The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Ohio naturalist, Vol. 1, No. 8, June 1901 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: The Ohio naturalist, Vol. 1, No. 8, June 1901 Creator: Ohio State University. Biological Club Release date: December 7, 2022 [eBook #69491] Language: English Original publication: United States: The Biological Club of the Ohio State University, 1900 Credits: Bob Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OHIO NATURALIST, VOL. 1, NO. 8, JUNE 1901 *** Transcriber’s Note Italic text displayed as: _Italic_ Bold text displayed as: =Bold= THE OHIO Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EDITORIAL STAFF EDITOR-IN-CHIEF—JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M., M. S. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: _Zoology_—F. L. LANDACRE, B. Sc. _Botany_—F. J. TYLER, B. Sc. _Geology_—J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. _Archaeology_—W. C. MILLS, B. Sc. _Ornithology_—R. F. GRIGGS. ADVISORY BOARD: PROFESSOR W. A. KELLERMAN. Ph. D. Department of Botany. PROFESSOR HERBERT OSBORN, M. Sc. Department of Zoology. PROFESSOR J. A. BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. Department of Geology. Volume 1. JUNE, 1901 Number 8 COLUMBUS, OHIO _PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR_ [Illustration: _THE OHIO NATURALIST_] A journal devoted more especially to the natural history of Ohio. The official organ of THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY. Published monthly during the academic year, from November to June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10 cents. JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, _Editor_. F. J. TYLER, _Subscriptions_. R. F. GRIGGS, _Advertising Agent_. _Address_ THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University, COLUMBUS, OHIO. CONTENTS A Study in Variation on the Wing of the Honey Bee 119 _F. L. Landacre_ Twelve Plants Additional to the Ohio List 121 _W. A. Kellerman_ The Food Habits of Some Aphrophora Larvae 122 _E. D. Ball_ The Vernation of Salix 124 _Robert F. Griggs_ Ohio Reptiles in the Ohio State University Zoological Museum 126 _Max Morse_ A Preserving Box for Plants 128 _Edo Claassen_ Ohio Tumbleweeds 129 _John H. Schaffner_ Meetings of the Biological Club 129 _Jas. S. Hine, Sec._ Entered at the Post Office at Columbus, Ohio, as second class matter. The Ohio Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Vol. 1. JUNE, 1901 No. 8 A STUDY IN VARIATION ON THE WING OF THE HONEY BEE. F. L. LANDACRE. While working on the Honey Bee in the laboratory at the University it was observed that the number of hooks connecting the posterior wing with the anterior was not constant. The query at once arose as to the amount of variation there might be between different bees in the same hive and also between different hives. Out of this grew a somewhat practical problem as to whether the increase in number of hooks was associated with a decrease in the size of the wing, or whether the increase in number of hooks also implied an increase in size of wing. The wings of the bee are undoubtedly more efficient for being closely attached to each other. The life of the workers is so short, being only about three weeks, and their activity so great that any increase in efficiency, especially in the organs of flight, must have a very direct influence on the welfare of the whole swarm. So far as the well being of the swarm depends upon nutritive processes the efficiency of the hive is equal to the average efficiency of the workers. Now, if the increase in number of hooks and the consequent, firmer attachment of the wings is compensated for by a smaller wing, there is much less opportunity for the operation of natural selection on the individual bees than if the greater number of hooks is always associated with a broader or longer wing. This selective process might occur either in the hive or between hives. If it occurs in the hive it would increase the efficiency of the hive somewhat; but if it occurs between hives it finally means the elimination of the weaker hive and the consequent increased efficiency of the species. In order to find out the real conditions, one of the students, Mr. J. N. Frank, took twenty-five workers from each of four hives and counted the number of hooks on each wing, right and left, and also measured the width of the anterior and posterior wings on each side, The width only was taken