The American Red Cross Bulletin (Vol. IV, No. 4)




                Vol. IV.      OCTOBER, 1909.      No. 4.

                                 AMERICAN
                                RED CROSS
                                 BULLETIN

                          NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS
                              WASHINGTON D C

           Yearly Subscription, 50 cents. Single Copy, 15 cents.
                            (Issued Quarterly.)




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THE AMERICAN RED CROSS


Officers

    _President_,
    HON. WILLIAM H. TAFT.

    _Vice-President_,
    ROBERT W. de FOREST.

    _Secretary_,
    CHARLES L. MAGEE.

    _Treasurer_,
    HON. CHAS. D. NORTON.

    _Counselor_,
    HON. LLOYD W. BOWERS.

    _Chairman of Central Committee_,
    MAJOR-GENERAL GEO. W. DAVIS, U. S. A. (Ret.)

    _National Director_,
    ERNEST P. BICKNELL.

Board of Consultation

    BRIGADIER-GENERAL GEORGE H. TORNEY,
    Surgeon-General, U. S. Army.

    REAR ADMIRAL PRESLEY M. RIXEY,
    Surgeon-General, U. S. Navy.

    SURGEON-GENERAL WALTER WYMAN,
    U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service.

Central Committee 1908-1909

    Major-General GEORGE W. DAVIS, U. S. A. (ret.), _Chairman_.

    Brigadier-General GEORGE H. TORNEY, Surgeon-General, U. S.
    Army, War Department, Washington, D. C.

    Hon. HUNTINGTON WILSON, Assistant Secretary of State,
    Department of State, Washington, D. C.

    Hon. CHARLES D. NORTON, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, U.
    S. Treasury Dept., Washington, D. C.

    Medical Director JOHN C. WISE, U. S. N., Navy Department,
    Washington, D. C.

    Hon. LLOYD W. BOWERS, Solicitor-General, Department of Justice,
    Washington, D. C.

    President BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, University of California.

    Mr. JOHN M. GLENN, 105 East 22d street, New York, N. Y.

    Miss MABEL T. BOARDMAN, Washington, D. C.

    Hon. JAMES R. GARFIELD.

    Hon. A. C. KAUFMAN, Charleston, S. C.

    Hon. H. KIRKE PORTER, 1600 I street, Washington, D. C.

    General CHARLES BIRD, U. S. A., Wilmington, Del.

    Col. WILLIAM CARY SANGER, Sangerfield, N. Y.

    Judge LAMBERT TREE, 70 La Salle street, Chicago, Ill.

    Hon. JAMES TANNER, Washington, D. C.

    Mr. W. W. FARNAM, New Haven, Conn.

    One vacancy.




[Illustration: CONTENTS]


                                                            PAGE

    Table of Contents                                          1

    Red Cross Officers                                         2

    View of Armenian Quarter, Adana                            3

    Preface                                                    4

    Turko-Armenian Relief. _Illustrated._                      8
        By G. Bie Ravndal.

    Italian Earthquake Relief. _Illustrated._                 45

    Portuguese Earthquake Relief                              61

    Canal Zone Red Cross. _Illustrated._                      62
        By Major C. A. Devol, U. S. A.

    Use and Abuse of the Red Cross Brassard                   66
        By G. H. Richardson, M. D.

    Repression of the Abuse of the Red Cross Insignia         67

    The Story of the Red Cross                                69

    Tuberculosis Department. _Illustrated._                   71
        1. Christmas Stamps.
        2. District of Columbia.
        3. Indiana.
        4. New York.
        5. New Hampshire.

    Red Cross Nurses’ Department                              81

    First Aid Department. _Illustrated._                      84
        1. California.
        2. Illinois.
        3. New York.
        4. Pennsylvania.
        5. Germany.
        6. Great Britain.

    Notes. _Illustrated._                                     99

    List of Red Cross Branches                  3d page of cover

Entered at the Post Office, Washington, D. C., as second-class matter.

[Illustration: DESTRUCTION OF ARMENIAN QUARTER IN ADANA]




[Illustration: WILLIAM H. TAFT.]




PREFACE


With the October number of 1909 the RED CROSS BULLETIN brings its
fourth volume to a close. Those who recall the dry little report which
constituted the first BULLETIN, issued in January, 1906, will find a
strong proof of the growth of the American Red Cross by contrasting the
former with the BULLETINS issued during the last year. The Red Cross is
fast becoming a very vital force throughout the world, a force that is
bringing the nations closer together in the bonds of human sympathy,
brotherhood, and peace.

During 1909 our people, by means of the American Red Cross, have been
able to express their sympathy and give their help to thousands of their
fellowmen who have suffered from earthquakes in Italy and Portugal, from
massacres in Turkey, and, just as this BULLETIN goes to press, from
floods in Mexico. In San Francisco the Relief Home and the thousands of
little cottages built after the fire are monuments beside the Golden
Gate to our Red Cross. Again, in sunny Italy the American Red Cross
Orphanage and hundreds of little cottages are witnesses of its zeal and
its sympathy. A picture in this BULLETIN shows some of the cottages it
has helped to build in Portugal, and the Red Cross Day Camps that are
beginning to dot the country over show its unforgetfulness of those who
are victims of the “Great White Plague.” The transport that carried to
China the generous cargo of food supplies provided by the _Christian
Herald_ floated the Red Cross flag; the relief ship _Bayern_, sent out
by the American Relief Committee in Rome under the American Red Cross
flew again that wonderful emblem, and from Beirut comes the news that the
steamer on which our Red Cross committee there shipped relief supplies
to the sufferers from the Armenian massacres sailed under the Red Cross
flag. The ferryboat given by Miss Mary Harriman to the Brooklyn Red
Cross for its tuberculosis work is another ship in what has been called
“The Red Cross Navy.” So the water as well as the land has seen the
beneficence of its labors.

[Illustration: ROBERT W. DE FOREST.

Copyright, Harris-Ewing, ’08.]

Our American Red Cross has suffered a serious loss in the death of Mr.
John C. Pegram, of Providence, Rhode Island. Due to the interest and
energy of Mr. Pegram, Rhode Island founded the first State Branch of the
Red Cross after its reorganization in 1905. From this time until his
death Mr. Pegram was its President, and he has also been a most faithful
and valuable member of the National Central Committee.

We regret that the new plans for a reorganization in regard to State
Branches are not yet in such shape as to be presented in this BULLETIN.
Experience has shown the difficulty of maintaining efficient State
Branches under present regulations. Our States are generally too large
for the officers and members of Committees of a State Branch to hold
frequent meetings, and in many cases it is not wise to concentrate all
officers and members of State Committees in one city. The new plans
leads to the creation of skeleton State Branches, to act only in case
of disasters. The local, county, city, or town chapters will be brought
directly in contact with the National Headquarters at Washington. In case
of disaster in a State, it has been the custom of the Governor of the
State to take prompt action for relief measures. For this reason it is
probable that the Governors of States will be asked to act as Presidents
of their respective State Branches. In appealing to the President of the
United States for assistance, as has been the custom when the calamity
has been of such magnitude that it was not possible for the State to
render all the aid required, the Governor will appeal to the President
of the American Red Cross, so the stricken community will be assured
of assistance from the Government and also from the great national
organization of the Red Cross. The new plans will soon be formulated and
sent to all State officers of our Branches.

[Illustration: MAJ.-GEN. GEORGE W. DAVIS

Copyright, Clinedinst, ’08.]

Arrangements for First Aid Courses on a large scale are fast developing.
In October, under the Red Cross’ auspices, will be held a competition in
First Aid among a number of Miners’ First Aid Corps from different mines
in Pennsylvania. A prize, to be won three times, will be awarded, and
bronze medals to the individual members of the winning team. Plans for
the Nursing Department will receive much consideration. The new Christmas
stamp for the tuberculosis work we trust will prove even more successful
than that of last year, and so our Red Cross sees the future looming
large and vigorous before it.

[Illustration: HON. CHARLES D. NORTON]

If, having proved to our people and to the world at large the use and
value of our American Red Cross, we can now raise our Endowment Fund to a
million dollars, so that by its income we may be always ready to render
First Aid when great national or international disasters occur without
having to wait for contributions to come in, and so that we may continue
and carry on measures of teaching the hundreds of thousands of our men
and women engaged in manufacturing, in mining, in railroading, etc., to
be prepared to help themselves and each other in cases of the innumerable
accidents of every day life, our Red Cross will take its place among the
greatest, most efficient, and most blessed forces not only of our own
country but of the world itself.




TURKO-ARMENIAN RELIEF

AMERICAN RED CROSS BEIRUT RELIEF COMMITTEE.

By G. BIE RAVNDAL, American Consul-General, Chairman.


                                              BEIRUT, SYRIA, June 5, 1909.

Your Committee desires to express its profound appreciation of its
recognition by the American National Red Cross as the latter’s authorized
agents in the matter of extending relief to the sick and destitute of
Asia Minor and Syria in consequence of recent bloody disorders.

Such recognition strengthened our appeals for aid. It implied a thorough
audit of accounts, and also that distribution to the needy would be made,
irrespective of race or creed.

As Americans we have wished that credit for whatever we might be able
to accomplish along the lines of alleviating suffering and destitution
should be given to the American National Red Cross. For this reason, as
well as for purposes of protection, we have displayed the Red Cross flag
in the field as well as at our headquarters in Beirut, and we have also
marked supplies as shipped by us to various local relief agents with the
Red Cross insignia.

Commercially and otherwise, the stricken districts form part of Beirut’s
tributary territory. This city, therefore, is especially suitable as
a point of distribution of relief supplies in the present emergency.
Your Committee, accordingly, was able to and did reach Adana and other
afflicted points before any other relief agency. As soon as other
instrumentalities had been provided for the Adana region, your Committee
concentrated its efforts upon the less favored districts of Alexandretta,
Latakia, Kessab, Antioch, and Marash.

We take pleasure in inclosing herewith a synopsis of the report of Prof.
Harry Gaylord Dorman, M. D., of Beirut, who, while there, was called
upon to superintend the entire medical relief work. Some of Dr. Dorman’s
photographs show the Red Cross well to the front in Adana. We are
grateful to the authorities of the Syrian Protestant College for granting
Dr. Dorman the leave of absence required for the purpose indicated.

Inclosed financial statements, prepared by E. G. Freyer, Esq., our
Secretary and Treasurer, who, as the executive member of your Committee,
has displayed the most commendable zeal and tireless activity, explains
the Committee’s operations up to the present time. Fuller accounts of the
manner in which our cash remittances to Alexandretta, Marash, and Antioch
were used will accompany our final and detailed settlement with the
American National Red Cross. In every instance we have availed ourselves
of the services of American, British, and German missionaries in the
field, individually known to and fully trusted by your Committee, as
distributing agents. Most of them “went through” the massacres of 1895,
and thus acquired experience in relief work. Among such field agents we
would especially mention Rev. Chambers, at Adana; Rev. Dodds, at Mersine;
Rev. Kennedy, at Alexandretta; Dr. Balph, at Latakia; Rev. Maccallum,
at Marash, and Rev. Trowbridge, at large, as having rendered valuable
assistance.

While this is only the American Relief Committee at work, we are fully
aware of the important services rendered by the International Committee
at Adana, of which the British Vice-Consul, Major Doughty-Wylie, is
chairman; Rev. W. N. Chambers (American), Secretary, and the Imperial
Ottoman Bank (French), Treasurer. The latest letter received from Rev.
Mr. Chambers, of Adana, shows that the relief work at that point still
remains at its initial stage (feeding the hungry and nursing the
wounded), and that fresh relief measures are imperatively required.

Rev. T. D. Christie, D. D., President of St. Paul’s College Institute
(American), at Tarsus, under the date of May 29, 1909, indorses an
“Appeal for Help to Cilicia,” issued by an Armenian Bishop, in the
following language:

[Illustration: RED CROSS HEADQUARTERS, BEIRUT.]

“The above is not mere rhetoric; it understates rather than overstates
the case. The needy refugees in these two Provinces of Adana and Aleppo
now number about seventy thousand; the value of the property looted or
destroyed is fifty million dollars. I trust there will be a generous
response to this cry for help. Something is already being done, for which
the men and women on the ground are most grateful; but much more must be
done if disaster is to be averted.”

Your Committee is not prepared to confirm any specific estimate of the
number of destitute refugees. While in some places the devastation is
complete, in other places the crops are left and may yet be saved. We
do know, however, that the general situation in the stricken belt is
extremely pitiable, and that we are perfectly justified in calling upon
the American public for further help.

[Illustration: A SHIPMENT OF SUPPLIES LEAVING RED CROSS HEADQUARTERS AT
BEIRUT FOR LATAKIA.]

In the case of Kessab, we have supplied some mechanic’s tools and
agricultural implements as the best means of obviating the necessity
of issuing rations indefinitely. This policy will be pursued in other
villages which were looted and destroyed, and where the inhabitants are
utterly destitute. Photographs show the steamer which carried our fairly
large shipment for Kessab, and boxes composing the shipment. The steamer
(Italian) flew the Red Cross flag in honor of the occasion.

Your Committee is deeply grateful for the opportunity of doing this kind
of work under the inspiring auspices of the American National Red Cross,
and would assure you that we constantly have in mind performing our task
in such a manner as not to lower the high standard of efficiency and
fidelity to duty set by your noble organization.


_Supplementary Report of July 15._

In continuation of my report of June 14, 1909, I have the honor to submit
the following further observations:

To begin with, the most pressing need called for food and medical aid.
We, therefore, sent doctors and nurses and medical supplies to Adana and
provisions, or cash wherewith to buy food, to various stricken centers,
such as Adana, Tarsus, Alexandretta, Kessab, Antioch, and Marash.
Kessab we also supplied with implements and tools of various kinds, as
the village was utterly looted before being destroyed, and practically
nothing but ruins was left of it. At Aintab and Beirut we have provided
clothing, shoes, and bedding for some destitute orphans.

[Illustration: RED CROSS SUPPLIES, INCLUDING PLOWS, PICKS AND OTHER
TOOLS, BEING TAKEN TO THE STEAMER SAILING FOR KESSAB.]

Fortunately, in many districts the crops were saved. The food problem,
except at certain points, including Kessab, which is not an agricultural
village, will therefore be deprived of its worst terrors until the winter
sets in. There has been and still is a general demand for clothing,
quilts, and blankets, especially from the mountainous regions between
Latakia and Marash. We shall hear more about the need of clothing and
bedding and shelter as the season advances and the cold November rains
begin beating down upon the mountains. Kitchen utensils are urgently
wanted in many districts in which the marauders carried off everything
portable.

But while the initial and most palpable suffering and destitution may be
said to have been provisionally checked, and while preliminary steps are
being discussed with a view to establishing orphanages and asylums for
the fatherless and factories in which to give the widows employment, we
feel that the real pinch is yet to come. After careful investigation, we
are satisfied that relief on an extensive scale will have to be furnished
for months to come, and that the coming winter will to the utmost tax
the capacity of all the relief agencies at work, even if the funds at
their disposal are very materially increased beyond the present ratio of
contribution.

[Illustration: ITALIAN S. S. “ORIONE” FLYING RED CROSS FLAG, LEAVING
BEIRUT FOR LATAKIA.]

Confronted with so many unsolved problems of relief and of rehabilitation
and feeling that some 25,000 destitute fellow-beings in the district
between Marash and Latakia are looking toward this Committee for help,
both for the present and during the approaching season of inclement
weather, we are in duty bound to persevere.

As late as July 8, Rev. Kennedy reported from Alexandretta:

    “Nothing has been done in the district so far to reinstate
    the refugees in their homes. They have been ordered back to
    their villages repeatedly, and even threatened if they did not
    obey, but they say they can not go back as long as they have
    no houses to return to. What the outcome will be I can not
    predict. To rebuild 746 houses, even though many of them are
    little better than huts, is no small thing.”

[Illustration: TENTS FURNISHED THROUGH THE RED CROSS RELIEF COMMITTEE FOR
ADANA.]

[Illustration: THIRTY-FOUR ORPHAN GIRLS FROM ANTIOCH BROUGHT TO BEIRUT
UNDER RED CROSS AUSPICES FOR THE GERMAN DEACONESSES OF KAISERSWERTH.
BEDS, BLANKETS, SHOES AND CLOTHING WERE SUPPLIED.]

On July 3 this Committee received an appeal from Miss E. Chambers at
Kessab for $500 for shoes, $250 for cotton cloth, and $5,000 for wheat,
while urgent requests were made for money with which to rebuild houses.
More than 600 houses in Kessab had been ruined by fire and other means
of destruction. We have supplied the money necessary to buy the shoes and
the cloth, but we are unable as yet to provide winter stores or to assist
in rehousing the people.

Regarding the matter of contributions, I would invite attention to the
report of July 12 of the Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. E. G. Freyer,
inclosed herewith. Your Committee’s first call for aid met with a
surprisingly generous response from Syria, enabling us to be the first on
the scene of devastation with help from the outside. The contributions
were not large, but they came in promptly, and as shown by the financial
statement of June 24, from numerous sources.

In the matter of distribution, this Committee has exercised very
special care. We have dealt exclusively with American, British, and
German missionaries in the field, men and women personally known to
ourselves, and in whose trustworthiness and good judgment we had implicit
confidence. We have full assurance that the supplies and the cash
forwarded have been employed where they would accomplish the greatest
amount of good. In that way the piasters or piasters’ worth furnished
have been made to serve important ends. We, therefore, feel that we have
not striven in vain, although the summary of receipts and expenditures
does not run into very large figures.

The number of killed during the recent disturbances is variously
estimated at 15,000 to 30,000, leaving thousands of widows and orphans.
Business practically is at a standstill in the disturbed region. Hundreds
of families wish to emigrate, and some have applied to American consuls
for assistance to that end. It is a sad state of affairs. But emigration
on a large scale at this time, when brighter days obviously are dawning
upon this empire, unquestionably would be both a mistake and a misfortune.

Everywhere the Red Cross has been respected and honored, although the
emblem of official relief work in Turkey is the red crescent.

Your Committee considers it a special and precious privilege to be
permitted to help so many of these afflicted people under the inspiring
auspices of the American National Red Cross. We once more appeal for
further funds.


MEDICAL RELIEF WORK IN ADANA

The Adana massacre was in two sections, the first massacre lasting
from the morning of Wednesday, April 14, for three days, until Friday
afternoon, April 16; the second followed after an interval of eight days,
and lasted for two days, Sunday and Monday, April 25 and 26. The second
massacre was followed by occasional killing of Armenians for five or six
days more.

The feature of the first day was the plundering of the shops in the
Armenian quarter by the Moslem mob. There was much shooting in the city,
and some killing on both sides.

Thursday the shooting and killing was continued with more violence. The
resistance of the Armenians in the Armenian section of the city was,
to a certain extent, successful in preventing the pillaging of a large
part of the Armenian quarter. But in the suburbs, where the Christian
houses stood isolated, in their little vineyards or gardens the mob and
pillaging soldiers had full play. Houses were entered, their inhabitants
shot regardless of sex or age, and then, after having been plundered,
the buildings were set on fire. On this Thursday afternoon the first
assistance to the wounded was given by Mrs. Doughty-Wylie, the wife of
Major C. H. M. Doughty-Wylie, British Consul at Mersine. These two had
come up on the last regular train from Mersine the previous day because
of the report of trouble at Adana. However much of credit may have been,
and rightly, given to the Major for a heroism and courage in these days
of terror that was the means of saving the lives of thousands, his wife
is no less deserving of credit for a brave and tireless devotion to the
needs of the wounded, which has done much to mitigate the suffering that
followed these awful massacres. To this work she brought not only a
love for the details of nursing, but a genius for organization as well,
and a training that prepared her in a peculiar way to fill the need.
She had seen service as army nurse in the Boer war, and for six years
she personally supported and conducted a hospital in Bombay, where she
has nursed through famine and through plague. It surely was a special
Providence that brought these two to Adana at such a time.

[Illustration: RUINS IN ADANA.]

Thursday afternoon it was reported at the Consulate that nine wounded
women and children from the ruined houses of the adjoining suburb had
been brought into the Turkish guard house near the Consulate. A message
to the guard house to ask if medical help could be given was answered
by the curt reply that no assistance was needed as all would be dead
by morning. There was firing on the street and murder abroad, but Mrs.
Doughty-Wylie, taking with her a Greek woman and Dr. Danielides, who had
taken refuge at the Consulate, went over to the guard house. The nine
wounded were on the floor of a small room, lying in pools of blood. In
an adjoining room were two wounded soldiers, one with a broken leg and
one with a flesh wound. After a trip back to the Consulate for dressings,
Mrs. Doughty-Wylie and the doctor dressed the wounds, caring first for
the wounded soldiers. The women and children were then brought over and
placed in a woodshed adjoining the Consulate, while the soldiers were
left to the care of the proper military authorities. This formed the
nucleus of the hospital relief work. There might have been ten instead of
nine in this nucleus but for the fact that even while Mrs. Doughty-Wylie
was at work in the guard house a wounded Armenian seeking its protection
was stabbed to death by the bayonets of the soldiers in full view of the
English Consulate. Of the nine, two died of peritonitis in the course of
a few days; two were discharged cured within two weeks, and others were
convalescing in the hospital five weeks later.

A tenth was added to the list of wounded in the Consulate that afternoon
by the wounding of Major Doughty-Wylie in the right forearm, who, in the
role of peacemaker, was frequently between the fire of the contending
parties.


_End of First Massacre._

Friday morning, about nine o’clock, the bugles sounded the call to cease
firing, and the first massacre ceased. Some four or five wounded men were
brought into the British Consulate, and the little hospital overflowed
into an adjoining Armenian house, where the patients lay in a little dark
room with a mud floor.

On Monday a better house was engaged from a Greek. Here were four small
rooms and a broad veranda, which for three weeks did service for surgical
dressing room and operating room. The hospital was established with
fifteen inpatients and a number of outpatients, who came for dressings.
Dr. Danielides left in the middle of the week, and the work was carried
on by Mrs. Doughty-Wylie, assisted by Miss Alltree and Miss Sinclair
(English), and Miss Avania (Greek), until the arrival of Sick Bay Stewart
Shenton and five first aid marines from the British cruiser _Swiftsure_.
These came on Saturday, eight days after the end of the first massacre,
and with a reinforcement of four more marines two days later they did
thorough and efficient work until they were relieved after three weeks
by a similar crew of men under Sick Bay Stewart Weiber from H. M. S.
_Minerva_. The work of these men, and especially of Mr. Shenton, in
caring for the wounded and in the daily dressing of what, after the
second massacre, amounted to some 200 suppurating wounds, is deserving of
the highest praise.

[Illustration: RUINS IN ADANA.]

In the interval of eight days that elapsed between the first and second
massacres, confidence had begun to be gradually restored. The wounded
were gathered in several places and cared for by Armenian doctors under
the supervision of foreigners. Many of the wounds had gone four days
without being dressed and were in bad condition.


_Work Organized._

On Monday, April 9, three days after the end of the first massacre, work
began to be organized, as follows:

Under the care of Miss Wallis, in the upper Gregorian Church, 60 wounded
women and children, and in the Protestant Boys’ School, 15 wounded men,
together with over 15 outpatients.

Under the care of Miss E. S. Webb, in the Armenian Girls’ School, and in
the lower Gregorian Church adjoining, over 40 wounded, besides 30 sick.

Under the care of the Soeurs de Charite de Ste. Leon, in a large Armenian
house, 25 wounded, besides 130 outpatients.

[Illustration: RED CROSS HOSPITAL (SURGICAL) IN CHARGE OF MRS.
DOUGHTY-WYLIE. IN SIMEONIDES’ HOUSE.]

There were also about a dozen wounded in the Turkish School, and among
the 2,000 or so refugees in the New Market Armenian Boys’ School there
were 50 sick.

In all there were 330 wounded Armenians under treatment, of whom about
half were able to come and go for their dressings. Besides this, there
were some 100 sick among the crowded refugees. The small proportion of
wounded relative to the total number of Armenians killed in the city
during the first massacre—a number estimated at 2,500—is indicative of
the vindictiveness of the killing. The chance of escape was small for a
man, woman, or child once disabled by a wound.

Wounded Moslems were cared for in the government charity hospital outside
the city. There were about 50 inpatients, among whom were said to be
a few Christians, and about 150 outpatients. In the Turkish Military
Hospital there were also about 40 wounded. From 50 to 60 other wounded
Moslems were cared for in their homes. The number of Moslems killed is
unknown, but is said to have been 200, more or less.


_Second Massacre._

[Illustration: AMERICAN RED CROSS HOSPITAL (MEDICAL) ADANA.]

On Sunday, April 25, the aspect of the medical relief work was abruptly
changed by the occurrence of the second massacre. This began at 4 in
the afternoon, with a determined fusillade on the New Market Armenian
School, accompanied by the firing of the building, and followed by the
massacre of most of its 2,000 or more helpless refugees as they sought to
escape from the death trap. Carts piled high with bodies were busy for
the next three days emptying the school playground of its dead. The acute
stage of incendiarism and killing lasted only until the following night,
Monday, April 26, but frequent fires and the shooting of stray Armenians
continued for a week after. This massacre differed from the first in the
absence of any effectual resistance on the part of the Armenians, the
prominent participation of the soldiers in the killing, and in that it
ended with the complete destruction by fire of the Armenian section of
the town, representing something over one-fourth of the city’s area. It
seems also to have been characterized by a peculiarly relentless cruelty;
sick and wounded men, women, and children fell alike before the shots and
bayonets of the pitiless soldiery. The 2,500 who are roughly estimated to
have been killed in this second massacre are, for the most part, victims
of the Armenian School massacre, together with those who were killed
the same afternoon in the lower Gregorian Church and adjoining girls’
school. Of the 70 sick and wounded among the refugees here, most were
either killed or burned. The hospital of the French Sisters was burned at
the same time. Some of the patients were burned with it, but some were
saved by two of the Jesuit Fathers, who carried as many as they could
over to the Church of the Jesuit Boys’ School. Even this proved for them
an uncertain refuge, for the following day the buildings of the Jesuit
School were burned, and its refugees, together with the Jesuit Fathers
themselves, were saved from the blood-thirsty mob only by the timely
intervention of Major Doughty-Wylie. In spite of his fractured arm, he
had a guard from the Vali, and rode about in the endeavor to save life
and restore order.

Monday morning, April 26, it was announced that government protection
would be afforded only to those Armenians who should present themselves
at the Konak or government house. So through the day refugees by the
thousand, among them the sick and wounded, fled to the open space in
front of the Konak, until the Armenian quarter was deserted. Many were
escorted there by Major Doughty-Wylie with a guard of soldiers. Here
they stood waiting helplessly, without food, for many hours. The women
and children were commanded to stand apart from the men, and all were
subjected to a thorough search for arms or valuables. Toward evening they
were told to go, but no provision was made for their going. Like a herd
of frightened sheep, turning back here and there as some new terror faced
them, with a number trampled to death at every fresh panic, husbands
separated from wives, and children separated from parents, dead bodies
lying in the streets, and darkness coming on, they gradually drifted to
the new quarter of the town near the railroad station, where they finally
found refuge in the two great cotton factories—13,000 in Trepanni’s
factory and 5,000 in the German factory. In this flight they were
partially protected by the Macedonian soldiers. Some of them were cut and
wounded as they passed by Arab soldiers, but none were killed.

[Illustration: DOCTORS AND NURSES SENT TO ADANA UNDER AUSPICES OF
AMERICAN RED CROSS AGENTS, BEIRUT.]

The four emergency hospitals in the Armenian district were thus broken
up. On that Monday 120 wounded from these hospitals came down to the
hospital of Mrs. Doughty-Wylie for dressings, most of them destitute of
beds or bedding. The next day, Tuesday, there were over 60 inpatients
under the charge of Mrs. Doughty-Wylie; 100 wounded among the 5,000
refugees in the inclosure of the German factory were segregated in a good
building intended for the use of foreign employees of the factory. There
were no beds for these unfortunates at first. Of this 100 many were but
slightly wounded, so that when the factory was emptied of its refugees
a week later only 50 were left as interne patients. Besides the 60 or
more patients in Mrs. Doughty-Wylie’s hospital, 200 outpatients were also
cared for.

There were thus in the three hospitals about 375 wounded under the care
of foreigners, after the second massacre, not many more than the number
of wounded before the second massacre, for the newly wounded were hardly
more than enough to take the places of the wounded who had been killed or
burned. Besides, the nature of the second massacre was such as to leave
few wounded among those attacked. The kill was usually complete.

