[Illustration]




                       The Women of the Mayflower

                                  and

                        Women of Plymouth Colony


                                   By

                          Ethel J. R. C. Noyes


                        Plymouth, Massachusetts
                                  1921




                          Copyright, 1921, by
                         ETHEL J. R. C. NOYES.


        Linotyped and Printed by Memorial Press, Plymouth, Mass.




                               FOREWORD.


The Pilgrim Women have been written about so little that it is indeed
a pleasure to welcome a book bearing the title, “The Women of the
Mayflower and Plymouth Colony.” History has dwelt long and minutely
upon the Pilgrim Fathers and their great adventure, but has passed
over the women with a generalization and occasionally a tribute. Even
their contemporaries have had but little to say about them. The author
of this little book is to be highly commended therefore for this much
needed addition to our meagre store of literature about the mothers of
this Nation.

There is much need to-day to perpetuate their spirit, to practise
their faith, to maintain their ideals. They loved liberty and endured
hardship, sacrifice and suffering for its sake. They built the homes
of the Nation on the foundation of English ideals of home and family
life which we cherish to-day as ours. They served their homes and the
community life of the colony with loyal and unswerving devotion. They
brought up their families in those rugged virtues and a living faith in
God, without which nations perish. They have a message for us to-day,
calling us back, not to their austerities but to their righteousness
and spirituality. Such books as this help to spread that message
throughout the Nation.

                             (Signed) ANNE ROGERS MINOR,
                             _President General,
                             National Society, Daughters of the American
                             Revolution_.




                       The Women of the Mayflower

                                  and

                        Women of Plymouth Colony




                       [Illustration: CONTENTS]


  THE GREAT NORTH ROAD                                                11

  THE SWORD OF THE SPIRIT                                             23

  UNDER THE LINDENS OF LEYDEN                                         35

  THE FIRE OF FAITH                                                   55

  THE FIRST STREET                                                    83

  THE BRIDE SHIP                                                     119

  BENEATH THE PINES OF PLYMOUTH                                      131

  A CHAPLET OF ROSEMARY                                              183




                         THE GREAT NORTH ROAD.

[Illustration: Part of design of sampler made by Lora Standish. May be
                   seen in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.]




                         THE GREAT NORTH ROAD.


Three hundred and a few more years ago the Great North Road leading
from London to Edinburgh ran through and by an English village in
Nottinghamshire just as it had done three hundred years earlier than
that and as it has these three hundred years. The streets of the
village ran toward it and into it as brooks flow to a river, it being
the main thoroughfare of travel and therefore source of all outside
interests for the inhabitants of the village.

At the corner as one could say, of one of these little streets or
roads where it joined the Great Road, one spring day of the sixteenth
century, we might see a group of some of the villagers, young people
principally, and it is plain some event of unusual interest has
called them together; they are laughing and waving to a young man who
rides away from them down the road, a friend who has been one of them
from childhood and popular as evidenced by the number who have been
wishing him a safe journey and all the usual farewells of any time and
place. This young man with the pleasing face and manner is the son of
the postmaster of the village and he goes to college; his erstwhile
companions gaze after his retreating figure down the Great Road through
the meadows and farm lands and there is one girl looks the longest--a
girl named Mary.

Other times other manners in some things--yet even today in another
country village we have seen the postmaster’s son leave home for
college, not on horseback but in an automobile, and a gay crowd of
his friends seeing him off, his presence to be missed in much the
same degree as among those we are now viewing with the mind’s eye.
Though time and circumstance be the result of the passing of three
hundred years, human nature remains as unchanged as the sky and sea;
the student of the present whom we mention may be cousin of a Cabinet
official, that scarcely is remembered at the moment, neither is it
thought of that the boy who rides on the Great Northern Road is a
member of one of the most substantial county families, with powerful
friends ecclesiastical and lay. As the turn of the road will soon take
him from sight, he looks back at the group watching him for a final
wave of his hat, then rides on towards his destination, Cambridge,
thinking, perhaps, of the gentle Mary, whom we have noted, whose fine
character and winning ways are already an influence with him and not
thinking at all, or knowing, of another Mary who is to be perhaps an
equal if not more potent influence in his life--a woman in as great a
contrast in rank and circumstance as the difference may be between a
queen and a village maid.

The gay group now lessens as some turn their steps towards their daily
tasks, a few of the boys perchance to a long walk to the nearest
school, few and far between in those days; others to help in the farm
work, if parents could not spare them; the girls to look after the
flocks on the Commons, or home work, such as cooking, wool spinning,
caring for the children or the sick. In this time and locality no
hospitals, orphanages or homes for the aged were there to relieve the
sick or homeless; friendship and charity must indeed have reached a
crest among these only moderately well to do people, education was
backward from conditions easily found, yet a thread of knowledge of
life in other countries as well as their own came almost daily to these
quiet, rustic people, not by books or newspapers, (the first seen
rarely, the last not existing), nor by letters which were not publicly
delivered by the government until some time later, but by the constant
travellers on foot or on horseback by the Great Road. The post house,
both an inn, relay station and receptible for news, though not a post
office as is today thought of by the words, was the finest house in
this particular town and well known, from the north country to London.
The position of postmaster was a coveted benefaction of the government,
the salary being large and enabling the official to lease the manor
house from a wealthy ecclesiastic. The office at this time had been
retained in one family for several generations. Thus the men and
women and children, of course, had plenty to talk about beside their
local interests at gatherings at the inn or after church services on
Sundays, for the old Church still was revered and followed, the changes
that were coming to some of its then supporters not yet discernable.

As we have selected a spring day for our glimpse into this long ago
life we may hear conversation among our young friends of the coming
May Day fetes and procession of mummers and maskers, and plans being
formed and opinions given as to who should act the usual characters in
the masque of Robin Hood. It was a pity indeed that “Will” would not be
with them this year; who might be Alan a Dale in his stead? But Will
was graver since learning Latin and Greek, perhaps he would not care
for their good times as much as he used to. A mistake surely--Will was
just as sociable and genial as ever.

Thus Mary and an Alice and Elizabeth and another Mary and Katherine
chatted away of coming pleasures and absent friends as blithe as any
similar bevy of girls in a far futured century from theirs can do.

In front of one of the cottages another group has gathered; a peddler
has come in and the older women have let the brew and baking wait a few
moments to hear the news of the towns he has come from on his chain
of travel, where other friends dwell, and to see his merchandise. The
girls’ eyes gleam as they join the listeners and prospective buyers,
departing Will and coming dances forgotten for the moment in this new
interest of the day. Joy! Patty, across the river, has sent a message
to Bess; not a written note, oh, no, for neither she could write nor
Bess could read it, but a message well delivered by the friendly vender
of trifles, so why give a thought to a lack of ability to read or write
just then, when one has learned, nevertheless, the latest important
event in the life of a dear friend in her very own words. The peddler
was a reliable and patient transmitter of words or gifts; a telephone
and parcel post in one, and always a welcome visitor. Today he might be
telling of the pageant lately given in a city not far away in distance,
but far in fact to them, to entertain the Queen on a visit she had
made there in the interests of the enterprise and industry that “Good
Queen Bess” endeavored to prosper in her land. Fashions were also
described, as the old time peddlers were indeed specialists in much
beside selling commodities and fancies. It is decided that Molly “shall
have a new ribbon to tie in her nut brown hair.” A new clasp knife
is needed by some one;--listen to the tale of the strange vegetables
now being brought for the nobles and gentry from the place called the
Queen’s kitchen garden in Holland. He had seen them and they were good
to taste;--a measure of linen? yes; starch just imported and the use
explained; a looking-glass, none too many on hand for comfort; a Bible
printed in English by a Dutch printer--he has just sold one to the
rector in a neighboring town--and so the peddler passes by.

An arrival at the inn, later in the day, of a high dignitary of the
Church with his train of employees made bustle about the village while
horses were changed. Towards evening, many of the people gathered about
the manor house, old in their day, and while the sunset gleamed in the
fish ponds on the estate and touched the church’s spire, they talked
of that day’s and other day’s events, discussed the curtailment of
the commons, as the landlords enclosed more and more, whereof one had
said not that geese were stolen from the common but the common taken
from under the geese; stories heard from travellers, or doubted what
they could not believe. A noted personage had passed that way quite
recently who had made more than ordinary impression, a gentleman of
the court going on an important mission to Scotland, then quite as
foreign seeming a country as Holland, where this gentleman had lived
also. He had talked especially with Will, the postmaster’s son and
seemed glad to hear about his studies, and was altogether friendly. But
few travellers changed the course of the lives of any of the dwellers
in this community as this same pleasant gentleman was to do for some.
Could Mary have dreamed that she should see her Will one day riding
away again, not to studies of Latin and Greek but in company with this
same gallant gentleman, to the study and knowledge of a new world and
language, as private secretary of Queen Elizabeth’s ambassador to
Holland?

Neighborly visits, while the twilight lingers after babies are in their
cradles, for recounting impressions and retelling news; thus the women
of that little village close a day like many another of which their
lives were made.

  “Weaving through all the poor details
  And homespun warp of circumstance
  A golden woof-thread of romance.”

Time to measure of several years, is spent almost unnoted by these
quiet dwellers in the village of Scrooby, the village we have pictured;
life for them does not greatly change, but for William Brewster, the
postmaster’s son, change, variety, experience, have filled each day
since Mr. Davidson, the Queen’s ambassador and advisor, called him to
become his secretary and confidential friend. The experiences of this
period both abroad and in his own country have been narrated by many
and may be read in various writings. At the close of these interesting
years, when all things pointed to a continuance of the brilliant
life stretching before him as courtier or politician, suddenly all
was changed. One day, news came to Scrooby, as to the rest of the
country, that Mary the Beautiful, exiled Queen of Scots, was dead. How
this event directly affected William Brewster and brought him to his
home again may also be read elsewhere. He became once more a country
resident, welcomed and beloved by all his old friends. The day of days
dawned for Mary and smiled upon her marriage with Will. He received the
appointment to the Scrooby post, in succession to his father, so the
old manor house became home to Mary for many years, and as the wife of
the most respected and admired man of the community--the leader in
thought and opinion, her days must have been filled with honest pride
and pleasure and love for her husband and children. That these happy
years should close with anxiety, distress, poverty as her portion was
because of the very importance of her husband’s position.

The causes which made for the startling contrast were slow in gathering
yet when accumulated, the effects followed with rapidity. Naturally,
as William Brewster settled back into his old place at the home of his
boyhood, the differences he had noted between life on the Continent
and in his native country made an ever recurrent impression. The word
pictures he drew of vastly different scenes and manners, customs and
dress found an ever ready audience and were recounted in the effort
to broaden and educate his hearers. At the same time, he resumed
acquaintance with college friends in other places and persuaded some to
move into his locality.

During these years, the farmers found living much more difficult,
owing to landlord’s selfishness who were growing richer while their
tenants grew poorer, also these country people found their religious
life growing more difficult. Church and State were one, and ordered
its subjects’ lives from the beginning to the end; persons who did
not care to be so controlled were soon made to see the error of their
ways. Nevertheless, as the Bible was made accessible to more of the
people from being printed in their own language, and as workers from
the Continent, chiefly Holland, came to live and mix with the English,
other ideas and views were taken by some, quite different from the long
dominant ones of the State Church.

Enough of these persons who thought alike separated from the old Church
to call themselves a new Church and held religious services among
themselves at their own houses. William Brewster was the leader in his
part of the country, and so many gladly followed his teachings and
example that the Church tried in every way to restrain them. Brewster’s
personal charm and influence, his intellect and generous spirit drew
countless numbers of men and women for miles around to his home for the
worship they conducted according to their ideas of right and liberty of
conscience. After the service in the old Chapel of the manor house, he
entertained all the company at dinner.

Just here we can see Mary Brewster, the sympathetic and charming
hostess, her fair face silhouetted against the dark, age old wainscot
of the refectory or dining-room, of the manor inn, surrounded by her
and her husband’s early friends and those of later years, loved by them
all for herself no less than as the wife of their revered leader.

These gatherings came to be held in secret, of necessity, as the
members were liable to arrest for absenting themselves from the
regular Church services and teaching other views. Spies were set to
report their actions, and some were called before the magistrates and
sent to prison. It became plain that they could not continue in that
manner--uncertainty and anxiety becoming daily companions.

Queen Elizabeth died; her successor rode down from Scotland on the
Great North Road and stopped with all his retinue at Scrooby. This was
doubtless the last brilliant assembly that the manor saw, when the home
of the Brewster’s. The people hoped for better things at his accession,
but soon learned that he was to be just as hard upon them and times
would be worse. Plans were made among them under the guidance of
Brewster for emigration to Holland where, as he knew, there was liberty
and welcome for all.

It is not difficult to realize the reluctance with which they came to
this decision, to leave all their natural associations, to give up
much that was dear with almost no hope of a return. Sad indeed were
these days for Mary Brewster and the other women of the community who
were preparing like her to part with much of their belongings, their
homes and friends who could not think as they did but were cherished,
notwithstanding.

  “Well worthy to be magnified are they
  Who with sad hearts of friends and country took
  A last farewell, their loved abodes forsook,
  And hallowed ground in which their fathers lay.”

       *       *       *       *       *

The final summer for them in the old home passed; that each sunset
brought a certain regret, each rose that bloomed a more than passing
attention we may believe. Yet it seemed the best thing they could do
for themselves and their children. In the place where they would make
their new home others of English birth and similar experiences were
already settled, having been, as they, forced to leave their own land;
at least they would be welcomed by and could have intercourse and
sympathy with those of their own race and country, advice and help also
in the matter of the problem of living--a somewhat staring one, as they
were ignorant of any solution but their own. Curiosity, too, supposed
ever to be an attribute of women, might pierce their melancholy a
little, and they had heard enough to wish to behold for themselves
since the opportunity had come; the enthusiasm for adventure on the
part of the children must have lightened the prospect as well. The pain
was in giving up the dear interests, the fond associations of their
lives.

Dull indeed the eye of fancy which cannot see Mary Brewster with her
two little daughters coming down the stone steps of the manor house in
a golden evening, to follow the path through the meadow fields towards
Ryton stream and there wander on its banks, visiting favorite nooks and
listening to the bird’s good night, for them seeming notes of farewell.
As Experience wears ever the same dress, her mirror must reflect for
each of us some such scene as this.




                       THE SWORD OF THE SPIRIT.

    [Illustration: Design of carving on pew back from old Church at
       Scrooby, England. May be seen in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.]




                       THE SWORD OF THE SPIRIT.


A ship had been engaged to meet them at Boston from where these
travellers were to sail. The first stage of their journey was
accomplished by their arrival at that town. Since the edict that
whoever did not subscribe to and uphold the State Church must leave the
country, one would suppose that their proposed departure would not have
been difficult, but when it was discovered how many desired to go and
had so arranged, malice itself must have been the cause of the refusal
of the authorities to permit it. The ship’s master then had to be well
paid to consent to take them away in secret. Instead of meeting them at
the appointed time in daylight, he kept them waiting until night, but
they all were finally on board with their baggage. Before the ship had
gotten a fair start, however, they were stopped by the port authorities
who had been warned by the ship’s owner, himself. The voyagers were
taken from the ship back to the town in small boats, their belongings
examined and those of most value as well as all their money taken from
them, the women having to undergo as thorough a search of their persons
as the men, which their own chronicler speaks of with indignation.
Still further embarrassment awaited these women when they were all
marched through the town in the early morning and people hurried into
the streets to stare at them as at a spectacle, and followed them into
the court room. Here the magistrates were more favorably disposed
toward them but were obliged to order their imprisonment until the
Lords in Council should decide their case. After a month’s confinement,
which was made only less trying and uncomfortable by the kind hearted
magistrates--to their great credit--the women and children and most
of the men were dismissed and sent back whence they came, by order of
the Council; the more prominent men were kept till the autumn was far
advanced before their freedom was granted.

The wounds to their feelings were healed by determination, and after
an unexpected winter among their friends, who in vain urged the
abandonment of their plans, some of them were ready to make a second
attempt to accomplish their object.

Brewster and several men, especially his friend, John Robinson, made
other and as they thought safer arrangements for this venture. So one
bleak day at the end of the winter, the women and children, with the
necessary baggage, embarked in a small boat at an inconspicuous place
on the coast, and sailed out on the sea. The large boat chartered for
the voyage was to await them at an appointed place near the shore,
between Grimsby and Hull, and the men were to go by land to meet it and
the small boat bringing their families and possessions; all were to
board it, and hoping for a more trusty master of this ship before news
of their plans would get to unfriendly ears, would be away.

Such good time was made by the little boat from shore to rendezvous,
that it reached the appointed place before the larger ship arrived and
must ride at anchor in a choppy sea. The women being unaccustomed to
travel by sea were most uncomfortable, and the weather becoming worse,
with the boat pitching and tossing so continuously they were driven to
desperation and begged the seamen to run the boat into an inlet where
the water was quiet, that they might have some rest. The men evidently
compassionate, did so, but it was a most unfortunate move, though
seemingly harmless. The night was spent in that strange and lonely
place, while their thoughts must have been busy with questionings as
to the non-arrival of the ship and the possibility of the men being
arrested before they could get to them; the cold was penetrating and in
their efforts to keep the children warm and quiet, the keeping up of
their own courage was under long odds.

In the dimness of the dawn, they could see the ship making anchor,
and on shore, their men could also be seen, so hope arose with the
morning, soon to be overcast, however, when it was realized that their
little boat was fast on shore, and no chance of release till the tide
rose. The resourceful Dutch captain of the larger ship, endeavoring
to honestly earn his money, sent his own small boat to shore to gain
time by taking on the men. These activities gave the children some
entertainment at least, we suppose, and they doubtless waved and called
to their fathers and friends as the first boat load left shore and
boarded the ship; the second trip was begun when suddenly the watchful
captain saw an armed company appearing in the distance; one glance and
his efforts were all in the direction of getting himself and his boat
to safety, no matter who might be on it or who not on it. His sails
were quickly run up, his anchor raised, notwithstanding the entreaties
of the men, who also realized the situation, to send them ashore, at
least, if he would not stay. The plight of the women and children,
helpless onlookers of this tragic end of their plans, drove the men
wellnigh frantic, both on the ship and on shore. The ship was soon out
of sight, flying before a good wind, but into as great a storm as they
left breaking behind.

Quick consultation among the remaining men decided who should try to
escape and who would remain with the women. It was wiser that not
all should be taken this time if it could be avoided. Some of them,
therefore, thus leaving their friends and families in this dire
situation, got safely away, though their position was no more enviable
than those husbands and brothers who were taken away on the ship. No
marvel that the women, even the bravest, were heartsick and in tears,
with their husbands apparently lost and the children, frightened, cold
and sobbing, clinging to them. But they had two or three of the men,
and well could Mary Brewster be a tower of strength to most, seeing her
own husband still on the shore and knowing what a rock he would be for
them all to lean on.

When the company of men on horseback and on foot came to the water’s
edge, where the boatload of women and the few men awaited their fate
at their hands, they placed them under arrest and hurried them to the
nearest town, to the court.

With their former experience in mind, they anticipated a long, dreary
imprisonment; but unlooked for circumstances pleaded their cause. Each
magistrate before whom they were taken in turn, with ever increasing
haste, seemed anxious to shelve the responsibility of a sentence.
Their case seemed so innocent and pitiable, the appearance of so many
despondent women and chilled and shivering children, so appealing, that
no justice could harden his heart sufficiently to imprison them, more
especially when their only crime seemed to be the desire to be with
their husbands, wherever they went, which was certainly a compliment
to men in general. When urged to go to their homes, their reply that
they had no longer any homes, capped the climax, and, fearing criticism
of any harsh treatment, the magistrates were most eager to be rid of
the matter on any excuse to themselves. Without realizing it, as the
nerves of the women were strained to the breaking point, they certainly
affected the nerves of the men, and when the judges dismissed them,
finally, from sheer desperation, even the men of the company being
included, it would have been hard to say which parted from the other
with most pleasure.

That day’s experience, in all its misery, however, advertised them in
an unimagined way, for, though they only desired an inconspicuous and
quiet life, the story of their wanderings and hardships was soon talked
of and many came to hear of them and consider their cause with interest
and sympathy, and, indeed, led to their making new friends and gaining
help later on. Nevertheless, their weariness was far from over, and,
throughout that spring, Brewster and Robinson, in the face of other
disappointments and difficulties, used their final resources to get the
women and children and themselves out of their net of trouble.

Yet in the end their dauntless efforts were successful. Their own
historian tells us that, notwithstanding, they all got away after a
time and “met together again according to their desires, with no small
rejoicing.”

       *       *       *       *       *

This happy place of meeting and rejoicing was Amsterdam, the city
of their intentions when planning to leave England. The comparing
of adventures since they had been swept apart by the tumultuous
circumstances of their departure must indeed have been a refreshment to
their minds as the safe arrival at their destination gave rest to their
bodies.

The anticipated welcome of the English people, who had already settled
in the city and had churches for worship according to their several
ideals, was cordial and sympathetic. We may be sure that the women of
the longer residence were only too happy to show and tell of this
wonderful city, to the newcomers, and that the women in whom we are
especially interested would have been glad indeed that such guides and
advisors should have been there to help them assimilate the countless
new impressions which were next in the path of their experience. While
each old friend or comparatively new acquaintance who had been of
their original party at home, must have grown doubly dear by similar
situation in the surrounding strangeness of this new world with all its
marvels and perplexities. The contrast between the quiet existence they
had led so long and the bustling, colorful life into which they were
plunged, might well have dazed them for a time had not a certain sort
of commotion and change attended them, in the interval, and been an
unforseen preparation for steadiness in any confusion of circumstance.

We may picture Mary Brewster, an example of their steadfast purpose,
meeting the new and trying conditions of poverty, a new language and
different modes of living in calm cheerfulness. Love and loyalty to
the men of their families would actuate every woman to do her best in
making the homes these same men had now to struggle to provide. Mutual
understanding and common interests were great factors in smoothing the
rough places. These men, now or afterwards, never thought of going
first as pioneers to provide a home for their wives and sisters to come
to; they well knew that the women were the ones to make the homes for
them. It was such a matter of course that the question seems never to
have arisen, likewise never commented on; one of the reasons why we
encounter such a scarcity of details that we would gladly read in their
records.

At this time even the names of the women seem hidden as by the very
secrecy of their journeyings. Later the mist clears for us somewhat.
Only the figures of Mary Brewster and her young daughters, Fear and
Patience, Mrs. Robinson, the pastor’s wife, and her daughters are
comparatively clearly outlined in the picture we try to see just here.

Nevertheless, it was because of a woman and her clothes, especially a
velvet hood, that was a prime cause of their moving from this scarcely
established home; even as the long shadow of a woman had already fallen
indirectly upon them in their original home and ultimately made for
their departure thence.

Let us seem to be standing on the banks of a canal of Amsterdam. It
is a brilliant winter afternoon and the scene is animated and full
of color, for skaters are flying over the ice and spectators are
watching them or walking about. Here is a group of women, there are
one or two whom we recognize, at least, having seen them in England.
The wife of the pastor of the Separatist Church which is seeking a
home, Mrs. Robinson, and the wife of the leader of his congregation,
Mrs. Brewster, with them a lady much more elaborately dressed than
either of them, the wife of the pastor of the Separatist Church
already established in Amsterdam, Mrs. Johnson. We feel quite sure it
is she, for what is the advantage of having fine clothes if one may
not wear them where many can see, on a gay afternoon in a big city
especially, and has it not been a matter of indifference to her what
comments are made or how nearly her husband’s church is rent asunder?
These new friends are a pleasure to her since they do not criticize
but only admire her appearance. Their attitude, if reflected from the
male members of their party is that the style of woman’s costume is a
detail, and may be according to her station, the one point being that
it should be paid for.

Mrs. Johnson is probably giving her point of view of the matter and an
opinion of her brother-in-law, in the controversy, which is a matter
of record. Meanwhile, the eyes of the mothers see the bright faces of
their children, and their voices come to them from the ice. John and
Jonathan are being called to by a number of girls as they start to race
to a goal.

The girls have some of their new friends with them, fair English roses
like themselves, all for the present blooming together in this country
of tulips--Bridget and Mercy Robinson, Fear and Patience Brewster,
Jacquelin and Dorothy May, the latter, daughters of the elder of Mr.
Johnson’s church. Dorothy and Patience, lighthearted children, never
giving thought to the web Fate is weaving for them. Soon to part,
after a brief acquaintance, but to renew it in a few years, because
Dorothy is a magnet to draw back to Amsterdam the grave young man so
frequently seen with her father and Mr. Brewster, at this time, and
will herself leave her home there to join these friends again. And
Patience is to become the wife of a man of prominence and influence
just as her mother had done. These are future visions indeed, yet these
two girls, as they stand side by side, are the presentment of the women
(though ship and Colony were then undreamed of) causing the special
designation in the title of this story.

Therefore because of the turmoil regarding Mrs. Johnson’s apparel and
other matters affecting the congregation, John Robinson and William
Brewster thought it wiser to remove their people from such ensuing
contentions, notwithstanding it would entail the search for new
employments and cause some more expense.