on account of the difficulty in finding a good point at the base of the wing from which to measure the length. The results are so uniform that the width probably gives sufficient data from which to draw conclusions. Of the four hives studied, numbers one and two were very weak. Number three was a strong hive which made forty (40) pounds of extra honey in the summer of 1900. Number four was weaker than number three and made only ten (10) pounds of extra honey. The complete measurements are too long to give in detail, and the averages only will be offered here. AVERAGES OF TWENTY-FIVE MEASUREMENTS FOR EACH HIVE TAKEN WITH AN EYE-PIECE MICROMETER, EXPRESSED IN MM. HIVE NUMBER ONE. ------------------------+----------------------- Average Number of Hooks.| Average Width of Wing. -----------+------------+-----------+----------- Right wing.| Left wing. |Right wing.| Left wing. | | Ant. Pos.| Ant. Pos. 21.3 | 20.9 | 4.21 3.61| 4.28 3.55 -----------+------------+-----------+----------- HIVE NUMBER TWO. ------------------------+----------------------- Average Number of Hooks.| Average Width of Wing. -----------+------------+-----------+----------- Right wing.| Left wing. |Right wing.| Left wing. | | Ant. Pos.| Ant. Pos. 19.2 | 18.8 | 4.14 3.48| 4.16 3.48 -----------+------------+-----------+----------- HIVE NUMBER THREE. ------------------------+----------------------- Average Number of Hooks.| Average Width of Wing. -----------+------------+-----------+----------- Right wing.| Left wing. |Right wing.| Left wing. | | Ant. Pos.| Ant. Pos. 21.0 | 21.0 | 4.06 3.48| 4.07 3.50 -----------+------------+-----------+----------- HIVE NUMBER FOUR. ------------------------+----------------------- Average Number of Hooks.| Average Width of Wing. -----------+------------+-----------+----------- Right wing.| Left wing. |Right wing.| Left wing. | | Ant. Pos.| Ant. Pos. 19.6 | 19.6 | 4.09 3.47| 4.03 3.41 -----------+------------+-----------+----------- As to the first query concerning the individual variations in a single hive the complete table shows that No. 1 varies from 18-21 hooks, No. 2 from 17-21, No. 3 from 18-23 and No. 4 from 17-21. The right wing is taken as the standard, and the most active hive, No. 3. shows the greatest individual variation. One bee in this hive had only sixteen hooks, the remaining three being straight spines, showing how the hooks have been modified from ordinary hairs. This reversion occurred on three separate wings, in No. 2 one hook on each wing being straight. As to the relation between the number of hooks and the width of the wing the averages are very definite. Taking hives number one and two from the same apiary, it will be seen that the increase in number of hooks goes with the increase in width of wing. The same relation is shown by hives numbers three and four from another apiary in the case of the posterior portion of the right wing and in both anterior and posterior portions of left wing. The results are not conclusive as to the relative efficiency of different hives because there are so many conditions entering into the production of large quantities of honey. The number of bees, the care during the winter, the age of the queen, the number of swarms produced, and several other factors would have to be taken into consideration. The differences in the right and left wings in the bees of the same hive is marked. The right wing has the larger number of hooks, but the left wing is the broader. In hive number one the average number of hooks in the right wing is 21.3, left 20.9; but the anterior wing on the right side is 4.21 mm., while the left anterior wing is 4.28; that is, there is a compensation for the reduced number of hooks in the increased width of the wing. This is true of the first three hives. In the fourth hive there is a slight advantage in favor of the right wing. The following general conclusions may be drawn from these measurements: (_a_) There is a variation in the number of hooks in a given hive ranging between 17 and 23. (_b_) The difference in the number of hooks in the right and left wing is compensated for in a given hive by the increased size of the wing. The right and left wings are in physiological equilibrium. (_c_) In different hives the increase in the number of hooks is accompanied by an increase in width of wing; that is, the variation is emphasized so that selection would work much more effectively; while in the individual, where—if selection operated on account of this variation—it would have to be between different wings of the same bee, the variation is eliminated. TWELVE PLANTS ADDITIONAL TO THE OHIO LIST. W. A. KELLERMAN. The species named below have not heretofore been recorded as a part of the Ohio flora. The first collector and locality are given for each of the listed species. The serial number prefixed to each name indicates where in the Fourth State Catalogue the species should be inserted. 