Dr. Connell, of H. M. S. _Swiftsure_; Dr. Bouthillier, of the French
cruiser _Victor Hugo_; Dr. Bockelberg, of the German cruiser _Hamburg_,
with a number of sailors and marines from their ships, gave much
assistance.

A number of the native physicians likewise gave their services, though at
first it was hardly safe for the Armenian doctors to do so.

The German Emperor had sent his own ship, the _Hamburg_, post haste from
Corfu to Mersine soon after the first massacre, and the supplies needed
for the German Hospital were to a large extent furnished from the ship’s
stores.

[Illustration: DR. DORMAN MAKING HIS ROUNDS OF THE CAMP. ADANA.]


_Conditions of Refugees._

In the four days following the second massacre the condition of the
refugees in the factories was pitiable. A little raw flour was given
out, even on Monday evening, but for most of the people it was two and
a half days before bread was distributed to them. The suffering was
great. Conditions were not as bad in the German factory as in the Greek
factory, because the inclosure of the former was spacious, and the number
of refugees less. In the Greek factory the 13,000 filled all available
space. The buildings were packed, with people sitting everywhere on the
floor; many crawled under the machinery to find a place to lie. Out in
the yard of the factory the last comers were jammed together tightly,
so that for many there was actually “standing room only.” Among the
refugees here few were wounded, but many sick. There had been an epidemic
of measles in the town before the trouble began, and in the crowding
of refugees from the first massacre there had been a thorough spread of
infection. The two weeks that had elapsed since the beginning of the
first massacre gave time for the incubation period, and now many children
broke out with the rash of measles.

A smallpox scare was of benefit, in that it hastened the evacuation of
the factory. This early turning out of the crowd from the factory was one
of the best steps taken in all the relief work, for although it caused
some few deaths by pneumonia from exposure, it avoided the awful calamity
of an outbreak of typhus fever, such as occurred after the Armenian
massacres of 1895. The moving of refugees into camp from the Trepanni
factory was superintended by Commander Carver, of H. M. S. _Swiftsure_.
By Thursday noon the 13,000 had been divided up into about 30 sections to
facilitate the distribution of bread. On Friday, when it was desired to
empty the factory, it was announced that bread would no longer be given
out in the factory, and each section, according to directions, followed
its own particular bread cart out to the place of encampment, at the
Yenemahalle. Here, without sufficient covering, and for a time without
any tents, families were required to pass nights still cold and chilly,
and days rendered intolerable by exposure to the intense heat of the sun
at midday. Children in the acute stage of measles passed the night on the
bare ground without any covering, and exposure to the chill air resulted
in many cases of broncho-pneumonia, from which, for a time, they were
dying at the rate of ten a day.

[Illustration: AMERICAN RED CROSS HOSPITAL IN CHARGE OF SURGEON MILLER,
OF U. S. S. “NORTH CAROLINA,” ASSISTED BY THREE HOSPITAL CORPS MEN AND
LADIES.]

Two days after the establishment of the camp an attempt was made to
separate the families with measles, and between 300 and 400 of such were
collected by Commander Carver in an orange grove, a quarter of a mile
away from the main Yenemahalle camp.

Tuesday, May 4, eight days after the second massacre, the German factory
was cleared of its 5,000 inmates, and these were located part in an open
camp and part in adjoining houses, which, although rented by Armenians,
had been spared the general destruction because belonging to Turkish
owners. This location was nearly half a mile distant from the Yenemahalle
camp. The people here were fed by German funds, and the place was known
as the “German camp.”

At this time the allowance of rations was doubled in the large
Yenemahalle camp, so that from this time on the people had sufficient
food. But the bread from the emergency bakeries of the first two weeks
was often poorly baked, and many people had diarrhœa, approaching
dysentery, from eating the raw dough that for many was the only food
available during the first two days in the factory. Tuesday night and
Wednesday 500 blankets and 100 quilts, sent from Beirut, were distributed
to the most destitute of the sufferers in the Yenemahalle and measles
camp, but when half of the 13,000 refugees were without covering for
the night, it can be understood that the 600 pieces were woefully
insufficient to go around. A week later 300 more blankets were received
and distributed.

[Illustration: GERMAN HOSPITAL IN GROUNDS OF GERMAN FACTORY WITH
KAISERSWERTH DEACONESSES.]

On this Tuesday a request made to Ashraf Bey, municipal sanitary
inspector, for aid in medical inspection was answered by the sending of
two Turkish doctors and two pharmacists, who, the following day, opened
an emergency pharmacy near the measles camp.


_Red Cross Sends Medical Aid._

Immediately after the second massacre, a call for medical assistance was
sent by the Adana Relief Committee to Beirut, where a Red Cross Relief
Committee had been constituted by Hon. G. Bie Ravndal, American Consul
General; Mr. E. G. Freyer, of the American Presbyterian Mission, and Dr.
Geo. E. Post, of the Syrian Protestant College. This was answered by
sending an Armenian physician, Dr. Armadouni, on Wednesday, April 28,
who, on arrival at Mersine, found that it was impracticable to proceed
farther on account of government restrictions of Armenians. Surgical
supplies sent with him were forwarded to Adana, and he returned to Beirut.

Another still more urgent appeal for doctors came from the Adana Relief
Committee on Friday, April 30. The surgeons from the English and German
ships were necessarily irregular in their attendance, and soon to be
compelled to leave; Armenian doctors were not available, and severe
epidemics were to be expected among the crowded and poorly fed refugees.
In response to this call the American Red Cross Committee at Beirut
sent a medical commission, which reached Adana on Wednesday, May 5,
consisting of two students of the fourth year of the Syrian Protestant
College Medical School, Dr. Kamil Hilal and Dr. Fendi Zughaiyar; Miss
MacDonald, a Canadian, who had been teaching in Jerusalem, and Dr. H.
G. Dorman, of the Syrian Protestant College, who is the writer. With us
was a complete hospital outfit of surgical instruments, sterilizers,
sterilized dressings and sutures, and a supply of condensed milk, tinned
soups, drugs, etc. Miss MacDonald was succeeded later by Miss Davis, who
arrived May 10. The size of the Beirut delegation was increased later by
the arrival, on May 12, of Mr. Bennetorossian, of the third year in the
Syrian Protestant College Medical School, and on May 20 by Dr. Haigazum
Dabanian, who had been released by Dr. Torrence, of the Tiberias Mission,
from his engagement in the English hospital there that he might assist in
the Adana relief work. The two senior medical students were Syrians who
spoke Turkish; the last two men were Armenians and deserving of especial
credit in coming to Adana at this time, for they knew that in so doing
they ran the risk of government suspicion and arrest.

[Illustration: FRENCH FLAG FLYING OVER FRENCH DISPENSARY.]

With the delegation going from Beirut, although not sent by the Red Cross
Society, were two Kaiserswerth Deaconesses from the Johanniter Hospital
in Beirut, Sister Louisa and Sister Hannah. These two sisters were sent
in response to an appeal from the captain of the _Hamburg_. They took
the German hospital in charge from the time of their arrival in Adana
and inaugurated a reign of cleanliness and order that made the German
hospital a pleasure to behold.

On Tuesday, May 6, as the doctors from the English and German ships were
compelled to leave, the writer was asked by the Relief Committee to take
entire charge of the medical work. I began with a survey of conditions.

In the German hospital were 23 men and 25 women and children now under
the care of the two German Deaconesses; 15 or 20 outpatients were coming
in for daily dressings.

In Mrs. Doughty-Wylie’s hospital were 17 men and 20 women and children,
and in the railroad freight house, under her care, were 21 men and 4
women; 160 outpatients were having their dressings done at this hospital.

In the American Girls’ School were 15 women and children, under the care
of Miss Wallis and Dr. Salibian. Some 10 or 15 wounded outpatients were
also dressed at the daily clinic held by these two in the Yenemahalle
camp.

Thus there were at this time, in all, 305 wounded under the care of
foreigners.

[Illustration: PHARMACISTS AND DOCTORS IN FRONT OF ARMENIAN EMERGENCY
PHARMACY IN YENEMAHALLE CAMP.]

Except for the need of a surgeon in charge of Mrs. Doughty-Wylie’s
hospital, the surgical work seemed well in hand and likely to be of
lessening urgency, while the medical need was just getting into its prime
and had been so far almost entirely neglected. In the Yenemahalle and
German camps some 200 were reported as sick, while in the measles camp
between 75 and 100 children were suffering from the sequence of measles,
bronchitis, pneumonia, otitis, and from diarrhœa and dysentery, as the
result of bad food. A discouraging feature of the outlook was the lack
of bedding to protect the sick from exposure, and another difficulty was
the absence of milk or soup for the hundreds who could eat nothing else.
When people die from starvation, it is usually not for lack of something
to put in their stomachs. Their hunger compels them to swallow things
unfit for food and a fatal diarrhœa or dysentery is the result. For the
children, made sick by eating dough during the days in the factory, the
rations of the camp, consisting at first of coarse and half-cooked beans
(fule), were as impossible food as is grass to a healthy man. Only a
limited supply of milk at famine prices was at this time available. There
was sometimes two cups of milk a day, sometimes one, and sometimes none
for the sick babies, and consequently the little ones were fading away
quickly. Happy were the mothers who were nursing their own children, but
it was sad to see little ones starving where the mother was too sick to
nurse. I was reminded of the work of thoughtless hunters, who kill the
parent birds in nesting time and leave the little ones to starve in the
nest. Day by day the rows of little unnamed graves were lengthened near
the measles camp. Heart rending scenes of mothers beseeching help for
their dying babies were common. Some babies were killed in the massacres
by cutting and shooting, and perhaps there the Turks were the more
merciful.

The camps were rapidly becoming foul from lack of sanitary restrictions.
Swarming flies were zealous to convey infection, and it only needed a
good hard rain, such as is common in Adana at this time of the year,
to spread an epidemic of typhoid or dysentery that would have been
impossible to combat.

These were the needs of the camps: Cleanliness, milk, bedding, efficient
medical attendance, medicines, and pharmacists. All these needs were
gradually supplied in the course of the next ten or twelve days.

[Illustration: CAMP LIFE, ADANA.]

The first week’s work after our arrival seemed rather discouraging,
although constant progress was made. The camps were rigorously cleaned
under threat of short rations. Fortunately the rain held off, and in time
the camps became relatively sweet and clean. After a week and a half the
refugees began moving back to their ruined homes, and the relief of the
congested condition of the camp was a constant lessening of the menace
of epidemic outbreak. Until medical force became reinforced, we had to
cover the field among us as best we could. Sickness was on the increase,
and once the daily reports handed in by the head men of the camp sections
showed 400 sick in camp, of whom 75 were reported as “very sick.”

The medical staff at first was quite inadequate for the work of visiting
all these sick. The two Turkish doctors and the two pharmacists found the
life too strenuous for much more than half a day’s work at a time. It was
several days before we were able to do more than make sure that the very
sick were seen by a doctor each day.

There was also a shortage of drugs. The remedies needed were few and
simple, but they were needed in large quantities. This lack was soon
supplied from the drug shops in Mersine. There was a shortage of bottles
to put fluid medicines in, and medicines when not taken on the spot were
dispensed in finjans, old tin cups, or anything that would hold fluids.
One man at the dispensary, whose prescription for castor oil had been
filled, in spite of protestations, into his own mouth, when he was told
to go finally made clear that it was for his wife that he wanted the
medicine.


_Conditions Improve._

These rough and ready methods gradually passed as better organization
became possible. Dr. Peoples, newly arrived for American mission work in
Mersine, joined the medical staff in Adana on May 9, and gave valuable
assistance in various branches of the work. After a week, on May 12, the
returning French Sisters of Charity, among whom were two experienced
nurses, opened a pharmacy and clinic for the refugees of the German camp.

On Sunday, May 16, an Armenian delegation, sent by the Armenians of
Constantinople, consisting of three senior medical students, one doctor,
and two pharmacists, opened a well-equipped pharmacy, which they had
brought with them, in the Yenemahalle camp.

In the meantime the conditions of hospital work became greatly improved.
On May 8, three days after our arrival, the surgical hospital of
Mrs. Doughty-Wylie was moved from the little cottage and railroad
sheds, where such excellent emergency work had been done under such
adverse circumstances, to a large commodious house, which had been
generously offered for the work by its owner, Cosma Simeonides. In
the well-ventilated, spacious rooms of this building 60 patients were
comfortably housed, and sufficient space was left for an admirable
operating room, for accommodations for help, and for kitchen needs. To
care for the patients in these improved quarters, and to relieve the
work of the British marines, the necessity for whose withdrawal was
anticipated in the near future, a corps of 15 young Armenians and Greeks
were enrolled as hospital assistants. These volunteers were for the most
part students of St. Paul’s Institute, at Tarsus, and their knowledge of
English facilitated the work for the English speaking doctors and nurses.
Under these new conditions work which before was arduous and imperfect
became a constant source of satisfaction and pleasure. A large debt of
gratitude is due to the owners who so generously devoted their beautiful
home to this work.

The transfer of the surgical patients left the first emergency hospital
free for the accommodation of medical patients. It was soon filled and
overflowing, and within a week it was found necessary to accept an offer
of the use of the Greek School for the accommodation of patients. On
Saturday, May 15, this building was opened as a medical hospital with 50
patients, the most part cases of pneumonia, enteric fever, and dysentery.
These patients, too, were under the general care and oversight of Mrs.
Doughty-Wylie. In this building also were housed the four American
first-aid bluejackets who came up from the cruiser _North Carolina_ the
following week; and here, too, was instituted another pharmacy to supply
the needs of the hospitals under the care of the sailors who had had
training in pharmaceutical work.


_Work of Trained Nurses._

In connection with the improvement of the hospital work should be
mentioned the noble work of several trained nurses, whose services
were early volunteered. Miss Yerghanian, sent by the King’s Daughters
Society of Smyrna for this work, arrived on May 5. Miss La Fontaine, of
the British Seaman’s Hospital at Smyrna, came soon after. These two, in
conjunction with two Armenian nurses who came with the Constantinople
Armenian Relief Commission, undertook the nursing of the medical
hospital. Miss Davis, of the Jessie Taylor Memorial School, of Beirut,
furnished Mrs. Doughty-Wylie most acceptable and skillful assistance in
the work at the surgical hospital.

It has been said that perhaps the greatest need of the medical work for
the Adana refugees was the lack of sufficient supply of milk. Accordingly
the most encouraging day of our work was the day, ten days after our
arrival, when arrangements were made to secure huge quantities of goats’
milk from peasants at less than half the famine price of cows’ milk that
prevailed in the first days of the camp life. Distribution of the milk
and soup in the camps had been early assigned to the Misses Webb, of the
American Girls’ School in Adana. The work of these two ladies in their
constant, tireless devotion to the relief of discomfort, sickness, and
trouble incidental to the distressing conditions of the camp life, calls
for the warmest admiration. To the sufferers, whose constant appeals
to them were never slighted, these sisters were veritable ministering
angels of mercy. Another assistant in this relief work was Mrs. Kuhne, of
Mersine, who, while her health permitted, helped in the work of the upper
camp.

[Illustration: BUILDING TO BE ALTERED FOR MORE PERMANENT AMERICAN RED
CROSS HOSPITAL.]

On Monday, May 17, twelve days after we reached Adana, medical assistance
was arriving in such force that I felt justified in returning the three
medical students who were with me to Beirut, where their approaching
examinations necessitated their early return. On this day, in addition to
the helpers already enumerated, Dr. J. T. Miller, surgeon of the American
cruiser _North Carolina_, arrived with four first-aid bluejackets. Dr.
Gogel, of the British cruiser _Minerva_, arrived with four marines to
take the place of the _Swiftsure_ marines, who were leaving.


_International Feature of Relief Work._

I remained in Adana five days longer to make sure that the work was
all apportioned and running smoothly. When I left, on Saturday, May
22, the medical work was well in hand and fully manned. Dr. Miller was
in charge of the medical hospital, which it was agreed to call the
American Red Cross Hospital, and also in charge of the sick children
in the measles camp. Dr. Gogel was in charge of Mrs. Doughty-Wylie’s
surgical hospital, and a ward for sick babies that had been instituted
in an adjoining building, under the care of Miss Alltree. The patients
in the hospitals were improving and being discharged, but other patients
had been admitted, so that the original numbers were maintained. Some
wounded had come in from outside the city. The German hospital, under Dr.
Phanouriades, had not taken in new patients, and the number there had
diminished to 25. Responsibility for the German encampment was turned
over to the French clinic and pharmacy. On May 20 the French opened a
little hospital of 12 beds, for medical cases, near their pharmacy. In
the Yenemahalle camp rounds were being made by the Turkish and Armenian
doctors; the Armenian pharmacy was in full operation and two daily
clinics were being held.

[Illustration: THE ADANA RELIEF COMMITTEE IN SESSION. MR. CHAMBERS ON
LEFT AND MAJOR DOUGHTY-WYLIE ON RIGHT.]

The Turkish military doctors were continuing the clinic at their
pharmacy near the measles camp. There were thus in operation
four hospitals—English, American, German, and French; four
dispensaries—Turkish, Armenian, French, and American, and five daily
clinics—English, French, Turkish, and two Armenian. The staff of workers
included 25 doctors—English, American, French, Greek, Syrian, Turkish,
and Armenian; 11 trained nurses—English, German, and Armenians; 8
first-aid men from the English and American ships, and 12 Armenian
assistants. In all this work one of the pleasantest features was its
international character. No friction or international jealousies were
seen. Before the great need and common aim, distinctions of race or
nation fell away, and one helped another with a single desire for
service. While I have spoken of the surgical hospitals as English and
the medical hospital as American, the distinction is only in name, for
the English and Americans have worked together indiscriminately in both
hospitals.

The provision for the medical wants of the refugees was sufficient, and
it seemed only a question of time until the emergency relief work should
grade off into the permanent medical work required for 20,000 homeless
and penniless people. When the time for this change should come, it was
desired that some permanent good might remain as a memorial of the relief
work in Adana, and it was planned that the patients remaining from the
American Red Cross Hospital, together with whatever hospital equipment
might have been accumulated, should be left to the care of the American
Mission in a large building belonging to them, which is now being altered
for use as a hospital. There is no hospital in Adana, except one poorly
equipped and totally inadequate charity institution, and the field of
usefulness for a good hospital would be great. There could be no fitter
legacy of permanent help to the Adana sufferers than the founding among
them of such a permanent hospital.

The evacuation of the camps, forced by the government on all those who
had remaining houses or vineyards, while it worked hardship in some
cases, was a necessary precaution for the avoidance of epidemics, and at
this time the campers had been reduced by about one-half.

A share in the Adana relief work has been a privilege not alone as an
opportunity for service, but it has been a still greater privilege to
see the men and women there who, in sublime unconsciousness of self,
are daily giving themselves to fill the swarming needs of thousands of
destitute people. Especially is this true of Major Doughty-Wylie and Mr.
Nesbit Chambers. Credit for the high personal bravery shown by them at
the time of the massacres is surpassed by admiration for their devotion
now that, acting as directors of the Adana relief work, and showing
foresight, discretion, and economy, they have established themselves to
bear the burden through the hot days of the long summer. Honor may well
be given to those who couple courage in danger with humanity in time of
need.

                                  (Signed) HARRY G. DORMAN, M. D.,
                                  _Of the Adana Relief Delegation of the
                                  American Red Cross Committee in Beirut._


THE SACK OF KESSAB

By STEPHEN VAN R. TROWBRIDGE.

Kessab was a thrifty Armenian town of about 8,000 inhabitants, situated
on the landward slope of Mount Cassius (Arabic, Jebel Akra), which
stands out prominently upon the Mediterranean seacoast, halfway between
Alexandretta and Latakia. Kessab is now a mass of blackened ruins, the
stark walls of the churches and houses rising up out of the ashes and
charred timbers heaped on every side. What must it mean to the 5,000
men and women and little children who have survived a painful flight to
the seacoast and have now returned to their mountain home, only to find
their houses sacked and burned! There were nine Christian villages which
clustered about Kessab in the valleys below. Several of these have been
completely destroyed by fire. All have been plundered and the helpless
people driven out or slain.

On Thursday, April 22, serious alarm reached the people of Kessab. It
was known that a massacre of the Armenians had taken place in Antioch,
36 miles to the north, and that attacks were being planned on the
Christian villages of the mountains. A parley was arranged with the
Mudir (magistrate) of Ordou, the nearest seat of government, and a
telegram asking for military protection was dispatched to the Governor
of Aleppo. The Mudir, whose name is Hassein Hassan Agha, met the Kessab
delegation halfway down the mountainside and assured them that he had
already scattered the mobs that had gathered with evil intention. But his
pledges soon proved to be idle tales, because that very Thursday evening
he permitted crowds of armed Moslems to come into Ordou from Jissr
Shoughr, Kusayr, Antioch, and even from Idlib, far to the east. Early the
next morning, after entertaining the raiders overnight, he sent them on
their way to the sack of Kessab. Moreover, the Mudir detained the eleven
gendarmes which were ordered by the Aleppo government to protect American
and Italian interests in Kessab. The Mudir instructed the gendarmes that
they should remain in Ordou.

[Illustration: STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER TROWBRIDGE.]

Thursday evening the Kessab scouts brought word into the town that great
crowds of armed Turks and Arabs had gathered in the nearest Moslem
village. It was an anxious night. Before daylight, Friday morning, rifle
shots told of the enemy’s advance. By three separate mountain trails,
from the north, northeast, and east, thousands of armed Moslems came
pouring up the valley. Their Martini rifles sent the bullets whizzing
into the Kessab houses, while the shotguns of the 300 Christians who
were posted on the defense could not cover the long range. It was a
desperate struggle, and the Kessab men realized their straits. The plan
which they thereupon made is to their honor and credit. They resolved to
hold out as many hours as possible, so as to furnish time for the women
and children to escape into the clefts and caves of the mountains to the
south. For five hours the fusillade continued with fierce determination.
By midafternoon Turks from the Antioch villages had circled around Jebel
Akra on the north, so as to command a position above Kessab. The Arabs
had flanked the town on the southeast. Meanwhile the vanguard of the
Ordou Moslems had captured and burned the adjacent villages just below
Kessab, and had set fire to three of the houses at that end of the town.
Their cries and frantic threats could be heard distinctly. The women
and girls gathered up the little children on their backs and in their
arms, hastened along the west trail over the ridge toward Kaladouran,
and clambered up into the cliffs and crevices which overlook the sea at
an altitude of 5,000 feet. Some in small groups, others entirely alone,
hid themselves underneath the thorny underbrush or in the natural caves.
Toward evening the men had been compelled by the overwhelming odds to
give up the defense. They fell back without any panic or noise. And the
Turks and Arabs who rushed into the streets of the town were so seized
with the lust of plunder that they did not pursue the rear guard of the
Christians. Angry must have been the scenes as the plunderers fought with
one another over the stores of raw silk, the chief product of Kessab.
Cattle, mules, copper kettles, bedding, clothing, and rugs were carried
out by the Turks in feverish haste, as one after another the houses
were set on fire. Some of the aged Armenians, who had not the strength
to flee, were caught in their houses and barbarously put to death.
Others, who had delayed flight in order to gather up and rescue a few
valuables, were likewise put to the sword. Axes and knives finished up
what the rifles had spared. But the instinct to escape had been so strong
among the Christians, and the greed of plunder so absorbing among the
Mohammedans, that in all the day’s fray only 153 Armenians and a handful
of Turks were killed.

A Kessab girl named Feride, 20 years of age, had a remarkable escape.
She had gone over to the village of Ekizolook (Twin Hollows) to save
the little bridal trousseau of one of her friends. It was well on in
the afternoon when she had gathered up the garments into a bundle.
And when she hurried out into the street to join the fugitives she
found, to her dismay, that everyone had gone beyond sight and hearing.
A moment more and she saw a host of Arabs rush up through the street.
She dashed through several little gardens and reached the rocks and
underbrush above the village. On and on she made her way without being
discovered. In a deep cleft between the rocks she hid and listened.
She had dropped the precious bundle, but kept in her hand her New
Testament, which was more precious than anything else. As she listened
and watched many Arabs and Turks ranged past the entrance to the cleft.
Then came one who peered in closely. Their eyes met. He gave a cry to
his comrades, “There is a maiden here!” and sprang forward. She summoned
her whole strength and leaped up the side of a great rock which rises
up above the village. It was a feat which no athlete could commonly
have done. At first the Arab could not follow her. He cried again to
his companions. They replied by shouting to one another, “Surround her!
Surround her!” She was now standing on top of the rock in full sight
of fifteen or sixteen Arabs, all in her pursuit. They called fiercely
to her to come down. She answered in Arabic, “You may shoot me, but I
will never give myself up.” Then they ordered her to throw down to them
the purse she had in her hand. She told them it was not her purse, but
her Holy Gospel. And she held out her hands in prayer to God. Just then
the Arab who had first seen her made a spring up the side of the rock.
She leaped in the opposite direction down into some brushwood, but was
caught at the side of the rock by branches of briar. The Arab came on
over the top of the rock and had reached out his arm to seize her, when
a Christian young man, who had taken refuge in another part of the
brushwood, fired and shot him dead. He gave a long groan, threw up his
arms, and fell prostrate upon the rock. The other Moslems were startled
by the unexpected shot and retreated for a time. This gave Feride
time to escape into the caves farther up the mountainside, where she
remained entirely alone all night and part of the next day. When I was in
Ekizolook the Arab had not yet been buried. I took his headdress—a coil
of black wool and the “keifiyye” which goes with it—as a trophy. Feride
herself told me the story of her escape. Her eyes were bright and her
cheeks flushed as she recalled the dangers through which she had passed.
She said that after she was discovered in that cleft of the rocks all
fear left her. A strange courage came over her, and she felt sure that
God would save her from being captured.

One of the school teachers, named Mariam, was caught by the Arabs not far
from where Feride had hidden. The Arab who captured her ordered her to
become a Moslem. When she refused he threatened to kill two little boys
she was trying to protect. Then he raised the axe which he carried and
placed the edge against Mariam’s neck, threatening her three separate
times. Each time she said she would never become a Mohammedan, nor deny
her faith in Christ, nor surrender her honor. The Arab snatched the
money which she had with her and tore off the dress and shoes which she
was wearing. He told her he would make her his slave. Just then some
Turks from Ordou came up and recognized among the women the wife of Dr.
Apelian. The doctor had often served these Turks medically. A sharp
skirmish ensued, which ended in the defeat of the Arabs. The women were
that night taken in safe conduct by these Turks to a Greek house in
Ordou, where they were kindly cared for until the fighting was over and
they could return to Kessab.

One of the saddest experiences was that of Azniv Khanum, wife of the
preacher in Kaladouran. Ten days before the massacre she had given birth
to twin children, a boy and a girl. When the flight to the mountains took
place she had not the strength to climb with the others, so her husband
hid her and their four children among the rocks near the edge of the
village. The babies were wrapped in a little quilt and the other children
clung to their mother, while the father hid in a cave close by. Before
long Azniv Khanum and the children were discovered by the Turks. One of
the plunderers snatched up the quilt, despite the mother’s entreaties.
The two babies rolled out, one in one direction and one in another, over
the rough stones. Then the Turk rudely laid hold of the mother, and,
holding his revolver against her breast, ordered her to become a Moslem.
She bravely refused. “You are my slave,” he said, and beat her with the
flat of his sword. He commenced to drag her down in order to tie her on
his horse. Her foot tripped, she fell, and rolled over and over for about
eight yards. There she lay on the rocks, bruised and exhausted, in the
hot sun. The Turk seeing a chance to plunder, abandoned her. Afterwards
other Turks took her money and her dress and shoes and her little girl
about four years old. It is wonderful that she lived through it all. One
of the little babies lived a week, the other about ten days, after that.
When I was in Kaladouran we buried the little boy. It was a very touching
service out under the trees.

Now, to return to the narrative. Friday evening it occurred to Dr.
Apelian that if he could reach the seaport of Latakia, forty miles to
the south, he could telegraph for assistance by sea. With a trusty guide
he set out that same evening for the house of a Moslem chief in the
mountains. This Turk agreed to ride with him to Latakia, and thus give
him protection along the way. Without this escort the doctor could never
have made this trip. Even as it was he took his life in his hands. They
arrived in Latakia at 2 o’clock at night, called the British and French
consuls to Dr. Balph’s home, sent telegrams to Alexandretta and Aleppo,
and at dawn notified the Mutasarrif (Lieutenant-Governor) of the attack
on Kessab. Turkish soldiers were dispatched at once, and a Messageries
steamer started to the rescue from Alexandretta.

