MOTHERLY TALKS

  WITH

  YOUNG HOUSEKEEPERS:

  EMBRACING

  EIGHTY-SEVEN BRIEF ARTICLES ON TOPICS OF HOME INTEREST,
  AND ABOUT FIVE HUNDRED CHOICE RECEIPTS
  FOR COOKING, ETC.

  BY

  MRS. H. W. BEECHER.

  [Illustration]

  NEW YORK:
  J. B. FORD AND COMPANY.
  1873.




  Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873,

  BY J. B. FORD & CO.,

  in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.


  UNIVERSITY PRESS: WELCH, BIGELOW, & CO.,
  CAMBRIDGE.




PUBLISHERS’ PREFACE.


THIS book, composed of brief and pithy articles, on almost every
conceivable point of household duty, is a friendly monitor for young
wives, and a mine of good sense and information for growing maidens.
Originally published in the Household Department of “The Christian
Union,” the articles have been so frequently called for and inquired
after by those who had found help in them, that the author yielded to
the desires of others, and has gathered them into this little volume.

Mrs. Beecher’s notion of woman’s sphere is, that, whatever exceptional
women may be able to accomplish, by reason of peculiar circumstances
and talents, and freedom from domestic responsibilities, the place
of labor and achievement for most women, and for all married women
and mothers, is Home. And this book is exactly what its title sets
forth,--a kind and motherly way of helping the inexperienced to make
agreeable, well-regulated, and happy homes. Following the “Talks” are a
choice selection of nearly five hundred Cooking Receipts, all vouched
for by the author’s own experience and skillful testing.




CONTENTS.

  PART I.

  MOTHERLY TALKS WITH YOUNG HOUSEKEEPERS.

        PAGE

  I. System in Work                                                    3

  II. March                                                            7

  III. Spring Labor                                                   11

  IV. Sunshine and Fresh Air                                          14

  V. House-cleaning                                                   17

  VI. Washing-day                                                     21

  VII. Putting Clothes to soak                                        25

  VIII. Patient Continuance in Well-doing                             28

  IX. Preparing for the Country                                       32

  X. Heedlessness                                                     35

  XI. Washing Flannels                                                38

  XII. June Cares                                                     42

  XIII. Pure Air and thorough Ventilation                             46

  XIV. Milk and Butter                                                49

  XV. Making Cheese                                                   53

  XVI. A troublesome Question                                         57

  XVII. Woman’s Kingdom                                               63

  XVIII. The Kitchen                                                  66

  XIX. How much is a Wife worth?                                      70

  XX. Teach little Boys to be useful                                  74

  XXI. Bleaching, Starching, and removing Stains                      78

  XXII. To iron Shirts, Vests, and Embroideries                       84

  XXIII. A Talk about Beds                                            88

  XXIV. Marketing                                                     91

  XXV. Trust your Children                                            96

  XXVI. Who invented Bread?                                          100

  XXVII. How about the little Girls?                                 107

  XXVIII. Stealing Servants                                          112

  XXIX. Fall Cleaning                                                117

  XXX. Fashionable Dress                                             122

  XXXI. Lessons by the Wayside                                       126

  XXXII. Pauline Pry                                                 130

  XXXIII. Buy your Cage before you catch your Bird                   135

  XXXIV. Care in selecting a House                                   138

  XXXV. Visiting for one’s own Convenience                           141

  XXXVI. Will they Board, or keep House?                             146

  XXXVII. Choice of Colors in Dress                                  151

  XXXVIII. Harmonizing Colors in Dress                               156

  XXXIX. A Word about Moths                                          160

  XL. Winter Butter                                                  164

  XLI. Repairs                                                       169

  XLII. Accurate Weights and Measures in Cooking                     173

  XLIII. Teaching little Girls to sew                                176

  XLIV. The Care of Poultry                                          180

  XLV. Institutions for the Education of Women                       184

  XLVI. Great Mistakes                                               189

  XLVII. Study to make Home attractive                               193

  XLVIII. The Care of Cooking-Stoves and Ranges                      198

  XLIX. The Old Ways and the New                                     202

  L. A few Hints on Carving                                          206

  LI. Parental Example                                               209

  LII. True Taste more effective than Money                          213

  LIII. Cooking by Steam                                             217

  LIV. Vegetables                                                    221

  LV. Cabbage                                                        225

  LVI. Pulse                                                         229

  LVII. Pot-herbs and Salads                                         234

  LVIII. Mistakes in cooking Vegetables                              237

  LIX. Divided Family Government                                     242

  LX. How can we secure good Servants?                               247

  LXI. The Guest-Chamber                                             250

  LXII. The Care of Infants                                          255

  LXIII. Personal Neatness                                           261

  LXIV. Are House-Plants injurious to the Health?                    266

  LXV. Bad Butter                                                    271

  LXVI. October                                                      277

  LXVII. The Slavery of Fashion                                      282

  LXVIII. Pickling and Preserving                                    287

  LXIX. What has become of all the little Girls?                     292

  LXX. Procrastination                                               297

  LXXI. The surest Remedy                                            302

  LXXII. A few little Things                                         308

  LXXIII. Planning for the Week                                      312

  LXXIV. Shopping                                                    316

  LXXV. Dusting                                                      320

  LXXVI. A Chapter on Soups                                          323

  LXXVI. More about Soups                                            328

  LXXVIII. Testing Character                                         333

  LXXIX. If we knew!                                                 337

  LXXX. In such an Hour as ye think not                              342

  LXXXI. Grumbling                                                   346

  LXXXII. Little Foxes spoiling the beloved Vine                     351

  LXXXIII. Waste not--want not                                       356

  LXXXIV. Making Cake and Pastry                                     360

  LXXXV. As thy Day so shall thy Strength be                         366

  LXXXVI. What we know not now we shall know hereafter               370

  LXXXVII. Until Death do us part                                    375


  PART II.

  CHOICE FAMILY RECEIPTS.


  YEAST.

  Yeast                                              385

  Another                                            385

  Yeast-Cakes                                        385


  BREAD.

  General Rules                                      386

  Bread without Sponging                             386

  Good Bread                                         386

  Bread with Sponging                                387

  To make Bread from Flour that runs                 387

  Bread by Scalding the Flour                        388

  To make Stale Bread fresh                          388

  Graham Bread                                       388

  Steamed Brown Bread                                389

  Corn Bread                                         389

  Rice Bread                                         390


  BISCUIT.

  Morning Biscuit                                    390

  Tea Biscuit                                        390

  Soda Biscuit                                       391

  Indian-Corn Biscuit                                391

  Parker House Rolls                                 391

  Rusk                                               392

  Sweet Potato Buns                                  392

  Potato Pone                                        392

  Gems                                               392

  Gems, No. 2                                        392

  Graham Gems                                        393


  BREAKFAST AND TEA CAKES.

  Corn Cakes                                         393

  Another Way                                        393

  Another                                            393

  Another                                            393

  Steamed Johnny-Cake                                394

  Corn-Meal Cake with Apples and Suet                394

  Muffins                                            394

  Another Way                                        394

  Cream Muffins                                      394

  Another Way                                        394

  Raised Muffins                                     395

  Hominy Muffins                                     395

  Quick Muffins                                      395

  Graham Flour Muffins                               395

  Raised Waffles                                     395

  Corn-Meal Waffles                                  396

  Buckwheat Cakes                                    396

  Rice Griddle-Cakes                                 396

  Sour-Milk Griddle-Cakes                            396

  Green-Corn Fritters                                396

  Mock Oyster Fritters                               397

  Corn Oysters                                       397

  Rice Cakes                                         397

  Rice or Hominy Cakes                               397

  Rosie’s Sally Lunn                                 397

  Strawberry Shortcake                               397

  Cream Toast                                        398


  SOUPS.

  General Directions                                 398

  Stock for Soups                                    399

  Tomato Soup                                        399

  Another                                            400

  A Vegetable Soup                                   400

  Mock-Turtle Soup                                   400

  Bean Soup                                          401

  Soup with Eggs                                     402

  Green Pea Soup                                     402

  Turtle Bean Soup                                   402

  Nursery Soup                                       403

  Oyster and Clam Soup                               403

  Potato Soup                                        403


  FISH.

  To Boil Fresh Fish                                 404

  Baked Salmon Trout, with Cream Gravy               404

  Boiled Salmon Trout                                404

  Fried Halibut                                      405

  Fish Chowder                                       405

  To prepare and dress Cold Fish                     405

  Newport Fish Pudding                               406

  Fish-Balls                                         406

  Codfish Balls                                      407

  Scalloped Crabs                                    407

  Oyster Pie                                         407

  Oyster Fritters                                    408

  To Fry Oysters                                     408

  Lobster Patties                                    408

  Lobster Rissoles                                   409

  Fish Sauce                                         409

  A good Breakfast Dish                              409

  Best Mode of Roasting Fish, Ducks, &c.             409


  MEATS.


  BEEF.

  Leicestershire Hunting Beef                        410

  Spiced Beef                                        410

  Curried Beef                                       411

  Meat Pie                                           411

  Beef Collops                                       411

  To Cook a Beefsteak                                412

  Rump Steak, with Oyster Sauce                      412

  A French Broil                                     412

  Beefsteak Rolls                                    413

  Beef Croquettes                                    413

  Mock Duck                                          413

  A Nice Breakfast Dish                              413

  Mock Venison                                       413

  To prepare Cold Roast Beef or Mutton               414

  Economical Breakfast Dish                          414

  A “Two Story”                                      415


  MUTTON AND LAMB.

  Shoulder of Mutton Boiled                          415

  Shoulder of Mutton Spiced                          415

  Mutton Stew                                        416

  Roasting a Leg of Lamb                             416

  To use Cold Lamb                                   416

  Mint Sauce                                         416


  VENISON.

  Jerked Venison                                     417

  Venison Steaks                                     418


  COOKING IN A “RUMFORD BOILER.”

  To Roast Beef or Mutton                            418

  To Boil a Leg of Lamb or Mutton                    418

  Corned Beef                                        418

  To Cook a Ham                                      419

  Fish                                               419


  VEAL.

  Meats for June                                     420

  Calf’s Head and Harslet                            420

  Head and Harslet Hash                              420

  Veal Pie                                           421

  Sweetbread Croquettes                              421

  Veal Patty                                         422

  Minced Veal                                        422

  Veal Hash                                          422

  Veal Loaf                                          423

  Croquettes                                         423


  POULTRY AND GAME.

  Steamed Turkey                                     423

  Broiled Chickens                                   424

  To Bake a Chicken                                  425

  Gravy for Roast or Baked Poultry                   426

  Chicken Pot-Pie                                    426

  Fried Chickens                                     427

  To Cook an Old Fowl                                427

  Roast Duck                                         428

  To Roast a Goose                                   428

  Wild Goose                                         429

  To Roast a Green Goose                             429

  To Boil a Goose                                    429

  To Stew a Goose                                    430

  To Stew Pigeons                                    430

  Wild Squabs                                        431

  Chicken Pudding                                    431

  Chicken Jelly                                      432

  Chicken Patties                                    432

  To make Remnants of Meat, Chicken, etc., palatable 432

  Meat Croquettes                                    433


  PORK AND HAM.

  To Boil a Ham                                      433

  Broiled Ham                                        433

  Ham Croquettes                                     433

  Ham and Toast                                      433

  Ham Toast                                          434

  To use Cold Boiled Ham                             434

  Another Way                                        434

  Ham Ball                                           434

  How a Pig was Roasted on a Sugar Plantation        434

  Good Sausage Meat                                  435

  A Dutch Dish                                       435


  SALADS AND OMELETS.

  Chicken Salad                                      436

  Italian Chicken Salad                              436

  Lobster Salad                                      437

  Potato Salad                                       437

  Plain Omelet                                       437

  Puff Omelet                                        438

  Oyster Omelet                                      438

  Omelet with Jelly                                  438

  Baked Omelet                                       438

  Omelette Soufflé                                   439


  EGGS.

  Boiled Eggs                                        439

  Fried Eggs                                         439

  Poached Eggs                                       439

  Hard Scrabbled                                     440

  Fricasseed Eggs, or Egg Baskets                    440

  Egg Toast                                          440

  Scrambled Eggs                                     441

  Scrambled Eggs                                     441

  Dropped Eggs                                       441

  Cottage Cheese                                     441

  Cheese Toast                                       442


  VEGETABLES.

  Corn                                               443

  Another Way                                        444

  Boiling Potatoes                                   444

  Another Way                                        444

  To Boil New Potatoes                               445

  Mashed Potatoes                                    445

  Potato Croquettes                                  445

  Saratoga Fried Potatoes                            445

  Scalloped Potatoes                                 445

  Snow Potatoes                                      446

  Potato Cakes                                       446

  To Fry Sweet Potatoes                              446

  Macaroni                                           446

  Egg-Plant                                          447

  Another Way                                        447

  Fricasseed Egg-Plant                               447

  To Stew Tomatoes                                   448

  Baked Tomatoes                                     448

  Scalloped Tomatoes                                 448

  Boiled Rice                                        449

  Cooking Rice                                       449

  Peas                                               449

  Green Peas                                         450

  Beans                                              450

  Asparagus                                          451

  Spinach                                            451

  To Boil Cabbage                                    451

  To Boil Cabbage with Meat                          452

  Another Way                                        452

  Cabbage like Cauliflower                           452

  Cauliflower                                        452

  Hot-Slaw                                           452

  Cold-Slaw                                          453

  To Cook Onions                                     453


  CAKE.

  GENERAL RULES.

  Loaf Cake                                          454

  Mrs. Breedley’s Fruit Cake                         455

  Rosie’s Raised Cake                                455

  Fruit Cake                                         455

  Farmer’s Fruit Cake                                455

  Whortleberry Cake                                  456

  Olic Cake                                          456

  Nice little Cakes                                  456

  Queen Charlotte’s Cake                             456

  Lemon Cake                                         456

  Molasses Drop Cake                                 457

  Chicago Fruit Cake                                 457

  Cider Cake                                         457

  Snow-flake Cake                                    457

  Cocoa-nut Cake                                     457

  Macaroons                                          457

  Delicate Cake                                      458

  Sponge Cake                                        458

  Pineapple Cake                                     458

  Molasses Cup Cake                                  458

  Loaf Cake                                          458

  Walnut Cake                                        459

  Loaf Cake                                          459

  Western Cake                                       459

  Snowball Cake                                      459

  Molasses Cake                                      459

  Corn-Starch Cake                                   459

  Moss Cake                                          459

  Jenny Lind Cake                                    460

  Sugar Cookies                                      460

  Cookies                                            460

  Another Way                                        460

  Molasses Gingerbread                               460

  Plain Gingerbread                                  460

  Excellent Ginger-Snaps                             461


  PIES, PUDDINGS, AND DESSERTS.

  Pastry                                             461

  Puff Paste                                         461

  Potato Pastry for Meat Pies                        462

  Pumpkin Pies                                       462

  Dried-Apple Pies                                   462

  Pies of Canned Fruit                               463

  Mince Pie                                          463

  Rice Pie                                           464

  Apple Puffs                                        464

  Marlborough Pie                                    464

  Chess Pie                                          464

  English Christmas Plum Pudding                     464

  A Family Christmas Pudding                         465

  A Simple Christmas Pudding                         465

  Bread Pudding                                      466

  Boiled Indian Pudding                              466

  Baked Indian Pudding                               466

  Palmyra, or Date Pudding                           466

  Sponge-Cake Pudding                                467

  Steamed Pudding                                    467

  An Excellent Pudding                               467

  Apple and Tapioca Pudding                          467

  Sweet-Apple Pudding                                468

  Fig Pudding                                        468

  Barley Cream for Invalids                          468

  Apple Float                                        468

  Sago Pudding                                       468

  Cocoa-nut Custard                                  468

  Apple Pudding                                      468

  Sauce                                              469

  Nice Cheap Pudding                                 469

  Orange Pudding                                     469

  Custard without Eggs                               469

  A Quick Pudding                                    469

  Rice Meringue                                      470

  Sago Pudding                                       470

  Lemon or Orange Honeycomb                          470

  Apple Snow                                         470

  Snow Pudding                                       470

  Cocoa-nut Pudding or Pies                          471

  Bohemian Cream                                     471

  Spanish Cream                                      471

  Rennet Wine                                        472

  Cold Custard                                       472

  Baked Apples                                       472

  Apple Snow                                         472


  PRESERVES AND JELLIES.

  To Can Peaches                                     472

  Mixed Marmalade                                    473

  Jellies                                            473

  Peach Jelly                                        474

  Quince Jelly                                       474

  To Preserve Quinces                                474

  Candied Orange Peel                                475

  Apple and Quince Sauce                             475

  Apple Sauce                                        475

  Baked Pears                                        476


  CHEESE.

  Stilton Cheese                                     476

  Cottenham Cheese                                   476

  Parmesan                                           476

  Cheddar                                            477

  Dunlop                                             477

  New Cheese                                         477

  Swiss Cheese                                       477

  Sage or Green Cheese                               477

  Cream Cheese                                       477

  Potato Cheese                                      478

  Cheese Straus                                      478


  PICKLES.

  Peach Pickles                                      478

  Pickled Plums                                      480

  Green Tomato Pickles                               480

  To Pickle Green Tomatoes                           481

  Pickled Nasturtiums                                481

  Pickled Cauliflower                                481

  Tomato Pickles                                     482

  To Pickle Onions                                   482

  To Pickle Red Cabbage                              482

  Cucumber Pickles                                   482

  To Pickle small Cucumbers and Gherkins             483

  Tomato Catsup                                      483


  MISCELLANEOUS HINTS.

  To make Tea                                        484

  Substitute for Milk in Tea and Coffee              485

  Bread Crumbs                                       485


  GLEANINGS.

  To Clean Kid Gloves                                486

  To keep Grapes                                     486

  To Clean Oil-Cloths                                486

  Fill your Lamps in the Morning                     486

  Colored Silk                                       487

  To Remove Fruit Stains                             487

  Bee or Wasp Stings                                 487

  To Preserve Brooms                                 487

  Glossy Starch                                      488

  Salt with Nuts                                     488

  To take Ink Stains from Mahogany                   488

  To keep Quinces                                    488

  Fruit Stains                                       488

  Ink Stains                                         489

  Buying Furs                                        489

  Drying Umbrellas                                   490

  A Tight Ring                                       490

  Scrubbing White Paint                              490

  How to wash Graining                               490

  To keep Codfish                                    491

  Zante Currants                                     491

  To keep Cheese                                     491

  To keep Smoked Beef and Hams                       491

  To keep Preserves                                  491

  Care of Flour-Barrels                              491

  Indian Meal                                        491

  Coffee and Tea                                     492

  Raisins and Starch                                 492

  Household Weights and Measures                     492

  To test Flour                                      492


INTRODUCTION.


FOR the last two years we have occupied a corner in “The Christian
Union” with the following brief articles, and from week to week
endeavored to bring to its readers something useful and practical. We
have reviewed the daily labors indispensable to all classes of homes,
giving whatever suggestions or criticisms seemed to us most needed or
desirable, not only as regards the manual labor of a household, but
also the actions, motives, and principles which build up and secure the
happiness of a family; or which, falsely understood and neglected, must
lay the foundation for misery and sin.

We have been requested by many of our readers to gather these _talks_
together, for the more convenient use of those for whom they were
written, namely, _young housekeepers_, who, marrying before their
domestic education has received sufficient attention, daily find many
stumbling-blocks in their way, which haply a word fitly spoken might
remove.

Where so much has been written in the way of “Advice to Young
Housekeepers,” “Household Guides,” etc., it would seem superfluous
to venture on this well-worn track, did it not lead to a portion of
general education too little thought of, where “line upon line and
precept upon precept” are peculiarly needed.

The home education of our girls is often sadly neglected. Indulgent
mothers, who have kept their daughters in school from earliest
childhood, think it would be cruel to ask that any part of their
vacation should be usefully employed. It must all be given to
relaxation and amusement, leaving the knowledge of the homely household
duties which would enable them to superintend and adorn a happy home
to be learned after they have been “graduated.” Yet how many young
girls pass from the seminary at once into married life, and on their
first entrance into society are transformed from simple school-girls
into wives and housekeepers! If no part of their child-life was devoted
to those lessons, which none should be able to teach so kindly and so
thoroughly as a mother, what is the result? The _home_ which the lover
dreamed of, proves dark and comfortless, and the bride is too often
transformed into the heartless devotee of fashion, instead of the
companion and helpmeet God designed a wife to be.

Young ladies would soon discover the richer life there is in one’s own
home, if they were early initiated into an intimate knowledge of the
whole routine of home duties and household mysteries, so that when
they shall be exalted to the dignity of the mistress of a house, they
can with good judgment and intelligence direct their servants, or
independently perform the labor of a family, easily and methodically,
with their own hands. With such knowledge, and the ability to execute,
they can greatly augment domestic happiness and add new lustre to their
charms as companion and friend.

True, there is much that is hard and disagreeable in household cares
and labors; but what good thing do we possess that does not require
thought, effort, and often unpleasant labor before we come into the
full possession and enjoyment of it? Under any self-denial or hardship
experienced in the performance of duty, there is a great comfort in
the knowledge that, the work being once mastered and made familiar,
any thought of drudgery connected with it disappears; and in the happy
consciousness of independence and power over difficulties one finds
great pleasure and full compensation.

In preparing these articles for book publication, we have not attempted
to bring them together in a methodical manner, but have allowed them to
follow one another in about the order in which we were moved to write
them by the daily occurrences around us, or in reply to many letters
from discouraged or _ready-to-halt_ young housekeepers. Nor have we
presumed to give advice or instructions to old, well-established
mothers and housekeepers, who doubtless know far more than we do,
and at whose feet we would cheerfully sit for instruction. But like a
mother in the midst of her young daughters we have desired to stand,
answering such questions as they would naturally ask, pointing out
mistakes that they are likely to make, showing where the error lies,
and trying to offer a remedy; not in household affairs alone, but in
many phases of the duties that belong to the wife and mother as well as
to the housekeeper. To give some little assistance and encouragement in
every effort to make _home_ what it should be,--the happiest place on
earth,--is our earnest desire.

  EUNICE W. BEECHER.




PART I.

MOTHERLY TALKS WITH YOUNG HOUSEKEEPERS.




I.

SYSTEM IN WORK.


“I HAVE been hard at work all day,” we think we hear some say; “up
stairs and down, from the cellar to the attic, looking into every nook
and corner, and ‘putting things to rights’ generally. O dear! I _wonder
what next_ those grim old housekeepers would expect me to take hold of.
I have everything in good running order, as far as I can see, and now
how I would like to take a book and curl up somewhere, out of sight and
hearing, and have one of the old-fashioned good times I used to have
before I was married. Well, I don’t care. I mean to have it, anyhow,
and just let things go on without my watching, for a while. Nora can
manage to keep the house in order, _somehow_, now I have everything in
its right place, I am sure.”

Ah! but, my dear little woman, if you do not give daily attention to
your household affairs, in a few days, under Nora’s rule, you will find
the machinery all out of order, and be compelled again to go over the
same wearisome labor you now complain of.

“What then am I to do? From this time on, is my life to be a perpetual
drudgery?”

No; not if you are wise. Be patient. It is a new thing to you now. Care
does not sit lightly on young shoulders; but time and a reasonable
amount of patience will soon make the “crooked ways straight, and the
rough places smooth.” A few weeks of extra time and thought, at the
beginning of your new life, will teach you how to work methodically.
Until this lesson is fixed in your mind, it will be “uphill work”; but
persevere. Have a regular plan for each day’s work, and every step will
be easier and more natural.

There is nothing like method and regularity to lighten labor. We have
so many poor, discouraged, repining housekeepers, chiefly because they
were not taught from the beginning to work methodically. Let this once
become a fixed habit, and almost every one can find leisure for reading
and recreation, certainly if in a position where they can delegate the
hardest, roughest labor, under suitable supervision, to a servant.

Secure a few moments every evening to think over and arrange for
the necessary labor of the morrow. Bring before your mind just what
ought to be done, and fix the mode and time for doing it distinctly.
While dressing, the next morning, review your plan, that all through
the day it may be like a map spread out before your eyes. Of course,
many things may occur that no foresight could provide for,--sickness,
unexpected company, or interruptions past your control,--but nothing
that can wholly derange a well-digested plan for every day’s duties.

Try this mode of working resolutely for a few months, and labor or
oversight of labor will become so nearly a second nature that you will
arrange, or perform almost instinctively, even with pleasure, that
which now seems a heavy burden, grievous to be borne. To show just what
may be done, let us take a glance at the arrangements for washing and
ironing days.

Every housekeeper has her own way of apportioning the work of her
servants. Where there are three girls, many prefer that the cook
should take charge of the washing, leaving either waiter or chambermaid
to do the cooking Mondays and Tuesdays. If these are tolerable plain
cooks, this may answer; but, generally, on those two days the table is
less pleasantly served than during the remainder of the week.

Now, we prefer to feel as sure of a well-cooked and well-served dinner
on “washing-day” as on any other day in the week. For that reason, we
think it a more excellent way to have the cook understand that the
kitchen, pantries, and cooking are her own especial care; from which,
until that work is done, she is not to be called to assist in anything
else. This plan, we think, insures a more orderly kitchen, cleaner
pantries, and better prepared and more regular meals, than when the
cooking is given over, two days in the week, to one less accustomed to
it. We see no good reason why, if company happens in unexpectedly, one
should not be as well prepared to serve them on Monday as on Wednesday
or Thursday. By giving the washing into the care of the second girl, we
think one may escape most of the terrors of “washing-day.”

Early rising should be one of the well-understood rules of the house,
for the servants at least. As soon as up, on Monday morning, the
laundress’s first work is to light the fire, if the laundry is separate
from the kitchen; if not, the cook, of course, attends to that. The
furnace is then to be well shaken and cleaned out, fresh coal added,
and the ashes sifted and removed; which, if done every day, as it
should be, is but a small item comparatively. Sweeping the front
stairs, hall, doorsteps, sidewalk, and gutters comes next in order.
By this time the fire and water will be in a proper state to commence
washing; and that once begun, the laundress should be exempt from any
other duty, save to feed the furnace, until the washing is finished and
the clothes brought in and folded.

On Tuesday the same routine, while the fire is kindling and the irons
heating; after that the laundress gives her undivided attention to her
ironing. She should be up in season to finish sweeping stairs, hall,
etc., and commence her washing and ironing by seven; and then, unless
the washing is very large, an ordinarily bright girl should have all
finished by Tuesday night, and be ready to give her full time to the
chamber-work,--making beds, sweeping, dusting, washing windows, etc.,
during the remainder of the week.

The waitress is often expected to take charge of the furnace, but we
cannot think it is desirable. If there is a fire to be lighted in the
parlor or sitting-room, to remove the ashes, wash the hearth, and have
the rooms dusted and in readiness for the family, and then put her
table in order, is all that she will be likely to do well. Besides,
after working in the cellar over the furnace, she cannot be fit to wait
on the table without taking more time to free her hair and dress from
ashes and dirt than she can spare, if you would have the breakfast
served promptly. And what is more disgusting than an untidy waitress?
The waitress should have charge of parlor, dining-room, silver,
answering the bell, and on Monday and Tuesday do the chamber-work.

Where but two servants are kept,--and we are inclined to think the
fewer servants the better the work is done,--of course the two must
divide the work, each assisting in the washing and ironing, but the
cook still retaining the charge of the meals.




II.

MARCH.


THE morning sun shines brightly, the air is mild and balmy; you go
about your early cares with a cheerful spirit; and, after seeing
that the “pickings up,” the brushing and dusting, which are a daily
necessity, are faithfully performed, you sit down to your sewing, your
books, or your writing in a satisfied and comfortable state of mind.
But in a few hours the sky grows dark; grim and threatening clouds
obscure the sun; the wind sweeps round the house with long, wailing
moans, or short, fierce gusts, while you shiveringly draw the warm
breakfast shawl closer about you, and find that you have suddenly
passed into a far less genial atmosphere than you enjoyed in the
morning.

March may come in a very mild and gentle manner, but don’t trust it.
It is “fooling you.” Its smiles are quickly followed by frowns, and
the bright, warm sunlight all too soon will be forced to give place
to fierce winds and drifting snows. We are quite as well pleased
when this, the first month of spring, appears in its own proper
character,--windy, stormy, and bitter cold,--for then we hope that it
will make its exit in a gentler mood.

Yes, this is truly _March_,--cold, raw, and blustering March,--which,
with the early days of April, before the winds have fairly died out, is
the terror of all careful housekeepers,--insuring an abundance of extra
work; for its winds and storms will force an entrance into every part
of the house, however securely guarded. No burglar’s alarm can promise
safety from this insidious foe. Windows, pictures, and furniture,
so nicely cleaned and polished but a few hours since, require a
repetition of the same work many times a day. No month in the whole
year demands such incessant use of dusters, brushes, and brooms,--such
unslumbering watchfulness.

Why not clean once a day and then let the dust be till next morning?

Because, if allowed to remain, it soils your hands and dresses, spoils
your pictures, finds lodgment in your finely carved statuary, or
settles in the graceful designs or rich upholstery of your furniture.
Once snugly secreted in woollen or plush, dust is not easily removed,
but becomes the favorite resort for moths, affording abundant material
for all their wants. There is no month in the whole year which so
completely makes you the slave of the broom and dusting-brush. If
there is a carpenter ingenious enough to build a house so tight that
it can defy the searching winds of March, he would most certainly be a
universal favorite among all housekeepers. Under the doors, from the
top, bottom, and sides of the windows, in at the key-holes,--everywhere
the dust finds an entrance. No table, chair, or shelf may be touched
without showing the presence of this subtle enemy. Each book, picture,
or article of dress acknowledges its power. Was it not in the month
of March that the _plague of dust_ tormented the Egyptians? Unless
some learned interpreter of the Bible can prove the contrary, we are
inclined to accept this idea. There is no other season of the year when
one feels so little courage, for we cannot “rest from our labors.”
However faithfully the work may be done, an hour will destroy all trace
of our industry. Then why attempt to do it? Why not let all cleaning
cease till March gives place to its betters, and then have a general
purification?

If there were no other reason for patient continuance in well-doing,
notwithstanding all discouragements, the injury done to carpets and
furniture would be a good and sufficient one. With the strong March
winds the dust is so thoroughly sifted into the threads of carpets,
and into the moldings and ornaments of furniture, that if not very
often removed, it would be almost impossible ever to do it. The sharp
grains of dust would sink into the carpets, and the friction of walking
over them would wear out the material more in this month than in any
two months of the year. Heavy brocatelle curtains and delicate lace are
very easily defaced and injured by the dust, if not often shaken and
freed from the constant accumulation.

It cannot be helped; through all this windy, unmanageable season,
frequent usings of dusters and brushes are inevitable, and, if
thoroughly applied, aside from the economy of it, will greatly lighten
the labor of the spring house-cleaning.

A good beating with a furniture _whip_ (two or three ratans, lightly
braided or twisted together, and the ends united in a handle, found at
any house-furnishing store) is an excellent thing to dislodge dust from
chairs, sofas, table-covers, mattresses, etc., but the beating must
be followed by the use of the feather-brush over all, and an old silk
handkerchief for polished or highly varnished furniture.

Windows are very difficult to keep bright and clean at this season of
the year. If there is rain or snow, it is usually followed by high
winds, which dry the streets and very soon cover the damp windows with
a storm of dust,--settling into the molding and around the sash to
such a degree that it will require much time and hard work to remove;
and even while washing them, the dust is still swept over the windows.
It is wise, when windows are so quickly and easily defaced, to wet a
clean, smooth cloth in a little whiskey or alcohol, and cleanse the
glass with it. It removes the dirt much more thoroughly and gives a
better polish to the glass than water can, and evaporates so quickly
that the dust will not so readily adhere. This may be liable to
objections on the ground of economy; but, for three or four weeks it is
much more effective, and makes the work so much easier, that we are
inclined to think it is not extravagant. Of course it must be used with
judgment. A little will be sufficient.

Now, more than any other part of the year, the ashes must be removed
from the cellar, if you have a furnace, faithfully every morning. If
allowed to accumulate, a heavy wind will send them up through the flues
and registers, to settle in the carpets or furniture, and do more
injury than the dust, because the alkali in the ashes will eat the
texture and injure the colors.

Then, again, it is important that on washing-days some attention should
be paid to the wind. It is a great trial to a methodical housekeeper to
put off the week’s washing for a day or two. It seems to derange all
the work planned for other days, and makes one feel unsettled, as if
everything was sadly out of joint. It is not at all pleasant to consent
to such innovation, but March is a tyrant, and in the end it is better
to submit to its caprices. To see all your clothes on the line at the
mercy of a real March wind, would be worse than to defer the washing
and wait for a milder day. The clothes will be more injured and worn by
one day’s snapping on the line, in a very high wind, than in weeks of
wear; and unless one has a good, roomy attic with windows at each end
to admit free air, it is wise, if not agreeable, to put the clothes in
soak, after washing, in plenty of clear water, and wait for the calm,
or defer the entire washing to that propitious moment.

Yet a good, brisk March wind, with an unclouded sky, has its
excellences. There is no better time to put blankets, carriage-robes,
and heavy winter garments out to air. If not left out too long, such
heavy articles will not be liable to so much injury, by whipping on the
lines, as cotton and linen, and it is an excellent and effective way to
free these cumbrous garments from dust and moths.

These are only a few of the reasons for the necessity of more than
usual vigilance in this stormy month of March; they are but _hints_
to call attention to the subject. Your own good sense, kept awake by
the wild wind that is shaking the windows as we write, and bending the
tall masts beyond, will enable you to carry them out more minutely and
practically than we shall attempt at present to do.




III.

SPRING LABOR.


MOTHS.--The first few days of April are too near kin to March to
warrant any decided steps toward the regular spring house-cleaning;
but it is quite time now that special attention be paid to _moths_ and
their characteristic destructiveness.

In furnace-heated houses, moths are occasionally found in mid-winter;
but they are only the advance guard of the main army, and do little
harm, save by the annoying reminder of what one has cause to fear in
spring.

In April they will begin to show themselves very much in earnest, and
are seen too often for your comfort, particularly after the gas or
lamp is lighted. If an expert, you may destroy many, as, attracted by
the bright light which lures them to destruction, they fly around you;
yet enough remain to keep you constantly on the lookout. We know of no
remedy, when moths have once gained entrance to a house, but ceaseless
watchfulness. They often deposit their eggs in the fret-work and open
spaces in cornices, as well as in woollens and furs, and therefore all
such hiding-places should be carefully searched. In high-studded rooms
it is difficult to reach these sheltered nooks, and therefore in them
moths too often find a secure retreat. But although difficult, it is
not impossible to dislodge them, even from these high places. A tall
step-ladder, with a little care and some one to steady it at the base,
can easily be mounted, and from this height you readily gain access to
your enemies. If the carving is deep and intricate, take a quill, and
with the feather-end brush out these holes into a dust-pan; follow this
brushing with a wet cloth wrapped round a pointed stick. It takes time,
care, and patience, but is very necessary. In houses that are not often
painted, you will probably find large quantities of dust and lint that
have accumulated and settled, from sweeping, in the cornices. In this
the moths deposit their eggs; and, when hatched, the worm which eats
your garments may be found here, snugly rolled in its thin covering, or
perhaps just ready to fly through your house, depositing its eggs for
the next generation of moths.

A new house, left for months unoccupied, or an old house long
untenanted, it is said, will surely be overrun with moths. For this we
do not vouch, but are quite inclined to credit it. Our first experience
of the plague of moths was on taking possession of a house, almost new,
that had stood empty some months,--a dearly bought experience, the
debt for which is not fully cancelled after more than fourteen years.
In all the cornice ornaments we found large quantities of the eggs and
worms snugly laid to sleep, till the warm spring sun should rouse them
to begin their mischievous expeditions among our furs, blankets, and
garments. Many were fully developed, and flying about in search of some
choice place to deposit their eggs.

The spring and summer are their busiest time; and as soon as it is
warm enough to dispense with furs, heavy shawls, and woollen garments,
these should be well shaken and brushed, then hung on the clothes-line
and beaten with the furniture whip, every spot or stain cleansed, and
repairs attended to before being done up and put away for the summer.
Each housekeeper has probably her own theory as to the best way for
packing up such articles as moths injure. Some put pepper, camphor,
cedar-chips, sandal-wood, or moth-powder among the articles to be
stored away, and then sew them up closely in old linen, or cover them
with two or three thicknesses of paper, lapping one over the other,
leaving no holes, and then seal the paper up with mucilage. We prefer
the paper wrappings, but feel a little safer if we sprinkle Poole’s
moth-powder over the articles before sealing.

We have been told that strips of cloth dipped in kerosene, rolled
up and placed among flannels, furs, etc., which should then be shut
tight in a cedar trunk or close drawer, will surely prevent moths from
injuring them, destroying the eggs or such moth worms as are already in
possession.

This appears sensible, inasmuch as moths are said to be repelled by any
pungent, disagreeable smell. And surely, if that be so, kerosene would
be most deadly.

In carpets, moths generally seek the corners and secluded places. For
that reason it is essential that in sweeping, at all seasons of the
year, one should see that great attention is paid to the corners and
edges of carpets. Never attempt to sweep there with a common broom.
You cannot get at the corners. Take a whisk-broom or a round, pointed
brush, such as is used to clean buttoned furniture, called a _furniture
button-brush_, and with it clean out the corners where the carpet is
turned in. Have close at hand a pointed stick, which, with a cloth
wrapped about it, will enable you to pry into every nook thoroughly.
Every few weeks it is well to draw the tacks in the corners a little
way, and, turning back the carpet on to a thick paper or old cloth,
give the edges a faithful brushing. It is under and near these corners
that moths love to secrete their eggs.




IV.

SUNSHINE AND FRESH AIR.


FEW realize how dependent we are on sunshine and fresh air for good
health and pleasant, cheerful homes. When shown into a dark and dismal
parlor,--blinds all closed and heavy curtains dropped to exclude
light,--and creeping forward in search of a seat, fearing, each step,
to stumble over a chair or upset a table loaded with small wares on
exhibition, we always feel suffocated, as if in a vault among dead
men’s bones. And when the servant, after calling her mistress, returns
and opens the shutters just far enough to allow one small ray of “light
divine” to struggle through, what a relief it is! How we long to spring
forward, throw back the curtains, swing the blinds wide open, and
give admittance to the full glory of the free, glad sunbeams. But no!
Health and comfort must be sacrificed rather than expose the costly
carpet and rich curtains. Only so much light as will enable our friend
to recognize us may be allowed to enter, and after a few moments’
conversation, as cold and spiritless as the room itself, how glorious
seem the clear sky and pure air as we leave the house! We are so
chilled and benumbed by our short tarry in those prison-like parlors,
that it has penetrated to the heart, and we are not quite sure that we
feel any great affection for the friend from whom we have just parted,
until, having walked a few moments, we regain life and freshness by a
full bath in the fresh breezes and invigorating sunshine.

Strange that any will deprive themselves of blessings so rich, so free,
and health-giving for a mere fancy,--particularly when we find that the
richest and most beautiful fabrics are generally those which will bear
exposure to open windows and pure light.

That perfect ventilation and abundance of light and sun are
indispensable to a healthy atmosphere all over the house, should be
understood as one of the principles of good housekeeping. Servants
are generally careless in airing the rooms committed to their care.
Bedrooms, dining rooms, kitchen, and pantries are seldom sufficiently
ventilated; and it behooves a housekeeper to maintain a constant
watchfulness against such remissness. As soon as you are dressed,
throw open the window, take off the bedclothes, spread them neatly
across two chairs set in the draught,--taking care that the ends do
not drag on the floor. Raise up the mattress; double it like a bent
bow on the under-bed, or palliasse, that the air may circulate freely
through and around it. Beat up the pillows and bolster, and throw them
across a chair near the open window. Some hang them out of the window.
All right, if you are careful first to brush the sill free from the
dust that will, of course, accumulate there. When ready to leave the
chamber, open the doors through from one room to another, even if some
rooms have not been used; but be careful, in cold weather, to close
the doors leading to the halls, that parlors and halls be not made
uncomfortable by too much draught.

Children, boys and girls alike, should be instructed never to leave
their bedrooms without at least throwing back the bedclothes and
raising the windows; and guests in a family, one would suppose, will
do this for their own comfort; but it is well that every housekeeper
should be sure that it is done before she goes to the kitchen or
breakfast-room. It is particularly desirable that our children become
accustomed to this kind of care and attention to their sleeping-rooms;
for if the habit is fixed in early youth, when absent from a mother’s
care, in school, college, or business, and compelled to board, whatever
other discomforts they may be subjected to, they can secure for
themselves well-ventilated beds and sleeping-rooms. If, from extra
morning duties or ill health, you are not able to attend to this part
of the chamber-work yourself, then, as soon as the rooms are all
vacated, the chambermaid should go to them at once, taking with her the
chamber pail and cloths, and, first opening the windows and putting
bedclothes and mattresses to air, as above mentioned, should empty all
slops, wash out the washstands and all pertaining to them,--pitchers,
soap-cup, tooth- and nail-brush holders,--gather up all dirty clothes
and towels, and put them into the basket, or, if wet, hang up to dry.
By the time this is faithfully done, the chambermaid will be ready to
go to her own breakfast, leaving the windows open, unless in stormy
weather, and the beds unmade. Keep strict watch that the servants do
not fail to air their own rooms and spread open their beds when they
come down to their early morning’s work. Never fear to open chamber
windows in stormy weather. If the rain or snow beats in badly, drop
the window from the top a little way, or spread an old bit of bagging
or oil-cloth before the window to protect the carpet; but in spite of
wind or weather, have a full current of fresh air pass through your
bedchambers every morning. Once a week mattresses must be thoroughly
brushed with a whisk-broom, and the tufts or buttons that tack them
together cleaned with a round pointed brush, called a button-brush, so
that no lint or dust can lodge about them to shelter moths. When free
from lint and dirt, throw the mattress across a table, or spread on the
floor an old sheet kept for that purpose, and lay it on that. In the
same manner brush the under-bed; then turn it up and with a wet cloth
wipe off the inside of the bedstead, raising up the slats that no lint
may remain lodged there. By such care you will save much trouble from
moths and bugs. It is well to attend to this on Friday, or whichever
day may be set apart for sweeping, as lint may be dropped on the
carpet, and should be at once removed.




V.

HOUSE-CLEANING.


“LAST year I thought _house-cleaning_ would be ‘real fun.’ I had never
before taken the entire charge of such extensive operations, and
thought, in my simplicity, that I would show the old ladies how a smart
young housekeeper would walk through the fiery furnace, with not even
the smell of fire upon her garments. But I little dreamed what I had
undertaken. I found out, however, before the ‘fun’ was ended, to my
entire satisfaction, and now, in this my second year of housekeeping,
look forward to the spring cleaning with the greatest repugnance;
gladly enduring all the cold, the winds, and storms of early spring,
because they postpone the evil day. But now milder weather and
warmer suns are upon us, and this great nuisance may be no longer
deferred. How I dread it! No regularity, all rules abolished, servants
rebellious, husband--to put it mildly--_uncomfortable_; baby cross, and
I--the crossest of all? O dear! What shall I do?”

What shall you do? Take it easy. _Patience_, my child, the oldest
panacea, is still the sovereign cure for such trials. But why “borrow
trouble”? For weeks you have, in imagination, been carrying this burden
which you so much dread. Wait till the proper time comes to take it
up. Give each hour its own work; do not permit yourself to groan over
that which belongs to the next; and you will find the heaviest and most
disagreeable labor, if arranged and performed systematically, glide
smoothly through your hands. When it is finished, you will look back
in amused surprise at the “bugbear” you had conjured up for your own
torment.

True, what is generally understood as regular “spring house-cleaning”
is not a pleasant operation; but is it absolutely necessary that this
important part of household duties should be made a terror to all in
the house? We think not. When furnace, grates, and stoves, have been
in constant use for six or seven months, and gas or lamps are burning
many hours each night, a very thorough house-cleaning is indispensable.
No care can prevent smoke, ashes, and gas defacing walls and ceiling,
and finding a lodgment in carpets and furniture, all over the house.
And it is necessary that the warm spring days should be devoted to
cleaning and renovating; but certainly not to the exclusion of real
home comforts and pleasures, while this work is in progress. It is
folly to commence by putting the whole house into disorder; displacing
everything, leaving no room in habitable condition, that by and by you
may, from this utter desolation, bring order out of confusion.

It is best to commence with the cellar, and the first thing to be done,
after seeing that the coal-bins are in order, is to have your coal
for the year put in. It is usually as cheap, and often cheaper, in
the spring than in the fall. The coal safely housed, have the furnace
emptied and put in thorough repair. Remove all the ashes. If you have
an ash-vault, or bin containing the ashes of the whole winter, you
will require a man to do it; but if--which is much wiser--the ashes
have been sifted and removed every day, it is no burden, and but a
few minutes’ work. Then all bits of waste boards, boxes, and barrels,
no longer usable, should be chopped fine and stored with the kindling
wood. If dust and cobwebs have been overlooked, brush them down very
carefully; sweep the cellar bottom, and, if it is of stone or cemented,
scrub it clean. If all this has been done every week, as it should
be,--save the putting in coal and repairing the furnace,--it will be
only a piece of regular work; but it must be done before any other
cleaning is attempted, else the coal dust and ashes will penetrate
every part of the house, and render all your labor useless. No door or
window can be shut so closely that they will not force an entrance. Be
careful to shut the “registers” from the furnace in every room, before
moving ashes or coal.

The cellar being in order, the next step is to the attic. If it has
been properly attended to through the winter, it is no hard task to
make it fresh and clean, unless you allow it to be made the “catch-all”
for every kind of useless trash. If not “hard finished,” the walls
should be nicely whitewashed or calcimined, after the attic has been
swept and dusted. This done, scrub the floor faithfully; polish the
windows, and arrange neatly all that properly belongs to the attic. If
you have pieces of carpeting stored there, they should be taken into
the back yard, well brushed, and spread on the grass or hung on the
line, the first thing, before the cleaning is begun.

The cellar and attic in order, you are ready for the upper chambers. If
you can afford it, it is well to secure four good house-cleaners, and
by putting two in one chamber and two in another, keeping up a quiet,
but vigilant superintendence of both parties, you will find, if the
work is well contrived, and each part arranged in regular succession,
it will be done more quickly, more effectually, and with more economy,
than to endeavor to drag through with little help.

Ingrain and three-ply carpets must be lifted every year, and that is
the first thing to be done. Brussels and velvet do not need to be
taken up oftener than every two years; while heavy Wiltons, Axminster,
and Moquettes should not be removed oftener than every three years.
The texture is so firm, no dust works through to the carpet lining
beneath, and faithful sweeping and thorough use of the “carpet-sweeper”
will remove the dust and moth’s eggs. Extra care will be required to
clean and brush in corners, and wherever the carpets are turned in and
nailed; and they must also be protected, while the walls, ceiling, and
wood-work are being cleaned, by a heavy drugget spread over them, and
moved from place to place as the cleaning progresses.

When washing painted walls and ceilings, take care in drying them that
they are wiped in straight lines, from top to bottom, and not unevenly,
or in circles; for however clean you may wash the paint, careless
wiping will give it a streaked and untidy appearance.

Brush wall-paper carefully with a feather duster, and then pin a large
towel tightly to a clean soft broom, and placing it up to the ceiling,
bring it, with an even pressure, in a straight line down to the
mop-board or casing. Proceed in this way until you have gone over the
entire paper. It will be necessary to change the towel when it looks
soiled. If this work is well done, the paper will look almost as fresh
as new.

In cleaning door-knobs, bell-pulls, or speaking-trumpets, cut a hole
in a piece of oil-silk or soft oil-cloth, and put it round the knob or
bell-pull, etc., to protect the paper or paint from being soiled.

We have no room to carry these suggestions further at present, and
leave your good, earnest, common-sense to practice and improve upon
them.




VI.

WASHING-DAY.


“IF it were not for the washing, housekeeping would lose half its
terror. But I rise every Monday morning in a troubled and unhappy
state of mind, for it is _washing-day_! The breakfast will surely
be a failure, coffee muddy, meat or hash uncooked or burnt to a
coal, everything untidy on the table, and the servants on the verge
of rebellion. With a meek and subdued countenance, with fear and
trembling, lest some unlucky word of mine may infringe upon their
dignity and cause them to leave before the washing is finished, I go
softly about the house.”

This ought not so to be. In the first place, if you allow yourself
to be kept thus in bondage to your servants, you destroy all hope of
comfort. Let them once see that you fear to give them offence, and from
that hour they are your tyrants.

Define, distinctly, the appropriate duties of each; but with this
proviso, that in emergencies they will be required to lend a helping
hand in any department where their services are needed. Let them
understand, unmistakably, what your rules are,--for you cannot manage a
household without well-digested laws and regulations,--then kindly, but
firmly, make them know that you will have no infringement upon those
rules.

“I wonder how long any girl, my Bridget, for instance, would stay, were
I to take such independent ground.”

Probably not long, if she has learned that she can intimidate you; and
once aware of that, the sooner she takes her leave the better for your
future peace,--that is, if you will be taught by this experience to
begin right with her successor. Those servants who fully recognize the
lady as their _mistress_, in something more than name, are generally
the most respectful and reliable.

Never allow a girl to give a disrespectful answer or manifest
irritability, simply because the work for some days in the week
may be more distasteful than in others; and never permit them to
_threaten_ to leave you without insisting that the threat shall be
carried into effect, unless an ample apology is given; for, if passed
over submissively, it will be repeated whenever the girl’s temper is
ruffled. Not for our own selfish comfort alone, but for the good of all
who are compelled to employ servants, should we defend our own rights
and position; not till there is concerted action and organized rules
that will define the duties and rights of mistress and maid, and these
rules strictly enforced, will this plague, which leaves us at the mercy
of our servants, be stayed.

And now let us see if there is, really, any good reason why
washing-day should be so full of terror. If one is feeble, it is not
easy, _nothing_ is; but to a strong, healthy person, it ought not
to be burdensome, even if one is obliged to do it one’s own self,
particularly with the aid of all the “modern improvements.” The
apportionment of duties we have already considered, in Chapter I.

Twenty years ago the tubs and wash-benches were to be brought from the
cellar or area, all the water pumped, and often carried some distance,
heated in a boiler, then poured into the tubs, and every article wrung
out by hand. Then, in the city, tubs were carried out into the streets
and the dirty suds emptied into the gutter. But there was little
complaint then of hard work. What would the girl of the present day
think if expected to work under such disadvantages?

Now we have hot and cold water in the laundry, wringers, “tubs set,”
generally, which can be emptied at pleasure, without a step, making
the washing of a medium-sized family not as laborious as the Friday
sweeping of a large house. With one or two servants in the house, to
divide the work, washing is not and should not be considered a hardship.

Put the clothes to soak overnight, rubbing soap on the collars,
wristbands, bindings, etc., of each article. We have found Babbitt’s
soap very satisfactory, safe, and much more economical than most soap.
It is excellent for bleaching. Cut up several cakes in sufficient water
to dissolve them, and let it boil till the soap is all dissolved, then
pour it into a wooden pail, or old butter-tub that is well cleaned, and
when cold it will be nice soft soap, and keep well as long as it lasts.
This is a good way to prepare any soap for soaking or boiling clothes.
But it is more economical to have a cake of hard soap, to use for the
dirty spots, while washing.

Rub soft soap on the dirtiest parts of each garment, when you put them
to soak, and just cover them with water. Table linen should be soaked
in a separate tub, and washed first; the fine clothes, sheets, and
pillow-cases put in another, and stockings and coarse things in a third
tub.

Early Monday morning wring out the clothes from the water in which they
were soaked, and prepare a fresh, clean hot suds. Table linen and all
fine or starched clothes should be washed and hung out first, that they
may be dried before night. If any are left out overnight, it should
be the stockings and underclothes, bath-sheets, and dish-towels; the
latter must be soaked by themselves, and washed in water that has been
used for _nothing else_.

When a boilerful has been washed, rub soap on all bindings, collars,
etc., replace the clothes in the boiler, fill it with cold or lukewarm
water, and set over the range to boil not over twenty minutes; then
pour all into a tub, adding cold water enough to make it comfortable
to the hand, when ready to put them through the second suds. While
the first set of clothes are boiling, of course those for a second
boilerful are being washed and ready to be put in as soon as the first
is removed, that no time may be lost. When the second is over the fire,
get the first through the next suds and the two rinsing waters, which
should be blued and ready as quick as possible. Do not be sparing of
rinsing water. Have your largest tubs two thirds full, and put in but
a few pieces at a time, so that each article may have unobstructed
benefit of a large body of water, and all the soap may be removed.
Wring and shake out and put into the second rinsing. Shake out each
thing from the last rinsing, snapping them smooth; lay them loose into
the clean clothes-basket, and hang out to dry before you begin on the
second boiler. Careless rinsing and wringing will soon turn clothes
yellow. When two girls assist about washing, one should rinse and hang
out while the other is washing. It greatly expedites the work, of
course, if they do not spend half the time talking; but it must be a
very large wash that, even with but one at the tubs, is not all on the
line before two o’clock.

Refined borax, in the proportion of one large handful of the powder to
ten gallons of boiling water, is said to save nearly one half the soap,
and make the clothes beautifully white and clear. It is a neutral salt
and will not injure the fabric. For laces, cambrics, etc., an extra
quantity is necessary. The wash-women of Belgium and Holland, so famous
for the beauty of their work, use borax instead of soda.

Much more might be said on this topic if space would permit, perhaps of
little interest to old experienced housekeepers, but our talks are more
especially intended for those just entering upon the unknown sphere of
domestic care.




VII.

PUTTING CLOTHES TO SOAK.


“A YOUNG housekeeper” is troubled at the idea of “putting clothes to
soak” overnight. She is sure it must take two or three hours to do it,
and asks, “How is one to do this, who lives in the country, where the
‘modern improvements’ of hot water and cold and stationary tubs are
not found, except in the houses of wealthy families; but where all the
water must be pumped or drawn by hand, and carried to the tubs by one
who has all the work to do for husband and family, and perhaps keeps a
few boarders beside? To bring the water, soap the clothes, as they are
put in the tub, would occupy two or three hours of the Sabbath; for, as
you speak of washing Monday, we infer that you mean to soak the clothes
Sunday.”

Yes, Sunday morning or evening, as is most convenient. We think
it--like getting breakfast, washing dishes, making beds, etc., on
Sunday--one of the necessary items of household labor. True, some
prefer to do this Saturday evening, but too long soaking yellows the
clothes, and beside only part of them can be collected Saturday.
Some also soak their clothes a half-hour Monday morning, but, in our
judgment, very little is gained by that. We would, however, by no means
advocate the mode we have advised, if _two or three hours_ of the
Sabbath or of any other day in the week must be given to it. Twenty
minutes or, if a large wash, half an hour, is abundant time.

This young housekeeper evidently imagines that we must be giving
_theoretical_ advice, and not such as can be successfully carried into
practice. But in this, as in all that we have offered, we speak only
of “what we know, and testify of that which we have seen” and done.
Ten years at the West, at a time when all “modern improvements” were
unknown, and when we were so situated that the work for husband and
little ones, and often several boarders, was, of necessity, done with
one pair of hands, where the water was all to be _drawn_, not pumped,
with now and then a “shake” or “chill,” to fill up the measure of
the week’s work (and fever and ague, “out West,” in those days, was
a genuine article), compelled us to economize time, if not labor. We
never found _two or three hours to spend_ in putting clothes to soak.
When supper was over, _Saturday evening_, dishes washed, and babies to
sleep, the water was drawn, tubs filled and covered, to keep the water
free from dust, and, except the bedding and garments, to be changed
Sabbath morning, all the dirty clothes accumulated through the week
were “sorted” and laid in piles on the table, in the “wash-shed,”
covered over with the clothes-baskets, ready to be soaped and put into
water. This last may be done before dressing for church or, as we much
prefer, before retiring, Sabbath evening.

Such lessons, taught by the best schoolmaster in the world,
_necessity_, are often far more valuable than any we can learn in
later life, and under more easy circumstances. Of course no man, whose
labor ends with the close of the day, who deserves the honored name
of husband (_house-bond_), would need to be asked to put his strong
arm to the work, so far as to draw the water and fill the tubs, after
tea, in the twilight of Saturday evening; while the wife and mother,
whose work never ends till all are sleeping, is putting the little
folks to bed and getting everything in readiness for breakfast Sunday
morning. But often the nature of the husband’s employment deprives him,
by necessity, of the pleasure of assisting his wife. Then, if without
servants, there is no other way but for her to prove “woman’s equality
with man” by doing it herself. After all, there are many harder things
than drawing the good clear water from the well.

Now, with water in the tubs, clothes laid in separate parcels, plenty
of soap dissolved, or a nice barrel of soft soap close at hand, does
not our “young housekeeper” think the clothes could be soaped and put
into the tub in less than half an hour? Would there not be plenty of
time after breakfast, before dressing for church, to perform this
necessary labor as we think it? Or if making beds or uneasy children
consumed too much time in the morning, how long would it take to throw
on a wrapper just before retiring, when all is quiet at night, and have
the clothes all at soak? The answer to these questions depends on two
things,--are you an _early riser_? have you such established system
about all your labors as to secure a _time_ as well as a _place_ for
everything?

There is one other point that may as well receive attention while we
are on this subject.

Many are in the habit of changing bed-linen Saturday night, to avoid
what may seem like extra labor Sunday morning, in accordance with their
ideas of a strict observance of the Sabbath. We cannot think this
wise. It certainly does not meet our ideas of that “cleanliness that
is next to godliness.” We think it should be a matter of principle
to have everything as pure, as sweet, and clean Sabbath morning as
is possible. All one’s clothes are put on fresh on that morning;
table-cloths and napkins come right from the drawer. If these are all
brought out spotless in their purity, in honor of the Lord’s day, then
why should not our beds also rejoice in the whitest of linen? We think
it a grateful and appropriate way of beginning our Sabbath; and if the
bed-linen is laid out Saturday night, as it should always be, we do not
see how it can occupy more time to put on clean things than those which
are tumbled and soiled. We think the objections to it are of that kind
spoken of as being “wise above that which is written.”




VIII.

PATIENT CONTINUANCE IN WELL-DOING.


AFTER one of those days of perplexity and annoyance that will
occasionally come to all housekeepers, old or young, order having at
last been restored, and peace beginning to dawn out of the confusion,
we took up the pen to begin our weekly talk with young friends. But
pausing for a moment’s rest and deliberation, our thoughts took form
and life, and led us into an imaginary conversation with a young
housekeeper, passing though the same trials we had just been battling
with. We think we cannot do better than send the thoughts and scenes
that rose before our mind, as they so truly illustrate our idea of the
necessity of constant watchfulness combined with “patient continuance
in well-doing.” We think most of our readers, who have just begun
life’s cares, will have already learned that imagination does not, in
this case, equal the reality.

SCENE.--A lady’s chamber, and the occupant in tears. Enter a _Motherly
Talker_.

--Why! what can be the matter? You, so bright and cheerful usually, in
despondency and tears! Some great trouble must have befallen you!

“I am completely discouraged! I ought never to have undertaken
housekeeping. It is evident I shall never make a good housekeeper, and
I _will not_ be a poor one. After all my boasting when I first began,
I am ashamed to tell you now how miserably I have failed. But ‘open
confession is good for the soul,’ and when you have had the whole
story, say if you think I am worth the teaching.”

Why, how humble our little woman has become! Some “lion in the way,”
and, doubtless, of your own creating, has disheartened you for the
present, we think. Tell us, without hesitation, what troubles you, and
we will see if we cannot find a “silver lining” to this cloud, as it is
easy to do in most cases.

“Well, listen, and tell me, when you learn how I have been blinded, if
I have not cause to hide in the valley of humiliation.

“I have labored hard to train my Bridget, to the best of my ability,
and, with all her inefficiencies, have felt and boasted that she was
really _neat_. That being the case, I felt myself capable of keeping so
strict a watch of her weak points, that she could not hide her mistakes
so deftly but that I would find and try to teach her to rectify them.
I had, at the commencement of my new life, arranged everything in the
nicest order; and having started the machinery, Bridget seeming so
ready to carry out my rules, I was confident that, by keeping up a
careful supervision, I could not fail, and was in a fair way to become
a bright and shining light among my sister housekeepers.

“Well, Bridget left me yesterday. I didn’t much care. There would be no
trouble in replacing her, and doubtless securing a more capable girl.
Beside, a few days’ work all to myself would be no hardship; for had
I not been so faithful in my oversight of all domestic affairs, that
everything about _my_ house must be in perfect order?

“I was in the habit of visiting kitchen and store-closet daily. The
sink seemed clean, the range well polished, the boiler bright, and
dishes all in order, and making quite a pretty display on the shelves.
Ah! if I had handled each article, looked _into_ each pot or kettle,
instead of being content to see only the _outside_, I should have
soon learned that all was falsely fair! Why! everything was slippery,
greasy, dirty, or leaking, except those which were placed in the front
rank, _for show_. I am sick and lame from just this morning’s cleaning
and scrubbing, and am not half through even the kitchen. Half the
dishes that looked so nicely on the shelves are ‘nicked’ or cracked;
holes burnt in the saucepans, and bits of old cloth drawn through
to stop the leak,--who can tell how long they have remained there,
gathering filth, or from what dirty rag they were torn!

“How often I have praised Bridget for keeping the kitchen coffee and
tea pot so bright. But when I took them down this morning, lo! the
coffee-pot was minus a handle, and the teapot bottomless! They were
placed with the perfect side in sight on the shelves, and the broken
parts wholly concealed; while my best things were doubtless used in
the kitchen. If I must take up each article, day by day, to be sure of
their condition, I could do nothing else through the day.

“In the cellar a barrel stood, in its proper place, filled with
kindling. I reached my hand in hastily to get paper to start the fire,
and quickly snatched it out, cut and bleeding. There were only a few
papers on the top of the barrel, and all the rest of its contents was
broken glass and china!

“Then my store-closet is kept locked, and the key in my own pocket.
I have always handed out everything--sugar, spices, sweetmeats,
etc.--myself, yet I find much sugar, sweetmeats, spices, and jellies
missing! Now that my suspicions are aroused, I see what has gone. If _I
keep the keys myself_, and yet am not safe from pilfering, what can I
do? But other housekeepers have not this trouble: where lies the secret
of their success, and my most humiliating failure?”

Now, although this is simply an imaginary scene, there is far more
truth than fiction in it. Many housekeepers of late years have often
had the same experience, and worse. This evil is growing upon us
rapidly. If deliverance comes not to us,--perhaps through China,--our
housekeepers have a gloomy prospect. The secret of apparent success
with some often arises from the fact, that keeping two or three girls
employed, when one leaves without warning, those who remain are
expected to manage as best they can, till the vacant place is filled.
In these cases the mistress does not see with her own eyes all that
takes place behind the scenes. Such “ignorance is bliss,” perhaps, but
certainly not the best economy. Whereas, if housekeepers are left alone
without any help for a few days, and are obliged to take the work into
their own hands, they learn several unexpected lessons which are not
easy to forget. They see the evils which have been quietly accumulating
under the carelessness or deceit of servants, and will not be so
readily blinded the second time.

When you have servants about you, it is not possible to handle every
article, to look into every corner, daily. One might as well make
no pretence of keeping “help.” And while only a slavery of the most
exact and unfailing watchfulness can save you from many leaks and much
extravagant waste, yet, by this course, you may lose, by the constant
irritation of disposition, more than you can save pecuniarily. The
only safe way is to make things as secure as possible; first, as to
the character of servants when you engage them; secondly, by way of
guarding them from the temptation of open closets and immunity from
oversight.

So long as servants can and do forge “characters” or “recommendations,”
or use skeleton keys,--and many do this,--we are greatly at their
mercy, unless we look the evil squarely in the face, and attempt to
find a remedy. We are told that to speak plainly of these things--which
are truly of frequent occurrence--we open the eyes of the servants as
well as their mistresses, and tempt them to do the wrong which, but
for the speaking of it, they never would have thought of. Let no one
believe this. It is entirely a mistaken notion. Our ladies have no
idea how thoroughly posted their servants are--even some of the most
trusted--in every evil of this kind. A better way is to meet any such
dangers openly; not willingly stumble along blindfold, lest we should
see what we cannot help fearing is going on in our midst. _See it_, and
try to overcome it by greater caution. Never, under any consideration,
take a written “recommendation” of a girl. Go to the lady who is said
to have written the “character,” and learn the truth. That destroys all
danger from forged certificates. If it is thought too much trouble,
then you must not complain of imposition.

Again, if you judge best to keep locked closets and store-rooms, there
are many patent locks, not expensive, which no “pass” or “skeleton
key” can open. Put such on your store-closet and places which you most
desire to guard, and you at once secure yourself against another evil.

And “patient continuance in well-doing,” frequent, careful, but
kindly oversight, thorough but not suspicious inspection of kitchen,
store-rooms, closets, etc., will lessen many others; the remainder
we must endure until, among all the reformatory movements of this
progressive age, some good spirit shall effect a deliverance from
the heaviest burden that oppresses the housekeeper,--_unfaithful,
inefficient servants_.




IX.

PREPARING FOR THE COUNTRY.


JUNE, the month of roses, is near, and all who are compelled to live a
large part of the year in the city are looking forward to some weeks
of rest from ever-ringing bells, interminable flights of stairs, and
all the wear and tear that belong peculiarly to a city life. But there
is much to be done before you can safely close the doors and leave
the house and its content under lock and key, for the summer. Every
part of the house should be thoroughly examined, and none but the eye
of the mistress can be depended upon. Each article that is to be left
behind must be carefully looked after. Winter garments, furs, and such
heavy shawls as may not be thought advisable to take to the country,
have of course been aired, beaten, sprinkled with Poole’s or Lyon’s
insect-powder, wrapped up in linen or paper, and sealed so that no
moth can find an entrance. Even if done up in linen, it is better to
put over that a strong wrapping-paper, and seal up with mucilage. If
this is faithfully done, moths cannot, or rather will not, wish to get
in. We are inclined to think that Poole’s powder is the best; it is
certainly the most disagreeable, and that speaks well for its efficacy.
Camphor or cedar trunks, made expressly for packing furs, woolens,
etc., are a great convenience and very safe; but for those who have
none, sprinkling with the powder and sealing in thick paper is, though
more troublesome, equally reliable.

If the house is to be closed for some time, a very thorough cleaning
of paint, windows, plated knobs, and bell-pulls is a useless waste of
time and strength, as they will all be bronzed in a few weeks; but
every part should be well swept, and all accumulation of dust removed.
In the attic or any uncarpeted room, where the boards of the floor have
shrunk, leaving open spaces between the boards, much dust and lint
will gather in the crevices thus formed, and become favorite nests for
moths. All such places should be swept with great care. A stiff brush
should be used to clear every particle of dirt out, and then scrub the
floor with hot soapsuds. When it is dry, sprinkle insect-powder in the
seams. This done, and well done, we think there need be no hesitation
in leaving a house unoccupied for a few weeks; certainly we should feel
far less solicitude than to leave a servant in it.

Insect-powder should be put round the corners and edges of such carpets
as are to remain on the floor for the summer. There is a little
bellows that generally comes with Poole’s powder, or can be had at
house-furnishing stores, by which you can blow the powder under the
edges much more thoroughly than in any other way.

Next, see that all food is removed from the house; meat, salt or
fresh butter, flour, meal, bread, or cake should be disposed of. Such
articles soon spoil and make the air impure and offensive; or, if not
offensive, it entices rats and mice into the house to prepare work and
trouble for you all through the winter.

The furnace and ranges must be cleared out, and if any repairs are
necessary they should be done now. It will annoy you far more to have
these to attend to when you return and are in the confusion and haste
of getting “settled” for the winter, with the thousand interruptions to
which you will then be liable. The top of the range should be rubbed
in sweet-oil, or lard that has no salt in it, to prevent _rust_.
Flat-irons, bake-pans, soup-boilers, all iron-ware, must also be oiled,
wrapped up in paper, and hung up, that you may find your utensils in
perfect order when you return, needing only a good washing in hot
soapsuds to be ready for immediate use. Have locks, keys, bolts, and
bars in a good usable condition, that you may feel sure that nothing is
left without strong fastenings.

All this preparation is hard work, and you are very thankful when the
last trunk is locked, the last bundle or basket fastened, and this
labor ended. But the comfort and satisfaction of knowing by your own
actual observation and care that all has been done, and waits your
return in the fall, with no mark of carelessness to rise up in reproach
against you, will be ample compensation. Yet, at the last minute, take
one more journey from cellar to attic, to “make assurance doubly sure,”
and then, leaving all that care behind you, go on your way rejoicing.




X.

HEEDLESSNESS.


THERE are many annoyances that fall to a housekeeper’s lot which seem
very insignificant when spoken of, and too trivial to put on paper; but
they are grievances nevertheless, and like a wasp’s or bee’s sting,
though small, not easily borne; and when they follow each other in
quick succession, and are constantly repeated, the accumulation, like a
whole swarm of bees, will tax the grace and patience of the strongest.
It is the little frets of daily life that, when summed up, become
almost unendurable; and to them is added the mortification of knowing
that friends who are only “lookers on,” having never themselves touched
the burden with so much as their little finger, feel no sympathy, but
on the contrary almost a good-natured contempt, that any one should
be so weak as to be shaken by such trifling troubles and vexations.
But they are not trifling; if they were only occasional they would be;
but they are of daily, hourly occurrence, and, because they are never
ending, make a housekeeper’s responsible position one that demands
self-control and patience of a higher order than any other position to
which woman aspires. There is a dignity in being burnt at the stake
that enables one to rise above the pain; but to be harried to death
with briers and brambles is very humiliating, yet a torture none the
less.

Many things that are really untidy are not noticed until, through
neglect, they increase, and at last cause great confusion in the home
affairs, simply because the young housekeeper’s attention has not been
called to them, or she does not yet understand how to regulate and
control them. Ignorance may be bliss, but it is of a nature that leads
to mischief in the end.

Let us point out some of these petty troubles, and see what they amount
to and how they may be removed.

What more disagreeable and annoying than to have the vapors or odors
that arise from washing or cooking pervade the whole house, giving to
it the sickening smell of the lowest class boarding-houses? When seated
quietly in the parlor, it comes so gradually upon one that it is hardly
noticed; but step for a moment into the fresh air, and on your return
you will be greatly disgusted at the fumes that half suffocate you
as you open the door. This infliction can be escaped only by keeping
the doors of the kitchen or hall leading from it tightly closed. Yet
it seems almost impossible to teach a servant that just “pushing the
door to” is not shutting it, and the smells of the kitchen will escape
as readily through a half-closed as through an open door. There is no
help for this evil but watchfulness and constant reminder. You can put
springs or rubber straps on the door, and while they are new and stiff
they will swing to with force enough to close it; but the spring will
soon grow careless, like other servants, and by and by not shut the
door entirely. As well leave it wide open as ajar. Besides, springs are
very troublesome and inconvenient, and, in the passing of servants with
their hands full, endanger the dishes. And, worse than all, we have
noticed that a spring on the door has a singularly inflammatory effect
on the disposition of the servants; and after they have been hit or a
few dishes broken once or twice by it, the spring suddenly breaks or
is cut. Of course _it broke itself_, or _nobody_--that most mysterious
mischief-maker--did it. The watch and care of the mistress is the only
remedy.

Another careless habit which often proves a great grief of heart to
the thorough housekeeper, and to which the attention of the beginner
should be directed from the first, is the use of dish-towels and
dish-cloths, instead of “holders,” to remove pots, stew-pans, and
kettles from the fire, or meats and pies from the oven. It is a habit
that is harder to conquer than almost any other. The most ample
supply of _holders_ may be provided, yet the mistress seldom enters
the kitchen but she sees the nice crash towel caught up to remove a
boiling pot from the stove, or a gridiron from the fire, and if it is
not tossed into the sink, scorched and smeared, it is a marvel. And the
“holder” you had so neatly made but a few days before, now a mass of
grease, stove-crock, and filth, is perhaps lying in the coal-hod ready
to be thrown into the fire, where you will be the least likely to find
it out; for to _wash a holder_ never enters into the heads of those who
use, or rather abuse, them so badly.

A _cook’s holder_ should be made of some strong, dark material, a piece
of tape about a half-yard long sewed on one corner, and a large hook on
the tape to hook into cook’s belt or apron-string. It is then always
ready for use.

“And will she remember to use it?”

Doubtful; certainly not without your watchful care. But be sure and
have them ready, and then strictly endeavor to secure their proper use.

The ironing-holder should be of soft, light-colored material, that dirt
and stains may bear testimony against its use about clean clothes, till
it is washed. Harsh material is severe on the hands when used for hours
on a hot iron. When out of use, the ironing-holder must be put away
with the ironing-sheet, bosom-board, etc., that they may not be used in
the kitchen.

Again: watch the dish-towels; see that they are not thrown on the
floor or into a chair to be sat on by the first one who happens in,
and perhaps the next minute used to wipe the fine china or cover over
the bread fresh from the oven. Such things are constantly being done.
Do our housekeepers know it? Of course they never do such things
_themselves;_ but if they once gave it a moment’s sober thought, would
they not, for their own comfort, endeavor to prevent its being done
again? Who would wish to eat or drink from china wiped with towels so
misused? Who would like to eat bread that had been wrapped up in a
dish-towel, however clean? They should be washed and boiled every day
after the dinner-dishes are out of the way, hung out to dry, and fresh,
clean ones used at tea and till after dinner the next day, when the
first set are brought in for the dishes, and the second washed, boiled,
and hung out,--thus securing clean towels for each day. But no matter
how faithfully this rule may be carried out, _no_ dish-towel should
ever be used for bread, no bread-cloth should be used to wipe meat, no
meat-cloth used for fish. Each contracts a taste or smell belonging to
its own peculiar work, and each should be marked and employed for its
own appropriate use, and _no other_.




XI.

WASHING FLANNELS.


“CAN you tell me what has been done to my blankets? Not a year in use,
and look at them! Fortunately I put but two into the wash this week,
and now I think I shall never dare to have another washed. My pretty,
soft, white blankets absolutely ruined!”

Not ruined, as far as use is concerned, but the beauty has departed,
never to return. Did you overlook the washing of them yourself?

“Most certainly not! I never did such a thing in my life. I told the
laundress that I wanted her to be very particular, and she assured me
that she was fully competent to the work. I have just been speaking to
her about them, and she can’t tell what should make them look so badly,
unless there was something wrong about the wool.”

That is simply absurd. Did you question her as to her mode of washing
them?

“O, no. I should not have known if she had managed incorrectly, and to
question her would only have exposed my own ignorance to a servant,
and that I am very loth to do; but she said she rubbed them very
faithfully, soaped them thoroughly, and boiled them in good, clean
suds.”

_Soaped and boiled blankets_, or woolen goods of any kind! No wonder
they are brown and muddy, and as thick as a board!

Blankets that are carefully managed will not require washing often;
yours have been in use so short a time they certainly could not have
needed it, unless they were accidentally soiled.

“No, they looked very fresh and fair; but I had supposed blankets
should be washed every fall and spring. I never asked why.”

O, no! They are always put between the sheets and bedspreads, not in
contact with the body at all, and it would be long before anything but
an accident or the greatest carelessness could soil them.

There are people who will lie down for a nap in the afternoon _between
the blankets_! The housekeeper who can patiently or silently endure
that must be nearer akin to the angels than we generally find them.
True, no woman would be guilty of such carelessness; but ignorance is
an excuse for many short-comings. But it is not this class of men that
we intend to have at home in charge of household affairs when women go
to Congress.

Occasionally, in a fair, clear day, and when there is a moderate wind,
it is well to pin blankets on the clothes-line in the yard, that they
may be well aired and freshened, and whatever dust may have settled in
them be whipped out by the wind. When they really need washing, the
first step is to see that there is a good quantity of boiling water
ready. Next, select the largest tub and fill half full of _boiling_
water; dissolve and stir thoroughly into it two table-spoonfuls of
powdered borax and sufficient soap to make a good lather, but on no
account _rub soap on the blankets_. Put into the tub but one blanket at
a time. Shake it to and fro with the clothes-stick till perfectly wet
through, then press it under the water to remain till cool enough to
use your hands in it, when each part should be examined very carefully,
gently rubbing or squeezing the suds through it. Hard rubbing _fulls_
woolens. When sure that all spots or dirt are removed, wring them into
a second tub of boiling water into which you have thoroughly stirred
some blueing. If your first suds are strong enough, the blankets
will retain sufficient soap for the rinsing water, which in woolens
requires a little soap. Shake the blanket up and down in this water,
with the clothes-stick, till it has flowed through every part. Then,
while the water is still hot, wring it. It requires two persons to
wring and shake out a bed-blanket. They should take it by the ends
and snap vigorously, to remove all the water as far as possible. Then
carry it to the line, throw it over, and pull it smooth, bringing the
hems straight and true, and pin on to the line strongly. When half
dry, turn it lengthwise on the line, and pull the selvedges together
in a straight line, so that no part may draw up in _cockles_ or full
unevenly.

It is not well to wash woolens of any kind on a rainy or cloudy day;
but for blankets it is ruinous. A bright sunny day with a brisk wind
is very desirable, as it snaps out the water, giving it no chance to
settle. When the blanket is perfectly dry, fold very evenly, but never
press or iron it.

Washed in this way, although your blankets may not be quite as white
as when new, the change will be hardly noticeable, and they will be
soft and fleecy until worn out. A tall, large tub with a pounder or
dasher on springs, fastened across the tub, like the old-fashioned
pounding-barrel, or the tub and dasher of the Metropolitan
Washing-Machine, is one of the most convenient and desirable tubs to
wash blankets in, as the washing can be done at once without waiting
for the water to cool. The pounder should be used gently, as harsh
rubbing or pounding knots the fibers of woolens, but the spring dasher
keeps the water filtering through every part without any hard usage.

Wash flannels in the same way, only bring them from the line while
quite damp; pull out and fold evenly. If any spot has “fulled” or
“cockled,” when it is a little damp you can pull it smooth. Roll up the
articles tight, for a little while, until dampened all over alike, and
then press them till dry, pulling the garment taut from the iron as you
press.

There are many theories about washing woolen goods. Several of the
“Household Guides,” of late, recommend washing in cold water. Some even
advise _soaking_ them all night, claiming that they do not felt or
full any more than when washed in hot water, and are not as liable to
grow yellow. But we cannot think this idea correct. Professor Youmans,
in his “Book of Household Science,” describes the difference, in the
structure of fiber, between woolen and cotton and linen fabrics, with a
drawing of the straight, smooth form of linen or cotton filaments, and
the toothed and jagged structures of woolen fabrics, and says:--

“It is evident that the latter, by compression and friction, will
mat and lock together, while cotton and linen fibers, having no such
asperities of surface, are incapable of anything like close mechanical
adherence. Hence the peculiar capabilities of woolen fabrics of
felting, fulling, and shrinking, caused by the binding together of
the ultimate filaments. We see, therefore, the impolicy of excessive
rubbing in washing woolen fabrics, and of changing them from hot
to cold water, as the contraction that it causes is essentially a
_fulling_ process. The best experience seems to indicate that woolen
cloths should never be put into cold water, but always into warm, and
if changed from water to water, they should go _from hot to hotter_. In
the most skillful modes of cleansing _delaines_ for printing, the plan
is, to place them first in water at 100° or 120°, and then treat them
eight or ten times with water 10° hotter in each change.”




XII.

JUNE CARES.


THERE is much of romance and beauty in the month of June, partly
imaginary and partly real. During the frosts and snows of winter, the
sharp winds and dreary storms of spring, our thoughts turn with most
affectionate longings towards June,--the month of loves and roses. Yet,
when she comes, hardly any other month of the whole year brings so many
little frets and annoyances as the month of June.

The first two or three days, so warm and balmy, lull us into a dreamy
state of delightful rest and security; but we wake to find damp, foggy
mornings, with mists so dark and dense that you long to cut a window
through for the sunshine, which you feel must be held in durance vile
behind it. Particularly is this noticeable if living near a river. All
through the first half of the month we have cold, stormy days, then
suddenly damp, sultry, sticky ones. In the morning we are uncertain
how to dress. If warm, and we put on cool, thin garments, perhaps
in an hour or two a chilly wind sweeps by, and, shivering and quite
uncomfortable, we resort to a breakfast shawl or sack; they are a
little too much, and we drop them, only too glad, in a few moments, to
draw them close about us again; or, in an obstinate fit, we refuse to
yield to the demands made by these sudden changes for warmer clothing,
and a heavy cold is the result. The wind has a decided partiality for
the east most of the time in early June. If it veers for a few hours
to the south, it is in an unsteady, wavering manner, and soon turns
back to the east again. The result is, that the first half of June will
very likely keep you in an uncomfortable, dissatisfied state of mind.
Everything molds; clothes grow damp in drawers or wardrobes, or the
washing is caught out in a shower, just as it is half ready to be taken
in. It is decidedly “falling weather.” Be watchful to guard against
any infelicities that may follow these changes, patiently accepting
what they bring that cannot be avoided. That’s the only true way. This
variable weather usually lasts till the middle of June, sometimes
later, when we may look for more settled but very warm weather.

The flies have been reconnoitring,--sending out scouts, during those
few weeks of mild weather; but as the warm days become more permanent,
they come on with their main army. We have put the moths to rest, but
these intruders, if not as mischievous, are quite as hard to manage,
and even as persistent. There are various kinds of “fly-paper,” around
which, if ready for them, certainly lie large numbers of the slain to
certify to the virtues of the paper. It is doubtless of some benefit,
but does not by any means free us from this great vexation. It is at
least a dirty, mussy remedy, requiring one to be incessantly on the
watch lest flies who have tasted the paper fall into food, or lie about
in an unseemly manner. If servants in the kitchen or dining-room have
any gifts toward _neatness_, this constant litter makes them cross; if
they have not that gift, the careless way they allow the dead flies to
lie about, and the fear that they may approach too near the cooking,
_may_ make the mistress cross also,--two evils to be scrupulously
avoided.

During the heat of summer we are compelled to keep open doors and
windows, but these lawless intruders know, apparently, the moment when
we lift the latch or raise the window, and swarm in upon us in myriads.
To secure the air and baffle the flies, we have found mosquito netting
a great help. A simple frame of pine, about an inch and a half wide,
fitted closely inside the lower sash, with mosquito lace or net nailed
across it (galvanized nails or tacks should be used, to avoid rust),
is the most effectual safeguard we have ever tried. The frame must
not be quite as high as the lower sash, as room is needed to push in
the spring to open or close the window. The outside doors and those
leading from the kitchen to the dining-room may have frames fitted in
the same manner,--the frame having a cross-piece in the middle. It can
be hung on hinges, having a hook in the cross-piece to fasten it with,
while the real door may be kept open all day, excluding the flies,
but leaving freedom for the air to circulate. By a few days’ extra
care the family will soon learn to close this net door, or swarms of
flies will quickly remind them of any heedlessness in this matter. A
wire net is the most durable, although more expensive at first; but
it will soon repay the extra expense, for lace or netting must be
renewed every year. Yet notwithstanding these precautions, the flies
will often effect an entrance, especially into the dining-room when
dishing the dinner, or when merry, heedless children rush in and out,
always forgetting to close the door. Cut old newspapers in strips
an inch or an inch and a half wide, nearly the whole length of the
sheet, leaving only about two inches uncut at the top. Take a smooth
round stick about two feet long, and laying three or four of these cut
papers together, wind the uncut part about the stick. Tie the paper
on with strong twine, very tightly, so that it will not slip, leaving
the long ribbons of paper hanging loose, and you have a most effectual
_fly-brush_. Cheap calico is still better, as paper tears easily and
litters the room. Keep one always on hand for the kitchen, and two
for the parlor and dining-room. If the flies have secured an entrance
during the dishing of dinner, when it is served spread a large piece of
netting over the table to protect the food from dust or the flies you
may brush down. Open the door, let two persons take each a fly-brush,
and, standing opposite the door, swing the brush in concert through the
room swiftly toward the door, and it will be amusing and gratifying to
observe how hastily the intruders will vacate the premises. One or two
well-directed charges will leave you free to shut the net door, remove
the netting from the table, and partake of your dinner unmolested.




XIII.

PURE AIR AND THOROUGH VENTILATION.


AT all seasons of the year it is important that the house should be
kept dry and well ventilated; but extra precautions are necessary
in warm weather. The nights are often close and sultry; windows are
left open with the hope--often a vain one--that an occasional breeze
may deign to sweep through the rooms, and assist us in the labor
of breathing. And here is danger. The night air, what there may be
of it, and the heavy morning fogs, fill the house with dampness.
The bedclothes are moist and disagreeable. The garments laid off on
retiring at night, if left near an open window, are heavy with dew.
Fever and ague, rheumatism, cholera, and dysentery lurk always in such
an atmosphere. One of the best preventives is a quick blaze, in an open
fireplace or stove, immediately after rising; no matter how warm the
weather may be. A handful of brush or light wood, just to make a blaze,
expel the bad air, and _dry_ the rooms, not _heat_ them, is all that is
needed.

Those who can be in the country during the summer will have no
difficulty in finding plenty of brush,--dead branches, or sprouts, or
bushes, cut off in clearing up the fields or hedges. On a rainy day,
when outdoor work or play cannot be advantageously attended to, a child
could easily cut them up into foot or foot and a half lengths, tie
them in fagots, and pile them neatly in the wood-house, ready for use.
Keep one of these fagots always in the fireplace or stove, ready for
lighting every morning. It will dry and purify the air wonderfully, and
save doctors’ bills and much sickness.

Aside from the ill effects of dampness, the air is full of impurities
arising from the body, and more injurious through the night than in the
day. Professor Youmans says:--

“The escape of offensive matter from the body becomes most obvious
when, from out of the pure air in the morning, one enters an
unventilated bedroom where one or two have slept the night before.
Every one must have experienced the sickening and disgusting odor
upon going into such a room, though its occupants themselves do not
recognize it. The nose, although an organ of excessive sensibility,
and capable of perceiving the presence of offensive matters where the
most delicate chemical tests fail, is nevertheless easily blunted,
and what at the first impression is pre-eminently disgusting, quickly
becomes less offensive to the smell; but the impure air has not
departed. Two persons, occupying a bed for eight hours, impart to the
sheets by insensible perspiration, and to the air by breathing, a pound
of watery vapor charged with latent animal poison. When the air in
other inhabited rooms is not often changed, the water of exhalation,
thus loaded with impurities, condenses upon the furniture, windows,
and walls, dampening their surfaces, and running down in unwholesome
streams.

“Yet we are not to regard the human body as necessarily impure, or a
focus of repulsive emanations. It is not by the natural and necessary
working of the vital machinery that the air is poisoned, but by its
artificial confinement, and the accumulation of deleterious substances.”

In speaking of the prevalent inattention to a perfect ventilation in
our homes, and the need of great care in this respect, if we would
secure health, Youmans also refers to the “gaseous exhalations, of
every sort, that escape from our kitchens, filling the house with
unpleasant odors; the imperfect combustion of oil and tallow in
lighting our homes; the defective burning of gas-jets”; and the
injurious effects upon health,--causing severe headaches, if nothing
worse; to the destruction to health from the poisonous influences
of green paper-hangings upon the air, from which the fine particles,
loosened by dusting or moving about the room, are set afloat in the
atmosphere, and are often very deadly.

Then from the decayed vegetables--carelessly allowed to remain
sometimes for days in our cellars--and the damp and stagnant air of
cellars and basements come exhalations most destructive to health.
Even dry closets and rooms in upper stories become moldy and musty if
not often and thoroughly aired. “To be pure and healthy, air requires
continual circulation; but cellars are rarely either ventilated or
made dry by water-proof walls or floors, and are usually damp, cold,
unclean, and moldy.

“The air from these basements and cellars ascends to the upper rooms in
such small quantities that it does not produce immediate disease; yet
it so gradually undermines the health as not to be perceptible. Many an
invalid, who fancies himself benefited by the change of air in going
to another residence, is really only improved by escaping the moldy
atmosphere that arises from beneath his own ground-floor.”

By quoting thus largely from Professor Youmans, we bring good authority
for the particular and earnest advice we have offered to our “young
housekeepers” with regard to the drying and ventilating every part of
their houses. We doubt not many a one, who has begun with sound health,
has gradually sunk into a confirmed invalid, when the principal cause
could be traced back to carelessness in this seemingly unimportant
duty. And those who are thus slowly poisoned by the impure air which
comes through this neglect of duty are the most ready recipients of all
infectious and epidemic diseases.

It is always well to have either a bath full of water near where one
sleeps, or, if no bath, a pail or tub full set into the room, as water
is one of the best disinfectants, cleansing the air by taking up all
the impurities from it as fast as they arise. But this water should be
let off in the morning, and fresh water used for bathing or washing;
and if you need drinking water in your bedroom,--and it is well always
to have it near,--do not let it remain open in your room, as it absorbs
impurities, and would be unfit for drinking; but either have a lid
to your pitcher or cover it over with a thin cloth, to keep dust and
insects out, and set it on the ledge _outside_ your window, in the
pure, fresh air.




XIV.

MILK AND BUTTER.


JULY and August are trying months for those who have charge of milk and
butter, unless the work to be done is performed in large establishments
devoted entirely to it. When a milk-house is built under large trees,
to shield it from the fierce heat of the mid-day sun, with a stream
of pure cold water running through it, the labor is diminished full
one half. Indeed, we should not call it labor, but an exhilarating
amusement to take charge of such an one as we saw, a few weeks ago,
in Norwich, Chenango County, New York. We have not thought of it
since without a longing, amounting almost to coveting our neighbor’s
work. To find this house among the trees, away from the confusion and
turmoil of the town, which is shaken by the ceaseless din of more noisy
occupations, was most restful and tranquillizing; the music of the
rich, green leaves among the long sweeping branches, and the murmur
of the restless brook, could not fail to give a spring and elasticity
to the spirits that must, in a great measure, overcome the sense
of fatigue. This was our first impression, as we stood outside the
unpretentious building, and it was in nowise changed when we stepped
upon the smooth floor, as white as good soap, fresh water, and a
willing arm could make it.

Our attention was immediately attracted by the sound of machinery.
In the farther corner of the room stood two large barrel-churns, the
dashers of both moving up and down with an easy, uniform motion,
impelled by the wheel and belt overhead, to which they were attached.
No fears for the aching back and tired arms neutralized our enjoyment,
for the woman in charge sat, resting by the open door, till the butter
was ready to be taken out into the “butter-worker.”

A large trough, some twelve or fourteen feet long, six or eight wide,
and perhaps four deep (we simply use our Yankee privilege of _guessing_
at the dimensions), and lined with tin, was placed in the middle of the
room, where the curd for “skimmed cheese,” made from milk after all
the cream was removed, was “set.” This and the churning arrangements
occupied half the building. The other half was a large tank, through
which the water from the brook flowed continually. Into this reservoir,
always full, tall tin cans, between two or three feet high, and perhaps
a foot across, were set. Little danger that milk in that cool bed would
sour before all the cream had been risen. About this tank ran a wide
shelf or ledge, on which stood great tubs of golden butter waiting to
be sent to market.

In the second story, equally cool and clean, large shelves were placed,
where the cheeses are kept to dry, or ripen, entirely separate from the
butter.

This is a very tame description of a scene of labor which was to us
exceedingly interesting. We must now hasten to speak of that which is
real care and labor,--the management of small dairies, where butter is
only made for home consumption.

The most scrupulous cleanliness must be recognized as being absolutely
indispensable. If all else is done to perfection, and _that_ is
wanting, you cannot have good butter. As you skim one mess, be sure
that the shelf on which it stood is faithfully scrubbed and left
unoccupied until it becomes dry. Every utensil used about milk or cream
should be kept for this, and drafted into no other service. Many object
to using soap in washing milk-pans, pails, etc. But we have great
affection and reverence for soap, and cannot imagine that its free use
can harm any article employed about a dairy. We always insist that the
pails, pans, skimmers, butter-prints, and churn be washed in _very hot_
suds; if a servant fears to risk her hands, we use our own. A small,
pointed scrub-brush must be used to scour the seams, corners, handles,
etc., of all the utensils, and particularly the _strainers_ in the
pails. After this scrubbing is well done, rinse in an abundance of hot
water, and then pour over all a large kettle of _boiling_ water. Let
the articles stand in this a short time, then wipe with clean towels,
and turn down on a stand or shelf prepared for them outdoors, where the
sun will sweeten them perfectly. Even in rainy days, better leave them
out an hour or two that they may have the benefit of the air at least,
if deprived of sun; then wipe them dry, and bring into the milk-room
before night.

A small unpainted tub should be kept expressly to wash milk things in.
The brush, wash-cloths, and drying towels ought all to be marked, and
never used for any other purpose. See that they are washed, scalded,
and hung to dry, outdoors if possible, every time they are used.

If the milk-room or cellar is small and not ventilated, it is very
difficult in July and August to keep milk sweet long enough for all the
cream to rise. While the weather is very hot, unless one has a deep,
cold cellar, or a spring of water running through it, it is well to
_scald_ the milk when first brought in. Have a kettle half full of
boiling water over the fire; strain the milk into a clean pail, and set
it into the boiling water until it gets scalding hot, but not boiling.
Be sure and remove it before it rises in _wrinkles_ on top. If too hot,
the butter will have a disagreeable taste. The butter is never quite
as good, but the cream rises more rapidly, before the milk has time to
change,--a very important gain, and one to be considered in case of a
small cellar.

In very warm weather, with no more protection than is generally
found in small dairies, it is not often possible to keep milk over
twenty-four hours before skimming. Every minute the cream remains on
the milk, after it changes, is an injury to the butter. Thirty-six
hours is the proper time for milk to stand, when the weather is cool
enough to keep it sweet. Some keep it forty-eight hours, on the plea
that more butter is secured. We doubt if it is so; but whatever is
gained in quantity, by keeping milk so long unskimmed, is certainly
lost in quality. Many think it important to keep the cream till _ripe_,
or sour, before churning. We think it a mistake, if good, sweet butter
is the thing sought. In cool weather we churn when the cream is as
sweet as that which is used for coffee. In July and August the cream
_will_ sour, and the flavor of the butter shows the difference. As
soon as the butter “comes,” it must be well washed down from the sides
of the churn, and gathered into a mass. If very warm, wash a piece of
ice and put it into the churn, leaving the butter five or ten minutes
to harden before putting it into the “butter-bowl,” which, with the
butter-ladle and churn, should have been kept full of cold water all
night. When the butter is firm enough to work over, take it into the
bowl and throw in a handful of salt; we fancy it causes the buttermilk
to run off more easily; work out all the buttermilk as gently as
possible; too much working or rough handling injures the grain of the
butter. This done, pour in ice-water; wash the butter through that;
pour off, and add more, till the water runs clear. Twice washing, in a
generous quantity, should be sufficient. Then taste, and see how much
more salt is needed. After the washing, press the butter with the ladle
till no water runs; toss it into a compact roll, cover with a clean
linen cloth, and put into the ice-chest till next morning, when it
must be again broken up, worked over, and packed into a butter-pail or
jar, pounded down compactly, and covered with strong brine, in which
pulverized saltpetre--a great spoonful to four quarts of brine--has
been dissolved. Cover the jar or pail closely, and set in the ice-chest
or a cool place.

This method will insure good butter the year round. It is the
buttermilk left in most of our market butter that gives us so much poor
butter. If that remains, no brine or care can make it sweet.

The Blanchard Churn is, we think, one of the safest and most
convenient, as the washing, salting, and working can be almost entirely
done in the churn, by turning the wings, or dasher, back and forth
half-way,--pressing out the buttermilk and salting it more evenly and
with far less fatigue.




XV.

MAKING CHEESE.


FIRST, a dry, airy, thoroughly ventilated room must be provided, of
even and moderate temperature. It should be used for a cheese-room
only, and access denied, if possible, to all but the operator. It is
useless to attempt the work if flies cannot be excluded; and, when open
to all, that is impossible. The windows should be kept open in fair
weather, but blinds always closed, to avoid currents of air, except to
admit what light is needed while the work is being done. Frames covered
with wire or mosquito net can be fitted into the windows, and a door of
the same material hung inside, shutting closely to exclude the flies,
yet giving admittance to as much air and light as are needed. If wind
and sun have too free access to a cheese-room, the cheese cannot ripen
properly.

Cheese-tubs, cheese-knives (a long wooden knife for cutting the curd),
cheese-ladder, hoops, cheese-boards, or _followers_, cheese-basket,
bowl, and cheese-cloths made of strong linen, but woven very loosely,
and the cheese-press,--these are the necessary utensils.

The months from May to September are good cheese months; some keep up
the work through October; but the cheese is more difficult to cure, and
will not be as good.

If night and morning milk is to be used, strain the night’s milk into
pans, and set in a cool place. In the morning take off all the cream;
heat the skimmed milk to 95° or 100°, pour it into the cheese-tub with
the morning’s milk, and stir in the cream; add the rennet, and mix all
well together with the long wooden cheese-knife or a wooden spoon;
cover the tub with a close-fitting cover, and spread over that a thick
cheese-blanket, to keep in the heat while the curd is forming. The
milk, when drawn from the cows, is from 85° to 90°, and until the curd
is well set, it should not lose more than from five to seven degrees
of its natural heat. See that the cows are driven to and from their
pasture gently; for, if they get overheated, the milk will rise above
the natural heat, and must be cooled off before the rennet is stirred
in; as, if the milk, either from this cause or any other, is over 90°
when it is set, the cheese will be spongy and of very poor flavor, or
no flavor at all. If the milk is too cold the curd will be so tender it
will never become firm, but will bulge out at the side, and will not
keep. Be sure and ascertain the temperature of the milk always, before
adding rennet. If the milk is too _cold_, heat some milk and stir in,
until the whole rises to the proper temperature; if too _warm_, wait
till it cools sufficiently before adding the rennet. The quantity
of rennet to be used depends so much on the quality of the article,
that experience only can teach the exact amount to use. If good and
strong, two ounces is quite enough for sixty quarts of milk. The curd
will have set firmly in an hour or an hour and a half, when it must be
cut gently, first round the sides of the tub, then across in lines,
reaching the long wooden cheese-knife to the bottom of the tub, each
time about an inch from the last; then cut in the opposite direction,
forming squares, to give the whey an opportunity to rise above the
curd. Let it settle a few minutes. Then throw over the tub a large
square _cheese-cloth_, or strainer, and after the curd has settled and
the whey risen to the top, sink the strainer into it and dip off the
whey as closely as it can be done. The strainer is then spread over
a square _splint_ cheese-basket, woven very loose and open, and the
basket set on the cheese-_ladder_, which is laid across another tub.
The curd must now be cut into small pieces gently, and put into the
strainer. The corners of the cloth are then gathered up and twisted
tightly together, and a flat, smooth stone, kept for that purpose, of
about twelve or fifteen pounds’ weight, laid upon it, to press the
whey from the curd. It should stand an hour; and, while draining, such
things as will be no more needed to finish the work for the day can
be washed, scalded, and set out to dry; for, of course, hot water is
always ready.

The curd when ready is removed to a large wooden cheese-bowl, cut in
slices, and a pail of the whey heated to 120° or 130° is poured over
it. Great judgment and care are required here, as, if scalded too much,
it makes the cheese hard; if not enough, the cheese will spread and
crack. The hot whey should be left on till the curd will “squeak”--as
the children used to call it--when bitten; then returned again to the
strainer and basket, to drain free of the hot whey. This done, cut it
up again fine; put in the salt, and thoroughly stir it in. The taste is
the best criterion to judge of the quantity,--about six ounces to every
fifteen pounds of curd is a fair estimate. A cheese-cloth must now be
laid over the hoop; the curd dipped into it, pressed down, but heaped
up in the centre; the corners of the cloth folded smoothly over, and
the first cheese-board, with holes all through it, put on; one a size
smaller laid over that; and the cheese thus prepared is ready to be
put into the press, and subjected to a pressure of from forty to sixty
pounds, according to the size of the cheese. It should remain in the
press two or three hours. If the whey, which is now pressed out, is of
a slightly greenish color, the curd has been properly prepared; but if
it is white, like milk, the curd was formed imperfectly, and the cheese
will not be of the first quality.

When the cheese has remained in the press for about two hours, some
advise to take it from the hoop and let it stand an hour in hot whey,
to harden the skin. We do not like the idea, and fancy much fine flavor
would be lost from the cheese.

We should simply put it into a dry cheese-cloth and return it to the
press, to remain till next morning. In changing the cloth, if any rind
presses over the top of the hoop, cut it off smoothly and turn that
side of the cheese down. Leave it now until the next morning in the
same cloth; only it is well to turn it over in the press several times
in the course of the day.

When taken from the press the last time, a piece of cheap muslin should
be soaked in hot butter and fitted over the top and bottom, and a
band, also wet in butter, bound tight round the cheese and sewed to the
edges of the top and bottom covers. The cheese is then placed on the
shelf. It will need rubbing with butter every day for some weeks, and
must be turned over every day for several months, washing the shelf
clean each time, and changing the place so that the shelf may get well
dried.

If the whey is saved, in twenty-four hours a thick creamy substance
will rise, which, if skimmed off and churned, forms butter very
quickly, and is excellent to dress the cheese with,--a great economy,
and better for the cheese than table butter. Put some of the butter
into a tin dish kept for that purpose; throw in a small red pepper, and
put it over the fire till boiling hot, then set aside for dressing,
leaving the pepper in.