123a Sorghum vulgare Pers. Occasionally escaped. 270b Secale cereale L. Rye. Occasionally escaped. 781b Dianthus barbatus L. Sweet William. Escaped. Painesville. Otto Hacker. (1042a Crataegus polybracteata Ashe. Reported previously, but without locality. Franklin, Hocking, and Summit Counties; W. A. Kellerman.) 1042b Crataegus pruinosa Wendl. Logan County; W. A. Kellerman. 1042c Crataegus succulenta. Franklin, Fairfield, Knox, Belmont, Summit, Ottawa, Union, Ross, Carroll, Shelby and Lucas Counties; W. A. Kellerman. 1526b Teucrium occidentale Gr. Hairy Germander. “Ohio”, Riddell, 1834, (Bull. Torr. Club, 28:170); Reservoir Park, Perry Co., W. A. Kellerman. 1529a Scutellaria serrata Andr. Showy skullcap. Rio Grande. Gallia County; Ruth E. Brockett. 1605a Solanum tuberosum L. Potato. Escaped. 1609c Petunia violacea Lindl. Occasionally escaped. 1709a Viburnum molle Mx. Soft-leaf Arrow-wood. Scioto County; W. A. Kellerman. 1714a Linnaea borealis L. Twin-flower. Canton, Stark County; Mrs. Theano W. Case. 1986a Chrysanthemum indicum Hortorum. Escaped. Adams County; W. A. Kellerman. THE FOOD HABITS OF SOME APHROPHORA LARVAE. E. D. BALL. The larvae of all the American species of the Family Cercopidae as far as known envelope themselves in a frothy mass. Contrary to popular opinion and to most of the published accounts this froth does not issue as bubbles from the body of the insect, but is made by pushing the tip of the abdomen up out of the froth and grasping, with the anal appendages, a bubble of air and bringing it down and releasing it within a liquid film. This liquid film is simply the excretion from the alimentary canal of the sap which is imbibed by these insects in large quantities. This copious liquid excretion is a common occurrence in other families of the Homoptera. In the Plant Lice (Aphidae) it gathers in drops and is called “Honey Dew.” The Leaf Hoppers and Tree Hoppers expel a clear liquid with some force. In some species this is in sufficient amount so that when the insects are numerous the foliage may drip, producing the “Weeping trees” of the Southern States. This process of froth making in the Cercopidae was discovered and first correctly described by Professor E. S. Morse, of Salem, Mass., and published many years ago in his Elementary Zoology.[1] His observations were probably made on the larvae of _A. spumarius_ which belongs to the genus _Philaenus_ as now recognized. In the genus _Aphrophora_ as now limited little is known of the food habits of the larvae. One species (_A._ 4-_notata_) has been found on various plants and shrubs. The remaining three eastern species, which belong to a different group and are of some shade of brownish testaceous, have been given as feeding on pines in the adult state by various authors. Dr. Fitch has described the larvae of one of these (_A. parallela_, Fig. 4, Plate 10) as forming frothy masses on the tips of pine twigs, and in the Nat’l Museum Coll. are some _Aphrophora_ larvae labeled “Pa. On Pine, July 7,” that undoubtedly belong to this species leaving little room to doubt the correctness of Fitch’s determination. There are two species belonging to the _parallela_ group occurring in the Rocky Mountain region both found in the adult stage on pines. Of one of these (_A. permutata_, Fig. 1, 2 and 3, Plate 10) larvae were found in abundance on two different plants _Chrysopsis villosa_ and _Lupinus sp._ Both of these plants grow in clumps and it was always down in the bases of these clumps, some of them often down below the surface of the ground among the roots, that the larvae were found. Often ten or fifteen would be found in a single clump their united froth masses, held up by the coarse stems, reaching a diameter of two inches or more. The larvae were found in these clumps from late in May until the first week in July in the foot hills, and higher up in the mountains they were just beginning to emerge July 20th. When ready to emerge they climb up a stem during the night far enough to free