperial government, under an incompetent prince in a
war with Austria. To still further make the German government impotent
to succor the Palatines, Louis succeeded in creating a war feeling
against the German ruler, on the part of the Hungarians and the Turks,
who threatened to invade the very heart of Germany. Those conditions
compelled the imperial government to devote its attentions to the
threatenings of Hungary and Austria, while the Palatines were left to
take care of themselves. Being too weak to resist the overwhelming
power of the French soldiers, they fell an easy prey to their ferocity,
notwithstanding they made a heroic struggle in defence of their homes
and firesides.

While the Palatines on both sides of the Rhine, had thus fallen
under the cruel yoke of the French sovereign and his brutal tyranny,
and those who still remained for victims of the fury of the French
soldiers, were ready to surrender in hopeless despair, there came a ray
of shining hope from England, which promised relief to the Palatines
who had escaped death at the hands of the brutal minions of Louis XIV.

James II. of England had just then abdicated the English throne and
fled the country, when William of Orange was made king of England. Soon
after his accession, this generous prince began to turn his attention,
to the suffering and persecuted people of the Palatinate. His first
step towards their relief was a declaration of war against Louis.
William soon found his efforts seconded, by the greater part of Europe
entering into a league against the French king. When the Palatines
learned what the English king intended doing for their relief, their
rejoicings were unbounded, and they gathered new hope, and new courage
in their efforts to break the French power. At the same time there
were many happenings in Europe, which caused fresh complications;
all of which operated against Louis. England, Holland, Spain and the
Scandinavian states all combined against him. With such an array of
force united against the French tyrant, the imperial government of
Germany was aroused to new action, in defence of the Palatinate, and
it began to look as if Louis was doomed. He was undaunted, however,
and prepared to enter on several new campaigns with renewed vigor.
Notwithstanding his crimes in the Palatinate, he was able to raise
large accessions to his army in Germany. The threatening attitude of
the European powers, made Louis more cautious in his future movements,
and he decided on a defensive war in the Palatinate thenceforth,
while he in order to head off the English king in his determination to
relieve the Palatines, hastened to take steps to invade Ireland, as the
best means by which to embarrass William. In this new enterprise Louis
found that he needed more troops than he had at his disposal; for a
large portion of his troops were required to garrison the places in the
Palatinate which had already fallen into the hands of his soldiers. But
the cruel genius of so great a monster as Louis, did not require much
deliberation to find a way out of the difficulty. The scheme entered
upon by Louis and his generals, has been characterized by an eminent
French historian, as one which has “sullied with an ineffaceable stain
the reign of Louis the Great.”

For an account of the atrocities perpetrated in the execution of the
scheme determined upon, we will here let the French historian, Henri
Martin, tell the story:

  It was impossible to furnish garrisons to all places recently
  conquered, or rather invaded, without renewing with more dangerous
  consequences, the mistake of 1672. The advanced posts of Wurtemberg
  had already been abandoned--somewhat precipitately in January, 1689.
  Louvois counselled the king, utterly to destroy the cities that
  could not be held, so that the posts from which the king’s troops
  should retire might henceforth serve no one. Louis after some
  hesitation, gave his signature to this expedient, worthy of Tartar
  conquerors. They began with the trans-Rhenish Palatinate. Laudenberg
  and Heidelberg were burned, after the inhabitants had been warned
  to leave with their families, their cattle and their furniture. The
  castle of Heidelberg, the residence of the Elector-Palatine, was
  sapped and blown up; its beautiful ruins are still to posterity a
  living testimony of Louvois’ fury. The mills, the bridges, all the
  public buildings, were torn down; the whole city was set on fire.
  Tesse, the executioner of this infernal work (he was nevertheless
  one of the leaders of the dragonades) had not the heart to see
  more, or drive the unfortunate inhabitants from among the ruins of
  their city. He left with his soldiers. The citizens extinguished
  the conflagration behind him, and called to their aid the German
  troops, who fortified themselves in the ruins of the castle. On the
  news of this, Louvois became furious that Heidelberg had not been
  entirely burned and destroyed, ordered that Mannheim should not
  only be burned, but that not one stone should be left on another,
  (March, 1689). Of the new conquests beyond the Rhine, Philippsburg
  alone was preserved. As to the countries on the left bank, the
  French contended themselves at first with dismantling the cities and
  blowing up the fortifications belonging to the Palatinate, and the
  electorates of Mayence and Treves, save Mayence which was made an
  important stronghold. But when the hostile forces began to threaten
  Mayence, the chief of the French army of the Rhine, Marshal Duras,
  proposed to the king and the minster a frightful resolution, namely,
  to destroy, not only the burghs and villages which might facilitate
  an attack on Mayence, but all the towns in the neighborhood of the
  Rhine between Mayence and Philippsburg. The fatal word given, Duras
  became terrified at it himself, and wished to recede from what he had
  proposed. Louvois did not allow his prey to be thus snatched from
  him! He caused the king to order the Marshal to consummate the deed!
  Speyer, Worms, Oppenheim, Bingen Frankenthal were condemned to the
  flames. Franchises and privileges were offered to the magistrates
  for such as would be willing to emigrate to Lorraine, Alsace,
  Franche-Comte, with means of transport for their household goods.
  Those who should refuse might transport their goods to fortified
  towns belonging to the king, but not among enemies. Thus even the
  consolation of taking refuge among their countrymen was refused
  them. This was monstrous; its exaction worse. It is only too easy to
  conceive all the license and rapacity of the soldiers must have added
  to those of desolation.

  It had been desired that the celebrated cathedrals of Worms and
  Speyer, as well as the episcopal palaces, and the effects that the
  inhabitants had not been able to carry away, but had been collected
  there be saved, but the fire reached the churches, and burned
  whatever could be burned (end of May, beginning of June). This
  beautiful country which the middle ages had adorned with so many
  religious and military monuments, presented only a mass of smoking
  ruins, as if a new Attila had passed over Gaul and Germany. One
  hundred thousand unfortunates driven from their homes, in flames,
  demanded vengeance from all Germany, from all Europe, and raised
  against the great king an indignation, still more general than that
  which had been raised against the French refugees. The people of the
  Rhine whom nature has attached by so many ties to France, vowed a
  long and implacable resentment against its government, which was to
  be extinguished only with the monarchy of Louis XIV. in the presence
  of a new France.

One other historian in speaking of the cruelties perpetrated by the
French soldiers says: “The elector beheld from his castle at Mannheim
two cities and twenty-five towns in flames, where lust and rapine
walked hand in hand with fire and sword.” Another records that while
the burning of cities and towns was in progress, and the country was
being turned into a desert, the defenceless inhabitants begging for
mercy on their bended knees, were stripped naked and driven into the
fields in mid-winter, where they perished in the snow from hunger and
cold.

The atrocities here recounted raised the indignation of all the rulers
of Europe to the highest pitch, and resolved on an offensive and
defensive treaty against the French, and determined that they would
not lay down their arms until the French king was humbled, and all his
conquests taken from him. Affairs in Europe favored the scheme of the
princes now allied against Louis, because the latter was beginning to
have much more on hand than he was able to attend to. He had the war
of the Spanish succession on hand; he was bent on restoring James II.
to the throne of England, all of which enterprises weakened him in the
Palatinate, because many of his troops had to be withdrawn from there,
because they were needed elsewhere, while the German princes entered
with renewed vigor on the work of expelling the French armies from
German soil. Such were the conditions in the fall of 1689. The German
troops wintered in the Palatinate, although that country had been made
almost inhabitable by the ravages of the French armies. The French
remained in Alsace and Lorraine during the winter. When spring opened
the war in the Palatinate was renewed with still greater ferocity on
the part of the French. Here let the impartial French chronicler again
tell the story:

  Louvois was not yet satiated with devastation. After the loss of
  Mayence, he would have gladly inflicted the fate of Worms and
  Speyer on a much more illustrious city. He proposed to the king to
  burn Treves. Louis when the question had arisen of annihilating
  the towns on the Rhine, was at first fascinated by the kind of
  terrible grandeur that such a destruction of power manifests; but
  the remorse was not slow to awaken in his soul; he recoiled before
  the new outrage. Louvois warmly repulsed, returned to the charge.
  Some days afterwards he audaciously declared to Louis, that he had
  taken the responsibility on himself and had sent the order. The king
  transported with rage, raised his hand against the minister. Madame
  Maintenon threw herself between the two; Louis commanded Louvois to
  hasten to countermand the order, or his head should answer for a
  single house burned. The order had not gone; Louvois had sought to
  compel assent of the king by announcing the thing done.

It would seem therefore that the enormity of the crimes committed
by his soldiers was at last beginning to make an impression on his
cruel heart. The following year, in 1690, the war along the Rhine
was renewed, and carried on with varying success. The ravages of
the French soldiers continued, wherever there was anything left to
ravage and destroy. New horrors continued to be enacted. Heidelberg
was again sacked in 1693, and once more given up to the flames. This
time the entire population was expelled, and the people left without
clothing or provisions. There was no letting up of these outrages by
the French until the year 1697, when peace came with the Treaty of
Ryswick in September of that year, to which France, England, Spain, the
Netherlands, and Germany were parties.

From this time on, the Palatinate ceased to be the special object of
vengeance of the French, but it continued to be the battlefield of
other European wars. It will be seen how difficult it was for the
Palatines to repair the ruin wrought by the soldiers of Louis XIV. The
Palatines despaired of being ever freed from the horrors of war, or
the tramp of invading armies. They began to look for homes elsewhere.
Many of them had scattered to other parts of Germany; some went beyond,
and sought homes in Holland, and in other parts of Europe. The new
province of William Penn was brought to the attention of the troubled
Palatines, and it was not long before the exodus across the sea began.
The wars which still continued to ravage the Palatinate, stimulated the
emigration to America.

       *       *       *       *       *

The war of the Spanish succession broke out in 1701, and continued
until the peace of Utrecht in 1713. During the continuance of that war
the Palatinate was repeatedly overrun by hostile armies, and the land
laid waste. It was during those years, that the emigration from the
Palatinate to Penn’s province began in earnest, and by the end of the
war many thousands had found new homes in Pennsylvania, who formed a
nucleus around which many thousands more gathered in the coming years.

In 1715 Louis XIV. died. Frenchmen have embalmed the memory of this
great butcher as “Le Grande Monarch,” but the rest of the world
execrates his memory, for the crimes of his soldiers in the Palatinate,
perpetrated by his approval. He was succeeded by Louis XV., who in turn
plunged France into a new war with Saxony, Russia and Austria. In 1740
a general European war began, which involved the Austrian succession.
It continued for eight years, when it came to an end with the Treaty
of Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1750 war broke out between Prussia and Austria,
which involved England and France. During all these wars, the
Palatinate furnished their camping grounds and battlefields. No sooner
had the people started to repair the ruin made by hostile armies, than
their fields were again laid waste by a new war.

       *       *       *       *       *

We now understand what the causes were which led to the great exodus
of German Palatines to America. Life in their own country became
intolerable and Penn’s province offered them an asylum.




CHAPTER IV.

THE PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA.

  Penn’s Grant.--Its Extent.--Penn visits His Province.--Makes Laws
    for its Government.--Prior Explorations of the Dutch.--Dutch and
    Swedish Settlements.--First White People who set Foot on
    Pennsylvania Soil.--Colony passes under English Control.


There is a pretty well authenticated account of three European
travelers, who in 1614 started from some point on the Mohawk river,
not far from Albany, N. Y., thence proceeded up the Mohawk valley
a distance of about thirty miles, after which they changed to a
southerly course, through an unbroken forest, to the headwaters of the
Delaware river, and thence following down the course of that stream a
distance of nearly three hundred and fifty miles, through a trackless
wilderness to Delaware Bay. Those travelers are believed to have been
the first white men that ever set foot on the soil of the present State
of Pennsylvania. It is recorded that Cornelius Hendrickson, in command
of one of the vessels of the West India Company, while exploring the
country along the Delaware river, met those three men the following
year, some distance below where the city of Philadelphia now stands.
Hendrickson’s vessel was the first one that had ascended the Delaware
river as far north as Pennsylvania up to that time, although Hendrik
Hudson, engaged in the Dutch service, had as early as 1609 ascended the
waters of the Delaware as far as the state of that name.

The Dutch immediately upon the reports of the explorations of Hudson
and Hendrickson, laid claim to their discoveries, and dispatched
vessels to America with officers who were instructed to establish
sovereignty over the new possessions in the name of the Dutch
government. Attempts to colonize the new possessions were also made
simultaneously, which were attended with some success. The civil
authority over the colonies on the Delaware was thereafter exercised
by the Dutch, whose chief seat of government was at New Amsterdam (New
York). There were but few accessions to the settlements for a long
time, until in 1638 when a company of Swedes, including some Finns
arrived, and established themselves permanently among the Dutch, after
which the colony was alternately ruled by the Dutch and Swedes, until
1655 when the Dutch authorities came over from New Amsterdam, and took
possession of the Swedish settlement, as well as the settlements made
by the Dutch. In 1664 the English captured New Amsterdam, when the
colonies on the Delaware passed under their control. Subsequently, in
1674 the Dutch recaptured their American colonies, and after holding
them for a short time, they were again transferred to English rule;
after that the colonies on the Delaware within the present limits of
Pennsylvania, continued to be ruled over by the English, until the
proprietary government was established under William Penn.

In 1681 the British government made a grant to William Penn of a “tract
of land in America lying north of Maryland; on the east bounded by
the Delaware river; on the west limited as Maryland, and northward to
extend as far as plantable.” Such were the boundaries of Pennsylvania
as defined by the charter of Charles II. of England to William Penn
in 1681. The grant to Penn was made in liquidation of a claim of his
father against the government, of sixteen thousand pounds, to which he
fell heir, after his father’s death.

In 1682 Penn visited his province, remaining nearly two years, during
which time he instituted a government for its regulation; planned
the city of Philadelphia, and laid the foundation of a future mighty
commonwealth. He established a civil constitution, and formulated
a code of laws, which guaranteed civil and religious freedom to
every inhabitant within the limits of his province. Some of the most
beneficient features of Penn’s code are still preserved, in the
Declaration of Rights in the present Constitution of Pennsylvania.

After Penn had laid the foundation of civil government for his
province, he put forward schemes for its colonization. One of his first
acts was a treaty with the Indians, whom he recognized as the rightful
owners of the soil. He did not pretend to make any title to lands
before he procured the relinquishment of the Indian title by treaty
and purchase. The treaties made by Penn with the Indians were sacredly
kept by him, and they stand out in honorable relief, when contrasted
with a century of violated treaties, broken promises, and bad faith of
the United States Government, in its dealings with the various Indian
tribes.

After Penn had acquired honest title to the Indian lands, he offered
them for sale in blocks of 5,000 acres for 100 pounds. This was at
the rate of ten cents an acre reckoned at the present value of money,
for the choicest land in Pennsylvania. Persons who brought servants
with them on coming here, were entitled to 50 acres for each servant,
and after the expiration of their term of service, the latter were
also entitled to 50 acres of land. Such as desired to rent land, were
charged one penny per annum for each acre rented. Such liberal terms
upon which to acquire land, gave a great stimulus to emigration, and it
was not long before the great stream of humanity from the old world,
began to flow into Pennsylvania at a rapid rate, and continued to flow
with little abatement for upwards of three-quarters of a century.




CHAPTER V.

GERMAN EMIGRATION TO PENNSYLVANIA.

  German Quakers arrive.--They found Germantown.--Penn’s Return
    to England.--Visits the Palatinate.--William III. Dies.--Queen
    Anne ascends the Throne.--Her sympathies with the persecuted
    Palatines.--Tide of Emigration from the Palatinate begins to flow
    toward Pennsylvania.--Queen Anne’s Liberality.--Emigrants sold for
    the Cost of their Passage.--Known as Redemptioners.--Terms of their
    Sale.--German Hostility to Proprietors.


It has already been seen how all the conditions were ripe for a speedy
settlement of Penn’s province. The same year in which Penn arrived,
there was quite an accession to the few settlers who had preceded him.
The next two years about fifty vessels arrived bringing settlers from
England, a few from Holland, and German Quakers from the Palatinate,
who founded Germantown.

After Penn returned to England from his first visit to his province,
he visited Germany and there proclaimed to the persecuted Palatines,
the great opportunities awaiting those who would emigrate to the land
of promise in America. This was Penn’s third visit to the Palatines;
his first visit having been made in 1671, when he was on a religious
pilgrimage, preaching the tenets of the Quakers, whose society as a
religious sect had been recently founded. He again visited Germany
in 1677 on a similar mission making many converts, with whom he
continued in communication subsequently to his visits. Penn was a
proficient German scholar; spoke the German language fluently, and
his preaching to the Germans, and his intercourse with them was in
their own tongue, so that he had no difficulty in cultivating the
most intimate personal relations with them. The German converts to
Quakerism had learned to honor and trust Penn; so that when he came
among them on his third visit to proclaim to them, and their kinsmen
in the Palatinate, his province in Pennsylvania, where he had already
established civil and religious liberty, they did not hesitate long
to exchange their desolate homes in the land where their ancestors
for more than a hundred years, had been the victims of the fiercest
religious and political persecution, that was ever inflicted on
any people in the world’s history. The offer of an asylum in Penn’s
province came at an opportune time. The Palatines were longing for
some spot on earth, where they could go and live in peace, freed from
their cruel oppressors. Penn pointed to his province in America, as the
solution of the problem which confronted them. He wanted colonists,
and the Palatines wanted to leave their desolate and ruined homes, in
the land of their birth. Under such circumstances the start of the
emigration from the Palatinate to Pennsylvania was easy. The first
emigration began while William III. was king of England. We have
already learned how his sympathies went out to his suffering Protestant
brethren in the Palatinate, when he came to their rescue, while they
were struggling against the barbarities of the French king. He died in
1702, when Queen Anne succeeded him. Anne was a zealous Protestant,
and inherited William’s sympathies for the persecuted Palatines. Her
sympathies in this respect, were no doubt emphasized by the fact that
her cousin, Frederick V. was at that time the ruling Prince Palatine.
For these and other reasons the Palatines became the subjects of
special consideration of the English sovereign. Queen Anne evinced the
most tender regard for them, and when the tide of emigration from the
Palatinate had set fairly in, the generous Queen assisted numerous
Palatines to America, from her own bounty, some of whom no doubt came
to Pennsylvania. The memory of Queen Anne deserves to be gratefully
cherished by Pennsylvania Germans by reason of the generosity bestowed
by her upon their persecuted kinsmen.

Other causes operated to stimulate the German emigration to
Pennsylvania during the first half of the eighteenth century.
Interested parties who had visited the colonies, returned to their
homes in Europe, and gave the most glowing and exaggerated accounts of
the newly found paradise, so that many who had been living in comfort
at home, disposed of their effects, often at a sacrifice, and rushed to
the nearest seaport, and embarked for America, frequently to regret it.
Many who had no money to pay for their passage, were carried by masters
of vessels, who depended for their compensation for transporting them
across the ocean, on their chances of selling them, for the price of
their passage to some purchaser for a term of years. Many Palatines,
some Dutch, and a few of other nationalities found their way to
America, and to Pennsylvania by those means. After such immigrants
had redeemed their freedom by honest service, many frequently remained
with their masters for a while longer, until they were able to set up
for themselves. It was not an unusual occurence for the servant after
he had served his term, to marry his master’s daughter. Some of these
servants however would gain their freedom sometimes, by running away
from their masters.

This species of servitude, and the selling of emigrants for their
passage had not a few of the features about it, of involuntary chattel
slavery, and it was characterized at the time as the “German Slave
Trade.”

There were agents in Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and probably other European
seaports, who made it a business to entice people to go to America,
with the promise of having their passage paid, and employment given
them on their arrival. Those immigrants were known officially as
“Redemptioners,” and their term of service depended on the value
of their services, in the particular occupation in which they were
employed. A skillful workman usually gained his freedom in three years,
while others were compelled to serve six or seven years. Children
continued in this involuntary service usually until 21 years of age.

The Rev. H. M. Muhlenberg in the “Hallischen Nachrichten,” gives an
account of the manner in which this traffic was conducted. A vessel
that had been long expected, arrived in the harbor of Philadelphia
in mid-winter, and after it had anchored in the stream, one after
another of the intending purchasers went on board, and examined the
list of human freight, and the terms upon which each soul could be
bought, which list was furnished the master of the vessel at the port
in Holland whence he sailed. The list set forth the price of each
emigrant’s passage, and other incidental expenses in bringing him here.

In the earlier days the price of passage, for each adult was from 6
to 10 Louis d’or, (a French gold coin worth 20 shillings); but at the
time of which Muhlenberg wrote, the price had advanced to 14 and 17
Louis d’or, for each person. Before the vessel could anchor in front
of the city, it was visited by a doctor to ascertain whether there was
any contagious disease on board, after which the immigrants were all
marched to the Land Office, where they were made to take the oath of
allegiance to the King of Great Britain. They were then taken back to
the ship, where they were kept under restraint, until publication could
be made of the arrival of the vessel, and the number of passengers
that were for sale to pay for their passage and other charges. When
the time for the sale arrived, the purchasers were on hand. The latter
went among the newcomers, looked them carefully over, and when one was
found that suited the purchaser, he took him to the seller, paid the
charges, and then took him to the Government office, where he bound
himself in writing to serve for a specified term.

The young people of both sexes, were the first to go; old people, and
those physically defective were difficult to dispose of. If however
they had healthy children, their passage was added to that of the
children. The latter found ready purchasers, but had to serve long
terms by reason of the additional cost. The parents were then set at
liberty. If any of the newcomers had friends to pay for their passage,
they also were give their freedom.

It sometimes happened that a master had no longer use for a servant
purchased by him, or that he was unsuitable for the needs of the
master, in which case the redemptioner was advertised for sale for the
remainder of the original term of service.

In the “Pennsylvania Staatsbote” of Aug. 4, 1766, appeared the
following: “A German female servant is for sale. She has five years
to serve.” In the Pennsylvania Gazette in June, 1762 appeared the
following advertisement: “To be sold. A likely servant woman, having
three years to serve. She is a good spinner.”

In the Pennsylvania Staatsbote of December 14, 1773 is found: “To be
sold. A Dutch apprentice lad, who has five years and three months to
serve; he has been brought up to the tailor’s business. Can work well.”

Occasionally these servants were put up at public auction, and
knocked down to the highest bidder. In Christoph Sauer’s newspaper,
published at Germantown of date of February 10, 1754 appeared the
following advertisement: “Rosina Dorothea Kost, _nee_ Kaufmann, born in
Waldenberg, who arrived at Patapsco, November 12, 1753, desires to let
her brother-in-law, one Spohr of Conestoga know through the medium of
this paper of her sale at public vendue.”

Rosina evidently hoped that her brother-in-law would come forward, and
redeem her, if the foregoing notice should be brought to his attention.
It is hoped that he may have done so.

The sale of children of old and decrepid parents, often worked great
wrongs. It not infrequently separated children from their parents, who
never saw them again, because they became scattered among strangers,
and people of different nationality from themselves, speaking a
different language. For a people in whom the sentiment of the home,
and family is as strong as it is with the Germans, this was an almost
unbearable cruelty.

The system of selling immigrants for the cost of their passage, only
came to an end after a vigorous protest was made against it, in which
some of the religious sects led, notably the Mennonites. They scattered
the intelligence of the horrors of the “German Slave Trade,” throughout
the European seaport towns, whence most of the emigrants sailed for
the American colonies. The Palatine elector, Karl Theodore, also drove
the unscrupulous agents of the masters of vessels, who were engaged in
recruiting emigrants, out of the Palatinate.

The owners of vessels found the business of transporting emigrants to
the colonies in America, to be sold for their passage a profitable one,
but for the unfortunate victims of the system it must have possessed
little romance. The fate of the so-called redemptioners did not
differ very materially from that of any other system of involuntary
serfdom, except that the term of their servitude was limited, and was
self-imposed.

While the system of selling emigrants for the cost of their passage was
profitable for ship-owners, the cupidity of the latter often got the
better of their business judgment, by overcrowding their vessels to
such an extent, that many passengers died on the voyage in consequence
of sickness, and disease breaking out among them, as a result of bad
food, and worse sanitary conditions. It has been said of one small
vessel that left a Dutch port, with 400 passengers, that arrived at
Philadelphia with only 50 of them alive. An ocean voyage in those days
was an undertaking to be dreaded under the most favorable conditions
possible; but the emigrant ships were horrible to make the long and
tedious voyage in. One chronicler denominated them as “destroying
angels,” and judging from the mortalities on them, they were properly
designated. The emigrants were packed in between decks, where they were
deprived of all pure air, so that after a long voyage of many weeks and
often of many months, their quarters became a scene of filth, horror,
and lamentations. It has been stated that in the year 1738 not less
than 2000 passengers died while crossing the ocean.

Those who sailed ships in those days were cruel taskmasters. An
emigrant was of very little account, beyond the price for which he
could be sold if brought alive to some port in the colonies. Beyond
that the masters of ships had no interest in them. Those who were able
to pay for their passage in advance, received even less consideration
from those who sailed ships, than those whose passage depended on
their sale upon their arrival in America, because no further pecuniary
advantage could be derived from the former, while the compensation
for transporting the latter across the ocean, depended upon bringing
them alive and well into some American port, while it did not matter
to the ship-owners, whether or not the former arrived alive or not. As
a matter of fact, the ship-owners were in pocket, if the emigrant who
paid for his passage in advance, died early during the voyage.

In 1765 the Provincial Assembly was appealed to, for the purpose
of interesting it in providing legislation, which would result in
mitigating the horrors of a sea voyage in an emigrant ship. There was
slight improvement after that, but it was not until as late as 1818,
when the Legislature of Pennsylvania enacted more stringent laws
regulating the importation of German and other emigrants, that any
practical improvement was brought about.

With regard to the so-called redemptioners, they were not less esteemed
than their more fortunate countrymen, who were able to pay for their
passage to America, and with very few exceptions, they became useful
and substantial citizens; and many of their descendants in these days
are filling honorable stations in every walk of life.

       *       *       *       *       *

We have seen on what liberal terms colonists were invited to the
province of Pennsylvania by its founder; but those liberal terms were
afterwards restricted, when a change of proprietors came. William Penn
died July 30, 1718, and his three sons, Thomas, Richard, and John
succeeded him as his heirs, and assumed control of affairs. After that
the lands were surveyed, and settlers were expected to pay liberally
for the land upon which they had settled, but the newcomers were
ignorant of the new conditions, and relied on the earlier promises, so
that upon their arrival, they paid little attention to the new mode of
procedure to obtain land, but merely went in search of some favorable
location; settled thereon, and proceeded to make the necessary
improvements. Their disregard of the new regulations to obtain land,
brought them in collision with the agents of the proprietory government.