These directions give the general idea of making cheese. There are many
varieties of cheese, which it would be very interesting to notice,
pointing out in what the difference consists; but we cannot appropriate
more space to this matter.




XVI.

A TROUBLESOME QUESTION.


“ONE of the most urgent of the unsolved, irrepressible questions of the
times,” says the “Household,” a most excellent Vermont paper, “relates
to the trials which modern housewives experience in their efforts to
manage their households satisfactorily, and still have time for needful
rest and social culture. As yet the problem remains a puzzle alike
to the housewife and to the philanthropist. Labor-saving machines,
which promised so much relief, practically fail to lighten materially
the housekeeper’s tasks. ‘Biddy’ is still the main dependence in the
performance of hard work in the kitchen; yet the constant oversight
which she usually requires often renders her services a doubtful
advantage.

“That the cares of housekeeping increase faster than means are found
for their disposal seems generally true. Whether this is owing
to increased luxuriousness in our ways of living, or whether the
housewives of to-day lack the executive ability of their grandmothers,
remains an open question.”

It does not seem to us very difficult to find the _reasons_ for the
great increase of our domestic cares; the puzzle is to find the
_remedy_.

We escape much of the hard work our mothers and grandmothers performed
so energetically, and about which housekeepers of the present day
hear so many disparaging comparisons; for machinery does better and
far more expeditiously many things that in olden times could only be
accomplished by hard labor.

The wool is no longer carded by hand. Our factories have banished the
spinning-wheel from the good old kitchen fireside; the little ones
nestle no longer by mother’s knee, watching with never-ceasing wonder
and enjoyment the “head” of flax disappear from the distaff and become
a smooth, bright thread, under the skillful hand and foot that keep
the pretty wheel so active. The cool breeze, laden with the perfume
of cinnamon-roses and lilacs, while it sweeps through the open window
of the old attic, no longer sports with golden curls, as the children
run merry races in their efforts to “keep step” when the long white
rolls of wool in the hand of the mother are transformed by the rapid
revolutions of the big wheel into yarn for knitting. Little hands no
longer wind it, from the spindle on the swifts, into skeins, or fill
the bobbins for the weaver’s shuttle, and no bright eyes watch it as it
flies through the warp.

The mothers escape the labor of the loom, while the little folks lose
all this, or the still greater sport of meddling with the web, in
their vain efforts to throw the shuttle through, or to _bang up_ if
they succeed,--the frolic often cut short by _banging_ their fingers,
instead of the woof, with the heavy beam. Machinery relieves us from
all such labor, and deprives our children of much real fun, for which
there is no compensation.

We almost regret those old-fashioned times, and often wonder if the
elegancies and (supposed) increased comforts of our modern dwellings
are a sufficient compensation for the multiplied labor and the
necessity for so much more help which we are forced to employ. For
though our mothers and grandmothers did more rough, homely work,
we do not believe that they had half so hard a time in doing it as
their daughters have in their efforts to teach modern servants how to
perform the necessary labor of our present style of housekeeping. To
weave a web of cloth is but child’s play, compared to the worry and
disappointment and mortification that cause our modern housekeepers to
“die deaths daily,” through the utter incompetency of those they are
compelled to have about them. The tyranny of our modern style of living
increases the proper amount of work to be done far beyond what one pair
of hands can perform.

We think the deterioration is in the _servants_, and not in the
mistresses. With all loving respect for our mothers and grandmothers,
we feel confident that their daughters’ executive ability is equal to
their own.

To be sure, husbands will tell of their mothers’ gingerbread, pies, and
doughnuts, and, with an air of hopeless longing or patient endurance,
wonder why nobody “nowadays” can ever cook as their mothers did!

To be sure! Why can’t they? For the very reason that our husbands
cannot eat “ever so many” pickles, pies, gingerbread, and big bowls
of bread and milk, as they used to do on returning from school; finish
off with a pocketful of apples, and then be half ready to cry that
their containing powers are not equal to their appetites. A good game
of “tag,” however, up the front stairs, down the back, through the
long hall once or twice, soon remedied that difficulty in boyhood. If
husbands will only let their brains run wild for a short time, quit
study, forget business, gold markets, and all such corroding cares, and
be wild, harum-scarum boys once more, their wives’ gingerbread will
taste just as good as their mothers’ and grandmothers’ did. That is the
trouble with the husbands’ appetites. But the housekeepers’ troubles
lie deeper than this.

The whole routine of modern housekeeping is much more complex than in
our parents’ time. To be sure, they rose early; parents and children
then knew what “sunrise” meant, for they were dressed and at work
before the sun’s red wheel began to rise over the eastern border. The
cows were milked, the milk put in the cool milk-cellar, the butter
made, the breakfast ready--a good substantial, healthy breakfast--long
before the time when our housekeepers of to-day are out of their beds.
“Early to bed, early to rise,” simple, nourishing meals, quiet home
pleasures,--not many hours spent in senseless calls, but an occasional
good old-fashioned visit to keep the heart fresh and living,--these
insured health and strength, good digestion, tranquil sleep, and
cheerful homes.

_Early rising_ facilitates the action of the domestic machinery in a
wonderful manner. One hour lost or wasted in the morning clogs the
wheels, and the work drags heavily all day. One hour gained is the
best lubricator in the world. Everything glides along smoothly,--head,
heart, and hands work in harmony.

Once, when a little girl, we were in despair because our “stent” was
not finished in season for us to go a berrying with the brothers and
sisters. Taking her kerchief from the black satin reticule that always
hung on her arm when knitting, the dear old grandmother gently wiped
the fast-falling tears, saying, “Ah, little one! you didn’t want to get
up this morning when the others did. Remember that if you lose an hour
in the morning you will waste half a dozen hunting it all day long, and
deprive yourself of much pleasure. I’d try and remember, if I were you,
never to lose another.”

We regret, for their own comfort, that our present housekeepers do not
retain their parents’ habits of early rising. But contrast the life
of our parents with the modern life of their descendants. The demands
of society, late hours, too much visiting and company, make laggards
in the morning; and the appetite, injured by untimely eating at these
late hours, is supposed to need coaxing with dainties at breakfast.
The elaborate breakfast requires as much time and labor as belongs
to a dinner; and the dinner, with all the variety that etiquette
claims,--several courses, and a multitude of dishes consequent upon
these courses,--increases the labor immensely; and, unless blessed with
a good corps of servants, requiring little oversight, we can secure
little time for rest, reading, or sewing. Such servants are seldom
granted to mortals in our times. Twenty years ago, one girl, without
any of the modern improvements,--water to be brought from the street
pumps, suds to be taken up and emptied in the gutter,--accomplished
more work, and made the family more comfortable, than three or four
will do now.

We are inclined to believe that the heaviest trials of housekeeping
may be traced, not to the degeneracy of our mothers’ daughters, but to
a marked and most unfortunate change in the character and capacity of
our “help.”(?) This is no freak of the imagination. Some few families
still retain servants that have been with them for years, and such
housekeepers have no sympathy with their less favored sisters; but let
death or marriage remove these comforts, and compel them to seek others
to replace the old and well-tried ones, and they will learn that this
complaint has very substantial foundations.

What remedy may be found it is impossible to say. In part our
housekeepers are to blame. They have such horror of being left without
help, such dread of constant changes, that they live as slaves to the
whims and caprices of an ignorant class of persons, who soon recognize
their fears and dependence, and use this knowledge to extort high wages
for very little service,--compelling then mistresses to pass over their
impudence and arrogance by bold threats of leaving.

This lack of independence, this fear to assert their own authority
and rights, is, we apprehend, in a great measure the cause of the
insubordination and uselessness of the girls of the present time. When
they learn that their services will not be accepted unless faithfully
rendered, we may look for easier and happier times. But how is this to
be accomplished? A few cannot remedy the evil. It can only be effected
by general co-operation. We are not willing to acknowledge that the
housekeepers of the past were any more capable than those of our time;
but we do think that our position, owing to the great annoyance we are
subjected to from the kitchen cabinet, is far more trying than our
mothers’ could have been.

What sort of housekeepers our daughters will become, enervated by
late hours and all the gay and strange excitement of modern life, and
crippled by the hideous freaks of fashion, it is painful to imagine and
impossible to foretell.




XVII.

WOMAN’S KINGDOM.


“I SEE unrest, discontent, strife, and sin: I see girls--children in
years--from whose cheek the first blush of innocence, from whose soul
the last vestige of youth, have vanished; women sold to frivolity;
women wasting most precious gifts; women whose ambition has no higher
object than to mislead and triumph over men; men growing hard, selfish,
and wicked, the slaves of their passions, going down to death, with no
hand to save,--all for the lack of a _true home_. Then I remember that
the home is the true kingdom of woman, where her rights can never be
dethroned; that all pure love, all right thoughts, all religion, all
governments, if you would have them live, must have their roots beneath
its altar. This conviction impels me to say to every woman who has a
home, Let home stand first, before all other things! No matter how high
your ambition may transcend its duties, no matter how far your talents
or your influence may reach beyond its doors, before everything else
build up a true home! Be not its slave! Be its minister! Let it not be
enough that it is swept and garnished, that its silver glistens, that
its food is delicious. Feed the love in it. Feed the truth in it. Feed
thought and aspiration, feed all charity and gentleness in it. Then
from its walls shall come forth the true woman and the true man, who,
_together_, shall rule and bless the land.”

Is this an overwrought picture? We think not. What honor can be greater
than to found such a home? What dignity higher than to reign its
undisputed, honored mistress? What is the ability to speak on a public
platform to large, intelligent audiences, or the wisdom that may
command a seat on a judge’s bench, compared to that which can insure
and preside over a true home, with such skill that husband and children
“rise up and call her blessed”? To be the guiding star, the ruling
spirit, in such a position is higher honor than to rule an empire.
_Woman’s rights!_ Has man any higher rights than these?

To be sure man often abuses his power, and brings sorrow and woe upon
her who, trusting and loving him, should always be the mistress of
his heart, an equal partner in all his possessions, his joys, and his
sorrows. But are there no cases on record where “the woman Thou gavest
me” has abused the power with which the marriage vow endowed her;
destroying the peace, and making shipwreck of all that her husband
holds most precious?

The law does not as yet secure to a wife such independence as will
guard her against injustice and meanness from the hands of her husband;
but what defence have they provided against the bitter sorrows that bad
wives can bring down upon their husbands? Has any one ever ascertained
the full statistics, or clearly estimated the average? It is well, no
doubt, that this matter has been so widely agitated, as it all tends,
we hope, to establish the rights of both man and woman on a firm
foundation; but if, before this “revolution” is settled, man should
make a full statement of his wrongs, there are those who could bring
forward just cause of complaint in large measure. Ah! if husbands and
wives would always remember that, with them, as in other associations,
“union is strength”; that “united they stand, divided they fall”; that
_together_ they should walk through life, _together_ share the joys,
_together_ bear the burdens and the crosses,--what a happy world this
would be! If it is a united kingdom, the wife accepts the rough as well
as the smooth of household rule, as her part of the administration.
If able to govern without a “kitchen cabinet,” a happy woman is she!
But if not, she also takes the trials of the kitchen, the disagreeable
details which must form a part of her home life, the vexation of spirit
caused by the inefficiency of the servants of the present time, and
this is the dreariest part,--all great and increasing hindrances to
the perfection at which she should aim. But a good wife will endure
these infelicities till a remedy is found, remembering that they are
but a small part of home. The purest, sweetest, holiest elements that
constitute a home, if recognized and administered in the right spirit,
will enable her to forget these trials in the joy and peace that is set
before her, and to which all may surely attain, if woman forgets not
her high calling in a poor ambition.

Meanwhile the husband--the household king--accepts his part in the rule
of this united kingdom. Are his cares any lighter than his wife’s?
Look at them. The dust and toil and strife, the battling with the
great world outside, in whatever sphere his talents and duties call
him, to provide necessities, luxuries, or honors, accordingly as he is
prospered, for the family who are sheltered in his home.

We think the joys and the sorrows, the crosses and the crowns, in
married life are about evenly balanced, and nothing will right all the
wrongs, and bring order out of the confusion of these vexed questions,
so surely as the shelter of a _true home, ruled by the true wife and
mother_.




XVIII.

THE KITCHEN.


UNFORTUNATELY, many ladies have not health or strength sufficient to
take such supervision as will secure a neat and well-arranged kitchen;
and, still more unfortunately, there are many, and we fear the number
is increasing, who have such repugnance to any care save the genteel
arrangement of their parlors, or the fashionable adornment of their
persons, that they shun their kitchens as they would the plague.
They will give occasional directions for some fancy dish, or the
more elaborate details, if preparing for company; and then, if their
husbands attend to the marketing, relieving them from all care, and the
cook and waiter have breakfast, dinner, and tea at the desired time and
in proper shape, they are content. If their parlors and chambers appear
neat and inviting, they ask no questions as to the condition of their
kitchens, and never inquire if the supply of utensils is adequate to
the amount and quality of the labor the cook is expected to perform,
or if they are of a kind to expedite or simplify her work. Indeed,
one would suppose that the kitchen was entirely out of the mistress’s
domains,--a region for which the cook only was responsible. If any are
content to eat what is set before them, “asking no questions,”--not
“for conscience’ sake,” but for the sake of their own indolent
self-indulgence,--that is their _right_, and we would in no wise
interfere with the full enjoyment of it.

But we know there are those who find no bliss in such ignorance, but
prefer to know when and in _what_ their food is prepared, and willingly
accept the care and, it may be, the annoyance which the knowledge
will bring. In many of the most palatial abodes, where comforts and
luxuries of every character abound, little attention is paid to any
comfort or convenience connected with the kitchen. Refusing to provide
_straw_, Pharaoh exacted the _full tale of brick_ from the Israelites
of old; and so some housekeepers exact the most elaborate meals,
without any thought of providing the conveniences which will best
enable the cook to gratify their wishes.

We once watched with a sick child belonging to _the rich_ family of
the town. The furniture, the silver and glass, were of the best. It
was necessary to prepare _wine whey_ for the little sufferer during
the night. The mother, exhausted with much watching and anxiety
for the child, was sleeping, and, unwilling to wake her, we left a
fellow-watcher in charge while we found our way to the kitchen,--if
the miserable room could be called by that name. The floor was made
of loose, rough boards, that sprang up with every step; an old,
dilapidated table, minus one leg, was propped up on the back of a
chair; broken dishes, worn-out saucepans,--in truth, we were at our
wits’ ends to make even the simple _wine whey_ in such utensils as
we found in that strange kitchen, and have often since marvelled by
what skill the excellent dinners and suppers we have partaken at that
house could ever have been manufactured in such a den and with such
“conveniencies.”

Whenever it is possible, a large, airy kitchen should be provided,
with every thing to expedite and simplify the labor, and with every
facility for perfect ventilation,--a most important point. In the homes
of the wealthy there is no reason why the kitchen should not be in all
respects so arranged and furnished that the cook must be inexcusable if
she does not keep it and its belongings in the most perfect order.

But for those who cannot command the means to build and furnish
a kitchen of this kind, the necessity for the greatest neatness
and order in that department is still stronger. The occupants of
second-class houses are often those who must themselves do or overlook
much of the heaviest labor of the family, and therefore have no time
to spend in the doubtful luxury of “clearing-up days.” Such days are
generally _wasted_ days. Those who find them a necessity are mostly a
class who, for five days in the week, never put anything in its proper
place, leaving all in disorder till Saturday. Then everything is hunted
out of its hiding-place, washed, scoured, polished, and put where it
really belongs. The improvement is so striking that one would suppose
the kitchen would never again be a scene of disorder and confusion; but
probably before Monday’s sun has set carelessness and misrule will have
again regained their empire, and taken unto themselves seven spirits
worse, if that be possible, than the first. And thus Saturday’s labor
will have been given in vain. There is not one servant in a hundred
who does not need the watchful eye of a methodical mistress to enforce
the necessity of order and neatness in the kitchen. If it is made and
furnished in the best manner, it should certainly be carefully kept;
but if it be small, inconvenient, and have a meagre supply of utensils,
neatness and order become an imperative necessity.

Jules Gouffe, a famous French cook, says: “The more inconvenient a
kitchen may be, the more need for cleanliness, carefulness, and for
plentiful and good utensils to simplify one’s work. Cleanliness!
Cleanliness!--the great essential in all cooking operations--should, I
maintain, at the risk of being thought over-particular, be written in
large capitals on the door of every kitchen, large or small. A kitchen
may be small, badly arranged and lighted, but it should never, on any
plea, be dirty. Failure in cooking is often attributable to want of
attention to cleanliness. Nothing more than a dirty saucepan is often
sufficient to spoil the effect of a whole dinner. All kitchen utensils
should be examined daily. Saucepans of all kinds cannot be kept too
carefully; they should be washed, scoured with fine sand, and well
rinsed each time they are used. The washing of many things in the same
water should be carefully avoided; the greasiness this engenders adds
much to the labor of cleaning. The brightness and cleanliness of the
outside is very commendable; but the cleanliness of the inside must not
be sacrificed to that.”

What would be Jules Gouffe’s sensations could he look into many of our
kitchens? What would our good housekeepers themselves say--those of
them that are not obliged to do the cooking for their families--if we
should tell them that the pans in which their bread is baked are seldom
washed out and dried, but are, unless thrown into the closet just as
the bread was taken from them, wiped with a wet, greasy dishcloth, and
bread baked in them over and over again, day after day, with no other
cleansing? Said a good lady, “What is the reason that the bottom crust
of my bread always tastes like rancid butter?” Examine your bread-pans,
and you will no doubt find the reason, to your great surprise and
vexation. How often, think you, is your molding-board set away without
being washed after molding bread or rolling pastry, and the dough left
to dry and sour on it, and the next batch molded on the same unwashed
board? “That can’t be possible. I saw it hanging up in the store-room
over the flour-barrel only this morning, and it was clean.” Turn it
over, under side up, before you speak with too much certainty. How
about the flour-sieve? Is it left in the flour-barrel,--thrown in with
the sponge, from the cook’s wet hands, upon it, or a piece of unused
pastry put in it? If so, when the barrel of flour is about half used,
you will find that it has suddenly become sour.

Is it not well to watch over these things daily?




XIX.

HOW MUCH IS A WIFE WORTH?


A FEW weeks since, a party sitting near us in the cars were speaking
of a young man, a wealthy farmer, who had just disturbed his friends
by venturing to marry a poor girl. We judged by the conversation that
he had been well educated, and for wealth and intelligence was quite
looked up to by his townsmen. But he had married for love, not money or
position, and these friends were liberally using friendship’s privilege
to make rather severe remarks about him in his absence.

First, it was _so_ foolish, after his fine education, instead of
entering into one of the “professions,” to return to the homestead, the
quaint old farm-house, and taking the care of his aged parents upon
himself, settle down to a farmer’s life. _So foolish!_

But that was a trivial offence compared to taking a poor girl for a
wife, with nothing but a common, practical education, good health, a
loving heart, and willing hands to recommend her. With his cultivated
and refined tastes, what happiness could he hope for in such
companionship? But then he _would_ be a farmer, and perhaps she would
be all that a farmer’s wife need be.

We have often thought of the tone of this conversation. For what do
men generally marry, and what estimate do they put upon their wives?
How many really good husbands ever realize how large a share of the
prosperity of their home, its comforts and success, they owe to their
wives. The husband earns the money, it may be, but does he ever make an
estimate, a fair business estimate of what it would cost, in dollars
and cents, to _buy_ the care and comforts that he receives through
his wife’s labors, whatever may be their standing in the community?
Particularly is this a pertinent question in regard to a farmer’s wife.

While this subject and the conversation just alluded to were fresh in
mind, we chanced to pick up a stray paper which spoke quite clearly on
some of the points in question. We subjoin a few sentences. They may
not come exactly under the head of “talks with young housekeepers,” but
they certainly belong to the “Household.” Besides, while we are on such
intimate terms with the wife, common courtesy demands that some little
attention should be paid to the husband.

“We will for the present leave out of sight all sentiment, all
reference to the little comforts and felicities that go to make up the
sum of domestic happiness, and come right to the practical question,
‘Does a young woman, who comes to her husband with little or no dowry,
but with willing heart and hands and a fair share of intelligence, who
takes care of him, of his house, and of his family as it increases,
often without any hired help, really earn anything more than her board
and clothing?’

“No man will deny that a good wife is a treasure. Her care and labor
certainly secure him many comforts; but how much would he consider them
worth in dollars and cents? It is a great comfort to a husband to have
his three meals a day properly cooked and prepared at hours that suit
his convenience. He can swallow a dinner in twenty or thirty minutes,
that it has taken most of the wife’s forenoon to prepare. He thinks it
a good dinner; but how high an estimate think you would he put upon the
labor of preparing it, if required to state the worth in money?

“With what astonishment and disgust would he look upon his table if set
with dishes that had not been washed since last used; but how high a
money value would he be willing to put upon the one unromantic item
of washing dishes, which, nevertheless, takes so large a share of a
woman’s time?

“With what satisfaction he puts on the clean, smoothly ironed shirt and
the nicely darned socks! They do not look much like the ones he pulls
off to throw into the wash.

“Some one had to rub pretty smartly to get the dirt all out; some one
strained over the hot flat-irons to make this shirt so glossy; some
one spent an hour, perhaps while he slept, to darn those unsightly
holes in the heels of these stockings. And if a farmer, it was his
wife most probably that did it all; and not this one week only, but
every week, as sure as the week comes round. Now, he does appreciate
cleanliness, notwithstanding his protestations against washing-days and
house-cleaning; but is he willing to own that it is worth anything _in
money_ if done by his wife?

“Then comes the case of the milk and butter. Every day it must be
attended to at the proper time, the cream churned, the butter made
and carefully worked and salted. He is proud that his wife makes good
butter, and quite happy to have customers tell him, ‘Your wife makes
better butter than any one round here.’ But then, are not the cows his?
Does he not furnish the food? does he not milk and take care of them?
Is her part really worth anything in dollars and cents?

“Then, again, her energies are taxed early and late in the care of the
children. She is, of course, an interested party here; but then she
don’t pretend to own but half a share. Is it really worth nothing to
soothe, amuse, correct, teach, and watch over _his_ half of the little
folks as well as her own? This is real brain-work. Where is the man
who will say that this care for their children does not require all
a woman’s wit and wisdom? But if asked to place a pecuniary value
upon this part of a wife’s and mother’s care and labor, to how high a
figure, think you, it would mount?

“A farmer’s wife, who really does her own work, or faithfully oversees
its being done, which is by far the most trying part, has no easy task;
but we would ask for her only what is justly her due. If there is any
standard by which her services can be rightly estimated, we would like
to know it. We wish to know whether there be any surplus in her favor;
whether, when she asks for a few dollars for some purpose not strictly
necessary (a book, for instance), she ought to feel that she is asking
for her husband’s hard-earned means, or whether she has a right to
feel that it is her due? How much must a wife credit to her husband’s
generosity; how much use with a free conscience as her own faithfully
earned portion of their joint labors?”

Young men will do wisely to give this matter a serious thought, lest
they make the mistake of taking a wife’s labor and attentions as a
matter of course, as a right, instead of feeling that in taking his
name, his wife claims, not only an equal right to his cares and labors,
joys and sorrows, but also an equal right to a proper use of the money
which she has done her part to earn or to save. A wife, a farmer’s wife
particularly, has too much toil and perpetual watchfulness to make her
life desirable, if with it all she is to be considered a beggar, a
recipient of charity, instead of a joint partner with her husband in
all that he has.




XX.

TEACH LITTLE BOYS TO BE USEFUL.


HOW often, when anything has been said of teaching little boys to be
useful, have we heard mothers exclaim, “What an idea! Teach _boys_
to be useful! I wish you would tell me how; for of all the restless,
awkward, mischievous, troublesome comforts on the face of the earth,
I do think boys are the most trying. I am sure I love my boys just as
much as I do my girls; but it is so much harder to manage them, to keep
them out of mischief, to know what to do with them. They were vexatious
enough when we were boarding; but now, when, with four children on
my hands, I am but just entering upon my novitiate as a housekeeper,
feeling my way step by step, they fret me woefully. They are under my
feet all the time. Too young to be sent to school more than a few hours
a day, or to be turned out unattended, to play with chance companions,
they hang about me, uneasy, restless, fractious, teasing for something
continually. I often think it would be a comfort could we put them on
a shelf to sleep through the unquiet, turbulent period of childhood,
to wake up full-grown men. My little girls can always find something
to do, but the boys--_make boys useful, indeed!_ It would be a true
benefactor who could teach mothers how to accomplish such a marvellous
thing!”

Well, I notice that you very wisely and skillfully combine instruction
with amusement in your management of your little girls. I watched with
much interest how pleasantly you were teaching them to be useful, while
they found work to be only amusement. “I wonder which of these little
girls would like to run and bring mamma a few apples”; and away, in
great glee, trotted little three-year-old Kitty, with her little basket.

“Would Mary like to help mamma pare this nice red apple? Which, think
you, can make the largest paring without breaking?” How happy the
little lady was to leave her play and make the trial! Why not make the
same effort to amuse and instruct your little boys?

“Would you have me teach them to set the table, wash dishes, sew, or
try to work?”

Do you not believe they can be taught all this as easily as girls? We
hold that, in a large family, each one, boy or girl, should be taught
to be useful; to help their mother indoors and out, and, above all,
learn to help themselves. This they cannot do if allowed to be idle.

In the city, and in families that depend entirely on hired help, it is
more difficult to train children to be industrious and useful. It is
not well to let the young, imitative little ones be much with servants,
certainly not unless the mother is there also; and all instructions
of a practical nature should be given by her, and practised under her
eye. Wealth is by no means to be despised; but when it is so employed
as to remove all labor from us, or to so free us from care that we
do not teach our children how to make themselves serviceable, it is
no blessing, and may become a curse. Those who have begun life poor,
and worked their way to wealth by real hard labor, forget, when their
children start up around them, how much true, solid pleasure was in
their struggle for this well-earned prosperity, and as they relax their
exertions and begin to feel the enervating effects of wealth, they
remember only the hardship, forgetting the pleasure. Because there is
now no absolute necessity for it, they shrink from permitting their
children to follow in their early footsteps, and so cheat them out of
the strength and independence for which no amount of gold can in any
way compensate.

But we are neglecting the boys. We will give you an example which will
explain somewhat our idea of making children useful, boys and girls
alike.

We remember a large family in which there were seven boys. They were
not _driven_ to work, but from their earliest childhood were, little
by little, trained to understand and do all kinds of _outdoor_ work
pertaining to a large farm; but it was also understood that they
were to lend a helping hand _indoors_ whenever the mother or sisters
needed them. They knew they would only be called in when it was quite
necessary, but very early recognized the importance of knowing how
to do anything that came before them. If the mother or sisters were
sick or absent, they could so far fill up the gap as to keep things
comfortable till health was restored. They could dress the youngest,
make a bed, sweep a room, make a cup of tea or coffee, broil a steak,
or wash the dishes in a very satisfactory manner.

When quite little, not old enough to undertake heavy or rough work,
they were allowed any amount of play, but it was expected that all but
the baby must do something useful, something that was _work_, in the
course of each day. So, little by little, as they trotted about after
mother, they gathered up many things which, in mature life, were of
great value.

The family lived some miles from church, and as it was customary to
have preaching in both morning and afternoon, with Sabbath-school
between services, they took a slight lunch of crackers or gingerbread,
stayed through all, and returned in season for a late dinner and tea
united. Now it was a settled rule that the parents and part of the
children should go to church every Sunday, rain or shine; and the
oldest children, boys and girls, took turns in staying at home to get
dinner and take care of the baby.

They all took great pride in having everything in order, and a good
dinner all ready, when the church-goers returned; and the boys’
housekeeping was as creditable as the girls’. None felt it to be a
hardship; on the contrary, those who were too young to be left in
charge looked forward with great anxiety to the time when they should
be allowed to “take their turn” with the older and more favored ones.

When these boys left home for school or college, a box, with scissors,
needles, thread, and buttons, was always placed in each trunk; and the
lost buttons were replaced and the ever-recurring rents repaired by
their own hands; and with the stitches went many thanks daily to the
wise mother who had taught them to take care of themselves, as well as
be helpful to others.

Now, my dear young housekeeper and anxious mother, do you not think
your little sons would be less restless and fretful, and far more
happy, if you allowed them to “make b’lieve” that they were a most
important help to you, until, by a little patience and indulgence, you
succeeded in making the imaginary help a reality, which would repay
you in later years for all the slight inconvenience and annoyance you
experienced in teaching them, and insure comfort and independence to
your sons, under whatever circumstances they might be placed.




XXI.

BLEACHING, STARCHING, AND REMOVING STAINS.


A YOUNG housekeeper writes us: “Without the least knowledge of domestic
concerns, I passed from the school-room into the position of a farmer’s
wife. Together with other things of which I am ignorant, I need some
minute directions for starching, ironing, removing stains, etc. Any
hints on these points would be very acceptable to me, and I doubt not
to many others. I can now succeed very well in managing the cooking
and butter-making, but am sorely tried about my washing and ironing
sometimes. With cooking and butter-making, my sewing and babies,
I have enough to do, and feel like evading the care or oversight
of the washing and ironing, but cannot. There are so many kinds of
stains,--fruit, tea, and grass stains. Then if the girl succeeds in
doing the washing pretty well, she makes such work with the starching,
and _smuts_ the clothes so badly in ironing, that I am much troubled.
Whether not particular enough in cooking or straining the starch, I
don’t know.”

We judge from this letter that our friend is obliged to depend on
“hired help” for her washing and ironing. We think we can show her how
to succeed as well in this department as she seems to have done in
cooking and butter-making; but whether she can manage to secure the
observance of our directions by the girl in the laundry, is another
and very doubtful question. One of the hardest of the housekeeper’s
trials with the servants of the present day is their unwillingness to
receive any directions or counsels about the mode of doing their work;
yet they seem utterly without any capacity to plan or arrange their
labor for themselves, so that it may be performed in the best and
easiest manner. They will be an hour in doing that which with a little
forethought or method could have been done in one third of the time,
and in no one item of household labor do they manifest their total want
of system so strikingly as in the laundry; yet they will not be taught
a more excellent way.

With regard to stains, which are a grief of heart to all good
housekeepers, it is much surer and less troublesome to remove them when
fresh; and the eye of the mistress must watch over this, or they will
be left to dry, and most likely be overlooked when the washing is done.

Most, if not all, _fruit_ stains can be taken out if stretched over
a dish or pail, and _boiling_ water slowly poured over them. If the
stains have not been allowed to dry long, this will speedily remove
them. But if they have, unfortunately, been put into the wash, the
soapsuds will “set” the stains, and then, when discovered, they should
be dipped in “Javelle water” or “bleaching fluid.” They should remain
in this but a few moments, then be well rubbed and put at once into
the boiler, and, as a general thing, when the article is taken from
the boiler to rinse, the stain will have disappeared. If the stains
from tea or grass are fresh, “Javelle water,” or a little ammonia, will
easily remove them; but in either case, if done before the regular
washing, the article should be well washed and spread on the grass to
bleach and dry. Stains that have been long dried, or washed and boiled
in before they were noticed, are much more difficult to remove. Ink
stains can be taken out of linen as follows:--

Wash the spot in salt and water as soon after the ink is on as you can,
taking care that it is not put into suds before it has been well washed
in the salt and water, and then sponged with lemon-juice, else the soap
will instantly “set” the color, making it almost impossible ever to
remove the ink.

When ink is spilled on the carpet or on woolen goods, if attended to
instantly after the accident, it can be taken out entirely by sweet
milk. First, wipe off carefully all that can be soaked up by a handful
of cotton batting. Then have a dish of sweet milk ready, and dipping
the clean cotton batting in it, wash the spot, changing the batting for
a clean piece as soon as it gets black with the ink; and also get clean
milk, when the first becomes discolored. Continue this till the ink no
longer shows; then take a pad of hot suds and a clean cloth, and wash
as far as the milk has wet; rinse with clean warm water, and rub dry
with a clean cloth. We have never known this to fail.

Ink spots, paint, or grease can be removed from clothing by mixing four
table-spoonfuls of spirits of hartshorn, the same quantity of alcohol,
and one table-spoonful of table salt. Mix it well and apply with a
sponge or brush. Wash off with clear alcohol.

To remove ink stains from colored articles, drop hot tallow on the
spot; then soak and rub it with boiling milk. This will be found
effectual. Of course, the tallow and milk must be afterward washed off,
either with soapsuds or alcohol, else a grease spot will be left.

Your oil-cloth should never be scrubbed with a brush, and on no account
use soapsuds or hot water. It has a bad effect on the paint, and the
cloth will not last as long. After sweeping, wash with soft flannel
and lukewarm or cold water. Let the oil-cloth get thoroughly dry; then
prepare a small bit of bees-wax, softened with a little turpentine,
and rub the cloth well with this preparation, using for that purpose a
soft furniture polishing-brush. This need not be done every week, but
whenever the oil-cloth grows dingy. Cared for in this way, it will last
twice as long as with the ordinary scrubbing, and always look fresh
and new.

A less troublesome way, but not quite so effective, is to wash the
oil-cloth, after sweeping and washing with flannel and warm water, with
sweet skim-milk, and then rub very dry with a clean dry cloth. Wipe
straight one way of the cloth, not round and round, as that will give a
cloudy, unpleasant look to the cloth.

When clothes have become yellow or of a bad color from poor washing or
from lying unused some time, it is well to take them, after boiling,
from the first suds and spread on the grass to bleach, while another
boilerful is being washed. When the second is put on to boil, take
up those that have been bleaching on the grass and rinse faithfully
through two generous rinsing waters; the last water to be blued. Then
pass through the wringer, starching such as need it in hot starch,
unless you prefer to wait till you fold them, and hang up to dry. Then
take the second lot from the boiler, and leave on the grass to bleach,
while you get the coarser articles washed and on to boil. This done,
take up the second, rinse and hang out, and so on till all the white
clothes are on the line.

Most servants object to the bleaching, and they wash all the white
clothes and leave them wrung out in piles in the baskets till all are
washed, before they hang up anything. This is poor work. The clothes
become yellow and streaked by lying in coils as they come from the
wringer, and under such management it is impossible to make them look
clear and white. The sooner they are on the line after passing through
the last rinsing, the clearer the clothes will be, and if well snapped
as they are hung up, and pulled straight and evenly on the line,
one finds compensation for the little extra trouble--and it is very
little--in the greater ease with which they can be folded and ironed.

It is well to bleach clothes while washing, all through the pleasant
weeks of spring, summer, and fall, as it can be so much better done
than in winter. One hour on the clean grass before rinsing is long
enough. It is not well to leave clothes out overnight when it can be
helped, as they are liable to be trampled over by cats and dogs during
the night, or be spotted by the drip of the dew or fogs from the trees
or vines.

For _blueing_ there is nothing better than the “Nuremberg Ultramarine
Blue,” which comes in pretty little balls about the size of a small
cherry, at from fifty to seventy-five cents a box. One box with care,
in a medium-sized family, will last several months. The balls must be
tied into a blueing-bag, and used like common blueing.

A large fire-proof earthen saucepan or one of the yellow-ware pipkins
is better than tin or iron to make starch in; but if these are not to
be found, a tin kettle will do very well, if kept bright and clean, and
never used for any other purpose. When cooking it should be carefully
attended to, and then there is no danger of its scorching.

Two even teaspoonfuls of starch for each shirt, a salt-spoonful of
salt, a piece of sperm or white wax as large as a pea, or, if these are
not to be had, that much lard or butter, is a good rule. Use enough
cold water to wet the starch, so that it can be stirred free from lumps
and beaten perfectly smooth, then pour on boiling water. It is not easy
to give the quantity of water to this amount of starch, as the tastes
vary in regard to the stiffness of collars and bosoms. The starch must
be stirred often, and boil slowly from fifteen to twenty minutes. Skim
and strain while hot into a large wooden bowl or earthen dish; keep
a bag for straining starch, which should never be used for anything
else; but it is safe to keep close watch, or towels, napkins, etc.,
will be used for this purpose instead of the bag. It is not long since
we found one recommended as a _splendid_ laundress straining starch
through a _shirt-sleeve_, which was tied about the wrist with a fine
handkerchief. A good starch-bag was hanging not six feet off. “Never
mind, my lady, I’ll wash it all out.”

If you prefer to starch after the clothes are dried, wet the bosoms,
collars, and wristbands in hot water, wring very dry, and starch while
the cloth is yet warm. Rub the starch in faithfully, wring in a dry
towel to remove all starch that may adhere to the outside, spread the
garments out evenly, rub with a dry cloth, roll up tightly, and let
them remain two or three hours before ironing.

In cold weather it is safe to dampen and fold clothes at night, and
then it is desirable to have the starched clothes ironed first. In
warm weather starched clothes should never be dampened or folded till
morning, as there is danger of the starch becoming sour and mildewing;
and unless there is a cool, airy room to leave them in, it is not safe
to sprinkle and fold anything, for they may mildew in a warm room in a
night.

If any article needs mending, it is well to do it before ironing. When
ironed, fold and press each article neatly, and hang evenly on the
clothes-bars, leaving them there till perfectly dry. Fold shirts so
that the bosoms will not be bent in the drawer. Collars should be kept
in round boxes. Ladies’ undergarments should be folded so as to bring
the sleeves and necks outside. It is no more trouble, and it certainly
is pleasant to have a drawer look neat and attractive when one opens
it. It is what a good old grandmother used to call _sort o’ restful to
look at_. Skirts should be made not much stiffer than new cotton. The
noise of a very stiff skirt when one is walking is not the pleasantest
music. They should be either hung up in a deep wardrobe or folded
together lightly and laid on a broad shelf.




XXII.

TO IRON SHIRTS, VESTS, AND EMBROIDERIES.


SHIRTS cannot be ironed with ease and ironed well without a
bosom-board. It should be made of pine, well seasoned and entirely free
from gum; one and a half inches thick, one foot nine inches long, and
eighteen inches wide; very smooth and straight; rounded on one end, and
rubbed with sand-paper to remove all roughness. The square end must
also be smooth, and with a hole in the middle near the edge, to hang
it up by. Take two or three thicknesses of an old woolen blanket and
cover one side. Stretch it very smooth and tight, and fasten to the
board with tacks. Use the galvanized tacks, so that the clothes will
not be iron-rusted by coming in contact with them. When tacking on the
last side, be sure and draw both thicknesses of blanket very tight, so
that there may be no wrinkles. Over the blanket tack two thicknesses of
Canton flannel, the fleecy side up. Bring the edges of both blanket and
cotton over the sides, so that when nailed you can cut them even with
the other side of the board. Then turn it over and cover the other side
with thick flour paste, and stretch over it a piece of Canton flannel;
when this is quite dry, paste on another, and so on, as each becomes
perfectly dry, till you have four thicknesses of Canton flannel pasted
together on the board; the last one being trimmed so as to lap over
and be tacked on to the side of the board, thus making a neat finish
and covering up all rough edges. The soft side is to iron embroidery,
Marseilles vests, and other figured articles on; the hard side to be
used in giving a polish to shirt-bosoms, collars, etc.

The bosom-board being thus prepared, make cotton covers to slip over
all, fitting as tightly to the board as they can and yet allow of its
being readily removed without tearing. Be careful to have these covers
changed after each week’s use.

A skirt-board should also be kept in every house to iron skirts and
dresses. This must be six feet long, eighteen inches wide at the
bottom, one third narrower at the top, and one and a half inches thick.
The top should be rounded. Cover one side with two or three thicknesses
of an old blanket, as directed for the soft side of the bosom-board;
tack on smoothly; cover the other side with coarse cotton, and nail
over on to the edge of the board, so as to cover the raw edges of
the blanket. Have cotton cases also made for the skirt-boards, to be
changed and washed with each week’s use.

Covers for the holders will also pay for the trouble of making them,
as they insure, as far as possible, against smut on the clothes when
ironing. But to make this _pay_, the housekeeper must be put to the
slight inconvenience of seeing herself that these covers are changed,
and follow up this care by promptly demanding them, when each fresh
washing comes up, to be put away with the other clean things.

The ironing-table should be covered with a thick blanket, doubled, and
that with a cotton sheet. A coarse, thick, gray or white blanket, like
an “army blanket,” may be bought quite cheap; they come on purpose for
“ironing-blankets,” and answer just as well as a better quality.

_Flat-irons_ should be carefully kept from dampness, which soon rusts
them. Leave them standing on the end; they soon spoil if set on the
face. If they become rusty, scour with emery till quite smooth, or, if
past your skill, send to an emery factory and have them ground smooth.
Keep a piece of yellow bees-wax, wrapped in a cloth in the drawer of
your ironing-table, to rub the irons on in case they get coated with
starch. Have a clean cloth at hand to wipe them on before using, each
time you take a fresh one from the stove.

Having our ironing-table, bosom-board, and other implements now all
ready, we will attend to the ironing.

A perfectly clean sheet must be spread over the other ironing-sheet
before commencing to iron the starched clothes. In ironing a shirt,
begin with the binding at the neck; then fold the back in the middle
and iron; then iron the sleeves, and wristbands, if there are
wristbands on the shirt; fold the sleeve in neat plaits and press
them hard after ironing; then iron the plain part of the shirt and
the collar, if on the shirt, ironing the bosom last. Iron the bosom
and collar on the bosom-board; rub the bosom over lightly with a damp
cloth, and iron hard and quickly with a polishing-iron. If you have
none, you should get one if possible. They are found at all hardware
stores. They are rounded instead of being flat, like other irons,
without an edge, and very smooth, so that no mark of the iron is left
on the article ironed. This iron is very convenient to use for caps,
vests, and many small things.

In ironing a shirt-collar, pass the iron rapidly over the wrong side,
then iron the band, lastly the right side of the collar, which should
be well polished, and ironed till perfectly dry.

Gentlemen’s linen or duck pants should be ironed on a pants-board,
prepared like the soft side of a bosom-board, and as nearly the full
length as possible. The pockets must be turned outside before ironing,
that they may leave no crease on the pants. Hang pants to air by the
straps or the waistbands.

In ironing a skirt, slip the skirt-board through by the round
end. Have a clothes-basket or clean sheet on the floor under the
skirt-board, so that the skirt may fall on it as you iron.

Have a large piece of mosquito net over the clothes-bars to protect the
articles already ironed from flies, dust, etc.

Cake-napkins, doilies, or towels that are fringed, must be well snapped
while damp, to leave the fringe smooth and untangled. Some use a
fringe-comb. This is very well occasionally, but we think, if often
used, it tears the fringe, and soon gives a thin, worn-out, ragged look
to the article.

Muslin dresses need to be about as stiff as new muslin, the starch
being strained into the last rinsing water. White gum-arabic added to
the starch is very nice for muslin dresses; they iron easier, and look
newer. Dark muslins must be starched in rice-water or gum-arabic, as
common starch leaves white patches over the dark color after ironing.
Iron, as far as possible, on the wrong side.

To make good rice-starch, boil a pound of rice in four or five quarts
of water; let it boil until perfectly soft, adding boiling water as
fast as it boils out, so as to keep up the same quantity of water all
the time; stir frequently and break it up as much as possible while
boiling. When the rice is as soft as it will boil, pour the whole into
a gallon of water and strain through a thick cloth. It is said that
eighty drops of elixir of vitriol put into three gallons of clear
spring water and one of rice-water, thus prepared, is excellent to set
the color. We have never tried it. Ox gall _we know_ is good to fix the
color in calico or muslin, as well as to cleanse grease and dirt from
woolens. There is nothing better to clean broadcloths, coats, vests,
and pants. Get the butcher to fill a bottle with the gall, and put four
or five spoonfuls into about three quarts of hot soapsuds, and sponge
the garments with it, carefully rubbing every spot. When dirt and spots
are removed, sponge in clear hot water, and hang the garment up by
seams of the arm-holes of coats and vests, and waistbands of pants,
where they will dry quickly. Press on the wrong side when about half
dry. Woolen dresses may be cleaned in the same manner.




XXIII.

A TALK ABOUT BEDS.


AS we look around silently among the many young housekeepers, we think
we hear some of them say, or, if they don’t, they ought to, “I am
ashamed to ask any one into my chambers, for my beds are a perpetual
vexation to me. They look as if tossed up by a whirl-wind; the mattress
laid on unevenly, every inequality as visible as if the occupants had
just risen. The sheets and blankets never find their proper place, and
the pillows are as hard and knotty as if made of cotton batting. I try
to teach my girl how to do the work properly, but unfortunately am too
ignorant myself to speak with authority, and I have no doubt she is
aware of my deficiencies, so my words are idle breath to her.”

If you don’t know how to _tell_ a girl, go to the rooms with her and
_show_ her how you wish the work done. That will be the easiest mode
for you, and more likely to be remembered by the pupil.

“Alas! I don’t know how to make a bed neatly myself. I never attempted
it in my life, until I was married. Ah! if I ever have daughters, they
shall be taught how to care for their own rooms, and make their own
beds neatly, however rich we may become, or however many servants we
may employ.”

That is wise and right. Though riches may relieve one of much hard
labor, they should not enervate, or incapacitate for such an amount of
exercise as is necessary to secure a vigorous muscular development,
and also enable one, in an emergency, to step in and perform with ease
and independence whatever there is to be done. Riches cannot insure us
against a “hitch” in the domestic machinery now and then, and every
girl should be so taught that, in her father’s house or in her own, she
can bring “order out of confusion” by an independent use of her own
hands.

It is, as I have said in an earlier talk, important that once a week,
at least, everything should be removed from the bedsteads in order that
all the dust and lint, which will lodge about them, may be removed, and
occasionally they need a faithful washing, to rid them of the dust and
lint which will settle in the slats, about the joints, springs, and
moldings.

The mattress should be thrown up every morning for a good airing, and
when this is done turn it over, under side up, and then proceed to make
the bed.

Making beds is a very simple thing. Every housekeeper may have
some rules differing from her neighbor in this as well as in every
department of labor; but there are some that are common to all.

Having placed the mattress evenly on the springs or palliasse, beat
it hard to remove lumpy places, and next spread over the under sheet
_right side up_, with the wide hem at the top, and raising up the
mattress with the left hand, fold the sheet smoothly under at the top
and bottom; then fold under at each side, bringing the sheet very tight
and smooth across the mattress. By having a wide hem at the top and
a narrow one at the bottom, there is less danger that by any one’s
carelessness you may some time sleep with that part of the sheet to
your face which the night before covered your feet. Now spread over the
upper sheet, _right side down_; then as you put the finishing touch to
the bed, in turning the upper sheet down on the spread at the top, the
right side of the hem will be outside. In spreading on the upper sheet,
bring it well up to the head of the bed, that you may have a handsome,
generous width to turn down; lay it very smooth and straight, then put
on the blankets, folding both upper sheet and blankets nicely under at
the foot; but bring them only so far up at the head as will cover the
shoulders, and not turn down doubled across them.

The bed-spread comes next. It should be put on very evenly, the middle
fold of the spread coming just in the middle of the bed, drawing it up
toward the head about as high as the upper sheet, a full foot above
the blankets. Now lift the top of the blankets with one hand and fold
the spread smoothly under them, on one side of the bed, then pass to
the other side and proceed in like manner. By this mode, the spread
will prevent you from being annoyed with the rough blankets, should the
sheet get misplaced during the night. This done, turn the upper sheet
down over all, drawing it as smoothly as possible, and tuck all down at
the sides, between the bedstead and the mattress. When tucking under
the last side, draw the spread, blankets, and upper sheet as taut and
straight as possible, giving the sides of the bed as even and true a
line as you can. Now put on the _sheet tidy_, if you use them; and they
are desirable, even if made of cotton, and perfectly plain, as after
one night’s use the upper sheet becomes wrinkled and tumbled, and the
bed cannot be made to look as neat as one could wish. Then lay on the
bolster, well beaten up, in its clean, white case, placing the pillows,
which have also been faithfully beaten, above all, and dress them with
tidies, to match the sheet tidy.

Some prefer to have the bolster put on beneath the under-sheet, in
which case the sheet is drawn so high up as to allow plenty of room to
fold under the lower side of the bolster, before turning under the head
of the mattress.

A bed thus made will be smooth and level on the top, without a wrinkle,
and as square and straight at the sides as if boxed in wood.

This is all so very simple, after one becomes accustomed to it,
that the old ladies, who have all the mysteries of housekeeping as
familiar and entirely at their command as the alphabet, will shake
their heads and vote this a very stupid waste of time and space; but
they have forgotten how acceptable minute directions were in their
young days. So we will encourage ourselves by hoping that some tired
young housekeeper, who has groaned over ill-made beds, may find a few
crumbs of comfort here, which will remove a part, at least, of her many
annoyances.




XXIV.

MARKETING.


IT is very important that every lady should understand how to select
and purchase such stores as may be needed in her family. This knowledge
must be acquired in girlhood. Mothers should allow their daughters
to accompany them occasionally in their market expeditions, quietly
explaining, as they pass from one stall to another examining the
various articles needed, their reasons for rejecting or purchasing. We
are all inclined to put off, from day to day, this part of our domestic
instructions which our daughters greatly need; “we are too busy,” “in a
great hurry,” and “can’t be hindered,” by answering the thousand whys
and wherefores with which young children follow us. It is, to be sure,
something of an annoyance, but very trifling compared with the pleasure
our daughters will take in going with us through our daily rounds, if
we begin this training while they are small. Let them occasionally make
a few purchases themselves; give them their choice from among certain
unimportant articles, and then explain the rule by which they will know
how to select the best or reject the imperfect. Such lessons must begin
early, or, ere we are aware, our little girl has discarded her dolls
and stands by our side, a lovely woman; and before we realize this
bewildering change the voice of the charmer has awaked another love in
her heart, for which she leaves father and mother for a new home and
new cares. Happy for us, if we have so taught her that this new yoke
shall be easy and these new burdens light.

In marketing, we would not advise roaming from one store or market to
another, after one has become sufficiently acquainted in a city or
village to have a correct idea of the quality of the produce and the
character of the vender. Until this knowledge is well acquired, it
is important for one’s own security to make trial of many; but when
well assured that you have gained a fair estimate of both quality and
character, it is, we think, better to make most of the purchases at one
place. The grocer, butcher, fish and poultry dealer will take greater
interest in faithfully serving a regular customer, at reasonable rates,
than one who may not buy of him again for weeks; and it certainly is a
greater saving of time and trouble to purchase of one than of many. If
they cannot supply your present needs, it is for their interest to send
out and procure what you want; and we think they generally do this with
pleasure, and with a hearty wish to give you the best.

In buying _Beef_, remember that ox beef is the best. The animal should
be five or six years old before it is killed, if you would have the
best beef. If well fed it will be fine grained; the lean should be of
a bright red color, and well mingled with fat. If there is not a good
quantity of fat running through it, the beef will be tough and not
well flavored. The fat should be a rich clear white, just tinged with
yellow, and firm, and the suet also. Heifer or cow beef is paler than
ox beef, firmer grained, the fat a clear white, and the bones smaller,
but it is not as rich or juicy. When the animal is too old or badly
fed, it is of a dark red, the fat skinny and tough, and in very old
beef a horny substance will be found running through the ribs. When it
is pressed, if the meat rises quickly from the finger it is good; but
if the finger-dent rises slowly or not at all, do not buy it; it is
poor meat. The sirloin and the middle ribs are the best for roasting.
If you buy a sirloin, have it cut from the “chump end,” which has a
good undercut or fillet. The rump is often preferred by epicures, but
being too large to roast whole, a roast is usually cut from what is
called the “chump end.” Porter-house steak is the best for broiling,
but not the most economical. One rib is too small for baking; it dries
in cooking, and is not good economy, unless you take out the bone, roll
the meat and stuff it, when it makes a nice dish for a small family.

_Veal_ should be small and white, the kidney well covered with fat.
If the calf is over ten weeks old the meat will be coarse. The flesh
should be dry and white. If coarse-grained, moist, and clammy, have
nothing to do with it. The fillet, loin, and shoulder are the best
for roasting. The breast, well cut and jointed, makes a fine stew or
pot-pie, and is better economy than when baked or roasted. Veal is
excellent to make “stock” for soups; the knuckle or the poorer parts of
the neck are just as good for soup as the more expensive parts.

_Mutton_ should be dark colored, and have plenty of fat. The color
determines the age, and age is considered a mark of excellence in
mutton. It should be five or six years old to satisfy a lover of
mutton. All the joints may be roasted but the saddle, and next to that,
the haunch; the leg and loin undivided are the best; chops are cut from
the loin, cutlets from the leg, the best end of the neck, or thick end
of the loin. The leg and neck are often boiled.

_Lamb_ should be small, pale red, and fat. It is best roasted. The leg,
when the lamb attains a good size, is excellent boiled.

_Pork_ should never be bought except from a butcher whose honesty you
are sure of, and who knows where the pork was fattened. It is not
a very healthful meat at the best, and none should be used unless
corn-fed. There is much bad or diseased pork sold, and it is very
dangerous food. If the flesh feels flabby or clammy to the touch, it is
not good, and should not on any account be used. If there are kernels
in the fat, let it alone. The fat should be hard, the lean white and
fine in the grain, and the rind thin and smooth.

As soon as your meat of any kind is brought home from the butcher’s,
wipe it with a clean dry cloth. If in summer you find any “fly-blows,”
which is very common, cut them out at once, and no harm will be done.
In the loins a long pipe runs by the bone; that should be taken out
immediately, or in a few hours it will taint and spoil the whole joint.
If the meat is not to be used at once, dredge it with pepper. Powdered
charcoal dusted over meat will help to keep it sweet, or will remove
any taint already begun. It is wise to keep charcoal on hand during
warm weather; it is wonderfully efficacious in preserving meat, and,
if dusted over it while hanging, it can all be washed off when you
are ready to cook it. Most meat is more tender and easily digested
if kept hanging some time, and charcoal is a great and reliable aid
in preserving it. Lamb and veal cannot be kept as safely as beef and
mutton.

In choosing _Fowls_, bear in mind that the male bird, if young, will
have a smooth leg and a short spur, eyes bright and full, feet supple.
The hen may be judged by the same signs, and if these are not found, be
sure the birds are stale and old.

Ducks, geese, and pigeons should have pliable feet; if stiff, they are
old. In all the vent should be firm; if discolored or flabby, they are
stale. This last sign should be remembered in judging of all poultry or
game.

The eyes of _Fish_ should be bright, the gills clear red, body stiff,
and smell not unpleasant,--or rather, not stale, for we imagine that
fish can never be of a pleasant smell, however palatable it may be to
the taste.

As far as possible, buy all stores by the quantity; if nothing else,
you save the weight of paper, no small item in the course of a year;
but there is always some reduction when an article is purchased at
wholesale. You save the retail commission, if nothing more.

In warm weather, meats, of course, cannot be bought in large
quantities, unless for a large family who are in possession of a good
ice-house. Rice, tapioca, raisins, etc., are an exception to this
rule, for they should never be bought in large quantities, except for
boarding-houses or hotels, as they are very easily filled with insects.

A store-room should be very dry, and supplied with a good number of
shelves and drawers for stores of all kinds. A thick slab should be
placed across from one end to the other, so high that nothing suspended
from it will hit the head in passing through it. In this it is well
to have some strong hooks to hang hams, dried beef, tongues, baskets,
etc. A neat step-ladder should be kept in one corner, by which you can
easily reach whatever is needed. These hooks are a great convenience,
not only to put away your marketing, but so many things keep better
for being suspended where there can be free circulation of air; and
a store-room must be well ventilated. Eggs keep well hung up in a
basket, or in _nets_ made for that purpose. Buy your lemons in June
and July, when freshest, cheapest, and most plentiful, by the box, and
suspend them on these hooks in nets, and they will keep all summer.




XXV.

TRUST YOUR CHILDREN.


THERE is no lesson that so well repays the teacher as that by which
children are taught to feel that they are _trusted_; that father and
mother commit matters of importance to their care, with confidence that
they will not disappoint them. Begin this teaching while the child is
yet young. Of course you must gauge the importance of the trust by the
age of the child, taking care that you do not tax the little one beyond
its capacity, but being just as careful to have it understand that you
are in earnest. It is a great event in a child’s life when it first
feels that you look to it with loving confidence for the performance
of certain duties that you have trusted to its honor. The feeling of
responsibility which comes with this knowledge awakens self-respect,
and the care and faithfulness which the youngest sees must be necessary
to the satisfactory execution of the work will be good seed sown, which
in after years will bear fruit, amply repaying all the trouble it cost
to prepare the soil for its reception. That such teaching is not the
easiest duty one can accept, every mother knows full well, and would
much prefer to do the work herself, if conscience permitted, than be
subjected to the tediousness and annoyance of drilling a child to do
it. But this is a mother’s mission, which it is not wise to delegate to
another.

When a child has been repeatedly shown precisely how to do certain
things, begin to leave these little _chores_ for it to do alone when
you are not near. Let it be something trivial at first, of course. Say
to the little two-year-old, “Mamma must go out for a little while. I
am sorry to leave the nursery in such disorder; but Eddie is such a
helpful little man, he will put all the blocks and ‘Noah’s Ark’ up just
as I like to see them; and little Kitty, too, knows how I wish her to
fold the doll’s clothes and lay them in the drawer, when her play is
over; I am sure this room will look very nice when I return.”

If this kindly training is begun early, do you not know how proud
and happy these miniature men and women will feel when this work is
intrusted to their care,--a token of mother’s confidence in their
ability? Of course, it may be necessary to be a little _short-sighted_
when you return, and pass over for the time some few items that
will bear improvement; but let these wait. Appear pleased--_be
pleased_--with their efforts; give as much sweet praise as is
judicious, to gladden their little hearts. It will be time enough when
the next trial is made to say, “I think I would fold this little dress
so,” or, “Put those books here.” Gentle hints, interspersed with all
possible approval, will fix the lesson, so that you can soon feel safe
to put the play-room almost wholly in the care of quite young children,
except the sweeping or other work beyond their strength. But these
lessons, as we said before, must begin early, else the child will learn
to prefer being waited upon to doing the work itself.

As your child can bear it, add year by year to the trust and
responsibility. Accept the labor as a love-offering to save your time
and strength, and it will not be long before willing hands and happy
hearts will really lighten your labors, and save you many weary steps,
while at the same time they are learning a lesson that will do them
good through life. Vary the teaching, by sending the child, by and
by, out to do a little shopping,--some small thing, but such as will
call for the exercise of taste and a little judgment; nothing of much
importance, so that, should there chance to be a slight mistake, no
great harm will follow; yet so much that the child, by thus learning to
judge and discriminate in small things, will be preparing for greater
ones.

An expedition of this kind stands out among the brightest of our
childhood memories. It was in a season of severe sickness both at home
and in the vicinity. Our mother was ill, the older children either on
the sick list or absent. It was quite necessary to send to the _shire
town_, twelve miles distant, where, in those “long-ago” days, the most
important shopping was done, and the foreign groceries purchased.
Father had his buggy at the door just ready to start on this tour,
and was making a list of the last items, and directions from mother,
when he was summoned in great haste to a patient. Here was a dilemma!
The purchases _must_ be made; the patient _must_ be cared for. What
was to be done? We were sitting in the south hall-door, playing with
the baby, so near to the sick-room that we could not help hearing the
consultation. Father must go to his patient; but who was to go for
the articles so greatly needed? The “tailoress” would be on hand in
the morning, and the cloth must be had for her work; a tailoress was
an important character in those days, and if we lost _our turn_ there
would be weeks to wait before we could secure her again. That would
never do, for “the boys” must soon return to school, and their clothes
be ready, anyhow. What could be done? We heard the hurried talk, with
a kind of dreamy wonder as to how they would settle the troublesome
question; but, as one who could have no personal interest in the
solution, went on with our frolic with baby, when mother said, “Write
out a list, with full directions, and send E----.”

What a bound our heart gave! We nearly dropped the baby. _We_, not
twelve years old; and mother thought we could be trusted to do such a
big thing! We felt a half-head taller only to think that mother--bless
her!--thought us capable of it. Whether it was decided that we should
go or not was, just then, quite a secondary consideration, yet we were
“all ears” to catch father’s reply: “Send that child! What does she
know of buying anything? And this is a very important errand.”

Ah! here our heart collapsed; we didn’t quite want to go,--the work
seemed so great,--but we did want father to think us as trustworthy and
capable as mother did.

“If you think it safe for her to drive alone so far, I think you
may trust her to do the errand well, with suitable directions. The
merchants and grocers are old friends, and will not take advantage of
the child.”

“Well, it is the only thing we can do,” said father, with an anxious,
dissatisfied tone, and this great responsibility was committed to our
care.

How much we thought in that long twelve-miles ride to the town! What
anxious thoughts on the return ride, fearing that we had forgotten
something, or made some ill-advised purchase; but under it all there
was a dull pain to remember that father didn’t quite trust us, which
did not leave us until, safe at home, all the purchases laid out and
examined, he drew us to his knee, close by mother’s sick-bed, and
kissed us, with, “Well done, my brave girl! Hasn’t she done well,
mother?”

How much good that day’s work did us, giving us courage when duties
seemed too hard for us, we can never estimate; but the most precious
of all was our mother’s trust and father’s approbation. It is only by
love and gentleness that a child can be taught to find real enjoyment
in later or important cares. Exact it as a duty; sternly command,
watch, with constant suspicion and fault-finding, and labor is a
drudgery, and cares of any kind a terror to the young. The child either
becomes stubborn, or, if timid and loving, is so nervously fearful
of being blamed, that this very fear insures the dreaded results.
Ah, if young mothers could know how many hours of self-reproach the
grandmothers pass as they look to the time when their little ones were
around them, and see, too late, how many mistakes they made simply by
their own impatience, over-strictness, and want of confidence in their
children’s good intention and desire to do right, it might save them
from much regret, and their children from many temptations. But each
one must have an experience of her own. When young, we seldom are ready
to profit by the experience of the old, or think them of much more
importance than “old wives’ fables,” but when, after many mistakes, we
arrive at middle age, we are able to estimate their value.




XXVI.

WHO INVENTED BREAD?


AMONG the countless varieties of food, bread, in some form or other,
has been almost universally recognized as “the staff of life.” When it
became so truly a necessity, or who was the happy inventor, we know
not. How far before the creation wise men have pushed their researches
and discoveries, we have not the skill to ascertain. The first mention
of bread we remember is in the third chapter of Genesis, when Adam was
driven from Paradise and compelled “in the sweat of his face to eat
bread,” “because he hearkened to the voice of his wife.” Many of his
sons have, since their forefathers’ time, regained Paradise, because
they _did_ listen to their wives’ counsels. We wonder if men do not
sometimes forget this, and cherish a little spiteful vindictiveness,
because through the first mother their prototype fell, and he had to
“work for his living.” Perhaps it is this memory which makes them
so restive under the present efforts for a recognition of a broader
platform for “women’s rights.” How silly, brethren! Let bygones be
bygones. Did not the curse fall heavier on us for our first mother’s
folly, than on you for Adam’s very ready participation in it? Don’t
bear malice! Help us up,--not above you, for we do not belong there,
but close by your side,--where we may do good to you, as you do good to
us. If Adam had not been off on a council committee, public dinner, or
at a club house, but working and caring for his farm in Eden with his
wife, we don’t believe Eve would have been tempted, or, being tempted,
would have eaten that miserable apple. But we shall never learn how
bread was invented if we linger.

“Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground.” The
production of grain for food has always been recognized as the sign of
an advanced stage of civilization. Like most of the early traces of
progress, the time when grain first began to be transformed into bread
is quite obscure. For a long period the grain was eaten, when green,
either raw, boiled, or roasted. The Greeks usually deified every new
thing. Ceres was supposed to have first brought husbandry into some
regular system; therefore they at once constituted her the goddess of
Agriculture; and Pan, according to their belief, invented bread, and
was forthwith exalted into a god; but long before Ceres or Pan were
worshipped, the Egyptians cultivated the earth and made bread from the
grain.

When the angels appeared on the plains of Mamre and foretold the birth
of a son, in Abraham’s old age, he hastened into a tent and said to
Sarah, “Make ready quickly three measures of meal, knead it, and make
cakes upon the hearth.”

Many modes of preparing grain, either in cakes or bread, are seen in
the paintings discovered in the tombs of the Egyptians; but doubtless
for many years the chief food was fish, flesh, or fruit. The Indians
used a kind of wild corn, when driven to it by the scarcity of game,
or if unsuccessful in hunting; but they never attempted to cultivate
it. They boiled it when green, or baked it on hot stones, or roasted it
by their fires, as we do the cultivated Indian-corn. Maize or Turkish
wheat and a kind of millet are still used, unground, among the poorer
classes in Egypt, boiled in milk or water, or roasted.

At a later period, rude stones were made to separate the husks from the
kernel; and not long since, it may be even now, in the remote parts
of Scotland, a large block of hard wood was dug out smoothly, and
after the grain had been well dried, the barley or oats was beaten in
it till the husk was removed. When sufficiently broken or bruised to
loosen the hull, it was scooped up into the hand, little by little, and
blown gently with the mouth to remove all the husk, and then made into
pottage or porridge. It now seems a small thing to have all our grain
ground and sifted by machinery worked by steam; but how tedious must
have been the ancient process! The _quern_ used in Scotland to remove
the husk and prepare the barley for use is supposed to have found its
way thither through the Romans, who always carried hand-mills in their
marches or raids upon other nations. It is very simple, and perhaps the
first kind of corn mill on record. “The quern was made of two stones,”
says Dr. Johnson, “a foot and a half in diameter; the lower stone a
little convex; to which the concavity of the upper stone was fitted. In
the middle of the upper one was a round hole, and on one side a long
handle. The grinder gradually shred the corn into this hole with one
hand, and worked the handle with the other. Thus the corn slid down
into the hollow of the lower stone, and by the motion of the upper was
ground in the passage.” The quern acts so much on the principle of our
mill-stones that our mills might be called querns, built on a larger
scale, and run by steam or machinery. The meal thus ground was made
into pottage or porridge, being boiled in milk or water, or “brose”
when it was roasted, and boiled up in water in which salt meat had been
cooked.

Who first conceived the idea of using yeast or leaven, or making bread
by any process of fermentation, or at what period it was first so made,
we do not learn. We know that the Israelites made leavened bread; so
did the Egyptians and Grecians; but who first invented yeast or leaven?
The Romans, it is thought, learned the art of bread-making, with many
other valuable lessons, during their war with Perseus, king of Macedon.
On the return of their armies from these wars, they brought Grecian
bakers with them into Italy. This was two hundred years before the
Christian era. Bakers were highly esteemed, and during the reign of
Augustus there were three hundred and twenty-nine public bake-houses in
Rome, chiefly under the management of Greeks, who were for many years
the only ones who could make good bread. They enjoyed many privileges,
and were put in charge of the public granaries.

The making of fermented bread then gradually found its way into Gaul;
but it was a long time before it was known in Northern Europe. In
the middle of the sixteenth century, unfermented cakes were the only
bread known in Sweden or Norway. It was not till near the end of the
sixteenth century that the use of yeast was much known in Northern
Europe. About that period yeast from Flanders was brought into Paris
as a substitute for leaven. This change greatly improved the bread; but
in 1688 the College of Physicians declared that bread made from yeast
was very injurious, and the government forbade its being used. But the
shrewd Flemish people put up yeast in sacks to allow the liquid part to
filter through, and privately sent it to Paris. The excellence of the
bread thus made became so evident, that the College of Physicians and
their wisdom were forgotten, and the government’s prohibition quietly
allowed to sink into oblivion. Very soon this new and improved method
of preparing bread extended into other countries.

Leaven is flour and water mixed to a paste and set in a warm
place--from 70° to 80°--till it ferments, first passing into the vinous
and then to the acetous state. Bread made from leaven differs from
that made from yeast by almost always having an acid taste. A piece of
dough, from well-raised bread, set aside on ice or in a cool place, and
worked into the next batch to be made, gives the best mode of making
leaven; and by working a little soda into it before setting the sponge,
will make very fine bread, without the acidity common to leavened
bread, if managed with care.

Wheat bread is now common in most countries. The best and whitest is
made from the flour of the first grinding. _Gluten_ is a very important
part of flour, and it is that which gives wheat the superiority over
all other grains, it being found only in small quantities in any other.
It is the gluten which helps to form the adhesive paste essential to
secure fermentation. It is common in the animal kingdom, but rare in
the vegetable, and therefore is sometimes called the _vegeto-animal
principle_. The more gluten the better and more nutritious the flour.
The loss of this principle, by sprouting, mildew, etc., destroys the
adhesive power so necessary to making good bread. The best qualities
of flour take up the largest quantity of moisture; the amount which
can be absorbed depends on the quantity of gluten. In dry weather,
flour requires more moisture than in wet, and long and faithful
kneading will add to the power of absorption, without making the bread
too thin. Common salt and alum are often used to give poor flour the
tenderness and whiteness of good brands. A little salt is good, but too
much is injurious, both to the bread and to the health,--alum still
more injurious. Liebig recommends lime-water in bread-making. A quarter
of a pound of slacked lime to a gallon of pure rain or distilled water,
kept in closely stopped bottles; two and a half pints of the lime-water
to nine pounds of flour, he says, will make a sweet, fine-grained,
elastic bread of exquisite flavor. The lime-water to be mixed with
the flour before the yeast is added. Of course, it will not be enough
moisture for that amount of flour, and as much more water is added as
is needed. Liebig claims that the lime will give the wheat a larger
amount of bone-making element, and therefore be more nutritious.

Rice flour, or potatoes combined with flour, help to take up moisture,
and keep bread from drying. Rye flour makes a dark-colored bread, but
is sweet and palatable, retaining moisture longer than wheat. Indian
meal, mixed with rye, and a spoonful or two of molasses added with
the yeast, makes the New England brown bread; but to have that in
perfection it should be baked in a brick oven, and remain all night;
then, warm and fresh for breakfast, it is unrivalled.

Graham bread is made from unbolted wheat, the bran not separated from
the flour. The coarse meal swells more in rising, and should not be
made so stiff as fine flour. It sours more quickly, requires a hotter
oven, and longer time to bake. Much kneading is essential to cement
together the starch, sugar, albumen, and gluten found in wheat. It is
not easy to knead bread sufficiently for a satisfactory result. Many
machines for this purpose have been invented, but we have yet to see
one that can be as fully depended upon as a strong arm and a skillful
hand. The _hand_ only can decide truly when every lump is dissolved,
and suitable combinations made. When the dough springs under the
touch, instead of clinging to the fingers, when the fist bears its
full impression in the dough, and none adheres to the hand, the cook
may cease from the labor. This labor may be lightened by pounding and
chopping at intervals, and with much benefit; but the hand is the chief
dependence.

If the yeast is bitter, pour on water, and let it stand a few hours;
then drain it off, and use the thick part which has settled at the
bottom. The water will absorb the bitterness, unless it is from age,
and not because of too many hops. In this case, a piece of charcoal
heated through, but not so hot as to kill the yeast, thrown into the
yeast jar, will correct it; but we should prefer to throw away the
yeast, and make new.

When all the rules for making good bread have been faithfully followed,
all will fail if not properly baked. We think nothing has yet been
found that is equal to the brick oven; but in whatever oven you bake,
one rule is common to all,--see that the heat is just right; from 350°
to 400° is the proper range for bread. If fresh flour or meal is thrown
on the bottom of the oven, and turns a clear brown at once, it is
right; if it becomes black the oven is too hot.

We have been greatly indebted to Webster’s “Encyclopædia of Domestic
Economy,” and Professor Youmans’ “Handbook of Domestic Science,” for
our information on bread.




XXVII.

HOW ABOUT THE LITTLE GIRLS?


“A SHORT time since you advocated ‘teaching little boys to be useful’
by training them to do, indoors or out, whatever, for the time being,
lay within the compass of their strength and ability. But now we wish
to ask, How about _little girls_? The boys say it isn’t fair to call
upon them to perform ‘girls’ work,’ unless the girls are made to
reciprocate the favor, and are willing to take their turn in doing
‘boys’ work’ when necessary.”

Bless your little hearts, dear boys! Who objects to that? Not the
little girls, certainly. Isn’t it just what many of the _big girls_ are
seeking to do, and the _big boys_--“children of a larger growth” than
you, my little man--are striving to prevent? Where is the girl, unless
she has by fashion and conventionalities been unnaturally biassed,
who would not gladly, once in a while, exchange sewing, sweeping,
and dusting for a run out into the free air and glad sunshine, to
take your place, and do your work,--feed the chickens, weed in the
garden, hoe the corn, milk the cows, or rake the hay,--though modern
improvements have of late cheated them of half such pleasures? Anything
that little boys can do, little girls would think “such fun,” if they
might occasionally have the privilege of doing it,--country girls,
we mean,--God help those whose home is in the city! There are so few
pleasures there that the young can enjoy in the open air. To walk on
hard, cold sidewalks, dressed like little ballet-dancers, or ride over
the rough pavements, with no free, untrammeled movement, or through the
dirty streets, with their vile, impure smells, can give no such joys
as our country damsels, with their larger inheritance and more abundant
blessings, are in daily possession of. There is nothing equal to the
pleasure our little folks may find, in any kind of outdoor employment,
that is suited to their age and strength. These simple labors prepare
them for larger and more important duties, and the knowledge will
bring abiding comfort and self-reliance as they advance in age and
intelligence.

“Will not such work make girls coarse, romping, and hoydenish? Rough,
noisy boys are bad enough; would you have our girls become like them?”

Is it the outdoor work that makes them so? Is it not rather the
overflow of animal spirits that can find no way of escape but by
boisterous, wild action? It is not very agreeable to the old and staid,
to be sure, and it certainly is less annoying outdoors than in; yet it
promotes health, and is only what we all did, or longed to do, in our
youth. Age will soon tame the wild spirits, or restrain a too exuberant
overflow, and nothing keeps them in check like pleasant labor. There
are, to be sure, sometimes unfortunate associations with really coarse,
rude natures, which are very objectionable. We would never allow girls
or boys to come under such influence if we could help it; but that
evil is to be found in every position,--as often in the house as in
the field,--and if not inherent in your child’s own character, the
influence will soon be discarded, the dross be separated, and the purer
nature rise dominant. You must go out of the world to insure safety
from such contact.

“But country girls are not often ladylike and graceful; and work
outdoors will tend to make them still more awkward. I couldn’t endure
to see my little girl brought up under such influences.”

We have never found in the city more graceful, ladylike, intelligent,
pure-minded girls than we have seen in the country; but we have
sometimes noticed that those who live nearest to the city, or
have spent much time there, too often acquire artificial habits,
affectation, coquetry, loud, bold speech, or a fondness for dress, too
stylish for a truly modest girl’s adorning, that is seldom seen in
real country life. We do not think that any kind or amount of labor
will make one less modest or ladylike. We believe that our girls
should know how to do, with their own hands, everything that they have
strength for, and thereby secure and establish vigor and capacity
for duties that, in after years, may fall to their lot. We do not
mean that outdoor labor should be their habitual employment. We wish
them to have the actual knowledge; but the heavier work, which more
appropriately belongs to boys and men, should be undertaken by girls
and women only on an emergency. Then love or will, or both united, can
make woman strong to do the hardest work, if she has the knowledge,
while the necessity lasts. It is because such calls may be made on
every one all through life, that we would have each one secure the
knowledge early; but in extreme cases, the overstrain on a woman’s
physical life, if long continued, will compel the payment of large
interest in later years, and therefore should be undertaken through
necessity only. God has not organized man and woman alike, physically;
nor, do we believe, mentally either. We hasten to add, lest we should
be arraigned for heresy, that we do not say they are not _equal_, but
only _different_; the question of equality we wait for their own works
to answer. Woman has sweeter, tenderer, dearer duties, demanding an
organization distinct from that which fits man for his rougher, harder,
more extended, more public, but not more noble work. We hear of women
who have cut down their timber, built their walls, ploughed their
fields, or done the blacksmithing for the neighborhood with their own
hands, from choice,--a kind of work which we could not do, and would
not if we could, unless driven to it by some pressing necessity; but
we should like to store up the knowledge how to do it against the time
of need. Still, we need not object if others take pleasure in it. Yet
will not their own bodies, when they leave youth behind and go down to
middle age, bear witness against the unnatural strain which they have
been subjected to? Those whose office it is “to replenish the earth”
cannot make these violent drafts upon their system with impunity. It is
not for a regular, daily occupation that we would desire to have girls
taught how to do their brothers’ work as well as their own, though
much that pertains to that will always be pleasant and attractive, and
light work in the open air will always furnish healthy exercise for
our girls; but we want to see every member of the family so educated
that there may never occur a vacancy about the home that some one, girl
or boy, man or woman, is not able and willing to step into and fill
satisfactorily. To this end, faithfully teach your little ones, girls
or boys, to put their hands to any work that is necessary.

“Next you will tell us to let our girls saw and split wood, milk the
cows, harness and unharness the horse, etc.”

Yes. Why not? They should know how to do all this, and do it well; and
try it often enough to feel at ease and without fear in the effort, and
that will be sufficient for the present. But suppose in a few years
your daughter marries, and goes from you to some distant settlement
where neighbors are scarce and “help” uncertain. Girls of wealth and
refinement have done such things. Let the monotony of frontier life
be occasionally enlivened by a real attack of chills and fever in
which all take a part. When husband and “help,” if your daughter is
so fortunate as to secure any, take their turn in _shaking_, will not
the wife look back to the time when brother Will and she had their
miniature saws and hatchets, and made much sport in preparing the
kindlings? Won’t she see that the knowledge how to do this, which was
simply amusement then, has been stored up for real service now? She
little thought when grandpa taught her to milk old Brindle without
fear of the gentle animal, how she would thank him for it in this
far-off home. Are you sure that your little girl will never be placed
in circumstances, for only a few hours perhaps, when she would be most
thankful to know how to do any one of these things? Can you not imagine
circumstances where it would be an incalculable blessing? We can, any
number of them, not at all beyond the bounds of possibility. We have
known cases where it was almost a matter of life or death, that a lady
should have skill and courage to harness a horse and hasten for help.
These cases may be rare; yet if they come but once in a lifetime, is
not the lesson worth the learning? If you were driving a team--a very
desirable accomplishment for any young lady--and the harness should
break or become unfastened, ought you not, for your own safety, to know
how to repair the mischief? Every girl should early learn how each part
of the harness must be adjusted, else the pleasure and independence of
being able to drive when older will be attended with much risk, and
often with fatal consequences. Youth--early childhood--is the time
to secure this knowledge, that you may be prepared to use it with
confidence and self-control when needed. Even if it is never needed in
later life, _knowing how_ will not injure any one.




XXVIII.

STEALING SERVANTS.


IN _The Christian Union_ a while ago, “Laicus” gives the history of a
transaction between two neighbors, in which he thinks the indignation
manifested by one of the parties was uncalled for, and her objection to
the proceeding of the other “but a relic of the old-time slave system.”
The case given was in this wise.

Mrs. Potiphar, it seems, “picks up a little girl in New York, and goes
through all the trouble, discomfort, and anxiety of teaching her, until
she becomes, at last, a very useful and efficient servant.” Those who
have undertaken the training of young girls, not their own, will agree
that Mrs. Potiphar’s task was not an enviable one, and that the girl
owed her a debt of gratitude, which faithful, willing service alone
could pay. As the child improved under this training, wages were given,
until after five years’ education she received ten dollars a month.
Mrs. Potiphar, appreciating the good qualities the girl had developed,
failed not to give her ample praise; said she was “worth her weight in
gold,” an expression very common, yet not usually taken literally; but
she did not increase her wages. It may have been that she gave all that
the work demanded of her was worth, or all that she could afford to
give; it matters not which; it is no evidence, however, that she wished
to defraud the girl of her just dues; it argues no injustice on Mrs.
Potiphar’s part. But good friends, kind neighbors, behind her back,
said it was a shame to pay Sophia so little; while to the lady’s face,
however, they gave smiles and congratulations “upon her good luck.”
Ah, what a pity that gossiping, meddling, and backbiting should be
found in this beautiful world of ours. How much trouble and mischief
these vices have caused! Much of the discomfort and disturbance in
our households springs from this evil spirit, making servants fickle
and unfaithful, and their mistresses’ life a burden. And it is all
so needless! There is little fear, even when not tampered with, that
girls will remain long on low wages, unless the privileges and kind
care bestowed upon them are of more value than larger pay, and they
have the good sense so to understand it. Every girl has a perfect right
to seek the highest remuneration, and so that she gives her present
employer reasonable notice, to enable her to secure other assistance,
or to offer her larger wages, however great the disappointment to the
lady may be, the girl has acted honorably and is worthy of no censure.
But in the case cited by “Laicus,” Mrs. Chessleburg’s course is so
repugnant, so foreign to all our ideas of honor, that we should hope
there was some mistake in print, did we not know such acts are of daily
occurrence.

Mrs. Potiphar has an excellent waiting-maid, just what Mrs. Chessleburg
wants. Mrs. Chessleburg is much exercised in her mind because Mrs.
Potiphar gives the poor girl such low wages.

“She is well worth fourteen dollars a month to me, if she is worth
a penny.” Four dollars extra would be quite an addition to Sophia’s
income. To be sure it would. So her nurse-girl goes confidentially
(_privately_ we presume that means) and tells Sophia that Mrs.
Chessleburg will give her fourteen dollars a month if she will leave
the lady, who, five years ago, “picked her up in New York,” and has
taught her, during these years, to be such a desirable servant. The
girl goes, of course. Mrs. Potiphar thinks it mean “to steal her girl
away in that style.” _So do we._ Is it strange that we think Mrs.
Chessleburg’s desire to right the girl’s supposed wrongs had its
origin less in real benevolence than in the selfish anxiety to secure
a valuable servant for herself? We certainly must, notwithstanding
“Laicus’s” perplexity, join with the ladies in thinking Mrs.
Chessleburg’s proceeding highly objectionable, and are confident
employees as well as employers will agree in this matter.

We read the article in question to the superintendent of our farm, and
said, “How does this strike you? How shall we answer this question? If
the girl’s work was worth more than ten dollars, was it not right that
she should have it?”

“Yes; but I shouldn’t think that was the right way for a lady to do?
Why didn’t she go to the girl’s mistress, instead of sending her
nurse-maid to the girl privately? I don’t think any lady would do such
a thing.”

“Well! I think you are right about house servants. But on the farm, in
your position, for instance, as foreman, there is some difference, is
there not? Supposing some gentleman should offer you more than we do,
what would you think of that?”

“That he was no gentleman. I don’t see the difference. If he wished to
make any such offer, he should go to my employer and state the case,
but not to me.”

“But you are not bound to stay with us. If you can better yourself, you
have a perfect right to do so. You are a free man.”

“Yes, I know that; but I think there should be some honor, if there is
no law, about such things; and I don’t think a gentleman acts honorably
who tempts a man with offers of higher wages to leave his employer’s
service. Let him go, like a man, to the proprietor of the work himself.”

“Maggie,” said we afterward, “if a lady should send one of her girls to
you with an offer for more wages than I give, what would you think of
it?”

“O, I’ve had that trick tried on me, ma’am! No _lady_ would do it,
and I’d not risk living with any one who would connive at such a mean
thing.”

“Why, what would you have her do?”

“Come right to yer, ma’am, or advertise. Sure the papers are open to
any one who chooses to advertise.”

Now, this subject appears too clear for any question of right or wrong,
liberty or slavery. The same course--open and above-board--should be
plain to both employer and employé. Among business men this law of
honor is fully understood. The amount of wages in all employments is
well defined. Custom fixes the prices for specified labor. It is those
who offer beyond the accepted rates who cause most of the trouble
experienced in all classes of labor.

A manufacturer engages a certain number of men to work in his mill.
He offers and they accept the regular rates of payment. A neighboring
manufacturer is short of hands, and privately goes to these men,
_bribing_ them, for it is nothing short of a bribe, with offers of
higher wages to leave their present work and come to him. If their
ideas of honor are no higher than his own, they will probably accept
the bribe, and their first employer’s mills must stand idle until
he can secure others to fill their places. Would you not call this
dishonorable? This is acceded to in the outdoor world, among merchants,
mechanics, manufacturers, and farmers. But how much more sacred, how
much stronger, should this code of honor be to us, in the family!

If we learn that a girl has “given warning” to her employer of her
intention to leave, we have a perfect right to try and secure her; but
to avoid the least appearance of evil, to do truly “as we would be
done by,” we should think it but wise and just to go first to the lady
and signify our wishes, making such inquiries as may be needed. In the
case given by “Laicus,” however, the nurse-maid is sent, and offers of
higher wages given through her. The girl is _bought_. We cannot think
it acting honorably by the mistress or kindly by the maid. If tempted
once to act secretly, she probably can be again, and from a useful,
reliable servant may become one on whom there can be no dependence.

If this mode of securing assistance is accepted as a correct and
honorable practice, no one is safe. In every department we shall be at
the mercy of the selfish and unscrupulous.

The laborer is evidently worthy of his hire, and in this country no
class of people are likely to remain long in ignorance of the price
they can command, or to estimate their ability at too low a rate.

We object to no one’s obtaining the full value for his work, but claim
that there should be no meddling, no underhand work to buy servants
or laborers from another, by the private offer of larger wages.
Advertising is open to all, and brings the needed help to you; but if
you do not choose that mode of supplying yourselves with laborers, then
let the employer be applied to, and if you can give his or her servants
better terms than they now receive, there are not many who will not
advise them to accept the offer. We do not think that ladies enact any
such law, as that “no servant shall be offered a better post than the
one now occupied, so long as he or she remains in it”; but we do claim
that the good old rule should be as fully recognized in dealing with a
neighbor’s servant as in everything else, namely, “Do unto others as ye
would that others should do unto you.”




XXIX.

FALL CLEANING.


THE summer is over and gone; cold nights and mornings have so
frightened and subdued the flies, that it is easy to hunt them from
the house, and by a little extra watchfulness prevent their gaining
possession again. The sun, still quite warm and summer-like in the
middle of the day, tempts them out from their hiding-places, and they
will swarm in at open doors and windows, if unprotected by wire and
net frames, in great numbers. Take care that these safeguards are
doing duty whenever windows or doors are opened for ventilation or
comfort, else the skillful little manœuvrers will soon gain access.
Drive them out toward night into the cool evening air. A few really
cold nights will free you from these vexatious intruders, and enable
you to commence fall cleaning in peace and safety. The danger always
is, that this part of fall labor will be undertaken too early. The
first ten or twelve days of September are usually raw and cold. The
flies, crawling into warm nooks and corners, pretend to be asleep. The
housekeeper, forgetting the experience of former years, hastens to get
out scrub-cloths, brushes, and all the implements of house-cleaning.
Those whose homes are in the city hurry back with the first puff of
cold air, believing that flies and heat have both alike departed for
the season. But they soon learn that this is a great mistake. These
chilly, cold days are usually followed by ten days or a fortnight as
warm as midsummer, and generally quite unhealthy. Nothing but real
necessity should tempt any to leave the country before they have
fully enjoyed the most perfect month of the whole year,--_October_.
But whether in city or country, those who attempt to do their fall
cleaning in September will have short-lived satisfaction compared with
the comfort derived from the same work in October. Flies, spiders, and
wasps, if not harmless then, are at least so far disabled as to be
easily conquered, and until that is accomplished, house-cleaning on a
large scale is wasted labor.

The first thing to be done, preparatory to house-cleaning, is to
have all the chimneys thoroughly swept, and the furnace, range, and
grate flues, not only perfectly cleaned from soot, but examined by a
competent workman; especially is this needful if the house has been
closed or only partially used during the summer. Before real winter
weather comes, everything of this kind should be in perfect order.

Have the furnace-grate examined, as it may have been corroded by rust
while unused, or so far burned out that, if neglected, some cold
morning when a bright glowing fire is most needed it may break down
and let your fire out. It will not be pleasant to sit shivering while
the old grate is being mended or a new one fitted. The range-grate and
fire-bricks must also be looked after and repaired for winter use. A
little attention now will save much expense and discomfort later in the
season.

If carpenters’ or masons’ work, whitewashing, painting, glazing,
or plumbing is needed, it should all be done before any cleaning
is attempted. If left till afterward, this kind of work is a great
terror to housekeepers. To secure seasonable attention to all these
matters, it is essential that the mechanics who are needed should be
engaged some weeks in advance; but remember that such workmen are,
unfortunately, not as good in _keeping_ promises as in _breaking_
them; therefore watch closely, and hold them to their agreement. This
habit of promising more than can be performed is a very pernicious
one, and in the end most unprofitable. Mechanics are tempted to this
dishonorable practice by anxiety to secure a good job. Knowing the
great demand for labor, they imagine if they promise to do your work at
a given time, come and do a little, then go to some one else, leaving
your work half finished, then back to you again for a while,--the
second party annoyed by the same vexatious delay,--that your necessity
compels you to endure silently if not patiently. You may submit for
this once, but never burn your fingers twice at the same fire. Let
it once be understood that employers of all kinds look upon a broken
promise as destroying all confidence, and that they will under no
circumstances give a _promise-breaker_ a second opportunity to beguile
them, and this great trial to grace and patience would soon be overcome.

While repairs are going on, bring down all the woolen garments,
blankets, furs, or pieces of carpeting that have been stored away for
the summer. Take them out on the grass-plat under your clothes-line,
before removing the wrappers, for the preparation in which they have
been put away is not very pleasant to the smell, particularly if it
is Poole’s powder, which we think the safest as well as the most
disagreeable. If it is a windy day, hang all on the clothes-line for a
good snapping before you attempt to brush them, and most of the powder
will blow off. After an hour or two in sun and wind, brush them well
with a nice whisk-broom, and, when done, the garments and blankets may
be put in their proper places and the pieces of carpeting sewed up in
bagging or canvas or put into a spare trunk. They will need no more
powder till spring, if carefully stored and occasionally aired through
the winter.

The coal, of course, you had put into the cellar last spring, as it
is usually cheaper about May than in the fall. The ashes and soot
having been removed, the flues, furnace, and grates all in order, the
house should now be swept from the attic to the cellar. Ingrain and
three-ply carpets ought to be taken up every year, unless in rooms but
little used, and after being well shaken or taken to the carpet-shaking
mill, they should be laid out of the way till the room from which they
were taken is cleaned. Brussels, Wiltons, Axministers, and all the
heavier carpets should not be raised oftener than every three years.
Very little dust sifts through such fabrics, and careful sweeping and
the use of a good “carpet-sweeper” will preserve them from all harm. In
sweeping, preparatory to cleaning, it is well to draw the tacks in the
corners and turn such heavy carpets back, so that with a whisk-broom
any dirt that may have settled there can be easily removed. It is but
little work, and the corners can be readily tacked down again.

When the sweeping is all done, a most thorough dusting is the next
operation, so that wood-work, walls, and gas-brackets may be free from
loose dirt before water is used. The paint is much easier cleaned after
this than if the dust were allowed to remain and be washed off. Some
recommend the latter to _save time_. We think it _wastes_ time.

The walls should be dusted with a long-handled feather duster, then
with a clean dry cloth pinned smoothly over a clean broom; wipe them
down evenly, beginning at the top and passing in a straight line, “by
a thread” as a seamstress would say, to the bottom, changing the cloth
as it becomes soiled. Next remove all chimneys and shades from the
chandeliers and gas-burners; wash clean, dry and polish with a soft
linen towel, and then with chamois-skin, and put them into a closet
till the room is cleaned. Now with a cloth, wrung from weak, hot suds,
wipe off the brackets and chandeliers, and rub dry with chamois-skin.
Draw a coarse linen thread, double, through the opening in the tip of
all the gas-burners to remove any dust that may have settled in them
while unused. This done, if you have two or three hands at work, the
cleaning may be so divided as to be done quite expeditiously; let
one wash the windows while another cleans the paint. The windows, if
long unused, need to be well washed in warm suds, into which a little
spirits of ammonia have been poured,--two teaspoonfuls to half a bucket
of suds; then well rinsed in clear water, wiped dry, and polished
with chamois-skin. This same proportion of suds and ammonia will
also clean paint very easily, and without injury to the hands. It is
good for cleaning marble slabs and mantles. The plated door-handles,
bell-pulls, etc., come next in order for cleaning; and here, if a piece
of oil-cloth is cut to slip over each, so that the walls may not be
tarnished, the hot suds and ammonia will prove very effective. A piece
of old carpet or drugget should be laid down as you clean windows,
paint, or plated ware, if the carpet is down, and moved from one spot
to another as you go on.

Now all is ready to put the last touch to the room. Wring a clean cloth
from some warm, clear water, in which a little alum or salt has been
dissolved, and wipe hard each breadth of the carpet, rubbing straight
down the nap. Wring out the cloth often, to rinse off all the dust,
and change the water if it looks very dingy. This brings up the nap
and gives a new and fresh look to carpets of all kinds; only be sure
that the cloth is not so wet as to drip. Leave the windows open when
the carpet is finished, and shut the doors till it is thoroughly dried
before bringing in what furniture was moved out to clean the room.




XXX.

FASHIONABLE DRESS.


WE are often asked why we do not speak out plainly, in the way of
counsel and reproof, about the absurdities of fashionable dress, now so
apparent? What good would it do? Almost every paper has spoken plainly,
or hinted--the worst kind of speaking, however unmistakable--on this
subject, and what is the result? Week by week the fashion-plates are
increasingly monstrous, until at last we are uncertain whether it is a
_bona fide_ fashion plate we are looking at or “Punch” and “The Budget
of Fun.” Neither could take greater liberties or more atrociously
caricature “the human form divine.” And, what would be very amusing
if the weakness did not excite so much pity, those who urge us to
contribute our mite toward a reform, a more Christian mode of dress,
are themselves marvellous structures,--a pile, composed of frizzed,
braided, curled, and puffed hair, under which a small, delicate face
appears; a dress fringed, flounced, puffed, and trailing, with hoops
and panniers protruding like a dromedary’s hump; and all this miserable
deformity borne about on high heels and the tips of the toes, the
discomfort and pain of such unnatural locomotion accepted and endured
because it is _the fashion_. Yet these fair inquirers appeared wholly
unconscious that their own disfigurement was a stronger appeal for aid
than any words could have been.

Why not begin this reform in your own dress? Brush your hair smoothly,
and give us the satisfaction of once more seeing what the head is, as
God made it; take off yards of silk, lace, and fringe, and show us your
natural, graceful figure. You who move in what is called fashionable
society can do more by such independence than all that can be written.
Try one season, and mark the change you would effect. “O, we couldn’t
think of such a thing! ‘As well be out of the world as out of fashion,’
you know. It would make us so very conspicuous by our singularity. We
think it would not be _modest_ to take such a stand. No one person can
effect the change: it must be simultaneous.”

Ah, had all reformers reasoned so, what would now be the condition
of the civilized world! But Fashion is a tyrant; and we fear volumes
written on the evils which she brings will do little good until women
have learned to defy her. A few in every age have done valiantly in
their attempts to dethrone her, but she changes so often, and so
abruptly and entirely, it is difficult to keep track of her. As far
back as we can search, the whirligig of fashion has been in perpetual
motion, unceasing in its changes. The advice and admonition of age and
experience have little influence towards checking this long-established
tyranny. The old look sadly upon the vagaries of the young; but if
they glance back to their own early days, would they not recall
equal absurdities in the fashions of that period, or on a moment’s
reflection, perhaps, even the dress and style to which they still
pertinaciously adhere may be liable to the same criticism?

We vividly remember the look of dissatisfaction on our grandmother’s
face (a dear little woman, nearly eighty years old), whose keen black
eyes flashed ominously as we came before her for inspection, dressed
for our first party. We stood, at fourteen, a full head the taller, but
were abashed at the dignified air of authority with which she descanted
on the ridiculousness of our attire. A very narrow skirt, with a few
gathers in the back, three small pleats on each side,--it took but six
or seven yards then for a dress,--a full waist, with a narrow band
round the neck like a baby’s slip, and the belt almost under the
arms; a large lace “Vandyke,” or cape, over the shoulders; the hair
combed high on the top of the head and tightly tied, and the length
twisted into a knot or bow, and kept in place by a big tortoise-shell
comb, the top of it full three inches high and six or seven inches
round; and this placed back of the hair. Our first high-topped comb!
What a wonderful work of art it was in our eyes! And the dress--our
_first_ silk--of changeable hues, like the silks which are now coming
again into fashion,--how stylish it did look! We thought every one
must recognize its elegance. Yet here was this “little grandma,”
whose judgment, next to our mother’s, was infallible, looking with
disdain upon it, and turning our whole outfit into ridicule! It was
heartbreaking! And for our first party! Fourteen was very young to
go to parties in those days, but, being tall for our age, we were
invited by mistake we presume. At the present time _young ladies_ of
three and four send out and receive their cards, and with gloves and
fans, frizzled hair, and flounced dresses, mimic the affectation and
absurdities of their elders. We have no sweet, simple childhood any
longer.

But how was our revered critic attired? The soft, white hair, still
quite abundant, was brushed straight over from the brow, not tied on
top, but rolled as tightly as it could be drawn over what was then
called a pillow,--now it would be, we presume, a _rat_,--and fastened
on the top of the head by two long silver pins with arrow-heads; a
spotless white mull cap with a very high crown and deep frill was put
on over this pillow and tied with a broad black satin ribbon in a bow
on top; a string of gold beads, a square of white lace folded over the
shoulders and crossed in pleats in front, under the dress of heavy
black satin; the waist of said dress made long down to the hips, with
a point before and behind, the skirt not trailed but immensely full;
very high-heeled slippers; and on her arm a large black satin bag, or
_reticule_, embroidered with white beads, in which was the ever-present
knitting-work, completed the costume. And this queerly dressed
little grandmother scoffed at our newer style as being the height of
absurdity. Her dress appeared appropriate to her, because we had never
seen her otherwise attired; but with all affectionate deference to
her superior wisdom, we thought it very ugly, and would have shrunk
in disgust from wearing it ourselves; and doubtless our new dress in
which we then rejoiced would strike our grandchildren now as equally
undesirable.

So fashion changes, and words of expostulation are wasted. But in this
age of improvement, when we turn our backs on the things of old while
something new is daily being developed or invented, the wonder is, that
in the realms of Fashion we see so little purely original. Like a poor
horse in a treadmill, she goes the same circuit, and about every fifty
years she finds the end, and is compelled to return and reproduce,
with some strange additions, but few improvements, the styles our
grandmothers and great-grandmothers wore. The high heels, hoops,
trains, and panniers of to-day are but the renewal of the fashions of a
semi-barbarous age, which, once buried, should never have been revived.

Addison, in many of his writings (see particularly papers 98 and 127
in the “Spectator”), severely criticises the prevailing fashions of
his day. Many of these same deformities our better instructed women
have for a year or two past foolishly reproduced. We may not quote
his words, because the homely language of that period would shock
our greater refinement, (although if it could be arranged for opera
or theatre, his wholesome counsels might be listened to _in public_
without a blush!).

There is much to be said, aside from the absurdity of the style, and
its destruction of all grace and beauty, of the great extravagance
which must attend the present fashions, breaking up many homes and
alienating true love; and the permanent injury done to health,
subjecting its devotees to long years, perhaps, of discomfort and
lingering sufferings or an early grave.




XXXI.

LESSONS BY THE WAYSIDE.


LOVE lightens labor, and crowns Care with rosy garlands which beautify
her rugged and repellant features. But when those whose presence makes
labor easy are absent, Care is more likely to become a hard taskmaster.
Our house being thus left unto us desolate, for a few days, we rebel,
and have run away.

Seated all alone in one of those cozy little rooms in the
“palace-cars,” on the banks of the Hudson, we will try for once how
it feels to be free from care, and give ourselves up to the full
enjoyment of the position. How beautiful is the scenery through which
we are passing! Each one thinks his own native land, his own mountains
and rivers, the finest in the world. This feeling often grows into a
ludicrous weakness; but we are confident that our noble Hudson must be
acknowledged by all as ranking among the first.

  “Where will you find in foreign land
  So sweet a spot, so bold a strand?”

In spring-time, when every bush and tree is tipped with delicate green,
from the banks of the river to the highest point that overlooks it,
we call it more lovely than at any other season of the year. But in
summer, when the grass is just ready for the scythe, and blossoms of
fruit hang from every bough, we say this surpasses the spring. In
the early fall, the orchards scattered all along the river-side,
laden with the ripening fruit, in each variety of green, red, gold,
or russet, and the woods on either side brilliant with every shade of
color, add another charm to the wondrous beauty of the scenery. And
now, in this later autumn, as we see the

  “Leaves around us falling,
  Dry and withered, to the ground,”--

the lights and shadows on the mountains, the golden hues exchanged
for deeper russet, the dark red of the Ampelopsis mingling with
the rich color of the evergreens that cover the banks,--all caught
by the flashing river, and thrown back in broken and fantastic
reflection,--call for increasing admiration; and mid-winter, when the
ground is white with snow, and the trees are strung with diamonds, will
only furnish stronger cords to hold us steadfast to our allegiance.
There is not “half a kiss to choose” between the seasons on the banks
of our glorious Hudson. We love it always and in all its varied changes.