It was ever the Sword of the Spirit--the spirit of self-sacrifice,
“whatsoever it should cost them,” to attain their cherished object,
democratic religious and civil government, that led them onward, step
by step, to the victory which was to be theirs.

This change of surroundings was accomplished with much less stress and
strain than their former one. Their new companions in Amsterdam were
sorry to have them go; while a welcome from strangers awaited them in
the city of their choice.




                     UNDER THE LINDENS OF LEYDEN.

                            [Illustration]




                     UNDER THE LINDENS OF LEYDEN.


The chimes from the spire of the State House rang out an evening hour.
There seemed no unusual portent in this daily custom to the ear of
workers in the busy city turning homewards at close of day. Yet in that
hour on that calm evening of early summer, history was being made for
that city, and to its honored name was added an interest for thousands
of a future day by the seemingly unimportant event then taking place.

A large canal boat, one of the many that plied between Amsterdam and
Leyden, was nearing its mooring at the close of the day’s trip and a
number of persons were on the quay apparently awaiting its arrival. The
boat was heavily ladened with freight and passengers, the household
belongings and persons of a number of families. If some of the members
looked a trifle anxious, all seemed happy and still interested in
all to be viewed at the end of a pleasant journey that had been full
of new sights for the majority. A pleasanter voyage than many had
experienced within the year, and with much uncertainty and strangeness
eliminated from this landing at Leyden which had harassed their arrival
at Amsterdam; for these are the pilgrims from England, to whom the
authorities of this city had recently given permission for residence,
in reply to a petition sent in their behalf from Amsterdam, by their
pastor, John Robinson.

The English were already well known in Leyden and some of this party
had been there to rent houses and survey the prospect. More than
casual glances were given these new arrivals, for, though evidently
poor people and certainly, as yet, unknown, their appearance was
distinguished even in their plain clothes of English fashion, different
to the gay apparel of the natives.

The accounts of this beginning of their sojourn in a new locality are
somewhat meagre, nevertheless they furnish ground for speculation
and conclusions not unjustified. Our interest follows the women we
already know and others whom we are soon to know, as they once more
endeavor to solve the problems of home-keeping with slender resources,
their characteristics of patience and courage again to the test. An
admonition surely given by their beloved pastor must have dwelt in
their thoughts to “stand fast in one spirit, with one mind striving
together ... and in nothing terrified.”

The advantages of living in a prosperous, progressive and highly
civilized city were not long in being realized by these women. Though,
at first, their homes were in the poorer part of the city, their
industry and energy supplementing that of the men, who soon found
plenty of employment in the trades of the city, particularly the cloth
and silk weaving, enabled them to live fairly comfortably. The markets
of fish and vegetables saw them as daily customers, and even the
flower market found them as occasional visitors to delight the children
as well as themselves. The public schools gave to many of the children
more of an education than their mothers had had; this opportunity for
free knowledge, as well as the hospitals, homes for the aged, orphan
asylums, were some of the marvels of this new life. Books and pictures
were so moderate in price as to be available for all.

The contrasts between the conditions which tended towards the benefit
and advancement of the plain people in their present home and those
which were only for the benefit of the wealthy and aristocratic class
in their old home were as easily seen by his companions now as they had
been by William Brewster years before.

The objects above all the planning for the routine of practical life
were that they might have food and comfort, peace and quiet to worship
God.

They were not without news of England, for their community was
constantly increased by new arrivals, who, hearing of the success of
their venture, came to try the experiment themselves; some remaining as
true friends and burden sharers, others returning.

Scarcely three years passed before the women had the joy of moving
into attractive newly built cottages on a piece of ground in a very
desirable location for their needs, bought by several of the men
for all in common. All were now in good circumstances retained by
continual labor, however. The nearness of the famous University was a
satisfaction to the many intellectual men of the party, both to enter
as students or to read in its library.

That the content of the men was reflected by the women is without
doubt, for if the men in a family are fairly happy it is easy for
the women to be so, and, on their own account they had reason to be
lighthearted. Their cosy little houses were built at the sides of the
piece of property, the center becoming a small park or community garden
with sanded walks, flower bordered. The pastor’s house, at one end,
was the largest and finest, for in it the Sunday services and three
teaching services or lectures were held, as they had been held in the
old manor house in Scrooby.

Besides their two indefatigable and honored leaders, the pastor and
William Brewster, now an elder in their Church, the community was
fortunate in having among them the young doctor, a widower, whose home
was kept by his sister, Anna. Her self-reliant, decisive character must
have been highly sympathetic and congenial to her brother. The life of
Anna Fuller is one of those most discernable to us in that coterie of
women, after the lapse of the long years. Tactful and clever she was,
and a favorite with all. Between her and Mary Brewster there grew a
warm attachment.

A friend to them both and to many others, was Katherine Carver (the
wife of John Carver, a prominent and valued man of their company) whose
lovely character endeared her to them, but whose chief interest in
life was her husband and what concerned him.

Ann Tilly and the wife of James Chilton added to the group of these
young matrons who enjoyed their quiet but not altogether uneventful
lives in mutual sympathy and esteem. We must admire the smoothness
with which they managed their affairs, taking into consideration the
varying temperaments among them; tact and unselfishness, wisdom and
charitableness must indeed have been taught them by “the grave Mistress
Experience,” and not only among themselves was it observable, but also
with their new, interested and friendly neighbors, the women of that
Dutch city, through whom they became acquainted with its manners and
customs and to feel quite familiar with them. Their children and the
Dutch children soon became friends and through them the mothers of
each began their knowledge of one another, to their mutual advantage.
We know the pride of the native women in their city and how ready and
willing they were to show its sights and relate its history to these
interested strangers.

Thus we can easily fancy a party coming along Belfry Lane and through
other streets on their way to visit the Burg, a promised treat to
the children and desired by their elders. Ann Tilly is taking the
children of her household--two little cousins and a niece--having none
of her own, whom she has mothered. Mistress Chilton has with her, her
daughter; Mary Brewster and her two daughters walk with Katherine
Carver; Anna Fuller and the Carpenter girls--one soon to be her
sister-in-law--and one or two boys, a lively party, all accompanied by
some Dutch friends as guides.

Leyden was at that time full of reminders of the war with Spain, its
part of it having been the great siege. Up on the Burg the country for
miles around lies before them, and as they look, the story is told and
they try to picture just where and how the battle was fought. Doubtless
some old soldier was on the Burg, that bright afternoon, living for
himself again that time of suffering and valor, and glad to recount
many of the details and describe where had been a particular Spanish
redoubt, or just where such a regiment had been stationed, or the
location of a General’s headquarters.

We of days far from theirs are yet joined to their experiences of that
afternoon of our fancy if we have chanced on a similar recital from
one who had participated in another war with Spain in a very different
country and setting, a war in which the descendants of some of these
women had a part. From the wall of an old Spanish castle near Manila,
a party of women, one of them the present writer, looked over the
surrounding plain on an afternoon not many years ago, while the then
American owner, their host, related just such details and anecdotes
of the Philippine incident in the war with Spain, already some years
in the past; there was a battery of the United States regulars; the
insurgents came in here; a far glimpse of the sunlit harbor showed
where Dewey’s ships lay; and so on. By such a touch does a string on
the harp of life sing on through the centuries.

Coming home, they would visit the City Hall, where were then kept
many mementos and relics of victory upon which they could look with
wondering earnestness, feeling as we when today viewing objects closely
connected with the World War, so recently in our thoughts.

       *       *       *       *       *

The blossoms of the lindens fell over the grey wall enclosing the old
cloister wherein the veiled nuns had walked, fell over into another
garden and around other women of whom the cloistered nuns had never
heard, and to whom they were but a name; lives in deepest contrast,
lived in neighboring environment yet divided by a grey stone wall and
many years.

At a well by the old wall several young women have gathered, some to
get water for their household use, others to meet them there for a
gossip--for even in the little colony of English Separatists living so
quietly on their own ground, itself almost a cloister, in the gay city
of Leyden there was, of course, gossip in its friendly and sociable
meaning. But chat between the women only is interrupted, and apparently
to their amusement, by small boys and girls all eagerness at a tale
one of their number is telling of an exciting event in their school
life that day; no less than the story of how the Prince’s ball fell
into the canal and he took the boat hook belonging to an old woman who
lived near, never thinking she would object, and fished the ball safely
out. A tale with an apparently happy ending, but not so, the old woman
mistaking Prince Frederick for just an everyday boy scolded him well,
and when some one called out that it was the Prince who had borrowed
her boat hook, she was so overcome and frightened that she ran in her
house and they could not coax her out, for she said they would take her
to prison.

Smiles fade as a shadow of remembrance crosses the minds of some of
the listeners at prison experiences they have known, and perhaps a
thought of contrast that here, in this democratic land, their children
have as playmate a prince of the blood, while in their own country
they might scarcely ever have seen one. A few of the young men have
wandered towards the well, since evening is advancing and their day’s
employments are over; here are Edward Southworth, William Bradford,
Robert Cushman, William White,--and, severally, Alice Carpenter, Mary
Singleton and Anna Fuller may no longer be monopolized by the children,
while Patience Brewster is glad to hear of her friend in Amsterdam,
Dorothy May, from William Bradford, who visits Elder May rather
frequently.

In fact, news from Amsterdam was quite regularly brought by visitors
as well as by those of their own company returning, since seeds of
romance sown in the early days of their sojourn were bearing fruit, and
engagements were so frequent that one was scarcely talked of before
another came up for consideration.

Thus it was not surprising to see Samuel Fuller leaning across the
half door of the Carpenter’s cottage, while Agnes, presumably waiting
for Alice to return from the well, on the other side of the door,
smiled at him. Not unlikely that Edward Southworth and the doctor will
both be asked to supper, for the Carpenter household, with five gay,
pretty girls in it was not a dull one. One of the households soonest to
break away, however, from the present surroundings; after three of his
daughters married, Alexander Carpenter moved the rest of his family to
his old home in England. Anna Fuller noticing her brother’s absorption
and knowing from rather frequent experience that he may forget about
the supper she will provide for him, decides on spending the evening
away from home, herself. To her neighbor and special friend, Mary
Allerton, she will be a gladly welcomed guest--she who, a year ago was
Mary Norris, and for whom Anna had been a witness at her marriage to
Isaac Allerton. Sarah, Isaac’s sister, who lived with them, was good
company also, and if Degory Priest should happen by, as was more than
likely, to walk with Sarah to the weekly lecture at Pastor Robinson’s
and if William White should come too, still less unlikely, she would
tell him that--“yes she would marry him, when Samuel married Agnes
Carpenter and was off her hands and mind.”

In this group of pilgrims there were many young men and girls,
therefore many were the love tales told under the lindens and marriages
frequent during their sojourn.

The Botanical Gardens at Leyden, one of the city’s proud possessions,
must have held the usual charm for walks of sweethearts and wives and
the men of their choice on a Sunday afternoon that seems to be evident
everywhere there are Gardens, in any era and place, from Edinburgh to
Hong Kong.

The annual Kermiss also witnessed many visitors from among these
strangers, and the other holidays and sports came in time to be almost
as familiar and enjoyable as though known in their own country.

Good health and fairly comfortable living made comparatively light
hearts, among the younger set especially.

We are glad to picture these years of their life in Leyden when their
industry and thrift brought them to pleasant days of living, and the
cheerfulness and peace of their little community attracted visitors and
favorable comments. These days were lighted by hope, a hope that they
might through some fortunate possibility be able to return to their
beloved England and live in the unmolested peace and independence there
which they had found here.

Prosperity again found Mary Brewster, for her husband becoming a much
respected teacher of languages in the University, was soon able to win
a comfortable and adequate living for his family, and, as always, the
Brewsters were ever ready with sympathy and help to those less well
off than they; indeed one of the chief supports in this thoroughly
religious body of people was their convention of mutual help and
friendliness.

Mary, as well as her husband, was always available as the confidant of
their neighbors, therefore a frequent witness for the young couples who
went to the State House, according to the custom of the country, to
declare their intentions of marriage, and we feel sure the interest did
not stop there, and that she and her daughters helped with the simple
festivities connected with these marriages. A member of the University
was exempt from tax on homemade wines and brew, and as both were common
beverages at that time, and made in all households, her wine and
cooking receipts must have been frequently used.

While the history of these Pilgrims may be told, and has been, with
casual if any reference to the women, the story of the women must
hinge on reference to the whole Pilgrim story. Looking at them from
our position, down the long vista, seeing the background of which they
were hardly conscious, the foreground invisible to them, their reality
and aliveness should be vividly lighted by all the colors of romance
which only distance may give and we should be able to get the feeling
that things had for them, at least. A few plain, loyal, trustful women
living their daily lives with no dream of a place in history, yet on
whom else may we look entitled to a softer, more caressing glow from
the flame of fame?

Julianna Carpenter, the eldest sister, married George Morton, before
the lindens bloomed again, followed soon by the marriages of Agnes
to the wise and popular young doctor, the doctor’s sister to William
White, as she had said, and the lively young widow, Sarah, sister
of Isaac Allerton, to Degory Priest. Their mutual satisfaction and
happiness was punctured by the shock of the sudden death of one of
their number, Agnes Fuller; the whole community was stirred by the
fact that so unexpectedly, the doctor was again a widower. Thus their
recurring measure of joy and sorrow, pleasure and trouble, success and
endeavor.

We may well hope that, in the fullness of time, our days may be looked
upon with the same search-light of sympathy and understanding which we
turn upon theirs.

Another year more wedded couples were added to the list--it was a
sign of their hopefulness that marriage among them was encouraged and
the remarriage of the widowed favored. Alice Carpenter married Edward
Southworth and William Bradford brought his bride from Amsterdam,
Dorothy May. It was in the late autumn that she came to Leyden to
renew some childhood’s friendships. The marriage of another friend
of Alice Southworth occurred at a slightly later date when Robert
Cushman married Mary Singleton. So these younger and important men of
the settlement took on new responsibilities, and after a while Dr.
Fuller tried a third time and found with Bridget Lee a more permanent
happiness in matrimony.

The very little girls, as the years passed, were replaced by others,
while they grew into the places of maidenhood left vacant by the
younger matrons. Thus Mary Chilton, Bridget Robinson, Priscilla
Mullins, Patience and Fear Brewster, Desire Minter, Humility Cooper,
formed a lively group in which Elizabeth Tilly and Mercy Robinson
claimed membership though somewhat younger.

The famous storks of Holland were good enough to bring many rosy babies
to the little homes of this English colony, so the joy and amusement of
babyhood was never lacking.

Into this little world a passing traveller entered, a young man of some
wealth and position in England, who having heard of the community,
thought to look upon it as of transient interest, and desiring to meet
William Brewster, John Robinson and others whose writings printed by
their own established press were attracting attention. In truth he was
more interested in the printing press than the writings, being reputed
himself a printer, and as a worker in one art or trade or profession
desires to see the results or products of another in that same class,
Edward Winslow entered the life of the Brewsters, the Robinsons,
the Allertons, the Bradfords, but most particularly into the life
of Elizabeth Barker, and since it was her world it became his, too,
henceforth. Almost the last romance of these peaceful years witnessed
by the lindens and the old grey wall.

Soon thereafter a rift became apparent in the harmony of existence in
the garden colony and it was Mary Brewster who heard it first. Again
she experienced the haunting anxiety on her husband’s account, which
she well knew of old, and from the same source--persecution by the
royal authorities in England and their representatives in Holland.
The cause was the printing press and the sentiments it set forth.
The hunt for the unknown though suspected printer at that time is an
entertaining story told by various chroniclers of the history of these
people and reminds one of the somewhat similar search for the hidden
printer of our modern times who issued the prescribed little Belgian
newspaper during the occupation of that country by the Germans.

Suddenly in addition to this personal touch of unrest came a focus
in the national affairs of their adopted country, which centered in
Leyden, and while of great interest to them, as such matters have
been, and are, to us, are always bound to increase uncertainty and
instability of daily concerns.

The scope of the present work is not to dwell on the general events
of history, but only as their effects touched the lives of the women
of our story. Gradually it had come to be recognized, also, that
the younger generation among them was fast becoming more Dutch than
English, as was natural from environment. And since their object
had never been other than to remain English people and to send the
enlightening word of their religious freedom and church’s independence
back to their own people, now that the advantage of their printing
press was about to be denied them this advancement was at an end.

These subjects for reflection and others equally compelling brought
them to a point in their destiny for which Providence in the preceding
years had been preparing them by the variation of their experience, the
widening of their horizons, the increasing knowledge of humanity and
capacity for labor and economy which came as assets of their exile from
home in a land of comparative freedom.

The women had as much opportunity for facing these questions and facts
and discussing them among themselves as the men, and the possibility of
giving up all that they had won for the sake of their faith and ideals
loomed as evident before them as to those upon whom they not only
depended but supported by their love and loyalty.

Thus prior to the all-important conference called at Pastor Robinson’s
house, many of them had set to withdraw their thoughts from the
comparative ease and prosperity of the past ten years, and drill their
minds to becoming again way-farers and makers of new homes elsewhere.
Where else, indeed? Many suggestions were made before the answer was
determined. When it became definitely known to the city authorities
that these peaceful, industrious and altogether desirable inhabitants
were thinking of severing their connection with them, they announced
their regret publicly in complimentary terms. Also an offer was made
that these would-be pioneers continue under the flag of the Netherlands
as colonists. But it was their own flag, their own nationality for
which they were about to sacrifice much and for which they stood ready
to endure more in the future.

At the assembly at John Robinson’s house where the congregation met for
final decision, it was resolved that if the vote showed a majority in
favor of remaining a while longer, the Pastor should remain with them,
and for those who wished to emigrate immediately, William Brewster,
their Elder, should be their spiritual leader, while awaiting the
coming of the rest.

In regard to this vote, one writer has said, “It cannot be known
whether or not the women of the church had a vote in the matter.
Presumably they did not, for the primitive church gave good heed to
the words of Paul, ‘Let your women keep silence in the churches.’
Neither can it be known--if they had a voice--whether the wives and
daughters of some of the embarking Pilgrims, who did not go themselves
at this time, voted with their husbands and fathers for removal.” If
this exactness is lacking, we may feel a certain knowledge that each
woman was aware of how the vote which affected her and hers would be
cast. One is somehow reminded of the old story, though of modern times,
of a certain pastor receiving a call to a larger field of usefulness
who retired to seek Divine guidance. During this time a member of the
congregation called for information on the subject. The pastor’s
little daughter received the visitor, and in reply to the important
question said, “I can’t say exactly--Father is praying but Mother is
packing.”

During the time between the actual decision and final satisfactory
arrangements for departure--we can fancy the women’s days being
particularly trying. Breaking up homes--deciding what would be needed
most in the unknown land and in the restricted space alloted to each
one’s belongings on a small ship. Cooking and table utensils were
commonly of pewter and wood--so anxiety of modern movings regarding
breakage was lessened--books, clothing and furniture required the
same attention as we experience in packing. And looking-glasses! Mrs.
Robinson’s sister, Jane White, had married soon after their arrival
in Leyden, Randolph Tickens, a manufacturer of looking-glasses,
so although the Tickens family were not to go among the first, a
looking-glass or two were certainly to be found space for. If they were
such as the mirror of Mary, Queen of Scots, though of earlier make, and
shown to visitors in Holyrood Castle, they were not very desirable or
useful, giving but a hazy reflection of any one’s good looks--but they
may have been satisfactory when new.

The day before the breaking up of the community came at last, as all
days do, though seemingly far off when first recognized as approaching.
That evening was spent by all, at the Pastor’s house, at supper and
with music. If verging on tragedy to us, as on-lookers, what must it
have been for them?

The barges are moored at the quay--near the Nuns Bridge--were any of
their thoughts flung back, as ours are, to the day of their arrival
at Leyden eleven years before? This party is large, as many who would
return, for a time, are going with the others to see them depart. Some
have already gone and are in England making final arrangements--so Mary
Brewster, Katherine Carver, and Mary Cushman are without their husbands
at present--though the sons of the Brewster and Cushman families are at
their mother’s side--while Katherine Carver has the unfailing attention
of the tall, strong, young man, devoted to her husband’s interests,
John Howland.

Anna Fuller White (since her marriage called more often by her full
name, Susanna), has her husband and little son, Resolved, a fitting
name for the first born of this woman. Her brother, the doctor, is of
the emigrating party, (with a young assistant), but his wife and baby
will stay behind. The children of some are to go with them, while those
of others will remain with relatives--thus the little son of Dorothy
and William Bradford has gone to his grand-parents at his mother’s old
home in Amsterdam. The sadness in the eyes of some of the women as they
look back at the fair and beautiful city, which has sheltered them so
kindly, is formed of regret that all may not remain together in this
departure, as well as a sigh for the happy years now gone.




                          THE FIRE OF FAITH.

[Illustration: The cradle that was brought across the sea for the first
       New England baby. May be seen in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth.]




                          THE FIRE OF FAITH.


As one goes along the road of remembrance, some readers as well as the
writer may see before them the outlines of a ship at the wharf of,
perhaps, an unfamiliar city, towards which they have travelled after
careful planning and arrangements for a voyage which is, after all, to
carry them towards the unknown--. Just so, and with the same feelings
the eyes of the women passengers on the canal boats from Leyden, looked
upon the form of the “Speedwell”, the little ship on which their
thoughts and plans had for some time focused, now appearing before
them with all the suddenness of reality and accomplished effort. Those
whose former knowledge of ships had been far from pleasant, saw it with
bravely stiffened reluctance or repugnance, while the younger were in
contrast as eager to experience this new thing.

Some of the girls, whose memories, real or imagined, could stretch
back to their coming from England, almost as babies, were in great
favor and admiration with those whose life and experience had been
only in Holland. So Bartholomew Allerton and his little sisters,
Resolved White, John Cooke, Samuel Fuller (nephew and namesake of
the doctor), relied on the good nature that would reply to their
numerous questionings of Humility Cooper, Desire Minter, Mary Chilton,
Elizabeth Tilly and Priscilla Mullins, for the older boys were too
interested and too busy in the matters of moving the baggage and the
preparations on the ship to give attention to those who had no higher
travelling lineage than a canal boat.

It was evening when they arrived at Delfshaven and their ship could
not sail until morning. That July night was too full of excitement and
emotion for ordinary rest, even for many of the inhabitants of the
town, who were drawn to the wharves by curiosity and interest to see
this decidedly unusual party who were to sail from their port.

Though their old tower had seen the sailing of many a ship and the
farewells of countless friends in its centuries of guardianship of the
little city, no scene had ever been quite like this, and curiosity
turned quickly to sympathy.

Friends came also from Amsterdam to see them sail, so that an animated
picture filled the evening and morning hours. The fatigue of the women
was forgotten or disguised in the sad enjoyment of these last hours
with the members of their families who were not to go with them.

Fear and Patience Brewster see naught else but their mother’s face,
filled with its well-known love, sympathy and energy, as she made one
more effort at self-sacrifice and endurance for her husband’s sake,
choosing to go with him and two of her boys who would need her more in
the new life than the two daughters, left to the protection of their
oldest brother and the care of the Robinsons and other loyal friends
in the safety and comfort of their Leyden home, cheering them and
others with the prospects of a speedy reunion. Hope and courage gilded
these prospects at the time. Sarah Priest, who is to have the care of
little Sarah Allerton, her namesake niece, has her husband to part
from, as well as her brother and his gentle wife. The doctor’s wife has
a similar farewell to make to her husband, though her sister-in-law
goes with her family--husband and son--and the wife of Edward Fuller
goes with him and their son. Susanna White having all with her whom
she holds most dear (her brothers, her husband and little boy) may be
looked upon as one of the most fortunate of the company; it is the
friends of Anna Fuller (as she still seems to them) who remain behind,
who shall have heavier thoughts at parting than Susanna White, though
her cheerfulness and kindness are not wanting.

Other women who are happy in having their families with them are Mrs.
Chilton and her sweet daughter, Mary, who has ever a special attendant
in the person of one of Edward Winslow’s brothers (two of whom had
joined him in his life at Leyden and preparations for this adventure),
so her valuable bundles of baggage are well looked after in their
transportation into the ship.

All is well too, in the heart of Elizabeth Tilly, whose father is
more than half her world, and next in it, the object of her girlish
admiration, Desire Minter--the ward of lovely Mrs. Carver. Her
step-mother and uncle’s family are all part of the outgoing company
also, so her spirits may be light enough to amuse the children--herself
but little past the boundaries of their land--Elizabeth Tilly with
sparkling eyes and wind-blown hair, as we see her then, child of
mystery and of argument after centuries have gone. Doubtless any or all
of the older members of that company could have answered a question
that still burns for some of us--who was her mother? Why the airy
tradition floating down the years that she was grand-daughter of John
Carver? As much, that, at one time, seemed unfathomable, has come to
light regarding these people, this question may one day be definitely
answered.