The kindly regard which Penn had for his early German colonists, was
now succeeded by the indignation of the agents of the new proprietors.
James Logan the Colonial Secretary, wrote in 1725 concerning the great
influx of German emigrants, and their unscrupulousness about complying
with the rules of the Land Office, in the following ill-tempered
strain: “They come here in crowds, and as bold indigent strangers
from Germany, where many of them have been soldiers. All these go on
the best vacant lands, and seize upon them as common spoil.” Logan
complained that they rarely approached him on their arrival for the
purpose of purchasing land, and when their right to occupy it was
challenged, they sought to justify their action, by stating that it had
been published in Europe, that colonists were wanted, and that they had
been solicited to come; and came in pursuance of those representations,
without bringing with them the means with which to pay for any land.

The new proprietors who succeeded the benevolent and pacific Penn,
were governed by wholly different motives, from those that controlled
him. Instead of seeking the welfare of their fellow men, the first
consideration with them was the promotion of their own personal
interests. It may be said however to their credit, that they did not
molest, or try to dispossess any of the newcomers, who had settled
on land in violation of the regulations of the land office. More
pacific counsels prevailed, and by skillful diplomacy on the part of
the proprietors they succeeded after a few years, to get a settlement
out of the newcomers for the land occupied by them, after they had
accumulated enough money for that purpose.

The great tide of German immigration to Pennsylvania continued for many
years. A few came near the close of the seventeenth century, but with
the early years of the eighteenth it began in earnest, and continued
for three quarters of a century. By the time of the Revolution their
numerical strength, made them a powerful factor in determining
Pennsylvania on the side of independence.

Authorities differ with regard to the number of Germans in
Pennsylvania prior to the Revolution. The late Prof. Haldeman,
in his “Pennsylvanisch Deitsch,” places their number in 1763 at
280,000. The natural increase for the next ten years without any
increase by immigration,--which however still continued during that
period,--would make their numbers in excess of 300,000 immediately
prior to the Revolution. Against these figures we have the estimate
of C. D. Ebeling, a German geographer who contributed the accounts of
America, in “Busching’s Erdbeschreibung,” who makes their number in
1790 only 144,660. While the figures given by Prof. Haldeman may be
too high, those by Ebeling are manifestly too low. It is quite likely
that the true figures are somewhere between the two. The population
of Pennsylvania in 1752 has been fixed at 190,000, of which 90,000
or nearly one-half were estimated to have been Germans. Adding to
those the natural increase, and the number of Germans arriving during
the succeeding 25 years, as gathered from the reports of masters of
vessels, it would seem as if the statement was warranted, that the
number of Germans in Pennsylvania immediately preceding the Revolution
numbered not less than 200,000. Governor Thomas the proprietary
Governor places them in 1747 at 120,000.

During the period of the largest emigration from the Palatinate, which
was from about 1730, to 1750, a period of twenty years, the ships
crossing the Atlantic, “plied between Rotterdam and Philadelphia with
almost the regularity of a ferry.”

Rotterdam was the chief port from which the emigrants embarked, and
the shipping and other resources, to transport the people across the
Atlantic were overtaxed to such an extent, that those under whose
direction the business was conducted, sought to discourage emigration
by various expedients, among which was the circulation of the most
horrible accounts about the hardships and sufferings of the emigrants
on the voyage across the ocean. The following is a specimen of the
distressing tales circulated to turn back the tide of Palatines,
heading for the land of promise in Pennsylvania:

“We learn from New York that a ship from Rotterdam, going to
Philadelphia, with one hundred and fifty Palatines on board wandered
twenty weeks at sea. When they finally arrived at port they were nearly
all dead. The rest were forced to subsist on rats and vermin, and were
all sick and weak.”

Even this horrible tale of suffering at sea, had no effect to deter
people from undertaking the voyage, so they continued to come as fast
as ever. It may be stated that the foregoing tale was only a slight
exaggeration of the real truth, of the hardships of an ocean voyage on
an emigrant ship in those days.

Notwithstanding the apprehension felt at one time, about the
danger of the large German immigration in Pennsylvania to British
ascendency in the colony, Lieutenant Governor Thomas in 1738, when
appealed to, regarding some restrictions against the continued large
German immigration, opposed any such measure, and gave the following
substantial reasons for refusing to give his sanction to any scheme
looking to a restriction of immigration:

  “This Province has been for some years the Asylum of the distressed
  Protestants of the Palatinate, and other parts of Germany, and I
  believe it may with truth be said, that the present flourishing
  condition of it is in a great measure owing to the industry of those
  People; and should any discouragement direct them from coming hither,
  it may well be apprehended that the value of your Lands will fall,
  and your advance to wealth be much slower.”

This appeal of the Governor, to the cupidity of the English members of
the provincial council had the desired effect, and no further efforts
were made to put any restriction on the immigration of German Palatines.

The German settlers occupied all the counties south and east of the
Blue Mountain, except Chester and the lower end of Bucks; Delaware not
being then organized. Philadelphia contained very many of them, and
constituted an important element in commercial and political concerns.
In later years they spread to the counties beyond the Blue Mountain,
where their descendants still live.

The German Palatines were excellent judges of the soil. They came from
a fertile region in their native land, the soil of which was in many
respects similar to that of the limestone valleys of Pennsylvania. The
chief occupation of the ancient Upper Rhine provinces was in those
days, and still remains that of farming. In the valleys of the Rhine
and Neckar, the cereals of oats, rye, wheat, etc., are still grown
abundantly, while the hillsides are covered with vineyards.

When the Palatines came to Pennsylvania they instinctively seized on
the fertile lands in the limestone valleys, leaving the less fertile,
hilly, and mountainous regions to others that came after them. The
lands settled upon by the Germans were heavily timbered, and it
required severe toil to shape them into farms, but they preferred them
to the more open and sparsely timbered lands, because the latter were
less fertile, though susceptible to be made into farms at much less
expense of labor, and of money.

The wisdom of the Germans in the selection of lands is seen at this
day, in the magnificent farms occupied by their descendants everywhere
in the fertile valleys of Southeastern Pennsylvania. It is not believed
that there is a region of country anywhere on the globe of equal
extent, that possesses greater agricultural wealth; such well-tilled
fields; palatial farm houses; immense barns; picturesque and varied
scenery, and a more contented pastoral life, as is the inheritance of
the Pennsylvania German farmers.

[Illustration]




CHAPTER VI.

GERMAN IMMIGRANTS IN SOME OF THE OTHER AMERICAN COLONIES.

  Grant of Maryland to Cecilius Calvert.--Maryland designed as a
    Refuge for Catholics.--Puritan aggression.--Religious Freedom
    Proclaimed.--German immigration in the Province.--Maryland Germans
    in the Revolution.--Germans settle in Virginia.--In the Shenandoah
    Valley.--Also in North Carolina.--A Colony of Swiss and Palatines
    found New Bern.--Graffenried’s Adventure with Indians.--The Indians
    burn Lawson at the Stake.--“King” of the Palatines.--War between the
    English and Indians.--German Colony in South Carolina.--Purrysburg
    founded by Them.--Large German Settlement on Edisto
    River.--Saxe-Gotha.--An Imposter.--Executed for Murder.--Salzburgers
    Emigrate to Georgia.--Germans in other States.--Palatines settle in
    Ireland.


New York received a large German immigration at an early day. The
influences which operated to send many Palatines to Pennsylvania, were
exerted in favor of New York to a very great extent. The British
government was anxious to colonize that province, and when the great
flood of emigration from the Palatinate began to set in, much of it was
diverted to New York, through the influence of the English. The latter
in numerous instances furnished the means to transport such as desired
to emigrate. In that way New York received many thousands of German
immigrants, most of whom came from the Rhine provinces, and settled
along the Hudson river, and in the Mohawk valley. A German colony
also settled in Schoharie county. The first German immigrants went to
New York in 1710, and others came afterwards. The Schoharie colony
became disintegrated a few years after its settlement, on account of
difficulties with the local authorities, when many of them left New
York under the lead of John Conrad Weiser and his son Conrad, and
settled in Pennsylvania.

After the Weisers had led their colony to Pennsylvania, the emigration
to the province of New York came very nearly to an end. The Schoharie
colonists who came to Pennsylvania, wrote to their relatives and
countrymen in the Palatinate, that they had at last found an asylum
where they could rest in peace, and be secure in their rights, and
advised all who contemplated emigrating to America to avoid New York,
and come to Pennsylvania. Many who started from their homes in the
Palatinate after that, with the intention of going to Pennsylvania,
were diverted from their plans, and forced on ships bound for New York;
but they were no sooner landed than “they hastened to Pennsylvania in
sight of all the inhabitants of New York.”

The names of many towns in New York attest their German origin, such as
Newburg, Rhinebeck, New Pfalz, Palatine Bridge, Herkimer (Hercheimer),
named for General Herkimer, a distinguished soldier of the State of New
York, and numerous other names.


NEW JERSEY.

New Jersey being situated between New York and Pennsylvania,
necessarily profited by the immigration in the adjacent States,
although there does not seem to have been that concerted effort to
attract German emigrants to it, as there was made on behalf of the New
York and Pennsylvania colonies, yet the State was continually receiving
numerous accessions of German settlers. German Valley in what is now
Morris county, was settled by them in consequence of an untoward event.
A shipload of German emigrants sailed from a European port bound for
New York, but adverse winds drove the ship out of its course, and when
it finally reached American waters, found it most convenient to enter
the port of Philadelphia, whence its passengers disembarked, and sought
to make their way to New York overland, across the State of New Jersey.
Their course led them into a beautiful valley, where they halted and
made a permanent settlement, whence came the name, German Valley.


MARYLAND.

In 1632 the province of Maryland was granted to Cecilius Calvert by
Charles I. Calvert was a Roman Catholic, and it was designed by him, to
make his province a refuge for his co-religionists, without making it
a distinct Catholic colony. In 1663, 200 Catholic colonists arrived in
Maryland and made a permanent settlement. Soon thereafter a number of
Puritans came and settled among them, who soon created strife by trying
to enforce their peculiar tenets and practices upon their Catholic
neighbors, which resulted in making things very uncomfortable for the
intolerant Puritans, so much so, that they moved out of Maryland into
Virginia.

Religious freedom was proclaimed in Maryland by the authorities, after
which Quakers, German Lutherans, and other sects emigrated thither and
made permanent settlements. Considerable numbers of German emigrants
sailed direct from foreign ports to Maryland; many went there from
New York where they had become dissatisfied with English rule, while
Pennsylvania furnished a good many, and a few came from New England.

The Germans occupied certain parts of Maryland in the early days, to
the exclusion almost of people of every other nationality. About the
middle of the previous century, the larger part of the population
of Frederick county, was either German or of German parentage. Like
their kin in Pennsylvania those Germans continued the almost exclusive
use of their native dialect for a long period after their settlement
in Frederick county, and until a comparatively recent period, all
religious services were conducted by them in the German language. At
the outbreak of the Revolution, Maryland sent a German regiment of
infantry in the field, and also a German company of artillery, besides
numerous Germans enlisted in other organizations.


VIRGINIA.

Virginia began to receive Germans from the Palatinate, and from other
parts of Germany as early as 1743. In that year a vessel arrived at
Hampton Roads, which had sailed from a Holland port with 200 passengers
on board, 100 of whom died on the voyage. Many Swiss were among the
early settlers in Virginia. Germans from Pennsylvania also settled in
Virginia during different periods, chiefly in the Shenandoah valley.


NORTH CAROLINA.

In 1719 at a time when the German Palatines were rushing to America,
a large number of them were in London, awaiting assistance to enable
them to take passage to some one of the American colonies. There was
in London at that time a Swiss gentleman by the name of Christoph
Graffenried. He met there one Louis Michel also a Swiss, who had spent
some time in America, and was familiar with the country’s needs, and
also its possibilities for colonists. The two conceived the idea of
founding a colony of Swiss and Germans in America, and for that purpose
secured a tract of land in North Carolina, between the Neuse and Cape
Fear rivers, with the understanding that after they had paid for 5000
acres, they should obtain title to 100,000.

Soon thereafter two vessels with 650 Palatines and Swiss on board, were
dispatched to North Carolina, where they arrived in December 1710; and
they founded Newbern.

The following year the Tuscarora Indians began to make war against the
English, and whites generally. Before the settlers had any intelligence
of the designs of the Indians, Graffenried who came to North Carolina
with the Swiss and Palatine colonists, started off on one occasion,
with a land surveyor named Lawson, and a negro servant, to ascend
the river Neuse in a boat to explore the country. They did not dream
of any unfriendliness on the part of the Indians, so in the evening
they tied their boat up near an Indian village, intending to spend
the night with their savage neighbors. They found the Indians in a
morose mood, manifesting none of their usual good will. Graffenried’s
suspicions that their manner boded trouble, was increased, when he saw
a large quantity of arms and ammunition provided by the Indians. He
started away from the village with his companions, with the intention
of ascending higher up the stream, but after they had reached their
boat and were about entering it, they were surrounded by about 60 armed
Indians, who took them back to the village, and brought them before the
chief, who ordered that they should be kept under strict guard until
the next day, when they were brought before a council to consider the
question, as to what disposition should be made of them. The following
evening, they were taken before the council, the deliberations of which
lasted until the following morning, when an Indian made his appearance,
with whom Lawson had some time previous a difficulty, and from whom
the Indian did not get very good treatment. The Indian informed the
council, that the whites had conspired in secret to destroy them; this
so angered the savages, that they immediately condemned Graffenried and
his two companions to death. The next day they were taken to the place
of execution, where they were bound hand and foot, and left to lie on
the ground. The Indians kindled a big fire, erected a cross which they
decorated with flowers. In the painful position in which Graffenried
and his companions had been placed, they remained all day and the
following night. With sunrise the next morning, a multitude of Indians
assembled, to witness the final act of the tragedy. An armed guard
stood over the condemned during all that time. The principal Indians
sat about them in a circle of two rows; behind them were about 300
Indians engaged in dancing, and yelling like so many devils possessed.
Two executioners were detailed to carry out the decree of the council,
who were painted so as to make as hideous an appearance as possible.
In this extremity, a thought occurred to Graffenried. He turned to the
principal chief, and asked what right they had to condemn an innocent
man, and whether they were willing to hazard the execution of a king;
pretending that he was the king of the Palatines. This ruse served its
purpose, for a second council was held; Graffenried’s fetters were
unloosened, but Lawson and the negro servant both suffered death at the
stake.

Graffenried was kept in confinement for five weeks longer, when he was
released, upon his entering into a compact with the Indians, that in
the event of war between them and the English, that he would remain
neutral as “king” of the Palatines, and would discontinue measuring and
appropriating their lands.

In the war which followed, the Swiss and Palatine settlers, who
were both known under the name of Palatines, remained neutral, and
Newbern was saved from harm. The details of the foregoing account of
Graffenried’s adventure is based on a letter written by him to the
governor of the province, soon after its occurrence.

After the war between the Tuscaroras and the Indians, many other
Palatines settled in North Carolina; the names of whose descendants
abound numerously in that state at the present day.


SOUTH CAROLINA.

It is not known when the Germans first came to South Carolina, but
it is known that in 1734 a number of emigrants from Salzburg arrived
at Charleston and settled in the province, and about the same time
170 Swiss emigrants also arrived at Charleston under the lead of
Johann Peter Purry, and founded Purrysburg on the Savannah river; the
following year 200 additional Swiss arrived, and later a colony of
Swiss and Palatines made settlement in the neighborhood of Orangeburg,
which was founded about the same time. Their settlement was on the
Edisto river, and the whole region on both sides of the stream in
that neighborhood was originally settled by Germans, chiefly from the
Palatinate, and Switzerland. Other Germans from parts in Germany
further north settled in South Carolina. They founded a colony further
inland from Orangeburg, and called it Saxe-Gotha. This became an
important central point, from which the German settlement spread, which
continued to gain large accessions until the Revolution.

In 1763 there came two ship loads of German emigrants from London to
Charleston. They were poor, and the Colonial Legislature voted them 500
pounds, 200 muskets and ammunition, and settled them in the Saxe-Gotha
district. The Germans monopolized this district, and continued to speak
the German language long after it had ceased to be spoken elsewhere in
South Carolina. A traveller who visited this district as late as 1850
wrote, that German was no longer spoken by the descendants of the early
German settlers, but that the people retained their German Bibles,
hymn-books, and observed many of the customs, festivals and holidays of
their German ancestors.

       *       *       *       *       *

There is said to have been a remote district in South Carolina in the
first half of the last century, which had been settled by Germans,
which had scarcely any communication with the outside world; where
the people were without churches, or schools, who had fallen into such
dense ignorance, that they were not far removed from a savage state.
A Swiss came among them named Weber, who represented himself to be
Jesus Christ; his wife the Virgin Mary, and another who came with him,
as the Holy Ghost. This imposter hired a man to represent the devil,
and he went about making converts of many simple souls who believed in
him. He ordered that Satan be bound in chains and placed in a great
cavern which existed in that neighborhood, which was accordingly done.
He finally decreed that Satan should be put out of the world. The
poor devil was placed in a featherbed, and covered with pillows and
bed clothes, after which some of Weber’s followers smothered Satan to
death. When the affair reached the knowledge of the authorities at
Charleston, Weber was arrested, tried for murder; convicted and duly
hanged. His wife, children, and ignorant dupes were pardoned by the
Governor.


GEORGIA.

Very few Palatines, if any, went to Georgia direct from Germany in the
early days, although considerable numbers went there from some of the
other colonies.

In 1739 a fierce religious persecution began in the archbishopric of
Salzburg. This persecution continued for many years, during which time
more than 30,000 Protestant Germans left the archbishopric, and settled
elsewhere. Some went to Prussia, some to Holland, and others went to
England, who soon thereafter left for Georgia, where they settled
permanently, and became a nucleus around which several thousand of the
persecuted Salzburgers afterwards gathered.


TENNESSEE AND KENTUCKY.

Whatever German immigration went to the territory now embraced in
the foregoing named states in the early days went to North Carolina
and Virginia; Tennessee being taken from the first named state, and
Kentucky from the latter. After the Revolution, and Tennessee and
Kentucky were admitted as states, each received large accessions
of German population. Many went to those states from Pennsylvania,
Maryland and Virginia.


GERMAN PALATINES IN IRELAND.

About the years 1709-10, when many thousands of Palatines abandoned
their native land, to seek homes elsewhere, the exodus assumed the
nature, of what would in these days be termed a “craze.” Thousands left
their homes in the Palatinate, without any well-defined idea where they
would eventually land. The first consideration with them was to get
away from their oppressors; the question with regard to their future
was deemed of minor importance. Under such circumstances 5,000 Germans
from the Palatinate found their way to England in the months of May and
June, 1709, which number was increased by October to 13,000, comprising
husbandmen, tradesmen, artisans, schoolteachers, and clergymen.

Those emigrants all came to London, and when the first lot arrived,
they took the Londoners by surprise, for they came without any notice
of their coming, and the first intimation which the citizens of
London had concerning them was when they found about 5,000 Palatine
men, women, and children under tents in the suburbs of their city.
They seemed to be without any definite plans for the future, beyond
the fact that they had been told in their own country, that settlers
were wanted for the British colonies in America, and in pursuance of
those representations they came to London, expecting that the British
government would provide for them. England did take care of them;
sheltering them about the city in empty dwellings, warehouses, barns,
and wherever vacant places could be found. Good Queen Anne ordered
tents to be pitched on Blackheath for their accommodation. A large
majority of those people were sent to the British colonies in America.

Upon the petition of the Lord Lieutenant Governor of Ireland 3,800 of
them were sent to Ireland and settled in the county Limerick, in the
province of Munster, where many of their descendants are living at
this day, the most prosperous and well-to-do farmers and tradesmen in
Ireland.

The late Professor Rupp in his book of “The Names of 30,000 German
Immigrants,” makes reference to the settlement of those German
Palatines in Ireland, and states “that it is said” that some of them
still speak a German dialect. The author visited the descendants of
those people a few years ago, but found no trace of any German dialect;
it has died out long ago; only the German names remain, some of which
have become so changed in their spelling, as to make their German
origin scarcely recognizable. Many of those people have intermarried
with the Irish population, so that the present generation is more
Irish than German. Those people are still spoken of as Palatines.

The migration of so many Palatines in the course of a few months
and their sudden appearance in England, furnishes one of the most
interesting episodes in the whole history of the German emigration
from the Palatinate. Their reception, treatment and their disposition
by the English Government, redounds much to its credit, generosity,
and humanity, most of which was owing to the kindly disposition toward
those people of Queen Anne.

While there was no settled purpose in the mind of the English
authorities at first regarding the ultimate disposition of those
people, the first impulse however was that they had to be provided
for. The Palatines themselves were without any fixed purpose, but
were inspired with the hope of eventually reaching America. Some
of the young men among them enlisted in the British army; others
scattered throughout rural England, while a considerable number of them
sought service in London, and in some of the other cities and towns
of England. The great majority however were disposed of in the way
hereinbefore stated.

As proof of the magnanimity of the English people in their treatment
of their unfortunate guests, Parliament, at the suggestion of the
noble-minded Queen voted £24,000 for those who elected to go to
Ireland, for transportation and subsistence. Those that were sent to
the American colonies also had their transportation paid by the British
government.

Among the foregoing mentioned Palatines, there were about 1,500 German
Catholics, which is evidence going to show, that it was not alone
religious persecution as has been often contended, that drove those
people from their homes in the Palatinate, but that Protestant and
Catholic alike left the devastated land of their birth, to improve
their material, rather than their spiritual welfare.

Those in authority in England at that time were not as tolerant of
other people’s religious views as people are in these days, and the
government refused to send those of the Catholic faith to the American
colonies, in consequence of which many of them renounced their religion
rather than return to their desolate and ravished homes in the
Palatinate, where such as were tenacious of their faith were sent under
passports of the British government.




CHAPTER VII.

THE QUAKERS, GERMANS, AND THE PROPRIETORS.

  Quakers Emigrate to America.--Their Hostility to the Proprietors
    after Penn.--Indian Outbreaks.--Quakers refuse to bear Arms.--Defence
    of their Own Homes left to non-Quakers.--Quakers oppose the
    Formation of a Militia.--Penn’s sons Forsake Quaker Faith.--Attitude
    of the Germans.--Christoph Sauer’s German Newspaper.--Its
    Influence.--Controls the Germans.--Their Influence is a menace to
    English Rule.--Their Influence in Politics.--Sauer’s partisan Appeals
    to the Germans.--Asserts English intent to enslave Them.--English
    fear a German Colony.--War between France and Great Britain.--Efforts
    to stop German Emigration.--Taxing Emigrants.--Fails to have any
    effect on Emigration.--They continue to come.


During the first half of the eighteenth century, the influence of
the Quaker element predominated, and it can scarcely be said that it
was always exerted for the best interests of the province after Penn
died. The German Quakers never cut much of a figure in the affairs of
the colony; it was left to the English Quakers to concern themselves
about its domestic affairs. The latter at their former home in England
owed their origin to a revolt against English religious thought, in
consequence of which they became the subjects of much persecution.
After many of them had emigrated to Pennsylvania, where they were
assured of religions freedom, it was not long before they arrayed
themselves in opposition to the civil power.

The peace of the new province was often threatened by foes from within
and from without. The wars between England and France frequently
threatened the peace of all the colonies, and the Indians were a
menace to the settlers all the time. They would start out on frequent
raids, among the inhabitants, and would sometimes perpetrate cruel
massacres, against which it was of the highest importance to guard, by
an efficient militia, the organization of which the Quakers opposed
to a man. The Indians knew that the civil authorities could not rely
on the Quakers for any armed assistance, because they were opposed
to war, and the bearing of arms. This left the defence of the colony
to the non-Quaker population, and to the civil authorities to which
the Quakers refused loyal support. The Quakers were an embarrassing
influence in the Colonial Assembly, to which they were frequently
elected by the aid of the German votes, especially of those in
Northampton county. It has been said that the organization of this
county, was primarily, for the purpose of divorcing the German vote
from Quaker control, in behalf of whose candidates it was usually cast,
in obedience to the influence of the Quakers of Philadelphia and Bucks
counties.

The Quaker opposition to the organization of a militia, to protect
the province against the Indians and the French, who were making
war on the border, while the defence of their own homes was left to
the poorly armed non-Quakers, was such a perversion of common sense
and of justice, as to embitter all classes against a people whose
religious tenets could justify such rank injustice and selfishness.
This attitude of the reputed mild-mannered Quakers, brought them into
unfriendly relations with most of the other colonists in Pennsylvania,
as well as into hostile collision with the proprietary government. The
Quakers had not much respect for the sons of the original proprietor.
Penn’s sons were in control at this time, and it is interesting to
note, that none of them remained in fellowship with the Quakers after
their father’s death. After his death all the proprietary governors
were non-Quakers, and this fact no doubt, had the tendency to increase
the spirit of insubordination, of the Quaker element against the civil
authority.

For the sake of the truth of history, it must be remarked, that the
Germans who had not much affection for English rule, too often took
sides with the Quakers in opposing the English, and thereby frustrated
designs of the lawful authorities, intended for the general welfare.

In 1739 Christoph Sauer began to publish a German newspaper at
Germantown, which gained a large circulation among the Germans, and
controlled their political actions entirely, which was often in
opposition to the ruling class.

The Germans however when the security of the province was threatened by
the French, or the homes of the settlers were menaced by their savage
foes, were always among the first to take up arms in defence of both;
while their Quaker neighbors not only refused to take up arms, to
defend the homes of the colonists when threatened by hostile savages,
but opposed the creation of a militia for that purpose.

It is difficult to reconcile this attitude of the Quakers towards the
civil authorities, and their refusal to perform their obligations to
the government which was ever ready to protect them, with the duties
of good citizenship, which was one of the tenets of their faith. Their
disregard of some of the most important civil obligations, seem to
contradict the teachings of the sect, of a rigid morality, unbending
personal integrity, and living a simple and sincere life, of all of
which they were marked exemplars.

The Quakers were however, foremost in the work of many reforms. They
entered their protest early against the infliction of the death
penalty, for the commission of minor offences such as larceny, etc. The
mild laws laid down by Penn for the government of his province, and the
satisfactory results springing therefrom are the best proofs of their
utility. The Quakers were also the first to raise their voice against
slavery in the colonies, although it required the teachings of more
than two hundred years, and at the end a prodigious civil war, to wipe
that institution from our American system.

While the Quakers in Penn’s province in the early years of its history
could not always be commended for their fidelity to the constituted
authorities, yet they deserve much credit for many commendable virtues.




CHAPTER VIII.

THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS IN HISTORY.

  Political Influence of the Germans.--Not an office-holding
    Class.--War between England and France.--German
    Indifference.--Efforts to Anglicize the Germans.--The Germans During
    the Revolution.--Favor Independence.--Germans Organize.--Prominent
    in Furnishing Troops.--Mainstay of the Army.--Germans a unit for
    Independence.--They raise a Battalion, before Independence is
    Declared.


