THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA




                    THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF AFRICA

        AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF AFRICAN PHANEROGAMS

                            BY FR. THONNER

                       WITH 150 PLATES AND A MAP

             DULAU & CO., LTD. 37 SOHO SQUARE, LONDON 1915




                         _ALL RIGHTS RESERVED_




PREFACE


The flora of Africa being now comparatively well known, the author
of the present work considered the time opportune to present to the
public an analytical key for determining in an easy way the generic
name of every phanerogamous plant growing wild, whether indigenous or
naturalized, or cultivated upon a large scale within the geographical
limits of Africa including the islands.

The names and limits of the genera and families adopted in this
work are those accepted in ENGLER & PRANTL’S “Die natürlichen
Pflanzenfamilien,” the most recent work containing the description
of all genera of flowering plants, and its supplement “Genera
Siphonogamarum” by DALLA TORRE & HARMS.

As the present work is intended for the use not only of botanists,
but also of colonists and travellers in Africa, who take an interest
in botany, I have used, wherever it was possible, as distinctive
characters, those which are visible to the naked eye in a plant in
flower, being careful, however, not to deviate too much from the
natural system.

Besides the diagnostic characters of the genera, I have also indicated
the approximative number of the species described to the end of the
year 1910, their geographical distribution, their uses, and their more
important synonyms.

As to the terms used in indicating the geographical distribution of
African plants, “North Africa” (including North-west-and North-east
Africa) means all northern extratropical Africa, “South Africa”
(including South-west and South-east Africa) southern extratropical
Africa, “tropical Africa” Africa within the tropics, including all
islands, whereas the continent of Africa within the tropics including
only the small islands in the proximity of the coast, is designated by
“Central Africa.”

The present work was originally published in German under the title
“Die Blütenpflanzen Africas” (Berlin, R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1908). A
new edition being desirable, I have preferred the English language, and
I am indebted to Dr. A. B. RENDLE, of the British Museum, for revising
my translation.

The plates were drawn by the Vienna artist JOSEPH FLEISCHMANN from
herbarium specimens kindly lent from the collections of the Hofmuseum
at Vienna and the Jardin botanique de l’Etat at Brussels by their
respective keepers Dr. A. ZAHLBRUCKNER and Dr. E. DE WILDEMAN. Drawings
already published have been used for a few plates only; these are duly
indicated.

FRANZ THONNER.

VIENNA (AUSTRIA), September 1913.




LIST OF PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED


 A. ENGLER & K. PRANTL, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Leipzig,
 1889-1908).

 C. G. DE DALLA TORRE & H. HARMS, Genera Siphonogamarum (Leipzig,
 1900-1907).

 A. ENGLER, Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 6. ed. (Berlin, 1909).

--Das Pflanzenreich (Leipzig, 1900-1910).

--Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzenfamilien und-gattungen
 (Leipzig, 1898-1904).

--Die Vegetation Afrikas (Berlin, 1908-1910).

 G. BENTHAM & J. D. HOOKER, Genera plantarum (London, 1862-1883).

 J. D. HOOKER & B. D. JACKSON, Index Kewensis plantarum
 phanerogamarum (Oxford, 1895-1908).

 A. DE CANDOLLE, Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis
 (Paris, 1824-1873).

 C. S. KUNTH, Enumeratio plantarum (Stuttgart, 1833-1850).

 G. WALPERS, Repertorium botanices systematicae (Leipzig,
 1842-1847).

--Annales botanices systematicae (Leipzig, 1848-1868).

 A. & C. DE CANDOLLE, Monographiae phanerogamarum (Paris,
 1878-1896).

 H. BAILLON, Histoire des plantes (Paris, 1867-1895).

 TH. DURAND & H. SCHINZ, Conspectus florae Africae (Bruxelles,
 1895-1898).

        *       *       *       *       *

 R. DELILE, Flore d’Egypte (Paris, 1810).

 E. BOISSIER, Flora orientalis (Basel, 1867-1888).

 P. ASCHERSON & G. SCHWEINFURTH, Illustrations de la flore d’Egypte
 (Le Caire, 1887).

 E. SICKENBERGER, Contributions à la flore d’Egypte (Le Caire,
 1901).

 E. DURAND & G. BARRATTE, Florae Libycae prodromus (Genève, 1910).

 J. A. BATTANDIER & TRABUT, Flore de l’Algérie (Alger, 1888-1910).

--Flore de l’Algérie et de la Tunisie (Alger, 1902).

 W. TRELEASE, Botanical observations on the Azores (St. Louis,
 1897).

 R. T. LOWE, A manual flora of Madeira (London, 1868).

 PH. BARKER-WEBB & S. BERTHELOT, Phytographia Canariensis (Paris,
 1836-1840).

 J. PITARD & L. PROUST, Les îles Canaries (Paris, 1908).

        *       *       *       *       *

 D. OLIVER & W. T. THISELTON-DYER, Flora of tropical Africa (London,
 1868-1910).

 J. MILDBREAD, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen
 Central-Africa-Expedition; Botanik (Berlin, 1910).

 A. ENGLER, Die Pflanzenwelt Ostafrikas (Berlin, 1895).

 A. RICHARD, Tentamen florae Abyssinicae (Paris, 1847).

 R. PIROTTA, Flora della colonia Eritrea (Roma, 1903-1908).

 J. A. GRANT & D. OLIVER, The botany of the Speke and Grant
 expedition. (London, 1872-1875).

 W. PETERS, Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mozambik (Berlin,
 1862-1864).

 TH. SIM, Forest flora and forest resources of Portuguese East
 Africa (Aberdeen, 1909).

 J. B. BALFOUR, Botany of Socotra (Edinburgh, 1888).

 H. FORBES, The natural history of Socotra and Abdelkuri (Liverpool,
 1903).

 F. VIERHAPPER, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flora Südarabiens und der
 Inseln Socotra, Semha und Abdelkuri (Wien, 1907).

 J. A. SCHMIDT, Beiträge zur Flora der kapverdischen Inseln
 (Heidelberg, 1852).

 J. A. GUILLEMIN, S. Perrotet, & A. Richard, Florae Senegambiae
 tentamen (Paris, 1830-1833).

 J. PALISOT BEAUVOIS, Flore d’Oware et de Benin (Paris 1804).

 W. J. HOOKER, Niger flora (London, 1849).

 H. POBEGUIN, Essai sur la flore de la Guinée française (Paris,
 1906).

 TH. DURAND & E. DE WILDEMAN, Matériaux pour la flore du Congo
 (Bruxelles, 1897-1901).

 E. DE WILDEMAN & TH. DURAND, Contributions a la flore du Congo
 (Bruxelles, 1900).

---- Reliquiae Dewevreanae (Bruxelles, 1901).

---- Illustrations de la flore du Congo (Bruxelles, 1898-1904).

---- Plantae Thonnerianae Congolenses (Bruxelles, 1900).

 E. DE WILDEMAN, Etudes sur la flore du Katanga (Bruxelles,
 1902-1903).

--Etudes sur la flore du Bas-et du Moyen-Congo (Bruxelles,
 1903-1910).

--Mission E. Laurent (Bruxelles, 1905-1907).

--Notice sur des plantes utiles ou interessantes de la flore du
 Congo (Bruxelles, 1903-1906).

--Plantae novae horti Thenensis (Bruxelles, 1904-1910).

--Companie du Kasai (Bruxelles, 1909).

 TH. & H. DURAND, Sylloge florae Congolanae (Bruxelles, 1909).

 W. P. HIERN, Catalogue of the African plants collected by Welwitsch
 (London, 1896-1901).

 O. WARBURG, Die Kunene-Sambesi-Expedition (Berlin, 1903).

 J. C. MELLIS, St. Helena (London, 1875).

        *       *       *       *       *

 A. GRANDIDIER & DRAKE DEL CASTILLO, Histoire naturelle de
 Madagascar (Paris, 1886-1902).

 P. BARON, Compendium des plants malgaches (Paris, 1901-1906).

 J. PALACKY, Catalogus plantarum Madagascariensium (Prag, 1906).

 J. G. BAKER, Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles (London, 1877).

 J. B. BALFOUR, Flora of the Island of Rodriguez (London, 1879).

 J. DE CORDEMOY, Flore de l’île de la Réunion (Paris, 1895).

 A. VOELTZKOW, Die von Aldabra bis jetzt bekannte Flora und Fauna
 (Frankfurt, 1902).

        *       *       *       *       *

 W. HARVEY, The genera of South-African plants, 2. ed. (Capetown,
 1868).

 W. HARVEY. O. W. Sonder &. W. Thiselton-Dyer, Flora Capensis
 (London, 1859-1910).

 W. HARVEY, Thesaurus Capensis (Dublin, 1859-1863).

 H. BOLUS & A. H. WOLLEY-DOD, A list of the flowering plants of the
 Cape peninsula (Capetown, 1903).

 TH. SIM, The forests and forest flora of the Colony of the Cape of
 Good Hope (Aberdeen, 1907).

 J. M. WOOD, Handbook to the flora of Natal (Durban, 1907).

--Natal plants (Durban, 1898-1910).

 H. SCHINZ, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der afrikanischen Flora (Genève,
 1892-1908).

--Die Pflanzenwelt Deutsch-Südwestafrikas. (Genève, 1896-1900).

 A. ZAHLBRUCKNER, Plantae Pentherianae (Wien, 1900-1905).

 CHALLENGER Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S.
 “Challenger” (London, 1885).

 H. SCHENK, Vergleichende Darstellung der Pflanzengeographie der
 subantarktischen Inseln (Jena, 1905).

        *       *       *       *       *

 LINNEAN SOCIETY, Journal. Botany. (London, 1857-1910).

 KEW GARDENS, Bulletin of miscellaneous information. (London,
 1892-1910).

 W. CURTIS, The Botanical Magazine (London, 1793-1910).

 W. J. & J. D. HOOKER, Icones plantarum (London, 1837-1910).

 B. SEEMANN & J. BRITTEN, The Journal of Botany (London, 1853-1910).

 A. ENGLER, Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte
 und Pflanzengeographie (Leipzig, 1881-1910).

--Notizblatt des königl. botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin
 (Leipzig, 1897-1910).

 K. SCHUMANN & F. FEDDE, Just’s botanischer Jahresbericht (Leipzig,
 1873-1910).

 F. FEDDE, Repertorium novarum specierum regni vegetabilis (Berlin,
 1906-1910).

 BOTANISCHES CENTRALBLATT (Leiden, 1880-1910).

 SOCIÉTÉ BOTANIQUE DE FRANCE, Bulletin (Paris, 1854-1910).

 SOCIÉTÉ LINNÉENNE DE PARIS, Bulletin (Paris, 1889-1899).

 MUSÉUM D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE, Bulletin (Paris, 1895-1910).

 G. BEAUVERD, Bulletin de l’herbier Boissier, 2me série (Genéve,
 1901-1908).

 R. PIROTTA, Annuario del istituto botanico di Roma (Milano,
 1885-1908).

--Annali di Botanica (Roma, 1904-1910).

 SOCIEDADE BROTERIANA, Boletim (Coimbra, 1883-1910).

        *       *       *       *       *

 J. LINDLEY & TH. MOORE, The treasury of botany (London, 1884).

 J. C. WILLIS, A manual and dictionary of the flowering plants and
 ferns, 3. ed. (Cambridge, 1908).

 J. WIESNER, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs, 2. Aufl. (Leipzig,
 1900).

 G. DRAGENDORFF, Die Heilpflanzen (Stuttgart, 1898).

 L. LEWIN, Lehrbuch der Toxikologie, 2. Aufl. (Wien, 1897).

 F. MACMILLAN, A handbook of tropical gardening and planting
 (Colombo, 1910).

 M. WOODROW, Gardening in the tropics (Paisley, 1910).

 A. VOSS, Vilmorin’s Blumengärtnerei (Berlin, 1896).

 A. MOLONEY, Sketch of the forestry of West Africa (London, 1887).

 J. H. HOLLAND, The useful plants of Nigeria (London, 1908).

 R. SADEBECK, Die Kulturgewächse der deutschen Kolonien (Jena,
 1899).

 J. L. DE LANESSAN, Les plantes utiles des colonies françaises
 (Paris, 1886).

 G. NIEDERLEIN, Ressources végétales des colonies françaises (Paris,
 1902).

 A. SEBIRE, Les plantes utiles du Senegal (Paris, 1899).

 A. CHEVALIER, Les végétaux utiles de l’Afrique tropicale française
 (Paris, 1905-1910).

 E. HECKEL, Les plantes utiles de Madagascar (Paris, 1910).

 L. CUOCO, Fauna e flora medica ed industriale della colonia Eritrea
 (Napoli, 1897).

 C. DE FICALHO, Plantas uteis da Africa portugueza (Lisboa, 1884).

        *       *       *       *       *

 B. D. JACKSON, A glossary of botanic terms, 2. ed. (London, 1905).




TABLE OF CONTENTS


KEY TO THE FAMILIES

                                                                    PAGE

Gymnospermae                                                           1

Monocotyledoneae                                                       2

Apetalae                                                               6

Choripetalae                                                          18

Sympetalae                                                            49


KEY TO THE GENERA


I. CYCADALES.

1. Cycadaceae                                                         69


II. CONIFERAE.

2. Taxaceae                                                           70

3. Pinaceae                                                           70


III. GNETALES.

4. Gnetaceae                                                          71


IV. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.


_Pandanales._

5. Typhaceae                                                          72

6. Pandanaceae                                                        73

7. Sparganiaceae                                                      73


_Helobiae._

8. Potamogetonaceae                                                   73

9. Naiadaceae                                                         75

10. Aponogetonaceae                                                   75

11. Scheuchzeriaceae                                                  75

12. Alismataceae                                                      75

13. Butomaceae                                                        77

14. Hydrocharitaceae                                                  77


_Triuridales._

15. Triuridaceae                                                      78


_Glumiflorae._

16. Gramineae                                                         79

17. Cyperaceae                                                       106


_Principes._

18. Palmae                                                           110


_Spathiflorae._

19. Araceae                                                          114

20. Lemnaceae                                                        119


_Farinosae._

21. Flagellariaceae                                                  119

22. Restionaceae                                                     119

23. Mayacaceae                                                       120

24. Xyridaceae                                                       121

25. Eriocaulaceae                                                    121

26. Rapateaceae                                                      121

27. Bromeliaceae                                                     122

28. Commelinaceae                                                    122

29. Pontederiaceae                                                   123

30. Cyanastraceae                                                    124


_Liliiflorae._

31. Juncaceae                                                        124

32. Liliaceae                                                        125

33. Haemodoraceae                                                    134

34. Amaryllidaceae                                                   135

35. Velloziaceae                                                     139

36. Taccaceae                                                        139

37. Dioscoreaceae                                                    140

38. Iridaceae                                                        140


_Scitamineae._

39. Musaceae                                                         145

40. Zingiberaceae                                                    146

41. Cannaceae                                                        147

42. Marantaceae                                                      148


_Microspermae._

43. Burmanniaceae                                                    149

44. Orchidaceae                                                      150


V. DICOTYLEDONEAE.


_ARCHICHLAMYDEAE._


_Verticillatae._

45. Casuarinaceae                                                    160


_Piperales._

46. Piperaceae                                                       161


_Salicales._

47. Salicaceae                                                       161


_Myricales._

48. Myricaceae                                                       162


_Juglandales._

49. Juglandaceae                                                     162


_Fagales._

50. Betulaceae                                                       162

51. Fagaceae                                                         163


_Urticales._

52. Ulmaceae                                                         163

53. Moraceae                                                         164

54. Urticaceae                                                       168


_Proteales._

55. Proteaceae                                                       170


_Santalales._

56. Santalaceae                                                      172

57. Opiliaceae                                                       173

58. Grubbiaceae                                                      173

59. Olacaceae                                                        173

60. Octoknemataceae                                                  175

61. Loranthaceae                                                     175

62. Balanophoraceae                                                  176


_Aristolochiales._

63. Aristolochiaceae                                                 176

64. Rafflesiaceae                                                    177

65. Hydnoraceae                                                      177


_Polygonales._

66. Polygonaceae                                                     177


_Centrospermae._

67. Chenopodiaceae                                                   179

68. Amarantaceae                                                     182

69. Nyctaginaceae                                                    186

70. Cynocrambaceae                                                   187

71. Phytolaccaceae                                                   187

72. Aizoaceae                                                        188

73. Portulacaceae                                                    190

74. Basellaceae                                                      191

75. Caryophyllaceae                                                  191


_Ranales._

76. Nymphaeaceae                                                     197

77. Ceratophyllaceae                                                 197

78. Ranunculaceae                                                    197

79. Berberidaceae                                                    199

80. Memspermaceae                                                    199

81. Anonaceae                                                        203

82. Myristicaceae                                                    206

83. Monimiaceae                                                      208

84. Lauraceae                                                        209

85. Hernandiaceae                                                    211


_Rhoeadales._

86. Papaveraceae                                                     211

87. Capparidaceae                                                    213

88. Cruciferae                                                       216

89. Resedaceae                                                       228

90. Moringaceae                                                      229


_Sarraceniales._

91. Nepenthaceae                                                     229

92. Droseraceae                                                      230


_Rosales._

93. Podostemonaceae                                                  230

94. Hydrostachyaceae                                                 231

95. Crassulaceae                                                     232

96. Saxifragaceae                                                    233

97. Pittosporaceae                                                   235

98. Cunoniaceae                                                      235

99. Myrothamnaceae                                                   236

100. Bruniaceae                                                      236

101. Hamamelidaceae                                                  238

102. Platanaceae                                                     238

103. Rosaceae                                                        239

104. Connaraceae                                                     243

105. Leguminosae                                                     245


_Pandales._

106. Pandaceae                                                       289


_Geraniales._

107. Geraniaceae                                                     289

108. Oxalidaceae                                                     290

109. Tropaeolaceae                                                   291

110. Linaceae                                                        291

111. Humiriaceae                                                     292

112. Erythroxylaceae                                                 292

113. Zygophyllaceae                                                  293

114. Cneoraceae                                                      295

115. Rutaceae                                                        295

116. Simarubaceae                                                    299

117. Burseraceae                                                     301

118. Meliaceae                                                       302

119. Malpighiaceae                                                   306

120. Polygalaceae                                                    308

121. Dichapetalaceae                                                 309

122. Euphorbiaceae                                                   309

123. Callitrichaceae                                                 324


_Sapindales._

124. Buxaceae                                                        324

125. Empetraceae                                                     325

126. Coriariaceae                                                    325

127. Anacardiaceae                                                   325

128. Aquifoliaceae                                                   329

129. Celastraceae                                                    329

130. Hippocrateaceae                                                 332

131. Salvadoraceae                                                   332

132. Icacinaceae                                                     333

133. Aceraceae                                                       335

134. Sapindaceae                                                     335

135. Melianthaceae                                                   342

136. Balsaminaceae                                                   343


_Rhamnales._

137. Rhamnaceae                                                      343

138. Vitaceae                                                        345


_Malvales._

139. Elaeocarpaceae                                                  347

140. Chlaenaceae                                                     347

141. Tiliaceae                                                       348

142. Malvaceae                                                       350

143. Bombacaceae                                                     353

144. Sterculiaceae                                                   354

145. Scytopetalaceae                                                 357


_Parietales._

146. Dilleniaceae                                                    358

147. Ochnaceae                                                       359

148. Theaceae                                                        360

149. Guttiferae                                                      360

150. Dipterocarpaceae                                                363

151. Elatinaceae                                                     363

152. Frankeniaceae                                                   363

153. Tamaricaceae                                                    364

154. Cistaceae                                                       365

155. Bixaceae                                                        365

156. Cochlospermaceae                                                366

157. Winteranaceae                                                   366

158. Violaceae                                                       366

159. Flacourtiaceae                                                  367

160. Turneraceae                                                     373

161. Passifloraceae                                                  374

162. Achariaceae                                                     376

163. Caricaceae                                                      377

164. Loasaceae                                                       377

165. Begoniaceae                                                     377

166. Ancistrocladaceae                                               378


_Opuntiales._

167. Cactaceae                                                       378


_Myrtiflorae._

168. Geissolomataceae                                                379

169. Penaeaceae                                                      379

170. Oliniaceae                                                      380

171. Thymelaeaceae                                                   380

172. Elaeagnaceae                                                    383

173. Lythraceae                                                      383

174. Sonneratiaceae                                                  385

175. Punicaceae                                                      386

176. Lecythidaceae                                                   386

177. Rhizophoraceae                                                  387

178. Alangiaceae                                                     389

179. Combretaceae                                                    389

180. Myrtaceae                                                       391

181. Melastomataceae                                                 392

182. Oenotheraceae                                                   397

183. Halorrhagaceae                                                  399

184. Cynomoriaceae                                                   400


_Umbelliflorae._

185. Araliaceae                                                      400

186. Umbelliferae                                                    401

187. Cornaceae                                                       414


_METACHLAMYDEAE._


_Ericales._

188. Clethraceae                                                     414

189. Ericaceae                                                       415


_Primulales._

190. Myrsinaceae                                                     417

191. Primulaceae                                                     419

192. Plumbaginaceae                                                  420


_Ebenales._

193. Sapotaceae                                                      421

194. Hoplestigmataceae                                               424

195. Ebenaceae                                                       424

196. Styracaceae                                                     425


_Contortae._

197. Oleaceae                                                        425

198. Loganiaceae                                                     427

199. Gentianaceae                                                    429

200. Apocynaceae                                                     432

201. Asclepiadaceae                                                  441


_Tubiflorae._

202. Convolvulaceae                                                  457

203. Hydrophyllaceae                                                 462

204. Borraginaceae                                                   463

205. Verbenaceae                                                     467

206. Labiatae                                                        470

207. Solanaceae                                                      481

208. Scrophulariaceae                                                483

209. Bignoniaceae                                                    495

210. Pedaliaceae                                                     498

211. Martyniaceae                                                    500

212. Orobanchaceae                                                   500

213. Gesneraceae                                                     500

214. Lentibulariaceae                                                501

215. Globulariaceae                                                  502

216. Acanthaceae                                                     502

217. Myoporaceae                                                     515


_Plantaginales._

218. Plantaginaceae                                                  515


_Rubiales._

219. Rubiaceae                                                       516

220. Caprifoliaceae                                                  533

221. Valerianaceae                                                   534

222. Dipsacaceae                                                     534


_Campanulatae._

223. Cucurbitaceae                                                   535

224. Campanulaceae                                                   541

225. Goodeniaceae                                                    544

226. Compositae                                                      544


STATISTICAL TABLE                                                    585

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS                                          591

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES                                      600

LIST OF POPULAR NAMES                                                602

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS                                            607

INDEX                                                                613




LIST OF PLATES


                                                            To face page

1. _Cycadaceae._ Encephalartos Lemarinelianus De Wild. et Dur.        70

2. _Pinaceae._ Callitris cupressoides (L.) Schrad.                    71

3. _Pandanaceae._ Pandanus candelabrum Beauv.                         72

4. _Potamogetonaceae._ Potamogeton javanicus Hassk.                   73

5. _Aponogetonaceae._ Aponogeton leptostachyus E. Mey.                74

6. _Alismataceae._ Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq.                 75

7. _Hydrocharitaceae._ Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.                  78

8. _Gramineae._ Chloris Gayana Kunth                                  79

9. _Cyperaceae._ Kyllinga alba Nees                                  110

10. _Palmae._ Raphia Laurentii De Wild.                              111

11.       “     “      “           “                                 114

12. _Araceae._ Amorphophallus gratus (Schott) N. E. Brown            115

13. _Restionaceae._ Restio compressus Rottb.                         120

14. _Xyridaceae._ Xyris augustifolia De Wild. et Dur.                121

15. _Eriocaulaceae._ Mesanthemum radicans (Benth.) Koern.            122

16. _Commelinaceae._ Aneilema beninense Kunth                        123

17. _Juncaceae._ Prionium serratum Drege                             124

18. _Liliaceae._ Dracaena Perrotetii Bak.                            125

19. _Amaryllidaceae._ Crinum abyssinicum Hochst.                     138

20. _Velloziaceae._ Barbacenia aequatorialis Rendle                  139

21. _Dioscoreaceae._ Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax.                140

22. _Iridaceae._ Lapeyrousia Fabricii Ker.                           141

23. _Musaceae._ Strelitzia Reginae Banks ex Ait.                     146

24. _Zingiberaceae._ Aframomum Laurentii (De Wild. et Dur.) K. Schum.  147

25. _Marantaceae._ Clinogyne arillata K. Schum.                      148

26. _Orchidaceae._ Listrostachys vesicata Reichb. f.                 149

27. _Piperaceae._ Piper guineense Schum.                             160

28. _Salicaceae._ Salix Safsaf Forsk.                                161

29. _Myricaceae._ Myrica conifera Burm. f.                           162

30. _Ulmaceae._ Trema guineensis Schum.                              163

31. _Moraceae._ Dorstenia elliptica Bureau                           164

32. _Urticaceae._ Fleurya aestuans Gaud.                             165

33. _Proteaceae._ Leucospermum conocarpum R. Br.                     170

34. _Loranthaceae._ Loranthus capitatus (Spreng.) Engl.              171

35. _Santalaceae._ Osyris tenuifolia Engl.                           172

36. _Opiliaceae._ Opilia amentacea Roxb.                             173

37. _Olacaceae._ Olax Durandii Eng.                                  174

38. _Aristolochiaceae._ Aristolochia bracteata Retz.                 175

39. _Polygonaceae._ Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. et Steud.)
     Benth. et Hook.                                                 178

40. _Chenopodiaceae._ Traganum nudatum Del.                          179

41. _Amarantaceae._ Achyranthes angustifolia Benth.                  184

42. _Nyctaginaceae._ Pisonia aculeata L.                             185

43. _Aizoaceae._ Trianthema pentandrum L.                            190

44. _Portulacaceae._ Talinum cuneifolium Willd.                      191

45. _Caryophyllaceae._ Polycarpaea linearifolia DC.                  196

46. _Ranunculaceae._ Anemone vesicatoria (L. f.) Prantl              197

47. _Menispermaceae._ Cocculus Leaeba DC.                            202

48. _Anonaceae._ Anona senegalensis Pers.                            203

49. _Myristicaceae._ Pycnanthus Kombo (Baill.) Warb.                 208

50. _Monimiaceae._ Glossocalyx longicuspis Benth.                    209

51. _Lauraceae._ Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Benth.                      210

52. _Papaveraceae._ Trigonocapnos curvipes Schlecht.                 211

53. _Cruciferae._ Heliophila amplexicaulis L. f.                     214

54. _Capparidaceae._ Polanisia hirta (Klotzsch) Sond.                215

55. _Resedaceae._ Oligomeris glaucescens Cambess.                    228

56. _Droseraceae._ Drosera Burkeana Planch.                          229

57. _Podostemonaceae._ Tristicha alternifolia Tul.                   230

58. _Hydrostachyaceae._ Hydrostachys multifida A. Juss.              231

59. _Crassulaceae._ Kalanchoe laciniata DC.                          232

60. _Saxifragaceae._ Brexia madagascariensis Thouars                 233

61. _Pittosporaceae._ Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims                  234

62. _Cunoniaceae._ Weinmannia Hildebrandtii Baill.                   235

63. _Bruniaceae._ Raspalia microphylla (Thunb.) Brongn.              236

64. _Hamamelidaceae._ Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. et Zeyh.         237

65. _Rosaceae._ Parinarium congoense Engl.                           242

66. _Connaraceae._ Connarus Smeathmannii DC.                         243

67. _Leguminosae._ Bauhinia macrantha Oliv.                          288

68. _Geraniaceae._ Monsonia biflora DC.                              289

69. _Oxalidaceae._ Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC.                     290

70. _Linaceae._ Hugonia acuminata Engl.                              291

71. _Erythroxylaceae._ Erythroxylon pictum E. Mey.                   292

72. _Zygophyllaceae._ Balanites aegyptiaca Del.                      293

73. _Rutaceae._ Agathosma ciliata Link                               298

74. _Simarubaceae._ Irvingia Barter Hook. f.                         299

75. _Burseraceae._ Pachylobus edulis G. Don                          302

76. _Meliaceae._ Trichilia retusa Oliv.                              303

77. _Malpighiaceae._ Acridocarpus macrocalyx Engl.                   306

78. _Polygalaceae._ Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.              307

79. _Dichapetalaceae._ Dichapetalum leucosepalum Ruhl.               308

80. _Euphorbiaceae._ Phyllanthus floribundus Muell. Arg.             309

81. _Anacardiaceae._ Lannea Schimperi (Hochst.) Engl.                328

82. _Celastraceae._ Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC.                329

83. _Hippocrateaceae._ Salacia Dusenii Loesen                        332

84. _Icacinaceae._ Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey.                        333

85. _Sapindaceae._ Deinbollia pycnophylla Gilg                       340

86. _Melianthaceae._ Bersama abyssinica Fresen.                      341

87. _Balsaminaceae._ Impatiens capensis Thunb.                       342

88. _Rhamnaceae._ Ventilago leiocarpa Benth.                         343

89. _Vitaceae._ Cissus cirrhosa (Thunb.) Planch.                     346

90. _Chlaenaceae._ Leptochlaena multiflora Thouars                   347

91. _Tiliaceae._ Grewia occidentalis L.                              350

92. _Malvaceae._ Pavonia praemorsa Willd.                            351

93. _Bombacaceae._ Bombax lukayensis De Wild. et Dur.                354

94. _Sterculiaceae._ Dombeya Bruceana A. Rich.                       355

95. _Scytopetalaceae._ Rhaptopetalum sessilifolium Engl.             358

96. _Dilleniaceae._ Tetracera alnifolia Willd.                       359

97. _Ochnaceae._ Ochna Hoepfneri Engl. et Gilg                       360

98. _Theaceae._ Visnea Mocanera L. f.                                361

99. _Guttiferae._ Allanblackia floribunda Oliv.                      362

100. _Elatinaceae._ Bergia suffruticosa (Del.) Fenzl                 363

101. _Tamaricaceae._ Tamarix senegalensis DC.                        364

102. _Cistaceae._ Cistus heterophyllus Desf.                         365

103. _Violaceae._ Rinorea gracilipes Engl.                           366

104. _Flacourtiaceae._ Flacourtia Ramontchi L’Her.                   367

105. _Turneraceae._ Wormskioldia lobate Urb.                         374

106. _Passifloraceae._ Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl.                   375

107. _Begoniaceae._ Begonia Favargeri Rechinger                      378

108. _Penaeaceae._ Sarcocolla squamosa (L.) Kunth                    379

109. _Thymelaeaceae._ Lachnaea filamentosa (L. f.) Gilg              382

110. _Lythraceae._ Nesaea floribunda Sond.                           383

111. _Lecythidaceae._ Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Blume               386

112. _Rhizophoraceae._ Weihea africana Benth.                        387

113. _Combretaceae._ Combretum racemosum Beauv.                      390

114. _Myrtaceae._ Eugenia natalitia Sond.                            391

115. _Melastomataceae._ Dissotis capitata (Vahl) Hook. f.            396

116. _Oenotheraceae._ Jussieua linifolia Vahl                        397

117. _Halorrhagaceae._ Laurembergia repens Berg                      400

118. _Araliaceae._ Cussonia spicata Thunb.                           401

119. _Umbelliferae._ Annesorrhiza capensis Cham. et Schlechtd.       414

120. _Ericaceae._ Philippia Chamissonis Klotzsch                     415

121. _Myrsinaceae._ Maesa lanceolata Forsk.                          418

122. _Primulaceae._ Ardisiandra sibthorpioides Hook.                 419

123. _Plumbaginaceae._ Dyerophyton africanum (Lam.) O. Ktze.         420

124. _Sapotaceae._ Mimusops Kummel Bruce                             421

125. _Ebenaceae._ Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers.                      424

126. _Oleaceae._ Schrebera alata Welw.                               425

127. _Loganiaceae._ Nuxia Autunesii Gilg                             428

128. _Gentianaceae._ Chironia transvaalensis Gilg                    429

129. _Apocynaceae._ Clitandra Arnoldiana De Wild.                    440

130. _Asclepiadaceae._ Tacazzea venosa (Hochst.) Decne               441

131. _Convolvulaceae._ Jacquemontia capitata Don                     462

132. _Borraginaceae._ Cordia senegalensis Juss.                      463

133. _Verbenaceae._ Clerodendron formicarum Guerke                   470

134. _Labiatae._ Plectranthus madagascariensis Benth.                471

135. _Solanaceae._ Discopodium penninervium Hochst.                  482

136. _Scrophulariaceae._ Chaenostoma Burkeanum (Benth.) Wettst.      483

137. _Bignoniaceae._ Kigelia aethiopica Decne                        496

138. _Pedaliaceae._ Sesamum angolense Welw.                          497

139. _Orobanchaceae._ Cistanche lutea Link et Hoffmsg.               500

140. _Gesneraceae._ Streptocarpus Cooperi Clarke                     501

141. _Lentibulariaceae._ Utricularia livida E. Mey.                  502

142. _Acanthaceae._ Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Lindau          503

143. _Plantaginaceae._ Plantago palmata Hook. f.                     516

144. _Rubiaceae._ Pavetta lasiorrhachis K. Schum.                    517

145. _Caprifoliaceae._ Viburnum rugosum Pers.                        532

146. _Valerianaceae._ Valeriana capensis Vahl                        533

147. _Dipsacaceae._ Cephalaria rigida (Spreng.) Schrad.              534

148. _Cucurbitaceae._ Momordica Charantia L.                         535

149. _Campanulaceae._ Lightfootia subulata L’Her.                    544

150. _Compositae._ Vernonia Baumii O. Hoffm.                         545


MAP

MAP OF AFRICA, 1:49,000,000, with list of floral regions and provinces.




KEY TO THE FAMILIES




EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA

(PHANEROGAMAE)

1. Ovules naked, borne on a floral axis without carpels, or on open
carpels without a stigma. Perianth simple or none. Flowers unisexual.
Stem woody. [Subdivision =GYMNOSPERMAE=.] 2

Ovules encased in the ovary formed by stigma-bearing carpels and
nearly always closed to the top, rarely (_Resedaceae_) open above.
[Subdivision =ANGIOSPERMAE=.] 5

2. Leaves pinnately compound or dissected, forming a crown at the
top of the stem. Stem simple or scantily branched towards the top.
Juice mucilaginous. Perianth none. Stamens with numerous pollen-sacs.
Embryo with 2 more or less connate cotyledons. [Class CYCADALES.] =1.
Cycadaceae.=

Leaves undivided, scattered along the branches of the stem, rarely
(_Gnetaceae_) leaves 2, arising from the top of an undivided
turnip-shaped stem and sometimes splitting lengthwise. Stamens with 1-9
pollen-sacs. Embryo with 2-15 free cotyledons 3

3. Perianth present. Juice not resinous. Leaves not needle-shaped.
Shrubs. [Class GNETALES.] =4. Gnetaceae.=

Perianth absent. Juice resinous, rarely scarcely so, but then leaves
needle-shaped. Leaves needle-or scale-shaped. [Class CONIFERAE.] 4

4. Seeds overtopping the fleshy or rudimentary carpels and surrounded
by a fleshy aril. Carpels with 1 ovule =2. Taxaceae.=

Seeds concealed between the carpels, without an aril. Carpels usually
with 2 or more ovules =3. Pinaceae.=

5. (1.) Embryo with a single cotyledon, rarely undivided. Vascular
bundles scattered in the stem. Leaves usually parallel-veined
(net-veined in many _Araceae Dioscoreaceae_ and _Taccaceae_ and a few
_Hydrocharitaceae Liliaceae_ and _Orchidaceae_), generally narrow
entire and sessile with a dilated base. Flowers usually 3-merous.
[Class MONOCOTYLEDONEAE.] 6

Embryo with 2 cotyledons, rarely with only one well-developed cotyledon
or undivided. Vascular bundles of the stem nearly always disposed in
a cylinder. Leaves usually net-veined, rarely sessile with a dilated
base and a narrow entire blade. Flowers usually 4-or 5-merous. [Class
DICOTYLEDONEAE.] 52

6. Perianth wanting or rudimentary, that is, reduced to
small, hypogynous, free or partially-united scales, rarely
(_Potamogetonaceae_) replaced by sepaloid appendages of the connective.
7

Perianth well developed, calyx-or corolla-like or consisting of calyx
and corolla, rarely (_Eriocaulaceae_ and _Restionaceae_) wanting in the
female flowers. 15

7. Flowers in the axils of membranous or more or less dry bracts
(glumes) in spikelets consisting of one or several flowers and one or
several empty glumes and nearly always arranged in spikes, racemes,
panicles, or heads. Land-, marsh-, or freshwater-plants. Carpel
solitary, with a single basal or laterally attached ovule 8

Flowers in spadices with a fleshy rachis and surrounded by one or
several spathes, more rarely solitary or in glomerules, heads, or
spikes; in the latter case (_Potamogetonaceae_) saltwater 9

8. Embryo enclosed in the lower part of the albumen. Seed and ovule
attached at the base, free from the pericarp and the wall of the ovary.
Style 1, with 1-3 stigmas. Anthers usually affixed at the base. Sheaths
of the cauline and inner radical leaves closed all round, usually
without a ligule. Stem usually triangular solid and without nodes. =17.
Cyperaceae.=

Embryo outside the albumen, at its base. Seed and ovule attached
laterally, but often near the base, usually adnate to the pericarp or
the wall of the ovary. Style 1, with 1-6 stigmas, or styles 2. Anthers
usually affixed at the back. Sheaths of the leaves nearly always split
on one side and ending in a ligule. Stem usually cylindrical and hollow
between the nodes. =16. Gramineae.=

9. Plants without differentiation into stem and leaves, consisting of
small floating leaf-or granule-like shoots. Flowers 2-3 together in
cavities of the shoots =20. Lemnaceae.=

Plants differentiated into stem and leaves 10

10. Flowers solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves.
Carpel solitary. _Naias_, =9. Naiadaceae=.

Flowers in spikes, spadices, or heads, rarely (_Potamogetonaceae_)
solitary or in glomerules, but then several separate carpels 11

11. Male flowers in panicles, female in heads or spadices. Flowers
dioecious. Leaves narrow, usually serrate or prickly. Stem usually
woody. _Pandanus_, =6. Pandanaceae=.

Male or all flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, or cymes 12

12. Flowers in globose heads _Sparganium_, =7. Sparganiaceae=.

Flowers solitary or in spikes, spadices, or cymes 13

13. Ovaries several, separate, rarely ovary solitary, and then marine
plants, very rarely freshwater-plants with hermaphrodite flowers. If
flowers in spadices or spikes, then hermaphrodite or polygamous with 1
or several one-ovuled ovaries =8. Potamogetonaceae.=

Ovary solitary. Land-, marsh-, or freshwater-plants; the latter
with unisexual flowers. Flowers in spadices, unisexual, rarely
hermaphrodite, but then with a several-ovuled ovary. 14

14. Flowers monoecious; male inflorescence, at least when young,
separated from the female by a deciduous spathe. Flowers usually
surrounded by hairs. Ovule 1, pendulous. Seed-coat not fleshy. _Typha_,
=5. Typhaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual; if monoecious, then male
inflorescence in uninterrupted connexion with the female, or separated
from it by an empty interval or by barren flowers, but not by a spathe.
Seed-coat fleshy. =19. Araceae.=

15. (6.) Ovary superior. 16

Ovary inferior or half-inferior. 37

16. Carpel solitary or carpels connate and forming a single entire or
slightly lobed ovary. 17

Carpels several, separate or cohering only at the base. 33

17. Perianth calyx-like, sometimes slightly coloured, but firmly
membranous or leathery, or differentiated by size or coalescence into
an inner and an outer whorl of segments, all of which are sepaloid. 18

Perianth corolla-like or consisting of outer sepaloid and inner
petaloid segments. 25

18. Leaves folded in the bud, subsequently splitting into pinnately
or palmately disposed segments, rarely only 2-cleft. Stem woody, but
sometimes very short. Flowers in spadices or panicles with spathes.
=18. Palmae.=

Leaves undivided, rarely divided, but then not folded and springing
from a herbaceous stem. 19

19. Flowers in spadices with a spathe forming sometimes a continuation
of the stem. =19. Araceae.=

Flowers not in spadices. 20

20. Stamen 1. Ovule 1, erect. Stigmas several. Flowers solitary or in
glomerules in the axils of the leaves. _Naias_, =9. Naiadaceae=.

Stamens 2-6. 21

21. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary with 1 ascending ovule in each
cell and with several sessile stigmas. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds
exalbuminous. _Triglochin_, =11. Scheuchzeriaceae=.

Anthers turned inwards. Seeds albuminous. 22

22. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers unisexual, in spikelets usually arranged
in spikes or panicles. Perianth dry. Stamens 2-3. Ovary with 1
pendulous ovule in each cell. =22. Restionaceae.=

Anthers 2-celled. If flowers unisexual and in spikelets, then perianth
not dry. 23

23. Flowers monoecious, in heads surrounded by an involucre. Ovary with
1 pendulous ovule in each cell. =25. Eriocaulaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or dioecious. 24

24. Style 1 with 3 long and thin stigmas. Perianth dry. Leaves linear.
=31. Juncaceae.=

Style 1 with 3 thick or short stigmas or with a single stigma, or
styles 3. Perianth usually herbaceous. =32. Liliaceae.=

25. (17.) Perianth corolla-like. Usually ovules inverted and embryo or
its radicle placed next to the hilum, more rarely ovules straight and
embryo or its radicle remote from the hilum, and then albumen fleshy or
cartilaginous. 26

Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla. Ovules straight. Embryo
small, remote from the hilum. Albumen more or less mealy. 31

26. Seeds with mealy albumen. 27

Seeds with fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. 29

27. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. Seeds with a large embryo
enclosed in the albumen. =29. Pontederiaceae.=

Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with a small embryo appressed to the
albumen. Perianth white or yellow. 28

28. Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Anthers opening lengthwise.
Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry. Stem climbing. Leaves scattered, ending in
tendrils. Flowers in panicles. _Flagellaria_, =21. Flagellariaceae.=

Perianth-segments united below into a tube. Anthers opening by apical
pores. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule. Stem erect. Leaves all radical.
Flowers in heads. _Maschalocephalus_, =26. Rapateaceae.=

29. Stamens 3. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Perianth yellow. =33.
Haemodoraceae.=

Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3, but then ovules 2 or more in each
ovary-cell. 30

30. Anthers opening at the apex. Stamens affixed to the perianth.
Ovary adnate to the perianth at the base. Ovules numerous in each
cell. Perianth blue. Leaves linear or lanceolate. _Walleria_, =34.
Amaryllidaceae.=

Anthers opening lengthwise, rarely at the apex, but then stamens (at
least some of them) and ovary free from the perianth. =32. Liliaceae.=

31. (25.) Ovary 2-3-celled. Fertile stamens 2-6. =28. Commelinaceae.=

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with incomplete partitions. Ovules numerous.
Fertile stamens 3. Flowers in heads, short spikes, or umbels. 32

32. Sepals 3, subequal. Anthers opening by a terminal lid. Staminodes
none. Stigma 1. Leaves scattered. Flowers in umbels. _Mayaca_, =23.
Mayacaceae.=

Sepals 3, very unequal, or 2. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.
Staminodes 3. Stigmas 3. Leaves all radical. Flowers in heads or
spikes. _Xyris_, =24. Xyridaceae.=

33. (16.) Leaves divided. Woody plants. Seeds albuminous. =18. Palmae.=

Leaves undivided. Herbaceous plants. 34

34. Plants without green colour, growing upon mould. Leaves reduced to
scales. Perianth of 6 petaloid segments. Seeds albuminous. _Sciaphila_,
=15. Triuridaceae.=

Plants of green colour, growing in the water. Leaves well developed.
Perianth of 6 segments differentiated into sepals and petals, or of 1-3
segments. Seeds exalbuminous. 35

35. Perianth consisting of 1-3 coloured segments. _Aponogeton_, =10.
Aponogetonaceae=.

Perianth consisting of 6 segments more or less distinctly
differentiated into sepals and petals, rarely in the female flowers
only of 3 greenish segments. 36

36. Ovules numerous, covering the whole inner surface of the carpels.
=13. Butomaceae.=

Ovules 1-2, rarely more, and then all inserted at the upper suture of
the carpels. =12. Alismataceae.=

37. (15.) Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. 38

Stamens 2-18. Flowers usually regular. 41

38. Staminodes small or wanting. Ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules.
Style adnate to the filament. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually with
longitudinal nervation. =44. Orchidaceae.=

Staminodes, at least some of them, petal-like. Ovary 1-celled with a
single ovule or more frequently 3-celled. Seeds albuminous. Leaves with
pinnate nervation. 39

39. Anthers 2-celled. Sepals united below. Flowers symmetrical. =40.
Zingiberaceae.=

Anthers 1-celled. Sepals free. Flowers asymmetrical. 40

40. Ovules several or many in each ovary-cell. Seeds with straight
embryo. Leaf-stalk not thickened. _Canna_, =41. Cannaceae=.

Ovules solitary in each cell. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaf-stalk
thickened towards the apex or throughout its whole length. =42.
Marantaceae.=

41. Stamens 2-4, usually 3. 42

Stamens 5-18, usually 6. 45

42. Perianth-segments sepal-like or the outer sepal-, the inner
petal-like. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 6-celled. Seeds
exalbuminous. Water plants. =14. Hydrocharitaceae.=

Perianth-segments petal-like. Ovary usually 3-celled. Seeds albuminous.
Land-or marsh-plants. 43

43. Stamens opposite the outer perianth-segments. Anthers opening
outwards or laterally. =38. Iridaceae.=

Stamens alternating with the outer or with all perianth-segments.
Anthers opening inwards or laterally. 44

44. Leaves well developed, green. Inner perianth-segments about
equalling the outer. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 3, linear, or
stigma single. =33. Haemodoraceae.=

Leaves scale-like, not green, rarely well-developed and green, but then
inner perianth-segments much smaller than the outer or wanting, anthers
provided with an enlarged connective and opening transversely, and
stigmas 3, short and thick. =43. Burmanniaceae.=

45. Ovary incompletely 6-15-celled with 6-15 stigmas, more rarely
completely 1-celled with 3 stigmas. Perianth consisting of calyx and
corolla, more rarely only of 3 petal-like segments. Water-plants with
submerged or floating leaves. =14. Hydrocharitaceae.=

Ovary 3-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then stigmas 6. Perianth usually
of 6 petaloid segments. Land-plants. 46

46. Ovary 1-celled. Style umbrella-shaped, 6-lobed. _Tacca_, =36.
Taccaceae=. Ovary 3-celled. 47

47. Ovules in each ovary-cell 2, one above the other. Flowers
unisexual, regular. Stem climbing. =37. Dioscoreaceae.=

Ovules in each ovary-cell 1, 2 side by side, or more. Flowers
hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual but irregular. 48

48. Perianth distinctly differentiated into calyx and corolla. Leaves
toothed. Inflorescence spadix-like. _Ananas_, =27. Bromeliaceae=.

Perianth more or less corolla-like. 49

49. Flowers distinctly irregular, in fascicles usually arranged in
spikes or racemes. Stamens 5, rarely 6. Seeds with more or less mealy
albumen. Leaves with pinnate nervation. Tall plants. =39. Musaceae.=

Flowers regular or nearly so. Stamens 6 or more. Seeds with fleshy
or cartilaginous albumen. Leaves nearly always with longitudinal
nervation. 50

50. Flowers solitary, terminal. No bulb or tuber; usually a short
woody trunk. Placentas much projecting, thickened, shield-shaped.
_Barbacenia_, =35. Velloziaceae=.

Flowers in umbels, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely solitary,
but then underground stem a bulb or a tuber. Placentas not much
projecting and thickened. 51

51. Ovary half-inferior, with 2 basal ovules in each cell. Anthers
opening at the apex. Seeds with a large embryo adjoining the albumen.
Flowers in racemes or panicles. _Cyanastrum_, =30. Cyanastraceae=.

Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then with more than two
ovules in each cell. Seeds with a small embryo enclosed in the albumen.
=34. Amaryllidaceae.=

52. (5.) Perianth wanting or simple or consisting of a calyx and a
choripetalous corolla; petals, if present, free, more rarely cohering
at the apex or in the middle, but free at the base. [Subclass
ARCHICHLAMYDEAE.] 53

Perianth consisting of a calyx and a sympetalous corolla; petals more
or less united, at least at the base. [Subclass METACHLAMYDEAE or
SYMPETALAE.] 551

53. Perianth wanting or simple, that is, consisting of similar
segments, more rarely of 2-7 somewhat dissimilar ones without a
distinct differentiation into sepals and petals. [APETALAE.] 54

Perianth differentiated into calyx and corolla, more rarely consisting
of 8 or more slightly dissimilar segments not distinctly separated into
sepals and petals. [CHORIPETALAE.] 188

54. Perianth absent in the hermaphrodite and female flowers, but
sometimes replaced by bracteoles. Ovary naked. 55

Perianth present in the hermaphrodite and female flowers. 69

55. Ovary completely 1-celled. 56

Ovary 2-4-celled, at least in its lower half. 65

56. Ovule solitary, rarely (_Balanophoraceae_) ovules 3. 57

Ovules numerous, rarely (_Casuarinaceae_) 2. 63

57. Ovule basal or attached by a basal funicle. 58

Ovule apical or adnate to the wall of the ovary. 62

58. Ovule straight. 59

Ovule incurved or inverted. 61

59. Flowers in fascicles, the male with a perianth. Stamens 1-5. Stigma
1. Fruit dry. Seed albuminous. =54. Urticaceae.=

Flowers in spikes, the male without a perianth, but sometimes with 2-6
bracteoles. Stamens 2-12. Fruit succulent. 60

60. Flowers unisexual. Stigmas 2, thread-like. Fruit a drupe. Seed
exalbuminous. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves without stipules.
_Myrica_, =48. Myricaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, more rarely unisexual, but then
leaves stipulate. Fruit a berry. Seed with copious albumen. =46.
Piperaceae.=

61. Ovule incurved. Stigmas 2-5. Seed with curved embryo. Flowers
usually in glomerule-, or spike-like cymes. =67. Chenopodiaceae.=

Ovule inverted. Stigmas 1-2. Seed with straight embryo. Flowers usually
in heads. =226. Compositae.=

62. Leaves well-developed, stipulate. Green plants. Ovule solitary,
free. =53. Moraceae.=

Leaves scale-like. Coloured (not green) herbaceous plants. =62.
Balanophoraceae.=

63. (56.) Ovules 2, ascending, straight. Male flowers with a 2-parted
perianth. Stamen 1. Fruit a nut. Trees or shrubs. Leaves whorled,
scale-like. Male flowers in spikes, female in heads. _Casuarina_, =45.
Casuarinaceae=.

Ovules numerous, inverted. Male flowers without a perianth, but
sometimes with a disc. Fruit a capsule. Leaves well developed. Flowers
in spikes or catkins. 64

64. Flowers with a disc sometimes replaced by scales. Stamens 2 or
more. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed,
stipulate. =47. Salicaceae.=

Flowers without a disc. Stamen 1 (or stamens 2 with united filaments.)
Aquatic herbs. _Hydrostachys_, =94. Hydrostachyaceae.=

65. (55.) Ovary 2-celled at the base, with 1 ovule in each incomplete
cell. Styles 2. Stamens 4. Trees or shrubs. Flowers in spikes or
catkins. =50. Betulaceae.=

Ovary completely 2-4-celled. 66

66. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 67

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite.
Male flowers without a perianth. 68

67. Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules with a double coat. =122. Euphorbiaceae.=

Ovary 4-celled. Ovules with a single coat. Styles 2. Stamen 1. Male
flowers without a perianth. Fruit a drupe. Herbs. Leaves opposite.
_Callitriche_, =123. Callitrichaceae=.

68. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style 1, with 2 stigmas.
Stamens 2. Fruit a nut. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. _Fraxinus_, =197.
Oleaceae=.

Ovary 3-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Styles 3-4. Stamens
3-8. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp. Leaves undivided, stipulate.
_Myrothamnus_, =99. Myrothamnaceae=.

69. (54.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 70

Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 153

70. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 71

Ovaries 2 or more, distinct or united at the base only. 146

71. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 72

Ovary completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled. 118

72. Ovule 1. 73

Ovules 2 or more. 103

73. Ovule erect or ascending or attached by a basal funicle. 74

Ovule pendulous or descending. 94

74. Ovule straight. 75

Ovule incurved or inverted. 80

75. Style 1 or none; stigma solitary or stigmas 2 or more, contiguous
at the base. Stamens 1-12. 76

Styles 2-4, free or united at the base; stigmas not contiguous at the
base. Stamens 4-50. 79

76. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed.
Seed with fleshy albumen. Shrubs or trees. Leaves without stipules.
_Exocarpus_, =56. Santalaceae=.

Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, but then herbs and stigma
penicillate. 77

77. Leaves exstipulate. Stamens 2-12. Stigmas 2. Seed without albumen.
_Myrica_, =48. Myricaceae=.

Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then stigma 1. Stamens 1-5. 78

78. Stamens straight in bud. Juice milky. Trees. =53. Moraceae.=

Stamens incurved in bud. Juice not milky. =54. Urticaceae.=

79. Leaves simple, entire toothed lobed or cleft, with a stem-clasping
sheath at the base. Seed with copious mealy albumen. =66. Polygonaceae.=

Leaves compound, exstipulate. Stamens 5. Seed without albumen.
_Pistacia_, =127. Anacardiaceae=.

80. (74.) Ovule incurved. Embryo distinctly curved; albumen usually
mealy. 81

Ovule inverted. Embryo straight or nearly so; albumen usually fleshy or
wanting. 87

81. Perianth-segments 6, petal-like, free. Stamens 8-10. Style
3-4-cleft. Flowers dioecious. Spiny trees. _Didierea_, =134.
Sapindaceae=.

Perianth-segments 1-5. 82

82. Perianth with valvate and folded aestivation, lobed, enlarged in
fruit. Stamens hypogynous, united at the base. =69. Nyctaginaceae.=

Perianth with imbricate or open aestivation, rarely with valvate not
folded aestivation; in the latter case deeply divided. 83

83. Stamens 1-10, perigynous, rarely (_Queria_) 10, hypogynous.
Stipules present, rarely absent, and then leaves opposite and styles
2-3. =75. Caryophyllaceae.=

Stamens 1-5, hypogynous or nearly so, rarely distinctly perigynous, but
then stipules wanting and leaves alternate or style 1. 84

84. Stamens as many as the perianth-segments or one less (3-5),
alternating with them, hypogynous. Flowers hermaphrodite. 85

Stamens as many as the perianth-segments or one less, but opposite
to them, or considerably fewer, or in greater number. Leaves without
stipules. 86

85. Flowers in cymes, 5-merous. Perianth membranous. Embryo hooked.
Leaves whorled, usually stipulate. _Adenogramma_, =72. Aizoaceae=.

Flowers in spikes or racemes, with bracteoles. Perianth herbaceous.
Embryo nearly ring-shaped. Leaves alternate, usually exstipulate. =71.
Phytolaccaceae.=

86. Perianth more or less scarious or papery. Seed albuminous; embryo
ring-or horseshoe-shaped. Flowers with bracteoles. =68. Amarantaceae.=

Perianth more or less herbaceous or membranous. Stigmas 2-5. =67.
Chenopodiaceae.=

87. (80.) Leaves stipulate. 88

Leaves exstipulate. 89

88. Leaves opposite, undivided. Stamens 2-5. Seed albuminous. =75.
Caryophyllaceae.=

Leaves alternate. Seed exalbuminous. =103. Rosaceae.=

89. Stem herbaceous. Flowers in heads, unisexual. Stamens as many as
and alternate with the perianth-segments. Stigmas 2 in the female
flowers. Seed exalbuminous. =226. Compositae.=

Stem woody. Stigma 1. 90

90. Perianth with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous, free or
nearly so. Seed exalbuminous. _Calophyllum_, =149. Guttiferae=.

Perianth with valvate aestivation. 91

91. Stamens attached to the perianth, as many as its segments, 4,
rarely 5; filaments free. Seed exalbuminous. 92

Stamens free from the perianth, as many as its segments or more often
in greater number; filaments more or less united. Seed albuminous. 93

92. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments. Flowers in spikes or heads.
=55. Proteaceae.=

Stamens alternate with the perianth-segments. Flowers solitary or in
fascicles. _Elaeagnus_, =172. Elaeagnaceae=.

93. Stamens 5-15; filaments united at the base only. Anthers opening
laterally. Perianth 5-toothed. Style slender. Seed without an aril;
embryo large. _Pisonia_, =69. Nyctaginaceae=.

Stamens very numerous or with the filaments united throughout their
length. Anthers opening outwards. Perianth 2-4-, rarely 5-lobed. Seed
with an aril; embryo small. =82. Myristicaceae.=

94. (73.) Ovule straight. 95

Ovule incurved or inverted. 96

95. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4. Seed without albumen. Shrubs or
trees. Flowers in spikes or heads. =55. Proteaceae.=

Perianth 9-12-parted. Stamens 12-16. Seed with a thin albumen.
Herbs. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves.
_Ceratophyllum_, =77. Ceratophyllaceae=.

96. Leaves stipulate. 97

Leaves exstipulate. 100

97. Leaves compound, but sometimes with one leaflet only. Ovary tightly
enclosed by the perianth. Seed exalbuminous. Herbs, undershrubs, or
shrubs. =103. Rosaceae.=

Leaves simple, but sometimes (_Moraceae_) dissected. 98

98. Anthers 3-4-celled. Seed albuminous. _Macaranga_, =122.
Euphorbiaceae=.

Anthers 2-celled. Seed usually exalbuminous. 99

99. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Stamens straight in the bud.
Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. =52. Ulmaceae.=

Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or heads, or inserted upon a
dilated and often concave receptacle, rarely in fascicles, but then
stamens bent inwards in the bud. Shrubs or trees with a milky juice or
herbs. =53. Moraceae.=

100. Anthers opening by valves. Perianth-segments 4 or 6. Seed without
albumen. Trees or shrubs. =84. Lauraceae.=

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 101

101. Stamens numerous. Flowers unisexual. Seed with copious fleshy
albumen. Trees or shrubs. =83. Monimiaceae.=

Stamens 8-10. 102

102. Style simple. Seed with a straight embryo and a fleshy albumen or
without albumen. =171. Thymelaeaceae.=

Styles 2. Seed with a curved embryo and mealy albumen. Flowers in
panicles. _Galenia_, =72. Aizoaceae=.

103. (72.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a central placenta. 104

Ovules parietal or suspended from the apex of the cell. 108

104. Perianth of 2-3 minute scales. Ovules numerous, inserted upon a
central placenta. Water-plants. =93. Podostemonaceae.=

Perianth of 4-5 segments. 105

105. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 4-merous. Ovules 2. Stigma 1.
Seeds without albumen; embryo straight. Shrubs. Leaves alternate.
_Empleurum_, =115=. =Rutaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with mealy albumen; embryo more or less
curved. Usually herbs. 106

106. Leaves alternate. Stamens 5. =68. Amarantaceae.=

Leaves opposite or whorled. 107

107. Stigma 1, rarely stigmas 2, and then ovules 2-4. Stamens 5 or
more, perigynous. =72. Aizoaceae.=

Stigmas 3-5, more rarely 2, but then ovules numerous or stamens 1-3.
=75. Caryophyllaceae.=

108. (103.) Ovules 2, suspended side by side from the apex of the cell
or from a central placenta. Fruit drupaceous, usually one-seeded. 109

Ovules 2, one above the other, or more than 2, affixed to one or more
parietal placentas. 112

109. Stamens as many as, and alternate with the perianth-segments.
Leaves exstipulate. =132. Icacinaceae.=

Stamens as many as, and opposite the perianth-segments, or in greater
number. 110

110. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves exstipulate. =59. Olacaceae.=

Flowers unisexual. Leaves stipulate. 111

111. Stamens very numerous. Perianth 4-5-parted. Flowers fascicled.
_Guya_, =159. Flacourtiaceae=.

Stamens 2-8, rarely more, but then perianth 6-8-parted. =122.
Euphorbiaceae.=

112. Ovules 2 or more, attached to a single placenta. Stamens more or
less perigynous. Fruit a legume. Leaves compound or reduced to the
dilated foot-stalk, usually stipulate. =105. Leguminosae.=

Ovules 3 or more, attached to 2 or more placentas, rarely to a single
one, but then fruit a berry and leaves simple and undivided. 113

113. Style simple, or a sessile stigma. 114

Styles, style-branches, or sessile stigmas 2 or more. 116

114. Perianth-segments imbricate in bud. Stamens 10 or more. Ovary
sessile. Seeds albuminous. =159. Flacourtiaceae.=

Perianth-segments valvate in bud, more rarely imbricate, but then ovary
stalked. Seeds exalbuminous. 115

115. Stamens more or less perigynous. Ovary sessile or short-stalked.
Perianth-segments valvate in bud. Leaves exstipulate. Seeds with
straight embryo. =173. Lythraceae.=

Stamens hypogynous, more rarely perigynous, but then ovary long-stalked
and leaves stipulate. Seeds with curved embryo. =87. Capparidaceae.=

116. Ovary at first open at the apex. Styles or sessile stigmas 3,
free. Stamens 10-30. Perianth 5-6-cleft about halfway down. Seeds
exalbuminous; embryo curved. _Ochradenus_, =89. Resedaceae=.