themselves from the froth and as soon as the sun strikes then in the morning they burst their pupal skins and an hour later they are ready to fly up to the pine trees where their color admirably protects them. Although both these plants grow very commonly over a wide extent of territory the _Aphrophora_ larvae have never been found on them except where they were within a short distance of a pine tree. At first sight it would seem probable that the eggs were deposited in the twigs of the pines, and that the young larvae dropped to the ground, and from there sought out a food plant, as is the case in some Cicadas. But as numerous larvae were found in positions practically inaccessible to any such means of distribution—such as on the opposite side of a sharp ledge of rocks, across a bramble thicket, or even on plants growing in the crevices of bare rocks at a considerable distance above any pines—it seemed nearly certain that the adults must fly back to the plants to deposit their eggs. It will be interesting to discover whether a similar food habit occurs in any of the Eastern members of the genus or whether this is peculiar to the western species. It seems possible that original pine-inhabiting species finding themselves unable to maintain their froth masses in their exposed positions on pine branches in such a dry atmosphere were compelled to seek moister conditions such as are afforded by the shade and contact with the earth under these bushy plants. EXPLANATION OF PLATE.—Fig. 1. _Aphrophora permutata_ Uhl. Adult. X About 7. Common from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. 1a—Side view of head, showing profile of face. Fig. 2. Pupa of above. 2a—Side view of head of pupa. Fig. 3. Semi-diagrammatic cross-section of a clump of _Chrysopsis villosa_ to show relative location of larvae with relation to the froth mass and the surface of the earth. Fig. 4. _Aphrophora parallela_ Say Adult. X About 7. Eastern U. S. to Ohio and Mich. 4a—profile of head of same. FOOTNOTES: [1] For a detailed account of this process see Prof. Morse’s article “A Bubble-blowing Insect.” Pop. Sc. Monthly, May, 1900. [Illustration: _Plate 10._ BALL ON APHROPHORA LARVAE.] THE VERNATION OF SALIX. ROBERT F. GRIGGS. Most of the manuals are entirely silent regarding the vernation of the Willows. Sargent[2] describes their leaves as “variously folded in the bud” and under different species gives them as: involute, revolute, convolute, and even conduplicate in the bud. The fact that he gives two species, closely related and difficult to distinguish, at the time the buds open (Salix nigra and S. amygdaloides), as having involute and revolute vernations, led me to take up the matter to see if a key for their identification from bud characters, could be constructed. Not only did I find that they were not involute and revolute respectively; but that they were neither involute nor revolute, but both imbricate. On examining other species the same thing was found. The only exceptions to the true imbricate vernation found are represented in figures 3 and 4. The section Purpureae, on account of its tendency to have opposite rather than alternate leaves, often forms such decussate buds as are shown in figure 3. In Salix incana Schrenk, a species whose leaves at maturity have revolute margins, the leaves have a greater or less tendency to roll backwards in the bud. The most extreme case found is shown in figure 4. Others from the same twig could be shown where the leaves show only the slightest tendency to be revolute. If we may consider that this backward turning is merely a character of the mature leaf manifesting itself in the bud it is evident that there is here no revolute vernation but that it is really imbricate. [Illustration: Salix buds] The other buds examined vary from the form represented in figure 1 where the whole interior of the bud is taken up with the closely packed leaves, to that shown in figure 2 where there are a few leaves with a great deal of wool. Species like Salix fragilis L. whose leaves are glabrous when they unfold have buds like the former while species like Salix discolor Muhl., with leaves excessively wooly when they unfold, are like the latter. As there are all intergradations between these two kinds of leaves, there is naturally a series of buds between these two as extremes. While further investigation is necessary before we would be warranted in declaring that the vernation of the whole genus