Katherine Carver and Elizabeth Winslow, feeling that since their
husbands believed in this venture, and since they could make new and
comfortable homes for them anywhere, all was well, are anxious to be
off, especially as the former had for some time been separated from her
husband, and looked forward to seeing him soon, at Southampton, where
he was to meet their ship. Also the wife of Captain Standish, who had
joined this expedition, thought that any undertaking with which her
martial husband connected himself was right, and so long as she could
be with him in any part of the world, happiness would be hers. These
three women, having only their husbands to think of, are naturally
drawn together, and each can appreciate the beauty and charm of the
others, being equally lovely herself.

Like Mary Chilton and her mother, Priscilla Mullins and her’s are
happy in the thought that they are not to be separated from one another
nor from the men of their family.

Among the friends of all these women accompanying them from Leyden, for
the sweet sorrow of parting, is Juliana Morton, sole representative of
the Carpenter family, whose daughters had been gay companions with them
all, in past days. Juliana and her husband and family alone remained in
Leyden, to this date, and for a time thereafter. The parents and the
two younger sisters, Mary and Priscilla, returned to their old home in
England; Agnes Fuller slept under the shadow of St. Peter’s church and
Alice Southworth with her husband and two boys were at this time living
in London--business affairs of Edward Southworth having shortened their
stay in Leyden. They, however, were thoroughly in touch with the plans
of their old friends, and knew of the difficulties with which they had
contended. They also knew of the preparations being made for another
ship with passengers, some of them strangers, some friends, to sail
from London to meet the ship, from Delfshaven, at Southampton, and
together cross the ocean. Like others of the original company their
affairs did not admit of themselves being voyagers at this time.

Sarah Fletcher and Hester Cooke are two others whose hearts we feel are
heavy, as their husbands are to precede them to a new country, and they
must remain with all the others who will await the first opportunity to
follow.

The tide has come in, the wind is fair. Now gaily clad sailors are
getting up anchor on the little ship, filled with those whose trust
is in her. All ashore for those not going--the last, the very last
farewells must be said. Their beloved pastor once more leads them all
in prayer, his entire flock about him for the last time. And so they
“took their leave one of another; which proved to be the last leave to
many of them.”

The ship moves out from the wharf, the wind shakes the flag--their
English flag--above them, token of their regained nationality. A
volly of shot from shore and three guns fired from the ship echo
over the watchers waving to each other as long as individuals may be
distinguished, and longer. How eagerly the imagination pictures the
scene. The _Speedwell_ on that fair summer morning, sails into the
unseen fog of disappointment and failure that shall prove her name
a sad mistake. But for all on board of her “the fire of their faith
lights the sea and the shore.”

So they leave forever, Holland, that refuge which for twelve years had
sheltered them, that school wherein they have been shaped and prepared
for the great enterprise before them. Their own country’s flag above
them, their own little vessel to carry them once more to England, if
only for a farewell. Thus the spirits of sadness and expectation attend
them and of gratitude and hope.

       *       *       *       *       *

The summer breezes blowing from England’s shores came out to meet the
little ship and caressed the hair and cheeks of that group of England’s
daughters who stood, drawing their long cloaks about them, on the deck
of the _Speedwell_ as it entered Southampton water. Once more, as so
often in their dreams these past years, they behold their native land.
An interlude of vision. Only two of them will ever return; for the rest
it will remain a dream, a memory--for “Memory draws from delight ere it
dies an essence that breathes of it many a year.”

An animated day this proves to be, with greetings from old friends and
new acquaintances who have come in the ship from London to join them.
The ship! They view it riding at anchor. Of its name or history few of
them care. Yet what other ship has held more truly the form of fate
for its passengers and of epoch for the world! But they could not know
and it seemed then only their guide to cross the sea, their means of
accomplishing the only way out of their difficulties.

A company of shrewd business men, as profiteering a syndicate as ever
crushed the individual, had happened on this ship at the time they
needed one of its size and accommodations for the enterprise they were
planning to undertake in sending a homeless, well-nigh friendless, but
dauntless company of men and women to colonize in America, chiefly on
the money of these same people but supplemented by some of their own,
and many directions, conditions and restrictions for their endeavors
to which they had reluctantly to agree. King nor country cared, the
merchants, their nominal backers, cared less than nothing for the
personal success or good fortune of these voyagers, except only where
advancement of their own selfish interests or claims for territorial
advantage accrued and might be returned.

These two boat loads of pioneers regarded thus with indifference,
may be viewed for a moment in contrast to that subsequent fleet of
English ships carrying English passengers on whom all England from
Crown to Commons looked with interest and in whom hope and pride were
centered--the ships bearing colonists under the leadership of John
Winthrop, to the same shores, ten years later, saluted by royal guns
as they sailed away as voyagers whose adventure would reflect honor
and renown to the kingdom, whose loss would be a disaster to the
nation, while if either or both of these two unimportant ships with
all on board had sunk at sea, as so nearly happened, the incident
would not have seemed worth recording for a paragraph of history by
the country, who treated these loving children with contempt and
disdain. Nevertheless these brave pilgrims prepared the way for all
others who later sought homes on the far shores of their intent and
gave them aid and comfort by personal contact as well as by their
example of unfaltering purpose. For their recompense to the merchants
commercially interested in their adventure, the account shows them more
than over-paid, at length. For their advantage to the country they
left forever, since it did not understand them and did not want them,
in long, long years from that day, perhaps the arrival of the first
contingent of American destroyers in British waters, in the spring of
1917, to give a certain aid and comfort to England, may be accounted a
return.

But thoughts like these were not in their minds as they are in ours.
The ship from London, by name, _Mayflower_, was before them--an
actuality, while for us it is a vision.

This vessel was twice the size of the little _Speedwell_ and bore a
popular and one of the oldest names for British ships. A predecessor of
the name had in 1415 borne the flower of knighthood to France, to fight
at Agincourt. Another had been flagship of the Duke of Gloucester.
This _Mayflower_ had already a noteworthy career, the equal, of any,
as a warship. She had been a member of Queen Elizabeth’s fleet,
contributed to it by a city guild, and took a brilliant and prominent
part in the fights of the Spanish Armada to the final, desperate and
victorious one. Nevertheless in spite of this, her name would not have
gilded a page in history, but on the day she sailed from London for
Southampton, equipped for a long voyage across the sea, destiny began
to weave for her the wreath of fame. Not a large ship--120 or more
tons--and about 82 feet long, but what other is greater? Which more
inspiring to poets and artists? The true and accepted model of the
_Mayflower_ is on exhibition at the National Museum in Washington,
this was made by Capt. J. W. Collins, an expert in naval architecture,
by order of the United States Government.

At Southampton the companies of each ship mingled on shore and on
shipboard while the vessels were being made ready for departure. The
allotments to the respective ships, the designation of quarters in
the ships, were necessarily made chiefly with regard to the needs and
comfort of the women and children. The number of each was increased by
the wife and family of Stephen Hopkins and of John Billington, also
by four children named More. These children, three boys and a girl,
were protegees of Mr. Weston, one of the merchants interested, and,
having no apparent connection with any one of the company; just what
reason he had for sending them on this voyage seems likely to remain
an unanswered question. The loving natures of Mary Brewster, Katherine
Carver and Elizabeth Winslow accepted them as their special charges,
and Jasper was thereafter considered with the numerous and varied
family of the Carvers, Ellen, with the Winslows, while Richard and
his other brother, increased the Brewster’s number of boys. For only
a short time were these children to know these new and kind friends.
Another unexpected addition to their numbers was in the person of
the young man of Southampton, John Alden by name, who joined their
company, as cooper, for the sake of the voyage and adventure--but who
remained as one of them for the sake of the love and admiration he
gained for some in particular. Their business affairs being concluded,
the _Speedwell_ and _Mayflower_ sailed from the harbor, but soon the
_Speedwell_ was found in a dangerous condition from leaks,--though she
had been thoroughly overhauled after her trip from Holland. It was
decided to put into the nearby port of Dartmouth, where a stay was
made of ten days, at much cost to the pilgrims both in time and money.
However, after this set-back, the ships sailed again and all had hopes
of comfortable progress. Land’s End was behind them about a hundred
leagues on the 23rd of August, when the Captain of the _Speedwell_
again proclaimed that disaster to his ship was imminent. There was
nothing else to do but turn both ships back to the nearest port.
Plymouth welcomed them and kind-hearted people there tried to comfort
and cheer the disappointed passengers. For some, these several returns
to England began to affect their spirits as a portent or warning,
but to others they but served to make stronger the desire to carry
out their plans, in spite of discouragement, in spite of the charm
of England’s summer days beside the sea, in spite of the bright and
friendly town through whose massive gateways they had to pass to visit
the busy streets and get their last glimpses of gay shops--sights which
they realized they would never again see when they had emigrated to the
new and lonely land. This acid test lasted fourteen days.

About this time, in their house in Dukes’s place, Edward and Alice
Southworth received a letter written by Robert Cushman, while at
Dartmouth, relating the unpleasant events that had transpired. Their
sympathies were doubtless awakened, but even more their surprise, when,
not long after, Robert and Mary Cushman and their son, returned to
London; they and a number of others both from choice and necessity had
left the company at Plymouth when it was finally decided to abandon the
thought of the _Speedwell_ making the voyage and that the _Mayflower_
would go on alone.

Such of the passengers who had come from Leyden and who were to
continue their voyage, were transferred with their effects to the
other ship, and in this unexpected turn of their affairs, all had
to make themselves as comfortable as possible. Disappointment and
the discouraging delay could not have lent much enthusiasm to the
re-arranging of themselves and their family belongings, especially
in such crowded quarters as now became necessary. Finally, all being
adjusted, the _Speedwell_ sailed for London and the _Mayflower_ for her
long voyage.

Compactness could never have had a more effective demonstration, when
one considers what actually was required by these colonists in the way
of equipment, the number of people and the size of the ship. Though the
Leyden contingent had brought little more than personal belongings,
and as few as possible, the _Speedwell_ had little spare space, while
on board the _Mayflower_ when she sailed from London were not only the
passengers and their accessories, but supplies for the enterprise as a
whole--other necessaries being added at Southampton--also the regular
ship’s supplies for the vessel and crew for a long voyage and return.

Let us glance at a list of articles which we know were part of the
load: building materials for houses and boats, clothing materials,
beds and bedding, rugs, spinning-wheels, chairs, chests, cradles,
cooking utensils, carpentering tools, books, weapons, gunpowder and
shot, cannon, garden and farm implements, seeds and plants, medicines,
trinkets for trading with the Indians, goats, chickens, pigs, pigeons,
dogs, beer and butter, food for the animals, dried and salted foods
for the people. And some of these things we may see this day, as they
have been seen on any day of these three hundred years since they were
shipped on the _Mayflower_.

We have heard careless or would-be witty remarks as to the countless
china tea pots, which came in the _Mayflower_ and are in every state
in the Union, or household furnishings which would supply largely
populated cities by the number claimed as authentic. Such amusing
remarks cause a smile indeed, not however, from the cause the sarcastic
authors assume, but from the ignorance or exaggeration willingly or
unconsciously evinced. The known freight the _Mayflower_ carried was
a ship load and no more--and some of it remains to the present hour.
China tea pots, or even one, never was part of her invoice; tea and
coffee were not then known as beverages to these people, nor in their
world; what a solace and comfort therefore was missing for the women
of the voyage--for at sea, how seemingly indispensable are these
important factors of present day life.

The women of the _Mayflower_--let us look at them now, since all who
ever may be called by that name are together on the ship, and fair days
and moonlight nights give possible encouragement to them as the voyage
opens. We see the forms of those we have known in England and Leyden,
heretofore, some more familiar to us than others, but we are interested
in all, however slight our acquaintance: and their new companions,
lately from London, claim our attention likewise. Among these latter we
note Mrs. Stephen Hopkins as an addition of great advantage; her vigor
of mind and body, her decidedly wholesome and attractive personality
wins regard from all. Her own little daughter, Damaris, and her
step-daughter, Constantia, added one each to the quota of childhood and
girlhood on board. Against the name of Elizabeth Hopkins, as against
the names of two others of the matrons of this passenger list, (Mary
Brewster and Susanna White) destiny set a shining mark.

Mrs. John Carver has her maid and her young ward, Desire Minter, also
the frequent company of her dear friends, Mrs. Myles Standish and Mrs.
Edward Winslow. It needed not for John Carver to be one of the leading
men of this company, nor for him and his wife to have more of worldly
goods than many, for Katherine Carver to have the love and admiration
of all who knew her.

Quite a stranger to all is Mrs. Christopher Martin, and scarcely known
during her brief stay among them; she and her husband were among the
passengers from London.

Two pairs of mothers and daughters,--Mrs. Chilton and Mary, Mrs.
Mullins and Priscilla--engage our attention, as Cupid’s entanglements
are even in this serious adventure, since Mary has lost an admirer and
Priscilla gained one. There was not room for both of Edward Winslow’s
brothers on the larger ship, when the _Speedwell_ failed their hopes,
so John had to seek the new world and his winsome Mary, at a later day.
John Alden, the young cooper, engaged for the voyage at Southampton,
has already met his fate in acquaintance with the buoyant Priscilla.
The names of these two sweet maids of the _Mayflower_, (soon to become
sorrow-touched women of the new colony) ripple as music through poetry
and romance, or staid fact and history to our imagination.

Here is a group whom we know far less well; Mrs. Thomas Tinker, Mrs.
John Rigdale, Mrs. Francis Eaton, yet we feel sure their qualities of
mind and heart must be the equal of many of their companions.

Here are the sisters-in-law, wives of John and Edward Tilly, each with
a young girl to mother--not her own--for Humility Cooper is cousin to
Ann Tilly, and Elizabeth is a step-child to John Tilly’s wife.

Mrs. Edward Fuller, sister-in-law of the doctor and Anna White, is
one of those sailing for another haven than some of the others, though
knowing it not.

From London has come Mrs. John Billington, so different in style and
manner from her women companions as to be quite noticeable, yet not
lacking in desirable qualities to say the least; and little Ellen More,
now in Mrs. Winslow’s care.

Mrs. William Bradford--standing in the shadow of tragedy--and Mrs.
Isaac Allerton with her two little girls, Remember and Mary, complete
the count. Mary Allerton’s namesake daughter stands nearest to us, of
all that company, between that day and this.

  “How slow yon tiny vessel plows the main!
  Amid the heavy billows now she seems
  A toiling atom--then from wave to wave
  Leaps madly, by the tempest lashed,--or reels,
  Half wrecked, through gulfs profound.
  Moons wax and wane,
  But still that lonely traveller treads the deep.”

What words can better picture the _Mayflower_ at sea than these of
Mrs. Sigourney? The monotony, the discomfort, the terrors day after
day. Since the waning of the September moon, under which the voyage
began, the weather had become cold and stormy; the sea dangerous--whose
roughness affected many and made the labors and duties of those able to
withstand it, increase.

The ship’s cook was of slight service to the passengers, since his
work was for the benefit of the officers and crew only, therefore the
preparing of their meals fell to the different individuals whose health
and abilities so enabled them. With slight cooking facilities, it was
necessary to rely chiefly upon such fare as did not require to be
prepared by fire; gin and brandy were relied upon for warmth, and beer
a tonic.

To this tossing ship, on one of these stormy days, there comes a
stranger, promptly and appropriately called Oceanus, and the Hopkins
family becomes one of especial interest, with its new baby for all the
women and children to delight in.

Another day’s excitement is provided by one of the young men, who
chafing under the restraint of staying below decks, imposed by the
storm, ventures above and is no sooner out than over the side of the
ship, in the grip of a wave. His presence of mind to grasp a rope,
which trailed from the rigging in the water and his grit in holding on,
making his rescue possible by the sailors, make a topic of conversation
with sufficient thrill. One wonders if John Howland became invested
with a new interest for Elizabeth Tilly from that day, or the few
subsequent ones, when the great, hearty fellow was somewhat the worse
for his adventure.

The shock of death enters when a particularly rough sailor, who had
terrorized the women and children and annoyed the men by his language
and manners, is stricken suddenly, buried at sea, and so one of their
trials is removed.

The storm increases and all doubt not that their end is approaching,
since the ship is giving way, but this crisis passes, by the energies
of the captain and crew and the aid of an iron screw, or jack, which
was brought by a passenger from Leyden. That screw was the instrument
which saved the _Mayflower_, and we know not the owner--whose name
seems of more interest to us than it did to them to whom the screw was
the thing.

Another day brings a blow to Doctor Fuller and to all, since one of
their own company is summoned by death, the young assistant to the
doctor, William Button. Many begin to show the effects of the dreary
weeks on the ship and look worn, weary and ill.

At last, at last, in a November dawn, land is in sight! A day spent in
running southward looking for a favorable harbor, but none appearing,
they turn about and return to the point of land first seen, and by
nightfall are safely riding at anchor.

With the episode immediately following, the women had no actual
connection, yet to some we know it was of interest, as their husbands
signed the document drawn up in the cabin, and because of it Katherine
Carver was made the “first lady” of the little group of friends, since
her husband was then duly elected governor of this colonial company.
More love, more respect, they could not give her as their governor’s
wife than they had always given her as just one of themselves--tested
and trained as all had been together in the years of friendship amid
all the shades of mutual experience.

The next day new life and animation was evident among all on board
the _Mayflower_. Hope flung aside the grey veils that had almost
enveloped her for many weeks and stood in the radiant garments of
expectancy--they would not recognize the vagueness, the emptiness of
her background. They had been brought across the sea in safety--they
were about to disembark on the solid ground of their new country.
Ambition stirred the weakest to prove the wisdom of their choice.

In the cabin of the _Mayflower_, next day, their Elder led them in
prayer and hymns of thankfulness. Around were those who had listened
to him in the old hall at Scrooby Manor, and others who, since then,
had made his way their way through life. We may easily picture, again,
Mary, his devoted wife, seated in the old chair (which, at least, we
may see actually), her gentle, anxious face silhouetted against the
grim old cabin walls of the _Mayflower_, as lovely to her friends who
looked at her that day, as when its fairness had as a background her
old home in the stately manor in England. All who were able were at
this service, on what, for them, was Expectation Sunday, (though some
were too weak and ill to leave their berths), and afterwards, walked on
the decks looking at the new, mysterious land before them--recognizing
various familiar trees, growing almost to the water’s edge, and
accepting the attention of the surprised but welcoming sea-gulls.
The little pool, across a stretch of nearby beach, partly surrounded
by juniper trees, attracted the eyes of the women with delight at
prospect, if tomorrow was fair, for a grand and general wash day, with
plenty of water, instead of the restricted supply that had had to
suffice them for more than a hundred days’ effort at cleanliness.

The cold, foggy morning of the 23rd of November witnessed much energy
among the company on the ship, riding at anchor in its lonely harbor.
Small boats brought many of the women ashore with kettles and big
bundles,--the first time that they set foot on the soil of their new
country--and Monday wash day was established. The men who were not
employed repairing the small boat, or shallop, which had been stored
in the hold of the _Mayflower_, and which they wished to use for
exploration as soon as possible, cut the fragrant cedars or junipers
about the pool, made cheerful, pungent fires, and swung the kettles for
the boiling water. Some, no doubt, looked on it as quite a picnic, with
lunch served by the fire, and the whole thing a change from the life of
the past weeks.

The dusk saw the footprints of many English women marking for the
first time that sea-washed shore, and the ashes of the first fires
of civilized life, (with women as an important half of that life),
mingling with the sands. The women went “home” to the ship, with
contentment in their minds, but wet, cold and tired. Small wonder that
colds became evident next day--with little vitality left to resist
them. Misery had plenty of company.

Another day and the anxious wives whose husbands made up the first
exploring party watched them row away in the ship’s long boat, land and
march along the shore, out of sight, under the watchful lead of Captain
Myles Standish.

Through the two days and nights of their absence, knowing not what
dangers or disasters might befall them, we can never doubt that the
secret prayers of Rose Standish unceasingly appealed for the safe
return of her husband and the husbands of the other women, her dear
friends, for whom he was responsible. And not her’s only we know were
answered, when, on the third morning, the welcome sound of guns from
shore, signaling the long boat, relieved the tension on the ship.
What rejoicing, interest and even amusement was the result of their
safe arrival, with curious trophies of their first land journey and
descriptions of what they had seen and done.

After a few days, their own shallop being repaired, another and larger
party went away for discovery. Another safe return and tales of
interest followed this. And news of importance awaited them, also--for
they found the White family rejoicing in the arrival of a son and
brother; Dr. Fuller and Mr. and Mrs. Edward Fuller in a new nephew, and
Samuel in a cousin, in the little Pilgrim. Probably Oceanus Hopkins
looked at his future playmate with interest, not unmixed with surprise
that he was no longer the new baby of the _Mayflower_.

Before the next attempt to find the place most desirable for their
permanent location, another event, far less cheerful, drew attention
to the Whites. A young man in their employ, Edward Thompson, died, and
thus became the first of the _Mayflower_ passengers to be buried in
American soil.

The following day, one of the Billington boys in search of diversion,
finding a loaded gun in the cabin and a barrel of gunpowder, promptly
shot it off then and there; his pleasure was short-lived, but those
who were ill or much startled by the noise, probably did not care what
happened to him. The jeopardy in which he placed the ship and every
soul on board was doubtless beyond his comprehension. The restlessness
of the small boys in those cramped quarters was one of the trials the
mothers had to bear. Our sympathy is for both.

On the 16th of December, reckoning by the calendar as we know it,
the third and, as it proved to be, the final and successful attempt
at finding the place for their settlement was made. But while much
happened to the exploring party, in the seven days of its absence,
and while the thoughts of those left on the ship followed them, at
all times, hearts were heaviest there, and gloom as great as that
surrounding the storm-tossed shallop settled on the _Mayflower_. The
moments were tense to the family of James Chilton, whose illness daily
became more acute, and hope of his recovery faded in the hearts of his
loving wife and daughter. Into the loving sympathy of their friends and
their own deep sorrow, there entered a shock and excitement of stunning
effect, when it was discovered that Dorothy Bradford was missing.
Someone had seen her on deck--we see her, too--standing, in the sunset,
wrapped in her long cape, looking over the water, alone.

We recall her as, years past, we saw her on another winter afternoon,
in Amsterdam, standing with Patience Brewster on the banks of the
canal, gay with skaters--the elder’s daughter, then, now the wife of
one of the principal men of this company.

One who kept a record of those days wrote: “At anchor in Cape Cod
harbor. This day Mistress Dorothy Bradford, wife of Master Bradford,
who is away with the exploring party, to the westward, fell overboard
and was drowned.” A woman of the _Mayflower_ whose experience of the
New World was destined to be brief--and never of Plymouth Colony--the
one appointed to lead the way into a New Country for many of the
women who sorrowed that night for her sudden going. That no further
comment or record was made of this tragedy seems remarkable. Out of the
silence conjectures arise, as will in such conditions, without form or
foundation in truth as far as can ever be known.

Mr. Chilton died the next day--the first head of a family to be taken.
The illness which was gradually affecting many of the company, grew out
of the colds and run down condition they had reached. It seems like
grip or influenza of our modern knowledge, with other complications;
its fatality was appalling. Mary Chilton and her mother had need
of the uplifting sympathy and companionship of such friends as Mary
Brewster and Susanna White in the dark hours of their sorrow. Theirs
was the first test of faith. The little family of three had expected to
face the new life together, with whatsoever pleasure or privation it
might bring, and to have the one taken for whom and with whom the other
two had willingly ventured, strong in their love and determination to
bear their part in the work which needed women’s hands to secure even a
semblance of home, was crushing indeed. Yet these women, already proven
brave, would now be braver still and rejoice in the safe return in the
shallop of the other husbands and fathers who brought the good news of
a satisfactory place to establish their settlement.

The enthusiasm of these men at the happy ending of their uncomfortable
and dangerous journey was soon lessened by knowledge of the grievous
and unexpected events which had happened while they were away.

We think it was Elder Brewster who gave the sad explanation to William
Bradford as to why Dorothy was not with the cluster of women and girls
who crowded so eagerly at the ship’s rail to catch first glimpse of
their men as the discoverers returned. These men had lately seen and
touched a rock, for them a stepping-stone, that day of exploration, to
solid ground--they saw it not as the gateway of a mighty nation; a rock
which had wandered to that place from far away; a traveller, a pilgrim
who had waited long to welcome these pilgrims. They returned now to
the rock of their community, William Brewster, keystone of the arch of
their high aspirations, molder and guardian of the firm principles that
other rock so fitly typified.

One more storm and struggle for the _Mayflower_ on weighing anchor
again, one more disappointing return to a harbor which she desired to
leave, but after all a calm day’s sail across the bay and rest in that
quiet harbor guarded by the lonely rock. Her work nobly performed, her
name immortal, she had reached the goal.




                           THE FIRST STREET.

                            [Illustration]




                           THE FIRST STREET.


The first street of Plymouth, the first street of New England, was
in the making. From the decks of the _Mayflower_ the women looked
longingly toward the land, whither the men went daily, hearing the
sounds of hammering and sawing which came across the harbor, for as yet
none of them had been permitted to go ashore in these new surroundings.
The hill which arose at the water’s edge, behind the rock, was
snow-crowned; around and beside it a path had been cut and worn by the
men as they went to the work of making houses for their families.