While the Germans never had any particular affection for English rule,
they nevertheless were always loyal to the authorities, notwithstanding
they were strong enough during several decades before the Revolution,
by making an alliance with the Quaker element to have wrested the
colony from British control. Such an alliance would not have been
difficult by reason of the well-known hostility of the Quakers to
the proprietary rule. But the Germans never had any ambition in that
direction. They cared little for political power, being content to
cultivate their fields, and enjoy the blessings of civil and religious
liberty, which was denied them in the land of their birth. They did
not aspire to political honors, and their names seldom appear in the
official lists of the provincial government. Their almost exclusive use
of the German language, also disqualified them from holding office.
They however by reason of their numbers exerted an important influence
in the colony, especially in the election of members of the Colonial
Assembly, as well as with regard to other elective officers, inasmuch
as their votes were in all cases cast as a unit for a single favorite
candidate. The only issue raised at the elections in those days was the
one, whether the representative of the proprietory government should
succeed, or the opposition candidate should carry off the honors. The
latter usually won, wherever the German vote predominated. Sauer’s
German paper was the only newspaper circulated among the Germans for
many years, and it controlled their political actions throughout. It
was conducted on similar lines to those of the partisan newspapers of
to-day. It was thoroughly anti-English in sentiment, and indulged
in vehement appeals to the prejudices of the Germans by making them
believe, that it was the purpose of the English to enslave them;
compelling their young men to become soldiers, thereby bringing up the
horrible recollections of the military bondage from which they fled
in their native land. Sauer’s paper taught the Germans to believe,
that the English were seeking to put burdens upon them, as great as
those which they had borne in the old country. The inculcation of such
beliefs, coupled with their numerical strength alarmed the English, and
caused them to fear, that the Germans would at a time not remote, give
them not only laws of their own making, but make the colony a German
province.

The English distrust of the Germans was heightened by the fact that
about the middle of the eighteenth century, while Great Britain was at
war with France for the conquest of Canada, the Germans were reluctant,
and in some instances absolutely refused to serve as soldiers,
manifesting no small amount of hostility to the British cause; while
the French looked to them for aid and encouragement in their struggle
with the British. The Germans made no secret of their sentiments, that
it did not matter much to them under whose authority they lived, so
long as they were not molested in the enjoyment of their property, and
their personal freedom.

But later when the conditions had changed, and the French became the
aggressors, in threatening the colonies by making war against them, the
Germans made up for their former indifference, by enlisting in large
numbers to defend the colonies against their hereditary enemies.

Various schemes were proposed to overcome the influence of the
Germans by the English. Among other things it was suggested, to
disfranchise them, from having any voice in the election of members of
the Colonial Assembly, pending a period during which they should be
taught the English tongue. For that purpose it was proposed to support
Protestant ministers and school teachers among them, to the end that
they should become English. The schemes suggested were never carried
into execution; so the Germans failed to become Anglicized, and the
descendants of thousands of them continue to be German at this day.

To arrest the coming of so many Germans in some degree, the Assembly
passed a tax of twenty shillings a head on each newcomer, but it had no
effect in preventing them from coming.

The large influx of Palatines gave James Logan, the secretary of the
province much apprehension and annoyance. He feared that their numbers
would in time result in the colony being lost to the British crown.
Logan’s apprehensions were prophetic! All the colonies were wrested
from the crown in later years, and no people rendered more invaluable
services in that behalf, than the Germans of Pennsylvania.

The prejudice of the English against the Germans was shared by even
so eminent a statesman and philosopher as Benjamin Franklin. From
a letter written by him to Peter Collinson an English botanist and
natural philosopher, in 1753, it would seem as if the latter had been
also apprehensive about the large German immigration in Pennsylvania,
and had conveyed his views to Franklin in a letter to which the latter
replied as follows:

  “I am perfectly of your mind, that measures of great temper are
  necessary touching the Germans, and am not without apprehensions
  that, through their indiscretion, or ours, or both, great disorders
  may one day arise among us. Those who come hither are generally the
  most stupid of their own nation, and as ignorance is often attended
  with great credulity, when knavery would mislead it, and with
  suspicion when honesty would set it right; and few of the English
  understand the German language, so that they cannot address them
  either from the press or pulpit, it is almost impossible to remove
  any prejudice they may entertain. The clergy have very little
  influence on the people, who seem to take pleasure in abusing and
  discharging the minister on every trivial occasion. Not being used to
  liberty, they know not how to make modest use of it. They are under
  no restraint from ecclesiastical government; they behave however,
  submissively enough at present to the civil government, which I wish
  they may continue to do, for I remember when they modestly declined
  intermeddling with our elections; but now they come in droves and
  carry all before them, except in one or two counties. Few of their
  children in the country know English. They import many books from
  Germany, and, of the six printing houses in the province, two are
  entirely German, two half German, half English, and but two are
  entirely English. They have one German newspaper, and one half
  German. Advertisements intended to be general, are now printed in
  Dutch, (German) and English. The signs in our streets, (Phila.,) have
  inscriptions in both languages, and some places only in German. They
  begin of late, to make all their bonds and other legal instruments in
  their own language, (though I think it ought not to be), are allowed
  good in courts, where the German business so increases, that there
  is continued need of interpreters, and I suppose in a few years,
  they will also be necessary in the Assembly, to tell one-half of our
  legislators, what the other half says. In short, unless the stream
  of importation could be turned from this to other colonies, as you
  very judiciously propose, they will soon outnumber us, that all the
  advantages we have, will, in my opinion, be not able to preserve our
  language, and even our government will become precarious.”

Some of the adverse criticisms in the foregoing letter are manifestly
unjust; but as they were made to harmonize with English sentiment,
there may have been an element of policy in them, as Franklin was at
that time an attache of the proprietary government, and supplicant for
royal favor. The letter also bears on its face its own contradiction
in some essential particulars. The statement that the Germans “import
many books from Germany,” which they are presumed to have read, does
not bear out the statement that they were “the most stupid of their
nation,” which contradiction is emphasized by the fact, as asserted
by Franklin that out of the six printing houses in the province, the
English had only two; the Germans two, and the remaining two were half
German, and half English.

A people among whom printing houses, books, and newspapers abound, can
safely be accredited with a fair amount of intelligence, although they
may have obtained the inspiration of their knowledge from German books
and German newspapers.

There is no doubt that Franklin thought better of his German
fellow-citizens and compatriots, when in less than a quarter of a
century later they stood shoulder to shoulder with him in the cause of
American independence.


THE GERMANS IN THE REVOLUTION.

When the first murmurings of discontent, which later culminated in
open revolt, were heard throughout the colonies, the Germans of
Pennsylvania were among the first to place themselves in harmony with
those ideas, which determined the colonies in favor of independence.
Even some time before separation had been determined upon, the Germans
were active among their countrymen in their efforts to promote that
step. It required a great deal of resolution on their part to espouse
such a policy at that time, with the formidable influences opposed to
them. The government of the colonies was in the hands of the royal
representatives of the British crown; these sustained intimate personal
and social relations with leading colonists, some of whom supported
the royal authority, while others were resisting British aggression,
but were not decided in favor of separation at that early stage. The
English ties of blood no doubt kept many patriots from favoring
extreme measures, before independence was declared, but the Germans
were not influenced by any such considerations. They had inherited
a fierce hatred of oppression in their native country, and they had
no sympathy with a temporizing policy, and declared in favor of
independence long before the events of Lexington and Bunker Hill.

The Germans of Pennsylvania exerted a potent influence, not only in
bringing their own colony to the side of independence, but they were
actively employed in influencing their countrymen in the other colonies
to take a similar step. They put themselves in communication with
the German settlers everywhere, and urged upon them to espouse the
cause of separation and freedom; and by the time that the first gun
of the Revolution was fired, the Germans in all the colonies were in
line against the British government. In Pennsylvania they became the
mainstay in furnishing troops to fill the quotas of its regiments, and
from their ranks came many officers who gained honorable distinction
during the war. Many had been soldiers in their native country, where
they fought against oppression, while others inherited the spirit of
freedom from their fathers, who had felt the hand of persecution in
other lands.

The historian has faithfully chronicled the distinguished services
rendered by all classes during the Revolution, with the exception of
the invaluable services of the Germans of Pennsylvania; their services
have been dismissed with curt brevity. Even Bancroft in his history of
the Revolution passes them by in the following words: “The Germans who
constituted a large portion of the population of Pennsylvania were all
on the side of freedom.”

The importance which was attached to the influence which the Germans
might exert, in the event of hostilities between the colonies and
the British crown is shown, upon the occasion when Franklin appeared
before the British ministry, urging the repeal of the Stamp Act, and
of other oppressive measures. He was asked how many Germans there
were in Pennsylvania at that time. He replied that not less than
one-third of the population, and probably more, as he had no means to
tell accurately. He was then asked whether any of them had served as
soldiers in the European wars; to which he replied, that they had not
only been soldiers in Europe, but that many of them had served in the
colonial wars. The ministry also wanted to know whether the Germans
were as much dissatisfied with the stamp tax, as the English born
citizens; to which his reply was that they were even more hostile to
it. If this colloquy had any significance at that time, it must be
construed to have meant, that the English had a wholesome dread of the
Germans in the event of an open rupture, between the mother country and
her colonies. Whatever the moving cause may have been, the Stamp Act
was repealed.

As early as 1772 the German residents of Philadelphia, who at that
time exercised a controlling influence in business and civic affairs,
organized an association under the name of “The Patriotic Society of
the City and County of Philadelphia.” The purpose of this society
was to make ready for the struggle which the Germans regarded as
inevitable. In 1774 after the threat had been made by the British
ministry, of closing the Boston harbor, and indicating the intention
of a resort to force, to crush the revolutionary spirit manifested by
the Massachusetts patriots, a meeting was called by leading Germans of
Philadelphia to consider the threatening situation, at which meeting
a “Correspondence Committee” was appointed, the duty of which was to
correspond with the Germans of other colonies, urging upon them to
organize, so as to be ready for the conflict, which to their minds
could not be much longer delayed.

In the Provincial Assembly which was held in the same year, to consider
the condition of affairs, the German element was strongly represented,
and their views received earnest and careful consideration. Among the
Germans who occupied seats in that convention were such prominent
representatives as Christopher Ludwig, George Schlosser, Adam Hubley,
Jacob Barge, from Philadelphia; Matthias Schlauch, Moses Erwin, Joseph
Ferree, and George Ross, from Lancaster county; Christopher Schultz,
and Jonathan Potts from Berks county; Peter Keichlein and Jacob Arndt,
from Northampton county, and Casper Weitzel from Northumberland county.

In the convention which met in January following, the Germans were
still more largely represented. This convention declared in favor
of the utmost resistance, against any further British insolence and
tyranny, and issued a call for a Colonial Congress.

The Germans residing in the colonies of New York and North Carolina,
were undecided at first with regard to taking sides, before the
actual breaking out of hostilities, until they were appealed to by
their kinsmen in Pennsylvania by means of correspondence, and also
by messengers sent among them, to urge them to go with the Germans
of the rest of the colonies. A pamphlet was written and published by
the “Correspondence Committee,” which was especially designed for the
Germans of New York, and North Carolina, in which it was set forth,
that the Germans of Pennsylvania had learned with satisfaction, that
the people without regard to race, creed, or former nationality;
whether rich or poor, had given their unqualified approval, to the acts
of their Congress, and that the Germans especially, everywhere were
taking measures, to have the militia put in shape, and were forming new
military organizations, so that they should be ready to march wherever
they should be needed in the event of war, and urging upon those
Germans that could not enlist for any reason, to contribute to the
patriot cause according to their ability.

The pamphlet went on further to state, that they were grieved to learn,
that there were numbers of Germans, in various parts of New York,
and many in North Carolina, who were indifferent to the cause for
which their kinsmen had enlisted and were preparing elsewhere. That
the efforts of the Germans in Pennsylvania proved successful is not
doubted, for after the first shedding of blood at Lexington, there were
no Germans in any of the colonies, that did not espouse the cause of
the patriots in behalf of freedom.

In May 1776 before the adoption of the Declaration of Independence the
Continental Congress determined to raise a battalion for immediate
service, and called upon Pennsylvania and Maryland to furnish four
companies each. On July 17, following Pennsylvania reported--not
only with the required four companies--but with five full companies,
enlisted from the Germans. The greater number of the Maryland companies
raised for this battalion were also recruited from the Germans. Every
officer of the battalion was a German. Soon after its formation it took
the field, and rendered conspicuous service at a critical period during
the early part of the war.

As there are no doubt many descendants of the rank and file of this
battalion, still living throughout Pennsylvania and Maryland, the
names of its commissioned officers are here given: Colonel, Nicholas
Hausseger; Lieut. Col., George Striker; Major, Ludwig Waltner;
Adjutant, Louis von Linkendorf. The Captains and Lieutenants of each
company follow in the order of their rank: (1) Daniel Burkhard,
Friederich Rollwagen, George Habacker; (2) Philipp Grebel, Johann Lora,
Christian Meyers; (3) George Hubley, Peter Boyer, Johann Laudenberger;
(4) Heinrich Fister, Karl Balsel, Michael Boyer; (5) Jacob Bunner,
Wilhelm Rice, George Schafer; (6) George Kieport, Jacob Kotz, Adam
Smith; (7) Benjamin Weiser, Jacob Bower, Friederich Heiser; (8) W.
Heiser, Samuel Gerock, Wilhelm Ritter; (9) Daniel Woelper, Bernhard
Hubley, Philipp Schrader.

There was one piece of ill-luck which came to this battalion. Some
complaint was made against its Colonel, under the pressure of which he
resigned and afterward turned traitor to the cause of the patriots. His
successor was Baron von Arendt, who afterwards resigned on account of
ill-health, after which Major Waltner succeeded to the command. In the
following September the battalion was ordered to join Washington’s army.

The cause of the patriots did not look very promising at this time. The
British had possession of New York; New Jersey was wholly defenceless;
Philadelphia was threatened, and a large and influential party of
Tories was watching for an opportunity to strike the patriots in
the rear. The leaders were disheartened, Washington’s army was not
much more than a ragged mob of undisciplined, “uncouth, intractable
ploughboys and farmers.” Many of the German officers had experience as
soldiers in their native country, and they became useful in helping to
establish discipline, and in making the army fit to fight.

The German battalion participated in the affair at Trenton in December
1776, which inspired the army with confidence, and the people with
hope; it was at Princeton; with Washington at the ill-fated fields of
Brandywine and Germantown, and spent the terrible winter of 1777-1778
at Valley Forge. The deeds and sufferings of this German battalion
furnish a proud memorial of the German soldiers of the Revolution, and
it is hoped that some one with the laudable inclination, and access to
such of its history as may be yet preserved, will give to the world
a faithful account of its heroic deeds, on many a battlefield of the
Revolution. Many German soldiers also served in other commands, and
it is a matter of history that Washington greatly relied on their
fidelity, no matter in what situation they were placed. If we will scan
the lists of company, regimental and brigade officers of the commands
from Pennsylvania, we will find them bristling with German names.

It is generally believed that the German Quakers, Mennonites, and
Moravians held entirely aloof from the struggle for independence, on
account of their religious faith against bearing arms. This is no
doubt true of all those who remained loyal to their sect, but there
is authority for the statement, that not a few young Quakers, and
Mennonites, did enlist and fight with the patriots for freedom. All
such however either voluntarily withdrew from their church, or were
shut out from all fellowship with it.

Before the Revolution many German Catholics had settled in
Pennsylvania, and they were prompt in enlisting on the side of freedom,
and their blood mingled with their Protestant compatriots on many a
sanguinary field of the Revolution.

In the German Catholic emigration to America, may be found an argument
showing that the direct cause of the great exodus of Germans to
America was not altogether the result of religious persecution, but
rather the desire to get away from the incessant European wars and its
desolations. It was not an unusual thing during the later years of
the German emigration, for the Protestant and the Catholic, to cross
the ocean in the same ship, and upon their arrival settle in the same
neighborhood, and in later years fight side by side in the cause of
civil liberty.

       *       *       *       *       *

The just tribute to which the Germans of Pennsylvania are entitled for
their invaluable services, during the Revolutionary War has never been
duly chronicled, and it may be hoped that with the revival of interest
in their history through the Pennsylvania German Society, that some
chronicler will some day do them full justice.


GERMAN MERCENARIES.

There is a popular belief among some people, that the Hessian
mercenaries brought here by the British government to fight the
Americans, remained here after the war was over, and that their
descendants constitute a considerable element of the Pennsylvania
Germans of to-day. Comparatively few remained here after the war,
because the British government was under contract to return such as
escaped the casualties of the war, after it was over. The few that
remained made good citizens, as they made the very best soldiers
against the Americans, and whenever it was practicable to do so, they
were put in the most responsible places by the British commanders. The
intense hatred at one time, against the so-called Hessian soldiers,
some of which still lingers with the present generation is very unjust,
because they did not volunteer to fight against the Americans, but
they were forced into the British service, by the impecunious German
princes who sold them to the British like so many slaves. The Hessian
soldiers would sometimes take a notion to desert, and they invariably
found refuge among some of the German colonists. A considerable number
of them were left behind from time to time on marches, on account of
sickness or wounds; these always found a ready welcome among the German
settlers; few of them ever found their way back to their native land.

While all the German mercenaries are known as Hessians, they were not
all subjects of the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, although the larger
portion of them were furnished by that prince. The first contingent
of German mercenaries was made up as follows: The Landgrave of
Hesse-Cassel, furnished 12,104; the Duke of Brunswick 4,084; Prince
of Hesse 663; Prince of Waldeck 670, a total of 17,521, for which the
several princes received $30 for each man. Later there were additional
troops furnished by the German princes, some of whom came from
Anspach-Bayreuth, and Anhalt-Zerbst. Authorities do not agree as to
the exact number of mercenaries furnished by the German princes. The
German historian Frederick Kapp, who is said to have investigated the
question closely, places the entire number at 29,166. Kapp informs us
that 17,313 returned to their native land after the war, which would
leave 11,853 unaccounted for in America. From this number there must be
taken the casualties of war, which must have been exceedingly large,
because they had to do their campaigning in a new, and for a great part
in a wild country, in some parts of which pestilential fevers carried
the soldiers off much faster, than the bullets of the enemy. There were
none of the sanitary conditions of an army in those days, to guard the
health of soldiers, which prevail nowadays. Military surgery had made
little progress, so that the percentage of deaths among the wounded
was much larger than it is in modern times. From these conditions a
calculation based on the casualties of our Civil War, will enable one
to form an approximate idea of the casualties of the Hessian soldiers
in the Revolution. According to such an estimate, the losses of the
Hessians from all causes could not have fallen short of 5,000, leaving
less than 7,000 who remained in America, some of whom settled in the
Canadian provinces, but the majority of them settled in the states of
New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North, and South Carolina.

It is interesting to note, that appeals were made by the British
government to some of the other European sovereigns for hireling
soldiers, to fight against the Americans, besides the German princes
herein mentioned. Holland and Russia were both appealed to, but their
rulers refused to entertain the proposition. Frederick the Great
was also approached upon the subject of hiring his soldiers, but he
not only declined the tempting offer of $30 a head for them, but he
prohibited, any of the hireling soldiers of the other German princes,
to go through his territory on their way to the seaports, whence they
were to embark for America.

[Illustration]




CHAPTER IX.

THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN DIALECT.

  Pennsylvania German a dialect of South Germany.--German vs.
    Dutch.--Confusion of Terms.--Dialect Corrupted, but still
    Vigorous.--Germans Tenacious of their Dialect.—Progress of English
    among Them.--No Prospect, that the Dialect will become soon
    Extinct.--Has no Literary Merit.


Pennsylvania German is a legitimate dialect of South Germany, which has
suffered, and become corrupted, by the introduction of English words,
and idioms. There are still many thousands of people in Pennsylvania,
who speak no other language. They are found in nearly all the counties
of Pennsylvania, lying east and south of the Blue Mountain, and in some
of the counties beyond, where their ancestors took up their places of
abode, when they first came to the province of Pennsylvania, some of
whom arrived as early as the last years of the seventeenth century.

There is a widespread misconception concerning the Pennsylvania
Germans, which is not altogether confined to the illiterate classes
of English-speaking people. There are those who entertain the belief,
that the Pennsylvania Germans are of Dutch extraction, and that their
dialect is a confused jargon, having no relation to any legitimate
language. This mistaken notion entertained by untrained people is no
doubt largely due, to a confusion of the terms, Deutsch and Dutch,
and also because the Pennsylvania Germans are frequently spoken of
erroneously, as the “Pennsylvania Dutch.” All Germans in their own
language are designated as Deutsch; the Dutch are designated in German
as Holländer, and their language as Holländisch. Uneducated people are
apt to confuse these terms, which leads to the erroneous conception
before referred to.

The ancestors of the Pennsylvania Germans emigrated from the region of
the Upper Rhine, and from the valley of the Neckar in South Germany.
The dialect spoken in that part of Germany is known as Pfälzisch, and
the people at the time of the great German emigration from there, were
known as German Palatines. The dialect spoken by the Pennsylvania
Germans at this day, is an inheritance from their ancestors, and
barring its English infusion, it is substantially the same as when
first brought here.

By eliminating the English words taken up by Pennsylvania German, the
dialect approaches the Pfälzisch, spoken by the common people in South
Germany very closely. There are many expressions, words, and idioms
common to both that are indistinguishable, and for the purposes of
colloquial intercourse the two dialects meet on common ground, without
any serious embarrassment.

There is a shade of difference in the pronunciation, accent, and
inflexion of words between the Pennsylvania German and Pfälzisch
dialects and similar differences are noticed, in different German
communities in Pennsylvania, the result no doubt of Germans,
speaking various dialects settling in the same neighborhood, and
each contributing certain peculiarities to the common speech. But
as the Pfälzisch largely predominated in the early days of German
emigration to Pennsylvania, it is that dialect which has given to the
Pennsylvania German its controlling characteristics. In support of this
view the following from Professor Marion D. Learned’s “Pennsylvania
German Dialect,” may be cited: “Pennsylvania German, in borrowing
from the English to enrich its vocabulary, has by no means forfeited
its birthright and become a pitiable hybrid of bad German and worse
English, but on the contrary, has perpetuated in their pristine vigor
the characteristics of its venerable ancestor, the Rhine Frankish,
specifically _Rhine Palatinate_, “_Rhinepfälzisch_.”

When it is considered, how environment influences all conditions,
extending to physical characteristics, as well as to the speech of men,
the continued similarity of the dialect of the Pennsylvania Germans and
that spoken in South Germany seems remarkable after their separation
for a period of upwards of two centuries. But we must not forget the
influences and conditions that surrounded the Germans in Pennsylvania
for many generations after their coming here; which operated to keep
the Pfälzisch dialect alive in Pennsylvania down to this time. The
greater portion of the German emigrants were fairly well educated when
they came here. They brought with them educated clergymen who preached
to them in their native language, and school teachers, who taught
their children in their mother tongue. Education was never neglected
by the Germans, and they built churches and school houses whenever
they found it practicable to do so. The German schools were continued
in Pennsylvania until a comparatively recent period; German newspapers
still circulate extensively in nearly all of the German counties,
not a few of the people still read their German Bible, and German
Prayer Book, while the Gospel is yet preached in German from more than
a thousand pulpits every Sunday throughout the rural districts of
southeastern Pennsylvania. In view of such conditions and surroundings,
there can be no surprise that the Pennsylvania German dialect should
still flourish in its “pristine vigor,” after its separation from its
parent speech for more than a century and a half.

It is not believed that the day of its extinction is near. A large
majority of the school children in the country districts of half a
score of the wealthiest, and most populous counties in the State, speak
the dialect, not only outside of the school room, but very frequently
inside. The children do all their thinking in German; all their little
affairs are discussed by them in their native dialect, so that it can
scarcely be otherwise than that they should grow up, and continue
almost as thoroughly German as those that preceded them, making almost
exclusive use of their German dialect, for all purposes of colloquial
and familiar intercourse.

It may be asked whether the English schools do not make any progress
towards Anglicizing the German children? The answer is that they do,
but the progress in that direction is slow. While the German school
children get a smattering of English, it also becomes a prolific means
of still further corrupting their native speech, without acquiring much
pure English.

When the German schools in Pennsylvania gave way entirely to altogether
English schools, it was believed by many, that it would speedily result
in Anglicizing the Pennsylvania Germans; but forty years’ experience
does not prove that it has been an unqualified success.

The German-speaking children in the public schools, are laboring under
great disadvantages alongside of their English-speaking schoolmates.
The latter have an intelligent appreciation of their studies, while the
training of the German child is little more than merely mechanical.
The German children begin to learn their letters in a language which
they do not understand, and by the time that they begin to have
some intelligent comprehension of their studies the English-speaking
children have outstripped them in the race for knowledge. The question
occurs whether it was altogether wise to take away from exclusively
German-speaking children their German schools, and compel them to
pursue their studies in a language to which they are strangers.

The early Anglicization of the Pennsylvania Germans cannot be looked
forward to with much confidence, no matter how much the extinction of
their dialect may be desired. It is yet by far too vigorous to hope for
its early disappearance.

The tenacity with which the Pennsylvania Germans have clung to their
dialect for so many years, is not without its parallels among other
people. Take for example Wales, a country which contains an area much
smaller than that embraced by the German counties of Pennsylvania, with
less population; separated from England by only an imaginary boundary;
having been in political connection with Great Britain for six hundred
years; with English as the official language; the language of culture;
of commercial intercourse; and with English schools almost everywhere;
yet more than one-half of the people of Wales in the cities and towns
speak the Welsh language, while in the rural districts the Welsh
language is spoken almost exclusively.

Switzerland furnishes another example. Out of the 22 cantons of the
Swiss republic, with a population of over three millions of people,
German is spoken by the people of 16 cantons; French by those of 5;
Italian by the people of only 1. Although German is the principal
language spoken throughout Switzerland, and is the language of official
intercourse; its various people having lived near neighbors for
centuries, and under the same government for a long time, yet each race
has maintained its linguistic integrity to this day.

There is a region in Switzerland embraced in the canton of Grisons,
where there exists a group of Romansch dialects, which have come down
from the days of the Roman empire, when the region in which those
dialects still exist was a Roman province known as Rhaetia. The canton
in which those dialects prevail, has an area of about twice the size
of one of the largest counties of Pennsylvania, with a population
of about 90,000, surrounded on all sides by neighbors the greater
portion of whom speak German, yet those people, whose ancestors were
“shepherd-peasants” when Rome was mistress of the world, continue to
speak corrupted Latin, after the lapse of more than a thousand years.
Unless the Pennsylvania German dialect is less tenacious, it may
continue to be spoken for several centuries.

During the earlier years of the German emigration to Pennsylvania,
large numbers of Palatines settled in the province of New York. Those
chiefly located along the Hudson river; in the Mohawk valley, and in
Schoharie county. The Dutch and English had preceded them. Each race
maintained its own language for a while; the Germans being weakest
in point of numbers, their dialect was the first to disappear, but
the Dutch being much more numerous, they held on to their dialect
vigorously for a hundred years, and it did not wholly disappear in the
Mohawk valley, until some time during the first half of the present
century.