Ovary closed. Stamens 4 or more; if 10 or more, then perianth deeply
divided. 117

117. Stamens as many as perianth-segments, 4-6, surrounded by a corona.
Styles 3, free or united at the base. =161. Passifloraceae.=

Stamens more than perianth-segments, 6-40. Shrubs or trees. =159.
Flacourtiaceae.=

118. (71.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 119

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 129

119. Ovules erect or ascending. 120

Ovules pendulous or descending. 124

120. Style 1, with 1-3 stigmas. Stamens inserted within the disc or at
its edge. Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
pinnate, exstipulate. =134. Sapindaceae.=

Styles 2-10, free or united below. Seeds albuminous, rarely
exalbuminous, but then leaves stipulate. Leaves undivided or lobed. 121

121. Perianth-segments 3 or 6. Stamens 3. Flowers unisexual or
polygamous. Dwarf shrubs. =125. Empetraceae.=

Perianth-segments 4-5. Stamens 4 or more. 122

122. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit drupaceous. Styles 2-4, united
below. Stamens 4-5, perigynous. Perianth valvate in bud. Shrubs. Leaves
stipulate, alternate. =137. Rhamnaceae.=

Seeds with curved embryo and mealy albumen. Fruit dry, rarely baccate.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs, but then leaves exstipulate. 123

123. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Herbs or undershrubs. =72.
Aizoaceae.=

Flowers in spikes or racemes. =71. Phytolaccaceae.=

124. Stamens hypogynous. 125

Stamens perigynous. 127

125. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 2, 4, or
6. Ovary-cells 2. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved. Herbs. Leaves
exstipulate. _Lepidium_, =88. Cruciferae=.

Flowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite, but then perianth-segments 5,
ovary-cells 5, and leaves stipulate. 126

126. Flowers unisexual. Leaves simple or palmately compound. Ovary
usually 3-celled. =122. Euphorbiaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, but then leaves pinnate and
ovary surrounded by large scales. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves compound,
stipulate. =113. Zygophyllaceae.=

127. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Perianth of the male flowers
consisting of calyx and corolla, that of the female and hermaphrodite
flowers simple, valvate in bud. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit
capsular. Embryo straight. Leaves stipulate. _Trichocladus_, =101.
Hamamelidaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth simple. Leaves exstipulate. 128

128. Style and stigma simple. Embryo straight. Shrubs. Leaves
alternate. =171. Thymelaeaceae.=

Styles or stigmas 2-5. Embryo curved. =72. Aizoaceae.=

129. (118.) Flowers unisexual or polygamous. 130

Flowers hermaphrodite. 136

130. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style
1, with 2 stigmas. Perianth 4-partite. Flowers polygamous. Leaves
opposite, pinnate, exstipulate. Trees. _Fraxinus_, =197. Oleaceae=.

Stamens 3 or more, rarely 2, but then flowers unisexual. Leaves simple
or digitate, rarely pinnate, but then alternate. 131

131. Leaves with a pitcher-shaped appendage. Style absent; stigma
4-partite. Ovary 4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell.
_Nepenthes_, =91. Nepenthaceae=.

Leaves without pitchers. Style present. 132

132. Style 1, with 2-6 stigmas. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate,
without stipules. =134. Sapindaceae.=

Styles 2 or more, free at the base, towards the apex, or throughout. 133

133. Perianth-segments valvate in bud, united below. Filaments united.
=144. Sterculiaceae.=

Perianth-segments imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then
free and filaments also free. 134

134. Ovules with ventral raphe, 2 in a cell. Fruit usually opening
septicidally and loculicidally. Leaves usually stipulate. =122.
Euphorbiaceae.=

Ovules with dorsal raphe. Shrubs or trees. 135

135. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 4-6. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules
in each cell. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Leaves opposite, without
stipules. =124. Buxaceae.=

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10 or more. Fruit a berry or a
drupe. Leaves alternate. =159. Flacourtiaceae.=

136. (129.) Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous or
nearly so. 137

Perianth-segments evidently united. Stamens usually perigynous. 142

137. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 138

Stem woody throughout its length. 140

138. Perianth-segments 2-3. Stamens 1-4. Water-plants. =93.
Podostemonaceae.=

Perianth-segments 4-5. Land-plants. Seeds with curved embryo. 139

139. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 1-6. Ovary-cells 2. Style 1. Seeds
exalbuminous. Leaves exstipulate. =88. Cruciferae.=

Perianth-segments 5. Ovary-cells 3-7. Styles 3-7. Seeds albuminous.
Leaves stipulate. =72. Aizoaceae.=

140. Ovary long-stalked. Perianth-segments 2-4, valvate or imbricate in
bud; in the latter case stamens 4-8. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo curved.
=87. Capparidaceae.=

Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Stamens 10 or more. Seeds albuminous;
embryo straight. 141

141. Perianth-segments 5, valvate in bud. _Grewia_, =141. Tiliaceae=.

Perianth-segments; 3-8, imbricate or open in bud. =159. Flacourtiaceae.=

142. (136.) Styles or sessile stigmas 2-5. Seeds albuminous; embryo
curved. =72. Aizoaceae.=

Style 1 or a sessile stigma. Seeds exalbuminous or with a straight
embryo. 143

143. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 1-2. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.
144

Stigmas or stigma-lobes 4. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Flowers
4-merous. Leaves opposite, stipulate. 145

144. Stamens 1-16. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. Embryo straight.
Leaves without stipules. =173. Lythraceae.=

Stamens very numerous. Ovary long-stalked. Embryo curved. Leaves
alternate, with small stipules. _Maerua_, =87. Capparidaceae=.

145. Perianth with valvate aestivation. Stamens 4. Ovules ascending, at
least the lower ones. Seeds exalbuminous. =169. Penaeaceae.=

Perianth with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8. Ovules pendulous. Seeds
albuminous. _Geissoloma_, =168. Geissolomataceae=.

146. (70.) Ovules solitary in each carpel. 147

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 152

147. Ovules erect, incurved. Perianth regular, 4-5-parted. Seeds with a
curved embryo and mealy albumen. Leaves undivided, without stipules. 148

Ovules pendulous or affixed laterally, rarely erect, but then perianth
irregular and strap-shaped or surrounded by an epicalyx. 149

148. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Fruit succulent, baccate.
_Phytolacca_, =71. Phytolaccaceae=.

Flowers in cymes. Fruit dry. =72. Aizoaceae.=

149. Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous. 150

Perianth-segments obviously united, at least in the female flowers.
Stamens usually perigynous. 151

150. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as perianth-segments. Fruits
fleshy, drupaceous. =80. Menispermaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens usually more than
perianth-segments. Fruits usually dry. =78. Ranunculaceae.=

151. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. Flowers unisexual.
Stamens 10 or more. Seeds with copious albumen. =83. Monimiaceae.=

Leaves more or less deeply divided or compound, stipulate. Seeds
without albumen. =103. Rosaceae.=

152. Perianth of 6 free segments, imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous,
free. Herbs. Leaves floating, peltate, exstipulate. _Brasenia_, =76.
Nymphaeaceae=.

Perianth 4-8-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 4 or more, united at the
base. Trees. Leaves stipulate. =144. Sterculiaecae.=

153. (69.) Ovary 1-celled. 154

Ovary, at least after fertilisation, completely or almost completely
2-or more-celled. 177

154. Ovule 1. 155

Ovules 2 or more. 167

155. Ovule erect, ascending, attached by an erect funicle, or adnate to
the ovary-wall. 156

Ovule pendulous or descending. 162

156. Ovule adnate to the ovary-wall. Style simple; stigma entire.
Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments. Perianth valvate
in bud. Leaves without stipules. Shrubs growing upon trees. =61.
Loranthaceae.=

Ovary free from the ovary-wall. Trees or shrubs growing on the ground,
or herbaceous plants. 157

157. Ovule straight. Embryo straight. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as
many as and opposite the perianth-segments or more. 158

Ovule incurved or inverted. Embryo curved, more rarely straight, but
then stamens as many as and alternating with the perianth-segments. 159

158. Stamens 1-5. Leaves simple or digitate, stipulate. =54.
Urticaceae.=

Stamens numerous. Stigmas 2. Trees. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate.
_Juglans_, =49. Juglandaceae=.

159. Ovule inverted. Stamens as many as and alternating with the
perianth-segments. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. =226.
Compositae.=

Ovule incurved. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments
or more. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. Herbs. 160

160. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments 2-4, valvate in bud. Stamens
10-30. Stigma 1. Fruit drupaceous. _Cynocrambe_, =70. Cynocrambaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens
5. Stigmas 2-5. Fruit opening by a lid or bursting irregularly. 161

161. Style short, with long stigmas. Leaves alternate, exstipulate.
Flowers in spike-or panicle-like inflorescences. _Beta_, =67.
Chenopodiaceae.=

Style long, with 2 short stigmas. Leaves opposite, linear, stipulate.
Flowers in heads. _Sclerocephalus_, =75. Caryophyllaceae=.

162. (155.) Ovule straight. Style simple. Stamen 1. Flowers polygamous.
Reddish-brown herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves reduced to scales.
_Cynomorium_, =184. Cynomoriaceae=.

Ovule incurved or inverted. Green plants. Leaves well developed. 163

163. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Stamens as many as and opposite
the perianth-segments or fewer. 164

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as and alternate with the
perianth-segments or more. Leaves exstipulate. 166

164. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers unisexual. Leaves
stipulate. =53. Moraceae.=

Anthers opening by valves. Leaves exstipulate. 165

165. Flowers unisexual. Leaves penninerved. _Hypodaphnis_, =84.
Lauraceae=.

Flowers polygamous. Leaves palminerved. _Gyrocarpus_, =85.
Hernandiaceae=.

166. Stamens 2. Styles 2. Embryo straight. Leaves radical. _Gunnera_,
=183. Halorrhagaceae.=

Stamens 3-5. Styles 4, or a single style. Embryo curved. Leaves
alternate. =72. Aizoaceae.=

167. (154.) Ovules 2-5. 168

Ovules numerous. 174

168. Ovules adnate to the ovary-wall. Stamens 2-6. Shrubs parasitic on
the stem of trees. =61. Loranthaceae.=

Ovules free from the ovary-wall. Plants growing on the ground or
parasitic upon roots. 169

169. Ovules suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Stamens 8-10,
rarely 4-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in spikes,
racemes, or heads. =179. Combretaceae.=

Ovules inserted on a central, sometimes subparietal, placenta. Seeds
albuminous. 170

170. Styles 4. Ovules 4. Stamens 4. Perianth of the male flowers
consisting of calyx and corolla. Herbs or undershrubs. _Laurembergia_,
=183. Halorrhagaceae=.

Style 1. Perianth of all flowers simple. 171

171. Stigma 6-10-lobed. Stamens 5. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees.
_Octoknema_, =60. Octoknemataceae=.

Stigma entire or 2-5-lobed. 172

172. Stamens 8, twice as many as the perianth-segments. Embryo with
inferior radicle. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. _Grubbia_, =58. Grubbiaceae=.

Stamens 2-6, as many as, or fewer than, the perianth-segments. Embryo
with superior radicle or undivided. 173

173. Stem and leaves or scales green. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. =56.
Santalaceae.=

Stem and leaves not green; stem herbaceous; leaves scale-like. Flowers
unisexual, in spikes or heads. Embryo without cotyledons. =62.
Balanophoraceae.=

174. (167.) Placentas apical. Style wanting. Stamens 3-4, united.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Stem herbaceous, not green, bearing neither
leaves nor scales. _Hydnora_, =65. Hydnoraceae=.

Placentas parietal. Style present. Stem bearing leaves or scales. 175

175. Filaments united, 8 or more. Style 1. Embryo without cotyledons.
Herbs. Leaves scale-like, not green. Flowers unisexual. =64.
Rafflesiaceae.=

Filaments free. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Shrubs or trees. Leaves well
developed. 176

176. Flowers unisexual. Perianth 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5. Style 1.
_Grevea_, =96. Saxifragaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 7-8-parted. Stamens numerous. Styles
2-3. _Bembicia_. =159. Flacourtiaceae=.

177. (153.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 178

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 183

178. Ovules erect or ascending. 179

Ovules pendulous or descending. 180

179. Leaves opposite or whorled. Perianth corolla-like. Ovary-cells and
styles 2. Embryo curved. =219. Rubiaceae.=

Leaves alternate. Perianth calyx-like. Embryo straight. =137.
Rhamnaceae.=

180. Perianth wanting in the male flowers. Stamens 4. Ovary almost
completely 2-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs. Leaves stipulate.
_Corylus_, =50. Betulaceae=.

Perianth present in all flowers. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or
undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, but then, as usually, leaves
exstipulate. 181

181. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in whorls, and then leaves
stipulate. Perianth-segments 5, alternating with as many stamens.
Ovary-cells and styles 2. Seeds with horny albumen; embryo small. =186.
Umbelliferae.=

Flowers solitary or in axillary fascicles or in spikes. Leaves
exstipulate. Perianth-segments 4, rarely 3 or 5. Seeds with fleshy or
mealy albumen. Herbs or undershrubs. 182

182. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with a curved embryo and mealy
albumen. Leaves undivided. _Tetragonia_, =72. Aizoaceae=.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Seeds with a
straight embryo and fleshy albumen. Leaves, at least the lower ones,
deeply divided. _Myriophyllum_, =183. Halorrhagaceae=.

183. (177.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Styles 3-6. Perianth-segments
more or less united. Flowers unisexual, spicate. Leaves stipulate.
Trees or shrubs. =51. Fagaceae.=

Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell, rarely (_Lecythidaceae_) 2-6, but
then style 1 and flowers hermaphrodite. 184

184. Perianth-segments obviously united below. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
without stipules. 185

Perianth-segments free or nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous. 186

185. Flowers unisexual, in terminal spikes, racemes or panicles.
Perianth regular. Fruit a berry. Embryo without cotyledons. Herbs.
Leaves scale-like, not green. _Cytinus_, =64. Rafflesiaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or fascicled in the axils of the
leaves. Perianth irregular. Stamens adnate to the style. Fruit a
capsule. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. Leaves well developed, green.
_Aristolochia_, =63. Aristolochiaceae=.

186. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Perianth irregular. Stamens numerous.
Styles 2-6, free or united at the base. Leaves stipulate. _Begonia_,
=165. Begoniaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary or in racemes or heads. Perianth
regular. Style 1, undivided. 187

187. Stamens 3-6. Leaves stipulate. Herbs. _Ludwigia_, =182.
Oenotheraceae=.

Stamens numerous. Leaves exstipulate. Trees or shrubs. =176.
Lecythidaceae=.

188. (53.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 189

Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 481

189. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 190

Ovaries 2 or more, separate or united at the base only. 451

190. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with incomplete partitions or containing
one or more empty rudimentary cells besides the fertile one. 191

Ovary completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, the partitions
sometimes not quite reaching the apex; or one cell only fertile, the
others empty but well developed. 273

191. Ovule 1. 192

Ovules 2 or more. 214

192. Ovule erect or ascending or attached by a basal funicle. 193

Ovule pendulous or descending. 205

193. Leaves stipulate. Sepals 5. 194

Leaves exstipulate. 198

194. Stigma 1, entire. 195

Stigma 1, five-lobed, or stigmas 2-3. Stamens 1-5, more or less
distinctly perigynous. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided. 197

195. Flowers regular. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation.
Stamens 4-5, hypogynous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, undivided.
_Dovera_, =131. Salvadoraceae=.

Flowers irregular, rarely regular, but then leaves alternate and
corolla with valvate aestivation or stamens more than 5. Stamens more
or less distinctly perigynous. 196

196. Style basal or nearly so. =103. Rosaceae.=

Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 9-10. =105. Leguminosae.=

197. Stigma 5-lobed. Calyx valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs
or trees. _Maesopsis_, =137. Rhamnaceae=.

Stigmas 2-3. Seeds albuminous. =75. Caryophyllaceae.=

198. Sepals 2, free or nearly so. 199

Sepals 3-7, free or more or less united, or an entire calyx. 201

199. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 8-10. Style 3-4-cleft. Trees. Leaves
undivided. _Didierea_, =134. Sapindaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 2-7. Herbs or shrubs. 200

200. Corolla regular. Stamens 4-7, free or nearly so. Style 3-parted.
Embryo large, curved. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. _Portulacaria_, =73.
Portulacaceae=.

Corolla irregular. Stamens 2, three-cleft (or 6, united in 2 bundles).
Style simple. Embryo small. Herbs. Leaves dissected. =86. Papaveraceae.=

201. Stamens numerous. Style 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted
aestivation. Leaves opposite. Shrubs or trees. _Calophyllum_, =149.
Guttiferae=.

Stamens 1-10, rarely more, but then styles 3 or corolla with valvate
aestivation. 202

202. Stamens as many as the petals, 4, opposite and adnate to them.
Stigma 1. Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4, valvate. Shrubs or trees.
=55. Proteaceae.=

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more
numerous. 203

203. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 1-2. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. Sepals 4.
Petals 4. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds with curved embryo. Herbs or
undershrubs, rarely shrubs. =88. Cruciferae.=

Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, rarely only 1, but then fertile stamens 1,
5, 8, or more. Shrubs or trees. 204

204. Flowers in axillary clusters, hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals
valvate in bud. Petals hooded. Stamens 8-10, with 4-celled anthers
(or 16-20 united in pairs). Style and stigma simple. _Hua_, =144.
Sterculiaceae=.

Flowers in panicles. Petals not hooded. Stamens neither with 4-celled
anthers nor united in pairs. =127. Anacardiaceae.=

205. (192.) Leaves stipulate. Stamens 9-10. 206

Leaves exstipulate, rarely (_Polygalaceae_) stipulate, but then stamens
8. 207

206. Flowers irregular. Stamens more or less perigynous. Style simple.
=105. Leguminosae.=

Flowers regular. Stamens hypogynous. Styles 3-4, free or partly united.
Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. _Erythroxylon_, =112. Erythroxylaceae=.

207. Flowers distinctly irregular, hermaphrodite. Stamens 8; filaments
united; anthers opening by a pore. Style 1. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
undivided. _Securidaca_, =120. Polygalaceae=.

Flowers regular or nearly so, rarely distinctly irregular, but then
unisexual or with 10 stamens. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 208

208. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or
more. Leaves simple or digitate. =80. Menispermaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely (_Anacardiaceae_)
unisexual, but then stamens alternating with the petals or leaves
pinnate. 209

209. Stamens distinctly perigynous, 4, 8, or 10. Style simple; stigma
entire. Leaves undivided. Shrubs. =171. Thymelaeaceae.=

Stamens hypogynous or nearly so, rarely (_Anacardiaceae_) distinctly
perigynous, but then stigma lobed and leaves pinnate. 210

210. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Calyx little
developed, entire or obscurely toothed. Shrubs. Leaves undivided. =57.
Opiliaceae.=

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or more. Calyx
distinctly developed. 211

211. Stamens 6. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Herbs or
undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves simple. =88. Cruciferae.=

Stamens 4 or more, rarely 6, but then sepals 3 and petals 3. Shrubs or
trees. 212

212. Stamens numerous; filaments united. Style thread-shaped. Corolla
with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves opposite, undivided.
Shrubs. _Endodesmia_, =149. Guttiferae=.

Stamens 4-20; if more than 10, then style short and thick, corolla with
valvate aestivation, and leaves pinnate. 213

213. Ovule with ventral raphe. Stamens 10. Leaves with 1-3
transparently dotted leaflets. _Eriander_, =115. Rutaceae=.

Ovule with dorsal raphe. =127. Anacardiaceae.=

214. (191.) Ovules 2. 215

Ovules 3 or more. 231

215. Ovules or their funicle erect or ascending. 216

Ovules or their funicle pendulous or descending. 224

216. Ovules attached one above the other, rarely side by side; in the
latter case flowers irregular, stamens 9-10, and style terminal or
nearly so. Leaves usually stipulate. 217

Ovules attached one opposite the other or side by side. Flowers
regular, more rarely irregular, but then stamens 6 or style basal.
Leaves usually exstipulate. 218

217. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Stamens 5,
opposite the petals, hypogynous. Leaves undivided. _Waltheria_, =144.
Sterculiaceae=.

Flowers irregular, more rarely regular, but then, as usually, stamens
perigynous or more than 5. Leaves usually compound. =105. Leguminosae.=

218. Ovules straight. Stamens 5 or 10, more or less distinctly
perigynous. Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees. =104. Connaraceae.=

Ovules incurved or inverted. Leaves simple, undivided or dissected; in
the latter case herbs. 219

219. Styles 2, free or united below. Stamens 2-5, hypogynous or nearly
so. Leaves opposite. Herbs or undershrubs. =75. Caryophyllaceae.=

Style 1, with a single stigma. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, but
then shrubs or trees. 220

220. Style basal. Stamens perigynous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or
trees. Seeds exalbuminous. =103. Rosaceae.=

Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens hypogynous; rarely perigynous, but
then leaves opposite. 221

221. Stamens 5, perigynous. Sepals united below. Leaves opposite.
Shrubs or trees. _Pleurostylia_, =129. Celastraceae=.

Stamens 6, hypogynous. Sepals free. Leaves alternate. 222

222. Flowers irregular. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Fruit a 2-seeded nut.
Herbs. Leaves dissected. _Sarcocapnos_, =86. Papaveraceae=.

Flowers regular. Sepals 3-6. Leaves undivided. 223

223. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals. Anthers opening by longitudinal
slits. Style distinctly developed. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Undershrubs.
Flowers white. _Dipterygium_, =87. Capparidaceae=.

Perianth of 3-6 sepals, 3 petals, and 6 honey-scales. Anthers opening
by valves. Style none. Fruit a berry. Shrubs. Flowers yellow.
_Berberis_, =79. Berberidaceae=.

224. (215.) Ovules suspended from a free central placenta. Stamens
4-10. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. =59. Olacaceae.=

Ovules attached to the wall of the ovary, usually near the apex. 225

225. Ovules one above the other, rarely side by side; in the latter
case flowers irregular with 9-10 stamens. Leaves usually compound and
stipulate. =105. Leguminosae.=

Ovules side by side or one opposite the other. Flowers regular, rarely
somewhat irregular, but then stamens 3-6. 226

226. Ovules attached laterally. Stamens 3-5. Flowers usually unisexual.
Embryo large. Leaves exstipulate, usually compound. =115. Rutaceae.=

Ovules attached by the apex, rarely laterally, but then stamens more
than 5. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Leaves simple. 227

227. Stamens 4-5. Shrubs or trees. Leaves exstipulate. =132.
Icacinaceae.=

Stamens 6 or more. 228

228. Stamens 6. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo curved. Leaves
exstipulate. =88. Cruciferae.=

Stamens 10 or more. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees. 229

229. Stamens 10, hypogynous. Styles or stigmas 3-4. Sepals 5. Petals 5.
_Erythroxylon_, =112. Erythroxylaceae=.

Stamens 12 or more. 230

230. Style 1, with a single stigma. Stamens 12-20, perigynous. Sepals
5-12. Petals 5-12. Seeds with scanty albumen or without any. =103.
Rosaceae.=

Styles 2-6 or style 1 with 2 stigmas; in the latter case stamens more
then 20. Seeds with copious albumen. =159. Flacourtiaceae.=

231. (214.) Ovules basal or attached to a central placenta. 232

Ovules attached to one or more parietal placentas. 244

232. Ovules basal. 233

Ovules attached to a central placenta. 239

233. Style or sessile stigma 1, entire. 234

Styles, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 2-6. 236

234. Stamens 10. Calyx closed in bud, subsequently 2-3-parted. Flowers
solitary or in pairs. =196. Styracaceae.=

Stamens 5-6. Calyx with 3-9 imbricate segments. 235

235. Flowers 5-merous, in cymes. Stamens perigynous. Anthers opening
by longitudinal slits. Style present. Leaves opposite. _Pleurostylia_,
=129. Celastraceae=.

Flowers 6-merous, in racemes. Stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening
by valves. Style wanting. Leaves alternate or all radical. =79.
Berberidaceae.=

236. Stamens very numerous. Anthers linear. Style 2-cleft. Trees.
Leaves alternate, stipulate. _Lophira_, =147. Ochnaceae=.

Stamens 1-20; if more than 10, then styles 5. 237

237. Leaves and flowers clothed with glandular hairs; the former
alternate. Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free. Ovules upon a long funicle.
Seeds albuminous, with a minute embryo. Undershrubs. _Drosophyllum_,
=92. Droseraceae=.

Leaves and flowers without glandular hairs. Stamens 1-10. Seeds with a
large or rather large embryo. 238

238. Leaves alternate. Disc present. Ovules upon a short funicle. Seeds
exalbuminous. =153. Tamaricaceae.=

Leaves opposite. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved. =75.
Caryophyllaceae.=

239. (232.) Ovules pendulous. Style 1. Fertile stamens 3-6. =59.
Olacaceae.=

Ovules ascending or horizontal. 240

240. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals. Style simple; stigma
entire or obscurely lobed. 241

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or fewer or more
numerous. 242

241. Stamens 3. Leaves opposite. Herbs. _Pelletiera_, =191.
Primulaceae=.

Stamens 4-7. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees. =190. Myrsinaceae.=

242. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Petals perigynous. Style simple
with an entire or 2-lobed stigma. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.
=173. Lythraceae.=

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Petals hypogynous or nearly so. Style
simple with a 3-lobed stigma or with several stigmas, or styles 2 or
more. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved. 243

243. Sepals 2. Stamens 8-30. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3. Leaves
alternate. =73. Portulacaceae.=

Sepals 4-5. Stamens 1-10. Leaves opposite. =75. Caryophyllaceae.=

244. (231.) Ovules attached to a single placenta. 245

Ovules attached to two or more placentas. 248

245. Sepals evidently united, rarely free or nearly so, and then petals
5 or leaves stipulate. Stamens usually perigynous. Stigma 1. Leaves
usually compound. =105. Leguminosae.=

Sepals free or nearly so. Petals 2-4. Stamens hypogynous. Leaves
exstipulate, simple, but often dissected. Herbs or undershrubs. 246

246. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 5. Petals 2-4. Stamens
numerous. Fruit opening at one side. Embryo straight. _Delphinium_,
=78. Ranunculaceae=.

Flowers regular or nearly so. Sepals 4 or 8. Petals 4. Stamens 4 or 6.
Fruit opening in two valves or remaining closed. Embryo more or less
curved. 247

247. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Albumen abundant.
Leaves dissected. _Epimedium_, =79. Berberidaceae=.

Stamens 6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Albumen scanty or
wanting. =88. Cruciferae.=

248. (244.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more
stigmas contiguous at the base, or 1 sessile stigma. 249

Styles 2-6, free or more or less united with separated stigmas (not
contiguous at the base), or 2-6 free sessile stigmas. 266

249. Fertile stamens as many as petals or fewer, 2-10. 250

Fertile stamens more than petals. 257

250. Fertile stamens 10. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards.
Stigmas 5. Sepals 3. Trees. _Warburgia_, =157. Winteranaceae=.

Fertile stamens 2-6. 251

251. Fertile stamens 2-4. Flowers hermaphrodite. Seeds exalbuminous,
with curved embryo. =87. Capparidaceae.=

Fertile stamens 5, rarely (_Passifloraceae_) 4 or 6, but then flowers
unisexual. Seeds rarely exalbuminous, and then with straight embryo. 252

252. Fertile stamens opposite the petals. Shrubs or trees. 253

Fertile stamens alternate with the petals. Leaves simple. Seeds
albuminous. 254

253. Flowers irregular. Petals perigynous. Anthers opening by a single
slit. Placentas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves pinnate. _Moringa_, =90.
Moringaceae=.

Flowers regular. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
simple, undivided. =159. Flacourtiaceae.=

254. Sepals united below. Petals perigynous, sometimes nearly
hypogynous, and then, as usual, staminodes or a corona interposed
between the petals and the stamens. Flowers regular. =161.
Passifloraceae.=

Sepals free or nearly so. Petals hypogynous or nearly so; in the latter
case neither staminodes nor a corona within them. 255

255. Staminodes present, sometimes petal-like. Placentas 3. Flowers
regular. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stipulate. =147. Ochnaceae.=

Staminodes wanting. 256

256. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate and then stem herbaceous or
suffruticose. Placentas 3. =158. Violaceae.=

Leaves exstipulate. Stem woody. Flowers regular. Placentas 2, rarely
3-5. _Pittosporum_, =97. Pittosporaceae=.

257. (249.) Sepals and petals together 6 (2 sepals and 4 petals),
rarely 9 (3 sepals and 6 petals). Stamens 6 or many. Stem herbaceous.
Leaves more or less deeply divided. =86. Papaveraceae.=

Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely 9, but then stem
woody and leaves undivided. 258

258. Sepals and petals together 9; sepals 3, small; petals 6, unequal.
Stamens numerous, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Ovules
scattered over the inner wall of the ovary. Stigma sessile or nearly
so. Albumen ruminate. Trees. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite.
_Monodora_, =81. Anonaceae=.

Sepals and petals together 7, 8, 10, or more, rarely (_Flacourtiaceae_)
9, but then ovules attached to 2-10 placentas and either style
distinctly developed or stamens 5-15. 259

259. Perianth of 4 sepals and 4 petals, rarely (_Capparidaceae_) of 2
sepals and 6 petals or of 5 sepals and 5 petals; in the latter case
ovary long-stalked. Albumen scanty or wanting. 260

Perianth of 3-6 sepals and 4 or more petals, but not of 4 sepals and 4
petals. Ovary sessile or nearly so. 262

260. Filaments united throughout their whole length, 8. Placentas 3-5,
with 2 ovules each. Calyx 4-lobed. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees.
=118. Meliaceae.=

Filaments free or united at the base. Placentas 2 or more, in the
latter case with numerous ovules. Embryo curved. Leaves simple or
digitate. 261

261. Stamens 6, four of them longer than the other two. Ovary sessile
or nearly so. Placentas 2. Flowers regular or nearly so. Herbs or
undershrubs. Leaves simple, without stipules. =88. Cruciferae.=

Stamens few or many; if 6, then not four longer than the rest. Ovary
usually stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Flowers mostly irregular. =87.
Capparidaceae.=

262. Filaments united in 3-5 bundles. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds
ex-albuminous. Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. =149.
Guttiferae.=

Filaments all free or united at the base. Seeds albuminous. 263

263. Anthers opening at the apex by pores or very short slits. Sepals
5. Petals 5. Leaves alternate, stipulate, usually lobed. 264

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire or toothed. 265

264. Anthers curved. Placentas 2. Petals red. Flowers and flower-stalks
clothed with minute scales. _Bixa_, =155. Bixaceae=.

Anthers straight. Placentas 3-5. Petals yellow. Flowers and
flower-stalks glabrous or clothed with simple hairs. _Cochlospermum_,
=156. Cochlospermaceae=.

265. Embryo distinctly curved, folded, or rolled up. Ovules usually
straight. Disc and corona usually wanting. Anthers opening inwards or
laterally. Sepals 3 or 5. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Leaves
mostly opposite. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. =154. Cistaceae.=

Embryo straight or nearly straight. Ovules inverted. Disc or corona
usually present. Anthers usually opening outwards. Leaves alternate.
Shrubs or trees. =159. Flacourtiaceae.=

266. (248.) Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Land-plants. 267

Leaves alternate or all radical, rarely (_Droseraceae_) whorled, but
then water-plants with 5 stamens and 5 styles. 268

267. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-6. Style 2-3-cleft.
Seeds with abundant albumen. =152. Frankeniaceae.=

Sepals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 9 or more. Seeds without
albumen. _Hypericum_, =149. Guttiferae=.

268. Herbs with glandular hairs or with whorled leaves. Sepals, petals,
and stamens equal in number, 4, 5, or 8. Anthers more or less turned
outwards. =92. Droseraceae.=

Herbs or undershrubs without glandular hairs or woody plants; if herbs,
then anthers turned inwards, at least when young. Leaves alternate or
all radical. 269

269. Flowers irregular. Ovary open at the apex. Stigmas sessile. Seeds
exalbuminous; embryo curved. =89. Resedaceae.=

Flowers regular. Ovary closed. 270

270. Corolla with contorted aestivation, more or less perigynous. Calyx
deciduous, callous or glandular within. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5.
Anthers turned inwards. Styles 3. =160. Turneraceae.=

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted, or with valvate aestivation,
very rarely with contorted aestivation, but then stamens numerous. 271

271. Seeds exalbuminous, rarely albuminous, and then placentas finally
separating from the wall of the ovary. Anthers usually turned outwards.
Leaves exstipulate. =153. Tamaricaceae.=

Seeds albuminous. Placentas not separating from the wall of the ovary.
Anthers turned inwards, rarely outwards, but then, as usually, leaves
stipulate. 272

272. Stem erect, rarely climbing, and then stamens numerous or anthers
turned outwards. Corona, if present, simple or double. Ovary sessile
or nearly so. Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, undivided. =159.
Flacourtiaceae.=

Stem climbing, usually tendril-bearing, rarely erect, but then corona
3-or more-fold or ovary distinctly stalked. Stamens 4-10. Anthers
turned inwards. Sepals 4-6, more or less united, imbricate in bud.
Petals as many as sepals. =161. Passifloraceae.=

273. (190.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 274

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 319

274. Ovules erect or ascending. 275

Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal. 288

275. Disc outside the stamens, sometimes one-sided or broken up into
several glands. Leaves alternate, compound, rarely simple and then
stamens 8-10. 276

Disc or separate glands within or between the stamens or wanting,
rarely outside the stamens, but then leaves simple and stamens 4-6. 277

276. Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals 5. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 4-celled.
Seeds with abundant albumen; embryo straight. _Bersama_, =135.
Melianthaceae=.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds without albumen; embryo more or
less curved. =134. Sapindaceae.=

277. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 278

Petals and stamens more or less perigynous. Leaves simple, stipulate.
Shrubs or trees. 285

278. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or 6. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate,
undivided, exstipulate. 279

Sepals 4 or 5, rarely 2. Petals 3-5. 280

279. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening outwards.
Ovary many-celled. Styles numerous. =81. Anonaceae.=

Sepals imbricate or open in bud. Stamens 3. Anthers opening laterally.
Ovary 2-9-celled. Style 2-9-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
=125. Empetraceae.=

280. Sepals valvate in bud, 5. Petals with contorted aestivation.
Filaments united. Stigmas several. Leaves simple, stipulate. 281

Sepals imbricate in bud, rarely valvate, but then only 2. Leaves
exstipulate. 282

281. Anthers 1-celled. Fertile stamens numerous. Ovary 3-or
more-celled. Seeds albuminous. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers 2-celled. Fertile stamens 5, rarely more, but then ovary
2-celled and seeds exalbuminous. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

282. Stamens numerous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Shrubs or trees.
=149. Guttiferae.=

Stamens 2-10. Stigmas 1-2. Leaves alternate. 283

283. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs or trees. Stigma 1. =118. Meliaceae.=

Leaves simple. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Embryo curved. 284

284. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 2-6. Glands present between the
stamens. =88. Cruciferae.=

Sepals 5. Petals 3-5. Stamens 5-10, united at the base. _Limeum_, =72.
Aizoaceae=.

285. (277.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4-5. Stamens 10-20. Ovary
2-celled. Style basal. Stigma 1. _Parinarium_, =103. Rosaceae=.

Flowers regular. Petals 4-8. Stamens 4-8. Style terminal or nearly so.
286

286. Petals, stamens, and carpels 8 each. _Dirachma_, =107.
Geraniaceae=.

Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5. Carpels 2-5. 287

287. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens opposite the petals. Style
1, with a more or less deeply divided stigma, or several styles. =137.
Rhamnaceae.=

Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. Stamens alternate with the
petals. Style 1, with an entire or lobed stigma. =129. Celastraceae.=

288. (274.) Flowers unisexual. 289

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 293

289. Leaves simple. 290

Leaves compound. Shrubs or trees. 293

290. Sepals 2-3, united below, valvate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted
aestivation. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2-celled. Style wanting; stigma
lobed. Shrubs or trees. _Carpodiptera_, =141. Tiliaceae=.

Sepals, at least in the female flowers, 4-6, sometimes almost wholly
united. 291

291. Ovary slightly sunk in the receptacle, 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens
5. Anthers opening by valves. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Shrubs.
_Trichocladus_, =101. Hamamelidaceae=.

Ovary wholly superior, usually 3-celled. Styles usually 3. Anthers
opening by longitudinal slits. 292

292. Ovules straight. Stigmas sessile or nearly so. Stamens 10.
Calyx-limb nearly entire. Fruit drupaceous. _Panda_, =106. Pandaceae=.

Ovules inverted. =122. Euphorbiaceae.=

293. Leaves stipulate. Ovary surrounded by scales. Fruit capsular.
Spiny shrubs. _Neoluederitzia_, =113. Zygophyllaceae=.

Leaves exstipulate. Fruit usually drupaceous. =127. Anacardiaceae.=

294. (288.) Flowers distinctly irregular. 295

Flowers regular or nearly so. 298

295. Leaves compound. Receptacle expanded into a disc or elongated into
a stalk. Filaments free. Trees or shrubs. =127. Anacardiaceae.=

Leaves simple, undivided. Receptacle small. 296

296. Stamens 10. Shrubs or undershrubs. =119. Malpighiaceae.=

Stamens 5-8. 297

297. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Petals
5, perigynous. Style 1; stigmas 3. Climbing herbs. _Tropaeolum_, =109.
Tropaeolaceae=.

Filaments united. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Petals hypogynous.
=120. Polygalaceae.=

298. (294.) Stamens as many as the petals or fewer or more numerous,
but less than twice as many, 2-6. 299

Stamens twice as many as the petals or in greater number, rarely
(_Thymelaeaceae_) as many as the petals, but then 8-10. 305

299. Filaments all united below. Fertile and sterile stamens together
as many as the petals, 4-6. Disc not distinctly developed. Leaves
undivided. 300

Filaments free or united in pairs. 301

300. Stamens all fertile. Seeds albuminous. =110. Linaceae.=

Stamens partly sterile (2 fertile, 3 sterile). Seeds exalbuminous.
_Cottsia_, =119. Malpighiaceae=.

301. Anthers opening by apical pores. Petals and stamens 5, slightly
perigynous. Ovary 3-celled. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Seeds with
abundant albumen. Undershrubs. Leaves rolled inwards when young,
undivided, bearing glandular hairs. _Roridula_, =147. Ochnaceae=.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with scanty albumen or
without any. 302

302. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Style 1. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Embryo
curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves simple. =88.
Cruciferae.=

Stamens 5, rarely 4, but then styles 4 and leaves pinnate. Shrubs or
trees. 303

303. Flowers 4-merous. Disc within the stamens. Leaves pinnate. =116.
Simarubaceae.=

Flowers 5-merous. 304

304. Disc within the stamens. Ovary 3-or 5-celled. Styles or sessile
stigmas 3 or 5. Leaves simple. =127. Anacardiaceae.=

Disc outside the stamens. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple. Leaves pinnate.
_Filicium_, =134. Sapindaceae=.

305. (298.) Filaments free. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. 306

Filaments united into a tube, at least at the base. 312

306. Disc present, more or less ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped. 307

Disc wanting. Leaves undivided. 310

307. Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Leaves compound, exstipulate.
=127. Anacardiaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then 3-merous. 308

308. Leaves with glandular dots, compound, exstipulate. Ovary
3-5-celled. Style simple. =115. Rutaceae.=

Leaves without dots. 309

309. Leaves stipulate, pinnate with 1-2 pairs of leaflets, more rarely
simple and undivided, and then stigma 3-parted. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style
simple. =113. Zygophyllaceae.=

Leaves rarely stipulate, but then undivided and stigma entire or
2-lobed. =116. Simarubaceae.=

310. Sepals united into a minute, entire or toothed calyx. Petals 4-6,
valvate in bud. Ovary 3-4-celled. Seeds with abundant albumen. =59.
Olacaceae.=

Sepals free or united at the base only. Seeds without albumen. 311

311. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. =119. Malpighiaceae.=

Petals 8-10, rarely 4-5, scale-like, valvate in bud. Sepals free,
petaloid. Ovary 4-5-celled. _Octolepis_, =171. Thymelaeaceae=.

312. (305.) Stamens numerous. Anthers opening by one slit. Calyx
with valvate aestivation. Seeds with curved embryo. Leaves simple,
stipulate. =142. Malvaceae.=

Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-12, rarely (_Malpighiaceae_) a
few more (11-15). Anthers opening by two slits. Calyx with imbricate or
open aestivation. 313

313. Style 1, undivided with a single stigma or with two or more
stigmas contiguous at the base. 314

Styles 2-5, free or more or less united with separate (not contiguous)
stigmas. Stamens 10, rarely 11-15. 316

314. Leaves compound, exstipulate. Seeds without albumen. =118.
Meliaceae.=

Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 10. 315

315. Ovary 5-celled. Disc present. Seeds albuminous. Trees. Leaves
exstipulate. _Saccoglottis_, =111. Humiriaceae=.

Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc wanting. Shrubs or undershrubs. 316

316. Seeds albuminous. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Leaves alternate,
stipulate. _Nectaropetalum_, =110. Linaceae=.

Seeds exalbuminous. Flowers in racemose inflorescences, rarely
solitary. Sepals usually with glands on the outside. =119.
Malpighiaceae.=

317. Styles and ovary-cells 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.
=108. Oxalidaceae.=

Styles and ovary-cells 2-4. Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves
undivided. 318

318. Flowers solitary or in fascicles. Petals with a scale on the
inside. Styles or style-branches 3-4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds usually
albuminous. Leaves alternate, stipulate. _Erythroxylon_, =112.
Erythroxylaceae=.

Flowers in racemose inflorescences. Sepals usually with glands on
the outside. Styles or style-branches 2-3. Seeds exalbuminous. =119.
Malpighiaceae.=

319. (273.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 320

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 389

320. Style 1, undivided, or 2 or more styles united to the base of the
stigmas, or 1 sessile stigma. 321

Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not up to the base of the
stigmas, or 2 or more free sessile stigmas. 371

321. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals. 322

Stamens more than the petals. 339

322. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals. 323

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals, or fewer. 325

323. Stamens 10. Ovary 10-celled. Herbs. Leaves opposite. _Augea_,
=113. Zygophyllaceae=.

Stamens 3-7. Leaves alternate. 324

324. Petals with valvate aestivation. Filaments free. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit a berry. =138. Vitaceae.=

Petals with imbricate-contorted aestivation. Filaments more or less
united. Ovary 3-or more-celled. Fruit a capsule. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

325. Stamens 2-4. 326

Stamens 5. 333

326. Sepals 2-4. Petals 3-4. 327

Sepals 5. Petals 2-5. 332

327. Leaves marked with glandular dots, at least at the edges. Stipules
wanting. 328

Leaves without glandular dots. 329

328. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Disc
cushion-shaped. Stigmas 3. Fruit separating into 3 drupe-like, 2-celled
mericarps. Seeds with curved embryo. _Chamaelea_, =114. Cneoraceae=.

Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then fruit not drupe-like.
=115. Rutaceae.=

329. Leaves stipulate. Ovules usually erect. Corolla imbricate in bud.
Shrubs or trees. 330

Leaves exstipulate. Ovules usually pendulous. Ovary 2-celled or
transversally septate. Flowers hermaphrodite. 331

330. Disc present. =129. Celastraceae.=

Disc wanting. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled. _Azima_, =131.
Salvadoraceae=.

331. Leaves opposite. Petals valvate in bud. Receptacle without glands.
Shrubs or trees. =197. Oleaceae.=

Leaves alternate. Petals imbricate in bud. Receptacle provided with
glands. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. =88. Cruciferae.=

332. (326.) Anthers opening outwards. Stamens 3. Disc present. Ovary
3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. =130. Hippocrateaceae.=

Anthers opening inwards. Disc reduced to separate glands or wholly
wanting. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Seeds albuminous. =107.
Geraniaceae.=

333. (325.) Filaments united, at least at the base. 334

Filaments free. 336

334. Filaments united nearly to the apex. Petals with valvate
aestivation. Stigma 1. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. _Quivisianthe_,
=118. Meliaceae=.

Filaments united only at the base. Petals with imbricate or contorted
aestivation. Leaves stipulate. 335

335. Petals with contorted aestivation. Stigma 1. Seeds with an aril.
Shrubs. Leaves undivided. _Phyllocosmus_, =110. Linaceae=.

Petals with imbricate aestivation. Stigmas 5. Seeds without an aril.
=107. Geraniaceae.=

336. Leaves gland-dotted, exstipulate, but sometimes with axillary
spines. =115. Rutaceae.=

Leaves not dotted, simple, stipulate. 337

337. Calyx with valvate aestivation. _Triumfetta_, =141. Tiliaceae=.

Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 338

338. Calyx large. Ovules pendulous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves
alternate. _Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=.

Calyx small. Ovules erect, more rarely pendulous, but then leaves
opposite, at least those of the flowering branches. =129. Celastraceae.=

339. (321.) Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals, 5-8. 340

Stamens twice as many as the petals, or more. 343

340. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Disc outside the stamens. Stamens
8, rarely 5-6; in the latter case ovary 3-celled. Ovules ascending, at
least one of them, or horizontal. Shrubs or trees. 341

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 5-7. Ovary 2-or 5-celled or
transversally septate. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 342

341. Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite, lobed. _Acer_, =133. Aceraceae=.

Ovary 3-celled. Leaves alternate, pinnate. =134. Sapindaceae.=

342. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled or transversally
septate. Stigmas 1-2. Leaves exstipulate. =88. Cruciferae.=

Sepals 5. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Leaves stipulate. =107.
Geraniaceae.=

343. (339.) Stamens twice as many as the petals. 344

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. 359

344. Filaments free. 345

Filaments evidently united, at least at the base. 354

345. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 346

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. 349

346. Leaves gland-dotted, without stipules, but sometimes with axillary
spines. =115. Rutaceae.=

Leaves not gland-dotted, usually with stipules. 347

347. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Petals valvate
in bud. Stamens perigynous. Shrubs or trees. =177. Rhizophoraceae.=

Leaves alternate. 348

348. Leaves simple, stipulate. Stamens hypogynous. =141. Tiliaceae.=

Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then, as usual, exstipulate.
Shrubs or trees. =117. Burseraceae.=

349. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous. 350

Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 352

350. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 6-toothed involucre. Petals 5.
Disc cup-shaped. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided.
_Leptochlaena_, =140. Chlaenaceae=.

Sepals 4-6. Disc ring-or cushion-shaped or reduced to separate scales
or wanting. 351

351. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Filaments usually provided with an
appendage. Leaves usually compound. =113. Zygophyllaceae.=

Stigmas 5. Filaments without an appendage. Leaves simple, but sometimes
dissected. Fruit beaked, splitting into 5 nutlets. =107. Geraniaceae.=

352. Flowers irregular, 4-merous. Disc outside the stamens, one-sided,
sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-3-celled. Leaves pinnate. =134.
Sapindaceae.=

Flowers regular. 353

353. Bark resinous. Leaves rarely dotted. Ovules pendulous or
laterally attached. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscing. Seeds
exalbuminous. =117. Burseraceae.=

Bark not resinous. Leaves gland-dotted. Ovules usually ascending. =115.
Rutaceae.=

354. (344.) Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves stipulate. 355

Sepals imbricate in bud. 356

355. Leaves opposite or whorled. Petals toothed or slit, valvate in
bud. =177. Rhizophoraceae.=

Leaves alternate. Petals nearly always imbricate in bud. =144.
Sterculiaceae.=

356. Stigmas 5. Ovary lobed. Sepals and petals imbricate in bud. Herbs
or undershrubs. Leaves simple, stipulate. =107. Geraniaceae.=

Stigmas 1-3. Shrubs or trees. 357

357. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Petals with contorted aestivation.
Disc wanting. =110. Linaceae.=

Leaves exstipulate. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. 358

358. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 3-celled. Disc wanting.
_Asteropeia_, =148. Theaceae=.

Leaves compound, more rarely simple, but then ovary 4-20-celled. Disc
usually present. =118. Meliaceae.=

359. (343.) Petals with valvate aestivation. Trees or shrubs. 360

Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 362

360. Sepals free. Petals and stamens hypogynous. Anthers opening by an
apical pore. _Elaeocarpus_, =139. Elaeocarpaceae=.

Sepals united below. Petals and stamens more or less perigynous.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. 361

361. Calyx entire or nearly so. Leaves alternate. =145.
Scytopetalaceae.=

Calyx more or less deeply divided. Leaves opposite or whorled. =177.
Rhizophoraceae.=

362. Calyx with valvate aestivation. 363

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. 366

363. Leaves exstipulate, undivided, opposite. Ovules ascending or
horizontal. Seeds exalbuminous. =149. Guttiferae.=

Leaves stipulate. Petals 5. 364

364. Filaments free. Anthers opening by two slits. =141. Tiliaceae.=

Filaments evidently united. 365

365. Anthers opening by a single slit. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers opening by two slits. Stigmas 3 or 5. _Dombeya_, =144.
Sterculiaceae=.

366. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base. 367

Stem woody throughout. Leaves undivided. 368

367. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovary 3-celled.
Stigmas 1-3. Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves entire. =154.
Cistaceae.=

Sepals and petals with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 15. Ovary
5-celled. Stigmas 5. Fruit opening septicidally. Leaves stipulate.
=107. Geraniaceae.=

368. Leaves stipulate. 369

Leaves exstipulate. 370

369. Sepals 3, surrounded by a 3-5-toothed involucre. Disc cup-shaped.
Fruit dehiscent. _Sarcochlaena_, =140. Chlaenaceae=.

Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Fruit indehiscent. =150. Dipterocarpaceae.=

370. Leaves alternate. Ovules pendulous. =148. Theaceae.=

Leaves opposite. Ovules ascending or horizontal. =149. Guttiferae.=

371. (320.) Stamens as many to twice as many as petals, 4-12. 372

Stamens more than twice as many as petals. 382

372. Filaments free. 373

Filaments obviously united, at least at the base. 377

373. Stipules present, but sometimes very small and caducous. 374

Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 376

374. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 8-10.
=98. Cunoniaceae.=

Leaves alternate. 375

375. Style 1, 2-3-cleft, with undivided branches. Stamens 5. Disc
present. Sepals imbricate in bud. Petals usually 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe
or nut. Seeds exalbuminous. _Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=.

Styles 2, 3, or 5, free or united at the base, usually 2-cleft. Flowers
unisexual. Fruit usually a capsule. =122. Euphorbiaceae.=

376. Leaves with glandular dots. Petals 4-5. Stamens as many or twice
as many. =115. Rutaceae.=

Leaves without glandular dots, lobed, opposite. Petals 5. Stamens 8,
inserted at the inner edge of the disc. Ovary-cells and style-branches
2. _Acer_, =133. Aceraceae=.

377. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as and alternate with the
petals. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. =122. Euphorbiaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. 378

378. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Leaves alternate, stipulate.
=144. Sterculiaceae.=

Sepals imbricate in bud. 379

379. Petals with a callosity or scale on the inside. Ovary-cells
and styles or style-branches 3-4. Stamens 10. Flowers solitary or
in fascicles. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Shrubs or trees. =112.
Erythroxylaceae.=

Petals without an appendage on the inside. Ovary-cells and styles or
style-branches 5, more rarely 3-4, but then stamens 4-5 or flowers in
racemes or panicles. 380

380. Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5. Stamens 10. Fruit a capsule.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, usually
compound. =108. Oxalidaceae.=

Ovary entire. Stamens 4-5 or 10; in the latter case styles 3 or fruit a
drupe. Leaves simple, undivided. 381

381. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Flowers
in panicles. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Small trees or climbing
shrubs. _Asteropeia_, =148. Theaceae=.

Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 5, rarely 3-4, but then
stamens 4-5 or flowers in cone-like racemes. =110. Linaceae.=

382. (371.) Leaves stipulate, alternate. 383

Leaves exstipulate. 386

383. Calyx imbricate in bud, 4-partite. Stamens 10. Filaments free
or united at the base. Anthers turned outwards, 2-celled. Flowers
unisexual. Trees. _Heywoodia_, =122. Euphorbiaceae=.

Calyx valvate in bud. 384

384. Anthers 1-celled (one half only developed). Filaments united.
Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers 2-celled (both halves developed, but sometimes finally
confluent). 385

385. Filaments united at the base or higher up. Flowers hermaphrodite
or polygamous. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

Filaments free or united at the base; in the latter case flowers
unisexual. =141. Tiliaceae.=

386. Leaves opposite, undivided. Ovules ascending or horizontal. Seeds
exalbuminous. =149. Guttiferae.=

Leaves alternate. 387

387. Sepals 2. Petals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Anthers
2-celled. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules ascending. Style 1,
two-cleft. _Talinella_, =73. Portulacaceae=.

Sepals 5. Disc wanting. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules pendulous. Styles 3-5,
free or united at the base. 388

388. Flowers unisexual, in glomerules. Petals in the male flowers 3,
valvate in bud. Anthers 4-celled. _Junodia_, =122. Euphorbiaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in panicles. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Anthers
2-celled. =148. Theaceae.=

389. (319.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with two or
more stigmas contiguous at the base, or one sessile stigma. 390

Styles 2 or more, free or united below, but not to the base of the
stigmas, or two or more free sessile stigmas. 439

390. Stamens fewer than twice as many as the petals. 391

Stamens twice as many as the petals or more. 404

391. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 392

Petals, and usually also the stamens, more or less perigynous. Leaves
undivided. 399

392. Stamens 7-9, free. Sepals 3 or 5, petals 5, both with contorted
aestivation. Flowers regular. Leaves entire. =154. Cistaceae.=

Stamens 2-6. 393

393. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 6, rarely 2 or 4. Sepals 4, petals 4.
Receptacle with glands. Leaves simple, without stipules, but often with
auricles at the base. =88. Cruciferae.=

Ovary 3-or more-celled. Stamens 4-5. 394

394. Sepals valvate in bud, united below. Filaments usually united.
Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate. 395

Sepals imbricate or open in bud, free or nearly so, rarely evidently
united, but then leaves exstipulate. Filaments free; anthers sometimes
united. 396

395. Anthers opening by 1 slit. Leaves palmately compound. Trees.
_Ceiba_, =143. Bombacaceae=.

Anthers opening by 2 slits or pores. Leaves simple. =144.
Sterculiaceae.=

396. Anthers united, opening at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc wanting.
Petals 3 or 5. Sepals 3 or 5, one of them spurred. Herbs. Leaves
undivided, exstipulate. _Impatiens_, =136. Balsaminaceae=.

Anthers free, opening lengthwise. 397

397. Flowers irregular. Stamens usually fewer than the petals. Disc
present. Ovary 4-5-celled. Albumen abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
alternate, pinnate. _Melianthus_, =135. Melianthaceae=.

Flowers regular. Stamens as many as the petals. Albumen scanty or
wanting. 398

398. Disc present. Leaves stipulate, usually opposite or compound.
=113. Zygophyllaceae.=

Disc wanting. Staminodes in bundles alternating with the fertile
stamens. Sepals united below. Leaves exstipulate, alternate, undivided.
_Thomassetia_, =148. Theaceae=.

399. (391.) Calyx with valvate aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo
straight. =173. Lythraceae.=

Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. 400

400. Stem herbaceous. Leaves without glandular dots, exstipulate.
Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled. _Subularia_, =88.
Cruciferae=.

Stem woody. Stamens 3-5, very rarely 6-8, but then sepals 5 and petals
5. 401

401. Leaves with glandular dots, alternate, exstipulate. Stamens 5-8.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. _Heteropyxis_, =180. Myrtaceae=.

Leaves without glandular dots. Stamens 3-5. Ovary 3-7-celled. 402

402. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate and then, as usually, stamens
3. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Filaments dilated. Ovary 3-celled.
Seeds exalbuminous. =130. Hippocrateaceae.=

Leaves alternate. Stamens 4-5, inserted below the edge of the disc.
Seeds albuminous. 403

403. Leaves stipulate. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an
aril. =129. Celastraceae.=

Leaves exstipulate. Ovary 5-7-celled. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without an
aril. _Brexia_, =96. Saxifragaceae.=

404. (390.) Stamens twice as many as the petals. 405

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. 416

405. Petals and stamens hypogynous. 406

Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous. Leaves undivided. 413

406. Filaments united in a tube, at least at the base. 407

Filaments free, rarely (_Rutaceae_) united in several bundles. 408

407. Sepals valvate in bud, very rarely at first imbricate; in this
case many ovules in each ovary-cell and leaves undivided. Disc wanting.
Leaves stipulate. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

Sepals imbricate in bud. Ovules few in each ovary-cell, rarely many,
but then leaves pinnate. Disc usually distinctly developed. Leaves
exstipulate. Shrubs or trees. =118. Meliaceae.=

408. Ovary distinctly stalked, entire. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo
curved. =87. Capparidaceae.=

Ovary sessile or nearly so. 409

409. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves stipulate.
=141. Tiliaceae.=

Calyx with imbricate, contorted, or open aestivation. 410

410. Calyx with contorted aestivation. Disc wanting. Leaves undivided.
Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. =154. Cistaceae.=

Calyx with imbricate, not contorted, or with open aestivation. Disc
ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped. 411

411. Disc outside the stamens. Flowers usually irregular. Seeds
with a copious albumen and straight embryo. Shrubs or trees. =135.
Melianthaceae.=

Disc within the stamens. Flowers regular. 412

412. Leaves with translucent dots, exstipulate. =115. Rutaceae.=

Leaves without dots, stipulate. =113. Zygophyllaceae.=

413. (405.) Anthers opening by 1-2 apical pores. Leaves opposite or
whorled, exstipulate. =181. Melastomataceae.=

Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. 414

414. Calyx with valvate aestivation. =173. Lythraceae.=

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Shrubs or
trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. 415

415. Flowers polygamous, without bracteoles. Calyx shortly lobed.
Filaments free. Anthers attached by the base. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves
with translucent dots. _Psiloxylon_, =180. Myrtaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx deeply divided. Anthers attached by the
back. Fruit dehiscing loculicidally. Leaves without dots. _Asteropeia_,
=148. Theaceae=.

416. (404.) Petals and stamens hypogynous. 417

Petals, and usually also the stamens, perigynous. 433

417. Stipules present, but sometimes minute and caducous. 418

Stipules wanting, but axillary spines sometimes present. 428

418. Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. 419

Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 425

419. Corolla with valvate aestivation. 420

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 421

420. Petals toothed or laciniate. Anthers opening by a single pore
or slit at the apex. Trees. Leaves undivided. _Elaeocarpus_, =139.
Elaeocarpaceae=.

Petals entire or emarginate. Anthers opening by 2 pores or slits. =141.
Tiliaceae.=

421. Ovary distinctly stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Petals with
imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. =87.
Capparidaceae.=

Ovary sessile or nearly so. Petals usually with contorted aestivation.
422

422. Anthers 1-celled, opening by 1 slit or pore. Filaments united.
Petals 5. 423

Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2, rarely confluent slits or pores. 424

423. Leaves simple. Flowers with an epicalyx. Filaments united to the
apex or nearly so. Pollen-grains spiny. =142. Malvaceae.=

Leaves palmately compound. Flowers without an epicalyx. Filaments
united below. Pollen-grains smooth or nearly so. Trees. =143.
Bombacaceae.=

424. Filaments more or less united. Staminodes present. =144.
Sterculiaceae.=

Filaments free, rarely shortly united at the base, but then staminodes
absent. =141. Tiliaceae.=

425. (418.) Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6.
Ovary sessile or nearly so. Seeds albuminous. Leaves undivided. 426

Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 427

426. Disc present. Ovules inverted. =140. Chlaenaceae.=

Disc absent. Ovules usually straight. =154. Cistaceae.=

427. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled. Style awl-shaped. Ovules ascending.
Seeds with copious albumen. Flowers regular. Leaves undivided.
_Sphaerosepalum_, =156. Cochlospermaceae=.

Ovary stalked. Seeds without albumen. =87. Capparidaceae.=

428. (417.) Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. Petals numerous.
Ovary 6-or more-celled. Stigma sessile. Seeds albuminous; embryo
straight. _Nuphar_, =76. Nymphaeaceae=.

Leaves cauline and radical or all cauline, not floating. Petals 4-5. 429

429. Leaves opposite. Calyx with valvate, open, or imbricate, not
contorted aestivation. Filaments usually united in several bundles.
Seeds exalbuminous. =149. Guttiferae.=

Leaves alternate, more rarely (Cistaceae) opposite, but then calyx
and corolla with contorted aestivation, filaments free, and seeds
albuminous. 430

430. Leaves compound, with 1-3 leaflets, translucently dotted. Sepals
united below. Ovary sessile, 5-or more-celled. Seeds exalbuminous.
=115. Rutaceae.=

Leaves simple, undivided, not dotted, rarely digitate or dotted, but
then ovary stalked. 431

431. Ovary stalked. Stigma usually sessile. Disc usually present. Seeds
exalbuminous. =87. Capparidaceae.=

Ovary sessile. Disc not distinctly developed. Flowers regular. 432

432. Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation. Ovules usually
straight. Seeds albuminous. =154. Cistaceae.=

Sepals and petals 5, with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovules
inverted or incurved. Trees or shrubs. =148. Theaceae.=

433. (416.) Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. 434

Calyx with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Leaves undivided. 438

434. Corolla with valvate, calyx with open aestivation. Ovary
3-8-celled.

Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate, undivided. Trees or shrubs. =145.
Scytopetalaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case calyx
valvate. Seeds exalbuminous, rarely with scanty albumen, but then
leaves digitate. 435

435. Anthers opening by a single slit. Filaments united. Ovary
5-10-celled, slightly sunk in the receptacle. Petals 5, with contorted
aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Trees. =143.
Bombacaceae.=

Anthers opening by 2 slits. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided,
rarely digitate, but then ovary stalked and 2-celled. 436

436. Ovary stalked, 2-celled. Embryo curved. Leaves alternate. =87.
Capparidaceae.=

Ovary sessile. Embryo straight. Leaves undivided, usually opposite. 437

437. Ovary 2-6-celled. =173. Lythraceae.=

Ovary 10-20-celled. Ovules inserted upon the dissepiments. Petals
linear. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. _Sonneratia_,
=174. Sonneratiaceae=.