By the maps and charts of the company, it was found that this
situation, which they had all approved for their permanent residence,
was the place visited and named by an earlier explorer of whom they
had heard, and some had seen, Captain John Smith. The appellation he
gave to it suited them well--Plymouth; if they had had the selection
of a name as well as the site for their New World home, it could not
have been better chosen, in view of the fact that Plymouth was the last
place their feet had trod and their eyes seen in their Old World home,
and the inhabitants of that town had been kind to them.

Nevertheless it was of Leyden that they thought when building. The
larger hill at the end of the street, which they at first saw in the
mind’s eye, even as we do now, reminded them of the eminence crowned
by the fort at Leyden, and upon it they would build their fort and it
would be a constant reminder of the Burg.

But first must be built the store-house to hold all their belongings
moved from the ship, and then the few houses necessary to shelter
themselves. Of these plans they talked at night when the men returned
to the ship or on the days when the weather was so inclement that no
trip could be made ashore; these delays were a constant strain upon
the nerves of all, as the need for haste was so evident, with winter’s
storms increasing and the impatience of the crew growing therewith, to
say nothing of the failing health and strength of so many of themselves.

The fortitude and patience of the women who had braved all the dangers,
shared all the trials, and now, in spite of courage and cheerfulness
seemed fading before their eyes was enough to urge every man to use his
own last reserves of energy and strength to provide better conditions
for them. They well realized the important asset to their venture, of
the women. Without them not even the magnetism and charm of Brewster,
the indomitableness and courage of Myles Standish, the business ability
of Allerton, the experience of Hopkins, the worldly wisdom of Winslow,
the youth and strength of John Howland and John Alden or the zeal and
fervor of Bradford and Carver could have assured the stability and
success of this colony. Previous settlements in this region and others
further south bore witness to a lack of something making for continued
interest and permanence on the part of the men, who were not wanting in
necessary personal qualities. The abandonment of such ventures in Maine
and Virginia, where no women had accompanied the men, is proof that a
common larder and fireside are not the things for which men struggle
against hardship, disaster and death. But the street of Plymouth,
albeit made in the face of every trial of circumstance, was made by men
for the women they loved, and Plymouth has never been abandoned nor its
street untrod by the families and descendants of these men and women.

       *       *       *       *       *

The weeks of January drag by, spent by the men ashore, many not
returning to the ship at night when the roof of the store-house was
finished, both to save the time of the trip back and forth and to
guard their belongings already there; so lights gleamed at night from
Plymouth, seen by the weary watchers on the ship and the ship lights
shone in the sight of the builders, signals to one another yet seeming
to make the gloom of their situation more visible.

The violent storm which ushered in the month caused the _Mayflower_ to
madly roll and tug at three anchors necessary to hold her; in the midst
of this discomfort, the third birth occurred on the ship, but the son
of Isaac and Mary Allerton never knew the world to which he came. One
of the young men, Richard Britteridge, also died about this time, and
so the burials began on the snow-covered hill.

The women had more to do, however, than look towards the shore and
long to land, for the life on the ship was not an idle one for any
of them while health and strength lasted. As, one by one, illness
attacked them, those remaining well had many added cares. Assisting
Doctor Fuller, attending to the wants of the families of those mothers
who were ill, preparing the food for the sick and for the men who went
daily ashore to work, keeping the children safe and amused, and, above
all, keeping their own faith and hope alive went on as unendingly as
the swell of the sea beneath them.

By the end of the month, the house built to store their belongings
and to shelter some of them while the others were being erected, was
finished and was also a hospital in its capacity of general or common
house, for numbers of the workers had to occupy the beds as fast as
they could be brought from the ship, their brave fight against the odds
overwhelming many. The women had an hour of frightful suspense when,
suddenly, before the eyes of some looking towards the land, flames
leapt out and shouts were heard. They were sure the dreaded event had
happened--that the Indians had attacked and vanquished all ashore. But
the later knowledge that no Indians had appeared and no one was hurt,
reconciled them to the loss of the roof of the common house from too
great a fire in the chimney; it had to be relaid--and then the joyful
decision was made that all who were able should come from the ship on
the next Sunday for a service in the common house, which was to serve
also as church and barracks for a time.

       *       *       *       *       *

The little ship of the Pilgrims, called only “the shallop,” and
already proven staunch and true to their needs, leaves the side of the
_Mayflower_ on this wintry Sunday, with the women as passengers for the
first time, and sails over the mile or so of water towards the landing.
Some are using their greatest efforts; some are too weak to come at
all, and even those still well are vastly different in looks and
manner from their appearance at leaving old Plymouth or even on that
first Monday of enthusiasm at Cape Cod. But all feel that a new era is
dawning and again the need calls out the latent spirit of sacrifice
inherent in every woman, on this occasion once more requiring the
putting aside of personal feelings of sorrow or illness for the common
good. From the day when these women gave up their early associations
and left their English homes to live in a strange country among people
with different customs and language, striving to preserve their own
during the twelve years of their sojourn, through the time of their
embarking at Delfshaven and later sailing from Plymouth, when they saw
cherished possessions and loved members of their families left behind,
during the famous voyage with its heart-rending conditions for them of
wet, cold, poor food, overcrowding, storms, anxiety, to the day they
landed, worn and exhausted with no homes to go to, new hardships and
dangers awaiting them, self-sacrifice was in a continually ascending
scale and, for many, could go no further.

Some of the men are standing on the rock, watching the progress of the
boat, some are grouped at the Common House on guard, as ever, against a
surprise from the unknown Indians. The governor, the elder, several of
the other men whose wives are in the boat, two or three of the younger
men we may see in the grave group at the landing, but the light of
expectancy and contentment for this one hour at least, glows in their
faces. With costumes so similar it is hard to distinguish where each
woman is placed in the shallop and to single out a special one for whom
a man may be looking. At the bow two or three are grouped, waving to
their welcomers, their alertness seeming to be an urge to the little
craft. The eager children are held from crowding forward as they near
the shore. An instant of excitement, the sailors making ready to fasten
the boat, it touches, is beside the rock; the woman who stood foremost
at the bow on the way over, has poised herself a second and sprung from
the boat, catching at the outstretched hands of the nearest man, to
steady her foothold on the slippery stone; the keen wind and spray have
dashed color in her cheeks, the brilliancy of sun on snow is reflected
in her eyes--a flashing triumph at being the first--it is Mary Chilton.
Someone has said that Plymouth Rock began with her its fame, but for
her and for the other women, quickly following her to clasp the hands
of the men,--as it had been for those men--it became for them the
threshold into Plymouth Colony. Some of the women of the _Mayflower_
have not gotten so far, and some of these scarce pass the threshold.

The service is held, as planned; once more they listen to the uplifting
and strengthening words of their Elder. Afterwards some return to the
_Mayflower_, but others remain with their husbands on shore.

The work on the other houses goes forward as rapidly as possible. All
were built of squared logs, the crevices filled with clay, the roofs a
thatch of the swamp grass, resembling their English cottages in this.
The few windows have only oiled paper to resist the winter’s storms.
Each house is set on a plot of ground of its own on either side of the
street--the location for each family being decided by lot. Yet building
by men cramped with rheumatism and sciatica, or falling down from
weakness as a prelude to illness and death is not a rapid business,
and, for all that they planned at first to live as compactly as
possible, without being crowded, the unattached young men to be part of
the families--as they had been in Leyden--it soon became evident that
many houses would not be needed.

In less than a week after the first visit of the women ashore, not all
the prowess of Myles Standish, hero of war in Flanders, not all his own
unending strength and endurance, could defend his Rose from the blight
of illness nor shield his heart from the sharp stab of sorrow. She had
dreamed of the new home in a land of fair skies, sunshine and flowers,
not this region of snows; she knew how thin and white she was growing,
but she knew that her husband had not ventured on any vain purpose, and
willed to be brave for his sake. Her high resolves were not long tested
however, ere she gained the reward of her faith.

Others soon followed her, and, having but crossed the threshold, Ann
Tilly, Mrs. Martin, little Ellen More and Mary Chilton’s mother were
gone from the colony; another month and Mary Allerton, John Tilly’s
wife, Sarah Eaton and the sister-in-law of Doctor Fuller (Mrs. Edward
Fuller), were numbered with them. Meanwhile, Susanna White had become
a widow, and Elizabeth Tilly an orphan, with Mary Chilton, and soon
Priscilla Mullins was added to these girls’ forlorn state. Alice
Rigdale and her husband; Thomas Tinker, his wife and child, needed not
houses nor land in Plymouth. Two of the More boys and a number of the
young men fell victims in the great mortality, and Sarah Priest, in
Leyden, was a widow, though nearly a year passed before she knew it. A
little later and Elizabeth Winslow slipped from the gentle hand clasp
of Katherine Carver, to join her other dear friend, Rose Standish.

Thus twelve wives were swept away by this fatal epidemic, some from the
_Mayflower_, some from the land. Even the comfort of graves bearing
their names which should tell those who loved them, and others,
that they had been with them, was denied them. But their monument is
the hill by the seashore, on which their graves were made, and their
remembrance shall last as long as mayflowers blossom.

From the time of the first anchoring of the ship (at Cape Cod) of the
total of the twenty-five women and young girls, thirteen were released
from their labors. It is indeed remarkable that even twelve should
have survived. Into the hearts of those recovering from their own
illness, the spirit of desolation must have entered for a time, as they
struggled to their feet again, to grieve for those who were laid to
rest under the snow and to take up the burdens of life once more. Many
of the men had gone, too, but few of the children.

For the five elder women, life, even under the circumstances, still
was worth while. The governor’s wife had the loving care and interest
of all but two of her household’s original numbers; her husband, her
young ward, her maid and John Howland; two of the other young men, as
well as the little boy she cared for on the voyage, Jasper More, had
gone. But deepest grief was not, as yet, her portion. Mary Brewster,
too, was strengthened by the sight of her husband untouched by illness
and apparently not weakened by the terrific work and strain he had
been under, and her own two boys, soon helping as ably as before, and
even Richard More, the sole survivor of his family, was already one of
her’s. For Elizabeth Hopkins and Eleanor Billington not one of their
own particular groups were gone. But Susanna White had left only her
own two children, her nephew and her brother--and he, of course, seemed
to belong to each one as much as to her.

Humility Cooper and Elizabeth Tilly, Priscilla Mullins and Mary
Chilton were indeed the most truly alone, each one being the sole
representative of her family.

On the five women the care and responsibility fell heaviest, though the
girls and even the children had their share in the general division of
labor. Each served while there was nursing to be done. Cooking was not
only a duty but a serious problem in finding the wherewithal to tempt
failing appetites or keep up the strength of the men and children. Who
can doubt that these women often went hungry that others might have
more? Scarce wonderful that Mary Brewster and Katherine Carver never
regained their full health again. The former took to her home and
mother love the homeless and motherless girls, sadly missing her own
daughters, so far away.

Gradually came a lessening of the strain of apprehension of unknown
evils; the problem of the Indians had been solved on the day that they
heard the word “welcome” from a strange voice, and, from then on,
mutual fear diminished between their immediate neighbors in the forest
and themselves, and visits from these strange people became frequent
and helpful as well.

The day of the making of another covenant was one marked by color
and animation in the doleful monotony of those early months, for the
women with strength enough for interest. Their governor, with all
the formalities of his office, met and entertained the sovereign of
the savages, and the lively music of the drum and trumpet, the firm
footsteps of the military guard quickened their spirits and brought
a sense of assurance. The green rug, on which royalty sat, in one of
the unfinished houses, must always have brought back, to the woman who
owned it, that scene and its results--the lasting treaty of mutual
friendship and benefit. That other rug of modern times, on which
the Liberty Bell rested at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, in 1915,
afterwards used at celebrations connected with the great generals of
the World War, is interesting but not more important in the historical
part it has played than the rug which we now see in fancy.

Also their defense from their fort was accomplished, the cannon being
landed and dragged up the greater hill, to the summit, and a strong
building erected there. Military preparedness began as soon as the
men were able to drill, under command of Myles Standish, their chosen
Captain.

Gradually, also, Spring came, the children found arbutus and other
early flowers, and were happy, though their search might not take them
far from sound of the home voices, as the fearsome sound of the wolves
was a constant warning. Remember and Mary Allerton and Damaris Hopkins
played on the beach with Constance, Elizabeth and Humility, and
gathered the bright shells in the warm sunshine till the pink of the
shells and arbutus was reflected in their checks. The sailors, now that
the connection between them and their erstwhile passengers was soon to
end and their roughness softened by the common ills of the winter, were
glad to tell tales to amuse the children, when lingering ashore.

And, so, with the April mildness on land and sea, came the last
night when the lights of the _Mayflower_ shone to them out of the
darkness. On the morning of its departure, how visible the scene is
to us. The women watch from places of vantage, in groups or singly,
in company with some men or with the children clinging to them, from
the hill beside the street, their wistful eyes following the battered
sails out of the harbor, while the guns from the Fort ring out in
parting salute the farewell to their ever-ready shelter, to the only
connecting link between them and the rest of their race. Each one has
been asked a question all have had plenty of time to consider well,
if it were needed to repeat, “shall we, shall I go back?” Away with
the _Mayflower_ to a once familiar life from unfamiliar trials, from
haunting memories to friends or relatives left on the other side of
the sea? Each woman for herself has answered “No.” The venture made in
faith by those loved and gone from their sight, should not have been
made in vain; the standard formed of high hope and courage should not
go down while they were able in the light of that faith and remembrance
to carry it forward.

Now only as a mirage can their ship be seen on the far horizon.

       *       *       *       *       *

Susanna White, clasping her baby closer, stands near the place on
the hill where the body of William, her husband, had been laid; not
far away near the grave of Elizabeth, his wife, is Edward Winslow.
Their eyes, though seeing each other, are viewing things far away.
(Could a breath from the lindens of Leyden be wafted to them?) In that
moment arose a consciousness of an unfelt emotion--hitherto drowned by
selfishness in sorrow--pity.

Mutual shock and endurance was to continue for them all on this same
day. To shake from them any idle reflections, the men worked steadily
and vigorously for the remaining hours, on the new fields and planting
of seeds, the elder, the doctor, the governor, each exerting every
energy, as well as the other men and boys. The day proved unusually hot
and the governor seemed to feel it greatly. Reaching his home, he lay
down to rest, but while his family waited upon him in deep concern, he
lost consciousness. Thus not only was the harbor dark that night, but a
cloud hung over Plymouth and common anxiety on their governor’s account
caused the departure of the _Mayflower_ to be almost forgotten. But the
governor was worn out, not with that day’s labor but by his labors, as
has been said, “in three countries and on the sea, as counselor, agent,
nurse, farmer, magistrate and man of God,” and, in spite of their
efforts and distress, consciousness did not return ere he passed from
them. In the pathetic description, by his successor, “he was buried in
the best manner they could, with some vollies of shot by all that bore
arms,” and his grave left smooth and unmarked, as the others on the
hill, that it might not appear to any enemy that their numbers were
lessened. Though the office of governor was filled, the first lady of
the colony had no successor, since the widower, William Bradford, was
chosen. Her anguish of grief was so intense, and her frailness grew
so perceptably, that it became evident her stay with them was but
transitory.

       *       *       *       *       *

And again, as in Leyden, the doctor’s sister kept the home for him;
but there were more members in the family than in those by-gone days,
for Susanna had three little lads to care for now, and the doctor
three small nephews to play with. Let us follow the bright rays of
the sunset into their cottage on a May evening. Supper is over, and
now is little Peregrine’s bedtime. His mother is gently rocking the
cradle, as she mends his brother’s stockings, glancing now and then at
the smiling but sleepy baby and urging him in softest baby language
to accompany the “sandman” without further delay; but Peregrine’s
ambition seems to be to stay awake on this bright particular evening
and he coos and laughs in response to his mother’s admonitions. His
brother and cousin are romping just outside the front door and Resolved
runs in to get the cane that had been his father’s, to play horse
with. Susanna sits on a bench beneath the little square window, which
swings open with its paper pane, and the breeze which enters plays
with the soft, curly tendrils of her hair; beside her on the bench
stands the little chest of drawers which has ever held her sewing
articles and trinkets since William White gave it to her when they
were married. A shadow falls across the light and men’s voices come to
her as her brother passes with a friend, returning from a stroll to
enjoy a smoke by the cottage door. Twilight is fast failing now; the
baby is at last asleep; Susanna softly puts away her sewing and goes
into the living-room, adjoining, to light a candle at the fire-place;
she then stands in the doorway to call in Resolved and Samuel, as she
does each evening; she sees her brother and his friend on the doorstep
bench, also quite a regular occurrence about this hour, and Edward
Winslow rises in his courtly manner to receive her smile of greeting.
In the few weeks since the sailing of the _Mayflower_, her pity and
sympathy have unconsciously awakened an interest which is now slowly
dawning in some wonderment upon her, while for Winslow he had already
questioned himself if she would be willing to let him take William
White’s place, and if, on the other hand, she could fill the vacancy
left at his hearth-stone by Elizabeth? He thought he knew the answer to
the second question, but for the first sought her reply. That Edward
Winslow, talented, aristocratic, of good family and of some wealth,
should admire her, pictures Susanna for us almost as plainly as his
painted portrait represents him. We have not the slight details of her
features, but in fancying her with the light brown hair, blue eyes
and pink and white skin of a young English mother in her twenties, we
cannot be far wrong; and for character, the reflections of her life
and times show us that which certified the regard of all who knew her
and gives her to ours. Her good sense ever caused her acceptance of
facts and prompt adjustment of her life to the conditions imposed upon
it by circumstances. By her intelligence and resourcefulness she was
saved from the dissipation of despondency, devoting her physical and
mental energies to making the best of the situation in which she found
herself. With courage she contemplated the present and took thought
of and measured the possibilities of the future. Her cheerfulness and
adaptibility to the inevitable in meeting her serious problems won
her a victory over them and greatly increased her own pleasure in
living and unquestionably added to the pleasure of others. She had had
advantages of comfortable circumstances always--more than some and as
much as few of the pilgrim women had; her brother, her husband, were
men of education and breeding, such also the men of the families of her
nearest friends.

Edward Winslow, doing always the unexpected, but always pleasing
himself, soon found the opportunity of settling the question in his
thoughts. Shortly thereafter Mary Brewster again played confident to
a neighbor. When the bans were published at the next Sunday service,
announcing such an item of interest in the lonely, quiet existence
of the community, any surprise was soon dissolved for most, by their
regard for the principals. Before May was over, the simple ceremony
took place, performed by the governor, as magistrate, as he himself has
recorded, “after the fashion of the Low Countries,” and the first bride
of the colony appears before us. Anna Fuller whom we first knew in
Leyden, there becoming Susanna White, now changes, as far as name goes,
into the second Mistress Winslow of Plymouth and before her stretch
long years of prosperity. And contentment and happiness? Yes, such as a
woman like her will always seek and find.

Natural curiosity ever alert at a time of a wedding is sadly checked
for us, by dearth of description or detail of this one, so full of an
unusual interest. The old friend Mary Brewster, was surely witness for
the bride, and her brother, the doctor; while the elder, as properly,
was witness for the groom, and Isaac Allerton, doubtless, as assistant.
But what repast Mary Chilton, Priscilla Mullins and Elizabeth Tilly,
reinforced by the culinary skill of Mistress Hopkins, prepared for the
newly married couple, or who were of the wedding guests who partook,
or whether at her house or his, we have no record. We know simplicity
was the keynote, as complying both with the Pilgrim opinion and the
necessity caused by conditions. It was an important day for the bride
and for the young girls, who were gladly stirred by the event into a
remembrance of romance and a brighter side of life, forgotten for many
a day. It even aroused Katherine Carver from her lethargy of grief into
a wondering attention when Elizabeth Tilly gave to Desire Minter all
the details in her possession, which we gladly would glean also, if we
could. However, the date appears upon the page of Plymouth history like
an illuminated initial letter, for it marks the beginning of a more
normal life. The dark days since their arrival which seemed emphasized
only by sickness and death and hunger and cold, had passed.

The summer thus ushered in, brought its herbs for salad and medicine,
its wild fruits and berries of many varieties, its fish and game, also
roses to gladden their eyes, fragrant and colorful, and, owing to the
friendliness and good understanding with the Indians, the colonists
might walk in the woods round about their homes as in the highways
of England. The two Indians called Squanto and Hobomok, who attached
themselves permanently to the colony, showed them many things of
advantage in the way of agriculture and home crafts which the women
were as glad to learn as the men.

About six weeks after their marriage, Susanna Winslow bade her husband
the first of the many farewells she would experience in the coming
days, because of his frequent journeys in the cause of the colony. He
was now to seek the great Indian chief, Massasoit, with whom the treaty
had been made, a few months before, and the governor had selected him
and Stephen Hopkins for this necessary visit. The walk through the
woods was long and tiresome and consumed more than a week, but the
object of their journey was accomplished. Susanna Winslow and Elizabeth
Hopkins, awaiting in some natural anxiety at home for their return, or
news of them, must have been somewhat startled the day the governor
sent them the message he had just received by an Indian runner, that
their husbands were nearly starving and struggling homeward, exhausted.
These two wives hastily despatched food by the Indian, to meet them at
a certain place, and had an abundant supper in readiness on the rainy
evening of their return.

Soon after this, the upsetting occurrence of a lost child came upon
them, and Eleanor Billington had the sympathy of the mothers because
one of her boys had been too venturesome in the woods and strayed
away. He was found by the Indians miles from Plymouth and word being
brought of this, the governor sent a boat to the place of the Indian
encampment which brought the boy back, no worse for his adventure, so
this excitement passed. Expeditions among the Indians became necessary,
both of forceful and peaceful intent, which made recurring anxiety for
the women, until the men had safely returned.

At the close of the summer, once again sorrow filled their hearts, as
one more of their number went from the friends who loved her. It was
the only happiness left for Katherine Carver to follow her husband out
of this world, which no longer contained anything of interest to her
and the future no hope strong enough to relieve her broken heart. So,
lovely and lamented, she was laid to rest on the hill by the shore,
where so many others of their brave and fair were sleeping. This
left but two of the married women who had left Leyden together: Mary
Brewster and Susanna Winslow. But the number of the girls remained
complete.

       *       *       *       *       *

The first anniversary of their sailing from old Plymouth, came and
went. The survivors of that day’s company on the ship must have
observed it with many thoughts. These September days were busy ones,
indeed, as preparations to meet the coming winter began. Their Spring
planting had been successful in all except peas, and their harvest
of corn was abundant. The wild grapes were made into wine, the corn
pounded into meal, each household a veritable hive of workers; while
the wear and tear on their clothes must be repaired and new garments
made, or purchased when strictly necessary, from the supply stored in
the Common House.

But an interval occurred in this routine and it may be introduced to us
by a picture of the living-room in the Brewster house, by candle light,
which contains all the women of the colony in earnest discussion.
This conclave is caused by the recent suggestion of the governor that
in view of the fact of their successful harvest, and renewed health,
a period of recreation should be planned and enjoyed by all; games,
feasting, mirth and frolic, a combination of festivities of both
England and Holland with which they were familiar, and not only were
preparations to be for themselves but for guests--Chief Massasoit and
many of his warriors were to be invited, with no doubt at all of their
acceptance. Many of the men had been hunting that day to provide the
game, and the results were enough to last a week. It was not questions
of what to provide, but how much of everything would be needed, and
which of them would prepare and roast the wild turkeys, who boil the
fish, who make sauces and side dishes or cook vegetables, who bake,
who make the salads, and all the other necessary plans for cooks who
are hostesses, and hostesses who are cooks. The problem has a familiar
appearance to many of us in our own day. Favorite receipts were
compared, and whoever excelled in a certain thing was to have charge of
that supply. All were good cooks so it was a case of friendly emulation
and rivalry in this novel experience, with which each housekeeper
retired that night, after they had talked and planned to their
satisfaction. More than a hundred to be provided for over a three day
period, and eleven women and young girls to see it through; even the
littlest girls, Remember and Mary Allerton and Damaris Hopkins had to
help, and of course the men did their share in keeping the great fires
burning and dressing the game, and the boys in carrying water from the
brook. Every iron kettle, every long and short legged pot and pan,
every wooden bowl and leathern bottle, every pewter dish, with hooks,
spits and trivets were in use; wooden cups or gourds to drink from, and
knives and napkins. The only forks were the long-handled iron ones for
cooking purposes, their use for the table was not known, their service
was supplied by napkins and spoons.

The Indians arrived and encamped around the street, thoughtfully
bringing a large supply of venison to add to the bill of fare. The
cooks and waitresses in whitest of linen caps, kerchiefs and aprons,
with short woolen skirts and buckled shoes, had many steps to take to
serve the banqueters seated at the great tables erected in front of
the houses; and when the men were having their contests of shooting
or games, they cleared away or looked on at the entertainment as they
could. They and the children, in sampling the products of their cooking
or taking a mouthful, now and then, were kept from being hungry in the
midst of plenty by being too busy to eat.

The long shadows of the third day saw the end of the event. And was
the first American “block party” a success? We may say that it was.
And were the women tired? We will agree to that also. But the men
were pleased, the children happy, and one recovers quickly from the
fatigue of gratifying achievement. Thus was their public thanksgiving
celebrated, by order of the governor.