Meanwhile, all day Saturday the sacking and burning went on. The large
village of Kaladouran was devastated. The Moslems increased in numbers
as raiders from distant villages arrived. In the afternoon Selhan Agha,
captain of gendarmerie, arrived with forty cavalrymen. He joined in the
sack of the town, taking for himself and his company the most valuable
share of the booty, the raw silk found in the merchants’ shops. He and
the cavalrymen were afterward intercepted at Idlib, on their way to
Aleppo, and their saddlebags were found to be crammed full of plunder.
Selhan Agha, with the forty horsemen, had been dispatched from Jissr by
orders from Aleppo, Thursday afternoon, to go at once to protect Kessab
from any mob violence. He could have gone in eight hours, or even less,
from Jissr to Kessab. At that time the attack had not yet commenced.
Instead of going directly to Kessab he went to Sheikh Keoy and spent the
night there. The next day all the Moslems from that village were out
on the warpath, while Selhan Agha turned far out of his way and made a
sixty-mile detour to many other Mohammedan villages and to the city of
Antioch. Finally he reached Kessab, forty-eight hours after receiving his
orders, and when he arrived he did not stop the burning and looting, but
himself became a plunderer. This whole disgraceful affair has been probed
by the Aleppo Commission, and their findings substantiate all of the
above statements. I have most of the evidence, however, directly from one
of the gendarmes named Mehmet Ali.

[Illustration: BOYS’ GRAMMAR SCHOOL, KESSAB. BURNED APRIL 23-24.]

By Saturday night there was not much valuable plunder left. The iron bars
were wrenched out from the windows and the household pottery smashed to
pieces out of sheer vandalism. As the loot became exhausted the Moslems
commenced to range the mountainsides, exploring the caves, and firing
into the bushes in the effort to exterminate the Christians. One woman’s
husband was cut to pieces before her very eyes, and she herself was
severely wounded in the side. She escaped to the deep ravines near the
summit of Mount Cassius and lived on snow for twelve days. She is now in
the American hospital at Latakia.

All the tradesmen’s shops and merchants’ storehouses in Kessab are
burned. In fact, the whole market is in ashes. The Roman Catholic and
Protestant Churches are completely burned. The latter was a spacious
building, seating a congregation of 1,800. The American Mission
residence, occupied by Miss E. M. Chambers, was burned; so, also, the
Girls’ High School (American property), the Boys’ Grammar School, and
the Protestant parsonage; 530 houses, including the homes of all the
well-to-do families in Kessab, are also destroyed by fire. The 700 houses
which remain, plundered, but not burned, are small one-room or two-room
houses, belonging to laborers and other poor people. In Ekizolook 38
homes are burned; 22 remain. In Kaladouran 65 are gone; 135 are left. In
Duz Aghaj 24 are burned; 1 remains. In Keorkine 55 are burned; 45 remain.

On Saturday one of the Latin priests, Father Sabatine, made the journey
to Latakia, at considerable risk, in order to appeal for help. Whether it
was by the influence of his telegrams or the ones sent twenty-four hours
before by the Protestant physician, Dr. Apelian, I do not know, but at
all events on Sunday morning a Messageries Maritime steamer came down the
coast toward the cove at Kaladouran, at the foot of Mount Cassius. The
news was carried from mouth to mouth to all the hiding places among the
crags and ravines, so that within a few hours the fugitives began to pour
in streams down the Kaladouran gorge to the seashore. The painfulness of
that descent can scarcely be imagined. Most of the people had not had
anything to eat for two days. Many of them had become separated from
their families and were now plodding down toward the sea with a strange
blend of hope and despair. The suffering of many of the women was severe
indeed. Fourteen children were born during that flight, and the mothers
had no alternative but to press onward as best they could in the wake of
the multitude.

An 8-year-old little boy was captured by the Turks and carried off to
become a Moslem. He was given a Mohammedan name and made to wear a little
turban. He acted very demurely and kept quiet. But when a chance offered,
as he had permission to go to a nearby well, he ran for dear life and got
away. With an instinct as keen as that of a wild creature of the woods,
he made his way among the mountains and across the maritime plain forty
miles, to Latakia, where he found his mother.

The Messageries steamer took aboard about 3,000 and brought them to
Latakia, where they were divided up among several churches and schools.
On Monday, a French cruiser brought 4,000 more. The largest number were
cared for in the grounds of the American Presbyterian Mission. The
hospital was crowded with wounded and sick under the care of Dr. James
Balph. Miss Elsey, the trained nurse, opened a maternity ward, and all
the Americans worked hard in relief measures. The days in Latakia, under
the hot sun and with the constant fear that the Turks of the town might
rush in and attack them, were days of exile and hardship, in spite of all
that could be done for safety and health. They gathered quietly in the
evenings for prayer and for the singing of the hymns that they all know
by heart. After a few days sickness began breaking out rapidly. Several
smallpox cases were discovered, and the crowded conditions threatened
still further disorders. The Mutasarrif, who is chief magistrate in
Latakia, had from the start done everything in his power to protect and
provide for these fugitives. He himself patrolled the streets at night,
and, with the few soldiers at his command, dispersed the angry Moslem
mobs which repeatedly made attempts at disorder. He furnished a ration of
flour for all and expressed his sympathy with those who were in sorrow.
When he saw the rapid increase of sickness he advised that they should
all return to Kessab, and to give the people assurance of safety on the
road he went with them in person. The courageous and kind-hearted action
of this Turk saved Latakia, and the thousands of Kessab people sheltered
there, from the dreadful event of a massacre. His conduct stands out in
strong contrast with the criminal behavior of Hassein Hassan Agha, the
Mudir of Ordou.

[Illustration: INTERIOR OF THE CHURCH IN KESSAB. SACKED AND BURNED APRIL
23-24.]

Can you imagine the feelings of the Kessab people as they climbed on foot
the long trail up the mountain, and then as they came over the ridge into
full view of their charred and ruined dwellings? Their stores of wheat,
barley, and rice had been burned; clothing, cooking kettles, furniture,
and tools had gone; their goats, cows, and mules had been stolen; their
silk industry stamped out; their beloved churches reduced to smouldering
heaps. The bodies of their friends and relatives who had been killed had
not been buried. And yet the love of home is so strong that the people
have settled down there with the determination to clear up the debris and
rebuild their houses. If generous gifts arrive from England and America
the Local Relief Committee hopes to put into the hands of the Kessab men
such tools as shall enable them to earn their usual livelihood by one of
the trades or by farming. For the present food supplies and clothing must
also be forwarded from Latakia and Beirut. But as soon as a man begins to
earn a daily wage, no matter how small, his name is struck off the ration
lists. I insisted upon this rule in the case of muleteers, who were
paid for carrying up the first shipment of relief supplies. Two capable
doctors are ready to give their services for the sick, but they have lost
all medical and surgical supplies. It would be of the utmost benefit
to furnish them with instruments and medicines. In this, as in other
needs, we heartily appreciate the prompt cooperation of the Beirut Relief
Committee. Miss E. M. Chambers, who was in Adana during these troubles,
has now returned to Kessab. She has lost everything, but is quite ready
to share the lot of the people. She is secretary for the Kessab Relief
Committee, of which Dr. James Balph, Latakia, is chairman and treasurer.

On Sunday afternoon, May 23, the first preaching service for four weeks
was held out under the trees near the burned church. My heart went out
to the people as I spoke to them and looked into their faces. I realized
then a little what they had been through during the past month. May God’s
blessing be richly poured out upon them!


_Supplementary Report._

For the first few weeks we were all compelled to do emergency work, the
doctors to treat the wounded, the rest of us to secure flour, rice, and
water for the throngs of homeless people. But now the attention of all
of us is directed to construction work, providing for the industrial
needs of the sufferers, rebuilding wherever possible and reorganizing
the agricultural work of the peasants. For the orphan children homes
are being established, chiefly by the missionaries, and for the widows
whose livelihood has been cut off by the killing of husbands, fathers,
and sons, the establishment of embroidery, rug making, and silk culture,
the materials and tools furnished by the relief committees, the wages to
be paid daily to the earners. Where many men have survived, the common
trades of carpentry, masonry, stonecutting, tailoring, and weaving
may be reestablished by a sufficient financial backing from relief
societies. There is also great need of men to specialize in relief work
and administer the large funds required. Missionaries can not rightly
give up all their regular work, nor can navy officers nor consuls, but a
few American volunteers, such as those sent to southern Italy and Sicily
after the earthquake, could do a wonderful amount of good.

Perhaps the most effective and wide-reaching relief work thus far has
been done by Dr. F. D. Shepard and his wife in the large villages of
Hassan Beyli and Baghche. This American surgeon could use to excellent
advantage a staff of young men from the homeland. The work of the Beirut
Relief Committee in providing hundreds of the men who survived the Kessab
attack with tools and implements, so that they might commence earning
a living at once, deserves note as a typically American plan, financed
chiefly through the generosity of the American National Red Cross. To
avoid pauperizing the people is one of the most difficult feats. Here in
the city of Aintab, where there has been practically no loss of life, but
great economic loss and resulting increase of poverty, I have furnished
some of the unemployed weavers with twelve looms for six months. Twelve
stonecutters, who were out of work since April 16, I have set to work
digging pits or holes in the limestone of the hospital grounds, so that
trees may be planted in the pits next spring. The earth is only a few
inches deep here.

Although the American people have helped very generously, the work
of relief has only just begun, and a more thorough effort to put the
people here on their feet again and to make kindly provision for all the
helpless persons, the old women and little children, requires large plans
and large appropriations from such societies as the American National Red
Cross.


_An English Woman’s Heroism._

Mrs. Doughty-Wylie, wife of the British Vice-Consul, in a letter to her
mother, describes with the vividness of an eye witness the horrors of the
last days of the rule of the late Sultan, Abdul Hamid.

Major Doughty-Wylie, a soldier who has taken part in many campaigns, was
severely wounded while engaged in the work of rescue. His heroic services
have won from the American missionaries laurels that will not fade. Mrs.
Doughty-Wylie also, according to impartial witnesses, displayed the
courage of her race, and by her devotion and energy saved many lives.

From a letter from Mrs. Doughty-Wylie we make the following extracts:

[Illustration: THE AMERICAN MISSION RESIDENCE. KESSAB. COMPLETELY
DESTROYED.]

“We are having a perfectly hideous time here. Thousands have been
murdered—25,000 in this province, they say; but the number is probably
greater, for every Christian village was wiped out. In Adana about
5,000 have perished. After Turks and Armenians had made peace and the
Armenians had given up their arms, the Turks came in the night with hose
and kerosene and set fire to what remained of the Armenian quarter. Next
day the French and Armenian schools were fired. Nearly everyone in the
Armenian school perished, anybody trying to escape being shot down by the
soldiers.

“In the French school a large number of Fathers and Sisters, with 2,000
Armenians, were rescued by Dick (Major Doughty-Wylie). Thirty, who tried
to escape, were shot. Dick found their bodies at the gate, but he got the
survivors out of the schools and brought them right through the Turkish
quarter without losing a soul. Altogether he got several thousand people
out of the burning quarter and encamped them near our temporary dwelling.

“I have the hospital—sixty-five beds so far and about 150 outpatients
requiring surgical dressings. Fifteen thousand starving people are to be
fed and we are running into debt nicely.

“The Turkish authorities do nothing except arrest unoffending Armenians,
from whom by torture they extort the most fanciful confessions. Even the
wounded are not safe from their injustice. A man was being carried in to
me yesterday when he was seized and taken off to gaol. I dare not think
what his fate may be.

“Nobody is safe. They murder babies in front of their mothers; they half
murder men and violate their wives while the husbands are lying there
dying in pools of blood. Then they say it is the fault of the Armenians,
because there existed a revolutionary society of about sixty members, who
talked and wrote a good deal of rot.

“We arrived in Adana from Mersine the first day of the massacre, April
14. The murderers boarded the train. There was a rush of Armenian
passengers into our compartment. While I tried to buck them up a bit
Dick went and tackled an assassin who was just going to shoot somebody
else. At Tarsus they murdered two men who were coming from the station
just behind us. One man made a rush and gained the guardhouse, but the
soldiers shoved him out and watched him done to death in the road.

“Dick got into uniform the moment he arrived, and we saw no more of him
till 11 at night. He had been rescuing all the foreign subjects he could
find. The following day I saw more brutal murders. An Armenian quarter
near us was attacked by Arab soldiers from our guard and was practically
wiped out. Their officers and one or two decent soldiers stuck to the
guardhouse and took no part in the murders. The officers, at my earnest
appeal, even saved some women and children—but how dreadfully shot they
were.

“After an hour’s argument I got a Greek doctor to come out with me to
the guardhouse and dress the wounded women and children. The room was
a puddle of blood, and while we were working there a wounded Armenian,
who was staggering in to be dressed, was stabbed to death by some of the
soldiers. I saw many murders, and nobody seemed to care.

“The authorities did nothing, and the soldiers were worse than the crowd,
for they were better armed.

“One house in our quarter was burned with 115 people inside. We counted
the bodies. The soldiers set fire to the door, and as the windows had
iron bars nobody could get out. Everybody in the house was roasted alive.
They were all women and children and old people. It was in that part of
the town that Dick was wounded. They told him that some wounded Turkish
soldiers were lying among the burning houses, and he went to rescue them,
which they certainly did not deserve. The house from which he was shot
had a garden filled with dead women and children, and I have no doubt
that some Armenian, who had lost entire family and most of his friends,
shot him in a sort of mad fit, probably taking him for a Turk.


_Slaughter in the Fields._

“Outside Adana every Christian village—Greek, Syrian, or Armenian—has
been burned and every soul in them killed. Unfortunately, it was just
before harvest, and thousands of peasants from the mountains and other
districts were there to start work. From 100 to 200 men and women were
murdered on every farm. Turkish farms were not burned or looted, but the
Armenian servants were killed. I know of only one farmer—a friend of
ours—who had the nerve to save his Armenians.

[Illustration: MRS. DOUGHTY-WYLIE IN UNIFORM OF ARMY NURSE ON BALCONY OF
SURGICAL HOSPITAL.]

“The French engineer and an English traveler gallantly did some saving.
They had escorts, and the Frenchman stood a three-days’ siege and made
his escort fight some Circassians to save a dozen Armenians. It was
gallantly done. The Englishman, whose name is Gunter, refused to save
himself unless the Armenians who had thrown themselves on his protection
were saved. It was touch and go for the lot, but British pluck won and he
got his own terms.

“The Germans, however, who were shut up in a place called Bagche gave
up the Armenians in their house as the price of their own safety. Here
the Germans are working splendidly on relief work. They are all Saxons
and had a factory full of Armenians, which held out all right. When the
Armenians were being brought out of the factory to the camp, as soon as
things were supposed to be quiet, the soldiers started killing them. I
happened to be at the guardhouse and got my little officer to go to the
rescue, and all were brought in safely except three, who had been already
shot.

“Things are still very unsettled. Murders and fires continue; but, of
course, it is not like the first days of horror.

“We have 15,000 people starving and without shelter. All we can give
them is a fragment of bread or a handful of rice. We have nothing more
to give. No milk for the babies—nothing. And measles and dysentery are
rife.”


REPORT OF F. G. FREYER, SECRETARY-TREASURER OF THE BEIRUT RELIEF
COMMITTEE.

                                             BEIRUT, SYRIA, July 12, 1909.

Mr. E. G. Freyer, Secretary-Treasurer of the Relief Committee, with his
financial statements sends a special appeal for Kessab. He also says, in
regard to the Committee’s work as American Red Cross Agents:

We realized, first, that under the American National Red Cross our
Committee would take the field as a distinctively American undertaking,
even though recognizing the principle which governs all Red Cross
work—that its benefits should reach all in need, irrespective of
nationality or creed.

Secondly, it gave the Committee a standing, a guarantee before the public
which enabled it to raise funds in quarters where remittances under other
circumstances might not have been forthcoming.

The sending of doctors and nurses to Adana in the name and under the
protection of the Red Cross flag was not only a source of satisfaction to
the Committee, but of the very greatest help and blessing to the many who
at that time required immediate medical aid.

Those of us who have lived in the Orient for years have become accustomed
to the remark, and in many cases have allowed ourselves to believe,
that the native will not help himself, much less others, but that he
is willing to be dependent on the charity of the outside world. Be
this as it may under ordinary conditions, the present crisis has fully
demonstrated that the native can and will rise to the occasion and help
not only himself but his neighbor as well.

In looking over the summary of receipts it is more than gratifying to
note the very generous response which has come to our appeal from the
Syrians, or those whom we designate as “natives.” When we consider that
out of a total of 564,538 piasters received fully one-third has come
from native sources, this fact in itself may be considered a success
commensurate with any relief and help which the money itself has brought
to the sufferers. It is proverbial that it is difficult to get money from
the native. It is a satisfaction to know that he is sympathetic, and that
he can and will help.

Many cases can be cited where sacrifices have been made to help along the
work of relief. One man who had saved his metallic pieces (1 cent plus)
for nearly three years, and who had his small box nearly full, handed it
over with the remark, “Here, I have saved these for three years. I know
not what the box contains. Take it for the fund.” The proceeds of that
box netted the fund 385 piasters, or $13.75. The children brought their
pennies, school girls went without portions of their meals, the poor gave
of their little, and by these acts of self-denial helped to feed and
clothe their fellow-countrymen.

We have esteemed it a privilege to work under Red Cross auspices, even
though our funds have come also from many other sources.

From England we have received many contributions, large and small. The
latter are numerous, and indicate the desire many have had to help.


_A Special Appeal for Kessab._

Relief work at Kessab, as in many of the disturbed districts of northern
Syria, has been going on since the end of April last. During that time
the Beirut Relief Committee has been able to aid in feeding and clothing
the many widows and orphans who were left entirely destitute, while
tools for carpenters, blacksmiths, and masons, also plows and farming
implements, have been sent there so that the work of reconstruction might
begin.

Until now relief work has consisted chiefly in feeding the hungry;
more could not be undertaken on a large scale. The summer months have
proved favorable in that the people did not require special housing.
Improvised tents and shelters of various kinds were constructed, and for
the present these have served their purpose well, but the great question
which confronts all who are engaged in this work is, how these people are
to be housed and sheltered during the bleak winter months. It must be
remembered that the winters at Kessab are exceptionally severe. Situated
on the side of a mountain at a high altitude, the winds and rains not
infrequently cause the place to be entirely covered with ice and snow.

Then, again, how are they to be provided with food to tide over the
winter, or until they can raise their next crop of silk worms, the chief
industry of Kessab? We can not go on feeding them indefinitely, yet it is
a duty to feed and house this people until, under ordinary conditions,
they can provide their own support and repair their homes.

In regard to providing shelter, it is thought that it may be feasible
to erect two or three large barracks to give at least temporary shelter
to the women and children. Conference with those on the field and those
who know the conditions which hold good at Kessab may prove that this is
not a feasible plan, but that it would be better to roof over some of
the larger buildings. While practically all the houses in Kessab were
destroyed by fire, the walls of most of them are standing and in good
condition. It may be found more advantageous to roof over several of
these large houses, or even the Protestant and Armenian Churches. The
latter could be used by the constituents of either sect, and under such
conditions as the Relief Committee may see fit to make. Unless some such
measure of relief is adopted immediately great will be the suffering and
privation of the people of Kessab during the coming winter months.

The very lowest estimate places the cost of the construction work at
$10,000 and the cost of a sufficient quantity of wheat to sparingly
supply the needs of the people at $5,000.

In view of the foregoing facts a special appeal is therefore made for
$15,000, $10,000 of which to be specifically designated as intended for
and to be applied to constructive work.

It is hoped that these specific objects for which funds are so urgently
needed, and the receipt of which will do untold good, may appeal to many
who are in a position to give.


_Abstract of First Financial Statement, Beirut Relief Committee, June 24,
1909._

Your Committee has long felt the necessity of rendering at least a
preliminary statement, showing amounts received and expended, in
connection with the relief work made possible through your generosity.

Without the aid of regularly paid assistants it has, however, been
impossible for the Committee to render such an account earlier, feeling
that its first efforts should be directed toward the work of relief
rather than that of accounts.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge with thanks the gifts of so many who have
responded to our call for aid. Considerable has been done to alleviate
the sufferings and wants of the sick and destitute, but from all accounts
from the stricken districts the work of relief is far from completed.
Until we can get sufficient funds wherewith to purchase tools, etc., the
people can not be set to work at their various trades. This, and this
only, can solve the problem of reconstruction which confronts all engaged
in this work.

                            Very truly, yours,

                                      G. BIE RAVNDAL,
                                      _American Consul-General, Chairman._

                                      GEO. E. POST, M. D.
                                      E. G. FREYER,
                                      _Secretary and Treasurer_.

                         RECEIPTS.

                                              _Piasters._
  Syria                                       136,581.10
  Palestine                                    28,012.05
  Asia Minor                                   17,505.00
  Cyprus                                        1,322.35
  Egypt                                        35,667.25
  Belgium                                         815.25
  France                                          543.30
  England                                      51,658.25
  America                                     223,930.25
                                             -----------
                             Grand Total      496,037.20
                                           £3,627 6s. 7d.
                                              $17,715.62

                       EXPENDITURES.

                                              _Piasters._
  Adana                                        60,088.10
  Kessab                                       76,960.10
  Alexandretta                                 81,006.25
  Latakia                                       7,000.00
  Antioch                                      26,029.20
  Tarsus                                       14,099.05
  Aintab                                       12,462.20
  Marash (Americans)                           79,193.20
  Marash (Germans)                             23,253.30
  Deaconesses, Beirut                           4,404.00
  Miscellaneous                                31,575.00
                                             -----------
      Grand total                             416,072.20
                                             ===========
  Beirut currency:                            _Piasters._
      Total receipts                          496,037.20
      Total expended                          416,072.20
                                             -----------
  June 24, 1909. Balance on deposit in bank    79,965.00

                                                E. G. FREYER, _Treasurer_.


SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION.

  8,783 pieces of clothing and 182 pairs of shoes, sent in by 152 donors.
  3,600 blankets purchased by Committee.
  1,100 quilts purchased by Committee.
    130 sacks of rice purchased by Committee.
     23 sacks of wheat purchased by Committee.
    197 sacks of flour purchased by Committee.
                                                             _Piasters._
  Cash                                                         198,942.10
  Medicines and medical supplies                                13,371.25
  Blankets                                                      29,295.00
  Quilts                                                        21,548.10
  Foodstuffs                                                    50,000.20
  Clothing                                                      26,012.40
  Miscellaneous, including carpenters’, masons’, and farming
    tools; sewing machines, tin pots, pans, spoons, copper
    pots, blacksmiths’ tools, plows, pickaxes, spades,
    needles, thread, buttons, administration, etc.              76,903.15
                                                               ----------
                                                               416,072.20

I have examined the above accounts, compared the same with vouchers, and
hereby certify that they are correct.

                                                W. R. GLOCKLER, _Auditor_.

BEIRUT, SYRIA, June 24, 1909.


_Abstract of Second Financial Statement, Beirut Relief Committee, July
26, 1909._

                                                  _Piasters._
  Credit by balance brought forward
    June 24, 1909                                  79,965.00

  Additions:
    Syria                                           2,759.30
    Palestine                                         316.25
    Asia Minor                                        664.35
    Egypt                                           1,317.10
    Cyprus                                            136.15
    Denmark                                            69.10
    England                                        83,728.10
    America                                        79,929.00
    Interest, bank account                            564.15
                                                 -----------
      Total                                       249,450.30
                                                 ===========

  Expended for account:
    Adana                                          13,344.30
    Kessab                                         30,715.30
    Alexandretta                                   27,082.30
    Antioch                                           485.35
    Antab                                          12,462.20
    Oorfa                                             411.10
    Marash                                         18,264.30
    Miscellaneous                                   4,520.00
                                                 -----------
      Total                                       107,287.25
                                                 -----------
  Credit by balance on hand
    July 26, 1909                                 142,163.05

                                                  _Piasters._
  Total of all receipts to date                   665,523.10 or $23,768.68
  Total of all expenditures to date               523,360.05 or  18,691.43
                                                  ------------------------
  Credit by balance carried forward
    to new account                                142,163.05 or   5,077.25

Respectfully submitted,

                                                E. G. FREYER, _Treasurer_.

I have examined the above accounts, have compared them with vouchers, and
hereby certify that they are correct.

                                                W. R. GLOCKLER, _Auditor_.


_Supplementary Statement or Cash Memorandum, Beirut Relief Committee,
July 28, 1909._

                                                              _Piasters._
  Credit by balance brought forward July 26                   142,163.05
  Cash received per C. A. Wilson, Alexandria                   13,962.25
  Cash received from Isper Bayoud, Amatour                        160.00
  Cash received from N. Berouti, Jaffa                            217.20
                                                             -----------
          Total                                               156,502.50
                                                             ===========
  Debtor to—
      T. L. 300, transferred to Dr. Balph for purchase of
        wheat and storage of same                              37,387.20
      Telegram to Dr. Balph                                        22.10
      225 pieces kham for Kessab                                9,344.00
      600 blankets, tinware, etc., for Kessab                   9,263.30
      40 dozen each of crockery plates and bowls                1,203.20
      Medical supplies for Kessab                               1,436.10
      Cost of packing bales for Kessab                             23.05
      Cost of sending cash to Dr. Balph                            30.20
      Miscellaneous shipping, telegram fees, etc.                 118.30
                                                             -----------
          Total                                                58,829.25
                                                             -----------
  Balance, approximately, T. L. 783                            97,673.25


_Turkey-Armenian Relief Fund._

                                  RECEIPTS.

  Advanced from General Emergency Fund                        $12,500.00
  Contributions, _Christian Herald_ (New York)                 12,500.00
  Contributions, Armenian Relief Committee (New York)           3,500.00
  Contributions, miscellaneous                                  1,187.01
                                                             -----------
          Total receipts                                       29,687.01

                                DISBURSEMENTS.

  By cable to the American Ambassador, Constantinople         $28,000.00
  Repayment to General Emergency Fund                           1,500.00
                                                             -----------
          Total disbursements                                  29,500.00
                                                             -----------
  Balance September 1, 1909                                       187.01

NOTE.—The Red Cross wishes to invite the attention of its members and
friends to the amount contributed by the _Christian Herald_ for this
fund. Our readers will remember the large amounts contributed by this
paper in the past to various Red Cross Relief Funds, especially the
following: Japanese Famine Fund, $200,000; Chinese Famine Fund, $250,000
in money and a Government transport load of food supplies, and to the
Italian Earthquake Fund, $55,000.—_Editor._




ITALIAN EARTHQUAKE RELIEF


From Mr. Lloyd Griscom and Lieutenant-Commander Belknap final reports
have been received of the American Red Cross Relief work in Italy. A
printed report of Mr. Griscom’s American Relief Committee in Rome,
together with all the vouchers and correspondence of this Committee, have
been sent to the American Red Cross at Washington for permanent filing
in its archives. The vouchers for all expenditures have been revised and
certified to by the Banca Commerciale Italiana at Rome. The vouchers for
all the expenditures connected with the American Red Cross Relief Ship
_Bayern_ are already on file at Washington.


SUMMARY OF CONSTRUCTIVE WORK TO JUNE 11.

                                _Messina._

  Cottages of standard type, built 16×20×9 feet                     1,039
  Grand Hotel Regina Elena, 75 bedrooms, two stories and partial
    third story; 100 feet central part with two wings, each 132
    feet long, all finished except plaster, plumbing, lighting,
    Eternit roofing, and inside paint; material used equivalent to    178
  Building suitable for church, material used equivalent to            24
  Building attached to church, material used equivalent to             15
  Laboratorio, material used equivalent to                             12
  Two school buildings, together equivalent in material to             12
                                                                   ------
        Total buildings at Messina, equivalent in material to       1,280
  Material remaining at Messina for continuing construction of
    houses                                                            350

                           _Reggio-Calabria._

  Cottages of standard type                                           500

                         _Villagio Regina Elena._

  Cottages of semidetached type, each 16×20                            75
  Hospital Elizabeth Griscom, equivalent in material used to
    30 houses; plumbing, lighting, and furnishing done by Her
    Majesty’s staff                                                    30

                            _Palmi and District._

  Cottage of special smaller type built, 13×16×10, as a model,
    complete, and frame for a second built                              1
  Material sent to this district for other such houses                500

                        _Ali and Surrounding District._

  Portable houses erected                                              49
  Houses of Palmi type built as models                                  5
  Roccalumera 3, Santa Teresa Riva 2, Nizza-Sicilia 2 (models
    of Palmi type built)                                                7
  Material sent to this district for houses of this type              300
                                                                   ------
        Total built by American construction party                  1,898
        Total number of houses furnished                            3,097

[Illustration: VITTORIO EMANUELE, KING OF ITALY.]