is imbricate; yet the fact that specimens of thirty-four species and varieties, taken from thirteen of the nineteen sections given by Andersson in DeCandolle’s prodromus, have their leaves imbricated in the buds would seem to establish a presumption in favor of such a view. The buds examined were soaked in 70% alcohol and free-hand sections cut and mounted in balsam. On account of scarcity of material, the buds of several species were not sectioned but dissected on the growing plant. Such are marked with an asterisk (*). As far as possible living material was taken, mostly from native plants. Those species not native were studied from specimens growing in the University Botanic Garden. In a few cases dried specimens were resorted to. About one hundred and twenty-five plants belonging to the following species and varieties were examined. Salix nigra Marsh. S. amygdaloides Anders. S. triandra L. *S. undulata Ehrh. S. lucida Muhl. S. pentandra L. S. fragilis L. S. alba L. S. alba vitellina (L.) Koch. S. babylonica x fragilis. S. babylonica L. S. babylonica japonica (Thumb) Anders. S. interior Rowlee. S. bebbiana Sarg. S. discolor Muhl. S. myrtilloides L. S. humilis Marsh. S. tristis Ait. S. sericea Marsh. S. petiolaris Sm. S. cordata Muhl. *S. cordata x sericea. S. cordata var. vestita Anders. S. glaucophylla Bebb. S. adenophylla Hook. *S. daphnoides Vill. S. smithiana acuminata (Sm) Anders. S. candida Fluegge. S. incana Schrenk. S. purpurea L. *S. rubra purpureoides Gen. & Godr. *S. candicans Gen. & Godr. *S. laurifolia Gen. & Godr. *S. sieboldii Gen & Godr. EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.—Fig. 1. Salix fragilis L. Bausch and Lomb obj. ⅔ oc. 2. Fig. 2. S. discolor Muhl. B. & L. obj. ⅔ oc. 2. Fig. 3. S. purpurea L. B. & L. obj. ⅔ oc. 2. Fig. 4. S. incana Schrenk. B. & L. obj. ⅔ oc. 1. The figures were drawn with an abbe camera lucida and reduced to ⅖ of their original size. FOOTNOTES: [2] Sargent: Silva of North America 9: 95. OHIO REPTILES IN THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM. MAX MORSE. Fam. IGUANIDÆ. _Sceloporous undulatus undulatus_ (Latr.). Sugar Grove. Fam. ANGUIDÆ. _Ophisaurus ventralis_ (Linn.). No. 57 has the following note in the accession catalogue:—“Donated by Dr. N. S. Townshend. Said by him to have been taken on the University farm.” Fam. SCINCIDÆ. _Eumeces quinquelineatus_ (Linn.). Columbus. Fam. COLUBRIDÆ. _Carphophiops amoenus_ (Say.). This specimen is marked _C. helenae_ Kenn. The internasal scutae are wanting. The specimen is from Meigs Co. Another specimen is in the collection but without label. _Diadophis punctatus_ (L.) Sugar Grove. _Heterodon platyrhinus_ Lat. Cedar Point. Both the spotted and the black forms occur on Cedar Point. _Liopeltis vernalis_ (DeKay.). Sandusky and Columbus. _Zamenis constrictor_ (Linn.). Hocking County. _Coluber vulpinus_ (B. and G.). The range of the fox snake, as given by Cope (Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus., ’98, p. 832) is “over the northwest of the Eastern district, not being known from east of Illinois***.” Specimens are taken from Cedar Point and vicinity nearly every summer. Those in the collection are from Castalia and Cedar Point. _Coluber obsoletus obsoletus_ Say. Columbus. _Osceola doliata triangula_ (Boie.). Columbus and London. _Natrix fasciata fasciata_ (Linn.). Warren County. _Natrix fasciata sipedon_ (Linn.). This is the common “water snake” of central Ohio. Specimens are from Sandusky and Columbus. _Natrix fasciata erythrogaster_ (Shaw.) Put-in-Bay. Among the islands of Lake Erie this seems to be the prevailing form. One young _Natrix_ was taken during the summer of 1900 which resembled _N. f. sipedon_ L., but aside from this all other forms were _erythrogaster_. It may be possible that the young of these two sub-species are not distinguishable—the differences arising later. _Natrix leberis_ (Linn.). Columbus and Sandusky. _Natrix kirtlandii_ (Kenn.). New London and Sugar Grove. _Storeria dekayi_ (Holb.). Columbus. _Storeria occipitomaculata_ (Storer). Sugar Grove and Kent. _Eutaenia sirtalis sirtalis_ (Linn.). Columbus. _Eutaenia sirtalis ordinata_ (Linn.). Columbus. _Eutaenia sirtalis obscura_ Cope. Cedar Point and Columbus. Fam. CROTALIDÆ. _Ancistrodon contortrix_ (Linn.). Sugar Grove and Knox County. _Sistrurus catenatus catenatus_ (Raf.). Urbana. Fam. TRIONYCHIDÆ. _Aspidonectes spinifer_ (LeSueur.). Columbus. Fam. KINOSTERNIDÆ. _Aromochelys odoratus_ (Lat.). Columbus and Cedar Point. In May and June, numbers of this turtle have been taken in the sand on Cedar Point, while depositing their eggs. Fam. EMYDIDÆ. _Graptemys geographicus_ (LeSueur.). Columbus, also taken at Sandusky. _Chrysemys marginata_ (Agassiz). Columbus and Cedar Point. The species picta does not occur in central Ohio—at least west of Licking Reservoir. One specimen has the normal three dorsal plates broken up into six which alternate with each other, three being on either side of the median line. _Clemmys guttatus_ (Sch.). Columbus and Licking Reservoir. _Emydoidea blandingi_ Holb. Columbus and Sandusky. _Terrapene carolina_ (Linn.). Very numerous at Sugar Grove. Found in sand on Cedar Point. SUMMARY FOR REPTILES:—Families 8; genera 22; species 30. A PRESERVING BOX FOR PLANTS. EDO CLAASSEN. As the time for botanists has arrived when they will depart for some time from their work at home and walk over fields and into the forests to collect plants and flowers new to them, I have thought it would be interesting and useful to describe a box in which they may preserve for several days, the collected plants and keep them from shriveling, particularly if the same are quite large, and exceed in size the usual small collecting box. As I had one made to order and know by experience the valuable service it did me, I do not hesitate to recommend it highly. It is well known that many druggists buy their glycerine and castor oil in five gallon cans, for which, when empty, they have no further use. The botanist, therefore, may go to such a druggist, procure two of the above cans, if possible of heavy tin and with flat sides, have the tinsmith take off their upper parts and solder the cans together, after having cut out of each of them a rectangular piece as long and wide as necessary to give room for a door and after having trimmed any inside edges. The door is then made from the two pieces cut out, (or from a new piece) with the addition of several strips of tin, so that it may overlap and close tightly, and of the necessary hinges and hasp to open and fasten the door. One of the original wire handles of the cans is fastened in a similar manner as before on the top of the box and the preserving box is ready for use, as soon as it had received two coatings of asphaltum varnish inside and two of paint outside. Any vessel of suitable size and containing water should then be put into the box, which will furnish the moisture for the roots or the lower ends of the plants and at the same time for the air surrounding these. The dimensions of the box in question can easily be determined by the botanist himself, but for those not wishing to do so, I may be allowed to add, that the length of the box should be about twenty-five inches, the original width of the cans remaining unchanged. The door should commence at about three inches from the bottom, reach up to two or two and one-half inches from the top and have a width of six or six and one-half inches. _Cleveland, Ohio._ OHIO TUMBLEWEEDS. JOHN H. SCHAFFNER. Tumbleweeds are characteristic of wind-swept plains and dry prairies. As the forests are rapidly disappearing, the conditions in Ohio are becoming very favorable for the introduction and development of such forms of vegetation. A few species are already abundant and some like Amaranthus graecizans appear to flourish better than on the prairies of the interior. The past summer a number of cornfields about Columbus were covered with very large tumbleweeds and during the winter a number of hedgerows were filled with them, presenting an appearance quite as striking as anything the writer has seen along this line. The following is a list of the Ohio plants which may develop as tumbleweeds. Those with a question mark have not been seen by the writer to act as tumbleweeds and a few are given on the authority of Dr. W. J. Beal. ANNUAL TUMBLEWEEDS. 1. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. 2. Salsola tragus L. 3. Amaranthus graecizans L. 4. Lepidium apetalum Willd. Beal. 5. Trifolium procumbens L. Beal. 6. Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. Beal. TUMBLE-GRASSES. 7. Panicum capillare L. 8. Panicum flexile (Gattg.) Scrib. 9. Eragrostis pectinacea (Mx.) Steudl. 10. Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Nash. 11. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. ? 12. Eragrostis frankii Steud. ? 13. Eragrostis purshii Schrad. ? 14. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B. S. P. PERENNIAL TUMBLEWEEDS. 15. Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. MEETINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB. MAY MEETING. The Biological Club met in Zoological Lecture Room May 6, 1901. Professor Schaffner reported that the committee appointed to consider the disposition to make of exchanges, had had a meeting and appointed Professor Osborn to consider the matter further. Professor Landacre gave a paper entitled A Study of Passalus Cornutus. He gave the more important conclusions he had arrived at, after an extended study of the muscular and skeletal systems of that beetle. Mr. Griggs read a paper on Vernation in the Willows. Moulds and other Fungi Injurious to Foods was the title of a paper given by Miss Mary Dresbach. She gave a list of fungi found on food products. In discussing this paper Professor Schaffner said the moulds are of public interest and many important results may be expected from an extended study of them. Professor Kellerman said that moulds are an important factor to guard against in canning fruit. It would be a great step in advance if fruit could be canned and kept without its being cooked beforehand. Miss Elma Perry gave a list of the edible fungi of Ohio. So far 200 species have been recorded and there are no doubt many yet to add. Under the head of personal observations Prof. Kellerman showed some interesting variations in our common anemone. A paper on this subject appeared in the May number of THE OHIO NATURALIST. JUNE MEETING. The June meeting of the club was held in Zoological Lecture Room on the evening of the third. The editor-in-chief of THE OHIO NATURALIST, Professor Schaffner, gave a financial statement for the year. The Secretary read a communication from Professor Kellerman. This communication was concerned with the past and future of THE OHIO NATURALIST and an adjourned meeting was voted for its consideration. The following invitation was received from Professor W. D. Gibbs, Secretary of the Omega Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi: The Omega Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi cordially invites the members of the Biological Club to be present at the final meeting of the Chapter, in the Physical Lecture Room, Saturday June 8th, at 11 o’clock a. m. to hear a lecture by Professor Charles F. Mabery on the subject: “The Petroleum Industry: Its Rapid Expansion and Future Promise.” Dr. Bownocker delivered an instructive paper on “Oil and Gas in Southeastern Ohio.” The first oil well in that region was drilled about 1860 at Maxburg in Washington County. The wells in this region when first put down oftentimes yield 500 barrels or more daily but they soon decrease until the product of the same well may be only a few barrels each day. They are long-lived however and wells drilled in the Sixties are still producing. The oil in Southeastern Ohio has its origin in the various sands and therefore differs from that of Northwestern Ohio where all the oil is of limestone origin. The speaker explained the nature of the country, especially in reference to the arches where practically all the oil is located. H. S. Houghton not being present, Professor Landacre gave a short outline of the subject “A Study of the Muscular and Skeletal Structures in the Head of a 14 mm. Salamander.” A. F. Conradi read a short paper on the subject “A Study of the Cecidomyidae and their effects upon Vegetation.” The motion was made and carried that when we adjourn we adjourn to meet in the Zoological Lecture Room Friday evening, June 7th, at 4 o’clock, for the purpose of considering matters connected with the THE OHIO NATURALIST. JAMES S. HINE, Secretary. * * * * * With this issue THE OHIO NATURALIST completes its first year. The Editors to be chosen for 1901-2 will continue the Journal along the same lines and we trust that those interested in the natural history of Ohio, as well as others, will continue to give their encouragement and financial support. A table of contents and a title-page of Vol. 1 will be sent out with the first number of Vol. 2. JOHN H. SCHAFFNER. Ohio State University Six distinct and independent Colleges, each with a Dean and Faculty of its own. THIRTY SEVEN DEPARTMENTS. THIRTY DISTINCT COURSES. =AGRICULTURE, ARTS, LAW, ENGINEERING, PHARMACY, VETERINARY MEDICINE.