And this _is_ rest for the weary! How beautifully quiet the pretty
villages, nested in among the mountains or scattered along the banks,
appear! Is it possible that sickness or sorrow, heartaches or envyings,
fierce passions or corroding cares, can find a harbor near this
tranquil river? It must be so, no doubt; but as we fly quickly past,
and cannot see it, what is it all to us? Why trouble ourselves with the
thought of sorrows which we can neither alleviate nor prevent?

Ah! we may leave what we call our cares far behind; but we cannot shut
our eyes to the fact that sin, and therefore sorrow, is all about us,
as truly in the restful solitude of the little niche we for a few hours
occupy, as in the weary round of busy life. Out of sight, but almost
within reach of our hand, there is a sick child. We hear its feeble
cry, and think, from the sound, it must be quite young, and nearly
worn out with suffering. The mother, no doubt, tenderly loves her
child, yet long days of watching and sleepless nights have taxed her
strength to the utmost, and exhausted her patience. Sharp and irritable
words are spoken, and as we hear the little one, through the slight
partition that separates us, turn restlessly from side to side, unable
to find an easy spot, yet constantly longing for change, we know that
it is not gently placed on a cooler pillow, or taken to the mother’s
arms,--gathered to her bosom, and soothed with loving words. But
instead we hear, “O dear! what a torment! I am tired to death! Can’t
you lie still one minute?” How these tones make our heart quiver! No
doubt she is very weary, and perhaps full of pain herself; but with
each peevish, complaining word uttered over that frail little blossom,
she is planting

  “Thorns, _not_ roses, for her reaping, by and by.”

If she knew that in a few days, perhaps, her babe would be forever
hid from her eyes, would not the remaining hours of its short life be
soothed, regardless of her own pain, by the tenderest love, and each
word soft and sweet as the notes of the cushat-dove! And the father, in
full health and vigor, why does he not relieve the weary, overtasked
mother? Why does he not give her an hour’s rest, while the little one
finds in his strong arms a grateful change? for there is no cradle
so soft and soothing to a babe, sick or well, as a loving father’s
arms. Instead of bearing this yoke with his wife, we hear cross,
ungentlemanly, unsympathetic words of complaint addressed to her, and
harsh and peevish commands to the baby. We long to step across the
narrow passage that divides us, and, taking the little one into our
own arms, kindly tell the parents what seeds they are sowing; to say
to them, “If your child dies, each word will rise up in remembrance
against you, filling your hearts with anguish. If it lives, you are
sowing poisonous weeds, which will cause you life-long sorrow. The
child will imitate your example, practise the lessons it is this day
so early learning, and teach you how ‘the sins of the parents may be
visited upon the children.’ Your own sins and failings will rise up and
condemn you through your children.” Good-breeding and etiquette will
not permit us to go to them with such warning; yet that this lesson
may profit some one, we send it to the friends for whom we write,--the
young _home-makers_ as well as the young housekeepers. In thus shaping
your children’s future, we cannot but think that the father will be
as richly blessed for instilling correct principles, or as surely
condemned for wrong training and example, as the mother. We know this
is treason and heresy, if judged by the prevailing idea that the
mother, far more than the father, is responsible for the principles and
character with which the child takes its place among men and women.

We think this bad doctrine. The parents have an equal share in their
offspring, and should not hold a divided responsibility.

The nursing and care in the main is doubtless the mother’s office; but
in extreme cases it should be borne together. Being naturally more
with the child in early infancy, of course the mother has a closer
intimacy. But in a well-organized, loving family, you will note that
while the love is given to both parents alike, when questions of weight
arise, even in early years, the child turns to the father for the final
word which shall be infallible. The mother’s gentler, tenderer tone
settles every-day questions, but there is strength and authority in
the father’s voice from which they are not often tempted to appeal,
and a good wife and mother recognizes this state. It is a sad house
when the hearts of mother and children cannot, with love and pride,
accept this as the natural and legitimate rule of home government and
education. Even if the mother does not, in her own judgment, accept the
father’s decision with the simple faith with which the child receives
it, it is no evidence of tame submission if she pleasantly reserves her
reasons till they are alone. All argument should be avoided between the
parents before the children on matters connected with the children’s
interest. If appealed to, let the reply be simply, “Father knows
best,” or, “Do as father says.” By this you strengthen your husband’s
hands, and nowise compromise your own conscience or influence. Then
when opportunity offers compare your views and give your reasons for
dissent, in all truth and gentleness.




XXXII.

PAULINE PRY.


WE come this week to spy out the land,--to roam “up stairs, down
stairs, and in the lady’s chamber”; to creep into all by and forbidden
places; to look into the bedrooms, ransack the wardrobes, peep into the
drawers, it may be; overhaul trunks and boxes, perhaps; in short, to
take all manner of liberty and find fault to our heart’s content.

Now we slip, unseen, into the guest-chamber. It is very pleasant and
inviting; but we don’t think the bed is made up very neatly. There
are “humps” in the mattress. It has not been turned over after using,
and well beaten and brought to a good square surface. The sheets and
blankets are not put on smoothly; the fine, Marseilles spread is put
on unevenly, giving a very untidy appearance to the bed, and bringing
so large a proportion of the bedclothes on one side, so as to render
it difficult to turn and press them down properly between the mattress
and side-rail, and of course you cannot, under such circumstances,
give a square, regular shape to the bed. A poorly made bed spoils the
appearance of the room, however elegant the rest of the furnishing may
be.

Pretty sheet and pillow _tidies_ are of great assistance in giving a
fresh, cheerful air to a bedroom. If sheets and pillow slips are neatly
tucked and nicely ironed, the bed will look very inviting at first,
if well made; but after it has been once used, the wrinkled, tumbled
sheets and pillows are not a pleasant sight, and one feels well repaid
for the little trouble of providing tidies, however simple; ruffled
and embroidered, for the spare chamber if you please, but a part of a
fine old linen sheet, with broad hems and narrow tucks, starched and
well ironed, gives a very neat finish to the family bedrooms, and with
careful folding when taken off at night will not need to be done up for
some weeks.

This elegant bureau is all right, as far as it is furnished; but the
guest-chamber should be provided with all the little comforts and
conveniences which a lady thinks necessary in her own room. A handsome
mat or tidy over the marble top, and little mats on each side for
cologne-bottle and watch-stand, or match-box and jewel-case, and a
pretty cushion, will add much to the appearance of this bureau; or
if nothing more, a clean damask towel spread over it is, if not a
necessity, at least a great safeguard against stains on the marble,
and a protection from the disagreeable chill that creeps over one when
resting the hand or arm on the cold marble.

A good comb and brush, free from the slightest suspicion of dirt, a
boot-buttoner, and a paper of pins, ought to be on the bureau or in
the drawer. A friend often remains over night unexpectedly, and, of
course not coming provided for the detention, will find these little
attentions and conveniences a great comfort, and duly appreciate your
kind and thoughtful care.

A little basket of willow or perforated card, embroidered with
some neat and fanciful design, or a bead or muslin bag, is a great
convenience much needed to be hung by the side of the bureau or under
the gas, to hold the hair from comb or brush, burnt matches, bits of
thread or paper. Some such receptacle for loose bits or litter, no
matter how simple, should be near every bureau, which the chambermaid
must empty every morning. A _cuspidor_, or wide-mouthed vase, upon the
floor, is more elegant than a scrap-basket, but much more expensive.

A curtain of white barred muslin or linen is needed back of the
washstand, that the water, in washing, may not soil the paper or paint.
A nail-brush is very convenient, we think a real necessity, for every
bedroom. Get open, upright brush holders, rather than the long flat
ones with a cover, for, by standing the tooth and nail brushes in the
upright dish they drain and soon dry; but if laid down and covered they
are never dry, and in warm weather soon become quite offensively musty.

A good sponge on the washstand and a clean doily hung up with the
towels should be considered as indispensable in any well-furnished
spare room as for those in daily use.

Of course the bureau drawers and wardrobe in this room will be left as
nearly unoccupied as possible; so we will not stop to open them, but
pass into other rooms.

What can be the matter in this young lady’s chamber? As we draw near
the bureau, we perceive a most unpleasant smell. We must take the
liberty of opening this drawer. Whew! the first breath reveals the
mystery.

The brush has been wet to brush the hair, and then without drying shut
from the air in the drawer. There is no smell so sickening! It pervades
the whole bureau. No perfume can overcome it; and by using the brush,
damp and uncleansed day after day, the odor is carried wherever this
careless person goes. We have sat by people in church who have used
such a brush, and could hardly remain during the service. The cause is
unmistakable and cannot be concealed. If no other means can destroy
this bad habit, we would recommend that any one so thoughtless should
read an article we saw not long since in “Harper’s Bazar” on the
vegetable growth, in brush, comb, hair, and scalp, produced by wetting
the brush or hair, and leaving them undried or uncleansed. We think
once reading that description would be sufficient cure.

The hair-brush should be combed free from hair or dandruff every time
it is used, and laid by an open window till well aired and dried, if
ladies will persist in wetting the hair or brush. A brisk movement of a
dry brush through the hair will soon create a fine lustre on the hair,
whereas wetting diminishes the gloss so beautiful in well-kept hair;
but we forget that that is an old-fashioned idea. The progress of art
and elegance teaches that a wilderness of fuzzy, frizzled hair is now
the crowning beauty. Tastes differ, but no change in style or fashion
will object, we hope, to a clean, sweet brush; and to secure that it
must once a week, at least, be well washed in warm soapsuds, in which
a little soda has been dissolved. Soda is better than ammonia, as it
cleanses without stimulating the _vegetable growth_ spoken of in the
“Bazar,” to which we just referred. Comb the brush while washing, that
the suds may penetrate to the roots of the bristles, and cleanse every
part; then rinse in warm water, rub dry as you can, and put in the
window, or by the fire if the weather is damp, to dry. This care should
not be neglected by any one who makes any pretension to neatness.

The bureau drawers in this room are not in good order. You will lose
much time, and we think a good deal of self-respect, when next you need
a handkerchief or stockings, for everything here seems to have been
stirred up by a whirl-wind or a sleep-walker. It will require some
skill and more patience than you can spare to separate this wretched
tangle.

The pipes in the wash-basin and bath-room are slimy and foul,
indicative of neglect. They should be well washed every morning, and
once a week a pail of boiling suds, with a spoonful or two of soda or
potash, must be poured in, to eat away all impurities, and sweeten the
pipes. In passing, let us say this care is more especially necessary in
the kitchen sinks. They require a stronger suds, and more soda or lye,
and more attention, to eat out all the grease that will accumulate in
washing dishes.

The discoloration around the bell-pull, door-knobs, etc., shows that
a careless girl has not protected the wall or paint while cleaning
them, and the mistress has not kept her eyes open. A bit of oil-cloth,
with a hole in the center, to slip over the knobs or bell-pulls while
rubbing, would have saved this defacement of paint and paper. And the
finger-marks on the doors also tell a sad story of neglect. They need
to be washed off once a week--twice, if little fingers are about--with
a soft flannel, wrung out of hot suds.

In the sitting-room, the mantel over the grate has not been washed
every morning when the fire is lighted in the grate. It should be. See!
the gas and smoke from coal or kindlings have turned the white marble
quite yellow. Wash it in hot suds, strong with ammonia, to remove the
spots, and then use a clean brush and hot suds every morning, and you
will save much time, and be well rewarded with an unspotted mantel.

We can’t pry about any longer, but there is no knowing when we may be
tempted again to meddle with our friends’ housekeeping.




XXXIII.

BUY YOUR CAGE BEFORE YOU CATCH YOUR BIRD.


A YOUNG lady writes that this old adage is often repeated to her “in
connection with grave warnings against early engagements and early
marriages,” and asks for our opinion and advice.

This old proverb sounds very wise, and if taken literally may, for
aught we know, be correct doctrine; but when used as a warning, in the
connection which our friend suggests, we don’t more than half believe
in it. We are no advocate for very long engagements or unreasonably
early marriages; but we do believe that the happiest marriages are
of those between whom the love was early plighted, and that close
observation will prove that such are the most likely to stand the
test of time, and pass through the many rough and hazardous paths of
married life with the most cheerful fortitude. Those who have delayed
marriage till their habits have become too firmly established to yield
kindly to another’s wishes or peculiarities have not, we think, so sure
a prospect of a pleasant and harmonious life. We would sooner trust
an early union to carry the wedded pair down to a peaceful old age,
not only without losing the love that first united them, but with the
firm hope that it would grow brighter and brighter until that perfect
day when both, having passed over the river, shall stand with clearer
vision and purified affection before the throne of God.

When school-days are over and the young man enters upon his chosen
occupation, and the maiden leaves her school-room to return to her
mother’s care, then we believe that a betrothal formed with pure love
for the basis is a great safeguard. It protects the lover from many
temptations by which young men away from home are beset, especially in
the city. They have little society save such transient companions as
may cross their path, and who will, perhaps, seek to entice them to
find pleasure in low and unrefined, if not in really impure and sinful
courses. In the evening, after the day’s work is ended, time hangs
heavy on their hands, they crave something, they know not what, and are
easily entrapped.

Now, while a true love will teach a man to turn from such pleasures
in disgust, it will also save the maiden any desire to indulge in the
flirtations and coquetries with which gay and fashionable society
tempts young and unguarded girls to degrade themselves. An _engagement_
does not always prevent this, we are sorry to say, but _pure love_ will
prove an unfailing protection.

Neither do we believe an engagement should be protracted after the
lover has entered upon his business or profession, until he has
accumulated sufficient wealth to keep his bird in a golden cage.

Begin real life together. That is the true way, all the sweeter and
happier if you begin small. The less style and display there is, the
more time each will have to study the home character of the one they
have accepted as a companion for life, and the better opportunity to
learn easily how to bear and forbear, to tone down such peculiarities
as are not conducive to mutual confidence and harmony. In all
characters there will be such peculiarities,--it is quite right there
should be,--but by carrying the same gentleness and courtesy into
domestic life which was so easily and naturally given in the days of
courtship, yielding a little, giving up one to the other, the early
wedded become assimilated, and find in their union an ever-increasing
joy, which a later marriage, when the habits become fixed and
unyielding, seldom realizes.

“But to begin life in a small way, with limited means, subjects one
to much drudgery and many deprivations; besides, we lose caste. Those
who knew us in our father’s house, surrounded with comfort and luxury,
would scarcely deign to notice us if found in circumstances so at
variance with our parents’ mode of life.”

Such friends are scarcely worth the securing. You have outgrown
babyhood and childhood, and, having entered upon man’s and woman’s
estate, surely do not expect to be always cradled in your parents’
arms; but if you are of any worth you should cheerfully accept life
as you find it. “Its rough ascents or flowing slopes,” if trod
together and in love, will insure genuine happiness, and we often
think one stores up quite as much real pleasure while passing through
the rough places as when walking among the flowers. We know that the
retrospection is often a source of unfailing enjoyment.

Many, we are aware, find great delight in selecting the house that
is to be their home, and furnishing it as elaborately and tastefully
as their means will permit, perhaps even beyond a safe limit, and
then _surprising_ the bride by ushering her into this unexpected
establishment. The surprise is doubtless effected, but although the
annoyance may be concealed, in nine cases out of ten we venture to say
it is keenly felt. When possible, both should act together in selecting
the house, or it may be “rooms,” where is to be their home, and the
taste and judgment of both be consulted in selecting the furniture
which they expect to have before their eyes daily. In examining and
counseling together frequently, they modify each other’s tastes, and in
the end are far better satisfied than if either had done the work alone.

The money for furnishing a house is often provided as a part of the
bride’s outfit, and of course, if she chooses so to consider the
matter, it is her right to select the furniture, without consulting
another’s taste or wishes. But the older we grow the more we are
satisfied that _my rights_ should be erased from the matrimonial
dictionary, and _our rights_ substituted.




XXXIV.

CARE IN SELECTING A HOUSE.


CHOOSING a house or tenement is one of the cares that often devolves
upon the wife, and demands great skill, good judgment, and sound
common-sense, because there are so many things to be taken into
consideration. We have been favored with a book published in London
entitled “The Best of Everything.” We have not yet so thoroughly
examined its contents as to be able to judge if it warrants that title,
but have been much pleased with some “Hints on choosing, buying, or
building a House,” and think our readers will be better pleased with
some extracts from that chapter than with anything we could furnish:--

“Select a cheerful, healthy locality, and be sure the rent, including
taxes, etc., does not exceed one sixth of your income. Do not choose
a neighborhood merely because it is fashionable, and carefully avoid
occupying a dwelling in a neighborhood of doubtful reputation.

“Be sure that the house is dry, with convenient sewerage and plenty
of water. A southern or western aspect is to be preferred. Should the
house be infested with vermin, avoid it. See that windows and doors are
well secured, that there are proper means of ventilation, and that the
chimneys do not smoke.

“Let all needful repairs be made by the landlord before the completion
of your agreement, otherwise you will probably be required to execute
them at your own expense. Do not deal with a landlord commonly reputed
to be disobliging, greedy, or litigious. In every case have a lease
properly drawn out and stamped.

“Avoid the neighborhood of a sluggish stream, a mill-dam, or
fresh-water lake. The penalties are rheumatism, ague, impaired
eyesight, loss of appetite, asthma, and many other ailments. Choose
a house away from the vicinity of tan-yards and tallow, soap, and
chemical works, old and crowded burying-grounds, or slaughter-houses.
A low situation is perilous, especially during the prevalence of
epidemics.

“Never lease a house in a narrow street if you can help it, unless the
back premises are open and extensive. Houses built with sea-sand will
in the winter months discharge moisture and be unhealthy. A house with
two entrances is more healthy than with only one. Before closing your
bargain, try to learn something of the house from a former occupant.

“If you wish to purchase instead of leasing, do not trust to
appearances or rely on your own judgment; but when you have found a
house likely to suit your family and your purse, employ a surveyor to
inspect every portion of it. He will examine the foundations, the state
of the sewerage, and the character of the materials which form the
walls, the joints, flooring, and other wood-work. He will be able to
detect if soft bricks have been used, by finding traces of dampness at
the bottom of the walls. Let a lawyer examine all papers necessary to
secure a full possession.

“Beware of rashly purchasing fixtures, such as window-blinds or
curtains, hall carpets, or kitchen furniture; new articles may be found
in the end more economical.

“Make an effort to pay the whole of the purchase-money. A bond on your
house may endanger your credit and affect your comfort.

“If instead of buying a house, you wish to build, select your locality;
but before completing the arrangements, ascertain the precise nature of
the soil. In a gravelly soil you will readily secure good foundations;
but if you find clay, or moist earth, be cautious. You may, indeed,
procure an artificial foundation by laying a bed of concrete; but this
will be attended with considerable expense. Consult an architect; he
will make a plan for your approval, and prepare working plans, and a
specification. If the house is to be built of brick, be careful to
examine the quality of the bricks, and also of the mortar. Personally
inspect the plumber’s work, which, if inferior, will expose you to
endless expense afterwards.

“Do not allow zinc to be used either as gutters or water-pipes; it
wastes under exposure.

“When a new house passes out of the hands of the carpenters, the
painters and paper-hangers take their place. In selecting your
paper-hangings, keep in view these considerations. If the ceiling is
low, oak paper, or any dark paper, will make it apparently lower still;
or if a room be defectively lighted, a dark shade aggravates the evil.
Papers of large designs are unsuited for a small room, making it look
smaller; and, generally, papers with a variety of colors and showy
patterns are inconsistent with elegance. Striped papers are better
adapted for rooms with low ceilings. When you have pictures to hang on
the walls, floral devices in the paper are particularly unsuitable.
Paper of a uniform color, such as light or dark green, is admirably
adapted for pictures. The paint of doors and windows should harmonize
with the _paper-hangings_.”




XXXV.

VISITING FOR ONE’S OWN CONVENIENCE.


THERE are very few housekeepers in cities or large towns who will not,
at the first glance, understand precisely what this means; and, however
many may have been tempted to indulge in this style of visiting, and
perhaps often yielded to the temptation, there will be none found,
we venture to say, who will not heartily protest against it, when
practised upon themselves.

We have before us a letter from a lady on this subject, and think we
cannot do better than to transcribe part of it for the benefit of our
young friends, as it presents the subject in a clear and very forcible
manner:--

“Do not, by any means, imagine that I would say a word against friendly
visits, for mutual enjoyment and the cultivation of true friendship. I
gladly welcome to my house all who come to _see me_, and delight to do
them honor in every way hospitality can suggest. My friends are sure of
a cordial welcome at all times, and I never make a visit I do not wish
returned. So much by way of parenthesis.

“Now for a statement of grievances. It is my misfortune (or fortune) to
have been brought up in a rural town, about thirty miles from the city
where I have resided since my marriage, five years ago. I am a young
housekeeper, not yet of sufficient experience to take matters as easily
as older and more experienced matrons can, and therefore am more easily
disturbed by untoward events.

“The people living in my native town and thereabouts, who are in the
least acquainted with me or my husband, find it vastly convenient,
when they come to the city, once or twice a year, or oftener, to
shop, do errands of various kinds, or attend conventions,--of which
we have legions,--to come directly to my house, with all the freedom
of brothers and sisters, and stay till their mission to the city,
whatever it may be, is accomplished, with no thought or inquiry of how
it may conflict with my plans and convenience, or whether my health
is sufficient to enable me to bear the addition to my work. And still
worse, they never give any notice of their coming; but arrive, perhaps,
in the noon train, just as I am dishing up dinner for my small family,
with their strong country appetites, whetted by their morning ride, and
expect a good dinner and a hearty welcome. If it were only one or two
who take such liberties, I would not mind it; but as one after another
makes my house their hotel, it becomes a weariness to the flesh. Nor is
this all. The hardest and most annoying of all is to have a woman come
bringing a young child, and remain till she has made her purchases for
a large family. This of course takes two or more days. The child is
left in my care, while the mother is only in the house at meal-times.
The child is home-sick, lonely, and fretful, and completely wears me
out, mentally and bodily; and I have no means of redress. When the
mother leaves, she says, ‘Now come and make me a visit,’ well knowing
that I never will.

“I might speak of the annoyance of rising two hours earlier than usual
to get breakfast in season for an early morning train; but I forbear,
hoping you will help those who suffer from this cruel and heartless
practice.”

This victim of a selfish and heartless custom has so well portrayed
the annoyances that spring naturally from it, that few words of ours
are needed. But, in justice to the writer, we must assure our readers
that this is no fancy sketch; the half of what the landladies of these
gratuitous hotels are called upon--no, compelled--to endure has not
been told. Happy, if when sick, without help, or unable to afford to
keep any, they do not find it necessary to furnish two or three extra
meals, at different parts of the day, after the family have been fed,
the table and dishes all cleansed, and the weary provider has just sat
down to that large basket of long-delayed mending. Long delayed! And
why? Because the time and strength which might have been given to that
work have been frittered away for those who have no legitimate claim
upon either, and who, perhaps, taking notes of everything which their
presence compels the lady of the house to neglect, go away and requite
her hospitality by criticising her housekeeping and remarking upon her
inefficiency! Or it may be, these long-suffering ladies are rung up at
midnight to receive unscrupulous and untimely guests; or, instead of
one child to look after, they are expected to act as nurse to three or
four. We have tried and known it all, and confess _we don’t like it_.

Aside from the fatigue and inconvenience, the pecuniary tax is often
much heavier than the poor victim can afford to pay. We think the
meanest kind of pilfering is that practised by self-constituted guests.
We would ride, in the darkest night, over the roughest corduroy
roads ever seen at the West in her earliest days, until we found a
_log-tavern_, on the edge of a “clearing,” with no private room, no
eatable food, and a bed already fully inhabited, before we would thus
trespass on any one upon whom we had not strong claims of hearty love
or relationship, and especially without warning. And one who has ever
tried this alternative, will acknowledge that we could not well express
our abhorrence of the practice of “visiting for one’s own convenience”
more forcibly.

Look at it on the score of the host’s convenience. Even with an
abundant income, an ample supply of well-trained servants, every
housekeeper knows that one is liable to have on the table what may be
sufficient for “the family,”--the last of the bread, and only enough
meat. The new bread may be almost ready for the oven, but not for the
table. The butcher may have been delayed, or forgotten your order, and
you have no more supplies on hand. Who does not know the anxiety and
annoyance of “improvising” a dinner for unexpected guests, when the
larder is not well filled? (By the way, dear young housekeeper, keep
watch that you are not often caught with short “rations.”) Then, you
often have engagements that demand your attention immediately after you
have finished your dinner, and failing to meet such engagements may
cause you much trouble, and subject you to very great annoyance. And
for whom must you allow all these arrangements, connected with your own
or your family’s interests, to be deranged? For almost a stranger,--a
mere passing acquaintance, in nowise congenial, who finds your house
more pleasant and convenient, and certainly more _economical_, than a
public hotel. There are mischievous, roguish boys in most families,
who have a very emphatic nomenclature of their own by which they would
designate such liberties; but as we very gravely rebuke all “slang”
phrases in our own family, we dare not venture to use their terms,
however appropriate, and can simply say, that it is the coolest and
most unpardonable kind of unwarrantable familiarity.

There is another trouble connected with _convenient and economical
visiting_, which our friend has not noticed. We trust she has never
experienced it. We have, many times; and in former years, with young
children to care for, it was the hardest to bear of all the vexations
caused by these unwelcome guests. We refer to the disturbance and
dissatisfaction which such unexpected increase of labor causes among
our servants. If these visits are not like those of the angels, “few
and far between,” (and such _hotels_, once found, are not often
left quiet,) your “help” will be very likely to appear before you,
carpet-bag in hand, saying, “Please, mem, I must leave you; I did
not hire out to a _boarding-house_.” Ah, what blessed independence!
They can give notice to leave, but you cannot. You cannot quit your
post, but must stay by, and silently endure. So custom ordains. But
if custom enacts unjust laws, lays upon weary shoulders heavy burdens
most grievous to be borne, is not a revolt justifiable? We think it is,
and, in mercy to patient workers, the sooner it begins and the more
unflinchingly it is sustained the better.

When those who have no claim upon your time or your affections take
such liberties, besieging you in your home, we think it not at all
reprehensible or discourteous to say, frankly, with unmistakable
plainness, that it is inconvenient or quite impossible for you to
accommodate or entertain them. Be as kind and gentle as you can, but
be firm. They have no claim upon you; let it be well understood that
you recognize none, and mean to act accordingly. If you accept the
intrusion, without protest, you will but rivet your bonds; and while
you find them growing stronger and more galling every year, you will
also find that your power to resist and break the chains becomes
weaker. Your submission to such imposition and oppression will be well
noised abroad, and you will find yourself at the mercy of many a chance
customer.

To such as come to you in love and for love’s sake, let your doors
swing wide open. Intercourse between friends and relatives is another
and very different thing. It is giving and receiving, and the pleasure
makes the labor light. But to all who use your house for their own
selfish convenience, lock the door and drop the key in your pocket.




XXXVI.

WILL THEY BOARD, OR KEEP HOUSE?


WE think it is considered allowable to criticise and gossip about
household matters _generally_, so that we don’t intrench on anybody
in _particular_. But to avoid meddling was a doctrine so thoroughly
inculcated in our youth, that in our talk with young housekeepers we
have found ourselves shrinking from touching upon many little mistakes
that need rectifying, or topics that will bear discussion, forgetting
that we are really not prying into private family matters. Yet, thanks
to many letters of inquiry from unknown friends, which give us license
and courage to take up prevailing modes or ideas and suggest what we
think a better way, we shall go on, and perhaps be considered a meddler
after all!

When young people marry, the first question asked is, “Will they
board, or keep house?” And the reasons for or against keeping house
show a very great variety of opinions. We hear this question so often,
and see, with pain, how poorly prepared, through the reprehensible
indulgence of their mothers, many of the young ladies of the present
day are for the performance or superintendence of home cares and
duties, that, having waited for some explicit inquiries on the subject,
we now propose to embody, in an imaginary letter, some of the anxieties
and distress which this same indulgence stores up for the tenderly
reared daughters. We will suppose that one of these young ladies writes
us as follows:--

“I know that you generally advise young people to go to housekeeping,
instead of boarding. That may be the best way for most, and of late I
am inclined to think it is; but I am peculiarly situated. I wonder if
you can understand how very hard it must be, how almost impossible,
for a young lady who has lived twenty years without any cares, who has
always seen an abundance of everything,--never knowing or thinking
that economy was or could be necessary,--to undertake the care of a
house, under circumstances which will make it desirable that the work,
if not done by her own hands, should be wholly under her constant
supervision. What sort of a housekeeper would you expect her to make?
I have just learned that my parents are not able, now, to start me in
life as elegantly as I have always been brought up to expect. In a few
weeks I shall be united to one, not rich, but I think well worthy of
any sacrifice or hardship. He earnestly desires me to consent to begin
housekeeping as soon as we are married. I don’t want to, because I am
sure boarding will be wiser and safer than my unskillful housekeeping.
But my friend says, if I will consent, he will be patient with my
short-comings and mistakes, and will work enough harder to make up
for all I waste while learning. Poor fellow! he little dreams what an
ignoramus he is about to risk his comfort and perhaps happiness with.
Why, I know absolutely nothing of what I am just beginning to feel
is of the greatest importance, if we would secure a happy union. To
be sure, I can sing and dance well, so partial friends say. I paint
with skill and accuracy sufficient at least to amuse myself and while
away such time as would otherwise drag heavily during a rainy day, and
am quite skillful with my needle when I use it for fancy work; but
when it comes to useful, necessary work, I am as helpless and useless
as a child. Ah, if my dear parents had lavished half the money to
teach me household mysteries that was expended to make me _thoroughly
accomplished_, in the fashionable sense of that term, how happy I
should now be and how bright the future would appear! I have good
health, and, if I only knew how to do anything, would shrink from no
hardship; but I honestly know nothing useful. And this foolish lover
of mine talks about being patient with my mistakes until I learn to
keep house! Alas, it will take years to teach me so that I can see my
way through this fog and tangle of ignorance. I shall be an old woman,
bent and gray, before I understand the first principles of household
economy. Will he bear with me through all the vexatious blunders I
shall make while learning, and be patient if, after years of trial, he
finds I am but an awkward and unskillful worker still?”

Yes, if this young man is worthy of your love, he will value the
efforts you make, and sympathize with you when you find the results
unsatisfactory. If he would have your praiseworthy struggles to make
the home attractive successful, he must not look back to the “leeks and
onions of Egypt,” but accept the journey through the wilderness with
cheerfulness, and be lovingly grateful if the “manna” falls at first
but seldom. Many a young, inexperienced wife has had all her efforts
paralyzed, because her husband was so often murmuring about _his
mother’s bread and pies and gingerbread_. That is cruel and unmanly.

Now, in the first place, let us say to every young couple, _Go to
housekeeping by all means_. However awkward or unskillful you may be,
or however small and simple must be your habitation, do not let the
first years of married life be passed in a boarding-house. It is no
place to learn each other’s character, to become accustomed to the
peculiarities that belong to every one; it is no place to accept as
_home_.

If you are not able to employ servants while you two, who have just
been made one, are the only occupants of your new home, happy are ye.
In this early stage of married life, to venture on boarding, or risk
the tyranny of servants, is to deprive yourselves of the sweetest
experiences of a true home. No matter how heavy or how light your purse
may be, if you are wise, commence small. If young people assume the
cares of a large mansion, and with it, of necessity, the supervision
of a number of servants, they will soon become disheartened, and vote
housekeeping wretched work. But in a small house, before “olive plants”
cluster around to tell you that

  “The cottage is too small,
  And the table wanteth space,”

you become accustomed to the care, and so well versed in all the
minutest details of home labor, that you will scarcely feel the
additional tax on your energies, either of the olive branches or a
larger house, and the additional care of servants, which will, of
necessity, come with a more imposing residence.

Then, as to the shrinking from venturing into the new and untried
household domains, which young ladies so naturally feel who know
absolutely nothing but the “accomplishments” taught in schools, we
would say, for your encouragement, that the road to such knowledge
as will enable you to form some correct idea of the work which lies
before you is not so long or so difficult as your fears have led you to
imagine. With a willing heart, with hands made quick and skillful by
love, the way will soon become easy and pleasant. If possible, employ
much of the few last weeks before your marriage in making yourself
familiar with the rudiments of household affairs. Read all you can
about it,--how your house should be arranged, what will be necessary
in each department. Learn all you can about marketing,--what articles
are most desirable, and during what seasons; seek how to judge of the
quality of the food you buy, and the honest price for it. These are
homely details, but the knowledge will be all needed, indeed it is
indispensable to perfect you in good management; but you will secure
the most effective knowledge, and the greatest confidence in your own
capacity, by going about the house, and, little by little, doing
with your own hands the work belonging to each department, under your
mother’s supervision, or that of a well-trained housekeeper. At first,
as it is all new work to you, it will not be easy or pleasant; but
repeat the trial, and with each attempt you will find that you are
acquiring skill and courage. Let there be no part of household labor
that you do not perform a few times yourself, until you are well
assured that you have sufficiently mastered it to do it again, or to
detect any mistake or blunder in a servant. If you must keep servants,
they will give you little comfort unless they see from the first--and
they are usually very quick to discern between an intelligent or
ignorant mistress--that you mean to overlook your work daily, and are
abundantly able to discover any deviation from the right track. But
above all things, unless for a year or two after marriage you can
have the privilege of discarding servants entirely, endeavor, before
marriage, to feel so much at ease in the kitchen, and so far mistress
of cooking, that you will be able easily to detect any failure, and
know the reason for it. If bread is brought to the table that is
not satisfactory, it is wise to be able to say to your cook, with
confidence, “Your bread should have risen longer before being put
into the oven. It is not exactly heavy; but it feels solid, and bites
tough.” Or, “Your bread is full of holes. You have not kneaded it
sufficiently.” Or, “Cook, we must return that barrel of flour. It is
not good. See how it ‘runs’ as you are kneading it. We shall have no
real good bread from such flour.” “The pastry was not nice to-day. You
have handled it too much, and it cuts as tough as leather. Please be
more careful about it.”

Thus, by spending an hour a day in your mother’s kitchen, taking an
active part in the work to be done there, and going through every
department in the same thorough manner, even one month will advance you
so that you can see the “silver lining” to all these clouds, and will
give you sufficient confidence in your own knowledge and power, to
banish all the mystery and dread. Then, when you walk with well-assured
steps, knowing that you have conquered so far, and can, of course,
conquer all, by patient endurance in well-doing, you will begin to
enjoy every step of progress you make. No matter if you are and will
be possessed of fabulous wealth, this knowledge should be secured by
every young lady. But should you begin with large or small means, in
either case your prospects of comfort and happiness are very insecure,
if you enter the married state unwilling to acquire that which every
woman should know,--the art of housekeeping. In after life, when home
cares may be less pressing, become lawyer, judge, or President, if you
can; but surely young women can find noble work, sufficient for all
their talents and energies, in laying the foundation of and securely
establishing a well-ordered and happy _home_.




XXXVII.

CHOICE OF COLORS IN DRESS.

BLONDES.


IN the selection of articles for dress, one should be guided, not only
by the quality of the fabric and durability of color, but also by
observing if the color will harmonize with the complexion of the wearer.

Nothing marks refinement and culture, or the want of it, more than the
combination of colors in one’s attire. It is folly to spend time and
thought upon the adorning of the body, to the exclusion of other and
more important matters; but it is always wise to do well whatever is to
be done, and to develop and perfect such gifts as God has bestowed,
either of body or mind, so as to make them as attractive and valuable
as possible. We hold it to be a duty to give such time and thought to
dress as will secure the largest amount of pleasure and gratification
to one’s family and friends. To labor to secure a prominent position,
to become a leader of fashion, is another and very different thing.
When seeking to impart pleasure to friends, we are influenced by love;
but when striving to be among the most fashionable, we cater to a
selfish vanity or a poor and low ambition.

Works on the combinations of color in dress divide complexions into
the “fair and ruddy blondes,” and the “pale and florid brunettes.” In
the fair blonde we find a delicate white skin; light hair, in all the
shades from a golden hue to yellow or orange-brown; light blue or gray
eyes; a slight tinge of rose on the cheek, and a richer tint on the
lips. In all such complexions the rose-color is not decided enough, and
the hair would be improved by a deeper hue; and these changes can be
made, in a good degree, by a suitable mingling of color in the dress.
One of the most favorable colors for the fair blonde is a _delicate
green_, as it imparts to the flesh-white of the skin a tint of red,
which, mingling with the natural hue, forms an agreeable rose-tint,--a
good contrast both to the face and hair, especially if the hair is
golden, inclining to orange.

The best colors to mingle with the green, as trimmings, are red,
orange, and gold. Green and gold form a rich harmony, peculiarly
becoming to the fair blonde. Scarlet, blended with green, harmonizes
better than red; but if red, inclining to crimson, is used, then orange
and gold must also be combined with it. There are some shades of green
that are not becoming, unless blended with and enlivened by other
harmonious colors. A green bonnet, with rose-color and white, with a
white feather, will always be becoming for this complexion. Be careful
that too much white is not used, else it will have a cold effect, and
therefore will not aid the fair complexion so much. Orange or gold may
be substituted for the pink or rose; also red, in a small bonnet, but
neither should be placed close to the face. Orange, in a green bonnet,
in small quantities, is becoming, if the wearer’s eyes are blue. A few
autumnal shades of red, orange, or yellow-green are also in harmony
with the fair complexion; but dark green is not at all desirable.

Blue is very suitable, giving an orange tint, which harmonizes finely
with the delicate white and flesh hues of the complexion. There is
always a natural trace of orange color on the skin, and this color, by
intensifying this natural tint, is very pleasing; but the blue must be
light, and not too positive. Blue being the perfect contrast of orange,
it agrees finely with golden or orange-brown hair. This is the reason
that light blue head-dresses are so very becoming on light hair. To
give a good effect to blue by gas-light, a little white or very pale
blue is necessary to be in contrast or very near the face. If there
are green leaves with the blue flowers of a head-dress, they should be
placed as near the face as possible.

White, black, a very little yellow, orange, straw, or stone color, may
either of them be used in the trimmings of a light blue bonnet with
good effects; but not if there are pink or purple flowers on it, as
these colors mingled with blue are unsuitable. The colors to be used
carefully or avoided altogether, with fair complexions, are yellow,
orange, red, and purple. The light shades of lilac may be sometimes
used; but it is very trying, and must always, if used, be separated
from the flesh by an edging of tulle or some similar trimming, or be
associated with its harmonizing colors, cherry, scarlet, light crimson,
or gold color, and then they will in part overcome the bad effects; but
green and lilac should never be coupled, as it will form a positive
discord. A very little light purple is agreeable for a head-dress on
light hair, but must be placed near the skin.

Neutral colors, if not too dark, accord well with fair blondes; gray,
fawn, drab, and some few shades of brown are the best. Black is good
for the fair blonde who has some healthy color, because it increases
the _rose_ in the complexion; but it is bad for pale skins, as it
bleaches them by the painful contrast. No delicate color can be blended
with black without seeming of a _lighter tone_. Unless used for
mourning, black must be mingled with either blue, cherry, mulberry,
drab, or lilac, to remove the somber effects; but cherry and lilac must
be used sparingly. Red must not be used at all with black for fair
blondes, as it gives a rusty tinge. White is suitable with black, if
some other color is added; otherwise it is too cold. A black bonnet
looks well with a fair complexion, but a little white and rose-color
should be added, keeping the rose away from the skin. White is pleasant
for all complexions, but more so with the fair blonde who has some
color than for any other. Bright colors with white bonnet may be added,
but must be kept low, and well grouped. White increases the paleness
of a pale skin, but this effect may be neutralized by a blue or green
wreath brought well on the face.

The _ruddy blonde_ has a full-toned complexion, inclining to positive
rose-red or carnation; dark blue or brown eyes, blonde and brown
hair. All the colors suitable for the fair are generally suitable for
the ruddy blonde, but the tones and in some cases the hues must be
changed. As a rule this type may use more freedom in the selection of
colors than the fair; her complexion, not being so delicate, is less
sensitive. The hair being the medium between gold and black, and the
complexion higher toned and more positive, rich and moderately dark
colors may be used.

Green is very becoming, but it must be of the darker shades, and not
the delicate green that is so becoming for the fair blonde. If the
complexion is light and can use more red, without being overcharged,
rich, full-toned green, such as grass or moss green, may be used, as,
although sufficiently bright to yield color to the skin, it is not so
powerful a contrast as to bleach it. In proportion as the complexion
increases in color a deeper green may be selected, passing from the
positive to the neutral hues, as sage, tea, or olive green. These
deep, neutral greens do not cast much red, while they both harmonize
with and reduce the natural hue. A simple rule for the ruddy blonde
is, the paler her complexion the brighter must be the green she
wears, the _rosier_ the cheek the deeper and more neutral must be
the green. For the high-toned blonde the green may be neutralized by
mingling rose, scarlet, orange, or white flowers. If on the inside of
a bonnet, the colored flowers must be surrounded with some gray or
semi-transparent material to keep from contrast with the skin. On the
outside dead-green or autumnal leaves, with a few flowers of orange
or scarlet, are selected. Rose-colored flowers harmonize better with
bright yellow-green than with dead-green leaves.

_Blue_ also is suitable, but it follows the same rules as _green_:
it must be deeper and richer for the ruddy blonde than for the fair.
The best colors to associate with the rich blues are orange, salmon,
and chocolate; white and black also harmonize with blue. Bonnets and
head-dresses, and wreaths of blue, need the same colors blended as
for the fair blonde, only of a deeper tint, and all colors pointed
out as injurious by the one type must be avoided by the other. The
most difficult color to introduce in any dress is _violet_; its effect
on all complexions being so unsatisfactory. All skins appear yellow
when in contrast with it, and look sickly and disagreeable. A large
proportion of yellow is needed to reduce and neutralize the effects
of violet. It becomes positively lost in artificial light, and should
never be used or introduced into an evening dress.

Neutral colors are mostly suitable for the ruddy blonde; when light
they increase the color, when dark they reduce it by contrast. Russet,
gray, slate, maroon, and all shades of brown are the most pleasing of
the _dark_ neutrals, and gray, drab, fawn, and stone color, the most
desirable of the _light_ neutrals.




XXXVIII.

HARMONIZING COLORS IN DRESS.

BRUNETTES.


IN the last chapter we noticed the colors most appropriate and
harmonious for the _fair_ and the _ruddy blonde_. We shall now note a
few peculiarities of the _pale_ and the _florid brunette_.

In the _pale brunette_, the eyes and hair are usually a deep brown or
brown-black, and the skin pale, often with some sallow shade. With this
peculiar complexion, light or very dark colors are the most becoming,
because the light colors harmonize with the tint of the skin, and the
dark colors with the hue of the hair and eyes. Thus we follow Nature’s
coloring, and sustain her effective contrasts. When the colors of the
dress are a medium between the skin and hair and eyes, they “reduce the
expression, and injure or destroy the greatest charm.”

_Black_ being similar to the color of eyes and hair, and a perfect
contrast to the complexion, increases the purity of the natural tints,
and is very suitable for the pale brunette. All the shades of dark
brown being similar to the hair and eyes, are also appropriate. Claret,
dark russet, and crimson are not unsuitable, but less desirable and
becoming than black or brown.

Positive blue, green, or purple must not be used; but dark blue, green,
or violet may be accepted, provided the complexion has no shade of
yellow or sallowness. If there is, these colors must all be avoided.

_White_, being analogous to the hue of the skin, is very desirable,
enhancing the richness of the eyes and hair, and, as it receives a
yellow tint from artificial light, is particularly desirable for an
evening dress for the pale brunette. Yellow and white united are also
becoming in the evening for this class of complexion, but become dull
by daylight, and very undesirable. Gold or maize color contrasts
pleasantly with black or dark brown eyes and hair, and neutralizes any
disagreeable sallowness that there may be in the skin.

The _florid brunette_ often inclines to the olive complexion, and, in
many cases, to the copper-colored, or subdued yellow, or orange-brown,
with more positive red on lip and cheek than in the blonde types. The
eyes are black, the hair jet or blue-black. The tones yellow, orange,
and red predominate in the florid brunette, and harmonize together by
_analogy_ or _similarity_; but they also harmonize with the black hair
and eyes, by _contrast_; therefore great care and good judgment should
be exercised, lest this agreeable group of harmonizing tints should
be weakened or destroyed by the use of objectionable colors. On the
other hand, it is desirable to seek to neutralize any unpleasant tone
in the complexion, caused by too much yellow, which will otherwise
give a sallow and unhealthy tinge to the skin. Yellow, maize, or gold
color will effect this; because, while they contrast favorably with the
color of the hair and eyes, intensifying their richness by the purple
tint which this combination forms, they also harmonize, by analogy,
with the tints of the complexion, and at the same time sufficiently
neutralize any excess of yellow that these tints may exhibit. When the
skin shows more orange than yellow, maize or yellow in the dress will
enrich the complexion by the increase of red which these colors will
develop.

A _yellow bonnet_ is very becoming to the florid brunette; but as
it is worn near and surrounds the face, much of its effects must be
neutralized by introducing violet, purple, or deep blue as trimmings;
they must not come in contact with the face, however, and should be
used very sparingly.

Orange is too brilliant and gaudy to be used in dress, except in very
small quantities, and the same rule holds good of red, scarlet, bright
crimson, magenta, and all brilliant colors of the like class; they,
with orange, are suited to some complexions where it is advantageous
to neutralize, but they are too bright for general costume. A scarlet
head-dress is becoming with dark hair, intensifying it by contrast, and
by the purple shade which it adds when worn near black. Dark red, also,
is suitable for complexions that have too much red on the cheeks or
lips, neutralizing the color of the skin, and reducing it by contrast.
Violet is not agreeable, unless its bad effects are controlled or
counteracted by the addition of yellow; but the dark shades of violet
are less objectionable than the positive color. A violet bonnet
may be used with this type of complexion, if trimmed with pale
yellow,--primroses, for instance; the flowers being a good contrast to
the violet bonnet, and harmonizing well with the skin.

A black bonnet is not as becoming for the brunette as for the blonde;
but by using white, red, orange, or yellow trimmings, it is quite
pleasing. It enhances the red by reducing the lighter tints of the
skin, but it has no power to neutralize any objectionable tint that may
exist. White is more favorable than black, and accords well with this
complexion. A white bonnet is suitable, if trimmed with red, orange,
or yellow; but the yellow should be mingled with white only for evening
wear.

In grouping color with color, nothing is more common than to see
discordant tints placed together,--purple and green, for instance; and
however rich the material or beautiful the wearer, such incongruity
is exceedingly distasteful. In arranging colors, it should be borne
in mind that there are two kinds of harmony,--the harmony of contrast
and the harmony of analogy. When two dissimilar colors are blended
agreeably, such as blue and orange, or lilac and cherry, they form
a harmony of contrast. Two distant tones of one color, such as very
light and very dark blue, associated, harmonize by contrast; but
in this latter instance, the harmony is neither so striking nor so
perfect. When similar colors, such as orange and scarlet, crimson and
crimson-brown, are grouped together, they form a harmony of analogy;
and if two or more shades of color, closely approximating in intensity,
are associated, they harmonize by analogy.

Harmonies of contrast are more effective, but not more important, than
those of analogy. The former are brilliant and decisive, the latter
quiet and undemonstrative. Both hold equal positions in matters of
dress, and in arranging the colors of the costume be careful to choose
the proper species of harmony.

There are two rules to be observed: first, associate with colors
favorable to the complexion tints that will harmonize by analogy or
similarity, because contrasting colors would diminish and injure its
favorable effect; second, if the color selected for the dress is
injurious to the complexion, then contrasting color must be associated
with it, to neutralize its objectionable influence.

There is much more to be said on the selection of colors for dress,
but we must not trespass longer. We hope that, by our having thus
called attention to this subject, our readers may find it sufficiently
interesting to become familiar with the rules given, and carry the
lessons it may have taught into practical use.

We are very largely indebted to “A Manual for Ladies,” by W. and G.
Audsley, for much of the information grouped in this and the preceding
article.




XXXIX.

A WORD ABOUT MOTHS.


“MOTHS in the winter! Pray don’t speak of them! Some weeks later
will be time enough to stir up our minds by way of remembrance. The
vexatious little torments! they surely don’t work in winter! And yet I
have noticed several little spots, or holes, that looked as if eaten
by moths. I am sure they were not there early in the fall: I couldn’t
understand it, but was so confident that moths did not do their
mischief in winter, that I have been trying to find some other cause
for these marks.”

Ah! there was where you were mistaken. There are two kinds of
moths,--one a large silver-colored fly; its worm is shaped somewhat
like those found in chestnuts. The other was first noticed some
eight or ten years since, by the upholsterers. It is smaller, of a
brown or dark drab color. It is governed by no times or seasons, but
works steadily on, summer and winter. The heat of our city homes or
furnace-heated country-houses may promote this uninterrupted activity.
The moth or fly, it is said, finds its way into a sofa or chair between
the back or seat under the lining, where, among the springs, it finds
a safe and convenient hiding-place. They will often secure a home in
these secret places within a week of the time that furniture, right
from the cabinet-maker’s, has been brought into the house. If they do,
they are so enormously prolific that in a month or two they can be
numbered by thousands. We cannot but think that when, in a carefully
kept house, these moths are found in new furniture, they must have been
first introduced through poorly prepared hair or material with which
the article was upholstered or the hair, having been wet, was used
before it was carefully dried. This theory may be only an imagination
of our own but every year’s experience confirms the idea,--upholsterers
to the contrary notwithstanding.

It is said that these moths will not eat pure curled hair, but only use
it to fasten their cocoons upon, as being secure from any disturbance,
through the elasticity of the hair. They use the inside of furniture
only for propagation, and here at the same time may be found the fly,
the worms, and the eggs. From this concealment the worm escapes, to
feed on the plush or woolen materials, or, falling to the floor, feeds
on the carpet. Plush being made with cotton back generally, they seldom
eat through that, though they do sometimes cut through the muslin
backs of sofas, etc. Little protection may be hoped for from the use
of cayenne pepper, Scotch snuff, camphor, turpentine, or all other
remedies against the large moth. Continual watchfulness is the only
safety.

At least once a week the furniture should be moved away from the
walls into the middle of the room and well brushed and beaten with a
“furniture whip” or braided ratans. After brushing carefully all around
the buttons with a furniture button-brush, pull up the material which
will lie in loose folds or pleats about the buttons, and hold them
up with one hand while you brush off all lint or dust that may have
settled in these folds. These are nice little hiding-places for the
worm, and must be looked after. As fast as each piece of furniture has
been faithfully brushed and whipped, set it into the next room and keep
the doors closed.

While cleaning, turn each chair or sofa bottom-side upward and beat the
backs and under part of the seats, to dislodge any that may have found
shelter inside. When the furniture has received all needed attention,
and is removed from the room, give the carpet a thorough cleansing by
going over it with a “carpet-sweeper.” Nothing so effectually gathers
up the worms or eggs, and the carpet is less worn than when swept with
a broom. Of course, in the corners and around the edges, where the
“carpet-sweeper” cannot work, you must use a small whisk-broom and
dust-pan, and this must be done before going over the main part of the
carpet.

In using a “sweeper” be careful to empty it once or twice while going
over a large room, pulling out all the strings and hair that may, when
gathered up, have twisted around the axle of the circular brush inside
the box. If not removed, it will soon obstruct the motion, and its
operation be ineffectual. In using a “carpet-sweeper” have everything
out of the way of the machine, that you may have a clear surface across
the whole length of the room, if possible; hold the handle up nearly
straight, so as to bring all the brush underneath in contact with the
carpet; press down, and with a firm hand run over the breadth from one
end of the room to the other, going by the seam or thread, lengthwise.
When at the farther end lift up the box so that it will not touch the
carpet, and, turning round, proceed till the whole length of the carpet
has been swept; then begin widthwise and proceed in the same manner,
only be careful to run straight. If the “sweeper” is turned round while
resting on the floor, the dirt is apt to drop out in rolls by the
process of turning. It requires a little experience and good judgment
to use a “carpet-sweeper” judiciously; but once understand it and you
will not willingly be without one. When this work is done, empty all
the dirt from the “sweeper” and comb the rolling-brush with a coarse or
“fringe-comb.”

But to return to the moths. If they get inside your furniture, they
may be destroyed by taking off the muslin under the seats, the outside
ends, and the backs, where they most naturally seek privacy. If this
must be done, take each piece out to the yard or on a back veranda,
after you have removed the lining; spread down an old sheet and set the
furniture on it, and beat with a stick to dislodge the moths. Watch for
the flies and worms that you have routed, and kill them as fast as they
are seen. If you do not succeed in killing all of them, by a repetition
of this operation a few times they will be disturbed and leave the
furniture, as they seek to be left in quiet. If they attack the carpet
they generally begin under the sofas and chairs or on the edges of the
carpet in the corners of the room. In this case, as soon as you find
the first intimation of their ill-omened presence, spread a wet sheet
on the carpet, and pass a hot flat-iron over quickly; keep a number of
irons heating and change often. The heat and steam will destroy both
worm and egg.

But do not let this success beguile you into any remissness. They can
“creep slyly through a tiny space,” and in a few weeks, if they find
you sleeping on your post, will effect an entrance, and will have
increased and multiplied until the last state of that furniture will be
worse than the first.




XL.

WINTER BUTTER.


MUCH has been said and written on making winter butter. Our papers
bring daily complaints of the article as sold in our markets, and
furnish us with many elaborate directions how to overcome an evil which
can no longer be meekly endured.

In large butter factories, with every facility for preserving uniform
temperature, it is not easy to accept any excuse for poor butter,
summer or winter; but when butter is only made in small quantities,
simply for family consumption, and at a time when the cows are giving
much less milk than in the summer and fall, there is a necessity for
more care and labor in securing good butter than when we can furnish
green pastures and fresh food for the cows. Still we all expect, and
should be willing to accept, more discomforts in our winter’s labors
than we find in warm weather. Aside from these considerations we fail
to see any insurmountable difficulty in securing good sweet butter in
the winter. Of course we do not look for yellow butter at this season
of the year, and when we see it we distrust its purity; but the golden
color, though desirable, as a pleasure to the eye, is not an essential.
For years we made a large portion of our own butter from only one cow,
with but a few conveniences, and with very limited accommodations to
aid us in the work; but we never had _bitter_ butter, and have never
found a good reason why any one should be compelled to suffer from that
infliction.

In the first place, a great deal depends on having pure, clear milk
to start with, and to secure that we think a warm, clean shelter and
good food should be provided for the animals. Aside from good hay, free
from mustiness, they should have as large a supply of roots--beets,
pumpkins, carrots, or potatoes, whichever is the most convenient,
or some of all--as you can furnish; but whatever is given should be
entirely free from decay, if you would have a healthy cow and pure milk.

The milk will receive no unnatural flavor from any or all of these
roots; but no skill can conceal the use of cabbages or turnips, however
small the quantity. We know many affirm that they invariably give them
to their milch cows and perceive no disagreeable taste in the milk from
their use. Judging from much of the butter found in our markets, we
can easily believe that cabbages and turnips were lavishly fed to the
cows from whose milk the butter was made; and how any one can fail to
notice the unpleasant flavor given by such food we cannot understand.
Still, we will not quarrel with those who choose to use these esculents
so long as our cows are not fed with them and we are not obliged to eat
the butter.

Warm food, at least once a day, is not only good for the animal, but
insures a better quality and larger quantity of milk and butter. It
is very little trouble to put a large kettle over the stove or range
early in the morning, and boil such small potatoes as are not nice for
table use, or a few carrots, together with all the parings of potatoes
or the rind of pumpkins left from cooking. When they have become soft,
mash with a long-handled masher, such as any boy of ten has sufficient
skill to make; then thicken the water in which they were boiled with a
few handfuls of “shorts” or coarse barley or oatmeal; corn meal will
decrease the quantity of milk and fatten the cow. Give your cows a
generous feed of this _mush_ once a day at least, and they will amply
repay your care by increasing and enriching the supply of milk.

With your cows thus fed, kept dry and warm, well cleaned and
curried,--for a cow needs that care as much as a horse,--you will have
good milk, and from it cream which, with proper care, can be as readily
made into _good_ butter in winter as in summer.

Now as to “proper care,” we speak only of private families who have
but one or two cows. If your milk-room is in the cellar, it should be
entirely separated from the vegetable cellar, and used for nothing
that can impart any flavor to the milk, either meats, roots, sauces,
or fluids. If it is well cemented and banked up, so as to prevent
freezing, you will have very little trouble in keeping the milk warm
enough for the cream to begin to rise quickly. Of course you will pour
boiling water into the pans, and have them well heated before straining
the milk into them. If you have on hand two sizes of pans, fill the
larger one third full of boiling water, then strain the milk into a
smaller pan, filling it not half full, and set it into the hot water;
turn another pan over the top, but not close enough to exclude all air.
By so doing you will find that the cream will rise more rapidly and can
be more easily churned. When one has but little milk, this is not much
trouble.

If you have no cellar that can be kept warm and free from the smell
of vegetables, set your milk on a shelf, in a warm closet, where, of
course, you will keep no vegetables or meats, as nothing is so easily
impregnated with odors of all kinds as milk. Cover the pans or bowls
with a fine net, to exclude dust or motes of any kind.

Thirty-six hours is as long as milk should remain unskimmed, summer or
winter. Every hour longer, even though the milk may taste sweet, is
insuring bitter butter. As you skim off the cream, stir it well each
time. The cream should not be in the cream-pot longer than two days
before churning. Three days _may_ give you moderately good butter, but
it is a very doubtful experiment.

“But how can we churn every two days when we do not gather more than a
quart of cream in that time? It would be lost in our churn; we could do
nothing with it.”

Take it into a large bowl, and beat or stir it steadily with a silver
or wooden spoon. It will take you no longer than to churn in the
regular manner, and you will secure a nice roll of sweet butter. But
a better, because an easier and more convenient way, is to buy a tall
one-gallon stone jar, and get a carpenter to turn you a handle; put
on two cross-pieces at the bottom, full of holes; or a circle small
enough to go into the jar; pierce this circle with holes as large as a
thimble; another circle for a cover, just to fit the top of the jar,
with a hole in the center that will slip over the handle, and you
have a nice churn, dasher and all. Now put on your large apron, lay a
book on the table before you, take your little churn in your lap or
on a bench by your side, and read, churn, and rock the cradle if need
be (reading and rocking the cradle are not essential, but are very
pleasant additions). In fifteen minutes’ steady churning you will find
the butter has come, and can be brought together in this tiny churn as
nicely as you can desire. If you can’t get at a carpenter, ask your
husband or son to do it; or, failing there, haven’t you mechanical
skill sufficient to make a dasher and fit it to a stone jar yourself?
A piece of a broom-stick, scoured and polished with sand-paper (or
if you have no sand-paper scrape it clean and smooth with a bit of
glass); two cross-pieces full of holes, screwed on to the bottom of the
stick; a round piece fitted into the top of the jar for cover,--you
can _whittle_ it smooth, can you not?--with a hole for the handle to
pass through, and you have just as serviceable a churn as any carpenter
could make you, only, perhaps, lacking a little in the finish a
carpenter might have given.

Now, as to the working of the butter: some say, wash it faithfully;
others insist that no water should come in contact with the butter.
If you have strength and skill enough to work out all the buttermilk
with a ladle, or a hand cool and firm enough to toss it from one hand
to the other, giving quick, skillful blows as it passes, so that every
drop of buttermilk may be beaten out, then we say, _never wash the
butter_. But although you do, and by washing must lose some of the rich
flavor our mother’s butter used to have, before there were any “modern
improvements,” still, better so than not secure entire freedom from
buttermilk. If any remains, you cannot have butter that will keep sweet
one week.

Take the butter from the churn into a wooden bowl that has been well
scalded, and then soaked and cooled in cold water, and with the ladle
press out all the buttermilk you can; this done, throw a handful of
salt into three or four quarts of cold water, and wash the butter
quickly and thoroughly with it; the salt causes the buttermilk to flow
off more readily; pour off the salt-water, and wash again with clear
cold water till it runs clear, drain off and sprinkle over the butter
what salt it requires to suit your own taste. There is such a variety
of tastes, that the exact quantity of salt cannot be easily given. We
use a table-spoonful of salt to a pound of butter. Press the butter
into a compact form, after working in the salt, cover over with a clean
cloth, and set it away to harden. The next morning break up and work
it over once more; make into neat rolls or prints, put it into a stone
pot, and cover with brine strong enough to bear up an egg. Try this and
see if you cannot have good butter in winter.




XLI.

REPAIRS.

  “The mother, wi’ her needle an’ her shears,
  Gars auld claes look amaist as weel’s the new.”


A FRIEND writes: “I have been much interested in the Grand Patching
and Darning Exhibition; but my husband is rather skeptical as to any
great good resulting from it. He seems to think it a waste of time to
do this work with such particularity, and doubts if, in these days
of plenty, women will find it necessary to patch, piece, and darn so
elaborately. I reply, that probably a large portion of those who have
seen or read of this work may never be called upon to do it; yet we
know that there are many, very many who are, and will be, compelled
to _economize material, though at the loss of time_; and therefore I
think this exhibition will prove a good thing, if it should lead to a
more thorough knowledge of the way to do this work well. How much more
respectable and comfortable the poorer classes could be made, if the
wife and mother understood how to piece, patch, and darn neatly, and so
contrive that the smallest scrap could be used to good advantage and
present an attractive appearance. I wish you would give us a talk on
this subject.”

So much has been said, and well said, since this Exhibition was first
planned, that a word from us may seem quite superfluous. A motherly
care for our “Household,” however, tempts us to venture, though we
do not intend to weary our readers with many words. Every point has
already been ably discussed, and we can furnish nothing new.

Possibly, many of those who have read about this “Darning and
Patching” have turned away, saying, “Thank fortune! I shall never need
to employ myself about such work; I should feel that I was spending my
time foolishly.” Would the time spent in perfecting yourself in this
accomplishment be more wasted, think you, than that which you give
daily to crocheting and embroidering a host of things unlike aught in
heaven above, the earth beneath, or the waters under the earth? And
yet, the time spent in fancy work has taught you little that you could
turn to practical use, should reverses befall you,--and who is secured
against reverses? Fortune is fickle, and policies taken out in her
insurance companies are not reliable.

We would not speak slightingly of many kinds of really elegant fancy
articles and ornaments which women’s skill has wrought. If you have the
time to spare, then, “these ought ye to have done, but not to leave
the other undone.” Should disaster come, and any of us be compelled to
“rise up early, and sit up late, and eat the bread of carefulness,”--to
plan and turn and contrive, using all the skill we possess to “gar auld
claes look amaist as weel’s the new,”--how thankful we should be that
in our younger and more prosperous days we had been taught this art,
and by it were now able to carry with us into our altered circumstances
a power to bring light out of darkness. If one knows how to renovate
and remodel, there is far more genuine pleasure in using the knowledge
to construct new out of old, than can possibly be gained while shopping
on the most extravagant scale. To walk into a store with a full purse,
and buy, without stint, whatever the eye covets; to send the material
to the dress-maker, and have it made and brought home without any
effort on our part, is a tame enjoyment compared with contriving the
dress from a scanty pattern, or from odd bits and ends. We weary of
that which costs us no toil or thought; the charm soon vanishes, and we
seek for something new.

Now, suppose you examine a dress that has done good service. It is
somewhat spotted and a good deal soiled; but you say, “It is so pretty
and becoming, I shall feel like losing an old friend if I throw it
aside; what can I do to renew its beauty?” If the material is silk or
woolen, even of the most delicate colors, you can very easily clean
it without fading. After ripping it with care, prepare equal parts of
_alcohol, soft soap, and molasses_. Half a pint of each will clean a
silk dress, unless you have wasted twenty-five or thirty yards on one
dress; in that case you will need a larger quantity of the preparation.
Have near you two small tubs or pails of water, one warm, the other
cool, unless the material is woolen, when you should use hot water for
both. Spread one piece of the dress at a time on to an ironing-sheet;
dip a clean sponge into this very dirty-looking, but very effective
wash; rub each spot separately till you have cleansed it; then, keeping
the sponge wet, go over the whole piece, wetting it thoroughly, and
carefully removing the dirt and spots. When satisfied that you have
done your best, rinse the piece faithfully in the first water; do not
wring it, but hold it up and let it drain a moment; then shake and
snap vigorously, to remove as much water as you can. Put it through
the second water in the same manner; snap as dry as you can, at least
so that it will not drip; spread smoothly on the ironing-sheet, and
iron quickly. Be careful to _iron by a thread_, and iron till perfectly
dry. Have your irons as hot as you can use without scorching. If the
material is the same on both sides, iron on that which was first used
as the outside of the dress, but make it up inside out.

This preparation is such a vile, dirty-looking compound, one would
suppose it would ruin anything touched by it. Not so at all. We have
cleaned the most delicate silks and ribbons,--blues, violets, pinks,
and greens,--and have never failed to secure a very good renovation of
the materials, without changing or weakening the color, or leaving the
harsh, stiff crackle on the silk which washing usually gives.

Having cleansed the dress, now, suppose you see how much ingenuity you
can display in remodeling it. Change the gathers or pleats, that the
most wear may fall on stronger spots; alter the position of trimming
to hide some weak place, or improvise something to suit the exigencies
of the case. If cracked or much worn at top and bottom, cut off all
that must go; then cut the upper part of the skirt off from the bottom,
about as high up as you wish your trimming to go, and set in a piece
of lining or paper muslin, to supply the length of what you have cut
away from the broken parts of the skirt. Over this “sham” lay the fold,
puff, ruffle, or flounce you have prepared for trimming. It is good
economy, we think, to buy a large pattern when you get a new dress,
that there may be some left for repairs, at least for new sleeves and
waist; but if you have none, _piece_,--piece very neatly, of course;
and with ribbon, silk, or velvet, of a color to contrast, or harmonize
with the dress, form your trimmings.

By skill, a garment may be so entirely metamorphosed, that your
“dearest and best” will compliment you on your new dress. The only good
thing about the present style of overskirts, flounces, paniers, bows,
and every conceivable and inconceivable shape of trimming, is, that it
is a wonderful help in making old things new.

Some time since, we noticed that a young friend, who is generally
remarkably neat and simple in her taste, was rather more elaborately
dressed than usual. We honestly complimented her on the pretty silk,
the fine fit, and very becoming color.

“But I see,” said she, “you refrain from a word of commendation for
my trimmings. They don’t suit your taste, I know, my friend, and pray
don’t think that they are in exact accordance with my own. Let me tell
you a secret. Every bow, band, strap, fold, and frill hides a piece set
in or a hole mended.”

In the midst of a large company, there was not a lady that appeared
more genteelly or better dressed than our friend. If there were more
like this modestly independent and industrious girl, we should hear
very little of the talk, so common nowadays, that young men are unable
to marry, _because_ the young ladies are so extravagant.




XLII.

ACCURATE WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN COOKING.


YOUNG housekeepers very often complain that, notwithstanding their
most earnest efforts to work in strict accordance with given rules or
receipts, their failures are more frequent than their successes. They
admit that sometimes their work proves satisfactory, but ask, “Why
should it not always be so?”

The difference in the results of their various trials can only
be attributed to the method and accuracy, or to the haste and
carelessness, with which their labor is performed. Unless there was
some fault in the materials, some difference in the quality, arising
from change between the successive trials, or the oven and fire were
not properly regulated, there can be no reason for the failure, except
the fact that the receipts and rules were not always strictly followed.

“But,” say they, “we used to see our mothers throw the materials
together, apparently without thought, and we have often seen others
set about the work of making cake, pies, or bread with such an easy,
nonchalant air that, to our inexperienced eyes, it was perfectly
marvelous that any good results could possibly follow; yet the article
would come from the oven in all respects perfect. Time after time we
have seen this done, and the work always blessed with a satisfactory
termination; but if we attempt that mode of labor, the most disastrous
and mortifying consequences are sure to rise up against us. Why is
this?”

Simply because you are attempting to walk before you have learned to
creep, and naturally get some sore falls by the premature attempt.
It is only when accustomed to this labor by long years of constant
practice, so that it is done almost by instinct, that any one should
venture to deviate from strict observance of well-established rules.
But there are very few, comparatively, of the most accomplished and
mature housekeepers who attempt this free-and-easy way of cooking; or
if, in some emergency requiring haste, they are driven to it, they
will assure you that they seldom succeed so perfectly as they would
have done had they weighed and measured with their usual care and
precision. Occasionally we find a few natural-born cooks, with “a law
unto themselves,” just as we find persons who have a natural gift for
dress-making and millinery, whose work, performed instinctively, equals
any French _modiste’s_. But such cases are rare, and, we are inclined
to think, undesirable, except for one’s own ease. Where there are young
girls about, either in the family or among friends, who may be obliged
to look to you for instruction, you would find it very difficult and
embarrassing, had you that gift, to attempt to teach or put into words
anything which you are able to do so entirely by intuition. Even
in your own mind, you would find yourself at a loss how to frame a
definite rule or receipt for doing it. Your _hands_ seem to perform it
independently of your _head_. Let some of these gifted ones attempt
to write out a receipt which a beginner could easily follow, and they
would make much more awkward work of it than you do in your efforts to
work without a definite rule.

“But even when we do proceed in exact accordance with the receipts, we
often fail.”

Are you sure you are _exact_? We think not. It requires some little
experience to be able to weigh and measure correctly, and we have often
noticed that it is the lack of this experience which causes failure
in most young housekeepers. If it lacks “only a little” of being full
weight, or is “only a little” too much, are you not very likely to say,
“O, it’s quite near enough; such slight difference can’t matter, and I
am in a hurry”?

“Only a little thing” has done much harm in almost every department of
life,--a mischief that is often irremediable. If there is only a little
too much flour, your bread or cake will be solid; not heavy, perhaps,
but lacking that light, tender state which is so desirable. Or, if only
a little less than the proper measure is used, it will “fall” from the
crust, and come upon your table flat and sodden.

A pair of scales and accurate measures are the only safe reliance, but
these are not always to be found in every family. It is, therefore,
very desirable to have always at hand a table of correct _measures_.
Indeed, when the table is perfect, it is much more convenient and
easier to prepare the proper proportions by measuring than by weighing,
only one must use care and judgment to allow for any extraordinary
moisture in the articles, as it would affect a measure more than
scales. It is always better to put flour, meal, sugar, etc., near the
fire to dry before measuring.

A table of measures, plainly printed in good-sized type, should be hung
over the table or on the wall in every kitchen.

We close with a convenient table of _liquid and dry measure_:--

LIQUID.

  60 drops           = 1 teaspoonful.
   2 teaspoonfuls    = 1 table-spoonful.
   4 table-spoonfuls = 1 half-gill.
   8 ”               = 1 gill.
   2 gills           = 1 tumblerful or half-pint.
   2 tumblerfuls     = 1 pint.
   2 pints           = 1 quart.
   4 quarts          = 1 gallon.

DRY.

  2 even teaspoonfuls          = 1 even table-spoonful.
  4 ”    table-spoonfuls       = 1 ounce.
  8 ”       ”                  = 1 gill.
  2 gills                      = 1 tumblerful or half-pint.
  2 tumblerfuls                = 1 pint.
  2 pints                      = 1 quart.
  1 heaped q’t sifted flour }  = about 1 pound.
  1     ”      ”      sugar }
  1 even q’t softened butter}
  1 pint of water              = 1 pound.
  10 eggs                      = about 1 pound.




XLIII.

TEACHING LITTLE GIRLS TO SEW.


“YES, I suppose I shall be obliged to teach my little girl to sew, some
time; but I am very thankful that I have some years yet before I need
take up this cross. I supply her with bits of cloth, needles, thread,
and scissors, and let her amuse herself with an attempt at sewing; but
how I dread the time when I must begin in earnest, and try to teach her
the proper way! I sometimes hope that by letting her botch and play
sewing, by and by, as she sees me making even seams, and taking small
stitches, she will, by imitation and observation, gradually learn,
without much effort on my part. Do you not think that she may?”

Never. No doubt some children learn with much less effort than others;
but by letting your little girl “play sewing,”--_botching_ as you term
it,--you only connive at her acquiring a careless habit which she will
not easily exchange for straight seams and tiny stitches.

“Would you advise me to keep thread and needles and cloth from her, and
endeavor to interest her in some other play, till such time as I am
compelled to teach her how to use them properly?”

No; why should you debar her from such innocent amusements? Why not
begin at once to teach her how to do a thing right, even when in play?

“Teach that baby! What can she learn at her age?”

Can she not thread her needle?

“Certainly; quite expertly.”

And can she not push her needle in and out of the cloth?

“O yes; for a baby, she shows quite a genius for this quiet kind of
womanly accomplishment.”

Then you see she can learn something, notwithstanding her youth. How
much more maturity or skill, think you, will it require for her to
learn, by a few well-directed efforts on your part, how to put the
needle in at proper distances, taking up only just so many threads for
a stitch?

“Why, she is only a baby; but little past three years. Teach her! How
preposterous! You must be--”

Growing imbecile, you think. Very likely; but these ideas are no
indication of it. They are good, solid common-sense, we think; such
as our mothers and grandmothers acted upon, in the olden times, when
early teaching and genuine industry were fashionable; when there were
more busy bees to “improve each shining hour” of childhood; when these
first years, which were then passed in “books and work and healthful
play,” were a thousand times more childlike and happier than our days
of modern improvement. Now, the toddling wee things are carried in the
nurses’ arms to infant parties, dressed and flounced and frizzed, until
every vestige of simple childhood is lost in their painfully ludicrous
efforts to imitate their more foolish elders,--kept up far beyond a
healthful bedtime, and fed with food injurious even to mature stomachs,
but ruinous to a child’s digestion. Ah, dear little woman! will it be
a harder task, requiring more skill and patience, to take your little
girl on your lap, ten or fifteen minutes every day, and show her how
to hold and use the needle; taking the warm, soft, innocent little
hands, with loving caresses, into yours, and guiding the tiny fingers,
until at last she learns to put the needle through the cloth, at proper
distances, unaided; will this be harder or more tiresome than to dress
and worry over your little one till she is drilled in dancing, taught
to bow and curtesy, and gracefully accept her baby partner’s hand in
the dance? Will it give you no pain to see the first development of
envy, jealousy, and ill temper forced into active growth under such
training? Compare this toil and responsibility with the soft and loving
prattle of your little girl, as she nestles in your lap, and, with
merry laugh, watches the bright needle go to and fro; and when at last
she masters one stitch, and you pronounce it _well done_, will not her
shout of triumph repay the teacher’s trouble? Will it any longer be a
work to dread? On the contrary, will you not look forward to that daily
lesson as the sweetest duty of the day?

“All this sounds very pretty; but when we come to the reality,--the big
stitches, the long stitches, the puckers and gathers, the mistakes and
vexatious carelessness,--how many yards of cloth will be wasted before
one inch of decent sewing can be accomplished by a little child?”

Not one. Cut out a little block of patchwork. Tell the child that she
may make a quilt for her doll’s bed just as soon as she can do it well.
Use pretty, bright colors. Take her on your lap, and show her how a
stitch must be taken, making merry, gentle speeches to her as the work
goes on. “See, pet, you must take up two of these threads on that
side, and put your needle through two more on the other side, then
pull the needle through; that’s one stitch; mamma did that. Now let’s
see the little girl take one just like it. No, no; let mamma hold your
hand steady. There, that’s right. Now you may try again. See, you have
taken up a _leetle_ too much on that side. We’ll just pull that out,
I think, and try again. It was pretty well, but a little bit longer
than the last, and I guess Dolly won’t quite like it; so we’ll pull
it out, and be very careful next time. There, that’s my little woman!
You have made three nice stitches, and we will put up the sewing now,
and run out doors to play. When papa comes home, mamma will have to
show these pretty stitches, and he will be very much pleased.” In this
way, it will not be many weeks before the square for Dolly’s small bed
will be finished, and you will say, “My little daughter has done it so
very nicely, I think we will have to make another, and piece the two
together to make a bigger quilt.” Before a year passes, we are sure you
will have a quilt large enough for your little girl’s own bed, every
stitch well done, and both mother and child drawn closer together and
made happier by each day’s lessons. It is, we think, a great mistake
while teaching a child to sew, to pass over very poor work, simply
because you think after awhile she will learn to do better; and you
will throw the few early attempts aside, rather than be at the trouble
of picking out imperfect stitches. Only a half-inch, or three or four
stitches a day, well done, is a great gain. Be gentle, but very firm.
Do not drill the child till it becomes weary, and will shrink from a
second trial; but yet, let it be well understood that every stitch must
be perfect before it will be accepted, and then be lavish of praise
when the effort is successful. Do not destroy the child’s _first work_,
thus carefully done. It will give you much pleasure when your daughter
has become a woman, and be invaluable to her as an evidence of your
faithful teachings when you are forever hid from her eyes.




XLIV.

THE CARE OF POULTRY.


WE make no pretense to any great skill or experience in raising
poultry, and may not be able to furnish satisfactory answers to
questions which have been sent by some of our readers who appear
wellnigh discouraged by repeated failures; but we venture a few
suggestions which, if acted upon, will, we think, in part at least,
overcome some portion of their difficulties and perplexities, and may
be acceptable to others in their first attempt.

The agricultural papers are filled with descriptions and
recommendations of many fanciful, and, no doubt, very excellent,
heneries and poultry-yards. We have very little acquaintance, however,
with these modern improvements. The few we have seen do not excite our
enthusiasm, and we cannot see that the income or gain in any degree
compensates for the extra expenditure. We do not learn that Nero’s
horses were much benefited when fed on golden oats and shod with
shoes of the same precious metal; nor do we believe hens sheltered
in sumptuous palaces will be more productive than our Leghorns and
Cochins. But each one has a right to his own peculiar fancies; we are
speaking now to those who have not yet found time or means to build
fancy heneries, but content themselves with more simple arrangements.

We think it important, if possible, to have a good yard and commodious
hen-house, in which _laying_, _setting_, and _roosting_ apartments can
be kept separate. These conveniences cannot always be secured as ample
and pleasant as is desirable; but however simple the accommodations may
be, it is indispensable that the building be kept scrupulously clean if
you would insure success. The _roost_ requires the most care. It should
be swept out once a week, the poles and sides being well brushed off
with a stiff broom, and the loose feathers and droppings from under
the poles collected in barrels, removed from the hen-house, and kept
dry. It is an excellent manure or guano, and very valuable when well
composted.

The same care is needed in the _laying_ and _setting_ rooms. It is
wise, once a week, to take all the straw from the nests, brush the
boxes out clean, and replenish with fresh straw. A little ashes or a
few bits of charcoal put under the straw helps to keep the nests sweet.
The old straw and filth should be put on the compost heap. In the
_setting_ apartment the nests must not be disturbed till the eggs are
all hatched, and the little chicks, with their mother, removed. Then
the box must be emptied, well washed, dried, and whitewashed, ready for
a new occupant.

It takes time and some trouble to keep the hen-house and yard always
clean; but it well repays the trouble, and, if well done every week,
will really take less time than to have a grand _clearing up_ once or
twice a year. These clearing days in dwellings or outbuildings are
great nuisances and torments, making every one cross and uncomfortable;
but if in each department it is understood that everything must always
be put into its appropriate place, and that once a week the whole is to
be tidied up, the most careless, if once tempted to try the experiment,
would be astonished at the increased ease of the labor, and the
pleasure would certainly be fourfold.

Every fall and spring and once at least during the summer the birds
should all be turned out of the house and yard, that the inside of
the building may be well smoked with sulphur, and then thoroughly
whitewashed, to secure the destruction of the vermin and the good
health of the occupants. A day should be selected when no hens are
sitting, and then some charcoal must be kindled in an old tin or pan
kept for the purpose in each compartment, and some bits of sulphur
sprinkled over the coals when well burning. This done, shut the doors
and windows tightly, and leave the sulphur to burn out, which it will
do in a few hours; then throw open the doors and windows and let in
the air. After this, every part must be well whitewashed, filling all
cracks, holes, or corners with the wash,--particularly the nests or
boxes for the laying and sitting hens. Sprinkle a few small bits of
charcoal in the nests, when dry, to keep them sweet; fill them with
fresh straw, and recall the fowls to their clean home.

A box or bin of wood-ashes should be placed in one corner of the
roosting apartment, and kept always filled, and free from filth, for
poultry to roll in and free themselves from vermin as far as possible.

The roost should be made so that the poles can be raised or let down at
pleasure. In the winter, have the poles raised as high as may be, as
the heat ascends, and the fowls need as warm a place as possible for
winter. In summer, lower the roost, that they may sleep where the air
circulates freely. If possible, provide a good roomy yard back of the
hen-house, where the hens may have ample space to range. Plums do well
in such yards, and the hens do much toward destroying the curculio. Old
pans or wooden troughs filled with water must be kept in the yard, that
the hens may have drink at all times. If you have plenty of skim-milk
or buttermilk, they will be grateful for all you can spare, and show
their gratitude by the increase of their daily offerings.

Heaps of old plaster or oyster-shells must be kept in different parts
of the yard; if part of the shells can be burned and pounded, it will
be better. Any slops from the house will be of great benefit; and if
no pigs are kept, everything that is thrown into the “swill-pail,” not
salt, can be used to advantage. Keep all water in which potatoes and
vegetables are boiled; throw their parings or skins into it, and after
each meal put in all refuse bits, bring this water to a boil, stir in a
handful or two of coarse meal, and in winter feed it to the hens warm,
and you will find it very acceptable and profitable. Every scrap of
fresh meat, soup bones, but no _salt_ meat, will do them good. If near
a butcher’s shop, he will sell you for a few pennies, or give you, the
“lights” or the head of one of the animals. Chop it up and throw it
into the poultry-yard. Worms and grasshoppers will help them through
the summer months; but they must have something in the way of fresh
meat in winter. Every morning and evening scatter cracked or whole corn
about the yard in a clean place. In picking it up, they will take with
it a little gravel, which is very necessary to keep them healthy.

In many cases it is not convenient or thought necessary to provide a
hen-house and yard, all the poultry being allowed to roam at will over
the premises. A little care will train them to keep from doing any
great mischief in the gardens; but you must not expect too much; if
you have grapes, currants, or small fruit, these will be too tempting
for a hen’s nature to resist, and, in the end, it will be found to be
worth considerable sacrifice of time and money to place them out of the
reach of temptation. Besides, if they are allowed to roam, you cannot
track their nests at all times, and you will be left without an egg in
the house when most needed. With very little care, and by selecting the
best and most reliable breeds, this need never happen where hens are
kept in an inclosure and with a suitable house. The pure Leghorns molt
but six weeks in the year,--in November and December. If they bring
out their broods the first of April, the pullets will begin to lay in
October, just as their mothers begin to molt. If hatched in August or
early September, they will lay by the first of April; so that part of
the hens will be laying all the time. Some people kill off their hens
as soon as the pullets begin to lay, thus having no molting fowls on
their premises; but we think this foolish. The second year’s eggs are
usually larger, and a hen may be kept profitably for three or four
years. Our own experiments lead us to think the White Leghorns and
Cochins the best layers.




XLV.

INSTITUTIONS FOR THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN.


VASSAR is, we think, the first college for women ever established. The
liberal provision for its maintenance, in accordance with the wishes
of the founder,--the chapel, library, cabinet, recitation-rooms; the
houses for the professors; the dormitories for the students; the
dining-hall and kitchen; the laundry and the bakehouse,--every needed
accommodation, are all completed in the most approved manner. The
whole is heated by steam, and lighted by gas. Here physical culture
receives all the care that modern science and experience can give. A
floral garden is managed by the young ladies. Gymnastic exercises,
horseback riding, driving, boating, or skating have their full share
of encouragement and attention. The whole establishment and its
arrangements are most excellent, securing a suitable amount of exercise
to insure good health, and also clear heads for the hours devoted to
study.

But in this generous provision for accomplishments for our young
daughters, and thorough training in all healthful exercise, there
seems to have been one department entirely overlooked, which certainly
demands a large share of attention, and where, we think, faithful
instruction in the rudiments should, in connection with other
departments, begin in the earliest and most simple lessons, with the
full understanding that it must go hand in hand with other branches
through the whole course. We mean a full and most thorough instruction
in all that belongs to domestic economy and household lore.

The preparatory instruction and full collegiate course, in a girl’s
education, should embrace more years than are thought necessary to
prepare a boy to graduate and enter upon the duties of manhood, because
we are sure our girls’ minds are overburdened by an attempt to crowd
too many studies into each year, thus keeping them constantly hurried
and overtaxed. They have many things to do while in school that boys
are not expected to do, or, at any rate, which they never undertake. No
young lady, we trust, would sit down to her studies, in the morning,
until her room was neatly put in order. Many little touches are needed
to secure this, which they cannot depend upon a chamber or parlor maid
to do well, and which it would not be consistent with womanly neatness
to leave undone. Then a girl has her wardrobe to watch over; rips to
mend, buttons to replace, and numerous other things which a boy has
done for him or leaves undone. In girlhood as in later life, woman’s
duties are more complex and varied than man’s. There are so many little
things, insignificant in themselves, but of wonderful importance, in
that skillful combination which must be woven together to make the
perfect whole in a woman’s character, that it is unsafe to skim lightly
over any. Some items appear very trifling and unimportant, when not
viewed as connecting links, without whose aid the whole noble structure
must be incomplete.

No one can tell, while the process of constructing and perfecting is
going on, through what deep and stormy waters the precious bark, once
launched, may be compelled to force its way. Therefore it is wise, in
laying the foundations, to be sure that no timber, screw, or rivet,
however insignificant it may seem at the time, has been discarded or
insecurely fastened.

Even if it could be guaranteed that most of the young ladies who
graduate from our excellent seminaries would never be placed in a
position where they might find it convenient, if not necessary, to
labor to secure home comforts, or prepare food for husband or children,
yet there is no place free from care, where it would not be more
conducive to comfort and happiness for the mistress, not only to know
thoroughly what was proper to be done about the house, but also to know
how to do it herself, should it ever be necessary. To know how to do it
well will do no harm; _not_ knowing how may sometimes subject one to
great discomfort and mortification.

We once called on a lady of great wealth. Her establishment and
style of living demanded a large retinue of servants, who received
the highest wages. There had just been some disturbance among her
servants. The cook, receiving forty dollars a month, imagined that her
subordinate in the kitchen did not render her the proper assistance.
She, the sub-cook, was quite above such service as was exacted. Neither
would yield, and both left. The waitress, laundress, and nurse had
been nursing a feud for some time, which only needed this explosion
in the kitchen and the atmosphere it engendered to develop the final
catastrophe. The noise and smoke of the battle had but just subsided
when we rang the bell, which was answered by the lady herself with a
laughing, happy face, in no wise ruffled by this unusual state of
things. After our errand was done, she was led by it to tell us a merry
story of the day’s experience.

“And what will you do now?”

“O, I have sent my dressing-maid to the nursery, sent the seamstress to
look for others to replace the deserters, and the coachman to market.
I will attend the door till they return, and then I mean to surprise
my husband on his return with a dinner of my own cooking. Mother used
to let me _play cook_ sometimes when I was young. She thought every
girl should at least know how to get a dinner. I learned a good deal
then which I think I have not forgotten, and I owe it to her that this
little disturbance, the first I have had, doesn’t trouble me at all.”

To be sure, those who keep but one or two servants will think that
she had but little to disturb her while a dressing-maid, seamstress,
and coachman were on hand. But we think those who keep the greatest
number of servants are the most to be pitied, and when changes come it
requires much patience and some skill to rearrange those who remain, if
one extra step is demanded of them.

We know two little girls whose mother is training them to meet such
inconvenient changes when they are women, in the same independent
spirit. They have a large-sized _toy cooking-stove_, but one in which
they can make _real pies_, as the little ladies say, and real bread
and real cake can be made on it, though of lilliputian size. The stove
is kept in mother’s room, the pipe passing into the nursery flue. They
have a little molding-board and rolling-pin, and all needed implements
on a small scale, and no richer reward can be given than to be allowed
to bake a cake, or something of their own making, to be placed on
the family table. Of course they work under mother’s eye and by her
instructions, and in later years these little girls will thank their
mother for this early teaching.

This _playing cook_ is an easy and pleasant way of teaching little
girls the first lessons, and if, as in other days, they were fully
taught at home the very important accomplishment of housekeeping by
their mothers, there would be no necessity for a union of domestic
and intellectual institutions in our schools and seminaries; but,
unfortunately, very few, comparatively, of the mothers of the present
day have health to teach their daughters as thoroughly as would be
satisfactory or available; or, if health be given, the disposition to
devote their time and attention to the matter is wanting. For this
reason we see no better way than to have this part of our girls’
education incorporated, if possible, with the other branches taught
in schools and colleges, so that sewing, sweeping, washing, and
cooking--all minutiæ of household knowledge--may be as fully taught
as reading, writing, or the so-called higher studies; or, if this
union is not possible, at least the domestic education might be made
a supplementary course,--the scholars understanding that no one can
“graduate” until she has passed through that department.

We fear the good old times of mother-teaching will not very soon
be revived, and our idea of uniting this important part of woman’s
education with that which is thought higher and more intellectual arose
from the impression that, if not in some way instructed in home duties,
our girls in the course of four or five years of sedentary life would
acquire a distaste for more active employment, or, having destroyed
their health by injurious and long-continued application, would be
utterly incapacitated for it.

We offer these suggestions in the hope that the attention of some
of our progressive spirits may be called to this subject with more
effective earnestness than has been shown.




XLVI.

GREAT MISTAKES.


WHEN the weather becomes so warm that furnaces and large fires can be
dispensed with, the regular “spring cleaning” is usually commenced in
earnest. Until then, the most perfect housekeeper cannot prevent the
accumulation of ashes or fine dust, which, ascending from the furnace
or stove below with each morning’s renewal, will find a lodgment in
carpets and furniture, and can be fully removed only by a longer
process than can be given weekly. Were it not that the carpets and
furniture would be utterly ruined by the insensible deposit of dust
and ashes in the winter, and by flies, spiders, damps, and mold of
the summer, which by fall have been too much for the most vigilant
care, the great domestic terror over which gentlemen so pathetically
lament--a general “house-cleaning”--could easily be dispensed with.
Without those special troubles, we could get along, by good management,
with but very little general disturbance of the regular routine of
household cares, and no derangement of family comfort but what the most
fastidious could patiently and cheerfully submit to.

The last touch to the perfect purification of the house, in the
estimation of many notable housekeepers, is to have the fireplace or
grate brightly polished, and the bricks on the back and sides either
whitewashed or painted (slate, drab, or some neutral color), and this
once satisfactorily accomplished, they are very sensitive if any wish
is expressed to have a fire kindled again before fall, preferring to
risk fevers or any of the malarial troubles so likely to result from
damp or cool nights and mornings, rather than see their clean, nicely
painted grates blackened by the action of fire.

Now, we cannot but think this is a great mistake. So much sickness and
suffering may, we are convinced, be prevented by kindling a small fire
every night and morning, that all pleasure in the beauty of fresh,
pretty-colored grates and fireplaces is lost in the knowledge of the
price paid for it. A well _blackened_ grate has more attractions for
us, as it speaks of dry rooms, rosy cheeks, and good health, whereas
unused and spotless bricks tell of rheumatism, chills and fever, and
pale, sallow faces.

We first learned the great importance of these morning and evening
fires at the West, and should have been thankful to have learned it by
an easier way than through the rough school of experience. What was
a good theory and better practice in the new Western life is equally
beneficial in any locality where cool nights and mornings precede and
follow each day, or where sudden changes from dry to damp or rainy
weather may be expected. It is not at all necessary or wise in warm
weather to build large fires that will heat a room. Only so much is
needed as will suffice to dispel the chill damp of the atmosphere, of
which one is usually conscious on entering a room early in the morning
or soon after nightfall. A few sticks of light wood or a small fagot of
brush will suffice. In the city it is not always easy to find material
for this purpose; but in the country, whether in an old place or new,
there is no difficulty, and no excuse for neglect. Small sticks, and
any quantity of brush, from constantly needed repairs or pruning, are
always scattered about, which, if not daily gathered up, will soon
accumulate, till heaps of unsightly rubbish will meet the eye at every
turn. If only for the sake of neatness, and to _save time_, all this
should be daily removed. It is not much labor, and a very short time is
sufficient. If you have young boys or girls with you, rightly trained
to be useful, an hour or two of outdoor labor will give them pleasant
and healthful occupation. Provide them with a child’s saw-horse and
saw, a small, light hatchet, and a ball of strings, and let them daily
go out and collect such brush as may be lying around. Show them how to
cut it in proper lengths, and to tie the fagots neatly. Then they can
easily, with a light wheelbarrow, take them to the wood-house or shed,
and pile them ready for use. A half-hour’s or an hour’s work every day
will do this, and the young folks will not feel it a burden. But if
left a week or two, the brush becomes tangled, the heap grows larger,
and what should be only pleasant recreation becomes a burden, perhaps
really too heavy for children to undertake, and either a man’s time
must be given to the work, or industry and labor be made repulsive
to the young. That is also a great mistake. But by having this work
regularly done, at certain hours daily, by your children, a threefold
good may be gained: the house, grounds, and surroundings can be kept
free from disagreeable litter; the means secured at the same time,
with little labor and no cost, to preserve a healthful atmosphere all
through the house; and your children taught a lesson in neatness and
industry which they will not in after years forget, and which, whatever
their position in life, will always be valuable.

While among the pines and palmettos in the newly settled parts of
Florida, we looked with envious eyes on the “fat wood,” as it is
called, which lies around the clearings in the greatest abundance. A
few small sticks from these pine knots, at the first touch of a match,
start into a wonderfully bright flame, before which, while it lasts,
the light of our best kerosene lamps is obscured, and the morning and
evening dampness is expelled, so that comfortable but not heated air
is secured. We were pleased to see in these brilliant fires, regularly
kindled, strong proof of good common-sense.

We believe full half the sickness which abounds in newly settled
countries or in malarial districts could be entirely prevented by this
easy, simple practice. At any rate, it would certainly be quite as
effectual as the innumerable and abominable doses which each section
of country accepts as the only cure; and it would have the advantage
of being a pleasant remedy, warranted not to produce some disease far
worse than the first.

Another great mistake is the exclusion of sunlight from our houses.
We have spoken of this some time since, and wish the importance of
admitting the light of the sun freely, as well as building these early
and late fires, could be properly impressed upon our housekeepers.
No article of furniture should ever be brought to our homes too good
or too delicate for the sun to see all day long. His presence should
never be excluded, except when so bright as to be uncomfortable to
the eyes. And a walk in good, bright sunlight, before the heat is too
intense, is very beneficial, so that the eyes are protected by veil or
parasol when the light is inconveniently strong. A _sun-bath_ is of
far more importance in preserving a healthful condition of the body
than is generally understood. A sun-bath costs nothing, and that is a
misfortune, for people are deluded with the idea that those things only
can be good or useful which cost money. But remember that pure water,
fresh air, sunlight, and homes kept free from dampness, will secure you
from many heavy bills of the doctors, and give you health and vigor,
which no money can procure. It is a well-established fact that people
who live much in the sun are usually stronger and more healthy than
those whose occupations deprive them of sunlight.




XLVII.

STUDY TO MAKE HOME ATTRACTIVE.


IN planning and furnishing a house, young people too often sacrifice
true taste and their own conscience for _style_; forgetting that they
should arrange a home for _comfort_, not for a temple of fashion.
So large a portion of the money set apart for the whole outlay is
expended in adorning their parlors,--the only part of a house which
is, in a measure, public property,--that they are compelled to cheat
themselves out of much comfort and convenience, when they come to the
furnishing of the real home, or family rooms, unless possessed of
wealth so abundant that expense becomes a secondary consideration. We
think the family sitting and dining rooms should receive more thought
and care than any other part of the house. Neatness, of course, should
be preserved everywhere, and the parlors be furnished with as much of
style and fashion as your means will warrant your expending to meet
your own desires, or in deference to public opinion, if you are at
all inclined to cater to its gratification. In your chambers study
neatness and convenience, and also in the kitchen; but when you turn
to the sitting and dining rooms, give yourself abundance of time to
deliberate over everything connected with these apartments, and, after
due consideration, begin the work, which, if rightly understood, will
be a toil of pleasure,--a labor of love, never ending; because every
week some pretty device or fanciful change or addition will occur to
you, by which you can add to its simple attractions, thereby giving
yourself great pleasure, and filling your heart with happy thoughts.
From the tone of the letter and question prompting this chapter, we
should not class its writer with those who desire a position among
the “fashionables,” whose greatest pleasure lies in parties, balls,
and theaters, or a ceaseless round of “calls,” and who would be made
perfectly miserable if compelled by any circumstance to pass a quiet
evening at home, with _nobody but their husband_. For such there is no
_home_. That word belongs to an unknown tongue, which their hearts can
never interpret.

We are not at all in sympathy with those who take it for granted that
the husband is always the most to be blamed, if the club house or any
outside companionship has more attractions than his own home. When the
“twain are made one flesh,” if the union is consummated through love,
and not from mercenary reasons, the heart of the husband will be drawn
most naturally, in his leisure hours, toward the companion he has
chosen from all others; and in these early days it rests chiefly with
her to make all the surroundings of the home committed to her care so
attractive that his steps turn thitherward, because nowhere else can
he secure such true comfort and solid happiness. Having so begun, if
you continue thus to cast your spells about him, here in this pleasant
sitting-room, young wife, he will always prefer to spend his leisure
hours where your skill and taste make it more bright and restful than
any other resort can be. Now, in the earliest days of your wedded
life, before other cares engross your time and thoughts, you have the
opportunity to make _home_ a word of sacred meaning, to learn its true
nature yourself, and to gather around it associations that shall be
lasting, and a safeguard through life.

It is not by the “great sacrifices,” or “heroic devotion,” which
you speak of, that this blessing can be secured; but by _little
things_--daily acts--the work must be begun and the building
established on a firm foundation. Bear this in mind constantly while
planning the room, selecting the furniture, and arranging the many
trifles that, combined, make a sitting-room peculiarly attractive.
Secure, if possible, a southern or eastern lookout, or both united.
Select pictures that are homelike, even if not the elaborate work of
some great artist; those do not always give the greatest pleasure.
Flowers and vines about the room or in the windows add wonderfully
to the cheerfulness of any room, and to this particularly. Have
neat, white shades to exclude the sun partially during the mid-day
hours, and outside blinds to keep curiosity from sharing your evening
enjoyments. A book and piano are always desirable in a family room,
even if you have a _grand piano_ for your parlors. Select the easiest
and most comfortable lounges and chairs, taking time to look in several
manufactories before you decide; for hard, unyielding sofas and chairs
are only fit for show or torture rooms. A commodious table for books,
and gas or lamps, suitable for writing, with convenient drawers to hold
all necessary writing-material, and your own work-stand in the corner,
are essential. These are always useful and convenient; but it is not
needful that we go into elaborate specifications. Your own taste and
love, if you set about the work in the right spirit, will teach you
better than any one else can do. Arrange the necessary articles and
all the embellishments with care and thought, so that when you stand
at the door and survey the work, the room shall lie before you like a
picture, speaking of cheerfulness, rest, and comfort. Here, if you show
your husband, from the first, that you are always interested in his
outside labors and duties, he will gladly come to talk over the day’s
doings; and it will not take long to teach him that a good, true wife
is the best adviser he can have,--that his business knowledge and your
womanly insight and tact, united, will solve dubious questions, and
unravel troublesome tangles, quite as safely and far more pleasantly
than any assistance and advice sought outside of _home_. And in after
life, think you, will it not be pleasant to look back and trace much of
your happiness to the fascinations and attractions you so skillfully
gathered about the pleasant sitting-room, when you, as “young people,”
took sweet counsel together, and laid the foundation for mutual
confidence and true domestic peace? Had you secured the most elegant
parlors, but left this room cold and barren, negligently kept, and
destitute of any special attraction, do you think your prospects of
happiness would have been as bright? Or can you feel that you would
deserve that they should be? It is your work, young wife, to make the
_home_. Your husband may provide and furnish the means, but it is for
you to see that they are used for mutual happiness.

Next to the sitting-room, the dining-room must be the most carefully
arranged. Strange how few give heed to this! It is sometimes a low,
dark, ill-constructed room, reached by stairs often unsafe by reason
of darkness, and usually opening so abruptly to the kitchen that the
appetite is destroyed the moment you enter by the fumes from cooking
which have been gathering in the dining-room all the morning; and the
pleasant intercourse which should enliven each meal is often sadly
interrupted by overmuch talking from the adjacent kitchen. If there
ever is dispute or misfortune there, it seems always destined to occur
while you are at your table. Our city dining rooms are too frequently
after this pattern. Here is some excuse; for we must expect, in one way
or another, to be “cabined, cribbed, and confined” in the city; but in
the free, bright country, there can seldom be any such excuse given,
and yet the same heedlessness with regard to anything pleasant in the
position of the dining-room is noticeable. Opening into a back yard or
clothes-yard, or overlooking the barn-yard, with nothing attractive
or cheerful,--this is thought good enough for a place to _feed in_. A
very great mistake; for here we should meet, not to eat hastily, and
rise up and go our ways, but there should be quite as much enjoyment in
free and cheerful conversation at the table as can possibly be secured
during the mere act of eating. A friend occasionally drops in; and when
children are gathered about the board, their little winning ways and
delightful prattle add wonderfully to the pleasure of the repast. Our
American men, when actively engaged in business, as a large proportion
of them are, often find the breakfast and dinner hours the only parts
of the day when they can see their children. It is time little folks
were asleep, generally, before the father closes his labors and returns
home for tea. For that reason, if for no other, the dining-room, in
every family, as being the place where, except on Sunday, the children
will have the best opportunity of seeing their father, should be made
bright, cheerful, and peculiarly attractive; because it will be more
closely associated in their minds with his presence. As they grow
older, they should be taught to give their aid in arranging fruit and
flowers for the decoration of the table and side-board before each
meal, “because papa will soon be here.”