On a November day some weeks later, household tasks were going as
usual; many of the men were gathering the last of the harvest, others
getting in the winter’s supply of wood. We may see Mistress Brewster
in her kitchen distilling herbs and witch-hazel for domestic medicines,
as was the custom of each housewife, that Dr. Fuller’s supply might not
be too freely drained. She has the help and company of Mary Chilton
this afternoon--both unconscious of any special interest that the day
may bring to them especially, before its close, yet the unexpected
was as often happening then as now. Priscilla and Elizabeth had taken
Desire Minter on a search for more sassafras, hoping to entertain and
amuse the listless girl, who, since Mrs. Carver’s death, seemed to grow
each day more unhappy. The two Marys are talking of the return voyage
of the _Mayflower_--how long it might have been or how short--and if
their friends in England and Holland had received the many letters
and messages taken back by the Captain. Suddenly they are startled
by the sound of the gun from the fort! Another shot! They are in the
street now and likewise every woman and child--it is the signal for
assembly--and the men may be seen hurrying from the woods and fields.
The Governor accompanied by the Captain and an Indian runner are
rapidly descending the hill from the fort, both looking especially
determined. The news is soon in possession of all. A ship has entered
Cape Cod harbor--seen by the Indians and word brought at once to
Plymouth! Surprise and suspense were but some of the feelings this news
aroused. They had been seven months without sight or sound of the world
beyond their little settlement and its woodland neighbors. It would
have to be Spring before a friendly ship could be expected to find them
(for newcomers could not live in comfort or be of use till then) and
as England and France were on far from friendly terms, this might be a
ship of the latter nationality, seeking them with hostile intent. But
preparedness was ever their daily thought and ability to cope with any
emergency. Thus the Captain’s little army of defense, twenty men, was
soon marshalled and ready--none without a gun in hand--to protect their
women, children and homes to the last man.

Mary Brewster sees her husband in the front rank, of course. He can
fight as ardently as pray, if necessary, and while wishing that an
enemy might be converted and enjoy life, if that were impossible, then
no question of who should fire first. The Captain had no weaklings
in his command, even the boys and younger men were heroes with such
leaders. Their eyes sharpened by expectancy and uncertainty, soon
discern the stranger’s sails, even as the lookout from the fort calls
out the fact that it is in view. Intently they wait and watch, when,
behold, before their astonished eyes, the flag of England is flung
out in greeting! Relief and amazement run a race in their minds. The
ship is smaller than the _Speedwell_. The first boat puts out, making
straight for the men drawn up on the seashore. In their incredulity
they can scarce recognize, can scarce believe, what they see: Robert
Cushman grasping the hands of Brewster and Bradford; John Winslow
seizing his brother Gilbert’s shoulders: Jonathan Brewster being
sprung upon by his brothers, from the ranks, and then Thomas Prence
just behind him.

Such confusion and laughter, such embraces and tears of joy as the
women, realizing the situation, come running down the street to meet
the crowd coming from the water’s edge.

And in another boat come two women, friends from Leyden, the widow
Ford and her children and Mistress Basset. The relief of the newcomers
was quite equal to that of the Plymouth people, but for a different
reason. Not finding any signs of habitation in the first harbor of
their search, they feared that all survivors had died or been killed by
Indians, and as in their long voyage of four months they had consumed
about all of their provisions, they feared starvation for themselves.
All were in good health, with good appetites and spirits and as soon
as their apprehension was dispelled, at sight of their friends and
their plentiful supply of food, gaiety reigned. The problem of housing
for these thirty-five newcomers was finally settled by nightfall, each
housekeeper putting up with some crowding to take in several, and the
Common House once more giving shelter. What welcome of friends and
relatives, what interest at news from others, the ensuing hours saw;
what joyful supper parties that evening!

Thus the isolation of Plymouth was broken. The sails of the _Fortune_
had brought them once again the touch of the outside world.

By daylight, another young lady had joined the colony, and Martha Ford
opened her eyes, on the first morning of her life, in Plymouth. Just
why her mother should have come across the ocean at this time is not
clear to us. She was a widow and evidently of some means to be able to
bring all her children with her. We may suppose, without stretching the
bounds of probability, that her husband had been preparing to bring his
family to the new colony, and that, after his sudden death, she carried
out the plans.

The _Fortune_ remained two weeks, and lively weeks to get her well
laden with the first exports of the colony, furs, lumber and sassafras
making a rich invoice. Letters were written--letters of enthusiastic
description; letters of encouragement to join the life of the New
World; letters of advice, and letters replying to those received, for
many words of sympathy had been sent in response to the dreary news
brought back by the _Mayflower_. There was a particular letter from
the governor (one of sympathy, also) to Mistress Alice Southworth, in
London, since Robert Cushman brought the news of her recent widowhood.

Robert Cushman had come especially as emissary from the merchants
who had underwritten the Pilgrims, and to see for himself in what
condition they were, for report at home. He was so pleased with what he
experienced, however, that he planned a permanent stay at a future day,
and left his young son, who had accompanied him, with the governor.

So the _Fortune_ was ready to sail, and by her departure, was to make
one more break in the ranks of the women, since Desire Minter chose
to go back in her, to her friends in England, under charge of Robert
Cushman. Her health and spirits had so failed that it was considered
the best thing for her; thus another blank was made in the life of
Elizabeth Tilly, who had found in Desire a dear friend--and in whose
heart she was never forgotten. Perhaps Desire already forsaw that
her place would soon be taken and knew that she would leave little
Elizabeth in good hands. As the _Fortune_ sailed out of the harbor, we
may see John Howland near Elizabeth with his protective look and ready,
encouraging smile.

This little ship did not receive benefit from her name, for fortune
proved unkind. A French man-of-war, lying near the coast of England,
captured her and took all on board prisoners to a French island, where
for more than a fortnight they were detained. However the ship and
passengers were then released and reached England--but the valuable
cargo and letters were spoils of war. So Alice Southworth never
received the governor’s letter, but the fact of its having been sent
was reported to her by her friend, Robert Cushman. Indeed the various
items of news he brought were of interest to many.

But Desire, if she had only written of her experiences, or caused
them to be written! Her experiences as a woman of the _Mayflower_,
as a woman of Plymouth Colony, her experiences in leaving the latter
for an English home--with her war adventure as an extra detail. What
material she had and of what value for the world to read. She would
have been a rival historian of Bradford and Winslow, for posterity. But
of course such a thought never occurred to her. She was a woman--and a
woman could not be independent in the society of that day, which was
an exclusively masculine society and with a system by which feminine
conduct was judged from a masculine point of view. About two hundred
and fifty years elapsed before any other point of view was deemed
possible. And Desire Minter was far from being the first of her sex to
question. In due time word was brought to Plymouth that she had reached
her friends, and, later on, that her brief, but not uneventful life
was over. Somewhere English roses bloom o’er her grave; an interesting
pilgrimage, if its location were known, as a remembrance of the first
woman of the _Mayflower_ and of Plymouth Colony to return to her early
home.

Meanwhile, before Plymouth knew aught of what had happened to the
_Fortune_, much happened there. While pleasure in the company of the
newcomers lasted, supplies did not, and their bubble of joy was soon
broken. The _Fortune_ brought no food, and thirty-odd extra people,
mostly men, to provide for, was a serious problem. So their second
winter was a hard one to get through, with little to eat--half rations
only--and resultant weakness (though fortunately no sickness) scarce
enabled them to improve their condition. Nevertheless, owing to the
threatening attitude of some of the distant Indians, a protecting wall
of lumber was built around the town. The street ran from the rock to
the battlement on the greater hill, but some houses were erected at a
different angle which indicated another street for the near future--to
be called the Highway--and the square came into view.

In Spring, the women, in addition to household duties, helped plant,
the children also--though for them more of a pleasure than for their
mothers, struggling with the problems of supply and demand in food and
clothes.

On an April day, after the planting, an episode occurred which brings
before us for the first time, a woman not hitherto distinctly in the
picture. The Indian squaws occasionally came to Plymouth and were a
help or a bother, according to their personality, to the women of the
colony. One, however, had such agreeable characteristics that she was
considered a desirable member of the community. Her husband, Hobomok,
was the colony’s trusted interpreter and permanent resident. On this
day, we see the mothers of the smallest children, Susanna Winslow,
Martha Ford and Elizabeth Hopkins, assembled in Mistress Hopkins’ big
kitchen, learning from Hobomok’s wife the craft of moccasin making;
the soft foot-coverings were both comfortable and warm for the babies.
But the lesson is interrupted and Hobomok takes his wife away, saying
that the governor wants her. The surprise of the women is lessened
only by apprehension when they later learn that she had been sent on
a mission which none of them could have performed, nor was a man of
theirs able to cope with its delicacy, not even Hobomok. This peculiar
circumstance was caused by Squanto, their other trusted interpreter and
friend. He had stated that all was not well with their Indian allies
and that Massasoit was treacherously planning with the Narragansetts
to exterminate them. The qualifications of Hobomok’s wife were at once
apparent to the men in consultation over this news, which Hobomok
insistently declared could not be true. She was instructed, therefore,
under guise of a casual visitor, to go to Massasoit’s camp and learn
what she could. Her return was anxiously awaited. She accomplished
her errand in a most satisfactory and creditable manner, and her
information relieved them of alarm.

Another year passed, with a not very succesful harvest; uncertain
Indian affairs, and the arrival of boats bringing letters, even
visitors but no supplies or friends or families--the Merchants and even
Robert Cushman seemed to fail them.

Some of the boats brought men whom they supported for a time from their
scanty supply, who had come out to establish another colony on the
coast and who requited their kindness by ingratitude and scorn for a
settlement having women. Another boat, however, was more acceptable as
proving they had friends in need, though unknown, for by it word was
brought of a massacre of Virginia colonists by the Indians. From this
same kind-hearted ship captain, John Huddleston, Edward Winslow--who
visited him to extend the colony’s thanks for the warning--was able
to procure some provisions, of which they were greatly in need, and
thereby increased their bread allowance to a quarter of a pound a day.
From this warning also they proceeded to build a stronger and larger
fort, one part being planned for a place of worship.

A trading ship coming in, made them pay exorbitantly for their needs
seeing how greatly they lacked them. On this ship, however, was a
gentleman who was returning to England from Virginia. He made the
acquaintance of the Plymouth people while the ship was in the harbor,
and that he was a welcome visitor to the Brewster household is told by
a letter he later sent to Governor Bradford saying how he had enjoyed
Mr. Brewster’s books. A man of like tastes, evidently, and his passing
acquaintance a pleasant incident to them.

The autumn and winter were punctuated by trips taken by the governor
and some of the other men, with Squanto, in search of camps where the
Indians would sell corn, as their own harvest was far from being enough
to keep them until the next. On one of these expeditions, Squanto died.

As planting time approached, in view of the fact that the next harvest
must produce a much greater amount, to avoid the dangers of starvation
which they were then enduring, the governor, in consultation, decided
to divide the land into personal holdings, instead of all lands being
worked for and held by the community. This new plan quickly grew
increased enthusiasm for planting and culture, since emulation and
friendly contests for success began. Mary Chilton and Humility Cooper
were each given an acre, and the attention those acres received was not
less than any other. To work in one’s very own soil was pleasure as
well as profit, discounting the fatigue.

At this time, also, the women had a particularly choice bit of
satisfaction. No less than the total disestablishment and wreck of the
colony which the men had come to plant who had accepted hospitality
from the Plymouth people, when they arrived, and so discourteously
returned it by ridiculing a settlement which contained women. Appeals
for help from them were received, and with usual generosity were
granted, to enable them to keep their lives from starvation and the
Indians, and to leave that country.

Plymouth had but six matrons; and the young woman who had been maid
to Mrs. Carver, and four young girls, Priscilla, Mary, Elizabeth and
Humility, with Remember Allerton and Constance Hopkins fast leaving
childhood in the responsibilities of this difficult life. With so
many single men the widow and the girls could have a half dozen at
command in an instant, while Mary Brewster had four strong right arms
to rely on, her husband and three sons; Susanna Winslow the hands of
her husband, brother and brothers-in-law, Gilbert and John, at need.
Remember and Constance had each a brother to call upon and the other
two married women, husbands and sons. Nevertheless, no one would
care to deny that the twenty-four hours of the day of these loyal and
efficient members of the company were not as heavily laden as those of
the men, nor that their efforts in sustaining the struggling community
were not as valuable in the final results.

  “They made the home and kept the hearth fires burning;
    They spun and wove and tilled the barren soil;
  They met each day’s return with patient trusting
    And murmured not through all the weary toil.”




                            THE BRIDE SHIP.

                            [Illustration]




                            THE BRIDE SHIP.


Massasoit was ill--very ill, and a Dutch ship had run aground near his
encampment. This news, brought by runners, caused Winslow to again
leave his family and penetrate the forests to visit the Chief, as he
was looked upon as a special friend of Massasoit, and could speak
Dutch. It was about a year from the time when Hobomok’s wife went
over the trail on her diplomatic errand. The Dutch ship had gotten
away, but Massasoit was decidedly ill. Among Winslow’s talents was
skill in doctoring and nursing, so with some remedies and food he
had carried with him, he was able to improve the condition of the
Chief. Massasoit’s delight and gratitude manifested themselves in an
important piece of information, which was that an Indian conspiracy
was in the making against Plymouth. With this startling revelation
Winslow returned. The matter was soon concluded, for their Captain, as
he believed preparation and prevention were better than cure, took a
picked company and the offensive, and came back with the head of the
bold ringleader. This salutary but grewsome object caused the women
to look elsewhere than the point on the battlements of the fort where
it was displayed. However the warning had its effect--discontented
Indians became mild in terror of the Sword of the White Men, as they
called Myles Standish. The picked company in this event was composed of
several of the young men who were specially, if secretly, favored by
Priscilla, Mary and Elizabeth.

Ships and more letters, one bringing truly joyful news that, at last,
some of their own people would come in the next ships sent out by
the Merchants. This cheer was sorely needed, but as they were just
managing to keep from starvation by the fish as almost their only food,
they wondered how they could supply the newcomers with a living. The
prospect was indeed dreary, as a protracted drought had wilted their
cherished crops hopelessly. Another ship, bringing a rather important
naval official in charge of fishing activities on the coast, came in.
This officer, Captain Francis West, called Admiral of New England, made
but a short stay, but long enough to fill them with anxiety as he told
them he had spoken a ship at sea, had boarded her, found her bound for
this port, and sailed in company with her until in a violent storm they
lost sight of her. He supposed she had already come in, and, finding
she had not, feared some mischance.

These summer days were dark for them, starving, with hopes of a harvest
blighted by drought, and now distress for the possible loss of the ship
bringing their loved ones. In this deepest gloom, which proved the
fore-runner of dawn, they set apart a day of prayer, in humility and
distress, by their faith’s steady flame. Under the glaring sun, the
day began--but at evening the sun set in clouds and the rain came for
which they prayed. The corn, the fruit was saved.

       *       *       *       *       *

Sweet and soft was the air of the summer morning some few weeks after
this; birds sang joyously and a silver mist hung over the sea as
Plymouth awoke to the new day. The women seemed more lighthearted than
of late, shown by snatches of song now and then as they pursued the
common tasks of the household. An indefinable feeling which had come
to them that since the answer to their prayer for rain had been given
by many refreshing showers, the one in supplication for the safety of
the ship and their expected dear ones could not be in vain and all
would yet be well, gave them more enjoyment of life notwithstanding
a breakfast of boiled clams was all they could prepare for their
families. The smoke from the chimneys rose over the thatched roofs,
pointing seaward. Some of the men came forth from their homes, on their
way to the day’s labors, and cheerily greeted one another, stopping to
speak of the weather and prospects of plenty.

Mary Brewster stands in her door-way, arranging the sprays of the
wild rose trained beside it--the showers had revived it and it looked
its best. She had planted and tended it, hoping for the day when her
daughters might smile at her beside its blossoms. Priscilla joins her
in admiring it, both thinking of Fear and Patience on the longed for
ship. They speak of this being the first ship to come having a woman’s
name, and that she was bringing so many women.

John Alden stops on his way past with a morning greeting. What man more
anxious than he for the arrival of the _Anne_, though his bride-to-be
is not on the ship. Through many months Priscilla has heard love’s
voice, sweet and low, tender and strong, and though for one reason and
another it seemed best to wait, she has now promised to marry him when
the uncertainty about the ship is over, for she could not leave dear
Mistress Brewster, who had so mothered her, in the suspense concerning
her own daughters, nor be selfish in thinking of her own affairs when
the universal anxiety was so great.

They too, talk of the weather, of the breeze from the southwest, and
glance at the chimney’s long finger of smoke pointing, pointing to
the sea. Half unconsciously they look in that direction and watch the
thinning fog as it seems to form in patterns like Flemish lace, as
Priscilla says. Now it has parted and the sun’s brilliancy streams
through making a jewelled pathway on the water. Quickly Priscilla
grasps Mary Brewster’s hand and flings out her arm in the direction the
smoke has been pointing. Against the pink and golden morning sky there
is a ship, coming slowly, slowly, into the harbor, flinging before her
wreaths of pearly foam. The _Anne_!

  “Then from their houses in haste came forth the Pilgrims of Plymouth,
  Men and women and children all hurrying down to the sea shore.”

Never again did the Pilgrims of Plymouth experience the thrill of
that moment at the arrival of any ship, and only once before had
the feeling approached it--at the arrival of the _Fortune_. Though
some emotions were similar in each case, such as relief and joy, the
circumstances were dissimilar. The relief was for themselves, for their
own welfare, in the first case, in the second their relief was doubled,
as the welfare of those on the ship was the chief thought. The first
joy was coupled with surprise at its unexpectedness, the second with
thanksgiving at the fulfillment of a great hope and anticipation.

Fathers and husbands, brothers and friends jumped into boats to put
off to the _Anne_ to see and greet at the earliest possible moment
those of whom they had been thinking and dreaming for so long. Here is
Richard Warren, Doctor Fuller and Francis Cooke, of the first division,
Jonathan Brewster and Thomas Prence, of the second, off in the first
dash. The governor’s boat takes also his assistant, Isaac Allerton, and
Captain Myles Standish. Those on the ship, crowding along the rail, see
the boats coming to them over the laughing wavelets, and recognizing
one after another of the men as they come alongside, laugh in reply as
they wave.

There has been written some charming verses descriptive of the arrival
in this country of the foreign girls who married members of the A.
E. F. of the recent war. The conclusion fits well with that scene of
nearly three hundred years ago:

  “They loved our heroes well enough
    To leave all else besides
  And make America their own,
    So welcome home the brides.”

Yes, and wives, too. The ship’s band, if there had been one, might well
have played the tune of “Sweethearts and Wives,” while Plymouth’s drum
and fife could have replied with “Haste to the Wedding,” or “Here Comes
the Bride.”

When the excitement had subsided a little, in a few days time, the
Brewster girls had the interesting event of a wedding in their home,
for their old friend, Priscilla married the young man of her choice,
whom they had never seen, until they came to Plymouth. There was
little wherewith to make a wedding feast, but, at least a health could
be given the bride and bridegroom in the elderblow wine, made a year
before.

Indeed the great shock to the newcomers was the condition of affairs
in the colony--the thinness, paleness and weakness of all, from
want of sufficient food. The governor recalls for many a day the
embarrassment felt by the Pilgrims that so little could be offered to
the new arrivals, only fish and cold water. But the _Anne_, unlike the
_Fortune_, brought some supplies and necessaries, so the passengers
were not a drain upon the colony as in the case of the _Fortune_, but,
rather a great help.

Following the example of John Alden, Francis Eaton took to himself
a wife, thereby adding another to the number of married women among
the original company. He wedded the only woman who has been without
a name in the history of the _Mayflower_ and of the colony, perhaps
the only woman in history who, being mentioned several times, has
always been nameless. Of course she had a name and was called by it
by her contemporaries, but seek as we may, she is designated only for
us as “Mrs. Carver’s maid.” For Francis Eaton she stayed, when she
might have returned with Desire Minter; for him and his baby boy, left
motherless, in the first winter, who had been looked after by plain but
kind-hearted Eleanor Billington.

A passenger by the _Anne_ whom we know, the wealthy widow, Mrs. Alice
Southworth, brought her maid--but she was Christian Penn, and she
married Francis Eaton for his third wife in after years, as the second
Mrs. Eaton (we are glad to give her a name for once), did not live long.

The _Anne_ stayed at Plymouth over a month--a witness of the several
marriages which she had brought about, directly and indirectly.

Alice Carpenter--the lovely English girl, going with her family
into voluntary exile in Leyden, marrying there and afterwards
living, a prosperous matron of London, as Alice Southworth, then
crossing the sea, a widow, to become a bride again, this time of a
Colonial governor, living thereafter as Alice Bradford, an adornment
of the community about her and a great factor in its peace and
progress--weaves one of the bright threads of romance through the story
of the women of Plymouth. The governor’s marriage to the charming widow
was indeed an important event in the life of the village.

Somewhat of a surprise to all but a few, was the announcement of the
coming marriage of the Captain to an old friend, who had come out in
company with Mrs. Southworth, for the same reason, in answer to a
proposal of marriage, by letter. Then followed another wedding, of
special interest to all the first comers by the _Mayflower_ and to
many of the recent arrivals, that of big John Howland with little
Elizabeth Tilly, as she always seemed to her old friends, though
quite grown up now and nearing seventeen. John Howland had patiently
waited, as other men. Thus, by the coming of the _Anne_, bringing her
own dear daughters, after three years of separation, Mary Brewster
was able to smile at the departure of two of her loving daughters of
adversity, to homes of their own. In this practical and primitive life,
no honeymoons could be thought of. Plymouth, itself, then lay within
the radius of a quarter of a mile and there was not another civilized
habitation in hundreds of leagues, so the only wedding journey of these
_Mayflower_ girls, Priscilla and Elizabeth, was from Elder Brewster’s
doorway to their own new homes; one down, one up the street. We know
that these girls had in addition to the loving interest of Mary
Brewster, the affectionate encouragement of Susanna Winslow and the
warm friendship of their girl companions of Leyden and of Plymouth,
Fear and Patience Brewster, Mary Chilton and Humility Cooper--priceless
wedding gifts--nor lacking was the regard of the governor’s wife, a
contemporary bride and old friend of Leyden days.

Of these marriages we have not a sketch in the written history of those
days, except in the new book brought by the _Anne_ for the colony’s
records, and the first entries, most appropriately, are these. And that
the _Fortune_ might be represented in the weddings of this season, as
well as the _Mayflower_ an _Anne_, the widow, Mrs. Ford, proceeded to
take a second husband, in the person of Peter Brown, one of the sturdy
and loyal men of the colony, who had come in the _Mayflower_.

The doctor’s young wife, Bridget; Richard Warren’s daughters, as well
as their mother, and Hester Cooke and Juliana Morton, all arrivals
by the _Anne_, hardly realized at first the sombre background of
the life against which these marriages shone out for the first
comers. To them it seemed they had arrived in a land of weddings and
happiness--though lack of feasting and trousseaux was somewhat evident.
Another interested on-looker, is the aunt of Remember and Mary, Isaac
Allerton’s sister, whom we knew in Leyden as Sarah Priest, but,
widowed the first winter after her husband arrived at the new home he
was to prepare for her, she nevertheless came to Plymouth with a new
husband, whom she had recently married in Leyden, and now she is Sarah
Cuthbertson. She brought the little sister of the Allerton children,
Sarah, who had been left in her care, but did not give up charge of her.

The augmented motion and sounds on Plymouth’s street, under the
September sky was apparent. Many women had come; numerous children
were there; the men’s families were forming new households; strangers
getting accustomed to one another and surroundings; friends renewing
old ties--the newcomers feeling a bit lost, nevertheless.

The life, such as it had been, for the _Mayflower_ passengers was
over. That time, within the three years from their departure on the
_Speedwell_ from Delfshaven, to their welcome of the _Anne_, at
Plymouth, was a thing apart.




                    BENEATH THE PINES OF PLYMOUTH.

                            [Illustration]




                    BENEATH THE PINES OF PLYMOUTH.


The _Anne_, laden with lumber, furs and mail, sailed in September,
carrying also an important passenger; Susanna Winslow had to spare her
husband for a time, while he went to England on the colony’s business
and his own affairs. However, her cares now were somewhat lessened by
the coming in the _Anne_ of a young women, named Mary Becket, to assist
in her household labors. Since his other aunt had come, by the _Anne_,
to live in Plymouth, little Samuel Fuller went back to the doctor’s
house to grow up. Bridget Fuller came with the baby, who was too
delicate to make the voyage in the _Mayflower_, now three years old,
and the doctor’s sunny gentle spirit rejoiced.

Following the _Anne_ came a small ship called _Little James_, which
was to remain for the colony’s use. It proved of little use and great
expense, after all, but it brought other Leyden friends, as well as
strangers from England. Thus Plymouth grew, and this autumn saw about a
hundred and eighty persons instead of the handful who had struggled for
life and a home in the wilderness for the past three years.