438. Calyx and corolla with contorted aestivation. Petals 5-6. Disc
present. Ovary 3-celled. Style present. Trees or shrubs. Leaves
alternate, not peltate. =140. Chlaenaceae.=

Calyx and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Petals
numerous. Disc wanting. Ovary 6-or more-celled. Style wanting. Herbs.
Leaves all radical, floating, peltate. _Nymphaea_, =76. Nymphaeaceae=.

439. (389.) Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 3-10. 440

Stamens numerous. 446

440. Petals and stamens perigynous or inserted at the base of an
hypogynous disc. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles free. Seeds albuminous. 441

Petals and stamens hypogynous. Disc wanting. 442

441. Stem herbaceous. Leaves usually radical or alternate and
exstipulate. Placentas thick. _Saxifraga_, =96. Saxifragaceae=.

Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Ovules in two rows.
=98. Cunoniaceae.=

442. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Filaments
free. Styles free. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. =151.
Elatinaceae.=

Leaves alternate or all radical. 443

443. Sepals united below, valvate in bud. Leaves stipulate. =144.
Sterculiaceae.=

Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. 444

444. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Petals with contorted aestivation. Seeds
albuminous. =108. Oxalidaceae.=

Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 3. Stamens 10. Trees or
shrubs. Leaves undivided. 445

445. Filaments free. Anthers opening at the apex. Style shortly
3-cleft. Ovules in several rows. Albumen abundant. Bracteoles absent.
_Clethra_, =188. Clethraceae=.

Filaments united at the base. Ovules in two rows. Albumen scanty or
wanting. Bracteoles present. _Asteropeia_, =148. Theaceae=.

446. (439.) Petals and stamens perigynous, adnate to the ovary at the
base, numerous. Filaments free. Sepals imbricate in bud. Leaves all
radical, stipulate. _Nymphaea_, =76. Nymphaeaceae=.

Petals and stamens hypogynous, free from the ovary. Petals 3-9. 447

447. Leaves opposite, undivided, exstipulate. Seeds exalbuminous. =149.
Guttiferae.=

Leaves alternate. 448

448. Petals 8. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Filaments free. Styles
free. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen. Herbs. Leaves
dissected, exstipulate. _Nigella_, =78. Ranunculaceae=.

Petals 3-5. Filaments united, at least at the base. 449

449. Sepals 5, free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Albumen scanty
or wanting. Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. =148.
Theaceae.=

Sepals 3-5, valvate or open in bud. Leaves stipulate. 450

450. Anthers opening by a single slit or pore. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers opening by two slits or pores. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

451. (189.) Styles united below or throughout their whole length. 452

Styles entirely free or loosely cohering above. 457

452. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens numerous.
Filaments united. Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx with valvate
aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, stipulate. =142.
Malvaceae.=

Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 slits or pores. Calyx with imbricate,
more rarely with open or valvate aestivation, in the latter case leaves
exstipulate. 453

453. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Trees or shrubs. 454

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. Leaves exstipulate. 456

454. Receptacle more or less elongated. Stamens 10 or more. Fruits
drupaceous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves undivided, stipulate. =147.
Ochnaceae.=

Receptacle expanded into a disc. Leaves exstipulate. 455

455. Stamens inserted within the disc. Ovules ascending. =134.
Sapindaceae.=

Stamens inserted outside the disc. =116. Simarubaceae.=

456. Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens numerous. Trees or shrubs. =81.
Anonaceae.=

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5. Stamens 4-10. Leaves translucently dotted.
=115. Rutaceae.=

457. (451.) Ovules solitary in each carpel. 458

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 470

458. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. 459

Leaves alternate or the uppermost whorled, or all radical. 462

459. Stamens 3-10. Carpels 3-9. Albumen scanty. Leaves undivided. 460

Stamens numerous. Carpels 2 or many. Albumen abundant. 461

460. Stamens 3-9. Petals white or reddish. Fruit dehiscent. _Crassula_,
=95. Crassulaceae=.

Stamens 10. Petals greenish, fleshy. Fruit indehiscent. Shrubs. Flowers
in racemes. _Coriaria_, =126. Coriariaceae=.

461. Carpels 2. Ovules ascending. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Seeds with an
aril. Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. _Hibbertia_, =146.
Dilleniaceae=.

Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Seeds without an aril. _Clematis_,
=78. Ranunculaceae=.

462. Leaves stipulate. 463

Leaves exstipulate. 467

463. Stamens as many as the petals, 3-8, hypogynous or nearly so.
Styles terminal. Flowers unisexual. 464

Stamens twice as many as the petals or more, rarely as many as the
petals or fewer, but then distinctly perigynous and styles basal.
Ovules inverted. 465

464. Stem erect, tree-like. Leaves lobed. Flowers in heads. Ovules
pendulous, straight. Fruit dry. _Platanus_, =102. Platanaceae=.

Stem climbing. Leaves undivided. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Ovules
laterally affixed, half-inverted. Fruit fleshy. _Tiliacora_, =80.
Menispermaceae=.

465. Petals and stamens perigynous. =103. Rosaceae=.

Petals and stamens hypogynous. Leaves undivided. 466

466. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous,
with united filaments. Disc absent. Trees. _Christiania_, =141.
Tiliaceae=.

Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Disc present. Shrubs. _Astrocarpus_, =89.
Resedaceae=.

467. Disc present. Sepals 2-5. Albumen scanty or wanting. Stem woody.
=116. Simarubaceae.=

Disc absent. Albumen abundant, rarely scanty or wanting, but then
sepals 6 or more. 468

468. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 6 or more. Stamens usually as many as
petals or fewer. Fruits drupaceous. Stem usually climbing. Flowers
usually in racemes. =80. Menispermaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then sepals
2-3. Stamens usually more than petals. Albumen abundant. 469

469. Stem woody. Leaves entire or toothed. Sepals 2-3. Albumen
ruminate. =81. Anonaceae.=

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then
leaves lobed or dissected and sepals 4 or more. Albumen uniform. =78.
Ranunculaceae.=

470. (457.) Leaves stipulate. 471

Leaves exstipulate. 474

471. Petals and stamens perigynous. =103. Rosaceae.=

Petals and stamens hypogynous. 472

472. Disc one-sided, scale-like. Ovary stalked. Stamens 10-15. Flowers
irregular, 5-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves undivided.
_Caylusea_, =89. Resedaceae=.

Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds albuminous. Shrubs or trees. 473

473. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens
10 or more. Petal-like staminodes within the stamens 5-10. Flowers
regular, 5-merous. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

Calyx and corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens numerous. Leaves
undivided. =146. Dilleniaceae.=

474. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. 475

Stamens numerous, not exactly twice as many as the petals, hypogynous.
Seeds with abundant albumen. 479

475. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Stamens 6-12, hypogynous. Albumen
abundant. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. =81. Anonaceae.=

Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3. 476

476. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely throughout, but
then, as usually, ovules numerous. Albumen scanty or wanting. =95.
Crassulaceae.=

Stem woody throughout. Ovules 2. 477

477. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or more leaflets, alternate, rarely dotted
and then stamens 10. Flowers 5-merous. Ovules ascending, straight.
Seeds with an aril. =104. Connaraceae.=

Leaves simple or compound; in the latter case, as usually, leaves
translucently dotted and stamens 3-5. Ovules inverted. Seeds without an
aril. 478

478. Style terminal or nearly so. Stamens 3-5. Seeds albuminous, with a
thick and hard coat. _Fagara_, =115. Rutaceae=.

Styles basal or nearly so. Stamens 5-10. Seeds exalbuminous, with a
thin coat. Leaves undivided. _Suriana_, =116. Simarubaceae=.

479. Sepals 2-3. Petals 3-6. Albumen ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
undivided. =81. Anonaceae.=

Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. 480

480. Seeds with an aril. Sepals persistent. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
undivided. =146. Dilleniaceae.=

Seeds without an aril. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves more or less deeply
divided or compound. =78. Ranunculaceae.=

481. (188.) Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 482

Ovary completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, rarely 2 or
more distinct ovaries. 507

482. Ovules not distinctly differentiated from the placenta. Shrubs
parasitic upon trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Calyx-limb little
developed. Petals 2-6, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as and opposite
the petals. Stigma 1. _Loranthus_, =61. Loranthaceae=.

Ovules distinctly developed. Herbs or non-parasitic shrubs or trees. 483

483. Ovule 1. 484

Ovules 2 or more. 490

484. Ovule erect, straight. Stigmas 2. Stamens numerous. Petals 3-4.
Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Leaves pinnate. Trees. _Juglans_, =49.
Juglandaceae=.

Ovule pendulous, inverted. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer,
rarely (_Alangiaceae_) more, but then petals 6-10 and flowers
hermaphrodite. 485

485. Filaments wholly united. Anthers 5, twisted. Flowers unisexual.
Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves angled or lobed. Climbing, tendril-bearing
plants. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Filaments free or united at the base only. Plants without tendrils. 486

486. Anthers opening by valves. Stigma 1. Seed exalbuminous. Trees
or climbing shrubs. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in panicles. =85.
Hernandiaceae.=

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Flowers hermaphrodite or
polygamous. Seed albuminous. 487

487. Flowers 4-merous, in racemes or panicles. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs
or trees. Fruit a drupe. _Polyscias_, =185. Araliaceae=.

Flowers 5-10-merous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected, and then
herbs or undershrubs with the flowers in umbels. 488

488. Flowers in umbels. Leaves more or less deeply divided. Herbs or
undershrubs. Fruit a nut. =186. Umbelliferae.=

Flowers in heads, spikes, or cymes. Leaves undivided. Shrubs or trees.
489.

489. Flowers in cymes. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit a drupe. Embryo
large. _Alangium_, =178. Alangiaceae.=

Flowers in heads or spikes, 5-merous. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit a
nut. Embryo small. =100. Bruniaceae.=

490. (483.) Ovules basal or inserted on a free central placenta. 491

Ovules parietal or inserted at the apex of the ovary-cell. 499.

491. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer, 2-5.
Fruit a berry or a nut. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 492

Flowers hermaphrodite. 493

492. Flowers 4-merous. Styles or sessile stigmas 4, free. Seeds
albuminous. Herbs. Leaves undivided. _Laurembergia_, =183.
Halorrhagaceae=.

Flowers 5-merous. Style 1, entire or cleft. Seeds exalbuminous. =223.
Cucurbitaceae.=

493. Sepals 2. Fruit opening by a lid. Herbs. Leaves alternate,
undivided. _Portulaca_, =73. Portulacaceae=.

Sepals 4-8, sometimes united into an entire calyx. Style simple. Fruit
indehiscent. Trees or shrubs, rarely (_Bruniaceae_) undershrubs. 494

494. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Ovules 2. Fruit a drupe. Leaves
alternate, stipulate. =103. Rosaceae.=

Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, 4-16. Leaves undivided.
495

495. Stamens twice as many as the petals, 8-16. Leaves opposite or
whorled. 496

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-6. Seeds albuminous. 497

496. Leaves stipulate. Petals 5-8, toothed or lobed, valvate in bud.
Anthers without appendages. Seeds albuminous. _Carallia_, =177.
Rhizophoraceae=.

Leaves exstipulate. Petals usually 4. Anthers with appendages. Seeds
exalbuminous. =181. Melastomataceae.=

497. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovules
pendulous. Fruit a drupe. Leaves alternate. =59. Olacaceae.=

Stamens alternating with the petals. Petals imbricate in bud. 498

498. Stigma 1. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. Leaves opposite, stipulate.
_Pleurostylia_, =129. Celastraceae=.

Stigmas 2. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Leaves
alternate, exstipulate. =100. Bruniaceae.=

499. (490.) Ovules apical. 500

Ovules parietal. 502

500. Ovules numerous, affixed to 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex
of the ovary-cell. Styles 2-3, free. Stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Fruit capsular. Seeds with abundant albumen. Herbs. Leaves opposite,
undivided. _Vahlia_, =96. Saxifragaceae=.

Ovules 2-6, suspended from the apex of the ovary-cell. Style 1, entire
or cleft. Seeds without albumen. 501

501. Stamens 2-5. Flowers unisexual. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs,
usually climbing or prostrate. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Stamens 8 or more, rarely 4-6, but then flowers hermaphrodite. Style
simple. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided. =179.
Combretaceae.=

502. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely
shrubs. 503

Flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs or trees. Seeds albuminous. 504

503. Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 2-5. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves
well-developed. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Flowers 6-merous. Stamens 12 or more. Seeds albuminous. Leaves
scale-like. _Pilostyles_, =64. Rafflesiaceae=.

504. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, 5. Petals
small. Style 2-cleft. Ovary inferior. Ovules many. Fruit a berry.
Leaves lobed. _Ribes_, =96. Saxifragaceae=.

Stamens as many as and opposite the petals or in greater number. Style
simple, more rarely divided, but then ovary half-inferior. Leaves
undivided or wanting. 505

505. Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary inferior.
Style simple, with several stigmas. Fruit a berry. Succulent, usually
leafless plants. =167. Cactaceae.=

Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, or collected in several
bundles. Ovary half-inferior. Style simple with an entire or slightly
lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided into 2-6 branches. Leafy
plants. 506

506. Petals 5-6, lobed or slit, valvate in bud. Stamens twice their
number. Style simple. Ovules 6. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite or
whorled. _Ceriops_, =177. Rhizophoraceae=.

Petals 4-8, imbricate in bud. Stamens placed singly or in pairs or
bundles opposite the petals; if in pairs or bundles, then style
divided. Fruit a capsule. =159. Flacourtiaceae.=

507. (481.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 508

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. 527

508. Ovules erect or ascending. 509

Ovules pendulous or descending. 513

509. Stamens 10 or more. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary 4-10-celled. Styles
or style-branches 2-10. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate. =103.
Rosaceae.=

Stamens 2-5. 510

510. Flowers 2-merous. Herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. _Circaea_,
=182. Oenotheraceae=.

Flowers 4-5-merous. 511

511. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the
petals, 3. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Ovary-cells and stigmas 3. Flowers
unisexual. Tendril-bearing herbs. Leaves alternate. _Cayaponia_, =223.
Cucurbitaceae=.

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5. Shrubs or trees, rarely
undershrubs. 512

512. Stamens alternating with the petals. Calyx with imbricate or open
aestivation. =129. Celastraceae.=

Stamens opposite the petals. Calyx with valvate aestivation. =137.
Rhamnaceae.=

513. (508.) Ovary 2-celled. 514

Ovary 3-15-celled. 522

514. Style 1, with a single stigma. Flowers 4-merous. 515

Style 1, with 2-3 stigmas, or styles 2. 517

515. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite, in cymes. Fruit a berry.
Seeds exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. _Pimenta_, =180.
Myrtaceae=.

Stamens 4. 516

516. Flowers unisexual, in cymes. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. _Cornus_, =187. Cornaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite, solitary. Fruit a nut. Seeds exalbuminous.
Herbs. Leaves radical. _Trapa_, =182. Oenotheraceae=.

517. Stamens numerous. Petals 5. Stigmas 3. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves
alternate. _Kissenia_, =164. Loasaceae=.

Stamens as many as the petals. Stigmas 2. Seeds albuminous. 518

518. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut, and then ovary half-inferior.
Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers in
heads or head-like spikes, rarely in racemes or panicles. 519

Fruit a schizocarp (splitting into 2 nutlets), a nut, or a drupe. Ovary
inferior, rarely half-inferior, but then leaves compound or divided.
Flowers in umbels, more rarely in heads, whorls, spikes, racemes, or
panicles. 520

519. Leaves stipulate. Flowers usually 4-merous. Styles 2, free. Fruit
a capsule. Albumen scanty. =101. Hamamelidaceae.=

Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then style 1. Flowers
5-merous. Petals clawed, imbricate in bud. Anthers opening by
longitudinal slits. Albumen abundant. =100. Bruniaceae.=

520. Fruit a schizocarp splitting into two nutlets, rarely a nut,
and then, as usually, stem herbaceous or woody at the base only.
Flowers 5-merous. Epigynous disc usually 2-parted. Styles free. =186.
Umbelliferae.=

Fruit a drupe or a nut. Stem woody throughout. Epigynous disc usually
entire. 521

521. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided. Flowers in umbels,
spikes, or racemes. Ovules with ventral raphe. =185. Araliaceae.=

Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Ovules with dorsal raphe. Fruit a drupe. =187. Cornaceae.=

522. (513.) Stem herbaceous. Fruit dry. 523

Stem woody. Fruit more or less succulent. 524

523. Flowers 4-merous. Stamens 2-8. Fruit indehiscent or splitting
into 2-4 nutlets. Seeds albuminous. Leaves exstipulate. Water-plants.
_Myriophyllum_, =183. Halorrhagaceae=.

Flowers 5-merous. Stamens 10. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.
Leaves stipulate. Land-plants. =103. Rosaceae.=

524. Leaves compound or more or less deeply divided, rarely the upper
ones undivided, and then ovary-cells and styles 5. Flowers in umbels or
heads, rarely in spikes or racemes. Stamens as many as petals, 4-16,
rarely twice their number, 10. =185. Araliaceae.=

Leaves undivided, exstipulate. Flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles, or
fascicles. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles 1-4. 525

525. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-5. Style simple.
Flowers in racemes or fascicles. =59. Olacaceae.=

Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many. 526

526. Stamens as many as the petals, 4-10. Seeds albuminous. =187.
Cornaceae.=

Stamens twice as many as the petals, 6-8, but the alternate ones
sometimes without anthers. Sepals and petals valvate in bud. Styles
3-4. Flowers polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. =177.
Rhizophoraceae.=

527. (507.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. 528

Ovules more than 4 in each ovary-cell. 537

528. Stamens as many as the petals or fewer. 529

Stamens twice as many as the petals or more. 533

529. Stamens, at least apparently (by coalescence), fewer than the
petals, 2-4. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual. Ovary inferior. Usually
herbaceous and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. =223.
Cucurbitaceae.=

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, free or nearly so. Trees or shrubs,
rarely undershrubs. 530

530. Stamens opposite the petals. Petals valvate in bud. Ovary
inferior. Style simple; stigma entire. Leaves opposite, exstipulate.
_Olinia_, =170. Oliniaceae=.

Stamens alternating with the petals. Ovary usually half-inferior.
Leaves opposite, but stipulate, or alternate. 531

531. Leaves exstipulate, alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous.
Ovules pendulous. Seeds with a minute embryo and abundant albumen.
=100. Bruniaceae.=

Leaves stipulate. 532

532. Calyx large. Petals 5, usually two-cleft. Stigmas 2-3. Ovules
pendulous. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate.
_Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=.

Calyx small. Petals imbricate in bud. Style simple or wanting. Ovules
erect, rarely pendulous, but then leaves, at least those of the
flowering branches, opposite. =129. Celastraceae.=

533. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals with valvate
aestivation. Style 1. Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled,
stipulate. =177. Rhizophoraceae.=

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Petals with imbricate or
contorted aestivation. Seeds exalbuminous. 534

534. Style 1, with a single stigma. Ovules in the whole ovary 4 or
more. Leaves exstipulate. 535

Style 1, with 2-5 stigmas, or styles 2-5. Sepals 5. Leaves alternate.
536

535. Leaves opposite, gland-dotted. Sepals 4-5. Filaments free or
united into several bundles. =180. Myrtaceae.=

Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into a
cup at the base. Fruit indehiscent. =176. Lecythidaceae.=

536. Stipules absent. Calyx with open aestivation. Filaments collected
in 5 bundles. Ovules in the whole ovary 3, pendulous. Style entire or
cleft at the top. Fruit a nut. _Kissenia_, =164. Loasaceae=.

Stipules present. Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Ovules ascending.
Style more or less deeply divided. Fruit a berry or a drupe. =103.
Rosaceae.=

537. (527.) Style 1, undivided, with a single stigma or with 2 or more
stigmas contiguous at their base. 538

Styles 2-20, free or united below, the stigmas not contiguous at the
base. 546

538. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or fewer, 2-16. 539

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals, or stamens and petals
very numerous. 543

539. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by
coalescence), rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually, herbs
with tendrils. Leaves alternate. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous,
5-merous. Fruit usually succulent and indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.
=223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Herbs without tendrils,
or woody plants. 540

540. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens twice as many, rarely as many as
the petals; in the latter case leaves with small stipules. Anthers
opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds exalbuminous. =182. Oenotheraceae.=

Sepals imbricate or open in bud, rarely valvate, but then either
stamens as many as the petals, leaves without stipules, and seeds
albuminous, or anthers opening by apical pores. 541

541. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, exstipulate, usually with
several longitudinal nerves. Filaments bent down in bud. Anthers
usually opening by apical pores. Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous. =181.
Melastomataceae.=

Leaves alternate. Stamens as many as the petals. Fruit capsular. Seeds
albuminous. 542

542. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers
or inflorescences in the axils of the leaves or terminal. Ovules
numerous in each ovary-cell. =224. Campanulaceae.=

Stem woody throughout. Flowers or inflorescences in the axils or on the
surface of the leaves. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an
aril. =129. Celastraceae.=

543. Petals numerous. Stigmas 4-20. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or
undershrubs. _Mesembryanthemum_, =72. Aizoaceae=.

Petals 4-8. Stigma 1, entire or lobed. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or
trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. 544

544. Sepals 5-8, red, with valvate aestivation. Petals crumpled in
the bud. Ovules at first basal, finally parietal. Leaves not dotted.
_Punica_, =175. Punicaceae=.

Sepals 2-4, rarely more, but then with imbricate, open, or closed
aestivation. Ovules axile. 545

545. Leaves alternate, rarely dotted. Sepals 2-4. Filaments united into
a cup at the base. =176. Lecythidaceae.=

Leaves opposite, gland-dotted. =180. Myrtaceae.=

546. (537.) Stamens 2-10. 547

Stamens numerous. 548

547. Stamens fewer than the petals, at least apparently (by
coalescence), more rarely as many as the petals, but then, as usually,
tendril-bearing herbs. Styles usually 3. Flowers 5-merous, unisexual or
polygamous. Fruit more or less berry-like. Seeds exalbuminous. =223.
Cucurbitaceae.=

Stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, and then styles 2 and stem
woody, or twice as many. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous, rarely
exalbuminous, but then flowers 4-merous. =96. Saxifragaceae.=

548. Petals 3-5. Seeds exalbuminous. 549

Petals numerous. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. 550

549. Flowers unisexual. Sepals and petals not distinctly
differentiated, together 8-9. Ovules many in each ovary-cell.
_Begonia_, =165. Begoniaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals distinctly differentiated,
together 10. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Shrubs. _Cydonia_, =103.
Rosaceae=.

550. Sepals nearly hypogynous, 4. Ovules inserted upon the
dissepiments. Fruit bursting irregularly. Embryo straight. Leaves
radical, floating, peltate or cordate. Flowers solitary. _Nymphaea_,
=76. Nymphaeaceae=.

Sepals epigynous, usually 5. Ovules basal or parietal. Fruit opening
loculicidally. Embryo curved. Leaves not floating. Flowers in cymes or
panicles. _Mesembryanthemum_, =72. Aizoaceae=.

551. (52.) Ovary superior or nearly so. 552

Ovary inferior to half-inferior. 728

552. Ovary 1, entire or lobed. 553

Ovaries 2 or more, separate or cohering at the base only. 719

553. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely chambered. 554

Ovary completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, at least at the
time of flowering (sometimes incompletely septate in the bud). 604

554. Ovule 1. 555

Ovules 2 or more. 570

555. Ovule erect or ascending. 556

Ovule pendulous or descending. Style simple. 564

556. Style 1, entire or cleft at the top into 2 or more stigmas (or
branches stigmatose on the inside). 557

Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Stamens 5, opposite the petals.
563

557. Stamens free from the corolla or inserted on its base. 558

Stamens inserted on the upper part or near the middle of the corolla.
561

558. Corolla (or corolla-like perianth) with valvate or folded
aestivation. Leaves exstipulate. =69. Nyctaginaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate or open aestivation; in the latter case leaves
stipulate. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 559

559. Flowers 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Herbs. Leaves opposite, stipulate.
_Cometes_, =75. Caryophyllaceae=.

Flowers 4-merous. Stigma 1. 560

560. Flowers unisexual, solitary or in fascicles. Seeds albuminous.
Herbs. Leaves all radical, exstipulate. _Litorella_, =218.
Plantaginaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in racemes or panicles. Seeds exalbuminous.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, stipulate. _Salvadora_, =131.
Salvadoraceae=.

561. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Leaves
whorled. Shrubs. =205. Verbenaceae.=

Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 562

562. Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla (or the
petaloid staminodes). Seeds albuminous. =68. Amarantaceae.=

Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla (or petaloid perianth),
4. Stigma 1. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees.
=55. Proteaceae.=

563. (556.) Sepals 2. Anthers turned outwards. Styles 3. Seeds with
curved embryo. =74. Basellaceae.=

Sepals 5. Anthers turned inwards. Styles 5. Seeds with straight embryo.
=192. Plumbaginaceae.=

564. Petals in the male flowers 2-4, united below, in the female 1-2,
free. Sepals in the male flowers 4, in the female 1-2. Stamens 4-10,
with united filaments. =80. Menispermaceae.=

Petals united below in the flowers of both sexes, or flowers
hermaphrodite. 565

565. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the calyx or corolla, 4.
Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Flowers 5-merous, irregular.
Seeds albuminous. 566

Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely
(Ericaceae) fewer, but then only 3. 567

566. Ovary 1-celled from the beginning. Stigma 2-lobed, rarely entire,
and then corolla-lobes very unequal. =215. Globulariaceae.=

Ovary originally 2-celled, one cell becoming rudimentary.
Stigma entire. Corolla-lobes almost equal. _Microdon_, =208.
Scrophulariaceae=.

567. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla (or
corolla-like perianth), 4, inserted on the upper part or near the
middle of the corolla. Corolla valvate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. =55.
Proteaceae.=

Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or
fewer or more numerous, inserted on the base of the corolla or free
from it. 568

568. Stamens 10, perigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits.
Flowers regular. =171. Thymelaeaceae.=

Stamens 3-8, hypogynous. 569

569. Flowers regular. Sepals 3-4. Corolla-lobes 3-4. Anthers opening by
two pores or slits. Seeds albuminous. =189. Ericaceae.=

Flowers irregular. Sepals 5. Corolla-lobes 3 or 5. Stamens 8. Anthers
opening by a single pore or slit. Seeds exalbuminous. _Securidaca_,
=120. Polygalaceae=.

570. (554.) Ovules 2. 571

Ovules 3 or more. 578

571. Stamens 4, fewer than the divisions of the corolla. Flowers
irregular. Leaves opposite. 572

Stamens 3 or more, as many as or more than the divisions of the
corolla. 573

572. Anthers opening by pores. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous.
Climbing shrubs. Flowers in clusters. _Afromendoncia_, =216.
Acanthaceae=.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule
or nut. Seeds albuminous. Prostrate herbs. Flowers solitary.
_Linariopsis_, =210. Pedaliaceae=.

573. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 4-5. Leaves
simple, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers regular. 574

Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same number,
but then, as usually, leaves compound. 576

574. Stamens opposite to the divisions of the corolla. Calyx with
valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovules ascending. Leaves
stipulate. _Waltheria_, =144. Sterculiaceae=.

Stamens alternating with the divisions of the corolla. Leaves
exstipulate. 575

575. Ovules erect. Style 2-parted, rarely simple, and then herbs. Calyx
with imbricate, corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. =202.
Convolvulaceae.=

Ovules pendulous. Style simple or wanting. Shrubs or trees. =132.
Icacinaceae.=

576. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, but fewer than
twice as many, 4-7, usually 6. Anthers opening by pores. Corolla
4-lobed. Leaves whorled, undivided, linear. _Salaxis_, =189. Ericaceae=.

Stamens as many or twice as many as the divisions of the corolla, or
more. Leaves alternate. 577

577. Corolla regular, 5-partite, with imbricate aestivation. Stamens
10, five of them sometimes sterile. Ovules erect, straight. Shrubs or
trees. Leaves compound, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles or racemes.
_Connarus_, =104. Connaraceae=.

Corolla regular, with valvate aestivation, or irregular. Ovules
inverted. Leaves usually stipulate. =105. Leguminosae.=

578. (570.) Ovules basal or inserted upon a free central placenta. 579

Ovules parietal. 587

579. Ovules 3, pendulous. Style simple. Fertile stamens as many as and
opposite the corolla-lobes, 5-6, or fewer, 3. Flowers regular. Fruit a
drupe. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. _Olax_, =59.
Olacaceae=.

Ovules 3, ascending, or more. 580

580. Style 3-cleft. Stamens more than corolla-lobes, 8-30, rarely
fewer, 3. Sepals 2. Corolla-lobes 5. Herbs or undershrubs. =73.
Portulacaceae.=

Style simple or 2-cleft, rarely (_Caryophyllaceae_) 3-cleft, but then
sepals, corolla-lobes and stamens 5 each. 581

581. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, 3-7.
Style simple. 582

Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla, or
fewer or more numerous. 583

582. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. =191. Primulaceae.=

Fruit a nut, berry, or drupe. Shrubs or trees, very rarely herbs or
undershrubs. Leaves alternate, gland-dotted. =190. Myrsinaceae.=

583. Stamens 5. Flowers regular. 584

Stamens 2, 4, or 8. 585

584. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Corolla deeply divided, with imbricate
aestivation. Styles 1 or 3. Herbs or undershrubs. =75. Caryophyllaceae.=

Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Styles 1-2. =202. Convolvulaceae.=

585. Stamens 4, free from the corolla, or 8. Flowers regular, 4-merous.
Stigma 1. Seeds albuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves whorled, narrow. =189.
Ericaceae.=

Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla-tube, or 2. 586

586. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stamens 2. Style wanting.
Sepals 2 or 5. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves alternate or all
radical. Herbs. =214. Lentibulariaceae.=

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Style present. Ovules 4.
Leaves opposite or whorled. =205. Verbenaceae.=

587. (578.) Ovules attached to a single placenta. Style simple. Stamens
as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla. Leaves alternate,
compound or reduced to the dilated petiole. =105. Leguminosae.=

Ovules attached to two or more placentas. 588.

588. Style simple or 2-cleft. 589

Style 3-10-cleft. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. 603

589. Fertile stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-4. 590

Fertile stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla.
595

590. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3. Corolla-lobes 4. Stigma 2-cleft.
Herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided. =199. Gentianaceae.=

Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 591

591. Fertile stamens 2. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers
irregular. 592

Fertile stamens 4. 594

592. Seeds 4, with thin albumen. Fruit a capsule with a drupaceous
rind Ovules 4-16. Stigma 2-parted. Staminodes 3. _Martynia_, =211.
Martyniaceae=.

Seeds numerous, without albumen. Ovules numerous. 593

593. Disc wanting. Ovary and fruit ovate. Placentas little projecting.
Staminodes none. Small water-plants. Leaves opposite. _Dintera_, =208.
Scrophulariaceae=.

Disc rarely wanting, and then ovary and fruit linear or oblong and
placentas much projecting. =213. Gesneraceae.=

594. Placentas 2. Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or
trees. Leaves compound. =209. Bignoniaceae.=

Placentas 4. Fruit a capsule. Seeds albuminous. Herbs without green
colour. Leaves scale-like. Flowers irregular. =212. Orobanchaceae.=

595. (589.) Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla, 3-8. 596

Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla, 7 or more.
Shrubs or trees. 600

596. Style stigmatose beneath the thickened, often 2-lobed apex.
Placentas 2. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Flowers regular or
nearly so, 5-, rarely 4-merous. Juice milky. =200. Apocynaceae.=

Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Juice not
milky. 597

597. Leaves and stem without green colour; stem herbaceous, leaves
scale-like. Flowers irregular. Stamens 4. Placentas 4. =212.
Orobanchaceae.=

Leaves green, rarely (_Gentianaceae_) without green colour, but then
flowers regular, stamens 5 and placentas 2. 598

598. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Stem woody. Bark
resinous. Flowers regular, 5-merous. Stigma 1. _Pittosporum_, =97.
Pittosporaceae=.

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate or all radical, but then
stem herbaceous. 599

599. Stem woody. Leaves opposite or whorled, usually stipulate. Flowers
4-merous. =198. Loganiaceae.=

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, rarely throughout, but then
flowers 5-merous. Leaves exstipulate. =199. Gentianaceae.=

600. Stamens 7-18, with united filaments. Placentas 3-5. 601

Stamens 23 or more, with free filaments. Leaves undivided. 602

601. Sepals 3. Corolla-lobes 4-6. Stamens 7-9 or 14-18. Anthers opening
outwards. _Cinnamosma_, =157. Winteranaceae=.

Sepals 4-5. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening inwards or
laterally. =118. Meliaceae.=

602. Corolla-lobes 6. Sepals 3. Filaments and styles very short.
Placentas numerous, confluent. Albumen abundant, ruminate. =81.
Anonaceae.=

Corolla-lobes 11-14. Sepals 2-4. Filaments and styles long. Placentas
2, two-cleft. Albumen scanty, uniform. _Hoplestigma_, =194.
Hoplestigmataceae=.

603. (588.) Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 3-5. Fruit a capsule.
Herbs or undershrubs. =162. Achariaceae.=

Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, 10. Fruit a berry. Trees.
_Carica_, =163. Caricaceae=.

604. (553.) Ovary 2-celled. 605

Ovary 3-or more-celled. 669

605. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 606

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 621

606. Ovules erect or ascending. 607

Ovules pendulous, descending, or horizontal. 611

607. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 608

Fertile stamens 5 or 6. 609

608. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous.
Fruit capsular. =216. Acanthaceae.=

Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle. =205. Verbenaceae.=

609. Stamens opposite the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening
outwards. Stigma 1. Trees or shrubs. =193. Sapotaceae.=

Stamens alternate with the divisions of the corolla. Anthers opening
inward. 610

610. Stigma 1. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Seeds
exalbuminous. Herbs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. _Rochelia_, =204.
Borraginaceae=.

Stigmas 2. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Seeds albuminous. Trees
or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. _Gaertnera_, =219.
Rubiaceae=.

611. (606.) Fertile stamens 2 or 4. 612

Fertile stamens 5 or more. 618

612. Stamens 4, free from the corolla. Corolla regular or nearly so,
2-4-lobed. Seeds with abundant albumen. =189. Ericaceae.=

Stamens inserted on the corolla. 613

613. Corolla scarious, regular, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 1. Fruit
opening by a lid. Seeds albuminous. _Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae=.

Corolla not scarious, more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then
stamens 2 or stigmas 2. 614

614. Corolla regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells.
Disc wanting. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs. Leaves compound, but
sometimes with a single leaflet. _Jasminum_, =197. Oleaceae=.

Corolla more or less irregular, rarely regular, but then stamens 4.
Leaves simple. 615

615. Flowers regular. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Style
2-cleft. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Low shrubs. Leaves
alternate. _Wellstedia_, =204. Borraginaceae=.

Flowers more or less irregular. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely
alternate, but then anthers opening by a single slit or pore. 616

616. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Anthers opening by a
single slit or pore. Seeds albuminous. =208. Scrophulariaceae.=

Leaves opposite or whorled. 617

617. Fruit a capsule. Seeds borne on a hook-like process of the
funicle, exalbuminous. =216. Acanthaceae.=

Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds not on a hook-like process of the
funicle, albuminous. Stamens 4. Anthers opening by two slits. Herbs.
=205. Verbenaceae.=

618. (611.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Stamens united at the base
with one another and with the corolla. Anthers opening by a single
pore. =120. Polygalaceae.=

Flowers regular or nearly so. Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 619

619. Flowers unisexual. Stamens free from the corolla. =122.
Euphorbiaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves undivided. 620

620. Calyx and corolla of 2-4 divisions each. Stamens 6-8, free from
the corolla or nearly so. =189. Ericaceae.=

Calyx and corolla of 5 divisions each. Stamens 5, attached to the
corolla; filaments free. Stigmas 2. =200. Apocynaceae.=

621. (605.) Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. 622

Ovules 3 or more in each cell of the ovary. 640

622. Fertile stamens 2-3. 623

Fertile stamens 4-30. 626

623. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the ovary-cells,
rarely 3. Disc wanting. =197. Oleaceae.=

Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens not regularly alternating with
the ovary-cells. 624

624. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Style 2-cleft. Petals 2-cleft. Seeds
exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. _Tapura_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=.

Leaves exstipulate, opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then, as
nearly always, style simple. 625

625. Seeds borne on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, exalbuminous.
=216. Acanthaceae.=

Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, albuminous. =208.
Scrophulariaceae.=

626. (622.) Fertile stamens 4. 627

Fertile stamens 5-30. 634

627. Corolla with 4 divisions. 628

Corolla with 5 divisions. 632

628. Flowers more or less irregular. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves
opposite or whorled, without stipules. =216. Acanthaceae.=

Flowers regular. Seeds albuminous. 629

629. Corolla scarious, regular. Stigma entire. Fruit opening by a lid.
Leaves sessile. _Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae=.

Corolla not scarious. 630

630. Leaves alternate. Styles or stigmas 2. Ovules erect =202.
Convolvulaceae.=

Leaves opposite or whorled. Shrubs or trees. 631

631. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by
transverse lines or ridges. =198. Loganiaceae.=

Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their
base. =197. Oleaceae.=

632. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. Flowers regular or
nearly so. Corolla white. Stigma entire or 4-lobed. Fruit a drupe.
Seeds albuminous. =217. Myoporaceae.=

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely the upper ones alternate, but then
flowers irregular, stigma 2-partite and fruit a capsule or nut. 633

633. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs. =210.
Pedaliaceae.=

Seeds without albumen. =216. Acanthaceae.=

634. (626.) Stamens 5. 635

Stamens 8-30. 639

635. Style (or styles) stigmatose beneath the thickened and sometimes
2-lobed apex. Corolla with contorted aestivation. =200. Apocynaceae.=

Style (or styles) stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes.
636

636. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate or connected by transverse
lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. =198. Loganiaceae.=

Leaves alternate. 637

637. Ovules erect. Corolla lobed or nearly entire, usually folded in
bud. =202. Convolvulaceae.=

Ovules pendulous. Styles or stigmas 2. Corolla lobed, but imbricate in
bud, or deeply divided. Shrubs or trees. 638

638. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in axillary cymes or panicles. Fruit a
drupe. _Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=.

Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or heads. Fruit a
capsule. _Lonchostoma_, =100. Bruniaceae=.

639. Stamens 8. Style 1. Flowers hermaphrodite. _Salaxis_, =189.
Ericaceae=.

Stamens 10-30. Styles 2. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. _Euclea_,
=195. Ebenaceae=.

640. (621.) Fertile stamens 1-4. 641

Fertile stamens 5-16. 658

641. Flowers more or less irregular. 642

Flowers regular. 652

642. Leaves opposite or whorled. 643

Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones. 648

643. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by
transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. =198. Loganiaceae.=

Leaves rarely with stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their
base, and then herbs or undershrubs. 644

644. Seeds with distinctly developed albumen. 645

Seeds with very scanty albumen or without any. 646

645. Seeds with funicles provided with a wart-like outgrowth. Placentas
remaining attached to the beaked and recurved valves of the capsule.
Disc not distinctly developed. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla-lobes 5,
with descending aestivation. Anther-halves not confluent. Stigma lobed.
Flowers in spikes. =216. Acanthaceae.=

Seeds without an outgrowth from the funicle or without a funicle.
Placentas usually separating from the valves of the capsule. Disc more
or less distinctly developed. =208. Scrophulariaceae.=

646. Seeds with scanty albumen. Plants with glandular hairs. Stamens 4.
=210. Pedaliaceae.=

Seeds without albumen. 647

647. Seeds borne on a large hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, rarely
on a small cushion-shaped one, and then herbs. Fruit a capsule, the
valves bearing the split dissepiment. Ovules usually few. Leaves
simple. =216. Acanthaceae.=

Seeds not on a hook-like outgrowth of the funicle, more or less
distinctly winged or marginate. Fruit a capsule, the valves usually
separating from the more or less dilated dissepiment, or a nut or
berry. Ovules numerous. Stamens 4. Leaves usually compound. Shrubs or
trees. =209. Bignoniaceae.=

648 (642.) Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. Partition of the
ovary usually placed obliquely to the median plane of the flower. =207.
Solanaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate, not folded aestivation. Partition of the ovary
usually placed transversely to the median plane of the flower. 649

640. Fruit a drupe. Ovules in each ovary-cell 4-6, in pairs placed one
above the other. Stigma 1. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the
apex. Shrubs. _Oftia_, =217. Myoporaceae=.

Fruit a capsule, nut, or berry. Ovules usually numerous. 650

650. Seeds exalbuminous, usually horizontal and winged. Ovules
numerous. Stigmas 2. Stamens 4. Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually
compound. =209. Bignoniaceae.=

Seeds albuminous. Leaves simple, but sometimes dissected. 651

651. Albumen very thin, nearly membranous. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 2.
Stamens 4. Plants with glandular hairs. Lower leaves opposite. =210.
Pedaliaceae.=

Albumen distinctly developed. =208. Scrophulariaceae.=

652. (641.) Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 4. 653

Corolla with valvate or imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 654

653. Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees. =200.
Apocynaceae.=

Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a
septicidal capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. =199. Gentianaceae.=

654. Corolla scarious. Stamens 4. Disc wanting. Stigma 1. Fruit
dehiscing by a lid. Flowers in spikes or heads. _Plantago_, =218.
Plantaginaceae=.

Corolla not scarious. Fruit dehiscing lengthwise or indehiscent. 655

655. Anthers with confluent halves, opening by a transverse slit. Disc
more or less distinctly developed. =208. Scrophulariaceae.=

Anthers with distinct halves, opening by two longitudinal slits or
apical pores. 656

656. Leaves alternate, simple, but sometimes dissected. Corolla
usually folded in bud. Partition of the ovary usually placed obliquely
to the median plane of the flower. Ovules generally numerous. =207.
Solanaceae.=

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then compound.
Corolla not folded. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. 657

657. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by
transverse lines or ridges, simple, opposite or whorled. Ovules usually
numerous. =198. Loganiaceae.=

Leaves without either stipules or transverse lines or ridges at their
base. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc none. =197. Oleaceae.=

658. (640.) Leaves opposite or whorled. 659

Leaves alternate. 662

659. Leaves provided with stipules or connected at their base by
transverse lines or ridges. Shrubs or trees. =198. Loganiaceae.=

Leaves without stipules, but sometimes connected by transverse lines;
in this case herbs or undershrubs. Stamens 5. 660

660. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style
stigmatose at the entire apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs growing upon
trees. _Dermatobotrys_, =208. Scrophulariaceae=.

Corolla with contorted aestivation. 661

661. Style stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. Fruit a
septicidal capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. =199. Gentianaceae.=

Style stigmatose below the apex. Mostly shrubs or trees. =200.
Apocynaceae.=

662. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. 663

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 665

663. Stamens free from the corolla. Herbs. _Lightfootia_, =224.
Campanulaceae=.

Stamens attached to the corolla. 664

664. Corolla almost entire, somewhat irregular. Trees. _Humbertia_,
=202. Convolvulaceae=.

Corolla lobed, rarely almost entire, but then herbs or undershrubs.
=207. Solanaceae.=

665. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose beneath the
thickened and sometimes 2-lobed apex. =200. Apocynaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Style (or styles)
stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 666

666. Styles 2, free or united at the base. Disc wanting. Corolla
regular Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. Herbs or undershrubs. =203.
Hydrophyllaceae.=

Style 1, undivided. 667

667. Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Stigmas
2. Corolla slightly irregular. Shrubs. =209. Bignoniaceae.=

Seeds not winged, albuminous. 668

668. Seeds with straight embryo. Fruit a capsule opening
lengthwise. Stigma 1. Corolla slightly irregular; tube short. =208.
Scrophulariaceae.=

Seeds with curved embryo. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid, or a berry.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. =207. Solanaceae.=

669. (604.) Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell 670

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 685

670. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the
corolla, or fewer. 671

Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more.
679

671. Flowers unisexual, regular. Corolla divided almost to the base.
Disc wanting. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. _Ilex_,
=128. Aquifoliaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. 672

672. Anthers opening by an apical pore. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled.
Flowers irregular. =120. Polygalaceae.=

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at the
apex; in the latter case ovary 4-celled. 673

673. Stamens free from the corolla or scarcely adhering to it, 4.
Flowers regular. =189. Ericaceae.=

Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube. 674

674. Corolla scarious, 4-lobed, regular. Stamens 4. Disc wanting.
Stigma 1. Ovules pendulous or laterally affixed. Fruit opening by a
lid. _Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae=.

Corolla not scarious. 675

675. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation, regular. Stamens 5.
Leaves alternate. =202. Convolvulaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 676

676. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Ovules with the
micropyle directed upwards. Leaves, all or the upper ones, alternate,
undivided. Inflorescences cymose, usually one-sided and coiled when
young. =204. Borraginaceae.=

Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, rarely the same
number, but then ovules with the micropyle directed downwards and
leaves opposite or whorled. 677

677. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided. Corolla
regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.
Ovules pendulous, the micropyle directed upwards. Fruit a drupe.
Shrubs. _Myoporum_, =217. Myoporaceae=.

Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, but then corolla
2-lipped. Ovules with the micropyle directed downwards. 678

678. Ovary deeply divided, more rarely slightly lobed, and then, as
usually, fruit dry. Inflorescence composed of sometimes one-flowered
cymes arranged in false whorls. =206. Labiatae.=

Ovary entire, rarely slightly lobed, and then fruit succulent,
drupaceous. Inflorescence usually of the racemose type. =205.
Verbenaceae.=

679. (670.) Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit. Stamens
numerous. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation.
Leaves simple, stipulate. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers 2-celled. 680

680. Style 1, undivided. 681

Styles 2 or more, free or partially united. 683

681. Stamens more than the divisions of the corolla, 4-8. Fruit a
capsule or nut. Leaves undivided, exstipulate. =189. Ericaceae.=

Stamens as many as or more than the divisions of the corolla; in the
latter case, 12 or more. Fruit a berry. 682

682. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Leaves pinnate.
_Leea_, =138. Vitaceae=.

Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Leaves undivided. =193. Sapotaceae.=

683. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Corolla 5-partite. Stamens 10.
Ovary lobed, 5-celled. Styles 5, free. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely
shrubs. =108. Oxalidaceae.=

Flowers unisexual or polygamous, rarely hermaphrodite, but then sepals
united below and ovary-cells twice as many as the styles. 684

684. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs or trees. Flowers solitary
or in cymes, axillary. Corolla with contorted or valvate aestivation.
=195. Ebenaceae.=

Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then herbs or undershrubs,
and corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Flowers in
racemes or panicles, unisexual. =122. Euphorbiaceae.=

685. (669.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 686

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 701

686. Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the
corolla, or fewer. 687

Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more.
693

687. Stamens 4. 688

Stamens 5-7, rarely (_Dichapetalaceae_) 2-3 only fertile. 691

688. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed. Seeds with scanty albumen. Herbs.
Leaves opposite, lobed, stipulate. _Pretrea_, =210. Pedaliaceae=.

Corolla regular, 4-lobed or 4-parted. Seeds with abundant albumen.
Leaves opposite and exstipulate, or alternate. 689

689. Flowers unisexual. Corolla deeply divided. Fruit a drupe. _Ilex_,
=128. Aquifoliaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruit a capsule or nut. 690

690. Stamens free from the corolla or slightly adhering to it at the
base. =189. Ericaceae.=

Stamens evidently attached to the corolla-tube. _Plantago_, =218.
Plantaginaceae=.

691. Ovary 4-8-celled. Disc wanting. Corolla deeply divided. Flowers
unisexual. _Ilex_, =128. Aquifoliaceae=.

Ovary 3-celled. Disc present. 692

692. Corolla folded in the bud. Ovules erect. Seeds albuminous.
_Ipomoea_, =202. Convolvulaceae=.

Corolla not folded in the bud. Ovules pendulous. Stigmas 3. Seeds
exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. Leaves stipulate. =121. Dichapetalaceae.=

693. (686.) Stamens as many to twice as many as the divisions of the
corolla. 694

Stamens more than twice as many as the divisions of the corolla. 698

694. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Sepals united below, valvate in bud.
=144. Sterculiaceae.=

Leaves exstipulate, rarely (_Oxalidaceae_) stipulate, but then sepals
free and imbricate in bud. 695

695. Style 1, undivided. 696

Styles 2-8, free or partially united. 697

696. Stamens 8-10; filaments united; anthers opening by longitudinal
slits. =118. Meliaceae.=

Stamens 4-8; filaments free, rarely united, but then anthers opening by
apical pores. Leaves undivided. =189. Ericaceae.=

697. Sepals free. Corolla deeply divided. Stamens 10. Filaments united
in a cup at the base. Styles 5. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.
Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite. =108. Oxalidaceae.=

Sepals united below. Filaments free or united in several bundles.
Shrubs or trees. =195. Ebenaceae.=

698. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Styles 2-8, free or united at the
base. Shrubs or trees. =195. Ebenaceae.=

Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate, but then style 1, undivided. 699

699. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Style simple. Shrubs or trees.
Leaves undivided. =145. Scytopetalaceae.=

Corolla with contorted, calyx with valvate aestivation. 700

700. Anthers 1-celled. =142. Malvaceae.=

Anthers 2-celled. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

701. (685.) Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the
corolla, or fewer. 702

Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla, or more.
708

702. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 4. Flowers
irregular. Albumen scanty. 703

Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 704

703. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Stigma 1. Ovary 3-celled.
Leaves whorled. Shrubs. _Bowkeria_, =208. Scrophulariaceae=.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Stigmas 2. =210.
Pedaliaceae.=

704. Corolla with valvate or folded aestivation. 705

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 706

705. Leaves opposite or whorled. Calyx and corolla with valvate
aestivation. Ovary 5-7-celled. Embryo straight. Shrubs. _Roussea_, =96.
Saxifragaceae=.

Leaves alternate. Corolla with folded aestivation. Embryo curved. =207.
Solanaceae.=

706. Stamens free from the corolla or adhering to it at the base. =189.
Ericaceae.=

Stamens attached on the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube.
707

707. Fruit a capsule. Disc wanting. Stamens 4. Leaves without stipules.
_Plantago_, =218. Plantaginaceae.=

Fruit a berry or a drupe. Leaves opposite or whorled, provided with
stipules or connected by transverse lines at the base. Shrubs or trees.
=198. Loganiaceae.=

708. (701.) Stamens 3-12. 709

Stamens numerous. 714

709. Flowers unisexual. Fruit a berry. Trees or shrubs. 710

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 711

710. Flowers monoecious. Calyx subentire. Corolla of the male flowers
with a long tube, of the female ones with free petals. Staminodes
absent in the female flowers. Ovary sessile. Style short. Stigmas 5.
Leaves lobed. _Cylicomorpha_, =163. Caricaceae=.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx of free sepals. Corolla with a short tube.
Staminodes present in the female flowers. Ovary shortly stalked.
Style long. Stigma 1, lobed. Leaves undivided. _Cercopetalum_, =87.
Capparidaceae=.

711. Styles 5, free. Stamens 10, united at the base. Calyx with
imbricate, corolla with contorted, aestivation. =108. Oxalidaceae.=

Style 1, simple or divided; in the latter case calyx with valvate
aestivation. 712

712. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. =189. Ericaceae.=

Leaves stipulate. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted,
aestivation. 713

713. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a single slit, twisted, 5. Leaves
digitate. Trees. _Ceiba_, =143. Bombacaceae=.

Anthers 2-celled, opening by two slits or pores. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

714. (708.) Corolla of numerous divisions. Styles 5. Leaves without
stipules. Herbs. _Orygia_, =72. Aizoaceae=.

Corolla of 5 divisions. 715

715. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Shrubs or trees. =145.
Scytopetalaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation. 716

716. Calyx with valvate or closed, corolla with contorted, aestivation.
Leaves stipulate. 717

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Leaves exstipulate, undivided. Shrubs
or trees. 719

717. Anthers 2-celled. =144. Sterculiaceae.=

Anthers 1-celled. Filaments united. Embryo curved. 718

718. Leaves palmately compound. Trees. =143. Bombacaceae.=

Leaves simple. =142. Malvaceae.=

719. Stamens 15. Style simple, with 5 stigmas. Albumen abundant.
_Ficalhoa_, =189. Ericaceae=.

Stamens more than 15. Albumen scanty or wanting. =148. Theaceae.=

720. (552.) Style 1, or styles 2 or more, united at the base or apex.
721 Styles 2 or more, entirely free. 725

721. Stamens numerous. Filaments united. Anthers 1-celled. Ovaries 5 or
more. Calyx with valvate, corolla with contorted aestivation. Leaves
stipulate. =142. Malvaceae.=

Stamens 2-5. Ovaries 2-5. 722

722. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Flowers usually
irregular. Leaves usually opposite or whorled. =206. Labiatae.=

Fertile stamens 5. Flowers usually regular. 723

723. Ovaries 4, one-ovuled. Style or style-branches stigmatose at the
apex or between the apical lobes. Disc present. Leaves, at least the
upper ones, alternate. =204. Borraginaceae.=

Ovaries 2, rarely 3 or 5, very rarely 4, but then 2-ovuled. Style or
styles stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Leaves usually opposite.
724

724. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with and
adhering to the anthers. Styles 2, united at the top. Pollen-grains
cohering. Disc wanting. =201. Asclepiadaceae.=

Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the
anthers. Styles partially or wholly united. Pollen-grains free. =200.
Apocynaceae.=

725. Styles 2. Ovaries 2 or 4. Ovules together 4. Stamens 5. Corolla
with folded or valvate aestivation. Herbs. =202. Convolvulaceae.=

Styles 3 or more. Ovaries 3 or more. 726

726. Sepals 2-3. Corolla-lobes 3-6. Stamens 6 or more. Albumen
abundant, ruminate. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate.
=81. Anonaceae.=

Sepals 4 or more, rarely 3, but then stamens 3. Albumen scanty or
wanting. 727

727. Flowers unisexual. Ovules solitary in each ovary. Fruits
indehiscent. Trees. Leaves alternate, lobed, stipulate. _Platanus_,
=102. Platanaceae=.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Ovules 2 or more in each ovary,
rarely solitary, but then leaves opposite. Fruits dehiscent. Leaves
exstipulate. 728

728. Ovules 2 in each ovary. Flowers 5-merous. Leaves alternate,
pinnate. Shrubs or trees. =104. Connaraceae.=

Ovules numerous, rarely 1-2 in each ovary, but then leaves opposite and
undivided. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. =95. Crassulaceae.=

729. (551.) Ovary single, 1-celled. 730

Ovary 2-or more-celled, or 2 separate ovaries. 747

730. Ovules 1-4, not distinctly separated from the tissues of the
ovary. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla.
Shrubs growing upon trees. _Loranthus_, =61. Loranthaceae=.

Ovules distinctly developed. Stamens as many as and alternate with
the divisions of the corolla, or more, or fewer, rarely opposite the
divisions, but then ovules numerous. 731

731. Ovule 1. 732

Ovules 2 or more. 740

732. Ovule erect. 733

Ovule pendulous. 734

733. Stigmas 2. Stamens 3-5; anthers coherent. Corolla with valvate or
open aestivation. Calyx little developed. Seed exalbuminous. Flowers
in heads, rarely in spikes or umbels or solitary. Leaves exstipulate.
=226. Compositae.=

Stigmas 3. Stamens 9-10; anthers free. Corolla with contorted, calyx
with imbricate aestivation. Seed albuminous. Flowers in racemes or
panicles. Leaves stipulate. Tendril-bearing shrubs. _Ancistrocladus_,
=166. Ancistrocladaceae=.

734. Leaves alternate. 735

Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical. 737

735. Flowers unisexual. Seed exalbuminous. Climbing or prostrate
plants. Stamens 2-5. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite. Seed albuminous. Erect shrubs. Leaves undivided.
736

736. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 4 or 5. Stigma 1.
Fruit dry, indehiscent. Flowers in terminal heads. _Berzelia_, =100.
Bruniaceae=.

Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens 6 or more. Stigmas 2-6. Fruit
succulent, drupaceous. Flowers in axillary cymes. _Alangium_, =178.
Alangiaceae=.

737. Style 3-parted. Stamens 5. Fruit drupaceous. Shrubs or trees.
_Viburnum_, =220. Caprifoliaceae=.

Style simple with 1-3 stigmas or 2-parted. Herbs or undershrubs. 738

738. Stamens 5. Corolla with valvate aestivation. =219. Rubiaceae.=

Stamens 1-4. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. 739

739. Flowers in heads. Calyx surrounded by an epicalyx. Stamens 2-4.
Seed albuminous. =222. Dipsacaceae.=

Flowers in cymose inflorescences, without an epicalyx. Stamens 1-3.
Seed exalbuminous. =221. Valerianaceae.=

740. (731.) Ovules basal or apical or inserted upon a free central
placenta. 741

Ovules inserted upon two or more parietal placentas. 745

741. Calyx of 2, corolla of 4-6 divisions. Stamens as many as and
opposite the divisions of the corolla or more. Herbs or undershrubs.
_Portulaca_, =73. Portulacaceae=.

Calyx and corolla of 4-5 divisions each. Stamens as many or fewer. 742

742. Ovules basal or apical. Stamens as many as and alternate with
the divisions of the corolla or fewer. Corolla usually with valvate
aestivation. 743

Ovules inserted upon a free central placenta. Stamens as many as
and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Corolla with imbricate
aestivation. 744

743. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens free. Ovules 4, basal.
Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds albuminous. Undershrubs. _Merciera_, =224.
Campanulaceae=.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Seeds exalbuminous. =223.
Cucurbitaceae.=

744. Staminodes alternating with the fertile stamens. Fruit a capsule.
Herbs or undershrubs. _Samolus_, =191. Primulaceae=.

Staminodes wanting. Fruit a berry or nut. Shrubs. _Maesa_, =190.
Myrsinaceae=.

745. Stamens numerous. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry. Seeds
albuminous. Succulent, usually leafless plants. =167. Cactaceae.=

Stamens 2-11. Leafy plants. 746

746. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5-11. Fruit capsular.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate.
=219. Rubiaceae.=

Corolla with valvate, rarely with imbricate aestivation. Stamens
2-5. Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Fruit berry-or nut-like. Seeds
exalbuminous. Leaves nearly always alternate. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

747. (729.) Ovaries 2, distinct. Styles more or less united above,
stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. Stamens 5. Leaves usually
opposite. 748

Ovary 1. 749

748. Stylar head with 5 gland-like pollen-carriers alternating with the
anthers, to which the pollen united into masses adheres. Styles free
below the thickened apex. Disc wanting. =201. Asclepiadaceae.=

Stylar head without pollen-carriers, but sometimes adhering to the
anthers. Pollen of free grains. =200. Apocynaceae.=

749. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 750

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell. 758

750. Leaves opposite, whorled, or all radical. 751

Leaves alternate. 753

751. Stamens fewer than the divisions of the corolla, 1-3.
Ovary 3-celled. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs or undershrubs. =221.
Valerianaceae.=

Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. 752

752. Leaves pinnately dissected. Stamens 5. Anthers opening outwards.
Style 3-5-parted. Fruit a drupe. _Sambucus_, =220. Caprifoliaceae=.

Leaves undivided. =219. Rubiaceae.=

753. Flowers unisexual. Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions
of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens as many as or more than
the divisions of the corolla. Seeds albuminous. Trees, shrubs, or
undershrubs. 754

754. Stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla.
Corolla with valvate aestivation. Ovary 3-4-celled. Leaves undivided.
=59. Olacaceae.=

Stamens as many as and alternate with the divisions of the corolla or
more. 755

755. Flowers irregular. Corolla folded in bud. Ovules erect. Stigma 1,
enclosed by a cup. Leaves undivided. _Scaevola_, =225. Goodeniaceae=.

Flowers regular. Ovules pendulous. 756

756. Corolla with imbricate aestivation, divided nearly to the base.
Styles or stigmas 2. Leaves undivided. =100. Bruniaceae.=

Corolla with valvate aestivation. 757

757. Flowers in cymes. Petals slightly cohering at the base. Leaves
undivided. _Alangium_, =178. Alangiaceae=.

Flowers in umbels, heads, racemes, or spikes. Petals usually united
throughout their whole length. Leaves usually compound. =185.
Araliaceae.=

758. (749.) Stamens as many as or fewer than the divisions of the
corolla. 759

Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla. 769

759. Leaves opposite or whorled. 760

Leaves alternate. 764

760. Leaves stipulate, undivided. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes,
inserted on the corolla, with free filaments. =219. Rubiaceae.=

Leaves exstipulate. 761

761. Flowers unisexual. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes. Seeds
albuminous. 762

762. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. Corolla with valvate
aestivation. Usually herbs. =224. Campanulaceae.=

Stamens evidently inserted upon the corolla, 5. Corolla with imbricate
or contorted aestivation. Usually shrubs or trees. 763

763. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla with imbricate
aestivation. Style stigmatose at the apex. Fruit a berry. Shrubs. =220.
Caprifoliaceae.=

Flowers regular. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Style stigmatose
below the apex. Ovary 2-celled. =200. Apocynaceae.=

764. Leaves stipulate, entire. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled with
2 ovules in each cell. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees.
_Dichapetalum_, =121. Dichapetalaceae=.