[Illustration: ELENA, QUEEN OF ITALY.]

Captain Belknap, on the 10th instant, consigned the completed work at
Messina to the Ministry of Public Works, who then assumed charge.

Ensign Robert W. Spofford, U. S. N., remained to direct the work in
general until it had become well organized under the new direction. He
will also supervise the completion of certain work being done by contract
not yet completed.


_Commander Belknap’s Work._

Mr. Griscom says: “The report of Captain Belknap is worthy of careful
study. Its only fault is that it does not do justice to his work. I feel
that it is incumbent upon me to endeavor to express to you the admiration
I have for the manner in which Lieutenant-Commander Belknap has performed
his duty. The magnitude of the task could only be appreciated by one
who has been on the spot and seen the difficulties as they arose and
witnessed the courageous and adroit manner in which he overcame all
obstacles and carried to successful conclusion a work which is truly
remarkable. The departure of Lieutenant-Commander Belknap from Messina
was a veritable personal triumph. All the highest military and civil
authorities were present at the steamship landing, together with a
military band, and he was given full military honors and received a
remarkable and spontaneous public demonstration of admiration. He and
several of his assistants were formally made citizens of Messina. To-day
he has been formally received by their majesties, the King and Queen of
Italy, and had extended to him their majesties’ personal expressions of
gratitude.”


_Commander Belknap’s Tributes to His Assistants._

Before closing this report, I beg to mention those who have labored so
energetically and faithfully to bring about results which have been
kindly commended by all who have visited the camps.

The special prominence of the services rendered by Tonente di Vascello
Alfredo Brofferio stand apart from all else. He worked unremittingly in
the closest association with us, his duties touching every feature of
the work, and it would be impossible to place too high a value upon his
far-seeing, conscientious, and self-sacrificing devotion to our success.

The Italian authorities’ cordial attitude toward us and hospitable care
made away with innumerable difficulties. To their magnanimity and their
earnest devotion to their own duties was due their sincere appreciation
of our efforts and their frank and grateful acknowledgment of our gift to
their cities.

Commander Harry P. Huse, U. S. N., commanding the U. S. S. _Celtic_,
established us on a living and working basis in our camp at Messina,
the _Celtic_ serving as our base until the first group of houses were
ready for us, and he was most felicitous in all that he did to promote a
genuine feeling of cordiality in our relations with the authorities.

Lieutenant-Commander George Wood Logan, commanding the U. S. S.
_Scorpion_, gave his most cordial support and interest in the undertaking
from the first, and placed every facility at our disposal.

Lieutenant Allen Buchanan, U. S. N., was the mainstay in the executive
work, and I was always able to rely on his good judgment on the frequent
occasions when taking counsel was necessary. He discharged his duty
with unremitting industry and exemplary zeal, and he left behind him in
Messina and among the members of our organization a feeling of the most
uniform good will and admiration for his character and ability as an
officer.

Ensign John W. Wilcox was in charge of the Reggio division of the work,
which he managed with exceptional skill. He had many difficulties to
contend against, but solved them with an ease and discernment that an
officer of long experience might envy.

[Illustration: THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS OF THE EXPEDITION, MESSINA.]

Ensign Robert W. Spofford, U. S. N., had charge of the unloading of
steamers. He has done excellent work and is left in charge of the work
being completed at Messina. To Assistant Surgeon Donelson, U. S. N., for
medical supervision of the camp, and to Pay Inspector J. A. Mudd, U. S.
N., for the care taken in the shipment of the building materials from
America, Captain Belknap gives high praise. The enlisted men of the Navy
performed their work most faithfully, and Captain Belknap mentions many
of them by name. This country may well be proud of the splendid work of
the officers and men of our Navy so far outside their regular duties.
Captain Belknap says also that thanks are due to Mr. John Elliott, who
was a most devoted worker, and left his beautifying touch on every part
of the work. Mr. H. W. C. Bowdoin and Mr. Charles King Wood were among
the other tireless and efficient volunteer workers to whom our thanks are
due. And finally, many of the master carpenters sent from America gave
most satisfactory and valuable service under difficult conditions.


_Committee on American Offerings._

Of this committee Mr. Griscom says: “As you already know, after
consultation with his excellency, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Signor
Tittoni, I placed the sum of 256,250 lire (the equivalent of $50,000) in
the hands of a committee appointed by Mr. Tittoni, of which his wife,
Donna Bice Tittoni, was Chairman. This committee has to-day handed to
me its report and accompanying vouchers, which are transmitted to you
herewith under separate cover. I am satisfied that this committee carried
out some of the best rehabilitation work which has been done since the
earthquake. It was done in a rapid and businesslike way.”


_The American Red Cross Orphanage._

Signor Bruno Chimirri, Chairman of the Committee on Orphans, called the
“Patronato Regina Elena,” reports: “Being desirous of expediting the
plant of the colony before the departure of the Ambassador from Rome,
and not wishing to touch one single lire of the American capital, the
Patronato voted 200,000 lire (about $40,000) for the building of the
colony. This depended upon us, and it has been done. As to the choice of
a site upon which it will be erected, it is not a question of choosing
any piece of land, but a ground within the jurisdiction of the Itinerant
Chair of Agriculture, in order to secure not only gratuitous teaching but
also the very best obtainable. With this end in view, two months ago I
addressed myself to the Minister of Agriculture, upon whom depends the
Itinerant Chair that has to choose a suitable locality. I have finally
brought the matter before the House of Deputies. Nor is this all. In
order to facilitate the negotiations for the purchase of the land,
since the Ministry would not consider the price of the proprietor, I
have induced the municipality of Nicastro to contribute to the expense
by paying the difference, as you will see by a copy of their decision
appended hereto. As soon as we receive an answer we shall send the
Professor of the Itinerant Chair to visit the proffered land, and, if his
report is favorable, we shall hasten to secure possession and lay the
cornerstone before Mr. Griscom’s departure.”

The Italian government consented to pay $4,800 for the land, and the
District of Nicastro voted to contribute the balance of the $6,000 which
was asked.

In regard to this Orphanage there is given an open letter to the American
Red Cross from Mr. Anthony Matre, Secretary of the American Federation of
Catholic Societies. This letter was published in some of the prominent
Roman Catholic papers before it even reached the hands of the officers of
the American Red Cross, an act that can hardly be considered courteous.
It was referred by the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the
American Red Cross to our Ambassador at Rome, and his reply is embodied
in an answer to Mr. Matre. As the Roman Catholic Church made appeals
for the Italian sufferers, and the offerings it received in reply were
sent to the Pope, it is probable that but a very small percentage of
the contributions received by the Red Cross, possibly 5 or 10 per cent,
came from members of the Roman Catholic Church. The receipts show many
contributions from Protestant Churches and Sunday Schools, but none
from any Roman Catholic institution, and yet, according to Mr. Matre’s
figures, some 97 per cent, and, according to Mr. Griscom’s letter,
99 per cent, of these contributions must have been expended in Italy
for the people of this faith. Of the funds sent to our Ambassador, a
generous contribution was made to the Pope for the relief work in which
he was interested, and other moneys were placed in the hands of bishops
and priests in the stricken district to aid them in their work for the
earthquake sufferers. The Red Cross considers neither race nor creed; its
mission is to mitigate, as far as lies within its power, the sufferings
of the sick and wounded in the misfortune of war or of the victims of
fire, flood, famine, earthquake, pestilence, and other great disasters.

The following copies of correspondence will be of interest:

                                           ST. LOUIS, MO., March 22, 1909.

_To the President, Secretary, and Officers of the American Red Cross
Association_:

GENTLEMEN: The American Federation of Catholic Societies, representing
millions of American Catholics, desire official information regarding
the dispatch published in the papers of the United States on February
8th, and referring to an appropriation made by your society. The dispatch
reads:

    “ROME, Feb. 7.—It is officially declared that the American Red
    Cross, through Ambassador Griscom, has put $250,000 at the
    disposal of the committee organized by Queen Helena, which has
    undertaken the establishment of an orphanage to be devoted to
    the care of children left homeless and without parents by the
    earthquake disaster.”

[Illustration: THE ENLISTED MEN OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY, MESSINA.]

Under date of February 6, 1909, the _Civilta Cattolica_, published at
Rome, states that a national patronage of orphans, under the name of
“Queen Helena,” has been erected by decree of the 14th of January, and
to it has been granted all legal rights for the protection of orphans
who have suffered by the recent calamity or who will need protection on
account of any future disaster; that the direct administration of this
orphanage is committed to a council, half of whose membership shall be
appointed by royal authority and the other half by election or choice of
those contributing annually to its support.

In the same paper, the _Civilta Cattolica_, of February 20, 1909, appears
the following: “There has been appointed to the Presidency of the
National Committee the Mayor of the first city of Italy, Erneste Nathan,
a Hebrew, a very bitter enemy of Catholicism.” The same issue states
that the National Committee has appointed three women to take charge
of “Patronato Nazionale Regina Elene,” namely, Turin, an unknown woman,
a Socialist and Freemason; Labriola, a Protestant woman (a Valdensian
Protestant), and Levi, a Jewess. To them was confided the care of all
orphans brought to Naples from the scene of the disaster. This charge was
taken from the Nepolitan authorities because they were good Catholics.

The _Civilta Cattolica_ states: “It is evident from the entire policy
of the National Committee that the Pope was refused all voice in the
disposition of the orphans. He never entered into the committee’s
consideration, except that it is trying and succeeding in hampering his
efforts everywhere, for instance:

    1. The government, _i. e._, the National Committee, refused to
    send any of the wounded to the hospital of Santa Marta in Rome,
    so that the Knights of Malta have to make up a train themselves
    to go to Naples in order to get the wounded.

    2. The Catholic officers of the Spanish ship _Cataluna_ were
    hampered in the gathering of the wounded and orphans at Messina
    to take them to Rome for disposition of the Pope. This ship has
    been placed under direct control of the Pope by the Count of
    Comillas, the owner.

    3. The Pope was interfered with in placing orphans in the care
    of the French priest, Santol. (The Pope has offered to care for
    2,000 earthquake orphans, one-half of whom were to be put in
    charge of Father Santol.)”

From the above it appears that part of the money contributed by our
fellow-citizens, irrespective of creed and nationality, is being used
by missionary societies and others against Catholicity. Some of our
Catholic fellow-citizens feared that such would likely be the case, but
they nevertheless contributed liberally, thinking that in such a crisis
and such distress haste was necessary and bigotry would not be allowed
to have part. But from the above statements it is evident that their
fears were well founded, and if it turns out that the statements are
true, the Red Cross Society, though splendid in its aims, will never be
trusted again by the 15,000,000 of Catholics in this country, nor by the
270,000,000 Catholics the world over.

Your organization is no doubt aware that all civilized countries now
acknowledge the right of the child to be educated in the religion of
its parents, and though the Red Cross Society of America may not have
anything to do with the education of these children without religion, it
has the right and duty to protest against funds sent from America being
used in such a way as to outrage justice.

It will not be amiss to show you how few Protestants there are in Italy:

Last summer at the International Congress of Religious Liberals, held
in Boston, Rev. Tony Andre, of Italy, gave these statistics: “Italy
is essentially a Catholic country. Out of the 32,475,253 inhabitants
enumerated in the census of 1901, 31,539,863 declared themselves
Catholics; that is, 97.12 per cent of the population. All told there were
65,595 Protestants, 20,538 of whom were foreigners. At the same time,
795,276 were unwilling to say to what religion they belonged, and 36,092
declared they were of no religion.” This will show that practically all
the children to be cared for are Catholics.

We address this open letter to your society and expect that you will give
the matter referred to therein immediate investigation and consideration.

                        Very respectfully, yours,

                                     THE AMERICAN FED. OF CATH. SOCIETIES.

ANTHONY MATRE, _National Secretary_.

                                                             JULY 9, 1909.

Mr. ANTHONY MATRE, _Secretary, American Federation of Catholic Societies,
St. Louis, Mo._

DEAR SIR: The American Red Cross is in receipt of the expected reply from
the American Ambassador at Rome to an inquiry of the Embassy adverted to
in my letter to you dated April 12, 1909.

Mr. Griscom states that there was no true basis for the statement
published in the _Catholic Transcript_ in Rome and quoted by you in the
open letter, whereby you charged the American Red Cross with grave wrong
to the Italian children made orphans by the earthquake of December 28,
1908, the offense consisting in the assignment of the control of the
American Red Cross Italian Orphanage, and the instruction and rearing of
these orphans to non-Catholics, such as Hebrews, Masons, and Socialists.

[Illustration: AFTER WORKING HOURS, MESSINA.]

Mr. Griscom, to whom I sent a copy of your attack upon the Red Cross,
brought the matter to the attention of Countess Spalletti Rasponi, the
President of the Queen’s Orphanage, who, as such, has general supervision
over the branch of the same known as the American Red Cross Orphanage,
and for which latter Mr. Bruno Chimerri is Chairman of the Executive
Committee.

The following is a translation of a quotation from a letter from the
Countess Spalletti to Mr. Griscom, the American Ambassador, dated Rome,
April 19, 1909:

“After reading the article published in the _Catholic Transcript_ of
March 25, 1909, I consider myself, as the President of the Queen’s
Orphanage, bound to reassure your excellency, and send you some
information regarding the system pursued by those placed in control of
the orphans in choosing a place for the orphans and abandoned minors,
with the tutelage of whom we have been charged by the royal decree, dated
January 14, 1909.

“The number of wretched creatures left destitute of any support and
guidance being considerable, we have undertaken to take the place, as far
as possible, of the parents in their education and start in life. We have
proceeded in accordance with this principle, and have decided that the
minors should be, as far as possible, brought up in the religion of their
parents, and educated in conformity with the conditions in which their
families were, with the only tendency to ameliorate those conditions. We
consider it to be our duty to bring up these children in the religion of
their parents.

“Referring to the article published in the _Catholic Transcript_, I have
to point out that the Mayor of Rome, Mr. Nathan, is not the President
of the Queen’s Orphanage. He has no connection with it whatever, but is
President of the Executive Board of the Central Relief Committee for the
earthquake sufferers, of which committee his royal highness, the Duke of
Aosta, is the President....

“It is, moreover, to be noted that the President of the Palmi
Subcommittee is the Bishop of Milito, Monsignor Morabito. Our
representative in Messina has been another most worthy Catholic Priest,
the Rev. Luigi Orione.

“I am confident that this summary will be sufficient to remove from the
souls of American Catholics all apprehensions.”

In forwarding this letter, Mr. Griscom, our Ambassador to Rome, remarks
in substance:

“You will observe that the governing body of the Queen’s Orphanage have
exercised the greatest care to place Protestant orphans in Protestant
hands and Catholic orphans in Catholic hands. I am satisfied that this
wise policy has been consistently carried out. American Protestant
Missions have received the tutelage of the children of the members of
their missions in cases where there were no surviving relatives to
assume the burden. I am satisfied the _Catholic Transcript_ would not
have published such an article had they been in possession of the full
facts....

“You will be interested in knowing that long before I heard from you
on this subject the head of one of our American Protestant Missions in
Rome stated to me that he understood our orphanage was to be governed
and managed by Catholic priests, and that the Protestant contributors of
money in America would never tolerate such a thing. When I explained to
him the policy of those in charge of the Queen’s Orphanage in regard to
orphans, he seemed thoroughly satisfied. It is interesting that we should
have received a protest from the Protestant Church that the Catholics
are being favored, and then that the leading Catholic papers in America
should publish an article implying that the Catholics are receiving
unfair treatment.

“The very nature of the organization and the legal status of the
orphanage work under the Queen’s patronage makes it impossible that it
should be governed in the interest of one denomination....

“In my opinion, the Queen’s Orphanage is entitled to our admiration and
respect for the very just and liberal policy adopted to solve the very
delicate questions raised by the different religious denominations of the
orphans. During the whole of this trying period I have not received a
single complaint from any of the American Protestant Missions with regard
to the disposition of the orphans belonging to their denomination; nor
has any complaint from a Catholic source been brought to my knowledge
until you forwarded me the clipping from the _Catholic Transcript_. I am
extremely disappointed that such a fair-minded paper should have failed
to do justice to the perfectly correct course of the Italian authorities
with regard to the religion of the earthquake orphans.

“It goes without saying that a great part of the moneys which came
from America through the American Red Cross and otherwise went to the
assistance of Catholics. The money received by Protestant Italians would
be a minute fraction of 1 per cent. It seems strange that there should be
any expression of discontent from any Catholic source.

[Illustration: MOVING-IN DAY. ONE OF THE FIRST FAMILIES TO OCCUPY AN
AMERICAN COTTAGE, MESSINA.]

“On the other hand, I am most happy to say that we have the most
gratifying expressions of appreciation from such persons as Archbishop
Ireland, the Archbishop of Messina, the Bishop of Milito, and other
distinguished prelates of the Catholic Church.”

The Red Cross has no method of knowing how much or what part of the
amounts received for Italian earthquake relief (about $1,000,000) was
contributed by Catholics. Assuming that the proportion this part bore to
the whole was the same as the ratio of the Catholic population of the
United States to the whole population, then the funds of Catholic origin,
so to speak, received by the Red Cross must have been one-seventh or
one-sixth of the whole.

It seems to be established as a fact that there was no sufficient basis
for your charge that the American Red Cross had adopted a course that
would or did result in the perversion of faith of the Catholic orphans.
Those appointed by the King to the solemn trust of rearing these orphans
are discharging their duty conscientiously. The prelates of the Catholic
Church on the spot are thoroughly familiar with what was ordered to be
done and with what is being done in this regard, and they will be careful
to note and call attention to any deviation from conditions imposed by
royal warrant and by justice.

Your letter to me of March 22, 1909, was given to the press before it
reached me, and before you had taken pains to inquire into the proofs
relied on to support the assertions which were the basis for your
arraignment of the Red Cross.

I have sent copies of this letter to the Catholic press of the United
States, in the belief that the readers of the original charge are
entitled to know what are the actual facts respecting the measures taken
by those applying the generous contributions of American Catholics and
non-Catholics to insure the rearing and instruction of the earthquake
orphans in the faith of their fathers.

The American Ambassador in Rome is a member of the permanent Executive
Committee of the American Red Cross Italian Orphanage.

                          Yours, very sincerely,

                                            GEO. W. DAVIS,
                                            _Chairman, Central Committee_.


_Disposal of Balance of Italian Fund._

As the American Red Cross was desirous of bringing to an end its Italian
relief work, an inquiry was made of our Embassy in Rome as to the best
use to be made of a small balance of funds still in hand. It was advised
to contribute this amount to the Queen of Italy for the benefit of
her relief work in the model village of Regina Helena, built for the
refugees near Messina, and in which her majesty is deeply interested. In
acknowledgement of this gift of $5,000 the following letter was sent to
the American Ambassador:

                                    COURT OF HER MAJESTY, THE QUEEN,
                                    ROME, July 3, 1909.

    EXCELLENCY: Her majesty, the Queen, has charged me to request
    you to thank the American Red Cross for the relief it has so
    generously given to the refugees of the Sicilian disaster.

                                                COUNT P. DI TRINITA.


_Testimonials of Gratitude._

On June 19 the American Red Cross received from the Italian Red Cross
a beautiful gold medal and diploma as tokens of appreciation of the
assistance rendered by America after the earthquake in Sicily and
Calabria.

Cuts of the medal are shown herewith, and below are printed the letter
of the President of the Italian Red Cross transmitting the medal and
diploma, and the letter of the President of the American Red Cross in
acknowledgment.

                                        ROME, ITALY, April 19, 1909.

    ILLUSTRIOUS SIR: In the never-to-be-forgotten calamity by
    which she was overcome Italy has found but one solace. It was
    to feel, to know, that the sorrow was universal, and that the
    heart of the world throbbed in unison with hers.

    Touching evidence of human solidarity came to us from every
    part of your glorious Republic, but every burst of charity was
    outdone by the Red Cross, over which you preside, sir, and
    which assisted her Italian sister with a supreme munificence of
    relief.

    May you find the medal and diploma we now send you as tokens
    of our gratitude, of which, however, they are but a modest
    outward sign, acceptable. More durably than in the metal is
    our gratefulness engraved in the hearts of the Italians, whose
    mindful blessings will stand as the sacred heritage of the
    generations to come.

                                     R. TAVERNA,
                                     _President, Italian Red Cross_.

    To the PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN RED CROSS, _Washington, D. C._

                                   WASHINGTON, D. C., June 22, 1909.

    SIR: I have received your courteous communication of April
    19 last, with which you transmit a gold medal and diploma,
    presented by the Italian National Red Cross to the American
    National Red Cross, as testimonials of gratitude for the
    contributions furnished by the latter for the sufferers from
    the earthquakes in Calabria and Sicily.

    As President of the American National Red Cross it affords me
    great pleasure to accept these testimonials in behalf of the
    association, not only because of their beauty and intrinsic
    worth, but as tokens of the humanitarian spirit which joins the
    world in fraternal kinship in times of great distress.

    Not less valued that they are the sentiments of generous
    appreciation on the part of the Italian Red Cross, to which you
    give expression in your communication.

    I beg you to be so good as to convey to the Italian Red Cross
    the thanks and appreciation of the American Red Cross for their
    considerate action, and am,

                         Very cordially, yours,

                           WM. H. TAFT,
                           _President, American National Red Cross_.

    COUNT R. TAVERNA, _President, Italian Red Cross_.


_Translation of Inscription on Medal Received from the Italian Red Cross._

[Illustration]

Inscription of the circle around the medal: To the well deserving of the
Italian Red Cross.

Inscription on medal: To the American National Red Cross: most generous
cooperation in the relief of the sufferers of the earthquake in Calabria,
Sicily, 1908.


_Translation of Inscription on Diploma Received from the Italian Red
Cross Society._

                          ITALIAN RED CROSS.

    Under the high patronage of their Majesties, the King and the
    Queen, and of her Majesty, the Queen Mother.

    Association incorporated by law of May 30, 1882. No. 768, Side
    Series.

    Under Articles 115 and 116 of the Organic By-Laws, upon the
    motion of the Honorable President of the Association of the
    Central Committee, in its deliberations of the 3d of April,
    1909, has been awarded the Diploma of Honor to the American
    National Red Cross. Rome, April 3, 1909.

                                     R. TAVERNA,
                                     _President of the Association_.

    _A Token of Gratitude from the Italian Government._

On May 17 Miss Boardman received a letter from Baron Mayor des Planches,
the Italian Ambassador at Washington, of which a translation is given
below, with Miss Boardman’s reply:

                                    WASHINGTON, D. C., May 17, 1909.

    DEAR MISS BOARDMAN: Have you seen the _Literary Digest_ of the
    15th, which betrays an official secret? The Minister of Foreign
    Affairs, M. Tittoni, has written me that the government of
    the King desired to send you a decoration, but unfortunately
    the statutes of our chivalresque orders do not permit the
    decoration of women. Our gratitude toward you will be testified
    by an artistic gift, which we hope you will accept as a
    souvenir of the benefits you have rendered.

    Believe me, dear Miss Boardman, very sincerely,

                                                           E. MAYOR.

                                    WASHINGTON, D. C., May 17, 1909.

    DEAR MR. AMBASSADOR: I have not seen the _Literary Digest_ to
    which you refer. Permit me to express my deep appreciation of
    the intention of his majesty’s government to present to me some
    testimonial in recognition of the American Red Cross work in
    Italy.

    It has been for some time the intention of our society to
    take under consideration the question of permitting members
    to receive gifts or testimonials because of any special
    work of relief in which they have taken part. Therefore,
    should the plan of his majesty’s government to present to me
    some testimonial be as yet not so advanced as to cause any
    embarrassment if not carried out, I would be glad to have it
    held in abeyance until the question is decided.

    But as there exists no regulation of this nature at present,
    if this plan has been so advanced that my not receiving this
    testimonial would cause any embarrassment to his majesty’s
    government, or to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, please take
    no action in the matter.

    Permit me to again express to your excellency my sincere
    appreciation, and to say whatever should be decided I shall
    always value the intention of such kindly recognition of the
    American Red Cross and its work on the part of the Italian
    government.

    Please accept, Mr. Ambassador, the expression of my highest
    esteem and my heartiest good wishes for the return of
    prosperity to Sicily and Calabria.

                           Yours, sincerely,

                                                  MABEL T. BOARDMAN.

To this letter the Ambassador replied that the testimonial had already
been completed, and he begged that no action against its acceptance be
taken.

[Illustration: THE ELIZABETH GRISCOM HOSPITAL AT VILLAGIO DE REGINA
ELENA. IN PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION.]

A beautiful reproduction in yellow gold of the ancient civic crown of
Rome, sent in a most artistic leather jewel case, was later presented
to Miss Boardman, in the name of the Italian government, by the Marquis
Montagliari, the Italian Charge d’Affairs, in the absence of the
Ambassador. On a plate in the case is engraved:

                          To Miss Mabel Boardman
                    Of the American Red Cross Society.
             The Italian Government as a Token of Gratitude.
                                1908-1909.

A translation of the graceful letter of the Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Signor Tittoni, which accompanied the gift, is given below:

                                                ROME, June 16, 1909.

    ILLUSTRIOUS LADY: The royal Ambassador has already expressed,
    and will reiterate, to you the sentiments of our gratitude for
    the highly generous work inspired by you, and accomplished
    with such intelligent love, during the terrible disaster which
    overwhelmed our country at the end of the last year.

    Now I desire to address you personally, offering to you, in the
    name of the government and the Italian people, an object which
    is inspired by our artistic traditions, and which will serve
    to recall to you the benefactions rendered and the memory which
    we preserve thereof.

    We have wished to see in the action, so prompt, so efficacious,
    so vast, and so enduring of the American Red Cross, something
    more than a simple evidence of human fraternity. We love to
    consider it a fresh proof of the spiritual ties by which
    the United States feel themselves bound to the Mother
    Italy; therefore this action has been doubly dear to us.
    To you belongs so large a share of the merit, allow us to
    see personified in yourself all the feminine grace of the
    institution which has known how to give expression to these
    ties in the form most acceptable to the grateful beneficiaries.

    With the most cordial regards, yours, most devotedly,

                                                            TITTONI.

    YOUR EXCELLENCY: Permit me to express, through you, to the
    Italian government and to the people of Italy my most profound
    appreciation of the honor conferred upon me by the presentation
    of the beautiful reproduction of the civic crown of Rome, as
    a token of gratitude for the sympathy and assistance of the
    American Red Cross after the terrible disaster in Sicily and
    Calabria.

    It was with a sense of the greatest sorrow and the sincerest
    sympathy that the people of the United States, through their
    Red Cross Society, found means to express in tangible form
    these heartfelt emotions. To many of our people Italy is the
    motherland, and to many others she has given so rich a treasury
    of art and literature that we must remain forever in her debt.
    Stricken by one of the great and mysterious forces of nature,
    thousands of her people were destroyed and thousands were
    left homeless, suffering, and in dire distress. Our people,
    overwhelmed by her misfortune, were glad, in the spirit of
    brotherly love, to take some share in her assistance.

    That the Italian government selected as a token of gratitude an
    object around which clusters the great traditions of ancient
    Rome moves us deeply, and will be an inspiration for our Red
    Cross to continue constant in its efforts to conquer suffering
    and be worthy of such recognition.

    Permit me to express my own gratitude, and to say that what
    little I have been able to do personally has been done with
    sincere affection for Italy and her people, and because of the
    sympathetic and hearty support of our people and Red Cross
    officers.

    With earnest wishes for the prosperity of your country, and for
    the speedy rehabilitation of the stricken communities, and with
    cordial regards and many thanks for your excellency’s most kind
    communication, I am

                           Yours, sincerely,

                                                  MABEL T. BOARDMAN.

    Senator TITTONI, _Minister of Foreign Affairs, Rome, Italy_.

On June 10, 1909, the Executive Committee adopted the following
resolution:

    WHEREAS, It has sometimes occurred that members of the American
    Red Cross, engaged in some special work, have been presented
    with gifts because of appreciation of this work; and,

    WHEREAS, The Executive Committee of the American Red Cross
    considers that this is an unwise custom to permit to continue;
    and,

    WHEREAS, The American Red Cross itself provides a medal of
    merit for recognition of especially meritorious relief work;

    _Be it resolved_, That hereafter no member of the American
    Red Cross shall be permitted to receive any valuable gift in
    recognition of special relief work in which he or she has
    taken part, and that no testimonial or medal shall be accepted
    without authority of the Executive Committee.