= Superior facilities for education in Applied Science. Short or special courses for mature students not candidates for degrees. One hundred and twenty-one instructors. Over thirteen hundred students. FINEST GYMNASIUM IN THE WEST. _For further information address the President_, DR. W. O. THOMPSON, STATE UNIVERSITY, COLUMBUS. Ohio Forest Trees Identified by Leaves and Fruit. By W. A. KELLERMAN, PH. D., Ohio State University. A neat pamphlet for every one who wishes to learn our native forest trees. Keys simple. Description plain. Can learn the names of the trees easily. Price reduced from 25 cents to =10 cents=. Also, =The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants=. Bound copies at cost of binding, namely =20 cents=. Gives list of scientific and common names; distribution by counties. Teachers and others will also be interested in Prof. Kellerman’s Phyto-theca or Herbarium Portfolio, _Practical Studies_ in Elementary Botany, _Elementary Botany_ with Spring Flora, all published by Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia, to whom apply. For information or copies of _Forest Trees_ and _Catalogue_ or names of plant specimens of your region _address_ W. A. KELLERMAN, COLUMBUS, OHIO American Entomological Co. 1040 DE KALB AVENUE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Lepidoptera Price List No. 2.—_Price 5 cents_ Refunded to Buyers ISSUED NOVEMBER 15th 1900. Dealers of all kinds of ... _ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES_ Manufacturers of the Original and Celebrated ... SCHMITT INSECT BOXES. _Builders of INSECT CABINETS, ETC._ The Twentieth Century Text Books of Biology. PLANT RELATIONS, 12mo, cloth $1.10 PLANT STRUCTURES, 12mo, cloth 1.20 PLANT STUDIES, 12mo, cloth 1.20 PLANTS, 12mo, cloth 1.80 ANALYTICAL KEY TO PLANTS, 12mo, flexible cloth .75 All by JOHN MERLE COULTER, A. M., Ph. D., Head of Dept. of Botany, University of Chicago. _They are already the preferred texts, and the reasons will be apparent on examination._ ANIMAL LIFE: A First Book of Zoology. By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., President of the Leland Stanford Junior University, and VERNON L. KELLOGG, M. S., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.20. _Now ready._ _Not a book for learning the classification, anatomy, and nomenclature of animals, but to show how animals reached their present development, the effects of environment, their place in Nature, their relations to one another and to the human race. Designed for one-half year’s work in high schools. Send for sample pages._ ANIMAL FORMS: A Second Book of Zoology. By DAVID S. JORDAN. M. S., M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., and HAROLD HEATH, Ph. D., Professor in Leland Stanford Junior University. _Ready in February, 1901._ =D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, Publishers=, _New York_, _Chicago_, _London_. RECENT SCIENTIFIC WORKS In =Astronomy=, Dr. Simon Newcomb’s new book, published October, 1900; in =Physics=, the Johns Hopkins text of Professors Rowland and Ames; also in Physics for second and third year high school work, the text of Dr. Hoadley, of Swarthmore; in =Physiology=, the text by Drs. Macy and Norris, based on the Nervous System; also the =High School Physiology= indorsed by the W. C. T. U., written by Drs. Hewes., of Harvard University; in =Geology=, the =Revised= “=Compend=” of Dr. Le Conte, and the two standard works of Dana,—The =Manual for University Work=, and the =New Text Book=, revision and rewriting of Dr. Rice, for fourth year high school work; in =Chemistry=, the approved =Storer and Lindsay=, recommended for secondary schools by the leading colleges; in =Zoology=, the =Laboratory Manual= of Dr. Needham, of Cornell; and the series “=Scientific Memoirs=” edited by Dr. Ames, of John Hopkins. Nine volumes ready. The publishers cordially invite correspondence. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, CINCINNATI Transcriber’s Notes pg 124 Changed Semi-diagramatic to: Semi-diagrammatic pg 126 Assumed reduced to 2-5 to mean: ⅖ pg 128 Removed duplicate word of: vessel of of suitable pg 130 Changed the Ohio Naturalist. to: The Ohio Naturalist pg 131 Added comma after: Engineering, Pharmacy pg 131 Added period after: Keys simple. pg 132 Added period after: David S. Jordan M. D Table of Contents capitalization and punctuation left as written- does not match chapter headings *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OHIO NATURALIST, VOL. 1, NO. 8, JUNE 1901 *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.