You may think these are all such _little things_, that you cannot
conceive it possible they should be of much importance in arranging a
house, or making home happy, and will probably feel that your question
has been unsatisfactorily answered. But, dear “young wife,” believe
me, it is by little things that you must make the house, now committed
to your charge, a happy one, and so attractive to your husband that
he can have no wish to seek pleasure elsewhere. It is not by any
great effort once in a while, but by the constant, daily evidence of
your thoughtfulness and care, that you will secure the confidence and
companionship you are so earnestly desiring and seeking after.




XLVIII.

THE CARE OF COOKING-STOVES AND RANGES.


NEXT to perplexities and trouble with servants, there is nothing that
so severely afflicts the careful housekeeper as the attempt to secure
attention to the cooking-stove or range. The reasons given for failure
in any particular point are innumerable, and all cast the burden of
blame on the poor, inoffensive stove. There never was such a miserable
cooking-stove. The fire won’t burn, or it burns too fiercely; the oven
won’t bake at all, or bakes so furiously that everything you trust to
it is ruined. It smokes, or the gas escapes, and fills the house with
the offensive odors; it burns out more coal in one day than should be
used in two; the dampers are useless, or the grate cannot be turned
over. There is scarcely a defect to be imagined but is charged to this
necessary evil,--the cooking-stove or range.

In part, no doubt, these ceaseless annoyances spring from the
heedlessness or ignorance of the servants, but more frequently, we
think, it is because the mistress herself does not understand the
cause of the difficulty, or how to point out and remedy the mistakes.
It is impossible to expect a girl will be successful in managing
the fire and stove unless you are competent and willing to give her
full instruction, and are also ready to follow this up with constant
daily supervision, until time and a faithful trial convince you that
the subject is fully understood, and your injunctions regularly
followed. Even then _watch_, with all kindness and patience, not with
a fault-finding spirit, but because carelessness and forgetfulness
are bound up in the heart of almost every servant, and ceaseless
vigilance is your only protection from mistakes of the most mortifying
and vexatious character; and do you not know that such trials always
come at the most unexpected and inconvenient time? No doubt there are
occasionally servants found, or heard of, who are faithful, careful,
competent, and safe to be trusted in every particular; but they are,
“like angels’ visits, few and far between”; and it is wise for every
housekeeper to be as exact in her explanations, and as watchful in
seeing them executed, as if she knew her girl was totally ignorant of
everything about the stove or range, until well convinced that she
fully understands and regularly carries out her mistress’s lessons.
Then, if she fails, it is safe to look upon the failure as culpable
negligence, for which it would be very difficult to find a reasonable
excuse.

Simply _telling_ a servant how you wish the stove managed, or anything
else done, is by no means sufficient. To say to the new cook, “Bridget,
I wish you to be very particular in cleaning out your range or stove
every night before retiring, and have your kindlings and coal all laid
ready to start a fire in the morning,” will not secure obedience. The
answer will doubtless be, “O yes, mem, I always do that.” Perhaps once
in a great while you may find a cook that will do this regularly; for
it certainly, if they will only try it, is the easiest way. But take
nothing on trust. See with your own eyes before you retire how much
this _always_ means. Too often it should be translated, “when it suits
my convenience.” Perhaps for a short time it may be done in accordance
with your wishes; but keep open eyes, or nine times out of ten, in less
than a month, you will be told, “I can’t do anything with the range or
stove.” “Have you thoroughly cleaned it out each night as I directed?”
“O yes, mem; of course I have.” Now, either go to work yourself and
see what is the matter, which is the best way, or send for a man from
a stove manufactory to examine. Stand by _with the cook_ to see the
results of his examination. Of course the fire must be all out before
he can do anything. He will then remove every cover from the top, and
most likely find the whole surface perfectly clogged up with small bits
of coal and piles of ashes, so that the draught is obstructed; or, if
the difficulty does not lie there mainly, he will take out the slide to
the pit under the oven, and, notwithstanding cook’s assurances that it
is regularly cleaned out, you will find it filled with ashes up to the
oven bottom; or the grate has been so imperfectly emptied and cleaned
that it is broken, and clogged with _clinkers_, leaving hardly room
to make a fire in it. Now you have the whole mystery solved. All the
girl’s protestations and assurances of great care in keeping the stove
in perfect order cannot longer blind your eyes. A few such examples
may not insure cook’s future attention and truthfulness, but they will
teach you, that as the _foot of the master_ is the only warrant for
large crops on a farm, or successful operations in any pursuit, so the
_eye and hand_ of the mistress must ever be most vigilant and effective
to secure comfort in the house.

There is no one convenience on which so large a part of house comfort
depends as on a good cooking-apparatus, whether in the form of stove
or range; and however perfect the patent, nothing can so easily be
put out of working order by careless management. Before starting a
new fire, examine if the stove has been thoroughly cleaned from the
last one; then open the dampers; roll up and put into the grate a few
pieces of paper,--or some shavings, if you can have them, are still
better; lay lightly on this some splinters or small bits of kindling
wood. Do not throw them on in a heavy mass, but so arrange them as
to give free breathing-holes; on this foundation put a few larger
pieces of pine kindling, and if you are hurried, and need a quick,
bright fire, sprinkle over a small shovelful of _coke_, if you have
it. Nothing kindles quicker than coke. Now replace all the covers,
and set fire to the paper with a match, held underneath the grate.
If lighted from above, it must be, of course, before the covers are
put on, and that fills the kitchen with smoke. When the wood is well
blazing, before at all wasted, take off the covers and cross-piece (the
paper will have burned out by that time, and little smoke will trouble
you), and pour on the hard coal, scattering it evenly at the sides,
but a little heaped or rounded in the center. Be careful that the
grate is not _filled_ ABOVE _the fire-brick_. This is a very important
consideration, for if heaped above, it injures the stove, burning out
the iron-work, and obstructing the draught, so that the coal cannot
kindle readily, but wastes and smolders without doing much good. As
soon as the coal is well kindled, close the draughts, or dampers, and
you will have a clear, serviceable fire. It is a great mistake to use
a large amount of paper or kindling. The paper, when burnt out, makes
a smothering, black kind of ashes, that deadens the fire, and the
pine kindling, if used too profusely, fills the stove with so much
bituminous smoke as to clog the pipes needlessly.

When your breakfast is dished and sent to the table, tell the cook to
raise a cover from the stove, and see if it would not be well to add
a small shovelful of coal to keep the fire in good working order; but
it will not be necessary to open the draughts until the breakfast is
over and the dishes washed and put away. When that is done, it will be
time to begin arrangements for dinner, and then the draughts should
be opened a few minutes, and the fire raked down or shaken, so as to
remove all the ashes; but _on no account stir it from the top_; that
kills the fire, turning the coals black. The ashes being removed, lift
off the two front covers and the cross-piece once more; pour on more
coal, always remembering not to fill above the fire-brick. The object
in lifting off both covers and cross-bar, instead of pouring in the
coal at one hole, and pushing it across with the poker, as most girls
do, is to prevent the coal from scattering and lodging on the plate of
the stove, under the side covers. If this is done, the coal remaining
there prevents the heat from having a free circulation; therefore every
time the coal is added, even if both covers are removed, giving a free
opening to pour on what fuel is needed, it is best to pass the poker
under the side-holes, and see that the upper plate is free from coal
and ashes.

We have written these simple directions at the request of a “very young
housekeeper,” who assures us that there are hundreds “longing for just
such instruction, who, fearing to expose their ignorance, are keeping
silent, subjecting themselves to all sorts of mistakes, which make
their husbands cross, and set themselves almost crazy.”

We regret that any should feel ashamed to ask questions on household
matters, however simple. To answer them, if in our power, is pleasure,
and the questions are a great encouragement; for we often think we
have exhausted all that need be said, when some word from the “young
housekeepers” remind us of points which we have overlooked.




XLIX.

THE OLD WAYS AND THE NEW.


IT is interesting to note the changes and improvements which have been
made within the last half-century in almost all the conveniences and
implements which are needed in the preparation of food. It may be that
the ease and comfort by which this labor can be performed, through
these new contrivances, when compared with the old ways, and the
facility with which all classes, rich or poor, can and do secure all
or some of these conveniences, has tempted to an indulgence in luxuries
regardless of economy or health. Perhaps the firm health and longevity
so common among our forefathers were in some degree owing to their
more simple diet; but also very largely, we think, to their healthful
activity and industry, and to the _early to bed, early to rise_ habits
which their active life demanded.

But, as the present generation have acquired extravagant tastes with
regard to food, as well as in dress, there certainly is cause for
gratitude that great improvements in the machinery by which such
work can be performed have kept pace with the cultivated taste that
demands so much more skill to gratify it. We doubt, however, if any
modern improvement can ever set before us food that will have the rare
excellence, the exquisite flavor, of that which used to come from our
mother’s great brick oven. Ah, the bread,--the rich-colored brown
bread; the creamy-white bread; the pies, puddings, and cakes!

  “’Twere worth ten years of modern life,
    One glance at that array!”

We have yet to see the device which can compensate for the loss of the
old brick oven!

But wishing will not restore it to us who live in cities or large
towns, unless we can bring back the old primeval forests, and, instead
of the “coal-bins,” possess again the old-fashioned wood-houses with
their rich stores of seasoned wood, piled high to the rafters; and the
huge piles of green wood in the yard, waiting for the leisure days to
be cut, split, and housed; or we must emigrate to the unsettled parts
of the West and South, which are still rich in splendid woodland, where
the settlers are cutting down the grand old forests, or wastefully
burning them. In their present haste to clear the land, they forget
their own future interest and the comfort of their children, who, by
this waste and destruction, will be denied the luxury of wood fires,
and compelled to content themselves with coal, and all the annoyances
and discomfort connected with its habitual use. Coal is excellent for
the cook-stove; but it is a great sacrifice when none but the rich can
afford wood fires, in their family room at least.

It may be difficult for the first occupants of wild lands to save
the great wealth of fuel, while hastening to open up their farms.
But it seems to us that it would be wise to preserve larger tracts
of woodland on any new farm or home-steads, as a provision for the
future; remembering that any ten acres thoroughly cultivated will bring
more abundant and better paying crops than thirty cleared but poorly
cultivated; _poorly_, because the owner uses the time in cutting down
the wood on the extra twenty acres which should have been given to
the careful cultivation of the ten. When we have been at the West and
South, at various times, it has been a source of continual regret to
see that which our large towns and cities so greatly need recklessly
given to the flames, knowing that the time cannot be far distant when
these young towns will feel the need of this fuel as much as their
elders. We cannot help thinking while we ride through the burning
forests, that even a woman could manage so that the forests could be
more largely preserved, and the trees which must fall be saved and
made useful and profitable; while the comfort and prosperity of the
possessor could be much increased by the economy, because the farm
would be brought under more careful culture, and thus sooner return
paying crops.

But the thought of the well-beloved brick oven has led us into the
wilderness, and away from our subject.

We were noticing the great difference between the ancient and modern
manner of cooking. Many of our readers remember and have often used the
brick ovens, the large old-fashioned fireplace, the long crane, the
pot-hooks and trammel on it, and the great pots and kettles suspended
by them over the fierce fire,--the immense “roaster,” the “Dutch oven,”
the Johnny-cake baked on the “Bannock-board” before the glowing bed of
coals, while bright rows of apples were sputtering on the hearth. But
all these names are to your children like words in an unknown tongue.
They will never know the rich flavors gained only by this mode of
cooking; neither will they endure the pains and penalties by which this
knowledge was obtained. What would those tyrants of our households,
the modern cooks, say if compelled to swelter over the blazing fire,
or roast with the meats they are cooking upon the fiery coals on the
hearth?

Some years since we were presented with one of Stewart’s stoves, which
proved so satisfactory that we never expected, and hardly desired,
anything better; and when, a few years later, we were persuaded to put
the “Peerless” in its place, although always very ready to try anything
new that promises to lighten or simplify the kitchen work, we confess
that it was with much reluctance that we consented to make the change,
being in no wise inclined to believe that it could at all compete with
our old and well-tried friend, the Stewart’s. But the stove proved
itself worthy of its name. “Peerless” it certainly has been, and in all
respects given us more comfort than any stove or range we have ever
used, baking equally in every part of the oven, and using much less
coal even than the Stewart’s. It is made by Pratt and Wentworth, of
Boston.

We well remember when cook-stoves and ranges were first brought into
common use, and how positive the good housekeepers were that nothing
decent could be prepared with these strange contrivances. But only a
few days were needed to work a complete conversion. Since then, almost
every year brings before the public some new range or cook-stove, or
marked improvements on the old. By and by we expect to see stoves and
ranges arranged for the use of gas, instead of coal, for cooking; and
if a better quality of gas than that which has tormented us for the
last few years can be furnished, we imagine any such invention will
bring us nearer to the perfection of cooking arrangements than has ever
been reached. To be free from smoke, and the dust and vexation of coal
and ashes, will indeed be a consummation most devoutly to be wished.

But until gas can be thus used in the kitchen, housekeepers have reason
to be well satisfied with the many excellent ranges and stoves now in
general use.




L.

A FEW HINTS ON CARVING.


IT is a great accomplishment to be able to _carve_ well and easily,
without awkwardness; but it is one that receives altogether too little
attention. Too often it would seem that the host or hostess, or whoever
is called upon to perform this table duty, has no idea of there being
anything needed but to hack off in the most expeditious manner as much
meat as is required to satisfy the wants of those present, without the
slightest reference to the mode in which it should be done, or the
choice bits to be secured by careful carving. We have seen those who
in every other respect were true gentlemen and ladies, carve poultry
or a piece of meat in such a barbarous manner as to banish all desire
to eat, and almost the ability to taste the big, uncouth, mangled lump
that was put, or rather thrown, on the plate. To cut off a thick,
rough piece from any part that the knife happens to light upon first,
aside from being untidy and unpalatable, is also very wasteful. After
two or three such careless cuttings, the whole piece is so defaced and
uneven, that it is no longer possible to secure a decent looking bit:
and the bone is left with much adhering to it, in ragged morsels, which
dry and become worthless if left over to the next day, but which, had
the joint been properly carved, could have been sent to the table for a
cold relish for tea, in a neat and attractive form.

Our ladies are seldom good carvers, and do not often attempt it. Few
have been taught, or thought it worth while to try and learn; but
in early times it was considered an indispensable part of a girl’s
education. The want of such knowledge often leaves one in an unpleasant
and embarrassing position; for to every one there occasionally comes
a time when the gentleman of the family must be absent, and the lady
must do the carving, or ask a guest or stranger, who may be even more
awkward than herself.

To stand up while carving is not as proper or skillful a way of
doing the work as to be seated; but it is sometimes easier and more
convenient, and, if the table be at all crowded, less troublesome to
guests. In such cases it is quite allowable.

The carving-knife must be sharp and thin. A large, broad-bladed knife
is needed for meats; a long, narrow, and sharp-pointed blade for
poultry and game; both should be kept in perfect order, and always
ready for use.

When dished, poultry or game must be laid on its back, the breast
uppermost, for the greater convenience of the carver, who should put
the fork into the breast, holding the bird firmly, until he has taken
off the wings and legs, cut out the merry thought, or wish-bone; cut
nice, even slices from the breast, and removed the collar-bone. A
skillful carver will do all this without once turning the fowl over.
Next cut off the side-bone, and cut down the back, dividing the carcass
in two. Separate the drumstick from the second joint, and in helping a
lady, if she prefer the wing, cut it in two parts that she may handle
it more conveniently.

A ham, or a leg of lamb or mutton, should be first cut in the middle,
clean down to the bone, passing the knife all round. Then cut thin,
even slices from the upper or thicker part, separating each slice from
the bone at the bottom, carefully, without tearing it. Some slices can
also be cut from the lower part of the leg or ham, which are just as
good as the upper part; but after a little you come to the cords or
fibers, and then the remainder of the lower part should be set aside to
cut out all the little bits for a relish at tea, or, in ham, to chop up
as seasoning or with other kinds of meat for hash. By cutting meat in
this way, much may be saved. Good carving is good economy.

The middle portion of boiled tongue is the best, and should be first
served to guests. The tip is fit only for hashes. It should always be
cut crosswise, never lengthwise.

When dishing a sirloin, place it on the platter with the tenderloin
underneath, and carve thin slices lengthwise from the side next to you;
then turn the piece over, and carve the tenderloin carefully, cutting
across the piece, serving equally from both parts.

In carving a fore-quarter of lamb, divide the shoulders from the ribs;
then separate the ribs. The fore-quarter of pork and mutton should
be carved in the same way. When carving the hind-quarter, cut neatly
between the ribs to the joint, which must then be carefully separated,
so as not to bring a jagged, mangled piece to the plate. To do this
you will be obliged to charge your butcher particularly to _crack_ the
joints, not only of the hind, but also of the fore-quarter. He has the
implements to do it more expertly than you can, and unless this is
well done, it is quite impossible to carve the ribs neatly. Serve a
bit of the kidney and the fat to each guest if agreeable. Some do not
relish the kidney, and could eat with more relish if it were not on
their plate, and for this reason it is safest to ask each one before
helping.

In carving a fillet of veal, begin at the top to cut, serving a portion
of the dressing to each guest. When carving the breast of veal, cut the
upper portion of the brisket, or that part of the breast that lies next
to the ribs, separately, and in helping, inquire what part is preferred.

Some like to send a young pig whole to the table, with a lemon or bunch
of parsley put into the mouth. We think it much nicer to take off the
head, and cut the pig in halves or quarters, before sending it to the
table, and then carve it. It would be very unpleasant to many to see
such a revolting caricature of a live pig brought before them. But each
one must judge for himself.




LI.

PARENTAL EXAMPLE.


PARENTS may give “line upon line and precept upon precept,” in their
assiduous watchfulness over the manners and morals of their children,
yet, if they do not constantly bear in mind that example has more
influence over the young than precept, their efforts will be of little
avail. If you reprove a child for careless usage of books, show them
how they are injured and defaced, by turning down corners, scribbling
on the margin, or throwing them down on the face, how much good will
such lectures do, if, when he enters your library, or comes where
you have been reading, the child sees your books tossed about, the
bindings strained, and the corners in a most undesirable condition?

You endeavor to inculcate a habit of neatness in your daughter; you
insist that when she returns from a walk or ride she shall smooth out
her bonnet-strings, brush the dust from it, and put it at once in the
bonnet-box; you tell her to fold her shawl neatly, hang up her sack,
pull the fingers of her gloves straight, fold them up and lay them in
their appropriate place; and this you request her to do, not once or
twice, but habitually, not only because it is tidy, but also a great
saving of time and garments in the course of a year. But if you come
in, and toss your street garments about in the most careless manner,
how much good, think you, will all your words of instruction have
accomplished? You may enforce obedience, but compulsory habits are
not usually abiding; and, when old enough to cast off restraint, it
will be, not so much the _words you have spoken_, as the things your
child has _seen you do habitually_, which will influence and guide her
womanhood.

You resolutely object to your children using low phrases,--what is
termed _slang_; but if your own conversation is largely interspersed
with foolish or needless ejaculations, fight against it as you may,
you will find it impossible to prevent them from copying your mode of
speaking, and it will be very strange if they do not carry it to a much
greater extent than you have done.

Nowhere is this force of example so strikingly exemplified as at the
table. It is always disagreeable to see a child sitting with its arms
on the table, or resting its elbow there while carrying the food to its
mouth. There is some excuse for the little ones, as their short limbs
grow weary, and the position, though a very awkward one, seems to them
a rest from the restraint of the table; and no doubt it is so. It is
exceedingly annoying to see children filling their mouths too full,
and then washing the food down by drinking, before the food is half
masticated. If a child reaches over another’s plate for some article
of food, instead of politely asking for it, who can help feeling
disturbed by the rudeness? It is disagreeable to all present to see any
one stand upon the round of the chair, or on the floor, and _spring_
after a piece of bread or meat, or push a dish across the table instead
of handing it. You shrink from the child who helps itself to butter
with the knife from its own plate. All this is annoying in children,
but it is intolerable when practiced by the parents. They are as much
disgusted as any “lookers-on” can be, when they notice such rude,
ill-mannered actions in their children; but while they severely blame
these young things, they forget that these are always watching and
imitating their parents’ faults.

We have seen those who were in most respects truly refined, whose great
anxiety seemed to be to guard their children from any contact with
rude associates, and to teach them as much refinement of manner and
character as was possible; and in most things we have observed that
such parents most scrupulously and conscientiously conformed to their
own instructions; but when we have had a seat at their table, we have
sometimes been amazed to observe that they felt themselves exonerated
from the observance of the simplest forms of table etiquette, yet held
their children in strict bondage to such rules, and made the hours
spent at what should be the social, cheerful board very uncomfortable
by continued reproofs.

“John, take your arms off the table.” The child raises his eyes to
his father, and sees one arm laid on the table before him, the other
supporting his head, with the elbow on the table, while administering
this reproof.

“James, how often must I tell you to ask for what you want, and not
reach for it across the table?”

A few minutes after, James sees his reprover reaching to the full
stretch of his arm, supplemented by the _fork from his own plate_, and
pick up a potato, piece of bread, or meat, at the farther end of the
table.

“O child, will you never learn to eat without smacking your lips and
making such a disagreeable noise? It makes one sick to hear you!”

The child has been watching the parent while eating, and trying hard to
imitate the genuine _gourmand’s smack_ which he hears from the head of
the table.

“I am astonished! Why do you take the bread from the plate with your
fingers and toss it in that manner to your sister? Never let me see you
guilty of such rudeness again!”

Now, children are quick to see mistakes and discrepancies in the
conduct of their elders, or those who have the rule over them. It does
not require many years for them to mark how inconsistent such training
is. Naturally children are not very fond of rules and regulations; they
like freedom of action as well as their elders; and if they see that
what is called rude and ill-mannered in a child is the daily practice
of those whom they are expected to look up to, is it strange that
they take every possible opportunity to transgress these precepts,
so strangely nullified by parental example? They are always reaching
forward to something beyond their present condition. If father or
mother does such and such things, which are denied to the young son
or daughter, of course they long for the same privilege; because if
their parents do thus, it must be something smart, the imitation of
which brings them nearer to manhood and womanhood, and farther from
childhood, from which latter period all children are eager to hasten
away. Then, if this is so,--and we think every observing parent has
found it to be true,--is it not important that the rules which are laid
down to secure good morals and good manners in the children should be
considered of sufficient importance to regulate the practice of the
parents; and should not the deviations from them, on the part of the
elders, be few,--or, better yet, none?




LII.

TRUE TASTE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN MONEY.


MANY imagine they must relinquish all hopes of gratifying their
tastes, or the inherent love of the beautiful, if they do not rank
among the rich. This is an entirely false idea. There are houses upon
which thousands of dollars have been expended, that would be quite
intolerable to people of real refinement as a permanent residence. The
whole arrangement and furniture are so stiff and formal, so heavy and
oppressive with superfluous ornament, that simple curiosity to see what
strange vagaries can enter into the heads of the rich, and in what
absurd manner they study to spend their abundant wealth, would seem to
be the only motive which could tempt a sensible person to enter.

On the other hand we find small, modest cottages, which bear
unmistakable evidence of the necessity of close economy, which have far
more of real comfort and convenience about them than those splendid
mansions, and at the same time they are _gems_, bearing in every part
the stamp of true elegance and refinement. They are so beautified by
the genuine taste and ingenuity of the occupants, that it is real
pleasure to pass from one room to another, or sit quietly and enjoy
the sweet enchantment; yet money had little to do toward securing such
attractions. It is the fitness of things, the harmonious blending
of shape and color, the adaptation of the furniture to the wants
of each apartment, that make the whole combination so peculiarly
delightful. And yet, how and from what was all this tasteful furnishing
constructed? If some of those persons, whose dark and gloomy parlors
are hung with the costliest damask, and their furniture carved and
upholstered by the most skillful and fashionable workmen, should, by
chance, find themselves in one of these pleasant homes, they could
not help being captivated by the spirit of the place, in spite of the
absence of style or fashion. The elegant, airy, graceful parlors, the
rest, the peace and comfort which pervade the whole atmosphere, would
be to them a new experience; and what would be their astonishment to
learn with how little expense all this, which they acknowledge to be so
refreshing, has been secured!

No matter if the purse is not very heavy, young people, with good
health and a fair share of taste and ingenuity, have great pleasure
in store for themselves, when they undertake together to furnish and
beautify a house, which is to be their home. There are so many small
conveniences, so many little contrivances, that a carpenter never
thinks of, because he has never had woman’s work to do, and therefore
cannot see how important these little things are. A woman should know
just where an hour’s work, well considered and planned, can be employed
to manufacture some convenient thing, that will save much time and
strength, and which, however cheaply and roughly made, she can, in a
few spare moments, transform into an object of real beauty.

“Harper’s Bazaar,” always full of suggestions, often describes the way
of making useful articles beautiful ones. The pictures and explanations
are very easily understood, and each one who attempts to profit by
these suggestions can elaborate or modify as her skill, time, or
means may allow. There is no end to the variety and improvement that
will grow out of each successive trial; and certainly no end to the
pleasure that one can enjoy in seeing such trophies of taste spring
up within and around a new home. A few yards of bright blue, pink, or
green paper muslin, with an overskirt of cheap Nottingham lace, dotted
muslin, or an old lawn dress, can soon transform a rough half-circle
or square piece of board into a pretty washstand or dressing-table.
Old broom-handles make good legs for the stands; and a part of the
length of the handle, not needed, or some smaller stick, answers nicely
for the rounds or braces. The husband can easily bore the holes in
the top, into which the legs may be fastened, and also for the braces
necessary to keep the table firm; an old piece of cloth does nicely
for the under-cover; an old hoop-skirt nailed around the edge of the
top, before the wadding and upper cover are put on, is excellent to
make the outside skirt hang in a proper manner, or the grandmother’s
old-fashioned wire fire-fender, which for years has lain rusting in
your mother’s garret, is admirable for that purpose. Then, with the
bright, delicately colored paper muslin, and the white lace or lawn
overskirt, or cover, you have, with trifling expense, as pretty a
toilet-table or washstand as any one need desire. Underneath the hoops
or fender you may have a convenient repository for work-basket or
boxes, if your house is not well supplied with closets.

“Sleepy Hollows,” sewing-chairs or easy-chairs made from old hogsheads
or barrels, and pretty lounges from long packing-boxes, are, we think,
among the articles the “Bazar” has sometimes mentioned,--giving
pictures and explanations of the manner in which the roughest and
hardest work may be executed. From these directions, any one with
tolerable skill can gather the first ideas, and then proceed to make
the articles, modifying the shape to suit their own fancy.

Pretty ottomans or stools covered to match the furniture of the room
are a great convenience, and help to give a genteel, stylish air. If
skillfully made and dressed, who could imagine that they are formed
from well-cleaned and scoured soap-boxes or butter-tubs, with castors
screwed to the bottom, and a cover with hinges on the top, thus serving
a double purpose,--making a pleasant seat, easily rolled to any part
of the room, and a convenient box or trunk for holding work-bundles,
papers, or your boots and slippers.

We never regret the loss of youth and strength so much, or are so near
being envious, as when we see young people studying how ingeniously
they can arrange a small cottage, and give it the air of beauty and
elegance their natures so much crave. They will not find half the
pleasure in enjoying it, all perfected, as they would have had in
planning and executing; and yet how many throw aside such enjoyment,
and turn this pleasant labor into drudgery, not willingly cultivating
all the talents God has bestowed upon them, but repining because they
cannot afford to employ an upholsterer to furnish what their own skill
might have executed perhaps far more satisfactorily.

We will follow these suggestions no further, but hope some of our young
housekeepers may be led to improve the hints, in a manner that shall
make them converts to the ideas advanced.




LIII.

COOKING BY STEAM.


MUCH has been said of the superiority of steamed food over that which
is boiled or baked; and year after year the papers or magazines
devoted to domestic economy and the improvement and simplification of
household labor have advocated this mode of cooking meats, vegetables,
and many other articles of food, every few months recommending some
new invention. We have tried one experiment after another, finding, to
be sure, some imperfection in all; but enough that was practicable to
convince us there was much which was desirable in the idea; and, if
able to do the work with our own hands, confident we could reap great
advantage from it.

When the mistress of a family has not strength to do her cooking
herself, or that part of it which requires more than ordinary judgment
and skill, she is not situated so that new modes of work can be tried
with much prospect of success. Most servants, particularly the cooks,
when accustomed to one mode of work, are very reluctant to change; and,
therefore, if the mistress is not able to make all experiments herself,
she will soon find, unless fully prepared to have the autocrat of the
kitchen abdicate without “giving notice,” that it is safest, and wisest
often, to allow a tolerably good girl to move on in the “even tenor of
her ways,” without attempting any changes, except those which she can
bring about quietly and imperceptibly. This is no very easy lesson for
an old housekeeper to learn; but repeated defeats must teach her that
patience, as well as discretion, is a “better part of valor.”

In the last century, an American, Benjamin Thompson, made Count Rumford
by the Elector of Bavaria for distinguished military and scientific
services, gave much time and thought to the study of heat and
experiments in cooking, being the inventor of the present style of coal
fireplaces and grates, cooking ranges, etc. He was the first person
on record, with any pretensions to learning and philosophy, who ever
studied the dressing of meat for food as a science. The result was the
invention of a boiler for cooking by steam. Within a short time another
boiler has been perfected involving the same principles, but containing
various improvements over the steamer of the last century, which has
been named “Rumford’s Boiler” in compliment to the original inventor.
We have been trying it.

Our cook was positive she could never use _that thing_. It was
troublesome, took up too much room on the stove, etc. Bless the girl!
That is one of the excellences of _that thing_. Little else in the way
of utensils is needed on the top of the stove, beside one of these
boilers. We stipulated that she should use it two weeks, and if found
troublesome, it should share the fate of many other inventions, and no
more be said about it. But long before the two weeks expired it had won
Mary’s heart entirely, and now she would sooner part with anything else
from her kitchen than the “Rumford Boiler.”

One peculiarity of this most excellent boiler is, that unlike all
others we have ever seen, neither _steam_ nor _water_ comes in actual
contact with the article to be cooked. Two inches of water is put into
the bottom of the boiler. Then a large receiver, into which meat, fowl,
or fish is put to be cooked, is fitted on tight over the boiling water,
and shut off from all possibility of being touched by steam or water
by a close-fitting cover. Above this two other pans, or boilers, for
vegetables, custards, etc., can be fitted with tight cover also; and
the whole boiler, which is about as large but higher than an ordinary
wash-boiler, is also closely covered. Very little fuel will keep the
water boiling hot when once it has reached that point, as no heat can
escape by evaporation. It is not generally understood, or at least it
is not borne in mind with sufficient care, that “after water is _just
boiling_, all the fuel which is needed to make it boil _violently_
is just so much wasted, without in the smallest degree expediting or
shortening the process of cooking. It is by the _heat_, its _intensity_
and the time of its duration, not by the _boiling_ or _bubbling_ up of
the water, that the food is cooked.”

In this “Rumford Boiler” the water can be kept at the boiling point
with no more fuel than need be used to keep two quarts of water at that
temperature. It is the most economical and comfortable arrangement for
summer use, and at the same time equally desirable for the winter.
Meat cooked in it not only retains all its juice, but also nearly all
its original weight, losing about one ounce to a pound; by the regular
process of baking, meats lose over four ounces to a pound.

The uniform heat of the boiling water cooks whatever is put into the
boiler equally all the way through; no meat, vegetable, or any other
article can be scorched. It would seem impossible for the poorest
cook to spoil a dinner, so long as she does not let the fire go out
or remove the boiler from the stove. Meats require no basting, and in
that respect much time and labor can be saved; and the fire once fairly
burning can be kept low as soon as the water has reached the boiling
point, and no more care of a coal fire is needed till the dinner is
ready.

Meat, fish, and vegetables may all be cooked at the same time in this
boiler; for being placed in separate receivers with closely fitting
covers, no taste can possibly pass from one kind of food to another.
Meat thus steamed or cooked is much more juicy, tender, and easy of
digestion than when prepared in any other way we know of. No danger
of burning, scorching, or overcooking. If left in much longer than
is needed, it is not injured by it; for, as no water or steam can
reach it, it is only kept hot in its own juices, without the sodden,
disagreeable look and taste of meat that has remained too long in
boiling water or a perforated steamer; and, what is even as great a
recommendation as the excellent flavor of the food, the house is not
filled with smoke and smell of cooking.

Besides, if properly cooked, there is no waste,--all is eatable and
palatable; even the tip of the wings from birds and poultry, which in
baking are dried up and perfectly worthless, are delicious, for there
is no sweeter meat than wings, when not dried past use. In steaming all
is tender and juicy. When we steam beef, mutton, game, or poultry, we
take them from the steamer, dredge over a little flour, and put into
the oven about fifteen minutes,--not long enough to dry, but simply
brown delicately,--and think it an improvement.

We have also found, by experiments, that we can do many more things
with this boiler than we were promised, and with the most gratifying
results. We put bread, cake, and pies into it, cover close, and leave
them till done; then set them in the oven long enough to secure the
rich, golden brown; and now there are no more burnt upper or under
crusts, and no more uncooked bottom crust to our pastry.




LIV.

VEGETABLES.


JUNE is the season when vegetables are most abundant and can be had in
the greatest variety. Among the numberless articles of food there is
nothing so conducive to health as good, fresh, and properly prepared
vegetables, and nothing which so easily deranges the whole system if
used stale, unripe, or badly cooked. Vegetables having so large a share
in our comfort, it is essential that housekeepers should understand how
to prepare every variety not only in the most attractive manner, but
also in the most healthful way that can be devised.

In the city it is not easy, hardly possible, to procure fresh
vegetables. Those only who have a private team, and can send to
the adjacent market-gardens, can hope to have them; hence our city
housekeepers, who have never had the good fortune to live in the
country during the harvest season of vegetables, can hardly realize
the difference between peas, beans, corn, etc., which can be gathered
early, and eaten almost with the dew upon them, and such as are heaped
into market-wagons and brought from a distance, and exposed for hours
or days, if the sales are not rapid in our markets, to the air and
sun; made to retain the semblance of fresh vegetables by frequent
showers from the hose or watering-pot. Nothing so readily destroys
all the sweetness and the richest flavors of such articles as these
shower-baths; and although the purchaser may fully understand the whole
art of cooking, no skill can bring to our city tables such flavors and
richness as the farmers or the country gentleman should enjoy daily. It
is through carelessness or ignorance if they do not feast luxuriously
all summer. Of course, almost all kinds of vegetables can be cooked in
a great variety of ways; and as tastes differ widely, and what would
please one may be distasteful to another, by this variety every one may
be suited; yet there are some general rules that must always remain
fixed and immovable; and if not followed, no mode of cooking these
viands will be fully satisfactory. Some few items from the history of
some of our most common roots and vegetables may not be uninteresting,
before giving a review of the mode of preparing and cooking them.

The _Potato_, now one of the most useful and nutritious of the esculent
roots, is a native of South America, and first found wild in Chili
and Peru, although it is often called _Irish_ potato, and supposed by
many to have been first found in Ireland. It was brought to England in
1586, and for a long time was eaten as a _fruit_, or made into pies
or puddings, and eaten with sauces and wines. It was so used through
the time of Queen Elizabeth. It was planted in Ireland by Sir Walter
Raleigh, on one of his estates in that country. After being planted and
partly grown, the little green balls, which follow the blossoms, were
supposed to be the fruit. Sir Walter had them cooked, but finding them
not at all palatable he concluded the crop was a failure, and, as might
be supposed, was not very strongly tempted by his first experiment
to try it again. But upon turning up the ground, to use for other
purposes, to his great satisfaction he found the food he had looked for
on the stalk hid in the earth, and of a most desirable character.

After many experiments it was proved that thrice as large a crop of
potatoes as of any other root could be produced from an acre, and they
soon became the chief food of the Irish peasantry, and remain so to
this day.

There is no end to the varieties of the potato that are being brought
before the public. New seedlings are announced every year; almost
every section has its own special seedling or favorite, which seems
excellent there, but deteriorates when planted in other parts; and
many kinds which were the best known years ago are now lost sight of
entirely. We have not since childhood been able to find the “rusty
coats” or “lady’s fingers,” but have never seen a potato that equalled
them; partly, no doubt, because one never carries the tastes of
childhood into mature age to perfection, but this is not altogether the
reason; they were, undoubtedly, very excellent potatoes. The “early
rose” is nearer to our idea of the “rusty coats” in flavor, but is not
like it in appearance, nor of so perfect a quality.

The potato can be satisfactorily used in more ways than any other
edible root,--in bread, pastry, starch, puddings, pies, and salad;
boiled, baked, roasted, stewed, fried. It is said “they furnish flour
without a mill, and bread without an oven.”

After potatoes are taken from the ground, and have been exposed
to the sun and air long enough to dry, the sooner they are placed
in a cool, dry cellar the better they will keep. Mrs. Haskill, in
her “Housekeeper’s Encyclopædia,” advises that all that are needed
for winter use should be packed in barrels, and a little _plaster_
scattered over each layer, to absorb the moisture; such as are to be
kept for spring use she thinks should be buried in the ground, and a
little plaster be sprinkled over them; also, Mrs. Haskill claims that
this is a preventive against _rot_, but does not consider it sure.
Whether this is good doctrine, we leave for our scientific farmers.

The _Sweet Potato_ is a tuberous root, very different from our common
potato. It is common in tropical climates, where it is much more
perfect than in our colder States. There are seldom but two kinds
brought to our markets, the red or purple rooted, and the white or
yellow rooted. Far South, the red grows to a large size, and is
sweeter and more nutritious than those raised at the North. The white
or yellow rooted grows more perfectly with us than the red. In New
Jersey they are largely raised, and of a good quality. Thirty years
ago, sweet potatoes were a luxury on any Northern table: now they
are in daily use when in season; but to find them in the greatest
perfection we must still go South for them. The young leaves and tender
shoots are sometimes boiled as _greens_, and are pronounced quite
wholesome.

In California, sweet potatoes grow to an immense size, often weighing
four or five pounds, and sometimes eight or ten.

The _Jerusalem Artichoke_ grows in clusters of tubers, something like
the potato. It is a native of Brazil. It was brought to England and was
much in use there before it was superseded by the common potato. It was
called the Canada potato, to distinguish it from the common kind, then
known as the Virginia potato. It is wholesome and nutritious, but not
dry and mealy. The plants are extremely productive and once started it
is difficult to eradicate them from the soil; they are said to be an
excellent food for horses and hogs. _Girasole_, not _Jerusalem_, should
be the term. That is the Italian name for _sunflower_, which this
artichoke resembles in many particulars, and to which it is in some
degree akin, but not at all to the _artichoke_ proper, which is a plant
brought from the Mediterranean. The flower-head before blossoming is
the part eaten, boiled plain and eaten with melted butter and pepper,
like spinach and other greens. The bottoms are also sometimes boiled in
milk and eaten, and sometimes pickled. The French fry them and use them
in various ways, sometimes raw as salads.

The _Yam_ also resembles the common potato. It is extensively grown in
the East and West Indies, and in Africa and America. It is sweeter and
firmer than the potato, grows flat, about a foot long, and sometimes
divided like fingers. One variety, called the hinged yam, often grows
three feet long and weighs twenty or thirty pounds. When raw, like the
potato, the juice is acrid and not healthful, but boiling destroys all
harmful properties. A favorite dish is prepared from it in the tropics,
combined with grated cocoa-nut and the pulp of the banana.




LV.

CABBAGE.


IN this chapter we have something to say of an old familiar friend, the
_Cabbage_, which for ages has been one of the most useful of all our
vegetables, being very productive, and, for many persons, nutritious
and healthful. It is found growing wild on the cliffs in many parts
of the southern coasts of England; but these do not very closely
resemble the large, vigorous vegetable we see on our farms and in our
gardens. There it is dwarfed, not weighing more than an ounce, with
a few feeble leaves. Even in this state it is sometimes gathered and
eaten for greens, but is not very tempting. Although thus found wild
on the southern British coast, the numerous kinds now under careful
cultivation, in almost all our large farms or market-gardens, are
the results of many experiments made by scientific and enterprising
agriculturists. It was also largely cultivated and improved in other
countries long before its use was understood in England. It was a
common product among the Romans, and although they were lawless
and ambitious in their inroads upon the surrounding nations, their
conquests, with all the attending evils, were conducive of many good
results; for wherever their armies went, they left behind new arts
and habits, tending toward a larger civilization than is commonly the
result of wars. Many fruits, roots, and vegetables, unknown in Spain,
Germany, and England, were brought by the conquering Romans into
general use among these nations.

The Saxons used cabbage under the name of kale, and it is still so
called in Scotland. For a long time it was the only vegetable known
in that country, but there is no end to the kinds now in use, and the
varieties are multiplied yearly by the experiments and skill of the
producers. With some persons it is not easy of digestion when cooked,
but when cut up raw and used as a salad there is hardly anything more
wholesome or palatable than the cabbage. Some chemists assert that it
contains an oil which is injurious, unless, when cooking, the cabbage
is boiled in two waters. However that may be, we know that this
vegetable is far more delicate and tempting, if, after boiling about
half an hour, the water is poured off, and clear boiling water added,
in which the cabbage is cooked till done. With that precaution, aside
from being nicer, it is not half as liable to produce disagreeable
effects.

The _Borecole_, or _kale_ proper, as now understood, differs from the
common cabbage in having long, curly, wrinkled leaves, more like the
original wild plant, only larger and of thicker growth, never forming
into a close, solid head. They are very hardy, and furnish most
excellent winter greens; and if the leaves and stalks are blanched,
are greatly improved and very delicate. These _kales_ are improved by
frost. The Scotch or German _kale_, or _cualis_ (curly greens), is
used in immense quantities in Britain. The buda and the Russian kale
are much less common. The buda is considered a great delicacy when
blanched; the sprouts, and not the heart, being the most desirable. We
have never seen it in our markets, but should think it might be brought
to great perfection in our country, and be a very desirable addition to
our numerous sorts of cabbage. The Coleya oil, so much in use in France
for lamps, is made from the seeds of one kind of _kale_, and we think
we have been told it is from the buda.

The Portuguese cabbage, from Tranzuda, is extensively cultivated
abroad, and we see not why that also cannot be introduced here. It is
said to be peculiarly tender and delicate, and destitute of the coarse
rank taste of our common kinds. The heart is the preferable part; the
mid-rib or stalk being used after the green parts are cut off only as
greens. We wonder that some enterprising Yankee has not brought it into
our markets.

The _Palm kale_ and the _Cow-cabbage_ are cultivated in Jersey, and
other of the Anglo-Norman isles, as food for cattle. The leaves of both
grow to a great height, from twelve to fifteen feet. It is the outer
leaf that is fed to the cattle; the heart of the bud is quite tender,
and when cooked is good and nutritious.

The close-headed cabbage has many varieties,--the _white_ and the _red
drum-head_, _sugar-loaf_, _Savoy_, etc. These are raised from the seed,
and should be sowed the year before they are wanted, for large heads.
While young, or the first year, if cooked at all it is as greens, or
cabbage _coleworts_. Such as are not kept for growth the second year
are pulled up, root and all, and thus sent to market to keep them
from withering. The roots are cut off by the cook just before using.
Some, when the head is half formed, are gathered for summer cabbage;
but if left till fall the head becomes hard and firm, and late in the
season they are pulled up and stored, or buried in the ground. Such as
are needed for summer sprouts or coleworts are left in the ground all
winter, and are ready early, with the nice new shoots for the spring
market.

The red cabbage makes a fine pickle, and is the kind most used by the
Germans for _sauerkraut_, though almost any variety will answer. The
dwarf red is much used abroad for stewing.

The _Savoys_ have leaves much more curly than the other varieties,
and the middle part of their firm heads is excellent for boiling, and
particularly fine for _cole_, or cold slaw, or _kohl slaw_, as the
Germans term it. The dwarf and the yellow Savoy will stand the frost.
The Brussels sprouts are something like the Savoy, but grow often three
or four feet high. The sprouts form in little, delicate heads all the
way up. The top of the stalk is more solid, and it is that which is
like the Savoy.

The _Cauliflower_ and _Broccoli_ are among the most desirable of
the cabbage tribe, and bring a higher price than any. The former is
probably a native of the island of Cyprus, and the broccoli is said
to have been introduced into Holland and England from Italy, in the
seventeenth century. They are quite similar in habit and taste, but the
broccoli will bear the frost and cold better than the cauliflower. Both
are very great favorites and very delicate.

The leaves of all kinds of cabbage decay very early, and are then
exceedingly offensive. They should never be allowed to remain in the
cellar or lie about the house, as they are very injurious to the
health. The water in which cabbage is boiled is also offensive and
unhealthy, and should be poured into drains where it will the soonest
pass off.

Our farmers often feed the outside leaves of cabbage to their cattle.
All very well if they do not give them to their _milch cows_. Many of
our dairymen will not believe that cabbage or turnips injure the flavor
of milk or butter, but we think their taste must be greatly perverted
if they fail to detect the flavor at once.




LVI.

PULSE.


MANY of the most useful and important of farinaceous or mealy kinds of
vegetables are known under the name of _pulse_. All the large varieties
of the _bean_, _pea_, _lentil_, _tare_, and _vetch_ belong to this
family.

The _Vetch_ and _Tare_ are chiefly used for cattle; very seldom in this
country or England are they seen on our tables, even among the poorest
class of people; but the _lentil_, a kind of bean, is greatly esteemed
among the French and Germans, and, when properly and carefully prepared
and seasoned, is more highly esteemed by them than the common pea and
bean. They consider the flavor better, and the vegetable itself more
nourishing. In France it is extensively used for seasoning soups, but
in England and America is not much known except as food for cattle.

Next to nuts and fruits, all kinds of pulse were important articles of
food in the earlier ages, for it required little labor and skill to
produce or raise them. When fresh and tender, many kinds of pulse can
be employed in cooking, particularly for soups, and many that we know
nothing of except through books, would flourish in our climate, both
North and South, and might be profitably cultivated. Year by year we
find something new in our agricultural catalogues, as well as in the
horticultural and floral.

_Peas_ and _Beans_ when dried are less digestible and healthful than
when eaten green, as the skin becomes hard, and unless removed, as it
can be by rubbing through a sieve for soups, will, with many people,
produce flatulency, constipation, and often severe colic. But green
or dried, almost every sort of pulse will furnish excellent food for
most of our domestic animals, and is also considered very desirable to
alternate with other crops, for, if corn or grain is raised year after
year, on the same piece of land, it will in a short time wear out the
soil; but pulse does not impoverish the land, and therefore may be
grown on fields that require rest from more exhausting crops.

We learn that the time of the discovery of peas and beans has not been
satisfactorily ascertained, but they were in early times extensively
cultivated, especially the _pea_, in India, China and Japan, although
evidently not a native of any of the extreme warm climates. When the
English were besieging a castle in Lathian, in 1299, they were well
pleased to supply their exhausted stores with this kind of pulse,
which grew in that vicinity abundantly, and doubtless, on learning its
nutritious properties, gladly introduced it into their own country.
During Queen Elizabeth’s reign, her table was supplied with peas from
Holland; fit food, says one of the writers of that time, for royal
ladies, because “it was brought so far and cost so dear.”

Now, under careful and more enlightened culture, the varieties of peas
raised in this country and throughout Europe are numerous. To speak
of them all and of the whole family of pulse would require a volume.
But much depends on the section in which the different varieties are
raised, for, as with most kinds of produce, that which in one locality
would prove most excellent, when transferred to another will become
quite inferior.

The _Chick-pea_ is small and not very digestible. It will not boil
soft, but, like some of the lentils, is parched, and in Egypt and
Syria sold in the shops to travellers, by whom it is greatly esteemed,
because while passing through the deserts it occupies little room and
needs no preparation. Youmans says that it will sustain more life,
weight for weight, than any other kind of food, and that peas and
beans are ranked first among the concentrated, strength-imparting food;
but although strength-giving, we do not think it easily digested,
unless eaten while fresh and tender, and cooked with care. Some kinds
of peas are prepared by the Chinese as a _vegetable cheese_.

It would be useless to attempt to mention the best varieties of either
peas or beans. Some seek for the earliest, some the largest or most
prolific. In selecting, it is always wise to go to some intelligent
seedsman, keeping a large assortment of all kinds of seeds, and learn
his opinion; then, from the information thus obtained, decide which
variety will best meet your wishes and locality. Some kinds of peas,
like the string bean, have the pod and seed cut up and cooked together.

The _Turnip_ was introduced into England from Hanover. It now
grows wild in many parts of England, but the wild kind cannot, by
cultivating, be brought up to the excellency of our garden and farm
turnip. The turnip tops are brought into market for _greens_. The
medium-sized roots are better than the largest, which are liable to
become corky or spongy.

The _Carrot_ was brought to England by Flemish refugees, during the
reign of Elizabeth, and the leaves were in great demand by her court
ladies as ornaments for the hair. The ladies of the present day are
not satisfied to use it for that purpose, but by putting a root into
a glass of water, and hanging in a window, in a few weeks they have
a pretty, graceful window ornament, as young leaves will start out
and form a green ball, very delightful to the eye in mid-winter.
Both turnips and carrots are largely used on the table, and are very
desirable to season soups or stews, or garnish fancy dishes. The carrot
makes a very good pie, and with a judicious use of eggs and cream can
be made quite palatable. When boiled and prepared for the table, the
young and tender roots should be selected, as when large or old they
become woody and fibrous. The carrot is excellent food for horses and
cows. Unlike the turnip, it imparts no unpleasant taste to the milk,
and is, therefore, very desirable for winter feed. The carrot contains
a much larger proportion of sugar than most of the esculent roots; a
large quantity of spirits can be distilled from it, and it is sometimes
used instead of malt for beer.

The _Parsnip_ is also a native of Britain, and largely used, not only
for soups and garnishing dishes, but as a vegetable; or, dipped in a
batter of butter, flour, and white of eggs, it is fried a delicate
brown, and sent to the table as a side-dish. During Lent, it is much
eaten with fish. It is even sweeter than the carrot,--much too sweet
to please all tastes. Like the carrot, it is excellent in soups, and
is sometimes made into bread. A kind of wine, said to resemble the
Malmsley wine of Madeira, can be made from the parsnip. In Ireland,
they brew it with hops, and make what they consider an agreeable drink.
Parsnips and potatoes, in Scotland, are often beaten up with butter,
and a nice dish for children prepared from them.

The varieties of the _Onion_ tribe are more widely spread over the
whole world than any other article of food. The _onion_, _leek_,
_chive_, _garlic_, and _shallot_ are the kinds in most universal use.
In Egypt and many parts of Africa, it is noted for its very delicate
taste, being less pungent and the odor less offensive than those raised
with us. Two thousand years before Christ, it had, in the estimation
of the Egyptians, some mysterious signification, and was worshipped by
them as possessing wonderful efficacy. The onion is much pleasanter
for food or seasoning in warm climates than with us. Those raised in
Spain, Portugal, and Strasburg are famous for their great delicacy.
They are everywhere used, cooked, raw, or made into salads. When eaten
raw the odor imparted to the breath is exceedingly disagreeable, and,
even cooked or prepared in salads, is not at all pleasant. It is said
that chewing a little raw parsley will remove this annoyance, or a few
kernels of roasted coffee, but we have never known anything but time
and abstinence that did remedy the evil. It is to be regretted that it
should be so, for they would otherwise be great favorites with all, and
are, no doubt, very wholesome.

The _Leek_ is more used in Switzerland and Scotland,--indeed, in all
cold, mountainous regions, both on account of its being hardy, and
because its exceeding pungency is a recommendation in these cold
regions. It is a very important ingredient in two Scotch dishes that
were the noted favorites of King James I., the “Cock-a-leekie” and
“Haggis.” They claim in Wales and Scotland that the leek was brought to
them by St. David. The blanched stem is the best for soups and stews,
and is more esteemed in France than with us.

The _Chive_ is a native of Britain and France. It is sometimes found
wild in the pastures, and, if eaten by cows, imparts a very offensive
taste to the milk. It is milder than the onion or leek. The leaves
are the part used for broths and soups, and in some kinds of omelets,
especially in France, it is thought to be indispensable. With us, it is
more frequently found in the dishes at restaurants and hotels than at
our private tables.

The _Garlic_ is the most offensive of the onion tribe. It grows
naturally in Sicily and the South of France, and from there found its
way into Britain and America. It is very little used with us, but is
found at almost all tables in Italy, though the root is only boiled to
season soups and other dishes, and removed as soon as it has imparted a
sufficiently strong flavor.

The _Shallot_ grows wild in Palestine, and was introduced into England
by the Crusaders. It is still more pungent in taste than the garlic,
but not as offensive. Used in pickles, soups, and made dishes.

The _Rosambole_ is a native of Denmark. It partakes of the character of
both the garlic and the shallot, and is used in a similar manner.




LVII.

POT-HERBS AND SALADS.


THE number of plants and vegetables that are of excellent quality, and
can be profitably cultivated for purposes of pot-herbs and salads, are
so numerous that we can only mention the names, with here and there an
item, that we may rouse the young housekeeper’s curiosity sufficiently
to tempt her to search for their full history herself and we hope lead
others to do the same.

In Burr’s “Field and Garden Vegetables of America,” is a “full
description of nearly eleven hundred species and varieties, with
directions for propagation, culture, and use.” Among them are many
species and varieties which make excellent salads and greens.

The _Leaf-beet_ is much esteemed. The leaf is used for greens. The rib,
which is called Swiss _chard_, is cut out, boiled, and dressed like
asparagus, which it resembles in taste. There are five varieties, of
which the silver-leaf is the best.

Three varieties of the _Nightshade_--the white from East India, the
large-leafed China malabar, and the red malabar from China--furnish a
desirable addition to our pot-herbs. The juice from the fruit of the
red variety supplies a beautiful color, but is not permanent. The
black, or deadly nightshade, is poisonous.

The _Nettle_, of which only one kind is mentioned, will grow anywhere
spontaneously, but is, in many places, largely cultivated, and is
excellent for greens. The young, tender buds or shoots are nipped off
as they appear, and will shoot out again very rapidly. By being put
into a green or forcing-house, it furnishes a good substitute for
cabbage, colewort, or winter spinach. If placed near a flue in the
hot-house in winter, it will supply excellent nettle-kale all through
the winter. Lawson says: “The merits of this generally accounted
troublesome plant have been quite overlooked. Aside from the food it
can supply, the stalk is quite fibrous, and may be made into ropes and
cordage and good thread; besides a white, beautiful linen-like cloth
can be manufactured from it, but it has never been cultivated for that
purpose. It is an Asiatic plant.”

_Spinach_ is one of the most important of this class of edibles. It
grows wild in England. Flanders supplies us with some of the cultivated
kinds. The _orache_, or mountain spinach, is quite hardy and very good.
It is a native of Tartary, and was brought into England by Sir John
Banks.

The _Quinoa_, a native of Mexico, is easily cultivated here. The leaves
are used like spinach. The seeds in some places are made to take the
place of corn or wheat for bread, and are excellent food for poultry.

The English and Irish _Sea-beet_ are much liked in some places, and are
easily cultivated.

The _Shepherd’s-purse_ tastes somewhat like cabbage, but is much
more delicate. That which is raised and marketed in Philadelphia is
wonderfully juicy, and the leaf grows quite large.

Of the salad plants, _Celery_ stands among the first. It is a native of
England, and has many varieties, too numerous to mention here.

_Lettuce_ is an Asiatic plant, and, like celery, is an important and
almost indispensable article in preparing chicken, lobster, or other
mixed salads. It is also eaten plain with simply salt or dressed with
vinegar, sugar, and oil; or, what is better still, a few drops of
vinegar, with sugar and rich cream.

The _Endive_, a native of China and Japan, is largely cultivated in
America, and by many considered one of the best autumn, winter, and
early spring salads.

_Corn-salad_, brought from the South of France and Europe, is sometimes
boiled or cooked like spinach; but usually the young leaves are dressed
for salad, and in winter and early spring are excellent.

_Cress_, or pepper-grass, belongs to Persia, but is largely raised
here; eaten as a salad, either separately or mixed with lettuce or
celery. The varieties are quite numerous.

_Horse-radish_ and _Mustard_ are from Europe. The young tips are
sometimes mixed with other greens, and their natural pungency adds
quite a pleasant flavor to less highly spiced pot-herbs.

The _Nasturtium_ is from Peru. The seeds make a pickle almost equal to
the caper, and the young shoots furnish a fine, pungent salad; and in
all its many varieties it is a pretty garden ornament.

The _Purslain_, _Rape_, and _Rocket_ are natives of Europe.

The _Samphire_ is used as a seasoning for salads. _Tarragon_, from
Siberia, is also put in salads for seasoning, and much used steeped in
vinegar for dressings of various kinds.

_Valeriana_, as a salad, is by some thought more desirable than
corn-salad, and is likewise a very beautiful garden ornament.

All these and many more can be grown in our own country, and most of
them with very little trouble. Interesting statements respecting them
can be found in most of the agricultural books, which are well worth
reading.




LVIII.

MISTAKES IN COOKING VEGETABLES.


FRESH vegetables, properly prepared, are among the most important
articles of food. They mostly abound in saline substances that are
indispensable to the maintenance of a healthy condition of the whole
system; but to secure the blessings they were designed to yield,
everything depends on their being freshly gathered and carefully cooked.

It is very difficult to obtain freshly gathered vegetables when one
is obliged to depend on the city markets for them. In this, as in
many other things, our farmers, and those who can afford even a small
vegetable garden, have far more to be thankful for than those whose
home is in the city, and whose tastes and desires extend no farther;
for although to those who heartily relish the summer productions, stale
vegetables may be better than none, yet the use of them is always an
unsafe experiment, making easy victims for the many diseases incident
to the summer; whereas we imagine a reasonable prodigality in eating
most of the summer vegetables and fruits, when they can be had every
day fresh from the garden, is peculiarly conducive to the enjoyment of
sound health.

Then, as regards the cooking of the many kinds of vegetables that are
desirable only when fresh, it must be remembered that many sorts have
a large proportion of woody tissues, which require a suitable degree
of heat by which they can be softened or decomposed before they may be
eaten with impunity. That done, and the acid which is found in almost
all esculent vegetables becomes an essential assistance to sound
digestion, as it tends to strengthen and give tone to the stomach.

_Hard water_ is often recommended for cooking many kinds of vegetables,
but we know of none that are improved, and many that are injured by it.
Beans and peas, for instance, are injured by boiling in hard water,
whereas if soft water is used the skin softens, loses its huskiness,
and these delicate vegetables become highly nutritious.

A little soda is used by many cooks in preparing vegetables; but it is
only when one is so unfortunate as to be unable to procure soft water
to cook with that we think it can be tolerated. To be sure, it secures
a fine green with some articles, such as peas and beans, and makes them
very tender, but this is gained at the expense of all sweetness and
natural flavor.

A few rules for gathering and preparing vegetables in the country may
be given, which, if carefully observed, will secure their being brought
to the table in an excellent condition, and eaten without one murmur of
dissatisfaction.

First, be sure that they were raised from the best of seed. It is
useless to expect good vegetables unless they spring from the most
perfect and best variety of seed. “Do men gather grapes of thorns or
figs of thistles?” Those who cultivate but a few acres simply for
family use, having learned the importance of choosing their seed with
care, are every year becoming more and more particular in their search
for the finest varieties. More depends on this than farmers have been
accustomed to think; but seeing what can be done by amateur gardeners
through care, and reading the success of other experiments, they are
giving much more attention to this than was customary in former years.
The result is, that there is no longer any excuse for having a poor
article brought either from your own garden or the market. It is the
length of time it has been gathered, and the manner in which it has
been prepared, that determines its excellence.

All vegetables are injured by lying exposed to sun and rain; but corn,
peas, fresh beans, asparagus, and lettuce become perfectly worthless.
They should be gathered while the dew is yet on them, brought to the
house, and placed at once in a cool place where the sun will not strike
upon them. It is better to leave corn in the husk, peas and beans in
the pods, until it is time to prepare them for cooking. Then watch
that they are not left long in water, if, indeed, you cannot avoid
washing them entirely. Corn when taken from the husk needs no washing;
simply remove all the silk. If there is a black or rusty spot on an
ear of corn, reject it entirely; it shows the beginning of disease. It
improves a mess of peas, adding greatly to their sweetness, to boil
the _pods_, after shelling, about fifteen minutes in the water you are
about to boil the peas in. For this purpose, you must pour cold water
over the pods, to remove any dust or minute bugs that may be upon them;
wash quickly, and then leave them to drain before shelling. The peas,
of course, after this need no washing, neither do beans. Asparagus
should be washed quickly, to remove all dust; but must on no account be
left in the water a moment after it is clean. As soon as washed, put in
a cullender to drain, and then over the stove to cook as soon as you
can. All vegetables should be laid in the saucepan in which they are
to be cooked, with sufficient salt to season sprinkled over them; then
_boiling_ water poured on, and the whole brought to a boil immediately,
else they become of a brownish color and look very uninviting. The
salt, either put on them first or the water salted before they are put
in, prevents the color changing. Then boil, or, what is better, _steam_
them for the proper time,--twenty minutes for asparagus, peas, and corn
is long enough, never over thirty minutes; when so old as to need
longer cooking, they are too old to use at all. Beans require longer
time, unless very young; from three quarters of an hour to an hour will
be necessary.

Very few vegetables, comparatively, are as digestible raw as when
cooked; those used for salads, such as celery, lettuce, cabbage,
etc., are exceptions. Some which when raw are quite poisonous can, by
skillful boiling, be transformed into our most nutritious and easily
digested food; yet the attempt to cook them is too often made in
such a careless and reckless way that, although whatever poison they
contain when raw is dispelled, the mode of cooking makes them about as
injurious to the health as the poison could have been,--half raw or
overcooked till they are clammy or sodden, or cooked with salt and fat
meat until their whole nature seems changed,--requiring a stomach like
that of an ostrich to digest them.

The _potato_, when raw, is not only unpalatable and injurious, but is
supposed to be really poisonous, while proper cooking changes it to one
of the most palatable and healthful of all vegetables.

The _bitter cassava_ is so deadly when raw that the Indians use the
juice to poison their arrows; but when grated and pressed, to remove
the juice, it is subjected to a heat which destroys all that is unsafe,
and then we have the tapioca, so much prized for table use, and which
is regarded by many physicians as far more digestible for infants than
arrowroot; but the _sweet cassava_, from which bread is made, is, even
when raw, free from all harmful qualities. The _wake-robin_, from which
sago is made, is so poisonous that the juice will blister the hand; but
like the cassava, when roasted or boiled, is entirely free from all
injurious qualities, and is, after being thus cooked, made into sago.

In many of our “cook-books” _mint_ is recommended for seasoning various
kinds of vegetables, but we do not believe a good vegetable can be
improved by anything that destroys the true natural taste. Peas may be
much improved, we think, by boiling the pods, after washing them in
clear soft water, about fifteen minutes; then strain the water from
the pods, bring it to a boil, add some salt to keep the peas green,
and use as much as is needed to boil the peas themselves in. It gives
them all the sweetness that the pod contains, which is sufficiently
near the flavor of the pea not to impart any unnatural taste. A little
cream may be added with the butter, pepper, and salt required to dress
them, although we think the little water that is needed to cook them
(and it should be _very little_) is far better. When we see a little
_mint_ advised to “give a fine flavor,” we have no objection to others
enjoying it, but confess we think it a perverted taste.

Peas, beans, asparagus, corn, and potatoes should be either steamed
or cooked in as little water as can be used without burning them; and
to dress the first three, some of the water in which they are boiled
should be used; then, in helping them out, if any prefer them dry, it
is very easy to take them from the dish free from liquor.

Another great mistake consists in allowing most kinds of vegetables
to cook too long. Some require much longer time to cook than others,
but all need careful watching. Beets, turnips, carrots, parsnips,
etc., need considerable cooking; but if you go beyond a certain point
they become watery or sodden, and lose half their excellence or are
completely ruined. Peas, corn, and potatoes should require but little
time to be cooked sufficiently. When young, peas and corn do not
require over fifteen or twenty minutes; as they become larger or attain
their full growth, thirty minutes may be needed; if more than that,
they are no longer fit to use, except for soups or meal.

Peas, beans, asparagus, and lettuce are often injured by being washed
too much, or by being left soaking in water. Wash as little and as
quickly as possible; drain, then cover up the dish, and put them in a
cool place out of the sun till ready to cook. Lettuce, particularly,
will be far more crisp and tender if, after washing and picking it over
carefully, it is laid on ice till needed.




LIX.

DIVIDED FAMILY GOVERNMENT.


“I HAVE a family of young children, naturally amiable and obedient,
who, while very young, seldom needed even slight punishment; but as
they grow older wants and wills are thickening, and, occasionally,
natural perversity and willfulness are manifested which sometimes
require restraint. The mother’s heart would shield her children from
such denials or demands as the father sees is necessary to their proper
education and future happiness. Her tenderness warps her judgment, and
too frequently her speech and action stand opposed to mine. Hence the
question must often arise, if she cannot control her words and feelings
in the presence of the children and servants, how far am I bound, in
view of the future well-being of our offspring, to push my authority,
and, as the father and head of the house, insist upon her yielding to
my judgment without such opposition; and if I am compelled peremptorily
to insist upon her silence, when I am attempting to control our
children, what is her duty?”

These questions, which have been addressed to us, are full of interest;
and the answer, if given simply from the first impressions derived
from the perusal of the letter, without mature deliberation, would
seem comparatively easy. But a few moments’ careful reflection will
suffice to show that, looked at in all the various aspects necessary
to form a thoroughly correct judgment, it is a very intricate and
important subject, for which no one general rule can be made to meet
the necessities of all. The happiness of the family, as a whole, and
the future welfare of the children, require a united government;
but, unfortunately, we do not see it to any wide extent. Children,
who should be a bond of union, are too often the cause of dissension
and division. If the father is stern, arbitrary, and unreasonable in
dealing with the little ones, a judicious mother, who has suffered
for them and watched over them by day and by night from their birth,
naturally shrinks from the effects which severity or irritability must
have on their young and tender minds, knowing, in almost every case,
that gentleness and love will soften the heart and secure obedience,
while coldness and harshness will harden, and provoke rebellion.

Or, perhaps, on the other hand, the father is loving and tender, yet
firm; fully aware that foolish and injudicious indulgence, although for
the present gratifying, will in the end work out, not the peaceable
fruits of righteousness, but, for the children, years of sin and
sorrow; for the parents, wretchedness, tribulation, and anguish. With
a father whose constant thought is to seek the best interest of his
children, even though it can be obtained only at the expense of some
self-denial, if the mother co-operates, the training of their family
will be a labor full of love and gladness. When both parents see eye to
eye, and seek God’s blessing on every step, they may rest assured that
their children, thus led in the way they should go, will, in mature
age, rise up and call them blessed.

It is very strange that parents, with so many examples which should
on the one hand warn them against over-indulgence, and on the other
encourage them in the administration of all needed discipline, should
not learn to avoid disputes or discussion in the presence of their
families. When they so far forget their children’s best interests as
to wrangle and dispute whenever a case of discipline is necessary,
and allow children and servants to hear and see the whole, they not
only lose the respect of those who should naturally look to them for
guidance and help, but, more than all, they do lasting injury to those
whom they should protect and love. One or two specimens of divided
counsels and the mischief is done. Children are quick to observe; they
turn to the parent who they learn will be most ready to hide their
faults or overlook their short-comings for help to escape punishment,
or to secure the gratification of every childish whim; but they soon
learn to care little for either parent, for the selfish love of a child
who has lost respect and reverence for father or mother is of little
value. If the father commands and the mother, openly or privately,
cancels the injunction, or the mother permits an indulgence and the
father revokes the permission, the child will soon become angry and
stubborn; and even if not daring to utter reproach and insolence
openly, the spirit of bitterness and revolt is aroused. If parents were
seeking to destroy their children, they could scarcely find any means
so well calculated to accomplish the object. But the mischief does not
end here; the parents themselves become embittered by such dissensions.
Sometimes it leads to disputes and quarrels, and sometimes to
partisanship; and thus the child’s selfishness, jealousy, and mercenary
nature are cultivated. In such divided households better far are early
deaths than life and health for children that must otherwise grow up
under such malign influences.

If parents cannot see alike, in matters of family government, then
they should agree between themselves on some compromise; but in the
presence of their children, these differences ought never to be
mentioned. Even if one parent is mistaken, it is better far to pass the
mistake by, unnoticed, than that a dispute should arise, or that the
other parent should interfere in the presence of servants or children.
In almost all such cases there is blame on both sides; but, right or
wrong, it is better that one should yield instantly and let the other
decide, for the time being, than to attempt to right the wrong in the
presence of any one, particularly in that of children. It is not hard
to do this; and, O parents! if you truly love each other, it should be
very sweet and easy kindly and unselfishly to discuss the matter under
consideration; but let the husband dismiss during the discussion all
idea of _authority_. It is an ugly word between husband and wife at all
times; and in the endeavor to settle a disputed point, if you seek for
any good results, keep it as far out of sight as possible. Go to your
wife in the same spirit that influenced you while wooing her, and speak
with the same tenderness; we think words thus spoken will be like oil
on the troubled waters, and bring you into closer and more harmonious
union than any _commands_ can do.

But while settling any disputed point with regard to the management of
children, it should be constantly remembered by the father that, of
necessity, the mother must have more to do with their early years, and
can hardly fail to understand their peculiarities better than he can
do. It is only a few moments at a time that the father can spend with
them, while the mother must watch over them hourly, providing for all
their constantly recurring wants. To her belongs, naturally, the care
of their health and early habits; to her the watching and weariness in
times of sickness, and the harassing toil of nursing them through the
fretful period of convalescence, back to soundness and vigor.

In the few hours the father’s business allows him to spend with his
family, he may be able to see the weak points more clearly than the
mother can do, who must be always with them. He may see plainly how, at
times, she weakly yields to their caprices, allowing herself to become
a slave to them, often because too weary to be firm. This is the time
when his love, tenderness, and sympathy for his wife, the mother of
his children, should be most earnestly manifested; when he can prove
which is the stronger, which better fitted to be the true head of the
house. These weaknesses, from whatever cause they spring, should not be
noticed before the little despots; when alone, the husband, with the
greatest kindness and gentleness, can show his wife how such indulgence
will lay the foundation for much present trouble, and perhaps for
a corrupt and disgraceful future. If she has good sense, and he,
with unselfish desire for the good of all, does not seek by arrogant
dictation to set himself above her, we can hardly imagine a wife and
mother who would not earnestly endeavor to make the necessity of such
appeals very unfrequent.

But if the mother is frivolous and self-indulgent, too weak and
indolent to take up the cross of refusing childish, unreasonable
importunities, for the glory that shall crown her when, by her
firmness, her children have become noble men and women,--then, God help
her who can thus lay the ax to the root of all domestic happiness!
For the husband and father to push his authority or command silence
with the children at home, constantly exposed to such influences, can
do no good; it only increases the difficulty. We know of no better or
surer way to save the children than to remove them from home and a weak
mother’s cruel indulgence, and place them in some school where health
and morals may be carefully watched over, but one sufficiently strict
to save them from the evils of too great indulgence. This is a hard
task; but it has saved many children whose parents, either one or both,
were too foolishly tender or too cruelly indolent to control them, as
God has commanded, in their early years.




LX.

HOW CAN WE SECURE GOOD SERVANTS?


MANY inquiries reach us, both from city and country, as to the best
and most certain way to secure, if not the best, at least tolerably
good servants. It is a question impossible to answer with any degree of
certainty. The very best managers, the kindest and most conscientious,
are no more sure of being suited than those who work without method,
and are not governed by the law of kindness.

“Where shall we apply when searching for help?” is a question that is
asked very frequently, and is equally impossible to answer. Some say,
“Advertise.” The next will give you such a history of her trials from
advertising, as will most effectually frighten you from that mode of
help-seeking. But they will tell you to go to one intelligence office,
and, if that fails, refer you to the next best. Another will say,
as we should, that of all places an intelligence office is the most
disheartening and the least reliable of any.

A lady in the country, with a large family, who is so happy as to
have two grown-up daughters for her chief assistants, is desirous of
“obtaining a raw German or English girl, hoping to be able to train her
to do general housework properly,” and inquires where she must apply
to obtain such a one, “right from the ship,” before a week or two of
idleness has taught her the “ways and the manners” of those who have
been in this country longer.

We have very little experience with what are called “greenhorns,” or
girls right from the emigrant ships, though we doubt if they can be any
more ignorant or half so unmanageable as many of the girls who have
been in America for years.

The emigrant ships which come to New York land their passengers at
Castle Garden. “The Labor Bureau of the Commissioners of Emigration” is
under the supervision of Eugene Casserly, and we are told by reliable
authority, that unless friends have secured employment for them before
they reach our shores, their names, if they come seeking work, are
registered in an intelligence office there. For any one proposing to
seek servants from among those just landed, it may be well to go to
that office, when these ships first land their passengers, and endeavor
to form as correct a judgment as is possible, before actual trial. We
are also told that some little conversation with the officers of the
ship will sometimes make the selection easier or more satisfactory.
During the tedious passage the officers have many opportunities of
seeing their passengers under circumstances that can, if they choose
to notice, enable them to form a reasonably correct idea of their
character and capacities; though we fear that officers on board
emigrant ships seldom give much heed to those under their care.

_A reader_ inquires “if it would be safe for a young housekeeper to
attempt to train a ‘raw recruit,’ and, if so, from which of all the
countries whose people flock to our land we would advise her to seek
for a good, reliable servant.”

It requires much patience and no small degree of skill to take a girl
from another country, whose whole life and associations have been
entirely different from our own, and bring her into a new life by
teaching her to forget all her early habits and modes of working. It is
a great and uncommon gift to be able to do this with patient kindness,
and yet with such authority as insures obedience. Success in such an
undertaking is a blessing both to the teacher and the pupil. Now and
then we find one who, under such teaching and benevolent guidance, has
fully repaid all the thought and care which has been bestowed upon her,
and who, by her fidelity and unwearied energy, has won the love and
grateful appreciation of all, and is looked upon as the good angel of
the family. But we regret to say such characters are rare; and though,
in some instances, the impatience and irritability of the mistress may
repress much of good which, under better auspices, might have been
developed, yet we do not believe as a general rule that the chief blame
should rest with the mistress. Not one in a hundred--and that we fear
is a high proportion--of all the Irish that come to our country can, by
any amount of care, patience, or indefatigable teaching, be transformed
into a neat, energetic, faithful, truth-telling servant; and as for
gratitude, once in a while you may find one who remembers your faithful
teaching, your kindness and care in times of sickness or trouble, who
cannot be turned from her fidelity and attachment to you; but for the
most part all this vanishes like the morning dew, at the first chance
for easier work or higher wages.

The English and Scotch, as far as our observation goes, are more
inclined to make their employers’ interest their own. They labor as
faithfully, and watch with an eye to economy quite as earnestly, when
left in charge alone, as when the master and mistress are near them. Of
course there are exceptions to every rule; and we speak more from our
own experience than from what others say.

The Swiss and Swedes are usually smart and capable; but their inability
to understand our language when they first come to us, makes their
instruction difficult and tedious, unless the mistress is well versed
in foreign languages.

A good Welsh girl is one of the best,--usually neat, active, and quick
to learn; and as the pastors of the Welsh churches hold it a part of
their duty to exercise careful supervision over those under their
charge, that acts as a great safeguard.

There are no better servants to be found than such as come from Canada
and Nova Scotia, _if_ one can secure such as bring from their own
country a genuinely good character. Naturally hardy and industrious,
they are not the kind of girls who begin by asking, “How many in the
family? How large is the washing? Have you stationary wash-tubs? What
privileges do you allow your girls?” But whatever they are told to do,
if within the compass of their ability, they do it more willingly and
cheerfully than most. But there are not a large number of the Swiss,
Swedish, Welsh, or Nova Scotia girls to be had, nor are all who come
to our country of the better sort; so that whichever way we turn for
domestic help, one is almost compelled to feel as if buying tickets in
a lottery.




LXI.

THE GUEST-CHAMBER.


IT is the prevalent opinion among housekeepers that the guest-chamber,
or “spare room,” must, in every respect, be the best and most desirable
chamber in the house. We think this a mistaken idea. Of course the
room should be pleasant and inviting, furnished as tastefully and
with as many conveniences as can be afforded, without curtailing the
comfort and pleasures of the family, and with such regard to comfort
that a guest, on entering, may feel at once not only at home, but
as if surrounded with kindness and thoughtful care. All this can be
accomplished without appropriating the largest and most commodious room
for that purpose. The chambers most used, and, after the sitting-room,
most necessary to the comfort and happiness of the family, to whom the
house is _home_, and not a mere transient stopping-place, should be
the best ventilated, the largest, and most convenient. The mother’s
chamber and the nursery--if there must be two apartments, they should
be separated only by a door, that the mother’s care may be near at
hand--ought to be chosen with reference to the health and enjoyment
of those who are expected to occupy them for years. The “spare room”
should be a secondary consideration, for our guests are but temporary
residents of our rooms, to whom, indeed, must be given all the time
and attention that family cares will allow; while to the permanent
inmates the house is a resting-place from hard labor, a refuge from
outside care for some of the family, and to make it such to husband and
children, the housekeeper has a daily routine of duties which can be
wonderfully lightened by pleasant surroundings. And thus, for reasons
having a bearing on every member of the household, it seems to us very
desirable that more thought, care, and expense be given to secure a
pleasant outlook, a thorough ventilation, and attractive and convenient
furniture for the family rooms, than for the one set apart for those
who, however honored and beloved, can of necessity remain but a few
days.

We would by no means leave the impression that a family should
selfishly retain their regular apartments when so many guests are
present that several rooms are needed. In times of large gatherings it
is very delightful to see each member of the household contribute some
part of his or her rights to the free and cordial entertainment of
friends. On such occasions, if they are not too frequent, it is quite
amusing and conducive to much sport and cheerfulness to meet in family
council and discuss the ways and means that may be employed to stretch
the house, so that twenty people can be comfortably lodged in a space
where usually eight or ten have only sufficient room. This, for a short
time, is no hardship,--it is like a picnic,--and every child, from
its earliest years, should be taught there is a pleasure in giving up
rights, whims, and fancies, connected with its own special apartments,
for the accommodation of others. The lesson is very easily taught, when
they see that this is only a temporary thing; knowing this, when the
pressure abates, they will return to their rooms better prepared to
estimate and appreciate the care and affection which has so pleasantly
consulted their taste and comfort in arranging the apartment which is
set aside for them.

It is painful to glance into rooms in daily use, and see no indication
that a moment’s thought has ever been bestowed upon their adornment,
or to fill them with objects that, to the children’s eyes, will unite
grace and beauty with usefulness for the family’s every-day life.
“O, this will answer! It’s good enough _just for our own family_.”
But look into the guest-chamber, for which enough has been expended
to compel pinching in all that belongs to home and family comforts,
and all for the ostentatious display of hospitality! When you see
such incongruities and contrasts between the furnishing of the family
apartments and the “spare room,” you will find the same rule runs
through everything connected with the family. For every day use the
commonest kind of delf, with odd bits of broken or defaced china,
mismated cups and saucers, of every variety of color, and the food
carelessly prepared, and of the poorest and cheapest quality, showing
the same unwise disregard for family comfort. But let a visitor
appear, and the table is dazzling with silver and cut-glass, and loaded
with dainties over which the utmost skill in cooking has been expended.
This is all wrong. _Home_ should be first, company of secondary
importance. Let your family always have the best you can reasonably
afford; then cordially welcome your friends to share the good and
pleasant things with you. It is not easy to teach children to love
home, and prefer its society to all others, if they see that all the
good and pleasant and beautiful things you possess are only to be used
when you have visitors. You have no right to hope that your children
will have good manners or be refined, if they see only the coarsest of
everything when alone with you, but are called upon, with company, to
put on company manners. Love of home, refinement, and good manners are
blessings that will rust out and be destroyed, if not brightened by
constant daily use.

But we have wandered out of the guest-chamber, and will now return.
Because we urge that the family apartments should have the first claim,
we would not be understood that no thought should be given to the room
your friends will occupy; we only claim that it should not be paramount
to all others. Select the furniture with such care and taste as your
means will allow. It is not necessary that one should be rich to do
this in the most perfect manner. Be sure that the bed is comfortably
made, and at all times scrupulously clean. If used only for _one_ night
by _one_ person, all the linen should be changed for every new-comer.
A white spread, even if not of the best and heaviest, is always an
improvement for any bed. Have a spare blanket neatly folded and laid
across the foot of the bed, unless you have a closet in the room;
then it is a protection from dust to put it there. A low easy-chair
or rocker is always desirable, for a lady friend may bring a young
infant with her; then, if in accordance with, your ability, furnish
easy-chairs or a lounge, but no bedchamber should be crowded with
furniture.

A table with a drawer, or small neat writing-desk, with an inkstand, a
few pens, paper, and envelopes, are desirable, as friends often come
unexpectedly, and neglect to bring the needed articles. To find such
conveniences ready at hand will be taken as a kindly attention, which
is among the little things that make a guest-chamber homelike.

A brush and comb, a cushion and pins, should be kept on every bureau,
and the “spare room” is no exception to this rule. In this room one or
two bureau drawers should be left open for the use of guests. The comb
and brush, like those in other chambers, should be washed every week if
used, or after every new occupant. A few drops of ammonia, put into a
little soap and water, will cleanse a brush easily; rinse well in clear
water, and stand it up to dry. For the washstand, good soap, plenty of
towels, and a nail-brush should be provided. The water-pitcher must be
kept filled; a water-bottle, with a glass turned over it, or a decanter
with a stopper, is better for drinking water than a pitcher, as water
left exposed to the air in a sleeping-room soon becomes impure and
unwholesome. A slop pail or jar is needed by the side of the washstand,
unless the wash-basins are set to be filled from the pipes, and emptied
by the waste-pipe. A match-box, filled, is always an important article
in every room, and a little basket or cornucopia is needed to hang by
the glass, into which the hair from the comb and burnt matches may be
put. This should be emptied when the slops are taken away; but hair
must never be thrown in the sink, as it clogs the pipes; always burn it.

Of course, when there is no necessity for close economy, there are
a thousand elegances with which it is perfectly proper to beautify,
not only the family rooms, but the guest-chamber; but the things
here specified are convenient and some really necessary for all
sleeping-rooms, and can be procured or made by home ingenuity. Beautify
and enrich the guest-room as lavishly as good taste and your ability
will allow, only let the family chamber be not neglected for that
purpose.




LXII.

THE CARE OF INFANTS.


“ARE our little ones so related to household cares, that Mrs. Beecher
will give young mothers, now and then, a few words of instruction on
the management of infants? I am a young _mother_ as well as _young
housekeeper_, and although not very competent, I, and probably many
others, could easier work our way unaided to a respectable standing
in all that pertains to the manual labor of the household, than risk
mistakes in the care and training of our babies. I think the little
ones very necessary to the formation of a true household, and am ready
to accept any care and annoyance, if I may only be certain that I am
not giving my strength for naught, but so that in these early days
I may be enabled to ward off illness, and keep my baby healthy and
vigorous. It is usually happy and quiet; but there are times when
mind and body are taxed to the utmost limit of my endurance. It often
has _spells_ of crying, when no skill which I possess can soothe the
disturbance, whatever may be the cause, or lull the little one to
sleep. In no way, either by medical advice or the exercise of my own
judgment, can I discover the cause, or find any indication which would
show the child to be unhealthy.”

We most certainly consider the little ones very peculiarly a part of
“The Household” department, and will cheerfully give any assistance to
young mothers that is within our power. We have before this been called
upon to answer similar questions, and see no reason to change the
answers we have felt to be correct.

Young mothers are frequently told, we think very unwisely, “You have no
cause for anxiety. Most infants either have their crying spells until
they are three months old, or are very quiet and serene up to that
period, and then change and cry, and are restless most of the time till
some months later.” Believing this, the young mother tries to possess
her soul in patience, and struggles on, waiting for the good time
coming. But we think there is always some definite cause for a trouble
which robs the mother for months of a large portion of the pleasure
her infant should bring her, and makes the new world into which the
little pilgrim has just entered so truly “a vale of tears.” The cause
once ascertained, there must be some remedy found, through the large
experience of so many mothers who have been harassed and perplexed by
similar trials.

Often kind friends manifest their affection and interest injudiciously
through their anxiety to see the new-comer, when both mother and child
would be much safer for a few days of perfect, uninterrupted quiet.
In the early days when an infant should be forming the habit of long
naps, and at regular times, and when the mother should be kept from
any excitement, these friendly calls begin, and each caller has great
curiosity _just_ to look at the new baby, or _just_ to wake it one
moment to see whose eyes it has borrowed. This incense offered to
maternal pride is too mighty, and the mother’s judgment bows down
before it. If she allows this foolish innovation once, she must twice,
and soon a restless habit is formed, and short naps and long cries
may be expected. It takes but two or three such friendly visits in
the course of one day, to excite the child so that sleep becomes
impossible; and then, although it is not needing food, when all other
means fail to quiet it, what more natural than to put it to the breast?
But broken rest and nursing too frequently will assuredly cause pain,
and crying will, of course, be the result. In such cases, no remedy may
be hoped for until those to whom the child is committed, and who alone
should be responsible for forming its habits, have learned that sound
judgment and good common-sense must be their guides in the care of
their helpless little ones, and not maternal pride.

But, on the other hand, take a child who from its birth is trained in
the most sensible manner,--washed, dressed, and fed at fixed hours, and
laid, without rocking, to sleep in the crib, where no foolish friend,
indulgent aunt, or grandmother is permitted to disturb or see it until
it wakes naturally and is ready for the next meal. All through the day
it sleeps, or serenely watches the dancing shadows on the wall, or
the bright sun through the curtains; and but for the little cooing,
rippling sounds that occasionally give token of its presence, one
hardly realizes that there is a babe in the house. But at night the
little one becomes restless and begins to cry. Every means for quieting
it are resorted to. It is patted, trotted, rocked, and sung to, but all
is of no avail. What can be the matter?

Let us take this uneasy little mortal. Ah! we see. In dressing it in
the morning you pinned the little waists as tightly as you could draw
them, so that the body is as round and unyielding as a marble pillar.
The morning bath and change of clothes brought some relief from the
night’s fetters; and for the first part of the day, or, if uncommonly
strong and healthy, until night, the child may be quiet and endure; but
by night, release from so many hours’ bondage is absolutely needed.
How would you like to have your clothes thus bound about you? No room
for free breathing, no elasticity of body! What chance for healthy
digestion? After many hours, during the day, of perfect inactivity,
what wonder if by night the poor baby feels this compression
insupportable! Its little limbs must ache, and the whole body become
stiff and numb. But instead of relief, when the child is disrobed and
night-clothes substituted, it is only to tighten the bands, and leave
it to pass the long hours of darkness as much like a mummy as before.

When we see a child thus bound, we think it would afford us pleasure
to act as dressing-maid to the mother long enough to teach her what
torture she is thoughtlessly inflicting on her helpless babe. It has
no way of attracting your attention and begging for relief but through
tears. If the mother was subjected to the same distress for once, she
would ever after understand why her baby lifts up its voice like a
trumpet, to tell her of her sins.

Whenever an infant begins to cry, without any apparent cause, by day
or by night, let your first act be to examine its clothing; loosen
it, remove the pins, or untie the strings, and see if the lungs have
free space to expand, and the body a chance to move every limb and
muscle. Rub the body gently with your warm hand, particularly the back,
lungs, and bowels, to promote the circulation which the barbarous
swaddling-bands have all day impeded. Try this remedy, particularly at
night, and, unless you again “put on the screws,” in most cases your
baby will fall into a peaceful slumber, and you may hope for unbroken
rest.

But here is another whose garments are all sensibly adjusted, yet its
piteous cries are enough to make the heart ache. What is the matter?
Touch the little blue hands, and you will find them like ice. Take the
child in your lap; draw your chair to the fire; heat a blanket and
wrap about it; lay it on the stomach, across your lap, holding the
cold hands in one of yours; shake out the foolishly long robes, till,
hidden somewhere in this mass of flannel and embroidery, you find the
numb little toes, and hold them toward the fire till warm. See how
it stretches its feet to the fire, and puts the pretty face close up
to your warm hands. Many a child who has cried for hours, taxing all
the mother’s strength and skill, and filling her heart with alarm,
will, under this simple treatment, in a few minutes be fast asleep.
Only turning a child over in the crib--anything to change its position
when you find that it begins to cry or becomes restless before its nap
is finished--will sometimes soothe it to quiet slumber, give it the
benefit of a long sleep, and you sufficient time to accomplish many
things which must have been laid aside had baby waked too soon.

Endeavor to imagine yourself in an infant’s place when it manifests
symptoms you do not well understand. You wrap its hands and feet so
closely, when you lay it down to sleep, that it cannot stir. Could
you remain two hours thus fettered without becoming cramped and full
of pain? Loosen the wrappings; shake up the pillow and turn it over
occasionally that the little head may rest on a cool spot (and, by
the way, a good hair pillow, not too full, and well beaten every day,
that it may not become lumpy, is far more healthful for any child than
feathers). If awake, change its position; or if it has lain long, take
it up, toss it gently, and play with it awhile to give it a pleasant
variety, and cause the blood to circulate freely through the whole body.

If these simple methods do not pacify a crying child, it is very
probable that some of the above-mentioned causes have produced colic;
but do not give the simplest medicine till you have tried what virtue
there is in an _enema_ of tepid water. Unless the crying indicates the
beginning of some acute disease, we have invariably found the effects
almost magical, and in no case will it be hurtful.

Never nurse your child when you are chilled, fatigued, or terrified.
The child, however hungry, must wait, or be otherwise fed, until
your own system becomes quiet. It must be a very strong child who
will not suffer from the nourishment the mother offers while under
such disturbance. If your excitement proceeds from fear, go to your
husband or some friend who has the power to soothe or talk you into
quietude, before you see your child. If fatigued, sit down and rest; if
overheated, wash your face and hands in cool water, keeping out of any
current of air, and become thoroughly cool before you nurse your baby.

If, unfortunately, you have allowed yourself to be overcome by anger,
keep far away from the little one, till you have asked God to still the
tempest, and feel that by his grace you are at peace. If in such an
unhappy state you dare to perform a mother’s sweetest duty, your child
will bring you to repentance before many hours elapse.

In early youth we were once compelled to watch by a child in
convulsions. This was among our first painful experiences, and when
we were absent from home. To our dying day we shall never forget the
mother’s dumb anguish when told that the child must die. We afterward
learned that she had been furiously angry with her husband. The
angry voices frightened the child, and to still its crying, even in
the fierce heat of her passion, she put the babe to her breast. The
physician knew of her ungovernable temper, and, boarding with her, had
been the witness of the morning’s tornado. Over the suffering little
creature, he sternly told her that her temper had killed her child.
We never saw her but once after that sad trial, but the marks of the
penalty which followed so quickly upon her sin were still stamped upon
her face.

Mothers do not enough understand or believe these facts, because they
are not accustomed to trace the effect to the cause; but a physician
who looks carefully into the cases which come under his care will
assure you that this is no fiction. A mother at all times is called
upon to guard well her own actions, and to practice much self-denial
for the sake of her offspring, but never more than when her child draws
its nourishment from her breast; and never are judgment and care in the
clothing, in the fashioning and adjusting of it, more important than
while the babe is incapable of making known its wants or discomforts
except by crying.




LXIII.

PERSONAL NEATNESS.


THOSE who have the oversight of household affairs, and perhaps are also
compelled to perform much of the manual labor themselves, cannot be
expected to keep their garments at all times spotlessly clean, still
less can they preserve their hands soft and delicate; yet there is far
too much inexcusable carelessness about personal appearance, among
those who are called upon to be always active and industrious, as well
as among those who have fewer responsibilities.

“Well, I, for one, don’t see how a farmer’s or mechanic’s wife can help
it; she is obliged to rise early to prepare the breakfast, or see that
it is being properly prepared; then the milk requires early attention,
or perhaps butter and cheese are to be made: one duty follows another
in such quick succession, that from the time the housewife rises in the
morning until after dinner, at least, she is compelled to work rapidly
if she would be through in proper season. What time has she to think
about her own personal appearance? A fine housewife that must be, who
would feel obliged to stop in the midst of some important work to see
if her hair was in _company order_, or that no spot of any kind had
soiled her dress or apron. It is all very well for _ladies_ to be thus
particular, but laboring people have no spare moments for any such
ill-timed neatness.”

We do not expect you to be always “in company order,” as you understand
that term: that would be exceedingly inconsistent; yet we could never
understand why one’s own family--those whom we love, and with whom
we hope to spend our days--should not have as strong claims upon our
thoughts, time, and personal appearance as those whom we seldom see;
and we do know that one can work, and work hard, and yet be at all
times so tidy that she need not be mortified to be _caught by company_.
Let us give you a few hints which good common-sense can easily enlarge.

When retiring at night give the hair a thorough brushing, not only for
your own comfort and to promote a healthy condition of the hair, and
remove all dust that through the day will naturally settle in it, but
also to secure greater expedition in dressing in the morning; this
done, fold it up loosely, draw a net or very thin cap over to prevent
tangling: with this precaution it should not take long when you rise to
smooth and arrange it neatly, though, unfortunately, smooth and neatly
arranged hair is no longer fashionable; but it is hoped that while at
work, even those who bow down most subserviently to the fickle goddess,
Fashion, so arrange that no loose hairs are flying.

It is convenient to have morning-wrappers made with a narrow ruffle
round the neck of the same material as the dress; or, if yours are
not so made, before retiring baste or pin in a simple collar or
ruffle, that no needless time may be spent in dressing. If you are
not accustomed to a full bath every morning, a thorough bath at night
is very desirable, even if only a sponge bath can be obtained, and
then a copious washing before dressing will occupy but a few moments.
The teeth should be well brushed, and the mouth and throat faithfully
rinsed in cold water morning and night and after each meal; no hurry of
work should be an excuse for neglecting this duty, if not for neatness
and comfort, for health’s sake. The hair in order, face and hands
washed, and teeth brushed, it will then require but a few minutes’ time
longer to be ready to leave your chamber and go to your early morning
labors in the neatest working order.

A large apron made from heavy brown or white “butchers’ linen” is much
neater and more serviceable than calico or gingham; it does not wrinkle
so easily, and if wet will not become limp and useless so soon. The
sleeve of a morning-dress should be large enough at the bottom to be
easily folded back above the elbow and pinned up; or, if preferred, a
deep cuff is very convenient, as during work it can be unbuttoned and
turned back in the same way. Put a button and a loop of tape or strong
cord about a quarter of a yard apart, on four seams of the skirt at
least,--before, behind, and on each side,--so that you can loop up the
dress evenly instead of pinning it awkwardly back; it is much neater
and in the end will save time, and certainly it keeps the dress from
being soiled at the bottom, and thus saves much washing.

Now go to work with bare arms, a large, long apron, and dress looped
up, too short to be drabbled; and it is very seldom, except in cases
of uncommon accident, that one’s working attire may not be kept in
suitable condition to meet any stranger or friend who may chance to
call during the busy hours of the day. With smooth hair and a clean
dress, you may consider yourself perfectly presentable; all preparation
needed should not occupy five minutes, and no caller should be kept
waiting longer. Unpin the sleeves, unbutton the dress where looped up,
take off the apron, wash hands and face, and smooth the hair if need
be,--that is all. To keep a visitor waiting is not in good taste; we
think it inexcusable, unless compelled by some unusual hindrance. In
that case, send in your reasons or some apology for delay, when the
caller will either wait patiently, knowing that you could not help it,
or, if in haste, return regrets and leave. This is far more kind and
courteous than to keep any one waiting fifteen or twenty minutes, in
haste perhaps, but not daring to leave, because thinking each moment
you will enter.

If, while preserving, or in any other way, you stain your hands, a
few drops of muriatic acid will remove the stain at once. It is very
convenient to have a bottle of this liquid always in the house, for a
black, ugly stain on the hand is a very disagreeable sight; but the
bottle should be put in a secure place, where children or careless
servants cannot meddle with it. It is poisonous, but perfectly safe if
kept securely and used as directed. Wet the spot with the acid, rub
quickly over the stain, and immediately wash in clear water, else it
will burn and make your hands uncomfortably rough. After washing off
the acid, give your hands a good washing in hot soapsuds, using a nail-
or finger-brush to clean all round the nails, which in preserving or
paring fruit are usually badly discolored. Those brushes which have a
nail-cleaner at the top of the handle are the best. No one should be
without a finger-brush, and to none is it more indispensable than to
those who have the most of the family work to do. Wet the brush and
rub soap on it; then brush the nails and inside of the hands with it
before you finish washing them. Nothing more effectually removes the
stains and dirt, which will of course settle on the inside of the hands
when handling pots and kettles or working over the stove; and even if
your hands are roughened by no such labor, the nail-brush is of great
service.

Often when in haste, the dress or apron is caught against a hook or
nail, and a sad rent is made. Whatever your hurry, do not go a moment
with this accident unrepaired. If it happens while some article is
over the fire which may not be left a moment without danger or injury,
you can at least pin up the unsightly hole. Always carry a small
pincushion, filled with pins, in your pocket; if you do not need one
yourself, somebody else may be in trouble for want of only a pin; and
make it a point, as far as possible, to keep a needle ready threaded
near by, so that at a moment’s warning you can temporarily run up any
rent made while at work, which, if in your power, is far better than
pinning it up. A big grease spot or prominent rent on a woman’s dress
is a poor recommendation, and we confess we never see them without
forming an unfavorable opinion, if a stranger, or experiencing a
feeling of mortification and annoyance, if a friend.

A looking-glass, comb, and brush are out of place in the kitchen, but a
small glass in a back hall or entry close by, with a shelf beneath for
the comb and brush, are quite necessary for your servants, and it is a
great convenience to have another near by for your own use, so that if
hastily summoned from the kitchen, you can smooth your hair, and by the
glass assure yourself that there is nothing untidy about you.

There is one kind of personal neglect that we often see, with great
surprise, and quite frequently among a class of people who have little
to do with hard work, and no excuse for the carelessness from lack
of time. We have seen, just above point-lace and diamonds, _ears_
that have long been unacquainted with a plentiful supply of soap
and water. A pretty ear is very attractive to us. We always notice
particularly the eye and ear in every one we meet; and if we see brown,
dirty-looking streaks behind the ear, or the rim and inside dirty,
with unseemly accumulations of ear-wax remaining uncared for,--if it
is on a girl who applies for a place, we would not receive her; if on
a “lady,” we find it hard to feel much respect for her. Unless in a
desert, unblessed by water, there is no manner of excuse to be found
for such neglect.

These hints may seem quite insignificant, but we cannot think them
so. Aside from the comfort and respectability of scrupulous neatness
in your own habits, you are, by your example as you should be by your
precepts, giving ideas of neatness and order to your children and
servants. But if they see you come down in the morning with your hair
in disorder, your garments dirty or torn, shoes or boots slipshod or
unbuttoned, you may be sure your example will be very readily imitated,
and probably greatly exaggerated. If a girl is uncleanly in her person,
there is every reason to presume she will be slatternly about her work,
and particularly so about her cooking. Therefore, if only for selfish
reasons, it is most desirable that young housekeepers should have a
high standard for personal cleanliness, and live in full accordance
with it.




LXIV.

ARE HOUSE-PLANTS INJURIOUS TO THE HEALTH?


“MRS. BEECHER: My wife and I are both attentive readers of the
‘Christian Union,’ and we venture to ask for a few words of information
upon the subject of _house-plants_. We are passionately fond of
flowers, but have frequently seen it stated that plants, especially
flowering plants, vitiate the air, rendering it unfit for breathing
purposes. Is that really true? We like plants in our sleeping-rooms,
but of course would give them up if convinced that they were injurious
to the health. We have heliotropes, roses, geraniums, lilies,
fuchsias, and a number of other plants. Do these render the atmosphere
noxious to life and health? As plants liberate oxygen and absorb
carbonic gas, we think they ought to be wholesome. Or is it the
_blossom_ that does the mischief? Is a sweet-smelling flower poisonous?
Will you please set us right upon this matter, and oblige

  “TWO YOUNG HOUSEKEEPERS.”

We copy this letter entire, hoping by so doing to bring this subject
to the attention of those whose opinion and judgment are of greater
worth than our own. There are many conflicting opinions concerning the
effect which plants and vines, growing in the house, and filling it by
day and by night with their delightful atmosphere, have upon the health
of their worshipers. If the wise and scientific among our readers will
give this matter attentive and sober thought, we hope to find in the
multitude of counselors the wisdom which is so much needed.

It is not very many years since physicians lifted up their voices
against this pleasant adornment of our homes, by which some portion of
the joyous summer may be wrested from the grasp of the frost king, and
which enables us while indoors, to forget that fingers and toes are in
danger the moment we venture outside of the carefully tended parlor
garden.