PORTUGUESE EARTHQUAKE RELIEF

[Illustration]


                                         LISBON, PORTUGAL, August 5, 1909.

_The American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C._

GENTLEMEN: Through His Excellency, Colonel Page Bryan, American Minister
at Lisbon, we have just received your new contribution of $300 for our
Earthquake Relief Fund, your credit on that account having thus risen to
$1,300.

We beg to present to you our earnest thanks for this generous
manifestation of your sympathy and take the liberty of enclosing a photo
showing the design of the houses you kindly have aided us to build for
160 families of the poorest classes in the four villages destroyed by the
earthquake.

                         Very faithfully, yours,

                               PELA SOCIEDADE PORTUGUEZA DA CRUZ VERMELHA,

                                         G. L. SANTOS FERREIRA, Secretary.




CANAL ZONE RED CROSS

By Major C. A. DEVOL, U. S. Army.


Of the three great classes of Red Cross work, war relief, international
relief and emergency relief, the last is the field in which the Canal
Zone Branch is making itself peculiarly useful.

[Illustration: PRESIDENT TAFT ADDRESSING AUDIENCE OF RED CROSS MEMBERS AT
THE Y. M. C. A., CULEBRA.]

On the Canal Zone there is less need of such an organization in some ways
than there would be in a community of 50,000 people in the United States,
because here the government, through the Isthmian Canal Commission,
maintains a good system of hospitals and district physicians, and also
because there are few people here who cannot work, and almost none who
cannot get work if they want it. But there is a limit beyond which the
Commission may not go in the expenditure of government funds, and,
broadly, that limit is that it may not aid people who are not employed on
the Canal work. To the cases that lie outside this limit the Red Cross
addresses itself.

[Illustration: VIEW OF HOSPITAL GROUNDS FROM ENTRANCE, ANCON.]

[Illustration: WRECK OF STEAM SHOVEL NO. 261. BAS OBISPO, DECEMBER 12,
1908.]

An instance arose recently in Colon, where a family was destitute because
it had been deserted by the husband and father. The mother and three
children were kept alive by private subscription until the Red Cross was
organized. The Red Cross then sent the family to New York, where the
members of the Masonic order came to their relief and sent them to the
mother’s home in England. The Commission could not help in such a case,
but the Red Cross could, and did.

A citizen of France, living near Tabernilla, and not employed on the
Canal work, was bitten by a mad dog a few weeks ago. He had no money to
pay his way to a Pasteur Institute; attempts to inoculate for hydrophobia
on the Isthmus have been of uncertain value, and the Commission could not
send a non-employee to the United States. The Red Cross appropriated $50
for his steamship fare to New York and he was successfully treated in the
Pasteur Institute in that city.

[Illustration: CULEBRA CUT. LOOKING SOUTH. FEBRUARY, 1905.]

A Spanish laborer who had lost both his legs on the Isthmus was sent to
New York by the Commission, where he was fitted with two cork legs and
then sent back to his home in Spain. The Red Cross gave him $50 to help
him on his way, for the Commission could not advance more than his actual
transportation and medical fees.

Not long ago a Boer, who had become naturalized as an American, was
declared so far gone with tuberculosis that he could not work on the
Isthmus nor remain here with safety. He had been in Mexico a few years
before, and felt sure that if he could return to the plateau region his
health would be restored. The Red Cross advanced him $150 to defray his
expenses—in other words, gave him another chance for his life.

A number of cases have been relieved where the necessity was just as
pressing but where a smaller amount was sufficient.

It is not improbable that there may be a call for immediate relief on a
larger scale before the Canal is completed and the Americans in this big
construction camp pass on to other work. If an accident occurs, it will
find a thorough organization with funds in hand and ready to begin work
without any preliminaries.

Lectures on first aid are delivered by the district physicians along the
line of the Canal to members of the police and fire departments. To what
extent this instruction will aid in time of emergency is conjectural, but
it should have the effect of adding instructed men to the corps of nurses
and doctors in case of a big accident. It is probable, however, that
there is no place on earth where the hospital corps is so well equipped
to give prompt aid as on the Canal Zone. On this account, the instruction
of the police and firemen is not likely to prove such a benefit as it
would in a less thoroughly organized community.

[Illustration: GATUN DAM SITE. LOOKING EAST FROM SPILLWAY. AUGUST, 1908.]

The Canal Zone Branch has already spent about $500 in its relief work,
and its balance on July 1, 1909, was $1,577.17.

The suggestion that a branch of the American National Red Cross be
organized on the Canal Zone was made by Miss Mabel T. Boardman, member
of the Executive Committee, to Major C. A. Devol, U. S. A., Chief
Quartermaster of the Isthmian Canal Commission, in a letter dated
October 26, 1908. At the request of Major Devol, Major Lynch, of the
Medical Department, U. S. A., author of the text-book, “How to Prevent
Accidents and What to Do for Injuries and Emergencies,” came to the
Isthmus in January, 1909, and addressed Red Cross meetings at Ancon,
Culebra, Gorgona and Cristobal. Major Devol accompanied Major Lynch, and
invited all persons interested to help organize a Canal Zone Branch. On
January 17, at a meeting held in the Hotel Tivoli, at Ancon, a permanent
organization was effected, with Major C. A. Devol as president; Mr
H. D. Reed, treasurer; Miss J. Macklin Beattie, secretary. The Canal
Zone was divided into fourteen districts, and the work of perfecting
district organizations was begun. At a meeting held in the Hotel
Tivoli, February 28, twelve district organizations were represented.
The central organization was perfected by electing Mrs. Lorin C.
Collins, Lieutenant-Colonel John L. Phillips, Major Chester Harding,
and Mr. A. Bruce Minear an executive committee; and Mr. W. W. Warwick,
auditor. A Committee on First Aid Lectures was appointed, consisting of
Lieutenant-Colonel Phillips and Mr. H. D. Reed.

A noteworthy event in the early history of the Canal Zone Branch was the
visit of President-elect Taft, National President of the Red Cross, to
the Canal Zone in February, 1909. On the night of February 3 he made an
address at the Commission Club house in Culebra, in which he outlined the
work of the Red Cross. The meeting was attended by over 1,200 members of
the Red Cross, and had a marked effect in arousing popular interest in
this most important work.

The Canal Zone has now a membership of 1,300, divided among fourteen
districts. The following are the officers of the district organizations:

    Ancon—Dr. John L. Phillips, chairman.
    Corozal—Alfred P. James, chairman.
    Pedro Miguel—Ernest Bitely, chairman.
    Paraiso—Harry Dundas, chairman.
    Culebra—Mrs. C. A. Devol, chairman.
    Gatun—Major William L. Sibert, chairman.
    Cristobal—Dr. M. E. Connor, chairman.
    Empire—W. M. Wood, acting chairman.
    Las Cascadas—Mrs. Frank I. McAllister, acting chairman.
    Bas Obispo—X. D. Holt, acting chairman.
    Camp Elliott—Mrs. B. F. Fuller, acting chairman.
    Gorgona—Mrs. Frank M. Morrison, acting chairman.
    San Pablo—V. L. Kearney, acting chairman.
    Tabernilla—C. D. Thaxton, acting chairman.




THE USE AND ABUSE OF THE RED CROSS BRASSARD

By G. H. RICHARDSON, M. D., Late First Lieutenant Medical Reserve Corps,
U. S. A.


In a War Department order issued on February 10, 1909, the importance
of regulating the issue of brassards to those entitled to neutrality by
virtue of the first paragraph of article 9, and articles 10 and 11 of
the Geneva Convention, was recognized. At the same time, and by the same
order, the Medical Department was authorized to provide and deliver the
“necessary certificates of identity to those persons attached to the
sanitary service who do not have a military uniform.”

It is generally understood that this order shall not be applicable in
time of peace; yet it would seem that, to make it effective and to
anticipate the confusion incident to a declaration of war, some plan
or system should be developed in the American Red Cross (which is the
sanitary service recognized by the War Department) whereby the individual
members could be definitely classified, and, when the occasion demanded,
the necessary brassards and cards of identity could be expeditiously
given them.

That this question should engage the attention of the American Red Cross
is apparent to those of us who were in San Francisco during the weeks
immediately following the disaster of April 18, 1906. On almost every
other man was seen the Red Cross emblem in some form, it being generally
known that those engaged in duties pertaining to this organization were
permitted to pass and re-pass the sentries on duty in different parts
of the city; for while we were not technically “under martial law,” yet
the streets were everywhere patrolled by armed men, some of whom were
directly under military control and others only partially so. It was in
passing one of these patrols that a personal friend of mine was shot and
killed for refusing, when challenged, to stop his automobile, on which
was flying a Red Cross flag. It is needless to say that not one-quarter
of those using the emblem were legally entitled to do so, and much harm
was done the organization by those who wore the brassard for personal
gain and benefit.

Only by the study of past experience can we judge what the future will
produce; and if we expect the general public ever to recognize and
respect the brassard we should begin at once a campaign of instruction
which will explain its legitimate use and the reasons for regulating its
issue.

It would be of incalculable benefit in time of war, or when martial law
was declared, to have brassards and cards of identification already
issued and recorded, for they could readily be re-stamped or copied by
the Medical Department, as provided for in the order quoted, with the
result that much time would be saved and much confusion avoided.




REPRESSION OF THE ABUSE OF THE RED CROSS INSIGNIA


At the time of the Eighth International Red Cross Conference held in
London, June, 1907, Professor Louis Renault presented in the name of the
Central Committee of the French Red Cross a report upon the “Repression
of the Abuse of the Red Cross Insignia.” In this report Professor
Renault showed that for twenty years this question had not ceased to be
considered. This abuse continues in certain countries—ours among the
number—because of insufficient legislation. Still, important steps have
been taken, and if to-day the work has not been completed it is on the
right road. At the International Convention of 1906, at Geneva, when the
revised treaty was accepted it contained special paragraphs referring
to the protection of the insignia and name which all the countries
of the world have agreed upon to designate the hospital formations
and their personnel protected by this treaty. The countries signing
this treaty obligated themselves, in case their present laws do not
provide sufficient protection to the Red Cross name and insignia, to
apply to their respective legislative bodies for the further necessary
legislation. The report of Professor Renault had for its object to
call attention to these promises that had been made. The honor and the
interest of each country demand that they be kept. The Swiss Federal
Council has lately prepared a law which it will present to the Chambers
to preserve to this emblem of humanitarian neutrality, which the Cross of
Geneva represents, all its moral value and its noble signification.


_Action of American Medical Association._

Major W. M. Ireland, Medical Corps, U. S. Army, presented to the House of
Delegates of the American Medical Association the resolution adopted by
the Executive Committee of the American National Red Cross, October 18,
1907, and then offered the following resolution:

    WHEREAS, By the terms of the Treaty of Geneva, 1864, and the
    Revised Treaty of Geneva, 1906, the emblem of the Greek Red
    Cross on a white ground, and the words “Red Cross,” or “Geneva
    Cross,” were adopted to designate the personnel and materiel of
    the medical departments of the military and naval forces and of
    the recognized volunteer aid societies in time of war for the
    humane purpose of rendering them immune from attack or capture;
    and

    WHEREAS, The United States, as well as all other civilized
    powers, is a signatory to said treaties; and

    WHEREAS, The use of the Red Cross by medical associations and
    individuals of the medical profession must seriously impair
    the usefulness of the emblem for the purpose for which it was
    created and adopted; be it therefore

    _Resolved_, That it is the sense of the American Medical
    Association that the use of the Geneva Red Cross by
    associations or individuals, other than those of the army,
    navy and Red Cross Society, should be discontinued, and, if
    desirable, some other insignia adopted, and be it further

    _Resolved_, That the adoption of this resolution be given as
    wide publicity as possible in the medical journals of the
    country.

    Dr. Samuel Wolfe, of Pennsylvania, supplemented the resolutions
    presented by Major Ireland by introducing the following
    preambles and resolution, which were also referred to the
    Reference Committee on Legislation and Political Action:

    WHEREAS, It is held that the Red Cross, which now constitutes
    the main character in the official badge of the American
    Medical Association, is eminently distinctive of certain
    broader fields of philanthropy, rather than of medicine in
    particular, and

    WHEREAS, The traditions of medicine would be fully satisfied by
    the adoption of a design as herewith submitted and described as
    follows:

    A shield on which is emblazoned the American eagle holding in
    its talons a laurel wreath within which is the knotty rod and
    entwined serpent and the letters A. M. A.; therefore, be it

    _Resolved_, That the American Medical Association adopt as its
    official insignia or badge this design.

    _Protect the Red Cross._

    Issued by the New York State Branch.

When the Red Cross insignia was first adopted at the Geneva Convention,
as a sign of a hospital in war, and for many years after that, no one
dreamed of using it as a mark on goods sold in trade. Gradually, however,
such use became more common, and a badge of humanity, which men in the
midst of warfare respected, became more and more, in trade, a meaningless
label, applied to all kinds of medicinal boxes, bottles and jars, and
every other conceivable package and bundle.

The badge of the Red Cross in America would have become a mere commercial
mark but for the efforts of the American Red Cross and its branches.

We have worked hard to stop this wrongful use of the red cross, and we
appeal to you to help us in this work, and to respect the law, for the
unauthorized use of the red cross is in violation of a Federal statute.
Help us to make the red cross what it should be, the badge which stands
for humanity, and help to those who suffer in war and in calamities of
all kinds. Help us to do this by stopping the use of the red cross or
using the words red cross on your own articles of commerce and by urging
others to do the same.

Even if it helps you to sell a few articles by using this mark on
them, is it worth while bringing the red cross into the domain of
commercialism, when so many thousand Americans, men and women, in private
and in public life—President Taft as well as the smallest worker in the
smallest branch—are trying to make the red cross the emblem of the great
Red Cross work all over this country, and of that work only?

We forget only too readily what is done in such cases as the San
Francisco and the Messina earthquakes, and few recall now the Red Cross
work in the Spanish War—fewer still the similar work of the Sanitary
Commissions during the Civil War. We pour out money to the associations
organized to help those in distress, and we give the Red Cross millions
of dollars to distribute. Nobody questions its work; nobody doubts its
efficiency; all trust it. Why not then help it as we ask you to do? City
officials in New York, and hundreds of individuals have stopped the use
of the red cross on ambulances, automobiles, wagons, boxes, packages and
all kinds of other articles. They have chosen other emblems suggesting
medicine and purity of the articles sold. We urge you to do the same.

Help us, therefore, to make its badge honored and respected, so that it
shall stand for nothing but the presence of the ever-ready American Red
Cross.

    Resolution adopted by the National Association of Retail
    Druggists in convention at Louisville, September 6-10, 1909.

    WHEREAS, By the terms of the Treaty of Geneva, 1864, and the
    revised Treaty of Geneva, 1906, the emblem of the Greek Red
    Cross on a white background and the words “Red Cross” or
    “Geneva Cross” were adopted to designate the personnel and
    materiel of the medical departments of the military and naval
    forces and the recognized volunteer aid societies in time of
    war, for the humane purpose of rendering them immune from
    attack or capture, and

    WHEREAS, The United States, as well as all other civilized
    powers, is a signatory to said treaties,

    _Resolved_, That the National Association of Retail Druggists
    request its members to refrain from using this insignia to
    designate their places of business.




THE STORY OF THE RED CROSS

V.

SOCIETIES SUGGESTED.


“Why did I write ‘Un Souvenir de Solferino’”? M. Dunant asks himself, and
replies:

“That societies, like those suggested, with a permanent existence should
be organized so that they could be ready to act the moment war was
declared. They should receive official recognition from their respective
governments, with permission and facilities for continuing their noble
work to the end. Among their officials should be the most honorable
and esteemed men. In our century of egotism what an attraction for
generous hearts and chivalrous characters to brave the same danger as
the soldier, with a voluntary mission of peace and consolation! History
proves there is nothing chimerical in counting upon such devotion. Two
facts especially confirm this. While the Sisters of Charity cared for
the sick and wounded of the French army in the Crimea, the Russian and
British armies witnessed the arrival from the north and the west of two
legions of noble women nurses. The Grand Duchess, Helene Paulowna, of
Russia, widow of the Grand Duke Michael, engaged nearly 300 ladies of St.
Petersburg and Moscow, provided them with supplies, and sent them to the
hospitals in the Crimea, where these good women were blessed by thousands
of the soldiers.

“Miss Florence Nightingale, having received from the Minister of War a
pressing appeal to help the sick and wounded English soldiers, left for
Scutari in November, 1854, with 27 other women. In 1855 Miss Stanley,
with 50 more women, went out. The image of Florence Nightingale, her
little lamp in hand, passing at night down the vast wards of the military
hospitals and taking note of each of the sick and wounded will never be
effaced from the hearts of the men who were the objects of her noble
charity, and the story of her work will remain forever engraved in
history.

“In many cases of similar devotion, ancient and modern, how many proved
of little value because they were isolated and were not supported by
the sympathy of others intelligently associated together for a common
end? Had trained nurses and hospital orderlies been at Castiglione those
terrible days of June 24, 25, and 26, how many human lives would have
been saved? The sight of so many brave young soldiers crippled by loss of
arm or leg returning disconsolately to their homes must arouse a feeling
of remorse that no measures had been taken beforehand to prevent such
consequences of wounds which would have healed had proper care been given
them at first.

“For the accomplishment of such a work help must be immediate, for he
who can save the wounded to-day can not save them to-morrow. Why could
not such humane work be organized, permanent, and universal, instead
of desultory, temporary, and restricted? It appeals to the men of all
countries and all ranks, from the monarch to the workingman, for all may
take their part in this good work, from the high-born lady to the simple
housewife—all who desire to contribute to their neighbor’s welfare.
It appeals to the general, to the marshal, the minister of war, the
writer, who by his publications may plead for a cause that interests all
humanity.”

Dunant also urged the calling of special conferences to formulate an
international treaty for the protection of the sick and wounded and the
hospital personnel in time of war.

The result of these reflections was the formation in 1863 of the
universal work of the Red Cross, which should not only be useful on the
battle field in war time, but also in time of epidemic, floods, fires,
and catastrophes generally, and in 1864 the first treaty of Geneva, since
accepted by all the civilized countries of the world, was signed.

The Bishop of Orleans pronounced this “a beautiful and Christian idea of
M. Dunant’s,” observing that “he who does good is the compatriot of all,
and deserves a universal passport.”




TUBERCULOSIS DEPARTMENT


AMERICAN RED CROSS CHRISTMAS STAMPS

_Terms and Conditions Governing their Sale and Disposition of the
Proceeds._

[Illustration]

Practical experience in the Red Cross Christmas stamp campaign in the
season of 1908, and in the distribution of the proceeds from stamp sales,
has shown the necessity of certain changes in conditions and methods.
The rules which will govern in the sale of stamps and disbursement of
proceeds from July 1, 1909, until further notice are as follows:

Rule 1. The American Red Cross will appoint agents to sell the stamps and
dispose of the proceeds. The stamps will not be sold to agents but will
remain the property of the Red Cross until sold at retail by the agents.
Agents will be such State branches and sub-divisions of the Red Cross
and such anti-tuberculosis societies or other organizations as may be
appointed.

Rule 2. Before entrusting the sale of Christmas stamps to any society,
the Red Cross will require satisfactory evidence of the reliability and
standing of the society and its ability to creditably carry out the Red
Cross purposes in the expenditure of the proceeds from stamp sales.

Every State branch or subdivision and every other society desiring
to sell Christmas stamps is required to first submit to the Central
Committee a statement of the particular anti-tuberculosis work which it
proposes to support or promote with the proceeds from the stamp sales.
If the organization desiring to sell stamps intends to expend the money
itself, the statement should make plain the exact character of the work
proposed to be carried on. If it intends to turn the money over for
expenditure to one or more other societies or agencies, the names of such
other societies or agencies and the kind of work for which the money will
be expended by them should be explicitly stated.

All the information called for in rule 2 should reach the National office
of the Red Cross during the summer in order that there may be no delay in
the appointment of agents or the forwarding of stamps when the selling
period arrives.

Rule 3. The appointment of agents will be for the period ending March
1, 1910. During the term of its appointment an agent shall have the
exclusive right to sell Red Cross stamps within the city (including
suburbs) in which such agent is situated and the expenditure of the
proceeds of the sale of stamps will be under the immediate direction of
such agent, in accordance with the general plan approved by the Red Cross.

Rule 4. The American Red Cross will supply Christmas stamps to agents
free of charge. It will also supply, free of charge, posters and printed
matter intended to assist in the sale of stamps.

Rule 5. When the stamp sale is ended the agent will return all unsold
stamps to the National office of the Red Cross. The Red Cross must pay
for all stamps printed whether they are sold or not. Unsold stamps
returned are a total loss. In view of this all agents are requested to
order stamps with the utmost care. It is expected that all orders can
be promptly filled. There will, therefore, be no necessity for trying
to make a first order large enough to cover all the demands for the
entire season. This advice is especially urged upon agents who have not
heretofore sold the stamps.

Rule 6. All express charges and all postage required in forwarding
shipments of stamps or in returning unsold stamps will be paid by the Red
Cross.

Rule 7. Christmas stamps are to be sold at the uniform price of one cent
each. The stamps will be printed in sheets of 100 each and shipped in
packages of 10,000 stamps or multiples of 10,000. No broken packages will
be shipped. Stamp books will not be issued in 1909.

Rule 8. In ordering stamps as Christmas approaches, it is important to
consider the congested condition of business with the express companies
and post offices, and the distance which the shipment must travel. By
careful forethought it will usually be found possible to estimate needs
early enough for orders to be filled in good time. The Red Cross will
respond promptly, but cannot prevent express and postal delays.

Rule 9. On or before February 1, 1910, every agent which has sold Red
Cross Christmas stamps shall pay to the American Red Cross an amount of
money equal to one-third of the face value of all stamps sold by such
agent. Any expenses incidental to the sale incurred by the agent will be
paid from the two-thirds retained by the agent and the remainder will
be applied to local anti-tuberculosis work in accordance with the plans
previously approved by the Red Cross.

Societies which sold Red Cross Christmas stamps in 1908 will note that
the plan of selling stamps and disposing of the proceeds described above
marks a considerable departure from the plan of last year.

This change is the result of careful thought and is believed to be in the
direction of better business method and greater justice to all concerned.
It seems eminently fair that the important direct work of the Red Cross
should in some measure profit from the sale of stamps. The loyal and
generous support which the American people have given to the Red Cross
leads to the belief that the buyers of stamps will be pleased to know
that a portion of the money comes direct to its great work.

In making the societies which sell the stamps its agents the Red Cross is
giving them certain concessions which are extremely important. They will
require no cash capital or initial expenditures. The provisions for a
free supply of posters and printed matter and the payment of express and
postal charges by the Central Committee will assure every agent against
loss. If all the work of selling stamps is carried on by volunteers,
there will be no expense to the agents connected with the campaign. In
any event the necessary expenses will be trifling and there is no risk of
loss involved in undertaking the agency for the stamps.

The total cost to the National office of the Red Cross of printing and
handling of Christmas stamps in 1908 was about $13,000. This amount was
repaid from the proceeds of the wholesale price at which the Stamps were
sold to agents. In 1909, under the proposal set forth in the rules above,
the expenditures by the National office of the Red Cross will include
not only the printing and handling of the stamps but the printing and
distribution of posters, circulars, etc., and the payment of all express
and postal charges upon shipments of stamps and other supplies. Instead
of charging these expenses directly to the agents, as in 1908, they will
be covered by the one-third share of the proceeds of stamp sales reserved
by the Red Cross, as described in rule 9 above.

With a double incentive to the purchase of stamps on the part of the
public, an absolute absence of risk or initial expense on the part of
agents, and the great favor of the public established last year, the
campaign for the Christmas season of 1909 should bring a generous return
to all concerned.


DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

By Miss I. L. STRONG.

The second season of the Red Cross Day Camp for Tuberculosis began the
first of April. Several improvements were made on last year’s camp.
We now have two visiting physicians, Dr. Norcross and Dr. Lawson; a
caretaker in charge (who is also “taking the cure”), two large tents
loaned by the War Department, and our own kitchen and cook. One of
the instructive visiting nurses is both Superintendent and nurse.
The patients are ambulatory cases in the first and second stages. A
few advanced cases have been admitted, but most of these have been
referred to the hospital. The Camp draws its patients largely from the
dispensaries.

[Illustration: FOUR OF THE YOUNGER PATIENTS. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DAY
CAMP.]

The patients arrive about 9 a. m., and are given a lunch of milk and
eggs. After having their temperature and pulse taken they wander out
under the trees, where the hammocks and reclining chairs are found. Here
they stay reading and sleeping till noon, when a hot dinner is served.
This consists of meat, potatoes, one vegetable, milk, bread and butter,
and a dessert, usually made of milk and eggs. After an hour’s rest the
children generally play croquet or visit the spring in the woods. Lately
they have been much interested in seven puppies found in the woods. Of
course they have been promptly adopted. A setting hen is also a member of
the family. Another lunch of milk and eggs is served at 4, the afternoon
temperatures recorded, the car tickets given out, and preparations made
to “break camp” at 5.30 p. m. The Camp is ideally situated among the
trees high up behind the new Municipal Hospital. On the list to-day there
are 19 patients—5 white men, 3 white women, 2 white boys, 5 colored men,
1 colored woman, and 3 colored children. Of the cases thus far treated
2 have been discharged cured, 3 improved and continue the out-door
treatment in the country, 7 have been transferred to the hospital, 3 have
died, and 9 are at home, either at work or unable to attend, thus giving
a total of 43 patients admitted, with an average attendance of 14. Of
the patients now on the list 9 are making constant progress, and 10 are
holding their own. We feel sure that though the camp has hardly as yet
made a beginning, yet the results thus far justify its continuance. The
camp life is educational as well as beneficial. Fresh air, cleanliness
and carefulness are constantly being taught, and each patient becomes
a little center to spread the knowledge of the cause and prevention of
tuberculosis. Now that it is started the District of Columbia cannot
afford to be without its Red Cross Day Camp.


INDIANA

By ROWLAND EVANS, Secretary Indiana Branch American Red Cross.

“Whether tuberculosis will be finally eradicated is even an open
question. It is a foe that is very deeply intrenched in the human race.
Very hard it will be to eradicate completely, but when we think of what
has been done in one generation, how the mortality in many places has
been reduced more than 50 per cent., indeed, in some places 100 per
cent., it is a battle of hope, and so long as we are fighting with hope
the victory is in sight.”—Dr. William Osler.

[Illustration: ADMINISTRATION BUILDING OF INDIANA RED CROSS TUBERCULOSIS
CAMP.]

[Illustration: A GROUP OF COTTAGES OF INDIANA RED CROSS TUBERCULOSIS
CAMP.]

[Illustration: A SINGLE COTTAGE (IN CENTER) COSTING $60. INDIANA RED
CROSS TUBERCULOSIS CAMP.]

The Indiana Branch realized $3,851.58 from the sale of Christmas stamps.
To dispose of this fund to best advantage in anti-tuberculosis work, the
Executive Committee early in February appointed as a sub-committee, with
power to act: Dr. Frederick A. R. Tucker, of Noblesville, president of
the State Board of Health; Rev. Francis H. Gavisk and James W. Lilly.
After providing specific relief in four curable cases, it was found that
the greatest good could be accomplished by enlisting local co-operation
in the practical work of relief.

[Illustration: A DOUBLE COTTAGE (COSTING $80) OF THE INDIANA RED CROSS
TUBERCULOSIS CAMP.]