While the prospects for the early disappearance of the Pennsylvania
German dialect are not very promising, it will necessarily become more
debased every year. With the abolition of German schools, few of the
young people will learn anything of literary German, and while many
will continue to use the dialect, they will be continually taking
up more English words, because they will find their own vocabulary
growing more deficient in words to express their thoughts. Forty years
ago the Pennsylvania German dialect was of much better quality than it
is to-day. It was not then yet as far removed from literary German as
it now is; it still retained at that time some of the advantages of the
German schooling of those who spoke it. Since then many good German
words have dropped out of the dialect, and their places have been
supplied by English words. This debasement of the dialect will increase
from now on.

The present century has been fertile in inventions and discoveries;
every branch of the arts and sciences made wonderful progress; many
new things were unfolded, which required the coinage of new words, for
which the Pennsylvania Germans have no German equivalents; so they draw
on the English to supply the deficiency. So when they speak of the
telegraph, electricity, the telephone, or any other new discovery or
invention they add the technical names employed to their vocabulary.

So long as the Pennsylvania German confines his conversation to his
personal concerns, and talks about his horses, his cows, his crops, his
fields, and his family or his domestic affairs, his German vocabulary
is generally sufficient, and he draws very little on the English. It
is only when he enters the domain of politics, or undertakes to discuss
some abstruse philosophic problem, that he interlards his speech with
impure German and probably worse English, making a patois, that would
paralyze a Heidelberg professor if he came within range of it.

Pennsylvania German makes no pretensions to any literary merit, and
it has none, yet it has answered the needs of the people speaking
it for a long period of years, and it is not doubted that it will
continue the speech for colloquial intercourse of many thousands of
people in Pennsylvania for many years to come. It were far better if
English could be made to take its place for all purposes, but with the
knowledge we have of the tenacity with which a people will cling to a
language or to a dialect, often under the most adverse conditions, we
are made to believe, that the day of its disappearance is very remote.
Its tenacity is one of the proofs of its quality, and while it has
no literary merit in the sense of High German, it is yet wonderfully
resourceful in expression, and capable of the sublimest pathos. Whoever
is familiar with Harbaugh’s “Gedichte in Pennsylvanisch Deutscher
Mundart,” will testify to the fact that it is capable of awakening the
tenderest emotions of the human heart.


THE ENGLISH INFUSION.

Since the abolition of the German schools, Pennsylvania German has
suffered much by the English infusion into the dialect. Before that
time the infusion was not nearly as great. Words which approach nearest
to pure German have suffered the most in having their places usurped
by English. The man of middle life who is familiar with the dialect
will remember when it contained many pure German words, and many others
nearly pure, some of which are yet heard occasionally spoken by the
older people, but with the generation now coming on all such words have
been superseded by English, and too often by worse English relatively,
than the quality of the German the places of which it has taken. It
is not more than a generation and a half ago, since the following
words, and many more equally good were in common use by Pennsylvania
Germans, but which have since then almost entirely disappeared from
the dialect: Zum beispiel (for example), billige’--billigen (approve),
ei’richte’--einrichten (arrange), überi’schtimme’--übereinschtimmen
(to agree), schtimzettle (ballot), dampkessel--dampfkessel (boiler),
ausser (besides), g’schäft--geschäft (business), handel (dealings),
koffer (trunk), gerechtichkeit (justice), geniessen (enjoy), genau
(exact), entschuldigen (excuse), ausführe--ausführen (execute),
ausklären (explain), erwarten (expect), wahl (election), öffentlicke
versteigerung (public vendue), gewalt (force), betrug (humbug), in
der that, wirklich (indeed), inwennig--inwendig (inside), bares geld
(cash), dreten--treten (kick), vollständig (complete), liebes brief
(love-letter), einsam (lonesome), nachricht (notice), genunk--genug
(enough), g’falle’--gefallen (please), einfach (plain), langsam (slow),
studire’--studiren (study), eichhörnche’--eichhörnchen (squirrel), klug
(smart), rauche’--rauchen (smoke), sicher (sure).

This list could be extended so as to reach hundreds of words, which
would prove a much better quality of the dialect in the past, than it
now is and how it is growing more debased by being robbed of legitimate
German words, which are its rightful inheritance. This is manifestly
the result of the abolition of German schools, and the closer relation
to English teaching and English speaking. Foreign-born Germans
coming to this country and settling in English-speaking communities,
notwithstanding their German training, will pick up many English words
in a comparatively short time, which they mix up in their German
speech, although they are thoroughly conversant with their German
equivalents. It would seem as if the Pennsylvania German’s temptation
should be still greater to draw on English to enrich his vocabulary
because it is really deficient in expression, while the newly-arrived
German’s vocabulary is adequate for all purposes, yet he is given to
the use of English words in almost the same degree as the native born
Pennsylvania German. The tendency of all Germans to take up English in
their native speech is shown by the fact that those who live on the
borders of an English settlement employ more English words, than those
who live more remote from English-speaking people.

Pennsylvania German dialect writers vary greatly in the number of
English words which they employ. Some do not make use of more than 1
German word to 300 of English, while others make use of 1 to every 25.
One dialect writer translated an English poem of 600 words without
the use of a single English word and the entire translation is in the
vernacular of the Pennsylvania German.

Humorous dialect writers make use of the largest percentage of English
words, not because they have no German equivalents, but they think that
it increases the ludicrous features of their productions.


EXAMPLES OF PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN, AND PFÄLZISCH COMPARED.

The word “Pfälzisch” strictly speaking applies only to the “Pfalz,” or
the region formerly embraced within the limits of the old state of the
Palatinate, but inasmuch as the Pfälzisch dialect has spread all over
South Germany, and even beyond, it has given character to some of the
other German dialects, so the use of the word is justified in speaking
of the South German dialects generally.

In spelling and pronunciation, Pennsylvania German and Pfälzisch agree
in many particulars. With regard to some of the consonants, both use
them interchangeably. The Pennsylvania German will frequently give t,
the sound of d; b, of p; v, of w, and _vice versa_. So will the South
German. For example: Both will say dode, for todt (dead); dochter, for
tochter (daughter); draurig, for traurig (sad); dhier, for thür (door);
deich, for teich (a swale); bloge, for plage (to vex); blanscht, for
pflanzt (planted). They will also confuse the letters f, v, and w, in
similar fashion. The letters k, and g are made to suffer in the same
way, as for example in k’scher, for geschirr (harness). The South
German says “nit” for nicht, while the Pennsylvania German will
substitute e, for i, and make it “net.”

There are very many imperfect German words in use both in Pennsylvania
and in South Germany, of which the following are a few examples: The
word “grumbeera” (potatoes) is in universal use by the Germans in
Pennsylvania, and is heard every where in South Germany and east as far
as Austria. It is a corruption of a good German word, “grundbirn.” The
latter word is however rarely used by German-speaking people, the word
“kartoffeln” being preferred. “Beera,” for birnen (pears); “pershing,”
for pfirsich (peach); “hinkel,” for hühner (chickens) are all terms
common to both dialects. The Germans of Pennsylvania have the word
“pattereesel,” or pattereesli, for rebhuhn (partridge). This word seems
to come from the French _perdrix_, and is believed to have been brought
to Pennsylvania by Alsatians during the early German emigration. The
word is heard in Alsace and German Lorraine. The Germans corrupted the
French word by giving it its diminutive form, by adding the suffix
“eesli,” a custom which prevails largely among Germans, as for example:
For hund (dog), they have “hundli,” for mädchen (girl), they make
maedli, and very many other similar diminutives. The Germans of Alsace
and Lorraine have lived neighbors to the French for so long a time,
that their speech has acquired a considerable number of French words
and idioms, which have become much corrupted.

Some of this corrupted French was no doubt brought here by German
emigrants who came from the borders of France.

There are a number of other words in use by the Pennsylvania Germans
which cannot be traced to any German origin. The Germans living along
the Delaware river always speak of that stream as the “reffeer.” This
term cannot be traced to any German origin, and is most likely a
corruption of the French _riviere_ for river. Pennsylvania Germans also
speak of a river as a “rewwer,” or “revver.”

There are certain words in use by Pennsylvania Germans that are wholly
misapplied, and which have no relation to the sense in which they are
used. This is the result of a misconception of what certain things
were, which they found when they came here, and with which they were
not familiar. They associated those with things they heard mentioned
in Germany, believing that the two were the same and in that way
misapplied certain terms.

The term “_pomeranze_” is an example of this misapplication of terms.
The Pennsylvania Germans make use of this word to designate a “tomato,”
while the word is the German term for an orange. In some parts of
Pennsylvania the word pomeranze has been corrupted into “gomeranze”
or “gumeranze.” The German for tomato is _liebesapfel_. The manner in
which the P. G. have fallen into the error of designating tomatoes as
pomeranze has been explained in this way. In the days of the Palatine
emigration tomatoes were unknown in the Palatinate, but oranges were
known there, but their use was confined to the rich and well-to-do.
When the Palatine peasants came to Pennsylvania, they found tomatoes,
and mistook them for _pomeranze_ (oranges)--hence the erroneous
designation of tomatoes, which still remains. There are other similar
misapplication of terms.

       *       *       *       *       *

The following expressions were heard in South Germany, and a note made
of them at the time: At Speyer: “Na ich denk net” (no I think not);
“ich will ’mohl sana” (I’ll see); “was hen sie don g’doon” (what have
you done); “ich will ken koffee” (I don’t want coffee); “ich nem en
achtel wei’” (I take an eighth of a liter wine). The Pfälzer drop the
final n, in words like nein, stein, wein, making them nei’, wei’, and
so on. The Pennsylvania Germans do the same to a very large extent.

At a Volksfest, not far from Speyer was heard: “Ich wase net;” “es
is fier uhr, bal’ zeit fur erfrischung (refreshment);” “ich nem
e’ bissel wurst;” “geb mir e’ halb liter bier;” “ich glaab nit os
getreide (wheat) guth g’rode is, wie letscht johr.” Children playing
at Heidelberg: “Wu is dei’ balla (where is your ball);” “hasht en
ferlora?” “sehn ’mohl dort de geilla (horses).” Strolling through
a narrow street a woman followed a cat out of house, when she was
accosted by one of her neighbors, who said “dort geht dei kats,” to
which she replied: “Ja die kats schpringed immer zum finschter naus,
ich kan sie gar net im haus halte.” That such German should be heard
within the very shadow of the great University at Heidelberg, must
shock the erudite writers of magazine and newspaper articles, who have
made the discovery that Pennsylvania “Dutch,” is a mere jargon, bearing
no relation to any known language.

South Germany is not alone however, in the kind of idiomatic German
here mentioned. The following was heard in classic Dresden. A lady
made some inquiry of a police officer about a railway train, to
which he replied: “Na,--wid mit em pferdebahn geh’, oder mit em
electrische-bahn?” She answered: “Es is mir gans einerlei.” Question.
“Gehen sie nach Berlin?” Answer. “Ja.” The officer replied: “Den nemmen
sie besser den zug os dort dro’wa schteht.”

       *       *       *       *       *

It may be some satisfaction for a Pennsylvania German to know that
there are people who speak a German dialect, compared to which his
own may make some pretensions of being classic. He can have his pride
gratified in that respect, by a visit to the extreme southern part of
Baden, and the adjoining cantons in Switzerland. For example, in a
weingarten at Neuhausen: “Ne’ für den scha’ i’ ne’; er zahlt ni’, (für
ihn arbeit ich nicht, er bezahlt nicht);” “ne’ i’ ha’ ni’ (no I have
not);” “ge’sht mid nach Scha’haus’ i’ bin zurick vor siev’ uhr (gehen
sie mit nach Schaffhausen, bin wieder zurick bis sieben uhr); ich gla’
es net (ich glaube es nicht).” It will be noticed that the foregoing
examples of Swiss patois, are much inferior to Pennsylvania German. The
dropping of final consonants and frequently of entire final syllables,
is exasperating to those not accustomed to it.

In the foregoing comparison of the Pennsylvania German and Pfälzisch
dialects, the mode of spelling has been generally followed, which
will produce the sound with which Pennsylvania Germans are familiar,
according to English pronunciation. This is deemed necessary, because
by spelling Pennsylvania German words on the basis of literary or High
German, would make them unintelligible to Pennsylvania German readers,
who have no knowledge of literary or High German.

The reader will find an extension of comparisons of Pennsylvania and
South German words in the Appendix to this volume; together with their
High German, and English equivalents.

[Illustration]




CHAPTER X.

THE GERMAN AND DUTCH LANGUAGES.

  Old Dutch the Basis of all Germanic Languages.--The Separation of
    Dutch and German.--The two Grew Wide Apart.--Affinity of Dutch and
    English Languages.--The Saxon Dialect.--Literary High German.


Before the revival of learning in Europe, the German and Dutch
languages pursued the same lines; but after that period they began to
separate, and have since developed into two distinct languages.

The German language is spoken by the people of the German empire; by
about 60 per cent. of those of Austria, and of about 71 per cent. of
those of Switzerland. The Dutch language is spoken by the inhabitants
of the Netherlands, and it is claimed to be identical, with only
slight differences, with the Flemish language spoken by the Low German
inhabitants of Belgium.

There was a time when Old Dutch embraced the whole of the Teutonic, or
Germanic race, and when the Dutch language included the Teutonic, or
German language in all its forms. During the Middle Ages, there was
little difference between the various Teutonic forms. Changes began to
develop with the revival of learning in Europe, about the fifteenth
century. After that time, Modern Dutch and Modern German became
divorced, and the differences which at first separated them, continued
to increase during a period of more than four centuries, until at this
day they have grown wide apart. The changes which have taken place in
their spelling, pronunciation, phonology, and inflection of words,
resulted in two distinct languages, each with a history of its own, and
two nations with little or no homogeneity.

When the two languages began to pursue divergent lines, the Anglo-Saxon
and the Dutch seem to have continued on parallel lines for a long
period, so that the affinity between those two languages is even
greater, than that which exists between the German and Dutch. The Dutch
language of to-day bears a striking resemblance to the same language
as it existed for three hundred years, beginning with the twelfth
century, during which period the German pursued nearly the same lines.
Learning was at a low ebb during those years, and the development of
all languages from their ruder forms to that of a more cultivated was
slow.

After the separation of the German and Dutch languages, the former was
composed of numerous dialects, many of which still continue in their
modified forms, but a few of them disappeared, while others became
widely separated from their conditions during the Middle Ages. One of
the principal dialects was of Saxon origin. It made more progress in
traveling away from Old Middle Dutch, than any of the other dialects,
and in the course of time it became the favorite dialect of the more
cultivated classes, and writers began to make use of it for literary
purposes. Other German dialects found very little difficulty in
adjusting themselves to it, so that German authors, historians, and
poets adopted it, and it was thus that it became the literary, or High
German language of all German speaking people. A chief influence which
gave great emphasis to the making of the Saxon dialect the literary
language of all Germans, was on account of Martin Luther selecting it
for his translation of the Bible. That gave it its pre-eminence over
all the other numerous dialects, and it will no doubt continue, for
all time the means by which Germans everywhere throughout the world,
will express the thoughts of their inspiration, in poetry, music, and
song.

       *       *       *       *       *

Specimens of the same text, showing the affinity of the English, Dutch,
and German Languages.


ENGLISH.

1. In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God and the
Word was God. 2. The same was in the beginning with God. 3. All things
were made by him; and without him was not anything made that was made.
4. In him was life; and the life was the light of men. 5. And the light
shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not. 6. There
was a man sent from God whose name was John. 7. The same came for a
witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might
believe.--St. John, chap. 1. V. 1-7.


DUTCH.

1. In den beginne was het woord, en het woord was bij God, en het woord
was God. 2. Dit was in den beginne bij God. 3. Alle dingen zijn door
hetzelve gemaakt, en zonder hetzelve is geen ding gemaakt, dat gemaakt
is. 4. In hetzelve was het leven, en het leven was het licht der
menschen. 5. En het licht schijnt in de duisternis, en de duisternis
heeft het niet begrepen. 6. Daar was een mensch van God gezonden, wiens
naam was Johannes. 7. Deze kwam tot een getuigenis, om van het licht te
getuigen, opdat allen door hem gelooven zouden.


GERMAN.

1. Im Anfang war das Wort, und das Wort war bei Gott, und Gott war das
Wort. 2. Dasselbige war im Anfang bei Gott. 3. Alle Dinge sind durch
dasselbige gemacht, und ohne dasselbige ist nichts gemacht, was gemacht
ist. 4. In ihm war des Leben, und das Leben war das Licht der Menschen.
5. Und das Licht scheinet in der Finsterniss, und die Finsterniss haben
es nicht begriffen. 6. Es ward ein Mensch von Gott gesandt, der hiess
Johannes. 7. Derselbige kam zum Zeugniss, das er von dem Licht zeugete,
und das sie Alle durch ihn glaubten.

       *       *       *       *       *

The following version from Caedmon, on the Creation, is a specimen of
Anglo-Saxon in King Alfred’s time, about A. D. 885.

Nu we sceolan herian heofon-rices weard, metodes mihte and his
mod-geponc wera wuldor-faeder swa he wundra gehwaes ece dryhten cord
onstealde.


LITERAL ENGLISH VERSION.

Now we must praise the guardian of heaven’s kingdom, the Creator’s
might, and his mind’s thought, glorious Father of men, as of every
wonder he, Lord eternal, formed the beginning.

[Illustration]




CHAPTER XI.

SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, AND RELIGIOUS SECTS.

  Early schools in Pennsylvania.--German Schools.--Churches,
    and Religious Sects.--Lutherans Predominate.--German Reformed
    Numerous.--Swedish Lutherans.--Moravians, and other Sects.


With the founding of Penn’s province, and the organization of a civil
government for it, there was established a moral code in which the
principles of the Quaker sect furnished the groundwork; but it was
not the purpose of Penn to exclude persons of any religious sect,
from participation in the new political regime which he had set up.
He opened wide the doors to people of different mind and faith from
himself. The only conditions imposed were, that all who came should
be peaceably disposed, and loyal to the government which was erected
by him. To that end schools and churches were established at a very
early day; first by the Quakers; then by the adherents of the Anglican
church, and the Germans soon followed in their footsteps.

The German emigrants embarking for America were often furnished with
religious books, chief among which was “Arndt’s Wahres Christenthum,”
which not many generations ago was found in the family of almost
every Pennsylvania German, and it no doubt still serves the purpose
of offering consolation to many German readers. Ministers often
accompanied the emigrants on the same ship, as also did school
teachers. The latter would frequently read printed sermons, and prayers
to the people when the supply of ministers was short.

By far the larger portion of the German emigrants who came to
Pennsylvania were Lutherans and German Reformed,--the Lutherans
predominating. There also came German Quakers, Mennonites and later
German Catholics, Dunkers, Schwenkfelders, Moravians, and a few minor
sects.

The Lutherans and German Reformed embraced the tenets of the
Reformation in their native country at an early day, and when they
began to emigrate to Pennsylvania, they brought with them the germs of
their religious convictions, which were soon planted in the new soil,
where they grew into flourishing churches.

There were however Lutherans within the limits of Pennsylvania before
the granting of the province to Penn, and before the Germans came here.
About 1638 a small colony of Swedes made a settlement a short distance
from where the city of Philadelphia was afterwards founded. Pastors
were sent to them from Sweden, who organized a Lutheran church, where
its members were worshipping God according to their conscience, when
their countryman Gustavus Adolphus was fighting for religious freedom
in Europe.

Dutch Lutherans from Holland, established a church at New Amsterdam
(New York), a few years prior to the founding of the Swedish church
near Philadelphia. The Holland Lutherans were the subjects of much
persecution in their new home, on account of their non-conformity with
the Calvinistic religion, which was chiefly in vogue. After the English
captured New Amsterdam from the Dutch in 1664, they gained religious
freedom.

The Lutheran Church however did not become an organized religious
hierarchy until Melchoir Muhlenberg was sent to America, upon
application to the Lutheran pastors in London, to look after the
Lutherans in the colonies. He arrived in 1742, and immediately
proceeded to organize the church by which he earned the title of the
“Patriarch of the Lutheran Church in the United States.” He was highly
educated, and while pastor in New York, he preached three times every
Sunday in as many languages viz: German, Dutch and English.

John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, son of the former, born in Montgomery
county, Pa., became even more distinguished than his father. He was
clergyman, soldier, and statesman. He went to Woodstock, Va., to
preach in 1772, where he was serving a Lutheran Congregation when the
Revolution broke out. One Sunday after the services were finished,
he threw off his gown in the pulpit, displaying a military uniform;
read his commission as a colonel, and ordered the drums to beat for
recruits. He served with distinction during the war; rose to the rank
of Major-General; served in Congress after the war, and was elected
to the United States Senate from Pennsylvania in 1801. He died near
Philadelphia Oct. 1, 1807.

The Lutherans compose an evangelical body of Christians who have as a
basis for their creed the Augsburg Confession.

       *       *       *       *       *

THE GERMAN REFORMED CHURCH, in the United States owes its origin to
the Reformed churches of Switzerland and Germany, of which Zwingli
and Calvin were the most prominent leaders. Rev. Michael Schlatter
was to the Reformed Church in the United States and Pennsylvania,
what Muhlenberg was to the Lutheran. He was sent here by the Synod of
Holland in 1746, and with his coming the Church began its organized
existence as a united ecclesiastical body; although such eminent
clergymen as Johann Philip Boehm, and George Michael Weiss preceded
him several years, preaching to various Reformed congregations in
Pennsylvania.

The Reformed Church is Calvinistic, and the Heidelberg Catechism is the
only confession of faith recognized by it.

       *       *       *       *       *

MENNONITES.--This sect arose in Switzerland in 1525. It was named
for Menno Simons, the founder of the sect, whose members differ
in matters of religious belief from some of the other evangelical
churches, among other things in opposing infant baptism, the taking
of oaths, accepting civil offices, and bearing arms. They suffered
great persecution in Switzerland where the sect had its origin. After
Penn offered religious freedom in his new province, they emigrated to
Pennsylvania, where they formed a society at Germantown as early as
1683.

       *       *       *       *       *

DUNKERS.--The doctrine of the Dunkers is similar to that of the
Mennonites, only differing with respect to baptism, with regard to
which they believe in trine immersion. They are also known as German
American Baptists; but they call themselves Brethren. They arose in
Germany about 1709, and after being much persecuted they emigrated to
Pennsylvania during the first quarter of the last century.


SCHWENKFELDERS.--Hans Kasper von Schwenkfeld was born in Silesia in
1490. He was in the service of the Duke of Leignitz, when he embraced
the Reformation; but later took issue with Luther, concerning his
teaching with regard to the Lord’s Supper. He denied that there was any
change in the elements employed in the sacrament. He founded a church,
which would conform to his ideas, which brought him in conflict with
the Reformers, whose antagonism drove him from his home to Strassburg,
where he was tried for heresy and banished. Most of his followers
emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1734.

       *       *       *       *       *

MORAVIANS.--This sect takes its name from one of its principal seats
in the fifteenth century, which was Moravia. Its official name is the
_Unitas Fratrum_. The martyrdom of John Huss, gave rise to the church,
and was founded by his followers at Lititz in Bohemia in 1457. Its
fundamental doctrines are in harmony with other evangelical churches.

They began to arrive in America in 1735, and established a colony in
Georgia; and in 1740, they came to Pennsylvania, and founded Bethlehem
and several other places; the former continuing its chief seat in the
United States.

       *       *       *       *       *

CATHOLICS.--Among the emigrants to Pennsylvania in the last century
were numerous German Catholics. As an ecclesiastical body they do not
differ from their English-speaking co-religionists. The Roman Catholic
Church antedates all other Christian churches. Catholics claim that
Christ conferred special attributes on Peter, making him the rock on
which the church is built. The primary of Peter as one of the apostles
is perpetuated in the Pope of Rome, who as Peter’s successor “enjoys
not merely a pre-eminence of honor, but a real, immediate jurisdiction
over the entire church, and over each of its members.”

       *       *       *       *       *

MINOR SECTS.--There were other minor sects among the early arrivals:
Mystics, who believe in a pure, sublime and wholly disinterested
devotion, who claim that they have direct intercourse with the divine
Spirit, and that they gain a knowledge of God and of spiritual things
by the natural intellect, and as such cannot be analyzed or explained.
Separatists who dissent from all sects, and refuse to conform to any
church government. Inspirationists, who believe that inspiration
extends to the very words and forms of expression of the divine
message. All these were represented in the early German emigration.

       *       *       *       *       *

METHODISTS.--During the period of German emigration into Pennsylvania,
no German speaking Methodists came here, because Methodism had not
gained any foothold among the Germans at that time, although since
then it has spread largely among the Pennsylvania Germans. Methodism
did not make its appearance in the province of Pennsylvania until long
after George Whitfield, who led the advance guard of Methodism in the
United States came here to preach the new tenets of the sect. Its first
organized existence in America dates with the building of the famous
old “John Street Chapel,” in New York in 1763, which is believed to be
the first Methodist church erected in the Western Hemisphere. There
are other religious sects among the Pennsylvania Germans, but they are
off-shoots of other denominations, and had no existence among the early
emigrants. There are numerous descendants of Pennsylvania Germans who
after they became Anglicized, joined other evangelical denominations,
such as the Presbyterian, Episcopal and other churches.

[Illustration]




CHAPTER XII.

SOCIAL LIFE AND DOMESTIC CUSTOMS.

  The German Home.--German Hospitality.--Consideration for
    Strangers.--Inherited Traits and Customs.--Mode of Living.--Folk
    Lore.--Teutonic Myths and Legends.--Holidays and Religious
    Festivals.--Christmas.--City and Rural Life.--German Politeness.


When the large stream of German emigration poured into Pennsylvania,
chiefly from South Germany, it found none of the conditions here by
which the emigrants had been surrounded at home. The new order of
things made certain changes in their mode of life necessary, but so
far as the new conditions would permit, they retained their inherited
traits, social and domestic customs, nearly all of which have come
down to the present generation. In some instances they have borrowed
from their English-speaking neighbors, while the latter have in return
borrowed largely, from the predominant German element.

But in the main, the social customs and domestic habits brought by
the ancestors of the Pennsylvania Germans from the fatherland were
continued, and remain to this day with little change, both among the
latter and their kinsmen in the Rhine country.

The resemblance of these customs and habits are most striking, among
the Germans in the rural districts of Pennsylvania, and among the
peasantry of South Germany, for the simple reason that the fixed
habits, and traits of a people, are longest preserved by the great body
of the rural population.

A marked characteristic of all Germans everywhere, is their “home
life.” Nowhere do we find such cheerful sunny homes, as among the
Germans. No matter how humble the home, or how poor the family may be,
the first consideration always is, to live for home and family where
cheerfulness, and affection reign supreme. That these virtues prevail
among other people there is no doubt, but the Germans are believed to
excel in this respect.

The German mode of living is simple, plain and economical; heightened
by a friendly hospitality. With regard to these traits the Pennsylvania
Germans retain their racial characteristics. There is a single
domestic virtue universal among them, which serves to illustrate their
character in this respect, and to prove their disinterested friendship.
They always receive and entertain strangers with generous hospitality.
If one should come among them unexpectedly at meal time, an extra seat
is at once provided, and the stranger asked to join the family at the
table. These invitations are never perfunctory, but are extended in
the hope that they will be accepted. Should the stranger be overtaken
by night, a spare bed is always provided for such occasions. These
characteristics have been the subject of frequent remark, by people
traveling among the Germans in the rural districts of Pennsylvania.