The new plan of individual division of the land with its planting
and care proved its wisdom; the crops ripening rapidly, foretold an
abundant harvest; the lightening of hearts and the promising outlook
caused the governor to proclaim a day of public thanksgiving. It was
not after the manner of that of two years previously, as conditions
were different, but more in remembrance of the day of supplication
held in July. The dreaded visitor famine, was gone, never to return
to the firesides of Plymouth--although for some awful hours it seemed
possible. On a wintry night, too great a fire on the hearth of one of
the new houses, caused that house, and those nearest, to be consumed
by flames and to threaten the Common House where their trading
supplies and harvest were stored. Well that the Captain had prepared
his original company to fight possible fire as well as possible
hostile attack, for by those men was that tragedy averted, as, in the
excitement and confusion, the majority of the new-comers were more of a
hindrance than help. The women must have felt that if cares and labors
were somewhat decreased, responsibility and uncertainty were increased
through the added numbers to the town.

That winter was the gayest Plymouth had ever known. Families had been
so lately reunited that the satisfaction and joy of the occasion still
caused effervescence of spirits, and, too, there were many more young
people who never had to live through the hard and perilous times which
the first group experienced. These all had either homes to go to or
loving friends to shelter them until homes were built; no sickness to
contend with and plenty to eat. Where the comforts of all the men had
depended more or less on a few women, now the hands of many women made
all tasks lighter, and there was time for more social intercourse,
which though in simplest form was sufficient then for relaxation and
pleasure. No wonder happy voices were carried on the winter winds
and light footsteps echoed on the street. Neighborliness being ever
a characteristic of the Pilgrims, there was a constant exchange of
goodwill and kindly attentions between the households. They had not
needed Robert Cushman’s admonition in his discourse to them, before
returning in the _Fortune_, “There is no grief so tedious as a churlish
companion and nothing makes sorrows easy more than cheerful associates.
Bear ye therefore one another’s burdens and be not a burden one to
another,” but they did not ignore it.

We may glance in the houses, on a frosty evening, and see who are
sheltered within their cosy brightness and warmth. The governor’s
house has a large and merry party to hold, for he and his wife are
entertaining for the winter, her sister, Juliana, with husband, George
Morton and all the little Mortons: Patience, Nathaniel, John, Sarah,
Ephraim and baby George; also a regular member of the family, Thomas
Cushman. No wonder Christian Penn was in demand.

In the Brewster home, across the way, the Elder and his wife have also
lively company, with three sons, the dear daughters, and Mary Chilton
and Humility Cooper and Richard More. Thomas Prence, John Winslow,
Philip de la Noye and half a dozen more of the young men drop in of an
evening, with four attractive girls and charming hostess to welcome
them, and even an older man occasionally, as when Isaac Allerton brings
his daughter over to join in the fun; though he appears only to talk to
the Elder he glances at one of the girls, sometimes. Patience has her
little flax wheel at one side of the room under a candle bracket and
the whir of the wheel makes a background for the voices. Thomas Prence
is beside her mightily interested in the spinning, as the product is
for his sweetheart’s hope chest. The Brewster girls have brought a
supply of new linens to their mother, from Holland, and indeed all the
housekeepers are well supplied with this necessity, but constant usage
wears out the best made and so more must be in readiness, therefore
spinning is a regular occupation, especially for those with a wedding
in mind.

Susanna Winslow has company, also, this evening, for her brother, the
cheerful doctor, and his young wife have been having supper with her
and her young brothers-in-law. John has gone over to the Brewster’s,
but Gilbert, his handsome, rather discontented face lit by the fire,
sits near the hearth, smoking, with the doctor and another man, for
Sarah Cuthbertson has come in for an evening’s gossip with her old
friend, Anna, bringing her new husband. The three women have much to
talk of--matters both grave and gay--and the new-comers from Leyden are
doing most of the chatter, Susanna well pleased to listen, commenting
occasionally on the narration of who had married or moved away and such
items of interest as would accumulate in three years, with infrequent
opportunities of communication.

John Howland and his Elizabeth go in the doorway of the Alden’s house
for a social call--and find Francis Cooke and his wife, Hester, there,
also, and soon after, the Captain and his wife, Barbara, enter, and
there is laughter and chat, while the women’s fingers ply the knitting
needles, for even in recreation moments the women can seldom afford
to be wholly idle. Hester is an old Leyden friend to Priscilla and
Elizabeth, though not of English birth, while Barbara is a new friend
to them all, Hester having made her acquaintance on the sea voyage
which brought them both to Plymouth. Francis Cooke had a comfortable
house awaiting his wife and children, and Hester, naturally, quite
fitted in with the first comers.

In the large house of the Hopkins, we see a number of the youngest
inhabitants of Plymouth having a very jolly time--Giles and Constance
being responsible. Here are Mary and Bartholomew Allerton, John and
Jane Cooke, Patience Morton and Thomas Cushman, Ann and Sarah Warren,
William Palmer and Samuel Jenny, even Jacob Cooke and Damaris Hopkins
are admitted, also Mercy Sprague, Samuel Fuller, Resolved White and
Sarah Annable, for at these children’s parties the early hours kept
could not rob even the youngest of much sleep. We know how many of
the future marriages in Plymouth came from this gay group. Stephen
Hopkins and his wife have gone out themselves and we see them in the
home of Richard Warren, whose wife and daughter Mary, having gotten
the youngest girls, Elizabeth and Abigail, in bed are glad to welcome
company. Two of their fellow passengers in the _Anne_ are also present,
one being Robert Bartlett, whose interest in Mary began on their ocean
voyage, which has a very modern sound. The other visitor is Ellen
Newton, who came out with these friends, and is soon to marry John
Adams, who preceded her in the _Fortune_.

Here is another gathering at the home of John and Sarah Jenny, who,
with their three children, arrived on the _Little James_, they are of
the old Leyden company; also we see here Stephen Tracy and Triphosa,
his French wife and their little girl, Sarah, who has come to have a
frolic with her playmates, Abigail and Sarah, while the parents are
absorbed in their own affairs; they are soon joined by William Palmer
(who came with his son in the _Fortune_) and his wife, Frances, a
passenger in the _Anne_. The happy-go-lucky, or unlucky, household of
the Billingtons is evidently satisfied with its own family this evening.

And to look further we see other homes whose inmates are strangers to
us, though not to all of our earliest acquaintances, such as Francis
and Anna Sprague, whose little girl, Mercy, is at the Hopkins, this
evening; Anthony and Jane Annable, their oldest child we have also
seen at the party but Sarah and Hannah are at home; Ralph Wallen and
Joyce, his wife, Edward and Rebecca Bangs, with two children romping at
home; Robert Hicks with Margaret and three children; also Mr. and Mrs.
Edward Burcher, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Flavell and Mr. and Mrs. William
Hilton and little boys (all of the latter arrived by the _Anne_)
besides numerous single men of the _Fortune_, _Anne_ and _Little
James_, who are quite welcome at the different houses. With so many
young men, the girls had numbers to choose from, as each would have
been glad for a wife and home of his own. Light refreshments add to
the social hour we see, possets and manchets with home-brewed ale, and
nuts, or the beverage made of roots, flavored with sassafras, similar
to modern root beer, and popcorn--both the latter Indian additions to
their knowledge. The possets and manchets are little cakes, the former
sometimes called “sweet shrub” made of flour, sugar and spice, while
manchets are flour, made without the spice and baked brown like our
cookies.

Having thus seen who is who in Plymouth by the lights of the houses,
“shining like stars in the dark and mist of the evening,” we will
observe some passing events, from this time, which were of interest
to the women, either for themselves or members of their families or
friends.

This happy winter passed into their history, and spring coming found
the Plymouth people with hearts more in tune to the joy and hope of
its opening buds and bird songs than ever before.

On a March day, the first ship of the season from England came into
view. If one has ever lived, in modern times, far from native land and
many dear friends, as on island possessions, for instance, in civil or
military life, with ships coming safely to harbor, the only chance of
communication with the outside world, bringing letters, packages of
gifts or a friend or two, perchance, with weeks or months of interval
between sight of a ship from over-seas, one may easily comprehend just
how the women of Plymouth felt when a ship was coming in. And though
the women did not write or receive letters very often, in those days,
yet they heard the contents of those which frequently came to their
husbands and could think and talk of the tidings for many a day.

The _Charity_ brought Susanna Winslow’s husband home to her and to
his welcoming friends. His mission had been eminently successful and
proved the adage of “If you want a thing done well, do it yourself,”
for Winslow knowing each need of the colony, brought back the proper
supplies for trade with the Indians or the fishing ships, and adequate
selection of clothing for all. Having a wife, he knew what to buy for
the women, and what the children needed, besides special commissions
in way of books or household comforts as they existed, at that time,
elsewhere. The colony was not rich--either as a whole or by individual
wealth--but though bearing a heavy debt to the Merchants, they had to
live while every effort was being made to reduce the original, and the
Merchants were usually willing to add to their obligation, especially
since their exports were so marketable. Also some of the families had
personal credit in England, even though for several years the results
of their trade went to reduce the common debt, and the only personal
gain allowed in Plymouth was from selling the products of their own
lands to one another. Corn was legal tender, nothing else was needed or
of greater value to them or the natives, until a later date. Therefore
the Elder, the Governor, the Captain, could rejoice in more books, the
women in the last word of costume detail from London or Leyden suitable
to their present situation. We are quite sure that Mary Chilton,
Patience Brewster and the other girls, as well as the young brides,
were just as particular about the set of a broad brimmed hat, or the
ribbons on a velvet hood, as interested in whether white neckwear had
bows or tassels to fasten it, and if silver shoe buckles were engraved
or plain, as any woman of today in her up-to-date appearance.

In addition to the many personal interests connected with Edward
Winslow’s return, he had purchased several head of cattle, and the
children watched with greatest curiosity--and some alarm to those who
had never seen such creatures--the approach of the small boats from the
ship with ropes trailing behind attached to the horns and necks of the
cows, swimming valiantly to their new home. Their familiar appearance
brought an increased home feeling to the women. From that day milk
was never lacking for beverage, butter, and cheese; goat’s milk was no
longer their only supply.

And of great interest to many was a certain book which Winslow had
written and had printed that winter, in London, called “Good News From
New England.” This publication which threw the picture of themselves
and their surroundings sharply before the eyes of many on the screen
of public intelligence, in England, was a factor in their life
thereafter by its results. Business for the colony was not concluded
at the time Winslow wished to return to Plymouth, and, as he brought
letters requesting his further presence, to continue these matters, the
governor agreed to his leaving them again, and Susanna could do nothing
but consent also.

The _Charity_ remained for fishing, throughout the summer, which
was crowded with events of moment. In response to appeals from the
Pilgrims in Plymouth to the Merchants in London that their pastor, John
Robinson, be sent to them with others of their number from Leyden,
the Merchants had made excuses. The _Anne_ brought affectionate
letters from Robinson but not his longed-for presence. To their great
surprise, therefore, in company with Winslow, on the _Charity_, there
came a stranger whom the Merchants had decided should be the colony’s
religious head. In vain had Winslow argued and pleaded for Robinson,
knowing what a disappointment this would be. This minister brought
his wife and children and at first seemed well disposed toward the
Pilgrims, so they accepted what they could not help and allowed him a
seat on the Council board--for now there were several assistants to the
governor--and requested him to act as associate with their elder, but
although he declared himself a convert to the Separatist church, they
did not admit him to the position of their pastor. A more acceptable
companion on this home-coming of Winslow’s was a clever and likable
young carpenter, who did them good service.

In the early summer, Ellen Newton married John Adams, which was of
interest to those who had crossed with her in the _Anne_, and kindly
observed by others. In midsummer, two new comers brought rejoicing
and pleasure to many. In the governor’s family arrived the baby who
received the name of William, which had also been given to his father,
grand-father and great-grandfather. Into John and Priscilla Alden’s
home came Elizabeth, called the first born daughter of the Pilgrims.
As one writer has expressed it, “She was destined to outlive every
individual then in the colony and to survive the colony itself by
twenty-five years.”

In August, just about a year from the time of the arrival of the
_Anne_, another of her passengers became a bride, making the eighth
in the colony during the twelve-month. This wedding was of special
interest, not only because it was the first in a prominent family, but
because of the popularity of the bride and the groom and the affection
and esteem in which the parents were held. Plymouth rejoiced when
Patience Brewster married Thomas Prence, and her mother felt that
she then had all that heart could wish for. With tall, affectionate
sons and loving daughters, one going to a home of her own, but not
away, and, beside her, the handsome lover of her youth as her devoted
husband, sharing her feelings on this important day; a home with all
comforts then obtainable; among admiring friends as of old, Mary
Brewster sighed in happy content. Plymouth had returned to her the
pleasures of Scrooby without its later uncertainties and trials. And
Patience, a reflection of her mother’s early fairness and charm, was
as radiant a bride as New England’s sun ever lighted on a wedding day.
Her young husband was to steadily advance in the esteem of the colony
and in material position, reaching the important place of governor in
a few years. Thus destiny had woven for her life a beautiful pattern,
with childhood in Scrooby, girlhood in Leyden, womanhood in Plymouth,
with love and tender care to lighten all her days. A bright particular
star in the galaxy of women of Plymouth colony who were not of the
_Mayflower_ company, but who found their life’s fulfillment there.

       *       *       *       *       *

Plymouth society had grown enough to be no longer the one and
indivisible association welded together by common experiences and
mutual interests, as it was at first. With the advent of those
unconnected with the original pioneers and their objects, who came
as friends of the Merchants or as adventurers to a new but firmly
established country, caring nothing for its interests, rather hoping
to throw over what the first comers had won by their courage and faith
(of firm government and laws, freedom of conscience and liberality for
those of differing views, and united labor for prosperity and peace)
came a change; a division was felt between the group with the anarchist
spirit and that comprising the original element. Regretting this, but
forced to acknowledge it by definite unpleasantness between them,
the first families began to live within their own circle as much as
possible. Stirring scenes took place, as autumn began, and the women
had much to discuss. The governor was forced to make the issue and in
upholding law and order to dismiss certain members of the community,
though their families were allowed to stay and were cared for until
new homes could be procured elsewhere. Chief among these disturbers
of Plymouth’s peace were a group who had come in the _Anne_, under
leadership of one, John Oldham, and the hypocritical minister, Lyford,
who was a sad disappointment to these charitably inclined people. The
recital of this experience has been given in many of the writings which
concern the men of Plymouth--the “Pilgrim Fathers,” so often mentioned.
The element of unrest being removed, other persons, not harmful but
formerly indifferent only, became loyal supporters of the commonwealth;
so calmness again settled over Plymouth when the first snow flakes
draped the rugged pines, standing as sentinels or guardians for this
little world, between the wilderness and the sea.

The winter was much like the one preceding it, with two new young
housekeepers and the prospect of other brides. Susanna Winslow was
again without her husband, and Gilbert had decided to revisit his old
home--accompanying his brother to England, never to return. Matchmakers
would gladly have mated him with one of the colony’s belles. One
wonders, even at this distant day, why this eligible young bachelor did
not marry, what woman touched his heart? Pity he had not asked Desire
to stay; perhaps it was she that was the something Plymouth lacked
for him; or did he admire Mary Chilton’s graces of mind and person,
yet leave her for his brother John’s happiness? Fancies play around a
possible answer to this passing question among the many love stories
that we know in Plymouth, which culminated for the principals, as fairy
tales, in subsequent happiness.

Grey days and golden passed over Plymouth, each one finding the women
busy with the successive round of household duties and industries,
not ended with the sunset gun as the men’s labors might be. Let us
look at a list of occupations which kept them from idleness in each
season of the year: candle-making, pickling eggs, preserve and cordial
making, distilling of herbs, ale or beer making, manufacture of soap,
laundrying, dying cloths and yarns, braiding mats of rushes, sweeping
and sanding floors, cleaning wooden and iron utensils, scouring and
polishing pewter, brass and silver articles, pounding corn, butter and
cheese making, cooking, weaving, spinning, sewing, drying wet shoes by
placing hot oats in them, or clothes--storm soaked--by blazing logs
on the hearth (for umbrellas and overshoes were then unknown) and
teaching the boys and girls. It was not until a later day that there
were schools for the children, and as it had been in England, so in
their new home, their learning was obtained from their elders. Some had
brought what books they could; nearly all brought Bibles in several
languages, Psalm-books and Catechisms, and before long, the almanacs
proved a most useful factor in home education.

Moments of recreation and rest were evidently somewhat rare, but no
less enjoyable, lighter occupations serving the purpose at home or when
visiting. Can we not see them on many a winter evening by the firelight
of blazing cedar logs and candle glow from the dips made in the autumn,
with the fine embroidery and knitting in which the women of their day
and training took such pride; or placing the stitches in the samplers
which were to take the place of pictures on the bare walls, also making
designs in colored threads upon the sets of curtains for beds or
windows; meanwhile talking together of past days in their old homes--of
the friends left there whom they were hopefully expecting to join them,
showing keepsakes and telling their personal value to amuse one another.

Doubtless their greatest peace and pleasure came from singing songs as
they had done in Pastor Robinson’s house, looking out on the beautiful
old garden in Leyden. The book from which they sang has been described
in the poem we all know:

  “The well-worn psalm book of Ainsworth
  Printed in Amsterdam, the words and music together,
  Rough-hewn, angular notes, like stones in the wall of a church-yard
  Darkened and overhung by the running vine of the verses.”

Such was the book, the delight of the Pilgrim women, for in that
country of few books, not only did its pages afford their only music,
but the annotations formed both a dictionary and encyclopedia of
useful knowledge; things temporal and things spiritual were explained,
scientific, historical and religious information was dispensed therein.
Truly a library in a single volume.

Spring again, and the day of Edward Winslow’s return found the town
in excitement and the women decidedly disturbed. John Oldham had
come suddenly amongst them, for no other purpose than to revile and
insult the authorities. They had imprisoned him and were later getting
rid of him in a chastened mood, when Winslow and the captain of the
ship, which had brought him unnoticed into the harbor, walked up the
street. John Oldham surprised them yet again, at a later day, but
then returned to make amends and apologies, and to offer services,
which the authorities were able to accept. And this man, with the
upsetting propensities, met a violent death at the hands of Indians
in Massachusetts bay--his boat was rescued and his death avenged by
Captain John Gallup, Senior, of Boston. This event has been called the
first naval engagement of American history, and in it were the seeds of
the Pequot war.

As John Oldham’s boat put out from the harbor, and the boats from the
_Jacob_ landed the colony’s supplies and Winslow’s belongings, the
unpleasantness was soon forgotten in welcoming him and the popular
captain, William Pierce, now an old friend, by his frequent visits
to Plymouth with various ships. One special parcel Edward Winslow
delivered with care to the governor’s wife. It was a gift to her of a
package of spices from her old friend, Robert Cushman, in London.

The bountiful summer was enjoyed in “peace and health and contented
minds.” We may think of the women in their gardens tending lovingly
the plants grown from seeds carefully brought from other gardens, far
away, where memories must have been tended as well as flowers. Those
who would, might join the children and dogs in walks on the sea shore
and in the woods, bringing to their homes decorations in the form of
flowers and shells. One writer has said, “The first ornaments of the
houses were probably the periwinkle shells, their memory deserves to be
cherished like the arbutus flower among the things that awaken Pilgrim
memories.”

The first quickly built dwellings were now solidified into comfortable
houses, various rooms being added from time to time, with furniture
colony-made or imported; the ground plots around them were kept
attractively, some of them being washed by the bubbling waters of Town
Brook, as it flowed past, and most of them enclosed with palings or
wooden walls, against which fruit trees and vines were trained, as in
kitchen gardens of the old country. Sometimes at day’s close, it was
possible to watch or partake in the old English game of stool-ball, a
distant cousin of croquet.

An evening in late summer beautifies the landscape with its serene
light. Through the garden behind the house, Mary Brewster walks with
her daughters. They come toward the brook and pause to enjoy their
surroundings. From the woodland across the stream the purple and
golden flowers of the season bend toward them in the lightest of airs;
the robins fly from bush to tree, preparing to rest. We seem to feel
with them the remembrance of another scene of a summer evening long
passed, when these three walked down through the grounds of Scrooby
Manor to Ryton Stream to say farewell. But Town Brook does not see the
same expression of sadness and uncertainty among them as Ryton saw;
the long shafts of illuminating light reveal countenances where only
satisfaction and tranquility dwell.

       *       *       *       *       *

The kitchen at the Winslow’s presents a lively scene this autumn
morning. The Mistress and Mary Becket are in the depths of preparations
for a feast and not an ordinary one. Susanna is registering great
cheerfulness and Mary decided efficiency. Two important causes may
be found both for the feast and good spirits. First, the master of
the house returned yesterday from a somewhat hazardous but extremely
successful trading trip far up the coast. The principal men of the old
set were with him, so several other wives were also rejoicing at the
return. The great quantity of beaver would make who would, a fur coat
for the coming winter, like those the Indian women wore so comfortably.
And as for Mary--why George Soule had told her last evening that she
was the only woman for him, and indeed she would not be as long making
up her mind on that subject as Mary Chilton had been in making up hers
on a like matter. All of which shows that an elaborate cooking program
was a small matter this morning. And the feast? Why, it is to be a
supper party in compliment to Mary Chilton and John Winslow who have
recently become engaged. The date hinged on Edward Winslow’s return,
but it had been thoroughly planned when he left. George Soule had been
shooting one day and brought home a number of plump birds and a pair of
wild turkeys.

These two are not the sole occupants of the kitchen, for others come
and go. George Soule keeps up the noble fire by adding great oak sticks
to the andirons in the mammoth fire-place and adjusting the multitude
of hooks and chains and cooking utensils as they are needed. From
the crane, big iron kettles exhale delicious odors, while numerous
skillets hold different important positions, the contents of each
cooking at its appointed degree of heat, while on the high mantle
shelf above, the hour glass is watched and turned. As the great oven
door is opened, what fragrance! Simmels, buns, biscuits and pastry and
what besides! Enter an Indian with a bag of oysters specially ordered,
since none are in Plymouth waters; they are to be baked in individual
scallop shells, in the old, yet familiar way, with breadcrumbs and
butter. Mrs. Hopkins comes with the kindly object of showing just how
she manufactures on rare occasions her wonderful dish called “Hennes in
Brette.” The hens must be scalded and cut in pieces, fried lightly with
pork, spice and crumbs, basted with ale, and colored gold with saffron.
The turkeys are stuffed with beechnuts and will be roasted on the spit.
A plum pudding is bubbling in one of the kettles, and dumplings of
flour in another, to garnish the chicken dish; pumpkin pies are made
and standing aside, so too, loaves of brown and white bread. Vegetables
await their turn--samp, onions, parsnips, turnips, peas; the succotash
is mixed, composed of corn, beans and meat. A ham is boiling, likewise
clam chowder. Mary pulls a pan out of the oven--the nokake is done to a
turn!

Edward and John Winslow have thoughtfully been asked for dinner by Mrs.
Bradford--there could hardly be much chance for them at home, this
day. Afternoon comes on apace and there is much for the last part for
Susanna and the last moments for Mary and Hobomok’s wife, who will
help in the evening. The leg of mutton, rarest treat, with cucumber
sauce, or couch, for the mutton to rest on is certainly perfection; the
cucumbers, sliced and parboiled have drained, then butter fried, now,
with condiments, onion, mutton gravy and lemon juice they are simmering
gently, occasionally tossed about. A poloc, or stew of small birds,
smothered with rice, onion and herbs, adds another to the wonderful
combination of fragrance. And now come the partridges--a broth of
boiled marrow bones, strained and put in an earthen dish with wine and
spices is the delectable fluid in which they are cooked, the birds
having been stuffed with whole peppers and marrow. Salad, cranberry
tarts, grape jelly, pudding with strawberry sauce, and a marvelous
sufflet, rich, frothing and crisp, (a pound roll of butter enlarged
to half a dozen times its original size, from being turned on a long
rod resting on the fire hooks, continuously dredged with flour and
eaten as soon as possible.) Late in the day, Mrs. Warren comes in to
direct the making of her special dish, another of the rarities, called
cheese cake; boiled milk with beaten eggs has been cooling and curdling
since last evening, it is now strained and to it added butter, mace,
rose-water and wine, currants and syrup. Pastry forms are waiting to
hold this combination for a few seconds in the oven. Elderblow wine
(made by the old French receipt the women had learned on the Continent,
of sugar, fruit, blossoms and yeast), cider, spiced ale and some of
the excellent wine which Edward Winslow brought on his return from
England, are to help digest this marvelous menu--and of great interest
are the first apples from the Winslow’s new orchard, likewise honey
from Plymouth bees, a recent industry.

Truly a feast--yet when it was ready, Susanna met her guests with
smiles, and renewed the admiration in the heart of her prospective
young sister-in-law. Those who partook of this supper and lived to tell
the tale were the old friends, of course, for Mary Chilton was ever a
favorite and one of the _Mayflower_ girls, so none of that list could
be omitted, (Captain Standish on a mission in England, was missed),
and now that there was so large a younger set coming on to take the
place of those who had married, many of them must be invited, besides
the recent brides and bridegrooms, themselves, and one or two of John
Winslow’s joyous and special friends of the _Fortune_ who might still
be fancy free, but could not be omitted on that account. That this
invigorating occasion was a success there is no doubt, and marked a
crest of the life of those first five years of the Pilgrims in Plymouth.