The Indianapolis Board of Health, through its health officer and
secretary, Dr. Eugene Buehler, had recently established free clinics
at the City Dispensary and Bobbs’ Free Dispensary, and had begun a
campaign of publicity, advertising its clinics and carding groceries and
meat markets, which were raised to a better sanitary standard, and in
various ways, by visitation and distribution of pure food and medicines,
surrounding patients at their homes with better hygienic conditions. The
need for facilities to isolate and treat curable cases with the necessary
fresh air and sunshine resulted in the establishment of a colony of
cottages on the City Hospital grounds, the Indiana Branch furnishing the
first four—two single and two double cottages. As soon as this became
known the Second Presbyterian and St. John’s Catholic churches and
private individuals arranged to donate others, until there are now on the
grounds eleven cottages. The single cottages cost complete, $62, size 10
× 12; double cottages, 10 × 16, $80. The specifications are:

House, 10 × 16 feet, with concrete foundation under house and porch;
foundation to be 6 inches high. Siding to be tongued and grooved
drop-siding; framing material to be 2 × 4 placed flatwise 30 inches on
centers; flooring and roof material to be tongued and grooved. Hip-roof
on main building and shed roof on porch. Porch to be 6 feet wide, with
square posts and small rail. Four windows, 35 × 35, with canvas tacked
on frame hinged at top. Three windows, 18 × 35, with canvas tacked on
frame hinged at top. One glass door to be placed in each single and
two in each double house. All lumber to be dressed on both sides and
to receive two coats of paint inside and out, color to be selected by
owner. Two-ply rubberoid roofing to be placed on roof. Price for cottages
outside Indianapolis same, with freight added.

A cottage was also erected, partly through funds provided by the Indiana
Branch, to be used in connection with the colony for dining room and
kitchen to prepare food for patients and quarters for nurses and cook.
This cottage has sewer connection, hot and cold water and sanitary
plumbing. Patients’ cottages have electric call bells to summon the
nurse, and electric lights are supplied from the City Hospital plant. A
bath house is now being erected, providing separate bath rooms for male
and female patients.

Adjoining the City Hospital grounds the Flower Mission—a private charity
partially supported by public funds—maintains a hospital for incurables.
It is the only place in the State where hopeless cases are received.
The Flower Mission nurses also minister to the relief of tuberculosis
patients at their homes. The branch donated $500 to the furtherance of
this work.

The plan inaugurated at Indianapolis under Dr. Buehler’s management
contemplates (1) extension of facilities of the colony system to include
and care for every offered curable case; (2) minimizing the danger of
contagion and infection from chronic or incurable cases by isolation
where practicable, or else supervizing the home conditions so as to
surround the patient with hygienic comforts, pure food and drugs, and
lessen the danger of infection to other members of the household. Both
parts of the work are well under way and as fast as funds will permit the
work will be extended.

The sub-committee, under the direction of Dr. Tucker, secured like
co-operation of local authorities elsewhere in the State, and cottages
have been erected as follows: Four in South Bend, four in Terre Haute,
six in Evansville, three in Lafayette, and negotiations are pending for
supplying Richmond, Fort Wayne, New Albany, Frankfort and Huntington.
The branch erects the cottages and the local authorities maintain them.
In every case it has proven an effective stimulus to local aid by the
municipality and private charity.


NEW YORK


_Ferryboat for Red Cross._

Miss Mary Harriman, eldest daughter of E. H. Harriman, has taken one of
her father’s Erie ferryboats and turned it into a man-o’-peace to fight
tuberculosis. She has presented the boat to the Brooklyn Committee on the
Prevention of Tuberculosis and the Brooklyn Red Cross Society.

It will go into commission as a part of the Red Cross Navy on July 1,
when its flag will fly over an anchorage off Brooklyn.

Hammocks, steamer chairs, and other conveniences of out-in-the-air
sleeping will be arranged for the accommodation of 300 men, women and
children. Three meals a day will be served on the boat.


_Resolution of the International Association of Accident Underwriters._

Mr. A. E. Forrest, president of the North American Accident Insurance
Company of Chicago, presented the following resolutions, which were
unanimously adopted:

    _Resolved_, That the International Association of Accident
    Underwriters, in convention assembled, herewith voices its
    profound admiration for the magnificent work of the American
    National Red Cross in its efforts for the relief of suffering
    and distressed humanity and for the prevention of disease;

    _Resolved_, That we extend to the officers and members of
    the American National Red Cross our heartfelt co-operation,
    and earnestly recommend that not only the companies and
    associations, members of this association, but that all
    branches of insurance interests will, so far as lies in their
    power, promote its humane labors by a liberal use of the Red
    Cross Christmas stamps;

    _Resolved_, That the thanks of this convention are herewith
    tendered to Miss Mabel T. Boardman, a noble woman, whose ardent
    labors in the cause of humanity sheds such bright lustre upon
    American womanhood, for the charming compliment which her
    letter addressed to this association so graciously conveys; be
    it further

    _Resolved_, That the thanks of this convention are herewith
    tendered to Mr. Max Cohen, editor of _Views_, Washington,
    D. C., for embodying this appeal from one of the greatest
    instrumentalities for a higher and finer civilization in
    his interesting and instructive address pertaining to the
    presentation by this association of its George E. McNeill medal
    in rewarding acts of heroism in the saving of human life.


WHAT THE CHRISTMAS STAMP IS DOING IN NEW HAMPSHIRE

By GEORGE B. LEIGHTON.

[Illustration]

New Hampshire is a small State, but its people have the same interest
in advancing the methods of living and the same desire to be abreast of
the times that people of other States have. The motives which govern its
people are as high minded as in any other State, and a great deal that
has been said in regard to the political shortcomings of the State are
not in accordance with the facts. The people of New Hampshire became
interested in the Christmas stamp idea, and, so far as they were able,
have seemingly accomplished a good deal to be proud of. The New Hampshire
Federation of Women’s Clubs, through the then president, Mrs. Lorin
Webster, took a deep interest in the Christmas stamp campaign of last
December, and largely through their efforts we had in bank something
over $1,300. Naturally, many people who had helped in selling the stamps
felt that they should have a part of the funds for particular cases of
tuberculosis in which they were interested, but the officers of the Red
Cross took the position that these funds were to be used for general
rather than for special work, believing that in the end more good would
be accomplished. As there are no tuberculosis societies in the State of
any prominence, although one exists in name, we decided to spend this
money on rather new lines. We believed that the way to exterminate a
disease was to prevent, so far as possible, new cases. To accomplish this
end a poster was prepared, which is indicated in the cut, and it has
been very generally circulated through the State, being placed in all
schools, mills, railway stations and places of public meeting. In the
distribution of this poster the Women’s Clubs assisted materially. All
together, some 8,000 of these posters have been distributed and requests
are coming in continually for additional copies. The poster states in
concise language three conspicuous factors or conditions in the campaign
against tuberculosis, that the disease is contagious, that it is curable,
and that it is preventable. The Boston & Maine Railroad, which operates
practically the entire railway mileage in New Hampshire, has taken a
deep interest in this matter in that they have placed the placards in
all of their stations and have instructed their agents to see that they
are not defaced or removed. This assistance has been most helpful. The
railway even went further and placed the placards in its stations in
other States, for it has a considerable mileage in Massachusetts, Vermont
and Maine. The result of this has been that numerous requests have been
received from Massachusetts, from people interested in the tuberculosis
campaign, for those posters, as they have seen them in the other States.
The people in the good commonwealth of Massachusetts have been obliged to
confess that they have had to come to New Hampshire for a very important
suggestion in this work. The more the writer familiarizes himself with
the tuberculosis campaign the more he is impressed that if the disease
can be eliminated it must be done by informing practically every citizen
of the State how to avoid contracting it, and we believe that what we
have accomplished by this poster has been or will prove to be successful.

The superintendent of public instruction in our State, Mr. Morrison,
grasped the idea of the importance of this poster early in the campaign,
and he prepared a letter to all his subordinates directing them to place
the poster in the schools and to see that attention was directed to them
by the teachers. Again, Rev. R. E. Thompson, head of the New Hampshire
Sunday School organization, felt the importance of this work, and he,
too, prepared a circular letter to be sent to 600 superintendents and
teachers in the State requesting them to put a placard in all Sunday
Schools and direct attention to it. Copies of the poster were sent to the
different granges throughout the State. The posters have been printed on
cardboard, measuring 19 × 12½, and they cost, with envelopes, about a
cent a piece.

In addition to this form of publicity the New Hampshire Branch has
prepared two bulletins, one being a reprint of Rev. Elwood Worcester’s
article which appeared in the _Ladies’ Home Journal_ for March, 1900,
on the class method of treating tuberculosis. This has been circulated
gratuitously throughout the State. The conditions seem to be such in
our State that in a good many communities the class method ought to
accomplish much. Again, we prepared as Bulletin No. 3 an article issued
by the Boston Association for the Relief and Control of Tuberculosis,
which treats in a very simple manner of the essentials of right living
and clean living. This bulletin is also being distributed gratuitously.

So much as indicating how the campaign has been carried on through the
assistance of printer’s ink, but we have in addition secured the services
of Mrs. Duryea, whose duties are to go about the State and tell of the
class method of treating tuberculosis. The method of procedure is that
she communicate with the officers of the local Women’s Club, some of
the medical men and other prominent citizens, to the end that a meeting
will be arranged, and at this meeting she tells of what has been done in
Boston at the Massachusetts General Hospital in curing those afflicted
with the disease.

We have found, regrettably, that the doctors in some of the smaller
communities have not sufficiently studied the apprehension of the disease
in its early stages. The State Board of Health has recognized this and is
endeavoring to bring before the profession means and suggestions so that
all of its members may have the latest word on this subject. The State
of New Hampshire has directed, and is about to open for the treatment
of patients, a sanitarium situated in the northern central section of
the State, but this sanitarium will accommodate very few cases, and for
this reason our campaign has been largely to interesting communities in
establishing tuberculosis classes.

The death rate from tuberculosis in New Hampshire has decreased
materially in the last ten years. It has dropped from considerably
over 1 death per 1,000 of population to less than 1 death per 1,000 of
population. A study of the report of the State Board of Health shows that
the death-rate is higher in proportion to the population in that part of
the State nearest the sea than it is in the western or Connecticut valley
district.

We feel that we can not as yet consider our work anything more than
begun. It is a campaign of education, and when considered from this point
of view we feel that we have accomplished a great deal. Unquestionably,
a very much larger number of citizens know certain things about
tuberculosis than they did six months or a year ago. Everybody must know
these facts before the work of publicity is fully accomplished.

We have made an open offer of financial assistance to any tuberculosis
class or summer camp that is established, and in the coming years a much
larger amount of money can be distributed in this way.




RED CROSS NURSES’ DEPARTMENT


_Miss Delano’s Appointment._

The Red Cross can not fail to be greatly pleased by the following
announcement:

Miss Jane A. Delano, of New York, has been appointed Superintendent of
the Army Nurse Corps. Miss Delano was formerly Superintendent of Nurses
at the Bellevue Hospital in New York, and is President of the National
Association of Nurses. It is probable that an attempt will be made at the
next session of Congress to enlarge and organize the Army Nurse Corps.

Miss Delano has long been deeply interested in the Red Cross and has been
for some time a member of the New York State Branch Committee on Nurses.
She will be appointed a member of the Red Cross War Relief Board and be
made the Chairman of its Subcommittee on Nurses. By this arrangement the
whole system of the Regular Army Nursing Corps and Red Cross Nursing
Corps will be placed under one head, so that in case of war the plans
for Red Cross nursing assistance will fall into complete accord with the
demands of the Army Medical Service. Miss Delano will, therefore, be not
only fully advised as to the regular nursing strength of the Army Corps,
but will know exactly the status of the volunteer aid of the Red Cross
Nursing Corps.

At the annual meeting of the Federation of Nurses, held last June
at Minneapolis, a resolution was passed that the Alumnæ Association
of Trained Nurses of the United States affiliate with the Red Cross
according to the plan outlined by the War Relief Board. This plan
provides for a Subcommittee on Nurses of the War Relief Board, the
committee of fifteen to consist of a Chairman, who is to be a trained
nurse, two other trained nurses, an Army surgeon, and a Navy surgeon,
and one other person, all members of the War Relief Board, six trained
nurses selected from a list submitted by the Nurses’ Alumnæ Association,
and three other persons, all to be appointed by the Chairman of the War
Relief Board.


CALIFORNIA.

The lectures of the Nurses’ Auxiliary of the California Branch, of which
Mrs. L. L. Dunbar, President of the Children’s Hospital, is Chairman, and
Miss Frances S. Hershey, Secretary, have continued uninterruptedly. Miss
Katherine Brown, Superintendent of Nurses at the Children’s Hospital,
and Miss Killiam have been very active in this work, as well as Miss
Eisel and Miss McCarthy. The lectures at the Heynemann Overall and Shirt
Factory, at the noon hour, have proven very interesting and profitable,
both to lecturer and the class. They have found the work mutually
enjoyable. This auxiliary has also undertaken a course of lectures at
the request of the Young Women’s Christian Association. Notices of these
lectures have been posted in the retiring rooms of the large department
stores. The Branch is planning courses in home nursing and hygiene for
the Chinese women of the city of San Francisco.


PENNSYLVANIA.


_Work of a Red Cross Nurse._

                                        PHILADELPHIA, July 30, 1909.

    Captain JOHN S. MUCKLE, _President, Pennsylvania Branch,
    American National Red Cross_.

    I have the honor, in compliance with your request, to hand you
    the following report in reference to my aid to the injured at
    the collapsed building at the northeast corner of Eleventh and
    Market streets, Philadelphia, on Thursday afternoon, July 15,
    1909:

    I was walking west on the north side of Market street, between
    Tenth and Eleventh streets, about 1 o’clock, with my mother,
    Mrs. D. S. Baxter, when I heard a terrific crash, followed by
    clouds of dust. I left my mother standing on the sidewalk and
    ran in the direction of the disaster, and on my way left my
    hat in the saloon of the Bingham House, southeast corner of
    Eleventh and Market streets, and then ran over to the collapsed
    building and saw two injured women being taken away to a
    hospital from the sidewalk in an automobile. As I entered the
    ruins I was stopped by a city policeman, and stated to him that
    I was a Red Cross nurse, and the officer immediately let me
    pass into the collapsed building. I found a projecting joist,
    which I hung on to and dropped into the cellar, where I saw
    two men; one was already dead, and the other, H. W. Fickis, I
    called to and he answered. By this time a police officer and
    a doctor of medicine joined me, and we three tried to remove
    the above two, but found it impossible. I then turned to help
    others, and succeeded in bringing one, Martin L. Lewis, to the
    surface, and stuffed my handkerchief into the cut in his head
    and took him to the Hahneman Hospital in a patrol wagon; then
    returned to the building and continued removing those I found,
    James Haggerty, Thomas Devine, Peter Nelson, and James Noble,
    dressed their wounds, and sent one, James Haggerty, to the
    Hahneman Hospital, and the others to Medico Chi Hospital, in a
    patrol wagon. By this time they had removed the man I had seen
    in the cellar, H. W. Fickis, put him in the patrol wagon, and
    I dressed his wounds and took him to the Hahneman Hospital.
    My last injured man, Albert Creen, I sent to the Jefferson
    Hospital in a patrol wagon. In dressing the wounded I used my
    handkerchief and underskirt, and when these gave out used the
    bandages I found in the patrol wagon. After I had taken and
    sent about twenty-two injured to the hospitals, and the dead,
    six, were removed, I returned to the collapsed building and
    helped the firemen and police officers and workmen who were
    cleaning up the debris, as they were alone, no one having
    remained to help them. I stayed in the collapsed building until
    the very last person had been removed. Through the courtesy and
    kindness of Mr. George W. B. Hicks, Mayor’s statistician, I was
    taken home in his automobile late that night. I hand you a copy
    of a letter from Hon. John E. Reyburn, Mayor of Philadelphia.

                           Very truly, yours,

                        MARGARET B. SIMON,
                        _American National Red Cross Nurse No. 604_.

                                      OFFICE OF THE MAYOR,
                                      PHILADELPHIA, July 15th, 1909.

    Mrs. MARGARET B. SIMON, _Philadelphia, Pa._

    MY DEAR MRS. SIMON: In a report of the terrible accident at
    Eleventh and Market streets this afternoon when a building of
    the United Gas Improvement Company collapsed, imprisoning in
    a mass of wreckage a large number of people, special mention
    is made of your heroic action in offering early aid to those
    seriously injured.

    The Red Cross badge justifying your membership in a great
    organization gained you immediate entrance to the heart of
    the disaster, and all agree in saying that you proved by your
    splendid work and helpful sympathy your right to be considered
    an honor to the great order.

    I think it due to you that public recognition should be made of
    your brave and successful work in a time of extreme excitement
    and danger; grateful for this new reason to be proved not only
    of the Red Cross but of the women of Philadelphia.

                        I am, yours, very truly,

                                            JOHN E. REYBURN,
                                            _Mayor of Philadelphia_.


_Letter from President of the Red Cross._

                        THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, August 5, 1909.

    Mrs. MARGARET B. SIMON, _Louden and Camac streets,
    Philadelphia, Pa._

    DEAR MRS. SIMON: Through the President of the Pennsylvania
    Red Cross Branch I have learned of your brave and helpful
    action on July 15, at the time of the serious accident caused
    by the collapse of a building in the city of Philadelphia. As
    President of the American Red Cross permit me to express to
    you its sincere appreciation of the services you gave in the
    capacity of Red Cross nurse in rendering first aid to so many
    of the victims and at so much risk to your own life.

    The knowledge that the society has enrolled so courageous,
    faithful and valuable a nurse as yourself is a great
    satisfaction to its officers and an inspiration to its nursing
    corps.

                            Sincerely yours,

                                                        WM. H. TAFT.


_Reunion Program._

Following is the program of the First Annual Reunion of the nurses
enrolled in the Pennsylvania Branch of the American National Red Cross at
Philadelphia, September 18 to September 25, 1909:

Saturday, September 18—Reunion.

Sunday, September 19—Attend service at Christ Church (11 a. m.).

Monday, September 20—Call on the Hon. John E. Reyburn, mayor of
Philadelphia, at the City Hall (12 noon). Afternoon, visit places of
interest, institutions, etc.

Tuesday, September 21—Visit Philadelphia hospitals. Afternoon, visit
places of interest, institutions, etc. Evening, Keith’s Theatre, as the
guests of Mr. B. F. Keith, through the courtesy of Mr. H. T. Jordan.

Wednesday, September 22—Visit Philadelphia County Prison, Tenth and
Reed streets (morning), and Eastern Penitentiary (afternoon). Evening,
reception given to the nurses by the “Colonial,” at Logan, Pa.

Thursday, September 23—Trip on the river. Assemble at Race street wharf
at 2 p. m. (A boat has been placed at our disposal through the courtesy
of the Hon. Henry Clay, director of public safety of the city of
Philadelphia.)

Friday, September 24—Call on Mrs. John S. Muckle, wife of the President
of the Pennsylvania Branch, at her summer home “Windrush,” in Germantown.
Train leaves North Philadelphia Station 12.26 p. m. for Queen Lane
Station.

Saturday, September 25—“Atlantic City.” Train leaves Broad Street Station
at 9.40 a. m.




FIRST AID DEPARTMENT


CALIFORNIA


_The Red Cross and the Dragon._

BY WILLIAM LATHROP MCCLURE.

Going to the smart new office building of the Canton Bank, passing shops
filled with the weird and bizarre merchandise of the Orient, passing
blouse-clad forms shuffling by on heelless boat-shaped sandals—truly, I
think, this cannot be the old Chinese quarter of San Francisco. These
are clean streets, these buildings are handsome, this public school is
of concrete faced with bright blue tiles and filled with smiling little
Chinese men and women. Sanitary? Yes, but still picturesque. Soon this
ancient race will weave exotic mystery and charm about steel-girdered
walls and balconies will bulge with great globular lanterns of oiled
paper swinging in the wind. For some days to come Chinese ladies with
“lily feet” will look down over their tulips upon the crowded street,
and wish for the Good Lady Festival that they may wear their brocade and
gold abroad, even as “other” women.

[Illustration: NEW CHINESE QUARTER. SAN FRANCISCO.]

But the old order changeth. New China does not brook the “cycle of
Cathay.” And here, in the Canton Bank Building, under the wing of the
American National Red Cross, has grown a flourishing offshoot of the
Grand Legion of the Red Cross, of the California Branch, that has, in the
vernacular of the street, “made good.” For a while—a short while—it was
contented to be one detachment: then it became a twin; now its membership
has reached about the hundredth mark, with supporting members. We watch
this changeling with surprise. It needs no nursing.

[Illustration: THE CHINESE RELIEF COLUMN OF THE CALIFORNIA RED CROSS.]

Saturday evening, March 27, 1909, saw the hall of the Chinese
Presbyterian Church so crowded that a burly policeman had the doubtful
pleasure of turning away visitors of both races. Inside was filled with
merchants and their families—the men on one side, the women and children
on the other. The Consul, in a robe of biscuit brocade, followed by
his suite, entered and aroused the interested glances of Caucasian and
Oriental alike. Like flowers, bloomed from the dark blue background of
the bloused and trousered women, a parterre of babies in cap and gown of
purple, blue and rose. Tiny ques and tiny sandals, smiling faces, and not
a whimper the long evening through.

Under the guidance and by the gracious courtesy of Donaldine Cameron,
a noble friend of Chinese womanhood, a choir of Chinese young ladies
sang the “Battle Hymn of the Republic.” Later the audience rose to the
“Star Spangled Banner,” most beautifully rendered by Miss Wong in a
clear mezzo-soprano. The program—partly interpreted by Mr. Wong, partly
in Chinese—closed in a glory of flashlight, the sudden burst raising
pandemonium among the baby choir, who were “velly much ’flaid.” A small
dog smuggled in under the blouse of Lee Ching, a real boy, supplied the
necessary bass for the tiny Celestial singers.

Organized by Dr. G. H. Richardson and the writer, the welfare of this
successful detachment has been splendidly nourished by Dr. Mark Neumann,
the Medical Director. From occupying the “parlors” of the Chinese Native
Sons of the Golden State, its members became ambitious to have quarters
of their own. Dr. Neumann donated his waiting room. On one wall hangs the
Dragon and the Stars and Stripes about a Red Cross on a field of white.
On another the portrait of President Taft; on the third, beautifully
written in Chinese characters, the By-laws of the Legion and the Proposed
Women’s Auxiliary. Often a silk-trousered Chinese lady, with polished
hair ornamented by fine workmanship of jade and gold, sits before these
by-laws studying them seriously, beginning at the upper right hand corner
and reading downward.

[Illustration: THEATRE WHERE THE CHINESE HELD AN ENTERTAINMENT FOR THE
BENEFIT OF THE RED CROSS.]

Most remarkable will be the evolution of a Women’s Auxiliary to the Red
Cross Legion; most remarkable to those best acquainted with Chinese
life and character. It is an emergence from sheltered living, a setting
aside of a custom scarce permitting a Chinese young lady to appear upon
the street. One does not even talk to a Chinese gentleman about his
household. But there is a precedent. Chinese ladies are going about the
streets of the great ports of New China obeying the calls of humanity and
the voice of recent ideals of social development and service. For China
has a Red Cross.

A Chinese merchant rarely calls upon a male physician for his family, but
an up-to-date woman physician is welcome in the families of the educated.
Favorable as is one’s impression of the prosperity, intelligence and
generosity of our Chinese friends; the advantages of enlightened
medical knowledge and sanitary science among them in San Francisco, not
to mention the vast interior of the Chinese Empire itself, cannot be
overestimated.

It is one of the functions of the Red Cross to create and foster enduring
friendship between nations. War is often the instrument of passion rather
than equity. Whether war is eternal or not the function of the Red Cross
is to be neutral and to heal. With acquaintance comes understanding. We
have our superstitions regarding the Chinese; they have theirs regarding
us. Beyond the Pacific the pulse of a mighty nation is quickening,
and through the Golden Gate the young Chinese will soon be lured by
opportunity to the Flowery Kingdom. Nor will they go as student, tourist
or commercial man alone. Slow, indeed, will be the opening of the vast
interior. The intelligently trained Mongolian is a great organizer and
China’s metropolitan progress will be swift. Since the fire the evolution
of the Chinese quarter has been marvelous. Some undesirable conditions
still exist, but measuring by these only heightens the achievement of the
progressive.

[Illustration: A YOUNG GIRL OF THE CHINESE QUARTER.]

    Across the Western seas New China wakes from sleep,
    And hearts of exiled sons in filial answer leap;
    Her sons with quickened pulse of other lands,
    Shall hold the mother’s future in their hands.

    We may not flatter yet that we have done our part,
    We may not now forget the foes at China’s heart.
    She asks our friendship now, the same she had of old,
    That she may hold secure her crown of jade and gold.

    Our neighbor, separate only by the restless sea,
    Yet linked by ships, the birds of commerce, bold and free;
    Let us not fail the higher duty, man to man,
    Which lights the world and thus reveals the master plan.


_Additional Notes._

The practical value of First Aid instructions as instrumental in saving
life was demonstrated by Lee Wong, a member of the Chinese Detachment,
First Legion, State of California, who applied continuous pressure upon
the artery of a man wounded by a knife until the arrival of a physician.

Mr. Tinyut Lee, an active member of the Chinese Detachment, who made a
remarkable record for the sale of Christmas and New Year stamps in the
Chinese Colony, promised to excel that achievement by 800 per cent. As
the colony has had no theatre since the fire rendered 23,000 Chinese
homeless, this resourceful detachment hired the Oriental Theater, a clean
moving-picture resort in the heart of the quarter, to swell its bank
account. This benefit, with 5 cent tickets, netted $40. The Detachment
has paid into the California Branch treasury $87. It is now contemplating
a Red Cross Hospital, and plans are being prepared for a home nursing
course for Chinese young women.

Members of the Columbia Park Boys’ Club Detachment, who did not accompany
that organization to Australia, were equipped with a first-aid outfit for
their summer outing at Cloverdale.

Dr. G. H. Richardson, Field Agent of the California State Branch, has
completed his course of lectures to the Merchant Marine on First Aid.
His important work has been highly appreciated and a movement to repeat
them at many ports is advocated. This is pioneer work for the Red Cross
among sailors and Dr. Richardson is to be congratulated on his faithful
and disinterested service. The masters, mates and pilots of Lodge Harbor
15, before whom he has been lecturing, have placed upon record their
appreciation of his efforts in their behalf.


ILLINOIS

I have the honor to submit the following data about the organization and
equipment of the Illinois First-Aid Corps of the Red Cross:

The Illinois organization was officially born January 11, 1909—that is to
say, less than five months ago. On that day the reporter was appointed
Director-in-chief of the Illinois units to be organized. Within a few
days after the Illinois Branch was handed about forty applications as a
nucleus.

These new members who joined the American National Red Cross, and at
the same time the First Relief Column, were not gathered in a few days,
but represented a loyal band of men and women who had joined in 1908 an
independent, private first-aid corps under my command.

All the officers were fully uniformed, practically in accordance with
army regulations. The fact, however, that the Relief Column officers have
no distinctly military rank and that the regulations in Major Lynch’s
text-book would compel them to remove the coat-of-arms from the cap, the
buttons, and the insignia of rank from the straps; possibly, also, to
lay aside their sidearms (there being no mention of sidearms) produced
such intense opposition that for a time I feared not a single one with
whom I had been associated in our attempt to raise a first-aid brigade
would remain with me. And for one man to do all the work and to look for
congenial co-workers all over again appeared a Herculean task. It was
then that I submitted in writing certain propositions to Mr. Ravell,
Secretary of the Illinois Branch, who agreed to place them before the
Central Committee at Washington. On his return from Washington last
December I was advised that we could retain the caps and adopt more
suitable collar insignia, so that there remained but one objection, viz,
lack of military rank for the officers.

[Illustration: OFFICERS OF THE FIRST ILLINOIS LEGION.]

However, with the objected-to features of the uniform overcome, I assured
the officers that if they would go to work and aid me in the organization
so that we could show the American people that we have the personnel,
if not the material equipment, I would do all in my power to induce the
authorities to grant us a certain status, which, though not equivalent
to that enjoyed by the National Guard, would still mean more than empty
titles beautifully engrossed in “commissions” signed by a few private
citizens. This had the desired effect. Immediately after my appointment
I called them together and delivered an impassioned address. I pointed
out to them the seriousness of the step, the great responsibility it
involves, the sacredness of the work to be done and the honor and
prestige that is to be ours if we succeed. I made them pledge to observe
the strictest possible discipline, to obey implicitly, and to respond to
any call issued by the proper authorities.

A week later all our former members, new friends, patients of mine—in
short, any one who could be reached—were called to attend a meeting in
the parlor of a large hostelry, and the work of organization was begun in
earnest.

For about two months bi-weekly lectures were delivered at hotel parlors.
An independent detachment which had been associated with a fraternal
organization was induced to join our column as a body. We agreed to
accept them without the Legion dues by merely paying for membership in
the Red Cross. The evening that body of young men in uniform entered the
lecture hall in military order new life was infused, especially among
the male members. I was repeatedly besieged by them with the request to
supply them with uniforms and to take them to some place where they could
learn how to march, carry litters, transport patients, etc.