But our physicians change their opinions like other mortals, and at the
present time some affirm that plants and vines in the house, or even
in the sleeping-apartments, are health-giving. They tell us that the
carbonic gas which is being constantly set free from our lungs, and
which is detrimental, is at once absorbed by our flowers, while these
at the same time give to us, in exchange, the oxygen which, in its
proper place and quantity, is so necessary to health and life.

Other physicians assume that a growing plant is not noxious or in any
way detrimental, but that as soon as it begins to blossom it should
be at once removed from a bedchamber, and if allowed to remain in the
house at all, should be placed, while in bloom, as far as possible from
the family apartments.

Again, it is stated--and all these conflicting opinions, we are told,
come to us from the “best and most reliable authority”--that no plant,
in flower or not, is at all injurious in any part of the house, so
long as the perfume from the blossom is not powerful and not at all
offensive. “Who shall decide when doctors disagree?” It seems to us
very important that our learned, scientific men--those who make the
effects of the various gases on life and health a careful study--should
give this question a thorough investigation, and when, after mature
research, they arrive, as they suppose, at a proper conclusion, should
publish their opinion in simple terms, such as all can comprehend. We
should rejoice if the conclusion of the whole matter might be such that
all could lean upon it with no fear of its proving by and by a broken
reed; but it is difficult to keep pace with changes in the results of
scientific investigations.

One year certain health-principles are established, the next they are
set aside for some other thing. Some articles of food are prohibited
as being very injurious, but in a few months the prohibition is cast
aside. One mode of diet is declared pernicious, shortening the days,
and making the few that are granted undesirable. Yet, just as you are
ready to accept this theory, you are told of those who have lived
wellnigh to a hundred years, or perhaps have passed that period, always
healthful and cheerful, yet the proscribed diet or article of food has
been habitually indulged in by them.

For our own part, we find it difficult to believe that the plants
cultivated in our homes, and which so beautify and enliven our
winters, can be injurious, provided the rooms in which they are placed
are kept _well ventilated_. In severely cold weather it may not be
advisable to open a window just over the plants, but when windows are
raised to air adjacent rooms, where there are no flowers, then open
the doors leading from them to the parlor, or winter garden, that
the cold breeze from without may sweep through the whole suite of
rooms for a few moments until the air is entirely changed. This, even
in the coldest winter, will do the plants no harm, nor their owners
either, but, on the contrary, will be very beneficial, making both
more healthy and vigorous. Many a lady in mid-winter sits by the fire
or register, yawning and stupidly sleepy, with a dull heavy pain over
the eyes foreboding a severe headache, who could throw off all this
torpidity, defy the headache, and rise up refreshed and vigorous, if
she would simply throw open her doors or windows just long enough to
drive out the overcharged air in the room, and by so doing bring in
exchange a pure and invigorating atmosphere from the outdoor world; and
house-plants will be equally benefited by the same prescription.

We should not think it wise to have plants in bloom in the
sleeping-apartment, unless the room was large, and the doors so
arranged as to favor frequent and complete change of the air.

It is always desirable, just before retiring, to raise the windows for
a few moments, not only in the parlors, but in the sleeping-apartments,
particularly if they have been used through the day as sewing-rooms. It
will insure a more refreshing sleep, and also a brighter awakening in
the morning. House-plants should be placed on a stand having castors,
so that they can be easily rolled away from the windows when opened,
until the room is fully aired; or, if freezing cold, an old cloth kept
for the purpose, or old newspapers, should be thrown over the plants
to protect them from being chilled.

_Cut flowers_, we think, should not be left in a bedroom overnight.
Just before retiring, set them into a cool, dark closet. They will keep
fresh much longer by using this precaution, and the occupants of the
chamber escape any possible injury from them. The water in which cut
flowers are put ought to be changed every night and morning, or it will
become slimy and offensive, as well as injurious.

The love of flowers is very desirable in children, and should be
cultivated from their earliest years. For that reason, if for no other,
we should be exceedingly sorry to have any physician whose judgment we
respected forbid the cultivation of house-plants, particularly in the
nursery. In that room every bright and pretty thing should be gathered,
and certainly nothing more quickly attracts the attention of children
than a choice collection of flowers. To find these all about the house,
but especially in the nursery,--their own peculiar domain,--secures a
taste for them far more surely than to see them kept exclusively in the
green-house, or in rooms set apart for their culture and nothing more.
Yet no mother will risk her children’s health in the least degree,
and if her physician assures her flowers in any part of the house are
harmful, she will eject them at once. We do not at all believe they
are injurious to the health, and know that they greatly increase the
happiness of those who cultivate them. But we are open to conviction,
and if any one of reliable judgment can bring sound reasons against
keeping these house-gardens, we should be glad to know of them.




LXV.

BAD BUTTER.


OF all the needless discomforts common to boarding-houses and hotels,
we know of none so truly inexcusable, nor which subtracts more from
one’s enjoyment, than the use of bad butter for cooking purposes.
When placed on the table in the butter-dish, if found to be imperfect
or quite unpalatable the butter can easily be rejected. To eat good
bread without butter, or, if the bread is unsatisfactory, a fine mealy
potato with a little salt, is by no means the greatest hardship that
you may be subjected to. But imagine yourself seated at the table, and
a large dish of fresh peas, green and tender, brought in. You have
been hoping, almost impatiently, to see them each day, and now what a
feast is yours, in anticipation. You can hardly wait till the soup is
removed. Visions of the splendid peas, of sweet and delicious flavor,
which you used to eat at your father’s table, are floating before you;
and tender remembrances of the dear hand that then so deftly ministered
to your childish appetite are rising, until you are fast verging toward
sentimentality, when your turn comes to be helped. These peas are
the first real _country_ peas, picked right from the vines, you have
tasted since your home was established in the city, and you eagerly
bid farewell to sentiment, and address yourself to the full enjoyment
of visible, tangible things. How you would like to take a real big
mouthful in a childlike manner! But you control your eagerness, and,
ladylike, demurely carry the spoon to the mouth. O horrors! Have you
fortitude and self-possession sufficient to enable you to swallow
that detestable morsel? Politeness and unwillingness to exhibit your
disgust to others at the table control you. With a shuddering gulp
you swallow, but hold your breath till you snatch a piece of bread or
a mouthful of water to send after, with some faint hope of removing
the vile taste. What is it that so disturbs you? _Rancid butter!_ Is
there anything, any taste more revolting and abominable? That delicious
dish of peas spoiled, irretrievably, by a spoonful of the nauseous
abomination, manufactured by careless dairy-women, and bought by
easily gulled grocers, or by those persons possessed of india-rubber
consciences, capable of stretching to any imaginable length, who
will sell this abomination for good butter. Or it may be some sharp,
managing landlady has bought it, knowing its bad character, for
economical reasons. Her boarders will not eat very heartily of any dish
that is flavored with such butter, and yet they will be compelled to
eat something, even if distasteful. We know such ideas of economy--not
honesty--are common; but boarders are very foolish who submit to this
imposition. If they choose, they can easily teach such unscrupulous
managers that being “penny wise and pound foolish,” in the long run,
will not secure prosperity.

But you will try to judge charitably. Perhaps this was a mistake;
and it may be that only the peas have suffered. You will try to look
cheerful and satisfied, and turn to the nice piece of broiled chicken
on your plate. Alas, alas! Juicy and tender, broiled just right to
a perfect brown, but all destroyed by this miserably rancid butter!
“The offence is rank. It smells to heaven!” What can you do? Where
turn? Beets, beans, succotash,--that dish to which, with green peas,
you swore allegiance in early childhood, and have faithfully kept the
vow,--all destroyed by this most villainous compound. You nibble at a
bit of bread or piece of potato, and try to wait patiently till the
dessert is brought in, for you see no alternative but to make that
your principal meal. You wonder if others are as uncomfortable, but,
conscious of the intense disgust your face may exhibit, fear to look
boldly around.

Well, there is a balm for almost every woe, and here comes the
dessert; it may bring healing for your wounded feelings. What a
delicious-looking apple-dumpling! This atones! Will you take wine sauce
or hard sauce? You don’t like wine sauce; but the _butter_ in the hard
sauce,--dare you venture? Why, surely no one will risk such butter as
the vegetables were seasoned with in a delicate sauce! But one taste
is sufficient to show you that you have not yet fathomed the depths of
economical audacity. You put back your plate and try a bit of pie. Even
into the pastry the enemy has found entrance.

But you say, “What is one to do? The rooms are engaged for a month,
and I must stay the limited time or forfeit the price of the rooms,
and that I cannot afford to do; yet I shall surely starve. I hardly
feel that I can eat a meal without butter. The table butter is not
so intolerable as that used in cooking, but even that is all I can
endure. What can I do?” Will it not be better economy to leave at once,
and lose the rent of your rooms, rather than stay and starve a month,
or attempt to “fill the aching void” by that which may derange your
stomach, and induce fever, dyspepsia, or other sickness, which will
cost, in doctors’ bills, ten times the price of your rooms to eradicate?

This great evil will never be remedied while those who board, either
regularly or only for a few weeks in the summer, continue to “put up”
with this discomfort as one of the ills of life which _must_ be borne.
Let it be once fully understood that all boarders--all who frequent
fashionable resorts--are fixed in their determination to endure this
cruel imposition no longer, and that as soon as they find poor butter
is a part of the regular diet, and good butter only an occasional
luxury, they will at once leave, and we think the hotels and
boarding-houses will soon find means to procure a good article. Let
this class of purchasers alone refuse to buy any but the best, and the
large number of poor butter makers will soon be taught the necessity of
greater carefulness in their dairies.

Bad butter is entirely a needless discomfort. The fault begins, of
course, with the manufacturers. They have no excuse, as a general
thing. Once in a great while, there may be a reason for a few pounds
of poor butter in the dairy, which, though it should be a source of
regret, is not necessarily a disgrace. Sickness in the family may
sometimes compel the overtaxed housekeeper to neglect the dairy, or
leave it for a short time in incompetent hands, who, either indolently
or ignorantly, fail to give the milk-pans a thorough scalding, or
leave the cream too long on the milk and too long unchurned, who do
not understand salting or working over the butter; but in such cases
no one with any self-respect will allow the butter to leave their own
house. If at all usable, they will sooner submit to the disagreeable
necessity of using it for their own food, or put it at once into the
only place where poor butter has any right to be,--the soap-grease pot;
anything rather than do themselves the discredit, and their customers
the injustice, of sending it into the market. That is a species of
meanness that should be considered unpardonable; and just as soon as
the grocer learns that his customers will not, under any consideration,
buy poor butter of him, and the dairymen understand that the grocer
will not look at any but the very best, this mischief will be rooted
out, “the plague be stayed”; poor butter makers will find their
occupation gone, and leave the field to more conscientious and more
competent manufacturers, or at once, from self-interest, if not from
self-respect, resolutely set about securing instruction, and learn the
only way to make good butter. This is easily done; care, neatness, and
good judgment are all that is requisite after the mode of operation is
understood, and the preliminary steps are simple and easily taken. It
is a marvel that this nuisance has been so long tolerated. It is just
as easy to make good butter as poor. It is simply want of neatness
or deficiency of judgment that fills our markets with a miserable
preparation that is only fit for soap-grease or the pigs.

First, take care that your cows are not allowed food that will affect
the taste of the milk,--such as turnips, cabbage, or onions; then the
cows’ bags and the milkers’ hands must be washed perfectly clean before
beginning to milk; any dirt or bad flavor from the cow’s bag or the
hands, that may find its way into the milk-pail, will taint the milk
and injure the flavor of the butter; for it should be borne in mind
constantly, that there is nothing that receives any foreign taste so
readily as butter.

Next, all the utensils--pails, strainers, pans, skimmers, churn,
butter-bowl, and ladles--must be kept as sweet and clean as scalding
water and a hot sun can make them. The cream, even in the coldest
weather, must not be allowed to remain on the milk over thirty-six
hours, and in warm weather even less. In hot days remove the cream as
soon as the milk begins to sour: none will rise after the milk changes.
Although it will, of course, become _thicker_ by souring, it does not
follow that it will be any better; on the contrary, every moment the
cream is left on sour milk takes from the sweetness, quality, and
purity of the butter. In churning, the motion should be even, not
too rapid, and, when gathered, the butter must be well worked over
and salted, and set on the ice, or in a place so cool that it will
soon harden and keep so; but be sure that no meat, fish, fruit, or
vegetables are put in the milk-room or cellar,--nothing from which
the milk or butter will contract any taste. It will require a second
salting the next morning, to remove what buttermilk may be left from
the first working. One of the great merits of the Blanchard churn is
the facility with which the buttermilk can be freed from the butter, as
the less manipulation the better for the butter, provided you secure
entire freedom from buttermilk.

Many put in a little saltpetre, to make the butter hard and firm,--a
bad practice, we think, not only because it gives a slightly unpleasant
taste to the butter, but also because it may prove injurious to the
consumer. A butter-pail or pot, perfectly sweet, should be well rubbed
with salt, and the butter be packed in it, and well pounded down so
as to leave no air-holes; then cover the butter an inch deep with
brine strong enough to bear up an egg, and put to the _brine_ two
table-spoonfuls of pulverized saltpetre. This will help to keep the
butter sweet and hard; and, used in the brine, will neither impart any
acrid taste to the butter nor be in the least degree unhealthful.

These rules strictly followed by our dairy-women, we are confident
that there will be no complaints of _bad butter_, but the comfort and
happiness of the consumers be greatly increased, and the labor of the
butter makers in nowise augmented thereby.

We lately saw a receipt for keeping dairy utensils pure and sweet,
which we mean to try, as we think it cannot but be advantageous. Keep
close by the table on which the milk things are washed “a small tub
or a hogshead, according to the size of your dairy. In this, slack
some good quicklime, enough to make a thin whitewash; fill with water,
cover closely to keep out dirt and dust. The lime will settle, leaving
a saturated solution of lime-water over it, as clear as spring water.
Wash the utensils as usual; then dip each article into the cask of
lime-water, giving them a quick turn, so that every part shall be
immersed in the lime-water, then set them up to drain and dry, and
the purification is complete.” We presume in the case of a churn,
cheese-tub, cheese-press, or other large article, that pouring the
lime-water over it will answer the purpose just as well, though using
the lime-water up sooner than by dipping into the cask.

The lime in the clear water instantly neutralizes the acidity of the
milk which may yet remain in the cracks or seams of the milk-vessels.
The lime keeps the water pure all summer, and the waste and evaporation
may be made up by adding clear water when needed, as the lime settled
at the bottom will keep up the strength of the saturated solution.




LXVI.

OCTOBER.


THE brilliant hues in the mountains, the falling leaves in the lanes
(over which the horses’ feet make such sweet yet melancholy music),
remind us that October, the brightest, dearest month in the whole year,
has come; but while we rejoice in anticipation of the glorious hours it
promises, we must not forget that during these mild, invigorating days
our houses must be set in order properly to meet the sharp November
weather, which is close at hand, and the fiercer blasts of winter which
will follow.

Now the frosty nights and cool days will soon relieve us from the
plague of flies, which have by their unconquerable impertinence so
perplexed and disheartened all good housekeepers through the summer; at
least we may promise this relief, if they are hunted every night and
morning from the dark corners where they delight to hide at the first
approach of frost. Attack them every evening with brush and broom,
driving them out doors into the cold night air, closing doors and
windows after them, and a few frosty nights will rid you of this evil
for the winter. After each battle sweep up all the dead and disabled
and burn them, that from out of the pile which you will have gathered
no stunned or crippled fly may be ready to rise up against you with the
morning sun. As the cold increases they become stupid and less active,
and huddle together in masses on the ceiling or windows, where they
cling, too stiff and torpid to shun your approach, thus affording a
good opportunity to brush down and destroy them in large quantities.
If up each morning before the sun, as every good housekeeper should
be, you will have another favorable time to remove them; but if both
night and morning these opportunities for banishing your enemies have
been neglected, you will find as soon as the fires are kindled, or the
bright warm October sun shines through your windows, they will come out
from their hiding-places and be just as busy through the day, and far
more annoying, than in July and August. If you have been vigilant, the
frost and snow, combined with your unwearied skirmishes, will soon set
you free, and the flies be remembered only as trials of the past; and
through the winter, at least, you may hope to rest from your labors in
this particular direction.

But never imagine that you can sit down in idleness; as the flies
are routed, or on the retreat, you will find yourself beset with
_wasps_. During the chilly September days they begin to seek for winter
quarters. They are well content for the most part to weave their summer
nests away from the house, in trees and shrubbery; but as cold weather
approaches they are prone to select some snug retreat under the rafters
of the barn or the eaves of the house or attics. They like to curl up
in large masses inside the window-blinds on the east or south side
of the house, where they remain too torpid to stir at your approach,
until the sun pours in its warm flood of light, to wake them to life
and activity. Wherever they are thus found massed together, if at all
within reach, be sure and spare no effort to destroy them early in the
morning, while in this torpid condition. It is very easy then to kill
them: take a pitcher of boiling-hot water, raise the window carefully
and pour it over them; or if nested close on the window-glass, pour
it down between the upper and lower sash and it will destroy large
quantities of them instantly. The few stragglers that were only
slightly touched with the hot water will not be vigorously active, and
you can easily brush them into a pail or dust-pan and burn them. Unless
you take some such method of removing the wasps, it is not safe to
raise your windows to air your rooms and let in morning air and sun, as
they will be sure to seek shelter in the chamber instead of remaining
inside the window-blind, because as the sun warms their lodgings they
become quite lively; and, once in the room, should they crawl in under
the pillows and sheets, a favorite shelter for them, the warmth of your
body at night would most probably rouse them, and they might disturb
your slumber in a manner by no means agreeable.

It is unfortunate that wasps often attack without provocation; and
such applicants for winter shelter should be destroyed as effectually
as possible, especially when there are children about. Their stings
are bad enough for an adult to bear, but it is piteous to see a
child suffer from them; because to the pain is added a terror not
easily controlled. Notwithstanding the utmost vigilance, some may
so skillfully secrete themselves that your first knowledge of their
presence will be a sting. Every one should keep a speedy antidote in
the house, and nothing gives so thorough and instantaneous relief as
_cut tobacco_,--the only thing that we know of that it is good for. We
never fail to have a paper close at hand, where every one in the house
knows where to find it. Wet a small quantity of it and lay at once on
the spot stung, holding it on tightly for three or four minutes, and
the pain and swelling will be at once removed.

These annoyances disposed of, you can now commence a thorough
house-cleaning, and at once begin to remove all the marks by which the
flies have disfigured your house and furniture, and disturbed your
peace through the warm weather.

No good housekeeper will allow the glorious October days to beguile
her into forgetfulness so far as to neglect house-cleaning until the
raw and chilly November weather is upon her, and winter is close at
hand. October is by far the best month for fall house-cleaning, not
only because the flies are disposed of, or so far under your control
that they can be kept out of the house, but also because the weather
is usually not so warm that such work is exhausting and severe, nor
so cold that the necessary exposure chills; the cleaning can be
accomplished with more comfort and less fatigue than in any other month
of the year.

During the summer all the small fruits have been plentifully supplied,
and later, peaches, pears, and grapes have furnished much enjoyment
and many luxuries; but all these good things levy a tax upon us in
some shape or another, generally defacing furniture or leaving ugly
stains on our clothes or table linen. The clear, frosty nights that we
may soon look for will aid materially in eradicating the stains; but
the injury done to furniture, especially articles with marble tops,
requires a different treatment.

Fruit stains may be removed from linen, without in any way injuring the
fabric, by rubbing yellow soap on both sides of the stained spots; then
wet some starch in cold water or in lemon-juice to a thick paste, and
spread over the soap; rub this starch-paste into the cloth thoroughly,
and expose the linen to sun and air till the stains disappear. If they
do not entirely go in three or four days, repeat the application. This
is for stains that have been in some days; if taken when fresh stained
there is little trouble in removing them. Hold the stained place over a
bowl and pour on _boiling_ water; let it filter through slowly, pouring
on the water gradually till the stain disappears; then lay the article
in the hot sun for an hour or two, when it may be washed and ironed.
The water used must be really boiling, and the stain fresh made, not
dried in for days, for this remedy to be efficient. As by this mode one
avoids all danger of injuring the texture of the cloth, it is worth
while to take a little trouble at once and save the linen instead of
waiting until quite dry. Bleaching liquids, chlorate of lime, Javelle
water, and many other preparations, are good if carefully used.

When marble is stained with fruit, oxalic acid diluted with water, or
oil of vitriol and water, rubbed on the stain and left a few minutes,
will remove the spot; but they must be used with care, for if left on
too long they will destroy the polish of the marble. Rub off very dry,
and polish with chamois-skin.

There are a multitude of receipts for removing stains both from linen
and marble, but very many, although they remove the stains, are liable
to remove the cloth also, or in marble destroy the polish; others are
useful, and in time our readers shall have them.




LXVII.

THE SLAVERY OF FASHION.


“WORN OUT,” “_Overtaxed_,” “_Used up_,” “_Too tired for anything_,”
are expressions daily heard from mothers and housekeepers; and the
languid step, pale, care-worn face, and heavy eyes bear witness that
these are not foolish, unmeaning words, but all too near the truth for
safety. Most are ready to recognize the fact that half the feebleness
and ill health among women arises from over-exertion while attempting
to carry burdens too weighty for the constitution. Yet how much of
this is needless, in no wise increasing the comfort or happiness of
the family circle, but, in every department of household labor, the
result of blind, unreasoning adherence to the dictates of fashion.
Look backward but one half-century. Are those of us who require three
or four servants to keep the household machinery in working order any
happier than our mothers were? We turn from our fashionable cooking
and elaborately served tables with longing for the simpler yet most
excellent cooking of the olden time, when one servant was sufficient,
and often none at all was required; the mother, with her little
daughters round her, preferring to do all the work without a servant,
that she might herself teach her young girls the lessons of domestic
economy as none but a mother can teach them.

Was all that labor more wearing to health and strength than the cruel
bondage in which we live, while laboring to secure, from servants,
the care and efficient work absolutely necessary to the present style
of living? With how much more appetite we partook of the plainly
cooked and more healthful food in those days, undisturbed by the
bustle and confusion of many courses, or the constant attendance of a
waiter, whose eyes and ears are usually more observing of the little
pleasantries and freedom of the family circle than of the service
which a fashionable style demands, and whose tongue is ready to retail
all that is said or done at our table, and “with additions strange.”
The meal finished, the labor of clearing away and washing the many
dishes now required is fourfold what was demanded in the times of more
simple and pleasure-giving customs, to say nothing of the reckless
heedlessness and destruction fostered by the haste necessary to be
ready for the next formal meal.

But the slavery of providing for the table is nothing in comparison
with the over-exertion which fashionable dress exacts. Even if the
labor of the olden time was burdensome, and time and strength too
heavily taxed, yet the exercise of the whole body, and frequent
opportunities of breathing fresh outdoor air, which housework compels,
were far more likely to secure firm health than can be hoped for if one
sits for hours bending over ruffling and trimmings, thereby restricting
the proper action of the lungs, and straining the eyes until they
become weak and prematurely old. In many cases this must all be done
without help, for few, comparatively, can afford to hire a seamstress,
and yet be able to spend money as lavishly on such elaborate dress as
the present monstrous style demands. But we are not sure that even
that herculean task is as injurious to health and happiness as the
severe strain on strength, nerves, and temper, which those ladies whose
purses are always full experience in traversing the city, roaming from
store to store, in their anxiety to secure the first and newest style,
and at the same time torturing themselves lest, after all this labor,
they should misjudge or be beguiled into wrong selections. With this
fear ever present, they repeat those tiresome journeys day after day,
making themselves disagreeable and uncomfortable, and exhausting the
wonderful long-suffering and patience of the shopkeepers before they
can decide which of all the many patterns they will purchase.

But the material being at last selected, can they now rest from their
labors? Ah, no! their trials are but just begun. The ruling power in
the fashionable world--the dress-maker--condescends to acknowledge
that the articles selected are all satisfactory, though twenty or even
thirty yards are hardly enough for a full dress (our mothers looked
very fine and far more inviting and graceful with but ten yards in
their dresses). But now comes the great struggle. How shall the dress
be made? Mrs. ---- has twelve small frills or flounces around her
skirt, and a train two feet long; then there must be a bustle “ever
so big,” over which falls a _pannier_, with puffs, bows, buttons
innumerable, bands, folds, and--mercy! we are getting beyond our
depth, for we cannot possibly understand all the terms given to the
piles upon piles of strange “fixings” which go to make up the whole
of that most abominable deformity called a fashionable dress. But the
poor harassed devotee has them all at her tongue’s end, for her heart
is full of them. If Mrs. ---- has a dozen ruffles or puffs, she will
not be outdone, but will have eighteen or twenty, and a bustle twice
as big, which shall extend her overskirt and all its puffs and bands
twice as far; and ever so many more dozen buttons all over,--above,
below, before, behind, between the frills or bows,--_anywhere_, so that
Mrs. ----’s trimmings are surpassed. “But, truly, now, dear madam, is
this the _very_ latest style? Isn’t there something just a _little
newer_?” And then another discussion begins, anxious, nervous, and
trembling, lest some one should be a little ahead of her in style. The
poor slave spends many precious hours before she dares to decide on the
pattern. But at last that question is settled; and now another trouble
assails her. The arrogant dress-maker well understands the power these
devotees of fashion have vested in her hands, and her victims, proud,
sensitive, and overbearing perhaps to all others, must bow to her will
and caprices. She will take her own time to finish the work.

“But, O madam! I _must_ have it for this party, before any one else has
this new style.”

She pleads in vain. No coaxing will avail. She must await the despot’s
will, and spend hours or days excited and unhappy, fearing that the
dress will not be finished in season for the party. And when at last
it comes, look at it! We could laugh, were we not ashamed to think
that women can be so absurd. What can be more uncouth, ungraceful, or
deforming than a lady dressed in the extreme of fashion, or indeed with
but half the absurdities that are daily seen. A camel, with its hump
and peculiar gait, is graceful compared with the figures with frowzy
hair, dresses puffed and looped up over a bustle, that we see stooping
and tottering on high-heeled boots, or with the additional incumbrance
of a long trail, sweeping through our parlors, and, at the slightest
beck of fashion, drabbling through the mud.

Will our women never learn that they are giving health and strength,
almost life, “for that which satisfieth not”? Once in a while, when the
bondage has pressed too heavily, and they sink exhausted on a sick-bed,
some few wake to a dreamy kind of consciousness of their folly; or a
mother, who has endeavored to make her little girl as “fine as the
finest,” is prostrated by giving her strength for this absurd waste of
time and comfort, and begins to see that there is a better way she can
manifest her love for her child.

A year or two ago we received a letter, from which we will copy a few
sentences:--

“I have been trying to get away to the country with my family of two
little girls and the baby; and, that they might appear in as fine
feathers as any other birds, have overworked and gone to bed sick,
instead of being seated in a nice parlor-car, inhaling the pure country
air, as we whirl along, away from the city.... When I was a girl, we
wore _our own hair_; and a white muslin dress, with a fresh ribbon for
a sash, was all that was needed for the largest party. And how we did
enjoy ourselves, and life! The elderly people talked, or played whist,
while the young ones danced right merrily the old, square cotillion,
Virginia reel, etc.; and mirth and pleasure was the _finale_ of many
a day whose early hours had been given to domestic duties, which then
were shared by all at home. _One day_ with a dress-maker, and _no_
machine, made a dress entire, without fatigue. The “_artiste_” was
often a lady like ourselves, and sat at the same board, and did her
work conscientiously, while the day she passed with us was no dreaded
ordeal, but rather a pleasure to look forward to....

“Well, to-day, lying on my bed, overtaxed and overworked, I have been
thinking of these things, and then of other mothers, who, like myself,
spend all their strength in toil, and lie awake all night, ‘too tired
to sleep’; and so employ the wakeful hours in planning work for another
day, using up as fast as possible the precious gift of life, which the
good Father above gave to us.”

Now, why can we not be content to live happily and easily? I speak not
of the sorrows that from time to time come upon us, when the heart
bleeds, and the wounds quiver long; for the deep scars which tell where
the strain was hardest, tell also of the healing which He who scourges
never fails to bring. _God did it._

But the toil of sorrow and care we make for ourselves have no promise
of His relieving. The slavery of fashion, which so often leads to sin,
cannot be carried to his throne, and left there for a blessing. Will
not some one tell us some practical way to begin a reform, to release
us from a bondage which is becoming intolerable?

It may be to have one ruffle less; to tuck more sparsely the flounce
of even the innermost petticoat, or to sew one yard less edging on a
baby’s shirt. But whatever and wherever the lesson, I pray you begin
it at its A B C; and as it advances, I have faith to believe that
headaches will be lessened, “prostrations” less nervous, appetites and
sleep more regular, and women lift their heads like the flowers after
the rain, glad and grateful.

We had something to say of the injury done to our little children by
this early training in devotion to fashion; but we must leave that for
another time.




LXVIII.

PICKLING AND PRESERVING.


IN the preliminary steps to almost all new enterprises there are
“lions in the way,” from which it is very natural, at first, to shrink
back with at least a partial discouragement; and, as a general thing,
the two most formidable “lions” which cross the young housekeeper’s
path are _pickling_ and _preserving_; that is, if she has not, before
marriage, taken part in this work, under her mother’s supervision.
We hear more complaints and repining in this direction than in any
other. Time, strength, and money, it is affirmed, are spent in earnest
endeavors to succeed; but the time and strength are given in vain, and
the money is wasted; so their failures compel them to believe. The
pickles become slimy and moldy; the jelly won’t harden; the sweetmeats
ferment; the canned fruit turns sour. In short, “the troubles and
trials,” writes one, “incident to this portion of housekeeping are
enough to make young girls forswear matrimony, and go into a convent;
only they never will believe in these trials until they are bound;
and then, instead of a convent, a boarding-house would seem the
only alternative, if they would escape manifold vexations; for if a
young housekeeper do not succeed in all her duties, but particularly
with her pickles and preserves, ‘Mrs. Grundy’ is sure to go prying
about, and expose every failure, and these failures are attributed to
shiftlessness, instead of misfortune.”

We have great sympathy for any one in her first attempt to manage
this portion of fall labor, unless able to secure the support of some
judicious friend familiar with all the minutiæ necessary to accomplish
it creditably. Courage, self-reliance, and a resolute will are of very
great advantage, and can usually carry one successfully through most
difficulties; but experience is, after all, a wonderful assistant in
securing success,--in “making crooked places straight, and the rough
places smooth” and easy. Our household journals and papers are full
of instructions and receipts for preparing every kind of pickles and
preserves; but with all these valuable aids, it will require several
experiments, in most cases, before a beginner can feel that the
difficulty is mastered, and this work stripped of all mystery; once
successfully done, however, it becomes as simple as making bread,
pastry, or cake.

Still, we cannot but think that too much time and strength are
expended in private families on some parts of this labor. Since this
kind of work is done on a large scale, and these luxuries so cheaply
procured in the many excellent establishments arranged expressly for
the business, and which have reduced the various operations to the
simplest and easiest forms, we feel confident that housekeepers might
relieve themselves of this part of their cares, and be none the poorer
for it; certainly this is true as far as canned fruits and preserves
are concerned. It is but reasonable to suppose that in these large
manufactories, with every appliance and convenience to secure the most
perfect and expeditious work, in many articles they can equal, if not
surpass, the most expert cook or housekeeper.

The regular, old-fashioned preserve, with “a pound of sugar to a
pound of fruit,” is much less used since the system of canning fruit,
and thus retaining the natural flavor, has been introduced. This is
certainly more healthful, and to most tastes more palatable, than the
rich preserves. The person must be fastidious indeed who could ask
for any sweetmeat more delicious than the pears, peaches, cherries,
and plums that now fill our markets and groceries, and there can be
no doubt that for those who must buy the fruit, and take the labor
and risk of canning it, it is far more economical to buy it from the
factories or grocers ready canned. Even when one has the privilege of
raising one’s own fruit, if it can be sold with reasonable profit we
think it questionable if there is anything saved--any real economy--in
canning the fruit at home, instead of buying it. For those who have
leisure, and do not find it important to be very exact in economizing
strength or money, it is all very well to do everything of this kind
at home. To many whose time hangs heavily on their hands,--and,
mythical as it seems, we suppose there are such,--preserving as much
as they can of every variety of fruit, even to the absurdity of using
watermelon-rinds and cucumbers, is, perhaps, a real pleasure. Though,
while books are to be obtained, and fine flowers and beautiful scenery
to be seen, we cannot comprehend how one can spend time in this work,
simply for the enjoyment of it. But it is all well enough if it gives
pleasure; and doubtless articles prepared with one’s own hands have a
flavor more acceptable than when they are bought ready for use. But
to all housekeepers whose minutes are precious, these labor-saving
manufactories are a great blessing, and the slight difference that may
be recognized in the excellence of the article, when compared with the
home-made, is not to be noticed when we remember the additional time
and ease, to say nothing of health, one secures by buying preserves and
canned fruit from reliable establishments.

Whether these ideas hold good with regard to pickles, may be somewhat
doubtful. We cannot but think that the large amount of spices, now
so much used in making pickles, is injurious to the health; even
the simplest kind, we are inclined to believe, should be used with
moderation; and as the imported pickles, and those prepared in the
manufactories in this country, are often compounded with articles known
to be injurious, it is safer to make whatever is required in the way of
pickles, whether mixed or plain, at home, under your own eyes. Some of
the various kinds of vinegar now in use, and largely employed in the
factories for pickles, is very injurious. The process of “greening”
pickles is carried on with most reckless disregard of health. A bottle
of small, delicately-greened pickles is very attractive to those who do
not know the poison hidden in them.

Cider vinegar of the purest quality is the best. But in the process of
making, if pickles are soaked or boiled in a brass kettle, they are
poisoned by the verdigris, or acetate of copper, which is formed by the
action of the vinegar on the brass. Acid dissolves the lead that there
is in the tinning of saucepans, and corrodes copper and brass, and
if it remains in such vessels any length of time the vinegar becomes
very injurious. For these reasons metal kettles should be discarded
in making pickles. When necessary to boil vinegar, use a stone jar on
the stove, and also use _wooden_ spoons and forks. Most suppose that
the delicate green cannot be obtained without the use of alum in the
brine, and in this brine they must be soaked, boiled, and allowed to
cool in a brass kettle half a day. They claim that by thus soaking, the
skin is acted upon by the metal, or acetate of copper, and by soaking
afterward in hot water this poison can be so far removed as to be no
longer injurious. It is said that if soaked long enough in the brass to
bring out the full green, pickles would be dangerously poisoned; and
that one can tell if this has been done by the clear, _light_ green
color; but if, after soaking in the alum and brine, _in brass_, half a
day, and then being removed and soaked in hot water, the action of the
heat turns them a _dark_ grass green, the poison is destroyed. This
may be so, but we prefer pickles made green without the help of brass,
or not green at all. There are ways by which all adulterations may be
discovered. The chemist would find no difficulty in ascertaining; but
very few of those most interested--our housekeepers--are competent,
even if they have time or inclination, to examine these things
scientifically, and therefore it is well to insure against harm in
domestic manufacture by having it fully understood that metal kettles
of every kind should be discarded.

The many kinds of sweet pickles that have become common within a few
years are, we imagine, less liable to derange the stomach than such
as are spiced highly, and prepared mainly with vinegar. The mixed
pickles--piccalilli, Indian pickle, Bengal pickle or chutney, and
the Chow Chow--are all fiery, and must require an uncommonly strong
digestion to be eaten without injury.

But each one must judge for himself. Pickles of all kinds will always
be in use, no doubt, and it is well for every housekeeper to know how
they are made. Pickles should be always kept covered with vinegar, and
if at any time there are indications of their becoming moldy, boil up
the vinegar again, adding more spice. Have the jar two thirds full of
pickles, and one third full of vinegar. Keep the jar closely stopped,
as exposure to the air will make them soft.

In greening pickles (for they can be greened enough without brass) keep
them closely covered while the hot vinegar is on them, so that none of
the steam may evaporate. Boil them only four or five minutes, or it
will take away their strength, and they will soon become soft.




LXIX.

WHAT HAS BECOME OF ALL THE LITTLE GIRLS?


WE look in vain into many pleasant homes, or into the streets, cars, or
steamers, for what was once a common sight, and was then, and ever must
be, the sweetest object in nature,--a simple, artless _little girl_
with all the pretty, unaffected ways and manners of unsophisticated
childhood, fresh and beautiful, about her. There is no lack of small
beings, dressed in such a marvelous style that Darwin himself would be
puzzled to make out the class to which they belong; but we find nothing
to remind us of the little girls we used to know, either in dress or
manners.

In former times a pretty muslin bonnet or a simple close-fitting
cottage straw was thought the most appropriate covering for a little
head, protecting the bright eyes from too intense light, and shielding
the rosy cheeks from the sun’s too fervid kisses; but now, leaving
eyes and cheeks entirely unprotected, we see _something_ placed on
the sunny curls, which is elaborately trimmed with bows, feathers,
a flower-garden, or perhaps a mingling of both; for, although it is
too small for even a good-sized doll, the milliner, with an ingenuity
which would have been praiseworthy if exercised in a more sensible
manner, has contrived to pile up trimming enough to hide even the
faintest suspicion of a bonnet. But, what is sadder than the lack
of true taste and good common-sense in this stylish affair, we see
no semblance of childlike simplicity in the wearer. And the bonnet
is but the beginning of this unfortunate change which we mourn; the
pretty _baby waist_, the plain white dress, the neat muslin or merino,
so appropriate, which little girls used to wear, are supplanted by
incomprehensible garments, the fac-simile of the grand dame’s attire;
flounces, fringes, bows, and double skirts looped and festooned in an
astounding manner; the child’s--no, we mean the _young lady’s_--height
(there are no _children_ in these days) is less than her circumference.
This dress is put on over a hoop, and the “mite” who is made to carry
such an incongruous burden totters about on high-heeled boots. This
tiny specimen of womanhood, hardly weaned from her mother’s breast, or,
more probably, a wet-nurse’s, shakes out her redundant robes, bending
and twisting her small body in grotesque imitation of the women spoken
of by the Prophet Isaiah, “with haughty mien, walking _and mincing
as they go_.” See how the little ape looks over her shoulders as she
tottles about, to be sure that her hoops give her dress and figure the
correct _wiggle_ her sharp eyes have observed in the stylish mother and
her fashionable friends. It is lamentable that all the simplicity and
beauty of babyhood and childhood should be destroyed by fashion.

Added to the absurdity of the dress, these little women attempt to
discourse on the “latest style”; with their companions or dolls you
will hear them imitating the discussions on this subject that they
daily hear in the parlor or nursery from their mother; or, still
imitating, with a contemptuous toss of their little heads, they will
inform their listeners that they “couldn’t think of ’sociating with
those girls, because they are _not stylish_!”

A few days since, as we passed out of a store on Broadway, our
attention was arrested by the conversation of two little figures
seated in a fine carriage, waiting, doubtless, for mamma to finish her
shopping. They were dressed in a style positively overwhelming: their
hats were wonders of skill; their gloves had the orthodox number of
buttons, with bracelets over them; a dainty handkerchief, suspended
from a ring attached by a chain to another ring on the little doll-like
fingers,--the dress was simply indescribable. The elder was speaking
to the younger, who, scarcely more than a baby, sat demurely by her
side: “O, mercy, just look at that horrid little girl who is crossing
the street! she has no hoops on, and not a single flounce; no trimming
at all on her dress! and, oh, see her gloves; she has only one button!
Pshaw, she’s nobody,--not a bit of style!”

The younger lisped a reply, which we lost as we passed on; but it was
painful to think of the training they must have received which enabled
them at that early age to judge a child of their own years so quickly
by the rules of fashionable dress, and because her attire was not in
exact accordance with that week’s style, turn from her with contempt as
something too low for their notice.

Then, again, how soon a child, taught by daily precept and example,
learns to watch her little companions with envious or exultant feeling,
as the case may be! How quickly she begins to grow hollow-hearted and
deceitful; receiving, as she sees her elders do, a companion with open
arms or a welcoming smile; expressing the greatest affection, but the
moment she leaves begin to criticise or make unkind remarks.

“I don’t like Nellie one bit, mamma; she’s such a proud, stuck-up
thing! I suppose she thought I should feel bad ’cause her dress had
more trimming, and was a little newer style than mine. I didn’t let
her know that I noticed it. But I do think it real mean, mamma, that
she should have nicer things than mine. Papa is twice as rich as her
father. It made me mad to see her show off her dress; and she kept
looking at mine and sister’s in such a way.”

“I hope, my dear, you were polite to Nellie.”

“O yes! but, mamma, I was awful glad when she left; though I was just
as smiling and pleasant as could be to her face.”

“That’s a good girl. You must always be very polite and cordial to your
companions, you know. But I must say I think Nellie was quite vain; and
you must never show that you are proud of your clothes. I shall go out
to-morrow and get you that pretty dress you teased so for, I think!”

“O mamma, I am so glad! And as soon as it is made I’ll go right over
and call on Nellie. Won’t she feel bad when she sees my new dress! It
will be ever so much prettier than hers.”

And the mother smiled complacently, with never a thought of the wicked
feelings she was cultivating in her child. O mothers! how can you be
so blind! Both by precept and example you are teaching your children
to make dress their idol, and to know very little of anything but that
which pertains to fashion; to be envious or contemptuous of their
little friends and companions, according as they are dressed better or
worse than themselves. Can you ever reflect that God did not commit
such treasures to your keeping without meaning some day to call upon
you to render up the account of your stewardship? What can you say,
when asked how you have trained the young souls given to your care?
Can you reply, “We have been instant in season and out of season in
teaching them,”--what? To work for the good of others; to learn to do
right; in all simplicity to love and obey the Saviour, who, taking a
little child in his arms, said, “Of such is the kingdom of heaven.”
_Of such?_ Ah, no! Not of such children as those; you are training to
avoid, not evil communications, but unfashionable companions; to look
on the outward adorning, and not on the heart.

But it is not alone the worldly-minded who make no pretence to any
higher law than their own selfish gratification, who bow the knee to
fashion. Christian mothers, are you guiltless? Think of the time,
the health and strength given to dress; the bondage which compels
you to pervert all real taste, to do violence to your own natural
instincts of neatness and true elegance, and accept the absurdities
of fashion, simply because the ruling style requires it. If you are
thus influenced and beguiled, do you flatter yourselves that your
children will not, from their earliest years, regard such homage as
important? We do not think it wrong to dress neatly and in as good
taste as possible. We blame none for giving so much thought to their
own dress and their children’s as to provide those articles that are
appropriate and becoming to the different styles of face, figure, and
complexion. It is natural, and we think right, for a mother to dress
her darlings as neatly and prettily as she can, without unnecessary
waste of time and strength; but we do think it sin to spend money and
time lavishly in following the dictates of fashion, and not of good
taste and common-sense; no one pretends to believe that there is either
of these in the present style of dressing. It is utterly destitute
of grace; is ridiculous to the last degree; but _fashion_ compels,
and women--_Christian women_--obey, and teach their little daughters
like obedience! O, the money, time, and strength given to destroy,
by the absurdities of fashionable dress, every vestige of beauty and
grace which God gave you in your little ones! Take the week through,
hour by hour, do you not give more time and thought to your own and
your children’s dress than you can spare for your Master’s service?
Do not your children gather from your daily walk and conversation
that to be fashionably dressed is of more importance than loving and
serving the Saviour, who died for them and you? Judging by your daily
conversation, which will they think of the greatest importance, the
service of God, or devotion to fashion? To which do they see you
giving the largest part of your time, the adorning of their little
bodies,--“the plaiting the hair, the wearing of gold, and putting on
of apparel,”--or in teaching them that which is not changeable, “not
corruptible, even the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which is,
in the sight of God, of great price”? What can you say, fashionable
Christian mother, when He calls you to give an account of your
stewardship?




LXX.

PROCRASTINATION.


AN inclination to put off till to-morrow that which were more
appropriately done to-day seems quite natural to almost every one,
but it is one of the symptoms of depravity, and the earlier it is
fought and conquered the better. There are some sensible mothers whose
constant endeavor is to prevent this habit from gaining a foothold in
their children’s characters. From earliest childhood they watch and
nip it in the bud. Those who have lived an active life--every moment
claiming its own special work--are the mothers who can best train
their children to understand the full value of the prompt, regular
performance of each duty, however small.

“Come, little one, it is time to get up.” The child is perhaps
disinclined, thinks one more little nap would be comfortable. But it is
time to prepare for breakfast, and what is gained by delay is nothing
but the first lesson in selfish indulgence and procrastination. The
child does not need it. If it went to bed, as it should have done,
when the birds folded their heads under their wings, it requires no
more sleep. A few gentle words or caresses will soon chase all traces
of slumber from those bright eyes, and the little one, merry as the
birds, is soon ready for breakfast.

While children are very young begin this education, and see that it is
distinctly understood that no excuse but illness can avail. They must
be up at a given hour, and by the time they are twelve years old you
will find it difficult to keep your little girls and boys in bed beyond
the regular time. You have thus established a habit of early rising
which will cling to them through life; that is, if their mother gently
and lovingly impressed upon their minds what they would lose by delay
and gain by promptness. But, although a stern and severe compulsion
may secure obedience while under your eye, by that course you make the
act so disagreeable and repulsive, by associating it with your stern
manner, that they are tempted to rush to the other extreme whenever
they can do so with impunity.

Children naturally love play better than work or study; but it is
better that they early learn that there is something besides play which
even little girls and boys can and must do. They, of course with no
evil intention, will be inclined to stretch the play hour or recess
a little beyond the appointed time. It is the parent’s duty to watch
and guard against this, not on account of the real good which a young
child might accomplish in these few extra moments, but for the sake
of establishing a habit which will be of infinite service for the
child in after years, that the discipline, though for the present not
joyous, may work for its future happiness and usefulness. Therefore,
make the hours for recreation as frequent as seems necessary, only let
it be distinctly understood that when that time expires there must be
no delay, no procrastination. As the child grows older and able to
exercise a little judgment, it will soon become conscious of the loss
incurred by dilatoriness, and the gain secured by a prompt performance
of duty. A judicious mother will soon teach it how to contrast the
two modes of action, and a few unfortunate experiments will fully
corroborate her teachings. The penalty to be paid for leaving any duty
which should be done _now_ until “by and by,” generally follows very
speedily after the omission.

When quite young we were given a piece of work one morning which should
not have occupied an hour’s time. In the afternoon our brothers were to
go to a neighboring town in a sleigh, and we were promised a ride with
them, on condition that this work was finished in season. It was a rich
treat, and we were greatly elated. The work we were set to do was so
easy we made merry over the idea of a failure. But the sun did shine
so brightly, and it was so pleasant to stand at the east windows and
watch the men at the huge wood-pile, sawing and splitting the winter
store of wood; and it was such fun to see the old gander chase our
little roguish brother away from the place where the stately old fellow
kept watch and ward over his mate on her nest, that every few minutes
our sewing was forgotten and we were seated on the old-fashioned
window-sill. A gentle voice often reminded us that we were wasting
time, and must be left behind if that simple seam were not finished in
season.

“O mother! I can finish it just as easy!”

“Yes, dear, if you work steadily, but not if you delay in this manner.”
Dear, patient mother! How much easier for her to have taken our
neglected work and done it herself than to keep such a vigilant watch
over a giddy girl; but for a child’s good a mother bears all things.

Time flew by, unregarded by our idle fingers. Presently a sleigh dashed
up to the door, the bells jingling merrily. It cannot be time! But a
cheery voice rang out, “Come, sister, not a minute to spare,”--and
that little, little bit of work not quite done!

“O mother, mother! only a few more stitches! See! O mother, let me go!”
But, even while we uttered this piteous wail, we knew that mother could
not break her word. When she took her sobbing little girl on her lap,
and explained how necessary it was that we should suffer the penalty
of our persistent procrastination, if we would ever destroy this bad
habit, we were conscious that her grief was deeper than our own, that
she suffered with us. We did not soon forget that lesson, and it did
not require many similar ones to effect a pretty substantial cure.

No one is more strongly tempted to put off till a more convenient
season, here and there, some minor duty, than a housekeeper whose
cares are many, and helpers very few. By afternoon she is so weary,
rest would be very pleasant, but just as she thinks she may indulge in
one half-hour’s quiet, some little item rises up that should receive
attention to-day. “I have half a mind to let it pass till to-morrow,”
but to-morrow has it own duties, and unexpected ones may arise. A few
experiments in this most excusable of all procrastinations will teach
the folly of the attempt to add to the already filled register of the
next day’s work the duties of the present time.

The clothes are brought up from the wash; on sorting them out and
putting them in place, you find a small hole in this article or a rip
in that. You are very tired, your head aches; to thread your needle and
mend those few small rips or holes seems a burden. “It is so little
I’ll let it go till next week, one week’s more wear can’t make much
difference.” And it is laid aside unmended. How is it when it next
comes up from the laundry? A huge rent or a most appalling hole is
the result. A heavy wind arose when the clothes were on the line, and
with every snap a dozen more stitches were added to the work that
procrastination has cost you, if indeed the garment is not ruined past
any repairing. “A stitch in time saves nine.”

Some friends have just left your house. During their visit much work
accumulated, while you felt bound to entertain your guests. Either you
are with no help, or your servants are very busy, and you say, “I’ll
take off the soiled linen from the bed, and leave the room to air a few
days, or till a more convenient season.”

The airing is all very proper, but two or three days are not needed
for it, and, if you leave the bed unmade, you will not find it wise
or at all labor-saving in the end. Let the room and bed air until you
are ready to take off the sheets and pillow-cases that need to be
changed. When you go up to do that, take with you the clean articles,
and being there, why not finish the work and leave all in order? But,
if instead of that you say, “We’ll put the ‘spare chamber’ in order
to-morrow,” perhaps just as you are retiring, a carriage stops at your
door, and guests quite unexpected arrive, who find it convenient to
stop with you overnight, to be ready for the morrow’s train, and late
in the evening the guest-chamber must be prepared. Just try this once
or twice,--you’ll not care to try it oftener,--and see if some one
don’t come unannounced just as, when tired and sleepy, you are ready to
retire. Will it be any easier to do the work which was put off till a
“more convenient season,” at this late hour, than it would have been to
have finished it at the proper time?

“There is hardly enough bread to last through to-morrow.”

“Well, it is stormy; we sha’n’t be likely to have company to-morrow. I
guess this will answer, or we will stir up some biscuit if needed.”

In spite of wind or weather, be sure if you risk the delay you will
have unexpected guests, and will regret that you neglected to be ready
for the emergency.

“Here are some letters which should be answered immediately.”

“I guess it won’t make much difference if I leave them till to-morrow.
I am very busy now.” So you wait. Are you any less busy to-morrow? A
headache, or a sick child, or company prevents an answer then. Your
correspondent waits anxiously for your reply, the failure of which may
be the cause of great inconvenience.

We could multiply examples, but your own experience will fill up
the picture, and, if you are wise, teach you that each day has its
own duties, which can be mastered; but if you add to them the work
of yesterday you make the burden grievous to be borne. Your old
“copy-books” told you, when you were young, that _Procrastination is
the thief of time_. In riper age remember it. “Never put off till
to-morrow that which you should do to-day.”




LXXI.

THE SUREST REMEDY.


TO the troubles and annoyances which befall housekeepers there is no
end, if they are obliged to rely on servants for comfort and peace of
mind. In social gatherings the conversation often turns on the trials
they experience from this part of their household. It is not at all
strange that it should be so, for “out of the abundance of the heart
the mouth speaketh,” and verily in this particular the heart has ample
reasons for being abundantly filled, and there is no end to just cause
of complaint.

One girl is a good worker, but impudent; another is always willing,
but very untidy. This one is neat, but so slow that her work is never
finished. That one is unequaled in order and efficiency, but her temper
is so uncertain you cannot make a suggestion without risking a storm
that quite destroys all the pleasure her excellent work might otherwise
afford you. One is extravagant and wasteful; another economical in
using materials for your family, but dishonest in appropriating your
property for her own benefit.

So, in a company of a dozen ladies, one takes up the discourse as the
other ends, and, without exaggeration, proves her own trials even more
vexatious than her neighbors’. It is possible that the mistress, by
searching, may find some slight symptoms of these very defects in her
own character. The least said on that side of the question the better,
perhaps. But, as we once heard a lady say, “We don’t hire servants for
that sort of actions.”

But, whatever may be the defects of the mistress, we know there
are very strong foundations on which to build the complaints about
servants; for it cannot be denied that these “troublesome comforts”
have it in their power to diminish the sum of domestic happiness,
to a degree which requires much grace and patience to endure with
equanimity; and that the power they have usurped is on the increase
will not, we imagine, be gainsaid. Once the employés in the family
fully understood the position they were engaged to fill in their
employer’s house; and knew that certain service was paid for, which
must be strictly and honestly rendered, or they would lose their place,
and having lost it, unrecommended, would find it difficult to secure
another. Once--and the time is not so far distant but that most of us
can still remember it--one girl was expected to do the work that we are
now compelled to employ three to do. And this one girl did the work,
and did it well,--far better than we can hope to have it done now. She
was not injured by it; no complaints were made, we mean in ordinary
cases,--in every station some may be found who abuse power and cruelly
oppress those whom circumstances have placed in an inferior position;
but these are only solitary cases; as a general thing there was no
ground for complaint. The service was kindly and cheerfully rendered.
But now, with three or four girls, the work drags, is imperfectly done,
and “the work is too hard” is the constant cry. Why is this? What
reason can be assigned for a change so complete and annoying?

In part because the foreigners who land on our shores, and upon whom,
unfortunately, we are obliged to depend for all labor which we cannot
do ourselves, come to us with strange ideas of what is meant by all
being “free and equal”; or, if you take one right from the emigrant
vessel, it requires but a few weeks for those of their nation, who,
having been here longer, think themselves better informed, to impart
their knowledge, and teach erroneous ideas of these rights. Under such
bad influence it takes but a short time for the modest stranger, whom
you received into your house and endeavored to teach a correct mode
of labor, to be transformed both in dress and manners into a bold,
self-willed girl. Her countrywomen gather about her and warn her not to
be “put upon,”--a favorite phrase among those whose chief aim is to get
the highest price for the least labor. “Stand up for your rights”; and
they proceed to expound a code of “rights” which, if they were allowed
to carry into practice, would soon leave us entirely at their mercy.

They are told to insist upon just so many times at church, and certain
days “out.” Then the funerals--and there never was such mortality as
is always happening among our servants’ relations, particularly the
cousins--and the weddings, and the baptism of infants for which our
girls are to stand “sponsors,” all come upon us in quick succession.
Then, every step of the work each girl is expected to do must be
carefully defined, and you are not to be allowed to call upon them, on
any condition, for one thing over and above the specified labor.

How has this class of persons succeeded in taking and maintaining such
a stand? In part it has grown up, gradually, from seeing in their
employers the independence that is a distinctive peculiarity in our
national character. But that which, when rightly regulated, is a noble
thing, when used by uninformed and undisciplined minds, for selfish
ends, is not likely to bring forth the most desirable results.

But is not the trouble and disturbance through our servants, which
particularly characterizes the present day, in part the fault of the
_ignorance_ of the mistress? Our ladies give much less attention to
domestic affairs than in former times; and our young ladies are growing
up, for the most part, poor housekeepers. The material for the very
best of servants may be easily ruined by a poor mistress. Much time
and money is expended on the education of our girls; but that part of
education which would help to keep them strong and healthful is almost
entirely ignored,--we mean regular work, at stated times, about the
house; not only to establish good health, but to secure a thorough
knowledge of domestic operations.

“What time has a young girl to do anything at home?” True. What time
for home affairs, with the present mode of education, and the present
customs of social life, have young men or maidens? Our teachers know
they are expected to “fill” their pupils to the utmost extent of their
mental capacity, and social life grasps every moment that can be spared
from books or schools, even claiming the hours that should be given
to sleep. No matter about the health. “That is not our business,” say
the educators; and, “That is not our business,” echoes Fashion. Our
children go from one study to another--rushing on to be educated--as
fast as possible; and, in two years after leaving college or seminary,
of what practical use will half these studies, for which they have
given so much time and health, be to them? Far be it from us to
undervalue a thorough, practical education,--one that will fit our boys
and girls to lead good and useful lives. “Its price is above rubies.”
But we sometimes think that they are being educated to death; mind and
body enfeebled and made unhealthy for lack of practical common-sense on
the part of parents and teachers. If more time was given to physical
labor while our children are growing up, and less time to schools, and
fewer studies crowded into each term, the fathers and mothers would not
grow old so fast,--being relieved of part of their work; and our young
people would have nobler minds in sounder bodies.

But to return to housekeeping, and the young who must take that
position: let them secure as much knowledge as they can without injury
to health, but let it be understood that, whatever place they may
be called upon to occupy, a thorough domestic education will be the
best foundation on which to build, and by which they can best secure
happiness, honor, and usefulness.

Instead of filling the papers with lamentations because they are not
permitted certain rights which an unregulated ambition urges them to
claim, let our women first be certain that they fully understand how
to exercise all the _rights_ which are unalienably their own, and
which no one attempts to dispute. Let these rights be well cared for
and properly executed, and who will object to any woman’s reaching out
after, and securing just as many more as she can possibly assume and
manage successfully, without neglect of other duties already her own.
Let the highest right, the noblest that woman can desire,--for it is
next to the angels’,--the _supreme right_ which God gave us, and no
man disputes or can usurp, be fully appreciated and acted upon,--the
right to make a glorious _home_, to make our husbands nobler, because
they are happy and comfortable there (they don’t know how to do that,
they can’t take care of themselves without us); the right to nurse and
rear and bless our children; the right, with the ability, to teach our
servants by our own practice how to be a blessing to themselves and to
us. Then enter the lists, if you choose, and do battle for just as many
of what have been called _man’s rights_ as you are capable of managing
well, or have any ambition for.

Until these first duties are understood and properly performed the
prospects for home comforts and happiness are very shadowy. The fault
is not wholly with the servants. If those duties which belong to the
mistress are delegated to uneducated, ill-informed subordinates, what,
even with the very best intentions, can you expect but anarchy and
misrule? Care and experience are as essential to good housekeeping and
home comforts as in any other profession or field of labor.

The lawyer cannot look for success in his profession if he simply opens
an office and delegates the care to an ignorant office-boy, while he
himself knows nothing about law, and never studies. The doctor gives
years of time and study before he attempts to practice. The merchant
goes through a long apprenticeship before he commences business for
himself; but our young girls leave the school-room to assume a _right_
of which they know nothing,--the privilege and honor of making a
_home_. If women would only understand how much skill and power is
requisite, what a noble, honorable thing it is to succeed, or become
eminent as a _homemaker_, there would be fewer boarding-houses, fewer
miserable, dissipated husbands, fewer fast, wild, reckless children,
and fewer worthless servants.




LXXII.

A FEW LITTLE THINGS.


WE take up now a few perplexities which are apt to disturb the
equanimity of the young housekeeper, and propose to give some minute
directions for the better performance of those “little things” which so
often discourage the beginner, such as the building of fires, dusting,
etc.

With an open grate or fireplace in daily use, it is very necessary,
before any dusting can be thought of, to clear out the grate, remove
the ashes, and kindle the fire; for nothing so fills a room with
dust as the necessary work about a fire of any kind, even with the
most careful management. To be ready to do this, or in a condition
to instruct a girl how to do it, it is important that the necessary
implements and conveniences should be on hand, and in a suitable
condition for easy and successful operation.

And, first, a coarse piece of bagging, or an old bit of carpeting,
or, if you have neither, a large piece of stout brown wrapping-paper,
should be kept in an appropriate place, ready for this part of the
morning’s work; even old newspapers will answer, though by no means so
convenient or durable as bagging. Spread a large strip before the grate
or fireplace to protect the oil-cloth or carpet from ashes and cinders
while you are clearing out the grates. This done, lift up the fender or
polished hearth-pan, always in front of a grate, and set it down on the
floor-cloth or bagging. Put up the blower, and with the poker rake out
all the ashes that can be shaken from the under part of the grate. By
keeping the blower up while doing this, most of the ashes which would
otherwise float over the room, lodge in the furniture or carpet, and
in the end do them much injury, will be made to fly up chimney. Having
thus removed all the ashes, you can take the blower down and rake again
smartly from the _top_ until only the half-burnt coals remain.

Now, with a stout, coarse holder kept expressly for that purpose, take
the ash-pan, full of ashes, from under the grate, and empty it in an
ash-barrel in the cellar, or outdoors; by no means empty them from
the pan into an empty coal-hod in the room, as is too often done. Be
careful that no live coals go into the barrel. You will be obliged to
watch a girl very carefully about this “little thing,” or, under the
silly idea that it saves work, most girls will do this so carelessly
when you are not by, that your rooms will be filled with ashes by their
folly.

When the ashes have been emptied, if your grate rests on _cleats_ or
is fitted into _sockets_, lift it off and turn into the ash-pan the
half-burned coals which remain, to be taken out and sifted before using
again; then, placing the grate on the bagging, with a small whisk-broom
proceed to brush down into the pan all the soot and ashes that have
lodged on the sides and back of the fireplace. Do this gently, so as to
avoid sending it out into the room. When done, remove the pan, sweep up
any ashes or litter that may be on the hearth, wash it clean, and put
back the grate and ash-pan into their proper places. Set up the fender,
roll up a quantity of waste paper and put into the grate (if thrown in
loosely it will burn out instantly before the kindling catches), put
on the kindling, and start the fire. If where you can get _coke_ from
the gas-houses for the foundation of the fire, it will, we think, prove
good economy, for you will need but two or three pieces of kindling, as
it ignites readily without a blower, making a very warm fire, and soon
causing the hard coal to burn brightly.

Here, also, great watchfulness is requisite if you trust to a servant
to start fires, for, unless closely followed, they will persist in half
filling the grate with kindling, even when they are provided with coke,
and need to use but very little wood. In the city, where wood is so
dear, economy in kindling-wood becomes quite important.

The fire having been kindled, the rooms can now be set in order. Of
course the window-blinds were opened the first thing after dressing in
the morning, that gas or lamps might not be left to burn needlessly. We
are tempted to stop, before dusting, and say a word on the extravagant
use of gas or oil by the servants about a house, but we must leave
that for another time, and proceed to finish the first part of every
morning’s work.

In _dusting_, a soft but not too fine cloth should be first used. At
almost all dry-goods stores cloths are to be had with soft, tufted nap,
especially adapted for dusters; but an old towel may be kept for that
purpose, and answers very well if you cannot obtain these. Gently wipe
_up_ with the dusting-cloth whatever ashes or dust may have settled
over the mantel or furniture, but do not wipe it _off_ on to the floor
to settle again into the carpet or furniture in the room,--that would
be spending time for naught,--and as you proceed take it up into the
dust-cloth, and every little while shake it out of the window or door.
In this way go over everything _once_, that the greatest part of
the dust may be disposed of, being particular to wipe in and around
moldings, carvings, and cornices, where dust seems more inclined to
rest than on the plainer surfaces. This finished, go over all again
with an old silk handkerchief or chamois-skin, rubbing hard enough to
remove spots or finger-marks, and bring a nice clean polish on the
furniture or ornaments in the room. If you have pictures hung round the
walls, a long-handled feather-brush is quite necessary, especially if
the room is high studded, as city rooms generally are at the present
day. You cannot spare the time every morning to bring in a step-ladder
in order to dust the tops of the picture-frames or the casings and
moldings over and around doors and windows; but if left some days
untouched, the moths will soon find it out and take up their abode in
such desirable quarters. The long feather-brush will easily remove most
of the light dirt that settles in such high places, but do not use it
with a sharp, quick flourish, as whatever dust lodges so high cannot
be taken _up_ with the coarse dusting-cloth, and must, of course, if
disturbed, fall to the floor, but if brushed off rashly, will fly over
everything. For this reason the tops of pictures and doors should be
dusted first, that there may be an opportunity to remove whatever
settles unavoidably when going over other parts of the room.

Every three or four weeks the tall step-ladder is needed, and then all
these places which cannot be reached otherwise must be well cleaned
and rubbed, and the casings of windows and doors wiped clean with a
wet cloth. This work, when done, must always be _after_ the regular
sweeping-days.

Windows require attention every day; we do not mean, to be washed
every day, but to be dusted and have the spots carefully rubbed off.
The dust from the streets finds easy entrance, and settles readily
on the window-panes, which would soon become dim and blurred without
daily oversight. Especially is this the case in damp weather, or
when one lives near salt air. Brush each window with a short-handed
feather-brush, if you have one; if not, save and dry turkeys’ wings,
or the long tail-feathers from any poultry, tie them up neatly, and
you secure an inexpensive feather-brush, and as effective as if bought
at the store. If you find spots or finger-marks on the window-glass,
put your mouth to the spot and breathe sharply on it; then, before
your breath evaporates, rub quickly with a clean linen cloth or a
chamois-skin, and you will be well repaid for your labor.

It requires some time and many words to explain, as minutely as you
wish, how all these _little things_ should be done; but if you are
methodical, you will soon learn to work quickly as well as thoroughly,
and will be very much surprised to see how short a time is needed to
do all that we have been so long telling. You will use less time, take
the month through, by careful dusting and necessary cleaning each day
than--neglecting this duty--you would be compelled to give every few
weeks in one great cleaning effort, by which the whole family must be
incommoded, meals delayed, poorly cooked, or dispensed with altogether
for the time being, because it is “cleaning day.” No wonder husbands
shrink from such days, preferring dirty rooms all the time to having
clean ones, for which they pay such unsatisfactory premiums. A little
quiet care and cleaning every day will, we think, secure the largest
amount of freedom, and certainly much more pleasure and happiness for
all, than these dreaded days of confusion and discomfort.




LXXIII.

PLANNING FOR THE WEEK.


NOTHING so simplifies labor as a well-defined, regular plan for each
day’s specific duties. At first, to one unaccustomed to systematic
work, it may be difficult to get into the track, and follow the route
until it is so familiar that it becomes almost second nature. But
with each effort, duties thus methodically performed will be easier,
and when the plan you design to follow has been well digested, and
each part so adapted as to reach toward the good of the whole, labor
will not only be greatly diminished, but a positive pleasure in the
performance of duties so perfectly organized will be the crowning
reward.

Yet to arrange a plan for each day requires thought and judgment,
and she must be a wonderful character who, from the beginning, can
so perfect a code of laws for the regular discharge of household
labor, that no modification or change will be necessary. If a young
housekeeper, at the end of one year’s trial, begins to feel somewhat at
home in her dominions, she should be well content, nor allow a shadow
of discouragement to mar her comfort, even if now and then she finds
her carefully planned rules requiring some little adjustment, to secure
a smooth and easy action. _Try_, and _reject_, until you have secured a
plan by which _you_, the mistress, can best manage others, or yourself
perform the work. No one can tell you by what rules you can best govern
your domains. Suggestions may be given, which will be of great service
in enabling you to arrive at the desired results in the most successful
and expeditious manner; but further than that, _the work to do is
yours, and not another’s_. Each one must work out the problem of what
is best for herself individually, with what aid she can glean from the
experience of others, according as it shall be congenial, or adapted to
her own peculiar way of working and her own peculiar position.

Even those daughters who are fresh from the wise instructions of a
mother, who led them with her through a daily round of cares until they
are as skillful in domestic management as she is herself, will not
find, when they enter the marriage state, the duties of their new homes
exactly like those of their mother. Many things may, and doubtless
will, compel a somewhat different administration, although the
fundamental principles will be still the same. The husband’s position
may demand change in the mode of proceedings to which she has, from
childhood, been accustomed. His tastes or means may render it advisable
that the wife should modify or enlarge her rules for the performance
of domestic duties. The desired change may, from necessity, or from
_whims_, which for permanent happiness she will be wise to humor, be so
abrupt and entire as to require almost a new mode of action and labor,
calling for much deliberation before it can be perfectly satisfactory;
and of course this will be almost like commencing an education from the
beginning.

Different homes and diverse tastes demand, and justly, to be regulated
on somewhat different plans. New duties, and new modes of performing
them, are opened to the young housekeeper, however efficient she may
have been in all domestic affairs under her mother’s eye; but this
should be no reason for discouragement or self-reproach. Put the mother
in the daughter’s place, and she might find it equally strange, and no
easier to rearrange her code of laws for domestic labor, only so far
as age and longer experience has taught her more wisdom and greater
facility in regulating household affairs. But whatever the style or
position, there is none, however high or low, that is not improved and
the work simplified by systematic arrangement. Let each day of the week
have its own peculiar work, modified or varied, of course, by changes
which cannot be foreseen,--such as sickness, absence of part of the
family, unexpected company, invited guests, or holidays.

And here let us say, it is desirable, when you invite friends to dinner
or tea, that you choose such days as are the least filled with work
which cannot be well set aside,--such as washing, ironing, etc.,--so
that you may take time for entertaining your guests, without the burden
of feeling that you are compelled to leave for to-morrow the work that
should have been done to-day, and, by so doing, to lay up for yourself
too heavy burdens and unsettle the regular course of labor for the rest
of the week.

We do not propose to give rules for any one. That would be quite
impossible, as so much depends on the taste of the master and mistress,
the number of the family, and of the servants employed. But there are
a few things which, in our opinion, will make the work easier, and
increase the comfort of all concerned. For instance, on Saturday all
the clothes for changes should be laid out, so that the Sabbath may
find us arrayed in spotless garments. And this being done, as all the
soiled clothes are ready, it would seem that Monday must, almost of
necessity, be set apart as the established _washing-day_. Of course,
if one has a laundry distinct from the kitchen, as soon as the washing
and ironing of one week is finished, the range will be cleaned out,
ashes brushed off, kindling laid, and floor scrubbed, all for the next
week; and if everything is thus in order, it must be an uncommonly
large family if the washing is not all done, clothes-lines and pins
brought in, and, in winter, coarse clothes sprinkled and folded, in
good time on Monday night. This should be Monday’s work, somewhat
modified, perhaps, according to the help employed in this department.
When two or three girls are employed in one house, as we have before
said, we do not think it the most comfortable way for the _cook_ to
take charge of the washing. Let her help, if necessary, as she may
find time; but if she first performs her regular duties, the family
will be more comfortable; and if the second girl has charge of the
washing, the clothes will, or should be, more satisfactorily done by
one steady hand. Let Tuesday be for ironing. Wednesday the chambermaid
and laundress will need for cleaning the laundry and halls, wiping
off finger-marks from doors, and any chamber-work which did not
receive particular attention Monday or Tuesday. The cook will need by
Wednesday to clean up her tins, floors, closets, or if company or the
family require, to do some extra cooking. On Thursday the silver should
be carefully looked over and polished by chamois-skin, after washing in
_hot_ soapsuds, or with whiting if any brown spots are found. Friday
is the best day for sweeping, and seeing that mattresses and bedsteads
are free from dust; which, if left to accumulate, will breed moths and
other vermin. Saturday may be employed in cleaning parlors, washing
windows, polishing door-handles, bell-pulls, and stair-rods, and a
thorough oversight of the house generally.

These items are only by way of suggestions, to be filled up or
discarded as the housekeeper’s judgment, taste, or position may deem
advisable. We only claim that, having once examined and become fully
persuaded in your own mind what your position and the comfort of your
family demand, you should settle upon some well-considered plan, and
then determine to carry it into practice, as far as possible, with
promptness and regularity. Take time to consider; _try, and try again_;
but having settled what is best, act upon it without flinching.




LXXIV.

SHOPPING.


WE have heard from ladies remarks like the following: “Before I was
married, and cares and responsibilities became more and more exacting
every year, there was nothing I used to enjoy more than roaming from
shop to shop, seeing everything that was to be seen, but without the
responsibility of purchasing, because my mother always attended to
that. My shopping in those days was only to gratify curiosity. But
now it must be done in earnest, without shopping for sight-seeing or
loitering,--the only desirable part of the business.”

Now, I cannot but think this waste of time and gratification of a
childish curiosity in young women altogether wrong. The amount of
“shopping,” as it is called, done from no necessity, but only to while
away the time, is very great, particularly by young ladies who have
no intention of purchasing. While there are books to be read, sewing
to be done, mothers to be helped, and their burdens lightened by
their daughters’ loving care, and painting, drawing, and music to be
practiced, we don’t understand how time can hang heavy on one’s hands.
Pleasant walks and rides, lectures, concerts, and picture-galleries,
can surely furnish all the exercise and recreation that is needed or
at all desirable, and will be much more conducive to the improvement
of the mind and strengthening of the body than this too prevalent
custom of sauntering through the streets, gazing into the windows, or
visiting the stores, looking at and handling everything one fancies,
but buying nothing. Many evils spring from this absurd method of
_taking exercise_, or wasting time. There can be no healthy exercise
in loitering in a crowded and perhaps ill-lighted, poorly ventilated
store; for capacious, airy, and well-ventilated establishments are not
common. The effect of such dissipation on the mind and character cannot
be ennobling. To watch and criticise the people who pass, to remark on
their dress, manners, and peculiarities, is almost certain to establish
an unkind, censorious habit, and, in the end, make those who practice
it confirmed gossips,--the most unlovable and unsafe of all characters.
A love of dress; a desire to imitate or surpass those who are the most
extravagant in their outlays; an envious disposition; dissatisfaction
with their own condition and the income allowed for their dress;
longing to cast aside good clothes and secure the newest and most
stylish, every time the shopping farce is performed,--are some of the
evils which, it is to be feared, will grow out of this propensity;
and added to this, another still more to be deprecated,--the selfish
disregard for the feelings and interests of others.

It is painful to observe with what recklessness our young ladies will
sit at a counter and call for one piece of goods after another, until
the shelves before them are almost entirely stripped,--tossing one
article here and another there, throwing heavy goods upon delicate
articles, while the perplexed clerk endeavors to hide his anxiety, and
shield his wares from harm, in the most gentlemanly and unobtrusive
manner; but his politeness and delicacy are wasted, for this class of
shoppers care little for the discomfort of a clerk.

In this manner they flit from counter to counter, wasting not only
their own time, but that of the employés in the store, and exciting
false hopes of a good sale, and then, without a word of apology for the
trouble they have given, leave that store to go through the same folly
at other establishments.

A few days since we witnessed a most provoking display of this manner
of wasting time, and by no means an uncommon occurrence. All the
room for some distance on one side of the store, and two or three
of the clerks, were monopolized by a party of young girls,--we fear
they thought themselves entitled to be addressed as _young ladies_.
The earnestness with which they called for one class of goods after
another warranted the attendants in anticipating a large sale; but when
woolens, silks, linens, ribbons, and laces were heaped around them in
great abundance, and many really earnest purchasers had been kept long
waiting for attendance, or, not having time, had been obliged to go
elsewhere, these girls carelessly rose and turned to leave.

“I am sorry we can show you nothing satisfactory,” courteously remarked
one of the clerks.

“O, we didn’t come in to buy,--only to look around,” replied the
leader of this ill-mannered party, with a scornful air; and an absurd,
silly giggle went through the party as they left the store, evidently
satisfied that they had had a good time and played off a smart joke on
the clerks.

The expression of disappointment suddenly changed to contempt, visible
among the young men who had so politely waited upon those thoughtless
girls, was very significant of their estimate of such characters. If
their mothers could have seen the whole performance, and, giving each a
_good shaking_, sent them home to learn good manners, and a proper use
of time by a term of labor in the kitchen, we should have been thankful.

But in the case of the “mother and housekeeper,” who inquires how
real, earnest, practical shopping may be disarmed of its terrors, and
made easy and simple, we would say there is nothing easier if you
begin right. Before leaving home on a shopping expedition, be “fully
persuaded in your own mind” that you know just what you want, what
you must have, and how much you are willing and can afford to pay
for what you desire to purchase. Make out a plain list that you can
understand at a glance, and when you enter the store call first for
the _must-haves_, examine the quality and pattern, and ascertain if
the price is such as to justify you in buying. Then, if satisfied on
those points, look at various patterns of the same fabric and price,
and select the one that pleases you the most perfectly, and, naming
the quantity and place to send, pass on to other departments. Don’t
allow your attention to wander to anything but the article under
consideration, until you have decided that item. If it is a dress,
examine and decide before looking at sheeting or table linen or
anything else. That settled, pass on to the next topic on your list,
and so continue until you have finished the work you had arranged to
do. Then, if you have a little leisure, you can look about you at the
various articles displayed, gratifying your love of fine things, and
gaining an insight into the quality and price of articles you may need
in time; only take care that when your purchases are finished, you do
not interfere with other purchasers, or engross the time of busy clerks
unduly. In making out a list, classify the articles you are intending
to buy, putting groceries, crockery, books, dry goods, etc., each by
themselves, and begin at the nearest place. By this method you will
save yourself much time and fatigue.

These are very simple rules; but try them and see if shopping is any
longer a duty to be “dreaded.”




LXXV.

DUSTING.


AMONG the many little things a good housekeeper should vigilantly watch
over, while trying to teach a child or inexperienced girl, careful
and thorough _dusting_ is one of the most prominent. It is not alone
those who are confessedly ignorant that require this supervision, but
one half of all the hired help we ever saw have never been trained to
do that kind of labor perfectly. They are accustomed to look at it as
being of less importance, and more easily slighted without attracting
notice and subjecting themselves to rebuke, than other portion of
their duties. They may be very capable in many other parts of the work
allotted to them, yet lamentably fail when they undertake to dust a
room. A parlor- or chambermaid may begin her work properly. With broom,
whisk, duster, and dust-pan, with short sleeves, a clean handkerchief
or cap over the head to protect the hair from dust, she commences to
clean and “put the room to rights” in the most approved manner. Books,
papers, works of art, ornaments, or furniture--everything movable--are
carried into the next room if convenient, or if not, neatly covered
from the dust, which must necessarily be raised while sweeping; thus
leaving the floor as nearly vacant as possible, to facilitate that
operation.

But, if superintending this work done by a new girl, you will notice
that, however methodical in all else pertaining to her work, she does
not stop to clean, carefully dust, and polish each article, as she
takes it from the room, and by so doing have them all ready to set back
again, with no delay, when the room is well swept and dusted. She seems
to have no idea that this will simplify her work, save time and extra
handling, and, as often happens, in case of any necessity for unusual
haste in finishing the work, be a great convenience. But, seeing how
like a good worker the girl takes hold of the other portions of her
labor, you perhaps think it not best to embarrass her by too many
criticisms at first, having no fear but at the close of the sweeping
the dusting will be well done; called away by other duties, you leave
her to finish, on the whole well pleased, and hopeful that you have
secured one who will prove faithful and reliable, relieving you from
constant watchfulness in her department.

On your return, the first glance at the room confirms your hopes, but
by a second look your dream of peace grows shadowy. The room is nicely
swept, the furniture placed more nearly in the proper position than,
for a first trial, you had expected; but there the charm vanishes.
Such dusting! It must have been attempted; for you see the mark of
the dusting-cloth, as if hastily passed over, or brushed across the
plain surfaces of tables, chairs, etc., but looking more as if flies
or spiders had run races over them, than like the efforts of a human
hand to dust the room. Here and there some one or two articles have
been tolerably polished, but wherever there is any elaborate carving,
intricate molding, or dainty piece of statuary, requiring extra care,
the dust has settled, and lies unmolested in ugly masses, defacing or
concealing all the beauty.

You summon the girl, trying all the time to school your heart and
voice to patience. You show her the dust, and, taking the work into
your own hands, proceed to give her practical demonstration of how the
work can and must be done. As you pass from one article to another,
you explain the injury to furniture and ornaments which will follow
careless dusting. Point out how speedily dust hides in the moldings
and carvings, and show her how to gain access to all the intricate
and troublesome ornamental work. As you proceed she sees how easily
and perfectly it can be done; but do not flatter yourself that this
lesson, so thoroughly and plainly given, will relieve you from the
responsibility of following up your chambermaid with continued
watchfulness and reminders. Be prepared to repeat this lesson every
week, and at the end of months find the repetition still necessary. If
you do not find this so, you may thank God and take courage, for you
have secured a treasure which you will do well to cherish.

It is because our servants are so inclined to slight this seemingly
small, but really very important part of domestic economy, that we
think mothers should begin early to teach their little daughters how
to dust a room, and polish, by thorough dusting, all the furniture and
articles of beauty. Let them take first lessons in learning to keep
their play-room and playthings free from dust, and the knowledge thus
gained in play will soon be of much practical and valuable assistance
to their mothers. We know there are some children naturally careless
and flighty, while others are born neat and methodical. This difference
is very observable in children of the same family, trained by the
same mother, with equal care; and mothers soon understand that one
child must be looked after, in every step of her way toward becoming
a practical, useful, helpful daughter and woman, more than the other.
Such children draw very heavily on their mother’s strength, patience,
and hopefulness; but if the child is of an affectionate disposition, in
the end love and experience will conquer.

There is great need that mothers be not discouraged in their endeavors
to teach their daughters all that pertains to practical domestic
economy; for, if we are not greatly mistaken, the time is not far
off when we shall all feel the necessity of looking to our daughters
to assist us in the nicer parts of housework, if we would have
comfortable, happy homes; relying on servants only for the coarser,
harder parts that would tax our strength too severely, or engross
our time too much, to leave any for social life or intellectual
improvement. These must receive their full share of our attention; but
the home cares have equal claims. Let there be an equal distribution,
giving to each her portion in due season, and there will be less waste
and extravagance, and lighter hearts and happier homes.




LXXVI.

A CHAPTER ON SOUPS.


HESITATION in taking the first steps in any new enterprise or new work
is very common. With some it springs from great caution; with others,
from lack of confidence in their own ability. They magnify troubles
which may arise, and imagine all manner of difficulties, until very
small and easy duties are clothed in a mystery which they shrink from
solving.

In working, a novice, if at all timid or lacking self-reliance, often
keeps herself in a constant state of alarm lest she make some great
mistake, and, strange as it may seem, few things in the whole round of
cooking-experiments assume a more formidable aspect than the simple act
of making a soup. It is a mystery which grows more _uncanny_ the longer
it is looked at from a distance; but lay your hand upon it, and you
will soon learn that you have been frightened at a shadow.

There are several things preliminary to making soup which are quite
essential. First of all, it is desirable, though not absolutely
indispensable, that you provide yourself with the best and most
convenient utensils.

A _stock-pot_ is usually a large, round kettle, with a closely fitting
cover, into which the meat or bones and odd bits for preparing the
stock or broth for soups are put, to be cooked. It is generally made of
iron or copper.

A _soup-digester_ is a kind of stock-pot made wholly of iron. The
lid fits closely into a groove in the top of the digester, with a
projecting piece which, when turned till it meets the socket or notch
on each side of the groove, acts like a lock, holding the lid on
tightly. In that respect it is far better than the stock-pot, for
nothing can boil over in the digester, and no steam escapes except
through the _valve_ at the top of the cover. They are to be obtained at
almost all hardware stores, and are of all sizes, from three quarts to
ten gallons.

Next, having provided the utensils, good “stock” of various kinds
should be kept constantly on hand, regulating the quantity prepared
at one time by the state of the weather and the size of your family.
In summer, in a cool cellar, it will keep, by frequent scalding,
several days. In winter it is safe to keep it much longer, only, like
everything else, it requires to be looked after carefully. Few soups
can be of the best quality without a strong _stock_ to start with.
_Liebig’s Extracts of Meat_ answers very well for a substitute, but is
better used in connection with the stock.

Every bit of meat which is left over, that cannot be satisfactorily
employed otherwise, should go at once into the _stock-pot_ or
_digester_. Bones, after carving from them all the meat that can be
advantageously secured, must be well cracked and added to the other
pieces. The vessel should be always near, ready to receive any stray
morsel. When enough is collected to make a good quantity of stock, put
cold water to the pieces; for the juices, which are what you desire to
obtain, are much more readily extracted in cold water than in hot. On
the contrary, meats that are to be boiled for table use should always
be put into _boiling_ water, which closes the outer surfaces instantly,
thus retaining the juices.

When the water is added, set the digester over a moderate fire, where
the contents will not boil rapidly, only simmer. After it begins to
boil, add salt and pepper. Opinions differ as to the length of time
needed in the preparation of good stock; but it is generally allowed
to simmer most of the day, which is too long, and it thereby becomes
muddy. We think a few hours’ boiling will extract all the juice, and
make better stock than longer. Remember that stock should have more
salt, pepper, and seasoning than would be desirable in the soup to be
made from it.

When done, strain it into a large stone pot, kept for that purpose
exclusively, and cover closely till morning, when the fat will all rise
to the top and harden, and should then be removed. Never allow stock to
remain in the stock-pot or digester overnight; for, even when there is
no copper to render it unsafe, it will assuredly taste of the iron,
and the flavor be very greatly injured by it.

If you have no bones or bits of meat on hand to make stock with, a
knuckle of beef or veal can be procured with little expense; or, if
a rich soup is desired, several kinds of meat should be mixed. For
instance: Take four pounds of the shin of beef, four pounds of the
knuckle of veal, and a half-pound of good lean ham--any scraps of
poultry, necks, wings, etc.--that may chance to be unused. Three
onions, three carrots, one head of celery, a few chopped mushrooms,
two or three fresh tomatoes, or what would be equal to them in canned
tomatoes, if they can be obtained; just a shake of savory herbs and
parsley, and, in cold weather, three turnips. In warm weather turnips
will cause the stock to ferment. Add an ounce and a half of salt, one
table-spoonful of sugar, twelve white peppercorns, six cloves, three
small bits of mace, and four quarts of water. Line the nicely cleaned
digester, after well buttering it, with the ham cut in thin, broad
slices carefully trimmed from all the outer fat that may taste too
strong of the smoke, or which is at all rusty. Then cut all the meat
from the beef and veal into about three-inch pieces, and lay them over
the ham. Set it on the stove, and when all is delicately and equally
browned, put in the beef and veal bones, well cracked, the bits of
poultry-trimmings, and pour over all four quarts of _cold_ water.
When it comes to the boiling point, bring to the side of the stove or
range, skim very carefully, adding now and then a little cold water, to
stop rapid boiling. Let it simmer in this way till it is quite clear,
and then put in all the vegetables and other ingredients, and keep it
simmering over the stove five hours. Do not let it at any time come to
a brisk boil, as that will waste the stock and injure the color.

When done, strain through a fine hair-sieve or cloth into a large stone
_stock-jar_, and cover up carefully till needed.

Prepared in this way, a stock will keep in cool weather a long time,
if kept covered closely from the air, by occasionally scalding, and
is always on hand when you wish a rich soup. While it is cooking, in
adding water to stop boiling, be sure that you add enough to supply
that wasted in steam, so that when done and strained you will have four
quarts of liquid. One quart will be sufficient for the stock for four
rich soups.

A less rich stock may be obtained by using less meat and seasoning, or
by carefully saving the water in which fresh meat or fowls have been
boiled, adding vegetables and seasoning to suit yourself. Let it simmer
gently for six hours, skimming it carefully, and then strain and set
aside for use.

_White stock_, for white soup, is made like the rich stock; only,
instead of browning the meat before adding any water, you should rub
the digester with butter, lay in the meat, moisten with half a pint
of water, and simmer slowly, until the gravy begins to flow; then add
five quarts of cold water and such vegetables and seasoning as you
prefer, or the same as for rich stock, and let all simmer five hours.
When stronger stock is required, double the quantity of veal, or put
in an old fowl. The liquor in which a young turkey has been boiled is
excellent for white stocks or soups.

_Browning_ for soups is made with two ounces of powdered sugar and half
a pint of water. Put the sugar in a smooth, clean saucepan over a slow
fire till it begins to melt; keep it in motion with a wooden spoon all
the time until it becomes black, when the water should be added. Let it
dissolve in the water, then cork closely, and use only a few drops when
required. In France an onion is burnt to put with the browning; but
all browning, although it adds somewhat to the looks of some kinds of
soups, does not often improve the flavor.

To _clarify_ stocks or soups which are sometimes a little muddy,
carefully separate the whites of eggs from the yelks, and use the
whites to clear the soup. One egg to every quart of stock or soup to
be clarified. Beat well together, with one fourth of a pint of water
to every egg, and, still beating, add gradually to the stock, which
should be just warm. Then place it over the fire, and when it boils
skim thoroughly, whisk it well, and draw the kettle to the side of the
stove, to let it settle till the whites of the eggs become separated
from the soup; then strain through a fine cloth, and, if rightly done,
the stock or soup will be clear.

Thus, as will be readily understood, we have given most important
preliminary steps toward making soup. In the next article we give
directions for making several kinds of soups, and thereby answer
several requests in one chapter.




LXXVII.

MORE ABOUT SOUPS.


MANY suppose they can obtain just as good soup by preparing the whole
between breakfast and dinner, claiming that the idea of keeping “stock”
on hand is a foolish one, and an increase of the cares and labors of
providing. We think this is a mistake, springing from ignorance in some
cases, in others from the fact that the objectors have never tried what
seems to us the better way. It is certainly the most economical, and on
trial we are sure will be found a saving of time and labor, instead of
an additional tax.

By allowing the material for stock to simmer slowly, one obtains the
foundation for the strongest and best flavored soup which can be made
from flesh. Whereas, if the meat is taken in the morning, and prepared
for dinner the same day, one must hasten matters, and cannot take time
to separate the meat in small pieces, or have a soup free from muddy
streaks and a strong, disagreeable flavor.

Liebig objects to cooking the stock for any great length of time,
because he assumes, and justly, that the albumen and fibrin which,
after protracted cooking, will rise hard and bony, cannot be so
thoroughly separated as not to leave some disagreeable flavor, and take
away much of the real nutriment of the soup. He says if we take one
pound of beef free from fat, and separate it from the bones finely, as
for mince-meat or sausages; then mix it uniformly in its own weight of
cold water, heat it slowly to a boiling point, and allow the liquid
to boil briskly for only a few minutes; then strain through a towel
to free it from the coagulated albumen and fibrin which will be mixed
with it, we can, by this short boiling, secure an equal weight of the
most aromatic soup or beef-tea, of such strength as cannot be obtained,
even by boiling for hours, from a solid piece of flesh. Youmans says,
by long boiling the rich part of the meat extracted by the cold water
coagulates and becomes insoluble, instead of remaining dissolved
in the soup, as it should do, in order to secure the most highly
nutritious substance of the meat. A piece of flesh put into boiling
water _undivided_ is in the most unfavorable condition possible for
making good soup. It is customary to protract the boiling, because it
is supposed to thicken and enrich the soup.

We have no doubt, if the mistress could oversee the whole process, that
a better soup would be obtained by less than the four or five hours’
cooking which we recommended in our last article for stock. But if she
is obliged to commit the preparing of stock or soups to willing but
careless hands, who half the time do not cut the meat up fine or crack
the bones, a longer time is necessary to extract the full flavor, which
will not then be as pure.

What are called _clear soups_ should be of a light straw color, and not
too strongly flavored with the meat.

_White_ or _thick soups_ must only be thick enough to adhere slightly
to the spoon when hot.

_Purée_ consists of vegetables or meat reduced to a very smooth pulp,
and then mixed with enough stock to make a thick soup like most of the
bean or pea soups.

One of the most generally palatable soups is the _turtle_ or _black
bean soup_, with rich beef stock for the foundation.

Soak a pint and a half of the beans overnight in plenty of lukewarm
water. In the morning drain off all the water and cover with fresh cold
water; see that your soup-digester is perfectly cleaned, and three
quarts of beef stock put in it, then set it over the fire. (Of course
you never allow your digester or soup-pot to be put away without being
thoroughly cleaned; but _sometimes_ girls have been known to forget
or make a mistake; and it is best for many reasons that all utensils
should be examined thoroughly, rinsed with hot water, and wiped dry
each time you take them out for use, if only to remove what dust may
settle on them while in the closet.)

As soon as your kettle is in order and the stock in it, drain off the
water from the beans; put them into the stock and set at once over the
fire where it will come to a boil slowly. As soon as that takes place,
set it a little one side, and it will simmer, not _quite_ boil, till
time for dinner. It will take some four or five hours to make the beans
perfectly tender. Half an hour before straining, add a teacupful of
tomato catsup and half a pint of canned tomatoes or six fresh ones.
Let it cook a little more briskly for a half-hour, then rub through a
coarse sieve or colander, and serve hot. In preparing stock for this
soup, the savory herbs and mushrooms may be omitted, also the tomatoes,
as it is better to add them just before the beans are done, and strain
all together. Some like to squeeze a few drops of lemon-juice into
soup when in their plates, and it is well to have a quarter of a lemon
put on a small saucer or cup-plate by every one at the table, so that
they can add it if agreeable.

An excellent _beef soup_ can be made from the bones left from a roast.
Cut the bones apart, and crack them to pieces with a broad hatchet kept
for that purpose only, as the good husband may object to having his
carefully kept hatchet used by “women folks,” and _you_ may be equally
unwilling to take articles that have been used you know not for what.
Cover the bones with cold water, and set on the range where they will
simmer, _not boil_, between three and four hours. When the meat is so
tender as to slip easily from the bones, scrape it all off and set it
aside; put the stock thus made in a stone pot and cover closely, after
it is cold. We should have said in former directions that stock must
not be covered up till cold, then closed carefully. The next day remove
every particle of the fat; warm the stock enough to strain it; cut up
one onion (if you and your family like them), two or three potatoes,
one turnip, a few bits of cauliflower or cabbage, if desired, and two
carrots. Put these in the stock, adding, if you like, a half-pint
of rich stock; add pepper and salt to your liking, half a teacupful
of tomato catsup, a table-spoonful of rice washed clean, or “star”
macaroni. Boil one hour, and dish without a second straining. Of course
all these seasonings and vegetables must be varied or modified to suit
the special tastes of different families.

The meat cut from the bone may be made into nice “force-meat balls,”
and put into the soup when dished for the table. To make these balls,
rub the meat smooth in a marble mortar. If very dry, moisten with a
spoonful of rich stock. When smooth, season with salt, pepper, a little
thyme, summer savory, and green parsley chopped fine. Beat one egg
light and stir in, thickening the whole with cracker crumbs, enough to
roll into small balls the size of a large walnut, and fry in boiling
lard, or place on a dish and bake a clear, even brown, and put into the
soup the last thing before sending to the table.

_Julienne soup_ is among those most used at hotels and eating-houses.
Put half a spoonful of butter into the soup-kettle; slice in two
onions, and fry to a clear brown, taking care not to scorch them; then
add three quarts of good stock, two small turnips and two carrots
chopped small. Let this boil gently one hour, and then add a pint
of green peas, freshly gathered, and the same of young and tender
string-beans, a little mace, salt and pepper as needed, and a single
stock of celery chopped fine. Too much celery gives a bitter taste to
soup. Boil two hours more; then rub a table-spoonful of butter, with
the same amount of flour, and stir gradually into the soup. Boil a few
minutes and dish.

A good _vermicelli_ soup with stock made from a shin of veal, boiled
in three quarts of water, can be prepared with little trouble. The
stock must be skimmed carefully, and, this done, put in one whole
turnip, one carrot, and one onion; none of these should be cut up. Boil
three hours; add salt and pepper to taste, and a quarter of a pound
of vermicelli after the three hours’ boiling, and let it boil gently
one hour more, then take out the bone and vegetables and serve. If the
stock boils away too much, add a little water.




LXXVIII.

TESTING CHARACTER.


NOTHING so completely unmasks all the peculiarities of each individual,
showing bright and noble traits most clearly, and casting deeper
shadows on all that is weak, disagreeable, and unlovely, as being shut
up in a steamer or in cars for days together, acquiring an intimacy
in one week far more familiar than would have been formed in a year
of ordinary intercourse. Nowhere are selfishness, irritability, and
vanity so quickly detected; nowhere are such opportunities to manifest
patience, self-abnegation, and all sweet and gentle qualities, in the
most forcible and attractive manner, as in this phase of social life.
You may call daily, or spend weeks with people in their own homes,
and never imagine that fierce ambition, weak and silly vanity, petty
jealousy, or a harsh and bitter temper are smoldering where all appears
so cheerful and quiet, ready to be fanned into flames by the first
annoyance beyond their power to repel. While no shadows fall or clouds
obscure their sky, how pleasantly the moments pass by! Smiles and
gentleness meet you at every step. To secure your comfort and pleasure
is their delight; to dispense the hospitality of their homes gracefully
and with a free hand does them honor; to neglect to do so would detract
from the dignity of their social position, and be disgraceful. Every
attention and courtesy paid to a guest reflects honor on the host, and
few are so perfect that these considerations do not have some weight.
This may be assumed without at all detracting from higher motives.

But become companions on a journey with those who, as host and
hostess, have been so attractive, and the most astonishing changes, for
which you are entirely unprepared, utterly foreign to your estimate
of their character, may meet you in every word and act. Take care,
however, while watching the _mote_ in your neighbor’s eye, that he does
not discover the _beam_ in your own. In the infelicities of traveling,
remember you are liable to the same criticism, and watch and pray lest
your own conscience compels you to acknowledge the justice of the
censure.

On the other hand, you will often see persons so quiet and gentle at
home, that while you respect, you never think of them as presenting any
very striking characteristics. Sensible and unobtrusive, the goodness,
unseen, carries comfort to all around, while the recipients seldom
recognize the cause of the good influence which surrounds them, until
some startling commotion proclaims their silent ministration. The
freedom born from a common annoyance, discomfort, or danger, such as is
often experienced in traveling, sometimes reveals heroes and heroines
where we least expected to find them.

One may read some strange chapters in character if he quietly watch
a crowd rushing on board a car or steamer, eager to secure the best
position, where most can be seen with the greatest comfort. The
rudeness and selfishness of each movement and act would be unpardonable
in their own homes. If you are careful to be on board early, before the
“rush” begins, it is certainly permissible to secure the best seat you
can, but with the reservation that old age, feebleness, and infancy
have a claim on all, which, if need be, should lead you willingly to
relinquish the position, however desirable, if by so doing you can add
to the comfort of any who come to you with these vouchers for their
right to your assistance and sympathy. Unfortunately, we often see this
gentle consideration for age and feebleness disregarded; but when
it shines forth how beautiful it is! How it covers little faults and
foibles, which, but for such unexpected manifestations, would have much
power to vex and distress!

An elderly lady in feeble health took her seat in the cars, homeward
bound after a long absence. Being a cold, rainy day, it was especially
desirable to avoid all draughts from open windows. A party of young
people in high spirits seated themselves in front, and at once opened
the window. The wind, sleet, and rain rushed in, making all around
uncomfortable. Several remonstrated, but with no satisfactory results.
Even the indulgent father gently insinuated that they might themselves
suffer from such exposure, but not a word was spoken of the risk to
others. Every other seat being occupied, the invalid could make no
change; and feeling that all the health gained by her absence from home
might be lost through this severe exposure, with much reluctance she
mildly requested that the window nearest her might be closed. The favor
was rudely refused.

These young people were evidently persons of wealth, on their way to
travel some time in Europe. From such examples, what impressions must
the people of the “old country” form of the characters and manners of
the new? The lady, probably reflecting gravely on the habits of the
young of the present day, sighed for the time when age was honored and
the young taught to reverence gray hairs.

Time flew by, and again the invalid sought health far from home. The
boat was crowded with the young and gay. No wonder she remembered
the scene on the cars with sad forebodings, the sadder because on a
voyage one is liable to more discomforts than when traveling by land,
and probably was prepared to be perfectly isolated, asking for and
expecting nothing. The passage was disagreeable in the extreme, and
all more or less seasick. Of course, under such circumstances, it
would not have been surprising if each was disposed to think only of
his own discomfort. On the contrary, kindness, respect, and attention
were the rule, with hardly one exception. Those but slightly sick were
prompt in ministering to the comfort of the more seriously afflicted.
Affectionate inquiries, gentle sympathy, and, when needed, most tender
assistance, filled with bright spots a voyage which, but for this
blessed spirit, would have been intolerable; making warm and genuine
friends for life of those who but a few days before were perfect
strangers.

These two experiences prove how unwise it would be to form one’s
estimate of all, in any circumstances, by the freaks and folly of a
few. How easy to excuse much heedlessness and frivolity, hoping for
better things with coming years, if out from among many youthful
follies such good traits are made apparent!

If this law of unselfish kindness were thoroughly understood; if all,
particularly the young, could realize the rich reward for every kind
act, repaying them tenfold even in this life,--it would extract many
thorns from weary feet, prevent much heart-burning, and give a glory to
the life below only second to that blessed life above, where, when they
enter, they may hope to hear, “Inasmuch as ye have done it unto the
least of these, my brethren, ye have done it unto me.” “Well done, good
and faithful servant, enter thou into the joy of thy Lord.”




LXXIX.

IF WE KNEW!

  “If we knew the baby fingers
    Pressed against the window-pane
  Would be cold and stiff to-morrow,
    Never trouble us again,
  Would the bright eyes of our darling
    Catch the frown upon our brow?
  Would the print of rosy fingers
    Vex us then as they do now?

  “Ah! those little, ice-cold fingers,
    How they point our memories back
  To the hasty words and actions
    Strewn along our backward track!
  How those little hands remind us,
    As in snowy grace they lie,
  Not to scatter thorns, but roses,
    For our reaping by and by!

  “Strange we never prize the music
    Till the sweet-voiced bird has flown!
  Strange that we should slight the violets
    Till the lovely flowers are gone!
  Strange that summer skies and sunshine
    Never seemed one half so fair
  As when winter’s snowy pinions
    Shake the white down in the air!