       *       *       *       *       *

Days go on, no matter how bright, they may not be held. In a few years,
changes--as ever.

We may look at a scene on another crisp autumn morning. It is Sunday
and there is stillness in the town. Suddenly the drum rolls and people
come from their houses to assemble for the morning worship in the fort.
The guard has formed in front of the house of Captain Standish. Led
by a sergeant, in rows of three abreast, followed by the Governor,
the Elder, and the Captain, all wearing cloaks and carrying arms,
they march silently up the hill. The rest of the population who may
be going to the service this morning are ready to proceed also, for,
unlike the severity of the rule from which these people fled, church
attendance was expected but not compulsory. There are extra colors and
numbers this morning. The town is entertaining a distinguished guest
whose visit is to mark that tide in their affairs which, owing to their
readiness to take at the flood, is to lead them on to fortune. Plymouth
frequently entertains strangers, but this rotund, handsomely dressed
gentleman, with the sharp eyes seeing all about him, with his several
retainers and trumpeters, who walk on each side of him, though no notes
are sounded this morning, is of more importance than any whom Plymouth
has received. He represents the first foreign mission for commercial
and personal benefits, and is the Secretary of the Dutch colony, five
hundred miles to the southward, Isaac de Rasieres.

The intercourse already satisfactorily begun by negotiations
culminating in this visit, was to be of mutual benefit for many years.
The boat from Manhattan became a regularly welcomed bearer to Plymouth
women of bright materials for clothes, sugar and other necessaries--in
time quite the rival of a boat from England--the payment for these was
by home grown tobacco, therefore nearly as interesting a crop as corn.
Even the latter was to be replaced by something else as a medium of
exchange through the visit of Monsieur de Rasieres. Wampum, familiar
word to us, but strange to Plymouth people, was to make an important
and permanent appearance, and to prove that shells on the shore were as
a gold mine at the feet of the Pilgrims.

The ceremonious ascent to the fort is accomplished, the congregation
taking their places--the women on one side of the room, the men on
the other, according to custom. To the visitor all is strange, new
and interesting. We rejoice in the days he spent in Plymouth, for the
advantage which came to the Pilgrims and for the legacy which came to
us in the form of his written accounts of his visit.

As William Davidson, experienced statesman and courtier, in a long
ago visit to Scrooby, opened a door of destiny through which it was
appointed that William Brewster was to lead this people into a new
world of liberty, so by this visit of Isaac de Rasieres, travelled man
of the world, to Plymouth, another way was opened by which they were
to reach, also prosperity and prominence. The portraits of these two
men should hang as companion medallions in the hall of Pilgrim memory,
as doubtless they did in the mind of William Brewster, himself having
as much worldly experience as either, with the personal attractions of
each; loved friend of one, respected acquaintance of the other.

At this time, the rather difficult role of step-mother was being played
in three of the households. We know the families quite well, and are
particularly interested in the women. The eldest in the position is
Elizabeth Hopkins. If the part did not come easily to Stephen Hopkins’
second wife, the responsibilities of it are now lessened, since
Constance has recently added to the list of _Mayflower_ brides by
marrying Nicholas Snow and going to a home of her own. An impression
seemed to prevail that Mistress Hopkins was rather jealous of her
predecessor’s son, Giles, on account of her own son, Caleb, yet it is
through Giles only, that the name has been carried down to the present.
Her four girls, Damaris, Deborah, Ruth and Elizabeth, made a lively
home for any brother. Oceanus, born on the _Mayflower_, did not live
beyond babyhood. The women of that day were just as human as of this,
and amid all her fine qualities, if there was a little flaw, it no
doubt came of her very fondness for her husband.

Across the street, in the governor’s house, Alice Bradford has three
boys to share the love and interest with her own, and the devotion
of four. We have already seen one of them, Thomas Cushman, left by
his father with Governor Bradford, until he should return to live
in Plymouth--but Myles Standish, returning from his mission to
England, had brought with other regretful tidings, the knowledge
that Robert Cushman would not come again. Another fatherless boy,
whom we have had but a glimpse of, is Nathaniel Morton, nephew to
Alice Bradford. George Morton lived but a short time as resident of
Plymouth, leaving his wife and family alone in the new house, but the
governor took Nathaniel to bring up as a son, and Juliana Carpenter
Morton married again. The third boy is also fatherless in actual
sense; he has recently come to Plymouth, but to the most loving mother
and affectionate step-father boy could desire, for this is Constant
Southworth come from London to his new home in the governor’s house
in Plymouth, as his mother had done, whom he strongly resembles in
looks. And the fourth boy? He is not fatherless, but has only lately
come to renew both the acquaintance and affection of his parent,
being John Bradford, from Amsterdam, youngest of the quartette, and
seeing him we are reminded of his girl mother, the governor’s first
wife. This group is soon to be added to by Thomas Southworth, whom his
mother is expecting from England. We can imagine these boys having
a pretty good time in the loving home of the Bradfords, and among
them grew up the three babies, half brothers and half sister to John
Bradford and the Southworth boys--only one girl to amuse and tease
them through the years of childhood, the governor’s daughter, Mercy.
Although step-mother to but one, the part had no chance for prominence
with Alice Bradford, in being at the same time aunt to one, friend to
another and mother to five. Perhaps it was because of this masculine
element at home, that Mistress Bradford was known for her special
interest in the young girls of the colony--daughters of her neighbors
and playmates of her Mercy, such advantages and accomplishments as she
had, she taught them. No wonder she welcomed her husband’s suggestion
of having her youngest sister, Priscilla Carpenter, come from England
to make her home with them.

Another woman, of the style and character of Alice Bradford, the third
and youngest step-mother, making such a success in her position as
to prove her the good angel of the family into which she came, is
Fear Brewster--now Mrs. Isaac Allerton. She already had the love of
Bartholomew, Remember and Mary--quite grown out of childhood, but they
must have been as surprised as the rest of the society of Plymouth that
their father could win her for his wife, as he was so much older than
she and always seeming rather preoccupied and self-satisfied. It speaks
well for him that such was the case and that her attachment and loyalty
never wavered through the brief years of her married life--and that it
was a shield to him from public criticism or censure is well known.
This not only places her before us against a background of esteem for
herself, but in a reflection of the high regard and affection in which
her father was held. Before matrimonial trials confronted her daughter,
Mary Brewster, loved and loving, finished her pilgrimage; the lack of
her presence affected many lives, her absence was an abiding sorrow.
Love of wealth seems suddenly to have overtaken Isaac Allerton which
made everything else of small importance. The pursuit of it took him
constantly and for long periods away from home, so his wife had little
of his company. His talents were of use to the colony, at times, in
England, but he seemed to really care very little for his old friends.
Nevertheless, it was he who completed the arrangements which closed the
connection between the original settlers of Plymouth and the Merchant
Adventurers in London. Plymouth, thereby, paid all its indebtedness
for assistance given and went its way alone. He also procured patents
for increased land holdings for the colony, especially in Maine. His
complete indifference to anything but his own ends was, perhaps, never
better shown than when he returned from one of his trips to England,
bringing, as secretary, a man who was already too well and unfavorably
known by Plymouth and the surrounding settlements, called Morton of
Merry Mount, who had been sent to England the year before, as an
undesirable. That Allerton could bring this man to his home, into the
society of his wife and daughters, made Plymouth gasp--and Plymouth
refused to stand it. The secretary was dismissed, and business affairs
again called Isaac Allerton away. On one of his trips he took his son
to visit in England, and Bartholomew did not return to Plymouth.

About this time, two girls of the _Anne_ added to the procession of
brides: Mary Warren marrying Robert Bartlett and Jane Cooke marrying
Experience Mitchell.

Passengers and letters came on the ships continually, both to
Plymouth and the other settlements that were growing likewise. Persons
desiring to come to the New World, took what ship they could and
landed where the ship took them. Plymouth having boats could always
send for their own voyagers and mail whenever word was received that a
ship had come from the other side, though not to their harbor. Thus,
one day, a letter came to Humility Cooper, which changed the quiet
current of her life as it seemed to be running in Plymouth. Relatives
in England wanted her to return. This was a surprise to her and to
her good friends, but, half wanting to stay and half wanting to go,
Humility prepared for leave taking. Henry Sampson, her cousin, was now
grown up--she need feel no special reluctance--but she was Elizabeth
Howland’s last link with her childhood’s days. As Edward Winslow was
sailing shortly for England, on business for the colony, Humility said
farewell to the ten years of _Mayflower_ and Plymouth association and
went back under his care.

During her husband’s absence, Susanna Winslow’s brother, Doctor Fuller,
was also from Plymouth. The new colonies of Salem and Massachusetts
Bay, just starting, met with the same devastating illness that had
befallen the _Mayflower_ passengers, and, as they were so unfortunate
as to lose their doctor among the first victims, they appealed to
Plymouth--and no appeal to Plymouth was ever in vain. Doctor Fuller
went to Salem and the Bay and had great success in curing many, though
nearly exhausting his supply of medicines.

During this year, and the next, all the old friends still in Leyden,
who had waited so long to come, were brought over at Plymouth’s expense
and there was great satisfaction that distance no longer divided them.
But the saintly Robinson was not among them. Five years earlier, the
Pilgrim men and women grieved to learn that he would never come to
them--his earthly labors having ceased. His wife and oldest son became
his representatives in Plymouth.

Intercourse between Plymouth and the newly established colonial
neighbors became frequent, leading to interchange of visits and even of
residence. The newcomers were duly sensible of what they owed to the
Plymouth settlers, who had blazed the way.

The opening of their second decade in the New World showed great
contrasts to those Plymouth women who remembered what the first year
and those immediately following had been. Now, they were able to see
and hear of the experiences of others, close at hand, with much in
common. The ships from England were no longer their only connection
with the outside world nor their only source of supplies, other than
food. Massachusetts Bay and Salem were glad to exchange commodities,
as well as Manhattan, but, being so much nearer, grew more interlocked
with the life and interests of Plymouth.

The ceremonial visit by the Governor and Assistants of Plymouth to the
Governor of the Bay and his wife, with the return of like courtesies
by Governor Winthrop to Governor and Mrs. Bradford were brilliant
incidents. Soon fashions, not clothes, and luxuries, not necessities,
for the home were frequent thoughts to the women, instead of almost
forgotten or sternly repressed instincts. Though they had not fashion
books, some sent for garments and hats from the old country and the
fortunate possessors lent these new fashioned articles as models
for their neighbors. A very taking way of introducing styles to the
colonists was by dressed dolls, or “babies” as they were called, that
displayed them in careful miniature. During recent seasons this idea
has been re-introduced, as may be seen in some of the shop windows in
our cities. We learn that, withal, there was sometimes a shortage of
sugar, which strikes a responsive chord in the memory of housewives
three hundred years later.

If the arrival of the first cows was a never-to-be forgotten joy to the
women of the _Mayflower_ and of the _Anne_, the entrance of horses into
Plymouth life was elation. The pleasure of owning a horse while it was
a novelty for their circumstances, must have aroused the same feeling
as the acquirement of an automobile has in families of our day; when
not an owner, to have a special object of ambition, if a possessor,
then a willing recipient of neighborly admiration. The advantage of a
horse to a woman, then, was to ride on a pillion behind a male member
of the family to meeting or to visit (until carriages came, much
later), or else, if quite accomplished, to ride alone, often with
children, baskets, or even a spinning wheel, as well, on the back of
the amiable friend of the family.

Ere long, life took on the virility and color we associate with that
spectacular period known as Colonial. Naturally, Plymouth now began
to overflow its first boundaries. As the children of the families and
worldly possessions increased, many made summer homes where the cattle
could have greater range and families more room. These new houses were
built quite in the manner of bungalows, for occupancy between frosts.
Winters saw the Plymouth residences occupied again. Gradually, however,
the summer homes became permanent, being made habitable for winter
also, and edifices for the religious services were erected. By another
decade Plymouth Colony comprised several towns, outgrowths of the
original. The new brides could make a wedding journey if they pleased,
and some went away altogether to make their new homes. The governor’s
wife was especially interested in two of the weddings at this
time--that of her sister, Priscilla Carpenter and her niece, Patience
Morton. The former was soon a widow, and, like her sisters, married
again. Patience became the mother of Thomas Faunce--a link between two
centuries--the identifier, in his old age, of Plymouth Rock, telling
to his and other generations what his parents had told to him, having
learned from the first comers.

Governor Bradford insisted that if the office he had held so long was
an honor and satisfaction, others should share it, if it was a care and
duty, others should experience its responsibilities also; his health
had been somewhat undermined by the efforts he had given to guide the
temporal affairs of the colony throughout the years since he succeeded
Governor Carver, and he absolutely declined a reelection. Edward
Winslow, having returned from England, was chosen.

Thus Susanna became the first lady of Plymouth; easily pictured wearing
the dainty white satin, lace trimmed slippers, or the white satin
cape, actually to be seen now, in Plymouth, visible magic means of
carrying us back to her days from the present. Alice Bradford smilingly
relinquished her position to her friend and devoted her efforts to
restoring her husband’s health. Yet this twelve-month contained more of
trial, anxiety and annoyance than the colony had experienced in many a
year; it could not have been other than a sorrowful memory to Susanna.

Early in the spring a strange swarm of large noisy flies came out of
the ground--ate the young green things, and disappeared. Such had
never been seen by the colonists and the Indians foretold sickness.
This prophecy proved all too true and during the summer and autumn
a devastating fever swept away a score or more of men, women and
children; some were of the new comers from Leyden, but the weight of
the sadness was among the old families. Gentle Fear Brewster Allerton
was laid to rest beside her mother, on Burial Hill, leaving her
baby boy, Isaac, to her sorrowing father’s care, who was spending
the summer with his two unmarried sons on their farm in the country.
Isaac Allerton’s sister, Sarah Cuthbertson, was also a victim to the
infection, likewise her husband. While Susanna Winslow was mourning
these two friends, her brother, the doctor, after fighting the disease
for the help of others, succumbed. This shock and loss to the colonists
was felt not only in Plymouth--while in Plymouth grief was deep. This
educated, Christian gentleman was sadly missed for many a year. What he
was to the people can be easily imagined. His widow and children were
devoted to his memory; in after years, the son, Samuel, studied for the
ministry and married a granddaughter of Elder Brewster; the daughter,
Mercy, married Ralph James; but his profession was carried on in the
Old Colony, after a time, by his nephews--his namesake Samuel--whom we
have known of since the Pilgrims’ emigration from Holland--and Matthew,
who came later to Plymouth.

The business affairs of the Colony became complicated in their trade on
the Connecticut River, both because of the Dutch and Indians. At home,
Roger Williams, whom they had befriended, acted in a very unpleasant
manner, so they were glad when he left them. Notwithstanding the
clouds over-shadowing them, this year’s return of the trade in furs
was noteworthy, and as election time drew near, it was decided that
it would be best for Edward Winslow to go again to England on their
foreign business; therefore Thomas Prence was elected Governor and
Susanna was again left alone with her children. The White boys were now
sturdy, manly lads, a comfort and joy to Susanna and the admiration of
their small brothers and sister, the Winslows. Another brother-in-law,
Kenelm, was a visitor in her home, and appearances indicated that he
would remain as a permanent resident of Plymouth.

Several marriages occurred before a year closed. Ann Warren became Mrs.
Thomas Little and her sister, Sarah, became Mrs. John Cooke, Jr.

Recently a family of four girls had come to the colony with their
father, William Collier, a wealthy merchant from London; from among
them one of the Brewster boys selected his wife and Sarah Collier went
as Love’s bride to the Duxbury home to try to bring cheerfulness to
the three lonely men there and to help care for little Isaac Allerton,
his mother’s legacy to her family, until he should grow up. Remember
Allerton married also, and was one of the girls who went away from
Plymouth to a new home in Salem, leaving her sister Mary, to give their
father such attention as he needed in his rare visits home.

At this time, in Boston, eggs were three cents a dozen, milk one cent
a quart, butter six and cheese five cents a pound, so housekeepers
not caring for the somewhat higher prices in Plymouth, could send for
butter or cheese at least, if they did not make it themselves, and felt
economically inclined.

In the early part of the new administration, when Patience Brewster
Prence was mistress of the executive mansion (which was the Governor’s
own house, whichever one it was), certain affairs concerned two of
the Plymouth women mightily, Priscilla Alden and Barbara Standish,
but particularly the former, which was caused by the interference in
Plymouth’s affairs by Massachusetts Bay, through misrepresentation.
John Alden putting into Boston from a trip to the Kennebec trading
station, was held there and imprisoned until Plymouth should explain
its connection with a shooting incident in which two men were killed at
the station. The ship was allowed to return to Plymouth bringing the
news of this cool proceeding, which, we can imagine made John Alden’s
wife anything but cool, and we can also think that the Governor was not
allowed to delay in getting John Alden home to his family. To do so,
Captain Myles Standish was dispatched to Boston, with the facts of the
unpleasant incident at the trading station, which were so different
from the representation which the Bay authorities had received that
John Alden was immediately set at liberty. We can appreciate the
feelings of both Barbara and Priscilla as they looked for the return
of the ship again. Barbara anxious for the success of her husband’s
efforts to release the husband of her friend, and Priscilla both
indignant and worried. However, the incident was happily concluded,
though more than Priscilla were indignant in Plymouth.

Later in the year, news came from London which caused the heart of
Susanna to burn with indignation in her turn, and for the same cause
concerning her husband as had agitated Priscilla. Through the old
jealousy of the Church authorities, on trumped up charges concerning
the business on which Winslow went to England, which was in behalf also
of the Bay, he was held for many weeks in the Fleet Street prison.
Fortunately friends were able to release him--but it was some time
before he was able to return to his family in Plymouth.

Meanwhile Eleanor Newton Adams and Priscilla Carpenter Wright, both
made widows by the epidemic of the previous year, became wives again.
The marriage of the former, who had been left quite well off, was of
special interest to Susanna since she became her sister-in-law, Mrs.
Kenelm Winslow, the third Mrs. Winslow of Plymouth and Marshfield, as
all had summer places in the latter suburb of Plymouth--Careswell, The
Edward Winslow place, soon became a permanent abode, handsome of style
and proportions.

This year saw sorrow once more fall on the members of the old
families--bound together by the powerful ties formed in the old
days--and many more, for at its close, the Governor’s wife was taken
by death--and Patience Brewster Prence’s short, happy life was over.
The religious convictions of the Pilgrims did not admit of undue
mourning for their loved ones, since they regarded the departed not as
victims to death, but as victors through death, and the lives of those
remaining must go on. Hearts were true, nevertheless, and even in their
wills the men sometimes especially requested to be laid beside the
graves of their wives and daughters.

The following year, April, brought a marriage ceremony performed by
Captain Standish, as assistant, which was of interest to many--that of
Samuel Fuller, loved for his own admirable qualities as well as for
being the nephew of their Doctor of happy memory. His bride was one of
the girls who had helped in the new settlement of Scituate, founded by
her father and other men from Kent, in England. In spite of all his
pretty playmates in Plymouth, Samuel found this girl of old England was
the one to receive his heart. But Jane Lothrop took him from Plymouth
to the newer township.

In August a furious storm broke over Plymouth and the surrounding
land and sea, inflicting great damage and terrifying the women and
children. It wrecked many ships, killed cattle and blew roofs from many
of the houses and knocked others to pieces in Plymouth, and uprooted
quantities of great trees; the evidences of it were prominent for many
years in the blemished beauty of the great pines which withstood the
hurricane, still remaining the sentinels of Plymouth.

When Edward Winslow returned, he again served as Governor, and one of
the weddings of that year was Mary Allerton’s. She was last but one
of the _Mayflower_ girls to marry--Damaris Hopkins’ marriage to Jacob
Cooke completed the list. Mary’s courtship had begun in childhood’s
days, when Thomas Cushman, in the house across the street, had waited
for her to grow up--while growing up himself and pursuing his studies
with the other boys in the Governor’s family. At the time of her
marriage the rumblings of the Pequot war were beginning to be heard,
which soon broke, owing to the mistakes of the Bay Colony, causing the
old time fears to return to Plymouth women for the safety of their men
and themselves. Under Captain Standish, the Plymouth men played their
valiant part, and Thomas Stanton, the interpreter for Massachusetts,
and Captain John Gallup did their full share to redeem the situation.

Richard Church had not long before come from the Bay Colony to
visit Plymouth, but meeting Elizabeth Warren decided him to remain
permanently, in spite of displeasure from the Bay authorities, who
missed him. He was one of the Plymouth fighters in this Indian
disturbance, as his and Elizabeth’s son, Benjamin, was in the greater,
bloodier war of a later time--King Philip’s--when the Pilgrim’s good
friend, Massasoit, was dead. Plymouth tried to settle down to its own
affairs after this, and had plenty to attend to.

A lovely June day seemed ushering in another summer when an unknown
experience marked that year as one to date by even as the one of the
great storm. That morning some of the principal men were meeting to
discuss important questions, and in the street and about the doorsteps
many of the women were talking of their own or public affairs, when
a violent though brief earthquake shook them from their balance, and
catching hold of whatever was nearest, they heard the crashing and
falling of things in their houses. The children were frightened and
began to cry, and all the women who were indoors came running out,
fearing the houses would fall. The men were no less concerned and the
streets presented a lively scene. Another shock was soon felt but less
severe, and that was the end. Indians came hurrying into the town with
their experience to relate; the quake was felt far inland and at sea.
What with the frightful storm, the alarming Pequot trouble and this
terrifying experience, all within a comparatively short time, the
nerves of the women must have been more on edge than for many a day.

The young people of Marshfield and Duxbury, married and single, clung
closely to their friends and associations of Plymouth and their
amusements were shared in common. Weekly lecture day, a diversion
of sober character, was nevertheless gladly welcomed as a means of
enjoyable intercourse, going or returning. Maple sugar making, Training
day, corn husking, apple bees were occasions for merry gatherings, the
sequence found in the frequent weddings. Dancing became popular, though
frowned on in some quarters, but it could not be repressed in an age
when the desire for physical activity and excitement was as natural
as now. Some of those early dance names such as High Betty Martin,
Constancy, Orange Tree, Rolling Hornpipe, The Ladies Choice, compare
with our recent names of Hesitation, Fox Trot, One Step.

The Coast Road from Boston, though never more than a few feet wider
than the old Indian trail, came to mean to the dwellers in the various
townships of Plymouth such an artery of connection to the life of all
as the Great North Road had been to the inhabitants of the little
villages, Scrooby and its neighbors, long ago homes to the elder
members of the Colony.

       *       *       *       *       *

The coldest winter Plymouth has ever known has frozen the harbor to
a solid mass over which ox teams and sledges have been driven for
several weeks, an astonishing and interesting sight and one may walk
over the ice to Duxbury as well as by the land. One afternoon bright
with the lengthening daylight of the season, sees a pleasant picture
in the old parlor of Governor Bradford’s house, for he is again
Governor, by urgent request of the community. A cheery fire blazes up
the wide chimney and there is gay chatter to the tune of the crackling
logs. Mistress Alice Bradford, now a grandmother (her son, Constant
Southworth having married Elizabeth Collier and having a little Alice)
has invited several of her daughter’s special friends to spend the day.
So we see Mercy, a delightful reproduction of her mother and father
both, as hostess to nine merry girls: Mary Brewster, Betty and Sally
Alden, from Duxbury, Mary Cooke, Mercy Fuller and Deborah Hopkins
of Plymouth, Lora Standish of Duxbury and Desire and Hope Howland.
Elizabeth Tilly had given charming companion names to her older
daughters, her first born having been named in remembrance of Desire
Minter, her dear friend. Desire was now at the age of her mother when
she had married--that mother seeming always as an older sister, being
still young herself in spite of the cares of a large family--but it
was more than a year later before Desire decided to marry, and be the
first bride, though not the eldest, of this pretty group. The girls
of this generation never having experienced the world’s hardships
and vicissitudes that had been their mother’s portions, having been
carefully and lovingly brought up in comfortable, cheerful homes, were
not anxious to leave them for the first time, even with love to point
the way. However, Desire was beginning to listen to the importunities
of her dashing young lieutenant--in later years known as Captain John
Gorham, who was to lead the 2nd Barnstable Company under command of
Major William Bradford, Mercy’s brother, into fame, at the Great Swamp
Fight in Philip’s War. The swift knitting needles click in Desire’s
hands as she stands by the frame-work of the western window, leaning
to watch the progress of the sampler which is being worked by a lovely
girl who is sharing the broad window seat with another, who has
evidently completed her sewing, having just folded it and put it into
a bag hanging from her arm. This young beauty is Betty Alden--eldest
of the family of John and Priscilla. She too, is eagerly watching the
stitches that are to tell the worker’s admirers and friends, from that
day to this, that the sampler was made by Lora Standish, only and much
beloved daughter of the Pilgrim’s Captain. That piece of handicraft is
the only specimen of their work that we know of and may look at today
as if we had seen it when its stitches were being placed, among the
group we are picturing of Plymouth Colony’s first-born daughters--the
first native generation of Colonial girls of New England. On a seat
by the hearth, Mary Cooke and Mercy Fuller have a book between them
and are reading aloud snatches of receipts for making perfumes, or
poetry, or jokes--this is not a monthly magazine as we might fancy
from our own experience, but a yearly periodical, welcomed by every
household--Pierce’s Almanac, printed in Cambridge, its contents holding
much that is similar but much that is different to the magazines we
know. Leaning over the high back, smoothing the soft hair of Mercy
Fuller, is Hope Howland. Bonny as her sister is, somehow Hope reminds
us more of little Elizabeth Tilly of Leyden. Mercy Bradford is placing
little cakes with a pitcher of cider on a big center table and lights
one or two bayberry candles in wooden holders that stand upon its
polished top and twinkle on it or in the shining pewter dishes and
cups. At the window towards the street, Deborah Hopkins and Mary
Brewster, granddaughter and namesake of our first Mary Brewster, are
looking out--evidently some one is expected. The last rays of the
winter sun, the flashing fire and the glowing bayberry flames, strive
to light for one more instant this appealing picture. There is sound of
footsteps in the cold air outside--stamping and laughing--the brothers
and sweethearts have arrived to take the girls home but first to have
some slight refreshment at the hands of Mistress Bradford and Mercy.
Cloaks are brought and velvet hoods tied snugly over hair both light
and dark, surrounding the pink cheeks and sparkling eyes of all the
happy girls who have spent the day with Mercy Bradford and her mother.