In connection with the subject of the Pennsylvania German’s spare bed,
a kind word may be in order for the traditional feather bed which seems
to be an indispensable feature of every Pennsylvania German household.
The often derided feather bed is a distinctive German institution, and
is found everywhere in Germany at this day, in winter and summer. No
matter what the season, the feather quilt is found neatly folded at
the foot of the bed ready for use, in case the emergency calls for it,
so that its existence to-day in Pennsylvania is an honest inheritance
from the ancestors of the Pennsylvania Germans, who brought the custom
with them when they first came here, and where it has held its own ever
since, as one of the settled household institutions.

While the Pennsylvania Germans retain many of the customs of their
kinsmen on the other side of the Atlantic there is one particular in
which the former have made a wide departure. In Germany the peasantry
are all crowded in small villages, in striking contrast to the
Pennsylvania farmers who live on their large well-tilled farms, in
palatial farm houses which tell of opulence and luxury. In Germany
the peasantry are living in small _dorfs_, where the houses are all
built of stone most of which are several centuries old; situated on
narrow streets, so as to take up as little of the valuable ground as
possible; the houses are often situated in such close proximity to the
cows, pigs and hens as to make it appear as if all belonged to the same
household. This last condition is however an exception to the rule, for
as a general rule the German peasant homes, are clean and wholesome,
although furnished in the plainest manner. The first floors are
frequently of stone; carpets are rarely seen in the houses of peasants,
and even among the higher classes, floors are usually painted; kept
scrupulously clean; and ornamented with rugs.

The universal passion of the Germans for flowers and other
ornamentation is often shown by the poorest peasants, but their almost
constant employment in the fields, prevents them from indulging their
instincts in that direction to any great extent, but they neglect no
opportunity to do so, whenever it is possible.

The German instinct for flowers is strongly exhibited by the
Pennsylvania German women. There are not many, who do not find time
to give some attention to their cultivation. The yard of nearly every
Pennsylvania German farm house bears testimony to this fact. There are
few houses in rural Pennsylvania the surroundings of which are not
more or less beautified by flowering plants, often of the choicest
kinds; while the poorer people are often content, with a few roses;
the fragrant honeysuckle; and sometimes the unpretentious dahlia and
sunflower, are made to attest their love of the beautiful.

There are certain kinds of labor performed by the German women in their
native country, which are also performed by German women in rural
Pennsylvania. They attend to the milking, look after the poultry, and
attend to the garden, in addition to their regular household duties.
They also assist not infrequently at certain kinds of work in the
fields. These customs still prevail largely in Germany, but it is a
satisfaction to note, that the custom is growing into disfavor in
Pennsylvania more every year, and it is to be hoped that the chivalry
of the Pennsylvania German farmers will soon relegate the practice
wholly to the rear, as a custom out of consonance with the spirit of
the times.

       *       *       *       *       *

There are many articles of diet peculiar to the Pennsylvania Germans
to which most people have been strangers until they acquired the
knowledge from them. For instance,--“Scrapple” (P. G. pan-haas), which
the “Standard Dictionary” defines as an “article of food made by
boiling meal or flour with scraps of pork, chopped hog’s liver, and
kidneys, and seasoning, and served in fried slices;” then adds that
it originated among the “Pennsylvania Dutch.” It did not originate
among the “Pennsylvania Dutch” because in the first place there are
no such people, and in the next place it is a common article of food
in the Rhine Pfalz, whence the early German emigrants brought it to
Pennsylvania.

The origin of the word “pan-haas,” (English pan-hare, or pan-rabbit),
is a puzzle, but it probably belongs to that class of slang words, of
which “welsh rabbit;” “blind robin,” and the like are specimens.

“Sauer-kraut,” a dish at one time associated with things vulgar and
regarded as not “good form” to eat by the more aesthetic people, has
forged its way to the front, until it has acquired a very respectable
standing. It is of purely German origin, and supplied the larder of
the Hessian soldiers as one of their chief articles of diet when
they embarked for America during the Revolutionary War. “Schnits and
knepp.”--sliced apples, and dumplings, cooked with pork, is another
purely German dish, for which the Pennsylvania Germans are indebted to
the fatherland. The so-called “Dutch cheese,” is merely the “Mainzer
käse,” of Germany, so named after the city of Mainz on the Rhine.
“Smear-case,” from the German “schmier-käse,” is also a native of the
Pfalz. There is an endless variety of articles of food, and their
manner of preparation for the table in vogue among the Pennsylvania
Germans, which are inheritances from their ancestors who brought the
art with them, when they emigrated to Pennsylvania.

The custom of feasting at funerals among the Germans in Pennsylvania,
has been a subject of much comment by English-speaking people, also
prevails in Germany to a limited extent. It is there confined to a
few simple refreshments for guests, especially for those who come
some distance to attend the funeral. The somewhat extravagant feasts
prepared by the Germans in Pennsylvania on the occasion of funerals,
may be the result of their greater ability to provide liberally for
their guests; but there is no doubt that the custom is the outgrowth
of the disposition of good-will, and benevolence so characteristic of
the Germans everywhere. Relatives are always invited to attend funerals
by the Pennsylvania Germans, and they often come long distances, to
manifest their sympathy on such occasions, and it would be regarded a
great breach of civility and of friendship, to send the relatives away,
without inviting them to partake of the hospitalities of the house of
mourning; and to refuse to accept such an invitation, would be regarded
an equal breach of decorum toward the bereaved family.

The similarity of the domestic customs of the Pennsylvania Germans
and their Palatine kinsmen, are exhibited in many ways; but it does
not stop with their social habits and domestic customs. Much of their
folk-lore, legendary romances, and Teutonic myths, which have come
down the ages, and which are the inheritances of all German-speaking
races are alike. The Rhine traditions being the most recent are best
preserved.

The resemblances can be traced in many of the usages and beliefs
common to both; in their religious observances, and manner of worship;
agricultural festivals; customs at weddings; the “home-bringings,”
courtship, making acquaintances; old-fashioned methods of work;
neighborly gathering of friends to aid in certain kinds of work, called
by the English-speaking people a “bee,” such as a husking bee; a barn
raising bee, and the like, which is called by the Pennsylvania Germans
in their dialect a “frolic” which would seem to indicate that they
borrowed the term from the English, but it is more likely that it is a
corruption of the German word “_fröhlich_,” because on such occasions
all hands are gay, jovial, and make merry, which is usually heightened
by “liquid refreshments,” followed when the work is done by a great
feast. Among the common beliefs, more particularly among the less
informed are certain superstitions; belief in fairies, and hobgoblins,
and ghosts; lucky and unlucky days; the influence of certain planets
on the elements, upon which subject they have a vast amount of
weather lore; belief in the curative power of magic; “pow-wow” and the
like. These and many more are superstitions, customs and beliefs, not
altogether handed down traditionally, and communicated from generation
to generation, but most of them have been preserved in the literature
of folk-lore of which the Germans have produced the larger part. The
word folk-lore comes from the German _Volk_, people, and _Lehre_
learning. So that the traditions of peasants, and uneducated people,
are merely the result of that which was at one time believed by all
classes.

Even at this day much of the ancient folk-lore is found to exist, and
rigidly believed in by some of the most intelligent people, as well
as among the rudest and most uncultivated people. How many people are
there who would care to start on a long sea voyage on a Friday; or go
unattended through a lonely graveyard on a night of inky darkness?

Many church and festal days, observed in the Pfalz, are still complied
with by the Pennsylvania Germans; although the tendency with regard to
their observance is growing feebler every year. The man of middle life
will remember the time when such days as Good Friday, Ascension Day,
Whitsuntide, and other church days were rigidly observed by attending
religious services in the morning, and spending the remainder of the
day in social recreation, by visiting friends and relatives, and in
other similar diversions.

Those days are still devoted to similar enjoyments in Germany. A great
deal of this social recreation in Germany takes place in wine halls;
beer and music gardens on all festal occasions as well as on Sundays.
The Germans are a church-going people on Sunday mornings, but the
afternoons are devoted to recreations, which as a general rule lead to
the music gardens, where beer and wine are dispensed. This mixing of
beer, music, and religion on Sunday is one of the things which few of
our American Sabbatarians can understand, because they view it from
the standpoint of what they see of drinking in their own country. And
it must be admitted, that it is seriously doubted, whether a quiet and
orderly Sunday could be had in this country, if the same freedom were
allowed. If the doors of the saloons in this country were thrown wide
open as they are in Germany from eleven o’clock in the morning until
eleven at night, drunken revels would follow with almost absolute
certainty, while such a thing as drunkenness is almost wholly unknown
in South Germany. The people there drink scarcely any spirits, but
confine themselves to beer, and light wines. This is not true of the
North German states, for there the people drink spirits, and a good
deal of drunkenness prevails. The Germans as a rule drink moderately.
The whole family goes to the beer garden, or the wine hall, and a
_liter_ of beer suffices for all, and they will spend an hour or more
over that quantity, while the American style of drinking would in the
same length of time produce more or less intoxication by reason of the
quantity consumed, much of which is due to the habit of “treating”
which does not prevail in Germany. A German familiar with the American
custom with regard to drinking expressed the difference between the two
countries tersely when he remarked: “In Deutschland trinken die leute
bier, aber in Amerika saufen sie es.”

Christmas is the great religious festal day of the Germans, as it has
become with most Christian people everywhere within recent years. With
the Pennsylvania Germans it always held first place, as it has with
their kinsmen across the sea, from whom the former inherited all the
essential characteristics of its observance, such as the merry-makings,
family re-unions, and other social recreations. Christmas is
especially a German holiday. To them it is largely due that the day has
been shorn of its early ascetic character, and has been succeeded by
a day of sunny cheerfulness, and general good-will. The Germans have
surrounded it with much poetic sentiment, in addition to its religious
aspect; and while the domestic sentiment is always uppermost with them,
it is at Christmas that this sentiment is most strongly exemplified.
With Christmas eve the festival commences with them. All Pennsylvania
German children look forward to that evening with great anxiety. That
is the evening for the “Bellsnickle” to put in his appearance in
hideous disguise to look after naughty boys and girls, and when he
distributes his gifts in the shape of nuts and cakes by throwing them
on the floor, woe to any youngster who dares to pick any of them up,
for if he attempts to do so, he will be sure to get a sound whack on
his back with a whip which this fright of the children carries with
him. The “Bellsnickle” is a purely German character, and does not seem
to belong to any other people who have not derived the character from
the Germans. The name is supposed to come from the words “peltz” skin,
or a furred coat, and “nickle,” a dirty person, as the make-up of the
character resembles such a combination.

To offset the Bellsnickle there is the patron saint of the little
children, good Kriss Kringle, from the German _Christ-kindlein_--Christ
child--who brings the children happiness with their “Weinacht-gaschenk”
a word which conveys a much more poetic sentiment than the commonplace
English phrase of “Christmas present.” Most of the Christmas stories
which delight children so much, come from the Germans.

       *       *       *       *       *

The Germans have many holidays. Sometimes the most trivial event
furnishes the occasion for a festal day. The birthdays of their
princes, and distinguished soldiers and statesmen, are made interesting
events in the lives of the people themselves, by the elaborate manner
in which they celebrate them. Among the Germans the birthday of every
member of the family is observed in some way. This custom prevails to
some extent among the Pennsylvania Germans, but it is mainly confined
to the celebration of the birthdays of aged people, especially of
parents, grandparents, and of young children. The Moravians still
continue the custom of celebrating the birthdays in some form, of all
the members of their families.

The hard lives of the early German immigrants in Pennsylvania, had the
effect to dispel much of the cheer of the happy homes, which still
surrounds the firesides of their kinsmen in the Rhine country; and
in these days the Pennsylvania Germans have acquired the universal
contagion of Americans, of the mad rush after wealth, which robs them
of many of the sunny pleasures of the Germans in their native land,
about which Americans know very little.

If the emigrants that come from Germany in these days, should seem to
negative the conditions of the happy German homes herein mentioned, the
reply is, that they are not intended to embrace the Germans that come
from the eastern part of Germany where the land is poor and the people
still poorer. Very few emigrants come from the region once embraced in
the old state of the Palatinate to the United States in these days, and
the few that do come do not make the change to improve their temporal
welfare, but to escape military duty, or the possibilities of war,
which is a continual menace to the peace of Germany. While the German
peasants in the Rhine country are not rich, and enjoy but few of the
luxuries of the Pennsylvania German farmers, they have an abundance
of the actual necessities of life; live comfortably, and are more
contented and happier than any other people in the same walk in life,
in the whole of Europe, and even possibly in this country.

A striking characteristic of the Germans in their own country is one
of politeness, much of which they soon forget after they come here,
and their Pennsylvania German kinsmen, do not any longer cultivate
that trait very assiduously; but in this respect they are not behind
the rest of their countrymen in democratic America. It is also true,
that there is often as much genuine friendliness concealed beneath
the rougher exterior of the average American, as there is in the more
polished manner, and outward semblance of the profusive manifestations
of friendship of the German, or Frenchman. It is a fact however that
Europeans generally are politer than Americans.

Nowhere does one meet with more courteous consideration, affability and
manifestations of good-will, than among the Germans in their native
country. This is true with regard to their daily intercourse, and upon
all informal occasions, and it’s heightened in their intercourse with
strangers.

The urbane manner, and considerate courteousness of the Germans is
called by them “Gemüthlichkeit.” It is said that the word has no
equivalent in the English language. It is this “gemüthlichkeit,”--good
nature, kindly disposition, and affability which controls every action
of the German’s daily life. No matter whether you negotiate with the
_kellnerin_ for a glass of beer, or you meet the _zimmermädchen_ that
takes care of your room at the hotel, it is always “_guten morgen_,”
or “_guten tag_,” and upon your departure from a place the salutations
of adieu, “_lebe wohl_,” “_auf wiedersehen_,” are showered upon you in
such an earnest manner, that you must believe that it is all meant.
Traveling on a railway train, a stranger enters the coupe in which you
are seated, he will always greet you by wishing you good day, after
which he may become absorbed in a book, or as he frequently does, may
enter in conversation with you; and on his departing he will invariably
wish you a “_glückliche reise_,” and “_sehr fiel vergnügen_.” “_Ich
danke sehr_,” and “_ich bitte_,” are continually heard in recognition
of the most ordinary courtesies at every turn, all day long. Should you
call on some newly-made acquaintance, you are always received with:
“_Herzliche wilkommen_.” Men upon meeting often take off their hats
to each other, especially if they have not met for some time; and on
meeting a peasant when traveling in the country, he will always take
his hat off to a stranger, and bid him the time of day.

With all this excessive politeness, there is also sometimes great
rudeness, but the latter is a rare exception, and is usually confined
to military officers, who seem to monopolize all the boorishness and
bad manners in Germany. They seem to think that in order to prove their
chivalry, that they must needs make themselves offensive by their
rudeness.

[Illustration]




CHAPTER XIII.

LIFE IN PENNSYLVANIA IN THE EARLY DAYS.

  Poverty of early Settlers.--Lack of Houses to live in.--Some
    made their Homes in Caves at First.--Food was Plentiful.--Game
    was Abundant.--Lack of Roads.--Country a dense Forest.--Only
    Indian Trails to get from one Place to Another.--Early Roads
    Projected.--Wild Animals numerous and Destructive.--Early
    Iron making.--The Crime of Horse Stealing.--Health of new
    Settlers.--Courts and Penalties.--Early Laws.


As has already been learned, German emigration into Pennsylvania
began with Penn’s first visit to his province, but the great tide
of emigration did not set in, until the beginning of the eighteenth
century.

Penn was an early reformer in England, with notions of his own
concerning both spiritual, and secular matters, which were considered
at that time as heretical, visionary, and impractical. In his new
province in America, he was not hampered with any of the traditions of
European governments, with their arbitrary rule, religious persecution,
and political oppression. He was free on this side of the Atlantic,
to give a practical turn to his schemes of an ideal government which
should be a religious and temporal paradise.

His notions of government involved entirely new ideas, and were not
at all consonant with the times in which he lived. He did not believe
in much governmental restraint, but believed that a people were best
governed who felt the restraints of government the least. On this basis
he undertook to lay the foundation of civil government for his province.

People who beheld the elements with which he would have to contend,
despaired of his success in forming a government of law and order, with
the material at hand. As in all new countries there were among the
people whom he found here, the idle, the vicious, and the depraved,
to say nothing of the incongruous elements, of people of different
nationality, language, customs and manners. His task must have seemed a
formidable one; but he succeeded as the framers of no government ever
succeeded before him, nor since.

The German emigrants on their coming here found a beneficient
government on their arrival, and they were rid of the fearful
persecution from which they had been made the sufferers in their
native land, yet they had an appalling task before them, in making for
themselves homes in the forest wilderness, to which they had come. But
they were free men for the first time in their lives. The wrongs of
their cruel oppressors no longer beset them by day, nor haunted their
dreams by night. Most of the emigrants were very poor and had to make
their new start in life, with nothing but stout hearts and willing
hands. Many on their arrival at Philadelphia had not the means to
procure shelter and it could not be procured very often at any price,
so that not a few made their temporary homes in caves along the shores
of the Delaware river, which had been previously occupied by native
Indians. It is said that the first white child born of English parents
at Philadelphia, was born in one of those caves. John Key, who became
an honored citizen, and who lived a long life of usefulness, had such a
humble birthplace in 1682. He died in Chester county in 1767.

It was not long however before the early arrivals were provided with
more substantial dwellings, for in less than two years after Penn
had laid out his ideal city, it contained 300 houses built of wood;
affording a fair degree of comfort.

After that more substantial buildings began to be erected of brick
brought from England, some of which still remain standing, well
preserved to testify to the thrift and enterprise of the settlers two
centuries ago.

The mode of living at first corresponded with the early means of
shelter, and pretty much all except the few rich, shared the same
conditions. After the newcomer had succeeded so far as to be able
to live under the roof of his own modest log cabin, he had made an
enviable start, and soon forgot his earlier privations, while the
recollections of his wretched condition in his native land, made him
happy and contented in his new home. After he succeeded to a log cabin,
a horse, cow, plow, axe, saw, and a table of rough hewn timber, a
bedstead and bench in keeping, he regarded himself on the high road to
fortune, and was happy in the contrast between his condition in his
new home, and his former home in the desolate Palatinate. With the few
primitive household goods, clothing aptly corresponded. Woolen fabrics
were unknown. The clothing of the new settlers consisted of home-made
cloth, woven from tow, made from flax grown on the virgin soil. Their
apparel was neither rich nor gaudy, and did not admit of much change
of dress, which was chiefly confined to a shirt, trousers, and coat.
In warm weather the shirt and trousers sufficed; in cold weather an
additional top coat was worn for protection. Shoes were made to last
a long time, and were only worn when absolutely necessary. Cobblers
traveled through the country, among the settlers and mended their
shoes; in that way procuring a livelihood.

The foregoing observations apply only to the rural population in the
early days. In Philadelphia the residents fared better. That city soon
developed into a prosperous commercial town, and it remained for many
years the chief mart in Pennsylvania, to which settlers came to trade
from all parts of the province.

Most of the early settlers in Pennsylvania took to farming on their
arrival as soon as they were able to do so, because they were trained
to that occupation at home, and it also brought them the quickest
return, and surest employment.

But to make farms in those days was no easy task. It was necessary
first to subdue the wilderness, which was an unbroken forest
everywhere. There were no roads, and to travel from one part of the
country to another was a difficult undertaking. The Indian trails
furnished the only means to get through the forest, which in many
places was practically impenetrable. There were innumerable streams to
be crossed, without bridges. The building of roads of course received
early attention, but its progress must necessarily have been slow,
owing to the nature of the country through which they had to be built,
and the making of them did not keep pace with the constantly increasing
population.

In 1686, four years after Philadelphia was founded, a road to Trenton
was projected. This was done no doubt to bring the settlements already
existing in southern parts of New Jersey in easy communication with
Philadelphia. In 1729 a road was laid out to Lancaster; by that time
many thousands of settlers had located between the latter place and
Philadelphia, with no direct means of communication. Before that time
people traveling between those two places had to go in a round about
way, by Chester; and the projected road to Lancaster was not built
until 1733. A road from Philadelphia to Upper Milford township in what
is now Lehigh county, was built about the same time. From that time
on, many roads were projected and built throughout eastern Pennsylvania.

Before the building of roads was begun the farmers had no need for
wagons, so that horses were made the chief vehicles for the purposes
of transportation, while the shoulders of the stalwart farmers were
made to perform similar service. Road building through the dense forest
was not easy. Large trees had to be felled, and the roadway cleared of
stumps and brush. After roads were thus opened, many farmers at first
improvised wagons, by making wheels out of the butt ends of large
trees. Untanned hides furnished materials for harness. Settlers during
the early years of their coming here lived far apart, so that they
could not be of much service to each other, and when winter came on,
all communication between them practically ended, until the following
spring.

The early settlers surely found no earthly paradise when they first
came here, and their descendants who to-day occupy the rich and highly
cultivated farms which their ancestors hewed out of the primeval
forest, cannot realize the poverty and privations of the first comers
to Penn’s El Dorado; yet they were content, because they were no longer
the victims of a ferocious soldiery, whose crimes made their lives
intolerable in the land of their birth.

The great discomforts and privations of the earliest settlers were of
not long duration. It did not take those that came first long to get
a fair start, and they soon acquired an abundance of the most urgent
necessities, which they were ever ready to share with their newly
arrived countrymen. There does not seem to have been at any time any
great scarcity of food, for it seems that the streams and forests
supplied that in abundance. Penn on the occasion of his first visit
to his province, wrote to a friend in England: “Of food there is an
abundance, and of the best quality.” One newly arrived emigrant wrote:
“Wild pigeons come in clouds, and frequently fly so low as to enable
one to knock them down with a stick. Wild turkeys are so large and fat;
some of them weigh 46 pounds. Some that weigh as much as 30 pounds are
sold for a shilling. A deer can be bought for two shillings and six
pence. The streams are full of fish, and so they are in New Jersey. The
Indians often bring in seven or eight deer at a time; of geese, ducks,
wild swan, and pheasants there are plenty.”

In 1750 the farmers complained to the government, that the bounty
offered for the destruction of squirrels, was an injury to them,
because laborers, instead of helping in harvest, would go squirrel
hunting, because they could make better wages thereby, than by working
in harvest.

According to an act of the Colonial Assembly, the government paid a
bounty for each dozen crows, blackbirds, and squirrels, one shilling
and six pence. Even at that price those destructive creatures did not
seem to diminish, so that in 1754 an appeal was made to the Assembly
to compel every settler to destroy a certain number of them, for which
he was to receive certain compensation, and in case anyone failed to
destroy his share, he was to forfeit a _pro rata_ penalty. It was hoped
by such means, to save the farmers’ corn after it was planted and came
up, which the crows, blackbirds, and squirrels destroyed. Deer were
also so numerous as to become very destructive of the grain after it
came up in the fall. Foxes and muskrats were also very destructive of
poultry, and wolves were very numerous and would sometimes destroy
entire flocks of sheep. The farmers were never without their guns;
it was customary for them to carry them wherever they went. These
animals had their homes in the dense forests which were inaccessible
on account of the lack of roads. Farmers frequently lost their horses
if allowed to stray away in the endless wood. The dense forests made
horse-stealing an easy occupation for the lawless, and it constituted
one of the chief crimes of the early days of the settlement of the
province, as the forests made a convenient hiding place for them with
their prey. During a period of three years after Northampton County was
organized, nine horse thieves were tried and punished in that county,
while a great many more escaped arrest. The punishment prescribed at
that time for horse-stealing, was public whipping, which did not have
the effect to deter the lawless from committing that sort of crime. The
field of operation of the horse-thieves was so large and their chances
of escape so great, that they carried on their occupation with little
hindrance. The extent of the evil was so great, that the citizens
petitioned the Assembly to create the death penalty for the crime of
horse-stealing.

The horse-thieves seem to have had a monopoly of crime. For a new
country there was none of that lawlessness which has characterized the
new frontier settlements of our western domain. The “tough citizen”
of our western frontier had not then yet been developed. He seems to
have made his appearance later, and is especially, an American product,
unique in his character, without a rival, or counterpart in any other
part of the world, outside of the United States.

After agriculture had made a fair start other industries began to
attract the attention of the more wide-awake settlers, who had cast
their lot with the future of Penn’s province. As early as 1696, only 14
years after Penn laid out his ideal city on the Delaware, the question
of making iron began to be discussed, and in 1726 a German by the name
of Kurtz gave the matter a practical turn, by the erection of a furnace.

A firm named Grubb Bros., also built a furnace and iron-works about
the same time in Lancaster County. By the time of the middle of the
eighteenth century, the province of Pennsylvania had made much progress
in agriculture and the industrial arts, and its boundless resources
and great hidden wealth, began to attract great attention, when many
persons of wealth in England and Germany, were attracted hither, who
began the development of the iron, and other resources, and establish
various industrial enterprises, to meet the growing needs of the
province.

       *       *       *       *       *

In those early days, the traffic in spirituous liquors as a beverage
was already a perplexing question. The manufacture of the product
became a profitable industry soon after the settlement of the province,
and the early settlers were not exempt, from the craving for some
artificial stimulant, which has been implanted in mankind ever since
Noah planted a vineyard among the hills of Ararat, and became “drunken”
on the fruits thereof. The excessive use then, as it always has been,
brought along with it its attendant evils. In 1721 a convention of
leading citizens was held at Philadelphia, to consider the question, of
restraining the traffic in strong drink, and to encourage the use of
light beer instead, as being less injurious. It would seem from this
proposition, that the German citizens sought to introduce, and enforce
the custom of beer drinking which then prevailed in their native land
and which still continues, instead of the use of spirituous liquors as
a beverage, which are vastly more injurious. In South Germany at this
day, the people confine themselves almost exclusively to light wines
and beer, with the result that an intoxicated person is scarcely ever
seen in that part of Germany.

In 1733 the owners of certain iron works petitioned the Legislature, to
enact a law prohibiting the traffic in strong drink in the neighborhood
where their works were operated, as it was injurious to the management
of their industries; but asked that the sale of beer and cider be
permitted.

       *       *       *       *       *

Unlike most new countries the province of Pennsylvania was singularly
exempt from many of those diseases with which new countries have to
contend, and outside of the few small towns which existed in the early
days there were no doctors, and the obstinate Quakers did not seem to
think that there was any need for them, and did not encourage their
coming. They seemed to have had nearly or quite as much aversion to
doctors as they had to lawyers. One Quaker wrote in 1690 concerning the
needs of the colony: “Of lawyers and doctors I will make no mention
as the country is very peaceable and healthy.” This complacent Quaker
probably changed his mind about doctors, when later malignant fevers,
and the smallpox broke out among the settlers, which resulted in very
many deaths. In later years Philadelphia had a visitation from the
yellow fever which carried its citizens off by hundreds. As late as the
middle of the last century, Philadelphia did not have a single paved
street, and until 1793 the water for culinary, and other household
purposes was obtained from wells which could not be saved from becoming
polluted, by surface drainage. After Philadelphia had been scourged by
the yellow fever well water fell into disfavor, and the Schuylkill and
Delaware rivers were drawn upon for water.