  “Lips from which the seal of silence
    None but God can roll away,
  Never blossomed in such beauty
    As adorns the mouth to-day;
  And sweet words that freight our memory
    With their beautiful perfume
  Come to us in sweeter accents
    Through the portals of the tomb!

  “Let us gather up the sunbeams
    Lying all around our path;
  Let us keep the wheat and roses,
    Casting out the thorns and chaff;
  Let us find our sweetest comfort
    In the blessings of to-day;
  With a patient hand removing
    All the briers from our way.”


THE wind is playing with the long gray beard on the grand old live-oak
over our heads; the air, soft and balmy, brings the slightest
intimation of perfume from the orange-trees around us; the golden
fruit, half hidden in the rich, glossy leaves, and here and there a bud
just opening into the delicate blossom, give promise of another harvest
before the first is fully gathered. Before us lies the beautiful St.
John’s river, smooth and tranquil as a summer sea; but a steamer in the
distance, like a graceful swan, approaches the wharf, and will soon
disturb its calm, and toss the placid waters into merry ripples or
foaming, sparkling waves. Only for a moment she touches the wharf, then
glides away, and the river subsides into its wonted calm. Her coming
and going have no interest for us, save that which a glimpse, however
transient, of beauty, strength, and grace must always awaken. She
brings none to greet us and claim the welcome, so gladly given by one
far from home.

Everything around us is quiet. The inmates of the cottage are mostly
out sailing. The gentle provider for the household comforts, “on
hospitable thoughts intent,” is preparing for their return from this
“toil of pleasure,” tired and ravenously hungry. We are entirely alone;
and as we sit in this wonderful quiet, the little poem quoted above,
“If We Knew,” stirs our heart with strange and solemn power.

Lives there one who does not, in moments of retirement or solitude,
look back to the earliest hours of childhood, and recall times when,
if he could have known the results, his actions would have been far
different?

If all could in youth look along the map of life clear to the
end, seeing all the breakers and quicksands, which by patience and
self-control could have been avoided, how much more comforting would
be the view they might take, in after years, of the “backward track”!
No doubt it is well, for many reasons, that we cannot read the future.
Trials and sorrows, which no skill or forethought could have turned
aside, would have been doubled by anticipation and foreknowledge. And
yet we doubt if there are many who, looking back from the “half-way
house,” would not willingly endure all the additional pain if they
might have possessed the power to foresee the inevitable results of
certain courses, and, profiting by this foreknowledge, have avoided the
danger or the sin.

Brother, sister, “if you knew” that soon “those little baby fingers”
would “never trouble you again,” would you be impatient or cross to
your little playmates for their childish, willful ways?

Two little boys were playing together. Both wanted the rocking-chair
for a horse. Full of health and animal spirits, their dispute ran high,
and ended in a blow. Only a few days passed, and the baby hands of the
younger were folded in “snowy grace” upon the cold and quiet heart,
and laid in the grave. A short time after, hearing bitter sobs in the
garden, the mother found the lonely brother--himself but just past
babyhood--lying under the peach-trees, watching with eager eyes some
birds flying over his head, and calling, between his sobs: “O birdies!
little birdies! Fly up! fly higher! and tell Jesus if he will only let
little brother come down to me, he shall have the rocking-chair all the
time, and I never, never will strike him again! O, _never, never_!”

Ah! how many brothers and sisters look back upon little disputes and
sharp, childish quarrels, that would hardly have been remembered had
both been spared to grow up together; but one having been taken away,
that dispute, or the wrong done, remains through life a sore spot in
the heart of the survivor.

Father, be not harsh with your son. He disobeyed your commands, has
done wrong, and for his own good deserves rebuke; but remember he is
“only a little one.” Let your censure be tempered with gentleness. It
was but the overflow of exuberant life, not willful disobedience. If
you could look forward to what soon may be, how leniently would you
judge, how tenderly chide, and by your gentleness secure obedience much
more effectually!

Ah, poor, tired mother! you are very weary and wellnigh sick. Your eyes
are heavy for want of sleep, and your head throbbing with the noise
and shouts and wild frolics of your little ones. It is often very hard
to bear; but it is health and strength and life overflowing in their
yet untried, undisciplined hearts. Be patient! If soon, with hot and
tearless eyes, you watch by the little crib where fever may conquer
that life but late so joyous and full of activity, can you endure
what God may see best to bring upon you, if, by impatience, you have
“scattered thorns, not roses, for your reaping by and by”?

“I have asked you twenty times to mend this coat, and it is not done
yet. ‘No time’! How long would it have taken, I should like to know?
But--well--I can go ragged, I suppose. You give little heed to my
wishes or comfort. You must take your own time and way, without regard
to my convenience, or you will not be satisfied.”

Husband! why do you say such ugly, biting things? You love your
wife. You would be indignant if a looker-on should hint that you
misjudged her or were exacting. Your heart--or that silent monitor,
your conscience--tells you that she did not intend to disregard
your wishes or advice. She was tired, overtaxed with many cares and
frequent interruptions, or perhaps sickness is creeping upon her
unawares. Whatever the reason, the offense was but a “little thing.”
Or even if she was self-willed or irritable, be patient with her.
You are fully aware that one mode of speaking makes her indignant,
and stirs up all the offensive, opposing elements in her character;
while, on the contrary, a certain tone of your voice, a love-look from
your eye, would have brought her to your side in an instant, sorry,
self-upbraiding, loving and honoring you with all her heart. Ah, “_if
you knew_”! These first morose, fault-finding words are, perhaps,
“leaving on her heart a shadow, leaving on your heart a stain,” which
may be the beginning of coldness, mistrust, and defiance, or perhaps a
darker sin, when but for them you could have secured joy and gladness
in your house, growing sweeter and purer day by day. Deal gently. You,
her husband, can make her happy, loving, and good, or you can make her
irritable, unloving, and evil, thereby destroying your own happiness
as well as hers. You are the _house-bond_ or _home-bond_. See that you
sever it not by your own folly.

“John, why do you always _wait_, and _wait_, and hinder me so? You can
come at once, just as well as to keep me waiting, if you only choose
to!”

Wife, it is just such little, impatient, waspish words that will
tempt your husband to seek quiet, comfort, and appreciation away from
your side. No matter if _he_ does “speak just as impatiently as you
have done, fifty times a day,” show him a better way. Why retort, or
increase the “little shadows,” which you can by gentleness dispel?
Yield a little; it is not hard, and you will reap a glorious reward. Is
not your husband’s love and confidence worth keeping, by the exercise
of a little patience and forbearance? But if not for present joy, to
ward off future misery at least, “set a guard over the door of your
mouth, that you sin not with your lips”; and so tread life’s pathway
with him to whom you have vowed a wife’s fealty that, if called to
sit in the desolation of widowhood, there shall not be added to that
sorrow the anguish of self-upbraiding for little services impatiently
rendered, or love requited by coldness or irritability.

When we have passed through all the labors and trials of early life,
and in full maturity or just on the decline pause a moment to recall
the friends of our youth now gone, and the sweet family ties now
broken, how the heart aches with the memory of hasty words or actions,
and vainly yearns for one more opportunity for the better performance
of our whole duty, in all love, fidelity, and patience! But

            “God ... pity us all
  Who vainly the dreams of youth recall;
  For of all sad words of tongue or pen,
  The saddest are these: _It might have been!_”




LXXX.

IN SUCH AN HOUR AS YE THINK NOT.


WHEN a young girl is called by the death of her mother to assume the
management of the family before her home education has been completed,
we know of very few cases which draw so largely on our sympathy. Grief
and depression for the loss of a mother is hard enough for the young
heart to endure; and added to this, it is no easy thing to accept the
responsibility of providing for the comforts of those thus thrown
upon her care. All the economical arrangements of the household, the
oversight of cooking, even when the labor is done by the hands of a
servant; the daily watchings to prevent miscalculations in marketing;
the neatness and regularity to be secured in every department,--may
seem light to an experienced matron, but are heavy burdens to be laid
upon a slight young girl. Yet all this is but a drop, compared with the
thought and anxiety she must feel in administering to the health and
happiness of her father and of the children, even younger than herself,
who will now turn to her for the care once so efficiently and promptly
given by the mother. And most likely, until trials came to her, the
daughter had never had cares or duties that demanded the exercise of
her independent judgment,--her mother being always near to direct and
decide.

A daughter may be ever so thoroughly instructed in all womanly
employments, yet if her mother retains the entire charge of every
portion of the household labor,--the child simply following as she is
bid,--there can be little opportunity for the development and exercise
of her individual judgment. She naturally prefers to lean on one ever
ready to relieve her from distasteful duties. This is, no doubt,
pleasant for both,--the mother is happy in shielding, the child happy
in freedom from care. But we doubt if it is wise or right, for often
“in such an hour as ye think not” all this must be changed. Frequently,
without a moment’s warning or time for preparation, the mother is taken
from her family. Ought she not to have furnished her child, by her
teachings, with that experience which, like a lamp trimmed and burning,
would guide her footsteps, enabling her, when this unlooked-for trial
came, to assume these responsibilities with comparative ease? We
believe that even at an early age it is best that some particular duty
should be committed to the care of every child, thus teaching them
self-reliance from the beginning of life, and accustoming even the
little ones to feel responsible for a certain amount of daily labor.
Of course, the mother will quietly watch that these small duties are
properly performed, but not openly, so that her child loses the sense
of real accountability, by knowing that “mother will see that it is
all right, even if I should neglect or make mistakes.” The mother must
_point out_ mistakes, but the child should always be made to _rectify_
them. The knowledge that doing work hastily or carelessly will only
be the cause of punishment by compelling her to do the work over and
over again, until it is right, is a great safeguard against contracting
careless habits. Lessons thus enforced do not often need repeating.

Little by little, as the child grows toward womanhood, let the mother
throw off some portion of her cares, teaching her daughters to
oversee or perform them correctly, and by so doing not only lighten
her own labors, but make such duties easy for her children in after
years, or if they should be called prematurely to the entire charge.
When daughters are old enough to become their mother’s companions,
they should also become joint partners in home and household
responsibilities. When out of school, divide the work so that every
other week the mother shall be entirely free from all care,--a guest
in the family; or if that is at first too great a tax on the young
partner, “take turns” in dividing the work,--the daughter one week
having the charge of the cooking, marketing, and arranging for each
meal entirely herself; the next week, of the dairy, if on a farm, or
the laundry or chamber- work. When each week is ended, the mother can
point out the failures, or recommend a better or easier way of doing
some particular thing; but unless advice or directions are asked, it is
far better that the young housekeeper should be left to her own skill
and judgment. For a few times this may not prove the best economy, but
in the end “it pays,” and with good interest. Of course, before this
plan can be carried into execution to any extent, the young lady has
served an apprenticeship, so far as to know, herself, that part of the
work which comes under her jurisdiction each week; and when practice
shall have made perfect, and the term of apprenticeship expires, it is
excellent discipline for a daughter to assume the reins entirely, for
a shorter or longer time, as health or pleasure may determine, subject
to such suggestions as may be deemed advisable. This arrangement gives
rest and liberty, if all her children are grown up, for the mother to
read, travel, or enjoy social life; as she could not do when they were
young and needing the mother’s care,--which should never be delegated
to another, unless compelled by ill health. This is a most valuable
training, by which the young housekeeper is prepared for a useful life,
or a happy home of her own some day.

We cannot but feel that of late years too large a proportion of care
and thought is bestowed by parents in educating their daughters to
shine in fashionable life,--in giving them an ornamental rather than a
solid, practical, or intellectual education. They dislike to keep their
children at close study, lest they should spoil their figures or their
eyes, and allow them to discard housework for fear their hands will
not be small and delicate enough to show to advantage at the piano, or
in a party. Music, painting, and dancing are all well enough in their
way,--some of them very important,--but should not be sought after to
the exclusion of the practical, and by no means the least important
part of a young girl’s education, and preparation for an active, useful
life. Many young ladies will not willingly accept these views; but it
is for the most part because mothers, out of mistaken fondness, do not
care to have them; or, as is too often the case, because they do not
like the drudgery, as they term it, of teaching the lessons in domestic
economy, so necessary to their future welfare,--an indolent or selfish
mode of setting aside heaven-ordained duties, for which a severe
reckoning may one day be demanded.




LXXXI.

GRUMBLING.


IT must be that a certain class of people find pleasure in
fault-finding and grumbling, or they would not search so industriously
for an opportunity to exercise their talents in this direction; or,
failing to secure a legitimate occasion, willfully manufacture one.
In the family, this habit is, unfortunately, often carried to a great
extent, even among those who are, undoubtedly, sincerely attached
to each other. The first word in the morning is usually a querulous
inquiry or complaint about some trivial thing which they merely
_suspect_ has been neglected or unsatisfactorily performed. They do
not take the trouble to inquire if their suspicions are well founded.
Such inquiry might deprive them of the luxury of grumbling. If it
were not so sad to hear the early morning hours thus desecrated, it
might furnish much amusement for a looker-on to notice how often these
unfortunates are caught in their own trap, and the fact made evident
to all that the foolish words were but the ebullition of arrogance and
irritability, having no foundation.

“My dear!” (you will notice that a _gentleman_ grumbler begins a
complaint with a strongly emphasized term of endearment,)--“my dear!
why could you not heed my request that our breakfast might be one
half-hour later this morning? I told you I was very tired, and needed a
little more rest. But it is useless for me to imagine you would deviate
from your rules one minute just for my comfort.”

“Why, Tom! how unreasonable you are! You are so in the habit of finding
fault, that you never stop to learn certainly if there is any cause
for dissatisfaction. Your breakfast is just three quarters of an hour
later than usual. I delayed it just as long as I could, expressly for
your comfort.”

“I said _half_ an hour, _not three quarters_. That was every minute I
could spare. Now, I shall be too late for some very important business.
But you are always interfering, as if I didn’t understand my own
business best!”

But when the grumbler has had a good cup of coffee or tea, and the
“inner man” is suitably refreshed by an abundant breakfast, he seems
to be in no great haste to attend to that important business; but has
leisure to look over the papers, play a moment with the children, and
can really speak gently to the one so rudely censured in the morning,
before his appetite was appeased.

“Now, I call this real cruel, John. I must go to market right off after
breakfast, because you forgot to bring home the marketing last night.
And I asked you so particularly; as we have company to dinner, I have
hardly time to get ready. But I might have known if I wanted anything
in season, tired or sick, I must always do it myself. It is really too
bad!”

“My dear! if I might slip in a word, I would like to inform you that I
_did_ bring home the marketing according to orders, and gave it to the
cook. You will doubtless find it in the store-closet.”

“O John! that’s just like you. Why couldn’t you have told me last
night? It wouldn’t have hurt you to have taken that trouble, I’m sure.”

“You had company, you recollect, when I came home. I had an errand to
do after tea, and you were fast asleep when I returned. What chance had
I to tell you?”

“You couldn’t have told me quietly, even if we had company, I suppose?”

“Why, child! how eager you are to find fault!”

“O, yes! of course I am the only one to blame.”

It is not necessary to multiply examples, though, we are sorry to
say, they could be brought from every class and position. But such
things are not pleasant to hear, and certainly do not look well on
paper. It is to be feared that we all have some germs of this same
malady,--enough, at least, to understand the symptoms, and warn us
to vigorous efforts to eradicate them. If allowed to take root, they
deface our own characters, and disturb, if not destroy, the comfort of
home. When parents indulge in this sin of grumbling, they cannot wonder
if their children follow their example, and even go beyond it. A whole
family of grumblers! what can be more wretched?

Another class, whose behavior at home is unexceptionable, spare their
families, reserving their grumbling for business hours, giving their
servants or clerks the discomfort that the first class lay by for home
consumption. There is hope for those. By and by some high-spirited
sufferer from their waspishness and fault-finding, having endured their
wearisome grumbling till patience is no longer a virtue, may teach
them a lesson, through their self-interest, that will perhaps prove
effectual.

But we have a few words to say of another class,--_grumbling
travelers_. At some of our hotel tables, where travelers “most do
congregate,” one can read a chapter of absurd and ridiculous weakness
to be found nowhere else. We have known people to sit down to a table
where we could find no occasion for complaint, and grumble loudly at
every individual article. Coffee, “horrid”; tea, “an insult to set
such stuff before any one”; soup, “too thick,” or “too thin”; and so
on through the whole bill of fare. Nothing set before them that was
not made a subject of criticism or rude comparison between the hotel
fare and the wonderful perfections of their own table. This habit of
fault-finding is, by a certain class, considered a certificate of
superiority which cannot fail to convince the public that they are
persons of wealth and high-standing at home. A mistaken idea. Even the
waiters at public tables, who, in consequence of the variety of guests
to whom they are called, are usually good judges of character, are not
deceived by this vain pretense; but many sly glances, that can only be
interpreted as contemptuous, may be detected; and as these complainers
leave the table, the waiters whisper to each other, as they pass to and
fro, “Shoddy,” with looks that cannot be misunderstood.

This class of travelers leave their homes, not for information and
improvement, but for the opportunity of grumbling, on a new and more
extensive scale than can be attained in their own families. They leave
home in search of some yet untried cause for grumbling, and by a long
stretch of conscience and imagination they contrive to find it, and
return with a large store of freshly gathered material, over which to
expatiate for some weeks, quite to the relief of their families.

All this kind of grumbling appears to us most unreasonable and
ridiculous; but if not inclined to find fault in any of the ways
mentioned, we are beginning to fear that every one meets some point in
life where he imagines dissatisfaction and complaint to be perfectly
justifiable. Something in their surroundings is out of joint. Their
most carefully laid plans and well-grounded expectations fail;
friends grow cold; where lies the fault? Is none of it with you? The
foundations of our worldly prosperity seem built on solid rock, but
they slide from under us. We take to our hearts one dearer than our own
life, and in an hour when we think not the bond is severed. Time and
again the cradle is left empty; or a sweet and loving spirit emerges
from it, and step by step grows toward clear companionship, when, as in
a moment, God calls, and we are left in sackcloth and ashes. We murmur
and repine,--God’s dealings appear so unequally distributed. In the
same vicinity one family grows up unbroken, from babyhood into vigorous
manhood, while another home is left desolate, and they cry out in their
anguish, “I do well to be angry.” They forget that God deals with his
children as they deal with the rich but uncultivated lands committed
to their care. What is more beautiful to the eye than a large grove of
wild orange-trees?--but how useless if left unimproved! Who complains
when their beauty, for the present, is destroyed, the trees cut back
and pruned till they stand bare and unsightly? But the buds and grafts
which have been introduced will soon start into new life, the branches
begin to shoot upward, and the sweet, pure blossoms and golden fruit
will clothe the tree, which a grumbler would have thought wholly
destroyed, with new beauty. The old beauty was defaced only that the
tree should, in the end, become fruitful, and thereby more gloriously
perfect than at first.

Yet we murmur when our wild orange groves are cut back, pruned, and
grafted, and the “seedlings” from our nurseries transplanted. We forget
that

  “Sweet fields beyond the swelling flood
    Stand dressed in living green,”

which are made more gloriously beautiful by every rare and precious
plant that our Father transplants from this beautiful but stormy earth
to his garden,

  “Where everlasting spring abides,
    And never withering flowers.”




LXXXII.

LITTLE FOXES SPOILING THE BELOVED VINE.


“A MOTHER” desires to know if she fails in discipline, or if her
children are more troublesome and difficult to manage than other
people’s. She has coaxed, reasoned, whipped; shut up in solitude, fed
them on bread and water, or confined them in a dark room; but all
appears to be ineffectual. They do nothing really _wicked_, in the
strict sense of that term; but they forget or disregard all rules or
commands, are mischievous and careless; boisterous and full of frolic
one day, to the neglect of every duty, and the next, quarrelsome,
irritable, and in every respect uncertain. This mother feels her
responsibility deeply, and with all her heart desires to bring her
children up in the right way, but is more and more conscious that she
fails in her efforts, and now feels disheartened and discouraged.

We judge the great trouble here is over-anxiety. Her children are
_governed too much_. It is not easy to lead young, conscientious
mothers to see this; but the grandmothers, profiting by their own
mistakes, see in these boisterous, careless, impressible children that
which, if not too closely pruned, will mature into strong, healthy men
and women; and in their irritability and disobedience they recognize
the effect of over-restraint, and too great repression of youthful,
exuberant, animal spirit, which, if slightly modified and gently led,
will be an invaluable assistance to these little ones in after life,
giving them strength and force of character to act well their part when
they enter in earnest on their life’s work. No doubt quiet, demure,
proper children would be the most desirable, just for the present
comfort of mothers or friends. Overtasked bodies and aching heads find
such children less troublesome. But it is not for present ease that
good mothers live. They look for their reward in the future usefulness
of their children, and “for the joy that is set before them” they
endure the cross like good soldiers.

Yet while striving, in all patience, self-sacrifice, and love, to make
your children happy in the formatory state, and at the same time teach
them better ways, you must also be on the watch for the foes without
and the foes within,--the “little foxes” that seek to destroy

    “The beloved vine
  Trusted to your tending
    By the One Divine.”

In no case be easy and lenient to that which is _sin_,--not merely
childish sport or thoughtlessness. Root up the smallest germ from
which mean, low, or wicked habits will spring, with a kind but
uncompromising firmness. You cannot guard your charge too closely
here; but be most scrupulously careful that you are not overhasty
in judging of the character of their faults, but have rightfully
distinguished between deliberate, intentional wrong-doing and childish
folly. Let your children feel that for the first you accept no excuse;
for the latter you are lenient, full of loving-kindness and tender
mercy. For disobedience that springs from stubbornness and a willful
determination to do that which is forbidden at all hazards, be not
cruel and harsh, but firm, and so severe that the child will have no
doubt of your resolution to destroy the evil by meeting each act with
quick retribution. Yet when compelled to punish, be so careful of your
own heart that your erring one cannot but see that you are severe from
no one emotion of anger, or because you are made uncomfortable, but
because God has committed them to your care, and will demand a strict
account of your stewardship. Be sure, in your dealings with your
children, that they have no difficulty in seeing that you recognize
a wide difference between overt sins and wrong done through childish
thoughtlessness and ignorance; and while you gently point out the
inconvenience and mischief apparent in consequence of their careless
acts, seek to make it plain to them that you restrain because you do
not like them to seek their sports and amusements selfishly, and at
the expense of others’ comfort. Before you decide that any act of your
children is really sinful and deserving punishment, examine and hear
all that can be said in excuse or palliation.

Then as to the mode of punishment, when it really becomes necessary,
we think the parents’ judgment ought to be the surest guide, as they
should better understand the characters they have to deal with. Some
children, when they find that punishment is sure to follow wrong-doing,
submit easily; others are resolute or defiant, and these traits should
decide the nature of such infliction as the parent finds unavoidable.
There are times with certain children when we think a sound whipping
the most curative process; while to others it would be so humiliating
as to irreparably injure the child’s character; but a whipping is
not needed once, where some young, inexperienced, but conscientious
parents employ it twenty times. Where it must be resorted to, let it be
sufficiently severe to make a repetition a thing to be dreaded; but, if
brutal, it is simply barbarity, not justice.

Never, under any circumstances, _strike a child on the head_ or _box
the ears_. That is the act of anger, and in general is practiced only
when the judgment is overruled by passion. Do not attempt to turn a
child from the “error of his ways” by any such heathenish means. No one
can judge at the time of the force of a blow dealt in anger; and though
done thoughtlessly, in a moment of irritation, it may bring life-long
suffering and sorrow. So, shutting up a child in a dark room, though
it may not appear at the time so barbarous, has often resulted in
the most painful, if not fatal injuries. Neither do we approve of
attempting to convert a child through its appetite; a dark room, a cup
of water, and a crust of bread savors too much of the inquisition or
the convict’s cell for Christian parents to imitate.

After all, each one must be a law unto himself. Another cannot give
special rules for any one; but there is one thing that it may be well
for every parent to bear in mind always, namely, that probably a large
proportion of the evil we find in our children is but the continuation
or increase of our own faults, unheeded while they were our own.
And this should teach us great caution, great love and gentleness
in governing our little imitators. Mrs. Mary Crann, some years ago,
published some pretty verses on “The Little Foxes,” which spoil our
“beloved vines.” They are very touching, because so true, and mothers
cannot fail to read them with deep feeling, and with full hearts
thank the author who in these lines gives utterance to the sorrow and
self-condemnation which so often oppress them, when their own faults
and failings look at them through their little ones. We think we cannot
do better than to finish by giving our readers the whole poem:--

  “Little foxes, spoiling
    The beloved vine
  Trusted to my tending
    By the One Divine.
  Little foxes, wherefore
    Have ye entrance found
  To the vine so precious
    Growing in my ground?

  “Have ye leaped the fences?
    Have ye climbed the wall?
  Were there tiny openings?
    Ye are very small,
  And ye can creep slyly
    Through a tiny space;
  But I thought I closed up
    Every open place.

  “And I watched by daytime,
    And I watched by night,
  For the vine you’re spoiling
    Is my heart’s delight!
  I have kept the earth-worm
    From its precious root;
  I have trimmed its branches,
    But they bear no fruit.

  “For the little foxes
    Have assailed the vine,
  Trusted to my tending
    By the One Divine;
  And though I’ve been faithful
    Since its birthday morn,
  They were in the garden
    When the babe was born.

  “For they are the failings
    That I would not see
  When they were _my_ failings,
    When they dwelt in me;
  Little faults unheeded,
    That I now despise;
  For my baby took them
    With my hair and eyes.

  “And I chide her often,
    For I know I must.
  But I do it always
    Bowed down to the dust,
  With a face all crimsoned
    With a burning blush,
  And an inward whisper
    That I cannot hush.

  “And sometimes it seemeth
    Like the voice of God,
  And it says, ‘Poor coward,
    Using now the rod
  On a child’s frail body,
    Till I hear it moan,
  And see its soft flesh quiver
    For a sin thine own.’

  “O my Father, pity,
    Pity and forgive;
  Slay the little foxes
    I allowed to live
  Till they left the larger
    For the smaller vine,
  Till they touched the dear life,
    Dearer far than mine.

  “O my Father, hear me,
    Make my darling thine,
  Though I am so human,
    Make her all divine!
  Slay the little foxes,
    That both vines may be
  Laden with fruit worthy
    To be offered thee!”




LXXXIII.

WASTE NOT--WANT NOT.


MANY, particularly among the young, associate economy and frugality
with meanness, ungenerousness, and a churlish, disobliging disposition.

“There would be no pleasure or comfort in living,” said a young
lady, when a friend was endeavoring to show her the desirableness
of “counting cost,” before entering upon any extravagant
expenditures,--“there would be no comfort in living, if I must stop
and consider the price,--adding up at every step, and deliberating
upon the sum total before I dared to make a purchase; to say every
minute, ‘Can I afford this?’ or, ‘Can I manage to do without that?’ To
compel myself to study how I could alter over an old garment, how to
change the trimmings so as to hide such piecing as must be done, before
I could bring the article into usable shape, and at the same time
preserve a genteel appearance; to pick up pins and needles, buttons
and strings, keeping before my mind all the time the idea of economy
and saving, in everything, small as well as great! Pshaw! I should
feel so mean. I should despise myself, and think all my acquaintances
would despise me also. I’d sooner spend what I have in a free-and-easy
manner, taking what pleasure I could in it, as long as it lasted, and,
when all was gone, go to the poorhouse or die! I do really think so.”

A change of cars took them away, and we do not know what reply was
made to this speech; but from it we thought one could, without
uncharitableness, form a pretty correct estimate of the speaker’s
character and probable future. She may not end in the poorhouse, though
that would not be the most unlikely thing that could happen; but if she
marries, the heart of her husband cannot safely trust in her, and her
children will not rise up and call her blessed. Waste and extravagance
go hand in hand, and happiness and comfort do not walk with them. Those
whom they beguile become selfish, seeking their own gratification,
regardless of the interests of others.

It is possible that parents often err in their mode of inculcating
economy, and, while striving to enforce its practice, render the whole
subject, and every idea connected with it, distasteful by overmuch
teaching. However that may be, for some reason the young appear to
look upon it as something to be shunned, feeling that they would “lose
caste,” if they even spoke of it, and to attempt to practice it would
shut them out from certain acquaintances as something quite inferior.
So, if compelled to economize, they do it secretly, while they think
of it as an evil to be deplored. All their little devices to “keep up
appearances,” and bring their surroundings into harmony with their more
wealthy neighbors, they shrink from having known, as from real disgrace
or guilt; whereas the ingenuity displayed is something often worthy
of much praise, if used openly, without regard to foolish criticisms.
Those who have the _gift_ to practice a judicious economy, to save
carefully, because it is _right_, and not from a niggardly, miserly
desire to hoard,--in household affairs, in dress, or in anything that
comes under their care,--are endowed with a talent for which they may
well be proud, and which is recognized by all sensible people as most
desirable, even by those who are placed in circumstances where the
closest watchfulness and care may not be a necessity.

But it is not merely as matter of necessity that we wish to direct
the attention of all good housekeepers to the duty of thrift and
carefulness in the management of their affairs. We do not think the
poor, or those merely in moderate circumstances, should be allowed to
monopolize all the pleasure which, if rightly viewed, can be secured
by a frugal use and proper economy of the good things of this world
that may be placed at our disposal. The rich have an equal right with
the poor to share in this pleasure. A proper education, presenting
this subject in the true light, will show conclusively that the more
abundant the riches, the greater will be the satisfaction derived from
proper discretion and judgment in the use and distribution of them. The
good one can do, the large amount of personal happiness to be secured
by the good done, would be sufficient motives, even if there were no
higher, for strict watchfulness against waste, even in the smallest
item. If one has the means, and recognizes the greater convenience
of making purchases in large quantities, there is no degradation in
doing it _because_ it is also the better economy. But because they
have bought by the wholesale, and filled their store-rooms with large
and generous supplies, they must not feel that they have nothing to
do but fold their hands and allow others to scatter their stores
recklessly and without judgment. Making the purchases and seeing them
carefully put in place is by no means the end of their duty. They are
but stewards of God’s bounties, and a steward may not relax his care.
If a lady can afford to keep a housekeeper, and is willing to submit
to the rule and tyranny of one, rather than burden herself with the
entire charge of a house, we can only say, “There is no accounting for
tastes,” and will not presume to doubt her right to do so; but even
then, after having thrown off the supervision of the household, and all
the details connected with its care, we believe every one should still
retain sufficient responsibility to be sure that the housekeeper is
faithful, capable, and willing at all times to render a satisfactory
account of her stewardship; and the mistress should be able to know,
also, by these accounts, if she is true to her trust. If this was
generally understood to be the rule with all, there would be less
unfaithful stewardship, less defalcation in the household certainly, if
not everywhere else.

But the injury done to subordinates by extravagance is one of the
worst features of this evil. Our servants are quick imitators, and if
the mistress is easy and careless in her expenditures, the maid soon
learns to follow her example, and so will waste the material put into
her hands. It does not take long to teach one of the improvident class,
from which our servants usually come, a lesson which not only leads her
to be careless of the property of others, even when she has no thought
or intention of being dishonest, but wholly unfits her for saving her
own earnings or managing a home of her own. Hence we see all around us
those who have lived in wealthy families marrying, with no knowledge
of providing for a family, or of using the little they have with
economy. So they sink down, year after year, into deeper poverty and
wretchedness; ending, perhaps, in the poorhouse; when if the lessons
learned in their employer’s house had been those of true economy, they
might now be living in neat and comfortable homes.




LXXXIV.

MAKING CAKE AND PASTRY.


ONE of our young friends, speaking of her troubles, says:--

“I must have cake in the house, but shrink from the attempt to make
it; and in my brief experience in housekeeping have, so far, depended
on the bake-shops; for I know nothing about such work, and won’t let
my girl see me trying it, lest she find out what a novice her mistress
is. If I should put all the materials for my cake together, in the most
careful manner, and when it is taken from the oven find that it was not
good, _I_ should not know if the failure arose from my want of skill in
preparing it, or from my girl’s carelessness in baking it; but _she_
would doubtless know whose the fault was, and I am dreadfully afraid it
would prove to have been my own. I don’t understand much about cooking,
and still less, I fear, how to judge of the quality of the materials I
must use in cooking.”

In the first place, bear in mind always, in purchasing, that it is
cheaper in the end to buy _the best_, and in no one article is this
so manifest as in flour. Get the best in market, even if you pay an
extra price, and notice the _brand_. Try the flour faithfully, and if
it proves satisfactory, “make a note of it,” and continue to furnish
yourself with that kind, unless, after a few times, you find it
deteriorates.

Good flour will adhere, slightly pressed together in the hand; and when
you unclasp your hand, the _lines_ in the palm will be plainly seen on
the flour you have held so tightly. Dough from good flour will not be
a clear, blue white, but yellowish, and, when well kneaded, will not
stick to the hand.

We should have said, in the first place, by inquiries and observation
secure a good, honest, reliable grocer,--one who will truly endeavor
to serve you with the best; having satisfied yourself that you can
trust him, you will find his judgment will assist you out of many
uncertainties, until you have, by experience, learned to trust your own.

The same rule for buying holds good of all groceries. _Buy the best._
You will save money and insure comfort by it. There is no more economy
in buying cheap sugar than cheap flour. A barrel of pure, clear,
granulated sugar will last longer, and in the end be cheaper, than any
of the coffee or brown sugars.

Before collecting your materials for making cake or pies, see that your
stove or range is in good order; the grate shaken free from ashes; all
the fuel needed for the cooking added and burning clear. Be careful
that no doors or windows are opened, so that the air will blow across
the stove. No oven can bake well if this is not prevented, or if the
sun shines across it. We all know that if this happens, the coal will
soon look whitish, instead of burning clear and lively.

Having the fire and oven in a proper condition, you can now prepare for
making bread, cake, or pastry. Of course you will have a large, clean
apron, and _fold, not push_, your sleeves back above the elbow. A sack
apron, with high neck and short sleeves, made long and full enough to
cover the dress, is a great convenience, for if suddenly called from
your work you can throw it off easily, leaving your dress in a neat,
presentable condition. A close net cap drawn over the head will prevent
loose hairs falling into your work, and should be more used than is
common. A basin of water and a clean towel close by are necessary, so
that you need not be obliged to stop in the midst of your work to get
it in case of any mishap. Put everything you will need on the table.
Be sure that all utensils are always put away clean, so that, when
they are next wanted, you will not be hindered to do more than wipe
them free from the dust which may have gathered upon them. Scrupulous
neatness about all your cooking-utensils should never be forgotten.
If iron, tin, wood, or earthen vessels are set aside without being
scrubbed perfectly clean and wiped dry, you will waste much time when
next they are needed, aside from risking a moldy or rusty taste in your
food.

A good-sized bread or molding-board, white and clean, perfectly dry
and smooth, should be placed on the table. It keeps the flour, sugar,
etc. that may fall, from the table, and is readily lifted, with all the
soiled dishes on it, to the sink for washing,--thus saving much litter
and many steps. Learn to cook without gathering a large number of
things about; after a little practice, you will be surprised to see how
few things are really needed, and how much confusion and how many steps
can be avoided by a little management.

In making cake, dry and sift the flour, roll the sugar, if at all lumpy
(granulated sugar will not lump), and put it in separate bowls or pans.
Wash the butter, for cake or pastry, and put it into ice-water; weigh
or measure the sugar and milk needed. Raisins should be stoned, the
citron cut in thin slices, and currants washed and picked over, covered
closely, and put away in a cool place the night before they are needed.

These materials all collected, butter the pans. If for cake, line them
with clean white paper, well buttered. Use butter, instead of lard or
drippings, as they may give an unpleasant taste to the under crust.
Cake baked in butter-lined pans does not burn so readily on the bottom.
If the cake does not require long baking, unbuttered paper will answer,
as it will peel off readily when the cake is cool. Have some clean
paper at hand to cover the top of the cake, if it begins to scorch.

The white paper used to print our newspapers on is as good for
buttering and lining cake pans as the more expensive letter-paper,
and is also very nice to cover shelves with, or lay in the bottoms of
drawers. Two or three dozen sheets will last a good while, be of little
expense, and very convenient for many purposes.

Eggs that are to be used in cake should be put into cold water in
summer, while you are making your preparations, until ready to use
them. Then break each one separately into a cup, to see if it is good;
but by breaking all into the dish you beat them in, you risk ruining
the whole by one bad egg. If good, turn it into the dish, and proceed
the same way with the others. Have your nutmegs grated, and all other
spices ready.

These preliminaries attended to, (and it takes but a few minutes to
have all in readiness when you have done it rightly and methodically,)
begin to put the materials together. First beat the butter and sugar
together, till white and creamy; then beat the eggs,--the yelks and
whites separately always, as whites require longer beating than yelks.
Strain the yelks after beating, and add to them well-beaten butter and
sugar; then the spices; stir in the flour gradually, before using the
sweet or sour milk needed. If you use soda and cream of tartar, the
latter should be sifted with the flour, and the soda, dissolved in cool
milk or water,--never in hot water,--should be added after the milk.
If _prepared flour_ is used, no soda or cream of tartar can be put in
at all. Beat the batter very light, flour the currants and raisins and
stir in; then add the whites, beaten stiff, the last thing. After they
are added, the batter must not be beaten hard,--only enough to have it
thoroughly incorporated with the dough. In beating the whites, do not
stop after you begin till quite stiff, else they will “go back,” and
then they will not come up light again.

In raised cake, put in the fruit, rolled in flour, just before you put
the cake into the oven. Spread it over the top lightly, and press it in
but a little way, else it will all sink to the bottom and be worthless.

Only practice and watchfulness can teach you how to judge correctly
when cake, bread, etc., are done. If ever so perfectly made, it will
be heavy if taken from the oven before being thoroughly baked. When
obliged to turn pans round in the oven, do not move them roughly, and
never, if possible, take cake, bread, or biscuit out of the oven to
turn. The air striking on them will make them heavy and solid.

Cake made with sour milk or buttermilk should be put into the oven the
moment it is put together, unless, like cookies or hard gingerbread, it
is to be molded or rolled. In that case it is quite as good to be kept
overnight or for some hours before baking.

In making pastry use the best butter you can find. Poor butter is bad
enough anywhere, but nowhere so detestable as in pastry. If made with
lard it looks nicer, but is by no means so good, and certainly much
more hurtful than when shortened with two thirds more butter than lard.
Use the hands as little as possible in making pastry; either rub in the
shortening quickly, or chop it into the flour, so as not to heat it by
your hands, particularly in warm weather. Wet always with cold water,
and in summer with ice-cold water. Don’t touch it with your hands after
you are ready to put in the water, but stir together with a knife
quickly and lightly, turning it at once upon the board and roll out.
Molding will make it tough. Bake in a moderately hot oven to a delicate
brown. If scorched or hard baked, it will be bitter and disagreeable.
If your oven does not bake so well at the bottom as at the top, the
bottom crust will be very heavy and unhealthy.

Before rolling out, let your pastry stand on the ice, or in a cold
place for an hour, as it makes it much more flaky.

In making puddings, some advise beating both whites and yelks together
and then straining them. We prefer to beat separately, straining the
yelks. The milk for most pies should be boiled, in which case the eggs
must be added the last thing, and after the milk has become cool.

In batter puddings, only a little milk should be added to the flour
at a time, and all the lumps beaten out smoothly before adding more,
if you would have a light batter. When berries of any kind are put
into batter pudding, they should be rolled in flour and added to the
batter the last thing, or they will not mix well, and will settle to
the bottom and be heavy. One third more flour is requisite for a batter
pudding with fruit than when plain, except with cherries. They need
only a little more.

If you have no tin pudding-boiler, a bowl, with a thick cloth tied
tightly over, answers very well, or a thick tow or “butcher’s linen”
square cloth. If a cloth is used, wring it out of cold water, and
then sprinkle or spread flour over. Tie the cloth or bag very tight,
but allow room to swell; plunge at once into a pot of boiling water,
which must be kept constantly boiling until the pudding is done, or
it will be poor and watery. Replenish the water as it wastes, by
pouring boiling water from the teakettle into the pot. If there is
fruit in the pudding, it should be turned over four or five times the
first half-hour; if plain batter, turn it over when it has boiled ten
minutes, or the flour will settle.

When done, a boiled pudding must be plunged into cold water a moment,
to make it separate from the cloth easily. In cutting a boiled pudding,
dip the knife in hot water for a minute, or lay it on the sides of the
pudding till warm, and you can cut it without making it heavy.

Old housekeepers will think these hints quite needless, but letters
daily received show them to be very much needed by the young, with whom
in a short time we intend to have another quiet talk, from which the
old folks may retire.




LXXXV.

AS THY DAY SO SHALL THY STRENGTH BE.


FROM those who seek counsel or consolation we receive many letters
which we would gladly excuse ourselves from answering, by the plea that
such topics come not under our supervision. But we cannot feel that
words for “The Household” mean only information about the washing,
cooking, and house-cleaning,--simply those things which belong to the
temporal state and bodily comfort. We are compelled to attach a broader
meaning to that word _household_. All the joys and sorrows, the hopes
and fears, all the perplexities and anxieties which the _mother_, even
more than the _mistress_, must accept when she assumes her position
as the head of the home circle, cluster around the word and rise
before her each hour of the day, if she conscientiously tries to do
her duty. Not alone the health and bodily comfort of those who compose
her kingdom, but their life-long usefulness and eternal happiness, are
committed to her watchful care, and may be wrecked by one false step,
one unguarded act, one ill-tempered word or unjust suspicion. Ah, to
attempt to trace her responsibility through all the life that lies
before her is overwhelming if she has not learned to feel that “as her
day so shall her strength be”!

At times the mother’s life is full of brightness and joyousness;
again, she sinks to the depths of despondency, or trembles with wild
forebodings as her multiplying duties rise up before her, and she
realizes how many conflicting characters and dispositions are depending
on her for guidance. Nowhere does she feel this so keenly as in the
care of her children. The consciousness of ignorance or inability to
judge correctly, to act judiciously, so as to meet the wants of each
child and be just to all, oppresses her. If all were alike, so that one
code of laws, one well-digested line of action, would be as appropriate
to the whole as to each individual case, the responsibility of rearing
a family would be far less oppressive.

But there are no two the same. Each differs so widely in taste,
disposition, and habits, that it necessitates as many modes of
management as there are children in the family. One is loving and
gentle. The parents need but express a wish, and, through the
affections, the child finds its greatest pleasure in yielding its own
wishes to secure theirs. Another is timid and sensitive to the last
degree. A sharp “word at random spoken,” or ill-advised censure, may
have “eternal power through life to wound,” because this very timidity
induces a habit of reticence and concealment; the child preferring to
endure the pain, rather than go through the ordeal of an explanation or
justification; and the next one may be too proud to attempt it, both
coming to the same results through widely different peculiarities.

One is bold and outspoken; another carelessly, recklessly happy,
forgetting or neglecting all the rules of home in the overflowing
joyousness of living; another is so under the influence of
approbativeness, that to please and be approved, crowd independent,
manly action out of sight; and the mother is too happy, if the power of
this peculiarity does not too often draw the child beyond the bounds of
strict honor and truthfulness.

And so through a large family you may look in vain for two so similar
in character that, by taking that course which proves best for one, you
may safely guide the other by it.

A mother of eight children, whose faith is wellnigh exhausted, who is
cast down and wholly discouraged, thinks she would gladly die to escape
the great responsibility of managing them; and this responsibility
is growing greater and greater each year, as her boys and girls are
leaving babyhood behind, and rapidly springing up toward manhood and
womanhood. While they were little she enjoyed every moment, never
feeling the care a burden. By and by one was taken from her, and for a
while she refused to be comforted, till the Saviour spake and drew her
to him.

But while she has evidently learned to _believe_ in Jesus, we think she
has not yet learned to _trust_. After her conversion, the sense of her
obligations to lead her children by the strait and narrow road has, we
think, pressed very heavily upon her, and she is in danger, not only of
hedging the path so closely as to render it distasteful, and to drive
them from it, but is also depriving herself of all the joy she might
possess by their true and loving companionship. She becomes alarmed at
every act which teaches her that her children are but mortal, and sees
in it evidence conclusive that they are rapidly going to destruction.

She comes to us for counsel and asks, “Is it because I am so sinful or
so incompetent, that I do not succeed better in teaching my dear ones
to forsake the evil and choose only the good? They are loving and kind;
but if their hearts are not entirely astray from God, why do they so
constantly forget all I try to teach them, and do those things which
they know I think wrong? Did you ever feel discouraged and almost
hopeless?”

Yes, O yes! And voluntarily threw away half the comfort every mother
is entitled to when her children are young and ever with her. Anxious
mothers never fully remember the days of their own youth, or realize
that half of what they call sin is but the overflow of bright, young
spirits, ready to effervesce and sparkle a little beyond the strict
lines that the mother, in her more sedate years, has marked out as the
proper bounds. Then mothers are so full of apprehension, so easily
alarmed! “The evils of this life appear like rocky precipices,--rugged
and barren when seen at a distance”; and they are sure their children
will stumble and fall, and be destroyed by them. But wait and _trust_.
When the great pressure of present care is somewhat lifted, and the
children, one by one, go out from your immediate influence, and little
grandchildren rise up about you,--for whom, though you dearly love
them, you do not feel the full responsibility,--you will find on a
nearer approach to these “rocky precipices” which so frightened you,
“that there are many fruitful spots and refreshing springs mixed with
the harshness and deformities of nature.” And remember, above all
things, that it is folly to add all the possible cares and burdens of
the _future_ to those which can come to you only day by day.

  “Does each day upon the wing
  Its allotted burden bring?
  Load it not besides with sorrow
  Which belongeth to the morrow.
  Strength is promised, strength is given,
  When the heart by God is riven;
  But _foredate_ the day of woe,
  And _alone_ thou bear’st the blow.

  “One thing only claims thy care:
  Seek thou first, by faith and prayer,
  That all-glorious world above,--
  Scene of righteousness and love;
  And, whate’er thou need’st below,
  He thou trustest will bestow.”




LXXXVI.

WHAT WE KNOW NOT NOW WE SHALL KNOW HEREAFTER.


STRANGE how natural it is for each individual to feel that there are
no troubles, no sorrows, so severe as his own! How ready we are to
feel that if the lessons our Father is teaching us were such as others
around us were learning, we could surely bear them with fortitude!

The mother whom we spoke of in the last article, like many more who
fully understand her difficulties,--for they are passing over the same
rough road,--felt her trust and faith failing; yea, would “gladly
lie down and die,” before half her threescore years and ten were
accomplished, might she escape the responsibility of teaching her
children, and using her best faculties (no one is asked to do any more)
to train them up into noble men and women. The task appeared so hard,
the way so long, and her faith so weak!

Now another mother claims, at least, our fullest sympathy,--a Rachel,
“mourning for her children, and refusing to be comforted, because they
are not.” One after another has been taken from her, and each one at
“the most interesting age.”

When is this “most interesting” age? Can a mother draw the line? In
early babyhood the precious gift nestles in her bosom, and lives
entirely through her life,--so dependent on her for every care and
comfort, that no one else can attempt to supply her place. Utterly
helpless as the babe is, when the mother realizes how necessary to its
life is her ceaseless watchfulness, can there be any period when it
will be so interesting, so dear to her heart, as now, in this state of
complete dependence?

But slowly it emerges from this helpless condition. Its first
recognition, its first smiles and playfulness, are all bewitching. What
can be more lovely? A few weeks pass, and it can sit alone; then it
begins to creep; now, with what absorbing interest the first steps are
watched, and commented upon with a pride and earnestness as if no child
ever did all these things before. The mother’s heart is overflowing
with love and tenderness; but God calls, and the lovely babe is forever
hid from her sight.

How can she bear it? Whose sorrow was ever like unto hers? Why is
it that God has sent this trial? What lesson can be taught by it,
that will do half the good which that child’s presence would have
accomplished? What is there in the care, the anxieties of watching over
its maturing, which can be thought a hardship? How joyfully would this
mother bear all this, if the life of her child might have been spared!
She longs to lie down and die, not because of the responsibility which
she knows would have increased with every added year,--she could have
trusted her Father to give her strength sufficient for those duties.
Her faith and trust fail, because God took her child from her, and in
her anguish she cries, “Why am I thus bereaved?” In answer to these
sad questions we can only say, “What ye know not now ye shall know
hereafter.” In the first bitterness of this grief, there is nothing
more to be said.

Another little one is given to soothe the mother. She watches it with
trembling heart, through all the stages that her first-born had passed.
Every unusual motion, every cry the child utters, fills her heart with
alarm; some fresh cause for fear is found daily. But the little one
thrives, has reached and passed all the points of deep interest which
once before the mother watched with such pride. Now it begins to lisp
her name, and shortly its cunning prattle is the theme of constant
thought and conversation. When she rises in the morning,--at the table,
by the fireside,--it is again and again repeated, a many-times-told
tale, but always fresh, always new and beautiful. The mother has
nothing else with which to entertain the friends who call, and truly
believes that nothing could be told so new or so pleasing. In her
absorbing delight over each new grace and beauty that is day by day
developing, has she always remembered the Giver of her treasure? or,
has her love become idolatry?

Again death enters, and just as the mother has begun to feel secure,
her darling is snatched away from her. In this hour of anguish, what
can comfort? Her heart rises up in rebellion, and she sees only cruelty
in this second stroke. In her despair she accuses God wrongfully. She
demands the reason why, “What evil have I done, that I am bereaved of
my children?” And friends can only weep with her, saying, “What ye know
not now ye shall know hereafter!”

We grieve with you, poor stricken mother. We know every step of the
thorny road you are crossing; but do not allow these trials to make
your heart grow cold and bitter. You say, “I see nothing but injustice
in these dispensations which have left my home so desolate. Another
child has been given us, but I am trying to steel my heart against it,
for anything I love is taken from me.”

This is all wrong. You say that your husband is kind, and bearing his
own sorrow for the loss of the little one silently, that he may comfort
you. Should you not remember that he has been equally bereaved, and may
need your sympathy? “Bear ye one another’s burdens,” and by so doing
will you not find strength to rise above this affliction, so far that
you can perform your duties with comfort, if not with cheerfulness?
You say you have no pleasure in the little one still left you. May
it not have been sent as a ministering spirit, to awaken in your
heart a deeper love and gratitude for the mercies that still surround
you, and bring you nearer to the Father, who often “wounds to heal,
afflicts to save”? There are trials harder to bear than those which
seem to have so nearly crushed you. When, instead of the prattle and
frolic of babyhood, the child becomes old enough to be taught how to
assist the mother in various ways,--begins to read and study, showing
a mind rapidly maturing, giving promise of no common strength of
character,--do you not see that it must become even more precious with
each new development? Yet when incurable disease fastens upon it, and
the parents see their bright and joyous child slowly but surely fading
from their home, is not this a heavier calamity than when our little
ones are taken from their cradles after only a few days of suffering?

We have seen a mother for months hold back her tears, and minister to
the wants of the sufferer; and, hardest of all, sit by the bedside and
listen to the child’s anxious questionings,--soothing its fears, when
knowing that it is just entering the dark valley; singing of the peace
and joys that lie beyond; step by step, as death came nearer, leading
this child of her love down even to the banks of the “river that flows
close by the throne of God,” that when its timid feet touch the waters
she may herself almost lay the child into the Saviour’s arms, who is
waiting to receive and bless it. In this, cannot you imagine that there
is a depth of anguish which you have not yet fathomed? As our children
grow toward manhood and womanhood with promise of rich maturity,
does not our love grow with their growth, and strengthen with their
strength? When their education is just completed, and they are almost
ready to begin life’s work, if taken from us, is not the loss greater,
the desolation more appalling, than that which you have known?

But your sorrow, though yet unsanctified, must be, to us, held sacred
from severe judgment. Nature will rule for a time, and may compel
utterance for which you can hardly be held responsible. We only
fear that your grief may become morbid and your heart refuse to see
the silver lining which may be discerned in every cloud. Why these
afflictions have been sent we cannot tell. Our Father sees when our
hearts have turned from their allegiance, and knows best what sharp
lessons will be necessary to bring us back to him. He may see that your
love has blinded you to the solemn duties that rest upon you, and to
save the children from the effects of injudicious indulgence, may have
taken them to himself, and by their loss design to draw you nearer.

Some lines, sent us by Mrs. Crann, the author of “Little Foxes,” will
show you more clearly what we would convey than any words of ours:--

  “We sat within a lighted room,
    My baby boy and I;
  But empty were my loving arms,
    Where he was wont to lie
  And look up fondly in my face,
    For pretty toys were near;
  And, though I called him lovingly,
    The darling would not hear.

  “I yearned to clasp him to my heart,
    But wooed him all in vain;
  To leave his play and come to me
    Would give him too much pain.
  I took the candle in my hand,
    And, with a breath of air,
  Extinguished its soft, cheerful light,
    And made all darkness there.

  “And soon I heard a sweet-toned voice,
    To which I love to hark,
  Cry, ‘Mother, take me in your arms!
    I’m frightened in the dark!’
  And then I caught the sweet boy up,
    And felt him clasp me tight,
  And knew that I was needed then,
    Because there was no light.

  “And as my darling grew in years,
    The brightness of my joy
  Made me adore our Father less
    Than I adored my boy.
  He called me in a tender tone,--
    His voice is always mild,--
  But I refused to go to Him,
    And played on with my child.

  “And then He blew my candle out
    By stopping Harry’s breath;
  And in the anguish of that grief,
    The darkness of that death,
  I cried out in a trembling voice,
    And with an aching brow,
  ‘I’m coming to thee, O my God!
    For my heart needs thee now.’”




LXXXVII.

UNTIL DEATH DO US PART.


“A WIFE” writes that she has three children; has been married eight
years, and thinks it would be pleasant to be relieved from all
home cares, and travel for a few months. Her mother would take her
children home, so that she could feel perfectly at ease about them,
but her husband objects. He cannot possibly go with her, and though
it would be much pleasanter to have him accompany her, yet she could
go with friends, who would give her every attention. Her husband is
abundantly able to afford her this pleasure, but objects to her leaving
him,--“having his home broken up, and his children separated from him”
(sensible man!). “He endeavors to persuade her to be contented at home
until by and by he can take wife and children on this pleasure trip.”

Now she declares that she has no faith in these _by and byes_, with
which husbands seek to keep their wives from enjoying the present,
by promises for the future. She thinks him unreasonably selfish, and
feels that she would be justified in cutting loose from such bondage
occasionally, and taking her pleasure, as she constantly sees so many
other ladies doing.

We are pained with the whole tone of this letter, of which we give
but a few lines. Notwithstanding her complaints and fault-finding,
the writer cannot hide the fact that, from her own showing, she has a
pleasant home, an indulgent husband, and wealth sufficient to obviate
any necessity for labor or care, more than is required to superintend
her domestic affairs, and look after her children, as every mother and
housekeeper pledges herself to do when she enters the marriage state.
It is natural that her husband should object to her leaving him for
months, deprive him of his children, and disorganize his home, for her
own gratification.

“_Until death do us part_,” the promise reads: not simply for a few
years, at the end of which time the whole domestic economy may become
deranged simply for personal pleasure, apart from the family.

We see nothing that this dissatisfied woman has to complain of, but
are inclined to think she has been infected with those pernicious
doctrines which have led to loud complaints about women,--defrauded
of her _rights_, woman’s cruel subjugation,--doctrines with which we
have less and less patience, because we see more and more clearly the
mistakes and mischief which have sprung and will continue to spring
from them, unless the “plague is stayed.” No doubt many a woman is
oppressed and treated unkindly, often cruelly, and made to feel that
she is placed by her husband in a subordinate position, instead of
reigning _with_ him over their home,--his other self with equal rights
and power, as is only meet,--having charge of one department, while
he takes another for which his stronger organization and peculiar
masculine abilities are better adapted. The husband to superintend the
outside, severer duties: the wife as God prepared her to be, the mother
watching over infancy, and through those duties made less physically
strong, but giving grace and refinement to the home, which, without
her,--under masculine supervision,--would degenerate into coarseness
and inelegance.

We know there are many overtaxed, broken-down women who by kindness and
just appreciation might have been saved, and remained altogether lovely
and refined, making their homes like Paradise before the fall.

There are also many broken-down men, dispirited, uneasy of life, ruined
by the frivolity, irritability, and extravagance of their wives, whom
a refined, sensible, loving woman, would have redeemed and made happy,
noble, and godlike.

We imagine the rights and the wrongs are about equally divided on
either side. The deceitfulness of the human heart, the natural
depravity, unsubdued, left to run wild and ungoverned, seeking
not the peace and happiness of the chosen partner, but their own
selfish gratification, has changed many a noble man into a reckless,
uncomfortable, unprincipled husband, or an arbitrary and harsh domestic
tyrant. And the same selfish indulgence and unregulated passions have
also changed many a woman, capable of shining in her appropriate
sphere as mother, or home refiner, into an irritable, unsatisfied
fireside torment.

But this is wandering from the main point, through a train of thoughts
very naturally evoked by the perusal of the letter referred to. We
believe many homes are injured and much dissatisfaction and unhappiness
occasioned by the greatly increased disposition to travel; roaming
each year away from home, and too frequently without the companionship
which should naturally be secured. A man is often compelled by business
to be absent from home for weeks, or even months, to go abroad, and
frequently when it would be impossible for him to take his wife with
him. Often one _must_ go for health, while it is important that the
other should remain at home to look after their common interests.
These are misfortunes which cannot be avoided, and must be borne from
necessity, not from choice.

But when we see either _desiring_ to roam, “to go a pleasuring” alone,
when both cannot go, we wonder at the folly which is laying the
foundation for bitter regret in later years. The marriage ceremony
is but a mockery, if the two who exchange vows are not expecting to
find their chief earthly joys in each other’s society. But when they
can bring their minds to a separation of weeks or months, just for
pleasure, we think they little dream of the heartaches they are laying
up in store for one another.

Keep together while you can. Death will sever the bond, all too soon,
or sickness compel absence, full of fear and sad forebodings. It is
impossible for a husband and wife to be absent from each other often,
even for a few weeks at a time, without finding little changes on their
return. Every one has some peculiarities of character and disposition
which are not exactly congenial; but if married young, before habits
or traits are fixed past change, all these little infelicities are
softened or lost sight of in daily communion, and man and wife
assimilate, and grow more and more of one heart and one mind, if
happily mated. But let these separations, even of short duration, once
begin, and they soon grow apart. The natural traits and dissimilarities
which constant association have held dormant wake up, and are less and
less easily lulled to sleep after each separation.

We think women are more injured by this roving than men. The latter
are seldom long absent, except on business, with no leisure for
pleasure-seeking while away; and in their necessarily rapid traveling,
the hurry, the annoyance, the loss of creature comforts, which are
found in greater perfection at home, are more felt, and usually the
comforts and luxuries of their own fireside are more fully appreciated
on their return. In the whirl of business while absent, they have
little temptation to take up any unusual line of thought or action. But
a woman, unless she _must_ go for her health, more frequently travels
to have a “good time,” throwing aside all cares, instead of taking them
with her as her husband does. In this freedom, she at once enters upon
a mode of life altogether different from that which a wife, mother,
or housekeeper can have at home. Her love of nicety and order is less
disturbed when she has only herself to care for; and a selfish habit,
a feeling of entire independence, is easily established, so that when
she returns home she finds it difficult to take up again what was once
a pleasure, but now seems more like the “burden of life.” The noise
and confusion of children or much company, for the care of which she
feels responsible, are far more irksome than before her “pleasure
trip.” She does not find the yoke so easy or the burden so light. The
habit of being interested in or sharing one another’s cares, reporting
little items of daily news when together, is destroyed, and without
any intentional unkindness they have learned to turn to others for the
amusement or the social intercourse which was once a part of their
life.

These are not intentional _slights_, but the changes which repeated
absence most naturally brings. A woman sees the changes much sooner
than a man,--sees, grieves over them, and is made unhappy by them, if
she loves her husband, though often too proud to let it be known. If
_pleasure trips_ are frequent or of long duration, these changes are
more marked. Husbands and wives, who were once made uncomfortable and
restless if one meal passed unshared, learn after a while, by frequent
separations, to let many pass with but little regret. Separation has
lost its former importance in their eyes. Why should it not be so? If
_death_ divides them, however true the sorrow, time after a while must
bring healing; and the heart, although there will always be a niche
which no one else can occupy, must, after many days, turn for comfort
and companionship to other, if not better friends. Sometimes, perhaps,
in a younger and fairer, the old love is entirely lost sight of.

Let this discontented wife, who, after eight years of married life and
the care of home and three children, feels that she should be indulged
in a vacation and freedom from these responsibilities, ponder well the
probable consequences of the steps she desires to take in opposition
to her husband’s wishes. To secure the short-lived pleasure of a few
months’ travel, can she afford to risk the many changes she may expect
on her return? Will she be willing to see that her husband has less
confidence in her, less desire for her society, than formerly; that
he has learned that there are many comforts and pleasures to be found
outside his home? Is the gratification worth the price she may be
called to pay for it?

We have not put this subject in as clear and strong a light as we
desired; but if what we have said may have sufficient weight to lead
this “wife,” and others who are showing indications of having been
infected with the same restless, dissatisfied spirit, to think long and
soberly before they decide, we shall be thankful. We do not believe a
true-hearted, sensible wife would willingly desert her post or seek any
enjoyment in which her family cannot share.

Keep your families unbroken; together share each other’s joys and
sorrows, so far as possible, until death severs the bond. That is the
wisest, happiest way of living. When death compels separations, you
will have enough to regret, without mourning for the days needlessly
spent apart.

[Illustration]




PART II.

CHOICE FAMILY RECEIPTS.




CHOICE FAMILY RECEIPTS.


YEAST.

=Yeast.=--Good yeast is indispensable in order to secure good bread.

Pare and boil eight medium-sized potatoes. Remove them from the
water when done, and put into it one small handful of _loose_ or two
teaspoonfuls of _pressed_ hops. While these are boiling, mash and roll
the potatoes very smooth, free from lumps; mix with them three even
table-spoonfuls of flour, a half cup of sugar,--brown sugar is the
best for yeast,--one even table-spoonful of ginger, and three of salt.
Strain out the hops after boiling fifteen minutes, and pour the boiling
water over the potatoes, flour, etc. Stir well together, and again set
it on the range or stove till it boils up once, stirring it all the
time, or it will burn. This done, pour it into a large earthen bowl or
stone pot to cool. When blood-warm, add one penny’s worth of bakers’
yeast or a yeast-cake. Keep in a warm place till well raised, then put
it into a stone jug; cork and tie down securely.

One teacupful will raise three good-sized loaves.

=Another.=--Take one pint of the water in which the potatoes for dinner
were boiled; while it is boiling hot, thicken with flour; add a cup of
yeast when the batter is cool. Set the jar in which it is made in a
warm place, and it will be light in a few hours and ready to use.

=Yeast-Cakes.=--Pour a pint of boiling water over a teaspoonful of
hops; let it stand ten or fifteen minutes, then strain the water into
a saucepan; heat it boiling hot, stir in flour enough to make a stiff
batter, and set it aside to cool. When lukewarm, put in a teacupful of
good yeast, or a yeast-cake softened in water. Set in a warm place to
rise. When light, add a teaspoonful of salt, two table-spoonfuls of
molasses or sugar, and a little soda. Then mix in corn meal to make it
stiff enough to roll into a long round roll. Cut it in slices about
half an inch thick, spread meal over your board, and lay these cakes
to dry. Turn them frequently while drying, and, if possible, get them
dried in two or three days, or they may become sour. It is well to dry
them in the air, but not in the sun. Put them in bags in a dry place;
and when you use one soak it in milk-warm water.


BREAD.

=General Rules.=--Five quarts of flour and one quart of milk or water
are sufficient for two loaves in quart-pans.

Rub shortening, salt, and potatoes, if used, into the flour before
wetting it. The milk or water for wetting should be about milk-warm,
and the yeast be stirred into part of the wetting for the sponge, or
into the whole, if the bread is to be made without sponging; then pour
it on the flour and knead.

=Bread without Sponging.=--Sift five quarts of flour, cover and set by
the fire to dry. Pare and boil five medium-sized potatoes. When done,
drain them dry from the water and sprinkle over them a teaspoonful
of salt. Mash perfectly smooth and free from lumps, adding an even
table-spoonful of sugar, and rub all together, till potatoes and flour
are perfectly combined. Take a pint of the water in which the potatoes
were boiled, and a little more than a pint of milk, and when blood-warm
stir into it one cup of home-made or a cent’s worth of bakers’ yeast.
Pour it on the flour and potatoes, and knead the whole together without
sponging. All bread should be kneaded a full half-hour, then covered
with a clean bread-cloth, and over that a bread-blanket, and set in a
warm place to rise. If mixed overnight it will be ready for the second
molding before breakfast; then make into loaves and put into the pans
for the second and last rising. When light let it be well baked, but
not long enough to make it hard and dry. When done, take from the pans,
wrap a bread-cloth round each loaf, and turn upper side down into the
pans, leaving it there till cold. This will help to make the crust
tender.

=Good Bread.=--Put what flour will be needed for two or four loaves,
according to the size of your family, into your bread bowl or pan.
Make a hole in the middle, pressing the flour compactly towards the
sides of the pan; then pour in sufficient boiling water to thoroughly
scald and wet about one half of the flour. When cool, stir in one
cupful of lively domestic yeast or a cent’s worth of bakers’, or, if
you prefer, a small cake of dried yeast previously soaked in warm
water. Set it near the stove or in a warm place in cool weather, cover
closely just before retiring at night, and it will be light by morning,
when a teaspoonful of salt and enough more warm, but not hot, water to
wet all the flour must be added; knead it very thoroughly, and set it
to rise again. When light, work it again, and put in the pans to rise
for the last time, and as soon as it is light bake in a moderately
heated oven. If the oven is too hot at first, the bread is apt to get
brown on top and bottom too soon, and then it will not be done in the
middle. A moderate oven at first is best, increasing the heat gradually
until the bread is about half done, when it should be of a steady heat
till the bread is done.

=Bread with Sponging.=--Stir into three quarts of milk-warm water one
even table-spoonful of salt, and flour enough to make a soft batter. To
this add the yeast above mentioned, or, in warm weather, use only half
as much. Set the pan in a warm place in cold weather, and cover closely
with a clean bread-cloth. Make this sponge at bedtime. If the sponge is
at all sour in the morning, dissolve a teaspoonful of soda in a little
water and stir in; then work in as much flour as is needed to mold it
easily, and knead it thoroughly. Make it into small loaves, and see
that the pans are well buttered and warmed when used. Keep them in a
warm place, and cover with a clean white bread-cloth. If properly cared
for, it will be light in an hour, and ready for the oven, which must be
well heated. In baking bread or cake, care should be taken that the top
does not brown too soon, as that will prevent its rising up light, as
it otherwise would. If this makes too many loaves, it is easy to make
only half or one third the quantity.

=To make Bread from Flour that runs.=--Put what flour you need in your
pan, and pour enough boiling water over to just wet all of it, but not
to make it thin; sprinkle in a teaspoonful of salt and a spoonful of
butter; stir it up with a large wooden spoon until sure that all the
flour is scalded; then cover and let it stand till cool enough to add
the yeast. So that the yeast is sweet and lively, you can use any kind
you prefer, bakers’ or home-made. When the flour is sufficiently cool,
clear to the bottom, add your yeast, and give the whole mass a faithful
kneading, adding more tepid milk or water, if needed. Knead till the
dough cleaves from your hand easily, then set it to rise. When very
light, knead again, put into the pans, and leave it to rise once more;
then bake as directed above.

By this method _running_ flour can often be conquered, and bread thus
scalded will be found uncommonly sweet and tender.

=Bread by Scalding the Flour.=--Pour enough boiling water on two
quarts of flour to wet it thoroughly; add two even table-spoonfuls of
butter; stir all well together, and let it stand till cool; then add a
small cup of domestic yeast, or not quite a penny’s worth of bakers’
yeast; mold it fifteen minutes, then set by the fire to rise. When it
begins to crack on top, put it on the molding-board, beat it with the
rolling-pin, and chop and mold alternately for twenty minutes; then
make into loaves, prick them on top, and set them by the fire to rise
once more. As soon as light, bake. Bread made in this way is not quite
so white, but is very sweet and light. If flour is at all inclined to
“run,” the scalding will stop it.

=To make Stale Bread fresh.=--Put the loaf into a clean tin, and cover
closely to exclude all water, and set into a steamer or a kettle of
boiling water for half an hour; then remove it from the tin and it will
look like fresh bread, and be really almost equal to a new loaf.

=Graham Bread.=--Two quarts of unbolted wheat, half a cent’s worth of
bakers’ yeast, or half a teacup of home-made yeast; two table-spoonfuls
of molasses, one even teaspoonful of salt, and warm water or milk and
water enough to make a stiff dough. Beat this well, or, wetting your
hands in water, mix it very thoroughly; cover closely, and let it rise
light,--about six hours in warm weather, or in winter mix just before
going to bed. When it is light, wet your hands in cold water and put it
into well-buttered pans. Let it rise in the pans about an inch; an hour
will generally be long enough. Bake an hour and a half, or until it is
very well baked, but not scorched.

Or, take three small cups of the sponge from your wheat bread; when
well risen add to it two spoonfuls of molasses, half a teacup of Indian
meal, one teaspoonful of salt, and half a pint of warm milk and water;
stir in enough Graham flour to make a stiff dough, and cover closely
and set to rise. When light, fill your pans half full; let it rise once
more, and bake carefully.

Or, pour boiling water over one quart of Graham flour; add a
teaspoonful of salt, three table-spoonfuls of molasses. Let it stand
till lukewarm; then add half a cup of home-made yeast, or part of a
penny’s worth of bakers’ yeast; dip your hands in cold water, and mix
it thoroughly. If too stiff, add more warm water. If too thin, mix in
more flour. It should not be so stiff as for fine flour bread. Let it
rise light; then put it into well-buttered pans to rise again. When
light, bake one hour. It requires a hotter oven and needs to bake
longer than other bread.

Or, one quart of flour, one teaspoonful of salt, three table-spoonfuls
of molasses, and two table-spoonfuls of yeast; wet with warm water,
or warm milk and water, till as thick as pound-cake. If wanted
for breakfast, let it stand overnight. When ready to bake, add a
well-beaten egg and a teaspoonful of soda; put into buttered pans and
bake well.

Or, one quart of buttermilk or sour milk, soda enough to make it foam,
and while foaming pour it on the Graham flour, stirring it together
quickly. The flour should be all ready in the pan, and one teaspoonful
of salt, and a scant half-teacup of molasses stirred into it before the
soda is put to the buttermilk. Make it as thick as pound-cake; bake
immediately one hour with a steady hot fire; add a well-beaten egg if
in a hurry for your bread, as it will bake sooner, and we think be
lighter for it.

=Steamed Brown Bread.=--One cup of Indian meal, two cups of rye, one
cup of molasses, two cups of milk, a half-teaspoonful of soda, the same
of salt. Stir well together and steam in some of the new “boilers” or
“cookers” or “steamers” three hours; taking care that the water does
not stop boiling. Add boiling water as the water boils away. If you
wish it hot for breakfast, steam the day before, and in the morning set
it in the oven for half an hour to form a good crust.

=Corn Bread.=--Sift two cups of Indian meal overnight; pour on it just
enough really _boiling_ water to moisten or wet it through; cover it
up and let it stand till morning; then add one cup of flour in which
an even teaspoonful of cream of tartar has been sifted. Dissolve half
a teaspoonful of soda in one cup of sweet milk, and stir with the meal
and flour; add half a small cup of sugar; beat two eggs--yelks and
whites separately--and put in the last thing. Bake in a quick oven.

=Rice Bread= (_Southern Receipt_).--One pint of rice flour, half a pint
of wheat flour, one pint of sour milk, two eggs, butter half the size
of an egg, and one teaspoonful of soda. The rice flour must be very
fine, and stirred in after the other ingredients are partly mixed. Bake
as soon as possible after the whole is stirred together.

Bread is sometimes made of _apple_ mixed with flour, by putting one
third of stewed apple-pulp to two thirds of flour, and fermenting
with yeast for twelve hours. This bread is said to be light and very
palatable. It is much used in France.


BISCUIT.

=Morning Biscuit.=--One quart of flour, half a teaspoonful of salt,
two table-spoonfuls of yeast, and one pint of sour milk, with half a
teaspoonful of soda dissolved in it. Work this into a dough; then rub
into the dough half a cup of butter. Knead well; cut off small bits;
shape them into biscuits; lay them in the bake-pan, cover closely with
a bread-cloth, and let them stand overnight in a warm place in winter
and a cool place in summer. Bake in the morning for breakfast.

=Tea Biscuit.=--Peel and boil four potatoes of medium size. When done,
mash and roll them smooth and perfectly free from lumps, sprinkling
a table-spoonful of salt over them. Put to the potatoes a half-pint
of the water in which they were boiled, a half-pint of milk, and a
table-spoonful of sugar. Stir into this sufficient flour to make it a
stiff batter. When cool, add half a penny’s worth of bakers’ yeast, or
half a teacup of home-made yeast. Cover over with a bread-cloth and
blanket. In cold weather leave this sponge in a warm place overnight
to rise. In the summer, make it early in the morning. When this is
risen until quite foamy, soften--but do not melt--two thirds of a
teacupful of butter, and beat it into the sponge, together with two
eggs, yelks and whites beaten separately; add flour to make it stiff
enough to mold,--the softer it can be worked the better it will be.
Knead it half an hour, then cover and set it to rise. When light, knead
and _chop_ the dough at least fifteen minutes. This done, return it
to the bread-bowl, again cover closely, and set to rise. When light,
repeat the kneading; let it rise the second time, when it should be
worked down and set on the ice in the ice-box, until within an hour
of tea-time; then it must be again molded, rolled out, cut into small
biscuits, pricked on the top, put into a bake-pan, covered over, and
set to rise on a bench, near the stove, twenty minutes or half an hour.
When light, set the biscuits into an evenly heated oven, and bake
quickly to a delicate brown. When done, cover over with a bread-cloth
for a short time before removing from the pan, to soften the crust.

=Soda Biscuit.=--Put two teaspoonfuls of cream of tartar into one
quart of flour; sift both together and rub in thoroughly two great
spoonfuls of butter. Put one teaspoonful of soda into a table-spoonful
of cold water, and stir till all is dissolved, then put it into a pint
of cold water and pour it on the flour. Stir together quickly; if it
cannot be rolled out, add a little more flour, but just as little as
it is possible to roll out the biscuits with. Cut in shape and bake
immediately. The great secret of making good soda biscuit is to sift
the soda with the flour, to have it thoroughly dissolved, the dough
made as thin and as quickly as possible, and baked immediately.

=Indian-Corn Biscuit.=--One quart of corn meal, one pint of wheat
flour, sifted together, and stirred into three pints of milk; add a
teaspoonful of salt. Beat four eggs, the yelks and whites separately,
as for sponge-cakes. First stir the yelks into the batter; then add the
whites, and a small teaspoonful of soda, the last thing. Have ready
buttered some cups or small pans; nearly fill them with the batter, and
set into the hot oven immediately. Bake fast, turn from the cups as
soon as done, and serve immediately. They should puff up so as to more
than fill the cups.

=Parker House Rolls.=--Two quarts flour, one large spoonful of lard,
small teaspoonful of salt, one pint boiled milk,--set aside till
cold,--half cup sugar, half cup yeast. Make a hole in center of the
flour, put in milk, etc., and let it rise overnight. In the morning
knead it well, and let it rise till noon; then cut it into long, narrow
rolls and let it rise till tea-time. Bake.

=Rusk.=--Three coffee-cups new milk, three eggs, one teacup butter,
one teacup sugar, one of yeast, and flour enough for batter. When the
batter has well risen, work in more flour, but mix it rather soft; let
it rise once more, quite light, but be careful that it does not sour;
then make it out into rolls or biscuits; let it stand again a short
time, and bake in a moderately hot oven; fifteen or twenty minutes
should cook them.

=Sweet Potato Buns.=--Boil and mash two good-sized potatoes; rub in
as much flour as will make it like bread; add a little nutmeg and one
table-spoonful of sugar, with a table-spoonful of good yeast. When it
has risen, work in two table-spoonfuls of butter, and soften so as to
be easily mixed thoroughly with the dough; then form into small rolls,
and, when raised the second time, bake on tins a nice brown. _Serve
hot._

=Potato Pone.=--Pare and grate on a large grater sweet potatoes enough
to make one quart of grated potato. Stir to this one pint of sweet
milk, two eggs, two thirds of a cup of butter, and enough sugar to make
it as sweet as plain cake; season with ginger. Bake till well done.
Eat, hot or cold, with butter. If desired to be light colored, put the
potatoes into cold water as soon as pared, and when ready grate into
the milk. If dark-colored pone is preferred, sweeten with molasses and
season with allspice. This is very rich made like pound-cake, using one
and a half pounds of grated potato in place of flour.

=Gems.=--Break into a quart of milk four eggs (two will answer) without
beating, stir in flour till as thick as waffles. Beat till smooth, and
fill the “gem” pans half full. Bake quick in a hot oven. No salt, soda,
or cream of tartar.

The “gem” pans should be well buttered, and set into the oven to get
quite hot while the batter is being prepared, and when you are filling
them, set the pan on the top of the range to keep it hot. When filled,
set them immediately in the oven.

=Gems, No. 2.=--Drop four eggs, without beating, into a quart of milk;
add two great spoonfuls of melted butter, and beat in flour until as
thick as waffles. Pour into hot buttered gem pans, and bake like the
first.

=Graham Gems.=--Drop one egg into a quart of milk or water. Stir in
Graham flour until as stiff as waffles. Pour into hot, buttered gem
pans, and bake quickly. Or add to the above one table-spoonful of
melted butter; they will be tenderer.

In all measures the spoon, cup, or tin should never be heaped, but even
full.


BREAKFAST AND TEA CAKES.

=Corn Cakes.=--Rub one table-spoonful of lard into four cups of corn
meal. Stir the meal into four cups of sour milk, with a teaspoonful of
salt. Beat two eggs very light, and put in one teaspoonful of soda, the
last thing. Beat well, and bake in small gem irons, or light tin forms.

=Another Way.=--Three teacups of corn meal, one teacup of wheat flour,
two teacups of milk, one teacup of cream, or a third of a teacup
of butter, three table-spoonfuls of sugar, one egg,--beat yelk and
white separately, and very light; one teaspoonful of salt, and half a
teaspoonful of soda. Bake in small pans, with a brisk heat.

=Another.=--Sift two cups of meal, pour over it one teacup of boiling
milk, stir it up well, and let it stand all night if intended for
breakfast. The next morning add one cup of wheat flour, one of sugar,
a half cup of butter, the well-beaten yelks of two eggs; add, if
needed, more milk, so as to make it as thin as waffles. Take one scant
teaspoonful of soda; the whites of the eggs, beaten stiff, to be added
the last. Pour into a well-buttered pan and bake about twenty-five
minutes, in a well-heated oven, but not scorching hot. If Jewell’s
Prepared Flour is used, no soda need be added. If correctly prepared
and well baked, this is excellent. If you have sweet apples, three
or four chopped very fine, added, and two thirds of a cup of finely
chopped suet, instead of butter, is a very great improvement.

=Another.=--One cupful of flour, two cupfuls of corn meal, two great
spoonfuls of sugar, not quite half a cupful of butter, one cupful of
milk, two teaspoonfuls of cream of tartar, sifted with the meal and
flour, and a small teaspoonful of soda; two eggs, whites and yelks well
beaten separately; the yelks mixed with the milk and meal, and the
whites added, the last thing.

=Steamed Johnny-Cake.=--One pint of sour cream, one teaspoonful of
soda, and one of salt. Stir in three table-spoonfuls of flour; then
add corn meal enough to make a stiff batter. Beat one egg, and add to
the batter; stir all carefully together, and pour into a well-buttered
tin basin; set this into a bread-steamer, and keep the steam up for an
hour, or more if the loaf is large. Serve with cream and sugar.

=Corn-Meal Cake with Apples and Suet.=--One pint scalded milk, or a
half cup cream, or a pint of sour milk, one teacupful suet chopped
fine, a table-spoonful sugar, a teaspoonful salt, six good-sized sweet
apples chopped fine, three eggs well beaten, and a small teaspoonful of
soda. Beat thoroughly, and bake in a shallow tin pan.

=Muffins.=--One pint of milk, one table-spoonful of butter, one pint of
flour, a small teaspoonful of salt, three eggs, whites and yelks beaten
separately and very stiff, a small even teaspoonful of soda; add the
whites last, beat smartly and perfectly free from lumps. Butter the
griddle, and bake in well-buttered rings. When the bottom is done, turn
over the rings and bake the top, or put the rings on a well-buttered
bake-pan and bake in a quick oven. We think them lighter and better so
baked.

=Another Way.=--One quarter of a pound of butter, one teaspoonful salt,
three eggs, one pint sweet milk, one quart flour, a heaping table-spoon
of brewers’ yeast, or two of home-made yeast. Melt the butter and
put into the milk, beat the eggs and put them also into the milk,
then stir in flour and add the yeast. If for breakfast, set them to
rise overnight. If at all sour, add half-teaspoonful of soda. Bake in
well-buttered rings in a quick oven.

=Cream Muffins.=--One quart rich milk, or, if you can get it, half
cream and half milk; one quart of flour heaping, six eggs, one
table-spoonful of butter, one of lard; softened together. Beat whites
and yelks separately very light; then add flour and shortening and
a scant teaspoonful of salt, and stir in the flour the last thing,
lightly as possible, and have the batter free from lumps. Half fill
your well-buttered muffin-rings, and bake immediately in a _hot_ oven,
or your muffins will not be good. Send to table the moment they are
done.

=Another Way.=--One teacup sour cream, two eggs, one half-teaspoonful
of soda, thickened with flour about as stiff as waffles. Bake in a
quick oven.

=Raised Muffins.=--One quart milk, a halfpenny’s worth of bakers’ yeast
or half cup of home-made yeast, two table-spoonfuls white sugar, one of
butter (lard will answer, but is not as good), one teaspoonful of salt,
two eggs well beaten, and flour sufficient to make a stiff batter.

Make the batter overnight, leaving out the eggs. In the morning beat
the eggs, yelks and whites separately, very light, and stir into the
well-risen batter. Have the muffin-rings well greased, fill half full
with the batter, and bake twenty minutes in a quick oven. Serve hot.

=Hominy Muffins.=--Wash a pint of small hominy through two or three
waters, pour boiling water on it, cover, and let it soak for several
hours. Then put it into a farina-kettle with half a pint of boiling
water. Let it boil until soft enough to mash; drain it and mix it well
with a pint of white corn meal or wheat flour, a little salt, and a
pint and one half of milk in which two table-spoonfuls of butter have
been melted. When nearly cold, add four table-spoonfuls of yeast; cover
it, and set it in a warm place until very light, with the surface
covered with bubbles. Butter some muffin-rings, set them on a hot
griddle, pour into each a portion of the mixture, and bake them brown
on both sides. Send them to table hot.

=Quick Muffins.=--Two teacups buttermilk, one of thick cream, or, if
none, three even table-spoonfuls of melted butter, four eggs, half a
teaspoonful of soda; thicken with prepared flour as thick as waffles.

=Graham Flour Muffins.=--One pint of sour milk, a small teaspoonful of
soda, one table-spoonful of sugar, and Graham flour sufficient to make
a thick batter. Bake in rings, or drop the batter in spoonfuls on a
flat tin. Add a little salt before baking.

=Raised Waffles.=--One pint of sweet milk, a heaping teacup of butter,
three eggs (yelks and whites beaten separately), a table-spoonful of
thick brewers’ yeast or a halfpenny’s worth of bakers’, one quart of
flour, one quarter of a teaspoonful of soda dissolved in one teacup of
sweet milk; beat all together, and let it rise till very light, and
then bake. Serve hot, with butter and sugar, or plain, according to
taste.

=Corn-Meal Waffles.=--Pour over one pint of corn meal, _twice_ sifted,
one pint of boiling milk. Put in one table-spoonful of butter, one of
flour, and a teaspoonful of salt. Let this stand till cold; then add
half a teaspoonful of soda, dissolved in a little cold water; the yelks
of two eggs well beaten, the whites whisked very light and stiff to be
added the last thing, when just ready to bake.

Put a brown paper over bread, biscuit, or cake when first set into a
hot oven, else the top will most likely brown and form a crust before
they rise sufficiently, and thus make them tough or heavy.

=Buckwheat Cakes.=--One quart of buckwheat flour, mix with lukewarm
water rather thicker than you will wish it when ready to bake. A cup of
Graham meal added is, we think, an improvement. Stir in half a cup of
family yeast, or a halfpenny’s worth of bakers’, and a teaspoonful of
salt; mix in an earthen bowl or a large earthen pitcher,--the latter
is the most convenient, as the batter can be poured from the lip of
the pitcher more neatly than it can be dipped out of a bowl; set it
where it will keep warm all night. The batter should be made early in
the evening, as it takes fully ten hours in winter to rise; when ready
to bake in the morning, beat half a teaspoonful of soda into a great
spoonful of molasses, and stir into the batter, adding also enough
lukewarm water to make it thin enough to fry; bake quick; the thinner
the cakes can be baked the better they will be.

=Rice Griddle-Cakes.=--Half a teacupful of whole rice, three eggs, half
a pint of rich milk, and half a teaspoonful of salt. Cook the rice till
every grain is dissolved and like jelly. Warm the milk a little, and
beat the rice in it till it is smoothly mixed. When the eggs are beaten
very light, add to the rice and milk; then the salt. Bake on a hot,
greased griddle till brown and light. If the batter does not adhere,
add another egg, but no flour.

=Sour-Milk Griddle-Cakes.=--Stir into one quart of sour milk enough
flour to make the batter as thick as waffles; add an even teaspoonful
of salt and two well-beaten eggs. Dissolve an even teaspoonful of
soda, and beat in when ready for frying. This is very good baked in
waffle-irons.

=Green-Corn Fritters.=--One pint grated corn, one small cup butter,
one egg, a teaspoonful salt, one table-spoonful flour, a little pepper.
Drop on a buttered pan and bake or fry ten minutes.

=Mock Oyster Fritters.=--Grate one dozen raw ears of corn; after
grating, scrape or wring all the milk from the cob; half a
table-spoonful flour; season with pepper and salt; beat the yelks of
three eggs very thick, and stir into the grated corn; whisk the whites
to a stiff froth, and add the last thing. Drop a dessert-spoonful at a
time on a hot, buttered griddle, and fry of a light brown on both sides.

=Corn Oysters.=--One quart grated corn, three eggs well beaten, one
small teaspoonful salt, and a little pepper, with just flour enough to
make the corn hold together. Drop from a spoon into hot butter, making
cakes about the size of an oyster. Sour milk, with a half-teaspoonful
of soda, will answer if eggs are not plenty.

=Rice Cakes.=--One cup cold boiled rice rubbed into a quart of milk,
one pint of flour, a teaspoonful of salt, two eggs beaten very light.
Beat all free from lumps. Bake as soon as made, on a well-greased
griddle.

=Rice or Hominy Cakes.=--Warm one quart of sweet milk, and rub into
it two cups of boiled rice or hominy; throw in a little salt, and add
enough wheat flour to bind the rice, or to make the batter as thick as
waffles. Beat two eggs and add to the batter, and half a teaspoonful of
soda, unless you use the prepared flour. If you do, there will be no
salt or soda needed.

=Rosie’s Sally Lunn.=--One spoonful of butter, one of sugar, one egg,
one pint of milk, one quart of flour, with two teaspoonfuls of cream
of tartar sifted with the flour, and one teaspoonful of soda added the
last thing. This is an excellent breakfast-cake, as well as tea-cake,
and is sometimes varied by stirring in a pint of whortleberries.

=Strawberry Shortcake.=--Rub into a pint and a half of Jewell’s
Prepared Flour one teacup of butter; beat one egg very light; add milk
to make a soft dough; divide in three parts; roll out lightly, lay one
portion on a pie-plate or tin, sprinkle a little flour on the top, then
add the second cake, a little flour on the top of that, and cover with
the third. Bake quickly, but not too brown. Let the berries stand with
sugar sprinkled over them till the cake is baked, then pull the thin
portions of cake apart; spread half of the berries over the bottom
cake, adding more sugar and a little butter; lay the second over them,
and put on the remainder of the berries with more sugar and butter,
placing the top cake over all. Put it in the oven for a few minutes to
heat through, and send to the table hot.

When wishing an extra nice strawberry cake for tea, beat the whites of
two eggs with a cup of white sugar till stiff, and add to it half of
a grated cocoa-nut, and spread over the cake. If you have no prepared
flour, sift two small teaspoonfuls of cream of tartar with the flour;
dissolve one small teaspoonful of soda in milk, and add the last thing
before mixing the cake.

=Cream Toast.=--Put a pint of rich, sweet cream over the stove in
the farina-kettle, and while heating toast thin slices of stale
bread quickly on both sides, taking care that they do not scorch.
Wet two table-spoonfuls of flour in cold milk; stir it smooth; add a
teaspoonful of salt, and when the cream is scalding hot, put in the
flour, stirring all the time till it thickens; then take the kettle
from the fire. Have ready a dish of salt and water, hot, and dip each
piece of the toasted bread into it, but only for a moment. Remove
quickly to the toast-dish, and dip over it a liberal supply of the
thickened cream; then cut more bread and lay into the dish, then more
cream, till all is used, letting the cream be the last. If you have no
cream, boil and thicken some sweet milk; put in an even teaspoonful
of salt, two table-spoonfuls of butter, and, when done, add one or
two well-beaten eggs the last thing; stir for a few minutes till well
united with the boiling milk, and then pour over the bread.


SOUPS.

=General Directions.=--Before giving some receipts for _soups_, we
wish first to remind our young housekeepers that it is important for
them to bear in mind the necessity and economy of keeping good _stock_
constantly on hand. The French stock-pot is always in readiness to
receive every bone, coarse or refuse bit of meat not suitable to use
for the main dish or for side-dishes. We understand that the French use
earthenware for this purpose and also for “soup-digesters.” It would
be a benefaction if our house-furnishing merchants would import some
of these “soup-digesters” and “stock-pots,” as they are far better
than metal. But until we can procure such, the _stock_, as fast as
made, should be strained into a large stone pot, and when cold, all
the grease that rises and hardens on top must be removed, clarified,
and set aside for cooking purposes. Aside from the economy of using
all refuse meat and bones for stock, and the convenience of having it
always ready for use, the soup will be better if the stock is made
at least the day before, because one can then easily remove all the
grease,--an important item in preparing good soups.

=Stock for Soups.=--Buy a knuckle of beef or veal. Have the bone well
cracked in small pieces. Put it in the soup-digester, or, if you have
none, in a closely covered iron pot. For a medium-size piece, add five
or six quarts of _cold water_ (by using cold water you will secure
all the juices, whereas in hot water half the juice is retained in
the meat). Let it come to a boil before you add salt or pepper; then
season it to suit your taste, and if agreeable put in a small bit of
red pepper. Set the kettle on the back part of the stove after it once
commences to boil, and keep it gently simmering all day; then strain it
from the bones and meat, which are now worthless, into a pot kept for
the purpose. Never throw away bones that are left from baked, boiled,
or roast meat of any kind, or from steak, poultry, anything, (except
those taken off the plates); dried or gristly bits of meat may also be
used to prepare stock for soup; and in a large family sufficient can be
gleaned that would otherwise be thrown into the swill to keep stock on
hands for weeks, without buying a bone for that purpose alone. When the
stock is strained off, set it in the cellar to cool. The next morning
carefully remove all the grease that has risen to the top and hardened,
and you will have a clear, rich stock ready for use. Clarify the grease
removed from the stock by slicing a raw potato into it, and set it over
the fire in a skillet till it boils; then strain it from the potato,
and you have fine dripping for many purposes.

=Tomato Soup.=--Use stock from beef, ham, veal, or any other bones or
refuse meat. Put two or three quarts into your soup-kettle,--the size
of your family must determine the quantity,--cut in one carrot, one
small onion, if agreeable, a little celery or fresh parsley; add salt,
pepper, and herbs to suit the taste, and then make the stock thick
with tomatoes,--fresh from the vine are much the best; a spoonful or
two of star maccaroni is an improvement, or rice or pearl barley, if
you have either at hand. Let it boil two hours.

=Another.=--Take bones or bits of meat left from any dish, and boil
well to extract all nutriment, then strain; or, if you have none
on hand, make a rich stock, put in cabbage, carrots, parsnips, or
any other vegetables you like; boil till well done, then add the
tomatoes,--a dozen fresh, or half a can of winter tomatoes; boil twenty
minutes, then strain and serve hot.

=A Vegetable Soup.=--Peel and slice six large onions and four turnips;
fry them in one quarter of a pound of butter, and then pour over them
four quarts of boiling water. Toast a good-sized crust of bread hard
and brown (but take care that it is not burned at all), and put into
the soup, with a little celery; sweet herbs, salt, and pepper to suit
your taste. Stew gently four hours, stirring often to prevent it
from scorching; strain through a coarse cloth or strainer, when it
has cooked the four hours. Have ready a little thinly sliced carrot,
turnip, and celery,--a few slices of each will be sufficient,--put
these into the soup after straining it; return to the fire and stew
till these last vegetables are tender. A spoonful or two of tomato
catsup will improve it for some people.

We have not tried this soup, but were told by an excellent housekeeper
that it was capital. We demurred at the quantity of tomato and onion,
but judge the long time given to cook the soup may combine and
incorporate the different flavors so as to make it quite palatable.

=Mock-Turtle Soup.=--Take a calf’s head dressed with the skin on,--the
fresher the better. Take out and lay aside the brains. After washing
it several times in a plentiful supply of cold water, soak in cold
spring water. Then put it into your soup-kettle or digester, adding
two quarts more of cold water than is needed to cover it, and place
over the stove or range. There should be about two gallons of water
in all. As it begins to heat, a large amount of scum will rise to the
top. Watch this carefully, and skim it off as fast as it rises. Let it
boil one hour, or till the meat can be easily removed from the bone,
when it should be taken from the liquor, and when nearly cold cut from
the bones in neat pieces about an inch square. The tongue may be cut
up in small pieces with the meat, or cut up and mixed with the brains
for a side-dish. The skin of the head is the best part, and should be
cut up carefully, leaving as much fat adhering to it as you can. As
soon as the head is taken up, put to the broth in which it was boiled
a five-pound knuckle of veal and the same amount of lean beef, adding
all the bones and trimmings of the head; a half-dozen cloves, a quarter
of an ounce of allspice, and the same of whole black pepper; boil five
hours, skim well, and keep closely covered. Then strain and set aside
till morning, when all the fat must be removed, and two quarts of this
stock reserved. Now put in a large saucepan, over the fire, half a
pound of good fresh butter, six ounces of onions, sliced, quarter of an
ounce of green sage, chopped. Let these fry one hour slowly. Be careful
that it does not scorch. Then rub in half a pound of flour by degrees,
gradually adding the broth, till of the thickness of rich cream. Season
with salt to your taste; half an ounce of lemon peel, grated. Let it
simmer again gently an hour and a half, and strain through a hair-sieve
or tamis. Don’t _rub_ the soup through the sieve, it will make it
muddy. If it does not run through easily, knock a wooden spoon against
the side of the sieve; that will start it through without the sediment,
which would go through if rubbed. Put the stock, when strained, into
a clean stew-pot with the pieces of the head; and to each gallon of
soup have a pint of nice claret, if you wish it dark, madeira or
sherry, if you prefer it light (those who object to wine or brandy in
_mince_-pies must be careful not to call for turtle or mock-turtle soup
at restaurants), two table-spoonfuls of lemon-juice, and two of catsup,
one of the essence of anchovy, a teaspoonful of curry powder, or
quarter of a drachm of cayenne. Let it simmer till the meat is tender,
taking care that it is not done too much, and by frequent stirring
prevent its sticking. When the meat is quite tender, serve the soup
with force-meat, brain, or egg-balls. This should have been reduced by
boiling to four or five quarts.

=Bean Soup.=--Wash your beans and boil them with a piece of salt pork.
When the beans are soft, take them out and press through a colander;
then put them back in the water they were boiled in, together with
four hard-boiled eggs quartered, and half a lemon sliced, a little
pepper, if you like it. Boil up and serve. This is liked by some better
than when made with rich beef stock, with tomatoes or catsup for flavor.

=Soup with Eggs.=--Make a good stock from a knuckle of veal and any
bones which may be on hand from baked or broiled beef or mutton. Add
one turnip, two carrots, one onion, a little lemon-juice, a small
sprinkling of thyme, and a little celery. Let it boil five or six
hours, then strain, set it to cool, and, when cold, remove all the
grease. When needed, heat it, add a little thickening of rolled cracker
or flour, and to three quarts of this stock add the yelks of five or
six eggs, one gill of cream, and pepper and salt to taste. Drop the
yelks in whole, and let them cook a few minutes. Some like to drop them
in just as the soup is dished. We do not think it so nice, but that is
a matter of taste.

=Green Pea Soup.=--Take two quarts of green peas, a quarter of a pound
of butter, a quarter of a pound of ham cut very fine, two small onions,
and a little parsley, and put it into a soup-digester or kettle; add
just a little water, enough to allow it to stew slowly, stirring it
well together, and cover closely. When quite tender, add two quarts of
veal, beef, or mutton broth, a great spoonful of sugar, and pepper and
salt to season it to your taste. Let it boil up once, then rub through
a hair-sieve into another kettle, and pour to it one pint of boiling
milk; boil five minutes and serve.

=Turtle Bean Soup.=--Pick free from dirt and imperfect beans a pint and
a half of turtle beans; soak them overnight in a good quantity of cold
water. In the morning drain off the water, and wash the beans in fresh
water; drain and put in the soup-digester, with four quarts of good
strong stock from which all the fat has been carefully removed. Set it
where it will boil steadily but slowly till dinner-time,--four hours at
least, six is better. We always have ours put on as soon as the fire
is kindled in the morning before breakfast. One small onion, a carrot,
and two or three of the outside stalks of celery cut into the stock is
considered an improvement by most persons. Stir it occasionally till
the beans begin to soften, to prevent their sticking and burning at the
bottom. Two hours before dinner put in half a can of tomatoes, or, in
the season, eight or ten fresh ones, and a coffee-cup of tomato catsup.
When ready to dish, strain through a fine colander or coarse sieve,
rubbing through enough of the pulp of the beans to make it as thick as
rich cream. Taste to see if there is plenty of salt and pepper, and
send to the table hot. If you have any hard-boiled eggs left over, chop
fine and put into the soup, after straining it, or, if eggs are plenty,
boil three hard and add, chopped fine.

=Nursery Soup= (to be prepared the day before needing it).--Two pounds
of scrag of mutton, or of the knuckle, put into two quarts of cold
water; add two or three sliced turnips, or two spoonfuls rice or pearl
barley or star tapioca, whichever best suits the taste. Simmer slowly
an hour and a half, then take out the meat and set aside; pour the soup
into a large bowl, and leave to cool till next day. In the morning skim
off all the fat that has risen on the stock. An hour before needed,
turn the stock into a saucepan and bring it to a boil; cut the meat
from the bones in fine mouthfuls. Mince very fine a small onion, a
little parsley and celery; add a bit of butter the size of a nutmeg,
one table-spoonful browned flour; burn an _even_ table-spoonful of
sugar in an iron spoon; pour a little boiling water over it and stir
it into the browned flour, then stir both into the soup; add the other
articles, and boil all together twenty minutes; serve hot, with small
bits of carefully toasted bread. This is called _nursery_ soup, but it
is not to be scorned by the old folks.

=Oyster and Clam Soup.=--Fifty oysters, two bunches long clams;
drain all the liquor from the oysters into a farina-kettle, add a
pint of milk, one and a half table-spoonfuls of butter, pepper and
salt to suit the taste; cut off the soft bodies of the clams and put
with the oysters; chop the tough, gristly parts very fine and put
into the liquor; when it boils, add the oysters and clams, with two
table-spoonfuls of powdered cracker or the same of farina. Let all boil
about five minutes, and send to table hot. This makes soup enough for
six persons.

=Potato Soup.=--Boil and mash potatoes; about three pints when mashed,
to three quarts of rich beef stock; ready boiling; add pepper and salt
to taste; stir gradually into the boiling stock, then pass all through
a sieve and return to the soup-kettle; simmer five minutes, and serve
with fried bread; or, if liked, a half-pint of peas boiled soft, one
onion, one head of celery, two spoonfuls of rice, may be put to the
stock, well boiled, and the potatoes added when all are done; then pass
through the sieve, return to soup-kettle, simmer five minutes, and
serve.


FISH.

=To boil Fresh Fish.=--Clean, wash thoroughly, wipe dry, and then sew
up in a cloth, kept solely for fish, and plunge at once into boiling
water that has been first salted sufficiently. Sew the cloth up on the
_back_ of the fish. Take it out when done, cut the threads down the
back of the fish, and cut the _skin_ of the fish so that in taking off
the cloth, the skin will come off with it, leaving the fish white and
whole. Be careful not to break it, as it should come to the table in
good condition. Eat with egg sauce or plain drawn butter. A fat shad is
very nice boiled; but most people prefer cod, rock-fish, or bass.