The snowflakes of winter have turned to falling apple blossoms and
spring has awakened the violets in the flower beds under the windows of
William Brewster’s library. The fragrance of these and other blossoms
is borne through the white curtained windows open to the warm air,
mingled with the saltness of Duxbury marshes. The library comprises
four hundred books, the largest and most valuable in America. Whether
it is or no, matters not, the books are the solace of their owner,
who while enjoying his farm life and appreciating the companionship
of his son’s families and Isaac Allerton, Jr., his grandson, dwells
much within himself. To keep the books dusted and the Elder’s chair in
just the right place, Mrs. Love Brewster has often the assistance of
her nieces, Jonathan Brewster’s daughters. This bright morning sees
Mary, one of the girls in the winter’s frolic at Mercy Bradford’s,
attending to these matters. A boy is deep in study by a bookshelf,
and Mary, playfully sweeps her duster across his book as she works--it
is her cousin, Isaac--preparing for entrance into the new College at
Cambridge. Up the road a horse comes at a lively pace and Samuel Fuller
has arrived to join with Isaac in reading the precious books, though
his father left him some of his own. The owner of the library glances
through the window and smiles and nods to the young people--Mary seeing
him, runs out to enjoy with him the sunshine and to pat the horse
tied near the door. Possibly William Brewster recalls from the past a
spring morning when another lad rode a horse, to acquire knowledge from
books--but he says nothing as Mary slips her arm in his.

This decade flashes many another change before our eyes. In a few years
the first church building has been erected in Plymouth, with Richard
Church as architect and builder, as seems appropriate. Its bell rings
out for many a year, succeeding the roll of drums to summon worshipers.
Many of the girls marry and the younger children succeed to their
pleasures. Mercy Bradford has gone to live in Boston as Mercy Vermayes.
Her mother’s loneliness is partly relieved by the coming to her of her
remaining sister in England, Mary Carpenter. This sister is rather
notable among the women of Plymouth, in that she never married. Her
attractions were not less than her sisters’; indeed, from what was said
of her, quite an appropriate companion for the governor’s wife, her
sister, Alice. Another exception to the general rule may be noted, and
another spinster of the colony named Elizabeth Pool, daughter of Sir
William, who coming as Plymouth’s boundaries expanded, and possessing
wealth, property and intelligence, remained unwon. These two esteemed
women, one a resident of Plymouth town, the other, one of the founders
of the new township of Taunton, are an interesting contrast. Miss
Carpenter lived quietly, uneventfully, until ninety years old; of a
religious frame of mind and given to kind deeds, unknown, through her
retiring nature. Miss Pool seems much more modern in her career. She
erected iron works and was altogether enterprising and a promoter of
advancement for her settlement. She brought over a minister for the
church in Taunton, so had a thought for religion, also, not only for
herself but for others. A record states “she died greatly honored, in
1654 aged 66.”

Edward Winslow was again governor for a brief period and then made
another trip to England, at the request of the authorities of the Bay,
as they had recognized his great abilities as a negotiator of business
interests and there were some affairs pressing on the Bay Colony which
he undertook to remove. This was to the regret of the Plymouth people
who were reluctant to have him go from their own affairs. He left
Susanna and his children, almost grown now, in comfortable Careswell,
and there, for several years, his wife awaited his return. Not that
the Bay or his own affairs took very long, but England herself needed
him, as it seemed, and he agreed to a diplomatic mission to an island
colony. Loving Plymouth and loving England he was not destined to rest
in either; his grave was made in the ocean he had crossed so often.
Susanna had parted from her husband for the last time.

Other deaths among the first comers saddened the Pilgrims. Elizabeth
Hopkins closed her long and honorable career as one of the women of
Plymouth. Her husband soon followed her. In this year perhaps its
greatest blow fell on Plymouth when their leader in spiritual and often
adviser in temporal things passed from among them. No words can more
fittingly describe the beautiful end of his earthly life than those of
the governor. There is no greater record of loyalty and affection than
that shown in the nearly fifty years between his followers and himself.
While his fame, as William Bradford said, is more enduring than a
marker at his grave--which he lacks, in company with so many--such
words as the governor wrote of him and such work as Constantino
Brumidi has made to represent him, serve to keep it vigorous through
the centuries. (In the President’s room at the Capitol in Washington,
Brumidi has painted Elder Brewster as typifying Religion.)

When Mary Chilton Winslow moved to Boston, it could not have seemed
more strange or different than Plymouth had come to be to her by that
time. Except the Aldens, the Howlands and her sister-in-law, few
remained who had been her companions and friends on the _Mayflower_ and
in building the colony. Her husband had become a prosperous merchant
in the West India trade and perhaps Boston seemed a necessary relief
to them. Their position became at once prominent and important and her
life flowed happily onward for many years. In one of her daughters,
Myles Standish, Jr., found his fate, and upon their marriage likewise
settled in Boston.

Meanwhile Susanna Winslow continued in eminence of circumstance, to
live at her beautiful home in Marshfield. Her boys, Resolved and
Peregrine, had married and made homes of their own but remained devoted
to her. Josiah, her youngest son, reproducing in a marked degree the
look and manners of his talented father, remained with her. As he grew
into the handsome, courtly man, whom all admired, she must have smiled
as she looked sometimes at the little shoes he had worn as her baby and
which she carefully kept with other treasures--such as the cradle in
which she had rocked all her boys and little girl. That little girl was
now Mrs. Robert Brooks of Scituate.

In the heyday of Plymouth’s prosperity a gentleman in England, long
interested in colonial life by the reports of it which had found their
way to him in his comfortable ancestral home, planned a visit to see
life across the sea. With his young daughter, Penelope, Mr. Herbert
Pelham came to the Old Colony. The spirit of adventure in them both and
the interest they found in their new surroundings caused them to linger
for a period beyond the length of a casual visit in their temporary
home in Marshfield. To the men, the companionship of Herbert Pelham
was a delight, and seeing her father’s pleasure, Penelope, with her own
various employments, did not long for home. Her’s is the last romance
we may notice as closely connected with the women of our special
interest in Plymouth colony, even as that of her mother-in-law, was
the first. Penelope Pelham, with her high-bred manner and aristocratic
face, made the only permanent impression on the heart of Josiah Winslow
and we can easily fancy that in making her bead bag, Penelope had
plenty of time to decide that for him she would renounce all thought of
returning to her home, and remain a colonial woman. The bead bag, her
dressing-case and her portrait are other links connecting us to those
vivid lives of our chronicle.

Soon Josiah Winslow was called to the place occupied by his father,
for a time, and by William Bradford for many years--when the great
governor had left it vacant, forever--so Penelope became the first lady
of the land in her adopted home and Susanna closed her life’s history
in the first place which had been hers so often in the colony--first
mother after the _Mayflower_ found harbor, first bride of Plymouth and
now mother of the first native born governor of New England. Truly the
footprints of Anna Fuller, since we found them first in Leyden, have
led us along a colorful pathway.

The records we find of her brilliant daughter-in-law show her a
character after Susanna Winslow’s own type. The second mistress of
Careswell lived there for many happy years ere she and her family were
forced to flee from it under the fearful scourge of Philip’s War.

Thus on through its seventy years of shadow and sunshine, heroic
daring, splendid achievement and independence, we may follow the
fascinating records of Plymouth Colony--especially as those records are
tinted even faintly by the footprints and finger-touches of its women.

As the first death on the _Mayflower_ at anchor was that of a woman,
Dorothy Bradford, so the last survivor of the original _Mayflower_
company was a woman, Mary Allerton Cushman, who saw all of the life
with its chances and changes of which we read.

Through the years we may well believe that the women of the _Mayflower_
who became the women of Plymouth, and their children, whether in newer
homes or remaining in the old, looked back to the early days of their
privation, when by their anxieties, their sorrows, their economies,
their endeavors, their fearlessness and faith, the foundation of their
colony was laid.

We may well echo their thoughts as they remembered some of Elder
Brewster’s words on their first Thanksgiving Day, which one orator has
expressed as “Generations to come will look back to this hour and these
scenes, this day of small things and say, ‘Here was our beginning as
a people. These were our fathers and mothers. Through their trials we
inherit our blessings. Their faith is our faith, their hope our hope,
their God our God.’”




                        A CHAPLET OF ROSEMARY.

                            [Illustration]




                        A CHAPLET OF ROSEMARY.


Burial Hill no longer bristles with the guns of the Pilgrim’s fort
but is thickly studded with the graves of the generations who in turn
walked on Plymouth’s first street below. One traversing this way and
recalling the scenes it has witnessed, must be indeed insensitive
not to feel the thrill that comes from treading on hallowed ground.
Particularly must this be experienced by the descendants of the women
we would honor.

We know that upon Cole’s Hill, Burial Hill and in the old burying
grounds at Duxbury and Marshfield are the graves of many of the women
of Plymouth, and some lie elsewhere, yet the exact location of how few
is positive.

The second wife of Governor Bradford requested in her will that she
might be laid as near her husband’s grave as might be. Their family
plot is easily found. By another will, that of Captain Myles Standish,
we may know where two of the women of his family rest--since his
own grave is located and his request was to lie beside his two dear
daughters--one his son’s wife Mary, the other his own lovely Lora,
whose early death caused him much sorrow. At Marshfield, in the family
burying ground, Susanna Winslow rests. A stone in the center of the
town of Taunton marks the grave of Elizabeth Pool. A tablet at Little
Compton, has been erected to the memory of Elizabeth Pabodie, John and
Priscilla Alden’s eldest daughter; she lived her later years in this
place. Mary Chilton Winslow lies beside her husband, in King’s Chapel
Burying Ground, Boston; their names are marked upon a slab at the gate
in Tremont Street. Elizabeth Tilly Howland, after she became a widow,
went to live with her daughter, Lydia Brown, in Swansea and there died;
her husband’s grave on Burial Hill is known, but she was not brought
back to rest beside him. The grave of Mary Allerton, who lived to such
a great age and saw the foundations of twelve of the thirteen colonies
which formed the nucleus of the United States, is indicated by a
monument erected to her and her husband on Burial Hill.

We would willingly make a pilgrimage to visit each known spot,
regretting, the while, that there were so many we might not include.
Yet upon all we may place the same unfading, if invisible, wreath of
the leaves that signify remembrance.

Descendants of the women of Plymouth are now estimated to number more
than a million. It is for them especially to rejoice in the results of
artist’s brush, writer’s pen or sculptor’s tool that have been produced
in efforts to recall to all the world that epoch in its history in
which these women lived, by portraying the events of which they were a
part.

Thus we have such pictures as Jacob and Albert Cuyp’s painting of the
“Departure of the Pilgrims from Delfshaven.” J. G. Schwartz’s picture
of “The Pilgrim Fathers’ First Meeting for Public Worship in North
America.” “The Embarkation of the Pilgrim Fathers,” painted by Charles
W. Cope, hangs in the British House of Parliament. “The Sailing of the
Mayflower,” a painting in the audit house, Southampton, England--no
more appropriate setting could be found for that portrayal. Charles
Lucy has called his picture “Departure of the Pilgrims,” it is in
Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth--that Memorial temple. Robert W. Wier’s painting
of “Embarkation of the Pilgrims” hangs in the nation’s Capitol, while
Edgar Parker’s copy of it is in Pilgrim Hall. A. Gisbert has given us
his idea of the “Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth Rock,”
and the “Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers” is the title taken by Henry
Sargent. “The Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor,” is portrayed by W. F.
Halsall, and Granville Perkins has visualized “The Mayflower at Sea,”
while Linton has engraved this subject. George H. Boughton has made
charming and familiar reproductions of the Pilgrim men and women, and
many another artist’s ideal has been depicted in the variations of the
subject.

Fiction, verse and chronicle with the themes of the voyage and the
Plymouth home of the Pilgrims have been produced by many able pens.
Skillful historians, essayists, orators have done justice to the men;
the events entering into their lives, the courage and valor which each
day brought forth, have been recorded with emphasis and unflagging
zeal. We are indeed glad and appreciative of the constant narration
of the facts with which we have become familiar. At the same time, the
regret comes to us that of the women so little has been said; that the
balance of the two groups of the colony builders has not been better
kept.

Of the Fathers we are accustomed to hear, but our gratitude salutes
those who occasionally mention the Mothers and Daughters. They were two
characteristic notes in the making of that Pilgrim score but because
the latter was more lightly struck it has been too lightly regarded.
Nevertheless, we rejoice that we know as much as we do of the women,
and in the knowledge that increasing recognition is being given them.

Recently a plan was made that a chime of bells should be placed in the
tower of the Pilgrim Monument at Provincetown and dedicated to the
Women of the _Mayflower_ by their descendants. More recently still,
Henry H. Kitson has modeled a statue of a Pilgrim Woman for erection
at Plymouth, in their memory. We may recall here the noble monument
erected by the nation to the Pilgrims. In this design a woman is the
exalted figure who holds the book and gazes over the sea. Also of the
four important though lesser figures, two are women. Hon. John D. Long
has said of the heroic figure, “Her eyes look toward the sea. Forever
she beholds upon its waves the incoming “_Mayflower_,” she sees the
Pilgrims land. They vanish, but she, the monument of their faith
remains and tells their story to the world,” which, as another has
said, “in romance of circumstance and charm of personal heroism ... is
pre-eminent.”

Well may be seen the qualities of heart and mind reproduced in
countless of their descendants who have carried on the influence of
their personality and work, deepening its roots down through the years.
“The light they kindled has shone to many, in some degree to our whole
nation.” In proof of this is a relation of some who have claimed
descent from a Pilgrim of the _Mayflower_ or of Plymouth. This will
comprise Presidents of the United States, presidents of universities or
colleges, jurists, diplomats, writers, artists, military and naval men
of all our wars, governors of states, church dignitaries, physicians,
scientists, senators, representatives, signers of the Declaration of
Independence, makers of the Constitution. It is difficult to begin,
more so to pause, in such a list.

Annie A. Haxtun has said of one to be mentioned, “John Tilly’s spirit
of adventure has fallen upon one, at least of his descendants,
General A. W. Greely, the Arctic explorer, watched over by the God
of his Pilgrim forefathers, was saved by the naval relief expedition
to do good to the country, which is his on a claim of more than two
centuries.” It is John and Hope Chipman, daughter of John and Elizabeth
Tilly Howland, who are also ancestors of General Greely; and it
may here be said that it is partly through his suggestion that the
subject of this work was projected (in the smaller form of its first
appearance); the other descendant likewise responsible was Mr. William
Lowrie Marsh, of Washington, D. C., founder of the Society of Mayflower
Descendants in that city; the ancestors of Mr. Marsh were William and
Alice Bradford.

John and Priscilla Alden, William and Mary Brewster, Richard and
Elizabeth Warren and Francis and Hester Cooke have as their descendants
those who have been Presidents of the Republic: John Adams and John
Quincy Adams, Zachary Taylor, Ulysses Simpson Grant and William Howard
Taft. Also from the Aldens have descended President Wheelock of
Dartmouth College and President Kirkland of Harvard.

Bishop Soule of the Methodist Church is in line of descent from George
Soule and his wife.

Descendants of Giles Hopkins and Catherine Wheeldon have added
distinction to the family. Stephen Hopkins, great grandson of the
original, again made the name famous by placing it among the signers of
the Declaration of Independence, while his brother, Ezekiel, became the
first admiral of our national navy. At the present time it is important
through Colonel Thomas S. Hopkins, a veteran of the Civil War, past
Governor-General of the General Society of Mayflower Descendants and a
prominent lawyer and resident of Washington, D. C.

In Washington, also, Mr. Ernest W. Bradford, an able patent lawyer,
continues the eminence of the name of his ancestors. Washington,
likewise, is the residence of Mr. A. A. Aspinwall, historian of
that city’s Society of Mayflower Descendants, representing John and
Elizabeth Howland.

A descendant of Francis and Hester Cooke is Major General Leonard
Wood, at present Governor-General of the General Society of Mayflower
Descendants.

The late Hon. Levi P. Morton, one time governor of New York State and
Vice-President of the United States, was descended from the Hopkins and
Cooke as well as Morton families.

From John and Priscilla Alden have come the poets William Cullen
Bryant and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and the first Bishop of the
Episcopal Church in America, Samuel Seabury; also the Revolutionary War
Generals, Joseph and James Warren, the former of Bunker Hill fame, the
latter President of the Congress of Massachusetts and husband of Mercy
Otis, writer and patriot. Benjamin Church on whom the mantle of Myles
Standish fell as Plymouth’s military leader, was the son of Elizabeth
Warren and Richard Church.

In line of descent from Mary and William Brewster is a family of
North Carolina, interesting in three generations, Chief Justice
Richmond Mumford Pearson, Hon. Richmond Pearson, Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States to Persia, Captain
Richmond Pearson Hobson, a hero of the Spanish American War.

From them also is Donald Grant Mitchel, author, Lieut. Alden Davidson,
an aviator in the World War died for his country; as his name
implies, John and Priscilla Alden were his ancestors. A great great
granddaughter of theirs was Faith Robinson; she married Governor
Trumbull of Connecticut, George Washington’s “Brother Jonathan” which
name gradually became a synonym for a typical American. She gained fame
for giving her scarlet cloak at a church collection for the army, in
which she was decidedly interested, having three sons as officers. Her
fourth son was the famous artist. Mrs. May Alden Ward, author, was a
descendant in a recent generation.

From Mary (Allerton) and Thomas Cushman came America’s famous
tragedienne, Charlotte Cushman; also Mr. Cushman K. Davis, Governor
of Minnesota, who made the speech of dedication at the ceremonies
connected with the Cushman Monument on Burial Hill.

From Constance Hopkins and her husband Nicholas Snow, Robert Treat
Paine, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and Robert Treat
Paine, poet were descended.

In the convention which framed the Constitution John Tilly and the
Howlands were represented by their descendant--through Desire Howland
and Captain John Gorham--Nathaniel Gorham, who, as a member, was
several times requested by General Washington to occupy the chair.

From this same group came Bishop Philips Brooks. As it is said, John
Howland came to this country in the capacity of secretary to Governor
John Carver, one, at least, of his and Elizabeth’s descendants
filled that position toward another celebrity. Edward Herbert Noyes,
journalist and traveller, first returned to the land of his ancestors
as private secretary to Hon. John Lothrop Motley, historian and
diplomatist, United States Ambassador to the Court of St. James. Rev.
Thomas Clap, fourth President of Yale College, was also of the line
of Howland, while his wife, Mary Whiting, was descended from Governor
Bradford and his wife.

From Mary Chilton and her husband John Winslow, comes Mrs. Robert
Hall Wiles, of Chicago, past President of the National Society
of United States Daughters of the War of 1812 and now serving as
President-General of the National Society Daughters of Founders and
Patriots of America. From Mary and John Winslow, also, came Lieutenant
Sturdevant, another young aviator of the World War, killed over-seas in
the service of his country.

For another repetition of the exact name of his ancestor there is
Doctor Myles Standish, a noted occulist of Boston. In the medical
profession also Doctor Stuart Clark Johnson of Washington and Doctor
Ira Hart Noyes of Providence, the first from John and Priscilla Alden,
the second from John and Elizabeth Howland, both answering the call of
duty to country in the World War, to serve over-seas.

Two residents of Washington are Hon. William S. Washburne--United
States Civil Service Commissioner and Mr. Frank Herbert Briggs of the
Court of Claims--descended respectively from Francis and Hester Cooke,
and the Brewster, Bradford and Alden families.

The late Henry Billings Brown, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
of the United States was another descendant of John and Elizabeth
Howland while the late Seth Shepherd, Chief Justice of the Court of
Appeals of the District of Columbia, was another representative of
the line of William and Mary Brewster. Mr. A. Howard Clark, who was
editor of the magazine of the Smithsonian Institution, was a descendant
from the Brewsters, Hopkins and Howlands. The name of Howland Davis
tells plainly why he has done so much for present day Plymouth and the
Society of Mayflower Descendants.

In the United States Senate are three prominent descendants of the
Pilgrims. The ancestors of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts,
chairman of Committee on Foreign Relations, are John and Elizabeth
Tilly Howland. The Senators from New York and Vermont, Hon. James
Wolcott Wadsworth, Jr., and Hon. Carroll Smally Page, are descendants
respectively from Giles and Catharine Hopkins and William and Mary
Brewster.

A descendant in the person of William Wallace Case, has visited Scrooby
and brought from there a piece of oak once a part of the old Manor
house, home of his ancestors, William and Mary Brewster--this priceless
relic has been made into the gavel used by the Governor of the District
of Columbia Society of Mayflower Descendants.

In hundreds of cities and towns and villages of the nation there are
other and equally consistent representatives of the glorious names
of their Plymouth ancestors. As we have seen the men in all the
branches of service to their country, the women may be compared no
less favorably in what they have rendered. In their nation’s wars,
they have ever been faithful, and their efforts as beneficial to the
men and cause as were those of their ancestors of their own sex, whose
work was as the mortar in the solid foundation wall of the nation they
helped to build. Someone has said that always in the history of mankind
the woman has been at her best when she has felt herself most needed.
Every reason then for her to attract as she appears in pioneer days,
in those of the Revolution or War for the Union and in the World War,
unfailingly illustrating, unconsciously or not, the age old motto of
_Noblesse Oblige_.

In hamlet or city, women descendants of Plymouth women upheld the honor
of their men and country in Red Cross, Government Loans or “Y.” work
during the World War. In the Sanitary Commission and Nursing Units of
the Civil War the women’s spirit was the same, and in 1776 when their
days were nearest to the pioneer women, the women of the Revolutionary
War inheriting the courage and self-forgetfulness, matched the heroism
of the men. Thus each generation of women has met the crisis actuated
by the same unanimity of purpose and devotion--from each in turn their
successors have caught the falling torch, assuring that they shall not
have lived and worked in vain. And they may sleep in peace.

The American women of today must meet the challenge of the women of
1861, 1776 and 1620. She must bear comparison with them in fundamental
things. Patriotism, firmness, thrift, decision and resourcefulness,
characteristics which are their heritage. As someone has said, “We are
living in the tomorrow for which they wrought. We are to do today with
all fidelity each bit of work which lies at our hands. This will make
our next day brighter and by so much, set the world forward.”

The mission of the _Mayflower_ company was to open the way for a
successful colonization of the New World. Its mission was faithfully
performed. In studying the details and circumstances relating to the
immortal voyage and settlement of Plymouth--particularly in relation
to the women, vested today with supreme interest and in a glamour
peculiarly their own, we must feel that that nobility of life may be
ours as well as theirs and that it may illuminate the difficult life of
today and make it worthy to be the fruit of the tree of Liberty they
helped to plant, in tears and smiles.

Realizing the heavy debt that we owe to the men who were led to
undertake the settlement of Plymouth we owe an equal if not greater
debt to the women who had the courage and spirit to enter with them
into the great and epoch making adventure. These make the shrines which
we would visit. It is with reverence that we view not only the soil
which first they trod but every spot associated with them.

If history as some one has said is in its unchangeable essence a tale,
then this particular history is a tale that cannot be too often told
or heard, not merely to hold our attention to the past but by its
light to look forward with a thrill to the future, to the tasks and
service for civilization, under the Providence by which the women of
the _Mayflower_ and the women of Plymouth were upheld. This will be
the best memorial we can give these women all through the years; the
remembrance that cannot fade.

                            [Illustration]




                          Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation errors have been corrected.

Page 129: “whom she had recenly” changed to “whom she had recently”

Page 138: “our earlist acquaintances” changed to “our earliest
acquaintances”

Page 156: “ceremonious assent” changed to “ceremonious ascent”

Page 192: “Declaration of Independance” changed to “Declaration of
Independence”

Page 193: “another repetion of the exact name” changed to “another
repetition of the exact name”