Leaves exstipulate, rarely stipulate, but then more or less deeply
divided or stamens fewer than 5 or ovules numerous. 765

765. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous, regular, rarely
somewhat irregular, in the latter case, as usually, stamens fewer than
the divisions of the corolla. Seeds exalbuminous. =223. Cucurbitaceae.=

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual or polygamous, but then
irregular. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla. Seeds
albuminous. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. 766

766. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Style simple,
stigmatose beneath the thickened apex. =200. Apocynaceae.=

Corolla with imbricate (not contorted) or valvate aestivation. Style
stigmatose at the apex or between the apical lobes. 767

767. Corolla imbricate in bud, regular. Ovary 2-celled, with 2-4 ovules
in each cell. Style simple with 2 stigmas or 2-parted. Shrubs or
undershrubs. =100. Bruniaceae.=

Corolla valvate in bud, rarely imbricate, but then irregular or ovules
numerous. Style simple. 768

768. Style with hairs or glands in its upper part, rarely without, and
then corolla irregular or imbricate in bud. Stigma more or less deeply
divided, at least after the period of flowering. =224. Campanulaceae.=

Style without hairs or glands. Stigma entire, capitate. Ovary
3-4-celled with numerous ovules. Anthers free. Corolla regular,
5-partite, valvate in bud. Undershrubs. _Berenice_, =96. Saxifragaceae=.

769. (758.) Stamens 8-10. Seeds with a straight embryo and abundant
fleshy albumen. _Vaccinium_, =189. Ericaceae=.

Stamens numerous. 770

770. Corolla of numerous petals united at the base. Seeds with a curved
embryo and mealy albumen. Herbs or undershrubs. _Mesembryanthemum_,
=72. Aizoaceae=.

Corolla of 3-6 petals. Shrubs or trees. 771

771. Petals united at the base, imbricate in bud. Filaments united at
the base. Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous. =176. Lecythidaceae.=

Petals united into a hood throughout their whole length, sometimes
finally separating. Filaments free or nearly so. 772

772. Ovary half-inferior. Seeds albuminous. _Rhaptopetalum_, =145.
Scytopetalaceae=.

Ovary inferior. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves gland-dotted. =180.
Myrtaceae.=




KEY TO THE GENERA


EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA

(PHANEROGAMAE)


SUBDIVISION GYMNOSPERMAE


CLASS I. CYCADALES


FAMILY 1. CYCADACEAE


Stem simple, rarely branched at the top, woody, with mucilagineous
juice. Leaves pinnate or pinnatisect, forming a tuft at the top of
the stem and intermingled with scales. Flowers solitary, terminal, in
the shape of a cone (but sometimes overtopped by the continued growth
of the stem), dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens bearing many
pollen-sacs on their lower side. Ovules 2-8 to each carpel, straight,
with a single coat. Seeds drupe-like, albuminous. Embryo with two more
or less united cotyledons.--Genera 3, species 25. Tropical and South
Africa. (Plate 1.)

1. Stem growing through the female flower, covered with the remains
of the old leaves. Leaf-segments one-nerved, coiled in bud. Carpels
pinnately toothed or cleft, each with 4-8 ascending ovules.--Species 2,
one growing wild in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, the other
cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various parts of Africa. Used
as ornamental and medicinal plants; the fruits are edible and the pith
contains starch (sago). [Tribe CYCADEAE.] =Cycas= L.

Stem not growing through the female flower. Leaf-segments with several
nerves, straight in bud. Carpels each with 2 descending ovules. [Tribe
ZAMIEAE.] 2

2. Leaf-segments with pinnate nerves. Stem without remains
of old leaves at the base. Cone-scales (stamens and carpels)
imbricate.--Species 2. South-east Africa (Natal). Used as ornamental
plants. =Stangeria= Th. Moore

Leaf-segments with parallel nerves. Stem covered with the remains of
old leaves. Cone-scales not imbricate.--Species 20. South and Central
Africa. The pith (Kaffir-bread) and the seeds of some species are eaten
and also used for making a sort of beer. Several species yield gum or
serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 1.) =Encephalartos= Lehm.


CLASS II. CONIFERAE


FAMILY 2. TAXACEAE

Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves alternate, linear or
linear-lanceolate. Flowers solitary or the male umbellate, dioecious,
without a perianth. Stamens with 2-9 pollen-sacs. Carpels free,
one-ovuled, shorter than the seeds, sometimes rudimentary. Seeds 1-2,
drupe-like, surrounded by a fleshy aril. Embryo with 2 or more free
cotyledons.--Genera 2, species 9. (Under _CONIFERAE_.)

Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs and a triangular blade. Pollen-grains with
air-bladders. Carpels distinctly developed. Ovule inverted, with two
coats. Aril enveloping the seed. Leaves with resin-ducts.--Species 8.
South and East Africa, Madagascar, Island of St. Thomas. They yield
timber and bark for tanning. (Including _Nageia_ Gaertn.) [Subfamily
=PODOCARPOIDEAE=.] =Podocarpus= L’ Hér.

Stamens with 5-9 pollen-sacs and a peltate blade. Pollen-grains without
air-bladders. Carpels rudimentary. Ovule straight, with one coat. Aril
cup-shaped. Leaves without resin-ducts.--Species 1. North-west Africa.
A poisonous, medicinal and ornamental plant, with hard wood. “Yew.”
[Subfamily =TAXOIDEAE=]. =Taxus= L.


FAMILY 3. PINACEAE

Stem branched, woody, with resinous juice. Leaves needle-or scale-like.
Flowers unisexual, without a perianth. Stamens in catkins, with 2-5
pollen-sacs below the scale-like limb. Carpels arranged in the shape of
a cone or bud, leathery woody or fleshy, when ripe. Ovules 2 or more
to each carpel, rarely only 1. Seeds hidden by the carpels, without an
aril. Embryo with 2 or more free cotyledons.--Genera 6, species 25.
(Under _CONIFERAE_.) (Plate 2.)

1. Leaves alternate (as are also the floral leaves), but sometimes
fascicled, needle-like. Stamens with 2 pollen-sacs. Pollen-grains
with air-bladders. Carpels divided into an inner and an outer scale,
leathery or woody when ripe. Ovules and seeds 2 to each carpel; ovules
turned downwards. [Tribe ABIETINEAE.] 2

Leaves opposite or whorled. Stamens with 3-5, very rarely 2
pollen-sacs. Pollen-grains without air-bladders. Ovules turned upwards.
[Tribe CUPRESSINEAE.] 4

2. Shoots all alike (all long). Leaves solitary, flat. Pollen-sacs
opening obliquely or transversely; connective without an appendage.
Cones ripening the first year; scales leathery.--Species 2. North-west
Africa. The wood and the resin are used, the latter especially for the
preparation of turpentine. “Silver fir.” =Abies= Juss.

Shoots of two kinds, long and short. Leaves of the short shoots in
clusters of two or more, surrounded by scales when young. Pollen-sacs
opening longitudinally; connective with an appendage. Cones ripening
the second or third year; scales woody. 3

[Illustration: CYCADACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 1._

J. Fleischmann del.

Encephalartos Lemarinelianus De Wild. & Dur.

_A_ Young plant. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Pollen-sacs.
_E_ Female inflorescence. _F_ Carpel. (_A_ partly from De Wildeman,
Notices sur des plantes utiles ou intéréssantes de la flore du Congo.)]

[Illustration: PINACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 2._

J. Fleischmann del.

Callitris cupressoides (L.) Schrad.

_A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Fruit. _E_
Carpel. _F_ Seed.]

3. Leaves all needle-like; those of the short shoots in clusters of
many; those of the long shoots scattered. Flowers inserted upon short
shoots, the males solitary. Cone-scales flat, imbricate, without a
terminal appendage, deciduous.--Species 2. North-west Africa. They
yield timber and medicinal drugs. “Cedar.” =Cedrus= Loud.

Leaves of the short shoots needle-like, in clusters of two or three,
very rarely solitary; leaves of the long shoots scale-like. Male
flowers in spikes replacing short shoots; female flowers towards the
end of the branches, replacing long shoots. Cone-scales thick, with
a terminal umbonate appendage, persistent.--Species 4. North Africa;
also naturalized in South Africa and St. Helena. Wood, bark, and resin
are used for carpenters’ and joiners’ work, for tanning and for the
manufacture of paper, tar, pitch, colophony, turpentine, and other
chemical products, as well as in medicine. The seeds of some species
(especially those of the stone-pine, _P. Pinea_ L.) are edible. “Pine.”
=Pinus= L.

4. Fruit fleshy, berry-or drupe-like. Seeds not winged, as many as the
carpels or fewer. Leaves usually needle-like.--Species 9. North and
East Africa. They yield wood, bark for tanning, resin, an essential
oil, brandy (gin), and medicines; some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including _Arceuthos_ Ant. & Kotschy and _Sabina_ Spach). =Juniperus=
L.

Fruit woody, cone-like. Seeds winged, as many as the carpels or more.
Leaves usually scale-like. 5

5. Carpels 4, valve-like, separating at the apex when ripe,
1-10-seeded.--Species 8, one of them only naturalized. North, South,
and southern East Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius. Some of them
(especially _C. quadrivalvis_ Vent.) yield timber and resin (sandarac)
which is used for the preparation of lacquer, varnish, cement, and in
medicine. (Including _Tetraclinis_ Mast. and _Widdringtonia_ Endl.)
(Plate 2.) =Callitris= Vent.

Carpels 8-10, peltate, separating at the margins when ripe,
many-seeded.--Species 1. Cultivated in North Africa as an ornamental
plant and sometimes naturalized. It yields timber and is used in
medicine. “Cypress.” =Cupressus= L.


CLASS III. GNETALES


FAMILY 4. GNETACEAE

Stem woody. Juice not resinous. Leaves opposite, undivided. Flowers
in spikes or panicles or the female solitary, unisexual, but the male
sometimes with rudimentary ovules. Perianth of the male flowers tubular
or 2-4-parted, of the female bladder-like. Stamens 2-8. Ovule 1, erect,
straight. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.--Genera 3 species 8. North and
Central Africa.

1. Stem turnip-shaped, very short. Leaves 2, very large, sessile,
linear, with parallel nerves. Flowers in panicled spikes; the male
consisting of a 4-partite perianth, 6 stamens with 3-celled anthers,
and a rudimentary ovule. Ovule with a single coat.--Species 1;
German South-west Africa and Angola. (_Tumboa_ Welw.) [Subfamily
=WELWITSCHIOIDEAE=.] =Welwitschia= Hook. fil.

Stem shrubby or twining. Leaves numerous, not very large. Male flowers
consisting of a 2-partite or a tubular, undivided perianth and 2-8
stamens with 1-2-celled anthers, without rudimentary ovules, but
sometimes accompanied by sterile female flowers. 2

2. Leaves large, with a short foot-stalk, lanceolate oblong elliptical
or oval, penninerved. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes or panicles,
the male consisting of a tubular, undivided perianth and 2 stamens
with 1-celled anthers. Ovule with two coats.--Species 2. West Africa.
The young leaves are used as a vegetable. [Subfamily =GNETOIDEAE=.]
=Gnetum= L.

Leaves scale-like. Male flowers in spikes or panicles, female solitary
or in pairs. Male flowers consisting of a 2-partite perianth and 2-8
stamens with 2-celled anthers. Ovule with a single coat exceeding
the perianth.--Species 5. North Africa and northern Central Africa.
The fruits of some species are eaten or used in medicine. [Subfamily
=EPHEDROIDEAE=.] =Ephedra= L.




SUBDIVISION ANGIOSPERMAE

CLASS IV. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE


ORDER PANDANALES


FAMILY 5. TYPHACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping root-stock and simple stems.
Leaves in two ranks, linear. Inflorescences spadix-like, cylindrical,
superposed, interrupted by bracts, the lower female, the upper male.
Flowers unisexual, without a perianth, but usually surrounded by hairs.
Stamens 2-7; connective thickened; anthers opening lengthwise by two
slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style and stigma
simple. Fruit tardily dehiscent. Seed with abundant albumen and a long,
axile embryo.

Genus 1, species 4. They are used as ornamental plants and in medicine,
and yield potash and also materials for plaiting and stuffing and for
the manufacture of paper and felt. The root-stock and the pollen are
edible. “Reedmace.” =Typha= Tourn.

[Illustration: PANDANACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 3._

J. Fleischmann del

Pandanus Candelabrum Beauv.

_A_ Whole plant. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Leaf. _D_ Female
inflorescences. _E_ Male flower. _A_ and _D_ (from Palisot-Beauvois
Flore d’Oware et de Benin.)]

[Illustration: POTAMOGETONACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 4._

J. Fleischmann del

Potamogeton javanicus Hassk.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Fruiting branch. _C_ Flower. _D_ Ovary cut
lengthwise. _E_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]


FAMILY 6. PANDANACEAE

Shrubs or trees, usually with aerial roots. Leaves in three ranks,
sword-shaped, usually spiny. Flowers dioecious, without bracts,
arranged in solitary or panicled, spike-or head-like spadices, which
are inserted in the axil of spathe-like bracts. Perianth none. Ovaries
connate, 1-celled. Ovule 1, descending, inverted. Stigma 1, sessile.
Fruits drupe-like, congested into a globose or ovoid head. Seed with
abundant albumen. (Plate 3.)

Genus 1, species 65. Tropics. They yield timber, fibres, flowers
used in perfumery, edible fruits, and medicinal drugs. “Screw-pine.”
=Pandanus= L.



FAMILY 7. SPARGANIACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs with a creeping root-stock. Leaves in two ranks,
linear. Flowers unisexual, in globular heads, the lower of which
are female. Perianth of membranous scales. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary
superior, 1-2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style
simple, stigmas 1-2. Fruits drupe-like. Seed with a mealy albumen and a
large, axile embryo. (Under _TYPHACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 2. North-west Africa. “Bur-reed.” =Sparganium= L.


ORDER HELOBIAE

SUBORDER POTAMOGETONINEAE


FAMILY 8. POTAMOGETONACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers solitary or
spicate, regular, with 1-4-merous whorls. Perianth simple and little
developed or wanting. Stamens 1-4. Anthers sessile, opening outwards
or laterally. Carpel 1, with a 1-celled ovary, or several distinct or
almost distinct carpels. Ovules solitary in each carpel, very rarely
2, pendulous or laterally fixed Fruit indehiscent. Seed exalbuminous.
Embryo with a strongly developed radicle.--Genera 8, species 35.
(Including _ZOSTERACEAE_, under _NAIADACEAE_.) (Plate 4.)

1. Flowers in spikes, hermaphrodite or polygamous, without a perianth,
but the stamens sometimes provided with a sepal-like connective. 2

Flowers solitary or in cymes, unisexual. 5

2. Spikes with a flat axis, at the time of flowering enclosed in the
sheaths of the uppermost leaves. Stamen 1. Pollen-grains filiform.
Carpel 1. Stigmas 2, on a short style. Embryo with a very large radicle
and a tail-like cotyledon. Submerged marine plants.--Species 2. North
and South Africa and Madagascar. Used for stuffing and as packing
material. “Grass-wrack.” [Tribe ZOSTEREAE.] =Zostera= L.

Spikes with a cylindrical axis, at the time of flowering not enclosed
in the sheaths of the uppermost leaves. Stamens 2-4. Stigma 1,
undivided or many-parted. 3

3. Spikes compound, submerged. Spikelets shorter than their bracts.
Flowers polygamous. Stamens 3, rarely 4. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpel
1. Stigma divided (or provided with narrow appendages). Embryo with a
very large radicle and a straight cotyledon resembling the leaves of
the plumule. Marine plants.--Species 1. Mediterranean Sea. The leaves
are used for packing and thatching, and also in medicine. [Tribe
POSIDONIEAE.] =Posidonia= Koen.

Spikes simple, above the water. Flowers hermaphrodite. Pollen-grains
globular or bent. Carpels usually 4. Stigma simple, more or less
peltate. Embryo with a curved cotyledon. [Tribe POTAMOGETONEAE.] 4

4. Spikes two-flowered. Stamens 2. Anthers with a very short appendage
and kidney-shaped cells opening outwards. Pollen-grains bent. Fruit
stalked. Embryo with a very thick radicle. Salt-water plants. Leaves
subulate.--Species 1. =Ruppia= L.

Spikes several-flowered. Stamens 4. Anthers with a sepal-like appendage
and straight cells opening laterally. Pollen-grains globular. Fruit
sessile. Embryo with a slightly thickened radicle.--Species 20. Used
for manure; some have edible root-stocks. “Pondweed.” (Plate 4.)
=Potamogeton= Tourn.

5. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Pollen-grains filiform. Carpels 2.
Stigmas strap-shaped, longer than the style. Embryo with an accumbent
cotyledon. Marine plants. [Tribe CYMODOCEAE.] 6

Perianth present, at least in the female flowers. Stamens 1-2.
Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 3-9. Stigma shield-or funnel-shaped,
shorter than the style. Embryo with a hooked or rolled cotyledon.
Fresh-or brackish-water plants. [Tribe ZANICHELLIEAE.] 7

6. Stigma 1. Anthers inserted at slightly different heights. Ripe
carpels scarcely compressed.--Species 2. Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Angola.
(_Halodule_ Endl., under _Cymodocea_ Koen.) =Diplanthera= Thouars

Stigmas 2. Anthers inserted at the same height. Ripe carpels
compressed and keeled.--Species 5. North Africa, Senegambia, East
Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Including _Phycagrostis_
Ascherson) =Cymodocea= Koen.

7. Perianth in the male flowers none, in the female cup-shaped and
undivided. Anthers stalked, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Carpels
usually 4, slightly curved, with a peltate stigma.--Species 1. North
and South Africa, southern West Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. =Zannichellia= Mich.

Perianth in the male flowers 3-toothed, in the female consisting of 1-3
segments. Anthers sessile, opening with one longitudinal slit. Carpels
3, straight, with a funnel-shaped stigma.--Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). =Althenia= Fr. Petit

[Illustration: APONOGETONACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 5._

J. Fleischmann del.

Aponogeton leptostachyus E. Mey.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Female flower. _C_ Carpel cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: ALISMATACEAE

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 6._

J. Fleischmann del.

Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Male flower from above. _C_ Male flower cut
lengthwise.]


FAMILY 9. NAIADACEAE

Herbs growing in fresh or brackish water. Leaves linear, toothed
or spiny. Flowers axillary, solitary or in glomerules, unisexual.
Perianth little developed, in the male flowers simple or double,
sack-like, in the female simple and sack-like or wanting. Stamen 1.
Anthers 1-or 4-celled. Pollen-grains globular or ovoid. Ovary 1-celled.
Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style 1; stigmas 2-3. Seed with a hard
coat, exalbuminous. Embryo straight, with a large radicle and a well
developed plumule.

Genus 1, species 10. (Including _Caulinia_ A. Braun) =Naias= L.


FAMILY 10. APONOGETONACEAE

Aquatic herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves radical, narrow,
with several longitudinal and many transverse nerves. Flowers in 1-4
spikes connected at the base, enclosed when young in a sheath, and
rising above the water. Perianth of 1-3 more or less brightly coloured
segments. Stamens 6 or more, hypogynous, free. Anthers attached by
the base, opening with two longitudinal slits. Carpels 3-8, distinct.
Ovules in each carpel 2-8, basal or sutural, ascending, inverted.
Fruits membranous, dehiscent. Seeds 2 or more, erect, exalbuminous,
with a straight embryo. (Under _NAIADACEAE_.) (Plate 5.)

Genus 1, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants, especially the lattice-leaf (_A. fenestralis_ Hook.
fil.) with perforated leaves. The tubers are edible and contain starch.
(Including _Ouvirandra_ Thouars). =Aponogeton= Thunb.


FAMILY 11. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE

Marsh herbs. Leaves linear, with axillary scales. Flowers in terminal
racemes or spikes, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments,
usually green. Stamens 3-6. Anthers turned outwards; pollen-grains
ovoid. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, ascending, inverted.
Stigmas sessile. Seeds exalbuminous, with a straight embryo.
(_JUNCAGINEAE_, under _NAIADACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 4. North, South, and West Africa. The leaves and
fruits of some species are edible. (_Juncago_ Tourn.) =Triglochin= L.


SUBORDER ALISMATINEAE


FAMILY 12. ALISMATACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs, with milky juice. Leaves with axillary scales.
Flowers regular. Perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals, rarely in the
female flowers of 3 sepals only. Stamens 6 or more, rarely 3. Anthers
opening outwards. Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 6 or more, rarely 3,
distinct or united at the base. Ovules solitary in each carpel, rarely
two or more, inverted. Seeds without albumen; embryo curved.--Genera 9,
species 15. Tropical and North Africa. (Plate 6.)


1. Carpels on a large and distinctly convex receptacle. Inner
perianth-segments petal-like, larger than, or almost as large as the
outer. Stamens 6 or more. [Tribe SAGITTARIEAE.] 2

Carpels on a small and almost flat receptacle. 4

2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ripe carpels numerous, slightly compressed,
with many ribs.--Species 3. Central and North-west Africa. (Under
_Alisma_ L.) =Echinodorus= Engelm.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Ripe carpels much compressed
laterally. 3

3. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Petals a little longer
than the sepals. Carpels many. Ripe carpels with two crest-like
ribs.--Species 1. Tropics. (_Lophiocarpus_ Miq., under _Sagittaria_ L.)
=Lophotocarpus= Th. Dur.

Flowers dioecious. Petals shorter than the sepals, white. Carpels
7-9. Ripe carpels with 3 ribs.--Species 1. German South-west Africa.
=Rautanenia= Buchenau

4. Petals much smaller than the sepals or wanting. Stamens 3 or 9.
[Tribe WIESNEREAE.] 5

Petals larger than the sepals, coloured. Stamens 6, rarely 9. [Tribe
ALISMEAE.] 6

5. Flowers dioecious. Petals in the female flowers wanting. Stamens 9.
Carpels about 12.--Species 1. East Africa. =Burnatia= Mich.

Flowers monoecious. Petals present, but very small and falling off
early. Stamens 3. Carpels 3-6.--Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar.
(_Wisneria_ Mich.) =Wiesnera= Mich.

6. Carpels 6-8, united at the base and spreading horizontally,
containing 2 or more ovules each and opening by a lid when
ripe.--Species 2. North Africa. The root-stock is edible. =Damasonium=
Tourn.

Carpels 6-20, distinct, with a single ovule in each, indehiscent. 7

7. Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Carpels 15-20. Pericarp bony within,
hollow on either side. Leaves sagittate.--Species 3. Tropics. (Plate
6.) =Limnophyton= Miq.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves ovate, cordate, or lanceolate. 8

8. Carpels 6-12, irregularly whorled, slightly compressed and
3-5-ribbed when ripe; pericarp woody within.--Species 2. Tropics and
Egypt. (Under _Alisma_ L.) =Caldesia= Parl.

Carpels 15-20, distinctly whorled, much compressed and 2-ribbed when
ripe; pericarp leathery or parchment-like.--Species 1. North and
East Africa. The root-stock contains starch and is used in medicine.
“Water-plantain.” =Alisma= L.


SUBORDER BUTOMINEAE


FAMILY 13. BUTOMACEAE

Aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Flowers in
umbel-like cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments, all,
or the inner ones only, petal-like. Stamens 9, very rarely fewer.
Pollen-grains globular. Carpels 6, very rarely fewer, distinct or
united at the base only, opening when ripe along the ventral suture.
Ovules on irregularly branched parietal placentas, numerous, inverted.
Seeds without albumen.--Genera 2, species 2. North and Central Africa.
(Under _ALISMACEAE_.)

Perianth-segments nearly equal, all petal-like, pink, persistent.
Embryo straight. Leaves linear. Juice not milky.--Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Used as a garden plant. The root-stock is edible.
“Flowering-rush.” =Butomus= Tourn.

Perianth-segments unequal, outer sepal-like, inner petal-like, white,
falling off very early. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Leaves elliptical.
Juice milky.--Species 1. Northern part of Central Africa. (_Butomopsis_
Kunth) =Tenagocharis= Hochst.


FAMILY 14. HYDROCHARITACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Leaves with axillary scales. Flowers enclosed when
young in a one-or several-flowered spathe of one or two bracts,
regular, rarely somewhat irregular. Perianth consisting of a calyx and
a corolla, rarely simple. Stamens 2-12. Anthers opening outwards or
laterally. Ovary inferior, more or less distinctly one-celled, with
2-15 parietal placentas, which sometimes form incomplete dissepiments.
Seeds without albumen.--Genera 10, species 40. (Plate 7.)

1. Stigmas 2-5. Placentas as many, slightly raised. 2

Stigmas 6 or more. Placentas as many, much projecting and generally
meeting in the centre of the ovary. 6

2. Petals none. Stamens 3. Pollen-grains filiform. Stigmas several
times as long as the sepals. Embryo with a strongly developed radicle.
Totally submerged marine plants. Leaves more or less distinctly
stalked.--Species 2. Indian Ocean. [Subfamily =HALOPHILOIDEAE=.]
=Halophila= Thouars

Petals present, but sometimes very small and falling off very early.
Pollen-grains globular. Stigmas at most twice as long as the sepals.
Embryo with a not very strongly developed radicle. Freshwater
plants; flowers raised above the water. Leaves sessile. [Subfamily
=VALLISNERIOIDEAE=.] 3

3. Leaves whorled. Spathes 1-flowered. Flowers unisexual. Stamens
3.--Species 1. Upper Nile, Madagascar, Mauritius. Used in refining
sugar. [Tribe HYDRILLEAE.] =Hydrilla= L. C. Rich.

Leaves spirally arranged. Spathes of the male flowers
several-flowered. 4

4. Spathes of the male flowers 2-10-flowered, not breaking away from
the stem. Stamens 3-9. Ovules inverted.--Species 3. Madagascar and
Angola. [Tribe BLYXEAE.] =Blyxa= Noronha

Spathes of the male flowers many-flowered, breaking away from the stem.
Stamens 2-3. Ovules straight. [Tribe VALLISNERIEAE.] 5

5. Male flowers regular, with 3 fertile and 2-4 sterile stamens.
Stigmas linear, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Leaves one-nerved. Stem
elongated.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. =Lagarosiphon= Harv.

Male flowers somewhat irregular, with 2-3 fertile stamens and
sometimes a sterile one. Stigmas ovate, notched or two-toothed. Leaves
several-nerved.--Species 2. North and Central Africa. Used in refining
sugar. =Vallisneria= Mich.

6. Leaves in two rows. Ovules inverted, inserted in the angles formed
by the placentas and the wall of the ovary. Radicle of the embryo
strongly developed. Marine plants. [Subfamily =THALASSIOIDEAE=.] 7

Leaves in rosettes. Ovules inverted, but inserted on the whole surface
of the placentas, or straight. Radicle of the embryo not strongly
developed. Freshwater plants. [Subfamily =STRATIOTOIDEAE=.] 8

7. Scape of the male flowers short, of the female long and at length
spirally twisted. Male spathes several-flowered; flowers with 3 petals
and 3 stamens.--Species 1. Madagascar and Red Sea. Yields fibres and
edible seeds. =Enalus= L. C. Rich.

Scapes moderately long, not spirally twisted. Male spathes
one-flowered; flowers without petals, with 6 stamens.--Species 1. East
Africa. =Thalassia= Soland.

8. Placentas undivided. Ovules straight. Fertile stamens 9. Stem
emitting runners. Leaves floating.--Species 1. Algeria and Madagascar.
“Frogbit.” [Tribe HYDROCHARITEAE.] =Hydrocharis= L.

Placentas two-cleft. Ovules inverted. Seeds very numerous. Fertile
stamens 6-12. Stem very short, without runners. Leaves at least
partially submerged. [Tribe OTTELIEAE.] 9

9. Flowers hermaphrodite. Spathes one-flowered. Stigmas 6.--Species 9.
Tropics and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables. (Plate 7.) =Ottelia=
Pers.

Flowers dioecious. Spathes of the male flowers several-flowered.
Stigmas 9-15.--Species 10. Tropics. Some are used as vegetables.
=Boottia= Wall.


ORDER TRIURIDALES


FAMILY 15. TRIURIDACEAE

Small, pale, yellowish or reddish herbs. Leaves reduced to scales.
Flowers in racemes, regular, monoecious. Perianth of 6 petaloid,
valvate segments united at the base. Stamens 3; filaments short or
wanting; anthers 2-celled, opening transversely. Carpels inserted on a
convex or conical receptacle,

[Illustration: HYDROCHARITACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 7._

J. Fleischmann del.

Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Pistil cut
lengthwise.]

[Illustration: GRAMINEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._ _Pl. 8._

J. Fleischmann del.

Chloris Gayana Kunth

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Spikelet. _D_ Flower. _E_
Empty glume above the flower.]

numerous, distinct; styles lateral; ovules solitary, erect, inverted.
Fruits dehiscing by a longitudinal slit.

Genus 1, species 3. West Africa and Seychelles. (Including
_Seychellaria_ Hemsl.) =Sciaphila= Blume


ORDER GLUMIFLORAE


FAMILY 16. GRAMINEAE

Stem usually herbaceous and hollow between the nodes. Leaves alternate,
usually linear and furnished at their base with a sheath split open
on one side and ending in a ligule. Inflorescence consisting of
spikelets, rarely of single flowers, usually enclosed by 2 glumes
(outer or empty glumes) and arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles.
Flowers in the axil of the flowering glume (or valve), subtended by the
usually 2-keeled palea and sometimes by one or two, rarely more, minute
lodicules. Perianth none. Stamens 1-6, usually 3. Anthers opening by 2
slits or pores. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect or laterally affixed,
slightly curved, with the micropyle turned downwards. Styles 2, rarely
3 or 1. Fruit indehiscent; pericarp usually dry and adnate to the
seed. Embryo outside the copious albumen.--Genera 205, species 1600.
“Grasses.” (Plate 8.)

1. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, the upper flower fertile,
the lower male or barren and inserted immediately below the fertile
one. Axis of the spikelet not produced beyond the fertile flower,
jointed below the outer glumes or not jointed; ripe spikelets falling
entire from their stalk or from the rachis of the spike, sometimes
together with a part of it. [Subfamily =PANICOIDEAE=.] 2

Spikelets either 1-flowered with the axis produced beyond the flower
or jointed above the outer glumes, which therefore persist when the
spikelet falls off, or 2-flowered with both flowers fertile or with a
distinct interval between the flowers or with a continuation of the
axis beyond the flowers, or 3-to many-flowered. 65

2. Spikelets distinctly compressed from the side. Stamens usually 6.
Seed with a linear hilum. [Tribe ORYZEAE.] 3

Spikelets compressed from front to back or not distinctly compressed.
Stamens usually 1-3. Seed usually with a punctiform hilum. 7

3. Spikelets in terminal clusters of two or three, connate, at length
hardened. Stamens 3. Style undivided, papillose.--Species 1. North
Africa. One source of the Esparto-grass, which is used for plaiting and
paper-making. =Lygeum= L.

Spikelets in panicles. Stamens nearly always 6. Style 3-cleft or
3-parted, with feathery stigmas. 4

4. Spikelets unisexual; 1-2 sessile female and a stalked male on each
branch of the panicle. Flowering glume globose. Stamens 6. Style 1,
long, 3-cleft. Leaves broad-lanceolate, stalked.--Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa. =Leptaspis= R. Br.

Spikelets bisexual or polygamous. Styles 3, short, free or united at
the very base. Leaves linear or narrow lanceolate. 5

5. Outer glumes rudimentary. Flowering glume awnless.--Species 4.
(_Homalocenchrus_ Mieg.) =Leersia= Swartz

Outer glumes distinctly developed. Stamens 6. 6

6. Flowering glume and palea slightly compressed, awnless. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, more or less distinctly stalked.--Species 4.
Madagascar and Natal. (Under _Potamophila_ R. Br.) =Maltebrunia= Kunth

Flowering glume and palea strongly compressed.--Species 3, two wild in
Central Africa, the third (_O. sativa_ L., rice) cultivated in various
regions. The seeds are used for food and for the preparation of meal,
starch, oil, and brandy, the straw for plaiting and for the manufacture
of paper and brush-ware. =Oryza= L.

7. (2.) Flowering glume and palea (if present) stiff or at length
hardened, firmer than the outer glumes and awnless, at least in the
hermaphrodite flowers. Lowest glume usually smaller than the others.
Rachis of the spike or raceme or branches of the panicle rarely
jointed. [Tribe PANICEAE.] 8

Flowering glume and palea (if present) membranous, thinner than the
outer glumes. 26

8. Flowers unisexual, monoecious. Spikelets in panicles, the male in
the lower portion of the panicle or in special panicles. Outer glumes
in the male spikelets none, in the female 2. Lodicules 3. Leaves
net-veined.--Species 2. Tropical and South-East Africa. =Olyra= L.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous; in the latter case spikelets
arranged in spikes. 9

9. Spikelets partly hermaphrodite, partly male or neuter. 10

Spikelets all hermaphrodite. 11

10. Spikelets in short spikes consisting of a lower hermaphrodite
and two or three upper neuter spikelets; spikes unilateral on the
flattened, leaf-like rachis of a compound spike. Stem erect. Leaves
lanceolate, sagittate.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).
=Phyllorhachis= Trimen.

Spikelets in a simple spike consisting of 1-2 lower female and 4-6
upper male spikelets; rachis of the spike enlarged at the base, but not
leaf-like. Stem creeping.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Thuarea= Pers.

11. Spikelets in short spikes sunk in pits on a broad rachis. Stem
creeping.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. Used for binding the
sand on riverbanks or as fodder; also in medicine. =Stenotaphrum= Trin.

Spikelets not sunk in pits on a broad rachis. 12

12. Spikelets surrounded or subtended singly or 2-3 together by an
involucre formed of one or several bristles or spines or of 2 toothed
glumes inserted below the two empty glumes. 13

Spikelets without an involucre formed of bristles, spines, or toothed
glumes. Empty glumes 1-3. Stigmas 2, feathery. 16

13. Involucre formed by two toothed glumes. Stigma 1, papillose.
Aquatic herbs.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Odontelytrum= Hack.

Involucre formed by one or several bristles or spines. Stigmas 2,
feathery. 14

14. Axis of the spikelet jointed above the persistent involucre.
Bristles of the involucre stiff and rough. Styles free from the base.
Spikelets in spike-like panicles.--Species 30. Some of them (especially
_S. italica_ Beauv.) are cultivated as cereals. =Setaria= Beauv.

Axis of the spikelet jointed below the involucre or not jointed;
involucre falling together with the spikelet; rarely axis jointed above
the persistent involucre, but then styles united at the base. 15

15. Bristles of the involucre numerous, stiff, thickened and often
united at the base. Spikelets in spikes or racemes.--Species 10.
Tropics and Egypt. Some have edible seeds; several are fodder-grasses.
=Cenchrus= L.

Bristles of the involucre fine, not thickened at the base.--Species 65.
Some (especially the duchn, _P. typhoideum_ Rich.) are cultivated as
cereals, as fodder, or as ornamental plants. (Including _Gymnothrix_
Beauv. and _Penicillaria_ Willd.) =Pennisetum= Pers.

16. Spikelets with 2 outer glumes and 1 flower, or with 1 outer glume
and 2 flowers. 17

Spikelets with 3 outer glumes and 1 flower, or with 2 outer glumes and
2 flowers. 21

17. Spikelets containing an hermaphrodite and a male flower, arranged
in panicles. Glumes awnless. Styles free.--Species 1. South-west Africa
(Nama-land). =Anthaenantia= Beauv.

Spikelets 1-flowered, arranged in one-sided, usually digitate or
panicled spikes. 18

18. Rachis of the spike prolonged beyond the spikelets. Style 1, with 2
stigmas.--Species 3. North-west and South Africa. =Spartina= Schreb.

Rachis of the spike not prolonged beyond the spikelets. Styles 2, free
or shortly united. 19

19. Styles united at the base. Flowering glume papery. Upper outer
glume awned. Spikelets in digitate racemes.--Species 1. East Africa.
(_Stereochlaena_ Hack.) =Chloridion= Stapf.

Styles free. Flowering glume cartilaginous. 20

20. Lower outer glume decurrent into a callous swelling. Flowering
glume mucronate.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Eriochloa= Kunth

Lower outer glume without a callus at the base.--Species 15. Tropical
and South Africa. Used as fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants.
The seeds of several species (especially those of the fundi _P. exile_
Kippist) are sometime used as food. =Paspalum= L.

21. Spikelets containing two hermaphrodite flowers. Axis of the
spikelet jointed above the persistent outer glumes. Outer glumes
awnless. Spikelets arranged in panicles.--Species 6. Tropics. =Isachne=
R. Br.

Spikelets containing a single hermaphrodite flower and sometimes also
a male flower. Axis of the spikelet jointed below the outer glumes;
spikelet falling as a whole. 22

22. First (lowest) outer glume awned, as well as the second. Spikelets
one-flowered, directed to one side and disposed in panicles.--Species
4. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as fodder. =Oplismenus=
Beauv.

First outer glume awnless. 23

23. Second outer glume apparently removed from the first by a conical
or cylindrical, strongly-haired swelling at the base, usually awned or
mucronate. Spikelets in panicles. 25

Second outer glume without a basal swelling. 24

24. First outer glume as large as or larger than the second,
papery.--Species 1. South-west Africa to Angola. (Under _Panicum_ L.).
=Leucophrys= Rendle

First outer glume much smaller than the second.--Species 20. Some are
used as ornamental or fodder-plants. (Including _Monachyron_ Parl. and
_Rhynchelytrum_ Nees, under _Panicum_ L.) =Tricholaena= Schrad.

25. Second outer glume bearing, like the third, a long, twisted
awn.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Acritochaete= Pilger

Second outer glume unawned.--Species 220. Some (especially _P.
miliaceum_ L., millet, and _P. sanguinale_ L.) are cultivated as
cereals, others furnish vegetables, syrup, or fodder, or are used for
plaiting-work or as ornamental plants. (Including _Axonopus_ Beauv.,
_Digitaria_ Pers., _Echinolaena_ Desv., _Sacciolepis_ Nash, and
_Syntherisma_ Walt.) =Panicum= L.

26. (7.) Outer glumes 3, the lowest smaller than the others, the
uppermost sometimes including a male flower. Rachis and branches of the
inflorescence not jointed. [Tribe TRISTEGINEAE.] 27

Outer glumes 1-3; if 3, then the lowest larger than the uppermost. 30

27. Spikelets arranged in spikes. First and second outer glume minute,
the third awned.--Species 3. Abyssinia. =Beckera= Fresen.

Spikelets arranged in panicles. Second outer glume not very small.
Flowering glume awnless. 28

28. Lowest outer glume minute, like the second awnless, the third more
or less distinctly awned. Spikelets arranged singly along the branches
of the panicle.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used as a
fodder-grass. =Melinis= Beauv.

Lowest outer glume not very small; the third awnless, rarely both the
second and third awned. 29

29. Outer glumes, at least the second, awned. Spikelets arranged singly
along the branches of the panicle. (See 24.) =Tricholaena= Schrad.

Outer glumes awnless, the first and second about half the length of the
third and the flowering glume. Spikelets in clusters along the branches
of the panicle.--Species 2. West Africa and Mascarene Islands. Used as
ornamental plants. =Thysanolaena= Nees

30. (26.) Flowers unisexual. Male and female spikelets in different
inflorescences, or male spikelets in the upper, female in the lower
portion of the inflorescence. [Tribe MAYDEAE.] 31

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely (_Andropogon_) unisexual,
but then male and female spikelets in the same inflorescence and
arranged in pairs, the male spikelets sometimes rudimentary. 33

31. Male spikelets in a terminal spike, the female at its base,
enclosed singly or 2-3 together by a hardened globose bract. Style
not very long, 2-cleft.--Species 1 (_C. Lacryma Jobi_ L., Job’s
tears). North-west Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used
medicinally and for making ornamental articles and rosaries. =Coix= L.

Male spikelets in spikes arranged in a terminal panicle, female in
spikes or spadices with membranous bracts or spathes. Style very long,
undivided or shortly 2-cleft. 32

32. Female spikelets in fascicled spikes with a jointed rachis. Style
2-cleft. Fruit enclosed when ripe in a cartilagineous case.--Species
1 (_E. mexicana_ Schrad., Teosinte), cultivated as an ornamental or
fodder-plant. =Euchlaena= Schrad.

Female spikelets connate into a spadix with a thick, not jointed
rachis. Fruit projecting beyond the membranous glumes, rarely enclosed
by leathery glumes.--Species 1 (_Z. Mays_ L., maize or Indian corn).
Cultivated for the grain or as a fodder-or ornamental plant. The seeds
are also used for the preparation of starch, oil, and spirituous
drinks. The leaves and spathes yield fibre. =Zea= L.

33. Spikelets in heads surrounded by 2 or 3 involucral bracts,
containing a single hermaphrodite flower. Outer glumes 2, membranous,
awnless, the lower one short. Flowering glume larger than the outer
glumes, awnless. Stamens 2.--Species 1. North Africa and Senegambia.
=Crypsis= Ait.

Spikelets in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 34

34. Spikelets arranged singly or in clusters of 3-6, very rarely in
pairs, along the continuous rachis of a spike or raceme. Outer glumes
2. [Tribe ZOYSIEAE.] 35

Spikelets arranged in pairs, one sessile, the other stalked, more
rarely singly or in clusters of 3 or more, along the more or less
distinctly jointed rachis of a spike or raceme or along the branches of
a sometimes very narrow (spike-like) panicle. Outer glumes usually 3.
[Tribe ANDROPOGONEAE.] 42

35. Spikelets in clusters of 3-6, falling as a whole. 36

Spikelets solitary along the rachis, rarely in pairs. 38

36. Clusters of spikelets enclosed by a hard, urn-shaped involucre
formed by the lowest outer glumes. Rachis of the spike wavy.--Species
5. Central and South Africa. =Anthephora= Schreb.

Clusters of spikelets without an involucre. 37

37. Clusters containing 2-4 fertile spikelets and a barren one. Outer
glumes 1-2, the upper one with hooked spines on the nerves. Rachis of
the spike glabrous.--Species 4. (_Nazia_ Adans.) =Tragus= Hall.

Clusters containing 1-2 fertile and 2-3 barren, often awn-like
spikelets. Outer glume 1, with rough nerves, awned.--Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Hereroland). =Monelytrum= Hack.

38. Styles united at the base; stigmas short, feathery. Outer glumes
2, glabrous, with a long awn or awnless. Flowering glume smaller.
Spikelets diverging from the rachis.--Species 4. Tropical and South
Africa. Used as fodder-grasses. =Perotis= Ait.

Styles free or the stigmas elongated and short-haired all round. 39

39. Outer glume 1, compressed, keeled, awnless. Styles free. Spikelets
pressed close to the rachis. Leaves stiff.--Species 1. Mascarene
Islands. (_Osterdomia_ Neck.) =Zoysia= Willd.

Outer glumes 2. 40

40. Outer glumes subulate, with a long awn, short-haired. Flowering
glume somewhat shorter, with a rather long awn. Palea slightly
shorter than the flowering glume, acuminate. Styles free. Fruit with
a large hilum. Spikelets in pairs.--Species 1. Northern East Africa.
=Tetrachaete= Chiovenda

Outer glumes and flowering glume with a short awn or awnless. 41

41. Outer glumes convex, with hooked spines on the back, awnless.
Flowering glume much shorter, unarmed or mucronate. Styles free;
stigmas feathery. Spikelets with a flattened stalk.--Species 1.
Northern part of Central Africa. =Latipes= Kunth

Outer glumes compressed and keeled, not bearing hooked spines.
Flowering glume broad, 3-nerved, mucronate or shortly awned. Stigmas
long, short-haired all round.--Species 5. North Africa. Used as
ornamental or fodder-plants. “Foxtail grass.” (Including _Colobachne_
Beauv.) =Alopecurus= L.

42. (34.) Joints of the rachis much thickened, forming, together with
the appressed or adnate pedicels of the stalked spikelets, hollows in
which the sessile spikelets are sunk. Flowering glumes awnless. Lowest
outer glume leathery or hardened. Sessile spikelets hermaphrodite,
stalked ones male or neuter, rarely (_Ophiurus_) reduced to the adnate
pedicel and therefore apparently absent. [Subtribe ROTTBOELLIINAE.] 43

Joints of the rachis not much thickened, nor forming hollows for the
reception of the spikelets, rarely slightly concave, but then flowering
glumes of the sessile spikelets awned or (_Elionurus_) the lowest
outer glume membranous or papery and marked with two transparent
balsamiferous streaks. 48

43. Lower outer glume awned or tailed, at least in the stalked
spikelets. 44

Lower outer glume neither awned nor tailed, rarely tailed in the
terminal spikelet only. 46

44. Lower outer glume with a long tail (or soft awn). Racemes digitate.
Aquatic herbs.--Species 1. Central Africa. Forming the chief element of
the grass-barriers (sudd) of the upper Nile. =Vossia= Wall. & Griff.

Lower outer glume with 1-2 short awns, or in the stalked spikelets with
a long awn, in the sessile awnless. Racemes solitary or arranged in
racemes. 45

45. Lower outer glume with 1-2 short awns. Joints of the rachis
horizontally truncate without an appendage.--Species 7. Central Africa.
Used for plaiting-work. (_Rhytidachne_ Hack., including _Jardinea_
Steud.) =Rhytachne= Desv.

Lower outer glume in the sessile spikelets awnless, in the stalked
ones with a long awn or tail. Joints of the rachis obliquely truncate
with an appendage at the tip.--Species 5. Central and South Africa.
=Urelytrum= Hack.

46. Lower outer glume globular, pitted. Leaves cordate at the
base.--Species 1. Tropics. Used in medicine. (Including _Hackelochloa_
O. Ktze.) =Manisuris= Swartz

Lower outer glume more or less ovate, flat or rounded on the back. 47

47. Stalked spikelets reduced to the adnate pedicel and therefore
apparently absent.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. (Under
_Rottboellia_ L. fil.) =Ophiurus= Gaertn.

Stalked spikelets containing a male flower or reduced to empty
glumes.--Species 15. (Including _Hemarthria_ R. Br.) =Rottboellia= L.
fil.

48. (42.) Sessile spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower male, the
upper male or hermaphrodite. Stalked spikelets 1-2-flowered or reduced
to empty glumes. 49

Sessile spikelets 1-flowered, rarely all spikelets stalked and 1-or
(_Imperata_) 2-flowered. 52

49. Sessile spikelets containing 2 male flowers, stalked spikelets a
male and a female or hermaphrodite flower. Outer glumes of the sessile
spikelets awned. Flowering glumes awnless. Spikelets in compound
racemes. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cyphochlaena= Hack.

Sessile spikelets containing a male and an hermaphrodite flower.
Flowering glumes of the sessile spikelets nearly always awned.
[Subtribe ISCHAEMINAE.] 50

50. Racemes reduced to the 3 terminal spikelets, surrounded by
sheathing bracts, fasciculate; fascicles arranged in panicles. Stamens
2-3.--Species 1. Islands of Réunion and Socotra. Used as an ornamental
plant. =Apluda= L.

Racemes consisting of numerous pairs of spikelets, solitary or
digitate; one spikelet of each pair sometimes reduced to the pedicel.
Stamens 3. 51

51. Stalked spikelets reduced to the pedicel. Lower outer glume
tuberculate.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Thelepogon= Roth

Stalked spikelets 1-2-flowered or reduced to empty glumes.--Species 7.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as fodder-or garden plants.
=Ischaemum= L.

52. Spikelets all alike, hermaphrodite. [Subtribe SACCHARINAE.] 53

Spikelets of two kinds, the sessile hermaphrodite, rarely female,
the stalked ones male or neuter, sometimes reduced to the pedicel.
[Subtribe ANDROPOGONINAE.] 60

53. Rachis of the raceme jointed. 54

Rachis of the raceme not jointed. 57

54. Racemes more or less palmately arranged on a short main axis,
rarely solitary. 55

Racemes arranged in panicles along a slender main axis, silky.
Spikelets in pairs. 56

55. Spikelets solitary on the branches of the inflorescence,
all sessile. Flowering glumes awned from the back. Leaves
cordate-lanceolate.--Species 5. Tropics. =Arthraxon= Beauv.

Spikelets in pairs on the branches of the inflorescence, one sessile,
the other stalked. Flowering glumes awned from the tip, rarely awnless.
Leaves linear or lanceolate with a narrow base.--Species 5. South
and East Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. (Including
_Eulalia_ Kunth) =Pollinia= Trin.

56. Flowering glume produced into a bristle or awn.--Species 5.
South Africa, southern Central Africa, and Algeria. Some are used as
ornamental plants or for plaiting mats. =Erianthus= Michx.

Flowering glume unarmed like the other glumes.--Species 5. One of them
(_S. officinarum L._, sugar-cane) known only in a cultivated state. It
is used for the manufacture of sugar, syrup, rum, and wax, also as a
vegetable and a fodder-plant. =Saccharum= L.

57. Spikelets in pairs along the rachis of the raceme, awnless. Outer
glumes 3, membranous, silky. Stamens 1-2.--Species 1 (_I. cylindrica_
P. Beauv.) Sometimes a noxious weed in plantations, but also used
for paper-making, and as a fodder-, medicinal or ornamental plant.
=Imperata= Cyr.

Spikelets scattered along the rachis of the raceme, awned. 58

58. Outer glumes 3, the two lower stiff. Flowering glume very small,
ending in a long awn. Panicle spreading, hairy.--Species 2. Central
Africa. =Cleistachne= Benth.

Outer glumes 2. Flowering glume rather large, with a usually short awn
in a terminal notch or on the back. Panicle spike-like. 59

59. Stigmas projecting at the tip of the spikelet, short-haired all
round. Outer glumes awnless, rarely with a short awn. (See 41.)
=Alopecurus= L.

Stigmas projecting near the base of the spikelet, feathery. Outer
glumes with usually long awns.--Species 6. North Africa, Abyssinia,
and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Beardgrass.”
=Polypogon= Desf.

60. (52.) Racemes bearing at their base a false whorl of 4 male or
neuter spikelets and subtended by a spathe-like bract, more rarely
without a bract. 61

Racemes without a whorl of male or neuter spikelets at their base,
rarely surrounded by an imperfect whorl of spikelets, but then racemes
in pairs subtended by a common spathe. 62

61. Hermaphrodite spikelets produced at the base into an appendage
decurrent along the rachis, easily separating from the whorl of
spikelets below them.--Species 2. (_Anthistiria_ L. fil.). =Themeda=
Forsk.

Hermaphrodite spikelets without a decurrent appendage at the base,
falling together with the whorl of spikelets below them.--Species 1.
Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. (Under _Anthistiria_ L. fil.)
=Iseilema= Anders.

62. Spikelets all stalked, in pairs, the longer-stalked hermaphrodite,
the shorter-stalked male. Rachis of the raceme indistinctly jointed.
Racemes terminal, solitary or 2-3 together.--Species 1. Tropical and
South Africa. =Trachypogon= Nees

Spikelets partly sessile, partly stalked. Rachis of the raceme
distinctly jointed, fragile at maturity, rarely indistinctly or not
jointed, but then spikelets in clusters of three, arranged in panicles.
63

63. Lowest outer glume marked with two transparent balsamiferous
streaks, usually 2-toothed. Glumes awnless. Racemes solitary;
rachis nearly always silky.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa.
=Elionurus= Humb. & Bonpl.

Lowest outer glume without balsamiferous streaks. Flowering glumes
of the sessile spikelets awned, very rarely awnless and then racemes
nearly always panicled. 64

64. Flowering glumes awned from the back. Leaves cordate at the base.
(See 55.) =Arthraxon= Beauv.

Flowering glumes awned from the tip or awnless. Leaves not
cordate.--Species 110. The sorghum or Guinea corn (_A. Sorghum_ Brot.)
is cultivated as a cereal and used for manufacturing sugar, spirituous
drinks, dyes, and brushware. Other species are used in perfumery
(lemon-grass, vetiver-root) and medicine, for plaiting-work, or as
fodder-or garden-plants. (Including _Anatherum_ Beauv., _Chrysopogon_
Trin., _Cymbopogon_ Spreng., _Euclaste_ Franch., _Heterochloa_
Desv., _Heteropogon_ Pers., _Homopogon_ Stapf, and _Sorghum_ Pers.)
=Andropogon= L.

65. (1.) Leaf-blade jointed with the sheath and finally separating
from it, often contracted at the base into a short stalk, usually
transversely veined. Stem generally woody. [Subfamily =BAMBUSOIDEAE=.]
66 Leaf-blade passing into the sheath without a joint and without
a stalk, rarely transversely veined. Stem herbaceous. [Subfamily
=POOIDEAE=.] 79

66. Stamens 3. Styles 2-3, free. Outer glumes 1-2. Pericarp dry and
thin. [Tribe ARUNDINARIEAE.] 67

Stamens 6. 68

67. Spikelets 2-flowered. Upper flowering glume keeled. Herbs.--Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. =Microcalamus= Franch.

Spikelets many-flowered. Flowering glumes not keeled. Undershrubs or
shrubs.--Species 2. East and South Africa. They yield wood, fibre,
vegetables, edible seeds, and medicaments. =Arundinaria= Michx.

68. Fruit a nut or a berry; pericarp thick, free from the seed. Tall
shrubs or trees. 69

Fruit a caryopsis; pericarp thin, adnate to the seed. [Tribe
BAMBUSEAE.] 72

69. Palea rounded on the back, similar to the flowering glume.
Spikelets 1-flowered. [Tribe MELOCANNEAE.] 70

Palea 2-keeled. Fruit a nut. [Tribe DENDROCALAMEAE.] 71

70. Spikelets in one-sided spikes, the axis not continued beyond
the flower. Outer glumes acuminate. Fruit a large apple-like berry.
Trees.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. The fruits
are edible; also the wood and the fibres are used. =Melocanna= Trin.

Spikelets in panicled clusters, the axis continued beyond the flower
in the form of a bristle. Outer glumes rolled inwards. Fruit a small
wrinkled nut. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally.
=Schizostachyum= Nees

71. Spikelets 1-flowered, in scattered heads. Lodicules 2-3, large.
Fruit oblong.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cephalostachyum= Munro

Spikelets 2-or more-flowered, in panicled glomerules. Lodicules
1-2, very small, or absent. Fruit subglobular, beaked.--Species 1.
Naturalized in the Island of Mauritius. Yields wood, fibre, vegetables,
edible seeds, and medicaments, and is also used as an ornamental plant.
=Dendrocalamus= Nees

72. Filaments united into a tube. Palea of the uppermost
(hermaphrodite) flower of each spikelet usually 1-keeled. 73

Filaments free. Palea of the uppermost flower 2-keeled, rarely without
a keel. 75

73. Spikelets terete. Lodicules none. Tall shrubs.--Species 5. Central
Africa. =Oxytenanthera= Munro

Spikelets compressed. Herbs. 74

74. Outer glumes 2. Fruit spindle-shaped, furrowed; style much
broadened at the base. Spikelets in racemes.--Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa. =Atractocarpa= Franch.

Outer glumes 3-4. Fruit subglobular, not furrowed; style not
broadened.--Species 5. Equatorial West Africa. =Puelia= Franch.

75. Spikelets 1-flowered. Outer glumes 6-10. Ovary glabrous. Style
2-3-cleft or-parted. Tall shrubs.--Species 3. Madagascar and
Mascarenes. =Nastus= Juss.

Spikelets 2-or more-flowered. Outer glumes 1-6. 76

76. Lodicules none. Spikelets 2-flowered, in clusters surrounded by two
bracts. Ovary glabrous. Style undivided, hairy.--Species 1. German East
Africa. =Oreobambus= K. Schum.

Lodicules 2-3. Spikelets without bracts. Ovary hairy. 77

77. Lodicules 2. Outer glume 1. Palea not winged on the keels. Styles
2, free. Spikelets many-flowered. Herbs with 4 large leaves.--Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Guaduella_ Franch.) =Microbambus=
K. Schum.

Lodicules 3. Outer glumes usually 2. 78

78. Palea with winged keels. Spikelets strongly flattened.
Herbs.--Species 5. Equatorial West Africa. =Guaduella= Franch.

Palea not winged on the keels. Spikelets slightly flattened. Tall
shrubs.--Species 2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized. They yield
wood, fibre, vegetables, edible seeds, drinks, and medicaments, and are
also used as ornamental plants. “Bamboo.” =Bambusa= Schreb.

79. (65.) Spikelets sessile in the notches on the rachis of a nearly
always equal-sided spike, usually 2-ranked. [Tribe HORDEAE.] 80

Spikelets along a rachis without notches, in usually one-sided spikes
or in racemes or panicles. 94

80. Spike one-sided. Spikelets solitary in each notch, 1-flowered.
Outer glume 1, minute. Flowering glume awned. Stigma 1. Leaves
stiff.--Species 1. Azores. “Matgrass.” [Subtribe NARDEAE.] =Nardus= L.

Spike equal-sided. Stigmas 2. 81

81. Spikelets solitary in each notch of the spike. 82

Spikelets 2-6 in each notch of the spike. [Subtribe ELYMINAE.] 93

82. Spikelets with the back towards the hollows of the rachis.
[Subtribe LOLIINAE.] 83

Spikelets with the side towards the hollows of the rachis. 88

83. Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, the terminal one with 2 outer
glumes, the others with one. 84

Spikelets 2-to many-flowered. 86

84. Flowering glumes with a hairy callus at their base. Outer glumes
1-3-nerved. Dwarf herbs.--Species 2. South and East Africa. =Oropetium=
Trin.

Flowering glumes with a glabrous, sometimes rudimentary callus. 85

85. Joints of the rachis of the spike produced into wing-like
appendages.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Ischnurus= Balf. fil.

Joints of the rachis of the spike without wing-like
appendages.--Species 3. Madagascar, South and North-west Africa.
=Monerma= Beauv.

86. Spikelets 2-flowered. Styles long. Outer glumes 2. Flowering glumes
produced into 3 points.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
(Including _Kralikiella_ Coss. et Durieu). =Kralikia= Coss. et Durieu

Spikelets many-flowered. Styles very short. 87

87. Outer glumes 2, awnless. Flowering glumes with 2 points and a
dorsal awn. Lodicules 2-cleft. Fruit hairy at the top.--Species 2.
North Africa. (Including _Meringurus_ Murbeck). =Gaudinia= Beauv.

Outer glumes in the terminal spikelets 2, in the lateral single. Fruit
glabrous.--Species 6. North, South, and East Africa. Two species
(ray-grass) are cultivated on lawns; one (the darnel, _L. temulentum_
L.) is poisonous. (Including _Arthrochortus_ Lowe). =Lolium= L.

88. Spikelets 1-, very rarely 2-flowered, in a slender spike; joints
of the spike separating at maturity together with the lower spikelet.
Outer glumes approximate in front. [Subtribe LEPTURINAE.] 89

Spikelets 2-to many-flowered, in usually stout spikes; joints of the
spike separating at maturity together with the upper spikelet or
not separating at all. Outer glumes opposite one another. [Subtribe
TRITICINAE.] 90

89. Outer glume 1, very small. Flowering glumes awned. Stamen 1. Rachis
of the spike with but slightly hollowed joints.--Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). =Psilurus= Trin.

Outer glumes 2, large. Flowering glumes awnless.--Species 4. North
Africa, Abyssinia, Socotra. =Lepturus= R. Br.

90. Flowering glumes decurrent into a callus limited by a furrow,
falling with the fruit when ripe. Fruit adhering to the palea.--Species
7. North Africa, Abyssinia, South Africa. The quitch grass (_A. repens_
Beauv.) is used for binding the sand, as fodder, for making syrup,
and medicinally. (Including _Eremopyrum_ Jaub. et Spach). =Agropyrum=
Gaertn.

Flowering glumes without a callus at the base, persisting at maturity.
Fruit free. 91

91. Outer glumes ovate, 3-to many-nerved. Fertile spikelets ventricose,
2-5-flowered. Spike usually with a terminal spikelet.--Species
13. Ten species spontaneous in North Africa and Abyssinia, the
others (especially the wheat, _T. sativum_ Lam. and _polonicum_ L.)
cultivated in various regions. The latter are used as cereals and
for plaiting-work, other species as ornamental plants. (Including
_Aegilops_ L.) =Triticum= L.

Outer glumes oblong lanceolate or subulate, 1-2-nerved. Spikelets not
ventricose, 2-, rarely 3-flowered. Spike without a terminal spikelet. 92

92. Outer glumes truncate, two-keeled, with a long awn. Flowering
glumes awned from below the tip. Spike very dense.--Species 2.
North-west Africa. =Haynaldia= Schur

Outer glumes acuminate, one-nerved. Flowering glumes awned from the
tip. Spike rather loose.--Species 3. North Africa, Abyssinia, and
South Africa. One of them (the rye, _S. cereale_ L.) is cultivated as
a cereal and also used as fodder, for making brandy and paper, and for
plaiting-work. =Secale= L.

93. Spikelets 1-flowered, sometimes with an empty glume above the
flower. Flowering glume awned.--Species 8. North Africa; some species
also cultivated or naturalized in Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South
Africa. The barley (_H. sativum_ Jessen) is cultivated as a cereal and
for making beer; it is also used as fodder and for medicinal purposes.
Other species are used as ornamental plants. =Hordeum= L.

Spikelets 2-6-flowered.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental
plants. “Lymegrass.” =Elymus= L.