COURTS AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.

During the early years after the founding of the province, there were
no courts. The Quakers who were then in control discouraged them, as
they also did lawyers, and all litigation. One of the first laws passed
by the Colonial Assembly, was one to prevent litigation. It was not
until 1701 that courts were considered necessary. In that year a Court
House was built at Philadelphia, which answered for the whole province.
The justices appointed to preside over the courts, were empowered to
make final settlement of all disputes.

The business of the courts in those days, was conducted with great
formality and solemnity. The judges wore three-cornered hats, and
when they returned from court to their homes, the constables with the
emblems of their office led the way. The judges on the bench wore a
grave and serious aspect. The common folks in attendance were inspired
with great awe. It is needless to say that things in this respect
have changed since then. In those days judges were the appendages of
royalty, while in these later days, the people make and unmake them at
their pleasure.

The penalties inflicted on offenders against the law were peculiar,
and in many cases revolting; savoring more as viewed at this day, of
primitive savagery, than that of a criminal code of a civilized people.
Malefactors for certain offences were branded in the hands with red hot
irons; others had their ears cut off, or were nailed fast by their ears
to the whipping post; or sentenced to a certain number of lashes, while
others for more trivial offences were made to stand in the pillory
for a specified time. The pillory was usually erected in the market
place, and the sentence usually carried out on market days. Watson in
his “Annals” says that upon such occasions the price of eggs usually
advanced for obvious reasons. The penalties here enumerated were dealt
out to persons found guilty of crime, without regard to rank, station
or sex.

       *       *       *       *       *

In Christoph Sauer’s newspaper of date of March 16, 1775, an amusing
incident is related, as having occurred at Easton. A man was sentenced
to receive a certain number of lashes, for having stolen an axe. The
sheriff, who was not inclined to inflict the punishment, offered
four dollars to any one who would perform the duty for him. No one
came forward to perform the job, when the culprit’s wife came along,
and undertook to perform the task. She laid on the number of lashes
decreed, with all her might, after which she added one more, remarking
at the same time that the last one was for the occasion when her
husband boxed her ears. She was paid her four dollars by the sheriff,
and the law was vindicated. Sometimes a malefactor’s entire property
was forfeited; sometimes only a fine was imposed, and if the condemned
was unable to pay it, he was put up at public auction, and sold to the
highest bidder to serve a certain length of time, which was governed
by the price bidden. This latter feature of the law remained in force
until 1786, while the whipping post was not abolished until 1790.


EARLY LEGISLATION.

The first Colonial Assembly of Pennsylvania met at Philadelphia January
10, 1683, and was of course dominated by Penn, and his co-religionists.
Some queer laws were proposed, and some of them were enacted, and put
in force. One legislator wanted a law passed to encourage matrimony;
another sought to make it unlawful for any one to wear more than two
kinds of clothing. One kind was prescribed for summer, and another kind
for winter.

It was made unlawful for any one to introduce, or frequent “stage
plays,” and the penalty was fixed at ten days’ imprisonment at hard
labor in the house of correction, or forfeit twenty shillings. It was
also made unlawful for any one to play cards for amusement, under a
penalty of five shillings, or in default of payment, imprisonment in
the house of correction, at labor five days.

The price of ale and beer at a public house, was fixed at two pennies a
Winchester quart.

A law was passed, changing the names of the days of the week,
“according to Scripture,” making them first, second, third, etc.,
instead of the “heathen names,” Monday, Tuesday, etc. The names of the
months were similarly changed.

Any one convicted of lying in conversation, was to suffer a penalty
of half a crown for each offense, or in default of payment suffer
three days imprisonment at hard labor. If such a law were in force in
these days the revenues therefrom would soon create a surplus, and the
government would not be embarrassed by a deficit.

Any one found guilty of speaking derogatorily of the sentence, or
judgment of any court, or of speaking disrespectfully of a judge, was
to be fined at the discretion of the court.

Any one found guilty of stealing hogs a third time was to receive
thirty lashes, and be banished from the province.

It was made the duty of parents to have their children taught to read
and write, by the time they were twelve years of age; then taught some
useful trade, for neglect of which, the parents were fined five pounds
for every child so neglected.


UNJUST CRITICISM OF PENNSYLVANIA GERMANS.

The Pennsylvania Germans have often been made to suffer by calumnious
reports concerning them, by reason of the prejudice, and oftener
perhaps of the ignorance of a certain class of writers for the press.
A number of years ago, an editorial appeared in the Public Ledger,
defending them against the aspersions and mendacious misrepresentations
of a Yankee scribbler for a newspaper who said: “The immigrants came
over here with their priests, a fragment of the middle ages, uneducated
and uncultivated. What is the consequence? We see before us the
petrifaction of a social and mental condition which has long since
disappeared from Germany. We behold a picture of the dark ages.”

It is remarkable that such dense ignorance should have existed
anywhere, even among only half educated people, at any time within
the present century concerning a people, who have always occupied an
honorable and conspicuous place in the history of their state and
country; who to-day number not less than a million and a half of
people, many of whom are filling some of the highest stations in every
walk of life. All that is necessary to put to shame such base libellers
as the foregoing is to point to the long line of Pennsylvania’s
German Governors, and to the men of the same blood in our halls of
legislation, on the bench, at the bar, in the pulpit, among the
men eminent in the sciences, among the educators, business men and
financiers, not only in Pennsylvania, but wherever the Pennsylvania
Germans and their descendants have spread.

The following extract from the editorial of the Ledger is just as
timely now as when first written, in case there are still any people as
ignorant and misinformed, as the one who wrote the foregoing libel:

  “No one familiar with the German farmers of Pennsylvania need be
  told that this is a stupid and ignorant libel. Its author has either
  never traveled through our state, or has maliciously misrepresented
  what he saw. So far from our German farmers being on a level with
  the serfs of one hundred and fifty years ago, they are vastly in
  advance of cotemporary German and French farmers, or even of English
  farmers of similar means. On this point we need go no further for
  authority than to Mr. Munch, the fellow laborer with Mr. Herder in
  the late campaign, who though hostile in politics to our German
  farmers in general, was forced, during his tour through Pennsylvania,
  to admit their sterling worth. Mr. Munch is an experienced and
  practical agriculturist, and not merely a speculative man of letters,
  so that his judgment on such a question is worth that of a score
  of visionary, ill-informed, prejudiced, disappointed demagogues or
  partisan editors. After eulogizing the picturesque natural features
  of the landscape of our German counties, praising the excellent taste
  which has preserved the woods on the hill sides, and extolling the
  appearance of the farms, this gentleman adds significantly that he
  found the people of a genial, solid and respectable stamp, enviably
  circumstanced in comparison with the European farmer, and very far
  superior in intelligence and morals. It is time that the truth
  should be spoken, and justice done to our German population. We are
  willing to go as far as any one in testifying to the value of books,
  newspapers and schools; we are willing to admit that our German
  farmers, as a class, have cared less for these things than they
  ought; but we are not silly enough to say that a man is necessarily a
  bad farmer, a disorderly citizen, or a profligate husband because he
  does not speak English, is not crammed with book-learning, or does
  not take in a half a dozen journals. Our German farmers prove the
  reverse. Whether a denizen of a state be valuable to it on account
  of what he annually adds to the realized wealth of the community, or
  for his faithful obedience to the laws, or for his sacredness with
  which he preserves the family compact, our German farmers certainly
  merit as much as any other class for the practice of either of these
  virtues, or indeed for the harmonious exercise of them all. Even
  their intelligence is underrated. As Mr. Munch of Misso, has said,
  they are a ‘genial, solid and respectable stamp;’ there is no false
  mental glitter about them; in a word, they are rather men of sound
  judgment, than brilliant rhetoricians, or one-sided ideologists. All
  persons who have had transactions with our German farmers, love to
  respect the excellent sense they display in the ordinary concerns of
  life. * * * *

  In many particulars, German farmers surpass even the people of New
  England, who of late have put in a claim, it would seem to be the
  _ne plus ultra_ in all things. The German farmers understand, or if
  they do not understand they observe the laws of health, better than
  even the rural people of Massachusetts; and the result is that they
  are really the finest race of men, physically, to be found in the
  United States. In certain favorable localities of Kentucky, or on the
  frontier, where from being a dominant caste, or from the immediate
  vicinity of the unpeopled wilderness, the inhabitants live a half
  nomad life, there are as fine, perhaps finer specimens of men to be
  seen; but there is nowhere in America, an agricultural population,
  the members of which personally till the soil, that has such thews
  and sinews, such a healthy development, or such generally prolonged
  life, as our much abused “Pennsylvania Dutchmen.” To be plain, if
  some of our crotchetty, one-idead dyspeptic, thin cadaverous, New
  England brethren would emigrate to our German counties; follow for a
  generation or two, the open air life of our German farmers; and last
  of all marry into our vigorous anti-hypochondrical German families,
  they would soon cease to die by scores of consumption, to complain
  that there were no longer any healthy women left, and to amuse
  sensible people with such silly vagaries of Pantheism, or a thousand
  and one intellectual vagaries which are born of their abnormal
  physical conditions.”

In these somewhat desultory and digressive pages, the author sought
to tell the “Story of the Pennsylvania Germans,” but he realizes
that the task has been but imperfectly performed. If however he has
succeeded in encouraging some one else with the energy and inclination
to undertake the task on a more extended scale, he will be amply
paid for all the time and labor which this volume has cost him. The
story of the Pennsylvania Germans has never been told, and is only
partially chronicled in these pages. It still remains for some faithful
chronicler to give them their proper place in the history of their
State, and of the nation, in behalf of which they rendered invaluable
services at the birth of the Republic.




APPENDIX A.

EXAMPLES OF PFÄLZISCH, AND SOUTH GERMAN DIALECTS.


The following poem, in the Pfälzisch dialect, is from Professor Franz
von Kobell’s “Gedichte in Pfälzisch Mundart.”

(Franz von Kobell, was born at Munich in 1803, and died there in 1882,
where he had been Professor of Mineralogy, in the University of Munich
for many years. He was also a poet of considerable distinction.)


’S Lob vun Binge’.

    Die herrlichsht’ Gegend am ganze Rhei’
      Dess is die Gegend vun Binge’,
    Es wachst der allerbeschte wei’
      Der Scharlach wachst bei Binge’.

    Die g’schick’schte Schiffleit’, die mer find’t,
      Dess sin die Schiffer vun Binge’,
    Un’ sicht mer in Meens, e’hübsches Kind,
      Wo is es her? Vun Binge’.

    Ke’ Loch is uf der ganze’ Welt
      So berühmt wie des vun Binge’,
    Ke’ Thorn so keck in’s wasser g’stellt,
      Wie der im Rhei’ bei Binge’.

    Die Mäus’ vum Bischof Hatto, sich!
      Sin g’schwumme’ bis noch Binge’,
    Ke G’schicht’ war je so ferchterlich,
      Wie selli dort bei Binge’.

    Un’ die heilig’ Hildegard die war
      Halt aach drheem in Binge’,
    Un war Aebtissen dort sogar,
      Dess alles war in Binge’.

    Es is e’ wahri Herlichkeit
      Dess liebe kleene Binge’,
    Mei’ Vater and Mutter un’ all mei Leut’
      Ja mir sin all’ vun Binge’.

In the foregoing poem there is not a single word that is not identical
with Pennsylvania German except the word “keck” (bold, or saucy) in the
third line of the third stanza, and the author can recall that word
being used by Pennsylvania Germans a generation and a half ago, but it
seems to have dropped out of the dialect, in recent years.

The word “Loch” in the third stanza, has reference to the so-called
“Bingerloch,” or “Hole of Bingen,” which derives its name from the
narrowing of the Rhine near Bingen, to a dangerous rocky channel; and
the “Thorn” in the same stanza, refers to the famous “Mouse Tower,”
which received its name from the legend, concerning the cruel Bishop
Hatto of Mainz, who as the legend tells us burned a number of people in
a barn, during a famine, and who was afterwards attacked by swarms of
mice, when he took refuge in the tower on the rock in the middle of the
river, and was there devoured by the mice, that followed him thither.
This is one of the many legends of the Rhine, preserved in a volume of
“Legends of the Rhine,” by H. A. Guerber, and is as follows:


BINGEN.--THE RAT TOWER.

  In the year 914, when Hatto was Bishop of Mainz, a protracted rain
  entirely ruined the harvest, occasioning a terrible famine from which
  the poor people suffered sorely. As they were perishing from hunger,
  they finally applied to the bishop, whose granaries were filled to
  overflowing with the produce of the former, more favorable years.
  But the Bishop was cruel and hard-hearted and utterly refused to
  listen to them until at last they so wearied him by their constant
  importunity, that he bade them to assemble in an empty barn, where he
  promised to meet them on a certain day and hour to quiet all their
  demands.

  Almost beside themselves with joy at the promise, the people hastened
  to the appointed spot, gathering there in such numbers that the empty
  barn was soon quite full. Anxiously they watched for the bishop,
  whom they greeted with loud cries of joy, as soon as he appeared.
  Their acclamations were however soon changed into blood-curdling
  cries of distress, for the cruel prelate after bidding his servants
  fasten the doors and windows so that none could escape, set fire to
  the building and burned them all, declaring they were like rats and
  should perish in the same way.

  This wholesale massacre ended, the bishop retired home, sat down
  before his lavishly spread table, and ate with as healthy an appetite
  as usual. When he entered the dining room on the morrow, however,
  he stood still in dismay, for during the night the rats gnawed his
  recently finished portrait out of the frame, and it now lay an
  unseemly heap upon the floor. When he stood over it his heart filled
  with sudden nameless terror, for he fancied it was a bad omen; a
  servant came rushing into the room, bidding him to fly for his life,
  as a whole army of hungry, fierce looking rats were coming that way.
  Without waiting for his usual escort, the bishop flung himself on
  his messenger’s steed, and rode rapidly away. From time to time he
  nervously turned his head to mark the gradual approach of a dark
  line, formed of thousands of rats, animated by the revengeful spirit
  of the poor he had so cruelly burned.

  Faster and faster Hatto urged his panting steed, but in spite of all
  his efforts, he had scarcely dismounted, entered a small skiff and
  rode out into the Rhine, ere an army of rats fell upon his horse
  and devoured it. The bishop shuddering with fear, rowed with all
  his might to his tower in the middle of the Rhine, where he quickly
  locked himself in fancying that he had escaped from his hungry foes.
  But the voracious rats having disposed of his steed, now boldly swam
  across the Bingerloch to the tower, and swarmed up its sides, seeking
  some crevice through which they could get at their foe. As they found
  none, they set their sharp teeth to work, and Hatto quailed with
  dread as he heard them gnawing busily on all sides. In a very few
  moments the rats had a thousand holes through which they rushed upon
  their victim.

Southey, who has versified this legend, which he calls “God’s Judgment
upon a wicked Bishop,” describes their entrance thus:

    “And in at the window, and at the door,
    And through the walls, helter skelter they pour,
    And down from the ceiling, and up through the floor,
    From the right and the left, from behind and from before,
    From within and without, from above and below,
    And all at once to the bishop they go.

    “They have whetted their teeth against the stones,
    And now they pick the bishop’s bones;
    They gnawed the flesh from every limb,
    For they were sent to do judgment on him.”

Ever since then, that building in the Rhine has been known as the “Rat
Tower.” Tradition relates that the bishop’s soul sank down to the
nethermost hell, where it is ever burning in a fire far hotter, than
that he kindled around the starving poor. At sunset a peculiar red glow
may be seen over the tower, and this, the people declare is only a
faint reflection of the infernal furnace, to warn all mankind against
cruelty to God’s poor.


POEM IN SOUTH GERMAN DIALECT.

The following is a characteristic poem in the South German dialect,
taken from the “Fliegende Blätter,” a humorous periodical, published at
Munich:


_E’ Frühling’s Poesie._

    Wan die Beem un’ Hecke
    Gans voll Veggle hucke,
    Un’ die Deckel-schnecke
    Aus de Häuser gucke
    Dann isch’ Frijohr worre.

    Wan die Schlee bliehe
    Un’ die Veilcher kumme,
    Wann die Keffer fliehe
    Un’ die Imme summe,
    Dann isch’ Frijohr worre.

    Wann die Fresch un’ krötte
    Ihre junge hortzle,
    Uffem Wiesebodde
    Wie besoff’ umporzle
    Dann isch Frijohr worre.

    Wann die junge Mere
    No’ de Buwe gucke
    Un’ vor alle Dere
    Omds die Alte hucke
    Dann isch Frijohr worre.


A POEM IN THE PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN DIALECT.

The following from “Gedichte in Pennsylvanisch Deutscher Mundart”
by the late Rev. Heinrich Harbaugh, is an excellent example of
Pennsylvania German dialect, showing the sublimity, and deep pathos of
which the dialect is capable:


HEEMWEH.

    Ich wees net was de Uhrsach is--
      Wees net, warum ich’s du:
    ’N jedes Johr mach ich der weg
      Der Alte Heemet zu:
    Hab weiter nix zu suche dort--
      Kee’ Erbschaft un kee geld;
    Un doch treibt mich des Heemgefiehl
      So schtark wie alle Welt;
    Nor’d schtärt ich ewe ab un geh,
      Wie owe schun gemeldt.

    Wie nächer dass ich kumm zum Ziel,
      Wie schtärker will ich geh,
    For ebbes in mei ’m Herz werd letz
      Un dhut m’r kreislich weh.
    Der letschte Hiwel schpring ich nuf,
      Un eb ich drowe bin,
    Schtreck ich mich uf so hoch ich kann
      Un guck mit luschte hin;
    Ich seh’s alt Schtee’haus dorch die Beem,
      Un wott ich wär schun drin.

    Guk wie der Kicheschornschtee’ schmokt--
      Wie oft hob ich sel g’seh,
    Wann ich draus in de Felder war,
      ’N Buwele jung un klee’
    O, sehnscht die Fenschterscheiwe dort?
      Sie guk’n roth wie Blut;
    Hab oft cunsiddert, doch net g’wisst,
      Dass sell die Sunn so dhut.
    Ja, manches wees’n Kind noch net--
      Wann’s dhet, wär’s ah net gut!

    Wie gleich ich selle Babble Beem,
      Sie schtehn wie Brieder dar;
    Un uf’m Gipple--g’wiss ich leb!
      Hockt alleweil’n Schtaar!
    ’S Gipple biegt sich--guk, wie’s gaunscht--
      ’R hebt sich awer fescht;
    Ich seh sei’ rothe Fliegle plehn,
      Wann er sei’ Feddere wescht;
    Will wette, dass sei’ Fraale hot
      Uf sellem Baam ’n nescht!

    O, es gedenkt m’r noch gans gut,
      Wo selle werri Beem
    Net greeser als ’n Welschkornschtock
      Gebrocht sin worre heem.
    Die Mammi war an’s Grändäd’s g’west,
      Dort ware Beem wie die;
    Drei Wipplein hot sie mitgebrocht,
      Un g’sa’t “Dort blanscht sie hie.”
    M’r hen’s gedhu’--un glaabscht du’s nau--
      Dort selli Beem sin sie!

    Guk! werklich, ich bin schier am Haus!--
      Wie schnell geht doch die Zeit!
    Wann m’r so in Gedanke geht,
      So wees m’r net wie weit.
    Dort is d’r Schap, die Welschkornkrip,
      Die Seiderpress dort draus;
    Dort is die Scheier, un dort die Schpring--
      Frisch quellt des wasser raus;
    Un guk! die sehm alt Klapbord-Fens,
      Un’s Dheerle vor’m Haus.

    Alles is schtill--sie wisse net,
      Dass ebber fremmes kummt.
    Ich denk, der alte Watsch is dodt,
      Sunscht wär er raus gedschumpt;
    For er hot als verschinnert g’brillt
      Wann er hot’s Dheerle g’heert;
    Es war de Träw’lers kreislich bang,
      Sie werre gans verzehrt:
    Kee’ G’fohr--er hot paar Mol gegauzt
      Nor’d is er umgekehrt.

    Alles is schtill--die Dheer is zu!
      Ich schteh, besinne mich!
    Es rappelt doch en wenig nau
      Dort hinne in der kich.
    Ich geh net nei--ich kann noch net!
      Mei’ Herz fiehlt schwer un krank;
    Ich geh’n wenig uf die Bortsch,
      Un hock mich uf die Bank;
    Es seht mich niemand, wann ich heil,
      Hinner der Drauwerank!

    Zwee Blätz sin do uf däre Bortsch,
      Die halt ich hoch in Acht,
    Bis meines Lebens Sonn versinkt
      In schtiller Dodtes-Nacht!
    Wo ich vum alte Vaterhaus
      ’S erscht mol bin gange fort,
    Schtand mei’ Mammi weinend da,
      An sellem Rigel dort;
    Un nix is mir so heilig nau
      Als grade seller Ort.

    Ich kann sie heit noch sehne schteh,
      Ihr Schnuppduch in d’r Hand;
    Die Backe roth, die Aage nass--
      O, wie sie doch do schtand!
    Dort gab ich ihr mei’ Färewell,
      Ich weinte als ich’s gab,
    ’S war’s leschte Mol in däre Welt,
      Dass ich’s ihr gewe hab!
    Befor ich widder kumme bin
      War sie in ihrem Grab!

    Nau wann ich an mei’ Mammi denk,
      Un meen, ich dhet sie seh,
    So schteht sie an dem Rigel dort
      Un weint, weil ich wek geh!
    Ich seh sie net im Shockelschtuhl!
      Net an keem annere Ort;
    Ich denk net an sie als im Grab;
      Juscht an dem Rigel dort!
    Dort schteht sie immer vor mei’m Herz
      Un weint noch liebreich fort!

    Was macht’s dass ich so dort hi’ guk,
      An sell End vun der Bank!
    Weescht du’s? Mei’ Herz is noch net dodt,
      Ich wees es, Gott sei Dank!
    Wie manchmal sass mei Dady dort,
      Am Summer-nochmiddag,
    Die Hände uf der Schoos gekreizt,
      Sei Schtock bei Seite lag.
    Was hot er dort im Schtille g’denkt?
      Wer mecht es wisse--sag?

    Verleicht is es’n Kindheets-Draam,
      Dass ihn so sanft bewegt;
    Oder is er’n Jingling jetz,
      Der scheene Plane legt!
    Er hebt sei’ Aage uf juscht nau
      Un gukt weit iwer’s Feld;
    Er seht v’rleicht d’r Kerchhof dort,
      Der schun die Mammi helt!
    Er sehnt v’rleicht nooch seiner Ruh
      Dort in der bessere Welt!

    Ich wees net, soll ich nei’ in’s Haus,
      Ich zitter an der Dheer!
    Es is wol alles voll inseid,
      Un doch is alles leer!
    ’S is net meh heem, wie’s eemol war,
      Un kann’s ah nimme sei;
    Was naus mit unsere Eltere geht
      Kummt ewig nimme nei’!
    Die Friede hot der Dodt geärnt,
      Das Trauerdheel is mei’!

    So geht’s in däre rauhe Welt,
      Wo alles muss vergeh!
    Ja, in der alte Heemet gar
      Fiehlt m’r sick all allee’!
    O, wann’s net vor der Himmel wär,
      Mit seiner scheene Ruh,
    Dann wär m’r’s do schun lang verleedt,
      Ich wisst net, was ze dhu.
    Dock Hoffnung leichtet meinen Weg
      Der ew’gen Heemet zu.

    Dort is’n schee’, schee’, Vaterhaus,
      Dort geht m’r nimmeh fort;
    Es weint kee’ guti Mammi meh’
      In sellem Freideort.
    Kee’ Dady such meh’ for’n Grab,
      Wo, was er lieb hat liegt!
    Sell is kee’ Elendwelt wie die,
      Wo alle Luscht betriegt;
    Dort hat das Lewe ewiglich
      Iwer der Dodt gesiegt.

    Dort find m’r, was m’r do verliert,
      Un b’halt in Ewigkeit;
    Dort lewe unsre Dodte all.
      In Licht un ew’ger Freid!
    Wie oft, wann ich in Druwel bin,
      Denk ich an selli Ruh,
    Un wott, wann’s Gott’s Willie wär,
      Ich ging ihr schneller zu;
    Doch wart ich bis mei’ Schtindle schlägt
      Nor’d sag ich--Welt, adju!


PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN AND HIGH GERMAN COMPARED.

A comparison of Pennsylvania German with High German, will prove the
quality of the former. For that purpose, Goethe’s Erlkönig is given,
and also rendered in Pennsylvania German.


_Erlkönig._

    Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind?
    Es ist der Vater mit seinem Kind;
    Er hat den Knaben wohl in dem Arm,
    Er fasst ihn sicher, er hält ihn warm.

    “Mein Sohn, was birgst du so bang dein Gesicht?”
    Siehst, Vater, du den Erlkönig nicht?
    Den Erlkönig mit Kron’ und Schweif?
    “Mein Sohn, es ist ein Nebelstreif.”

    “Du liebes Kind, komm’, geh mit mir!
    Gar schöne Spiele spiel’ ich mit dir!
    Manch’ bunte Blumen sind an dem Strand;
    Meine Mutter hat manch gülden Gewand.”

    Mein Vater, mein Vater, und hörest du nicht,
    Was Erlkönig mir leise verspricht?
    “Sei ruhig, bleibe ruhig, mein Kind!
    In dürren Blättern säuselt der Wind.”

    “Willst, feiner Knabe, du mit mir geh’n?
    Meine Töchter sollen dich warten schön;
    Meine Töchter führen den nächtlichen Reih’n
    Und wiegen und tanzen und singen dich ein.”

    Mein Vater, mein Vater, und siehst du nicht dort
    Erlkönigs Töchter am düstern Ort?
    “Mein Sohn, mein Sohn, ich seh’s genau,
    Es scheinen die alten Weiden so grau.”

    “Ich Lieb’ dich, mich reizt deine schöne Gestalt,
    Und bist du nicht willig, so brauch’ ich Gewalt.”
    Mein Vater, mein Vater, jetzt fasst er mich an,
    Erlkönig hat mir ein Leids gethan!

    Dem Vater grauset’s, er reited geschwind,
    Er hält in den Armen das ächtzende Kind,
    Erreicht den Hof mit Müh’ und Noth;
    In seinem Armen das Kind war todt.


PENNSYLVANIA GERMAN FORM.

    Wer reit so schpote dorch Nacht un Wind?
    Es is der Vater mit seim Kind;
    Er hat den Bu woll in seim Arm,
    Er fascht ihn sicher, er halt ihn warm.