I promised them all these things for the near future. As I am myself
living in moderate circumstances, and as our Legion dues of $1 per annum
(we had to make the dues low to enable the poorest working man and
working woman to join) were not sufficient to pay for the most urgent
needs, I presented myself to our Chairman of the Executive Committee,
Dr. L. L. McArthur, and laid the matter before him. He finally consented
to our appealing to certain private citizens when I was supported in my
contentions by the Secretary and by Colonel Gordon C. Strong, I. N. G., a
member of the Executive Committee, and a gentleman, by the way, to whom
we are indebted for many services rendered the organization and your
reporter.

At a meeting of the Executive Committee Mr. J. Spoor, president of
the Union Stock Yards, promised to fully equip a detachment of 22 men
recruited in the yards. He not only paid for 22 uniforms, but equipped
that detachment with hospital pouches, canteens, litters, and a national
flag.

[Illustration: FIRST COLUMN FIRST ILLINOIS LEGION READY FOR INSPECTION BY
REVIEWING OFFICER.]

Four detachments were completed by this time. The day a fifth one was
completed I recommended to the committee that the entire command be
officially declared as the “First Illinois Legion,” for there were then
already indications that detachments would soon be organized in other
cities in Illinois, and, in fact, detachments will be completed in the
near future in Springfield, Joliet and Decatur, all depending on the
writer’s ability to go to these towns and perfect the details. Our aim is
not only to raise the full quota for this Legion, but to have in Chicago
two legions and a third one distributed through the State.

At about the same time Colonel Strong induced Captain Maurice Woolman,
commanding Battery B, Illinois National Guard, to let us have his armory
at the cost of expense ($15 monthly). We occupy that armory every
Thursday evening. Captain Woolman was so pleased with our men, who
began drilling in civilian suits, that he consented to act as military
instructor to the First Legion, and since has attended every drill and
instructed the officers in infantry tactics.

But the most important thing had yet to be done. We had to secure
uniforms to enable the men to participate in the Memorial Day parade. I
interviewed the Hon. Lambert Tree, and that gentleman subscribed $100.
I also sent a dozen letters to prominent citizens, who, I knew, were
familiar with the aims of the Red Cross. Only one so far responded with
$10. But that was a beginning, and Dr. McArthur, after learning of my
efforts to raise enough to uniform the men made us all happy by calling
me into his office and telling me to have all the men uniformed, that
he would guarantee the bill, though I must raise the money within 90
days. The firm honored Dr. McArthur’s guarantee, and when his action was
announced to the assembled detachments all military discipline was thrown
to the winds and our boys yelled themselves hoarse. The uniforms are
good regulation khaki. We have now a total of 121 service uniforms for
enlisted men and non-commissioned officers.

Each uniform consists of: Campaign hat with maroon cord, blouse with the
letters “Ill.” and a large Red Cross button on the collar, one pair of
trousers, one regulation belt, one pair leggings. Each man has a pair of
tan shoes (private property). One detachment has pouches and canteens.
Each detachment has a guidon (five in all). We have at our disposal
19 regulation army litters. Several of them are private property, but
available.

The writer is chief surgeon to the Abraham Lincoln Hospital, with a
capacity of 32 beds and a complete operating room outfit, laboratory,
etc. This hospital is at the disposal of the Executive Committee without
any expense for board, nursing or service.

The total strength of our personnel is as follows:

  Director-in-Chief, commanding all Illinois “Relief Columns”     1
  Surgeons, attached as his staff, available as instructors or
    in a professional capacity (ranking as assistant directors)   6
  Director-in-Chief, First Illinois Legion                        1
  Staff Assistant Directors, corresponding to adjutant and
    quartermaster, respectively                                   2
  Detachment Commanders                                           5
  Doubtful and unassigned or suspended                            2
                                                                ---
      Total officers                                             17
                                                                ===
  Five detachments of non-commissioned officers and
    privates (each 21)                                          105
  Color bearers                                                   4
  Bugle and drum corps                                           16
  Nurse corps (ladies)                                           21
  Non-active, or not yet assigned, pending completion of
    6th and 7th detachments                                      58
                                                                ---
      Total strength                                            221

This report is not satisfactory to us from a numerical standpoint because
we have paid no attention to recruiting owing to the proximity of
Memorial Day, having strained every nerve to drill the men so as to make
a creditable showing.

_Work Done._—Lectures delivered (bi-weekly) during January, February and
March. Drills (weekly) during April and May. Sunday, May 23, the entire
command assembled at the armory at 10 a. m. and accompanied Battery B to
divine service. They marched in orderly fashion and were very dignified.
At 1.30 p. m. the command met a second time at Rose Hill Cemetery and
assisted in the ceremonies. Conduct and appearance elicited hearty
approval from G. A. R. speakers.

[Illustration: DRUM AND BUGLE CORPS, FIRST ILLINOIS LEGION, A. N. R. C.]

_Decoration Day Parade._—The writer was marshal of the 5th Division.
None but Red Cross officers were selected for the staff. They were all
in dress uniforms, sidearms, and were decently mounted. The Red Cross
detachments marched in the center of the division with their bugle and
drum corps, colors flying. Several detachments carried litters. I noted
that the people greeted the command with hearty applause. General Grant
and Governor Deneen, who reviewed the parade, seemed interested. No less
an officer than Colonel Van Hoff, Chief Medical Officer, Department of
the Lakes, who witnessed the procession, admitted that we made a fine
showing. I have been assured by many military men that our men marched
as well as any seasoned troops. We certainly have succeeded in raising a
feeling of pride in the breasts of our men for their organization.

But we have only begun. We must now proceed to increase our organization
all over the State. The writer will be compelled to visit cities, deliver
addresses and “incite” the organizers to activity. Our medical officers
will be compelled to attend courses in military hygiene and surgery,
which I will deliver from August 15 to September 30. Lectures and drills
will go on. In July the command will be taken out on a three-day “hike.”
The money for this will be raised by a concert and ball. This “hike” will
enable us to teach our officers the rudiments of military map-making and
map-reading (topography). But all these efforts fall into insignificance
compared with the task before me of raising funds to pay off the debt
guaranteed by Dr. McArthur and to equip the new members, several hundred
of whom are expected to join within a few weeks. We need more litters,
pouches, dressings, tents, bedding, transport wagons, ambulances, wheeled
litters, all of which are requisites for an emergency. I am aware that
in times of disaster the State will aid us with its equipment of tents,
kitchens, etc., yet I feel that we must have at our disposal a field
hospital—at least 100 stretchers, folding cots, bedding, blankets,
surgical appliances, kitchen (field), a transportable x-ray machine, etc.

I also realize that there must be a system at the very beginning, and
within a few days books will be prepared in which all information
about the personnel will be recorded for reference in an emergency.
Something like that has been done already, but I intend to learn who can
be depended upon to respond to a call—their ’phones, business, social
status, and the like.

I am disheartened when I look at the figures tabulated in England,
Germany, Japan and Australia, with their thousands of men and women, and
millions in property. I am anxious to do my share, but I feel confident
that success would come surer and faster if the following suggestions
were carried out:

1. Reorganization of the First-Aid Department with national and State
chiefs.

2. Proper descriptive nomenclature for the entire corps, State Divisions
and units.

3. A definite military status for officers and men. Even such terms as
“detachment commander,” “column commander,” etc., would be better than
“assistant director,” “director,” etc.

4. Aid in material by the government.

5. Preparation of “rules and regulations” on a similar plan to that used
in the army, to insure uniformity and discipline.

6. Uniform stationery, blanks, enlistment pledges, vouchers and similar
equipment to be issued from the main headquarters.

7. Assignment of medical officers of the army to diverse States as
instructors and teachers.

8. The Red Cross to participate in army maneuvers.

I have the honor to remain, very respectfully,

                                                        GUSTAVUS M. BLECH.

Editor’s Note.—The second part of the entertainment given for the
benefit of the First Illinois Legion of the Red Cross was devoted to an
interesting exhibition of its training and drills.

Litter Drill—Detachment B, H. H. Wood commanding.

First Aid to Injured—Detachment D, Harry L. Coon commanding.

Exhibition Drill—Detachment C, John A. Stedge commanding.


NEW YORK


_Red Cross and Y. M. C. A. Co-operation._

Important announcement of first aid till the doctor comes for camp,
summer school, home, shop. The American National Red Cross and the
International Committee of Young Men’s Christian Associations will grant
joint certificates in first aid to the injured, signed by President
William H. Taft and a representative of the International Committee, to
men and boys completing the requirements.

What to do for broken limbs, hemorrhage, poisoning, sunstroke, lockjaw,
cramps, drowning, scalds, burns, cuts, bruises, etc.

Examination (August 25). Part practice, part written. Cost, 25 cents each
person.

For any Association boy or man. A short course—10 lessons. Teacher—a
doctor or physical director. In camp, at home, anywhere. Any text book.

Certificate granted to those with passing grade of 75 per cent. or above
in examination. No extra charge.

For further particulars, see or write Secretary, Young Men’s Christian
Association, or Educational Department, International Committee, 124 East
Twenty-eighth street, New York.


_First Aid Certificate._

This certifies that __________ has satisfactorily completed the
elementary course of study and passed the examination in first aid to the
injured at the Young Men’s Christian Association, __________.

For the American Red Cross:

                                                 WM. H. TAFT, _President_.

For the International Committee, Educational Department:

                                            FREDERIC B. PRATT, _Chairman_.


PENNSYLVANIA

                                                          August 18, 1909.

Hon. WILLIAM H. TAFT, _President Red Cross Society, War Department,
Washington, D. C._

MY HONORED SIR: On the 17th of July, while traveling on the Canadian
Pacific Railway, near Fields, B. C., I met with a distressing accident by
having two of my fingers almost mashed off by being pinched by the car
door. We had no doctor on the train at that time, but fortunately a Red
Cross man from Philadelphia, Mr Joseph A. Steinmetz, was on the train. He
came quickly to my relief, bound up my fingers as best he could, and was
the embodiment of kindness and sympathy itself. I appreciate his services
very much and desire to become a life member of a society that is doing
so much everywhere to relieve suffering.

I therefore enclose you my check for $25.00, and, if agreeable to your
society, would thank you to send me a life membership certificate.

With deep appreciation of the service of your secretary from
Pennsylvania, I am, very sincerely yours,

                                                            E. S. HACKNEY.

Mr. Hackney also sent a contribution to the Pennsylvania Red Cross.


GERMANY

[Illustration: IMPROVISED AMBULANCE—OFFENBACH SYSTEM. LEADERS AND
DOCTORS’ MEETING AT MAYENCE.]

[Illustration: METHOD OF TRANSPORTATION TO SHIPS.

(SANITARY COLUMNS—HOCHHEIM).]

During 1908 the members of the German Red Cross Relief Columns gave
assistance in 8,268 cases of accidents, 4,643 of which occurred in
factories, showing the value of first aid instruction among men employed
in manufactories.

[Illustration: IMPROVISED BICYCLE AMBULANCE. COLLIE DOG TRAINED TO SEARCH
FOR WOUNDED.

(SANITARY COLUMNS—BROSKAW.)]

_Das Rothe Kreuz_, the official organ of the German Red Cross, gives
interesting accounts of the great assistance rendered by the Relief
Columns of Nuremberg in the earlier part of the year and also of that
given by the Relief Columns of Osterburg and Seehausen after floods in
their respective neighborhoods in November, 1908, and February, 1909.
The Osterburg Column had already proved its usefulness after a railroad
accident in 1903. Since then it had established an alarm system and by
means of this it was quickly called into active service. Provided with
boats placed at its disposition for this work, its members rescued many,
and to others, who were cut off from the outside world by the flood,
carried food and other supplies until the waters subsided. In some cases
persons who were ill were carried in wheel ambulances on the boats and
then transferred to the hospital at Osterburg. In February the Seehausen
Column proved of service in its neighborhood. Its wheel ambulance stands
always at the market place near the bridge, its station being marked
by a Red Cross flag. These facts are a new proof of the value of these
columns to any community and that they can provide faithful and capable
assistance in every kind of accident.

[Illustration: METHOD OF TRANSPORTING WOUNDED FROM THE BATTLEFIELD.
(SANITARY COLUMNS—KONIGSHUTTER.)]


GREAT BRITAIN

[From _Daily Mail_ (Great Britain), August 18, 1909.]


_The Red Cross in Every Home._

We are enabled to give to-day full details of one of the most remarkable
developments of the voluntary principle in English life. It is a scheme
which makes a great and comprehensive effort to enlist the patriotic
services of all classes for a humane purpose—the succor of the sick and
wounded in war. Further, the scheme will associate with the Territorial
Force thousands, including women, who can not themselves serve in our
army for home defense.

The War Office, the County Association, and the British Red Cross
Society are all engaged in the appeals which will be put forward from
to-day to members for the general purpose of urging them to join the
new Red Cross detachments which are to train for the assistance of the
Territorial Army Medical Corps in war. No one need be left out. In the
detachments may be included peers, peeresses, landowners, ladies of the
manor, squires, squires’ wives, local doctors, trained nurses, chemists,
chemists’ assistants, carpenters, women cooks, joiners, smiths, drivers,
mechanics, grocers, and butchers.

Many other occupations could be named whose everyday knowledge would be
of special utility in war. All will be welcomed in the new “organization
of voluntary aid in England and Wales,” the proposals for which were
yesterday submitted to the County Associations and the Branches of the
British Red Cross Society.


_Famous Surgeons Aid._

Its details were the work of Sir Alfred Keogh, Inspector-General of
the Army Medical Service at the War Office, backed by the enthusiastic
assistance of Sir Frederick Treves, the famous surgeon, whose experiences
in South Africa have given him an unequalled expert knowledge, and Sir
Richard Temple. Already there exists an organization which would come
into active operation the moment war is declared, and which provides for
the manning of general hospitals throughout the kingdom.

To these, scattered all over the country, in Cambridge, Brighton, London,
Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Glasgow, Edinburgh, and elsewhere, are
attached all the best medical men in Great Britain. There are, to name
only a few, Sir Watson Cheyne, Sir T. Barlow, Sir T. C. Allbut, Sir T.
Oliver, Dr. Norman Moore, Dr. Gibson (Edinburgh), and Sir Hector Cameron
(Glasgow). The names of these voluntary officers of the force, colonels,
majors, and captains, who only assume their rank in war time, fill
twenty-four columns of this month’s _Army List_.

To them would fall the task of succoring the sick and wounded who were
brought to them from the field hospital and the ambulances. Unlike France
and Germany, we have no line of communication by which the victims of
war can be passed from the fighting line to safety in the hospital far
in the rear. The Red Cross Society and the English people are now asked
to meet the want. The scheme is so to train the inhabitants of our towns
and villages that they can render first aid after a battle, convey the
wounded to the nearest hospital, and forward them on through a chain of
similar units from rest house to rest house till the base hospital is
reached.

Sir Alfred Keogh has so planned his proposals that no one in future
will be able to say that he or she can not assist in the duties of the
Territorial Force. He takes the village as a unit. In each he places
a Red Cross detachment, in which both men and women may share. The
commandant may be some one of leading in the place, and the women’s
portion of the detachment will have a lady superintendent, a position
which, it is hoped, some one of note will always be ready to fill.


_Details of the Scheme._

Every voluntary aid detachment will be so arranged as to admit of
dividing into two complete half detachments, thus:

Men—Commandant, medical officer, quartermaster, pharmacist, assistant
pharmacist, under officer and 12 men; assistant commandant, medical
officer, quartermaster, pharmacist, assistant pharmacist, under officer
and 12 men.

Women—Commandant (medical officer), quartermaster, lady superintendent,
ten women (including one trained nurse); assistant commandant (medical
officer), assistant quartermaster, lady superintendent, ten women
(including one trained nurse).

Under the commandant will be two sections, each commanded by an officer,
who ought to be the village doctor. Their under officers will again be
the chemist and his assistants. The men of the sections will be made up
of tradesmen and workmen. Each will have an assigned duty. The carpenter
and the smith would train to convert the church and the school into a
hospital, make ready carriages and carts to convey wounded and sick, and
fit up railway wagons, coal trucks, and the like for a similar use.

Others would prepare in peace time, so that when mobilized they could go
to a house here or a house there, obtain beds promised beforehand, and
fit them up in the temporary hospital, procure tables for operations,
lay in the necessary food and fuel. Under the lady superintendent is to
be the trained nurse, and her associates are to include those who have
volunteered as cooks, and others who will look after the cleanliness of
the hospital, wash clothing, and do all those thousand and one tasks
which make for the comfort and the restoration to health of ailing men.
In the larger towns and cities there may be dozens of these splendid
organizations for making less terrible the dreadful results of war.

The Red Cross detachments have no place in our regular service. Because
our forces serve over seas the War Office itself provides the necessary
chain of hospitals and communications for bringing the wounded to the
base. But the Territorial Forces are created only for service at home,
and the hope is that those who can not for any reason join its ranks may
at least render valuable assistance as members of their local Red Cross
detachment.

The Central Council of the Red Cross Society will superintend the scheme,
and the local Branches in the counties will cooperate with the various
Territorial Associations in carrying out arrangements. The main object
will be the base hospital, which is even now part of the Territorial
Force organization. Beyond that, however, it is hoped that the Red Cross
organizations and the general public may provide a convalescent hospital,
where the men wasted by war may recruit before, if necessary, returning
to the fighting line.

In time of war the organization would be: Fighting line, Territorial
Army Medical Service, field ambulances, clearing hospitals, voluntary
aid detachment, rest stations, ambulance trains, general hospital,
convalescent depot, and homes.




NOTES


CALIFORNIA.

[Illustration: PALMA COGLIANDRO (4 YEARS OF AGE), AN ORPHAN, BROUGHT FROM
MESSINA AND DELIVERED TO HER UNCLE IN SAN FRANCISCO BY THE AMERICAN RED
CROSS.]

Mr. Steinmetz, Secretary of the Pennsylvania Branch, who has lately been
in California, writes: “It was my desire to study carefully the design of
the wood houses issued to the refugees. Mr. Dohman very kindly put me in
the hands of Mr. McLaren, Superintendent of the Golden Gate Park, and I
went with him in his automobile, accompanied by one of the active workers
of their Organized Charities, and visited a great many of the little
houses. These wooden houses have been carried away to different permanent
sites, where they now form the permanent homes of their owners. As a rule
they have been somewhat rebuilt, have been raised off of the ground,
front porches and rear kitchens added, and they have been shingled and
painted and set in the midst of gardens of blooming plants and shrubs,
forming beautiful little suburban homes in which anyone would be content
and happy. The woodwork, as far as I observed, was in a good state of
preservation. There does not seem to be any rotting of the sills, the
roofs seemed taut and, altogether, the wisdom of issuing these houses
has more than been proved, showing that really your Central Committee
builded better than it knew.”

Palma Cogliandro, the little girl who was brought from Italy by the
Red Cross, and who, during an attack of measles, was most kindly cared
for by officers of the Massachusetts Red Cross, has safely reached her
destination and is with her uncle in California.


DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

The District of Columbia Branch of the National Red Cross Society has
finished equipping its relief station in the old Pierce mill, Rock Creek
Park, and in the future all accidents occurring in the park will be given
emergency treatment at this station.

A complete outfit of first aid to the injured has been installed. No
regular attendant will be stationed at the building, but the equipment
will be available to all who may need it at any time, day or night. The
keys to the room in which the outfit is located, and which will be used
as an accident ward until the arrival of one of the city ambulances,
have been placed under the glass at the side of the door of the mill.
Telephone connection with the city hospital has been made.


INDIANA.

A request was received at Red Cross headquarters from the Railroad
Commission of the State of Indiana for some ten thousand of the Red Cross
railroad posters, of which some sixty thousand have been distributed. The
Commission was informed that the railroads had already asked and received
thousands of these posters. The following reply to this communication was
later received from the Commission, which also issued a special circular
to all the railroads in the State urging them to apply for these posters:

    DEAR SIR: Your favor of June 7th was received and carefully
    noted.

    I agree with you that your system of distribution of the Red
    Cross warning posters is adequate, and you will allow me to say
    that it is my opinion that they are doing a great deal of good.

    Our Commission has been so impressed with the value of these
    posters that we desire to go further than you have done in
    their distribution, if it can be satisfactorily arranged. We
    wish to post them in the schoolhouses of this State. We think
    that children ought to be instructed, especially those who, in
    the country, ride over unprotected highway grade crossings, as
    to how serious is the danger that they constantly incur.

    There are 11,000 unprotected highway grade crossings of the
    railroads in this State. A great many people, and very often
    children, are killed by the trains on these crossings. We think
    that the attractiveness of your poster, its large letters and
    its colors would strike the attention of the children in the
    public schools.

    If you can arrange in some way to supply this Commission with
    the quantity mentioned in my letter of the 7th, I believe the
    result would be satisfactory to your Association.

                           Yours, very truly,

                                             W. J. WOOD, _Chairman_.

The posters were sent as requested.


MASSACHUSETTS.

The Secretary of the Massachusetts Branch writes National Headquarters as
follows:

“Mr. Richard M. Saltonstall, a lawyer and member of the Massachusetts
Branch, has been successful in stopping the use of the Red Cross as
an advertisement on several occasions, notably in connection with the
offices of quack doctors.”


MINNESOTA.

                                           ST. JAMES, MINN., May 31, 1909.

Mr. ERNEST P. BICKNELL, _Of the American National Red Cross, Washington,
D. C._

SIR: I got your address from clipping herewith from our _Minneapolis
Journal_. I write for a copy of the last report of your organization.

I am, so far as I know, the sole survivor of the original “Auxiliary
Relief Corps” of the U. S. Sanitary Commission, a corps organized by the
commission in the winter of 1863-64, and taking the field with Grant’s
movement on Lee, May, 1864, its first entry into the personal relief work.

In January, 1865, I put the Geneva Cross, now the Red Cross, on our corps
of some fifty young men attached to the base hospitals of the armies of
the Potomac and the James, its first display upon any organized body of
men on any field in the world. The “San. Com.” had already been sufferers
from lack of this protective emblem of neutrality.

Such reports, etc., as may give me a notion of the present condition of
this now assured success, the Red Cross of America, I shall be grateful
for.

                                I am, sir,

                                                          ANSON M. SPERRY.


NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Mr. Leighton, President of this State Branch, has sent to the editor of
the BULLETIN a copy of an excellent essay on the Red Cross, written by a
young man of the Antrim High School, and suggests that local Red Cross
Divisions offer prizes for the best essay written on the Red Cross in
their respective high schools, which seems to us an excellent idea. We
regret that lack of space prevents our printing the essay referred to
above.


NEW YORK.

A large and enthusiastic meeting in the interest of the American National
Red Cross was held in Florence Nightingale Hall, Presbyterian Hospital.
Miss Mary E. Gladwin, Superintendent of the Woman’s Hospital, presided,
and addresses were made by B. O. Satterwhite, Mrs. W. K. Draper, Mrs.
Charles C. Stevenson, and Mrs. F. J. Brockway.

The purpose of the meeting was to enlarge the general membership and
to increase the number of nurses enrolled. The speakers especially
urged nurses to enroll now, because of the approaching Hudson-Fulton
celebration, during which the American National Red Cross expects to
maintain twenty-one relief stations, six army tents, and an automobile
ambulance service, with nurses in attendance.

It was announced that the Mills Training School had decided to affiliate
with the Red Cross nurses’ organization, and the announcement was
received with much applause, for, as the chairman explained, there had
been a dearth of good male nurses in the Red Cross.


RHODE ISLAND.

The American National Red Cross and the Rhode Island Branch have
sustained a great loss in the death of Mr. John C. Pegram, of Providence,
a member of the Central Committee of the American Red Cross and the
President of the Rhode Island Branch. The Red Cross in this country
has had no more loyal and faithful supporter than Mr. Pegram since its
reorganization in 1905. At the next meeting of the Central Committee
appropriate action will be taken to express the deep appreciation of the
Red Cross of Mr. Pegram’s services and its sincere sympathy with the
members of his family and the Rhode Island Red Cross Branch.

John Combe Pegram, a member of the Providence bar since 1868, a former
Representative in the General Assembly, and prominently known throughout
the city and State because of his activities in benevolent and civic
work, died at the Hope Club at 6 o’clock on the morning of August 11. His
death resulted from an attack of cerebral hemorrhage.

[Illustration: JOHN COMBE PEGRAM.]

John Combe Pegram, son of William B. and Charlotte Combe Pegram, was born
August 26, 1842, at Owensborough, Ky. He was a graduate of the United
States Naval Academy, of Annapolis, in the class of 1863, and served in
the south Atlantic blockading squadron from July, 1863, to October, 1864,
on the U. S. S. _Wachusett_ in 1865-66, on various other vessels during
the civil war, and on the staff of Admiral Dahlgren. He resigned from
the navy in 1866, when he went to Cambridge. He was graduated from the
Harvard Law School in the class of 1868. He was admitted to the Rhode
Island bar in 1868, and had been the senior member of the firm of Pegram
& Cooke since 1885, though he had not been in active practice recently.

Mr. Pegram had always been active in public affairs and had held many
offices testifying to his interest in hospitals of the community. He
was a trustee of the Rhode Island Hospital, and for several years was
Secretary of the Board of Trustees. He was, until last year, a Trustee of
the Rhode Island State Sanatorium at Wallum Lake, and President of the
Rhode Island Branch of the American National Red Cross.

The Providence _Journal_ says of Mr. Pegram:

“There was a fine blending of Southern chivalry and New England rigor
in John C. Pegram, who died suddenly yesterday. His Annapolis training
and naval service during the civil war were marked by the same sense
of public responsibility as his interest in our local hospitals and
charities. He was the leader of the Red Cross movement in Rhode Island,
and the Rhode Island Hospital and the State Sanatorium especially
profited by his loyal and valued cooperation. Independent in politics,
fearless in denunciation of everything unwholesome, refined in thought,
cultivated in speech, a gentleman of pleasing address, he gave to this
community willingly of his time and labor and leaves it in his debt for
forty years of good citizenship.”


INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE.

Monsieur Moynier, President of the International Committee since its
foundation in 1864, has collected in a cabinet all the souvenirs,
orders, and testimonials of gratitude he has received during his long
connection with the universal Red Cross. The idea of Christian charity is
represented by an engraving of Christ dying upon the cross. Photographs
of the founders of the Red Cross in different countries fill one album,
and the publications of the International Committee form in themselves
quite a library. The University of Tomsk, on the 350th anniversary
of its foundation, unanimously conferred honorary membership of the
university upon Monsieur Moynier, the highest academic honor that can be
given in Russia. The Grand Duchess of Baden, in the name of the Baden
Women’s Union of the Red Cross, has sent to Monsieur Moynier, with a
personal letter, a medal and an illuminated address. The medal bears the
indication of the 50th jubilee of this union, which was actually formed
before the Red Cross, with a red cross in the center on the one side of
the medal and on the other the grand ducal arms and the motto of the
society, “Gott mit uns.”

Of the American Red Cross Text-Book on First Aid, by Major Charles
Lynch, U. S. A., Dr. Ferriere speaks most highly in the _International
Bulletin_, saying that it merits being translated and adopted by other
Red Cross Societies.

The _International Bulletin_, in referring to the international relief
work done by the Red Cross, says: “The international solidarity is
developing and may well some day crystallize into a convention like that
of Geneva, for the purpose of organizing specially for international
assistance at times of great calamities.”

The American Red Cross ventures respectfully to suggest that this
international assistance after great calamities needs no special
convention, that the Red Cross Societies of the world, originally
organized to render volunteer aid in time of war, have, almost without
exception, so broadened their scope of work as to include the assistance
necessary after great calamities. The American Red Cross, since its
reorganization in 1905, has rendered assistance after some eighteen
serious disasters, eleven of which were in foreign lands. If the American
Red Cross shall have the honor and pleasure of receiving the Ninth
International Red Cross Conference at Washington, it will ask that
special attention be paid to this question of international assistance
at times of great calamities. Such international cooperation in relief
measures would not only bring the financial assistance that does so much
to relieve the sufferings of the victims and gives them new courage
because of the consciousness of brotherly sympathy the world over, but
the experience and knowledge of each and all as to methods of relief
after various kinds of calamities, such as fires, earthquakes, famines,
floods, and epidemics, could be available for the benefit of those in
need of such aid. Much time, money, and supplies are often wasted and
unnecessary suffering caused because of lack of experience in how best to
proceed with relief measures.


BULGARIA.