94. (79.) Spikelets in two rows approximated to one another, forming
one-sided, sometimes panicled spikes (or spike-like racemes). [Tribe
CHLORIDEAE.] 95

Spikelets in sometimes spike-like but equal-sided racemes or more
frequently in panicles not consisting of one-sided spikes. 123

95. Spikelets containing 1 hermaphrodite flower. 96

Spikelets containing 2 or more hermaphrodite flowers. 108

96. Spikelets bearing no male flowers or empty glumes above the
hermaphrodite flower, but sometimes ending in a short bristle. 97

Spikelets bearing above the hermaphrodite flower a male flower or one
or several empty, sometimes very small or awn-like glumes. 101

97. Spikelets awned. 98

Spikelets awnless. 99

98. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer glumes, with a very
long awn. Spikes 1-4, terminal.--Species 3. Central Africa and Egypt.
=Schoenefeldia= Kunth

Flowering glume almost as long as the outer glumes, with a short awn.
Spikes numerous, arranged along a common axis.--Species 4. Southern
West Africa. =Willkommia= Hack.

99. Spikes solitary, terminal.--Species 3. Central and South Africa.
Used in medicine. =Microchloa= R. Br.

Spikes digitate or in racemes. 100

100. Spikes digitate, 3-5. Flowering glume usually larger than the
outer glumes.--Species 5. Some are used as pasture-grasses or in
medicine. “Dogstooth.” =Cynodon= Pers.

Spikes arranged along a common axis. Rachis of the spike dilated.
Flowering glume much smaller than the outer glumes.--Species 2. East
Africa. =Craspedorhachis= Benth.

101. Outer glumes 4. Second outer glume and flowering glume awned.
Spikes solitary, rarely 2-3 together.--Species 5. Tropical and South
Africa and Egypt. (Including _Campulosus_ Desv.) =Ctenium= Panzer

Outer glumes 2. 102

102. Spike 1, terminal. 103

Spikes 2 or more, sometimes fascicle-like. 105

103. Flowering glume many-nerved, awned. Styles united at the base,
with shortly bearded, at length spirally twisted stigmas.--Species 1.
Central Africa. =Streptogyne= Beauv.

Flowering glume 3-nerved. Styles free, with feathery stigmas. 104

104. Spikelets awned, imbricate, in slender spikes.--Species 6. East
and South Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. =Enteropogon= Nees

Spikelets awnless, crowded, in stout spikes.--Species 1. South Africa.
=Harpechloa= Kunth

105. Spikes in false whorls or closely superposed.--Species 25. Some
are used as ornamental or fodder-plants. (Plate 8.) =Chloris= Swartz

Spikes all distant or the lowest only approximate. 106

106. Spikes very short and very dense. Outer glumes ciliate, with a
straight awn. Flowering glume with 3 awns. Several empty glumes above
the flowering glume. Low grasses.--Species 1. Northern East Africa.
=Melanocenchris= Nees

Spikes more or less elongated and loose. Flowering glume with 1 awn or
awnless. Rather tall grasses. 107

107. Flowering glume awned, 2-toothed. Empty glume above the flowering
one awn-like. Spikes very loose, at first erect.--Species 1. Abyssinia.
=Gymnopogon= Beauv.

Flowering glume awnless. Spikes rather dense, spreading.--Species 8.
Central Africa. Some have edible seeds. (Including _Cypholepis_ Chiov.)
=Leptochloa= Beauv.

108. (95.) Spikes 1-3, terminal. 109

Spikes more than 3. 114

109. Flowering glumes with 3, sometimes very short awns. Spikelets
many-flowered. Spikes long, rather loose.--Species 4. Central Africa.
=Tripogon= Roth

Flowering glumes with one awn or mucro or unarmed. Spikes dense,
usually short. 110

110. Flowering glumes with a rather long awn, long-haired on the
back. Spikelets 2-3-flowered.--Species 6. Central and North Africa.
(Including _Lepidopironia_ Rich.) =Tetrapogon= Desf.

Flowering glumes unarmed or mucronate. 111

111. Spikes 2-3 together. Spikelets 3-4-flowered. Fruit almost
orbicular. Leaves rather broad.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. (Under
_Eragrostis_ Beauv.) =Coelachyrum= Nees

Spike solitary. Fruit oblong. Leaves narrow. 112

112. Spikelets 2-flowered. Flowering glumes and paleas delicately
membranous.--Species 3. South Africa. (_Prionanthium_ Desv.)
=Prionachne= Nees

Spikelets 3-to many-flowered. Flowering glumes and paleas firmly
membranous, rather stiff. 113

113. Outer glumes subequal.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
=Wangenheimia= Moench

Outer glumes very unequal or only one present.--Species 50. Some are
used for the manufacture of paper or as ornamental or fodder-plants.
Fescue.” (Including _Ctenopsis_ De Not., _Nardurus_ Reichb., and
_Vulpia_ Gmel.) =Festuca= L.

114. (108.) Outer glumes 4. Spikelets falling entire. 115

Outer glumes 2, usually persisting on the stalk of the spikelet. 116

115. Outer glumes 1-nerved. Flowering glumes 5-nerved. Styles
short.--Species 1. South Africa. =Tetrachne= Nees

Outer glumes 3-8-nerved. Flowering glumes 7-11-nerved. Styles
long.--Species 2. South Africa and Angola. (Under _Tetrachne_ Nees).
=Entoplocamia= Stapf

116. Outer glumes shortly awned, much longer than the flowering
glumes. Spikes short, distant, at length bent downward.--Species 2.
Central Africa and Egypt. Used as ornamental grasses. (_Dineba_ Jacq.)
=Dinebra= Jacq.

Outer glumes unarmed or mucronate, shorter than the flowering glumes.
117

117. Spikelets very densely crowded. Spikes digitate, at least the
upper. 118

Spikelets not very densely crowded. Spikes distant. 119

118. Spikes ending in a point. Outer glumes mucronate.--Species 6. Used
as cereals, fodder-, medicinal, or ornamental plants, and for making
beer. (Under _Eleusine_ Gaertn.) =Dactyloctenium= Willd.

Spikes terminated by a spikelet. Outer glumes usually unarmed. Pericarp
usually loose.--Species 10. The coracan (_E. coracana_ Gaertn.) is
cultivated as a cereal and for the preparation of beer; other species
are used as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including _Acrachne_ Wight
Arn.) =Eleusine= Gaertn.

119. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Pericarp more or less
adhering to the palea. (See 113.) =Festuca= L.

Flowering glumes keeled. Pericarp free. 120

120. Glumes thinly membranous, the outer subequal. 121

Glumes firmly membranous, glabrous, the outer conspicuously unequal. 122

121. Flowering glumes 4-toothed, shortly awned.--Species 3. East and
South Africa. (Under _Diplachne_ Beauv.) =Leptocarydium= Hochst.

Flowering glumes entire or obscurely 2-3-toothed. (See 107.)
=Leptochloa= Beauv.

122. Spikelets 2-8-flowered, with a jointed, ciliate axis.
Lodicules very small. Fruit linear-oblong, closely enveloped by the
glumes.--Species 2. South and East Africa. Used as fodder-grasses.
(Under _Eragrostis_ L. or _Leptochloa_ Beauv.) =Pogonarthria= Stapf

Spikelets many-flowered, with a tough axis. Lodicules rather large.
Fruit ovate, loosely enveloped by the glumes.--Species 1. East
Africa and Egypt. (_Stapfiola_ O. Ktze., under _Eragrostis_ L.)
=Desmostachya= Stapf

123. (94.) Spikelets 1-flowered. 124

Spikelets 2-or more-flowered. 153

124. Outer glumes 4, rarely 3. Palea usually 1-nerved. [Tribe
PHALARIDEAE.] 125

Outer glumes 2, rarely 1 or none. Palea usually 2-nerved. [Tribe
AGROSTIDEAE.] 129

125. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical, transversely veined. Spikelets
in pairs on the branches of a panicle. Outer glumes 3.--Species 2.
Madagascar. =Poecilostachys= Hack.

Leaves linear. Flowering glume awnless. 126

126. Upper two outer glumes, or at least the uppermost, larger than
the lower. Stamens 6, rarely 3.--Species 25. South and East Africa,
Mascarene Islands, St. Helena. =Ehrharta= Thunb.

Upper two outer glumes smaller than the lower, more rarely equalling
them. Stamens 2-3. 127

127. Upper two outer glumes awnless, smaller than the lower. Flowering
glume and palea hardening. Lodicules present. Stamens 3.--Species 10.
North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental
grasses. The seeds of _Ph. canariensis_ L. (Canary-seeds) are used as
food and in medicine. =Phalaris= L.

Upper two outer glumes awned; lower two unequal. Flowering glume and
palea membranous. Lodicules none. Stamens 2. 128

128. Upper two outer glumes smaller than the lower.--Species 5.
North-west and Central Africa. The vernal grass (_A. odoratum_ L.)
imparts a sweet scent to new-made hay. =Anthoxanthum= L.

Upper two outer glumes about as large as the lower.--Species 5.
South Africa and Madagascar. “Holygrass.” (_Ataxia_ R. Br., under
_Anthoxanthum_ L.). =Hierochloë= Gmel.

129. (124.) Stigmas shortly branched all round, protruding between the
tips of the slightly gaping glumes. [Subtribe PHLEINAE.] 130

Stigmas feathery, protruding above the base of the spikelet or enclosed
in it. 133

130. Flowering glume rather stiff, awned or mucronate. Axis of the
spikelet produced beyond the flower into a bristle usually bearing an
empty glume.--Species 2. South Africa. =Fingerhuthia= Nees

Flowering glume thinly membranous, unarmed. Axis of the spikelet rarely
produced beyond the flower into a bristle without empty glumes. 131

131. Spikelets in slender simple spikes. Outer glumes obscurely keeled,
unarmed. Flowering glume somewhat shorter than the outer. Leaves
awl-shaped.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Mibora= Adans.

Spikelets in spike-like panicles. Outer glumes distinctly keeled.
Leaves flat. 132

132. Flowering glume somewhat longer than the outer. Outer glumes
unarmed.--Species 4. North Africa to Senegambia, East Africa,
Madagascar. =Heleochloa= Host

Flowering glume much shorter than the outer. Outer glumes mucronate or
shortly awned.--Species 5. North Africa to Senegambia. Some species
have edible seeds or are used as ornamental grasses. _Ph. pratense_ L.
is a valuable fodder-grass. “Timothy-grass.” =Phleum= L.

133. Flowering glume harder than the outer glumes at maturity, tightly
enclosing the fruit. Axis of the spikelet not prolonged beyond the
flower. [Subtribe STIPINAE.] 134

Flowering glume thinner than the outer at maturity, loosely enclosing
or not enclosing the fruit, rarely harder or tightly enclosing the
fruit, but then the axis of the spikelet prolonged into a bristle. 137

134. Flowering glume awnless.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Yields edible seeds and is used as an ornamental grass. =Milium= L.

Flowering glume awned. 135

135. Flowering glume narrow, with a 3-branched awn, but the lateral
branches sometimes very short. Lodicules 2.--Species 80. Some of them
have edible seeds or are used as fodder. (Including _Arthratherum_
Beauv.) =Aristida= L.

Flowering glume with a single awn. 136

136. Flowering glume narrow, with a strong, kneed, usually twisted,
persistent awn. Palea not distinctly keeled. Lodicules usually
3.--Species 15. North Africa, northern East Africa, Madagascar, and
South Africa. The Esparto-grass (_St. tenacissima_ L.) is used for the
manufacture of paper, ropes, and in plaiting-work, other species as
ornamental grasses (feather-grass); some have edible seeds. (_Stupa_
L., including _Macrochloa_ Kunth) =Stipa= L.

Flowering glume broad, with a fine, short, deciduous awn. Palea
2-keeled. Lodicules usually 2.--Species 3. North Africa, one species
also introduced into South Africa. (_Piptatherum_ Beauv.) =Oryzopsis=
Michx.

137. Fruit not enclosed by the glumes; pericarp usually loose and
dehiscing. Axis of the spikelet not produced beyond the flower. Glumes
unarmed. Flowering glume usually longer than the outer ones.--Species
60. Some of them yield edible seeds or are used as fodder and for
plaiting-work. (Including _Triachyrium_ Hochst. and _Vilfa_ Beauv.)
=Sporobolus= R. Br.

Fruit enclosed by the flowering glume and the palea; pericarp usually
adnate to the seed. 138

138. Spikelets of two kinds, the fertile surrounded by the sterile,
which consist of numerous glumes. Flowering glume 1-nerved, with a
dorsal awn.--Species 1. North Africa and Abyssinia; also introduced
into South Africa. Used as an ornamental grass. (_Chrysurus_ Pers.)
=Lamarckia= Moench

Spikelets all alike. 139

139. Outer glumes conspicuously shorter than the flowering glume.
Flowering glume firmly herbaceous, 3-5-nerved, with a long, straight,
terminal or subterminal awn. Panicle loose.--Species 2. East and
South-east Africa (Kilimandjaro and Transvaal). (Under _Brachyelytrum_
Beauv.) =Pseudobromus= K. Schum.

Outer glumes almost equalling the flowering glume or exceeding it.
Flowering glume membranous, rarely firmer, but then many-nerved or with
a distinctly dorsal awn or awnless. 140

140. Outer glumes feathery, long. Flowering glume with two short
terminal awns or with a long dorsal one. Panicles spike-or
head-like.--Species 1. North Africa; introduced in South Africa. Used
as an ornamental grass. “Harestail-grass.” =Lagurus= L.

Outer glumes not feathery. 141

141. Outer glumes bladdery at the base, much longer than the flowering
glume. Panicles spike-like.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia.
“Nitgrass.” =Gastridium= Beauv.

Outer glumes not bladdery. 142

142. Flowering glume cleft into 9-23 awn-shaped teeth. Panicles
spike-like.--Species 13. Some are used as fodder-grasses. (Including
_Enneapogon_ Desv.) =Pappophorum= Schreb.

Flowering glume with 1-3 awns or awnless. 143

143. Flowering glume with a delicate dorsal awn and two long and thin
lateral awns.--Species 2. Egypt and Abyssinia. =Trisetaria= Forsk.

Flowering glume awnless or with a single awn and sometimes 2 short
bristles. 144

144. Flowering glume with a terminal awn, rounded on the back,
sometimes keeled towards the tip. (See 113.) =Festuca= L.

Flowering glume with a dorsal awn or with a short mucro or unarmed. 145

145. Flowering glume decurrent into a callus bearing a tuft of long
hairs. 146

Flowering glume with a glabrous or shortly and scantily hairy callus or
without a callus. 147

146. Flowering glume papery, unarmed or shortly mucronate. Spikelets
large, with a glabrous and bristle-like or a club-shaped prolongation
of the axis.--Species 1 (_A. arundinacea_ Host, maram). North Africa.
Used for binding sand-dunes and as a fodder-grass; the root-stock is
edible. (_Psamma_ Beauv.) =Ammophila= Host

Flowering glume membranous, awned from the back, very rarely awnless.
Spikelets rather small, sometimes with a bristle-like and usually hairy
prolongation of the axis.--Species 6. Azores, mountains of tropical
Africa, South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including _Deyeuxia_ Beauv.) =Calamagrostis= Roth

147. Axis of the spikelet not distinctly continued beyond the flower.
Flowering glume shorter than the outer glumes. 148

Axis of the spikelet produced beyond the flower into a bristle-like
appendage bearing sometimes empty glumes. 149

148. Palea as long as the flowering glume. Panicles
few-flowered.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Agrostis_ L. or
_Colpodium_ Trin.) =Poagrostis= Stapf

Palea shorter than the flowering glume. Panicles
many-flowered.--Species 30. North and South Africa and mountains of the
tropics. Some are used as fodder-or ornamental grasses. “Bent-grass.”
=Agrostis= L.

149. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer glumes, with 2
bristles at the top and an awn on the back near the base. Continuation
of the axis of the spikelet hairy, without glumes. Panicles
spike-like.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under _Gastridium_ Beauv.)
=Triplachne= Link

Flowering glume slightly shorter or longer than the outer glumes.
Continuation of the axis of the spikelet glabrous or bearing empty
glumes. 150

150. Flowering glume with a very long awn. Outer glumes unequal.
Continuation of the axis of the spikelet without glumes. Panicle
loose.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental
grasses. =Apera= Adans.

Flowering glume with a short or moderate awn or awnless. Outer glumes
subequal. Continuation of the axis of the spikelet usually with empty
glumes. 151

151. Lower outer glume 1-nerved. Flowering glume 3-5-nerved,
membranous, about as long as the outer glumes. Continuation of the axis
of the spikelet with 1-2 empty glumes or without glumes.--Species 10.
North Africa, Abyssinia, South Africa. Some are used as fodder-grasses.
=Koeleria= Pers.

Lower outer glume 3-9-nerved. Flowering glume 5-to many-nerved,
leathery or longer than the outer glumes. 152

152. Fruit deeply grooved. Flowering glume leathery, rounded on the
back, with a kneed dorsal awn. Outer glumes 7-9-nerved.--Species 20.
Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some (especially
_A. sativa_ L.) are cultivated as cereals (oat) or fodder, and yield
also oil and medicaments; others are used as ornamental grasses.
(Including _Avenastrum_ Juss.) =Avena= L.

Fruit not deeply grooved. Flowering glume keeled, longer than the outer
ones. Outer glumes 3-7-nerved. Empty glumes above the flower 2 or
more.--Species 10. Extra-tropical regions. Some are used as ornamental
grasses. =Melica= L.

153. (123.) Flowering glumes, at least one in each spikelet, bearing a
twisted or kneed, generally dorsal awn, usually shorter than the outer
glumes, rarely awnless, and then spikelets 2-flowered with a very short
axis not prolonged beyond the flowers. [Tribe AVENEAE.] 154

Flowering glumes bearing a straight, terminal or subterminal
awn, or unawned, usually longer than the outer glumes. Spikelets
2-flowered, the axis prolonged between the flowers or above them, or
3-many-flowered. [Tribe FESTUCEAE.] 177

154. Spikelets 2-flowered without a continuation of the axis beyond the
upper flower. Flowering glumes usually unawned. 155

Spikelets 2-flowered with a continuation of the axis beyond the upper
flower, or 3-many-flowered. Flowering glumes awned. 161

155. Spikelets solitary, enveloped by a spathe. Flowering glumes
connate. Style 1, undivided. Stigma papillose. (See 3.) =Lygeum= L.

Spikelets in panicles, racemes, or spikes. Flowering glumes free.
Styles 2, free. Stigmas feathery. 156

156. Outer glumes with a cartilaginous, pectinately-toothed keel.
Panicle spike-like. (See 112.) =Prionachne= Nees

Outer glumes membranous. 157

157. Outer glumes hemispherical. Panicle spike-like.--Species 1.
North-west Africa (Algeria). =Airopsis= Desv.

Outer glumes not hemispherical. Panicle spreading. 158

158. Outer glumes shorter than the flowering glumes. Flowering glumes
truncate or minutely toothed.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under
_Aira_ L.) =Molineria= Parl.

Outer glumes somewhat longer than the flowering glumes. 159

159. Flowering glumes blunt, unarmed, hardened at maturity. Axis of the
spikelet very short. (See 21.) =Isachne= R. Br.

Flowering glumes 3-lobed, 2-toothed, or mucronate, usually provided
with a dorsal awn, not hardened at maturity. 160

160. Flowering glumes 3-lobed, unarmed. Axis of the spikelet somewhat
elongated between the flowers.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Used as an ornamental grass. (Under _Aira_ L.) =Antinoria= Parl.

Flowering glumes 2-toothed or mucronate, nearly always with a dorsal
awn. Axis of the spikelet very short.--Species 8. Extra-tropical
regions and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as
ornamental grasses. =Aira= L.

161. (154.) Flowering glumes with a terminal awn inserted between the
apical lobes or teeth. 162

Flowering glume with a dorsal awn inserted below the apex. 168

162. Spikelets 2-flowered; the lower flower male, the upper female or
hermaphrodite. 163

Spikelets 2-or more flowered; all flowers hermaphrodite or the
uppermost male. Flowering glumes 5-11-nerved. 165

163. Spikelets in clusters of 3 at the tips of the branches of a raceme
or panicle.--Species 13. Tropical and South Africa. =Tristachya= Nees

Spikelets solitary at the tips of the branches of a panicle. 164

164. Palea auricled. Flowering glume of the upper flower not distinctly
toothed. Spikelets small.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. Some
are used for plaiting-work. =Arundinella= Raddi

Palea not auricled. Flowering glume of the upper flower distinctly
toothed. Spikelets large.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.
=Trichopteryx= Nees

165. Spikelets with 2 flowers and a minute or bristle-like continuation
of the axis. Flowering glumes with 2-4, at least partly bristle-like
teeth. 166

Spikelets with 3 or more flowers, the uppermost of which is usually
incomplete. Flowering glumes with 2 rarely bristle-like teeth. 167

166. Fruit globular; pericarp crusty, almost free from the
seed.--Species 5. South Africa. (Under _Danthonia_ DC.) =Pentameris=
Beauv.

Fruit oblong.--Species 40. Southern and tropical Africa. The seeds of
some species are eaten or used in medicine. (Under _Danthonia_ DC.)
=Pentaschistis= (Nees) Stapf

167. Spikelets falling entire with a part of their stalk. Lowest
flowering glume without, the others with side-bristles.--Species 4.
South Africa. (Under _Danthonia_ DC.) =Chaetobromus= (Nees) Stapf

Spikelets not falling entire; axis jointed between and below the
flowering glumes.--Species 30. Extra-tropical regions and mountains
of the tropics. The seeds of several species are eaten or used in
medicine. =Danthonia= DC.

168. (161.) Spikelets in spikes, many-flowered. (See 87.) =Gaudinia=
Beauv.

Spikelets in sometimes spike-like panicles. 169

169. Lower flowers male, upper hermaphrodite. 170

Lower or all flowers hermaphrodite, upper sometimes male or barren. 171

170. Spikelets with 2 flowers and a bristle-like continuation of the
axis. Stamens 3. Styles short.--Species 2. North-west Africa. They
yield fodder and edible seeds. =Arrhenatherum= Beauv.

Spikelets with 3 flowers, one of which is sometimes reduced to a glume,
without a continuation of the axis. Stamens in the male flowers 3, in
the hermaphrodite 2. Styles long. (See 128.) =Hierochloe= Gmel.

171. Axis of the spikelets jointed at the base; spikelets falling
entire, 2-flowered, the upper flower usually male, the lower
hermaphrodite with the flowering glume unarmed.--Species 6. North-west
and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental grasses. =Holcus= L.

Axis of the spikelets jointed above the persistent outer glumes. 172

172. Fruit grooved in front, usually adherent to the glumes. Spikelets
large. 173

Fruit not grooved, free. Spikelets usually small. 174

173. Fruit slightly grooved. Styles inserted laterally below the summit
of the ovary.--Species 30. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of
the tropics. Some species are poisonous, others are used as fodder-,
medicinal, or ornamental plants. =Bromus= L.

Fruit deeply grooved. Styles inserted at or near the summit of the
ovary. (See 152.) =Avena= L.

174. Flowering glumes 2-cleft or 2-toothed to 2-awned. 175

Flowering glumes irregularly and minutely toothed or 2-lobed with
toothed lobes or entire. 176

175. Flowering glume of the lower flower awnless, entire. Outer
glumes 3-5-nerved. Spikelets linear-oblong.--Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria) =Ventenata= Koeler Flowering glume of the lower
flower awned, 2-toothed. Outer glumes 1-3-nerved. Spikelets
lanceolate-elliptical.--Species 20. Extra-tropical regions and
mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as fodder-or ornamental
grasses. =Trisetum= Pers.

170. Awns of the flowering glumes jointed, thickened towards the
tip.--Species 3. North Africa. (Under _Aira_ L.) =Corynephorus= Beauv.

Awns of the flowering glumes not jointed, slender throughout.--Species
5. Azores, Canaries, high mountains of Central Africa, subantarctic
islands. Used as ornamental grasses. (Under _Aira_ L.) =Deschampsia=
Beauv.

177. (153.) Flowering glumes of the fertile flowers cleft in 3-23
awn-like or awn-bearing lobes. [Subtribe PAPPOPHORINAE.] 178

Flowering glumes entire or 2-lobed, rarely (_Triodia_) 3-lobed, bearing
a single awn or unawned. 182

178. Flowering glumes 3-cleft, with 3 awns. Spikelets 5-15-flowered, in
panicles.--Species 9. Southern and Central Africa, Sahara, Egypt. Some
are used as fodder-grasses. =Triraphis= R. Br.

Flowering glumes 4-many-cleft, with 5 or more awns. Spikelets
2-6-flowered. 179

179. Flowering glumes with 5-9 awns springing from the back of the
lobes. Style 1, short and broad, 2-cleft. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in
dense panicles.--Species 1. Egypt. =Boissiera= Hochst.

Flowering glumes with 5-23 awns springing from the tips of the lobes or
from the notches between them. Styles 2, free. 180

180. Flowering glumes with 9-23 awn-like lobes. Spikelets 2-3-flowered,
in spike-like panicles. (See 142.) =Pappophorum= Schreb.

Flowering glumes with 5-7 awns or awn-like lobes. 181

181. Flowering glumes with 5-7 subequal, awn-like lobes. Spikelets
2-3-flowered, in heads.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Echinaria= Desv.

Flowering glumes with 9 lobes, 5 of which are awn-like. Spikelets
4-6-flowered, in rather loose panicles.--Species 3. Central and South
Africa and Egypt. Used as fodder and in medicine. (_Antoschmidtia_
Steud.) =Schmidtia= Steud.

182. Axis of the spikelets or flowering glumes covered with long hairs
enveloping the glumes. [Subtribe ARUNDINAE.] 183 Axis of the spikelets
and flowering glumes glabrous or short-haired. 185

183. Flowering glumes firmly membranous, 5-nerved, hairy like the
axis of the spikelets. Ovary hairy at the top. Leaves narrow, more
or less rolled up. Low grasses.--Species 1 (_A. tenax_ Link). North
Africa. Used for making paper, in plaiting-work, as fodder, and as an
ornamental plant. =Ampelodesma= Beauv.

Flowering glumes delicately membranous, 3-nerved; if hairy, then axis
of the spikelets glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Leaves flat and rather
broad. Tall grasses. 184

184. Flowering glumes glabrous, entire, produced into a fine
point. Axis of the spikelets hairy. Lowest flower of each spikelet
usually male. Panicles lax.--Species 2. Used in house-building, for
plaiting-work and divers utensils, and as ornamental grasses; the
root-stock is edible and used in medicine. “Reed.” (_Trichoon_ Roth)
=Phragmites= Trin.

Flowering glumes hairy, 2-toothed, with a mucro in the notch.
Axis of the spikelets glabrous. Flowers all hermaphrodite or the
uppermost flower or all flowers of the lower spikelets male. Panicles
dense.--Species 5. North Africa, Madagascar, South Africa. Used in
house-building, for plaiting-work, and as medicinal, fodder-, and
ornamental plants. Reed.” (_Donax_ Beauv., including _Neyraudia_ Hook.
fil.) =Arundo= L.

185. Stigmas shortly papillose on all sides, projecting between the
tips of the flowering glumes; styles long. [Subtribe SESLERINAE.] 186

Stigmas feathery, rather short, projecting near the base of the
flowering glumes; styles short or almost wanting. 191

186. Styles united at the base. Stigmas spirally twisted. Spikelets
in one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, 2-flowered, very rarely
3-4-flowered. Glumes many-nerved; the outer ones unarmed, the flowering
ones awned. Leaves transversely veined. (See 103.) =Streptogyne= Beauv.

Styles free. Spikelets in sometimes spike-like panicles or in heads. 187

187. Spikelets in spike-like panicles, falling singly and entire,
2-flowered, very rarely 3-4-flowered, the uppermost flower male. Glumes
awned or mucronate. (See 130.) =Fingerhuthia= Nees

Spikelets in heads or head-like panicles or in fascicles arranged in
spike-like panicles, not falling entire. 188

188. Spikelets in fascicles arranged in slender spike-like panicles,
rarely in heads, and then stamen 1. Glumes 1-3-nerved, mucronate
or awned. Spikelets 3-7-flowered.--Species 2. Central Africa.
=Elytrophorus= Beauv.

Spikelets in head-like panicles. Stamens 3. 189

189. Glumes 4-7-nerved, long-awned. Spikelets 3-7-flowered.
Panicles enveloped by the sheath of the uppermost leaf. Leaves
awl-shaped.--Species 1. South Africa. =Urochlaena= Nees

Glumes 1-3-nerved, not awned, but sometimes mucronate. Leaves flat. 190

190. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, in spikes arranged in heads enveloped
by the sheath of the uppermost leaf.--Species 1. North-west Africa
(Morocco). (Under _Ammochloa_ Boiss.) =Dictyochloa= (Murb.) Camus

Spikelets 7-15-flowered. Inflorescence not enveloped by a sheath.
Species 2. North Africa. =Ammochloa= Boiss.

191. (185.) Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower hermaphrodite, the
upper female. Axis of the spikelet elongated between the flowers, but
not continued beyond them. Glumes unarmed, with faint nerves. Spikelets
in loose panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Coelachne= R. Br.

Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers hermaphrodite or the lower flower
hermaphrodite, the upper one male or rudimentary, or 3-many-flowered.
192

192. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved. [Subtribes TRIODIINAE and
ERAGROSTINAE.] 193

Flowering glumes 5-many-nerved. 207

193. Flowering glumes 2-4-toothed or-cleft, rounded on the back, at
least at the base. 194

Flowering glumes entire or obscurely toothed, rarely (_Diplachne_)
distinctly 2-toothed and sometimes awned from the notch, but then
keeled. 196

194. Flowering glumes with 3 rather obtuse lobes.--Species 1.
North-west Africa. =Triodia= R. Br.

Flowering glumes with 2 acute lobes and an awn or mucro between them.
195

195. Flowering glumes with a long awn, the upper ones empty. Outer
glumes unequal. Spikes approximate, almost digitate.--Species 1. South
Africa. =Lophacme= Stapf

Flowering glumes with a short awn or a mucro. Outer glumes
subequal.--Species 2. Central and South Africa. (Under _Diplachne_
Beauv.) =Crossotropis= Stapf

196. Spikelets of two kinds, the fertile 2-3-flowered and surrounded
by the sterile consisting of numerous two-ranked glumes, arranged
in one-sided spike-like panicles. Flowering glumes awned or
mucronate.--Species 8. North and South Africa. Some have edible seeds
or are used as fodder or ornamental grasses. “Dogstail.” =Cynosurus= L.

Spikelets all alike. 197

197. Spikelets in spike-like racemes, laterally flattened, falling as
a whole, containing 3-4 fertile flowers and two empty glumes above
them.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Harpachne= Hochst.

Spikelets in panicles; empty glume above the fertile flowers 1 or none.
198

198. Main branches of the panicles two-ranked, usually branched at
their base. 199

Main branches of the panicles not two-ranked. 203

199. Panicles spreading, with long, thin branches. Spikelets
2-4-flowered, with membranous, unarmed glumes. 200

Panicles contracted (more or less spike-like) or with very short,
rather thick, but somewhat spreading branches. 201

200. Outer glumes slightly unequal. Perennial, creeping grasses, with
flat leaves.--Species 1. North Africa. =Catabrosa= Beauv.

Outer glumes very unequal the lower very small. Stalk of the
spikelet somewhat thickened. Delicate, annual grasses with narrow
leaves.--Species 2. North Africa. =Sphenopus= Trin.

201. Panicles with short, rather thick, more or less spreading
branches. Glumes hard. Spikelets 3-13-flowered.--Species 5. North
Africa. =Cutandia= Willk.

Panicles strongly contracted, dense, more or less spike-like. Glumes
membranous. Spikelets 2-5-flowered. 202

202. Upper outer glume much broader and somewhat longer than the
flowering glumes. Lower outer glume very short, almost bristle-like.
Flowering glumes awned below the tip.--Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). =Avellinia= Parl.

Upper outer glume neither broader nor longer than the flowering glumes.
Lower outer glume almost equalling the upper one. (See 151.) =Koeleria=
Pers.

203. Branches of the panicle spike-like. Flowering glumes 1-3-nerved,
usually toothed. 204

Branches of the panicle raceme-like. Flowering glumes 3-nerved, not
distinctly toothed, unarmed or mucronate. 205

204. Panicles contracted, spike-like. Flowering glumes entire,
acuminate. Lodicules membranous. Fruit terete.--Species 3. South Africa
and southern East Africa. (_Triphlebia_ Stapf, under _Lasiochloa_
Kunth). =Stiburus= Stapf

Panicles lax. Lodicules fleshy.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa
and Egypt. Some are used as fodder-grasses. =Diplachne= Beauv.

205. Flowering glumes rounded on the back. Spikelets conical,
loosely 2-4-flowered; axis jointed, fragile. Fruit oblong, broadly
grooved.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used in plaiting-work
and as an ornamental grass. =Molinia= Schrank

Flowering glumes keeled. Spikelets not conical, densely
5-many-flowered. 206

206. Outer glumes unequal, the lower 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved. Axis
of the spikelet fragile. Fruit broadly grooved.--Species 1. Coast of
East Africa. =Halopyrum= Stapf

Outer glumes 1-nerved, rarely the upper one 3-nerved. Axis of the
spikelet usually tough. Fruit usually ovate and not grooved.--Species
130. Some are used as fodder-or ornamental grasses, others as
sand-binders or for plaiting-work. The tef (_E. abyssinica_ Link) is
cultivated in Abyssinia as a cereal. =Eragrostis= Host

207. (192.) Axis of the spikelet bearing above the fertile flowers two
or more empty glumes usually forming a club-shaped body. Flowering
glumes keeled. Outer glumes 3-5-nerved. (See 152.) [Subtribe
MELICINAE.] =Melica= L.

Axis of the spikelet bearing above the fertile flowers a single empty
glume or none, rarely several, but then flowering glumes rounded on the
back. 208

208. Leaves broadly-lanceolate or ovate, with fine transverse veins
between the nerves. [Subtribe CENTOTHECINAE.] 209

Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, without distinct transverse veins.
[Subtribes FESTUCINAE and BRACHYPODINAE.] 210

209. Spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs on the spike-like branches of a
panicle. Outer glumes 3, the uppermost sometimes bearing a barren
spikelet in its axil. (See 125.) =Poecilostachys= Hack.

Spikelets many-flowered. Outer glumes 2.--Species 4. Tropics.
=Centotheca= Desv.

210. Spikelets in glomerules arranged in panicles. 211

Spikelets not in glomerules. 212

211. Panicles one-sided. Outer glumes unequal, 1-3-nerved. Flowering
glumes larger, firmer, 5-nerved, mucronate or awned, ciliate on
the keel.--Species 1. North and South Africa. Used as a fodder-and
ornamental grass. “Cocksfoot.” =Dactylis= L.

Panicles equal-sided. Outer glumes subequal, 5-7-nerved,
usually hispid. Flowering glumes shorter, thinner, 7-9-nerved,
unarmed.--Species 3. South Africa. =Lasiochloa= Kunth

212. Spikelets tightly imbricate in short spikes arranged in racemes or
heads. Flowering glumes broad, 7-9-nerved, somewhat shorter than the
palea, mucronate.--Species 4. North and East Africa. =Aeluropus= Trin.

Spikelets tightly imbricate in solitary spikes or not imbricate. 213

213. Spikelets very tightly imbricate, arranged in a linear false
spike. Flowering glumes sharply keeled from the base, 7-nerved,
unarmed.--Species 7. North and South Africa and St. Helena. Used as
ornamental plants. (_Brizopyrum_ Link). =Desmazeria= Dumort.

Spikelets not very tightly imbricate; if rather tightly, then flowering
glumes not keeled. 214

214. Styles inserted on the front of the ovary, conspicuously below the
top. Flowering glumes usually awned. Fruit linear or oblong, adhering
to the palea. (See 173.) =Bromus= L.

Styles inserted on the top of the ovary or close to it. 215

215. Flowering glumes much shorter than the outer ones, 2-lobed or
2-cleft. Outer glumes with white, membranous margins.--Species 4. South
and North Africa. =Schismus= Beauv.

Flowering glumes slightly shorter or longer than the outer ones. 216

216. Flowering glumes cordate at the base, very concave, scarious,
broader than the outer glumes. Fruit strongly compressed.--Species 5.
North Africa, Senegambia, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. “Quaking-grass.” =Briza= L.

Flowering glumes not cordate. 217

217. Flowering glumes distinctly keeled. 218

Flowering glumes rounded on the back, sometimes slightly keeled towards
the tip. 220

218. Flowering glumes shortly awned, scarious. Panicles spike-like.
(See 151.) =Koeleria= Pers.

Flowering glumes unawned, membranous herbaceous or cartilaginous.
Panicles usually spreading. 219

219. Flowering glumes cartilaginous at the base, herbaceous towards the
tip. Outer glumes unequal. Axis of the spikelet thickened. Panicles
one-sided.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Sclerochloa= Beauv.

Flowering glumes membranous or herbaceous at the base or
throughout.--Species 20. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the
tropics. Some are used as ornamental grasses. =Poa= L.

220. Spikelets 2-flowered with very approximate flowers and a
bristle-like continuation of the axis beyond them. Outer glumes
rather stiff, 1-3-nerved. Flowering glumes somewhat shorter, blunt,
awnless.--Species 10. South and East Africa. =Achneria= Munro

Spikelets 2-flowered, with perceptibly distant flowers and usually
membranous outer glumes, or 3-many-flowered. 221

221. Outer glumes 7-11-nerved, membranous. Flowering glumes toothed,
usually awnless. Paleas narrow, 2-toothed. Spikelets usually
2-flowered. Fruit deeply furrowed. (See 152.) =Avena= L.

Outer glumes 1-5-nerved, rarely 7-9-nerved, and then flowering glumes
awned and paleas broad. Spikelets usually 3-many-flowered. 222

222. Flowering glumes 2-cleft, awned, 7-9-nerved. (See 167.)
=Danthonia= DC.

Flowering glumes entire, rarely toothed or 2-cleft, but then unarmed or
5-nerved. Styles very short. 223

223. Side-nerves of the flowering glumes nearly parallel, not joining
the middle-nerve, sometimes obscure. Flowering glumes unarmed. Fruit
oblong or ovate. 224

Side-nerves of the flowering glumes curved, converging towards the
middle-nerve. Fruit oblong or linear. 225

224. Lodicules united. Styles distinctly developed. Fruit free,
narrowly or not grooved.--Species 1 (_G. fluitans_ R. Br.,
manna-grass). North-west Africa. The seeds are used as food. (Under
_Poa_ L.) =Glyceria= R. Br.

Lodicules free. Styles wanting. Fruit usually adherent to the palea,
broadly or not grooved.--Species 4. North-west and South Africa. (Under
_Glyceria_ R. Br.) =Atropis= Rupr.

225. Paleas with rigidly ciliate keels. Flowering glumes 7-9-nerved.
Outer glumes 3-7-nerved, rather stiff. Spikelets in spike-like
racemes.--Species 9. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the
tropics. Some species are used as ornamental grasses. =Brachypodium=
Beauv.

Paleas with finely ciliate or rough keels. Flowering glumes usually
5-nerved. Outer glumes 1-3-nerved. 226

226. Seed with a linear hilum. (See 113.) =Festuca= L.

Seed with a punctiform hilum. 227

227. Spikelets upon stout stalks in one-sided panicles. Flowering
glumes unarmed.--Species 2. North Africa, also introduced into South
Africa. (Under _Festuca_ L.) =Scleropoa= Griseb.

Spikelets in spike-like racemes.--Species 3. North-west Africa. (Under
_Festuca_ L.) =Catapodium= Link


FAMILY 17. CYPERACEAE

Grass-like herbs, very rarely (_Schoenodendron_) low trees. Stems
usually triangular, rarely jointed. Leaves with a closed sheath,
sometimes without a blade. Flowers in genuine or spurious spikelets
arranged in spikes, heads, or panicles. Perianth much reduced or
wanting. Stamens 1-6. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary
superior or naked, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, inverted. Style simple or
with 2-3 branches. Fruit a nut or a drupe. Seed free. Embryo lateral,
enclosed by the albumen.--Genera 40, species 880. “Sedges.” (Plate 9.)

1. Flowers unisexual, but sometimes (_Bisboeckelerieae_) apparently
hermaphrodite, single female flowers being surrounded by several male
ones; in this case false spikelets branched at the insertion of one of
the lowest bracts. 2

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Flowers either in centripetal
spikelets without a terminal flower or in centrifugal (false) spikelets
branched at the insertion of the uppermost bract below the terminal
flower. 13

2. Spikelets unisexual, rarely partly unisexual, partly bisexual; the
female 1-flowered, the male 2-or more-flowered. Stamens 1-2, rarely 3.
[Tribe SCLERIEAE.] 3

Spikelets bisexual, rarely 1-flowered and spicate. 8

3. Perianth consisting of scales or bristles. Partial inflorescences
panicled. 4

Perianth none. 6

4. Perianth of numerous bristles. Spikelets in spikes.--Species 6.
Central Africa to Transvaal. =Eriospora= Hochst.

Perianth of 2-5 scales. 5

5. Perianth of 2-3 laciniate scales. Spikelets in head-like clusters.
Herbs.--Species 1. West Africa. =Microdracoides= Hua

Perianth of 3-5 ciliate scales. Spikelets in spikes. Small
trees.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Schoenodendron= Engl.

6. Female flowers in the upper portion of the partial inflorescences.
Spikelets in panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Eriospora_
Hochst.) =Fintelmannia= Kunth

Female flowers in the lower portion of the partial inflorescences or in
special partial inflorescences. 7

7. Style thickened and jointed at the base, deeply 3-cleft. Fruit
without a distinct disc. Spikelets in panicles. Leaves broad.--Species
3. Tropics. (Under _Scleria_ Berg) =Acriulus= Ridl.

Style not thickened at the base. Fruit very hard, surrounded by a
disc at the base.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. (Including
_Diplacrum_ R. Br.) =Scleria= Berg

8. (2.) Spikelets consisting of a terminal female flower surrounded
by 3 or more male ones. Stamen 1. Female flowers not enclosed by
an utricle-like bracteole. [Tribe BISBOECKELERIEAE, Subtribe
CHRYSITRICHINAE.] 9 Spikelets 1-flowered, spicate, rarely 2-flowered
or consisting of a basal female flower and several male ones. Stamens
usually 3. Female flowers enclosed by an utricle-like bracteole. [Tribe
CARICEAE.] 11

9. Male flowers 3. Style-branches 3. Spikelets numerous, in spikes
which are sometimes arranged in panicles or heads.--Species 12.
Tropics. (Including _Thoracostachyum_ Kurz) =Mapania= Aubl.

Male flowers 6 or more. Spikelets in spikes arranged in heads. 10

10. Style-branches 2. Fruit not ribbed. Spikes consisting of numerous
spikelets. Leaves reduced to the sheath.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used
for plaiting-work. =Lepironia= Rich.

Style-branches 3. Fruit many-striate. Spikes consisting of 1-4
spikelets.--Species 3. South Africa. =Chrysithrix= L.

11. Lateral spikelets consisting of one female flower and 1-6 male
inserted above the female flower upon the distinctly developed axis of
the spikelet; rarely male flowers reduced to empty glumes or wanting.
Utricle usually 2-cleft.--Species 6. South and East Africa. (Including
_Hemicarex_ Benth.) =Schoenoxiphium= Nees

Lateral spikelets consisting only of 1 female flower and the usually
rudimentary axis. Utricle closed, entire or toothed. 12

12. Axis of the spikelet projecting beyond the utricle and hooked at
the tip.--Species 2. Subantarctic islands. =Uncinia= Pers.

Axis of the spikelet enclosed and straight or more frequently
rudimentary and usually early disappearing.--Species 80. Extra-tropical
regions and mountains of the tropics. =Carex= L.

13. (1.) Spikelets (false spikelets) centrifugal, with a terminal
flower, branched from the uppermost bract, 1-2-, rarely 3-6-flowered. 14

Spikelets centripetal, without a terminal flower, 3-many-, rarely
1-2-flowered; flowers hermaphrodite, a male one sometimes added. 24

14. Spikelets containing 1 terminal male flower and 1-2 lateral
hermaphrodite flowers. Style dilated at the base.--Species 30. South
Africa. (_Elynanthus_ Nees, including _Macrochaetium_ Steud.) [Tribe
GAHNIEAE.] =Tetraria= Beauv.

Spikelets containing only hermaphrodite flowers, a male one being
sometimes added. [Tribe RHYNCHOSPOREAE.] 15

15. Glumes 2-ranked. Style-branches 3. 16

Glumes not distinctly 2-ranked. 19

16. Perianth-bristles 6, alternately unequal. Fruit crowned by the base
of the style. Spikelets in heads.--Species 9. South Africa, Madagascar
and Mascarene Islands. (Under _Carpha_ R. Br.) =Asterochaete= Nees

Perianth-bristles equal or wanting. 17

17. Perianth-bristles stiff, not feathery, or wanting. Fruit not
beaked.--Species 6. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands,
Abyssinia, North Africa. (Including _Epischoenus_ C.B. Clarke).
=Schoenus= L.

Perianth-bristles feathery. 18

18. Perianth-bristles 3. Glumes 4-5. Style with a thickened, persistent
base. Spikelets in spikes or solitary.--Species 3. South Africa.
(_Ecklonea_ Steud.) =Trianoptiles= Fenzl

Perianth-bristles 6. Glumes numerous. Style slightly thickened.
Spikelets in panicles.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.
(Under _Schoenus_ L.) =Cyclocampe= Steud.

19. Style-branches 1-2. Perianth of 6 or more bristles or
wanting.--Species 15. (_Rynchospora_ Vahl). =Rhynchospora= Vahl

Style-branches 3. 20

20. Perianth of 3-6 bristles. 21

Perianth none. 22

21. Perianth of 3 bristles. Upper leaves with red sheaths.--Species
1. South Africa. (_Decalepis_ Boeck., under _Tetraria_ Beauv.)
=Boeckeleria= Dur.

Perianth of 5-6 bristles. Lowest flower male.--Species 6. Madagascar
and South Africa. =Costularia= C. B. Clarke

22. Partial inflorescences arranged in a panicle.--Species 5. =Cladium=
R. Br.

Partial inflorescences arranged in a head. 23

23. Involucre of the inflorescence short. Stem leafless.--Species
1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (_Arthrostylis_ Boeck.)
=Actinoschoenus= Benth.

Involucre of the inflorescence long. Stem leafy.--Species 1. West
Africa and Madagascar. Used medicinally. =Remirea= Aubl.

24. (13.) Bracteoles 1-2. [Tribe HYPOLYTREAE.] 25

Bracteoles none. [Tribe SCIRPEAE.] 28

25. Bracteoles 1-2, parallel with the glume (bract), i.e. placed
before or behind or before and behind it. Stamens 1-2. [Subtribe
LIPOCARPHINAE.] 26

Bracteoles 2, lateral to the glume, sometimes united. Stamens 2-3.
[Subtribe HYPOLYTRINAE.] 27

26. Bracteole 1, deciduous. Stamen 1. Spikelets solitary or in clusters
of 2-3, subtended by a single involucral bract.--Species 2. Central and
South Africa. (Under _Scirpus_ L.) =Hemicarpha= Nees

Bracteoles 2, persistent. Stamens 1-2. Spikelets in heads surrounded
by several involucral bracts.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa.
(_Hypaelyptum_ Vahl). =Lipocarpha= R. Br.

27. Bracteoles united in front, longer than the glume. Spikelets
solitary or in heads. Stem leafy at the base only.--Species 9. Tropical
and South Africa. =Ascolepis= Nees

Bracteoles free or united behind, as long as or shorter than the
glumes. Spikelets in heads or panicles. Stem leafy throughout its
length.--Species 10. Tropics. =Hypolytrum= Rich.

28. (22.) Glumes distinctly 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences usually
arranged in heads or umbels. [Subtribe CYPERINAE.] 29

Glumes not distinctly 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences usually arranged
in spikes or panicles. [Subtribe SCIRPINAE.] 34

29. Perianth consisting of 6 bristles. Spikelets in panicles.--Species
1. Region of the great lakes. (Under _Carpha_ R. Br.) =Oreograstis= K.
Schum.

Perianth none. 30

30. Flowers with a toothed or lobed disc at the base of the ovary.
Spikelets solitary or in heads.--Species 3. South Africa. (Under
_Ficinia_ Schrad.) =Hemichlaena= Schrad.

Flowers without a disc. 31

31. Style-branches 2. Spikelets containing an hermaphrodite and
sometimes also a male flower, arranged in heads.--Species 40. Tropical
and South Africa. The root-stock of some species is used in perfumery
and medicine; others yield fodder. (Plate 9.) =Kyllinga= Rottb.

Style-branches 3, rarely 1-2, but then spikelets many-flowered. 32

32. Fertile flowers in each spikelet 1-2. Glumes with a winged keel,
the lower glume enclosing the upper one. Spikelets in umbellately
arranged heads.--Species 2. Tropics to Transvaal. =Courtoisia= Nees

Fertile flowers in each spikelet 3 or more, rarely 1-2, but then glumes
not winged or the lower glume not enclosing the upper one. 33

33. Glumes with the margins united into a cylinder at their base,
long acuminate at the top. Spikelets terete, 3-4-flowered, in spikes.
Stamens 2.--Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under _Mariscus_ Gaertn. or
_Cyperus_ L.) =Cylindrolepis= Boeck.

Glumes with free margins.--Species 300. The root-stocks of some
(especially _C. esculentus_ L.) are eaten and used for the preparation
of oil, perfume, and medicaments; the culms (especially of _C. Papyrus_
L.) are used for making paper and for plaiting-work; some species serve
as fodder-or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds. (Including
_Galilea_ Parl., _Juncellus_ Griseb., _Mariscus_ Vahl, _Pycreus_
Beauv., and _Torulinium_ Desv.) =Cyperus= L.

34. (28.) Style conspicuously thickened at the base. 35

Style not or slightly thickened at the base. 37

35. Perianth none. Style deciduous.--Species 75. Some are used as
fodder. (Including _Abildgaardia_ Vahl and _Bulbostylis_ Kunth).
=Fimbristylis= Vahl

Perianth consisting of 3-8 bristles. Base of the style usually
persistent. 36

36. Spikelets in heads. Glumes in 5 rows.--Species 1. Tropics. (Under
_Fuirena_ Rottb.) =Pentasticha= Turcz.

Spikelets solitary.--Species 25. Some are used for plaiting-work or
yield starch. (_Eleocharis_ R. Br.) =Heleocharis= R. Br.

37. Flowers with a toothed or lobed, persistent disc at the base of the
ovary. Glumes usually brown or black.--Species 65. South Africa and
mountains of East Africa and Madagascar. =Ficinia= Schrad.

Flowers without a disc. 38

38. Perianth-bristles 6 or more, much elongated after flowering.
Spikelets solitary or in umbels.--Species 1. South Africa. The
cotton-like perianth-bristles are used for stuffing cushions.
“Cotton-grass.” =Eriophorum= L.

Perianth-bristles not elongated or wanting. 39

39. Glumes hairy, like the whole plant. Perianth of 3-6 toothed scales
or bristles.--Species 20. =Fuirena= Rottb.

Glumes glabrous.--Species 70. Some are used as ornamental plants or for
plaiting-work, others have edible root-stocks, also used in medicine.
(Including _Isolepis_ R. Br. and _Schoenoplectus_ Reichb.) =Scirpus= L.


ORDER PRINCIPES


FAMILY 18. PALMAE

Stem woody, usually simple. Leaves pinnately or palmately split,
at least 2-cleft, usually collected in a crown at the top of the
stem. Flowers in simple or branched spadices enveloped by spathes,
usually unisexual and provided with rudimentary stamens or carpels.
Perianth-segments 6, similar in texture, but often unequal in size,
leathery or parchment-like, green, white or yellow. Stamens 6 or
more, rarely 3, united at the base or adnate below to the perianth.
Carpels 3, superior, distinct or united and then forming a 1-3-celled
ovary; sometimes 2 carpels empty or reduced to the style. Ovules
solitary in each cell, filling the cell and sometimes adhering to its
wall. Fruits berry-or drupe-like. Seeds with a small embryo and horny
albumen.--Genera 36, species 100. (Plates 10 and 11.)

1. Carpels 3, distinct. Fruit consisting of 1-3 smooth berries.
Leaf-segments induplicate in bud. [Subfamily =CORYPHOIDEAE=.] 2

Carpels 3, united and forming a 1-3-celled ovary, or carpel 1. 3

2. Leaves fan-shaped. Spadices with 2 or more incomplete spathes.
Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Perianth of the female flowers as in
the male. Seed ovate, not deeply grooved; albumen ruminate. Stem short,
usually branched.--Species 1 (_Ch. humilis_ L.). North-West Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant; the leaf-buds are eaten and the fibres
used for making ropes or paper or for stuffing cushions. “Dwarf-palm.”
[Tribe SABALEAE.] =Chamaerops= L.

Leaves pinnate. Spadices with one complete spathe. Flowers dioecious.
Perianth of the female flowers differing from the male. Seed oblong,
with a deep longitudinal groove.--Species 5. Some (especially the
date-palm, _Ph. dactylifera_ L.) have edible fruits, also used for
making brandy and sugar. They yield also palm-wine, wood, and fibres
for plaiting and stuffing, and are used as ornamental plants. [Tribe
PHOENICEAE.] =Phoenix= L.

3. Leaves fan-shaped. Spadices with many incomplete spathes. Fruit a
drupe with 1-3 distinct stones; epicarp smooth or minutely dotted.
[Subfamily =BORASSOIDEAE=, tribe BORASSEAE.] 4

Leaves pinnately dissected or 2-cleft. Fruit berry-like or covered with
imbricate scales or containing a single stone; if fruit drupe-like and
one-seeded, then spadices with 1-4 complete spathes. 8

[Illustration: CYPERACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR_.

_Pl. 9._

J. Fleischmann del.

Kyllinga alba Nees

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower (the ovary cut
lengthwise).]

[Illustration: PALMAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 10._

J. Fleischmann del.

Raphia Laurentii De Wild.

_A_ Young plant. _B_ Group of fruits. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Seed. (_A_ from De
Wildeman, Expedition Laurent).]


4. Male flowers many in each pit of the spadix. 5

Male flowers solitary in each pit of the spadix. 6

5. Male flowers 20-30 in each pit of the spadix. Stamens about 30.
Fruit nearly always with a single stone. Seeds deeply 2-lobed.--Species
1. Seychelles. The fruit (“double cocoa-nut”) is eaten and used in
medicine. =Lodoicea= Labill.

Male flowers 10 in each pit of the spadix. Stamens 6. Fruit with 3
stones. Seeds emarginate. Species 1 (_B. flabellifer_ L., Palmyra
palm). Tropics. It yields timber, fibre (piassave), starch (sago),
gum, vegetables, edible fruits, wine, vinegar, alcohol, sugar, and
medicaments. =Borassus= L.

6. Stamens 15-30. Fruit with 3 stones, very rarely with 1-2.
Medium-sized trees.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. They
furnish fibre for plaiting-work and are used as ornamental plants; one
species has edible fruits. =Latania= Comm.

Stamens 6. Fruit with a single stone. Tall trees. 7

7. Albumen ruminate. Fruit medium-sized (the size of a walnut). Stem
simple.--Species 3. Upper Nile and Madagascar. They yield timber,
fibre, edible pith, and alcohol. (Including _Bismarckia_ Hildebr. &
Wendl.) =Medemia= G. de Wuert. & Braun

Albumen homogeneous. Fruit large. Stem usually branched.--Species 13.
Tropics to Natal and Egypt. They yield wood, fibre, edible fruits, and
wine. “Dum palm.” =Hyphaene= Gaertn.

8. (3.) Ovary and fruit clothed with imbricate scales. Fruit
one-seeded. Flowers with bracts and bracteoles. Leaf-segments
reduplicate in bud. [Subfamily =LEPIDOCARYOIDEAE=, tribe METROXYLEAE.] 9

Ovary and fruit without scales. Flowers usually without bracts.
[Subfamily =CEROXYLOIDEAE=.] 15

9. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. [Subtribe CALAMINAE.] 10

Ovary completely 3-celled. [Subtribe RAPHIINAE.] 11

10. Stem erect. Leaves without tendrils. Spadices terminal. Seed
depressed-globose.--Species 1 (_M. Rumphii_ Mart.) Cultivated in
Madagascar and the Mascarenes. It yields wood, fibre for plaiting and
weaving, vegetables, and starch (sago). (_Sagus_ Blume). =Metroxylon=
Rottb.

Stem climbing. Leaves with tendrils. Spadices lateral.--Species 6.
Tropics. The stems (cane) are used for plaiting-work and for the
manufacture of walking-sticks and various utensils. “Rattan-palm.”
=Calamus= L.

11. Stem erect. Flowers monoecious, the male and female on the same
branches of the much-branched terminal spadices. Seed oblong or
ovate.--Species 10. Tropics. The leaf-stalks (false bamboo) are used
for building houses and making furniture, the fibres (piassave) for
plaiting, weaving, and brush-making. The stems, leaf-buds, and fruits
of some species yield starch, meal, vegetables, wine, and oil. (Plates
10 and 11.) =Raphia= Beauv.

Stem climbing. Leaves with tendrils. 12

12. Flowers monoecious, in cymes on the primary branches of the
lateral spadices; cymes consisting of one female and several male
flowers.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. They furnish cane for
plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various utensils. (Under
_Calamus_ L.) =Oncocalamus= Mann & Wendl.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in pairs on the branches of the
spadices. 13

13. Spadices lateral. Spathes none.--Species 5. West Africa to the
upper Nile. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture
of various utensils. (Under _Calamus_ L.) =Eremospatha= Mann & Wendl.

Spadices terminal. Spathes tubular. 14

14. Seed flattened, with a thick raphe. Leaves with a short stalk
and narrow segments.--Species 1. West Africa to the upper Nile. They
furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the manufacture of various
utensils. (Under _Calamus_ L.) =Ancistrophyllum= Mann & Wendl.

Seed roundish, deeply grooved, kidney-shaped in transverse section.
Leaves with a rather long stalk and rather broad segments.--Species
2. West Africa. They furnish cane for plaiting-work and for the
manufacture of various utensils. (Under _Ancistrophyllum_ Mann & Wendl.
or _Calamus_ L.) =Laccosperma= Mann & Wendl.

15. (8.) Fruit a drupe; endocarp very hard, with 3 pores. [Tribe
COCOEAE.] 16

Fruit a berry; endocarp membranous, rarely woody. [Tribe ARECEAE.] 17

16. Flowers sunk singly in deep pits of the spadix-branches. Spadices
unisexual, with 2 deciduous spathes. Stamens united high up. Fruit
rather small; pericarp spongy outside; pores towards the top of the
stone.--Species 1 (_E. guineensis_ L. oil-palm). Central Africa. The
stem and the leaves furnish wood, fibre, vegetables, and wine; the
fruits are edible and used for making oil. [Subtribe ELAEIDINAE.]
=Elaeis= Jacq.

Flowers inserted singly or in groups of three in shallow pits or
notches of the spadix-branches. Spadices bisexual, with a woody,
persistent spathe. Stamens free or united at the base. Fruit large;
pericarp fibrous; pores towards the base of the stone.--Species 1 (_C.
nucifera_ L., coco-nut-palm). Cultivated and sometimes naturalised
on the shores of the tropics. The stem and the leaves furnish wood,
fibre, tanning materials, vegetables, wine, and medicaments; the fruits
are edible and yield oil, fodder, and a drink. [Subtribe ATTALEINAE.]
=Cocos= L.

17. Leaves with long prickles. Spadices branched; spathes 2 or more,
complete. Corolla of the female flowers imbricate in bud. Ovary
1-celled, with a laterally affixed ovule. Stigmas 3. 18

Leaves without prickles. 23

18. Leaves with a long sheath. Spadices below the leaves. Seed with
homogeneous albumen. 19

Leaves with a rather short sheath. Spadices between the leaves. Seed
with ruminate albumen. 20

19. Seed obtusely triquetrous. Stamens 9.--Species 1. Seychelles.
=Deckenia= Wendl.

Seed ellipsoid, slightly compressed laterally. Stamens usually
12.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used in house-building and
as ornamental plants. =Acanthophoenix= Wendl.

20. Leaves 2-cleft, with pinnately toothed margins. 21

Leaves irregularly pinnatisect. 22

21. Stamens 6. Seed and endocarp furrowed. Spadices with 3 spathes.
Leaf-stalk prickly.--Species 1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental
plant. =Verschaffeltia= Wendl.

Stamens 15-20. Seed and endocarp not furrowed. Spadices with 2 spathes.
Leaf-stalk smooth.--Species 1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental plant.
(_Stevensonia_ Duncan). =Phoenicophorium= Wendl.

22. Stamens 6. Seed elliptical. Spadices twice branched, with several
spathes.--Species 1. Seychelles. Used as an ornamental plant.
=Roscheria= Wendl.

Stamens 40-50. Seed kidney-shaped. Spadices once branched, with 2
spathes.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Nephrosperma= Balf.

23. (17.) Spadices with many tubular incomplete spathes, twice
branched. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Stem tree-like.--Species 4.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used as ornamental plants. The fruit is said
to be poisonous. =Hyophorbe= Gaertn.

Spadices with 1-4 spathes, all or the uppermost complete (i.e.
completely enveloping the spadix, when young.) 24

24. Spadices with 4 spathes, simple. Flowers sunk in pits on the
spadix. Corolla valvate in bud. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Stem
reed-like.--Species 1. West Africa. The fruit is edible. =Podococcus=
Mann & Wendl.