=Baked Salmon Trout, with Cream Gravy.=--Wash and clean the fish
carefully, wipe dry and lay in the bake-pan, with only enough water to
keep from scorching. If very large, score the backbone a little, but
do not cut the sides. Bake slowly, basting with butter and water, from
three quarters of an hour to an hour, according to the size. Have ready
a cup of rich cream, into which stir three or four table-spoonfuls
of boiling water, else the cream will clot when heated. Into this
stir gently two table-spoonfuls of melted butter and a little chopped
parsley. Put this into a milk-boiler or farina-kettle, or any vessel
that you can set into another, half filled with boiling water, to
prevent the sauce from burning. Add to the cream and butter the gravy
from the dripping-pan in which the fish was baked. Lay the trout on
a hot platter and let the gravy boil up once, and then pour over the
fish. Garnish with sprigs of parsley, arranged neatly. Use no spiced
sauces and very little salt. Serve hot.

To fully appreciate the excellence of this fish with the cream sauce or
gravy, one should be able to eat it a very short time after it is taken
from the water, but the cream sauce is a great improvement to most
baked fish.

=Boiled Salmon Trout.=--Wash and dry the fish after cleaning it
nicely. Wrap in a clean fish-cloth, lay it in a fish-kettle, cover with
cold, salted water, and boil slowly from half to three quarters of an
hour, according to the size of the fish. When done, take off the cloth
gently, so as not to break the trout; lay in a hot fish-platter and
pour around it cream gravy like that used for baked salmon trout, and
serve hot.

All fish, boiled or baked, are improved by cream gravy. If you cannot
obtain cream, use rich milk, and thicken it a little.

=Fried Halibut.=--Have the slices seasoned some hours before frying, as
it will be less liable to break in turning; when ready to fry, dip it
in egg beaten up, and roll it in bread crumbs; then fry in hot lard,
or have three or four slices of sweet salt pork fried till quite brown
and crisp, and then fry the halibut in the hot lard which came from the
pork. Dish it and lay the crisp brown pork around it.

=Fish Chowder.=--Haddock and striped bass are generally considered the
best fish for chowder. Cut the fish in pieces about one inch thick
and two inches square. Cut five or six good slices of the best salt
pork, lay them in the bottom of an iron pot and fry till crisped,
but do not scorch; take out the pork, leaving the fat; chop the pork
in small pieces; put into the pot a layer of fish, a layer of split
crackers and some of the chopped pork; a little red and black pepper; a
little chopped onion; then another layer of fish, split crackers, and
seasoning, and so on till all the fish is used. Then just cover all
with water, and stew slowly till tender. Thicken the gravy with cracker
crumbs and catsup if you like. Take out the fish, boil up the gravy
once, squeeze in the juice of a lemon, and pour the gravy over the
fish. Add salt if necessary.

=To prepare and dress Cold Fish.=--Cut cold boiled fish into pieces
about an inch long. Do not chop it. Take the yelks of four eggs,
hard boiled, and rub them to a smooth paste with a few spoonfuls
of salad-oil or melted butter. Add a little salt, pepper, and
mustard,--the exact amount must be decided by your own taste and
knowledge of how highly seasoned your family like their food. Add
two teaspoonfuls of white sugar; rub all in with the paste, and
the last thing after getting the paste perfectly smooth put in six
table-spoonfuls of vinegar. Beat the mixture till very light, and just
before pouring it over the fish beat the whites of two eggs to a stiff
froth and stir in with it. Stir half the dressing into the picked-up
fish. Serve in a glass dish, and spread the other half of the dressing
over the top. Garnish with delicate leaves of lettuce, to be eaten with
it.

=Newport Fish Pudding.=--Pick any cold fish left from the dinner into
fine bits, carefully removing all the bones. Thicken some boiling milk
with flour, wet to a batter with cold milk, and stir the fish into it;
season with pepper, butter, and salt. Put it into a pudding-dish, and
spread cracker or bread crumbs thickly over the top to prevent the milk
from scorching, and set into the oven to bake just long enough to brown
nicely. A good way to use up cold fish, making a nice breakfast or a
side-dish for dinner.

=Fish-Balls.=--Salt codfish is usually preferred for making fish-balls,
although any fresh boiled fish left over from dinner is very nice. When
the salt cod is used, it should be put in a damp place for a day or
two before using, to soften. Early in the evening, before needed, it
should be thoroughly washed in several waters, rubbing it well, then
put to soak in a large quantity of lukewarm water. Just before bedtime
pour off the first water, and add more lukewarm water; wash again in
clean water in the morning, rubbing off all the salt crystal that may
adhere, particularly on the under side, and place over the fire, in
enough warm water to fully cover it. Let it come to the boiling point
slowly, but don’t let it really boil; keep it simmering a half-hour.
If the fish is very salt, turn off this water and cover again with
boiling water, and let it simmer fifteen or twenty minutes, then drain
and spread it out to cool; remove every bone and bit of skin, and when
perfectly cold pick to pieces very fine with a fork. While the fish is
cooling have nice mealy potatoes boiling over the fire; when done, mash
smooth and light, and add to the picked-up fish a little more than its
weight of potatoes, say a pound and a quarter of potatoes to a pound of
fish. For a dozen balls add one well-beaten egg, or two if plenty, or
two table-spoonfuls of rich cream, two spoonfuls of butter; beat all
together and form into neat balls with your hands--which should be well
floured--and drop them into a kettle or large saucepan of boiling lard
or drippings, and fry a good clear brown. Plainer fish-balls may be
made if desirable, omitting eggs and cream, and using less butter.

=Codfish Balls.=--Soak in warm water as much salt codfish as is needed,
judging by the size of the family. Let it stand in the water all night.
In the morning pick out all the bones, press out the water, and chop
fine. Boil the potatoes in the skin. When done, peel and mash while hot
twice as much potato as you have fish; mix well together and moisten
with cream or a little new milk, with a great spoonful of butter. Have
some well-clarified drippings or sweet lard ready in a saucepan. Let it
get boiling hot, and then put in the fish-balls. They should be made a
little more than half an inch thick. Fry a good, clear brown, taking
care not to scorch them. One egg well beaten is an improvement.

=Scalloped Crabs.=--Wash the crabs and put into a kettle of boiling
water, throw in a handful of salt. Boil from twenty minutes to half an
hour. Take them from the water when done, and pick out all the meat;
be careful and not break the shell. To a pint of meat put a little
salt and pepper; we cannot give the exact amount, as tastes differ so
widely; but taste, and if there is not enough add more, a little at a
time till suited. Grate in a very little nutmeg, and add one spoonful
cracker or bread crumbs, two eggs well beaten, and two table-spoonfuls
of butter (even full); stir all well together; wash the shells clean
and fill each shell full of the mixture; sprinkle crumbs over the top
and set in the oven till of a nice brown; a few minutes will do it.
Send to the table hot.

=Oyster Pie.=--Line a deep dish with good puff paste, not too rich.
Roll out the upper crust, and lay on a plate just the size of the
oyster-dish; set it on the top of the dish and put into the oven, as
the crust must be nearly cooked before the oysters are put in, for they
require less time than the crust. While the crust is baking, strain
the liquor from the oysters; thicken it with the yelks of eggs, boiled
hard and grated,--three eggs for seventy-five oysters; add two even
table-spoonfuls of butter, and the same quantity of bread or cracker
crumbs; season with pepper, salt, and mace or nutmeg,--a very little of
either,--and by tasting, be sure that you do not season it too much; to
add is very easy, but to take out seasoning in cooking is a difficult
task. Let the liquor just boil; then slip in the oysters, and as soon
as they come to a boil, stir well and remove the plate with top crust,
and pour them and their gravy into the hot bake-dish; place the top
crust over, and return to the oven for five minutes. Send to the table
hot.

=Oyster Fritters.=--Drain off the liquor and wipe the oysters dry;
season with a little pepper and salt, if not salt enough. Make a batter
with a pint of milk and flour enough to mix not very stiff. Beat the
yelks of three eggs thoroughly, and put to the batter, beating all a
good deal. Whisk the whites to a stiff, dry froth, and stir in gently
the last thing. Take up a spoonful of batter on a spoon, lay an oyster
on top, and cover with a little more batter, and with a broad knife
slip this off gently into a pan of boiling lard. When brown on both
sides, drain on a perforated plate, and send to the table hot.

=To Fry Oysters.=--Take from the shells carefully so as not to tear
or break them; dry in a clean fish-cloth; beat the yelks of eggs with
thick cream,--one yelk to two table-spoonfuls of cream; rub together
some bread or cracker crumbs, a little salt and cayenne pepper. Have
half a pound of butter boiling hot in a skillet; dip each oyster in the
beaten yelks and cream; then roll in the cracker crumbs, taking pains
to have the crumbs adhere thickly to the oyster. Drop into the skillet,
and fry of a light brown on each side. They should be crisp and light.
Drain free from all grease, and serve hot.

=Lobster Patties.=--Boil two or three good lobsters; take out all the
meat, and chop very fine; mash the coral smooth, and mix with the meat.
Boil three or four eggs hard, and _grate_ the yelks, mashing or rolling
the whites to make them heavy and waxy. Season the whole with salt,
cayenne, a very little pounded mace or nutmeg, and a small portion of
lemon-rind, grated. Moisten the whole with cream, fresh butter, or
salad-oil. (Be careful that you do not use too much of any of these
seasonings. It will make the whole bitter. In all of these strong
flavors, only just an _intimation_ that they are present is necessary.)
Put it into a stewpan, add a little water, put over the fire till it
just comes to a boil; then remove from the fire. Make puff paste, and
line deep patty-pans. Bake the paste before filling, while preparing
the lobster. As soon as the lobster has been removed from the fire,
and is partially cooled, take the crust from the oven and fill the
patty-pans with the mixture to the top. Crabs or prawns may be made
into patties in a similar manner.

=Lobster Rissoles.=--Boil the lobster, take out the meat, mince it
fine; pound the coral smooth, and grate the yelks of three hard-boiled
eggs for one lobster. Season with cayenne pepper, a little nutmeg,
and salt. Make a batter of milk, flour, and well-beaten eggs,--two
table-spoonfuls of milk and one of flour to each egg. Beat this batter
well, and mix the lobster with it gradually, till it is stiff enough to
roll into balls the size of a large plum. Fry in fresh butter, or the
best salad-oil, and serve up either warm or cold. Similar rissoles may
be made of raw oysters minced fine, or of boiled clams. These should be
fried in lard.

=Fish Sauce.=--Four ounces of butter blended with three table-spoonfuls
of flour; stir in gradually half a pint of boiling water, stirring all
the time. When smooth, put it into a farina-kettle or milk-boiler, and
let boil five minutes. If too thick, add a little more water. Beat two
eggs to a foam, and stir in the last thing before removing it from the
fire. A little parsley chopped fine added to this sauce, or an onion,
is relished by some.

=A good Breakfast Dish.=--When any boiled fresh fish is left from
dinner, take out all the bones carefully, and pick the fish up in small
bits. Cover the bottom of a deep dish with some of the fish, and, if
needed, a little pepper and salt, and a few spoonfuls of the fish
sauce, if any was left from dinner; then sprinkle over some fine bread
crumbs; then another layer of fish, with sauce; then bread crumbs,
until the dish is full. If all the fish sauce is used without making
the composition quite moist, beat two eggs very light, and add a cup of
milk and pour over the whole; then cover with more bread crumbs, and
set in the oven long enough to heat through and brown delicately. If
no fish sauce is left over, take two great spoonfuls of butter, cut in
little bits, and lay in alternately with the fish and crumbs; use four
eggs instead of two, and a pint of milk.

=Best Mode of Roasting Fish, Ducks, &c.=--The very best way of cooking
fish and fowl ever devised is familiar to woodmen, but unknown to city
epicures. It is this: Take a large fish,--say a trout of three or four
pounds, fresh from its gambols in the cool stream,--cut a small hole in
the neck and abstract the intestines. Wash the inside clean, and season
it with pepper and salt; or, if convenient, fill it with bread crumbs
or crackers chopped up with meat. Make a fire outside the tent, and
when it has burned down to embers, rake it open, put in the fish, and
cover it with coals and hot ashes. Within an hour take it from its bed,
peel off the skin from the clean flesh, and you will have a trout with
all its original juices and flavors preserved within it,--a dish too
good, as Izaak Walton would say, “for any but very honest men.”

Grouse, ducks, and various other fowls can be cooked deliciously in a
similar way. The intestines of the bird should be taken out by a small
hole at the vent, and the inside washed and stuffed as before. Then wet
the feathers thoroughly, and cover with hot embers. When the cooking
is finished, peel off the burnt feathers and skin, and you will find
underneath a lump of nice juicy flesh, which, when once tasted, will
never be forgotten. The peculiar advantage of this method of roasting
is that the covering of embers prevents the escape of juices by
evaporation. This comes from the “Trappers’ Guide,” and we know it is
good.


MEATS.


BEEF.

=Leicestershire Hunting Beef.=--Take four ounces saltpetre or one of
allspice. Rub it over a nice round of beef very thoroughly. Let it
stand twenty-four hours, then rub it in as much common salt as will be
needed to salt it to suit your taste. Keep it in a cool place twelve
days, turning it every day, then put it into a deep pan and cover it,
upper and under side, with three pounds of beef suet. Then cover with
a thick paste, and bake slowly for six hours. It will keep for six
months, and is highly spoken of by English people. We have never tried
it, but by request give the receipt, which we have had for a long time
in our possession.

=Spiced Beef.=--Boil a shin of ten or twelve pounds of beef until the
meat readily falls from the bone. Pick the meat to pieces and mash the
gristle very fine, rejecting all parts that are too hard to mash. Set
the liquor in which it was boiled away till cool, then take off all the
fat. Boil the liquor down to a pint and a half; then return the meat to
the liquor, and, while hot, add any salt and pepper that may be needed,
a half-teaspoonful of cloves, the same of cinnamon, a little nutmeg, a
half-spoonful of parsley chopped fine, a very little sage and summer
savory, if agreeable, not quite half a salt-spoonful. Let it boil up
once, and put it into a mold or deep dish to cool. Cut in thin slices
for breakfast or tea.

=Curried Beef.=--In reply to inquiries how to use “_curry_ powder,” we
give the following: Put in a saucepan over the fire two table-spoonfuls
of butter, and, when hot, put in two small onions, sliced very thin;
fry until brown; then add a table-spoonful and a half of curry powder,
mixing all well together. Take three pounds of the best of a round
of beef; cut in pieces an inch square; pour over it the milk of a
cocoa-nut, and a quarter of the meat of the nut grated very fine and
squeezed through muslin; moisten with a little water,--only enough to
make it pass through the muslin easily. The cocoa-nut meat and milk
soften the taste of the curry, and no _curry_ is ever made in India
without it. If this does not make liquor enough, add half a teacup
boiling water, and let the whole simmer for thirty minutes. Serve hot,
in a dish with sliced lemon, and a wall of mashed potatoes or boiled
rice around it.

=Meat Pie.=--Cut up some pieces of good, tender raw beef or mutton,
season with pepper, salt, and, if liked, one finely minced onion. Boil
a half-dozen good-sized mealy potatoes, mash smooth and wet with enough
milk to form a dough to make the crust; salt to please the taste; roll
out full half an inch thick, and line a buttered dish large enough to
hold the meat. Lay in the meat, add a teacup of water, or less if the
pie is to be for a small family, then roll out a thick crust of the
potato, covering the top of the pie at least an inch thick, and bake
about an hour and a half.

=Beef Collops.=--Cut the fillet from the under part of a rump of beef
into thin slices; broil quickly until nearly done, then put into a
stewpan with a little beef stock; add two or three slices of lemon or
pickled cucumber and two table-spoonfuls of catsup, and stew till
tender. Half a pint of oysters added ten minutes before it is done is a
great improvement.

=To Cook a Beefsteak.=--Put a frying-pan over the stove till it becomes
quite hot. Have your steak well pounded or mangled,--a sirloin steak is
very good for this purpose,--lay it on the hot, dry pan and cover it
instantly as tightly as possible. When the meat touches the heated pan
it will seethe and adhere to it, but in a few seconds it will become
loosened and juicy; turn the steak every half-minute, but be careful
to do it as quickly as possible, so that it may not be long uncovered.
When nearly done, sprinkle on pepper and salt, lay a small piece of
butter on the steak, and add a table-spoonful of strong coffee. This
makes a delicious broiled steak. Or, if you wish much gravy, shake a
little flour over the steak when just done, and pour in three or four
table-spoonfuls of cream, let it just boil up, under cover, and when
the meat is done, take the pan from the fire, remove the meat, stir
in quickly the well-beaten yelk of an egg, and serve hot. If cream is
used, omit the coffee. Mutton or ham may be cooked in the same way,
only they should be over the fire longer than beef.

=Rump Steak, with Oyster Sauce.=--Broil the steak nicely; put four even
table-spoonfuls of butter into a frying-pan, add pepper and salt to
your taste; shake in a table-spoonful of flour, and add the juice of
half a lemon; when it begins to boil up, put in as many oysters as can
be used in this preparation; let them heat through and just boil up
once, taking care to shake the pan and keep its contents stirring all
the time it is over the fire. When the oysters are done,--a pint to one
steak is about the right quantity,--pour all over the steak, and serve.

=A French Broil.=--Select a spider or saucepan with a smooth, clean
bottom, set it over the range or stove till really _hot_, then lay on
a good tenderloin or sirloin steak; keep the spider very hot, and turn
the steak as often as every two minutes,--no longer; when half done,
sprinkle over salt and pepper to suit the taste of those who are to
eat it; continue to turn the steak often till sufficiently done; just
as you are ready to take up and dish the steak, dust a little flour
over it, spread on a table-spoonful of butter, or, if a large steak, a
little more; turn it over, dust on more flour, and spread on the butter
as on the first side; turn again, set the saucepan back from the hot
fire, take the steak on to the platter, and set in a heater or oven to
keep hot, but not to cook any more; shake more flour into the butter
in the saucepan, set again over the fire, and as soon as the butter
bubbles up through the flour, rub it smooth with a spoon and pour in
a few spoonfuls of boiling water; stir constantly, and as soon as it
thickens, pour over the steak, and serve hot.

=Beefsteak Rolls.=--Cut small, thin steaks from the round; fry them
slightly; make a stuffing as for roast veal or turkey; spread it over
the steaks, roll them up tightly, and sew or tie up neatly. Stew them
in rich beef stock or brown gravy twenty minutes, and serve hot, with
the gravy poured over. A half-teacup of rich cream added a few minutes
before serving is a great improvement.

=Beef Croquettes.=--Chop cold roast beef or veal with one onion very
fine; add a little sweet-marjoram, half a teaspoonful of powdered
cloves, and as much salt and pepper as will be palatable. Moisten with
a rich beef gravy, from which all the fat has cooled and been removed.
Roll into balls, dip in beaten eggs, roll in flour, or bread or cracker
crumbs, and fry in good, sweet lard.

=Mock Duck.=--Prepare a good dressing, such as you like for turkey
or duck; take a round steak, pound it, but not very hard, spread the
dressing over it, sprinkle in a little salt, pepper, and a few bits of
butter, lap over the ends, roll the steak up tight and tie it closely;
spread two great spoonfuls of butter over the steak after rolling it
up, then wash with a well-beaten egg, put water in the bake-pan, lay in
the steak so as not to touch the water, and bake as you would a duck,
basting often. A half-hour in a brisk oven will cook it. Make a brown
gravy, and send to table hot.

=A Nice Breakfast Dish.=--Grate some cold tongue or beef, put it into
a stewpan with a little pepper and salt, and four table-spoonfuls of
cream or milk; when quite hot, put in four well-beaten eggs; stir
all the time till the mixture is quite thick; have ready some nicely
toasted bread, well buttered, and spread the tongue or beef over it;
send to table hot.

=Mock Venison.=--Cut a nice piece of _corned beef_ in thin slices and
soak three or four hours in tepid water, changing the water often.
Be sure and have plenty of water to soak it in. When sufficiently
freshened, drain, wipe dry, put on a hot gridiron, and broil quickly,
turning often, only enough to be fully hot through. Make a gravy of
drawn butter, add a little pepper, taste before adding salt; chop fine
the yelk of an egg boiled hard, and, if agreeable, a little boiled
onion, and pour over it; or simply butter, pepper, and a little salt,
as for beefsteak. This is an excellent dish when so situated as to
have little opportunity for fresh meat, but a _fresh_ beefsteak thus
seasoned is better.

=To prepare Cold Roast Beef or Mutton.=--Cut off the meat as thin as
possible; dip each slice in flour; cover the bottom of a deep dish with
a layer of meat thus prepared; dust over it a little pepper, salt,
sage, and sweet-marjoram,--_very little_ of each; add another layer of
the meat dipped in flour and seasoned in the same way. Continue this
till the dish is half full, then pour over it what gravy was left,
being careful to remove every particle of fat. If not gravy enough,
substitute water. Turn in half a teacup of catsup, or half a pint of
tomatoes, adding a little clove or allspice. Add water enough to fill
it nearly full, fit a plate tightly over it to keep in the flavor,
and bake two hours. Boil some potatoes and mash them, adding a little
salt, butter, and milk. Make it into a high wall around the edge of a
well-heated platter; beat up an egg and brush over the potatoes, and
when the meat is done, turn it into the platter; slip it again into the
oven, to remain long enough to brown the potatoes a fine golden brown.
The poorest and toughest parts of uncooked beef may be made deliciously
tender if prepared in this manner, but it must be in the oven one hour
longer.

=Economical Breakfast Dish.=--If you have a few bits of meat or two or
three cold potatoes left over, put some “drippings” into a skillet;
slice the potatoes thin, cut the meat up fine, and add salt and pepper
to taste; then beat two or three eggs, according to the size of the
dish to be prepared; stir them into a cup of cream or milk, and pour
over the meat and potatoes. If eggs are not plenty, use fewer eggs and
more milk or cream. If milk, add a half table-spoonful of butter. Keep
it over the fire, stirring constantly, till the eggs are cooked. It
takes but a few moments to prepare this; but do not leave it an instant
till done, or the eggs will burn and ruin the whole.

=A “Two Story.”=--A genuine farmer’s dish, but fit to set before a
king,--so we are assured by one who knows.

Peel and slice thin potatoes and onions (five potatoes to one small
onion); cut half a pound of sweet salt pork in thin slices to a pound
of beef, mutton, or veal; cut the meat in small pieces; take some nice
bread dough and shorten a little, and line the bottom of the stewpan
with slices of pork; then a layer of meat, potatoes, and onions; dust
over a little pepper, and cover with a layer of crust; then more pork,
meat, and vegetables; then more crust. Repeat this till the stew-pot
is full,--the size of the pot will depend on the number of the family;
pour in sufficient water to cover; finish with crust. Let it simmer
till meat, vegetables, etc., are done, but do not let it boil hard.
Serve hot.


MUTTON AND LAMB.

=Shoulder of Mutton Boiled.=--All mutton should hang in a cool place
till quite tender before being used, but be careful that it does not
hang long enough to acquire the least rust or taint. When the shoulder
has hung till tender, bone it; rub a little salt over it, and let it
lie in a deep dish for two days, turning it over each day and rubbing
in a little more salt,--half a table-spoonful each time. Meat to boil
requires more salt than for roasting. On the third day, sprinkle over
the inside one teaspoonful of pepper and half a teaspoonful of powdered
mace. Spread twenty oysters over the inside; roll the meat up tightly
and tie securely; put it into the stewpan or boiler with just enough
boiling water to cover it; throw in six peppercorns, or seeds of the
red pepper, and one onion chopped; shut the cover over very closely,
and stew; twenty minutes’ cooking for each pound of meat is the proper
time. Stew twenty-four oysters in a pint of good stock or gravy; add a
table-spoonful of butter and enough flour to thicken it. When the meat
is done, lay it in a good-sized platter and pour the gravy over it.

=Shoulder of Mutton Spiced.=--Bone carefully a shoulder of mutton,
after it has hung till tender. For every pound of meat mix two ounces
of brown sugar, one salt-spoonful of cloves, one teaspoonful each of
mace and pepper, and half a salt-spoonful of ginger; rub these spices
thoroughly into the meat; lay it into a deep dish, and the next day
rub in two teaspoonfuls of salt for every pound of meat, and add one
pint and a half of good beef gravy for the whole joint. Turn the meat
over; rub it well with this pickle every day for a week or ten days,
letting it remain in the pickle all the time after each rubbing. At the
end of the week or ten days, roll it up tightly, bind with a string,
and stew gently in beef broth four hours. Serve hot in its own gravy,
and eat with any piquant sauce or catsup.

=Mutton Stew.=--Take such scraps of mutton or lamb as are not fit
for chops or cutlets; just cover with water; add a little onion and
parsley, if not disagreeable, and season well with black and red
pepper; boil two eggs hard, or, if making a good-sized stew, use more
(two are plenty for five persons); mash or grate the yelks fine, and
stir them into a table-spoonful of butter and the same amount of
browned flour. Stir this into the stew just before dishing, to season
and thicken the gravy. Let it boil up once after adding this, and serve
as soon as it thickens.

=Roasting a Leg of Lamb.=--Slice salt pork very thin, cutting two
slices down to the rind, leaving the rind on to make the piece as large
as possible; make as many of these thin slices as will cover the whole
leg; then wrap the whole in grape-leaves; pass a string round to keep
them on, and roast. It is said the lamb will be exceedingly juicy and
of delicious flavor. Never baste meat with butter, but with rich soup
stock.

=To use Cold Lamb.=--When lamb or mutton is left in good shape,--and
it is the fault of the carver if it is not always left neatly,--cut
off some chops; trim off the greater portion of fat, and saw or cut
off the end of the bone. Heat a platter, and pour into the centre some
nicely cooked fresh green peas, or in winter canned peas. Heap them in
the centre in the shape of a pyramid; brown the chops quickly over a
bright fire, season in a hot plate with pepper, salt, and butter, and
then arrange them around the peas, the small end laid upon the pyramid
of peas. Garnish the edge of the dish with slices of hard-boiled eggs,
each circled in a fringe of curled parsley. Serve hot.

=Mint Sauce.=--Three table-spoonfuls of fresh mint finely chopped, five
table-spoonfuls of vinegar and two of sugar, dissolved in the vinegar.
To be used with roast lamb or chops.

If so much vinegar is disagreeable, use one third water and a little
more sugar.


VENISON.

=Jerked Venison.=--Take the haunches when the deer is first killed;
rub in as much salt as you can; press and squeeze the meat hard with
your hands to get out all the blood; then hang it up in some covered
alley or shed, where the sun will not directly strike it, but where the
dry breezes will sweep over it. If not quite salt enough the next day,
rub more salt on; squeeze and press out all the blood which may still
remain, and hang up again. Two or three days will dry it. When needed,
cut off nice slices, rather thin; lay them in a dish of cold water a
short time to soften a little, then broil, serving with pepper and
salt. Or, fry a piece of bacon crisp; then lay the pieces of venison
into the hot fat, and warm through quickly; shake a little flour over
the meat, and when done salt and pepper; place the meat on a hot
platter; sift a little more flour into the pan; let it boil up; add a
few spoonfuls of boiling water; boil up again, and pour the brown gravy
over the venison. It is very sweet and palatable.

In Florida, beef is also cured, or dried, so as to keep for several
days. Cellars or ice houses not being common, it is necessary to resort
to some means of keeping it. Take a fine round of beef, and cut in
slices as large as your hand and about half an inch thick. String them
on a strong cord, and hang up high in some place where the sun will
not shine directly on it, but where a good breeze of hot air will pass
over it. Build a fire of dry leaves or bits of paper, and place at one
end of the place where the meat is hung, so that the wind will take
the smoke under and over it; this will keep the flies away till the
outside of the meat is too dry for them to injure it. A day or two in
the dry breezes here will cure it, so that it may be put in paper bags
and kept in a dark, dry place several days, to broil as it is needed.
It is wonderfully sweet, probably because in drying all the juices of
the meat are secured. Our Northern air is not so drying, but we see no
reason why, in summer, those who have not smoke or ice houses could
not hang meat under the trees, away from the sun, keeping up a smoke
sufficient to drive away flies but not strong enough to heat the meat.
It is an experiment well worth trying.

=Venison Steaks.=--Heat the gridiron, grease it well. Lay on the steak;
broil quickly, without scorching, turning it two or three times; season
with salt and pepper. Have the butter melted in a well-heated platter,
into which the steak must be laid hot from the gridiron, turning it
over two or three times in the butter, and send to table hot. It is
well to set the platter into another in which you have some boiling
water. Venison should not be overdone, and must be eaten hot.


COOKING IN A “RUMFORD BOILER.”

In one of our “talks” in Part First we said something of the Rumford
Boiler. We subjoin here a few hints as to the use of it. Other similar
“boilers” or “steamers” or “cookers” can also be advantageously used.
The “Rumford” happens to be the one we have used and thoroughly like.

=To Roast Beef or Mutton.=--Have boiling water two or three inches deep
in the lower part of the boiler, deep enough to just touch the bottom
of the pan to be set over it. Place the meat in the inner pan _without
water_, first seasoning it with salt and pepper, if agreeable. Put on
the cover, fitting it in tightly.

When the water begins to boil, set the boiler back on the stove or
range, where it will keep just at the boiling point, and let it remain
cooking the usual time,--fifteen minutes for each pound is generally
thought long enough. When done take it out, dredge with flour and put
into a quick oven to brown, but not scorch.

It is usually estimated that one pint of gravy is lost when meat is
boiled the usual way. Here you have it all saved in the dish, the pure
juice of the meat making excellent gravy.

=To Boil a Leg of Lamb or Mutton.=--Keep in the boiler the ordinary
length of time, with no water in the receiver or pan (which in all
cases should be tightly closed), and send to the table without browning.

=Corned Beef.=--If very salt, the beef should be soaked in cold water
three or four hours; then put it in the inner vessel with _cold_ water
enough to cover it. Keep the water in the bottom receiver boiling
slowly till the beef is done. Salt meat needs to be cooked longer than
fresh; fifteen minutes to a pound for fresh, and twenty minutes for
salt, is the rule usually given, but we have not found the latter long
enough. A piece weighing nine pounds should cook four hours, if without
much bone, and three with bone. We think that better--more sure--than
twenty minutes to a pound.

The water in which salt meat is thus cooked makes excellent stock
for soup. If too salt (it should not be if the beef was properly
freshened), add water sufficient to make it right.

=To Cook a Ham.=--Freshen the ham by soaking in cold water three or
four hours, then scrape clean and wipe dry. Stick a few cloves into
it, rub on a half cup of sugar, and put in the inner vessel _without
any water_; _cover closely_, and set over the boiling water in the
bottom of the boiler; bring to a boil, and then set back a little that
it may cook slowly till tender, about four hours. This will be found
very excellent in flavor, far surpassing ham boiled in the common way.
If liked, when done, the ham may be set in a quick oven and delicately
browned, like roast beef or mutton.

=Fish.=--Season a fresh fish with salt, pepper, and a table-spoonful
of butter, and put in the receiver, or inner pan, _without any water_;
cover closely, and cook for half an hour. Thicken the juices of the
fish which will be found in the pan with a little flour, wet in cold
water, and let it simmer a few minutes in the pan, closely covered.
This makes an excellent sauce for the fish.

Steaks of cod, salmon, halibut, or any other fish, usually fried, are
excellent cooked in this “Rumford Boiler,” and need no butter or sauce
besides the juice which will be left in the vessel, and pepper and salt.

We have tried all these receipts since we possessed this excellent
boiler, and can testify to the superiority of each dish over that
cooked in the usual way.

We have cooked all our vegetables--corn, peas, beets, potatoes--in the
pans that are made to fit over the first vessel with tight covers, and
are greatly pleased with the improvement. It must be remembered that
each vessel should be closely covered, and over all the cover for the
whole boiler. Bread of all kinds and loaf cake are delicious cooked in
a “Rumford,” and when done put into the oven to brown.


VEAL.

=Meats for June.=--It is more difficult to obtain good meats in
June than any part of the year. Lamb is still quite expensive, and
“broilers” or spring chickens are dear and very little of them. What
you can manage to pick off is dry, stringy, and, we cannot but think,
indigestible. Veal is the only meat within the reach of all classes;
but be very sure that you obtain that which has been healthily fed, and
butchered as humanely as is possible. It is well that we do not see or
know all the barbarity of the butchers’ shops, or we should perforce
become vegetarians. There are many ways of using the less desirable
portions of veal, that when properly carried out make some very
inviting breakfast or tea dishes.

=Calf’s Head and Harslet.=--The head to be split open, the grease
screened off, and eyes taken out, before bringing from the butcher’s.
Wash very carefully, and scrape thoroughly. Take out the brains and
put into a bowl of cold water; also lay the head, when cleaned, into a
large pan of water. Then see that the harslet is well cleaned; leave
the windpipe on the lights, and let all soak in cold water, and plenty
of it, for half an hour. Have a large pot of boiling water ready. Two
hours before dinner put in the heart and lights, leaving the windpipe
a little way out of the pot to carry off the scum that will rise while
boiling. Put in salt, black and red pepper,--_very_ little of the
latter,--and a little thyme and parsley. One hour after put in the
liver; skim often. When the brains have soaked till free from blood,
pick out all the veins or fibers, roll half a cracker and put it with
the brains and a little parsley into a clean bit of muslin, tie it up,
and put into the kettle with the head, etc. Let it boil from ten to
fifteen minutes; then take it up, add butter, pepper, and salt, and
serve in a small dish by itself. The bones must all be removed from the
head; when well done, they will slip out easily. Lay the meat in the
center of the platter; skin the tongue, and place it with the meat;
remove the windpipe, and lay lights, heart, and liver around. Make a
gravy of drawn butter, with parsley, chopped fine, and two eggs beaten,
and added just as the gravy comes to a boil. Send all to table hot.

=Head and Harslet Hash.=--Take what may be left from dinner of the
calf’s head and harslet, chop very fine, use a few spoonfuls of the
drawn butter, moisten with the water in which the meat was boiled, put
over the fire till hot, then serve on nice slices of toasted bread, and
you have a breakfast dish even better than the dinner.

The water in which calf’s head, etc., is boiled, should be carefully
kept, and when cold it will be a stiff jelly. Take off the grease that
will harden on top, and the jelly may be made into a fine mock-turtle
soup. It is still better if, when boiling the head and harslet, you add
two calf’s feet.

=Veal Pie.=--Take the neck of veal, joint it as small as you can, and
stew, adding just enough boiling water to prevent it from burning.
Season with pepper, salt, and, if liked, a very little onion cut
up fine, and a little parsley or summer savory. Make a crust of
two potatoes, boiled and mashed smooth and free from lumps, two
table-spoonfuls suet chopped _very_ fine, a little salt; stir it
together with ice-cold water. Flour the board, roll out, and scatter
over it thin shavings of hard butter right from the ice; shake over
some flour; lap it together and roll out again. Then put on more
butter, using, in all, four table-spoonfuls, _not heaped_. This done,
sprinkle again with flour, roll it up and put on the ice till the veal
is done, which should not cook over three quarters of an hour. When
tender, pick the meat from most of the bones, leaving a few small ones
to give shape to the pie; roll the meat in well-beaten eggs; three will
suffice to wet it; then roll it in flour; cover the pie-dish with part
of the paste, rolled about a quarter of an inch thick. Cut a strip of
crust to place around the edge of the dish, and lay the meat in neatly,
cutting in a few bits of butter, two table-spoonfuls will do, and pour
over the meat the water in which it was cooked, which should have
boiled down so as to leave only enough to make the pie juicy. Now roll
out the rest of the paste for the upper crust, about three quarters
of an inch thick, cover the pie, cut a slit in the top, and bake. Be
careful not to scorch the crust.

=Sweetbread Croquettes.=--Trim the sweetbreads neatly; remove all the
gristle; parboil and mince very fine; add grated bread seasoned with
salt and pepper, and a very little mace, if agreeable; moisten with
cream; stir all well together, and shape them by pressing firmly into
a pear-shaped wineglass or small mold, or mold into little cones by
rolling in your hands. Have ready a beaten egg and fine rolled and
sifted bread or cracker crumbs. Dip each croquette into the egg and
roll in the crumbs; stick a fruit-stem into the cone, to look like an
apple or pear, and fry in butter. This is good for cold chicken, beef,
or raw oysters.

=Veal Patty.=--Four pounds veal-steak, chopped while raw very fine; mix
with it eight butter-crackers rolled, a piece of butter of the size
of an egg, and two well-beaten eggs. Mix all thoroughly together, and
season with pepper and salt. A little sage, thyme, or savory is thought
an improvement by some. Mold into a loaf; put small bits of butter
on top, and cover with grated bread crumbs. Judge of the quantity
of butter necessary by your own taste. If not liked very rich, two
table-spoonfuls of butter cut up and sprinkled over will be plenty.
Bake two hours. When cold, cut off slices as from a loaf of bread, for
tea or side-dishes.

=Minced Veal.=--Mince the veal very fine with a little ham, a
table-spoonful of flour, three well-beaten eggs, one small onion
scalded for five or ten minutes to remove the coarser flavor and then
chopped fine; sweet herbs, pepper, and salt to suit the taste. Butter
a deep pie-plate, set a small cup in the center, and fill the plate
all around the cup with the mince-meat. Bake of a delicate brown;
then remove the cup and fill its place with some nice sauce,--apple,
cranberry, or jelly, or, if you please, some scalloped oysters. Beef,
lamb, or chicken prepared in the same way is very good.

=Veal Hash.=--Boil a shin of veal which has about three pounds of meat
on it in as small a quantity of water as you can, so that when done
there shall be one quart of water left. Boil the day before needed,
that it may be perfectly cold. When the meat is well done, lay it
anywhere where it will be away from the air, but do not wrap it in a
cloth. Save all the liquor in a separate dish. The next morning cut up
all the meat; chop not quite so fine as for the “mince.” Half an hour
before you send it to the table, put it over the fire in a covered
stewpan with the liquor; have ready half a pint of hot-drawn butter and
eight hard-boiled eggs; remove the shells, mince all but two, and add
to the meat. As soon as it boils up, remove from the fire; season with
salt, cayenne pepper, and a little black pepper. Cut the two eggs in
slices, and when the meat is placed in a dish, lay them over the top
neatly. Send to table hot.

=Veal Loaf.=--Three pounds of veal cutlet, a quarter of a pound salt
pork chopped very fine. Three Boston crackers rolled fine, three
well-beaten eggs, one wineglass claret or currant wine, half a cup
of tomato catsup, five ripe tomatoes, if in season, or a teacup of
canned tomatoes; one onion chopped fine, if not disagreeable; juice and
chopped peel of one orange or lemon, whichever is the most palatable;
one small teaspoonful each of pepper, cloves, sweet-marjoram, sage, and
salt. Mix these very thoroughly with the meat, and mold into a loaf.
Place in a dripping-pan, cover the top with cracker crumbs, and bake
three hours. While baking, keep some butter and hot water on the side
of range, and baste the loaf with it often and thoroughly. Let it stand
in a cool place till the second day before cutting. Excellent as a
relish for breakfast or tea.

=Croquettes.=--These are a sort of mince-meat dumpling. Take some cold
veal, chicken, lobster, or tender cold beef, chopped fine. Put a half
table-spoonful of butter in a saucepan on the fire. When melted, put in
a piece of onion chopped fine; fry a little; add half a table-spoonful
of flour. When it browns, put in the minced meat; stir it steadily till
heated through, adding salt and pepper. Then add a gill and a half of
broth, and set the pan a little off the fire to simmer. Chop three
stalks of parsley fine, and mix it in on the fire, stirring all the
time. Then break in two eggs, stirring faster; in two or three minutes
take it from the fire and set it to cool. Thus far has occupied about
ten minutes. When the meat is cold, sift some flour on the board;
take a lump of the mince the size of an egg or larger, roll it in the
fine flour, dip it in a cup of beaten egg, drain and roll it in bread
crumbs; have a quantity of boiling suet or drippings in a frying-pan,
and fry the croquettes in them for a couple of minutes, till brown. Put
in a colander and let the fat drain off.


POULTRY AND GAME.

=Steamed Turkey.=--All poultry, after dressing, should remain in cold
water from twenty minutes to half an hour to extract the blood and
leave them white; then hang in a cool place for twenty-four hours, in
winter even longer. They will be much sweeter and finer flavored for it.

When ready to cook a turkey, see that every pinfeather is taken out,
rinse in cold water, and wipe dry with a cloth used for nothing but
such purposes; rub inside with pepper and salt, and fill with oysters
carefully washed in their own liquor to remove bits of shells; sew
up the turkey, place in a large dish, and set it into a steamer over
boiling water, or in a “Rumford Boiler”; lay a clean cloth over the
steamer and shut the cover on tight, and steam till tender,--two and a
half hours, or, if large, three hours; run a fork into the breast to
see if done. If it seems tender, and no reddish juice flows out, it is
ready to take up; strain the gravy and put into the oyster sauce, which
should be ready while the turkey is cooking, made like stewed oysters
and thickened with farina or butter and flour; let it just boil up, and
add, if you like it white, a little boiled cream; pour this over the
steamed turkey, and serve hot.

Or, if preferred, the turkey may be stuffed as for a common baked
turkey and steamed; or it may be stuffed with good plump chestnuts
after the skins are removed, and the gravy made with the giblets
chopped fine, adding a little flour as you chop, and the gravy from the
dish stirred to it, and set over the fire to boil up. While the gravy
is being made, rub a little butter over and sprinkle the turkey with
flour very slightly, and set in a hot oven to brown delicately. Many
prefer this to sending to the table right from the steamer with white
gravy poured on.

=Broiled Chickens.=--First boil the giblets, neck, and tips of the
wings in just enough water to cover them; season with a little pepper
and salt. When tender, pick off what little meat there is on the neck
and wing-tips, and chop with the giblets, very fine, shaking over
them, while chopping, enough flour to make the whole like a paste;
then return it to the water it was boiled in, stirring all together,
and leave it on the range to keep hot. This done, put the chicken on
a well-heated gridiron over a clear fire, covering it closely with a
cover made to fit the gridiron. Cook carefully, turning it often, and
do not let it scorch. When done, it should be of a good, rich, clear
brown, as uniform in color as possible. When partly cooked, sprinkle
salt and pepper over it on both sides.

Put three great spoonfuls of butter on the platter you have ready to
take the chickens up in; set it into the oven, leaving the door open
lest you break the platter by too strong heat. When the chicken is
well cooked, remove from the gridiron to this platter, turning it over
several times in the melted butter; then pour over all the water in
which the giblets have been put, which should have become a nice thick
gravy; let the platter stand a few moments in the oven until all is
thoroughly blended and heated, then send to the table hot.

If not in a hurry, it is well to melt butter in a deep kitchen-dish and
put the chicken and gravy into the oven in that, and, when thoroughly
heated through, remove to a hot china platter for the table. There is
a risk of cracking the enamel on nice china or breaking the platter
entirely, if set in the oven where a servant may forget and close the
door.

=To Bake a Chicken.=--Choose full-grown, plump, well-fattened chickens;
remove all the pinfeathers carefully and singe all the hairs off by
holding a lighted paper under the chicken before opening; then open
with care; see that the gall is not broken in taking out the entrails
and giblets, and that none of the crop or windpipe is left in; then
wash in plenty of cold water; put inside the gizzard, liver, and heart,
when well cleaned and washed, and hang up to drain all night. If
very warm weather, put in a piece of charcoal to keep it sweet. When
ready the next morning to prepare for baking, cut off the neck and
legs, and lay aside with the giblets for gravy; prepare a dressing,
or stuffing, of dried bread rolled fine, with a little salt, pepper,
sage, and summer savory,--the quantity of seasoning must be determined
by the taste of the family; rub salt and pepper inside, fill with the
dressing, putting enough into the neck or crop to give it a plump look;
sew up and skewer. There should be a grate fitted to every meat-pan
on which to lay meat or fowls, to keep them from becoming clammy by
resting in the water; rub your fowls with a little butter and salt,
place on this grate, pour boiling water into the pan, and put into
the oven; let it cook about fifteen minutes, then baste with a little
butter and salted water, kept in a bowl close by; dredge over some
flour, and baste again; repeat the basting three or four times while
the chickens are baking; turn them over every time; cook till a fork
will enter the flesh easily, but taking care not to dry up the meat;
then remove the skewers and thread with which they were sewed, put them
on the platter and place in the heater, or where they will keep hot
till the gravy is ready.

=Gravy for Roast or Baked Poultry.=--Put the giblets and neck into a
small saucepan, sprinkle over a little salt and pepper, then cover them
with boiling water and set on the back part of stove or range to cook
slowly, as soon as you have put the poultry into the oven; dip the feet
and legs into boiling water long enough to scald off all the leathery
skin, and put them into the saucepan to boil with the giblets and neck.
The feet and lower part of the leg, usually thrown away, contain a
good deal of jelly, which gives a very desirable richness and body to
the gravy, and when boiled tender many think them a great delicacy to
be served whole. When the giblets are boiled tender, chop very fine,
and while chopping dredge over flour till you have made them like a
paste, then put back into the water they were boiled in to simmer
till the chickens are done, stirring occasionally that the chopped
giblets may not stick to the saucepan. After the fowls are taken up,
set the meat-pan on the stove and shake some flour into the liquor at
the bottom of the pan. By the time the poultry is cooked this should
have been done to a brown gravy. After you have put in the flour, do
not stir it until the liquor has boiled up over it, then rub it quite
smooth, and little by little pour in the water in which the chopped
giblets are; stir constantly until it thickens, and if properly managed
you will have a smooth brown gravy of fine flavor.

=Chicken Pot-Pie.=--Cut up a chicken, or two if a large pie be
required; lay the pieces neatly into the pot, and sprinkle over salt
and pepper to your taste; rub one table-spoonful and a half of flour
and two table-spoonfuls of butter (_even_ full) together, and spread
this paste over the chicken; then cover the whole with good new milk,
or, better still, with cream, if you have it. Set the pot, covered
closely with a tight-fitting cover, where it will not cook or boil
rapidly, but stew or simmer, for three quarters of an hour. While this
is stewing, make a crust of prepared flour, or, if you have none, with
soda and cream of tartar, just as you would for light, tender biscuit;
roll this out quite thick, and cover over the meat. If there be not
enough gravy, add a little more milk boiling hot, or boiling water if
milk be not plenty. Cut a slit in the top of the crust to let the steam
escape. Boil half an hour after the crust is put on, bringing the pot
over a hotter fire, that it may boil, not simmer. In taking it out,
pass a knife around the sides of the pot to loosen the crust; then slip
a long-handled skimmer, as nearly flat as you have, or a batter-cake
turner, carefully under, and try to lift it out so as to break the
crust as little as possible; but it will, if properly made and cooked,
be so light that it will probably break a little. When lifted out, lay
it on a dish and take out the chicken and gravy; then lay the crust
together over it, and serve hot. Lean fresh pork or veal is very nice
cooked in the same way.

=Fried Chickens.=--Cut up the chickens neatly; lay them in a large
panful of cold water half an hour to extract the blood. Then drain and
put into just enough boiling water to cover them; season with pepper
and salt; parboil for twenty minutes. Fry crisp and brown some thin
slices of salt pork. When the chicken is sufficiently parboiled, drain
it from the water and lay each piece into the hot pork-fat. Dust over
some flour, and fry the chicken a clear brown, turning each piece
when sufficiently brown. When done on both sides, lay each piece on
the platter neatly, and set where it will keep hot but not dry. When
each piece is done and laid on the platter, shake from the dredge-box
into the hot fat enough flour to absorb the fat. Do not stir it till
all the flour is saturated; then with a spoon stir smooth and pour
in, little by little, enough of the water in which the chicken was
parboiled--which should be kept boiling--to make what gravy you need,
stirring it all the time. When thickened and free from lumps, pour on
the chicken, and serve hot.

=To Cook an Old Fowl.=--Dress and stuff as for roasting; then boil
three hours in a covered pot, with one quart of water, to which add
two table-spoonfuls of vinegar; then take it from the water, rub over
with a little butter, sprinkle over some flour, and put the fowl into
a bake-pan and bake in a hot oven one hour. Use the liquor in the pot
for gravy and to baste with. The vinegar makes it very tender, but does
not taste at all.

=Roast Duck.=--Select those that are fat and tender. Remove every
pinfeather, and singe off all the hairs; stuff with bread chopped fine,
seasoned with a little sage, summer savory, salt, and pepper; or, if
agreeable, add two onions chopped fine, but unless sure that all who
are to eat can use onions without injury, it is better not to risk
them. Remove the two oil-sacks from the back, or the oil will impart
a strong, disagreeable flavor. Roast carefully till of a nice brown,
basting thoroughly. One hour is quite long enough, as, if too much
cooked, a duck becomes very dry and tasteless. Remove all the fat from
the gravy, and put in the giblets, which should have been cooked and
chopped fine before the ducks were done. When chopping them, dust in
flour, so as to make a paste; then stir it into the gravy; stir till
all lumps have been broken and smoothed; let it cook a few minutes,
then pour in part of the water in which the giblets were boiled; cook
till it is thick and entirely free from lumps, then serve.

We have been told that a very excellent French cook opens and
_draws_ his poultry, but does not pluck them till they have hung a
few days,--long enough for the substance in the end of the quill to
absorb,--and thus they can be plucked clean leaving no pinfeathers. He
then picks and stuffs them, and lets them hang a day or two longer,
until the whole fowl is flavored with the dressing. We are assured
poultry so prepared is very delicate and finely flavored. We will not
vouch for this; but in part it sounds reasonable, and is well worth
trying, only we think the feathers must impart a strong, oily flavor if
left in so long.

=To Roast a Goose.=--Select a goose with clean, white skin, plump
breast, and _yellow_ feet. If the feet are red, the bird is old. Let
it hang for a few days, if the weather will permit, as by so doing the
flavor is greatly improved. In dressing, take great care in plucking,
singeing, and drawing the goose, for if the oil-sack is broken over
it, or the gall bladder broken inside, it will be more noticeable and
less easy to remove in a goose than any other poultry. Cut off the neck
close to the back, leaving the skin long enough to tie over. This can
be done by drawing back the skin, while you sever the neck from the
body. Cut off the feet at the first joint, and separate the pinions
at the first joint also; beat the breastbone flat with potato-masher
or rolling-pin. Put a skewer through the under part of each wing; draw
up the legs closely and run a skewer into the middle of each, passing
it quite through the body. Put another skewer into the small part of
the leg, bring it close down to the side-bone, run it through, and
proceed the same way with the other side. Cut off the vent, make a
hole in the skin large enough to draw the rump through, so as to keep
in the seasoning. Make a dressing of mealy potatoes, finely mashed,
two boiled onions chopped very fine, one and a half teaspoonfuls of
powdered sage, one of salt, and one of black pepper. Fill the body
of the goose, and secure it firmly by tying the skin over the neck,
and drawing the rump through the hole cut in the skin. Roast for two
hours, if large, or bake the same length of time; but roasting is much
nicer. Baste often, dredging a little flour over. Do not baste in the
drippings from the goose; they are too strong; but prepare some basting
by putting a little browned butter, salt, and pepper into part of a cup
of boiling water. When half done, drain the fat from the roaster; the
last drippings will not be so strong, and, with the basting water, will
suffice for the gravy. Make a good gravy, in which the giblets finely
chopped, and a little flour for thickening, have been boiled. Put the
gravy into a tureen, and serve the goose with a dish of nice apple or
gooseberry sauce.

=Wild Goose.=--A wild goose should be cooked rare. One hour’s roasting
is quite sufficient. A cup of currant jelly and a glass of red wine
should be added to the gravy, which is made the same as for a common
goose. Serve hot.

=To Roast a Green Goose.=--Geese are called _green_ till four months
old. Dress and truss the same as a full-grown goose, but do not stuff
the bird. Put into the body pepper and salt, and a little butter to
moisten it. Roast for an hour; serve with gravy made like the first,
and tomato or sorrel sauce.

=To Boil a Goose.=--Clean thoroughly, and soak for twelve hours in
warm milk and water. Then dry, and stuff with sage and onions, as for
roasting. Put it into cold water over the fire, and bring to a boil,
then let it simmer gently for an hour and a quarter. Serve with onion
sauce poured over it, and stewed cabbage around it.

A teaspoonful of made mustard, a salt-spoonful of salt, a few grains of
cayenne, mixed with a glass of port wine, are sometimes poured into the
goose, through a slit made in the apron when about half done, and by
many persons considered a great delicacy.

Onions may be omitted, if injurious to any who are to partake of it.
They make many persons quite ill, and it is a kindness to avoid using
any seasoning that will disturb your guests. Whatever way a goose is
to be cooked, it is well to soak it over night in milk poured over it
boiling hot. In the morning wash off the milk and put the goose into
a kettle of cold water, set it over the fire, and let it remain till
almost boiling hot, not quite. This removes the strong taste of the
oil, and you can then take it out, dry with a towel, and when cool
stuff and cook as you wish,--either boiled, baked, or roasted.

=To Stew a Goose.=--Truss the goose as for boiling; cover with thin
slices of bacon and tie it up. Cover the bottom of the saucepan also
with bacon, sprinkle in a very little of sweet herbs powdered, a carrot
cut in dice, and two bay leaves, if you can get them. Lay in the goose
and giblets, cover with bacon, moisten with rich stock enough to cover
the goose; set over the fire and let it boil up; then cover with
buttered paper and a close-fitting cover; set it on a hot hearth with
fire over it. Let it cook an hour and a half. Serve with onion or apple
sauce.

Both geese and ducks if old, and we think turkeys and chickens also,
are better for being parboiled before roasting. Put in just enough
water to boil them; keep the vessel close covered. Let a tough goose
gently simmer two hours; then dry, wipe clean, stuff, and roast;
basting with a little bacon fat or butter.

=To Stew Pigeons.=--Pluck and clean the birds with great care. When
drawn, leave them for about an hour to soak in cold water. This
extracts the blood, leaving them white and sweet. This done, take them
out, and tying the legs together, hang the birds up to drain. When dry,
lay them in a deep dish and place on the ice or a cool place overnight.

The next morning prepare the stuffing of stale bread chopped very fine,
and to it, for twelve pigeons, put one and a half table-spoonfuls of
butter, two teaspoonfuls of salt, one of black pepper; _a little_ sage,
thyme, summer savory, or sweet-marjoram (only a very little,--the
exact quantity cannot well be given more explicitly,--too much will
spoil it; better err by using too little, and profit by the experience
the next time). Rub a little salt and pepper outside and inside of each
bird, then fill with the stuffing and sew them up, passing the thread
through the legs and wings to make them lie close to the body; then
rub a little butter over the birds, dredge with flour, put them into a
bake-pan and place in a quick oven to brown. While this is being done,
chop a little fresh parsley, making, when fine, half a table-spoonful,
and put it to two table-spoonfuls of butter and the same of flour;
beat all together till smooth. Brown the birds on both sides; twenty
minutes should do it, if your oven is of the right heat. Lay a small
saucer or plate on the bottom of a close-covered iron stew-kettle or
into a soup-digester, and put the birds when browned into the kettle,
packing them compactly as you can; spread over them the smoothly beaten
flour, butter, and parsley, and pour in enough rich milk to cover the
pigeons (cream is better, but that is a luxury belonging to the country
chiefly). Set them on the stove or range where they will steadily
simmer four hours. They must not boil hard; occasionally stir them from
the bottom with a spoon, to prevent them from sticking, but do not
break them. When done, take up and place them neatly on a large, deep
platter, pour the gravy over the birds, trim the edges of the platter
with a neat fringe of green parsley, and send to the table hot.

=Wild Squabs.=--After dressing the birds, let them soak in cold water a
half-hour to extract the blood, then drain off the water, wipe dry on
a clean meat-cloth, and set on the ice till needed. (They are better
to be dressed one day and cooked the next.) Let the gridiron be bright
and clean; set it over the fire till hot, then lay the birds on, being
careful that the fire is not so hot as to scorch. Turn them over every
minute or two; when half done sprinkle salt and pepper over them and
finish. Have a _thin_ slice of bread toasted and spread with butter to
lay under each bird; place the birds on the bread, put butter on each
and set in the oven a moment, and send to the table hot. It is well
to have the bread toasted, buttered, and set in the oven to keep hot
before the birds are put over the fire.

=Chicken Pudding.=--Joint a pair of small, tender chickens; season
with salt and pepper; just cover with water, and stew with three thin
slices of salt pork, that has been well washed in hot water. When
tender, take from the liquor and set to cool. Make a batter of one
quart of flour, one quart of milk, six eggs, and a teaspoonful of salt;
or, if _prepared_ flour, no salt is needed. When the meat is cold,
cover the bottom of a large bake-dish with batter, then a layer of
chicken, then another of batter, and so on till all is used, finishing
off with batter. Bake to a light brown. Beat an egg and stir into the
liquor that was set aside, and serve it hot with the pudding.

=Chicken Jelly.=--Cut up an old hen into quite small pieces; skin it,
and pour over three pints of cold water; boil until the bones slip from
the meat easily. Then take out all the meat; throw back the bones to
boil in the liquor longer; chop the meat with the rind of one lemon,
having squeezed the juice into the boiling liquor; put the meat, well
seasoned, into a jelly-mold, and when the liquor is boiled down full
one half strain it upon the meat in the mold; next morning turn it out
of the mold and cut in slices. Do not throw away the _feet_ of poultry,
but pour boiling water over them to take off the skin, and then put
the feet into the liquor to boil. There is a great deal of mucilage in
their feet, and it is excellent both for this jelly and for enriching
the gravy for poultry.

=Chicken Patties.=--Chop very fine all the dry, poorest bits left from
baked chicken; season carefully with pepper, salt, and a little celery,
cut in small bits; make a light puff paste, roll a quarter of an inch
thick, cut with a neatly shaped paste-cutter; lay a narrow strip of the
paste all round, then put some of the mince on the paste; cut another
piece of the same size and lay over. Bake fifteen minutes. This makes a
neat dish and is good.

=To make Remnants of Meat, Chicken, etc., palatable.=--When a boiled
ham is nearly used up, there is considerable lean meat about the small
part of the ham which may waste because no way can be contrived to use
it. If you will grate all the hard dried bits, or, if too small to
grate, pound them in a marble mortar to a paste, and pack it close in a
stone pot, you will find it excellent for seasoning hashes, patties, or
to sprinkle over dropped eggs laid on buttered toast.

=Meat Croquettes.=--Mince cold chicken very fine; moisten with rich
gravy; season with pepper and salt. Shape them by pressing tightly into
a jelly-glass or long, pear-shaped wineglass; brush over with beaten
egg after they are shaped, roll in bread crumbs, and fry in lard.
Drain, and send to table hot. Or, beat together one pint of cream and
one pint of minced chicken, three even table-spoonfuls of butter, with
salt and pepper. Fry in lard.


PORK AND HAM.

=To Boil a Ham.=--Boil it three or four hours, according to the size;
then take up, skin the ham ready for the table, stick over it a dozen
cloves, rub over half a small cupful of sugar, sprinkle thoroughly with
pounded rusk or cracker crumbs, and set into a well-heated oven for
half an hour.

=Broiled Ham.=--Cut _thin_ slices from the middle of the ham, as
true and uniform as possible, having the knife very sharp. But if by
carelessness some parts are thicker than others, roll the thick part
out, stoutly, with a rolling-pin. Soak an hour or two in warm water,
unless the ham is quite fresh. Have the gridiron perfectly free from
roughness, and well heated; then broil over a brisk fire, turning
constantly that no part may be black. If cut thin enough, it will take
but a few minutes to broil it. When done, butter and pepper to suit the
taste. For breakfast, an omelet, or eggs cooked in some acceptable way,
should always go with ham.

=Ham Croquettes.=--Bits of boiled ham, too much broken to slice neatly
for the table, may be made into a very desirable breakfast dish.

To two cups finely chopped boiled ham, put two table-spoonfuls of
flour, six eggs if plenty,--four will answer,--yelks and whites beaten
separately. Stir all together, and make into balls, or shape in a
wineglass. When in shape, roll them in bread crumbs, cracker dust, or
flour; dip them into a little beaten egg, and fry in butter to a clear
golden brown.

=Ham and Toast.=--Boil a pint of milk, wet a table-spoonful of flour
with cold milk, and stir up smooth. When the milk comes to a boil,
pour in the flour, stir carefully till it thickens smoothly, add a
table-spoonful of butter and a little black pepper. Shave some good
ham very thin, pour over it boiling water, and let it scald a minute,
pour it off, add a little more, let it boil up once, then put it into
the thickened milk, leaving it there while you toast carefully a few
evenly cut slices of bread. Lay them into a deep dish, skim out the ham
from the milk and lay neatly on the toast, and then pour over all the
thickened milk. You can beat an egg and put to the milk if you like. It
makes it richer, but is not necessary.

This is a very nice breakfast relish. We think it preferable to dried
beef.

=Ham Toast.=--Soften slightly in a stewpan a small piece of butter; put
in as much finely minced ham as will cover a large round of buttered
toast, and add gravy enough to make it moist. When quite hot stir in
quickly with a fork one egg. Place the mixture over the toast, which
cut in pieces of any shape you may fancy.

=To use Cold Boiled Ham.=--When a ham has been long boiled and is
becoming dry, cut some thin slices, dip in egg and bread crumbs, and
fry quickly. Serve immediately.

=Another Way.=--Cut off all fat; mince the ham very fine; break into a
spider a half-dozen fresh eggs; add a table-spoonful of cream, a little
salt and pepper, and set over the fire; as soon as the eggs are set or
nearly solid, spread one half thickly with the minced ham, and fold
the other half over upon it; slip it carefully from the spider to the
platter. Garnish with curled parsley. Serve hot.

=Ham Ball.=--Chop fine such small pieces of boiled ham as are usually
thought too poor or small for use; add as many eggs as there will be
people at the table; sprinkle in a little flour; beat together with
chopped ham, and make into balls. Fry in hot butter or well-clarified
drippings to a golden brown.

=How a Pig was roasted on a Sugar Plantation.=--The pig, having been
carefully cleaned and dressed, was wiped dry, part of the liver and
heart chopped fine, mixed with bread crumbs, savory herbs, salt, and
pepper, and sewed up. While this was being prepared a fire was built
outdoors, and when burned down so as to secure a bright, large bed of
coals, a long, smooth stick was run through the pig lengthwise, and
smaller ones skewered the legs to the body. A piece of nice fat pork
was fastened on the stick where it entered the head. Thus firmly fixed,
one of the servants held the long stick with the pig on it over the
fire, slowly turning it round and round as it began to cook; or, if he
was needed elsewhere, one end of the stick was driven into the ground,
close to the coals, but only for a few minutes, when he returned to
continue to turn it round over the huge bed of coals. In much less time
than we need to cook a pig in our convenient kitchens, the dweller
under the cocoa-nut trees was beautifully browned, crisp, and tender.
In cooking, much of the fat from the pork filtered through, and having
given juice and relish to the meat, had, with a good deal of fat from
the pig, fallen into the ashes around the bed of coals, leaving the
meat rich and of peculiar sweetness and delicacy, without being too
greasy.

We had not the good fortune to partake of it, but this, with others
cooked in a similar manner, was pronounced the most delicious meat
ever tasted, and we found no difficulty in believing it. Some of our
Northern cooks, with any amount of “modern improvements,” might try
this experiment with great success.

Wild game, birds, rabbits, ducks, etc., are often cooked in a
similar manner. All wild birds are apt to be very dry, and if a thin
piece of pork is tied about them, while baking or roasting, till it
becomes brown and crisp, then removed, and the bird allowed to brown
delicately, it is a wonderful addition to the juiciness and flavor of
the game.

=Good Sausage Meat.=--Take two thirds ham and one third fat pork,
season well with nine teaspoonfuls of pepper, the same of salt, three
of powdered sage, and one of thyme or summer savory to every five
pounds of meat (not heaping teaspoonfuls, remember); warm the meat
enough so that you can mix it well with the hands; then pack in jars.
When needed, make up in small cakes and fry in a little butter, or
simply alone. But they must not be covered over, or they will fall to
pieces. Some like a little cinnamon added. Keep where it is cool, but
not damp.

=A Dutch Dish.=--Pare and slice as many potatoes as are needed for the
size of your family; put them into a deep dish; pour in as much milk or
cream as will fill the dish and not boil over. Stir in a little salt
and pepper; lay some slices of salt pork cut thin over the top; and
bake two hours. Be careful and not put in too much salt, as the pork
will season it almost enough.


SALADS AND OMELETS.

=Chicken Salad.=--Well-fattened chickens, of medium size, tender and
delicate, make better salad than large, overgrown ones. Put them on to
cook in the morning, and save the water they are boiled in for soup.
When cold, remove the skin and cut the flesh in pieces, the size you
prefer. Some like the meat very coarse, others choose it quite fine.
This is entirely a matter of taste. When cut up, throw over the dish
a towel slightly damped in cold water, to keep the meat from drying.
Take the best celery you can get, and cut it of the size you wish. The
“fancy cooks” cut both celery and chicken in bits about one inch long
and half an inch thick, but we think the salad better cut finer. When
the celery is cut, put it between clean cloths to dry perfectly, and
then prepare the dressing. For dressing for two chickens, take three
fourths of a bottle of the purest salad-oil or thick sweet cream, two
scant table-spoonfuls of the best mustard, the yelks of two raw eggs
and of twelve hard-boiled ones. Put the eggs to be boiled in a saucepan
of cold water over a quick fire; bring to a boil, and let them boil
hard ten minutes, then drop them into cold water. When cool, remove the
shells. Break the raw eggs, and drop the yelks into a dish large enough
to make all the dressing in; beat them, stirring the same way, for ten
minutes; then slowly add the mustard, mix it with the eggs thoroughly,
then add a teaspoonful of the best vinegar, and, when this is well
mixed, add the oil, a drop at a time, stirring constantly and always
the same way. Then rub the yelks of the hard-boiled eggs very smooth,
and stir in as lightly as possible a teacup of vinegar; pour it slowly
into the first mixture, stirring with a silver fork. Now season the
chicken and celery with salt and pepper, and as soon as ready for use
pour on the dressing. If set where it is too cold in cold weather, the
dressing will curdle and be ruined.

=Italian Chicken Salad.=--Make a dressing in the proportion of the
yelks of three hard-boiled eggs, rubbed fine, one salt-spoonful of
salt, one of mustard, and one of cayenne pepper, one of white sugar,
four table-spoonfuls of salad-oil, and two table-spoonfuls of vinegar.
Simmer this dressing over the fire, but don’t let it boil. Stir
constantly while over the fire. Then take a sufficient quantity of the
white meat of cold chicken for this quantity of dressing, or increase
in this proportion to the desired quantity; pull the white meat into
small flakes, pile it up in a dish, and pour the dressing on it. Take
two heads of fine, fresh lettuce that have been washed and laid in
water, take out the best part, cut it up, and arrange in a heap around
the chicken, heaped in the middle of the dish, and on the top of this
ridge place the whites of eggs, cut in rings and laid in form of a
chain. A portion of the lettuce to be helped with each plate of chicken.

=Lobster Salad.=--Boil the lobsters half an hour; when cold, take from
the shell; remove the vein in the back, which is not good. Two heads of
lettuce, one cup of melted butter, two table-spoonfuls of mustard mixed
with a little vinegar, is sufficient for six pounds of lobster; after
being taken from the shell, salt and pepper to your taste, remembering
that more can be added if not enough; but if too much, it is not so
easily rectified. Chop them together and put in the salad-dish. Beat
six eggs with a teacup of vinegar, put it over the stove to thicken,
stirring it all the time; when cold, spread over the lobster.

=Potato Salad.=--Cut ten or twelve cold boiled potatoes into slices
from a quarter to half an inch thick; put into a salad-bowl with four
table-spoonfuls of tarragon or plain vinegar, six table-spoonfuls of
best salad-oil, one teaspoonful of minced parsley, and pepper and salt
to taste; stir well that all be thoroughly mixed. It should be made
two or three hours before needed on the table. Anchovies, olives, or
any pickles may be added to this salad, as also slices of cold beef,
chicken, or turkey, if desired.

=Plain Omelet.=--Put your omelet-pan on the stove with a spoonful of
butter; keep it so hot that the butter will almost brown in it, but not
quite; break six fresh eggs into a clean bowl; if fresh, the whites
will be clear and the yelks quite round; add a teaspoonful of milk for
every egg, and whip the whole as thoroughly as for sponge-cake. When
light, put the whipped eggs and milk into the omelet-pan and set it
directly over the fire. As it begins to cool, take a thin-bladed knife
and run it carefully under the bottom of the egg, so as to let that
which is not cooked run beneath. If the fire is right, the whole mass
will instantly puff and swell and cook in a minute, but great care is
needed that it does not burn on the bottom, as scorched egg is very
disagreeable and would ruin the whole. It is not necessary to wait till
the whole mass is solid, for its own heat will cook it after it has
been taken up, but begin to clear it at one side at once and carefully.

=Puff Omelet.=--Take the yelks of six eggs and the whites of three;
beat very light. Take a teacup of cream (milk will answer) and mix with
it very smoothly one table-spoonful of flour; salt and pepper to suit
your taste; pour this into the beaten eggs. Melt a great spoonful of
butter in a pan, and when hot pour in the mixture and set the pan into
a hot oven. When it thickens up, pour over it the other three whites
that were saved out, which you must have all ready, beaten very light.
Return to the oven just long enough for a delicate brown, then slip out
on a dish so that the top part shall remain uppermost.

=Oyster Omelet.=--Beat four eggs very light; cut out the hard part, or
eye, from a dozen oysters; wipe them dry and cut into small pieces;
stir them into the beaten egg, and fry in hot butter. When the under
side is a light brown, sprinkle a very little salt and pepper over the
top, and fold one half of the omelet over the other. Never turn an
omelet; it makes it heavy and ruins it.

=Omelet with Jelly.=--Beat separately the yelks and whites of four
fresh eggs; add to the yelks sufficient sugar to sweeten to your taste,
and an even dessert-spoonful of corn flour very smoothly beaten in
a table-spoonful of cream. Beat this with the yelks till perfectly
smooth, and stir in the well-beaten whites very gently, so as to break
the froth as little as possible; pour the whole into a frying-pan in
which some butter has been melted, but drain off the butter before
adding the eggs, etc. Put it over the fire,--two or three minutes will
cook the under side; hold the pan to the fire till the under side looks
firm, then spread raspberry or strawberry jam over one half; turn the
other over it, and serve immediately.

=Baked Omelet.=--Boil half a pint of milk; beat six eggs thoroughly,
yelks and whites separately; put half a teaspoonful of salt and a piece
of butter half as large as an egg to the boiling milk; stir it into
the beaten eggs; pour all instantly into a deep dish and bake. If the
oven is hot, five minutes will bake it; not quite so hot an oven and a
little longer time will be better,--say ten minutes. It should be of a
delicate brown on top, and eaten right from the oven.

=Omelette Soufflee.=--Beat the whites of four eggs to a stiff froth;
then add the yelks well beaten, with three table-spoonfuls of powdered
sugar and the rind and juice of one lemon. Beat all well together, and
bake in a moderately hot oven five minutes; serve immediately.


EGGS.

=Boiled Eggs.=--Be sure and select fresh eggs for boiling, never more
than a week old. Have the water just boiling; if boiling fiercely when
the eggs are put in, it will crack the shell. Three minutes will boil
an egg soft; five minutes will be necessary if you like them hard, and
ten or twelve minutes if needed for salad; in the latter case they
should be thrown into cold water the instant they are taken from the
boiling water, else the white will be dark colored or clouded. When
perfectly new, an egg requires about half a minute longer boiling than
if four or five days old.

=Fried Eggs.=--The fat left after frying ham, or that which is left in
the bake-pan after browning a ham, is better for frying eggs than lard
or butter. See that it is boiling hot, but not discolored, and drop the
eggs in one at a time. Let them cook half a minute, then dip up some of
the boiling fat from the pan, and pour over them. Continue to do this
till they are done, and it will not be necessary to turn them over,
which endangers breaking the yelk. Two and a half minutes should cook
them sufficiently. When dropping them in, hold the cup into which you
break each one close to the pan, and let the egg slip in as easily as
possible, so that it will not spread in a ragged surface over the pan.

=Poached Eggs.=--While boiling a pint of milk, beat six eggs to a
froth. Just before the milk begins to boil, add half a table-spoonful
of butter and a teaspoonful of salt, and stir into it; then pour in the
eggs, stir without ceasing, but gently, till it thickens,--not more
than two minutes. Take it from the stove or range, and continue to stir
half a minute or so, and then pour it over two or three thin slices of
toasted bread which has been spread with butter, and all prepared in a
deep dish before the eggs are put into the milk. This is very nice for
breakfast.

=Hard Scrabbled.=--Put two teaspoonfuls of butter into a frying-pan;
beat six eggs; season with pepper and salt. When the butter is very
hot, but not scorched, put in the eggs; stir until it thickens, and
serve hot.

=Fricasseed Eggs, or Egg Baskets.=--Boil hard half a dozen eggs or
more, according to the size of your family. When done, throw into cold
water immediately. (This should always be done with hard-boiled eggs,
else the yelk will turn black.) Cut the eggs in half after taking from
the cold water. Rub the yelks in a marble or wedgewood mortar, or with
a silver or wooden spoon, with some melted butter, pepper, and salt,
to a smooth paste; and, if you know it will be agreeable to all, add a
very little made mustard. Pound the finely minced meat of a cold fowl,
or grind some cold tongue or ham, and having made it smooth, mix with
the egg-paste, moistening as you proceed with a little gravy, or, if
you have none to spare, with melted butter. Cut a thin slice from the
bottom of the white of the egg, so that it will stand, and fill each of
the hard whites with this paste. Place close together on a flat dish,
and pour over the gravy left from the roast fowl yesterday, heated
boiling hot, into which a few spoonfuls of cream or rich milk have
been stirred. Cover closely with a hot cover, and let them stand a few
minutes before sending to table. If liked, a little parsley, chopped
fine, may be added, to the taste.

Excellent for breakfast when eggs are plenty.

=Egg Toast.=--Put some milk to boil in a farina-kettle; when it comes
to a full boil, take from over the fire and break in your eggs; let
them stand in the hot milk from eight to ten minutes, but not over the
fire. Steam a light biscuit, or, if you prefer, some Graham bread till
soft, or dip it into boiling milk and lay the egg on it, sprinkling
over a little salt and pepper. If desired, after the biscuit is
steamed or moistened in hot milk, you can spread a little butter over
it before the egg is put on it. This is a pretty breakfast dish, and
much more healthy than when the eggs are boiled, fried, or made into
an omelet, as the albumen (or white of the egg), being only slightly
cooked, is much more digestible. If careful not to scorch it, it is
better to boil in an iron kettle rather than the farina-kettle, as
iron will retain the heat longer than tin when taken from the fire.
Cooked in boiling water rather than milk, eggs are said to be even more
digestible, but they are not so palatable.

=Scrambled Eggs.=--Put into a spider enough butter just to oil the
bottom; set it on the stove. Break the eggs into a dish, taking care
not to break the yelks. As soon as the spider is heated, slip in the
eggs, adding a piece of butter as large as a walnut for twelve eggs;
season with very little salt and pepper. When the eggs harden a little,
stir the eggs from the bottom of the spider until cooked to suit. The
yelks and whites should be separate, though stirred together; not
mixed, like beaten eggs.

=Scrambled Eggs.=--Melt a table-spoonful of butter in a saucepan;
beat the yelks of six eggs a few minutes; then add to them six
table-spoonfuls of milk and a teaspoonful of salt, beat a little
longer, and pour them into the melted butter. When they thicken
slightly, pour in the whites unbeaten, and mix them with the yelks
carefully with a fork, and serve on pieces of toast in a hot dish, or
if preferred omit the bread. The whites should not be beaten in hard,
only stirred with the fork enough to mix in slightly with the rest.

=Dropped Eggs.=--Have ready a saucepan of boiling water. Throw in
a little salt. Break fresh eggs into a cup, one by one, and gently
drop each into the water so as not to break the yelk or have the
white spread much. Dip the boiling water over the yelk with a large
spoon until the white sets; then with an egg-slice take each egg out
separately upon buttered toast. Dress the dish with sprigs of parsley;
sprinkle over a little salt if not seasoned sufficiently by the salted
water. It is safer to cook one egg at a time, keeping the dish covered
into which they are placed after being cooked, or where it will keep
hot.

=Cottage Cheese.=--Take half sour milk, when well thickened, before
it has been stirred, and half buttermilk, at least twenty-four hours
old; set the dishes containing the milk and buttermilk separately
over kettles of hot water till the clear whey just begins to rise to
the top. Do not let it get too hot, or the cheese will be hard and
tasteless. When the whey has risen, pour both into a strainer-cloth
or bag; tie it at the top, and hang it up to drain. If prepared for
draining in the morning, by the middle of the afternoon it will be
sufficiently free from whey. Then turn it out of the strainer and
crumble all up fine; throw in a little salt and black pepper, rub in
a table-spoonful of butter, and moisten with milk till soft enough to
make into small pats or rolls for tea. If you have cream to wet it up
with, use no butter. If you like it quite soft, add more milk or cream,
and put the cheese into a deep dish, without attempting to make into
balls.

=Cheese Toast.=--Without great care, there is danger of much waste
after a rich cheese is cut, and part sent to the table daily. If
servants are allowed to cut it, waste would seem inevitable; but if the
mistress looks after the cheese, there are many nice relishes to be
made from the crumbs and dried pieces.

Take five table-spoonfuls of rich cheese, grated (the “crumbles” and
dry bits are as good as if cut for this purpose from the cheese), mix
with it the yelk of one egg, four ounces of grated bread, and two
table-spoonfuls of butter. Beat it all in a mortar,--a marble one if
you have it,--adding a dessert-spoonful of mustard and a little salt
and pepper. Toast some slices of bread, lay the paste upon them quite
thick; put it into the oven a few minutes and send to the table hot.


VEGETABLES.

Much care in selecting vegetables is necessary, but still more in
preparing them for the table. It is to be regretted that so little
attention is given to this. Half the enjoyment that should be derived
from the abundance of the best varieties which our farms and markets
offer in every summer season is lost by unskillful cooking. So evident
is this fact, that it appears quite important to call the particular
attention of _young housekeepers_ to this part of their duty. We are
so much in earnest, and deem this part of their labors so worthy of
extra care, that no doubt those who think us quite too particular
and whimsical in our inculcations of extreme neatness in household
management will find the same grounds for objection here. We would
suggest that those who feel inclined to raise these objections should
overlook everything and every place about their houses, and attend
with their own hands to all that ought to be done _for one month_. We
imagine that, should they do this, their experience of the beauty of
great cleanliness, and the added luxury and pleasure of their table
comforts, would justify our teachings.

Of course it is only those who raise vegetables themselves who can
enjoy in the highest degree the pleasure of eating them. No luxury
of this kind, peas, corn, beans, salads, etc., can ever be had in
perfection when gathered overnight and brought to the market or the
store, lying for hours it may be before they are used. But even after
such exposure and waste of the finer flavors, they can be made more
palatable by proper cooking.

Almost all vegetables are better _steamed_ than boiled, as all the
juices are secured by this method; particularly is this true in
cooking corn and peas. A large kettle half filled with boiling water,
a _steamer_ fitting closely in the top of the kettle, and the cover
fitting as closely to the steamer, answers very well when there is no
better way. But there are now in market various kinds of steamers for
cooking, which profess to make it a very convenient mode of preparing
food. The “Peerless,” one of the best cooking-stoves we have ever
known, has a large steamer of the size and shape of a wash-boiler, with
two perforated compartments in which to put the various articles to be
cooked, and we have found it exceedingly convenient for steaming all
kinds of vegetables. We have elsewhere mentioned the “Rumford Boiler,”
the “Warren Cooker,” etc. A large amount of corn--for those who can
gather sweet corn right from the stalk are not likely to be satisfied
with a _small_ mess--can be placed in one part; peas in a dish, all
seasoned, set beside the corn; potatoes, beets, cauliflower, each in
separate dish, can find a place in this large steamer, and cooked
without losing any of their richness, yet, all being in one large
receptacle, less room is occupied on the stove than when each article
is put in a separate kettle.

=Corn.=--Like peas and most summer produce, corn should be used as
soon as plucked. Husk, silk, and put into _boiling_ water as soon
as possible after it is brought from the garden. Let it boil twenty
minutes, or, if large kernels and cob, thirty.

The small early corn that will not cook in fifteen or twenty minutes is
too old, or wholly worthless for cooking. As soon as the corn is done,
put it on the plates with a napkin under, and send it to the table hot.
If you prefer it cut from the cob, as soon as it is cooked cut it off,
and to three pints of corn put one spoonful of butter, with pepper and
salt to suit your taste; put in but a little at first and then taste
(always remember that in seasoning you can _add_ if needed, but cannot
easily _take away_), add a cup and a half of good cream, or if you must
use milk instead, put in half a spoonful more butter. Have boiling
water in the under part of your farina-kettle, and pour your corn into
the upper. Set over the fire till just ready to boil, then dish and
send to the table hot.

=Another Way.=--With a thin, sharp knife, cut the corn from the cob
before cooking, being careful not to cut so closely as to take the
horny point that fastens the kernel to the cob. Put the corn into
the farina-kettle as above directed, with a little salt, pepper, two
cups cream, one spoonful butter, or two cups sweet milk and two great
spoonfuls of butter. Be sure and scrape all the milk from the cob when
you have cut off the kernels, or squeeze it out with your hand. It adds
more to the richness of the dish than you would at first imagine. Set
the kettle over the fire and let it boil fifteen minutes. It will take
less time to cook than when boiled on the cob.

=Boiling Potatoes.=--To boil potatoes well requires more attention than
is usually given. They should be well washed, and left standing in
cold water an hour or two, to remove the black liquor with which they
are impregnated, and a brackish taste they would otherwise have. They
should not be pared before boiling; they lose much of the starch by
so doing, and are made insipid. Put them into a kettle of clear cold
water, with a little salt, cover closely and boil rapidly, using no
more water than will just cover them, as they produce a considerable
quantity of fluid themselves while boiling, and too much water will
make them heavy. As soon as _just_ done, instantly pour off the water,
set them back on the range, and leave the cover off the saucepan till
the steam has evaporated. They will then, if a good kind, be dry and
mealy. This is an Irish receipt, and a good one.

=Another Way.=--Put them, with skins on, into a kettle of hot water;
let them come just to the boiling point, and pour in a cup of cold
water, and, as the Irish say, the boiling is “backed.” Repeat this till
the potato is tender. The object is to keep the water just on the verge
of boiling, but check it by a little cold water till the potato is done.

=To Boil New Potatoes.=--When fresh dug take the small potatoes not
quite ripe, wash clean, then rub the skin off with the hand--never
use a knife--and put them into boiling water with a little salt; boil
quickly; when done, drain dry and lay into a dish, spreading a little
butter over them, or boil some new milk, put in a great spoonful of
butter, and thicken with a little flour wet smooth with milk. When the
potatoes are cooked and laid in the dish pour this _dip_ over them.
This is very nice.

=Mashed Potatoes.=--Boil with skins on; when done, peel quickly, and
put, as you peel, into a saucepan over the stove, but not hot enough
to burn; mash free from lumps to a smooth paste; have ready, before
peeling the potatoes, a piece of butter half the size of an egg,
melted, and half a cup of sweet milk, with pepper and salt to taste;
when the potatoes are mashed smooth, pour in the milk and butter, and
work it quick and smooth, then dish; dress the top with a knife so as
to be round and smooth, rub on a little beaten egg, and brown in the
oven very delicately. Serve with fowls or roast meat.

=Potato Croquettes.=--Boil potatoes with just enough water to cover;
when three quarters done pour off the water and let them steam to
finish cooking; then press them through a wire sieve; this done, put
them into a stewpan, adding one ounce butter to one quart potatoes,
and the well-beaten yelks of two eggs; mix together thoroughly; then
flour the paste-board, divide the potato paste into square parts and
roll them on the board to any shape,--balls, pears, corks, or what you
choose,--dip them in egg and bread crumbs, and fry in hot fat to a
light brown.

=Saratoga Fried Potatoes.=--Wash the potatoes clean, slice with a
potato-slicer very thin, throw into cold water long enough to take out
some of the starch, then wipe dry and put into boiling lard, a few
pieces at a time; be sure and keep the lard boiling; as soon as the
potatoes are of a clear golden brown, skim out, drain in a colander or
sieve, and serve hot.

=Scalloped Potatoes.=--Boil in the skins. Peel quickly, when done,
and rub through a colander or coarse sieve, or mash smoothly; season
highly with salt, pepper, and butter; add two or three hard-boiled eggs
chopped fine. Four eggs to a quart of mashed potatoes are nice; but if
eggs are not plenty, two will do. Fill a bake-dish with it, and bake
long enough to form a delicately brown crust. Serve as soon as taken
from the oven.

=Snow Potatoes.=--Boil till just done; peel and throw into a colander
or coarse sieve; break them up a little; then sprinkle in a little
salt; add as much butter as for common mashed potatoes, and enough milk
to enable you to rub them easily through the colander. They will, if
not too moist, come through in strings and fall in a light snowy mass
into the vegetable-dish, which should be placed underneath. Do not stir
it, but send to the table just as it falls into the dish.

=Potato Cakes.=--Grate one teacup of raw ham, mix it with a quart of
finely mashed potatoes; beat and stir into this two eggs, add pepper,
salt (not too much), and a little mustard,--a small teaspoonful is not
too much if you like it highly seasoned,--roll in balls and fry a light
brown. Sage and sweet-marjoram can be added if their taste is agreeable.

=To Fry Sweet Potatoes.=--Pare, slice thin, fry in hot lard, like
fritters, and sprinkle with a little salt as they are taken from the
lard.

=Maccaroni.=--Boil a quarter of a pound of maccaroni in clear water
till tender. While boiling, thicken half a pint of boiling milk
with enough flour to make it as stiff as thick cream; add half a
table-spoonful of butter and two table-spoonfuls of cream, half a small
teaspoonful of mustard, a little pepper (white if you have it, if not
black will answer), a little salt, and a very little cayenne pepper.
Stir into this a quarter of a pound of grated cheese. Boil this all
together a few moments, stirring it constantly to prevent its burning,
then drain the water from the maccaroni, and stir it into the thickened
milk; let it boil up a few moments, and serve hot; or, if preferred,
after dishing it, set the dish in the oven and let it brown. For
variety, a little parsley chopped fine and stirred in before adding the
maccaroni is considered an improvement.

Another very good way to prepare maccaroni is, boil it fifteen or
twenty minutes in clear water, then drain it, and use chicken or veal
broth instead of milk for the seasoning.

Another: Prepare as above or with milk, and just before it is done beat
up two eggs and stir in.

=Egg-Plant.=--Take the fruit fully ripe; cut in slices not more than
a quarter of an inch thick, and put it to soak in cold salted water
for two hours. This removes a black, bitter property, said to be
unhealthful, certainly disagreeable; then wipe the slices on a clean
cloth, dip in the white of egg and fry in boiling hot butter till well
browned, but be careful not to scorch them; serve hot.

=Another Way.=--Pare and quarter two or three egg-plants, according
to the size of your family. Soak them in salt and water, as directed
above, then boil till soft enough to mash like turnips. Mash them
smooth, add a few bread crumbs soaked in milk, and one or two
table-spoonfuls of butter, according to the quantity; a little chopped
parsley, an onion boiled and mashed, and salt and pepper. Mix all
thoroughly; pour into a baking-dish, cover the top with grated bread,
and bake for a half-hour. Serve hot. For a fancy dish some boil the
plant till soft, then cut in halves and scoop out the flesh, leaving
the skin whole. Mash the inside smooth, and dress as above. Mix well,
and stew half an hour, then put it back into the shell or skin; strew
bread crumbs over, and brown slightly.

Cucumbers after they begin to turn yellow, and muskmelons that come on
too late to ripen, may be sliced and fried like the egg-plant, and can
scarcely be distinguished from it. Some think they are better.

=Fricasseed Egg-plant.=--Peel and slice the egg-plant; lay the slices
in salt-water two hours, to remove the bitterness and the black which
it would otherwise have; after soaking, drain off all the water; have
enough boiling water in a clean, bright saucepan to cover the slices;
throw in a table-spoonful of salt, and lay in the egg-plant; let
them boil till thoroughly cooked; then drain off the water, pour in
sufficient milk to cover the slices, and add two table-spoonfuls of
butter, rolled in flour; let it simmer gently, shake the pan over the
fire till the sauce is thick, and then stir in the beaten yelks of
three eggs just before serving.

=To Stew Tomatoes.=--Pour boiling water over fair and fully ripe
tomatoes, that you may peel them quickly; let the water remain only
long enough to start the skin. When peeled, cut into an earthen pipkin
or a porcelain-lined kettle, as tin or iron turns them dark and gives
a bad taste. If onions are agreeable, cut one small one in with the
tomatoes. Cover closely and set where they will gently simmer, but
not boil hard. Stir them occasionally to prevent burning, and when
they have cooked two hours add salt and pepper to suit your own taste,
and to a quart of tomatoes add a table-spoonful and a half of sugar,
and two and a half even spoonfuls of bread or cracker crumbs. After
the crumbs are added stir often or they will stick to the bottom of
the dish and soon burn. Twenty minutes before dinner beat two eggs,
or if you have more than a quart of tomatoes increase the number in
the proportion of two eggs to a quart; stir briskly and often after
the eggs are added, and serve hot. If possible the tomatoes should be
skinned and on the back part of the stove before breakfast, as the
longer they simmer the better they will be. Three hours’ slow cooking
at least, _five is better_. If prepared according to rule, they are
thought very nice by tomato-lovers, and are better warmed over the
second day than they were the first.

=Baked Tomatoes.=--Peel and slice good, firm, but ripe tomatoes; put
them in a pudding-dish, season with pepper, salt, two great spoonfuls
of sugar to a quart of tomatoes, and one spoonful of butter. Sprinkle
some finely powdered bread crumbs over the top and bake slowly two
hours.

To add two well-beaten eggs is thought by some to improve this dish.

=Scalloped Tomatoes.=--Peel as many large, ripe tomatoes as you wish
to prepare; cut them in slices a quarter of an inch thick; pack in a
pudding-dish first a layer of tomatoes, then a thick layer of bread
crumbs, pepper, salt, a little white sugar, and a teaspoonful of
butter; then a layer of tomatoes, then bread crumbs, etc., till the
dish is nearly full, having tomatoes last. Now dust over pepper, a
little sugar, and more butter; strew the top with bread crumbs, and
bake, _covered_, half an hour; then remove the cover, and bake brown,
but be careful not to scorch.

We have received from a South Carolina lady the two following
receipts:--

=Boiled Rice.=--One pint of rice, as new as it can be had,--old rice
has a dead taste,--to one quart of boiling water and one table-spoonful
of salt. Boil briskly a few minutes, until the water seems absorbed;
then, keeping it closely covered, set on one side of the stove, where
it can be kept hot and steam itself done,--not become soft and mushy.
In about half an hour it will be cooked sufficiently. Serve very hot
with the meats, like potatoes. If cooked soft and watery, and stirred
till gluey--as is so often done--it would not be thought eatable at the
South. _Never_ stir more than once, and then only when it first boils.
Some prefer only one pint of water to one pint of rice.

=Cooking Rice.=--Pick over and wash a cup of rice; cover with cold
water, and set where it will cook slowly. When the rice has absorbed
all the water, pour in a cup of milk; stir often and cook slowly; in
ten or fifteen minutes it will take up all the milk; then add another
cup, and so on, till the rice is soft, then add a little salt, and
dish. Eat with meat, or as dessert; if the latter, sweeten rich sweet
cream and grate in nutmeg, and use as sauce to the pudding.

=Peas.=--To prepare any article of food in the _best_ way should not be
thought “too much trouble.” Many kinds of early peas are dry, almost
tasteless, and if what sweetness there may be in the pod is not added
to the peas to remedy this deficiency, they will be very insipid.

“Carter’s Full Crop” and the “Daniel O’Rourke” are among our earliest,
but neither is a very sweet pea. To use these with any enjoyment,
_securing_ all the saccharine properties of the pod, is very essential.
They are of the smooth, round kind, and these are never as sweet as the
_wrinkled_ peas,--that is, those that wrinkle in boiling or drying.

“The Little Gem” and the “Champion of England” are later, but among
our best and sweetest peas. They do not need the juices of the pod so
much in cooking, but we think are enough sweeter and richer for it to
pay for the trouble. Some cooks throw in a little sugar to increase the
flavor, as they use _soda_ to make them tender; but don’t do it unless
your taste is so deficient that you can be satisfied with simple
sweetness and tenderness, without regard to rich, genuine flavor. For
such, any tasteless thing, so that it is sweet and tender, is as good
as peas.

=Green Peas.=--The first rule is to use the peas fresh from the
vines, every hour’s delay in cooking after they are gathered destroys
something of their finest flavor. Wash them _before_ shelling, _never
after_. Shell and pick over nicely. First put in the _fresh pods_.
Press them down, leaving only water enough to cover them. Let them boil
fifteen minutes, then skim out, and put in the peas. If there is more
than enough water to cover the peas after the pods have been removed,
pour it out. Let them boil fifteen or twenty minutes. Peas that require
more than twenty minutes, or need soda to make them tender, are only
fit for soup. When done, put what butter is needed into the dish, and
pour the peas on it, adding a little pepper. Some prefer them dry, and
drain them through a strainer, but we think some of the water in which
they were boiled is a very great improvement. The amount of butter
needed must be decided by the quantity of peas and the taste. Boiling
the pods adds greatly to the sweetness and richness of the peas.

=Beans.=--The dwarf wax beans are among the best string-beans. The pod
is very tender and white, almost transparent when cooked. The Valentine
is also very good. Of the pole-beans the Horticultural and Lima are
the best. If you cannot raise the Lima, the Saba is a good substitute,
though by no means equal to it.

In cooking the wax bean, simply cut off the ends, and snap the pod in
small bits. Put salt into boiling water and then put in the beans. If
the salt is thrown in before the vegetables, they retain their color;
but if salt is added _after_ they are in hot water, they will be of a
faded olive color when cooked, and not so well flavored. String-beans
should cook a full hour unless very tender. When done put in your
vegetable-dish some butter, allowing an even great spoonful to a pint
of string-beans; add a little pepper and pour the beans upon it, with
some of the water in which they were boiled. Like peas, some prefer
them quite moist; those who do not can easily be suited by having
theirs taken out free from the liquor. Lima beans are not good to
use for _string-beans_, but the bean itself is delicious. It requires
a full hour to boil. When ready to dish, season the same as peas or
string-beans. Many consider cream an addition both for peas and beans,
but we think much of the peculiar delicacy is lost by it. The more
simple such articles can be prepared the more of the true flavor is
retained.

=Asparagus.=--Wash it clean, but do not leave in water. Cut off all of
the white ends that are woody and tough, and when ready to boil tie up
the stalks in a neat bunch, lay them in the saucepan, sprinkle over as
much salt as is needed to season, then just cover the bunch or bunches
with boiling water. Cook twenty minutes. When done, take the asparagus
out and with a sharp knife cut off any part that has not cooked tender
and throw away. Then cut the stalks up into pieces half an inch long
and put them back into the saucepan with two table-spoonfuls of butter
to each good-sized bunch; a little pepper, one cup of good cream, and
enough finely rolled bread crumbs to thicken it a little, say only
two even table-spoonfuls. If there is enough water left after boiling
to make the dish too liquid, pour off part of it before returning the
asparagus, cream, and bread crumbs to the saucepan. Let it all boil up
for two or three minutes, then dish and send to the table hot.

=Spinach.=--Pick and wash it with great care. Put into a saucepan that
will just hold it; sprinkle in some salt, and pour over only one cup
and a half of boiling water; cover close, set on the stove, and shake
the pan often to prevent the spinach from burning. When done, beat it
up with a little butter and pepper. It should come to the table quite
dry. It looks nicely when pressed into a mold in the form of a leaf.
Serve with poached eggs.

=To Boil Cabbage.=--Wash very thoroughly in cold water; look between
the leaves, where insects and worms are very often secreted; then put
into boiling water, some say without any salt; we prefer to add salt,
when half done; boil quickly till tender; then take it out with a
skimmer into a colander or sieve, and drain free from all water. Season
with a little butter and pepper.

=To Boil Cabbage with Meat.=--Select small, white, firm heads; cut in
quarters; examine carefully; then lay the quarters an hour in cold
salted water, to drive out any insects that may have escaped your
observation. Skim all the fat from the pot in which the pork or beef
is boiling, and put in the cabbage while the water boils; cook till
tender; then drain, and serve as whole and compact as possible. If the
meat is to be used cold, take out some of the water in which it is
boiling, and put in another kettle and boil the cabbage in that, as it
gives a disagreeable taste to meat when cold.

=Another Way.=--After washing and examining the cabbage, put it into
a kettle of fast-boiling water, into which you have put some salt and
a small bit of soda. Press it down into the water, then let it boil
quickly eight minutes; have on hand another kettle of fast-boiling
water prepared as above, and transfer the cabbage to that; press it
down into the water and let it boil twelve minutes more; meanwhile
throw away the first water and prepare more like it; after the second
boiling remove the cabbage once more to another water, and boil ten
minutes if the cabbage is small, twenty if large; then take it up in a
colander, lay a plate over, and drain well; dish on toasted bread that
has been dipped in drawn butter, and pour a little over the cabbage.

=Cabbage like Cauliflower.=--Chop a good, solid head of cabbage fine,
as if for cold slaw. Put it into boiling water. Boil till tender; then
drain quite free from water; season with salt, pepper, and butter; add
a cup of cream or milk, and simmer a few minutes. Send to table hot.

=Cauliflower.=--Soak the head two hours in salt and water, and boil
until tender in milk and water, if you have plenty of milk, if not,
boiling water will answer. Serve whole with drawn butter, or cut it up
and season richly with butter, and a little pepper and salt. The first
way is the most stylish, the last the most palatable. In either case it
must be well drained.

=Hot-Slaw.=--Cut a firm white head of cabbage in thin shreds; put it
into boiling water; cook till tender; only just cover with water, so
that when done there may be hardly any remaining. Just before dishing,
add to one good-sized head half a teacupful of good cider vinegar and
a piece of butter half the size of an egg, with salt and pepper to suit
your taste.

=Cold Slaw.=--Shave a firm head of cabbage fine; put a teaspoonful
of salt, the same of sugar, and a little pepper into a small cup of
vinegar, and pour over the cabbage.

=To Cook Onions.=--The strong, disagreeable taste and smell from onions
may be in a large degree removed by leaving them to soak in cold salt
and water an hour after the outside skin has been removed; then boil
them in milk and water till thoroughly tender; lay into a deep dish,
season with pepper and salt, and pour over them drawn butter.


CAKE.


GENERAL RULES.

First examine the range or stove. See that the ashes are shaken out,
and sufficient coal added to keep the oven in working order till your
cake is put together and baked; for fuel should never be added while
bread or cake is baking. See if the dampers are all right, and ovens
at the proper heat,--a slow, even heat for rich cake, a quick heat for
plain cake.

The range being in proper condition, next collect all the ingredients
to be used. Line the tins with buttered paper.

Sift the flour, then weigh or measure it and the sugar, butter, fruit,
and milk. Baking-powder or cream of tartar should always be sifted
in with the flour, which should then be covered up, and set near the
fire to dry while you are getting other articles ready. If Jewell’s
_prepared_ flour is used, no salt, soda, or cream of tartar is needed
for anything; and those ingredients may be omitted in using the
following receipts.

Dissolve soda in a little cold water.

Put the eggs in cold water. They will beat easier and lighter. Beat
yelks and whites separately.

Never mix sweet and sour milk.

When fruit is to be used, it is always better to pick it over, slice or
stone, and, if need be, wash and dry it, the evening before, covering
it over closely, to keep from the heat and air.

Everything being now in readiness, put the butter into a deep earthen
dish. Stir it with a wooden spoon till soft, then add sugar, and beat
until light and white, like thick cream. Next add the yelks of the
eggs well beaten, then a little of the flour, and very gradually the
milk, beating the batter steadily; then add spices, and the whites,
well beaten to a very stiff foam, with the remainder of the flour,
alternately. Now beat the batter till all is thoroughly combined, and
you will be sure of light, fine-grained cake.

Fruit should be rolled in flour and added the last thing, or add it in
alternate layers with the batter, as you fill it into the pans. Use
some of the flour weighed out for the cake to dredge the fruit.

So far it is well; but quite as much depends on baking, as in the
preparation of the cake, and if you have not the most trusty, reliable
servants, your watch and care is not ended.

Unless a _raised cake_, it should be put into the oven as soon as you
have put it into the pans, opening the oven door, after the cake is in,
as seldom as consistent with proper oversight, as a draught of cold air
passing through the oven will tend to make the cake heavy.

If the oven is too hot, cover the cake for a while with a piece of
brown paper.

Whenever you buy a broom, break off a few of the splints; tie them up
and lay away safely to use in _trying_ cake. It is not pleasant to
think of using a splint from a broom that has been used in sweeping a
kitchen floor, or any other floor, however nicely kept. Try the cake
with one of these clean splints, or a small knitting-needle. If it
comes out quite free from any particle of batter, the cake is done.