The annual meeting of the Bulgarian Red Cross was held at Sofia on May
1. The reports show that the society possesses, in funds and value of
supplies, about $336,200. It will soon open a new hospital for the
instruction of its nurses. In 1908 it took energetic measures to prevent
an invasion of cholera from Russia. Funds were also raised for the
benefit of the victims of the fire at Uscub, Macedonia.


CHILI.

The International Committee of Geneva has sent out Circular 123,
announcing the receipt of the statutes of the Chilian Red Cross, which
are in accordance with the Red Cross international regulations, and
therefore the Chilian Red Cross is declared duly accredited to the
Central Committees of the Red Cross.


CONGO.

As the Congo has now become a colony of Belgium, the Congo Red Cross,
which has done much good work for the amelioration of the sufferings of
the victims of the sleeping sickness at Boma and Leopoldville, has been
dissolved.


CUBA.

[Extract.]

_Decree No. 406._

                                               HABANA, CUBA, May 10, 1909.

The Cuban Red Cross Society will enjoy in Cuban territory all privileges
accorded, or which may hereafter be accorded, charitable institutions.

The statutes and by-laws of the International Society of the Cuban Red
Cross, adopted by the Supreme Assembly of the society on March 10, 1909,
are approved by the government.

Dr. Diego Tamayo y Figueredo, elected on March 10, 1909, President of
the Supreme Assembly and of the Executive Committee of the society, is
officially recognized in such capacity and is appointed delegate of the
Cuban government, as provided in article 36 of the by-laws of the society.

Mrs. Dulce Maria Perez Ricart de Sanchez Fuentes is officially recognized
as President of the Central and of the Provincial Executive Committees,
to which she was elected on March 13, 1909.

The insignia, uniforms, banners, etc., of the society, provided for in
articles 5, 6, 7, 21, 23, 178, 179, 182, 184, and 196 of the by-laws, are
similarly recognized.

Gen. Armando Riva y Hernandez, E. P., and Gen. Gerardo Machado y Morales,
Inspector General of the Armed Forces, and Dr. Arturo Sonville, Major
Medical Corps, R. G., are appointed commissioners of the government for
the purpose of drawing up, together with commissioners designated by the
society, the regulations contemplated by article 31 of the by-laws for
the government of relations between members of the Red Cross and of the
official medical corps in time of war.

Dr. Florencio Villuendas y de la Torre is, in accordance with article 13
of the by-laws, designated to represent the Secretary of government in
the Supreme Assembly of the society.

The provisions of this decree will be communicated to the commanding
generals of the Armed Forces for the information of said forces, and
to the provincial Governors for the information of Alcaldes in their
respective jurisdictions.

The Department of Government is intrusted with the fulfillment of the
provisions of this decree.

                                               JOSE M. GOMEZ, _President_.

NICOLAS ALBERDI, _Secretary of Government_.


FRANCE.

The Life Saving Society of France has asked to become affiliated with
the French Red Cross. It has been in existence thirty years, and its
object is to provide assistance to the victims of accidents of public
calamities and epidemics. This society, in time of war, will place its
litter bearers at the disposition of the Red Cross. The French Society of
Secouristes, composed of volunteer men nurses, whose object is to install
emergency first-aid stations in Paris and other large cities, has asked
for a like affiliation for the purpose of placing its 1,000 trained men
at the disposal of the Red Cross in time of war. The Navy Department
has issued an order permitting the French Red Cross nurses to study
in the navy hospitals. Both the Army and Navy Departments have issued
orders authorizing their officers to become members of the Red Cross.
The methods of discovering the wounded after battle, especially when
the search has to be made at night, is receiving particular attention
in France; the use of trained dogs and of powerful lights are being
carefully studied.

The income of the Central Committee of the French Red Cross last year
amounted to $71,162, without including those of the two branches, the
Association of French Women and the Union of the Women of France.
Legacies amounting to $11,200 were also received. The Academy of Moral
Science, in recognition of the Red Cross work in Morocco, awarded the
society the Audifferd prize of $3,000, the highest distinction it can
confer. As a recognition of the same services, the Chamber of Deputies
voted an appropriation of $3,000 to the Red Cross “as a testimony of the
gratitude of the nation.” The society, during the past year, sent to the
military posts 6,800 books and magazines, not counting 360 subscriptions
to periodicals; 3,612 games were also sent for the soldiers’ use. The
French Red Cross presented to the Queen of Italy and to the Duchess of
Aosta the gold medals of the society in appreciation of their heroic work
for the earthquake victims.

RED CROSS AND AVIATION.—Near the Red Cross temporary hospital stood a man
with a telescope, sweeping the whole plain. Beside him was an automobile,
ready to start at a second’s notice. As soon as Bleriot fell assistance
was rushed to him and he was quickly in the nurse’s hands. His injuries,
considering that he had fallen sixty feet, proved slight, but his nervous
system received a terrible shock. When he appeared at lunch on the stand
his left hand was bandaged and he walked with a slight limp. He was
heartily cheered.

In an hour’s time after news of the earthquake in Provence had reached
it, the Marseilles Committee of the Association of French Women of the
Red Cross had ready a fully equipped hospital with its personnel, which
was established at Rognes. In speaking of this work one of the Marseilles
papers said: “The promptitude of this mobilization proves to us the value
of the Red Cross and the necessity for its practical instructions.”

The French War Department has conferred the gold medal of honor upon
Mademoiselle Berthe Clavery, a Red Cross nurse, who, after many months
of most devoted service in Morocco, nearly lost her life through typhoid
fever contracted while on this patriotic duty.


GERMANY.

By postal regulation all contributions for the Central Committee of the
German Red Cross, addressed to that Committee in care of its official
bank, can be sent free.

The society reports up to date that contributions for the flood sufferers
in Germany amount to $46,185.


GREAT BRITAIN.

The War Department of Great Britain has issued a circular to the officers
of the Territorial Medical Corps, recommending that on their retirement
they become members of the St. Andrews’ Ambulance Corps of the Red Cross,
which now numbers 4,000 active members. In the First Aid Department of
this BULLETIN will be found a most interesting article on the plans
of the British War Department and the Red Cross for developing the
latter for war relief service. In April, 1909, the Canadian Red Cross
was officially recognized by the government. It is affiliated with the
British Red Cross.


GREECE.

In its report for 1907, the Greek Red Cross states that it furnished
antiseptics and other supplies to twenty-three hospitals. The sick and
wounded refugees from Macedonia were aided. For a number of sick refugees
from Roumelia and Bulgaria tents, linen, and other necessary articles
were provided. After the International Conference at London, the Greek
Red Cross formulated the following recommendations:

1. To procure, as soon as possible, further legal protection for the name
and insignia of the Red Cross.

2. To procure different means for the transportation of wounded.

3. To found a school for the training of nurses.

4. To continue to take part in the anti-tuberculosis campaign.

Its funds and value of supplies amount to $155,285.


JAPAN.

After the Italian earthquake the Japanese Red Cross made an appeal in its
public press and $81,800 were received and sent to Italy. In a letter
its President, Count Matsukata, says that there were many touching
contributions from poor students, sons of peasants, who made great
sacrifices to send their modest contributions, which were accompanied by
naively cordial words of sympathy.


THE NETHERLANDS.

H. R. H., the Duke of Mecklenburg, a prince of the Netherlands, has been
appointed President of the Dutch Red Cross.


RUSSIA.

The Russian Red Cross has again to mourn the loss of one of its most
distinguished members, Prof. Frederick de Martens, who died June 20 while
on his way to his estate in Livonia. Professor Martens, renowned for
his knowledge of international law, was a most devoted and enthusiastic
supporter of the Red Cross. In June, 1907, before attending The Hague
Convention, where he was the most prominent Russian representative,
he represented the Russian Red Cross at the Eighth International Red
Cross Conference and carried from this conference some of its important
resolutions to The Hague Convention. During the war with Japan he was at
the head of the Bureau of Prisoners of the Russian Red Cross, and at the
time of his death he was President of the International Red Cross Jury on
the Awarding of the Marie Feodorovna Fund prizes. The American Red Cross
extends its sincere sympathy to the Russian Red Cross for the serious
loss it has thus sustained, and which loss is shared by the International
Red Cross.


SAXONY.

The Saxon Red Cross has created a special committee, which has charge of
relief measures after great calamities. The society sent $5,000 and a
large amount of supplies to the Italian earthquake relief.


SPAIN.

The Spanish Red Cross has received from Monsieur Bayod, pharmacist of
the court, two automatic apparatus for the production of oxygen. The
contributions of this society for the Italian relief amounted to some
$20,000, besides a large amount of supplies.


SWITZERLAND.

The Swiss Red Cross has suffered the misfortune of again losing by death
its President, Monsieur Pestalozzi. We desire to express, on the part
of the American Red Cross, our sincere sympathy to our sister society.
The Swiss Red Cross raised $108,646 for the Italian relief. A number
of houses were built in Reggio and Messina, which shelter seventy-four
families.


TURKEY.

At the time of the Armenian massacres the International Committee
received an appeal from the College of Tarsus for Red Cross assistance
for the victims. The Committee telegraphed to the Committee of
Constantinople, asking it to render immediate aid. The latter replied by
telegraph that owing to the lack of personnel, and because of conditions
in Constantinople, it was unable to respond to this appeal. By letter it
also expressed its regrets that it could not send aid to Adana, as its
stores had been entirely exhausted during the Greco-Turkish war and not
replenished. From its small funds it, however, appropriated $400 for the
relief at Adana. The letter, which was signed by Fayk G. della Sudda, as
President of the Red Crescent, told of the difficulties under the old
government, which almost prohibited the society from raising any funds,
but states that under the new government it hopes to make rapid progress.

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[Illustration: WASHINGTON SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST SANITARIUM, TAKOMA PARK,
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The first Sanitarium established by Seventh-Day Adventists was at Battle
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    Durable
    Comfortable

The invention which took the prize offered by the Managers of the Woman’s
Hospital of Philadelphia.

The “Storm” Binder may be used as a SPECIAL support in cases of prolapsed
kidney, stomach, colon and in ventral and umbilical hernia; as a GENERAL
support in obesity and general relaxation; as a POST-OPERATIVE Binder
after operation upon the kidney, stomach, bladder, appendix and pelvic
organs, and after plastic operations and in conditions of irritable
bladder to support the weight of the viscera.

[Illustration: WOMAN’S BELT—Front View]

[Illustration: MAN’S BELT—Front View]

Illustrated folder, giving styles, prices and diagram for measuring
and partial list of physicians using “Storm” Binder sent on request. A
comfort to athletes, especially horseback riders. Of marked value in the
prevention and relief of intestinal disorders.

Mail Orders Filled Within 24 Hours on Receipt of Price

KATHERINE L. STORM, M. D.

1612 DIAMOND STREET, PHILADELPHIA

       *       *       *       *       *

_CUMBERLAND STEEL COMPANY_

TURNED AND GROUND HIGHLY POLISHED SHAFTING

CUMBERLAND, MD. U.S.A.

Not only perfectly straight, but round, true to size and highly polished

SEND FOR RED PRICE LIST N

       *       *       *       *       *

The American Red Cross Bulletin

IS PRINTED BY

The Carnahan Press

AMERICA’S BEST PRINTERS

332-334 C Street N. W. Washington, D. C.

       *       *       *       *       *

American Red Cross Membership

Any man, woman or child who desires to become a member of the American
Red Cross may do so by filling in one of the Application Blanks at the
bottom of this page and forwarding it, with the dues, to THE AMERICAN RED
CROSS, WASHINGTON, D. C. Checks or money orders should be made payable to
THE AMERICAN RED CROSS.

The membership fee of $1.00 includes subscription to the quarterly Red
Cross BULLETIN.

                       Application for Membership

    _American Red Cross, Washington, D. C._          _Date_ ____

    _I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American
    Red Cross. One dollar for membership dues and subscription to
    the BULLETIN is enclosed herewith._

    _Name_ _________________________________

    _Address_ ______________________________

                       Application for Membership

    _American Red Cross, Washington, D. C._          _Date_ ____

    _I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American
    Red Cross. One dollar for membership dues and subscription to
    the BULLETIN is enclosed herewith._

    _Name_ _________________________________

    _Address_ ______________________________

       *       *       *       *       *

“AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS TEXT-BOOK ON

First-Aid and Relief Columns”

=By MAJOR CHARLES LYNCH=

of the Medical Corps, United States Army

Being a Manual of Instruction for the Prevention of Accidents and What to
do for Injuries and Emergencies

=PREPARED FOR AND INDORSED BY THE AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS=

WITH A PREFACE BY

=BRIGADIER-GENERAL R. M. O’REILLY=

Surgeon-General, United States Army

ILLUSTRATED WITH 74 ENGRAVINGS

POCKET SIZE, viii+244 PAGES.

=For Sale by The American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C. PRICE,
$1.00 PER COPY=

       *       *       *       *       *

GUM GLUTEN FLOUR

GUARANTEED UNDER THE FOOD AND DRUGS ACT, JUNE 30TH 1906. SERIAL NO. 5715
FOR SALE BY ONE LEADING GROCER IN EACH CITY—WRITE FOR HIS NAME AND BOOK
OF RECIPES—MENTION PUBLICATION

THE PURE GLUTEN FOOD CO. 90 WEST BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

       *       *       *       *       *

_Patents_

ALEXANDER & DOWELL

Attorneys at Law

918 F St., Washington, D.C.

(Established 1857)

Procure Patents and Trade-Marks; render Expert Opinions on Patentability
of Inventions; Validity and Infringement of Patents. Practice in all
Federal Courts. Inquiries courteously and freely answered.

       *       *       *       *       *

Army and Navy Academy

WASHINGTON, D. C.

SPECIAL COACHING FOR THE U. S. Military and Naval Service Examinations

Candidates are thoroughly prepared, both in class and by private
individual instruction, for the following examinations

    WEST POINT, Military Academy, Entrance Examination.
    ANNAPOLIS, Naval Academy, Entrance Examination.
    U. S. ARMY, 2d Lieutenant, Entrance Examination.
    U. S. NAVY, Asst. Paymaster, Entrance Examination.
    U. S. MARINE CORPS, 2d Lieut., Entrance Examination.
    REVENUE CUTTER, Cadet, Entrance Examination.

_Remarkable Success in all the Service Examinations_

For Particulars Address M. DOWD, Principal, 1410 Harvard St.

       *       *       *       *       *

Government Positions

=46,712 Appointments= were made to Civil Service places during the past
year. Excellent opportunities for young people. Each year we instruct
by mail thousands of persons who pass these examinations and a large
share of them receive appointments to life positions at $840 to $1,100
a year. If you desire a position of this kind, write for our Civil
Service Announcement, containing full information about all government
examinations and questions recently used by the Civil Service Commission.

COLUMBIAN CORRESPONDENCE COLLEGE, WASHINGTON, D. C.

       *       *       *       *       *

American Security & Trust Company

WASHINGTON, D. C.

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT FROM ORGANIZATION TO DATE

                                      CAPITAL
          DEPOSITS          Surplus and Undivided Profits         ASSETS
    Dec. 31, 1891—$  588,715         $1,320,238              $ 2,159,704
             1893—   809,261          1,462,097                2,905,658
             1895— 1,266,201          1,533,184                3,777,185
             1897— 2,627,182          1,587,455                5,149,138
             1899— 3,702,594          1,738,455                5,807,569
             1901— 3,943,832          1,838,108                6,012,165
             1903— 4,061,215          4,606,856                8,680,468
             1905— 5,555,065          4,709,706               10,311,840
             1907— 5,753,260          4,904,048               10,712,722

    Nov. 30, 1908—$7,450,174                          Assets $12,407,298

    Amount Paid to Customers in Interest                   $1,285,735.18
    Amount Added to Capital for Protection of Customers    $1,750,000.00
    Amount Added to Surplus for Protection of Customers    $1,967,124.47

From the foregoing it will be seen that the business of the Company
has steadily grown from year to year, and, while the shareholders
have received a fair return on the capital invested, the directors
have always borne in mind that their first duty was protection to the
depositors, which they have accomplished by adding over =four million
dollars=, making a guarantee fund to its clients, including shareholder’s
liability, of =EIGHT MILLION DOLLARS=, a record shown by few banking
corporations in the United States.

This statement does not include our =Trust Department=, the securities of
which, under the law, are kept entirely separate and distinct from the
assets of the Company, and our relations being of a confidential nature,
no published statements are made. The growth has, however, been much
greater than the above.

Accounts Solicited

Interest Paid on all Deposits, Large or Small.

       *       *       *       *       *

SPECIFY P-W-R CHEMICALS

    Ether, U. S. P., for Anaesthesia
    Quinine Sulphate
    Morphine Sulphate
    Bismuth Subnitrate, Bulky, Tasteless
    Collodion
    Hydrogen Dioxide
    Iodoform
    Thymol

COMPLETE LIST ON REQUEST

                     POWERS-WEIGHTMAN-ROSENGARTEN CO.
                          Manufacturing Chemists
                    New York PHILADELPHIA Saint Louis

       *       *       *       *       *

[Illustration]

Buholz Artificial Limb Co.

_1325 ARCH STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA._

These Limbs are made of Compressed Leather

The Limb you will eventually buy if you want comfort and satisfaction

       *       *       *       *       *

ESTABLISHED JANUARY 1, 1843

Thos. Kent Manufacturing Co.

MANUFACTURERS OF

WOOLEN GOODS, BLANKETS, FLANNELS, UNIFORM CLOTHS AND WORSTED YARNS

U. S. Standard Olive Drab Covert Cloths, Flannels and Serges a Specialty

SPECIAL BLANKETS

FOR HOSPITALS AND INSTITUTIONS

    Union Mills
    Rockbourne Mills
    Runnymede Mills

Bell Telephone 160, Lansdowne, Pa.

Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania

       *       *       *       *       *

(Send for Nurses’ Catalog N)

[Illustration]

APPAREL FOR NURSES

[Illustration]

_Ready to Wear and Made to Order_

    UNIFORMS
    APRONS
    CAPS
    GOWNS
    COATS
    BONNETS
    COLLARS
    CUFFS

    All Prices
    All Styles
    Best Value
    Excellent Cut
    Excellent Work
    Superior Quality

FOR Maids

CORRECT UNIFORMS

FOR

    COOKS
    CHAMBERMAIDS
    HOUSEMAIDS
    WAITRESSES
    ETC., ETC.

FOR Doctors

HOSPITAL GARMENTS

FOR

    DOCTORS
    NURSES
    ORDERLYS
    CONTAGIONS
    ETC., ETC.

[Illustration: (Send for Maids’ Cat. M.)]

[Illustration: (Send for Drs.’ Cat. H.)]

Nurses’ Outfitting Association

52 West 39th Street, New York

“Home Bureau” House Near Fifth Avenue

       *       *       *       *       *

Leave Your Wife a Fixed Monthly Income for Life

The Prudential

_Newest_ Monthly Income Policy

Provides a Cash Payment at death of Insured AND THEN a regular MONTHLY
INCOME for your wife for 20 years or for life.

_Cost is Low_

Write now for Particulars and cost for _you_. Address Dept. 146. Give
your age and age of Beneficiary.

[Illustration: THE PRUDENTIAL HAS THE STRENGTH OF GIBRALTAR

7,731,739 Policies in Force

Insuring $1,434,551,347]

The Prudential Insurance Co. of America

Incorporated as a Stock Company by the State of New Jersey

JOHN F. DRYDEN, President. Home Office, NEWARK, N. J.

       *       *       *       *       *

NATIONAL ENGRAVING CO.

DESIGNERS, HALFTONE, LINE AND COLOR ENGRAVERS

Phone, Main 1679

Office, 506-508 Fourteenth Street, Cor. Pennsylvania Ave. Washington, D.
C., U. S. A.

QUALITY DISPATCH

       *       *       *       *       *

KNEESSI’S SONS

MANUFACTURERS OF TRUNKS, SUIT CASES TRAVELING BAGS LEATHER NOVELTIES

425 SEVENTH STREET N.W.

PHONE, M 2000

SPECIAL TRUNK FOR NURSES AND MEDICAL PURPOSES

       *       *       *       *       *

TOILET AND HYGIENIC ANTISEPTICS

[Illustration]

After having tried the various remedial agents for this purpose as a
necessity to the toilet of your patients’ hygiene with unsatisfactory
success, we would suggest that you recommend a twenty-five cent box
of =Tyree’s Antiseptic Powder=, a preparation which both science and
practice has demonstrated time and again to be of unfailing value in the
treatment of diseases peculiar to the genital organs, in both male and
female, as well as dermatologic practice. Prickly Heat, Ulcers, Poison
Oak, Tender Feet, Offensive Perspiration, etc. It neither pains or
stains. Is odorless and economical, consequently can be used by persons
of moderate means, without the all-pervading tell-tale odor of Carbolic
Iodoform, and such objectionable preparations.

Our little booklet containing its composition and how to use it will tell
you more about it. Free upon application. Specify Tyree’s. Take no other
but TYREE’S.

                           J. S. TYREE, Chemist
                            Washington, D. C.

       *       *       *       *       *

_J. E. CALDWELL & CO._

_Jewelers and Silversmiths_

IMPORTERS OF High-Grade Watches and Clocks

DESIGNERS AND MAKERS OF Loving Cups and Other Presentation Pieces

Among which we mention the Silver Services for the U. S. S. Pennsylvania,
Kentucky, Iowa, Mobile and Mississippi

Makers of the Insignia for Buffalo Homœopathic Hospital, U. of Pa.
Hospital, Atlantic City Hospital, Wilkes-Barre Hospital, etc.

CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED

902 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

       *       *       *       *       *

PATENT SENSE and Patents that PROTECT

yield our clients enormous profits. Write us for _PROOF_. Inventors lose
_MILLIONS_ through _WORTHLESS_ patents.

R. S. & A. B. LACEY

Dept. 55 WASHINGTON, D. C.

Estab. 1869

       *       *       *       *       *

SAL HEPATICA

For preparing an

EFFERVESCING ARTIFICIAL MINERAL WATER

Superior to the Natural,

Containing the Tonic, Alterative and Laxative Salts of the most
celebrated Bitter Waters of Europe, fortified by the addition of Lithia
and Sodium Phosphate.

BRISTOL-MYERS CO.

277-279 Greene Avenue, BROOKLYN—NEW YORK.

[Illustration: Write for free sample.]

       *       *       *       *       *

Telephone, Main 3495

ADOLF BODÉ, LADIES’ TAILOR

Habit and Dressmaker

EVENING GOWNS A SPECIALTY

908 Fourteenth St., opp. Franklin Park (2d Floor, Bradford Building)
WASHINGTON, D. C.

       *       *       *       *       *

_In answering advertisements please mention THE AMERICAN RED CROSS
BULLETIN._




ADDRESS OF STATE BRANCHES

[Illustration: NOTE.—CROSSES INDICATE STATES AND POSSESSIONS IN WHICH
BRANCH SOCIETIES HAVE BEEN ORGANIZED.]


CALIFORNIA: Mrs. Thurlow McMullin, Secretary, 2200 California street, San
Francisco, Cal.

CANAL ZONE: Miss J. Macklin Beattie, Secretary, Ancon, Canal Zone.

COLORADO: Mr. L. L. Aitken, Secretary, Colorado Springs, Colo.

CONNECTICUT: Mrs. Sara T. Kinney, Secretary, P. O. Box 68, Hartford, Conn.

DELAWARE: Miss Emily P. Bissell, Secretary, 1404 Franklin street,
Wilmington, Del.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Mr. W. A. Slater, Secretary, 1731 I street N. W.,
Washington, D. C.

GEORGIA: Mr. Allan Sweat, Treasurer, Savannah, Ga.

HAWAII: Mrs. W. W. Hall, Secretary, Honolulu, Hawaii.

ILLINOIS: Mr. Chas. H. Ravell, Secretary, 135 Adams street, Chicago, Ill.

INDIANA: Mr. Rowland Evans, Secretary, Indianapolis, Ind.

IOWA: Mr. Charles Hutchinson, Secretary, 916 Fleming Building, Des
Moines, Iowa.

KANSAS: Mrs. B. B. Smyth, Secretary, Room 8, 4th floor, State House,
Topeka, Kan.

MAINE: Mrs. Anne Morrill Hamlin, Secretary, P. O. Box 732, Portland,
Maine.

MARYLAND: Mr. George Norbury Mackenzie, Secretary, 1243 Calvert Building,
Baltimore, Md.

MASSACHUSETTS: Miss Katharine P. Loring, Secretary, Prides Crossing, Mass.

MICHIGAN: Mr. Ralph M. Dyar, Secretary, 818 Penobscot Building, Detroit,
Mich.

MINNESOTA: Mr. Edward C. Stringer, Secretary, St. Paul, Minn.

MISSOURI: Mr. Leighton Shields, Secretary, 1200 Third National Bank
Building, St. Louis, Mo.

NEW HAMPSHIRE: Address of Branch, Mr. Wm. F. Thayer, First National Bank,
Concord, N. H.

NEW JERSEY: Mr. W. E. Speakman, Secretary, Woodbury, N. J.

NEW YORK: Mrs. William K. Draper, Secretary, 500 Fifth Avenue, New York
City.

NORTH CAROLINA: Mrs. Theodore F. Davidson, Secretary, Asheville, N. C.

OHIO: Mr. R. Grosvenor Hutchins, Secretary, Columbus, Ohio.

OKLAHOMA: Dr. Fred. S. Clinton, Secretary, Tulsa, Okla.

PENNSYLVANIA: Mr. Joseph Allison Steinmetz, Secretary, Independence Hall
Building, Philadelphia, Pa.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Mrs. Victorino Mapa, Secretary, Manila, P. I.

PORTO RICO: Miss Josefina Noble, Secretary, No. 9 Tetuan street, San
Juan, P. R.

RHODE ISLAND: Professor George Grafton Wilson, Secretary, care Brown
University, Providence, R. I.

SOUTH CAROLINA: Mr. A. W. Litschgi, Secretary, 187 King street,
Charleston, S. C.

TEXAS: Mr. Raymond D. Allen, Secretary, 483 Bryan street, Dallas, Texas.

VERMONT: Mr. Chas. S. Forbes, Secretary, St. Albans, Vt.

WASHINGTON: Rev. M. A. Matthews, Seattle, Wash.

WEST VIRGINIA: Miss Elizabeth Van Rensselaer, Secretary, Berkeley
Springs, W. Va.

WISCONSIN: (Madison Sub-Division) Prof. Eliot Blackweleder, Secretary,
care University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

WYOMING: Mr. Chas. F. Mallin, Secretary, Cheyenne, Wyo.




CHINOSOL

(Pronounced Kinnosol)

THE ONLY NON-POISONOUS, NON-IRRITATING, NON-ALCOHOLIC ANTISEPTIC

WHICH IS

“MUCH STRONGER THAN CARBOLIC ACID AND AT LEAST THE EQUAL OF BICHLORIDE OF
MERCURY.”

(EXTRACT FROM BACTERIOLOGICAL REPORT FROM THE LEDERLE LABORATORIES.)

A THOROUGHLY RELIABLE DISINFECTANT SAFE EVEN IN THE HANDS OF CHILDREN.

There is no longer any excuse for running the risk of poisoning by
carbolic acid or corrosive sublimate.

PARTIAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES.

    Imperial Board of Health of Germany.
    Royal Scientific Commission for Therapeutics of Prussia.
    Hygienic Institute of the University of Munich.
    Royal University Clinics, Halle a. S.
    Dr. Vogelius, Bacteriologist Laboratory University, Copenhagen.

In use in hospitals throughout all Europe.

CHINOSOL

DOES NOT INJURE MEMBRANES. FREE FROM DISAGREEABLE ODOR.

Every physician approves of the prompt application of a proper antiseptic
to a bruise, cut, wound or burn, thus insuring surgical cleanliness until
he can reach the patient.

CHINOSOL IS PRESENTED IN TABLET FORM. ONE TABLET TO ONE QUART OF WATER
PRODUCES SOLUTION OF PROPER STRENGTH.

WE ARE INTRODUCING CHINOSOL THROUGH THE DRUG TRADE OF AMERICA.

IF YOU CANNOT OBTAIN IT, REMIT TO US, IN POSTAGE, AND WE WILL SEND YOU
SUFFICIENT CHINOSOL TO MAKE

3 QUARTS FOR 10 CENTS.

Guaranteed by us to comply with National and State Pure Drug Laws—No.
2335.

CHINOSOL CO.—PARMELE PHARMACAL CO., SELLING AGENT, 54 SOUTH ST., N. Y.

The Carnahan Press