    “Mei Soh, mei Soh, was bischt du so bang dei G’sicht”
    Sehn’scht, Vater du ken Erlkönig net?
    Der Erlkönig mit Kron’ un Schweef,
    Mei Soh, es is en Newel schtreefe.

    “Du liewes Kind, kum geh mit mir!
    Gar scheene Schpiele schpiel ich mit dir!
    Manch’ fiel-fart Blume sin am Schtrand
    Mei Muter hat manch’ guld’ne G’gleed.”

    Mei Vater, mei Vater, un heerscht du net,
    Was Erlkönig mir schtille verschprecht?
    “Sei ruhig, bleib ruhig, mei Kind
    In der Blätter merwelt der Wind.

    “Wilscht feiner Bu, du mit mir geh?
    Mei Döchter solle dir abwarte schee,
    Mei Döchter feih’r’n den nachtliche Danz
    Un schockle un Danz’n un singe dich ei.”

    Mei Vater, mei Vater, un sehnscht du net dort,
    Erlkönig’s Döchter am dunkle platz,
    “Mei Soh, mei Soh, ich seh’n es ganau
    Es scheme die alte Weide so gro’.”

    “Ich lieb dich, mich ziegt dei schee Muschter
    Un bischt du net willig, so brauch ich g’walt.”
    Mei Vater, mei Vater jetzt fascht er mich ah,
    Erlkönig hat mir en wee’s ge-dhu.

    Dem Vater fürcht’s, er reit g’schwind
    Er halt in ’em Arm dess seif’ziches Kindt
    Erreecht den Hof mit Meeh un Noth
    In seim Arm dess Kindt war dodt.

In rendering the “Erlkönig” in Pennsylvania German no English words are
employed, and only such words are used, as are in daily use by people
speaking the dialect. Harbaugh in his poems makes use of a number of
pure German words, such as are rarely used by Pennsylvania Germans at
this day, but in the main he followed the Pennsylvania German usages.

It will also be observed that in the foregoing examples of the
Pfälzisch and South German dialects, that both approach closely the
spelling, accent, and phonology of the Pennsylvania German, which
attests their intimate relationship.

[Illustration]




APPENDIX B.

VOCABULARY.


The following vocabulary contains numerous Pennsylvania German words
and idioms, with their Pfälzisch, High German, and English equivalents.
The Pennsylvania German words are spelled, on the High German basis
wherever it could be done without sacrificing the Pennsylvania German
sound; where that could not be done, the plan of Pennsylvania German
dialect writers has been followed, as near as their diversified
spelling would admit of. The Pfälzisch words are taken from South
German dialect writers, chiefly from Kobell’s “Gedichte in Pfälzischer
Mundart,” and Ludwig Schandein’s “Gedichte in Westricher Mundart,” both
of which books were written, and published in South Germany.


A.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Ah,                   Ah,
  allenig,              allenig,
  allegebott,           allegebott,
  anne’geh,             anne’geh,
  anner,                anner,
  appel,                appel,
  artlich,              artlich,
  alleweil,             alleweil,
  awer,                 awer,
  ängsterlich,          ängsterlich,

  _High German._         _English._

  Auch,                 Also,
  allein,               alone,
  jeden augenblick,     every moment,
  hin gehen,            to go there,
  ander,                other,
  apfel,                apple,
  sonderbar,            wonderful,
  ebenjetzt,            even now,
  aber,                 but,
  ängstlich,            afraid.


B.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Backoufe,             Backoufe,
  ball,                 ball,
  baam,                 baam,
  beem (bame),          bam,
  batsche (im wasser),  batsche,
  babbere,              babbere,
  bass uf,              bass uf,
  beer,                 beer,
  beerebaum,            beerebaum,
  bibi, bibiche,        bib’che,
  buchele,              buchele,
  bissel,               bissel,
  blabbere,             blabbere,
  blo,                  blo,
  blosbalk,             blosbalg,
  bollere,              bollere,
  bu,                   bu,
  buwe,                 buwe,
  buddle,               buttle,

  _High German._        _English._

  Backofen,             Bakeoven,
  bald,                 soon,
  baum,                 tree,
  bäume,                trees,
  waten,                to wade,
  schnell schwetzen,    rapid talk,
  pass auf,             take care,
  birne,                pear,
  birnebaum,            pear tree,
  kleines huhn,         little chicken,
  buchlein,             small book,
  wenig,                little,
  eilig blabbern,       idle talk,
  blau,                 blue,
  blasebalg,            bellows,
  poltern,              make noise,
  büblein,              boy,
  knaben,               boys,
  flasche,              bottle.


C.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Christ owet,          Christ owet,
  Christel,             Christel,
  clafeer,              clavier,

  _High German._        _English._

  Christ abend,         Christmas eve,
  Christiana,           Christian,
  clavier,              piano-forte.


D.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Dabber,               Dabber,
  dahl,                 dahl,
  dambnudle,            dambnudle,
  dochterle,            dochterle,
  deheem,               deheem,
  deiwel,               deiwel,
  deel,                 deel,
  dir,                  dir,
  der wu,               der wu,
  dichel’che            dichel’che,
  dings,                dings,
  dodte-lad,            dodte-lad,
  darmlich,             darmlich,
  dreckich,             drecket,
  dummele,              dummele,
  dun’er,               dun ihr,
  drick’le,             trickele,
  der wo,               der wo,
  der zwett,            der zwett,

  _High German._        _English._

  Geschwind,            Hurry,
  thal,                 dale,
  dampfnudle,           dumpling,
  tochterlein,          little daughter,
  daheim,               at home,
  teufel,               devil,
  theil,                part,
  dir,                  your,
  der welcher,          that who,
  tuchlein,             small cloth,
  dinge,                things,
  tode-lad,             coffin,
  taumlich,             dizzy,
  schlammig,            muddy,
  eilen,                hurrying,
  thut ihr,             do you,
  trockenen,            to dry,
  der welche,           which one,
  der zweite,           the second.


E.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Ebber,                ebber,
  ebbes,                ebbes,
  eche,                 eche,
  eifrig,               eifrig,
  ehnder,               ehnder,
  egens,                egens,
  e’letzig,             e’letzig,
  elle-bohe,            elle-boh’,
  eme,                  em’,
  er’beere,             er’beere,
  emol,                 emol,
  end,                  en’,
  ent,                  ent,

  _High German._        _English._

  etwer,                some one,
  etwas,                something,
  eiche,                oak,
  eifrig,               industrious,
  früher,               sooner,
  eigens,               own,
  vereinzelt,           single,
  ellbogen,             elbow,
  ihm,                  him,
  erdbeere,             strawberry,
  einmal,               once,
  eine,                 one,
  ende,                 end,
  ente,                 duck.


F.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Flicke,               flicke,
  fraa,                 fraa,
  fremm,                fremm,
  frog,                 froh’,

  _High German._        _English._

  flicken,              mend,
  frau,                 woman, wife,
  fremde,               stranger,
  fragen,               ask.


G.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Gackere,              gackere,
  galje,                galje,
  gale,                 geel,
  g’for,                g’for,
  geh,                  geh,
  geloffe,              geloffe,
  gedu,                 gedu,
  gelle,                gel’,
  g’nunk,               g’nunk,
  glawe,                glaw’,
  glei,                 glei’,
  gro,                  gro’,
  geblanzt,             geplanzt,
  grumbeere,            grundbeere,
  gummera,              gurken,

  _High German._        _English._

  gackern,              to cackle,
  galgen,               gallows,
  gelb,                 yellow,
  gefahr,               danger,
  gehen,                to go,
  gelaufen,             walked,
  gethan,               done,
  gelt,                 is it not true?
  genug,                enough,
  glauben,              believing,
  gleich,               soon,
  grau,                 grey,
  gepflanzt,            planted,
  kartoffeln,           potatoes,
  gurken,               cucumbers.


H.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Hensching,            han’sche,
  hab,                  hann,
  ha’mer,               ha’mer,
  ha’wer,               ha’wer,
  hell,                 hel’,
  hem,                  hem’,
  herr jeh,             herr jeh,
  he’wel,               he’wel,
  hickele,              hückele,
  hinkel,               hinkel,
  hucke,                hucke,
  hochzich,             hochzich,
  hunne,                hunne,
  hunnert,              hunnert,
  huscht,               hascht,
  heemzu,               heemzu,

  _High German._        _English._

  handschuh,            gloves,
  haben,                to have,
  haben wir,            have we,
  hafer,                oats,
  hölle,                hell,
  Herr-Jesus,           Lord Jesus,
  hügel,                hill,
  hemde,                shirt,
  hückeln, hupfen,      to hop, or leap,
  huhn,                 chicken,
  sitzen,               to sit,
  hochzeit,             wedding,
  unten,                below,
  hundert,              hundred,
  hast,                 have,
  heim zu,              homeward.


I.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Is,                   is,
  is’m,                 is’m,
  iwer,                 iwer,
  iw’rig,               iw’rig,
  ich frog,             ich frog,

  _High German._        _English._

  ist,                  is,
  ist ihm,              is he,
  über,                 over,
  übrig,                left over,
  ich frage,            I ask.


J.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Johr,                 Jahr,
  jarelich,             jährlich,
  jauchze,              jauchze’,
  junghaet,             junghaet,
  jud,                  jud,

  _High German._        _English._

  Jahr,                 year,
  jährlich,             yearly,
  jauchzen,             to shout,
  jungheit,             newness, or young
  jude,                 jew.


K.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Kawfe,                Kaufe,
  kapp,                 kapp,
  kenne,                ka’,
  knopp,                knopp,
  kohle,                kohle,
  krapsche,             krapsche,
  kreisch,              kreisch,
  krott,                krott,
  kumm’rad,             kummerad,

  _High German._        _English._

  kaufen,               to buy,
  mütze,                cap,
  kein,                 none,
  knopf,                button,
  kohlen,               coal,
  zusammen raffen,      to grasp,
  schrei,               yell,
  kröte,                toad,
  kamerad,              comrade.


L.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Laab,                 lab,
  lappes,               lappes,
  lebdag,               lebdah’,
  lehne,                lehne,
  lefze,                lefze,
  ledig,                lerig,
  letz,                 letz,
  lewendig,             lewendig,
  lutzer,               lutzer,

  _High German._        _English._

  laub,                 loaf,
  muthloser mensch,     spiritless man,
  lebenzeit,            lifetime,
  leihen,               to loan,
  lippen,               lips,
  leidig,               tiresome,
  verkehrt,             wrong,
  lebendig,             alive,
  laterne,              lantern.


M.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Maad,                 mad,
  mäd,                  mäd, or mere,
  maha,                 maha,
  mag,                  mag,
  mais’che,             mais’che,
  manch’,               manch’,
  meh’,                 meh’,
  mehner,               mehner,
  millich,              milch,
  munder,               munder,

  _High German._        _English._

  magd,                 maid,
  mädcher,              girls,
  magen,                stomach,
  magen,                may,
  mäuslein,             little mouse,
  manig,                many,
  mehr,                 more,
  milch,                milk,
  munter,               active.


N.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Näz,                  näz,
  nau,                  nau,
  ne,                   ne,
  net,                  net,
  newel,                newel,
  newe,                 newe,
  newe naus,            newe naus,
  nexe,                 nexe,
  ne-wer,               ’ne-wer,
  nix,                  nix,
  nochber,              nachber,
  nix batte,            nix batte,

  _High German._        _English._

  faden, zwirn,         thread,
  nun, jezt,            now,
  nein,                 no,
  nicht,                not,
  nebel,                mist,
  neben,                at the side,
  neben aus,            out at the side,
  necken,               to tease,
  hin über,             the other side,
  nichts,               nothing,
  nachbar,              neighbor,
  nichts nutzen,        does no good.


O.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Oftmole,              oftmal,
  oufe,                 oufe,
  ostera,               ostera,
  owet,                 owend,
  owwe,                 owe,

  _High German._        _English._

  oftmals,              oftentime,
  ofen,                 stove,
  ostern,               easter,
  abend,                evening,
  oben,                 above.


P.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Paad,                 pad,
  pann,                 pann,
  parre,                parre,
  persching,            persiche,
  pishbere,             pishbere,
  protzig,              prozig,
  pattereesel,          perdreesel, (heard in Lorraine)

  _High German._        _English._

  pfad,                 path,
  pfanne,               pan,
  pfarrer,              parson,
  pfersiche,            peach,
  wispern,              to whisper,
  mürrisch,             peevish,
  rebhuhn,              partridge.


R.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Rappele,              rappelle,
  rechele,              rechele,
  reckel’che,           reckel’che,
  reche,                reche,
  reff,                 reff,
  reh’ert,              rehe’,
  roll duwak,           rool dawak,
  roppe,                roppe,
  runner,               r’under,

  _High German._        _English._

  rappeleln,            rattle,
  rechnen,              reckon,
  röcklein,             small coat,
  rechen,               rake,
  futter behälter,      manger,
  regen,                rain,
  rollen tabak,         roll tobacco,
  rupfen,               to pluck,
  hereunter,            down here.


S.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Sag,                  sah’,
  shank,                shank,
  sheckig,              sheckig,
  schunke,              schinke,
  schlosee,             schlosee, hagel,
  schlippe,             schlüppe,
  seller,               seller,
  sellemol,             sellemol,
  sehne,                seh’,
  sin un schand,        sin un scha’,
  siwe,                 siwe,
  schtrump,             schtrump,
  schproch,             schprach,
  schun,                schon,
  schtee,               schtee’,
  schtiwel,             schtieb’l,
  schmeisse,            schmeisse’,
  schlofe,              schlafe,
  schornschtee,         schornschtee,
  schträle,             schtriegel,
  schpell,              steck-nodel,

  _High German._        _English._

  sagen,                say,
  schrank,              cupboard,
  gefleckt,             speckled,
  schinken,             ham,
  hagel,                hail,
  schlüpen,             to slide,
  jener,                that one,
  jenerzeit,            that time,
  sehen,                to see,
  sünd und schande,     sin and shame,
  sieben,               seven,
  strumpf,              stocking,
  schprache,            language,
  schon,                already,
  stein,                stone,
  stiefel,              boots,
  werfen,               to throw,
  schlafen,             to sleep,
  schornstein,          chimney,
  kamin,                comb,
  stecknadel,           pin.


T.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Triweliere,           triweliere,
  tu-wock or duwack,    tabak,
  tadele,               tadele,
  tanze,                tanze,
  teivel, or deivel,    teufel,

  _High German._        _English._

  qualen,               to torment,
  tabak,                tobacco,
  tadelen,              to censure,
  tanzen,               to dance,
  teufel,               devil.


U.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Uf,                   uf,
  un,                   un,
  unne,                 unne,

  _High German._        _English._

  auf,                  up,
  und,                  and,
  unten,                under.


V.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Vechel’che,           vechel’che,
  verretsche,           verrätsche,
  verbunne,             verbunne,
  verwische,            verwische,
  verschreckt,          verschreckt,

  _High German._        _English._

  vöglein,              small bird,
  klatschen,            to slander,
  verbunden,            joined,
  erwischen,            to catch,
  schrecken,            scared.


W.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Witt du,              witt du,
  wollen’er,            wollen’r,
  wore-et,              woret,
  wu,                   wu,

  _High German._        _English._

  wilst du,             will you,
  wollt ihr,            will you,
  wahrheit,             truth,
  wo,                   where.


Z.

  _P. G._               _Pfälzisch._

  Zamme,                zamme,
  zipple,               zipple,
  zwee,                 zwee,
  ze zwett,             ze zwett,
  zeitig,               zeitig,

  _High German._        _English._

  zusammen,             together,
  zipfel,               tip-top,
  zwei,                 two,
  zu zwett,             both,
  reif, zeitig,         ripe.




APPENDIX C.


Brief sketches of the rulers in England, Germany, and the Palatinate
from 1682 to 1770, the period of the great exodus of German Palatines
to Pennsylvania.


KINGS OF ENGLAND. 1660-1820.

CHARLES II.: King of England, was born May 29, 1630, and died Feb.
6, 1685; lived four years after he made his grant of Pennsylvania to
William Penn. He was son of Charles I. who was tried for treason,
and executed at Whitehall in January 1649. Charles was not a good
king. Dr. Brewer, one of his biographers, says of him, that he was a
good-natured, shrewd, and witty; but indolent, selfish, and insincere.
His profligacy was scandalous, and his extravagance frightful. The duke
of Buckingham, one of his favorite companions, wrote a mock epitaph
for him after his death, which was as follows:

    Here lies our mutton-eating king,
      Whose word no man relies on;
    He never said a foolish thing,
      And never did a wise one.

       *       *       *       *       *

JAMES II.--Charles II. was succeeded by his brother James II., a
zealous Roman Catholic. His right to the throne was disputed by the
duke of Monmouth, but the latter was taken prisoner and beheaded. James
suspended the statutes which had been passed against the Catholics,
which angered the Protestants, who invited his son-in-law William
of Orange to become their king. The prince of Orange accepted the
invitation; came to England in November 1688. James raised an army
against him, but was defeated near the river Boyne in Ireland July 1,
1690, after which he fled to France where he died in exile.

       *       *       *       *       *

WILLIAM AND MARY.--James was followed by his daughter, and her husband
who reigned jointly as William III. and Mary II. from 1689 until
December 27, 1694, when Mary died, after which William reigned alone
until his death which occurred in 1702.

One of his biographers describes William as a man of middle stature,
slender, delicate, subject to asthma. He was plain in manners,
reserved, cold, and inflexible. His judgment was sound, his courage
intrepid, his penetration most acute, and the greatest general of his
age.

We have seen in these pages, how he made war against Louis XIV., the
French king, in order to succor the persecuted Palatines. England made
great progress under his rule, and William and Mary will always be
remembered as among the best of English sovereigns.

       *       *       *       *       *

ANNE.--After the death of William III., Anne, the second daughter of
James II., came to the throne of England. She was born February 6,
1665, and died August 1, 1714, after a reign of 12 years. She has been
described by one of her biographers, as having been of good natural
capacity; but not well educated; her temper was mild; her manners
coarse; her disposition affectionate, and her charity unbounded. This
last virtue agrees with the statement that many Palatines came to
America, and to Pennsylvania as the result of her benefactions.

       *       *       *       *       *

GEORGE I.--After Anne’s death in 1714 George I., elector of Hanover,
and duke of Brunswick, was crowned king of England. He was in the
line of succession to the British throne, by reason of being a
great-grandson of James I. He was also a cousin of Queen Anne. He was
born March 28, 1660, reigned from 1714 until he died June 12, 1727.
He has been described as having been of middle size, his countenance
and expression, and his whole appearance undignified. He was sensible
and industrious; plain and simple in his mode of life after the manner
of the Germans; and grave, and heartless. He had no love for England
when he came to the throne, and never acquired any. He was profoundly
ignorant of the English language, and of England’s laws and its
history. It is said of him that he never learned to speak the English
language with any degree of accuracy.

       *       *       *       *       *

GEORGE II.: son of the former, succeeded to the throne in 1727, and
reigned until 1760, a period of a little more than 33 years. He was
born at Hanover, Nov. 10, 1683; and died Oct. 1760. His predelictions
for Germany were quite as strong as those of his father. In personal
appearance, he was low in stature, carried himself very erect; had
prominent eyes; a high nose, and receding forehead. He was reserved and
cautious in his manner, violent, and obstinate, covetous and mean. He
was a soldier and had no other accomplishment.

       *       *       *       *       *

GEORGE III., who followed George II. to the British throne, was a
grand-son of the latter, having been born June 4, 1738. He was a son of
Frederick Louis, prince of Wales. He reigned from 1760, until Jan. 29,
1820, when he died.

Americans have a better knowledge of George III. than any of his
immediate predecessors, because he was on the British throne during
the Revolutionary War. As all the grievances of the American colonies
were charged against his account, the American youths have learned
to know him in history as a wicked tyrant, although the real tyrants
were his ministers, against whom the greater indignation should at all
times have been directed. The British ministry had much more to do with
shaping the British policy, with regard to the American colonies both
before, and during the war than the king had. George III. suffered
much on account of the infirmities of his mind. It gave way five times
during his reign viz: in 1764, 1788, 1801, 1804, and the last time in
1810, after which the full vigor of his mind was never restored.

It is said of him, that when in full possession of his faculties,
that he was a man of great courage, and steadiness of purpose;
was temperate, faithful and conscientious; religious, moral, and
benevolent; but bigoted and obstinate. His court was a model of
decorum, and his domestic life irreproachable.


GERMAN EMPERORS.

LEOPOLD I., was born June 9, 1640; died May 5, 1705. He was emperor
of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1658 until 1705. The empire was also
called the German-Roman Empire. The name “Holy Roman Empire,” is the
result of the theoretical pretensions, that the German emperors,
were the representatives of the ancient Roman emperors, who asserted
authority over all the nations of Western and Central Europe. The
empire comprised all the German-speaking people, but so far as any
exercise of imperial power was concerned, it was more the outward show
and trappings of an empire, than one exercising and maintaining its
authority as such.

All the European nations during the centuries of the first German
empire were incessantly at war with each other, and the German
government was feeble in asserting its imperial authority, while
certain of the German states were continually at war, with one nation
or another, other of the German states, were fighting among themselves.
To meet all the exigencies of war which were constantly rising Leopold
was wholly unfitted. He was a weak and incompetent prince, and many of
the ravages of the French armies in the Palatinate during the last half
of the seventeenth century, were largely the result of his incapacity.
He was neither soldier, nor statesman, and chaos ran riot in Germany
during his long and miserable reign.

       *       *       *       *       *

JOSEPH I., Leopold’s son, succeeded to the throne of the empire after
the death of his father. He was born July 26, 1678; crowned emperor of
Germany in 1705, and reigned until his death, which occurred April 17,
1711. He was involved in the war of the Spanish succession.

That war also involved France, during the reign of Louis XIV. The
latter grew tired of the war, and offered to relinquish his claims and
end it. As an inducement for Germany to make peace, Louis offered the
emperor to restore Alsatia and Strasburg which had been taken from
Germany several years before. This offer Joseph rejected, and it is
a remarkable fact that Germany was not able to recover Alsatia and
Strasburg for 160 years thereafter; not until it was returned to its
ancient owners as spoil of the Franco-German war in 1871, although
Louis offered to return it as a condition of peace in 1710. The emperor
Joseph was no improvement on his father as a ruler.

       *       *       *       *       *

KARL VI., the pretender to the throne of Spain, and second son of
Leopold I., became emperor of Germany after the death of Joseph I., in
1711. Karl was elected to the imperial throne, as all German emperors
were in those days. He issued a decree about 1714, known as the
“Pragmatic Sanction,” establishing the succession to the throne of the
German empire for his dynasty.

Karl was born Oct 1, 1685; died Oct. 20, 1740. He reigned 29 years,
during which time there were the usual happenings of war, diplomatic
intrigue, without any exhibition of statesmanship, or the least
progress in advancing Germany to the rank of even a second-rate nation.
Up to this period Germany as a nation can scarcely be said to have a
history as such, and at no time could the German empire lay claim to
the exercise of authority over all the states which were theoretically
under its sway.

       *       *       *       *       *

MARIA THERESA. With her coming to the throne the real history of
Germany may be said to begin. She came to the throne after the death
of her father, Karl VI. by virtue of the pragmatic sanction. She was
born May 13, 1717; died Nov. 29, 1780. With her reign began a vigorous
administration of the affairs of the empire. It has been said of her
that: “Since the death of Maximilian II. in 1576, Austria had no male
ruler so prudent, just and energetic as this woman.” Five years after
her coming to the throne her husband Francis I. died, when his eldest
son succeeded to the title as “Emperor,” but he was only emperor in
name, so long as the empress lived, for she kept the conduct of affairs
in her own hands.

Bayard Taylor, in his “History of Germany,” says of her: “Maria
Theresa, like all the Hapsburgs, after Ferdinand I., had grown up under
the influence of the Jesuits, and her ideas of justice were limited
by her religious bigotry. In other respects she was wise and liberal;
she effected a complete reorganization of the government, establishing
special departments of justice, industry and commerce; she thought
to develop the resources of the country; abolish torture, introduced
a new criminal code,--in short, she neglected scarcely any important
interests of the people, except their education and their religious
freedom. Nevertheless she was always jealous of the presumptions of
Rome, and prevented as far as she was able, the immediate dependence of
the Catholic clergy upon the Pope.”

Maria Theresa was an empress of great ability, and during her reign,
the German states made great progress in many of the useful arts, and
industries. Her usefulness came to an end with her death in 1780, and
the first German empire ceased to exist in 1806, when Francis II.
abdicated as its last emperor.


PALATINE ELECTORS.

PHILIP WILHELM.--This prince who was born in 1651, became the elector
of the Palatinate in 1685, and continued to rule for three years when
he died. During his short reign the Palatinate was comparatively free
from the ravages of contending armies. The rapacity of Louis XIV. gave
the poor Palatines a brief respite; but their misery was not long
postponed, for the French king made war again upon them immediately
upon the accession of Philip Wilhelm’s successor.

       *       *       *       *       *

JOHN WILHELM.--With the death of the former prince, his eldest son,
John Wilhelm became the ruling prince Palatine. He was born in 1658,
and came to the electorate in 1688, and continued, until his death in
1716. It was during his reign, that the beautiful Palatinate was made
a desert, by the armies of Louis XIV., in his efforts to usurp the
electorate for his sister-in-law, the duchess of Orleans. He was a weak
prince, and resided away from his dominion for a great part of the time
of the French occupation of the Palatinate. He established himself at
Düsseldorf, from whence he feebly directed the operations against the
French hordes who were engaged in devastating the Rhine provinces.

       *       *       *       *       *

CHARLES PHILIP.--This prince was a brother of the former, and became
elector in 1717. He was born in 1661, and his reign ended with his
death in 1742. Louis XIV. died two years before the reign of Charles
Philip began, so the latter was spared the ordeal of defending the
Palatinate, against the ravages of the French soldiers, although his
dominion continued to be overrun by the soldiers of other European
nations at war with each other. Charles Philip was a fair sort of a
prince, and tried to restore the Palatinate to some of its ancient
splendor, and made some progress in that direction. He restored the
castle of Heidelberg in a great measure, and built the beautiful
castle at Mannheim, and lived there during a part of his reign.

       *       *       *       *       *

CHARLES THEODORE.--This prince belonged to a collateral branch of the
line of Palatine electors, and was born in 1724; came to the electorate
in 1742, and continued his rule until 1799, when he died. He was a
noble prince, highly educated, and devoted to the fine arts. Numerous
monuments of his reign remain around Heidelberg, and the beautiful
bridge over the Neckar is one of them, which is pointed out to the
tourists by the citizens of Heidelberg with great pride at the present
day.

In 1777, Charles Theodore inherited the throne of Bavaria, and then
removed his court to Munich. He continued however in the electorate of
the Palatinate until his death, when he was succeeded by Maximilian
Joseph, who continued in the electorate only two years, when it became
extinct, by virtue of the terms of the treaty of Luneville, which was
dictated by Napoleon; whereby France received all of the Palatinate,
on the west bank of the Rhine, and Baden received the greater part of
it, situated on the east side. That part of the Palatinate on the west
bank of the Rhine taken by France was ceded back to Germany, after the
downfall of Napoleon in 1815. Maximilian Joseph was the last ruling
Palatine elector. He came to the electorate in 1799, and in 1802 to
1803 he transferred his rights to the newly established electoral House
of Baden. In 1806 he became King of Bavaria.