Cake keeps fresher to be allowed to remain in the pan in which it was
baked; but if necessary to remove it, place it on the top of a sieve
until quite cold, when it may be frosted if desirable, and put into a
large stone pot, or cake-safe, and covered with clean linen.

Steam stale cake, and eat with a nice hot sauce, and you have a very
good pudding.

=Loaf Cake.=--Two cups sugar; two of milk; two of flour; one of yeast;
make into a sponge overnight. In the morning, if this sponge is light,
beat together two cups sugar, one of butter, and four eggs; add these
to the sponge with enough more flour to make it quite stiff; add spice
and fruit to suit the taste; a cup and a half of stoned raisins, well
floured, and half a cup of citron cut thin and in small pieces. Raise
till light, and bake in an even oven.

=Mrs. Breedley’s Fruit Cake.=--Five eggs; five cups of flour; two and a
half cups of sugar; one and a half cups butter, and two cups sour milk;
two cups raisins. Beat sugar and butter to a cream; add the egg-yelks
and whites, beaten separately; then three cups of the flour and the
milk; beat well and then add one gill wine, cloves and cinnamon to suit
your taste, and the remainder of the flour; and last, one teaspoonful
soda dissolved in a very little water. Bake as soon as put together.

Spices, in all receipts, may be increased or diminished to suit the
taste. One nutmeg and a teaspoonful of other spices will be a medium
allowance; cloves are generally undesirable, except in fruit cake.

=Rosie’s Raised Cake.=--Three cups bread dough, two cups sugar, one cup
butter, or half cup butter and half cup lard, two eggs, nutmeg to suit
the taste, one wineglass of wine, half a teaspoonful of soda, one pound
of raisins chopped or stoned; beat all thoroughly together, and let it
stand to rise till quite light. Always roll raisins in plenty of flour
before putting into the dough, to prevent their sinking.

=Fruit Cake.=--Three cups sugar, half a pound butter, four cups flour,
three eggs well beaten, one cup of milk, two nutmegs, two pounds of
raisins stoned, one pound Zante currants, or half a pound of preserved
orange peel sliced very thin and cut fine, one teaspoonful soda. Bake
two hours and a half.

=Farmer’s Fruit Cake.=--Three cupfuls of sour dried-apples soaked
overnight in warm water. In the morning drain off the water, chop not
too fine, leaving the apple about as large as raisins, then simmer in
two cupfuls of molasses two hours or until quite done, that is, until
the apple has absorbed all the molasses; one and a half cupfuls of
butter well beaten; one of sugar, four eggs, one cupful of sweet milk,
one teaspoonful of cloves, one of cinnamon, one of nutmeg, one and a
half teaspoonfuls of soda, one wineglass of wine, four and a half
teacupfuls of flour; add one cup raisins or currants, if you please,
but roll in flour before putting them to other ingredients; beat all
together thoroughly; bake carefully in a well-heated oven. This is
excellent to our taste, far better than the richer kind, and more
easily digested.

=Whortleberry Cake.=--Prepare the batter just like Sally Lunn, then
stir in one coffee-cup of whortleberries rolled in flour the last thing
before putting into the oven. If the berries are not well floured, they
will sink to the bottom of the cake and be worthless. Stir them in
gently and quickly. Bake half an hour. Very good for breakfast or tea.

=Olic Cake.=--Three pounds of flour, five eggs, three quarters of a
pound of butter, one and a half pints of milk, one pound of sugar,
and one penny’s worth of bakers’ yeast; beat and knead well and put
to rise; knead over every time it rises,--say three times a day for
three days,--using as little flour as possible at each kneading. After
the first rising, keep it in the cellar or a cool place. When ready
for use, break off small bits, flatten with the hand, and lay a bit of
citron on them; then roll into a ball and fry in boiling lard, like
doughnuts. Roll in sugar after they are fried. This is a Dutch receipt,
and, if properly made, very fine. We have never _fried_ these cakes,
but often make a large bowlful in cold weather, and keep it on the
ice a fortnight at a time, using as we want it, kneading it every day
an hour before tea, and using it for biscuits instead of cake. Let it
stand a short time to rise, then bake. _They are very light and tender._

=Nice little Cakes.=--Whites of six eggs left from Spanish cream, three
and a half cups of flour, two cups sugar, one small cup butter, one cup
milk, one teaspoonful soda, and two of cream of tartar. Flavor to taste.

=Queen Charlotte’s Cake.=--One pound of flour, one of sugar, one of
raisins (Sultana or _stoneless_ raisins are the best), one half-pound
butter, four eggs, one gill brandy, one gill wine, one gill cream, half
a nutmeg, half-teaspoonful each cloves and cinnamon. Bake in one loaf.

=Lemon Cake.=--Two cups of flour, two of sugar, six eggs, six
table-spoonfuls of butter, four of milk, two teaspoonfuls of cream
of tartar sifted with the flour, and one teaspoonful of soda. Beat
all well together, and bake in two loaves. For the jelly to use with
it, take three fourths of a pound of sugar, one fourth of a pound of
butter, six eggs, the rind of three lemons grated, and their juice.
Beat the sugar, butter, and eggs thoroughly together, and set in a dish
of hot water until heated, then add the grated lemon and juice; stir
till thick enough and quite smooth, then split the cake and put this
jelly in while warm. It is very delicious.

=Molasses Drop Cake.=--One cup of molasses, half a cup of butter or
lard, half a cup of water, three cups of flour, two teaspoonfuls of
ginger, one teaspoonful of soda. Beat well together, and drop with a
spoon on a buttered pan or in muffin-rings. Bake quickly.

=Chicago Fruit Cake.=--One and one fourth pound flour, six eggs,
one pound sugar, half-pint of milk, three fourths pound butter, one
pound raisins, two teaspoonfuls soda, half a gill molasses, three
teaspoonfuls mace, one teaspoonful cloves, one of cinnamon, one of
allspice, one of nutmeg. Beat the yelks and whites of eggs separately,
and beat the cake well before baking.

=Cider Cake.=--Two pounds of flour, one pound of butter, one and a
quarter-pound of sugar, one pound of raisins (stoned), five eggs,
two teaspoonfuls of soda (only even full), a teaspoonful of cloves,
cinnamon, and half a nutmeg, and one pint of cider. Put in the soda the
last thing.

=Snow-flake Cake.=--Half a cup of butter, two cups of sugar, four of
flour, one of sweet milk, three eggs well beaten, one table-spoonful
cream of tartar, half a teaspoonful of soda; or, if you use prepared
flour, use no soda or cream of tartar. Bake the cake in shallow
jelly-cake pans; while baking, grate two fresh cocoa-nuts carefully,
and spread over each cake, as it comes from the oven, a thin frosting,
and then sprinkle thickly with the grated nut. Three layers of cake
make one cake. This receipt will make two loaves.

=Cocoa-nut Cake.=--One coffee-cup butter, two and a half sugar, four
and a half of flour, whites of nine eggs beaten stiff, half a cup of
milk, two cocoa-nuts grated, one small teaspoonful soda, two of cream
of tartar. Save out a saucer of grated cocoa-nut to sprinkle on the
frosting after the cake is baked.

=Macaroons.=--One pound of sugar, whites of three eggs, one
quarter-pound blanched and pounded almonds. Sprinkle sugar on paper and
drop in little round cakes.

=Delicate Cake.=--When making cocoa-nut custard (see Puddings, etc.),
use the whites of the eggs as follows: One cup white sugar, five
table-spoonfuls of butter, whites of six eggs, one teacup of sweet
milk, three cups of “prepared flour,” or to the same quantity of common
flour, add one small teaspoonful of soda, and two of cream of tartar
sifted in the flour. Flavor with orange, lemon, or vanilla.

=Sponge Cake= (very good).--Three eggs, one cup of sugar, one of flour,
three table-spoonfuls of water, and one teaspoonful of yeast powder;
flavor with lemon and nutmeg.

=Pineapple Cake.=--Make a cake as for jelly-cake; bake it in three
or four jelly-pans; grate a large ripe pineapple in one bowl and a
cocoa-nut in another. When the cakes are done, spread over one a
layer of pineapple, and over that a layer of cocoa-nut; then place
the second cake over this, and on that put another layer of pineapple
and cocoa-nut, and so on till the last; cover that with the pineapple
and grated cocoa-nut, and then beat the whites of two eggs to a stiff
meringue; lay it over the top, and place the cake in the oven just a
few minutes to stiffen.

=Molasses Cup Cake= (very good).--One cup each, sugar, molasses,
and milk, three cups flour, half a cup butter, three eggs, one
table-spoonful ginger, one small even teaspoonful of soda, half a
teaspoonful of salt. Pour the milk to the flour, beat butter and sugar
to a cream and add to it the salt and ginger, then the well-beaten
yelks of the eggs; beat the soda into the molasses, and when it foams
pour in with the rest, adding the whites of the eggs, beaten stiff, the
last thing.

=Loaf Cake.=--One and a half pints of well-raised sponge, two and a
half cups sugar, two thirds cup of butter, three eggs, yelks and whites
beaten separately, half a pound stoned raisins well rolled in flour to
prevent their sinking to the bottom, half-teaspoonful each cinnamon
and cloves, one nutmeg. Beat into the sponge a half-teaspoonful soda
before adding these ingredients, then stir all together thoroughly; let
it stand till quite light, then stir up from the bottom with a wooden
spoon to prevent raisins from settling, and bake slowly. If the sponge
is very thin, add a little more flour.

=Walnut Cake.=--One pound of flour, one of sugar, three quarters of a
pound of butter, one and a half pounds raisins stoned, the meats from
two quarts of walnuts, one nutmeg, half a teaspoonful of cinnamon, half
a cup of milk, one wineglassful of cider or wine, six eggs, whites and
yelks beaten separately, half a teaspoonful of soda. Pick over the
walnut-meats to see that no bits of shells remain; pour boiling water
over to take off the skin, drain and rub dry, then mix with raisins,
flour well, and stir into the batter. Bake in a quick oven, but not
scorching hot.

=Loaf Cake.=--Two cups of sugar, two of milk, two of flour, one of
yeast. Make into sponge overnight. In the morning rub together two cups
of sugar, one of butter, and four eggs. Flour to make quite stiff; one
nutmeg, cinnamon, and cloves; if wished, one pound of fruit. Raise till
light, and bake in an even oven.

=Western Cake.=--Four cups of flour, two and a half of sugar, one of
butter, one of new milk, and five eggs, one teaspoonful of soda. Spice
to taste.

=Snowball Cake.=--One cup of sugar, half a cup of butter, half a cup
of sweet milk, two cups of flour, the whites of three eggs, half a
teaspoonful of soda, one spoonful of cream of tartar sifted with the
flour; beat butter and sugar thoroughly together; add the whites of
eggs beaten to a stiff foam; then the flour, and milk and soda the last.

=Molasses Cake.=--Half a cup of molasses, half cup sugar, half cup sour
milk, piece of butter size of an egg, one egg, two cups flour, spices,
and a few chopped raisins. Spice with a little ginger, cloves, and
cinnamon.

=Corn-Starch Cake.=--One cupful of butter, two of sugar; beat to
a white foam; add four eggs beaten quite stiff, one cupful of
corn-starch, one cupful of milk, two cupfuls of prepared flour, and
flavor with one teaspoonful of bitter almonds. If you have no prepared
flour, sift one teaspoonful of cream of tartar with the flour, and add
half a teaspoonful of soda dissolved in a teaspoonful of milk, the last
thing; beat thoroughly after the soda is added, and bake immediately.

=Moss Cake.=--Two cupfuls of sugar, half a cupful of butter, three
eggs, one cupful of milk, three cupfuls of flour, two teaspoonfuls of
cream of tartar sifted with the flour, and one teaspoonful of soda.

=Jenny Lind Cake.=--Half cup butter, one teacup of milk, two
table-spoonfuls cream, two cups sugar, three eggs, one teaspoonful
cream tartar, half-teaspoonful soda, and four cups flour. Any spice
that is palatable.

=Sugar Cookies.=--One cup butter, two cups sugar, three eggs, five
cups flour, two table-spoonfuls sour milk (or sweet milk, with two
teaspoonfuls of cream of tartar added), one small teaspoonful of soda;
spice to suit your taste. Bake quickly.

=Cookies.=--Two cups of sugar, one of butter, one of sweet milk, one
teaspoonful soda, two teaspoonfuls of cream of tartar, just flour
enough to roll; rub butter and sugar into the dry flour, as if for
pastry, and then wet up, using no eggs; spice to suit the taste; cream
of tartar to be sifted in with the flour, soda added the last. Be
careful not to use too much flour, more can easily be added if not
stiff enough.

=Another Way.=--Three cups of flour, one cup of sugar a trifle heaped,
half cup of butter, one third cup half cream and half sweet milk, two
eggs, half-teaspoonful soda,--if you don’t use prepared flour; spice
with cinnamon. Work butter and sugar to a smooth white cream, then add
yelks of eggs, beat well, and then add milk and soda; whites beaten
stiff, added the last thing before the flour; make as thin as they can
be rolled, putting the hands to the dough as little as possible. Much
handling makes them hard and tough.

=Molasses Gingerbread.=--Half a cupful of sugar, half a cupful
molasses, half a cupful of milk, half a cupful of butter, three cupfuls
of flour, two teaspoonfuls of ginger, and half a teaspoonful of soda.
Beat the sugar, butter, and ginger together; then add the milk, then
the flour; beat the soda into the molasses, and as soon as it foams,
beat it in with the other ingredients. Better beat all together with
the hand. Bake it either in a shallow pan or in little cups. This is
very nice, if a teaspoonful of cinnamon, half a teaspoonful of cloves,
and a teacupful of stoned raisins are added, and the whole baked in a
loaf.

=Plain Gingerbread.=--One cupful of sugar, one of molasses, half a
cupful of butter, half a cupful of milk, one cupful of raisins or
currants, two teaspoonfuls of ginger, and one of yeast powder, with
flour enough to make it as stiff as cup cake.

=Excellent Ginger-Snaps.=--Boil together one pint molasses, one cup
butter, one table-spoonful of ginger. Let them only boil up once, then
set aside to cool. When cold, roll two small teaspoonfuls of soda
perfectly smooth, and beat into the molasses; while foaming pour it
upon just as little flour as will make it possible to roll out very
thin. Bake quick.

In measuring by spoonfuls, be careful that the spoon is _even_ full,
not _heaped_. Careless measurement spoils many good dishes.


PIES, PUDDINGS, AND DESSERTS.

=Pastry.=--One quart flour, half-pound butter; mix half the flour
with ice-cold water, stiff enough to roll; put it on a well-floured
paste-board, sprinkle flour over and roll half an inch thick. Divide
the butter into three parts; shave one of the three portions quite thin
and put it lightly over the paste, shake one third of the dry flour
over it, fold the four ends inward, then double the sheet together and
beat it with the rolling-pin till it is about half an inch thick; shave
a second portion of the butter and put on the paste, flour, fold up
and beat out as at first. Repeat this process for the third and last
time, using up all the butter and flour, and put the paste on the ice
for a half-hour. Then cut off a piece large enough to cover a plate,
roll out,--always rolling from you,--and handle as little as possible;
cover the plate, trim it by passing the knife round the plate, cutting
_upwards_. (This should be borne in mind with all pastry. If cut round
the edge of the plate _upwards_, it will be light; if _downwards_, it
will cling to the plate and be heavy.) Cut a strip an inch wide and lay
round the edge, fill in the fruit or whatever the contents are to be,
and if it is to have an upper crust roll out, put it on and trim as
above directed. Prick the top to let out steam and prevent the waste of
the juice.

=Puff Paste.=--Half a pound of butter, half a pound of lard, one and a
quarter pounds of flour; wet half the flour to a paste; mix the other
half with the shortening, chopping it fine, but do not use your hand;
stir together with a silver or wooden spoon. Roll the paste out on the
board about a quarter of an inch thick, and add one third of the mixed
flour and shortening; fold the four ends over it, and beat out with the
rolling-pin till again a quarter of an inch thick; spread over it one
third more of the shortening; fold over the ends; beat out thin again;
add the remainder of the shortening; beat, roll out, and use.

=Potato Pastry for Meat Pies.=--Six good-sized potatoes, boiled and
mashed mealy and white, one teacup of sweet cream, a teaspoonful of
salt, and flour enough to make it stay together and roll out. Work and
handle as little as possible, and roll thicker than common pastry.

=Pumpkin Pies.=--Cut the pumpkin into small pieces; take out the seeds
and inside, but do not pare it. It must be a well-grown and thoroughly
ripened pumpkin, and not watery. Put the pieces in a saucepan, with
only a few spoonfuls of water, not more than four; cover close and
let it cook gently, so as not to scorch, until the water has all
evaporated, and the pumpkin has cooked quite dry and of a rich, dark
orange color. While hot sift it through a coarse sieve. Season only as
much as you are needing for the day. For one large pie, one egg, one
table-spoonful of molasses, four table-spoonfuls of condensed milk, and
enough of new milk to make it as thin as you wish, or if you have it,
half milk and half cream, instead of condensed milk; sugar and spice
to suit the taste. Ginger and cinnamon are very nice. Bake to a clear,
rich brown, but do not blister or scorch.

=Dried-Apple Pies.=--Wash the apples in several waters, then put them
into an earthen dish or stone pot, and pour on rather more water than
will cover them; for if the apples are good, they will absorb a good
deal of water and become twice as large by soaking. Never soak or cook
fruit in tin or iron. A few hours should soak the apples sufficiently
for cooking. If soaked overnight they become insipid. Put them into
an earthen pipkin or porcelain kettle and cook in the water they are
soaked in. If you like it, cut up a little dried orange or lemon peel
and stew with the apples. Some use dried plums with apples, but they
make it too sharp for our taste. Let them cook slowly, till very
tender. When they rise up in the kettle, _press_ them down gently, but
never _stir_ them. When perfectly tender, before taking from the fire,
stir in a little butter--about one table-spoonful to a quart of cooked
apples--and sugar to suit your taste. Season with very little nutmeg
and cinnamon, if you do not use the orange or lemon peel,--nothing
else is needed if you do. Bake with an upper and under crust, but
do not make the pie very thick with apples. Half an inch deep is
sufficient.

Dried plums and peaches may be prepared in the same way, but require no
spice.

=Pies of Canned Fruit.=--Canned pears, peaches, and quinces usually
will bear scalding in their own liquor before putting them in the
pie-plate. When tender, skim out and lay on a dish to cool. Then add to
the liquor enough sugar to make a syrup, more or less rich, according
to the taste of those who are to eat them. When both fruit and liquor
are cold, if the pears, peaches, or quinces are in halves, cut them in
slices a quarter of an inch thick, and lay into the pie-plate; pour
over as much of the syrup as it will hold, having first put on the
under crust and laid an edge of crust around it. Fill the plate not
quite an inch thick. This is more economical, and, to our taste, much
nicer than to use the fruit in large pieces. Cut a few small bits of
butter (half a table-spoonful in all) and lay the spice over; put on
the upper crust and bake a rich brown, but be careful not to scorch the
crust, as a little scorch spoils the best of pastry.

Plums must not be scalded before baking, as they come to pieces very
easily, but prepare the liquor in which they are canned the same as for
pears, peaches, and quinces.

=Mince Pie.=--Put a large-sized tongue into boiling water, with a
little salt and pepper. A fresh tongue is better than one smoked and
dried. Boil slowly till tender, then take out and dip for a minute in
cold water; then peel it, beginning at the tip, as it peels easier.
Cut off all the gristly parts and chop fine. Pare and chop enough of
the best flavored sour apples to fill a three-pint bowl when chopped.
The finer the meat and apples are chopped the better the pies will be.
Pick over and rub clean one pound Sultana, or stoneless raisins, one
pound Malaga, or bloom raisins, stoned and chopped, and one pound whole
raisins. Slice thin half a pound citron and half a pound candied orange
peel; chop and pick clean from skinny pieces three quarters of a pound
of suet; add a table-spoonful salt, five grated nutmegs, one and a half
table-spoonfuls ground cloves, the same of cinnamon, a pound of sugar,
half a pint maple syrup, one pint cider, one of Madeira wine, one of
brandy. Syrups from preserves, or small portions of jelly of any kind
left over, and not sufficient to be put on the table again, are a great
improvement to mince-meat for pies, beside finding an economical way of
use. Put all these ingredients into a porcelain kettle, and set over
the range to scald, not boil, one hour, stirring all the time; then
pack in a stone jar and cover closely, ready for use.

=Rice Pie.=--Take cold rice, cooked with milk, add sufficient cream
to make quite thin, mash it with a wooden or silver spoon till
free from lumps. Beat up four eggs very light,--yelks and whites
separately,--sweeten the rice to suit your taste, and pour in the
egg,--the whites last; stir well, grate a little nutmeg over all; cover
a deep custard or pumpkin pie-plate with pastry, pour in the rice, and
bake, but not long enough to make the custard watery.

=Apple Puffs.=--Peel and core as many sour apples as will be needed,
simmer with a little water till tender, then add a half-pound of sugar
to a pound of apples, let it simmer till the apples become a kind of
marmalade; take it up, and when cold put it into puff paste and bake
quickly; when done ice it, return to the oven just long enough to turn
the icing golden.

=Marlborough Pie.=--One cup stewed apples, sifted; one cup sugar,
one cup cream or milk; one fourth cup butter if cream is used, if
milk, one third; half a gill wine, three well-beaten eggs, whites
whisked separately, and a little nutmeg; beat sugar, butter, and apple
together, then add the wine, then milk or cream, nutmeg and yelks,
adding the whites the last thing. No upper crust.

=Chess Pie.=--Four eggs, two cups sugar, one of cream, two thirds of
a cup butter, one table-spoonful flour; flavor with nutmeg. When a
delicate brown, try with a spoon as for a custard.

=English Christmas Plum Pudding.=--One pound of clean, dry currants,
half a pound of the best raisins, stoned; mix these with one pound of
bread crumbs, half a pound of fine flour, and one pound and a half of
finely shred suet; add a quarter of a pound of sifted sugar, one grated
nutmeg, a drachm of cinnamon, two drachms of cloves, half a dozen
almonds, pounded, and an ounce each of candied orange and lemon, sliced
thin; mix all these materials thoroughly together in a bowl, with a
glass of brandy and one of sherry, then beat six eggs very light, and
slowly stir them in till all is well blended; cover the bowl, and let
this mixture stand for twelve hours; then pour it into a pudding-bag,
and tie it not very tight, leaving room for it to swell; or fill a
pudding-mold not quite two thirds full, lay a clean cloth over the
top, and shut the cover over tightly to exclude all water; put the bag
or mold into boiling water; keep it covered, and keep it boiling all
the time, for six hours. Serve with sugar sifted over, and wine sauce.
Brandy is usually sent in with a Christmas pudding, to be poured over
the whole pudding, or over each slice, then lighted, and served while
burning.

=A Family Christmas Pudding.=--Beat up four eggs very light (which
always means yelks and whites beaten separately); add to the yelks,
after beating, a quarter of a teaspoonful each of ginger, nutmeg,
grated lemon peel, and salt; four ounces of sugar, half a pound of
well-cleaned and dried currants, one pound of flour, half a pound of
well-shred and chopped suet; beat this all up thoroughly, adding the
whites of the eggs last. Wine or brandy, or both, may be added, if one
has no scruples about using them in cooking; but the pudding will be
good without this addition. Tie it in a cloth or pudding-bag, or put it
into a mold, and boil six hours. Serve with any good sauce.

In boiling puddings of all kinds, the cloth should be dipped in hot
water before the batter is put in, or the mold be well buttered. Any
of these Christmas puddings may be kept for a month after boiling,
if the cloth in which they are boiled be replaced by a clean one,
and the pudding be hung up to the ceiling of a kitchen, or in a warm
store-room. When wanted, they will require one hour’s boiling to heat
them through, as all such puddings should be sent to the table hot.

=A Simple Christmas Pudding.=--Six ounces of finely chopped suet,
six ounces of Malaga raisins, stoned and chopped; eight ounces of
well-cleaned and dried currants, three ounces of fine bread crumbs,
three ounces of flour, three well-beaten eggs, the sixth part of a
nutmeg, grated; half a teaspoonful each of cinnamon, cloves, and mace;
four ounces of sugar, half a teaspoonful of salt, half a pint of milk;
one ounce of candied orange or lemon peel, and the same of citron, all
sliced thin. Beat all together thoroughly; pour into a pudding-bag or
mold; put into boiling water, and keep it boiling six hours. Serve with
sauce to suit your taste.

=Bread Pudding.=--One quart fine bread crumbs, one cup of sugar,
two table-spoonfuls of molasses, half-pound suet chopped fine, one
coffee-cup raisins, half a rind of preserved orange peel or citron cut
thin and fine, a very little nutmeg and cinnamon, two teaspoonfuls
cream of tartar, one small teaspoonful soda, one teaspoonful of salt.
Stir in milk enough to make it thick as pound-cake, beating all
thoroughly together; put it into a buttered pudding-mold, and boil
three hours. Be careful to keep the water boiling all the time.

=Boiled Indian Pudding.=--Two cupfuls of sour milk, two spoonfuls of
molasses, one teaspoonful of soda, one of salt, half a cupful of sifted
flour, mixed with enough corn meal to make a batter not very stiff;
half a cupful of chopped suet, from which all the stringy substance
has been removed; a cup and a half of chopped sweet apples, or
huckleberries, dried or fresh, as you have on hand. Boil from two and a
half to three hours.

=Baked Indian Pudding.=--Boil one quart of milk, and pour over a pint
of sifted Indian meal; stir it well till the meal is thoroughly wet
and scalded. Mix three table-spoonfuls of wheat flour with one pint of
milk, and beat to a smooth batter, entirely free from lumps; then pour
it in with the Indian batter, and beat well together. When the whole
is lukewarm, beat three eggs and three table-spoonfuls of sugar, and
mix with the batter, together with two table-spoonfuls of molasses; add
two teaspoonfuls of salt, two of nutmeg, cinnamon, or ginger, as you
prefer; two great spoonfuls of suet chopped fine, or the same of melted
butter; let it bake a few minutes, and then add half a pound of raisins
and half a pint of milk, which the raisins will soak up. Bake till the
pudding is of a rich color, but do not let it whey.

=Palmyra, or Date Pudding.=--One pound of fresh dates, chopped fine
and free from stones; one pound of suet, chopped fine; a quarter of a
pound of moist sugar, and a pound of flour. Mix all well together; add
a little salt and nutmeg, and make into a soft dough with milk. Beat
three eggs very stiff, yelks and whites separately, and add the last
thing. Boil in a pudding-dish three hours, or bake slowly two hours.
Eat with liquid sauce.

=Sponge-Cake Pudding.=--Make a batter as for good sponge-cake. Bake on
a flat, square pan, so as to be an inch thick, when done. When cold,
cut it into pieces about three inches square; slice and butter them,
and lay each slice together as it was before you split it. Make a
custard with four eggs and a quart of new milk, flavor and sweeten as
you like it. Almond in the cake, and lemon or vanilla in the custard,
are very good. Put the buttered slices of cake in a baking-dish, so
that when the custard is poured over them, the dish will be full. Bake
half an hour; eat with or without sauce as you prefer.

=Steamed Pudding.=--Two eggs, two teacupfuls of sour milk, one
teaspoonful of soda, a little salt, flour enough to make it quite
thick, or it will be heavy. Beat this smooth. Add cherries,
raspberries, currants, or any _dried_ fruit you may have. Steam two
hours, taking care that the water is kept over the pudding or bag all
the time, and that it does not stop boiling. Eat with cream and sugar,
hard sauce, or any liquid sauce you may prefer.

=An Excellent Pudding.=--One cup of sugar, one cup of milk, three
eggs, beaten stiff; one table-spoonful of butter, a little clove and
cinnamon, about half a teaspoonful of each; one cup of raisins, stoned;
half a teaspoonful of salt, and three cups of prepared flour. Bake
quick. Eat with liquid or hard sauce, according to taste. We think this
would also be excellent steamed or boiled.

=Apple and Tapioca Pudding.=--Put a teacup of tapioca into a pint and
a half of cold water overnight. Before breakfast the next morning set
it where it will become quite warm, but not hot enough to cook. After
breakfast pare six good-sized sour apples, or eight if not very large;
quarter them and _steam_ them in a dish till tender. Lay them into the
pudding-dish, stir a cup and a half of sugar into the soaked tapioca,
add a teacup of water and an even teaspoonful of salt, stir together
and pour over the apple, slice a lemon very thin and lay over the top,
bake slowly three hours; eat with butter, with wine sauce, or hard
sauce, as you prefer.

=Sweet-Apple Pudding.=--One pint of scalded milk, half a pint of Indian
meal, one teaspoonful of salt, six sweet apples cut in small pieces,
one small teacupful of finely chopped suet, two great spoonfuls of
molasses, half a teaspoonful of ginger, nutmeg, or cinnamon,--whichever
is most desirable,--two eggs well beaten, and half a teaspoonful soda.
Beat all well together, put into a pudding-mold, and boil two hours.

=Fig Pudding.=--Half a pound of the best figs, washed and chopped fine,
two teacupfuls of grated bread, half a cupful of sweet cream, half a
cupful of sugar, and one cupful of milk. Mix the bread and cream, add
the figs, then the sugar, and lastly the milk. Pour the mixture into a
mold, and boil three hours. Eat with wine or hard sauce.

=Barley Cream for Invalids.=--Boil two pounds of lean veal in one quart
of water, add to it a quarter of a pound of pearl barley, and boil till
it can be rubbed through a sieve. It should be about as thick as cream.
Add a little salt.

=Apple Float.=--One pint stewed and well-mashed apples; whites of three
eggs, and four large spoonfuls of sugar, beaten until stiff; then add
the apples, and beat all together till stiff enough to stand alone.
Fill a deep dish with rich cream, or boiled soft custard, and pile
the float on top. This is excellent with other fruits in place of the
apples.

=Sago Pudding.=--One dozen tart apples, one and a half cup of
sago,--soak the sago in water till soft; peel and core the apples and
place in a dish, fill the apples with sugar, a very little cinnamon and
nutmeg, pour the sago over and bake until the apples are cooked. Eat
with wine sauce or hard sauce.

=Cocoa-nut Custard.=--One pound grated cocoa-nut, one pint of rich
milk, and six ounces of sugar. Beat the yelks of six eggs, and stir
them into the milk with the nut and sugar. Put into a farina-kettle,
or into a small pail which you can set into a kettle of boiling water;
stir all the time till very smooth and thick; as soon as it comes to a
hard boil, take off and pour into cups.

=Apple Pudding.=--One pint of stewed and sifted apples, three eggs well
beaten, whites and yelks separate, sugar enough to make the apple quite
sweet, one cup of stoned raisins rolled in flour; half-pint each of
milk and cream or condensed milk, and a little salt and nutmeg.

=Sauce.=--One cup of sugar and half a cup of butter, rubbed to a cream;
the white of one egg well beaten, a little nutmeg or orange, and when
ready to serve, stir in two great spoonfuls of boiling water; if
preferred, add half a gill of wine instead of orange juice.

=Nice Cheap Pudding.=--One quart of milk, four table-spoonfuls of
flour, four eggs, six table-spoonfuls of sugar, nutmeg. Steam three
fourths of an hour.

=Orange Pudding.=--Peel five oranges; cut in thin slices; take out
all the seeds. Pour over them a large cupful of white sugar. Bring a
pint of rich milk to a boil in a farina-kettle; wet a table-spoonful
of corn-starch in a little cold milk; beat the yelks of three eggs
and pour them into the boiling milk, stirring all the time. When it
thickens a little, pour over the fruit. Beat the whites to a stiff
foam; add a table-spoonful of white sugar, and pour over the top; set
it in the oven a few minutes to harden, but do not brown it. Eaten hot
or cold for dinner or tea. Substitute berries or peaches for oranges,
if you prefer.

=Custard without Eggs.=--To one quart of new milk one teaspoonful of
rennet wine, or a small piece of rennet, a little lemon, nutmeg, or
vanilla, or any spice you prefer, and one table-spoonful of sugar to
each quart of milk. If too sweet, the milk will not set firmly or
quickly. Stir all together, and set by the stove or near the fire;
cover closely. It should begin to stiffen in an hour. If it does not,
add more wine, or rennet. When firm, before the whey separates, take
out the piece of rennet if the skin was used, and set on ice till
dinner. To be eaten with sugar and rich cream. Nutmeg is always an
improvement, even if lemon or vanilla is used.

The wine rennet is nicer than simply the skin, and it is a good idea to
keep a bottle of wine with a piece of rennet in always on hand, as it
is often desirable to have it ready.

=A Quick Pudding.=--Bring a quart of milk to the boiling point in a
farina-kettle or a pail set into boiling water; add a small teaspoonful
of salt, two table-spoonfuls of rice or wheat flour, wet smooth with
cold milk. Stir this in as soon as the milk boils. Stir it a few
minutes till perfectly smooth, and let it remain in the outside vessel
of boiling water half an hour. Be sure and keep the water in receiver
or saucepan boiling hard around the inner one all the time. Eat with
butter and sugar, or thick cream and sugar.

This is very healthful, especially in the summer, and invaluable for
invalids, or children suffering with summer complaint. When used as a
remedy or preventive, it should boil longer, say one hour.

=Rice Meringue.=--Pick over one teacup of rice, wash clean, and boil in
water until it is soft. When done, drain all the water from it. Let it
get cool and then add one quart of new milk, the well-beaten yelks of
three eggs, three table-spoonfuls of white sugar, and a little nutmeg;
pour into a baking-dish and bake half an hour. Let it get cold; then
beat the whites stiff, add two great spoonfuls of sugar, flavor with
lemon or vanilla, and spread it over the pudding, and slightly brown it
in the oven. Be careful not to let it scorch.

=Sago Pudding.=--One dozen tart apples, one and a half cups of sago,
soak the sago in water till soft; peel and core the apples and place in
a dish; fill the apples with sugar, a very little cinnamon and nutmeg,
pour the sago over, and bake until the apples are cooked. Eat with wine
or hard sauce.

=Lemon or Orange Honeycomb.=--Sweeten the juice of two oranges or
lemons. Beat the whites of two eggs into a quart of rich cream, and
whisk it; as the froth rises, skim off and lay on the lemon or orange
juice. Whisk until you have the whole frothed and laid on the juice. It
makes a pretty and agreeable dish. It should be prepared the day before
needed, and set in a cool place.

=Apple Snow.=--Stew fine flavored, sour apples; sweeten and flavor to
suit your taste; strain, and to one quart of sifted apples allow the
whites of four eggs. Whisk them to a stiff froth; then put the apple
and whites together, and continue to whip until they are so stiff you
can turn the dish upside down without the mass falling off. Eat with
cream or with bread and milk.

=Snow Pudding.=--Dissolve one box Cox’s gelatine in one pint of boiling
water; add two cups sugar and the juice of one lemon; strain when
nearly cold; beat the whites of three eggs to a stiff froth, add them
to the gelatine; beat all well together and put into a mold to shape
it and let it get cold. Then take the yelks of three eggs, beat and
add to a pint of rich milk, one teaspoonful corn-starch, flavor with
vanilla, and boil in a farina-kettle. When you wish to serve, empty the
mold of gelatine, etc. into the dish, and pour the custard over. In
boiling the custard, be careful not to cook it too much; stir all the
time, and the moment it begins to set or thicken remove it. If cooked
too long it will whey.

=Cocoa-nut Pudding or Pies.=--Break the nut, save the milk; take
out the meat and grate it very fine; take equal weight of sugar and
cocoa-nut, and half the quantity of butter; rub the butter and sugar to
a cream; take five eggs, whites and yelks beaten separately very stiff;
one cup of milk and the milk of the cocoa-nut, and a little grated
lemon. Line the dish with a nice paste, put in the pudding, and bake
one hour. Cover the rim with paper to prevent burning. This receipt
will answer equally as well for pies as for pudding. It will make three
pies.

=Bohemian Cream.=--Four ounces of any fruit you choose, which has been
steamed soft and sweetened. Pass the fruit through a sieve, and add one
and a half ounces of melted or dissolved isinglass to a half-pint of
fruit; mix it well together; then whip a pint of rich cream, and add
the fruit and isinglass gradually to it. Then pour it all into a mold;
set it on ice or in a cool place, and when hardened or set, dip the
mold a moment in warm water, and turn it out on a dish, ready for the
table.

=Spanish Cream.=--Dissolve three quarters of an ounce Cox’s gelatine
in one half-pint of water; take one pint milk, one pint cream, the
well-beaten yelks of five eggs, five table-spoonfuls of sugar. Sift all
well together. Flavor with vanilla, lemon, or orange, or any flavor
most agreeable. Put into a farina-kettle and boil till it just begins
to turn. If done too much it will be watery, or wheyey, which spoils
it. When thickened like a smooth rich cream, stir in the dissolved
gelatine, pour into molds, and set in the refrigerator or a very cool
place to harden. Beat up the whites of the eggs and pour over the top
of the cream after you have removed it from the mold to the glass dish,
for the table.

=Rennet Wine.=--Buy a dried rennet in market, or get a fresh one from
the butcher’s and prepare and dry it yourself. When well dried and
cured, cut it in pieces of one or two inches; put it into a large
bottle and fill up with Madeira wine; for a good-sized rennet add from
three pints to two quarts of wine. It will keep for a year or two.

=Cold Custard.=--Warm one quart of milk as warm as when just milked;
sweeten and flavor to suit your taste; stir into it two table-spoonfuls
of rennet wine, and turn it at once into the dish in which it is to be
sent to table.

=Baked Apples.=--Core some Baldwin pippins, or any other fine-flavored
tart apple. Sprinkle sugar on the bottom of a deep dish, and set the
apples into the dish with two or three on top. Fill the holes with
sugar; cover the lower apples with water, and bake one hour. A little
cinnamon, nutmeg, or lemon will be an improvement for those who like
fruit seasoned.

=Apple Snow.=--Stew some fine-flavored sour apples tender, sweeten to
taste; strain them through a fine wire sieve, and break into one pint
of strained apples the white of an egg; whisk the apple and egg very
briskly, till quite stiff, and it will be as white as snow; eaten with
a nice boiled custard, it makes a very desirable dessert.

Season with a very little nutmeg and cinnamon, add a little butter, and
bake in good pastry, and you will have a very good apple pie.


PRESERVES AND JELLIES.

=To Can Peaches.=--We find the following mode of canning peaches
in “Tilton’s Journal of Horticulture,” published in Boston. That
journal is always so reliable, that we have no hesitation in giving
these directions to our readers: “Take large ripe peaches,--not
over-ripe,--halve and pare neatly and lay on a large meat-dish. To a
three-peck basket of fruit allow four pounds of sifted sugar; sprinkle
it over the fruit as you lay it in the dish; when done set it in a
cool place overnight; the next morning fit each piece, one by one,
nicely into the jar, draining them from the juice. When the jars are
all filled put them close together in a kettle of cold water, putting
a double towel or something of the kind under them, in the bottom of
the kettle, to prevent their cracking, and set over the fire. Let the
water heat gradually till it boils, while you prepare the syrup from
the juice that has been formed from the peaches and sugar overnight,
then fill up the jars with it, being careful to let the bubbles of air
escape; they will be seen rising to the top; if any are in the lower
part of the jar they will rush up on the insertion of a fork. When all
are full begin to seal up, and have a large pan of hot water standing
near to put the jars in as fast as sealed, where they can cool off
gradually.

“Where one has glass jars or bottles, without tight-fitting covers,
prepare a cement of one pound rosin to two pounds of mutton-suet,
melted together and well mixed; have pieces of strong muslin cut large
enough to tie over the mouths of the jars or bottles; lay the muslin on
a board and with a spoon spread over a thick coating of cement; take up
the muslin quickly, before it has time to cool, and put it on the jar
with the cement side downward, pressing it closely over the sides. If
the muslin is not very thick it is well to spread more cement on top of
the first cover, and lay over that a second piece of muslin, then tie
down with twine and finish with a good coat of cement over all. This is
a good way to use up old jars whose covers have been broken or lost.”

=Mixed Marmalade.=--Apples or pears mixed with quince make very
pleasant marmalade. They should be pared and cut in small pieces;
just cover them with water, or boil the cores and skins first and use
the liquor to boil the fruit in; stew the fruit till it can be mashed
with a wooden spoon; when well mashed add the sugar, three fourths of
a pound of sugar to a pound of fruit (of course the fruit is weighed
before beginning to cook); let it cook slowly for two or three hours,
the longer it cooks the more solid it will be when cold. Pear, quince,
and apple marmalade are made in the same way. With pears, if very mild,
many add the juice and grated rind of lemons, to suit the taste, to the
sugar.

=Jellies.=--In making jellies of apricots, quinces, peaches, apples,
or plums, peel, remove the stones or cores, cut in pieces, cover with
water and boil gently till well cooked; then strain the juice gently
through a jelly-bag, and add a half-pint of sugar to a pint of juice
(for _berries_ a _pound_ of sugar to a pint of juice); boil till it
ropes from the spoon, or from fifteen to twenty minutes. In making
raspberry jelly, use one third currants and two thirds raspberries.

=Peach Jelly.=--Cut peaches in half, peel them, and take out the pits
from the stones; make a clear syrup of a pound of white sugar to half
a teacup of water. When made and boiling hot put in the peaches and
part of the pits,--too many pits give a bitter flavor,--boil gently
ten minutes, then put half of the peaches on a platter, and boil the
other half ten minutes longer; mix with the liquor of the peaches the
strained juice of three lemons or oranges, and one ounce of isinglass
or Cox’s gelatine, that has been first dissolved and strained; fill the
molds half full of jelly, let it stand till set, then add the rest of
the peaches, and fill the molds with jelly. One dozen peaches will make
a good-sized moldful. It is a very handsome table ornament, and very
palatable.

=Quince Jelly.=--Boil the quince peelings, cores, and such of the
fruit as you do not wish to can till soft, in just enough water to
cover; then put into jelly-bags wrung out of hot water; hang the bags
by strings on a stick laid across two chairs or benches, with a dish
underneath, and let it drain without squeezing till the juice is all
run out; then to every pint of juice weigh three quarters of a pound of
sugar, put it into a large platter or a deep dish, and set in the oven
to get hot, _but not browned_, while the juice in the preserving-kettle
is brought to a boil; when it begins to boil skim clear, and then pour
in the hot sugar, stir all well together, skim clear, boil fifteen
minutes, and dip into hot jelly-glasses.

=To Preserve Quinces.=--Select the fairest quinces, pare, cut in half,
and remove the core neatly; then weigh, using a quarter of a pound of
sugar to one of fruit; boil the quinces until tender in enough water to
cover them, and when done take carefully up on a platter. To make your
syrup, use half a pint of the water in which the fruit was boiled to
each pound of sugar. When skimmed clear, boil the quinces in the syrup
five minutes; have the cans hot, and fill while the fruit and syrup are
boiling hot; seal each can, or close the covers tightly, as fast as
filled.

=Candied Orange Peel.=--Cut the fruit into quarters lengthwise, take
out the pulp and put the peels in strong salt and water for two days,
then take them out and soak for an hour in cold water, after which put
them into a preserving-kettle with fresh cold water and boil till the
peels are tender, when they should be put on a sieve to drain. Make
a thin syrup of a quart of the water in which they were boiled and a
pound of sugar, and simmer the peels in it for half an hour, when they
will look clear; pour the peels and syrup into a bowl together, to
stand till the next day, when you must make as much syrup as will cover
them, of the proportion of a pound of sugar to a pint of water, boiling
it till it will fall from the spoon in threads; put the peels into this
syrup, boil half an hour, then take them out, drain on a sieve, and as
the candy dries transfer them to a dish to finish in a warm place. When
dry, store them for use. This receipt is useful for any lemon, orange,
or citron peel, and perfectly wholesome.

=Apple and Quince Sauce.=--Pare, quarter, and core one peck of sweet
apples and half a peck of quinces; then weigh both together; save all
the cores and peels that are free from specks or worms; put these into
a preserving-kettle, just cover with water, and boil twenty minutes;
strain and pour the liquor over the quinces, cover closely, and let
it boil till about half done, then add the apples; stir occasionally
to prevent its burning, being careful to break the pieces as little
as possible. When done so that a straw or knitting-needle will pass
easily, add half a pound of sugar to every pound of fruit, stir it
in gently, cover again closely, and leave it on the back part of the
stove to simmer a short time, say twenty minutes, till the sugar is
thoroughly incorporated with the fruit. Then pack in stone pots and
cover closely. It is a very excellent substitute for apple-butter, and
to most tastes more palatable.

=Apple Sauce.=--Take sweet cider, as soon as it comes from the
cider-press, before it has passed through any change. Boil it down
nearly half; then pare and quarter as many of the best sour apples as
you wish to “do up”; cover them with the cider when boiling hot, and
cook till well done; but not so as to lose their shape. Most of the
cider will be absorbed by the apples. What remains can be bottled for
future use. When done, put into jars, and cover or cement.

Or, if only needed for daily sauce, let the apples boil longer,
stirring often, until it becomes like marmalade.

This makes not only a most delicious sauce, but is very healthful,
as all the nourishment of the apples from which the cider is made is
retained, and the stimulating or alcoholic properties are dispelled by
boiling before fermentation takes place, and we lose the sharp, biting
taste of the old _apple-butter_ made from boiled cider.

=Baked Pears.=--Take ripe pears, juicy and of a good flavor,--not ripe
enough to be very soft. Wipe them clean, put them into a stone jar,
stems upward; when the bottom of the jar is covered, sprinkle over
sugar (the nature of the pear must determine the quantity of sugar
needed; some are so sweet that they require but little). Set in another
layer of pears; add more sugar, and so on till the jar is full. Put
in a pint and a half of water for every gallon that the jar contains;
cover the top of the jar with a paste of simple flour and water, and
bake in a slow oven two hours.


CHEESE.

_Stilton Cheese_ is one of the richest kinds. The cream of one day’s
milk is added to the warm new milk of the next. In England they are
made in a deep hoop or vat containing from eight to ten pounds, and are
not considered of proper age for the table till two years old. Little
blue spots through the cheese, not at all like those on common moldy
cheese, is the test of ripeness. We have seen them made in a two-quart
hoop. They require very careful handling, and are very fine (we think
more agreeable) at a year old than when left to the age that epicures
love best in cheese.

The _Cottenham Cheese_ is a variety of cream cheese manufactured in
Cottenham, near Cambridgeshire, that is considered superior to the
Stilton, as the herbage upon which the cows feed gives the milk a
peculiar fragrance.

The _Parmesan_ is made in several parts of Lombardy. It is quite
celebrated. Many suppose it is made from goat’s milk, but it is simply
from cow’s milk skimmed. The meadows of the Po are noted for extremely
rich herbage, and the peculiarities of the Parmesan cheese are owing
in part to this, together with the mode of manufacturing it. Half the
milk to be used is allowed to stand sixteen hours, the other half but
six. It is then heated and coagulated in a boiler, and broken up fine,
without removing, by sticks with cross-wires; then scalded once more
till the curd has separated from the whey and become quite firm. It is
then taken out, drained, salted, and pressed. The best Parmesan cheese
is kept four years before cutting.

The _Cheddar_ is similar to the Parmesan; but very little of the best
quality is now made, and that which is generally imported for it is
inferior.

The _Dunlop_ is one of the best Scottish cheeses, made only of new milk,
but there is nothing peculiar in the mode of making it.

A peculiar kind of cheese in Lincolnshire is known in London as _New
Cheese_. It is made wholly from cream, or sometimes morning’s milk,
warm from the cow, is used, and the cream of the day before added to
it. It is made quite thin, pressed gently two or three times, then
left to _cure_ for a few days, when it is ready to be sent to market
for immediate use. It is greatly esteemed for eating with radish and
salad. This cheese is easily made in any family when sufficient cream
can be spared. Stir in a table-spoonful of rennet to a quart of warm
cream; when the curd is “set,” spread a cloth over a sieve and lay the
curd into it to stand for twenty-four hours, when it may be put into a
small hoop, a wet cloth and a board laid on top, to press and drain it
a little, and in a few hours it will be ready for use.

The _Swiss Cheese_ has a peculiar flavor and richness, which can be
gained only from the mountain pastures. Some varieties are mottled and
highly flavored by the bruised leaves of the melilot.

In _Sage_ or _Green Cheese_, the curd is colored and flavored by bruising
the fresh green leaves of sage, marigold, parsley, or corn leaves, and
mixing with the curd. Among the Romans it was customary to flavor with
thyme and other sweet herbs.

_Cream Cheese_ is simply cream dried sufficiently to be cut with a knife.
Green rushes are plated or sewed together and laid on the bottom of
the hoop, which must have holes all through it for the whey to run off
freely. On these rushes a quantity of good thick cream is laid; another
plait of rushes or Indian-corn leaves is put on top of the cheese, so
that it may be turned without handling. The cheese should not be more
than an inch to an inch and a half thick. The thinner it is made the
sooner it ripens. It is now kept in a warm place for a few days to
sweat or ripen, but it requires much care and good judgment, as too
great heat or cold is injurious.

In Thuringia and Saxony a cheese is made of five pounds of the best
_potatoes_, half steamed, pulverized and reduced to a pulp, and well
beaten and mixed into ten pounds of sweet curd; a little salt is added,
then it stands three or four days, and is again thoroughly broken up
and kneaded, and then pressed into little baskets for the whey to drain
off, then made into balls and dried in the shade. They keep well, and
improve with age, and are said to excel in flavor the best cheeses made
in Holland.

We are indebted for much information respecting foreign cheese to
Webster’s “Encyclopedia of Domestic Economy,” a very useful and
valuable work for all housekeepers.

=Cheese Straus.=--Quarter of a pound of puff paste, and a quarter of
an ounce of good cheese, grated very fine, a little salt and cayenne
pepper mixed with it. Sprinkle the cheese, salt, and pepper over the
paste, and roll it out two or three times. Cut the paste into narrow
strips about five inches long; bake in a slow oven, and serve very hot.


PICKLES.

=Peach Pickles.=--Select the finest and fairest fruit (we prefer
Rareripes or Honest Johns to Morris Whites or Malacatoons, but that is
a matter of taste), weigh the peaches, and for every pound of fruit
take a full pound or slightly heaped quart of granulated sugar; put
one gill of good cider vinegar and half a gill of water to every six
pounds of sugar; put the vinegar and water into the preserving-kettle
first, then add the sugar, set the kettle on the back part of the
range or stove where it will dissolve gradually. While the sugar is
melting prepare the peaches; pour boiling water over a few at a time,
and then rub each one carefully with a soft towel to take off a thin
skin without disfiguring the peach; as you peel throw them into cold
water to prevent their turning black. When all are peeled, or if two
are working at them, as one peels let the other stick a clove and two
small pieces of cinnamon, or two or three cassia-buds into each peach,
and occasionally put in two cloves, but not often, as too many cloves
make them bitter. While preparing the sugar over the fire, and after
waiting a suitable time, if you find it will not dissolve without more
water, add some, but only a little at a time, say half a cupful. It
is difficult to tell _just_ how much water is needed, as some sugar
melts more readily and with less water than others; for this reason it
is wise to add the water by degrees, as for sweet peach pickles it is
desirable to use just as little water as possible. Bring the syrup to
a boil just as soon as possible after you have all the fruit prepared;
skim as fast as the scum rises, and when clear put in as many peaches
as will cover the surface of the syrup without crowding and bruising;
let them boil up for three or four minutes, turn over carefully in
syrup that both sides may be cooked evenly, and then remove into
two-quart stone jars, with nicely fitting covers, taking care not to
break the fruit; dip out a cup or two of syrup to each jar, cover over
and set on the side of the range to keep hot for a little while, till
you have others filled to take their place. Fill each jar full of
fruit. When all the peaches have been thus cooked and removed to jars,
pour in as much syrup as they will hold and allow the cover to fit
closely. Put them aside for three or four days, then drain off all the
syrup and heat it again; when _boiling hot_ fill up the jars again, and
cover up. Repeat the scalding again in a week’s time, unless you find
the peaches were so ripe as to have cooked enough to endanger their
falling to pieces. In that case another scalding would injure them. To
seal up jars, cut a piece of old cotton or linen, large enough to cover
over the top and come half an inch over the side, leaving it loose so
the cover will fit in, dip the cloth in the white of egg to seal it
down over the edge, place on the cover, then wet plaster of Paris quite
soft and spread over the top and so far over the sides as to cover the
cloth. The plaster hardens immediately, and you have a solid cover at
once, and air-tight; wet only as much at a time as will be needed for
one jar, as it stiffens so soon. Put on sufficient to entirely bury the
stone cover.

=Pickled Plums.=--Prick the plums with a sharp needle, else they
will fall to pieces badly when you put in hot syrup; tie the cloves
and cassia-buds in a cloth, or throw loose into the syrup, instead
of sticking them into the plums. Of course they are not thrown into
boiling water like peaches, as it is desirable to preserve them as
whole and perfect as possible. Except in these two particulars, proceed
as with the peaches.

For extra rich pickles, when boiling the syrup the second time, add
one third more sugar than was used to make the first syrup. This gives
a very rich fine flavor; the small amount of vinegar used at first
prevents its being too sweet.

Some prefer peaches, when pickled, quite sour. In that case a pint of
vinegar and three pounds of sugar to every seven pounds of peaches is
the common proportion, with cloves and cassia-buds or cinnamon, as in
the first receipt; cassia-buds are milder and less _woody_ in taste
than cinnamon.

Pears and crab-apples, prepared like peaches, make a fine pickle.

=Green Tomato Pickles.=--Slice half a peck of full-grown tomatoes just
ready to turn red. They are more crisp if you can secure them after
there has been almost a frost, not enough to turn the vines black.
Slice very thin, cut off the blossom and stem ends and throw away. For
every gallon of sliced tomatoes take twelve large green peppers,--the
bell pepper is the best. Put a layer of sliced tomatoes into an earthen
or wooden dish, then a layer of peppers, sprinkle over a handful of
salt, then more tomatoes and peppers, adding salt to each layer till
all are put in. A pint of salt is sufficient for a gallon. Press this
down and place a weight on the plate or wooden cover. A metal cover
will not answer. Let it stand till morning, when it should be put in
a sieve or hung up in a strainer to drain. Put three quarts of best
cider vinegar over the fire to scald. Tie up in a cloth two cups of
white mustard-seed, half a cup of sliced horse-radish, half an ounce of
whole cloves, and the same of cinnamon and allspice, and throw into the
vinegar. When the brine has all drained from the tomatoes, pack them
closely in a stone pot and pour the boiling spice and vinegar over it.
Lay over them a plate small enough to fit inside the pot, and put a
smooth clean stone on the plate to keep the pickle under the vinegar.
Let it stand a few days, and then scald again. Some like part of the
spices sprinkled through the tomatoes rather than have all tied in a
bag. Some prefer the spices ground, and many prefer the tomatoes and
peppers chopped, not very fine, rather than sliced. Either way they
make a fine pickle.

=To Pickle Green Tomatoes.=--Slice thin in separate plates green
tomatoes and onions; allow half a dozen of large green peppers to one
peck of tomatoes. Take a large earthen or wooden bowl and lay in a
layer of tomatoes and a layer of onions, sprinkling in a table-spoonful
of salt to each layer; continue this until you have packed together all
you wish to pickle. Then turn a large plate or clean dry board over the
tomatoes, and put some heavy weight, a stone, on top and let it stand
till morning; then drain off all the salt and juice, and pour over
boiling vinegar, strongly spiced with cinnamon, cloves, and very little
allspice and ginger, which should be tied in a little bag, and removed
when the vinegar is poured over; cover close and let them stand a week,
when the vinegar should be poured off, the pickles thoroughly drained,
and cold vinegar poured over the tomatoes. Some chop the onions pretty
fine after they are drained from the salt.

=Pickled Nasturtiums.=--Gather the seed when green and not fully grown,
and drop them into vinegar as you pick them. When you have a sufficient
quantity scald the whole in vinegar, and bottle them or soak them
twelve hours in brine; then drain and pour over boiling vinegar, with
whole black peppers and allspice tied in a bag. They are often used as
substitutes for capers, and the flowers and young seeds are used in
salads.

=Pickled Cauliflower.=--Select the most perfect; break off the flowers,
as they would naturally part. Put a layer of them in a jar and sprinkle
over salt; then another layer of cauliflower; then salt, and so on. Let
them soak two days; then wash off the salt and let them drain well;
then pack in a jar or bottle, and pour over boiling spiced vinegar. In
a few days, if necessary, heat the vinegar again, and pour over them,
and cover or cork closely.

=Tomato Pickles.=--Slice half a peck of green tomatoes very thin;
sprinkle over them half a pint of salt; slice half a dozen onions
and three large peppers full grown, but before they have turned red;
add these to the tomatoes; let them stand twenty-four hours, then
drain them perfectly free of the liquor or brine; mix with them one
table-spoonful of black pepper, one of allspice, one of mustard,
half a table-spoonful of cloves, and the same of cinnamon all finely
powdered; to this add a quarter-pound of whole mustard-seed; stir all
well together and just cover with good cider vinegar. Boil this mixture
until as thick as jam, stirring often to prevent its burning.

=To Pickle Onions.=--Choose all of a size; peel and pour on them
boiling salt and water; cover close, and when cold drain the onions,
and put them into jars or bottles. For white onions, fill up with hot
distilled vinegar; for colored onions, use white wine vinegar; for
both, add ginger, two or three blades of mace and whole pepper. If
the onions are soaked in milk a little while after peeling, it will
preserve their color.

Another way is to soak the onions in brine three or four days, then
drain and pour on cold boiled vinegar, with spices. This will insure
their being crisp.

=To Pickle Red Cabbage.=--Select the purple-red cabbage, take off the
outside leaves, quarter, and take out the stalk, then shred the cabbage
into a colander or small basket, and sprinkle with common salt. Let it
remain a day or two, then drain and put into jars; fill up with boiling
vinegar, spiced with ginger and black pepper, in the same proportions
as for the cucumbers, and add a few slices of red beet-root; some add a
few grains of powdered cochineal. If the vinegar is _boiled_, and then
allowed to stand until cold before pouring over the cabbage, it will
better insure its crispness, but will not keep so well as if put on
boiling hot.

=Cucumber Pickles.=--The small long kind are the best for pickling, and
those but half grown are nicer than the full grown. Let them be freshly
gathered; pull off the blossom; but do not rub them; pour over them a
strong brine boiling hot; cover close, and let them stand all night.
The next day put your hand in the jar or tub and stir gently, to remove
all sand; drain on a sieve, and then dry in a cloth. Make a pickle
with the best cider vinegar, adding spice in the following proportions:
To each quart of vinegar put half an ounce of whole black pepper, the
same of ginger and allspice, and one ounce of mustard-seed. If the
flavor is agreeable, add four shalots and two cloves of garlic to a
gallon of vinegar. When this pickle boils up, throw in the cucumbers,
and make them boil as quickly as possible three or four minutes. Put
them in a jar with the boiling vinegar, and cover closely. When cold,
put in a sprig of _dill_, the seed downward, if you like it. Made in
this way they will be tender, crisp, and green. If the color is not
quite clear enough, pour off the vinegar the next day; boil up, and
pour over the cucumbers; cover perfectly tight.

=To Pickle small Cucumbers and Gherkins.=--Choose small perfect
gherkins or cucumbers; spread on platters, mix a small bit of alum,
pulverized, with salt, and cover them; let them lie in this a week.
Then drain them, put them into a jar, cover with boiling vinegar, and
cover it thick with grape-leaves. Set them near the fire. If they do
not become tolerably green after an hour or so, pour the vinegar into
another jar, set it on the hot range or hearth until too hot to bear
your hand in it, but do not let it _boil_, then pour again over the
pickles, cover with fresh leaves; repeat this till they are as green as
you wish.

=Tomato Catsup.=--Wash and drain two bushels of fair, ripe tomatoes; cut
out the stems and any imperfect spot; put the fruit into a kettle,
giving each one a squeeze to break the skin as you throw them in (a
brass kettle, _scoured perfectly bright_, is the best, as being less
likely to burn on the bottom than the porcelain kettle). Cut up twelve
ripe bell-peppers and as many onions, and put with the tomatoes. Set
the kettle over the fire and let the fruit cook two hours, stirring
often from the bottom to prevent the tomatoes sticking or burning. Then
strain through a wire sieve, or better still a patent scoop and sieve
combined, made of tin; with a _crank_ or handle to turn the paddle,
which easily presses the juice and meat through the strainer at the
bottom, leaving seeds and skins inside. When strained, add a pint and
a half of salt, a quart of vinegar, three table-spoonfuls of ground
cinnamon, three of black pepper, two of cloves, two of allspice, two
of mace, and one of ginger. Boil slowly twelve hours. Of course it
cannot be finished in one day; but at night must be emptied from the
kettle into large wooden or earthen bowls, covered over closely, and
left to stand till morning. The brass kettle should be well cleaned and
dried as soon as emptied, that no verdigris may form in or around it,
and to be all ready for use the next day. In the morning put the catsup
up into the kettle again, and boil slowly all day, or till as thick as
rich cream, so that no clear liquid will rise to the top. Stir often
from the bottom; as it thickens it will stick to the bottom if not
carefully stirred, and scorch very easily. That will spoil the whole.
It is well to turn a plate down on the bottom of the kettle, it will
not burn so readily. People differ so in their ideas of seasoning--some
like food very fiery and highly seasoned, while others like very
little--that it is not possible to give the exact amount of spices. We
have given a medium quantity which, by tasting, can be varied to suit
your own taste. When cooked sufficiently the catsup should be put into
strong bottles tightly corked and tied down. Very little danger of
bursting the bottles or forcing the cork out. None that we have ever
tried have done so. In hot weather, if kept too damp, it may sour; but
we have now some made last summer as good as the new.


MISCELLANEOUS HINTS.

=To Make Tea.=--There is very little skill required in making tea, and
yet very few have it well prepared. It is important that the water
should be _boiling_, not simply scalding; if it is not, the tea will
be worthless. For English breakfast tea it is best to allow two heaped
teaspoonfuls for each person. Either put the tea into a perfectly dry
pot, and set it on the corner of the range till heated through, before
adding the water, or fill the teapot with _boiling_ water and let it
stand till thoroughly hot; and then empty it out and put in the tea.
This done, pour on two cups of _boiling, bubbling_ hot water, set it on
a range or a trivet over a spirit lamp, and let it boil two minutes;
then add a teacup of boiling water for every person, and let it boil
again for three or four minutes. Put into the teacups sugar and milk
according to the taste of those who are to use the tea, and fill up
with the boiling tea. When the cups are once filled, put more boiling
water to the tea in the same proportion, and again set the pot on the
trivet to boil again three or four minutes. The last will be nearly if
not quite as good as the first drawing, some prefer it; but in no case
fail to have _really boiling_ water.

In making oolong or green teas, less tea is needed, and much less
boiling. In both cases it is well to put the tea into a perfectly dry
teapot, and set it where it will get hot before the water is put in, or
fill the teapot with boiling water, cover close till thoroughly heated,
then pour out the water and put in the tea before the pot has time to
cool, and then cover the tea with boiling water. Set it where it will
simmer, _not_ boil, five minutes before using.

_The tea-tree_, or shrub, commonly grows from three to six feet high;
but in its wild or native state it is said to reach twenty-four feet.
In China it is cultivated in numerous small plantations. It resembles
the myrtle in the form of the leaf and general appearance. The blossoms
are not unlike those of the wild rose, but smaller, white, and very
fragrant. The blossoms are succeeded by soft green capsules, containing
from one to three white seeds. These capsules are crushed for oil,
which is in general use in China.

=Substitute for Milk in Tea and Coffee.=--Beat up one egg to every
coffee-cupful of tea or coffee. Put it in a cup and pour over it very
gradually the tea or coffee, very hot, stirring all the time to prevent
the egg from curdling.

=Bread Crumbs.=--Be very careful that no piece of bread, that can be
used, is wasted. Gather all waste or broken pieces, put them in a
clean dish, and set into the “heater,” if you have one to your stove
or range; if not, into the oven after the cooking for the day is done,
leaving the door open that the pieces may not burn. When thoroughly
dried roll them fine on a board, and with a rolling-pin kept expressly
for the purpose, as it makes a pastry board and pin rough to roll any
hard substance. Sift the crumbs through a colander, and keep them in
a stone pot, in a dry place, covered closely, or put in a linen bag
and hung up in a cool place. They are excellent to use in cooking
many things, as well as for stuffing, and you cannot save too large a
quantity. If well dried and properly aired, they will keep a year, and
be as sweet as when first rolled, and, aside from the economy, are a
great convenience.


GLEANINGS.

=To Clean Kid Gloves.=--Have ready a little new milk in one saucer, a
piece of white soap in another, and a clean cloth folded two or three
times. On the cloth spread out the glove smooth and neat. Take a piece
of flannel, dip it in the milk, then rub off a good quantity of soap on
the wetted flannel, and commence to rub the glove toward the fingers,
holding it firmly with the left hand. Continue this process until the
glove, if white, looks of a dingy yellow, though clean; if colored,
till it looks dry and spoiled. Lay it to dry, and the operator will
soon be gratified to see that the old glove looks nearly new. It will
be soft, glossy, smooth, and elastic.

=To Keep Grapes.=--The Chinese have a curious method of preserving
grapes, so as to have them at command during the entire year. It
consists in cutting a circular piece out of a ripe pumpkin or gourd,
making an aperture large enough to admit the hand. The interior is next
completely cleaned out, the ripe grapes are placed inside, and the
cover replaced and pressed in firmly. The pumpkins are then kept in a
cool place, and the grapes will be found to retain their freshness for
a very long time.

=To Clean Oil-Cloths.=--Do not use soap, or scour with a brush, but
wash with soft flannel and lukewarm water; wipe perfectly dry. Then
wring a clean cloth out of skimmed milk, and wipe the oil-cloth over,
moving the cloth one way, straight across, not round in circles or
waves, and finish with a clean, dry cloth. In this way you can keep the
oil-cloth looking fresh and new, and it will last much longer than if
washed with soap and scrubbed with a brush.

=Fill your Lamps in the Morning.=--Scarcely a week passes but we read
accounts of frightful accidents from kerosene lamps exploding and
killing or scarring for life men, women, and children. A simple
knowledge of the inflammable nature of the liquid will probably put
a stop to nearly all the accidents. As the oil burns down in the
lamp, highly inflammable gas gathers over its surface, and as the
oil decreases the gas increases. When the oil is nearly consumed, a
slight jar will inflame the gas, and an explosion is sure to follow.
A bombshell is no more to be dreaded. Now, if the lamp is not allowed
to burn more than half-way down, such accidents are almost impossible.
Always fill your lamp every morning, and then you need never fear an
explosion.

=Colored Silk.=--Mix equal parts of soft soap, alcohol, and molasses.
Cover a table with a clean cloth, spread the article to be cleansed on
smooth, and, holding firmly with one hand, sponge it thoroughly with
this mixture. If the silk is spotted with grease or stains, give the
spots an extra sponging. When the silk has been well sponged, rinse in
tepid water twice, and finish with a third rinsing in cold water. Have
your irons hot, and iron the silk immediately as it is taken from the
last water. Of course if a dress is to be cleansed, it will be first
ripped apart and each piece sponged, rinsed, and ironed, before the
next is touched. It is a great convenience when two persons can work
together in doing this,--one to sponge, while the second rinses and
irons. This compound for cleansing silk does not sound inviting, but
_try it_. We have washed the most delicate colors,--blues, violets,
etc.,--and unless the color is entirely taken out, or paint been
transferred to the silk, it is surprising how like a new silk the dress
can be made to look. Cashmeres or merinoes of the finest color can be
thus cleansed and made to look like new; but they should be rinsed in
hot water.

=To Remove Fruit Stains.=--A solution of chloride of soda will remove
peach and all fruit or vegetable stains, and is also excellent in
removing mildew; but for this it must be applied several times, and
exposed to the sun, while fruit can be removed by it instantly. Of
course it can only be used for white cotton or linen goods. It is
perfectly harmless if well rinsed in clear water immediately after
using.

=Bee or Wasp Stings.=--Wet some cut tobacco and lay it on the sting. In
five minutes it will be cured. Always keep cut tobacco in the house for
such emergencies. It is invaluable and sure.

=To Preserve Brooms.=--Wet the broom every week in boiling suds, and
it will be toughened by it, will last much longer, will not cut the
carpet, and will sweep as elastic as a new broom.

=Glossy Starch.=--Put two ounces of white gum-arabic powder into a
pitcher; pour over it a pint of boiling water, stir well and cover it
up; let it stand overnight. In the morning pour it from the dregs into
a clean bottle, and keep for use. A table-spoonful of this stirred into
a pint of starch made in the usual manner will give your lawns, either
black or printed, a new look, which nothing else can give, after being
once washed. Much diluted, it is excellent for thin white muslin.

=Salt for Nuts.=--Many people find nuts of all kinds injurious, and
some are made seriously ill by them. It is said, and we think truly,
if a little salt be used with them it will prevent any injury or
inconvenience arising from their use.

=To Take Ink Stains from Mahogany.=--Put a few drops of nitre in a
teaspoonful of water. Touch the ink-spot with a feather dipped in the
mixture; and as soon as the ink disappears, rub it instantly with a
cloth wet in cold water, or there will be a white mark left, which will
be difficult to remove.

=To Keep Quinces.=--Gather the fruit at the usual time, then put
carefully into barrels so as not to bruise, rejecting all but the
perfectly sound; then fill with water, head up, and put in the cellar.
They will keep all winter, retaining all the peculiar qualities and
flavor of fresh quinces.

=Fruit Stains.=--When berries and fruits of all kinds are in season,
the housekeeper will find it necessary to look carefully after the
stains. They are easily removed if attended to at once, but if left
to dry for a day or two it will be a more difficult work. Stretch
the stained spot tightly over a deep bowl or pail, and pour over
it _boiling_ hot water, letting it filter through till the stain
disappears. The water must be really _boiling_, not simply scalding. If
the article has been thrown into suds before looking after the stains,
the hot water will not destroy them. In that case wet the stain, and
while wet spread over the spot some chloride of lime, lay the piece
on the grass, or hang on the clothes-line where the sun will strike
through for a few minutes, and then wash and boil immediately. This is
sure, but should be used with care and judgment or it will eat the
cloth; but with proper oversight it is safe and reliable. Chloride
of lime is largely used in bleaching linen, cotton, and silk in the
different manufactures. In former times _chlorine_, or oxygenated
muriatic gas, was used in bleaching, but its effect on the lungs of
the workmen was very injurious. Since chloride of lime has been used
instead of _chlorine_, it is considered safe for those employed in
factories, and harmless in its effects on the goods bleached. In
pickling, paring, or preserving fruit, the hands get badly stained. Rub
them in lemon-juice; wet your nail-brush in the juice and carefully
brush your nails and hands; this will remove the stains effectually. A
“bleaching liquid,” prepared from chloride of lime, is very effectual
in removing all stains except those made by grease. Put four ounces of
chloride of lime into a wide-mouthed quart bottle, add a little water
and stir well with a stick, then fill the bottle nearly full with
water, and let it stand corked for two weeks, that the chloride may
dissolve. During this time some gas will be disengaged, and to prevent
explosion or driving out the cork it will be well twice a day to remove
the cork for an instant only, and as the gas has an extremely offensive
smell it is important that care should be taken not to inhale it, as it
is injurious to the lungs; when diffused through the apartment in small
quantity it is not hurtful. After standing two weeks, the fluid portion
should be poured off and kept in a bottle in a dark place, with paper
wrapped around it, as light and air injure its properties. This fluid
should be kept in every family, but servants ought not to be allowed to
use it indiscreetly.

=Ink Stains.=--If _ink_ is spilled on clothes or carpet, do not allow
it to dry, but as speedily as possible get _cotton batting_, and,
wetting it in sweet milk, soak the spot and rub with the cotton. Wring
the cotton out and soak again with milk, and if used when the ink is
fresh it will soon remove it. This done, wash in warm soapsuds and
rinse in clear warm water.

=Buying Furs.=--In purchasing furs, a sure test of what dealers call a
prime fur is the length and density of the down next to the skin. This
can be readily determined by blowing a brisk current of air from the
mouth against the set of the fur. If the fibers open readily, exposing
the skin to view, reject the article; but if the down is so dense that
the breath cannot penetrate it, or at most shows but a small portion of
the skin, the article may be accepted.

=Drying Umbrellas.=--Most people dry their umbrellas handle upwards.
This concentrates the moisture at the tip where it is close, rusts
the wire which secures the stretchers, and rots the cloth. After the
umbrella is drained, it is better to invert it, and dry it in that
position.

=A Tight Ring.=--To remove a tightly fitting ring from a finger,
without pain, pass the end of a portion of rather fine twine underneath
the ring, and evenly encircle the finger from below upward (as
whipmakers bind lashes on) with the remainder, as far as the centre of
the finger, then unwind the string from above downward by taking hold
of the end passed under the ring, and it will be found the ring will
gradually pass along the twine toward the tip of the finger.

=Scrubbing White Paint.=--As little soap as possible should be
used with this, and that in the water and not on the cloth. It not
only makes the paint yellow, but, after a little while, removes it
altogether. A noted housekeeper would never allow either soap or hot
water to be used on paint, except in case of grease. Cold water and
a scrubbing-brush were her weapons of offence in waging warfare with
dirt. This makes hard work, but it gives a very fresh look to paint,
and saves soap and fire, if one is inclined to try it. For greasy
spots use a very little soda (carbonate) in the first water, to be
immediately rinsed off and wiped dry.

=How to Wash Graining.=--Take clear _warm_ water, a clean, white cloth,
and wash a small place and wipe dry with another _clean white_ cloth.
Do not wet any more space than you can dry immediately with your cloth,
as it must not be left to dry in the atmosphere; it must be rubbed
dry, hence the necessity for clean white cloths. If the paint has been
neglected until very much soiled with greasy fingers, or specked with
a summer’s growth of flies, a very little hard soap may be put in the
first water, and then rinsed off with clear water; but avoid soap if
you possibly can, as it dulls the varnish, however carefully used. On
no account must it be rubbed on with a cloth.

Codfish should be purchased in small quantities, as they are
disagreeable to have in the house. Even the desiccated codfish, that
comes in boxes, cannot be kept so tightly covered as to secure us from
the unpleasant smell. If kept in a dry place they grow hard, if in a
damp place they will spoil. They must be changed from garret to cellar
often to keep them in proper condition, and therefore it is better to
get them only as needed.

Zante currants and stoneless or sultana raisins should be washed and
dried when first bought, and then packed into jars for use. It is well
to look them over occasionally, to see that they do not become wormy.
If there should be any appearance of mold or worms, empty from the jars
and spread on a cloth or paper to dry, in the warm sun or by the fire.
When dry, repack.

Keep cheese in a dry place. A cheese-box with perforated wire sides is
the best thing to put it in, as the air will circulate through it. When
the cheese is cut wrap a cloth tightly about it to prevent its drying.

Smoked beef should be kept in a bag and hung up. Hams, also, when cut,
should be tied into a cloth or bag and hung up in a cool dry place.

If strawberries, pineapples, and all delicate preserves are kept in a
box and filled in with sand, they will keep better and longer. Sawdust
or tan-bark is not good to fill in around them, as it gathers moisture
and molds the preserves.

Keep the flour-barrel well covered with a close-fitting wooden cover.
Hang the sifter on a nail over it, but never leave it in the barrel.
Besides being untidy, the accumulation of flour, dough, or moisture
from your hands will soon coat the sieve so that it cannot be used with
ease, and in a short time make the flour musty or sour. It should be
well washed and dried after the baking for each day is finished. No
flour should be use unsifted, both from cleanliness and because the
food will be lighter.

Indian meal should be kept in a cool, dry place, in a barrel or wooden
pail, and stirred from the bottom often, particularly in warm weather,
as it will readily become sour or musty. Never use without sifting.

Coffee should be bought by the bag or barrel, as it grows better by age.

Tea is cheaper by the box, but take out a pound canister at a time, and
replacing the tin foil, nail the box up again.

Keep the canister always shut, as air injures the tea badly.

Raisins and starch are cheaper by the box; but raisins must be kept
from heat or air, or they dry up and become almost worthless; and the
starch must be kept covered to protect it from dust.

=Household Weights and Measures.=--Wheat flour, one pound is one quart.

Indian meal, one pound two ounces is one quart.

Butter, when soft, one pound one ounce is one quart.

Loaf sugar, broken, one pound is one quart.

White sugar, powdered, one pound one ounce is one quart.

Best brown sugar, one pound two ounces is one quart.

Eggs, average size, ten are one pound.

Liquid measure, sixteen table-spoonfuls are half a pint.

=To test Flour.=--Place a little in the palm of the hand, rub gently
with the finger; if the flour smooths down, feeling slippery, it is
inferior flour and will never make good bread, but if it rubs rough
in the palm, feeling like fine sand, and has an orange hue, you may
purchase it confidently. It will not disappoint you.


THE END.


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SOME GOOD BOOKS.

FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS, OR MAILED, POST-PAID, TO ANY ADDRESS, ON
RECEIPT OF THE PRICE, BY THE PUBLISHERS,

J. B. FORD AND COMPANY,

No. 27 Park Place, New York.


    BEECHER’S SERMONS: _First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and
    Sixth Series._ From phonographic reports by T. J. ELLINWOOD,
    for fifteen years Mr. Beecher’s special reporter. Uniformly
    bound in dark brown English cloth. Single volumes, each
    complete, price, $2.50; full set of six volumes for $14.50.
    Bound in half morocco, $5 per vol.

Of the first volume the _Advance_, of Chicago, said:--

“The volume is a handsome one, and is prefaced with the best portrait
of Mr. Beecher we have ever seen. The sermons are twenty-seven in
number, the regular Sunday morning discourses of six months, and are
a wonderful testimony, not only to the real goodness of heart of the
great Plymouth preacher, but to the fertility of resource, industry of
thought, and rare ability which can keep his regular ministrations to
such a height of average excellence.”

... “These corrected sermons of perhaps the greatest of living
preachers,--a man whose heart is as warm and catholic as his abilities
are great, and whose sermons combine fidelity and Scriptural
truth, great power, glorious imagination, fervid rhetoric, and
vigorous reasoning, with intense human sympathy and robust common
sense.”--_British Quarterly Review._

Each succeeding volume contains, also, six months’ sermons (from 450 to
500 pp.) issued in style uniform with the _First Series_. The _Second
Series_ contains a fine interior view of Plymouth Church. The other
volumes are not illustrated.


    LECTURE-ROOM TALKS. A series of Familiar Discourses, on
    Themes of Christian Experience. By HENRY WARD BEECHER.
    Phonographically reported by T. J. ELLINWOOD; with Steel
    Portrait. 12mo, extra cloth. Price, $1.75. [_Out of print. Will
    be reissued soon._]

“J. B. Ford & Co., who are now printers and publishers to the Beecher
family, have collected in a handsome volume the _Lecture-Room Talks_
of the Brooklyn preacher, held in the weekly prayer-meeting of the
Plymouth Church. There is a great deal of humorous talk mingled with
much that is serious, and the subjects discussed are of the most varied
kind. It is a charming book.”--_Springfield (Mass.) Republican._


    MY WIFE AND I; or, Harry Henderson’s History. A Novel. By
    HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. Illustrated by H. L. STEPHENS. 474
    pages; extra cloth, stamped cover, $1.75.

This novel is the success of the year. It has been selling very rapidly
ever since its publication. _Everybody is reading it._

“Always bright, piquant, and entertaining, with an occasional touch of
tenderness, strong because subtle, keen in sarcasm, full of womanly
logic directed against unwomanly tendencies, Mrs. Stowe has achieved an
unbounded success in this her latest effort.”--_Boston Journal._


    MATERNITY: A Popular Treatise for Wives and Mothers. By T. S.
    VERDI, A. M., M. D., of Washington, D. C. Handsomely printed on
    fine paper, bevelled boards, extra English cloth. 12mo. 450 pp.
    Price, $2.25. _Fourth Edition._

“The author deserves great credit for his labor, and the book merits an
extensive circulation.”--_U. S. Medical and Surgical Journal (Chicago)._

“There are few intelligent mothers who will not be benefited by reading
and keeping by them for frequent counsel a volume so rich in valuable
suggestions. With its tables, prescriptions, and indices at the end,
this book ought to do much good.”--_Hearth and Home._

“We hail the appearance of this work with true pleasure. It is dictated
by a pure and liberal spirit, and will be a real boon to many a young
mother.”--_American Medical Observer (Detroit)._


    THE CHILDREN’S WEEK: Seven Stories for Seven Days. By R. W.
    RAYMOND. 16mo. Nine full page illustrations by H. L. STEPHENS
    and MISS M. L. HALLOCK. Price, extra cloth, $1.25; cloth, full
    gilt, $1.50.

“The book is bright enough to please any people of culture, and yet so
simple that children will welcome it with glee. Mr. Raymond’s tales
have won great popularity by their wit, delicate fancy, and, withal,
admirable good sense. The illustrations--all new and made for the
book--are particularly apt and pleasing, showing forth the comical
element of the book and its pure and beautiful sentiment.”--_Buffalo
(N. Y.) Commercial Advertiser._

    THE OVERTURE OF ANGELS. By HENRY WARD BEECHER. Illustrated by
    HARRY FENN. 12mo, tinted paper, extra cloth, gilt. Price, $2.00.

This exquisite gift book is an excerpt from Mr. Beecher’s great work,
the “Life of Jesus the Christ.” It is a series of pictures, in the
author’s happiest style, of the Angelic Appearances, giving a beautiful
and characteristically interesting treatment of all the events recorded
in the Gospels as occurring about the period of the nativity of our
Lord.

“The style, the sentiment, and faithfulness to the spirit of the
Biblical record with which the narrative is treated are characteristic
of its author, and will commend it to many readers, to whom its
elegance of form will give it an additional attraction.”--_Worcester
(Mass.) Spy._

“A perfect fragment.”--_New York World._


    OUR SEVEN CHURCHES: Eight Lectures by THOMAS K. BEECHER. 16mo.
    Paper, 50 cents; extra cloth, $1; cloth, gilt, $1.25.

“The eight lectures comprised in this volume are conceived in a spirit
of broad liberality as refreshing as it is rare. They evince, in the
most gratifying manner possible, how easy it is to find something
good in one’s neighbors or opponents, or even enemies, if one tries
faithfully to do so, instead of making an effort to discover a fault
or a weakness. The volume is one which should have, as it undoubtedly
will, a wide circulation.”--_Detroit Free Press._


    MINES, MILLS, AND FURNACES of the Precious Metals of the United
    States. Being a complete Exposition of the General Methods
    employed in the great Mining Industries of America, including
    a Review of the present Condition and Prospects of the Mines
    throughout the Interior and Pacific States. By ROSSITER
    W. RAYMOND, Ph. D., United States Commissioner of Mining
    Statistics, President American Inst. Mining Engineers, Editor
    of the _Engineering and Mining Journal_, author of “The Mines
    of the West,” “American Mines and Mining,” etc., etc. 1 vol.
    8vo. 566 pages. Illustrated with engravings of machines and
    processes. Extra cloth, $3.50.

“The author is thorough in his subject, and has already published a
work on our mines which commanded universal approval by its clearness
of statement and breadth of views.”--_Albany (N. Y.) Argus._

“His scientific ability, his practical knowledge of mines and mining,
his unerring judgment, and, finally, the enthusiasm with which he
enters upon his work, all combine to fit him for his position,
and none could bring to it a greater degree of uprightness and
fairness.”--_Denver (Col.) News._


    PRINCIPLES OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE: As applied to the Duties
    and Pleasures of Home. By CATHARINE E. BEECHER and HARRIET
    BEECHER STOWE. A compact 12mo volume of 390 pages, profusely
    illustrated; well printed, and bound in neat and substantial
    style. Price, $2.00.

Prepared with a view to assist in training young women for the
distinctive duties which inevitably come upon them in household life,
this volume has been made with especial reference to the duties, cares,
and pleasures of _the family_, as being the place where, whatever the
political developments of the future, woman, from her very nature of
body and of spirit, will find her most engrossing occupation. It is
full of interest for all intelligent girls and young women.

☞ The work has been heartily endorsed and adopted by the directors
of many of the leading Colleges and Seminaries for young women as a
text-book, both for study and reading.


    HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. From the date of the
    Discovery and Settlements on Manhattan Island to the Present
    Time. A Text-Book for High Schools, Academies, and Colleges. By
    S. S. RANDALL, Superintendent of Public Education in New York
    City. 12mo vol, 396 pages. Illustrated. Price, $1.75.

“This work contains so much valuable information that it should
be found in every house in the State as a volume of reference.
Its value for use in educational institutions is of a very high
character.”--_Northern Budget, Troy (N. Y.)._

☞ Officially adopted by the Boards of Education in the cities of New
York, Brooklyn, and Jersey City for use in the Public Schools, and also
extensively used in Private Schools throughout the State, both as a
text-book and alternate reader.


    H. W. BEECHER’S WORKS. Uniform edition. This is a set of books
    long needed in the trade. It will include “Norwood,” “Lectures
    to Young Men,” “Eyes and Ears,” “Summer in the Soul,” the early
    “Star Papers,” a new edition of “Lecture-Room Talks,” and other
    works, embracing some which are now out of print, and for which
    there is constant call.


The first volumes issued in this new edition of Mr. Beecher’s minor
works are

YALE LECTURES ON PREACHING,

Price, extra cloth, $1.25; half calf, $2.50; and a new edition of

LECTURES TO YOUNG MEN,

including several new lectures never before published, a new
Introduction by the author, etc., etc. Price, extra cloth, $1.50; half
calf, $3.00.

STAR PAPERS,

A new edition, including much new matter added to the original book.
Price, extra cloth, $1.75; half calf, $3.25.


A FRESH BOOK BY GRACE GREENWOOD.

    NEW LIFE IN NEW LANDS: NOTES OF WESTERN TRAVEL. Racy,
    sparkling, readable, full of wit and keen observation, it gives
    a series of brilliant pen pictures along the great route from
    the Mississippi to the Pacific. 12mo. 396 pp. Price, extra
    cloth, stamped cover, $2.00.

  A BRILLIANT SUCCESS.

  IN CONSTANT DEMAND! RAPID AND CONTINUED SALES!!

  500 Volumes in One.

  AGENTS WANTED

  FOR THE

  LIBRARY OF POETRY AND SONG,

  BEING

  Choice Selections from the Best Poets,

  ENGLISH, SCOTCH, IRISH, AND AMERICAN, INCLUDING TRANSLATIONS
  FROM THE GERMAN, SPANISH, etc.

  WITH AN INTRODUCTION

  BY WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT,

  _Under whose careful Supervision the Work was Compiled_.

    In one Superb Large Octavo Volume of over 800 pages, well
    printed, on Fine Paper, and Illustrated with an admirable
    Portrait on Steel of Mr. Bryant, together with twenty-six
    Autographic Fac-Similes on Wood of Celebrated Poets, besides
    other choice Full-page Engravings, by the best Artists.

       *       *       *       *       *

The handsomest and cheapest subscription book extant. _A Library of
over =500= Volumes in one book_, whose contents, of no ephemeral nature
or interest, will never grow old or stale. It can be, and will be, read
and re-read with pleasure as long as its leaves hold together.

This book has been prepared with the aim of gathering into a single
volume the largest practicable compilation of the best Poems of the
English language, making it as nearly as possible the choicest and most
complete general collection of Poetry yet published.


  THE

  “LIBRARY OF POETRY AND SONG”

Is a volume destined to become one of the most popular books ever
printed. It is truly a people’s book. Its contents would cost hundreds
of dollars in the books whence they are gleaned, English and American;
and, indeed, although one possessed the volumes, the reading of such
vast numbers of pages would be a labor not readily undertaken by most
people, even those who appreciate poetry.


The New York Times,

A journal well known the country over for high literary excellence and
correct taste, says:--

“This very handsome volume differs from all collections of ‘elegant
extracts,’ parlor books, and the like, which we have seen, in being
arranged according to an intelligible and comprehensive plan, in
containing selections which nearly cover the entire historical period
over which English poetry extends, and in embracing matter suited to
every conceivable taste and every variety of feeling and culture.
_We know of no similar collection in the English language which, in
copiousness and felicity of selection and arrangement, can at all
compare with it._... The volume is a model of typographical clearness.”


The Albany Evening Journal,

One of the oldest papers and highest literary standards in the country,
says:--

“It is undoubtedly ‘the choicest and most complete general collection
of poetry yet published.’ It will be deemed sufficient proof of the
judicious character of the selections, and of their excellence, that
‘every poem has taken its place in the book only after passing the
cultured criticism of Mr. William Cullen Bryant,’ whose portrait
constitutes the fitting frontispiece of the volume. The work could have
no higher indorsement. Mr. Bryant’s Introduction to the volume is a
most beautiful and critical essay on poets and poetry, from the days
of ‘the father of English poetry’ to the present time.... _No other
selection we know of is as varied and complete as this_: and it must
find its way into every library and household where poetry is read and
appreciated.”


This book, supplying a real public need in an admirable manner, has
constantly sold so fast that the publishers have had trouble to keep up
their stock. It has won an INSTANT AND PERMANENT POPULARITY.

=Terms liberal.= Agents all like it, and buyers are more than pleased
with it. ☞ Send for Circular and Terms to

  J. B. FORD & CO., Publishers,
  27 Park Place, New York.

=BRANCH OFFICES=: Boston, 11 Bromfield Street; Chicago, 75 West
Washington Street; San Francisco, 339 Kearney Street.

  A HOUSEHOLD BOOK.

  NINE UNABRIDGED, WORLD-RENOWNED VOLUMES IN ONE.


  AGENTS WANTED

  FOR THE

  LIBRARY OF FAMOUS FICTION,

  EMBRACING THE

  Nine Standard Masterpieces of Imaginative Literature

  (UNABRIDGED),

  _WITH AN INTRODUCTION_

  BY HARRIET BEECHER STOWE.

  BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED

  With =34 Full-page Engravings=; executed by the best Artists in
  England and America; with an Illuminated Title-Page, Biographical
  Notice of each Author, etc.,--in one Elegant Large Octavo Volume
  of nearly =1,100 pages=, brilliantly printed on fine paper,
  handsomely and substantially bound.

In their present venture, the publishers congratulate themselves that
the matter offered has been endorsed by the approval of the entire
reading world for many generations. The remarkable success attending
their _Library of Poetry and Song_, put forth under the auspices
of that greatest American poet, WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT, naturally
suggested the idea of a corresponding _Library of Famous Fiction_, to
be guaranteed and set before the public by the most popular American
writer of fiction known to this day,--MRS. HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. Thus
have been combined the nine great masterpieces of imaginative prose,
embodying in a single convenient volume those Famous Fictions which
have been admired and loved always, everywhere, and by all classes.

Their number is not large; their names rise spontaneously, and by
common consent, in every mind: _Pilgrim’s Progress_; _Robinson Crusoe_;
_The Vicar of Wakefield_; _Gulliver’s Travels_ (revised); _Paul
and Virginia_; _Picciola_; _Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia_;
_Undine_; _Vathek_; _and a Selection of Tales from the Arabian Nights’
Entertainments_. As MRS. STOWE says in her Introduction, “not a single
one could be spared from this group, in gathering those volumes of
fiction which the world, without dissent, has made _classic_.”


☞ Sold only by Subscription through our Agents. ☜

=TERMS LIBERAL.= Send for full description and business circulars, to

  J. B. FORD & CO., Publishers,
  =27 Park Place, New York=.

=BRANCH OFFICES=: Boston, 11 Bromfield Street; Chicago, 75 West
Washington Street; San Francisco, 339 Kearney Street.

  SOLD ONLY BY AGENTS.

  A BOOK FOR EVERYBODY!


  The very remarkable success of this book is not strange, although
  it is having unprecedented sales.


  THE LIFE

  OF

  JESUS THE CHRIST,

  BY

  HENRY WARD BEECHER.


From the Boston (Mass.) Traveller.

“This work has a deeper purpose to serve than that of mere ornament.
It is the product of a life of thought and loving labor in study of
the character and life of Jesus, and a remarkably successful career of
presenting it to the popular mind in the ministry of the pulpit.

“The demand for this book will be great among the searchers after
knowledge, and it will be a standard for Christian homes and libraries.
It is destined to exert a tremendous influence, not only in this day
and generation, but in all time.”


By the Rev. Joseph P. Thompson, LL. D., from an article in The
Independent.

“That which first impresses one in Mr. Beecher’s book is the maturity
of the work, both in its conception and in its execution. If any have
expected to find in it rhetorical fancies struck out at extemporaneous
heat, declamatory statements--‘the spontaneities of all his individual
personal life’--projected from some fusing centre of philosophy within,
but not welded into logical consistency, they have yet to know Mr.
Beecher through this book, as working by method upon a well-ordered
scheme of thought, and with a deep philosophic purpose toward one
great, overmastering conception. He has neither thrown off his random
thoughts nor strung together his best thoughts; but has brought all his
powers, in the maturity of their strength, in the richness of their
experience, and the largeness of their development, to produce a work
that may fitly represent the labors and the results of his life.”


More Agents Wanted.

Intelligent men and women may obtain lucrative employment by taking an
agency. Full descriptive Circulars mailed free. Very liberal terms to
Canvassers. Apply to

  J. B. FORD & CO.,

=27 Park Place, New York=; =11 Bromfield St., Boston, Mass.=; =75 West
Washington St., Chicago, Ill.=; =339 Kearney St., San Francisco, Cal.=

  THE

  CHRISTIAN UNION

  IS AN UNSECTARIAN RELIGIOUS WEEKLY.

  HENRY WARD BEECHER,

  Editor.


This journal has had a very remarkable success, _in two years_
attaining a circulation surpassing that of any other religious weekly
in the world.


WHY IS IT?

    =Because=, _First_, HENRY WARD BEECHER is its Editor, and
    his Editorials, Star Papers, and occasional Literary Reviews
    and _Lecture-Room Talks_ are sought for by thousands, while
    the auxiliary editorial labor is in the hands of cultivated
    journalists; _the CONTRIBUTORS being representative men and
    women of ALL Denominations_.

    =Because=, _Secondly_, ITS FORM, twenty-four pages, large
    quarto, SECURELY PASTED AT THE BACK AND CUT AT THE EDGES, is so
    convenient for reading, binding, and preservation, as to be a
    great and special merit in its favor.

    =Because=, _Thirdly_, _It is called “the most Interesting
    Religious Paper published_,” being quoted from by the press
    of the entire country more extensively than any other. The
    critical _Nation_ (N. Y.) says it is “Not only the ablest and
    best, but also, as we suppose, the most popular of American
    religious periodicals. At all events it is safe to predict that
    it will soon have, if it has not already, greater influence
    than any other religious paper in the country.”

    =Because=, _Fourthly_, _It has something for every Member of
    the Household_: admirable contributed and editorial articles,
    discussing all timely topics, fresh information on unhackneyed
    subjects; reliable news of the Church and the world; Market
    and Financial Reports; an Agricultural Department; excerpts
    of Public Opinion from the press; careful Book Reviews, with
    Educational, Literary, Musical, and Art Notes; much matter of
    a high and pure religious tone; a Household Department; choice
    Poems; Household Stories; and Chat for the Little Ones.

    =Because=, _Fifthly_, Every subscriber is presented with

TWO SUPERB OIL CHROMOS,

“WIDE AWAKE” AND “FAST ASLEEP,”

_A pair_,--no cheap colored prints, but splendid copies of Oil
Paintings, by an eminent English artist. The selling price of the pair
is (=$10=) _Ten Dollars_, at which price thousands have been sold in
America, and still are selling and will be sold by the picture trade
generally.

Or, if any should prefer it, the subscriber will be presented with our
new, large, and


EXQUISITE OLEOGRAPH,

from a charming painting by LOBRICHON (one of the most brilliant
artists of the Parisian school), entitled

“LITTLE RUNAWAY AND HER PETS.”

The size (14½ × 21½ inches) makes it a very large picture, and it is an
admirable and artistic centre-piece for “Wide Awake” and “Fast Asleep,”
or a most delicate, attractive, and beautiful work of art in itself.


TERMS.

  One Year’s Subscription (including _unmounted_ Pictures)            $3.00

       Do.     do.        (including Pictures _mounted_; the
                          Chromos on card board, or the Oleograph
                          on canvas, sized, varnished, and ready
                          for framing)                                 3.25

  Two  do.     do.        (including all the Pictures, sized, varnished,
                          etc.)                                        5.75

  THE CHRISTIAN UNION and PLYMOUTH PULPIT mailed
        for one year to one address (including Chromos as above)
        for $5.00 or                                                   5.25

☞ In all cases, _ten cents extra_ must be sent to defray the cost of
wrapping and mailing the pictures to the subscriber’s address. ☜


☞ Canvassers allowed liberal Commissions.

An old agent who knows says: “I have never presented anything for sale
that met with the approval of the entire reading community as nearly as
does HENRY WARD BEECHER’S CHRISTIAN UNION. Sorry I did not work for it
sooner. Think it _the best business for canvassers ever offered by any
firm_, to my knowledge.”

  J. B. FORD & CO., Publishers,
  =27 Park Place, New York City=.

=BRANCH OFFICES=: Boston, 11 Bromfield Street; Chicago, 75 West
Washington Street; San Francisco, 339 Kearney Street.


PLYMOUTH PULPIT

Is a weekly pamphlet Publication of Sermons preached by

HENRY WARD BEECHER,

Printed from MR. T. J. ELLINWOOD’S careful, verbatim phonographic
reports, taken down from the speaker’s lips. This issue is the
only regularly authorized edition of them, the one endorsed by MR.
BEECHER’S approval as correct, and sanctioned by his authority. It
is well printed on good paper, in book form; it is _suitable for
binding and preservation_, and it is _cheap_, within the reach of
all. The publishers have also responded to the demand for a continued
insertion of the Prayers before and after the Sermon, as among the
most spiritually profitable of MR. BEECHER’S ministrations. Besides
this, the Scriptural lesson and hymns sung (Plymouth Collection) are
indicated, thus making a complete record of one service of Plymouth
Church for each Sunday.


CRITICAL OPINIONS.


BRITISH.

“They are magnificent discourses. I have often taken occasion to
say that Beecher is the greatest preacher that ever appeared in the
world; this judgment is most soberly considered and most deliberately
pronounced; his brilliant fancy, his deep knowledge of human nature,
his affluent language, and the many-sidedness of his noble mind,
conspire to place him at the head of all Christian speakers.”--REV. DR.
PARKER, in _The Pulpit Analyst_ (_Article_ “AD CLERUM”).

“These corrected Sermons of perhaps the greatest of living
preachers,--a man whose heart is as warm and catholic as his
abilities are great, and whose Sermons combine fidelity to Scriptural
truth, great power, glorious imagination, fervid rhetoric, and
vigorous reasoning, with intense human sympathy and robust common
sense.”--_British Quarterly Review._

“They are without equal among the published sermons of the day.
Everywhere we find ourselves in the hands of a man of high and noble
impulses, of thorough fearlessness, of broad and generous sympathies,
who has consecrated all his wealth of intelligence and heart to the
service of preaching the Gospel.”--_Literary World_, London.


AMERICAN.

“We certainly find in these sermons a great deal which we can
conscientiously commend, and that amply justifies the exalted position
which their author holds among American preachers. They are worthy
of great praise for the freshness, vigor, and earnestness of their
style; for the beauty and oftentimes surprising aptness of their
illustrations; for the large amount of consolatory and stimulating
thought embodied in them, and for the force and skill with which
religious considerations are made to bear upon the most common
transactions of life.”--_Bibliotheca Sacra_, Andover, Mass.

“In point of ability and eloquence he has scarcely a rival, while in
the magnetism that arises from earnestness and deep, broad, humanity,
he is absolutely unrivalled. No preacher of the present age exercises
so wide and potent an influence. And he reaches a class that ordinary
preachers fail to touch.”--_Philadelphia Inquirer._

Mr. Beecher “by his genius, and without any direct effort, has more
influence upon the ministerial profession than all the theological
seminaries combined. The discourses are rich in all that makes
religious literature valuable.”--_Chicago Evening Journal._


Vol. I., No. 1, of PLYMOUTH PULPIT was issued September 26, 1868. Each
_Volume_ contains twenty-six numbers, being one sermon each week for
six months. This gives annually two volumes of _nearly five hundred_
pages each.


=TERMS.=--Single numbers, ten cents. Yearly Subscription price,
=$3.00=. Half yearly, =$1.75=. Subscriptions may begin with any number.
Back numbers supplied.

=CLUB RATES=--five copies for =$12.00=.

THE CHRISTIAN UNION, together with the two charming French Oil Chromos,
“WIDE AWAKE” and “FAST ASLEEP,” (=$3.00=), and PLYMOUTH PULPIT
(=$3.00=), will be sent to ONE ADDRESS for =$5.00=.

POSTAGE ON PLYMOUTH PULPIT to subscribers in the United States is
twenty cents per year, payable quarterly in advance, at the Post-Office
to which the pamphlet is sent; and on single copies to England it is
_four cents_.

  J. B. FORD & CO., Publishers,
  =27 Park Place, New York=.




Transcriber’s Notes

Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations
in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but all other
spelling and punctuation remains unchanged.

Italics are represented thus _italic_, bold is represented thus =bold=.