Spadices with 1-3 spathes; if simple, then corolla of the female
flowers imbricate in bud or stamens 3 or many. 25

25. Stamens numerous. Stigma 1. Ovary 1-celled. Corolla valvate
in bud. Spadices simple. Flowers sunk in pits on the spadix. Stem
short.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Sclerosperma= Mann & Wendl.

Stamens 3-6. Stigmas usually 3. 26

26. Stamens in the male flowers 3, staminodes in the female 6. Ovary
with 1 fertile and 2 empty cells. 27

Stamens 6. 28

27. Stamens opposite the petals, united at the base.--Species 3.
Madagascar. =Trichodypsis= Baill.

Stamens alternating with the petals, free or almost free.--Species 7.
Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. (Including _Adelodypsis_ Becc.)
=Dypsis= Nor.

28. Ovary 1-celled. 29

Ovary 3-celled, but usually one cell only fertile. 34

29. Spadices simple. Leaves deeply forked. Stem short, erect.--Species
5. Madagascar. =Haplophloga= Baill.

Spadices branched. 30

30. Spadices once branched. Stigma usually 1. Stem tree-like.--Species
5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as ornamental plants. The
fibres of the leaves (piassave) are used in the manufacture of ropes
and stuffs. =Dictyosperma= Wendl. & Drude

Spadices 2-3 times branched. Stigmas usually 3. 31

31. Spadices twice branched. Male flowers with valvate or subimbricate
sepals. Anthers sagittate, basifixed, opening outwards or laterally.
Rudimentary pistil 3-cleft. Female flowers larger than the male.
Stigmas 3, subsessile. Tall trees.--Species 1 (_A. Catechu_ L., betel
palm). Cultivated in East Africa. It yields wood, bark for tanning,
fibre, vegetables, wine, and medicaments; the fruits are chewed.
=Areca= L.

Spadices thrice branched. Male flowers with imbricate sepals. Anthers
ovoid, opening inwards. Rudimentary pistil entire. 32

32. Styles basal. Stem reed-like.--Species 2. Madagascar.
(_Chrysalidocarpus_ Wendl.) =Neodypsis= Baill.

Styles or stigmas terminal. 33

33. Leaves irregularly pinnatisect, with lanceolate segments. Stem
low, reed-like.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Dypsidium_ Baill.)
=Neophloga= Baill.

Leaves regularly pinnatisect, with linear segments. Stem tall.--Species
2. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. (Including _Vonitra_ Becc.)
=Phlogella= Baill.

34. Spadices simple. Petals lanceolate. Anther-halves linear. Style
conical.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Haplodypsis= Baill.

Spadices much branched. Petals ovate or orbicular. Anther-halves oblong
or ovate. Style 3-partite. 35

35. Flowers monoecious. Sepals of the male flowers orbicular. Stamens
unequal in length. Stigmas awl-shaped. Albumen ruminate.--Species 5.
Madagascar. Leaves used for plaiting-work. =Phloga= Nor.

Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the male flowers elliptical. Stamens
subequal. Stigmas short and thick. Albumen homogeneous.--Species 2.
Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Ravenea= Hildebr. & Bouché


ORDER SPATHIFLORAE


FAMILY 19. ARACEAE

Leaves usually net-veined. Flowers in spadices, without bracteoles.
Perianth simple or wanting. Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly,
usually berry-like. Seed-coat fleshy.--Genera 33, species 150. (Plate
12.)

[Illustration: PALMAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 11._

J. Fleischmann del.

Raphia Laurentii De Wild.

_A_ Inflorescence. _B_ Male flower-buds. _C_ Male flower cut
lengthwise. _D_ Stamen. _E_ Female flower.]

[Illustration: ARACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 12._

J. Fleischmann del.

Hydrosme grata Schott

_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence and spathe. _C_ Stalk of the inflorescence.
_D_ Inflorescence without the spathe. _E_ Stamen. _F_ Stamen from
above. _G_ Pistil. _H_ Pistil cut lengthwise. (_B_-_H_ partly from a
drawing in the Vienna Hofmuseum.)]

1. Flowers hermaphrodite. 2

Flowers unisexual. 5

2. Perianth none. Ovary incompletely 2-celled with several ascending
ovules. Climbing shrubs. Leaves stalked, lanceolate.--Species 2. West
Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (_Raphidophora_ Schott). [Tribe
MONSTEREAE.] =Afroraphidophora= Engl.

Perianth of 4-6 segments. 3

3. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2 or more. Tall herbs. Juice milky.
Root-stock tuberous. Leaves sagittate; stalk prickly.--Species 1. West
Africa. Used for making salt. [Tribe LASIEAE.] =Cyrtosperma= Griff.

Ovary 2-3-celled. Juice not milky. 4

4. Ovule one in each cell, ascending, inverted. Seeds exalbuminous.
Climbing shrubs. Leaves stalked, lanceolate to ovate. Spathe oblong or
ovate.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. [Tribe POTHOEAE.]
=Pothos= L.

Ovules several in each cell, pendulous, straight. Seeds albuminous.
Herbs with a creeping root-stock. Leaves sessile, linear, sword-shaped.
Spathe linear, sword-shaped, forming a continuation of the flowering
stem.--Species 1 (_A. Calamus_ L., sweet-flag). Introduced in the
Mascarene Islands. Yields tanning-materials and is used in the
preparation of perfumes, liquors, snuff, and medicaments. [Tribe
ACOREAE.] =Acorus= L.

5. Perianth present. 6

Perianth none. 8

6. Perianth cupular. Ovary 1-4-celled with 2 or more ovules in
each cell. Juice milky. Leaves sagittate; stalk not thickened near
the middle. Spathe-margins connate below.--Species 20. Central and
South-East Africa. [Tribe STYLOCHITONEAE.] =Stylochiton= Leprieur

Perianth of 4 free segments. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell.
Juice not milky. Leaves pinnate; stalk with a thickened joint near the
middle. Spathe-margins free. [Tribe ZAMIOCULCASEAE.] 7

7. Stamens with free filaments; anthers opening by slits. Leaves
several, once pinnate. Spathe upon a short stalk.--Species 1.
East Africa and Mascarene Islands. Used as an ornamental plant.
=Zamioculcas= L.

Stamens with united filaments; anthers opening by pores. Leaf 1, thrice
pinnate in the adult stage. Spathe upon a long stalk.--Species 2. East
Africa to the upper Congo. =Gonatopus= Hook. fil.

8. Stamens united throughout their length or almost so. 9

Stamens free or united in pairs or at the base only. 17

9. Female (inferior) part of the spadix adnate to the spathe,
1-flowered. Stamens 2. Floating water-plants. Juice not milky.--Species
1. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Used medicinally. [Tribe
PISTIEAE.] =Pistia= L.

Female part of the spadix free from the spathe, several-flowered.
Stamens 3-8, very rarely 2. Land-or marsh-plants. Juice milky. 10

10. Stem creeping. Leaves lanceolate, parallel-veined, with numerous
primary and secondary lateral veins. Ovary completely or incompletely
2-3-celled with numerous ovules.--Species 12. West Africa. [Tribe
ANUBIADEAE.] =Anubias= Schott

Stem erect or tuberous. Leaves ovate, ovate-sagittate or dissected,
net-veined, rarely parallel-veined with 5 primary lateral nerves. 11

11. Ovules 1-3. Spadix with barren flowers below and above the male
ones. Stem short, ascending. Leaves ovate or sagittate, entire,
with about 5 primary lateral nerves and many parallel secondary
ones.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands and Zanzibar.
They yield fibre and edible tubers and seeds and are used in medicine.
=Typhonodorum= Schott

Ovules 4 or more. Leaves sagittate-or cordate-ovate and net-veined, or
dissected. 12

12. Ovules 4. Female flowers with staminodes. Spadix with a terminal
appendage. Stem tuberous. Leaves dissected.--Species 1. Seychelles.
[Tribe PROTAREAE.] =Protarum= Engl.

Ovules more than 4. Leaves sagittate-or cordate-ovate. [Tribe
COLOCASIEAE.] 13

13. Ovary completely 1-celled. Ovules straight or almost so. 14

Ovules incompletely 2-3-celled. Ovules inverted. Spadix without a
terminal appendage. 16

14. Ovules few, basal. Stem erect. Spadix with a terminal
appendage.--Species 1. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in
Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Stem and leaves are edible;
also used as an ornamental plant. =Alocasia= Schott

Ovules many, parietal. Stem tuberous. 15

15. Spadix with a terminal appendage. Spathe erect. Stamens
3-6.--Species 1 (_C. antiquorum_ Schott, taro or dinde). Cultivated
and sometimes naturalised in Tropical and North Africa. The tubers and
leaves are eaten and used in medicine; also an ornamental plant. (Under
_Caladium_ Vent.) =Colocasia= Schott

Spadix without an appendage. Spathes recurved at the top. Stamens
2-3.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. Used as an ornamental plant.
=Remusatia= Schott

16. Style disc-like, adnate to the styles of the neighbouring flowers.
Ovules with a long funicle. Leaves leathery.--Species 2. Cultivated and
sometimes naturalised in West Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Used as
ornamental plants or vegetables. =Xanthosoma= Schott

Style none. Ovules with a short funicle. Leaves herbaceous, usually
with red spots.--Species 1. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in
West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. =Caladium= Vent.

17. (8.) Stem above ground and usually climbing or underground and
creeping. Spadix without an appendage. Ovary 1-2-celled with 1 ovule in
each cell. 18

Stem underground, short and thick, more or less tuberous. Juice milky.
23

18. Juice milky. Leaves cordate or sagittate. Female inflorescence not
adnate to the spathe. Ovary 1-celled. [Tribe NEPHTHYTIDEAE.] 19

Juice not milky. Leaves lanceolate oblong or elliptical, acute or
obtuse at the base, rarely cordate and then female inflorescence adnate
to the spathe or ovary 2-celled. Seed albuminous. 22

19. Stem underground, creeping.--Species 3. West Africa. Used as
ornamental plants. (Including _Oligogynium_ Engl.) =Nephthytis= Schott

Stem above ground, climbing, woody. 20

20. Leaves perforated or dissected. Male inflorescence three times
as long as the female and contiguous to it. Ovary with a strongly
projecting parietal placenta.--Species 2. West Africa. =Rhektophyllum=
N. E. Brown

Leaves entire or lobed, not perforated. Ovary with a slightly
projecting parietal or sub-basal placenta. 21

21. Leaves oblong, shortly cordate at the base. Male inflorescence
twice as long as the female and contiguous to it. Stamens
2-3.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Cercestis_ Schott).
=Alocasiophyllum= Engl.

Leaves sagittate or hastate. Stamens usually 4.--Species 7. West
Africa. =Cercestis= Schott

22. Stem creeping. Female inflorescence adnate to the spathe, as long
as the male. Ovary conical. Style present.--Species 1. Central Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant. [Tribe CALLOPSIDEAE.] =Callopsis= Engl.

Stem climbing or erect. Female inflorescence free from the spathe.
Ovary subglobose. Style wanting.--Species 17. Central Africa. Some are
used as ornamental plants. [Tribe CULCASIEAE.] =Culcasia= Beauv.

23. (17.) Spadix covered with fertile flowers to the top. Ovary
with 4 or more ovules. Leaves sagittate or hastate. Spathe
funnel-shaped.--Species 10. South Africa and southern Central Africa;
one species (_Z. aethiopica_ Spreng.) cultivated as an ornamental
plant under the name of “Calla” and naturalised in the island of
Madeira. (_Aroides_ Heist., _Richardia_ Kunth). [Tribe ZANTEDESCHIEAE.]
=Zantedeschia= Spreng.

Spadix ending in an appendage which is glabrous or covered with
rudimentary flowers, rarely without an appendage, but then ovary
1-2-ovuled and leaves dissected. 24

24. Ovules inverted. Ovary usually 2-4-celled. Male and female portions
of the spadix contiguous, rarely separated by a glabrous interval
without barren flowers. Leaf 1, dissected. [Tribe AMORPHOPHALLEAE.] 25

Ovules straight. Ovary 1-celled. Seeds albuminous. Spadix with a
terminal appendage. [Tribe AREAE.] 27

25. Spadix ending in a flowerless appendage.--Species 35. Tropics.
Some have edible tubers or are used as ornamental plants. (Under
_Amorphophallus_ Blume). (Plate 12.) =Hydrosme= Schott.

Spadix covered with flowers to the top; upper flowers sometimes reduced
to barren stamens. 26

26. Ovary 1-celled. Male inflorescence as long as the female. Spathe
boat-shaped.--Species 7. Central Africa. Some have edible tubers.
=Anchomanes= Schott

Ovary 2-celled. Male inflorescence longer than the female.--Species
2. Equatorial West Africa. (Including _Zyganthera_ N.E. Brown).
=Pseudohydrosme= Engl.

27. Spadix unisexual (containing male or female flowers only). Stamens
2-4. Ovules basal. Leaves dissected.--Species 4. East Africa. Some are
poisonous. =Arisaema= Mart.

Spadix bisexual (containing both male and female flowers). 28

28. Male inflorescence contiguous to the female. 29

Male inflorescence separated from the female by a distinct interval
usually covered with rudimentary flowers. 30

29. Stamen 1. Anther opening by a slit. Ovules basal. Leaves sagittate
or hastate.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. The
tubers are poisonous when raw, but edible when cooked, and furnish
starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap. =Arisarum= Targ. Tozz.

Stamens 3-4. Anthers opening by pores. Ovules basal or apical. Leaves
several dissected.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental
plants. The tubers are poisonous when raw, but edible when cooked, and
furnish starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap. =Dracunculus=
Schott

30. Interval between the male and the female inflorescence without
rudimentary flowers. Spathe divided into two chambers, one of which
contains a female flower, the other one several male flowers. Stamens
2. Ovules numerous. Leaves ovate.--Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). =Ambrosinia= Bassi

Interval between the male and the female inflorescence clothed with
rudimentary flowers. Spathe not 2-chambered. Female flowers several. 31

31. Ovules 6 or more, parietal. Stamens 3-4. Leaves sagittate or
hastate.--Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and sometimes used as
ornamental plants. The tubers are edible when cooked and yield starch;
they are also used in medicine and as a substitute for soap. =Arum= L.

Ovules 1-4, basal. Stamens 1-2. Leaves linear, oblong, ovate, or
dissected. 32

32. Ovule 1. Leaves several, entire.--Species 3. North Africa. Used as
ornamental plants. The tubers are edible when cooked, and yield starch,
medicaments, and a substitute for soap. =Biarum= Schott

Ovules 2-4. Leaf 1, dissected.--Species 2. East Africa and Angola. Used
as ornamental plants. The tubers are edible when cooked, and yield
starch, medicaments, and a substitute for soap. =Sauromatum= Schott


FAMILY 20. LEMNACEAE

Floating herbs without distinct stems or leaves, consisting of leaf-or
grain-like fronds. Inflorescence seated in a cavity of the frond and
consisting of 1-2 male flowers and a female. Flowers monoecious,
without a perianth. Stamen 1. Ovary 1-celled, with 1-6 basal ovules and
a funnel-shaped stigma. Seed-coat fleshy.--Genera 3, species 12.

1. Fronds rootless. Inflorescence on the back of the frond, without
a spathe and consisting of 1 male and 1 female flower.--Species
6. (Including _Wolffiella_ Hegelm., under _Lemna_ L.) [Subfamily
=WOLFFIOIDEAE=.] =Wolffia= Horkel

Fronds with roots. Inflorescence at the margin of the frond, consisting
of 2 male and a female flower enclosed by a spathe. [Subfamily
=LEMNOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Fronds with one root each, 3-5-nerved.--Species 5. Some are used in
medicine. “Duckweed.” =Lemna= L.

Fronds with several roots each, many-nerved.--Species 1. (Under _Lemna_
L.) =Spirodela= Schleid.


ORDER FARINOSAE


SUBORDER FLAGELLARIINEAE


FAMILY 21. FLAGELLARIACEAE

Climbing herbs. Leaves lanceolate, ending in a tendril. Flowers
in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, free,
subpetaloid, yellowish or whitish, the outer somewhat shorter than the
inner. Stamens 6. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary superior, 3-celled,
with a solitary, inverted ovule in the inner angle of each cell. Style
with 3 linear, recurved stigmas. Fruit a 1-2-seeded berry. Seeds with a
mealy albumen and a small marginal embryo.

Genus 1. Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used in medicine
and for plaiting-work. =Flagellaria= L.


SUBORDER ENANTIOBLASTAE


FAMILY 22. RESTIONACEAE

Grass-like herbs. Leaves linear or reduced to the sheath. Flowers in
spikelets usually arranged in spikes or panicles, regular, unisexual.
Perianth of 3-6 membranous or scarious segments, imbricate in bud,
rarely absent in the female flowers. Stamens 2-3. Anthers 1-celled.
Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with 1-3 pendulous, straight ovules. Fruit
dry. Seeds with a mealy albumen and a marginal embryo.--Genera 12.
Species 230. South Africa to Nyasaland. (Plate 13.)

1. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes 2-3-celled when young. Fruit 1-celled,
indehiscent. 2

Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit 1-3-celled, dehiscent. Flowers dioecious. 10

2. Spikelets, all or most of them, bisexual, containing a male and a
female flower, arranged in spikes. Styles 2.--Species 1. South Africa.
=Phyllocomos= Mast.

Spikelets unisexual. 3

3. Female spikelets 1-flowered. Styles or stigmas 2. 4

Female spikelets 2-many-flowered, very rarely 1-flowered, but then
stigmas 3. 6

4. Glumes distant. Male spikelets in panicles, female in
spikes.--Species 10. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Including
_Ceratocaryum_ Nees). =Willdenowia= Thunb.

Glumes closely imbricate. 5

5. Female flowers on a thick stalk. Style 1, with 2 stigmas. Fruits
more or less distinctly stalked.--Species 15. South Africa (Cape
Colony). =Hypodiscus= Nees

Female flowers on a thin stalk or sessile. Styles 2. Fruits
sessile.--Species 20. South Africa to Nyasaland. =Hypolaena= R. Br.

6. Outer perianth-segments of the female flowers winged on the keel. 7

Outer perianth-segments not winged. Styles 2-3. 8

7. Style 1. Female spikelets in spikes.--Species 15. South Africa (Cape
Colony). =Thamnochortus= Berg

Styles 2-3. Female spikelets solitary or in fascicles.--Species 5.
South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Thamnochortus_ Berg). =Staberoha=
Kunth

8. Female spikelets solitary or in clusters of 2-3 on the top of the
stem, 2-5-flowered. Outer perianth-segments larger than the inner.
Styles 2.--Species 8. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Cannomois= Beauv.

Female spikelets in spikes or panicles. Outer perianth-segments as
large as or smaller than the inner, more rarely larger, but then styles
3. 9

9. Leaf-sheaths persistent. Styles 3.--Species 15. South Africa.
=Leptocarpus= R. Br.

Leaf-sheaths deciduous, more rarely persistent, but then styles
2.--Species 30. South Africa. (Including _Lamprocaulos_ Mast.) =Elegia=
L.

10. (1.) Leaf-sheaths persistent.--Species 100. South Africa. (Plate
13.) =Restio= L.

Leaf-sheaths, at least the upper ones, deciduous. Spikelets
few-flowered. 11

11. Ovary and fruit 2-celled. Female spikelets in short
spikes.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Askidiosperma= Steud.

Ovary and fruit 3-celled.--Species 15. South Africa. =Dovea= Kunth


FAMILY 23. MAYACACEAE

Herbs. Leaves alternate, linear, 2-toothed at the apex. Flowers in
axillary, 2-3-flowered umbels, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth
consisting of 3 imbricate sepals and 3 imbricate petals. Stamens 3.
Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3
parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, straight. Style and stigma simple.
Fruit capsular. Embryo at the apex of the mealy albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Mayaca= Aubl.

[Illustration: RESTIONACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 13._

J. Fleischmann del.

Restio compressus Rottb.

_A_ Upper part of a plant in flower. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Male
flower. _D_ Male flower cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: XYRIDACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 14._

J. Fleischmann del.

Xyris angustifolia De Wild. & Dur.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower (the third sepal has fallen off). _C_
Lower part of the flower cut lengthwise.]


FAMILY 24. XYRIDACEAE

Herbs. Leaves radical, linear. Flowers in spikes or heads with an
involucre of imbricate bracts, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, one much
larger than the others and deciduous. Petals 3, united below into a
tube. Fertile stamens 3, adnate to the petals; staminodes 3. Anthers
opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled or incompletely
3-celled. Ovules numerous, straight. Style 3-cleft. Fruit capsular.
Embryo at the apex of the mealy albumen. (Plate 14.)

Genus 1, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in
medicine. =Xyris= L.


FAMILY 25. ERIOCAULACEAE

Herbs. Leaves radical, linear. Flowers in heads surrounded by an
involucre, very small, monoecious. Perianth membranous, simple or
double, rarely in the female flowers none. Stamens 2-6. Anthers
2-celled. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each
cell. Styles or style-branches 2-3. Fruit capsular. Embryo small, at
the apex of the albumen.--Genera 4, species 80. Tropical and South
Africa. (Plate 15.)

1. Stamens 2-3, opposite the petals. Petals of the male flowers united
below, without a gland on the inside. Style-branches 6, three of which
bear a stigma, rarely 3. [Subfamily =PAEPALANTHOIDEAE=.] 2

Stamens 4-6, very rarely fewer, but then petals free. Petals usually
with a gland on the inside near the apex. Style-branches 2-3, without
alternating appendages. [Subfamily =ERIOCAULOIDEAE=.] 3

2. Petals of the female flowers united at their middle part.--Species
6. Central and South Africa. (Under _Paepalanthus_ Mart.)
=Syngonanthus= Ruhl.

Petals of the female flowers free.--Species 3. West Africa and
Mascarene Islands. =Paepalanthus= Mart.

3. Petals united into a tube, but free at the base in the female
flowers. Inner involucral bracts more or less spreading. Stamens
6.--Species 8. Tropics. Some are used in medicine. (Plate 15.)
=Mesanthemum= Koern.

Petals free or absent. Inner involucral bracts rarely
spreading.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. =Eriocaulon= L.


SUBORDER BROMELIINEAE


FAMILY 26. RAPATEACEAE

Herbs. Leaves radical, lanceolate. Flowers in heads with 2 large
involucral bracts, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth corolla-like,
yellow or whitish, 6-lobed. Stamens 6, inserted in the tube of the
perianth. Anthers linear, opening by two terminal pores. Ovary
superior, 3-celled, with 1 ascending, inverted ovule in each cell.
Style simple. Fruit capsular. Embryo near the apex of the mealy albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. West Africa (Liberia). =Maschalocephalus= Gilg &
Schum.


FAMILY 27. BROMELIACEAE

Herbs. Leaves for the most part radical, linear, toothed. Inflorescence
terminal, cone-shaped. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth
consisting of a calyx and a corolla. Petals slightly cohering
and bearing two scales at the base. Stamens 6, slightly adhering
to the petals. Anthers linear, turned inwards. Ovary inferior or
half-inferior, 3-celled, with many axile, inverted ovules. Style 1;
stigmas 3. Fruits berry-like, united into a cone-shaped head. Embryo
near the base of the mealy albumen.

Genus 1, species 1 (_A. sativus_ Schult., pine-apple). Cultivated and
often naturalised in the tropics. The edible fruit and the fibres of
the leaves are used. (_Ananassa_ Lindl.) =Ananas= Adans.


SUBORDER COMMELININEAE


FAMILY 28. COMMELINACEAE

Herbs. Leaves alternate. Inflorescence cymose. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Perianth-segments 6, more or less distinctly separated into sepals
and petals. Fertile stamens 2-6. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled. Ovules
straight. Style terminal. Embryo near the apex of the more or less
mealy albumen.--Genera 12, species 160. (Plate 16.)

1. Fruit indehiscent, ovate or globular. Ovary 3-celled. Petals free,
white, more rarely pale pink or blueish. Inflorescence a panicle
without spathe-like bracts. [Tribe POLLIEAE.] 2

Fruit dehiscing loculicidally. 3

2. Pericarp succulent. Margin of the leaves silky. Perfect stamens
3.--Species 10. West Africa and Upper Nile. Some are used as ornamental
plants. =Palisota= Reichb.

Pericarp crusty. Margin of the leaves nearly glabrous. Perfect stamens
3 or 6.--Species 5. Tropics. =Pollia= Thunb.

3. Fertile stamens 2-3, sterile ones 0-4, often bearing empty anthers.
[Tribe COMMELINEAE.] 4

Fertile stamens 5-6. [Tribe TRADESCANTIEAE.] 7

4. Inflorescence in the axil of spathe-like bracts. 5

Inflorescence without spathe-like bracts. 6

5. Sterile stamens with linear anther-halves cohering at the base.
Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Petals white. Spathes on the
elongate branches of a panicle.--Species 1. West Africa. =Polyspatha=
Benth.

Sterile stamens with cross-shaped anthers. Ovary usually 3-celled.
Petals usually blue.--Species 80. Some have an edible root-stock or
yield vegetables, medicaments, or dyeing-materials; others are used as
ornamental plants. =Commelina= L.

6. Sepals large, equal, lanceolate, acute. Petals equal. Fruit
with 3 equal-sized, many-seeded cells.--Species 1. East Africa.
=Anthericopsis= Engl.

[Illustration: ERIOCAULACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 15._

J. Fleischmann del.

Mesanthemum radicans (Benth.) Koern.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Inflorescence cut lengthwise. _C_ Bract. _D_
Male flower. _E_ Male flower laid open. _F_ Older female flower (from
which the sepals have been removed excepting one). _G_ Older female
flower laid open (the ovary cut lengthwise).]

[Illustration: COMMELINACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 16._

J. Fleischmann del.

Aneilema beninense Kunth

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower (the ovary cut lengthwise).]


Sepals small, unequal, ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse. Petals unequal.
Fruit with 2 cells, more rarely with 3, one of which is smaller and
1-2-seeded.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Plate 16.) =Aneilema= R. Br.

7. Petals united below into a tube, but sometimes free at the base,
blueish or reddish. Ovary 3-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. 8

Petals free or nearly so. 9

8. Stamens inserted towards the top of the corolla-tube. Petals united
from the base.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. =Coleotrype= C.
B. Clarke

Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. Petals free at the
base.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. =Cyanotis= Don

9. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Fruit ovate. Filaments
glabrous. Petals red or yellow. Inflorescence a panicle.--Species 9.
Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
=Floscopa= Lour.

Ovary 3-celled. 10

10. Ovules 4-10 in each cell. Fruit oblong. Filaments glabrous.
Petals whitish. Inflorescence a panicle.--Species 2. Central Africa.
=Buforrestia= C. B. Clarke

Ovules 1-2 in each cell. Fruit ovoid or globular. Stamens hairy.
Inflorescence spike-, head-, or umbel-like. 11

11. Ovules 2 in each cell; in the dorsal cell sometimes solitary. Fruit
subglobular. Stamens with a narrow connective. Sepals herbaceous,
green. Inflorescence spike-or head-like. Stem long.--Species 3.
Equatorial West Africa. =Forrestia= A. Rich.

Ovule 1 in each cell. Fruit ovoid. Stamens with a broad connective.
Sepals subpetaloid. Inflorescence umbel-like and surrounded by an
involucre of two bracts. Stem short.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo).
=Rhoeo= Hance


SUBORDER PONTEDERIINEAE


FAMILY 29. PONTEDERIACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles, without bracts,
hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, petaloid, white, yellow or blue,
united below into a tube, rarely nearly free. Stamens 3 or 6, affixed
to the perianth. Anthers oblong. Ovary superior, 1-or 3-celled,
with numerous inverted ovules. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal,
many-seeded capsule. Seeds with a ribbed testa, a copious mealy
albumen, and a long cylindrical embryo.--Genera 3, species 5. Tropics.

1. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled. Perianth
funnel-shaped, with a distinct tube.--Species 3. Central Africa.
=Heteranthera= Ruiz & Pav.

Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled. Perianth blue or violet. 2

2. Perianth funnel-shaped, with a distinct tube; Filaments thread-like.
Anthers attached by the back. Stigma entire or shortly lobed.--Species
1. Tropics. Used as an ornamental plant. =Eichhornia= Kunth

Perianth bell-shaped, with nearly free segments. Filament of the
largest stamen toothed at the base. Anthers attached by the base.
Stigma deeply cleft.--Species 1. Central Africa (Upper Nile and Kasai).
Used as an ornamental plant, and in medicine. =Monochoria= Presl


FAMILY 30. CYANASTRACEAE

Herbs. Root-stock tuberous. Leaves elliptical or cordate, with curved
main-nerves. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, provided with
bracts. Perianth-segments 6, petaloid, shortly united at the base.
Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth, more or less united
below. Anthers linear, longer than the filaments, opening by short
slits at the apex. Ovary slightly sunk in the receptacle, deeply lobed,
3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, ascending, inverted. Style simple,
with a 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Seed with a thin testa,
a copious albumen, and a transversely-ovate marginal embryo. (Under
_PONTEDERIACEAE_ or _HAEMODORACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 5. Central Africa. Some have edible tubers.
(_Schoenlandia_ Cornu). =Cyanastrum= Oliv.


ORDER LILIIFLORAE


SUBORDER JUNCINEAE


FAMILY 31. JUNCACEAE

Leaves linear or reduced to the sheath. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite.
Perianth-segments 6, free, stiff, usually green. Stamens 3 or 6. Ovary
superior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules 3 or more, inverted. Style 1; stigmas
3, elongated. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a straight axile embryo and
abundant albumen.--Genera 3, species 55. (Plate 17.)

1. Stem woody. Leaves at its top, stiff, serrate. Ovary 3-celled, with
2 or few ovules in each cell. Style very short. Seeds with a large
embryo and appressed testa.--Species 1. South Africa. It yields fibres
and vegetables and is used for plaiting-work. “Palmiet.” (Plate 17.)
=Prionium= E. Mey.

Stem herbaceous. Style thread-like. Seeds with a small embryo. 2

2. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 basal ovules. Leaves with a closed sheath and
ciliate margins.--Species 10. North and South Africa and high mountains
of Central Africa. “Wood-rush.” =Luzula= DC.

Ovary 1-3-celled, with numerous parietal or axile ovules.--Species 45.
Some are used in medicine or for plaiting-work. “Rush.” =Juncus= L.

[Illustration: JUNCACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 17._

J. Fleischmann del.

Prionium serratum Drege

_A_ Inflorescence. _B_ Branch of the inflorescence. _C_ Older flower.
_D_ Younger flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Leaf.]

[Illustration: LILIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 18._

J. Fleischmann del.

Dracaena Perrotetii Bak.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise.]


SUBORDER LILIINEAE


FAMILY 32. LILIACEAE

Perianth more or less corolla-like. Stamens 6, rarely fewer.
Ovary superior, usually 2-5-celled, rarely 1-celled with parietal
placentas. Seeds with a small embryo and abundant, fleshy or horny
albumen.--Genera 79, species 1450. (Including _COLCHICACEAE_ and
_SMILACEAE_.) (Plate 18.)

1. Underground part of the stem a bulb or a corm. 2

Underground part of the stem a rootstock or not distinctly developed. 41

2. Leaves all radical, rarely also some much smaller cauline leaves
present. 3

Leaves distributed along the stem or crowded at its top. 31

3. Stem arising out of a corm, very short, underground during the
time of flowering, bearing 1-3 flowers at the top. Perianth with a
very long, sometimes split tube. Capsule opening septicidally. [Tribe
COLCHICEAE.] 4

Stem arising out of a bulb. Flowers in racemes or umbels, very rarely
solitary. Perianth with a not very long tube or without a tube. Capsule
opening loculicidally. 5

4. Perianth-segments free.--Species 2. Algeria and Abyssinia. Used as
ornamental plants. =Merendera= Ram.

Perianth-segments united below.--Species 5. North Africa. Poisonous and
used as medicinal and ornamental plants. =Colchicum= L.

5. Flowers in cymose umbels or heads surrounded by 2-3 bracts. Scape
distinctly developed. Leaves usually linear. Perianth-segments free or
united at the base only. [Tribe ALLIEAE.] 6

Flowers in racemes, corymbs, or spikes, very rarely solitary, rarely in
umbels or heads surrounded by 3 or more bracts, but then scape almost
wanting, leaves oblong to ovate, spreading, and perianth-segments
united to the middle or higher up. 8

6. Inflorescence surrounded by narrow bracts. Radical leaves 1-3.
Perianth usually yellow.--Species 10. North Africa. =Gagea= Salisb.

Inflorescence surrounded by broad membranous bracts usually united at
the base. 7

7. Perianth-segments united into a short tube at the base. Filaments
dilated. Ovules in each ovary-cell 6-12. Smell not alliaceous.--Species
2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in North Africa, the
Mascarene Islands, and St. Helena. Ornamental plants. (_Milla_ Cav.)
=Nothoscordum= Kunth

Perianth-segments free or nearly free. Ovules in each ovary-cell 2,
rarely 3-6. Smell alliaceous.--Species 30. North Africa, Abyssinia,
southern West Africa, and South Africa. Some of them (onion, leek,
garlic) are cultivated as vegetables or pot-herbs, and yield also
condiments, medicaments, and glue; others are used as ornamental
plants. =Allium= L.

8. Anthers attached by the base. Stem or inflorescence branched
or twining. Leaves vanishing before the time of flowering. [Tribe
ASPHODELEAE, Subtribe ERIOSPERMINAE.] 9

Anthers attached by the back. Stem simple. [Tribe SCILLEAE.] 10

9. Inflorescence twining, bearing flowers on its upper branches only.
Seeds oblong, with a small embryo.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an
ornamental plant. =Bowiea= Harv.

Inflorescence bearing flowers on all its branches or not branched.
Seeds ovoid or globose, with a large embryo.--Species 7. South Africa
to Angola. =Schizobasis= Bak.

10. Flowers in nearly sessile heads or umbels surrounded by an
involucre. Perianth-segments united into a tube below. Leaves 2, oblong
or ovate. 11

Flowers in racemes or spikes, rarely solitary. 12

11. Perianth-segments very unequal. Filaments free.--Species 3. South
Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Daubenya= Lindl.

Perianth-segments subequal. Filaments united at the base.--Species 30.
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Massonia= Thunb.

12. Perianth-segments free or nearly free. 13

Perianth-segments united into a tube below. 18

13. Seeds flattened or sharply angled, more or less distinctly winged.
Perianth white, yellow, or green. 14

Seeds globose or obovoid. 15

14. Perianth persistent; inner segments somewhat shorter than the
outer, connivent at the top, hood-shaped or crested.--Species 70. South
and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Albuca= L.

Perianth deciduous; segments subequal, spreading or connivent and
bell-shaped.--Species 55. Some of them are poisonous or used in
medicine or as ornamental plants. =Urginea= Steinh.

15. Inflorescence racemose, crowned by a tuft of leafy bracts. Perianth
greenish.--Species 10. South Africa to Nyasaland. Some are used as
ornamental plants. =Eucomis= L’Hér.

Inflorescence without a terminal tuft of bracts. 16

16. Perianth-segments convex, connivent at the top, whitish. Flowers in
spikes or spike-like racemes, sessile or short-stalked, the uppermost
abortive. Filaments broadened almost to the top.--Species 17. Central
and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Drimiopsis=
Lindl.

Perianth-segments spreading or campanulately-connivent at the base.
Flowers in racemes, long-or short-stalked, in the latter case filaments
thread-shaped or broadened at the base only. 17

17. Perianth-segments 1-nerved, blue or red, rarely whitish or
greenish. Stamens affixed to the perianth; filaments thread-shaped or
broadened at the base only.--Species 100. Some have edible bulbs or
are used in medicine or as ornamental plants. “Squill.” (Including
_Endymion_ Dumort.) =Scilla= L.

Perianth-segments obscurely many-nerved, white or yellow and usually
striped, rarely brownish or greenish. Stamens usually free from the
perianth and with flattened filaments.--Species 90. Some have edible
bulbs. =Ornithogalum= L.

18. Perianth-tube cylindrical, linear or oblong in section. 19

Perianth-tube bell-, urn-, funnel-, or saucer-shaped. 23

19. Perianth-segments very short and broad, more or less ovate. 20

Perianth-segments narrow and more or less elongated. 21

20. Perianth falling off after flowering. Stamens inserted below the
throat; filaments very short. Ovules numerous. Seeds flattened. Leaves
awl-shaped. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 1. South Africa.
=Litanthus= Harv.

Perianth withering. Stamens inserted in the middle of the tube;
filaments thread-shaped. Ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds thick. Leaves
strap-shaped. Flowers in dense racemes.--Species 3. South Africa. Used
as ornamental plants. =Veltheimia= Gled.

21. Seeds flattened. Anthers linear. Perianth-segments unequal, the
outer spreading, the inner erect, as long as or shorter than the outer.
Leaves linear, usually more than 2.--Species 60. =Dipcadi= Medik.

Seeds thick. Anthers oblong. Perianth-segments equal or, if unequal,
the inner usually longer than the outer. Leaves oblong or lanceolate,
more rarely linear, usually 2. 22

22. Perianth-segments equal, lanceolate, shorter than the tube. Stamens
inserted at the throat of the perianth. Leaves 2, oblong.--Species 10.
South Africa. =Polyxena= Kunth

Perianth-segments more or less unequal in length, oblong or spatulate.
Stamens inserted in the tube of the perianth.--Species 40. South
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Lachenalia= Jacq.

23. Perianth-segments very short, usually blue. 24

Perianth-segments half as long as the tube or longer. 25

24. Perianth urn-shaped. Ovules 2 in each cell.--Species 7. North
Africa. Several species serve as ornamental plants; the bulbs are used
in medicine and as a substitute for soap. =Muscari= Mill.

Perianth bell-shaped. Ovules 5-6 in each cell.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Rhodocodon= Bak.

25. Perianth-segments unequal, the inner longer. Leaves 2, rarely 3-5.
(See 22.) =Lachenalia= Jacq.

Perianth-segments nearly equal. 26

26. Perianth with a very short tube and spreading segments. Filaments
united at the base. Leaves 2, broad. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). =Whiteheadia= Harv.

Perianth with a more or less elongated tube, very rarely with a short
tube, but with erect segments. Leaves 2, narrow, or more. 27

27. Seeds globular or obovoid, turgid. Ovules 2-6 in each
cell.--Species 12. North and South Africa, southern East Africa, and
Madagascar. Some species are used in medicine, perfumery, or gardening.
(Including _Bellevalia_ Lapeyr.). =Hyacinthus= L.

Seeds flattened or angular. Ovules 6 or more in each cell. Flowers
whitish. 28

28. Perianth-segments erect or converging. 29

Perianth-segments spreading or bent back. 30

29. Perianth funnel-shaped; segments half as long as the curved tube.
Stamens inserted at the throat. Ovary oblong. Style subulate. Leaves
large, lanceolate. Raceme dense, about 100-flowered.--Species 2. German
South-west Africa. =Pseudogaltonia= Kuntze

Perianth bell-shaped; segments as long as the tube or longer. Stamens
inserted below the throat. Ovary ovate. Style short, columnar. Leaves
short, linear. Raceme lax, 6-20-flowered.--Species 2. South Africa
(Cape Colony). =Rhadamantus= Salisb.

30. Perianth withering; segments as long as the tube, the outer
oblong, the inner obovate. Stamens inserted below the throat. Seeds
angular.--Species 3. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.
=Galtonia= Decne.

Perianth falling off after flowering; segments somewhat longer than
the tube, linear or oblong. Stamens inserted at the throat. Seeds
discoid.--Species 30. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. =Drimia= Jacq.

31. (2.) Anthers turned outwards, opening outwards or laterally. Styles
3. [Tribe ANGUILLARIEAE.] 32

Anthers turned inwards, opening inwards or laterally. Style 1,
sometimes very short, with 1-3 stigmas. Flowers solitary or in lax,
few-flowered racemes or umbels. 37

32. Capsule opening loculicidally. Flowers long-stalked, solitary or in
racemes, rarely short-stalked and then solitary and axillary. Perianth
dark brown. 33

Capsule opening septicidally. Flowers sessile or short-stalked, in
spikes, spike-like racemes, or heads, rarely solitary and terminal. 34

33. Perianth deciduous; segments without a gland at the base. Stamens
with thickened filaments. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 10.
Tropics and northern South Africa. =Iphigenia= Kunth

Perianth persistent; segments with a gland at the base. Stamens with
thread-shaped filaments. Flowers in racemes.--Species 3. South Africa,
southern Central Africa, and Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants.
=Ornithoglossum= Salisb.

34. Perianth-segments united below, persistent. Stigmas capitate.
Flowers in spikes, without bracts.--Species 4. South Africa and
mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Wurmbea=
Thunb.

Perianth-segments free, clawed. Flowers in heads or racemes, rarely
solitary or in spikes; in the latter case perianth deciduous and
stigmas on the inside of the styles. 35

35. Flowers in spikes, without bracts. Perianth deciduous, whitish.
Ovary 3-lobed, obovate.--Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony).
(Including _Neodregea_ Wright). =Dipidax= Salisb.

Flowers in heads or racemes, rarely solitary, provided with bracts.
Perianth persistent. 36

36. Flowers in racemes or solitary. Stigmas lateral. Ovary
triangular-cylindrical. Perianth yellow or red. Stem distinctly
developed.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Baeometra= Salisb.

Flowers in heads. Stigmas minute. Ovary usually ovoid.--Species
20. South, East, and North Africa. (_Erythrostictus_ Schlecht.)
=Androcymbium= Willd.

37. Flowers large, usually solitary. Perianth deciduous, bell-or
funnel-shaped, usually white or reddish. Anthers linear or oblong.
Stigma usually 3-lobed. [Tribe TULIPEAE.] 38

Flowers rather small, usually umbellate. Perianth persistent, finally
more or less wheel-shaped with spreading segments, usually yellow.
Anthers ovate or oblong. Stigma usually simple. 40

38. Perianth funnel-shaped, white; segments recurved at the apex.
Anthers attached by the back. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. North
Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. “Lily.” =Lilium= L.

Perianth bell-shaped, usually reddish; segments more or less erect, not
recurved. Anthers attached by the base. Flowers usually solitary. 39

39. Flowers drooping. Perianth-segments with a nectar-bearing pit or
spot at the base. Style long.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Used as ornamental plants. =Fritillaria= L.

Flowers erect, sometimes slightly drooping before flowering.
Perianth-segments without a pit, but often with a nectar-bearing spot
at the base. Style very short.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Used as ornamental plants. “Tulip.” =Tulipa= L.

40. Perianth funnel-shaped, whitish, with oblong-ovate segments. Style
short; stigma 3-lobed.--Species 1. North Africa (Cyrenaica). =Lloydia=
Salisb.

Perianth wheel-shaped, usually yellow and with lanceolate segments.
(See 6.) =Gagea= Salisb.

41. (1.) Branches leaf-like, but often awl-shaped. Leaves scale-like.
Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, more rarely in fascicles,
umbels, or racemes. Fruit a berry. [Tribe ASPARAGEAE.] 42

Branches not leaf-like; stem usually simple. Leaves well developed. 44

42. Flowers inserted at the base of the usually linear leaf-like
branches. Perianth-segments free or slightly united at the base.
Stamens 6, with free filaments.--Species 80. Some of them are used
as vegetables, medicinal-, ornamental-, or hedge-plants. (Including
_Myrsiphyllum_ Willd.) =Asparagus= L.

Flowers inserted on the surface or margin of the lanceolate or broader
leaf-like branches. Stamens with united filaments. 43

43. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments united high up. Anthers
6. Ovary 3-celled. Style distinctly developed; stigmas 3.--Species 1.
Canary Islands, Madeira, and Azores. =Semele= Kunth

Flowers dioecious. Perianth-segments free. Anthers 3. Ovary 1-celled.
Style very short; stigma lobed.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as
ornamental and medicinal plants. =Ruscus= L.

44. Flowers solitary, axillary. Anthers turned outwards. Fruit
capsular. [Tribe UVULARIEAE.] 45

Flowers solitary but terminal or collected into various inflorescences.
Anthers turned inwards. 47

45. Perianth-segments free, spreading or reflexed. Style bent downwards
at the base.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Poisonous and
used as medicinal and ornamental plants; some of them yield starch.
=Gloriosa= L.

Perianth-segments united below or connivent. Style not bent downwards.
46

46. Perianth-segments free or almost so, with a nectar-bearing cavity
at their base.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. =Littonia= Hook. fil.

Perianth-segments united almost to the top into a pitcher-shaped tube,
with a short spur at the base.--Species 1. South-East Africa. Used as
an ornamental plant. =Sandersonia= Hook. fil.

47. Flowers solitary, in 2-3-flowered heads, in axillary cymes, or in
umbels, the latter sometimes arranged in racemes. 48

Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles, which are sometimes contracted
into many-flowered heads or consist of fascicles or cymes. 52

48. Stem herbaceous. Leaves radical, linear, parallel-veined.
Inflorescence terminal. Fruit a capsule. 49

Stem woody at least at the base, usually climbing. Leaves cauline,
oblong or broader, net-veined. Inflorescence axillary. Fruit a berry. 51

49. Flowers solitary or in groups of 2-3, surrounded by an involucre of
5-7 bracts, sessile. Perianth-segments free. Ovary-cells with a single
ovule.--Species 1. North Africa. [Tribe APHYLLANTHEAE.] =Aphyllanthes=
L.

Flowers in umbels enclosed by 2 bracts. Perianth-segments united below.
Ovary-cells with many ovules. [Tribe AGAPANTHEAE.] 50

50. Perianth with a long tube and a corona at the throat. Style short,
columnar.--Species 20. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some
are used as ornamental plants. =Tulbaghia= L.

Perianth with a short tube, without a corona. Style filiform.
Seeds winged.--Species 3. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.
=Agapanthus= L’ Hér.

51. Flowers in cymes, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments united below
into a long tube.--Species 1. South Africa. [Tribe LUZURIAGEAE.]
=Behnia= Didrichs.

Flowers in umbels, dioecious. Perianth-segments free.--Species 9. Some
of them are used medicinally. [Tribe SMILACEAE.] =Smilax= Tourn.

52. Perianth-segments free or almost so, more or less spreading. Stem
herbaceous. Ovary 3-celled. [Tribe ASPHODELEAE.] 53

Perianth-segments evidently united at their base or connivent into a
long tube, rarely almost free and not connivent into a tube, but then
stem woody, very seldom herbaceous plants growing upon trees and having
a 1-celled ovary. 66

53. Anthers attached by the base or between the lobes of the base. 54

Anthers attached by the back. 62

54. Anthers opening by terminal pores, sometimes prolonged into slits.
Filaments thickened. Perianth blue, rarely white. Fruit a berry. Leaves
2-ranked, linear. Flowers in lax panicles.--Species 2, one native in
Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, the other one naturalized in
the Island of St. Helena. They are used as ornamental and medicinal
plants; the berries are poisonous. [Subtribe DIANELLINAE.] =Dianella=
Lam.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit a capsule. Leaves in
several ranks or 1-2 only present. Flowers usually in racemes. 55

55. Anthers without a pit at the base. Perianth more or less
campanulate. Seeds woolly. Root-stock tuberous. Leaves 1-3, usually a
single leaf.--Species 50. South and Central Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. [Subtribe ERIOSPERMINAE.] =Eriospermum=
Jacq.

Anthers attached to the filament in a small pit at the base. Perianth
more or less rotate. [Subtribes ANTHERICINAE and ASPHODELINAE.] 56

56. Perianth spirally twisted after flowering, blue violet or red.
Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 57

Perianth not twisted, usually white. Ovules 4 or more in each
ovary-cell. 58

57. Stamens free or the inner attached to the perianth; filaments
flattened. Perianth blue. Stem very short, 2-3-flowered.--Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). =Nanolirion= Benth.

Stamens attached to the perianth; filaments thread-shaped. Stem long,
many-flowered.--Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar. =Caesia= R. Br.

58. Ovules many in each cell. Filaments short and broad. Perianth
funnel-shaped, with erect segments.--Species 3. West Africa. (_Debesia_
Kuntze). =Acrospira= Welw.

Ovules 4-8 in each cell. Filaments thread-shaped or slightly broadened
in the middle. 59

59. Stamens as long as or longer than the perianth. Flowers almost
sessile. 60

Stamens shorter than the perianth. Flowers distinctly stalked. 61

60. Perianth-segments erect. Leaves broadly elliptical.--Species 1.
Southern West Africa. =Verdickia= De Wild.

Perianth-segments spreading. Leaves linear or lanceolate.--Species 15.
Central Africa. (Under _Chlorophytum_ Ker). =Dasystachys= Bak.

61. Fruit deeply 3-lobed or acutely angled. Seeds discoid.--Species
80. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
=Chlorophytum= Ker

Fruit not distinctly lobed, obtusely angled. Filaments
thread-shaped.--Species 120. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (_Phalangium_ Juss.) =Anthericum= L.

62. (53.) Anthers attached to the filament in a small dorsal pit. 63

Anthers without a dorsal pit. 65

63. Perianth wheel-shaped, with spreading 5-nerved segments, white on
the inner face, violet or red on the outer. Filaments woolly. Seeds
globular or ovoid.--Species 1. North-West Africa. Used in medicine.
=Simethis= Kunth

Perianth bell-or funnel-shaped, with more or less connivent, 1-nerved
segments. Seeds triquetrous. 64

64. Perianth yellow. Filaments distinctly unequal, bent downwards. Stem
bearing leaves to the middle or higher up.--Species 2. North Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Asphodeline= Reichb.

Perianth white or reddish. Filaments subequal. Stem bearing leaves at
the base only.--Species 10. North Africa, northern East Africa, and
Mascarene Islands. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants or
for preparing glue. =Asphodelus= L.

65. Filaments glabrous. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Perianth white or
yellow.--Species 9. South Africa. =Bulbinella= Kunth

Filaments bearded. Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Perianth
yellow, rarely whitish.--Species 30. South and Central Africa. Some are
poisonous to cattle. =Bulbine= L.

66. (52.) Stamens free from the perianth, rarely (_Lomatophyllum_)
slightly attached to it at the base. Anthers attached to the tip of
the filament in a small pit. Perianth-segments evidently united or
connivent into a narrow tube at the base. Fruit a capsule which is
rarely fleshy. Leaves leathery and all radical, or more or less fleshy.
[Tribe ALOINEAE.] 67

Stamens attached to the perianth, rarely almost free, but then
anthers without a pit, perianth-segments almost free, spreading or
globosely-connivent, fruit a berry, and leaves not fleshy. 75

67. Leaves leathery, minutely toothed or entire, radical or nearly so.
Inflorescence terminal, simple, densely racemose, upon an almost naked
stalk. Perianth usually yellow or red; limb regular or nearly so, not
2-lipped. [Subtribe KNIPHOFIINAE.] 68

Leaves fleshy and usually prickly, generally inserted on a woody stem,
rarely leathery, but then inflorescence subcapitate or loosely racemose
or perianth with a 2-lipped limb. Inflorescence axillary, but often
apparently terminal. [Subtribe ALOINAE.] 69

68. Perianth campanulate, with a short and wide tube. Flowers
spreading, rarely erect.--Species 5. South Africa to Angola.
=Notosceptrum= Benth.

Perianth cylindrical, with a long and narrow tube. Flowers more or less
drooping, rarely erect.--Species 65. South and East Africa to Katanga
and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Kniphofia= Moench

69. Perianth-segments erect or converging. Flowers usually large and
red or yellow. 70

Perianth-segments spreading or bent back. Flowers usually small and
whitish. 72

70. Perianth-tube long, curved, swollen below, cylindrical above.
Perianth usually red. Stamens shorter than the perianth. Stem short.
Leaves not toothed. Racemes lax, one-sided.--Species 40. South Africa.
Most of them are used as ornamental plants. =Gasteria= Duval

Perianth-tube straight or almost so, cylindrical or campanulate.
Perianth usually reddish-yellow. Stamens as long as the perianth or
somewhat longer. 71

71. Flowers small, erect, whitish, with minute bracts.
Perianth-segments free. Stamens exserted. Filaments thread-shaped.
Leaves not awned.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Aloë_
L.) =Chamaealoë= Berg.

Flowers large, spreading or drooping, yellow or red, rarely small erect
and whitish, but then bracts large, filaments flattened, and leaves
long-awned.--Species 160. They yield fibre, vegetables, dye-stuffs,
vermin-poison, and medicaments, and are often used as ornamental
plants. =Aloë= L.

72. Perianth with a 2-lipped limb. Stamens shorter than the perianth.
Fruit dry. 73

Perianth with a regular, stellate limb. Stem woody. 74

73. Ovary and fruit conical, acuminate. Leaves leathery, jointed,
dilated at the base and forming a bulb.--Species 4. South Africa to
Angola. (Under _Haworthia_ Duval) =Chortolirion= Berg.

Ovary and fruit rounded at the top. Leaves fleshy, not jointed and not
forming a bulb.--Species 60. South Africa to Angola. Some are used as
ornamental plants. =Haworthia= Duval

74. Perianth with short segments, whitish. Stamens equalling the
perianth-tube. Fruit dry.--Species 9. South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. =Apicra= Willd.

Perianth with long segments, red or green. Fruit fleshy.--Species 3.
Mascarene Islands. Used as ornamental plants. =Lomatophyllum= Willd.

75. (66.) Anthers attached to the tip of the filament in a pit at their
back. Ovary 3-celled with many ovules in each cell. Fruit a leathery
capsule. Flowers yellowish-red, large, panicled. Leaves all radical.
[Tribe HEMEROCALLEAE.] 76

Anthers without a pit. Ovary 3-celled with 1-8 ovules in each cell,
or incompletely 6-celled, or 1-celled. Fruit a berry, rarely a fleshy
capsule or a nut. Flowers usually whitish. 77

76. Leaves herbaceous. Inflorescence few-flowered. Seeds ovate,
angled.--Species 1. Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. A
garden-plant. “Day-lily.” =Hemerocallis= L.

Leaves leathery. Inflorescence many-flowered. Seeds oblong,
winged.--Species 1 (_Ph. tenax_ Forst., New-Zealand-flax). Cultivated
in South Africa and the Mascarene Islands. Yields fibre and is used as
an ornamental and medicinal plant. =Phormium= Forst.

77. Perianth-segments globosely-campanulately converging, slightly
cohering at the base. Stamens with the filaments thickened at the apex
and with sagittate basifixed anthers. Ovary 3-celled, each cell with an
incomplete partition and numerous ovules. Leaves serrate, crowded at
the top of the woody stem.--Species 2. Cultivated and naturalised in
the Mascarene Islands and the island of Zanzibar. They yield fibre and
starch and are used as ornamental plants. [Tribe YUCCEAE.] =Yucca= L.

Perianth-segments spreading towards the tip. Stamens with thread-like
filaments or with dorsifixed anthers. Ovary 3-celled with 1-8 ovules in
each cell, or 1-celled. [Tribe DRACAENEAE.] 78

78. Ovary 1-celled with numerous ovules. Style short or wanting.
Anthers attached at or near the base, opening laterally. Flowers
polygamous, in panicles formed of spikes. Leaves all radical.--Species
1. Mascarene Islands. It yields fibre and is used as an ornamental
plant. =Astelia= Banks & Soland.

Ovary 3-celled with 1-8 ovules in each cell. Anthers attached by the
back. 79

79. Ovules 4-8 in each ovary-cell. Style short and thick.
Perianth-segments almost free. Flowers in repeatedly branched panicles.
Stem woody.--Species 2. Mascarene Islands. Used as ornamental plants.
(Under _Cordyline_ Commers.) =Cohnia= Kunth

Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Style long and slender.
Perianth-segments evidently united. 80

80. Leaves all radical, springing from a short root-stock,
cartilaginous. Flowers in racemes composed of fascicles. Ovary sessile
with a large base. Fruit an achene with a membranous pericarp.
Seed-coat fleshy.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Many of
them yield fibre and are used as ornamental plants. “Bowstring-hemp.”
(_Sanseverinia_ Petagna). =Sansevieria= Thunb.

Leaves springing from a sometimes very short woody stem, herbaceous or
leathery. Fruit a berry.--Species 65. Tropical and South Africa and
Canary Islands. Several species yield a resin (dragon’s blood) employed
medicinally and industrially; some are used for plaiting-work or as
ornamental plants. =Dracaena= Vand.


FAMILY 33. HAEMODORACEAE

Herbs. Leaves narrow, 2-ranked. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely
solitary, hermaphrodite. Perianth yellow; segments 6, petal-like,
free or shortly united at the base. Stamens 3, opposite the inner
perianth-segments and attached at their base. Anthers turned inwards.
Ovary 3-celled; two cells sometimes sterile. Style simple, with a
simple stigma, rarely 3-parted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds
flat. Embryo small, enclosed by the base of the albumen.--Genera 4,
species 6. South Africa.

1. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. 2

Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Flowers regular. 3

2. Ovary with 1 fertile cell. Flowers regular, glabrous, in
racemes.--Species 1. Natal and Kaffraria. =Barberetta= Harv.

Ovary with 3 fertile cells. Flowers irregular, hairy, in
panicles.--Species 2. Cape Colony. Used as ornamental plants. The roots
contain a red dye-stuff. =Wachendorfia= L.

3. Ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Flowers hairy, in
panicles.--Species 2. Cape Colony. =Dilatris= Berg

Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Flowers glabrous,
solitary.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Pauridia= Harv.


FAMILY 34. AMARYLLIDACEAE

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth corolla-like. Stamens 6, rarely
(_Gethyllis_) more. Anthers introrse. Ovary inferior, rarely
half-inferior or (_Walleria_) almost superior, 3-celled, with slightly
projecting axillary placentas. Ovules inverted. Embryo small, straight,
lateral, enclosed by the fleshy albumen.--Genera 33, species 310.
(Including _HYPOXIDACEAE_.) (Plate 19.)

1. Underground part of the stem a bulb or a corm, rarely a short
root-stock. Leaves all radical. Flowers solitary or in umbels;
inflorescence surrounded by a spathe. [Subfamily =AMARYLLIDOIDEAE=.] 2

Underground part of the stem a root-stock. Flowers in spikes, racemes
or panicles, rarely solitary or in umbels, but without a spathe. 27

2. Perianth furnished with a corona, which sometimes is reduced to a
narrow ring or a crown of hairs. [Tribe NARCISSEAE.] 3

Perianth without a corona. [Tribe AMARYLLIDEAE.] 8

3. Stamens inserted within the corona. Corona cup-or ring-shaped or
consisting of 12 scales. [Subtribe NARCISSINAE.] 4

Stamens inserted on the edge of the cup-or funnel-shaped corona; corona
rarely reduced to a crown of hairs. 6

4. Corona of 12 free scales. Perianth tubular, red. Fruit a
berry.--Species 2. Central Africa (British East Africa and Angola).
=Cryptostephanus= Welw.

Corona cup-or ring-shaped, undivided or lobed. Perianth bell-, funnel-,
or salver-shaped, usually white or yellow. Fruit a capsule. 5

5. Perianth funnel-shaped, with a very short tube, yellow. Corona
little developed, 6-or 12-lobed.--Species 1. North-West Africa.
(_Carregnoa_ Boiss.) =Tapeinanthus= Herb.

Perianth salver-or bell-shaped, with a more or less elongated
tube.--Species 10. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants, in the
preparation of perfumes, and in medicine; some species are poisonous.
(Including _Aurelia_ Gay and _Corbularia_ Haw.) =Narcissus= L.

6. Perianth salver-shaped, with a cylindrical tube and linear segments,
white. Corona funnel-shaped. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell.--Species
1. West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subtribe EUCHARIDINAE.]
=Hymenocallis= Salisb.

Perianth funnel-shaped. Ovary with many ovules in each cell. [Subtribe
PANCRATIINAE.] 7

7. Flowers white, regular. Corona large, cup-shaped. Stigma 1.--Species
8. Northern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants,
for the preparation of starch, and in medicine. =Pancratium= L.

Flowers red, slightly irregular. Corona reduced to a crown of hairs.
Stigmas 3.--Species 2. Naturalised in the West African islands St.
Thomas and Princes Island. Ornamental plants. =Hippeastrum= Herb.

8. (2.) Ovules 1-6 in each cell of the ovary. Perianth-segments free or
united below into a short tube. [Subtribe HAEMANTHINAE.] 9

Ovules many in each cell of the ovary. 14

9. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Spathe consisting of
two narrow bracts. 10

Perianth with a distinct tube. Spathe of two broad bracts or of more
than two bracts. Anthers oblong, attached by the back. 11

10. Anthers globose, attached by the base. Ovules 1-4 in each
ovary-cell. Perianth red.--Species 10. South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Including _Carpolyza_ Salisb.) =Hessea= Herb.

Anthers oblong, attached by the back. Ovules 5-6 in each
ovary-cell.--Species 5. South Africa. =Strumaria= Jacq.

11. Ovules 5-6 in each ovary-cell. Perianth reddish-yellow,
funnel-shaped. Spathe of more than 2 bracts. Leaves linear.--Species 3.
South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Clivia= Lindl.

Ovules 1-4 in each ovary-cell. 12

12. Spathe consisting of 2 bracts. Pedicels long. Perianth red,
salver-shaped. Fruit a capsule. Leaves linear.--Species 4. South Africa
and southern Central Africa. Used for the preparation of arrow-poison,
in medicine, and as ornamental plants. =Buphane= Herb.

Spathe consisting of more than 2 bracts. Pedicels short or rather
short. Fruit a berry. 13

13. Filaments shorter than the anthers. Perianth-tube very
short. Umbels rather few-flowered. Leaves very long and narrow,
strap-shaped.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Demeusea= De Wild. &
Th. Dur.

Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers. Perianth-tube long.
Umbels many-flowered. Leaves rather short.--Species 45. South and
Central Africa. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. (Including _Choananthus_ Rendle) =Haemanthus= L.

14. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. 15

Perianth with a distinct tube. 19

15. Perianth divided to the ovary, white, rarely reddish. Flowers
regular, middle-sized, solitary or in few-flowered umbels. [Subtribe
GALANTHINAE.] 16

Perianth with a short tube, usually red. Flowers more or less
irregular, in umbels. [Subtribe AMARYLLIDINAE.] 17

16. Perianth-segments spreading, whitish. Anthers deeply sagittate at
the base. Flowers erect, in umbels.--Species 1. North-west Africa.
=Lapiedra= Lag.

Perianth-segments converging. Anthers slightly sagittate at the base.
Flowers drooping.--Species 3. North-west Africa. Used as ornamental
plants and in medicine; the bulb is edible. =Leucoium= L.

17. Filaments thickened at the base. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit obtusely
angled, 3-valved.--Species 17. South Africa to Damaraland. Some are
used as ornamental plants. (_Imhofia_ Heist.) =Nerine= Herb.

Filaments thread-shaped, free. Stigma entire. 18

18. Ovules sunk in the placentas. Ovary oblong. Fruit obtusely
angled, bursting irregularly. Perianth-segments oblong. Flowers
drooping.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony); also naturalised in
the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores. Used as an ornamental
plant; the bulb is poisonous. =Amaryllis= L.

Ovules not sunk in the placentas. Ovary top-shaped. Fruit acutely
angled, 3-valved.--Species 10. South Africa and southern Central
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Brunsvigia= Heist.

19. Flowers solitary. [Subtribe ZEPHYRANTHINAE.] 20

Flowers in umbels occasionally reduced to a single flower. [Subtribe
CRININAE.] 22

20. Perianth with a short tube, funnel-shaped, yellow. Filaments
long. Anthers oblong, attached at the back near the base. Scape
above-ground.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as an
ornamental plant. =Sternbergia= Waldst. & Kit.

Perianth with a long tube. Filaments very short. Anthers linear,
attached at the base. Scape underground. 21

21. Perianth salver-shaped, yellow or whitish. Stamens in a single
row.--Species 9. South Africa (Cape Colony). The fruit of some is eaten
or used in medicine. =Gethyllis= L.

Perianth funnel-shaped, white or reddish. Stamens in 2 rows.--Species
5. South Africa. =Apodolirion= Bak.

22. Perianth-tube perceptibly shorter than the limb. 23

Perianth about as long as or longer than the limb. 26

23. Flowers rather small, yellow or yellowish-white, almost regular.
Perianth-segments lanceolate, slightly longer than or twice as long as
the tube. Stigmas 3.--Species 2. South and East Africa. =Anoiganthus=
Bak.

Flowers large, red, reddish-yellow, or reddish-white. Stigma 1, simple
or 3-lobed. 24

24. Flowers almost regular. Perianth-segments elliptical, about twice
as long as the tube. Umbels 6-9-flowered. Fruit oblong.--Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an ornamental plant. =Vallota= Herb.

Flowers distinctly irregular. Perianth-segments 3-4 times as long as
the tube. 25

25. Umbels 2-4-flowered. Scape hollow. Perianth hairy within. Fruit
globose. (See 7.) =Hippeastrum= Herb.

Umbels many-flowered; spathe of 2 bracts. Scape solid.--Species 2.
South Africa to Damaraland. =Ammocharis= Herb.

26. Ovules sunk in the placentas, usually few in each ovary-cell.
Stigma very small, capitate. Anthers linear. Scape solid.--Species 60.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (Including _Stenolirion_ Bak.) (Plate 19.) =Crinum= L.

Ovules not sunk in the placentas, many in each ovary-cell. Stigma
more or less distinctly 3-lobed or 3-parted. Anthers oblong. Scape
hollow.--Species 25. South and East Africa and Angola. Some are used as
ornamental plants. =Cyrtanthus= Ait.

27. (1.) Leaves fleshy, very long (1-2 m.), in a rosette at the base or
the top of the stem. Very tall plants. [Subfamily =AGAVOIDEAE=.] 28

Leaves not fleshy and not very long. Smaller plants. [Subfamily
=HYPOXIDOIDEAE=.] 30

28. Filaments longer than the perianth. Flowers in spikes or panicles,
usually greenish or yellow. Leaves at the top of a very short
stem.--Species 2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in North and
South Africa and some tropical islands. They yield fibre, fodder,
drinks, medicaments, and a substitute for soap, and are also used as
hedge-or garden-plants. =Agave= L.

Filaments shorter than the perianth. 29

29. Filaments strongly thickened at the base. Flowers in panicles,
white. Fruit ovoid. Leaves at the top of a short stem.--Species 1.
Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in North and South Africa and
some tropical islands. It yields fibre, and is used as a hedge-or
garden-plant, also in medicine. (_Furcraea_ Vent.) =Fourcroya= Schult.

Filaments slightly thickened at the base. Flowers in capitate
spikes, red. Fruit oblong or club-shaped. Leaves at the base of a
long stem.--Species 1. Naturalised in the island of St. Helena. An
ornamental plant. =Doryanthes= Correa

30. Ovary inferior with many ovules in each cell. Perianth yellow,
rarely white or red. Leaves all radical, usually hairy like the
peduncle. [Tribe HYPOXIDEAE.] 31

Ovary inferior with 2 ovules in each cell or half-inferior or almost
superior. Perianth blue, red, or whitish. Leaves usually radical and
cauline. 32

[Illustration: AMARYLLIDACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 19._

J. Fleischmann del.

Crinum abyssinicum Hochst.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: VELLOZIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 20._

J. Fleischmann del.

Barbacenia aequatorialis Rendle

_A_ Inflorescence. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise.]


31. Ovary beaked. Fruit a berry. Flowers solitary or in dense spikes
or heads.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. They yield fibre and
are used medicinally and as ornamental plants; some have an edible
root-stock. =Curculigo= Gaertn.

Ovary not beaked. Fruit a capsule. Flowers solitary or in lax racemes
or umbels.--Species 60. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Including _Ianthe_ Salisb.) =Hypoxis= L.

32. Ovary almost inferior with 2 ovules in each cell. Anthers attached
by the back, bursting lengthwise. Perianth with a distinct tube.
Fruit 1-seeded. Flowers in panicles. Stem, leaves, and inflorescence
woolly.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). [Tribe CONOSTYLIDEAE.]
=Lanaria= Ait.

Ovary half-inferior or almost superior, with several or many ovules
in each cell. Anthers attached at the base or near it, bursting at or
towards the apex. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Stem,
leaves, and inflorescence glabrous. [Tribe CONANTHEREAE.] 33

33. Ovary half-inferior. Stamens more or less unequal. Flowers usually
without bracteoles, solitary and terminal or arranged in racemes
or panicles. Leaves, all or most of them, crowded at the base of
the stem.--Species 7. South Africa to Damaraland. Some have edible
root-stocks or are used as ornamental plants. =Cyanella= L.

Ovary almost superior. Stamens equal. Flowers blue, with bracteoles,
solitary or in pairs and axillary, or arranged in panicles. Leaves
scattered along the stem.--Species 5. Southern tropical Africa. Some
have edible root-stocks. =Walleria= Kirk


FAMILY 35. VELLOZIACEAE

Leaves linear. Flowers solitary, terminal, without bracteoles, regular,
hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments free or nearly so, petaloid, usually
white. Stamens 6. Anthers attached by the base. Ovary inferior,
3-celled. Placentas projecting and peltately dilated. Ovules numerous.
Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule. Seeds black, compressed.
Embryo very small, enclosed by the albumen. (Under _AMARYLLIDEAE_.)
(Plate 20.)

Genus 1. Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (_Xerophyta_ Juss.,
under _Vellozia_ Vand.) =Barbacenia= Vand.


FAMILY 36. TACCACEAE

Herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves all radical, large, stalked,
twice pinnately divided. Flowers in an umbel-like inflorescence on
a leafless scape, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth greenish-brown,
bell-or urn-shaped, with a short tube. Stamens 6. Filaments hooded.
Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with parietal
placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style short, umbrella-shaped,
6-lobed. Fruit a berry. Seeds compressed. Embryo small, enclosed by the
albumen.

Genus 1, species 2. Tropics. Used as ornamental plants and for
plaiting-work; the tubers yield starch (arrowroot) and are edible when
cooked. =Tacca= Forst.


FAMILY 37. DIOSCOREACEAE

Root-stock tuberous. Stem twining. Leaves alternate, net-veined,
usually cordate. Flowers in racemes, inconspicuous, regular, unisexual.
Stamens 6. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, superposed,
inverted. Styles or style-branches 3. Embryo enclosed in a horny or
cartilaginous albumen.--Genera 2, species 45. (Plate 21.)

Fruit a berry. Seeds not winged.--Species 3. North Africa. The tubers
are eaten and used in medicine; the berries are poisonous. (_Tamnus_
Juss.) =Tamus= L.

Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are cultivated for their edible tubers (yams) or used in medicine;
others are poisonous. (Including _Testudinaria_ Salisb.) (Plate 21.)
=Dioscorea= L.


SUBORDER IRIDINEAE


FAMILY 38. IRIDACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Perianth with 6 petaloid segments. Stamens 3, inserted opposite the
outer perianth-segments. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary inferior,
3-celled, rarely (_Hermodactylus_) 1-celled. Style-branches usually
divided or dilated. Ovules numerous, inverted. Fruit a loculicidal
capsule. Embryo enclosed by the horny albumen.--Genera 39, species 600.
(Plate 22.)

1. Flowers solitary, terminal, sometimes surrounded by several axillary
flowers, each flower with a spathe. Perianth regular; inner and outer
segments nearly equal. Leaves not exactly 2-ranked. Stem short or
almost wanting. [Subfamily =CROCOIDEAE=.] 2

Flowers in various inflorescences, rarely spathes solitary, but 2-or
more-flowered or (if 1-flowered) the outer perianth-segments very
different from the inner ones. Leaves 2-ranked, folded one above
the other, rarely (_Geosiris_) reduced to scales. Stem distinctly
developed. 5

2. Stem underground, very short. Perianth-tube very long. 3

Stem partly above ground. Perianth-tube short or moderately long. 4

3. Style-branches undivided, stigmatose inside. Perianth red or violet,
rarely white with red streaks.--Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony).
=Syringodea= Hook. fil.

Style-branches many-lobed or many-parted, stigmatose at the
top.--Species 3; one of them only cultivated. North-West Africa. Used
as ornamental plants; the tubers are edible. The cultivated species
(_C. sativus_ L.) yields the saffron, which is used as a condiment and
for dyeing. =Crocus= L.

4. Leaves crowded at the top of the very short stem. Perianth with
a rather long tube, yellow or violet. Filaments united into a tube.
Style-branches dilated above, petal-like.--Species 3. South Africa
(Cape Colony). Used as ornamental plants. =Galaxia= Thunb.

[Illustration: DIOSCOREACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 21._

J. Fleischmann del.

Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower from above. _C_ Male flower cut
lengthwise. _D_ Group of fruits.]

[Illustration: IRIDACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 22._

J. Fleischmann del.

Lapeyrousia Fabricii Ker

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Ovary cut lengthwise.]


Leaves scattered along the stem or crowded at its base. Filaments free,
rarely united, but then perianth with a very short tube. Style-branches
not petal-like.--Species 50. South and North Africa and mountains of
Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (_Trichonema_ Ker).
=Romulea= Maratti

5. (1.) Spathes 1-flowered, in spikes. Style-branches well developed,
generally alternate with the anthers, thread-shaped or thickened at the
top, more rarely dilated and almost petal-like, but undivided. Flower
usually more or less irregular. Stem leafy. [Subfamily =IXIOIDEAE=.] 6

Spathes 2-or more-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, but then style-branches
either reduced to short teeth, or opposite the anthers, petal-like, and
2-lobed. Flowers regular, but the inner perianth-segments often very
different from the outer ones. [Subfamily =IRIDOIDEAE=.] 23

6. Style-branches 2-parted. [Tribe WATSONIEAE.] 7

Style-branches undivided. 10

7. Flowers small. Perianth with a short tube, red or blue. Ovules 2 in
each ovary-cell.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Micranthus=
Pers.

Flowers large or rather large. Perianth with a long or rather long
tube. Ovules many in each ovary-cell. 8

8. Perianth-tube straight or nearly so. Filaments short, inserted at
the throat of the perianth.--Species 40. South and Central Africa.
Some have edible tubers or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 22.)
=Lapeyrousia= Pourr.

Perianth-tube curved. Filaments long, inserted below the throat of the
perianth. 9

9. Spathes short, scarious. Perianth yellowish, with unequal
segments.--Species 2. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.
=Freesia= Klatt

Spathes rather long, rigid. Perianth red or white, with almost equal
segments.--Species 15. South Africa, Madagascar, and Mascarenes. Some
are used as ornamental plants. =Watsonia= Mill.

10. (6.) Flowers distinctly irregular. [Tribe GLADIOLEAE.] 11

Flowers regular or almost so. Filaments and style straight. [Tribe
IXIEAE.] 18

11. Perianth curved. 12

Perianth straight. 13

12. Perianth-tube longer than the limb, filiform below, cylindrical
above. Stamens inserted in the basal part of the tube. Spathes
small.--Species 20. South and Central Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Including _Anisanthus_ Sweet). =Antholyza= L.

Perianth-tube as long as or shorter than the limb,
funnel-shaped.--Species 120. Some of them have edible bulbs, others are
used in medicine or as ornamental plants. =Gladiolus= L.

13. Leaves folded, usually hairy. Perianth with a long tube.--Species
30. South Africa and Island of Socotra. Several species have edible
bulbs or are used as ornamental plants. =Babiana= Ker

Leaves flat, glabrous. 14

14. Perianth-segments almost free, thinly acuminate, yellowish-green.
Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Inflorescence paniculate.--Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). =Melasphaerula= Ker

Perianth-segments evidently united below, obtuse or shortly mucronate.
Ovules usually numerous. 15

15. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped (distinctly widened above).
Style-branches filiform. Spathe-bracts lacerated. 16

Perianth-tube more or less cylindrical (slightly or not widened above).
Style-branches usually dilated. Spathe-bracts entire or toothed. 17

16. Perianth 2-lipped, with a long or rather long tube, yellow or
violet. Style-branches short.--Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony).
Used as ornamental plants. =Synnotia= Sweet

Perianth regular, with a short or rather short tube, yellow, red
or variegated. Style-branches long.--Species 3. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Used as ornamental plants. The bulbs are edible. =Sparaxis= Ker

17. Spathe-bracts long, green, entire. Inflorescence spicate. Perianth
nearly always with a long tube.--Species 20. South and Central Africa.
Used as ornamental plants. =Acidanthera= Hochst.

Spathe-bracts short, brown, toothed at the top. Inflorescence spicate
or paniculate. Perianth with a short or rather short tube.--Species
35. South and Central Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental
plants; some yield edible bulbs or a substitute for saffron. (Including
_Crocosmia_ Planch., _Montbretia_ DC., and _Tritonixia_ Klatt).
=Tritonia= Ker

18. (10.) Style-branches club-shaped. 19

Style-branches linear or subulate. 20

19. Stigmas notched. Flowers white or yellow. Spathe-bracts lacerated.
Leaves short.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Streptanthera=
Sweet

Stigmas entire. Flowers white or red. Spathe-bracts entire. Leaves
long.--Species 2. South and East Africa. Used as ornamental plants.
=Dierama= C. Koch

20. Style-branches linear, slightly dilated, short. Outer spathe-bract
brown.--Species 20. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including _Morphixia_ Ker). =Ixia= L.

Style-branches subulate. Spathe-bracts green or brown at the tip. 21

21. Style long, with short branches.--Species 35. South Africa,
southern Central Africa, and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. =Geissorrhiza= Ker

Style short, with long branches. 22

22. Underground part of the stem a root-stock. Perianth red. Filaments
as long as or longer than the anthers.--Species 2. South Africa. Used
as ornamental plants. =Schizostylis= Backh. & Harv.

Underground part of the stem a corm. Filaments short.--Species 35.
South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. =Hesperantha= Ker

23. (5.) Style-branches undivided, very short or thread-shaped or
somewhat broadened at the top, but not petal-like, nearly always
alternate with the stamens. 24

Style-branches more or less divided or petal-like, opposite the
stamens. Perianth with a short tube or without a tube. Fruit not
enclosed by the spathe. 32

24. Perianth with a distinct tube. Filaments free. Style-branches very
short. Fruit, wholly or for the greater part, enclosed by the spathe.
[Tribe ARISTEAE, Subtribe ARISTINAE.] 25

Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Style-branches usually
long. Fruit not enclosed by the spathe. [Tribe SISYRINCHIEAE.] 30

25. Perianth-segments very unequal, the inner much larger than the
outer, blueish, the outer black; tube short. Spathes 2-3-flowered,
solitary or in corymbs.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).
=Cleanthe= Salisb.

Perianth-segments almost equal. 26

26. Stem and leaves without green colour. Leaves short, scale-like.
Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Perianth white, with a short
tube.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Geosiris= Baill.

Stem and leaves green. Leaves long, linear or sword-shaped. Perianth
blue, rarely yellowish or whitish. 27

27. Spathes 3-or more-flowered, solitary or in spikes, racemes or
corymbs. Herbs. Perianth with a short tube.--Species 30. Southern and
tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
=Aristea= Ait.

Spathes 1-2-flowered. Undershrubs. 28

28. Perianth with a short tube and clawed segments, blue. Filaments
long. Spathes in heads.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).
=Klattia= Bak.

Perianth with a long tube. Filaments short. 29

29. Perianth blue, glabrous, with a cylindrical tube. Filaments
awl-shaped. Anthers small. Spathes solitary or in corymbs.--Species 2.
South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as ornamental plants. (Under _Aristea_
Ait.) =Nivenia= Vent.

Perianth greenish-yellow, hairy outside, with a funnel-shaped tube.
Filaments flat. Anthers large. Spathes surrounded by empty bracts and
arranged in heads.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an
ornamental plant; the stem contains sugar. =Witsenia= Thunb.

30. Filaments united into a tube. Perianth blue.--Species 1.
Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. An ornamental plant. [Subtribe
SISYRICHINAE.] =Sisyrinchium= L.

Filaments free or nearly so. Perianth yellow or red. [Subtribe
LIBERTINAE]. 31

31. Stem leafy. Spathes in lax corymbs. Perianth orange-coloured.
Style filiform, with club-shaped, erect or spreading stigmas.--Species
1. Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. An ornamental and medicinal
plant. =Belamcanda= Adans.

Stem leafless. Spathes solitary or in heads. Perianth pale yellow.
Style very short, with thread-shaped, recurved stigmas.--Species 6.
South Africa. =Bobartia= Ker

32. (23.) Stigmas at the tip of the style-branches. Inner and outer
perianth-segments almost equal. Filaments united. Underground part of
the stem a bulb. [Tribe TIGRIDIEAE, subtribe CIPURINAE.] 33

Stigmas on the underside of the dilated style-branches. Inner and outer
perianth-segments unequal. [Tribe MORAEEAE.] 36

33. Style-branches simple or one of them forked. 34

Style-branches divided. Perianth-segments usually crisped. 35

34. Perianth white, divided to the ovary.--Species 1. South-east Africa
(Natal). =Keitia= Regel

Perianth yellow or brownish-red, with a short tube.--Species 12. South
Africa; one species also naturalised in St. Helena. Used as ornamental
plants. =Homeria= Vent.

35. Perianth yellow, divided to the ovary, twisting up in fading.
Style-branches cylindrical, glabrous.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape
Colony). =Hexaglottis= Vent.

Perianth greenish brownish or red, with a short tube. Style-branches
dilated, fringed on the margin.--Species 8. South Africa and southern
West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Ferraria= L.

36. Style-branches broadened, but not petal-like. Perianth blue;
segments free, the inner with the edges rolled inwards and the tip
recurved. Filaments free. Scape flattened.--Species 1. Angola and
islands of equatorial West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.
[Subtribe MARICINAE.] =Marica= Ker

Style-branches winged, petal-like. [Subtribe IRIDINAE.] 37

37. Perianth-segments free, not bearded. Filaments usually
united.--Species 60. Southern and tropical Africa. Several species have
edible root-stocks, others are poisonous, many are used as ornamental
plants. (Including _Dietes_ Salisb. and _Vieusseuxia_ Delaroche).
=Moraea= L.

Perianth-segments united at the base. Filaments free. 38

38. Ovary 1-celled with parietal placentas. Inner perianth-segments
linear, acuminate.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
=Hermodactylus= Adans.

Ovary 3-celled, with axile placentas.--Species 15. North Africa.
Many of them are used as ornamental plants, some are poisonous; the
root-stock of several species (orris-root) is edible and yields tanning
materials, perfumes, and medicaments. =Iris= L.


ORDER SCITAMINEAE


FAMILY 39. MUSACEAE

Tall herbaceous plants. Leaves with a large, oblong or ovate,
penni-nerved blade. Flowers subtended by large bracts and arranged
in usually spicate rows or cymes, irregular. Perianth corolla-like.
Fertile stamens 5, rarely 6. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary
inferior, 3-celled. Style free from the stamens, 3-6-lobed. Seeds with
a straight embryo and mealy albumen.--Genera 4, species 25. (Under
_SCITAMINEAE_.) (Plate 23.)

1. Leaves spirally arranged. Partial inflorescences consisting of
1-2 rows of flowers. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Sepals and
two of the petals united below. Fruit berry-like. Seeds without an
aril.--Species 15, growing wild in the tropics, besides 4 (especially
_M. paradisiaca_ L.) which are cultivated in various regions. They
yield fibre (Manila hemp), tanning and dyeing materials, vegetables,
and edible fruits (bananas and plantains), from which also starch,
sugar, vinegar, and alcoholic liquor are made. Some species are used as
ornamental plants. [Subfamily =MUSOIDEAE=.] =Musa= L.

Leaves 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences cymose. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Sepals free or the lateral ones united with the petals. Fruit capsular.
[Subfamily =STRELITZIOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Odd sepal posterior. Petals united at the base. Ovules solitary
in each ovary-cell. Fruit opening septicidally. Seeds without an
aril.--Species 1. Naturalised on the Canary Islands. An ornamental
plant; the root-stock is edible. [Tribe HELICONIEAE.] =Heliconia= L.

Odd sepal anterior. Petals free, at least one of them. Ovules many
in each ovary-cell. Fruit opening loculicidally. Seeds with an aril.
[Tribe STRELITZIEAE.] 3

3. Petals very unequal, the two lateral ones elongated, connate on one
side, provided with a wing-like appendage on the other, the third petal
very short. Stamens 5. Aril yellow. Inflorescence few-flowered. Stem
moderately tall.--Species 4. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. (Plate 23.) =Strelitzia= L.

Petals subequal, free, without an appendage. Stamens 6. Aril
blue. Inflorescence many-flowered. Stem very tall. Species 1 (_R.
madagascariensis_ Sonn., traveller’s tree). Madagascar and Mascarene
Islands. The leaves are used in house-building; their sheaths retain
much water; the sap also furnishes a drink. The seeds are edible and
yield a fat. =Ravenala= Adans.


FAMILY 40. ZINGIBERACEAE

Herbs. Stem simple, springing from a root-stock. Leaves stalked or
provided with a sheath, oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in spikes
racemes heads or panicles, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite, very
rarely dioecious. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. Sepals
united below. Petals subequal, united below. Fertile stamen 1. Anther
2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes 1-3, petal-like, at
least one of them (the lip). Ovary inferior, more or less completely
3-celled. Ovules numerous. Style enclosed in a groove of the filament.
Stigma funnel-shaped. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seed with a straight
embryo and mealy albumen.--Genera 11, species 120. Tropical and
South-east Africa. (Under _SCITAMINEAE_.) (Plate 24.)

1. Leaves spirally arranged; sheath at first closed, articulated
with the petiole. Filaments petal-like. Lateral staminodes wanting.
Epigynous glands none. Stem and leaves not aromatic.--Species 35.
Central Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants
and in the preparation of rubber. (Including _Cadalvena_ Fenzl).
[Subfamily =COSTOIDEAE=.] =Costus= L.

Leaves two-ranked; sheath split open, not articulated with the petiole.
Epigynous glands present, often style-like. Stem and leaves aromatic.
[Subfamily =ZINGIBEROIDEAE=.] 2

2. Lateral staminodes petal-like, but sometimes adnate to the lip,
which then appears 3-lobed. [Tribe HEDYCHIEAE.] 3

Lateral staminodes linear, tooth-like, or wanting; in the latter case
lip not distinctly 3-lobed. [Tribe ZINGIBEREAE.] 5

3. Connective spurred. Lateral staminodes adnate below to the filament
of the fertile stamen.--Species 1 (_C. longa_ L.). Cultivated and
sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock yields starch,
condiments, medicaments, perfumes, and dyeing-materials (turmeric); the
leaves are used for plaiting-work. =Curcuma= L.

Connective not spurred. Lateral staminodes free from the filament of
the fertile stamen. 4

4. Connective with a crest-like appendage. Filament short. Lateral
staminodes broad.--Species 15. Central and South-east Africa. Some are
used as ornamental plants. =Kaempfera= L.

Connective without an appendage. Filament long. Lateral staminodes
narrow. Inflorescence terminating the leafy stem.--Species 3, two of
them natives of Madagascar, the third naturalised in the tropics.
Ornamental plants; the tubers yield condiments, perfumes, and
medicaments. =Hedychium= Koen.

5. Connective with a distinct appendage. Flowering stem separated from
the leafy stem. 6

Connective without a distinct appendage. 8

[Illustration: MUSACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 23._

J. Fleischmann del.

Strelitzia Reginae Banks ex Ait.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamens and inner
petals.]

[Illustration: ZINGIBERACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 24._

J. Fleischmann del.

Aframomum Laurentii (De Wild. & Dur.) K. Schum.

_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Lower part
of the flower cut lengthwise.]


6. Connective with a grooved beak. Lip 3-lobed.--Species 2. Cultivated
and sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock is used as a
condiment, especially for the preparation of liquors, and in medicine.
“Ginger.” =Zingiber= L.

Connective with an oblong or 3-lobed, not grooved appendage. Lip not
distinctly 3-lobed. 7

7. Connective with an entire, oblong appendage. Filament adnate to the
base of the lip. Inflorescence lax.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons)
and Madagascar. =Aulotandra= Gagnepain

Connective with a 3-lobed appendage. Filament free from the lip.
Inflorescence dense.--Species 50. Tropics. The fruits (grains of
paradise) of several species (especially _A. melegueta_ Roscoe)
are used as a condiment and for the preparation of perfumes and
medicaments; others serve as ornamental plants. (Under _Amomum_ L.)
(Plate 24.) =Aframomum= K. Schum.

8. Filament long. Lip not distinctly clawed. Inflorescence terminating
the leafy stem.--Species 3. Naturalised in the tropical regions.
Ornamental plants. =Alpinia= L.

Filament short. Lip clawed. 9

9. Lip entire, rhomboidical, adnate to the filament at the base.
Epigynous glands lobed. Flowering stem separated from the leafy stem.
Inflorescence very dense, almost head-like, surrounded by a coloured
involucre.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an
ornamental plant, the fruit as a condiment. (_Nicolaia_ Horan., under
_Amomum_ L.) =Phaeomeria= Lindl.

Lip more or less distinctly 3-lobed, free from the filament. 10

10. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Corolla-tube slightly
exceeding the calyx. Stigma small. Inflorescence springing from the
base of the leafy stem, lax, paniculate.--Species 1 (_E. Cardamomum_
White et Maton). Cultivated in the tropics and naturalised in the
Mascarene Islands. The fruits (cardamoms) are used as a condiment and
for the preparation of perfumes and medicaments. =Elettaria= Maton

Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. Calyx closed in bud. Inflorescence
usually terminal.--Species 15. Central Africa. (_Ethanium_ Salisb.)
=Renealmia= L. f.


FAMILY 41. CANNACEAE

Herbs. Leaves large, penninerved. Inflorescence spicate or formed
of cymes. Flowers irregular and asymmetrical, hermaphrodite. Sepals
free. Petals united below. Fertile stamen single, 1-celled, the barren
half leaf-like. Staminodes leaf-like. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with
numerous inverted ovules. Style and stigma simple. Fruit capsular.
Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under _SCITAMINEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in various
regions. They yield starch, vegetables, medicaments, and dyeing
materials, and are also used as ornamental plants. “Indian shot.”
=Canna= L.


FAMILY 42. MARANTACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stalked, with a swelling in the upper
part of the stalk, penninerved. Inflorescence spicate, capitate, or
paniculate. Flowers irregular and asymmetrical, hermaphrodite. Sepals
free. Petals united below. Fertile stamen single, 1-celled. Staminodes
2-4, petal-like. Ovary inferior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules solitary in
each cell, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Seeds with
a mealy albumen and a curved embryo.--Genera 12, species 60. Tropics.
(Under _SCITAMINEAE_.) (Plate 25.)

1. Ovary 1-celled. [Tribe MARANTEAE.] 2

Ovary 3-celled, but the ovules of 2 cells sometimes abortive. [Tribe
PHRYNIEAE.] 3

2. Corolla-tube very short. Staminodes 3, one of them with two filiform
appendages. Fruit indehiscent. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers
each.--Species 7. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Thalia= L.

Corolla-tube long. Staminodes 4. Fruit dehiscent. Bracts enclosing 3
pairs of flowers each.--Species 1 (_M. arundinacea_ L.) Cultivated and
sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock contains starch
(arrow-root). =Maranta= L.

3. Staminodes 2. Fruit winged. Inflorescence spike-like, springing from
the root-stock. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers each.--Species 1.
West Africa. The fruits are edible and contain sugar. =Thaumatococcus=
Benth.

Staminodes 4, rarely 3. 4

4. Bracts approximated in one row, enclosing two pairs of flowers each.
Ovary with 1 fertile and 2 sterile cells.--Species 1. Madagascar.
(Under _Myrosma_ Benth. or _Phrynium_ Willd.) =Ctenophrynium= K. Schum.

Bracts in two opposite rows. 5

5. Flower-pairs with small, thickened, almost gland-like scales
inserted above the bracts and the 2-keeled bracteoles which usually
accompany the bracts. 6

Flower-pairs without gland-like scales above the bracts and bracteoles.
8

6. Ovary and fruit smooth, the latter fleshy. Leaves having the larger
half all on the same side. Herbs with a simple stem. Inflorescence
panicle-, very rarely spike-like.--Species 13. West Africa. Some
have edible fruits. (Under _Phrynium_ Willd. or _Phyllodes_ Lour.)
=Sarcophrynium= K. Schum.

Ovary and fruit covered with pointed protuberances, the latter dry.
Leaves having the larger half some on the right, some on the left side.
Undershrubs or climbing herbs with a branched stem. Inflorescence
spike-like. 7

7. Fruit dehiscent, covered with small protuberances. Seeds with an
aril. Flower-pairs without a bracteole.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under
_Trachyphrynium_ Benth.) =Hybophrynium= K. Schum.

[Illustration: MARANTACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 25._

J. Fleischmann del.

Clinogyne arillata K. Schum.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower.]

[Illustration: ORCHIDACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 26._

J. Fleischmann del.

Listrostachys vesicata Reichb. fil.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower in longitudinal section
(the spur cut off near the base).]


Fruit indehiscent, covered with large protuberances. Seeds without
an aril. Flower-pairs with a bracteole.--Species 6. West Africa.
=Trachyphrynium= Benth.

8. Inflorescence springing from the root-stock and separated from
the 1-leafed stem, spike-like. Inner staminodes, at least one of
them, equalling the outer.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under
_Calathea_ Mey.) =Afrocalathea= K. Schum.

Inflorescence terminating the leafy, sometimes very short stem or its
branches. 9

9. Inner staminodes larger than the outer, the hooded one without a
strap-shaped appendage. Bracts enclosing 2-4 sessile pairs of flowers
each. Inflorescence head-like. Stem branched.--Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Gaboon). =Ataenidia= Gagnepain

Inner staminodes smaller than the outer. 10

10. Sepals very unequal. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with adnate seeds.
Inflorescence consisting of 2-3 spikes. Bracts enclosing one pair
of flowers each, persistent.--Species 1. Equatorial Africa. Used in
the preparation of salt. (Under _Clinogyne_ Benth. or _Donax_ Lour.)
=Halopegia= K. Schum.

Sepals subequal. Bracts usually enclosing 2-4 pairs of flowers each. 11

11. Inflorescence head-like. Bracts persistent.--Species 2. West
Africa. (Under _Calathea_ Mey.) =Phrynium= Willd.

Inflorescence raceme-or panicle-like. Bracts deciduous.--Species 25.
West Africa, Upper Nile, and Island of Réunion. Some species yield
starch or fibre. (_Donax_ Lour., including _Marantochloa_ Griseb.)
(Plate 25.) =Clinogyne= Salisb.


ORDER MICROSPERMAE


SUBORDER BURMANNIINEAE


FAMILY 43. BURMANNIACEAE

Herbs. Leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers solitary or in cymose,
usually spike-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite
or polygamous. Perianth-segments 3 or 6, petaloid, united below.
Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth-segments, or 6. Ovary inferior,
1-or 3-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style 3-or 6-cleft. Fruit
dry, dehiscing by slits or irregularly. Seeds albuminous; testa
loose.--Genera 4, species 15. Tropical and South Africa.

1. Anthers erect, opening transversely, 3. Style long, with 3 stigmas.
[Tribe BURMANNIEAE.] 2

Anthers recurved, opening lengthwise. Style short. [Tribe THISMIEAE.] 3

2. Ovary 1-celled.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Gymnosiphon= Blume

Ovary 3-celled.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. =Burmannia= L.

3. Corolla regular. Stamens 3; connective without an appendage. Stigma
3-parted.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Oxygyne= Schlecht.

Corolla irregular. Stamens 6; connective with an appendage. Stigma
6-toothed.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Thismia_
Griff.) =Afrothismia= (Engl.) Schlecht.


SUBORDER GYNANDRAE


FAMILY 44. ORCHIDACEAE

Leaves with longitudinal nerves. Inflorescence of the racemose type.
Flowers irregular. Perianth more or less corolla-like or distinguished
into calyx and corolla, one of the petals or segments (the lip)
distinctly differing from the others. Receptacle usually continued
beyond the ovary and forming the column upon which the stigma and the
anther are inserted. Fertile stamen 1, belonging to the outer whorl.
Staminodes sometimes present. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with numerous
parietal ovules. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, one of them rudimentary
or transformed into the rostellum, to which the pollen-masses adhere.
Seeds very small, exalbuminous; embryo imperfectly developed.--Genera
96, species 1600. (Plate 26.)

1. Pollen-masses with basal, stalk-like appendages, which adhere to the
sticky, gland-like appendages of the rostellum. Root thickened into
tubers. [Tribe OPHRYDEAE.] 2

Pollen-masses with apical appendages or without appendages. 37

2. Anther reflected, forming an angle with the column. Lip with 2 spurs
or without a spur, but sometimes saccate or bearing appendages on the
back. 3

Anther erect, having the same direction as the column, rarely slightly
reflected, but then lip with one spur. 14

3. Lip partly adnate to the column, usually bearing on its upper face a
large appendage. Petals broad, converging and usually cohering with the
middle sepal into a hood. [Subtribe CORYCIINAE.] 4

Lip free from the column, inserted at its base, rarely shortly adnate
to it, but then petals not distinctly converging into a hood. [Subtribe
SATYRIINAE.] 7

4. Lateral sepals united nearly to the apex.--Species 10. South Africa.
=Corycium= Swartz

Lateral sepals free. 5

5. Lateral sepals spurred or saccate.--Species 30. Southern and
tropical Africa. =Disperis= Swartz

Lateral sepals flat. 6

6. Column short. Lip broad at the base. Connective dilated.--Species
15. South Africa. (Including _Ommatodium_ Lindl.) =Pterygodium= Swartz

Column long. Lip clawed. Connective not dilated.--Species 8. South
Africa (Cape Colony). =Ceratandra= Eckl.

7. Lip posticous (uppermost), produced behind into a pair of descending
spurs or sacs.--Species 90. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
in medicine. (Including _Aviceps_ Lindl. and _Satyridium_ Lindl.)
=Satyrium= Swartz

Lip usually anticous, not spurred, but sometimes with a sac-like
cavity. 8

8. Odd sepal spurred or gibbous. 9

Odd sepal neither spurred nor gibbous. 13

9. Lip more or less saccate at the base. 10

Lip flat. 11

10. Lip very small, adnate to the column. Stem rather rigid. Leaves in
the middle of the stem.--Species 9. South Africa and mountains of the
tropics. =Brownleea= Harv.

Lip rather large, free from the column. Stem very flexible. Leaves at
the base of the stem.--Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under
_Disa_ Berg). =Schizodium= Lindl.

11. Rostellum with 2 distinct glands, to which the pollen-masses are
attached; side-lobes exceeding the middle-lobe.--Species 110. Southern
and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including
_Penthea_ Lindl.) =Disa= Berg

Rostellum with one gland; sides-lobes, if present, not exceeding the
middle-lobe. 12

12. Stigma 2-parted. Rostellum with 3 narrow, subequal lobes.--Species
10. South Africa to Nyasaland. (Under _Disa_ Berg). =Herschelia= Lindl.

Stigma entire. Rostellum more or less hood-shaped, large.--Species 15.
South Africa. (Under _Disa_ Berg). =Monadenia= Lindl.

13. Petals much narrower than the odd sepal, kneed. Lip kidney-shaped.
Stigma not extended in two branches.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under _Disa_ Berg). =Forficaria= Lindl.

Petals and sepals subequal. Stigma with 2 erect, linear
branches.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Pachites= Lindl.

14. (2.) Stigma extended into two, usually elongated processes.
[Subtribe HABENARIINAE.] 15

Stigma not extended into processes, rather flat. Column very short. 21

15. Stigmatic processes short, adnate to the lip. Rostellum small,
not prolonged into anther-channels. Column very short.--Species 10.
Tropics. (Under _Habenaria_ L. or _Platanthera_ Rich.) =Peristylus=
Blume

Stigmatic processes free 16

16. Column long, curved. Rostellum not prolonged into anther-channels.
Perianth subglobose.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Acrostylia= Frapp.

Column short 17

17. Rostellum or stigmatic processes 2-cleft. Base of the anther not
enclosed by a channel, but prolonged into solid processes.--Species 7.
Central Africa. (Under =Habenaria= Willd.) =Roeperocharis= Reichb.

Rostellum and stigmatic processes entire, the former prolonged at the
base into two lateral anther-channels. 18

18. Anther reflected. Stigma broad. 19

Anther erect. Stigma more or less slender. 20

19. Middle-lobe of the rostellum exceeding the side-lobes. Lip linear,
entire, with a long spur. Petals broad.--Species 1. Southern West
Africa. (Under _Habenaria_ Willd.) =Barlaea= Reichb. fil.

Middle-lobe of the rostellum equalling the side-lobes. Lip oblong or
broader, usually lobed.--Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa.
(_Cynosorchis_ Thouars, including _Amphorchis_ Thouars, _Hemiperis_
Frapp., and _Camilleugenia_ Frapp.) =Cynorchis= Thouars

20. Stigmatic processes diverging at a right angle. Spur
short.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (_Tinea_ Biv.) =Neotinea= Reichb.
fil.

Stigmatic processes nearly parallel.--Species 210. (Including _Bonatea_
Willd., _Platycoryne_ Reichb., and _Podandria_ Rolfe). =Habenaria=
Willd.

21. (14.) Glands of the rostellum enclosed in 1-2 pouches proceeding
from the rostellum and persisting when the glands are removed.
[Subtribe SERAPIADINAE.] 22

Glands of the rostellum enclosed by the processes of the anther
or naked, rarely covered by a thin pellicle proceeding from the
rostellum and carried away with the glands upon removal. [Subtribe
GYMNADENIINAE.] 27

22. Glands enclosed in 2 separate pouches. Lip not spurred, usually
convex, gibbous and hairy.--Species 10. North Africa. The tubers yield
medicaments (salep) and mucilage. =Ophrys= L.

Glands enclosed in a common pouch. 23

23. Glands 2, free. Lip spurred.--Species 20. North Africa. The tubers
yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. =Orchis= L.

Glands united into one. 24

24. Connective distinctly elongated. Rostellum laterally compressed.
Lip not spurred; middle-lobe entire.--Species 4. North-west Africa.
They yield medicaments and mucilage. =Serapias= L.

Connective not or scarcely elongated. Rostellum conical at the
apex. Lip spurred, rarely without a spur, but then with a 2-cleft
middle-lobe. 25

25. Lip with a long spur and two protuberances at the base, equally
3-lobed, flat in the bud.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). It
yields medicaments and mucilage. (Under _Orchis_ L.) =Anacamptis= Rich.

Lip with a short spur or without a spur, with unequal lobes, bent
inwards or rolled up in the bud. 26

26. Middle-lobe of the lip very long, strap-shaped, spirally coiled in
the bud.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under _Aceras_ R.
Br. or _Orchis_ L.) =Himantoglossum= Spreng.

Middle-lobe of the lip moderately long, 2-cleft, bent over the anther
in the bud.--Species 2. North Africa. (Including _Barlia_ Parl.)
=Aceras= R. Br.

27. (21.) Glands of the rostellum transversely connate. Rostellum
narrow. Stigmatic surface small. Basal appendages of the pollen-masses
short. Column short. Lip with a short spur.--Species 40. Tropical and
South Africa. (Including _Bucculina_ Lindl., _Deroemeria_ Reichb.
fil., _Monotris_ Lindl., _Saccidium_ Lindl., _Scopularia_ Lindl., and
_Tryphia_ Lindl.) =Holothrix= L. C. Rich.

Glands of the rostellum free. 28

28. Glands large, surrounded by a thin membrane, which proceeds from
the rostellum and is removed together with the glands. Lip with a
very short spur. Flowers very small.--Species 1. Island of Réunion.
=Herminium= L.

Glands naked, rarely enclosed by processes of the anther, but then
small. 29

29. Petals clawed; blade deeply concave, fringed. Lip fringed, not
spurred.--Species 4. South Africa. (Including _Hallackia_ Harv.)
=Huttonaea= Harv.

Petals not clawed, flat or slightly concave. 30

30. Rostellum forming a narrow fold between the anther-cells. 31

Rostellum broad, triangular, placed below the anther-cells. 33

31. Column short. Stigmatic surfaces convex. Lip shortly or not
spurred. Flowers yellow or white.--Species 5. South Africa and southern
East Africa. (_Schizochilus_ Sond.) =Gymnadenia= R. Br.

Column long. Stigmatic surfaces concave. 32

32. Petals partly adnate to the column. Lip not spurred. Sepals and
petals subequal.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Brachycorythis_
Lindl.) =Neobolusia= Schlecht.

Petals inserted below the column.--Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa. (Including _Schwartzkopffia_ Kraenzl., under _Platanthera_
Rich.) =Brachycorythis= Lindl.

33. Lip with a spur. 34

Lip without a spur. 36

34. Lip 3-lobed, the side-lobes inflexed, covering the mouth of the
spur.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Bicornella= Lindl.

Lip 3-lobed, with erect or spreading side-lobes, or undivided. 35

35. Lip fringed. Anther-cells approximate and parallel.--Species 2.
South Africa. =Bartholina= R. Br.

Lip entire or crenate. Anther-cells divergent.--Species 20. The tubers
yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. (Including _Gennaria_ Parl.,
under _Habenaria_ Willd.) =Platanthera= L. C. Rich.

36. Lip 3-lobed. Column with 2 basal staminodes. Basal appendages of
the pollen-masses very short.--Species 3. South Africa and southern
East Africa. =Stenoglottis= Lindl.

Lip undivided. Column without distinct staminodes.--Species 2.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. _Arnottia_ A. Rich.

37. (1.) Pollen-masses soft, granular. Anthers usually persistent and
withering. Inflorescence terminal. Leaves rolled up in the bud, with
overlapping edges. Usually terrestrial herbs. [Tribe NEOTTIEAE.] 38
Pollen-masses firm, waxy. Anthers usually deciduous. Inflorescence
lateral, more rarely terminal, but then leaves folded lengthwise in the
bud. 55

38. Anther erect and greatly exceeding the rostellum, or inclined
and incumbent upon the rostellum. Pollen-masses granular or
powdery. Rostellum not distinctly notched after the removal of the
pollen-masses, or not distinctly cohering with them. 39

Anther about equalling the rostellum, erect, rarely incumbent, but
then pollen-masses divided into a number of large angular sections.
Rostellum usually distinctly notched after the removal of the
pollen-masses. 47

39. Lip distinctly articulated into 2-3 portions placed one behind the
other. Anther erect. [Subtribe CEPHALANTHERINAE.] 40

Lip not distinctly articulated, embracing the column. Anther more or
less incumbent. 42

40. Lip produced into a spur. Leaves replaced by scales. Plants of a
violet colour.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Limodorum= L.
C. Rich.

Lip not distinctly spurred. Leaves perfectly developed. 41

41. Lip saccate at the base; the terminal portion oblong and enclosed
by the connivent sepals.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
=Cephalanthera= L. C. Rich.

Lip concave, but not saccate at the base; the terminal portion broad
and projecting between the spreading sepals.--Species 4. North-west
Africa and northern East Africa. (_Helleborine_ Hill). =Epipactis= L.
C. Rich.

42. Sepals and petals united below. Leafless herbs. [Subtribe
GASTRODIINAE.] 43

Sepals and petals free. 44

43. Sepals and petals united high up, very unequal. Lip ovate, with 2
gibbosities at the base. Column short. Anther incumbent. Root-stock
branched. Flowers large, in few-flowered spikes.--Species 1. West
Africa (Cameroons). =Gastrodia= R. Br.

Sepals and petals united at the base only, subequal. Lip spatulate,
not gibbous. Column long. Anther suberect. Rootstock tuberous,
spindle-shaped. Flowers very small, in many-flowered racemes.--Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Auxopus= Schlecht.

44. Stem climbing. Seed-coat crusty or winged. [Subtribe VANILLINAE.] 45

Stem erect. Seed-coat membranous, not winged. [Subtribe POGONIINAE.] 46

45. Lip adnate to the column. Fruit fleshy. Seeds not winged. Usually
leafy plants.--Species 15. Tropics. Two of the species (especially _V.
planifolia_ Andr.) are cultivated for their fruits, which are used as
condiments and for the preparation of perfumes. Some species are used
as ornamental plants. =Vanilla= Swartz

Lip not adnate to the column. Fruit dry. Seeds winged. Leafless
plants.--Species 1. Comoro Islands. =Galeola= Lour.

46. Lip spurred or saccate. Column short. Leaves wanting.--Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Epipogon_ Gmel.) =Galera= Blume

Lip neither spurred nor saccate. Column long. Leaves stalked, usually
separated from the flowering stem.--Species 10. Tropics to Transvaal.
(Including _Apostellis_ Thouars, under _Pogonia_ Juss.) =Nervilia= Gaud.

47. (38.) Pollen-masses divided into a moderate number of rather large,
angular segments. Leaves not folded lengthwise. [Subtribe PHYSURINAE.]
48

Pollen-masses not divided into several large segments. 53

48. Pollen-masses connected with the glands of the rostellum by a
strap-shaped stalk detached from the tissue of the rostellum. 49

Pollen-masses or their appendages adhering directly to the glands of
the rostellum. 50

49. Column with 2 narrow, erect arms. Sepals usually united to the
middle. Lip with two protuberances at the base and with a two-lobed
blade.--Species 4. West Africa, Madagascar, Comoro Islands.
=Cheirostylis= Blume

Column without erect arms, but sometimes auricled. Sepals
free.--Species 9. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including
_Monochilus_ Blume). =Zeuxine= Lindl.

50. Lip similar to the other petals, oblong, slightly concave. Stigmas
free, erect, one on each side of the rather long rostellum.--Species 2.
Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. =Gymnochilus= Blume

Lip distinctly differing from the other petals. 51

51. Column long. Sepals connivent into a tube at the base. Lip with
an oblong blade.--Species 6. Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Natal, West
Africa. =Platylepis= A. Rich.

Column short. 52

52. Stigma with a papillose protuberance on each side. Lip tubercled
at the base, with a distinctly limited broad blade.--Species 3.
Mascarenes, Seychelles, Comoro Islands, and Cameroons. =Hetaeria= Blume

Stigma simple. Lip not tubercled, but sometimes hairy at the
base; blade not distinctly separated, undivided, bent back at the
tip.--Species 3. Mascarene Islands and Madeira. Used as ornamental
plants. =Goodyera= R. Br.

53. (47.) Leaves firm, folded lengthwise. Flowers in panicles. Lip
narrow below, broadened above. Pollen-masses affixed to a slender
stalk arising from the rostellum; gland peltate.--Species 2. Tropics.
(_Corymbis_ Lindl.) [Subtribe TROPIDIINAE.] =Corymborchis= Thouars

Leaves soft, not folded, sometimes scale-like. Flowers in spikes. 54

54. Sepals and petals united into a long tube. Lip uppermost, with 2
lateral appendages. Column elongated, two-winged.--Species 1. West
Africa. [Subtribe CRANICHIDINAE.] =Manniella= Reichb. fil.

Sepals and petals free or almost so, suberect. Lip below. Inflorescence
one-sided.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). [Subtribe
SPIRANTHINAE.] =Spiranthes= L. C. Rich.

55. (37.) Inflorescence terminal. Leaves folded lengthwise before
expansion. 56

Inflorescence lateral. 65

56. Pollen-masses 8, without an appendage. Lip saccate at the
base. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence
head-like.--Species 1. Madagascar and Seychelles. [Tribe GLOMEREAE.]
=Agrostophyllum= Blume

Pollen-masses 2-4. 57

57. Column extended below into a foot forming with the base of the
perianth a chin or spur. Pollen-masses attached to a short, sometimes
scarcely perceptible stalk arising from the rostellum. Mostly epiphytic
plants. [Tribe POLYSTACHYEAE.] 58

Column not extended into a foot. Pollen-masses without appendages.
Sepals and petals usually bent backwards. [Tribe LIPARIDEAE.] 61

58. Lip spurred, 3-lobed. Pollen-masses 2, grooved. Leaves not jointed,
linear. Joints of the stem swollen.--Species 6. South Africa. (Under
_Eulophia_ R. Br.) =Acrolophia= Pfitz.

Lip not spurred. Leaves usually jointed. 59

59. Lip undivided. Chin weakly developed. Column short and thick. Stem
slender.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Neobenthamia= Rolfe

Lip 3-lobed. 60

60. Lateral sepals forming with the column a weakly developed chin.
Side-lobes of the lip embracing the column. Column slender. Stem
slightly thickened.--Species 6. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some
are used as ornamental plants. =Ansellia= Lindl.

Lateral sepals forming with the column a strongly developed chin.
Side-lobes of the lip small. Column short and broad. Stem usually
thickened into pseudo bulbs.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Epiphora_ Lindl.)
=Polystachya= Lindl.

61. Anther erect. Leaves not jointed. 62

Anther inclined to horizontal. 63

62. Anther adnate to the rostellum; cells widely diverging, opening
laterally. Column long.--Species 1. West Africa. =Orestia= Ridl.

Anther deciduous, opening inwards. Column short. Lip
uppermost.--Species 4. West Africa and Comoro Islands. =Microstylis=
Nutt.

63. Leaves not jointed. Lip more or less distinctly clawed. Column
slender.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. =Liparis= L. C. Rich.

Leaves jointed between sheath and blade. Lip not distinctly clawed. 64

64. Stem with pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade horizontally flattened.--Species
1. Mascarene Islands. (_Cestichis_ Thouars, under _Liparis_ Rich.)
=Stichorchis= Thouars

Stem without pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade placed vertically, fleshy. Lip
uppermost, concave at the base.--Species 1. Tropics. =Oberonia= Lindl.

65. (55.) Leaves with convolute praefoliation (i.e. rolled lengthwise
in the bud, one edge overlapping the other). Stem not swollen, or
several joints of the stem equally thickened. Mostly terrestrial
herbs. 66 Leaves with conduplicate praefoliation (i.e. folded together
along the midrib in the bud, their edges being applied to each other
without overlapping). Mostly epiphytic herbs. 73

66. Pollen-masses 2-4, without appendages, attached to the glands of
the rostellum by a stalk produced from the latter. Leaves usually
jointed. [Tribe CYRTOPODIEAE.] 67

Pollen-masses 8, appendaged, without a stalk produced from the
rostellum. Leaves usually continuous. [Tribe PHAIEAE.] 71

67. Lip produced into a spur or pouch at the base. 68

Lip without a spur or pouch. 69

68. Sepals narrower and less coloured than the petals, usually
reflected. Petals erect or spreading.--Species 90. Tropical and South
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Lissochilus= R. Br.

Sepals and petals equal or nearly so, spreading.--Species 130. Tropical
and South Africa. Some species yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage
or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Cyrtopera_ Lindl. and
_Orthochilus_ Hochst.) =Eulophia= R. Br.

69. Column with 2 basal lobes projecting upon the base of the
lip.--Species 4. East Africa. =Pteroglossaspis= Reichb. fil.

Column without appendages. 70

70. Lip and lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, the
former with a narrow, the latter with a broad base.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Eulophiella= Rolfe

Lip inserted on the foot of the column, the lateral sepals on the
margin of the ovary, both with a narrow base.--Species 1. Madagascar
and Mascarene Islands. The pseudobulbs yield mucilage. =Cyrtopodium= R.
Br.

71. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence
2-3-flowered. Lip slightly saccate. Column rather long, with short,
roundish wings. Pollen-masses affixed to a single appendage.--Species
2. West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under _Pachystoma_ Reichb.
fil.) =Ancistrochilus= Rolfe

Leaves not jointed. Inflorescence usually many-flowered. Lip clasping
the column or adnate to it, usually spurred. 72

72. Lip adnate to the column; blade spreading, 3-4-lobed. Column
short.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. =Calanthe= R. Br.

Lip free, clasping the column or broadly concave at the base. Column
slender.--Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants or yield dye-stuffs. =Phaius= Lour.

73. (65.) Leafy stems with indeterminate apical growth; side-shoots
weakly developed or wanting. Inflorescences or solitary flowers
axillary. Epiphytes without pseudobulbs. Lip continuous with the base
of the column. [Tribe SARCANTHEAE, subtribe AERIDINAE.] 74 Leafy stems
with determinate apical growth; annual shoots arising laterally at
their base and forming a sympodium. Mostly epiphytes with pseudobulbs.
Lip more or less distinctly articulated with the foot of the column. 86

74. Lip not spurred. Sepals and petals long and narrow, spreading.
Pollen-masses without an appendage. Leaves broad.--Species 2. Island of
Réunion. =Bonniera= Cord.

Lip spurred. 75

75. Lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, forming a chin.
Lip entire, smooth, shortly spurred.--Species 10. Madagascar and
neighbouring islands, Cameroons. Some are used as ornamental plants.
=Aeranthus= Lindl.

Lateral sepals inserted on the apex of the ovary. Column not prolonged
into a foot. 76

76. Pollen-masses upon a single, sometimes 2-cleft or almost
imperceptible stalk. 77

Pollen-masses with 2 stalks, which are entirely distinct or united by
the gland only. 81

77. Stalk of the pollen-masses 2-cleft.--Species 10. Madagascar and the
neighbouring islands, West Africa. (Including _Ancistrorhynchus_ Finet,
_Dicranotaenia_ Finet, and _Monixus_ Finet, under _Angrecum_ Thouars).
=Aerangis= Reichb. fil.

Stalk of the pollen-masses simple. 78

78. Stalk of the pollen-masses broadened above or throughout, sometimes
almost imperceptible. Lip with a long and thin spur.--Species 120.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (Including _Lepervenchea_ Cord., _Radinocion_ Ridl., and
_Rhaphidorhynchus_ Finet). =Angrecum= Thouars

Stalk of the pollen-masses thread-like. 79

79. Lip hood-shaped, entire, covering the column. Sepals and petals
connivent.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Angrecum_ Thou.
or _Saccolabium_ Blume). =Calyptrochilus= Kraenzl.

Lip not covering the column. 80

80. Lip directed upwards. Flowers fleshy, rather small.--Species 4.
Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Equatorial East Africa. Used as
ornamental plants. (Under _Saccolabium_ Blume). =Acampe= Lindl.

Lip directed downwards.--Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands, West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Saccolabium= Blume

81. Pollen-masses affixed to the surface of two oblong scales. Lip
entire, with a long spur.--Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands, West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under
_Angrecum_ Thou.) =Macroplectrum= Pfitz.

Pollen-masses affixed to thin, not scale-like, but sometimes very short
stalks. 82

82. Gland of the rostellum covered by scales. Petals 2-4-lobed.
Lip with a long spur, a clawed 3-5-lobed middle-lobe, and incurved
sickle-shaped side-lobes.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes.
=Cryptopus= Lindl.

Gland of the rostellum without scales. 83

83. Lip with a short, conical spur; side-lobes embracing the
column.--Species 9. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (_Aeonia_
Lindl.) =Oeonia= Lindl.

Lip with a long, thread-or club-shaped spur. 84

84. Sepals unequal, the lateral much longer than the middle one, united
with the petals above. Lip deeply 3-cleft. Stem climbing.--Species 1.
German East Africa. =Angrecopsis= Kraenzl.

Sepals and petals subequal, free. 85

85. Sepals and petals erect. Lip entire. Pollen-masses with very short
stalks.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. (_Pectinaria_ Cord., under
_Angrecum_ Thou., _Macroplectrum_ Pfitz. or _Mystacidium_ Lindl.)
=Ctenorchis= K. Schum.

Sepals and petals spreading. 86

86. Column bent backwards. Stalks of the pollen-masses attached to a
common gland.--Species 70. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Plate 26.) =Listrostachys= Reichb. fil.

Column straight. Stalks of the pollen-masses usually attached to two
separate glands.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
as ornamental plants. (Including _Gussonia_ A. Rich.) =Mystacidium=
Lindl.

87. (73.) Pollen-masses 2, grooved, with a large transverse appendage
at the base, attached to the gland of the rostellum by a broad stalk.
Lip usually large. Pseudobulbs formed by several internodes, rarely by
a single one or wanting. [Tribe CYMBIDIEAE.] 88

Pollen-masses 4, rarely 2, without an appendage and usually without a
stalk. Lip usually small. Pseudobulbs formed by a single internode,
bearing one or two leaves. 92

88. Lip distinctly spurred. 89

Lip not distinctly spurred. 90

89. Pollen-masses grooved. Stem with a pseudobulb.--Species 5.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. (Under _Eulophia_ R. Br.) =Eulophiopsis=
Pfitz.

Pollen-masses not grooved. Stem without pseudobulbs.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Lemurorchis= Kraenzl.

90. Pollen-masses attached to two processes of the stalk. Stem slender,
without pseudobulbs, many-leaved.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used as an
ornamental plant. =Grammatophyllum= Blume

Pollen-masses attached to a common stalk without processes. Stem with
more or less distinct pseudobulbs. 91

91. Pseudobulbs enveloped by the sheaths of the leaves inserted below
and upon them.--Species 4. Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants.
=Cymbidium= Swartz Pseudobulbs bearing leaves at the top only, hence
not enveloped by sheaths. Lateral sepals forming with the foot of the
column a distinct chin.--Species 2. Madagascar. Used as ornamental
plants. =Grammangis= Reichb. fil.

92. Pollen-masses attached to a scale-like stalk. Lip spurred,
3-lobed.--Species 2. West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under
_Eulophia_ R. Br.) [Tribe MAXILLARIEAE.] =Eulophidium= Pfitz.

Pollen-masses without a stalk, rarely with a linear stalk. Lip small,
not distinctly spurred, usually entire. [Tribe BOLBOPHYLLEAE.] 93

93. Pollen-masses with a stalk. Lateral sepals somewhat longer than the
dorsal one. Flowers in racemes. Stem creeping.--Species 3. West Africa.
(Under _Bolbophyllum_ Thou. or _Polystachya_ Lindl.) =Genyorchis=
Schlecht.

Pollen-masses without a stalk. 94

94. Lateral sepals much longer than the dorsal one, free at the base,
united towards the tip. Inflorescence almost umbel-like.--Species 1.
Madagascar, Mascarenes, East Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.
(Under _Bolbophyllum_ Thou.) =Cirrhopetalum= Lindl.

Lateral sepals shorter or somewhat longer than the dorsal one or
equalling it, free or almost so. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely
solitary. 95

95. Lateral sepals much shorter than the dorsal one. Inflorescence
with a dilated, almost leaf-like rachis.--Species 40. Tropical and
South-East Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants.
=Megaclinium= Lindl.

Lateral sepals about as long as or longer than the dorsal one.
Inflorescence with a cylindrical rachis.--Species 90. Tropical and
South-East Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (_Bulbophyllum_
Thou.) =Bolbophyllum= Thouars


CLASS V. DICOTYLEDONEAE


SUBCLASS ARCHICHLAMYDEAE

(APETALAE AND CHORIPETALAE)


ORDER VERTICILLATAE


FAMILY 45. CASUARINACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves scale-like, whorled, united into a sheath.
Flowers unisexual, the male in spikes, the female in heads. Perianth of
the male flowers consisting of two scales, in the female absent. Stamen
1. Anther opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2,
ascending, straight. Style very short, with 2 thread-shaped stigmas.
Fruit dry, indehiscent, enclosed by woody bracteoles. Seed 1, without
albumen. Embryo straight; radicle superior.