There were other princes in the direct line of descent of the Palatine
electors who kept up the title for a number of years after the
electorate was abolished, but none ever reigned, and the line is now
extinct.

[Illustration]




APPENDIX D.

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF ALL THE REIGNING PRINCES OF THE PALATINATE.


1. CONRAD OF HOHENSTAUFEN.--He was the first prince invested with
the electoral dignity. He was raised to the honor by his brother the
Emperor Frederick I. (Barbarossa); was born in 1127; died in 1195.

2. HENRY THE GUELPH.--Son of Henry the Lion--duke of Brunswick; became
Pfalzgrave of the Rhine after Conrad. Born in 1169; died 1227.

3. HENRY THE YOUNGER; married Mathilda of Brabant; born in 1194; died
1214.

4. LOUIS I., duke of Bavaria, was made elector by the German emperor
for distinguished military services, although Henry the Younger’s
father was still living, and was the rightful heir of Conrad of
Hohenstaufen.

5. OTHO, the Illustrious, son of Louis I. followed the latter; he was
born in 1206; died 1253.

6. LOUIS II., the Severe, son of Otho I., married Mary of Brabant, whom
he had beheaded without cause in a fit of jealousy.

7. RUDOLPH I., son of Louis, at the beginning reigned in common with
his brother Louis of Bavaria, who afterwards became emperor. He divided
his lands, and retained the Palatinate of the Rhine, while his brother
kept Bavaria.

8. ADOLPHUS the Just, became invested with the electorate by his uncle
emperor Louis, in 1320. He was born in 1300; died in 1327.

9. RUDOLPH II., next succeeded to the electorate.

10. RUPERT I., the Elder, reigned according to the will of his uncle,
in common with his brother, and for the deceased brother Adolphus. He
was the founder of the University of Heidelberg in 1346, and he also
built the Rupertina Chapel of Heidelberg castle. He was born in 1309;
died 1390.

11. RUPERT II., the Hard-hearted, son of Adolph, came next to the
electorate. He was an impetuous soldier, who participated in most of
the numerous wars, which distracted the peace of Germany in his day.

12. RUPERT III., surnamed the Good, and on account of his love of
justice, called Justinian; the only son of Rupert II. He was popular
with all the German princes, who elected him king of Germany in 1400.
He built the Rupert’s building in the castle of Heidelberg. He was born
in 1352; died in 1410.

13. LOUIS III., surnamed the Bearded, was the ancestor of the
Heidelberg line of princes. He was patron of Conrad of Constance in
1414, and confined Pope John XXIII, for a long time in the Rudolph
building a prisoner. Born in 1376; died in 1437.

14. LOUIS IV., surnamed the Candid, came next and reigned 12 years. He
was born in 1424; died 1449.

15. FREDERICK I., the Victorious, brother of Louis IV. became elector
at the latter’s death. German affairs were in a greatly disturbed
condition, when he came to the electorate. He became arrayed against
the emperor, and likewise the Pope; but he triumphed over all his
enemies, and his name lives in history as one of the most eminent of
all the German princes. He was born in 1425; died in 1476.

16. PHILIP, the Sincere, son of Louis IV. succeeded Frederick I. He
was a prince who was devoted to the sciences, and who labored for the
welfare of the people over whom he reigned. Born in 1448; died in 1508.

17. LOUIS V., surnamed the Pacific; was so called because he labored
unceasingly, at the meetings of the diets of the German empire, to
pacify all the princes who differed in their religious opinions. He was
the son of Philip; and was a great disciple of peace; he nevertheless
prepared for war by constructing important fortifications of the castle
of Heidelberg. He constructed the Louis building of the castle, and
connected the grand rampart, the Louis tower, the watch tower, and the
big tower, by subterranean passages. His reign was a comparatively
pacific one, and lasted 36 years. It was during his reign that Martin
Luther launched his Reformation, and nailed the 95 theses on the church
door of Wittenberg; and was excommunicated by the pope from the church
of Rome. Louis was born in 1478; died 1544.

18. FREDERICK II., the Wise, was a brother of Louis V. His reign
lasted only six years; but he improved that time by completing the
fortifications of the Heidelberg castle, and built the new court in
connection with it. He was born in 1482; died in 1550.

19. OTHO HENRY, the Magnanimous, was next to obtain the electorate.
He received his name because of his generosity in protecting the arts
and sciences; and it was he who built the most beautiful architectural
monument of the castle of Heidelberg,--the Otho-Henry building. He was
born in 1502; died in 1559.

20. FREDERICK III., the Pious, had an uneventful reign, excepting the
religious contentions, in consequence of the Reformation. Born in 1515;
died 1570.

21. LOUIS VI., son of the former, reigned 15 years, from 1559 until
1576. Born in 1539; died in 1583.

22. JOHN CASIMIR, brother of the former, came to the electorate in
1576. He was a chivalrous prince; much esteemed by his subjects. He
built the first Big Tun, in the cellar of the Heidelberg castle. Born
in 1543; died 1592.

23. FREDERICK IV., son of Louis VI., reigned 18 years, during which he
erected the splendid Frederick’s building with its new chapel in the
castle. Born 1574; died 1610.

24. FREDERICK V., surnamed the Patient, married Elizabeth Stuart of
England, grand-daughter of the unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots. He
made many fine architectural additions to the castle of Heidelberg;
among them the palace of Elizabeth, and its magnificent gate which is
still admired in the grandeur of its ruins by thousands of tourists
each year. Frederick was elected king of Bohemia in 1619, but soon
after he was defeated in a great battle near Prague by the emperor
Ferdinand, and thereby lost his crown, when he fled to Holland, where
he died without ever returning to the castle of his ancestors. Born in
1596; died 1632.

25. CHARLES LOUIS, surnamed the German Solomon, returned to his
hereditary lands in 1649, as heir to the Palatinate. He restored the
castle which had been almost ruined by the ravages of the Thirty Years’
War, and made himself useful in re-establishing prosperity to the
Palatinate, which had been severely afflicted, and he soon succeeded
in making the rich soil of the valleys of the Upper Rhine, and Neckar
bloom again like a garden. He was a noble prince; born in 1617, died in
1680 while on his way from Mannheim to Heidelberg in an orchard in the
village of Edingen.

26. CHARLES, his only son and heir succeeded him. He died without issue
and his sister married to the duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV. of
France, who made pretensions to the electorate, and was supported by
Louis. Her unjust claim was the signal for the unfortunate war, which
brought the ruin and desolation to the Palatinate, the details of which
have been recounted in these pages.

Sketches of the Palatine electors, 27, 28, 29 and 30 have already been
noted among the sketches of the counts Palatine, who reigned during the
period of the German emigration from the Palatinate to America.




APPENDIX E.

GLOSSARY.


  Aduatuci, a German tribe formed out of the fragments of the Cimbrians
    and Teutonians.

  Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of. A treaty which ended the war of the
    Austrian Succession, in October, 1748.

  Alsace, a province of the German empire, a part of which was
    conquered by France in the Thirty Years’ War, and the whole ceded to
    France in 1791. The whole was ceded back to Germany in 1871, as a
    result of the Franco-Prussian war.

  Alemanni, a German race of Suevic origin, which occupied the region
    from the Main to the Danube, in the first part of the third century
    A. D., afterwards extending to the Rhine, including Alsace, and part
    of Eastern Switzerland.

  Ampsivari, a German tribe described by Tacitus, which continued until
    the fifth century A. D., when it became merged in the Franks.

  Anne, Queen, succeeded to the throne of England in 1702, upon the
    death of William III.

  Aryan, a Sanscrit word, applied to all nations who speak a language
    mainly derived from the Sanscrit, or ancient Hindoo, as the Greek,
    Latin, Gothic, English, German and all kindred tongues.

  Arendt, Baron von, a patriot and German soldier, of the Revolution.

  Attila, a famous king of the Huns, whose conquests in Europe were
    a terrific marvel, leaving ruin and desolation in his trail, in
    consequence of which he was called the “Scourge of God.” He died in
    453 A. D.

  Austrian Succession, War of. The emperor Charles VI. had no male
    heirs, and he sought to get all the powers concerned to accede to
    the Pragmatic Sanction, by which the Austrian possessions were to
    go to his eldest daughter Maria Theresa. The elector of Bavaria,
    Charles Albert, never gave consent to the pragmatic sanction, and
    when Charles the VI. died, he claimed the Austrian throne, as being
    next in line of succession. A desire seized the European powers to
    break up the Austrian state, and divide its dominions among them.
    Great Britain was the only European nation which came to the aid of
    Austria. After eight years of war, Maria Theresa was confirmed as
    empress of Austria.


B.

  Batavi, a German tribe, which took sides with the Romans, and
    enlisted in its armies, against the rest of the Germans. They became
    ultimately merged in the Salic Franks.

  Barbarians, foreigners; people whose names have “Bar” prefixed to
    them, signifying son of.

  Bingen, a city of Germany, in Hesse, situated at the junction of the
    Nahe with the Rhine.

  Boehm, Philip, an early German Reformed preacher in Pennsylvania.

  Boufflers, a marshal of France under Louis XIV., born January, 1644;
    died August 20, 1711.

  Brainard, David, a missionary among the Indians, born at Haddonfield,
    Conn., April 20, 1718; died at Northampton, Mass., Oct. 9, 1749.

  Brandywine, Battle of. A battle fought on the creek of that name in
    Pennsylvania, during the Revolutionary war, at which the Americans
    under Washington were defeated by the British under General Howe.

  Burgundians, a German tribe, which settled in Gaul, and founded the
    kingdom of Burgundy in the fifth century.


C.

  Calvert, Cecilius (Lord Baltimore). The first proprietor of Maryland;
    born about the year 1605; died at London Nov. 30, 1675.

  Chauci, a German tribe, first mentioned by Strabo, living about the
    shores of the North Sea, on both sides of the Weser. They disappeared
    in the fifth century, becoming merged with the Saxons.

  Chatti, a powerful German tribe, some of whom left their abode in the
    region of the Main, and became absorbed by the Salic Franks. Those
    who remained, were the progenitors of the Hessians.

  Cherusci, a German tribe, dwelling in the time of Caesar, west of the
    Elbe, about the middle Weser. Their name disappeared in the fifth
    century, when they became a constituent part of the Saxons.

  Cimbrians, an ancient German tribe, inhabiting Northern Germany at
    an early day. With the Teutons as allies they invaded the Roman
    provinces in 113 B. C. They were afterwards “virtually exterminated,”
    by a Roman army under Marius.

  Clovis, born about 465; died at Paris Sept. 8, 511. He was the
    founder of the Merovingian line of Frankish kings.

  Conde, Prince de, born at Paris 1621; died at Fontainebleau, France,
    Dec. 11, 1686. He was a celebrated French general during the reign
    of Louis XIV., and took an active part in the devastation of the
    Palatinate.

  Condrusii, a German tribe, occupying a part of Belgium, when they
    became first known. Their name disappeared from history at an early
    day.


D.

  Dunkers, a sect of German American Baptists, called by themselves
    Brethren, founded in Westphalia, in 1708, by Alexander Mack.

  Duras, de, a French general under Louis XIV.


E.

  Eburones, a German tribe occupying a part of Belgium at the time the
    Romans first made their acquaintance.

  Erlkönig, the subject of Goethe’s well-known poem. In German legend,
    a “goblin or personified natural power who haunts the Black Forest.
    He is particularly addicted to destroying children.”


F.

  Finns, the natives of Finland, a colony of whom made settlement on
    the Delaware river within the present limits of Pennsylvania, as
    early as the year 1637.

  Flemish, a Low German language of which the Dutch is a type.

  Frederick, The Great, born at Berlin Jan. 24, 1712; died at Sans
    Souci near Potsdam Aug. 17, 1786. King of Prussia, and one of the
    greatest generals and statesmen of his time.

  Franche-Comte, an ancient government of Eastern France. It was at one
    time a part of the old kingdom of Burgundy, but was annexed to France
    more than two hundred years ago.

  Franks, the name assumed, in the third century A. D. by a
    confederation of German tribes, a branch of which founded the
    Merovingian monarchy, under Clovis (481-511).

  Frankenthal, a town in the Palatinate, destroyed by the soldiers of
    Louis XIV.

  Franklin, Benjamin, an American statesman, diplomat, philosopher, and
    author. Born at Boston, Mass., Jan. 17, 1706; died at Philadelphia
    April 17, 1790.

  Frisii, a German tribe, on the North Sea, and the progenitors of the
    present race of Friesians in Friesland.


G.

  German: Origin, of name unknown; is said to be neither of Latin, nor
    of German origin; claimed to be most probably Celtic.

  “German Slave Trade,” a name contemptuously applied to the custom of
    selling German emigrants for the cost of their passage.

  Germantown, a former borough of Pennsylvania, now a part of the
    municipality of Philadelphia. Founded by German Quakers in 1683.

  Goths, a powerful Teutonic tribe, forming two historical divisions
    of the Visigoths, and Ostrogoths; branches of them settled early, in
    the present Servia, and Bulgaria; while others founded monarchies in
    France, Italy, and Spain. They became merged later into other races.

  Graffenried, a Swiss colonist, in North Carolina, who helped to found
    Newbern.


H.

  Hatto, Bishop, archbishop of Mainz; died about 970. According to a
    German legend, he was eaten alive by mice as a punishment for having
    burned to the ground a barn full of people during the time of a
    famine.

  “Heemweh,” a characteristic poem by the late Rev. Heinrich Harbaugh
    in the Pennsylvania German dialect.

  Heidelberg, a city in Baden, Germany, situated on the Neckar 12
    miles from its junction with the Rhine at Mannheim. It was for many
    years the seat of the Palatine electors, and contains the famous
    castle built by them. Its ruins are said to be the most imposing in
    Europe.

  Hendrickson, Cornelius, a navigator in the service of the Dutch East
    India Company, who explored the Delaware river, as far as the present
    site of Philadelphia in 1614.

  Hermunduri, a German tribe, a branch of the Suevi. It is believed
    that they became the Thuringians.

  Hessians, are the natives or inhabitants of Hesse in Germany. In this
    volume, the name is employed to designate the hireling soldiers which
    the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, and certain other German princes sold
    to the British government, to fight against American independence.

  Hohenstaufen. The name of a German princely family, which has
    furnished the sovereigns to the first German empire, 1138-1254; also
    for a long period the Palatine electors, were supplied by the same
    family. The dynasty became extinct in 1268, when Conradin, the last
    of the line, was executed.


I.

  Indo-European, applied to the languages of India and Europe, which
    are derived from the prehistoric Aryan language; also applies to the
    people or nations who speak those languages.

  Inspirationists, a religious sect, some of whom found their way to
    Pennsylvania at an early day.


K

  Key, John, the first white child born at Philadelphia, after Penn had
    laid out his city.

  “King of the Palatines,” Graffenried one of the founders of Newbern,
    N. C., saved his life, after he was condemned to be burned at the
    stake, by pretending that he was “king of the Palatines.”


L.

  Lawson, Samuel, a companion of Graffenried, whom the Tuscarora
    Indians burned at the stake.

  Lexington, a city 11 miles from Boston, Mass. It is the scene of the
    first bloodshed of the American Revolution, April 19, 1775.

  Longobardi, an early German tribe, known later as the Lombards, who
    founded the kingdom of Lombardy, which was overthrown by Charlemagne
    in 774.

  Lorraine, a region on the border between France and Germany, formerly
    an independent duchy, conquered by France in the 17th century. The
    German part of it was ceded to Germany in 1871, in consequence of the
    treaty between France and Germany after the Franco-German war.

  Lothaire, king of Lorraine, died 869.

  Louis XIV., surnamed by the French, “Le Grand”--(the Great). He was
    born Sept. 5, 1638; died at Versailles Sept. 1715. The devastation of
    the Palatinate, by his soldiers, under his direction and approval,
    will always cause his memory to be execrated, throughout the
    civilized world.

  Louvois, Francois, Marquis de, born at Paris Jan. 9, 1639; died July
    16, 1691. A noted French statesman, minister of war under Louis XIV.
    and one of the chief instruments in the devastation of the Rhine
    provinces, 1666-1691.

  Luneville, Treaty of. A treaty which the First Napoleon dominated,
    and in which most of the powers of continental Europe participated.
    It was concluded Feb. 9, 1801. By its terms France received all the
    territory on the west bank of the Rhine; Tuscany was ceded to Parma;
    and the Cisalpine, Ligurian, Helvetic, and Batavian republics were
    recognized. The end of the “Holy Roman Empire,” soon followed this
    treaty.


M.

  Maintenon, Francoise d’Aubige, was born in prison at Niort, France,
    Nov. 27, 1635; died at St. Cyr near Versailles April 15, 1719. Her
    parents were in prison for political offenses when she was born. She
    became the second wife of Louis XIV. and is said to have exercised
    great influence over him with regard to his religious bigotry and his
    persecutions in the Palatinate.

  Mannheim, a city of Baden, situated at the junction of the Neckar
    with the Rhine. It was founded in 1606; was destroyed during the
    Thirty Years’ War; rebuilt, and became the capital of the Palatinate
    in 1720.

  Mainz, a city on the Rhine, and capital of Rhine-Hesse.

  Marcomanni, a German tribe, branch of the Suevi. Drusus in his
    campaign found them on the middle and upper Rhine stoutly resisting
    his advance. They disappeared from history as a separate tribe in the
    fourth century.

  Marsi, a German tribe, mentioned by Strabo, which dwelt in the region
    about Saxony, at the commencement of our era, which disappeared as a
    distinct tribe after the campaign of Germanicus.

  Melac, a French officer under whose immediate direction Heidelberg
    was sacked and burned.

  Mennonites, a religious sect founded in Europe in the 16th century.
    To escape persecution many of them emigrated to Pennsylvania.

  Michel, Louis, a Swiss colonist in North Carolina who assisted in the
    founding of Newbern.

  Muhlenberg, Heinrich Melchoir; born at Einbeck Prussia, Sept. 6,
    1711; died at Trappe, Pa., Oct. 7, 1787. A German clergyman, and
    chief founder of the Lutheran Church in the United States.

  Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel, son of the former, born at Trappe,
    Pa., Oct. 1, 1746; died near Philadelphia Oct. 1, 1807. He was a
    Lutheran clergyman, Major-General in the Revolutionary army; member
    of Congress, and United States Senator from Pennsylvania.

  Mystics, a name common to several religious sects some of whose
    members came to Pennsylvania with the early German emigration.


O.

  Oppenheim, a town in the province of Rhine-Hesse, 11 miles southwest
    of Mainz. It was one of the towns destroyed by the French soldiers.

  Orleans, Duchess of, sister-in-law of Louis XIV. for whom the latter
    tried to usurp the Palatine electorate after the death of the elector
    Philip Wilhelm, which resulted in the war which devastated the
    Palatinate, and drove thousands of the inhabitants from their homes.


P.

  Palatinate, a former German state, which ceased to exist as an
    independent state in 1801.

  Pfalz, the German term for the Palatinate.

  Pfälzer, an inhabitant of the Palatinate; and German term for
    Palatine.

  Philippsburg, a town of Baden which suffered much from the wars of
    Louis XIV.

  Purrysburg, a town in South Carolina, founded by German emigrants
    from the Palatinate early in the 18th century.

  Penn, William, founder of Pennsylvania, who gave the province its
    first code of laws; born in London Oct. 14, 1664; died in England,
    July 30, 1718. He was a son of Admiral Sir William Penn. He was
    carefully educated, studied at Oxford; was converted to Quakerism,
    after which he was expelled from the university. He was repeatedly
    imprisoned, for preaching the Quaker doctrines, but continued in his
    faith to the end. After his father’s death, he inherited a claim
    against the British government of 16,000 pounds, on account of which
    Charles II. gave him the grant of Pennsylvania.


Q.

  Quaker, one of a religious sect founded by George Fox, in England
    about the year 1650. The sect suffered much persecution in England
    which resulted in very many of them emigrating to Pennsylvania.


R.

  Redemptioner, as applied to emigrants who were sold for their passage
    upon their arrival at American ports, one who redeemed his freedom by
    a term of service.

  Reformation, specifically the religious movement commenced by Martin
    Luther, in the early part of the 16th century, which resulted in the
    formation of the various Protestant sects.

  Rhenish Bavaria, the present Rhine Palatinate, with Speyer as the
    capital.

  Roman Empire, founded about 500 years before the Christian era, and
    embracing at one time nearly the whole civilized world. It began to
    decline about the fifth century of our era, and later was compelled
    to give up nearly all its conquests of many centuries.

  Ryswick, Treaty of. At the treaty signed at Ryswick, a village in
    Holland, Sept. 21, 1697, between France on the one side, and England,
    the Netherlands, Germany, and Spain on the other, by which Louis
    XIV., among other things, recognized William III. as king of England,
    thereby abandoning the cause of the Stuarts. As William III. had
    espoused the cause of the Palatines, against whom Louis had carried
    on a frightful war of devastation for many years, and as Germany was
    a party to the treaty, one of its conditions was that Louis was to
    withdraw his armies from the Palatinate.


S.

  Sauer, Christopher, the pioneer printer of German newspapers in the
    United States. He began the publication of a German newspaper at
    Germantown, Pa., in 1739, which continued to be printed many years,
    exerting a great influence among the German settlers in Pennsylvania.

  Salzburgers, refugees from the archbishopric of Salzburg in Austria,
    who emigrated on account of religious persecution. Many of them found
    their way to Georgia, and South Carolina.

  Saxe-Gotha, an early German settlement in South Carolina, named from
    the principality in Germany, whence the first settlers came.

  Saxon dialect, a dialect which came from a Low German dialect, and
    developed into the present literary or High German.

  Schwenkfeld, Hans Kasper: Born in Silesia 1490; died in New Ulm,
    Germany, 1561. A German Protestant Mystic, persecuted by the
    Lutherans; founder of a sect of Schwenkfelders, or Schwenkfeldians,
    who emigrated to Pennsylvania in the 17th century.

  Semnones, a German tribe, and a principal branch of the Suevi. Their
    name disappeared from history, at the end of the second century.

  Separatists, a sect of religionists, who refuse to conform to, or be
    governed by any church or its forms.

  Sicambrians, a powerful German tribe, in ancient times, which
    afterward became merged in the confederation of the Franks.

  Spanish Succession, War of, a war arising out of the disputes about
    the succession in Spain on the death of Charles the II., which lasted
    from 1701 until 1714. It was fought between Louis I., emperor of
    Germany on the one side, and Louis XIV. of France, and his allies
    on the other. The emperor of Germany, and the king of France, each
    claimed the right to name the successor.

  Speyer, the capital of the Rhenish Palatinate, situated at the
    junction of the Speier with the Rhine. It was totally destroyed by
    the French in 1689.

  Suevi, is the collective name of a German people, known to Cesar, who
    describes them as the largest, and most warlike of the German tribes.
    In the fifth century the Suevi appeared as neighbors and allies of
    the Alemanni, with whom they acted as one people. They settled in the
    region of the headwaters of the Danube, where their name is still
    preserved in Swabia.


T.

  Tesse, a French General operating in the Palatinate, afterward a
    Marshal of France; born 1651; died 1704.

  Teutonians, a German tribe who with the Cimbrians, defeated several
    Roman armies, near the end of the second century B. C., but were
    defeated, and nearly destroyed, by Marius, at what is now Aix,
    France, in 102 B. C. They afterwards settled near the Lower Elbe.

  Thirty Years’ War. A religious, and political war, which involved
    Germany, and other countries in Europe, and continued from 1618,
    until 1648. The struggle was begun between the Roman Catholics and
    Protestants, for the ascendency both religious and political. The
    immediate cause of the war was the result of the persecutions of
    Protestants by Ferdinand, when he became king of Bohemia. Protestant
    churches were closed in some places, and pulled down at others.
    Disturbances and persecutions of Protestants soon spread into
    Germany, and elsewhere. Protestant and Catholics alike armed, for the
    coming conflict, which continued for thirty years; coming to an end
    with the treaty of Westphalia, Oct. 24, 1648.

  Tilly, a famous German general in the Thirty Years’ War, serving in
    the Imperial army. He was born in Belgium in February, 1559; died
    from a mortal wound received in a contest with Gustavus Adolphus,
    April 30, 1632.

  Tory, one who during the Revolution, adhered to the British crown.

  Trenton, Battle of. A victory gained by the Americans under
    Washington, over the British and Hessian mercenaries, Dec. 26, 1776.

  Turenne, a celebrated French marshal; born at Sedan, France, Sept.
    11, 1611; he devastated the Rhine provinces in 1674, and was killed
    by a cannon ball, while on a reconnoissance, near Sasbach, Baden.

  Treves, a city in Rhenish Prussia, on the Moselle, noted for its
    Roman antiquities.


U.

  Ubii, a German tribe, first mentioned by Caesar, who found them
    situated on the right bank of the Rhine, north of the Taunus region;
    their principal place was where the Cologne of to-day stands. They
    became ultimately merged in the Franks.

  Utrecht, Treaty of. By this treaty the war of the Spanish succession
    came to an end, in 1713, between France on the one side, and Great
    Britain, the Netherlands, Savoy, and Portugal on the other. By it,
    Philip V. of France was confirmed as king of Spain, and France
    recognized the Protestant succession in England; Prussia was
    recognized as a kingdom, and Great Britain received Newfoundland,
    Nova Scotia, etc., in North America.


V.

  Vandals, a German tribe, which made its first appearance in middle
    and southern Germany, in the first half of the fifth century. They
    ravaged Gaul, Spain, and North Africa, etc., and in 445, they ravaged
    Rome, doing much damage to treasures, art, and literature. They
    founded a kingdom in Africa with Carthage as its capital.

  Verdun, Treaty of. A treaty made at Verdun, France, in 843, between
    the French emperor Lothaire, and his brother Ludwig the German. By
    this treaty, Lothaire was confirmed as emperor, and received Italy,
    and in general the region west of the Rhine and Alps, and east of the
    Rhine, etc.; Charles the Bald obtained the region west of Lothaire’s
    dominions, and Ludwig the region between the Rhine and the Elbe,
    which formed the nucleus of the first German empire.


W.

  Weber, an imposter, who was executed at Charleston, S. C., for murder
    in the early days of the settlement of that state.

  Westphalia, Treaty of. This treaty was concluded in 1648, and ended
    the Thirty Years’ War. Among the conditions of that treaty, the
    electoral house of the Palatinate received the Rhine Palatinate; and
    religious freedom was guaranteed, thereby saving Protestantism to
    Europe and to the world.

  William III., King of England, 1689-1702.

  Wolf, George, a son of a German emigrant from the Palatinate, and
    Governor of Pennsylvania 1829-1835, and founder of the Common School
    System of that state.

       *       *       *       *       *




Transcriber’s note


Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.




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