[Illustration: PIPERACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 27._

J. Fleischmann del.

Piper guineense Schum.

_A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Part of the female spike with two flowers and
their bracts. _C_ Female flower cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: SALICACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 28._

J. Fleischmann del.

Salix Safsaf Forsk.

_A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Part of a flowering branch. _C_ Male flower.
_D_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.]


Genus 1, species 2. Spontaneous in Madagascar and the neighbouring
islands, cultivated in other tropical countries. The wood (beaf-wood)
and the bark are used, the latter for tanning and dyeing and in
medicine. =Casuarina= Rumph.


ORDER PIPERALES


FAMILY 46. PIPERACEAE

Flowers in spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 2-6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1,
basal, straight. Fruit a berry. Seed with a copious albumen and a small
embryo.--Genera 3, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 27.)

1. Stigma 1, sometimes penicillate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves
exstipulate. Herbs.--Species 65. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield
vegetables or condiments or are used in medicine. =Peperomia= Ruiz &
Pav.

Stigmas 2-5. Leaves stipulate or sheathing at the base. Usually shrubs.
2

2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Spikes axillary, arranged in an umbel.
Stipules united into a sheath. Shrubs.--Species 1. Tropics. Yields
edible fruits containing an aromatic oil and is also used in medicine.
(Under _Piper_ L.) =Heckeria= Kunth

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Spikes leaf-opposed.--Species 17, two
of them only in cultivation. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
yield spices (pepper) or are used in medicine. (Including _Coccobryon_
Klotzsch and _Cubeba_ Miq.) (Plate 27.) =Piper= L.


ORDER SALICALES


FAMILY 47. SALICACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed, stipulate.
Flowers in spikes or catkins, dioecious, without a perianth. Disc
cup-shaped or reduced to scales. Stamens 2 or more. Anthers opening
by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with two or more parietal
placentas. Ovules inverted. Stigmas 2-4, sessile or nearly so. Fruit
capsular. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs, without albumen; embryo
straight.--Genera 2, species 20. (Plate 28.)

Disc cup-or urn-shaped. Stamens 4-30. Bracts jagged. Leaves, at least
those of the uppermost branches, broad (ovate or broader). Buds
terminal and lateral, covered by several scales.--Species 6. North
and East Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. “Poplar.”
=Populus= L.

Disc reduced to one or several scales or teeth sometimes cohering at
the base. Bracts entire. Leaves narrow or rather broad (linear to
ovate). Buds lateral, covered by a single scale.--Species 15, two of
them only naturalized. They yield timber, plaiting-, stuffing-, and
tanning-materials, and medicaments. “Willow.” (Plate 28.) =Salix= L.


ORDER MYRICALES


FAMILY 48. MYRICACEAE

Trees, shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules.
Flowers in simple or compound spikes, unisexual, without a perianth,
but usually with 2-6 bracteoles. Stamens 2-12, usually 4. Anthers
opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect,
straight. Styles 2, united at the base, thread-shaped, stigmatose on
the inside. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a thin coat and a straight embryo,
without albumen. (Plate 29.)

Genus 1, species 25. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores.
They yield bark for tanning, wax, and edible fruits, and are also used
in medicine. =Myrica= L.


ORDER JUGLANDALES


FAMILY 49. JUGLANDACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, without stipules. Flowers
in spikes or catkins, monoecious, with bracteoles which are adnate to
the ovary in the female flowers. Perianth 3-4-parted. Stamens numerous.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled.
Ovule 1, basal, straight. Styles 2, united at the base, stigmatose
lengthwise. Fruit a drupe with an incompletely septate stone. Seed
lobed, with a thin coat, without albumen.

Genus 1, species 2. Cultivated in North Africa. They yield timber,
tans and dyes, edible fruits (walnuts), oil, sugar, and medicaments.
=Juglans= L.


ORDER FAGALES


FAMILY 50. BETULACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Flowers
monoecious, in spikes or catkins, with a perianth of bract-like
segments or without a perianth. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled at the base.
Ovules solitary in each cell, descending, inverted. Styles 2. Fruit a
nut. Seed 1, exalbuminous, with a membranous coat.--Genera 2, species
2. Extra-tropical regions. (Under _CUPULIFERAE_.)

Male flowers without a perianth, with 2-parted filaments and hairy
anthers. Female flowers with a small perianth and a jagged involucre
free from the bract but adnate to the fruit. Fruit large. Female spikes
bud-shaped, solitary. Leaves folded at the mid-rib in the bud.--Species
1 (_C. Avellana_ L., hazel). Cultivated and naturalized in North-west
Africa. Fruits edible. [Tribe CORYLEAE.] =Corylus= Tourn.

Male flowers with a 4-parted perianth, simple filaments, and glabrous
anthers. Female flowers without a perianth, enclosed by a 5-parted
involucre formed by the connate bracts and bracteoles. Fruit small.
Female spikes cone-shaped, at length woody, arranged in racemes. Leaves

[Illustration: MYRICACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 29._

J. Fleischmann del.

Myrica conifera Burm. fil.

_A_ Fruiting branch. _B_ Male inflorescence. _C_ Male flower. _D_ Group
of fruits. _E_ Female flower. _F_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _G_ Fruit. _H_
Fruit cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: ULMACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 30._

J. Fleischmann del.

Trema guineensis Schum.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower
cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

folded along the side-nerves in the bud.--Species 1 (_A. glutinosa_ L.,
alder). North-west Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Yields
timber and bark for tanning. [Tribe BETULEAE.] =Alnus= Tourn.


FAMILY 51. FAGACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided lobed or pinnately cleft,
stipulate. Flowers in spikes or catkins, monoecious. Perianth-segments
4-7, bract-like, more or less united. Stamens 4-20. Ovary inferior,
3-6-celled at the base. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted.
Styles 3-6. Fruit a nut surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre. Seeds
without albumen.--Genera 2, species 9. Extra-tropical regions. (Under
_CUPULIFERAE_.)

Male flowers in fascicles arranged in erect spikes. Female flowers
in clusters of 3, surrounded by an involucre. Filaments long. Styles
6, thread-shaped. Fruit enclosed in a prickly involucre. Leaves
serrate.--Species 1 (_C. vulgaris_ Lam., chestnut). North-west Africa.
Yields timber, bark for tanning, and edible fruits from which starch
and oil are prepared. =Castanea= Tourn.

Male flowers in simple, pendulous catkins. Female flowers each
surrounded by an involucre. Filaments short. Styles 3, rarely 4-5,
flattened. Fruit seated in a scaly, cup-shaped involucre.--Species
8. North-west Africa; one species also introduced into South Africa.
They yield timber, cork, tanning and dyeing materials, chemical and
medicinal drugs, starch, and fodder; some have edible fruits. “Oak.”
=Quercus= L.


ORDER URTICALES


FAMILY 52. ULMACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers
axillary, solitary or in cymes. Perianth simple, with 3-8 segments.
Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments, rarely more,
straight in the bud. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary
superior, 1-celled, very rarely (_Ulmus_) 2-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous,
inverted. Styles or stigmas 1-2. Fruit a nut or a drupe. Seed with a
membranous coat and with scanty albumen or without albumen.--Genera 5,
species 35. (Under _URTICACEAE_.) (Plate 30.)

1. Stamens twice or thrice as many as the perianth-segments. Stigma 1.
Flowers dioecious. Perianth much enlarged in fruit. Leaves opposite.
Species 1. Abyssinia. [Subfamily =BARBEYOIDEAE=.] =Barbeya= Schweinf.

Stamens as many as the perianth-segments. Stigmas 2. Flowers monoecious
polygamous or hermaphrodite. Leaves alternate. 2

2. Fruit a compressed, winged nut. Embryo straight; cotyledons flat.
Flower-clusters in the axils of scale-like bracts.--Species 1 (_U.
campestris_ L., elm). North-west Africa. Yields timber, bast, tanning
and dyeing materials, and medicaments. [Subfamily =ULMOIDEAE=.]
=Ulmus= L.

Fruit a more or less globular drupe. Embryo curved; cotyledons folded
or rolled inwards. Flower-clusters or solitary flowers usually in the
axils of the leaves. [Subfamily =CELTIDOIDEAE=.] 3

3. Stipules united. Leaves entire, penninerved. Spiny shrubs. Flowers
unisexual. Perianth-segments of the male flowers valvate in the bud.
Embryo with narrow cotyledons.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa.
=Chaetacme= Planch. & Harv.

Stipules free. Leaves usually 3-nerved. Spineless shrubs or trees.
Flowers usually polygamous. Perianth-segments imbricate in bud, at
least at the apex. 4

4. Embryo with narrow cotyledons. Perianth-segments imbricate at the
apex only. Flowers almost sessile.--Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, tanning and dyeing materials,
and medicaments. (_Sponia_ Commers.) (Plate 30.) =Trema= Lour.

Embryo with broad cotyledons. Perianth-segments imbricate. Stigmas
feathery. Upper flowers upon long stalks.--Species 20. Some of them
yield timber, bast, tanning and dyeing materials, oil, medicaments, and
edible fruits. “Nettle-tree.” =Celtis= L.


FAMILY 53. MORACEAE

Juice usually milky. Leaves stipulate. Flowers unisexual.
Perianth simple or wanting. Stamens as many as and opposite the
perianth-segments or fewer, 1-6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.
Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted or curved, rarely erect
and straight. Styles 1-2.--Genera 26, species 260. (Under _URTICACEAE_
or _ULMACEAE.)_ (Plate 31.)

1. Stamens of the male flowers bent inwards in the bud, subsequently
bent backwards. Ovule pendulous. Leaves folded in bud. Stipules not
leaving a stem-clasping scar. [Subfamily =MOROIDEAE=.] 2

Stamens of the male flowers straight from the beginning. 14

2. Flowers in lax cymes consisting of one female flower and several
male ones. Perianth with a distinct tube. Stamens 4. Style 2-cleft.
Trees. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe FATOUEAE.]
=Bleekrodia= Blume

Flowers arranged in spike-raceme-or head-like inflorescences or
collected upon flattened receptacles. 3

3. Flowers on flattened and more or less expanded receptacles, rarely
in spike-like inflorescences; in the latter case, as usually, male
and female flowers in the same inflorescence. Stamens 1-4, usually 2.
[Tribe DORSTENIEAE.] 4

Flowers in spike-, raceme-or head-like, unisexual inflorescences
(containing only male or only female flowers), rarely female flowers
solitary. Stamens 4. Trees or shrubs. 7

4. Flowers in false spikes containing male and female flowers
or male ones only. Perianth 4-partite. Stamens 4. Trees. Leaves
undivided.--Species 1. East Africa. =Sloetiopsis= Engl.

Flowers on flattened receptacles. 5

[Illustration: MORACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 31._

J. Fleischmann del.

Dorstenia elliptica Bureau

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Inflorescence cut
lengthwise. _D_ Young male flower. _E_ Older male flower. _F_ Female
flower cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: URTICACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 32._

J. Fleischmann del.

Fleurya aestuans Gaudich.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Older female flower. _D_
Pistil cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]


5. Inflorescences unisexual, the lateral containing many male flowers,
the middle one a single female flower. Receptacle covered on the
outside by imbricate bracts. Male flowers with a 3-4-partite perianth
and 3-4 stamens. Female flowers without a perianth. Trees or shrubs.
Leaves undivided.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Mesogyne= Engl.

Inflorescences bisexual, containing many male flowers and one or
several female ones, usually provided with bracts on the margin only.
Perianth 2-lobed or wanting. Stamens 2, rarely 1 or 3. 6

6. Receptacles top-shaped, subsequently cupular, bearing many male
flowers and a single central female flower. Pericarp membranous.
Shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Trymatococcus=
Poepp. & Endl.

Receptacles expanded, often divided into linear segments, bearing many
male flowers and several female ones. Pericarp crusty within, fleshy
outside. Herbs or low shrubs.--Species 50. Tropics. Some are poisonous
or used medicinally. (Plate 31.) =Dorstenia= L.

7. Female flowers solitary, axillary; male flowers in spike-like
inflorescences. Perianth 4-toothed. Trees. Leaves undivided.--Species
1. Island of Réunion. Used medicinally. [Tribe STREBLEAE.] =Maillardia=
Frapp. & Duchartre

Female flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences. 8

8. Female flowers in head-like, but sometimes elongated (oblong)
inflorescences, the male in spike-, raceme-or head-like ones.
Style simple, with a thread-shaped stigma, rarely with an abortive
side-branch. Trees. [Tribe BROUSSONETIEAE.] 9

Female and male flowers in spike-like inflorescences. Perianth of the
female flowers divided to the base. Style 2-parted, with thread-shaped,
equal or subequal stigmas. [Tribe MOREAE.] 12

9. Male flowers in head-like inflorescences. Perianth of the
female flowers 4-lobed. Spinous plants.--Species 1. East Africa
and Madagascar. It yields a dye-wood and edible fruits. (Under
_Plecospermum_ Trecul) =Cardiogyne= Bur.

Male flowers in spike-or raceme-like inflorescences. 10

10. Male flowers in lax, raceme-like inflorescences. Spinous plants.
Leaves entire. Perianth of the female flowers deeply 4-cleft,
persistent and enclosing the fruit.--Species 1. Cultivated in North
Africa. The wood is used for joiners’ work, the leaves as food for
silkworms. =Maclura= Nutt.

Male flowers in dense, spike-like inflorescences. Spineless plants. 11

11. Perianth of the female flowers deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted. Fruit
wholly, or for the greatest part, enclosed by the perianth. Leaves
undivided.--Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber. =Chlorophora=
Gaud.

Perianth of the female flowers shortly toothed. Fruit overtopping the
perianth. Leaves usually lobed.--Species 1 (_B. papyrifera_ Vent.,
paper-mulberry). Cultivated in North Africa. Used for making paper;
the fruit is edible. =Broussonetia= Vent.

12. Stipules united. Leaves entire, with numerous transverse
nerves. Ovary subglobose. Seed with leaf-like, folded cotyledons.
Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Pachytrophe= Bur.

Stipules free. 13

13. Leaves entire, penninerved, leathery. Ovary compressed. Seed
without albumen; embryo with thick cotyledons. Trees.--Species 2.
Madagascar. =Ampalis= Boj.

Leaves toothed, 3-nerved at the base. Ovary ovoid or subglobose.
Seed with copious albumen.--Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in
various regions. They yield timber, food for silkworms, edible fruits
(mulberries), dyes, and medicaments. =Morus= L.

14. (1.) Ovule erect, straight. Trees. Leaves folded in the bud.
Stipules leaving an annular scar. [Subfamily =CONOCEPHALOIDEAE=.] 15

Ovule pendulous, curved or inverted. Woody plants with the leaves
rolled inwards in the bud, or herbaceous plants. 16

15. Leaves divided into 11-15 segments. Male flowers in false heads
arranged in cymes; perianth with a distinct tube. Stamen 1. Female
flowers upon a flattened, ovate receptacle. Style long.--Species 1
(_M. Smithii_ R. Br.). West Africa to the Upper Nile. Yields timber
(cork-wood) and edible fruits. The aerial roots contain much water.
=Musanga= R. Br.

Leaves undivided, 3-lobed, or 5-7-parted. Male flowers in false spikes
or heads arranged in cymes; perianth divided quite or nearly to the
base. Stamens 2-4. Female flowers in globose or subglobose false heads.
Style short.--Species 8. Central Africa. Some species yield timber or
edible fruits. =Myrianthus= Beauv.

16. Flowers in cymes arranged in spikes or panicles. Fruit dry.
Herbs. Leaves palmately lobed or dissected. Stipules free. [Subfamily
=CANNABOIDEAE=.] 17

Flowers upon a globe-, club-, disc-, or cup-shaped receptacle. Herbs
with undivided, lanceolate, penninerved leaves, or more frequently
shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided or lobed, coiled in the bud.
Stipules usually united and leaving a stem-clasping scar. [Subfamily
=ARTOCARPOIDEAE=.] 18

17. Stem twining. Leaves opposite, lobed or the upper ones undivided.
Female flowers in catkins. Embryo spirally twisted, with narrow
cotyledons.--Species 1 (_H. Lupulus_ L., hop). Cultivated in the
extratropical regions. It is used for making beer, as a vegetable and a
fibre-plant, and in medicine. =Humulus= L.

Stem erect. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, dissected. Female
flowers in panicles. Embryo curved, with broad cotyledons.--Species 1
(_C. sativa_ L., hemp). Cultivated in various regions. It yields fibre,
oil, and an intoxicating drug (hashish). =Cannabis= Tourn.

18. Flowers enclosed within a pouch-shaped, usually bisexual receptacle
provided at the top with a small opening surrounded by bracts. Embryo
curved. Shrubs or trees.--Species 160. Some of them yield timber,
bast-fibres, bark for clothing, india-rubber, shellac, vegetables,
medicaments, and edible fruits (especially the figs, from _F. carica_
L.) which are also used for making brandy and a substitute for coffee.
Some species are poisonous or serve as ornamental plants. [Tribe
FICEAE.] =Ficus= L.

Flowers collected on a globe-, club-, disc-, or cup-shaped receptacle.
19

19. Receptacles more or less cup-shaped, containing many male flowers
and a single central female one. Stamen 1. Embryo straight. [Tribe
BROSIMEAE.] 20

Receptacles of two kinds, some containing only male flowers, the others
only female or many female intermixed with several male. Shrubs or
trees. 22

20. Perianth distinctly developed. Ovary free. Herbs or
undershrubs.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. (Including
_Cyatanthus_ Engl.) =Scyphosyce= Baill.

Perianth not distinctly developed. Ovary immersed in and adnate to the
receptacle. Trees. 21

21. Receptacles covered with peltate bracts on their whole surface.
Male flowers with, female without bracts.--Species 2. West Africa
(Congo). =Bosqueiopsis= De Wild. & Dur.

Receptacles bearing bracts on the margin only. Female flowers with,
male without bracts.--Species 6. Tropics. Some yield timber and
dye-stuffs. =Bosqueia= Thouars

22. Male flowers on a discoid or concave receptacle bearing numerous
bracts on the edge or the whole surface; female flowers on a similar
receptacle or solitary. [Tribe OLMEDIEAE.] 23

Male flowers on a globular or club-shaped receptacle bearing bracts at
the base only and between the flowers, or destitute of bracts; female
flowers on a more or less globular receptacle. [Tribe ARTOCARPEAE.] 24

23. Male inflorescences many-flowered, discoid; female 1-flowered. Male
flowers with, female without a perianth.--Species 3. Central Africa.
Poisonous, used medicinally, and yielding timber and fibre. =Antiaris=
Leschen.

Male and female inflorescences many-flowered, more or less concave.
Male flowers without, female with a perianth.--Species 2. Cultivated in
the tropics. Yielding india-rubber. =Castilloa= Cerv.

24. Inflorescences without bracts at the base. Flowers monoecious.
Stamen 1.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber,
bark used for making cloth, bast-fibres, mucilage, starch, edible
fruits, and medicaments. “Breadfruit tree.” =Artocarpus= Forst.

Inflorescences with some bracts at the base. Flowers dioecious. Stamens
1-5. 25

25. Female flowers surrounded each by two rows of very unequal bracts
or perianth-segments, not intermixed with male flowers.--Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Acanthotreculia= Engl.

Female flowers surrounded by subequal bracts and intermixed with some
male flowers.--Species 9. Tropics. Some species have edible seeds from
which also oil and meal are prepared. =Treculia= Decne.


FAMILY 54. URTICACEAE

Juice not milky. Leaves usually stipulate. Flowers unisexual, rarely
(_Parietaria)_ polygamous. Perianth simple, with 1-5 segments,
sometimes wanting in the female flowers. Stamens in the male flowers
as many as perianth-segments. Filaments broadened at the base,
bent inwards in the bud. Anthers attached by the back, opening by
longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect or ascending,
straight. Style 1 or 0. Fruit indehiscent. Seed with a thin coat and a
straight embryo, usually albuminous.--Genera 20, species 150. (Plate
32.)

1. Stamen 1. Perianth of the male flowers entire or divided in 2-3
segments, of the female entire 4-toothed or wanting. Stigma linear.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Hairs not stinging. Stipules free.
[Tribe FORSKOHLEAE.] 2

Stamens 2-5. 4

2. Flower-clusters without an involucre and not surrounded by woolly
hairs. Female flowers with a perianth.--Species 4. South and East
Africa. (_Didymodoxa_ E. Mey.) =Australina= Gaudich.

Flower-clusters with an involucre and usually surrounded by woolly
hairs. Female flowers without a perianth. 3

3. Involucral bracts free or united at the base only. Stem rough. Herbs
undershrubs or shrubs.--Species 5. =Forskohlea= L.

Involucral bracts united high up. Stem smooth. Herbs or
undershrubs.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. =Droguetia= Gaudich.

4. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, entire. Plants without stinging
hairs. Female flowers in glomerules surrounded by an involucre;
perianth 4-cleft. [Tribe PARIETARIEAE.] 5

Stipules present, very rarely rudimentary, but then leaves toothed. 6

5. Stem herbaceous. Flowers polygamous. Stigma spatulate and
recurved.--Species 8. Some are used in medicine. “Pellitory.”
=Parietaria= Tourn.

Stem woody. Flowers unisexual. Stigma linear.--Species 1. Canary
Islands. =Gesnouinia= Gaudich.

6. Plants with stinging hairs, very rarely (_Fleurya)_ almost glabrous,
and then stigma linear-oblong and shortly papillose and perianth of the
female flowers 3-4-partite. Perianth-segments of the female flowers 4,
rarely 1-3. Embryo with orbicular cotyledons. [Tribe UREREAE.] 7

Plants without stinging hairs. 12

7. Fruit straight. Stigma penicillate. Leaves opposite. Herbs.--Species
10. They yield material for spinning and paper-making and are used as
pot-herbs and in medicine. “Nettle.” =Urtica= Gaudich.

Fruit oblique. Leaves alternate. 8

8. Stigma more or less capitate. Perianth surrounding the fruit
fleshy. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs.--Species 20. Tropical and
South-East Africa. =Urera= Gaudich.

Stigma linear or oblong. 9

9. Perianth of the female flowers reduced to a single, sometimes
2-parted, large segment, more rarely consisting of 2 unequal segments.
Herbs with punctiform cystoliths.--Species 3. Tropics. =Girardinia=
Gaudich.

Perianth of the female flowers with 4 segments, of which 1-2 are
sometimes rudimentary. 10

10. Cystoliths linear. Annual herbs. Fruit gibbous, as long as or
longer than the perianth.--Species 7. South and Central Africa. They
yield fibre and fish-poison. (Plate 32.) =Fleurya= Gaudich.

Cystoliths punctiform. Perennial herbs or woody plants. 11

11. Fruit as long as or longer than the perianth, smooth.--Species 3.
Central Africa. (_Urticastrum_ Heist.) =Laportea= Gaudich.

Fruit much shorter than the membranous perianth. Shrubs.--Species 6.
Madagascar, Mascarenes, East Africa. =Obetia= Gaudich.

12. (6.) Stigma penicillate. Perianth of the female flowers 3-partite,
rarely 4-5-partite or rudimentary, free from the ovary. Embryo with
orbicular or ovate cotyledons. Cystoliths linear. Herbs or undershrubs,
rarely shrubs; in this case leaves penninerved. Stipules connate.
[Tribe PROCRIDEAE.] 13

Stigma filiform, rarely capitate and somewhat hairy, but then shrubs
with 3-nerved leaves and perianth shortly toothed and adnate to the
ovary. Perianth of the female flowers 2-4-toothed, entire, or wanting.
Embryo with elliptical or oblong cotyledons. Cystoliths usually
punctiform. Mostly woody plants. [Tribe BOEHMERIEAE.] 16

13. Leaves opposite, but sometimes the pairs consisting of unequal
leaves. Herbs. 14

Leaves alternate or subopposite, i.e., one leaf of each pair very
small, stipule-like. 15

14. Flowers on a disc-or bell-shaped receptacle.--Species 1. Abyssinia.
=Lecanthus= Wedd.

Flowers in glomerules arranged in panicles.--Species 35. Tropics. Some
are used as vegetables or textile plants. (_Adicea_ Rafin.) =Pilea=
Lindl.

15. Flowers on an expanded receptacle. Perianth-segments of the female
flowers linear or lanceolate. Herbs. Leaves unequal-sided.--Species 15.
Tropics. =Elatostema= Forst.

Flowers in glomerules or heads without an involucre. Perianth-segments
ovate. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 3. Tropics. =Procris= Juss.

16. Female flowers without a perianth. Stigma filiform. Shrubs. Leaves
alternate. Flowers in axillary glomerules.--Species 1. Naturalized on
the Island of Mauritius. =Phenax= Wedd.

Female flowers with a perianth. 17

17. Perianth of the female flowers free or almost free from the
ovary, dry or membranous in fruit. Stipules free or nearly so. Stigma
filiform. 18

Perianth of the female flowers adnate to the ovary, more or less
succulent in fruit. Stipules evidently united. Leaves alternate. Shrubs
or trees. 19

18. Stigma persistent. Perianth surrounding the fruit neither winged
nor ribbed. Leaves toothed.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa.
Two of them (especially _B. nivea_ Hook. & Arn., ramie or Chinese
grasscloth plant) are cultivated as textile plants. =Boehmeria= Jaqu.

Stigma deciduous. Perianth surrounding the fruit usually winged or
ribbed. Leaves usually entire.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa.
=Pouzolzia= Gaudich.

19. Stigma filiform, deciduous.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes.
=Pipturus= Wedd.

Stigma capitate, more or less penicillate.--Species 1. Abyssinia.
=Debregeasia= Gaudich.


ORDER PROTEALES


FAMILY 55. PROTEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely (_Brabeium_) whorled.
Stipules none. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Perianth with 4
petaloid, valvate segments, usually surrounded by excrescences of the
receptacle. Stamens 4, opposite the perianth-segments. Anthers opening
inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, ascending and inverted,
more rarely pendulous and straight, very rarely ovules 2. Style
simple, with a small stigma. Fruit a one-seeded nut or drupe. Seed
exalbuminous.--Genera 13, species 400. Southern and tropical Africa.
(Plate 33.)

1. Stamens inserted at the base of the perianth-segments; anthers
stalked. Perianth regular, divided to the base. Flowers unisexual or
polygamous. [Tribe PERSOONIEAE.] 2

Stamens inserted on the middle or the upper part of the
perianth-segments; anthers usually sessile. Perianth more or less
deeply divided, but rarely to the base. [Tribe PROTEEAE.] 3

2. Receptacle with a short cupular excrescence at the base. Ovule
pendulous. Fruit a drupe. Flowers in fascicles arranged in racemes.
Leaves whorled, undivided.--Species 1. South Africa. The fruits are
edible and used as a substitute for coffee. =Brabeium= L.

Receptacle with 4 scale-like excrescences at the base. Flowers in
spikes arranged in racemes. Leaves alternate, 2-lobed.--Species
1. Madagascar. The wood is used for torches, the seeds yield oil.
=Dilobeia= Thouars

3. Flowers unisexual, regular. 4

Flowers hermaphrodite. 5

4. Male flowers in spikes or racemes, female in heads. Bracts
narrow.--Species 3. South Africa. =Aulax= Berg

[Illustration: PROTEACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 33._

J. Fleischmann del.

Leucospermum conocarpum R. Br.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower laid open. _C_ Perianth-segment and
stamen.]

[Illustration: LORANTHACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 34._

J. Fleischmann del.

Loranthus capitatus (Spreng.) Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Lower part of the flower cut
lengthwise. _D_ Anther.]


Male and female flowers in heads. Bracts broad.--Species 75. South
Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments; the silvery-haired
leaves of the silver-tree (_L. argenteum_ R. Br.) also form an article
of commerce. =Leucadendron= Herm.

5. Flowers regular or almost so, disposed in heads which are sometimes
reduced to a single flower. Perianth-segments united below, free and
recurved above. 6

Flowers distinctly irregular. Perianth-segments more or less united,
except the hindmost, which is separated from the others. 11

6. Leaves, at least the inferior, more or less divided. 7

Leaves all undivided. 8

7. Heads arranged in sometimes very short spikes, 4-flowered. Ovary
glabrous or almost so. Fruit sessile.--Species 15. South Africa.
(_Nivenia_ R. Br.) =Paranomus= Salisb. & Knight

Heads solitary or arranged in corymbs or heads, usually many-flowered.
Ovary hairy, usually woolly or hispid. Fruit short-stalked.--Species
70. South Africa. =Serruria= Salisb.

8. Heads solitary, 4-or more-flowered. Fruit sessile.--Species 20.
South Africa. (Including _Orothamnus_ Eckl.) =Mimetes= Salisb.

Heads arranged in spikes, racemes, or umbels, 1-6-flowered. Fruit with
a short stalk. 9

9. Flowers somewhat irregular. Stigma lateral, or very oblique, or
seated in the centre of a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Heads
in lax spikes or racemes.--Species 25. South Africa. =Spatalla= Salisb.

Flowers regular. Stigma terminal or nearly so, conical or club-shaped.
10

10. Style more or less lateral, not constricted at the base.
Perianth-tube 4-angled. Inflorescence cylindrical.--Species 5. South
Africa. =Spatallopsis= Phillips

Style terminal, constricted at the base. Perianth-tube short,
not 4-angled. Inflorescence globose.--Species 12. South Africa.
=Sorocephalus= R. Br.

11. (5.) Anterior perianth-segments separating above. Anthers oblong
or ovate. Style deciduous. Fruit glabrous. Flowers in sometimes oblong
heads, usually yellow.--Species 40. South and East Africa. Some species
yield timber and bark for tanning. (Plate 33.) =Leucospermum= R. Br.

Anterior perianth-segments united almost to the top into a lip. Anthers
linear. Style persistent. Fruit covered with dense hairs. 12

12. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Anthers obtuse.--Species 15. Tropical
and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber. =Faurea= Harv.

Flowers in heads. Anthers usually with a prolonged connective.--Species
130. South and Central Africa. Some species yield timber, bark for
tanning, or medicaments. (_Leucadendron_ L.) =Protea= L.


ORDER SANTALALES


SUBORDER SANTALINEAE


FAMILY 56. SANTALACEAE

Terrestrial plants, sometimes parasitic on roots. Leaves undivided,
exstipulate, sometimes scale-like. Flowers regular. Perianth simple.
Stamens 3-6, as many as and inserted on the perianth-segments,
equalling them or shorter. Anthers stalked, 2-celled. Ovary inferior,
rarely almost superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, or ovules 2-5,
pendulous from the apex of a central or subparietal placenta. Style
simple or wanting. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without a testa, with
copious fleshy albumen; radicle of the embryo superior.--Genera 6,
Species 140. (Plate 34.)

1. Ovary superior. Ovule 1. Style absent; stigma 2-lobed. Stalk of
the fruit fleshy. Shrubs or trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used
medicinally. [Tribe ANTHOBOLEAE.] =Exocarpus= Labill.

Ovary inferior. Ovules 2-5. Style present. 2

2. Perianth-tube above the ovary coated by a disc on the inside, or
wanting. Placenta thick, straight. Ovules recurved. Stigma 3-4-parted
or 4-5-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. [Tribe OSYRIDEAE.] 3

Perianth-tube above the ovary not coated by a disc on the inside.
Placenta thin, usually flexuous. Ovules straight. Stigma entire or
obscurely 2-3-lobed. [Tribe THESIEAE.] 4

3. Leaves, at least most of them, opposite. Flowers in panicles
which are sometimes composed of false umbels, 4-6-merous,
hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stigma 4-5-lobed. Embryo with very short
cotyledons.--Species 2. South Africa. They yield timber and tanning
material. (_Rhoiocarpus_ A. DC.) =Colpoon= Berg

Leaves alternate. Flowers in false umbels, which are often arranged
in racemes, or the female and hermaphrodite solitary, 3-4-merous,
dioecious or polygamous. Stigma 3-4-partite. Embryo with long
cotyledons.--Species 8. North and East Africa to Natal. Some species
yield fragrant wood (African sandalwood), tanning and dyeing materials,
and medicaments. (Plate 34.) =Osyris= L.

4. Flowers dioecious. Perianth-tube above the ovary very shortly
campanulate; segments usually with a tuft of hairs in the male flowers.
Anther-halves elliptical. Style short.--Species 6. South Africa.
=Thesidium= Sond.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-tube above the ovary campanulate or
cylindrical; segments with tufts or rows of hairs. Anther-halves
usually oblong. Style long or rather short. 5

5. Fruit a drupe. Flowers axillary, solitary or in glomerules.
Undershrubs.--Species 7. East and South Africa. =Osyridicarpus= A. DC.

Fruit a nut.--Species 120. =Thesium= L.

[Illustration: SANTALACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 35._

J. Fleischmann del.

Osyris tenuifolia Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Male flower from above. _D_
Male flower cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: OPILIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 36._

J. Fleischmann del.

Opilia amentacea Roxb.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise.]


FAMILY 57. OPILIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers in spikes, racemes
or umbels, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx (or calyx-like excrescence
of the receptacle) entire or obscurely 4-5-toothed. Petals (or
perianth-segments) 4-5, free. Stamens equal in number and opposite
to them, free or adnate at the base. Disc present. Ovary superior or
nearly so, 1-celled, with a thick central placenta. Ovule 1, pendulous
from the apex of the placenta, with no coat. Style simple. Fruit
succulent. Seed without a testa; albumen abundant; embryo large, with
superior radicle.--Genera 2, species 15. (Under _OLACINEAE.)_ (Plate
35.)

Axis of the inflorescence with cushion-shaped swellings at the base of
the pedicels. Flowers in short racemes or umbels. Receptacle broad,
cupular. Disc lobed. Petals with inflected tips. Filaments short.
Anthers broad.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Rhopalopilia= Pierre

Axis of the inflorescence without swellings. Flowers in racemes.
Receptacle small.--Species 10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay.
(_Groutia_ Guill. & Perr., including _Urobotrya_ Stapf). (Plate 35.)
=Opilia= Roxb.


FAMILY 58. GRUBBIACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves opposite, narrow, entire, leathery. Inflorescences
axillary, cymose. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth 4-partite,
with sepaloid, valvate segments. Stamens 8, almost free from the
perianth. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled or at first
incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2, pendulous from a central or
subparietal placenta, straight, with no coat. Style simple; stigma
2-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, with a thin testa and fleshy albumen;
embryo straight, with inferior radicle. (Under _SANTALACEAE_ or
_HAMAMELIDACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 4. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Grubbia= Berg


FAMILY 59. OLACACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers regular.
Calyx usually small. Petals or corolla-lobes 3-6, nearly always valvate
in bud. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior or
nearly so, rarely half-inferior or almost inferior, 1-celled, usually
septate at the base, rarely 2-5-celled to the top. Ovules 1-5,
pendulous from the apex of a usually free placenta, inverted. Style
simple. Fruit indehiscent. Seed 1, with a small embryo and abundant
albumen.--Genera 11, species 70. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 36.)

1. Ovary superior, 1-celled, sometimes septate at the base. Ovules 2-3,
with no coat. 2

Ovary superior, 1-celled with 4-5 ovules, or completely or nearly
completely 3-4-celled, or more or less inferior. Ovules with 1-2
coats. 5

2. Filaments united into a long tube. Stamens 4-5, as many as and
opposite the divisions of the corolla. Disc 4-5-lobed. Calyx enlarged
in fruit. Flowers in racemes or panicles. [Tribe APTANDREAE.] 3

Filaments free or nearly so. [Tribe OLACEAE.] 4

3. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Ovules 2. Calyx cupular, not splitting
at the time of maturity.--Species 1. West Africa. =Aptandra= Miers

Flowers 5-merous. Ovules 3. Calyx splitting into 3 segments at the time
of maturity.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. They yield timber and
oily seeds which are also used in medicine. =Ongokea= Pierre

4. Ovules 2. Stamens 5-10. Calyx not enlarged in fruit.--Species 6.
West Africa. =Ptychopetalum= Benth.

Ovules 3. Stamens 6-12, of which 3-6 are fertile. Calyx enlarged in
fruit.--Species 40. Tropics. Some species yield timber. (Plate 36.)
=Olax= L.

5. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-6, free or nearly so.
[Tribe ANACOLOSEAE.] 6

Stamens 2-4 times as many as the petals. Ovary superior, completely or
almost completely 3-4-celled. 9

6. Ovary superior, septate at the base, with 4-5 ovules. Flowers
5-merous, in panicles.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. =Stolidia=
Baill.

Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Flowers in axillary spikes, racemes or
fascicles. 7

7. Flowers 6-merous. Calyx entire or toothed. Ovary very incompletely
2-celled. Ovules 2.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Anacolosa= Blume

Flowers 4-5-merous. Ovary completely or almost completely 3-4-celled.
Ovules 3-4. 8

8. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit a
drupe.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Strombosiopsis= Engl.

Flowers 5-merous. Calyx deeply divided. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a
berry.--Species 7. Central Africa. (Including _Lavalleopsis_ Van
Tiegh.) =Strombosia= Blume

9. Stamens 3-4 times as many as the petals, 12-20. Calyx entire, not
enlarged in fruit. Juice resinous.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.
Yields timber and edible oily seeds. [Tribe COULEAE.] =Coula= Baill.

Stamens twice as many as the petals, 8-12. Calyx 4-6-toothed. Juice not
resinous. 10

10. Anthers globose. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. Style short. Petals
5-6. Calyx much enlarged in fruit. Leaves with milky juice.--Species 3.
West Africa. [Tribe HEISTERIEAE.] =Heisteria= Jaqu.

Anthers linear. Ovary almost completely 3-4-celled. Style as long as
the ovary. Petals 4-5. Calyx not enlarged in fruit. Leaves with watery
juice.--Species 3. Tropical and South-East Africa. They yield fragrant
wood, bark for tanning, edible fruits, and oily seeds, and are also
used in medicine. [Tribe XIMENIEAE.] =Ximenia= Plum.

[Illustration: OLACACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 37._

J. Fleischmann del.

Olax Durandii Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Branch of another specimen. _C_ Flower cut
lengthwise.]

[Illustration: ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 38._

J. Fleischmann del.

Aristolochia bracteata Retz.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Lower part of the flower (the
ovary cut lengthwise).]


FAMILY 60. OCTOKNEMATACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers
in axillary racemes. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, opposite the
petals; filaments short. Disc obscure. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with
a free filiform placenta and 3 pendulous ovules. Style divided into
3-5 two-or three-cleft lobes. Fruit woody, surrounded by the fleshy
receptacle. Seeds with a thin coat; embryo minute, situated at the apex
of the 8-furrowed albumen. (Under _OLACACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Octoknema= Pierre


SUBORDER LORANTHINEAE


FAMILY 61. LORANTHACEAE

Shrubs, parasitic upon trees. Leaves undivided, exstipulate, sometimes
scale-like. Perianth simple, with 2-6 valvate segments, often
surrounded at the base by a calyx-like outgrowth of the receptacle.
Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments and inserted on
them. Ovary inferior, with 1-4 indistinctly developed ovules. Style and
stigma simple. Fruit succulent. Seeds albuminous.--Genera, 4, species
300. (Plate 37.)

1. Receptacle with a calyx-like outgrowth surrounding the base of the
perianth. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Anthers usually stalked and
opening by two longitudinal slits. Style more or less filiform. Leaves
well-developed.--Species 250. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
medicinally. (Plate 37). [Subfamily =LORANTHOIDEAE=.] =LORANTHUS= L.

Receptacle without a calyx-like outgrowth. Flowers unisexual. Anthers
sessile. [Subfamily =VISCOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Anthers adnate to the perianth; cells several or many, opening by
pores. Placenta basal. Flowers in clusters of 3 or more.--Species 50.
Some of them yield bird-lime or are used medicinally. “Mistletoe.”
[Tribe VISCEAE.] =Viscum= L.

Anthers seated on the perianth, but not adnate to it; cells 1-2,
opening by longitudinal or transverse slits. Placenta central. Leaves
scale-like. 3

3. Anthers 1-celled, opening by a transverse slit. Perianth of the
male flowers 2-5-parted, of the female 2-parted. Flowers dioecious,
solitary.--Species 1. North-West Africa. [Tribe ARCEUTHOBIEAE.]
=Arceuthobium= Marsch. Bieb.

Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Perianth 3-parted.
Flowers monoecious, disposed in rows.--Species 5. Madagascar and
neighbouring islands. (_Bifaria_ Van Tiegh.) [Tribe PHORADENDREAE.]
=Korthalsella= Van Tiegh.


SUBORDER BALANOPHORINEAE


FAMILY 62. BALANOPHORACEAE

Succulent herbs without green colour, parasitic on roots, upon which
their root-stock is seated. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in
spadix-like spikes or heads, red, unisexual. Perianth in the male
flowers of 3-6 segments, in the female 3-lobed or wanting. Stamens
as many as and opposite the perianth-segments, sometimes one of them
abortive. Ovary inferior or naked, 1-celled. Ovules 1-3, pendulous from
a central placenta or from the apex of the cell or adnate to the wall
of the ovary, without coats. Style simple, sometimes very short; stigma
entire or lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed without a testa; albumen copious;
embryo small, apical, undivided.--Genera 4, species 6. Tropical and
South Africa.

1. Fertile stamens 2. Female flowers with a 3-lobed perianth. Ovules
3. Stigma 3-lobed, borne on a long filiform style. Spadices oblong,
solitary.--Species 2. South Africa. [Subfamily =MYSTROPETALOIDEAE=.]
=Mystropetalon= Harv.

Fertile stamens 3 or more. Female flowers without a perianth, but the
base of the style sometimes surrounded by a tubular outgrowth of the
receptacle. Stigma entire or sessile. 2

2. Stamens free. Anthers globose, many-celled. Ovules 3. Stigma
sessile. Spadices panicled. Root-stock not resinous.--Species 1. South
and East Africa. [Subfamily =SARCOPHYTOIDEAE=.] =Sarcophyte= Sparrm.

Stamens united. Anthers 2-4-celled. Ovule 1. Style and stigma simple.
Spadices solitary. Root-stock resinous. [Subfamily =BALANOPHOROIDEAE=.]
3

3. Anthers 3-6, linear, 4-celled. Ovary linear. Ovule adnate to the
wall of the ovary. Perianth-segments of the male flowers linear.
Spadices hemispherical.--Species 2. Tropics. [Tribe LANGSDORFFIEAE.]
=Thonningia= Vahl

Anthers numerous, 2-celled. Ovule free, pendulous.--Species 1. Comoro
Islands. [Tribe BALANOPHOREAE.] =Balanophora= Forst.


ORDER ARISTOLOCHIALES


FAMILY 63. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Leaves alternate, entire or lobed. Flowers axillary, solitary or in
clusters, irregular, hermaphrodite. Perianth simple, corolla-like,
with a distinct tube. Stamens 5-24, adnate to the style. Anthers
opening outwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior,
4-6-celled. Ovules several or many in each cell, pendulous descending
or horizontal, inverted. Style or stigma 6-lobed. Fruit capsular. Seeds
with a small embryo and copious albumen. (Plate 38.)

Genus 1, species 30. Some are used medicinally. =Aristolochia= L.


FAMILY 64. RAFFLESIACEAE

Parasitic herbs, partly immersed in the tissue of the plants upon which
they grow. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers terminal, solitary or in
racemes, regular, unisexual. Perianth-segments 4 or more. Stamens 8 or
more; filaments united into a column. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with 4
or more parietal placentas, or several-celled with axile placentas.
Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigmas situated beneath its thickened
apex. Fruit a berry. Seeds minute, with a hard testa, oily albumen, and
undivided embryo.--Genera 2, Species 4. (_CYTINACEAE_.)

Ovary 1-celled, with usually 4 slightly projecting parietal placentas.
Ovules inverted. Anthers affixed beneath the thickened apex of the
staminal column, opening by transverse slits. Perianth-segments free.
Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under
_Apodanthes_ Poiteau). [Tribe APODANTHEAE.] =Pilostyles= Guill.

Ovary more or less completely 6-or more-celled; placentas parietal,
but much projecting, sometimes uniting in the middle. Ovules straight.
Anthers laterally affixed to the thickened apex of the staminal column,
opening by longitudinal slits. Perianth-segments united below. Flowers
in spikes, racemes, or panicles.--Species 3. North and South Africa and
Madagascar. They have edible fruits and are used medicinally. [Tribe
CYTINEAE.] =Cytinus= L.


FAMILY 65. HYDNORACEAE

Fleshy, herbaceous, leafless root-parasites with a creeping root-stock.
Flowers solitary, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth simple, fleshy,
tubular, with 3-4 (very rarely 5) valvate segments. Stamens as
many as and alternate with the perianth-segments, inserted in the
tube; filaments united; anther-cells numerous, linear, opening by
longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with many placentas
hanging down from the top of the cell. Stigma sessile. Fruit succulent.
Seeds with a hard testa, copious albumen, and undivided embryo. (Under
_CYTINACEAE_).

Genus 1, species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some are edible or used
for tanning. =Hydnora= Thunb.


ORDER POLYGONALES


FAMILY 66. POLYGONACEAE

Leaves alternate, undivided or pinnately cleft, provided at the base
with a stem-clasping sheath. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments 3-6.
Stamens 4-50. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1. Styles 2-4, free or
united at the base. Fruit a nut. Seed with an abundant, mealy albumen
and a usually lateral embryo.--Genera 9, species 120. (Plate 39.)


1. Stamens as many as perianth-segments, 6, rarely 4; occasionally
fewer than perianth-segments, and then stamens 4-5 and
perianth-segments 5-6 in the male, 6 in the female flowers; in this
case stem herbaceous and flowers monoecious. [Subfamily =RUMICOIDEAE=,
Tribe RUMICEAE.] 2

Stamens more than perianth-segments, rarely equal in number, but then
5. Herbs or undershrubs with hermaphrodite or polygamous flowers, or
shrubs. 3

2. Perianth at the time of maturity firm, tubular, tightly clasping the
fruit. Flowers unisexual. Annual herbs.--Species 2. North and South
Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. =Emex= Neck.

Perianth at the time of maturity more or less membranous, not tubular
and not clasping the fruit very tightly.--Species 45. Some are used as
vegetables, for tanning and dyeing, or in medicine. “Dock.” =Rumex= L.

3. Seed with ruminate albumen. Shrubs with 5, 7-10, or 20-50 stamens.
[Subfamily =COCCOLOBOIDEAE=.] 4

Seed with homogeneous albumen. Herbs or undershrubs, more rarely shrubs
with 6 or 12-18 stamens. [Subfamily =POLYGONOIDEAE=.] 5

4. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments 4 or 6, the outer deciduous.
Stamens 20-50. Erect shrubs or trees.--Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe
TRIPLARIDEAE.] =Symmeria= Benth.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 5, united at the base into
a tube becoming two-winged in fruit. Stamens 5-10. Mostly climbing,
tendril-bearing plants.--Species 3. West Africa. [Tribe COCCOLOBEAE.]
=Brunnichia= Banks

5. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves small. Stamens 6 or 12-18. Filaments
united at the base. [Tribe ATRAPHAXIDEAE.] 6

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Stamens 8, more rarely 5-7.
Filaments free, but sometimes inserted on a ring-shaped disc. [Tribe
POLYGONEAE.] 7

6. Perianth-segments 4, the inner much enlarged in fruit. Stamens 6,
the outer with a callosity at the base. Stigmas 2. Fruit glabrous.
Embryo lateral. Leaves ovate or orbicular.--Species 1. Egypt.
=Atraphaxis= L.

Perianth-segments 5-6, not enlarged in fruit. Stamens 12-18, with a
hairy appendage at the base. Stigmas 4. Fruit bristly. Embryo axile.
Leaves linear or subulate.--Species 1. North Africa. =Calligonum= L.

7. Perianth-segments of the hermaphrodite and female flowers united
below into a narrow tube. Flowers polygamous.--Species 17. Central
and South Africa. Some are used as vegetables and for making bread.
(Including _Raphanopsis_ Welw.) (Plate 39.) Oxygonum Burch.

Perianth-segments not united below into a narrow tube. 8

8. Seed with broad, folded cotyledons. Perianth shorter than the
fruit. Leaves cordate.--Species 1 (_F. esculentum_ Moench, buckwheat).
Cultivated as a cereal or fodder-plant. (Under _Polygonum_ L.)
=Fagopyrum= Gaertn.

[Illustration: POLYGONACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 39._

J. Fleischmann del.

Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. and Steud.) Benth. and Hook.

_A_ Fruiting plant. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit cut
lengthwise.]

[Illustration: CHENOPODIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 40._

J. Fleischmann del.

Traganum nudatum Del.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Part of a fruiting branch,. _C_ End of
a branch. _D_ Flower with bracts and bracteoles. _E_ Flower cut
lengthwise.]


Seed with narrow, not folded cotyledons.--Species 50. Some are
poisonous, others serve as ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plants, or
yield tanning and dyeing materials. =Polygonum= L.


ORDER CENTROSPERMAE


SUBORDER CHENOPODIINEAE


FAMILY 67. CHENOPODIACEAE

Stem erect, ascending, or prostrate. Leaves exstipulate, sometimes
wanting. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish. Perianth simple, of 1-5
imbricate segments, herbaceous or membranous, persistent, rarely
wanting. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or
fewer, inserted on the receptacle or the base of the perianth. Anthers
attached by the back, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal
slits, curved inwards in the bud. Ovary superior, rarely (_Beta_)
half-inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, on a basal funicle, curved. Stigmas
2-5. Fruit dehiscing by a lid or indehiscent. Seed with a curved,
peripheral embryo.--Genera 26, species 120. (_SALSOLACEAE._) (Plate 40.)

1. Embryo spiral. Albumen wanting or separated in two parts by the
embryo. 2

Embryo more or less ring-or horseshoe-shaped or folded together.
Albumen wholly or partly enclosed by the embryo, rarely wanting. 11

2. Bracteoles small, scale-like. Perianth herbaceous or fleshy. Stigmas
thread-shaped, papillose all round. Leaves glabrous, fleshy.--Species
10. Some are used as vegetables or for making soda. (Including
_Chenopodina_ Moq., _Lerchia_ Hall., _Schanginia_ C. A. Mey.,
_Schoberia_ C. A. Mey., and _Sevada_ Moq.) [Tribe SUAEDEAE.] =Suaeda=
Forsk.

Bracteoles equalling or exceeding the perianth. Perianth usually
membranous. Stigmas papillose on the inside. Leaves usually hairy.
[Tribe SALSOLEAE.] 3

3. Seed horizontal. Disc usually inconspicuous. [Subtribe SODINAE.] 4

Seed vertical. Disc usually lobed. [Subtribe ANABASINAE.] 6

4. Perianth 5-lobed, hardening to the top and wingless in the fruit.
Filaments flattened. Disc inconspicuous. Embryo in a conical spiral.
Shrubs with continuous branches and alternate leaves.--Species 2. North
Africa to the Sahara. (Plate 40.) =Traganum= Del.

Perianth 4-5-parted or of 4-5 free segments, not hardening or at the
base only and furnished with a horizontal wing in the fruit. 5

5. Branches jointed. Leaves scale-like, opposite, connate in pairs.
Shrubs. Perianth-segments free. Anthers blunt. Disc lobed, enlarged
in the fruit. Embryo in a flat spiral.--Species 2. North Africa.
=Haloxylon= Bunge

Branches continuous. Disc usually inconspicuous.--Species 20. Some of
them are used as vegetables or in medicine or furnish soda. “Saltwort.”
(Including _Caroxylon_ Thunb.) =Salsola= L.

6. Perianth of 2 inner and 3 outer segments of which two are in front
and one behind. Fruiting perianth winged, not hardened. Seed compressed
dorsally. Flowers solitary, more rarely in clusters, and then branches
jointed and leaves opposite. 7

Perianth of 3 inner and 2 outer segments of which one is in front and
one behind. Fruiting perianth more or less hardened. Seed compressed
laterally. Branches continuous. 8

7. Branches jointed. Leaves opposite, sometimes reduced to scales.
Filaments awl-shaped. Style short.--Species 5. North Africa and Nubia.
Some yield soda or are used medicinally. =Anabasis= L.

Branches continuous. Leaves alternate. Spinous shrubs. Flowers
solitary. Filaments flattened; connective pointed. Style long. Pericarp
membranous.--Species 1. North Africa. =Noaea= Moq.

8. Perianth-segments united at the base, wingless in the fruit, but one
of them sometimes produced into a prickle. Style long. Shrubs. 9

Perianth-segments free, winged in the fruit, at least some of them.
Style short. Disc lobed. Leaves alternate. Flowers in clusters. 10

9. Leaves opposite. Flowers in pairs, hermaphrodite. Disc
indistinct.--Species 1. Sahara. =Nucularia= Battand.

Leaves alternate. Flowers in clusters, polygamous. Disc lobed.--Species
2. North Africa and Northern Central Africa. =Cornulaca= Del.

10. Inner perianth-segments not winged in the fruit. Stamens with
a 2-lobed connective. Shrubs.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under
_Halogeton_ C. A. Mey.) =Agathophora= Fenzl

Inner and outer perianth-segments winged in the fruit. Stamens with a
blunt connective. Herbs.--Species 1. North-West Africa (Algeria). Used
as a vegetable or for making soda. =Halogeton= C. A. Mey.

11. (1.) Branches more or less distinctly jointed. Leaves little
developed, glabrous. Flowers in clusters, usually of 3, arising in
the axils of scale-like bracts or apparently sunk in hollows of the
rachis and collected in cone-shaped inflorescences. Stamens 1-2. [Tribe
SALICORNIEAE.] 12

Branches continuous. Leaves well developed, usually hairy. Flowers
solitary or in clusters, more rarely in spike-like inflorescences.
Stamens 3-5, more rarely 1-2. 16

12. Bracts and upper leaves alternate. 13

Bracts and upper leaves opposite. 14

13. Perianth slightly flattened from the side, 4-5-toothed, surrounded
by a wing-like border. Stamens 2. Ovule with a short funicle. Micropyle
of the ovule and radicle of the embryo inferior. Low shrubs.--Species
1. North-West Africa (Algeria). =Kalidium= Moq.

Perianth flattened from the back, 3-toothed, without a wing-like
border. Ovule with a long funicle. Micropyle and radicle superior or
ascending.--Species 2. North Africa to Nubia. Yield soda. =Halopeplis=
Bunge

14. Bracts free, peltate, deciduous. Perianth 3-parted. Stamen 1,
inserted in front. Ovule on a long, curved, almost ring-shaped funicle.
Micropyle and radicle superior. Shrubs.--Species 1. North Africa to
Eritrea. Yields soda. =Halocnemum= Marsch. Bieb.

Bracts united, persistent; flower-clusters apparently sunk in hollows
of the branch-joints. Perianth 3-4-toothed or-cleft. Stamen 1, inserted
behind, or stamens 2. Ovule on a short funicle. Micropyle and radicle
inferior. 15

15. Seed smooth or tubercled; embryo curved; albumen abundant, lateral.
Stamens 2. Stigmas 2. Shrubs.--Species 3. North and Central Africa.
They yield soda and are used in medicine. =Arthrocnemum= Moq.

Seed hairy; embryo folded together; albumen scanty and central or
wanting.--Species 4. Sea-coasts. They yield soda and are used in
medicine. =Salicornia= L.

16. Flowers unisexual, sometimes intermixed with a few hermaphrodite,
of two kinds, the male and hermaphrodite with a 3-5-parted perianth and
without bracteoles, the female without a perianth, but with 2 sometimes
united or 2-parted bracteoles. Stamens 3-5. Leaves glabrous, mealy or
cottony, usually hastate. [Tribe ATRIPLICEAE.] 17

Flowers hermaphrodite, sometimes intermixed with similar unisexual
ones, all with 4-5 perianth-segments. 19

17. Bracteoles small, narrow, free, unchanged in the fruiting
stage, not enclosing the fruit. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 5.
Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa and St. Helena. =Exomis= Fenzl

Bracteoles large, broad, usually united and hardening, completely
enclosing the fruit. 18

18. Bracteoles united nearly to the top, hardened in the fruit and
sometimes prolonged into 2-4 prickles. Flowers dioecious. Stigmas
4-5. Stem and leaves glabrous. Herbs.--Species 1 (_S. oleracea_ L.,
spinach). Cultivated in the extra-tropical regions. It serves as a
vegetable; the seeds are sometimes used for making bread. =Spinacia= L.

Bracteoles free and herbaceous, or more or less united, but not
nearly to the top, and at length hardened. Stigmas 2-3. Stem and
leaves clothed, when young, with bladdery hairs, afterwards mostly
with a close minute whitish pubescence.--Species 20. Some are used as
vegetables, for making soda, in medicine, or as ornamental plants.
“Orache.” (Including _Obione_ Gaertn.) =Atripex= L.

19. Ovary half-inferior. Perianth-segments connivent in the fruit.
Fruit dehiscing by a lid. Herbs with a fleshy taproot. Bracteoles
usually present.--Species 3. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; one
of them (_B. vulgaris_ L., beet) also cultivated in South Africa and
Madagascar. The latter species yields sugar, vegetables, fodder, and a
substitute for coffee and tobacco. [Tribe BETEAE.] =Beta= L.

Ovary superior. Fruit indehiscent, rarely dehiscing by a lid, but then
perianth-segments spreading in the fruit. 20

20. Flowers with bracteoles, solitary. Perianth membranous, unchanged
in the fruit; segments erect. Stigmas 2. Ovule on a long funicle.
Pericarp membranous. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves subulate, rigid,
pungent.--Species 1. North-West Africa (Algeria). [Tribe POLYCNEMEAE.]
=Polycnemum= L.

Flowers without bracteoles. 21

21. Perianth 4-5-lobed, membranous. Leaves narrow, clothed with thin
hairs. [Tribe CAMPHOROSMEAE.] 22

Perianth 5-parted, rarely 4-parted or 5-lobed, more or less herbaceous.
Leaves usually broad and clothed with bladdery hairs. 25

22. Perianth unequally 4-toothed, scarcely changed in the fruit.
Stamens 4. Seed erect. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Flowers in spikes.
Undershrubs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Camphorosma=
L.

Perianth 5-toothed, 5-lobed, or 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Seed nearly always
horizontal. Embryo ring-shaped. Flowers solitary or in clusters, in the
axils of the leaves. 23

23. Fruiting perianth unchanged and unappendaged. Undershrubs.--Species
3. North and South Africa. =Chenolea= Thunb.

Fruiting perianth winged, gibbous, or prickly. 24

24. Fruiting perianth gibbous or prickly.--Species 2. North Africa.
(_Echinopsilon_ Moq., under _Chenolea_ Thunb. or _Kochia_ Roth).
=Bassia= All.

Fruiting perianth with one or several wings.--Species 3. South Africa
to Hereroland and North Africa to Nubia. =Kochia= Roth

25. Fruit not enclosed in the perianth, dehiscing with a lid.
Perianth-segments spreading, linear-oblong. Stamens 5, much shorter
than the perianth. Stigmas 2, short. Leaves elliptical or lanceolate,
entire, glabrous. Undershrubs.--Species 1. North-West Africa (Algeria).
=Oreobliton= Durieu & Moq.

Fruit wholly or partly enclosed in the perianth, indehiscent. Leaves
usually broad, toothed, and mealy or glandular-hairy.--Species 25.
Some of them yield edible seeds, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as
vegetables or ornamental plants; several are poisonous. “Goosefoot.”
(Including _Blitum_ L. and _Roubieva_ Moq.) [Tribe CHENOPODIEAE.]
=Chenopodium= L.


FAMILY 68. AMARANTACEAE

Leaves without stipules. Perianth more or less dry, simple, of
1-5 imbricate segments. Stamens as many as and opposite the
perianth-segments or fewer. Anthers attached by the back, opening
inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules
erect or suspended from a basal funicle, curved. Fruit dehiscing by a
lid or indehiscent. Embryo surrounding the mealy albumen.--Genera 32,
species 200. (Plate 41.)

1. Anthers 1-celled. Ovule 1. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves
opposite. Inflorescences head-or shortly spike-shaped. [Subfamily
=GOMPHRENCIDEAE=, tribe GOMPHRENEAE.] 2

Anthers 2-celled. [Subfamily =AMARANTOIDEAE=.] 4

2. Stigma 1, capitate. Fertile stamens alternating with
staminodes.--Species 7. Some are used as ornamental plants, others
are noxious weeds. (Including _Telanthera_ R. Br.) [Subtribe
FROEHLICHINAE.] =Alternanthera= Forsk.

Stigmas 2-4, subulate. [Subtribe GOMPHRENINAE.] 3

3. Filaments entire.--Species 1. Central Africa. (_Philoxerus_ R. Br.)
=Iresine= L.

Filaments fringed, toothed, or 3-parted.--Species 1. Tropical and South
East Africa. A weed, sometimes used as an ornamental plant. =Gomphrena=
L.

4. Ovule 1. [Tribe AMARANTEAE.] 5

Ovules 2 or more, very rarely ovule 1, erect; in this case filaments
united below into a membranous tube and flowers hermaphrodite. [Tribe
CELOSIEAE.] 32

5. Ovule erect. Radicle of the embryo descending. Filaments free
or united in a ring at the base. Flowers unisexual, polygamous, or
hermaphrodite but intermixed with sterile ones. Leaves alternate.
[Subtribe AMARANTINAE.] 6

Ovule pendulous. Radicle of the embryo ascending. [Subtribe
ACHYRANTHINAE.] 9

6. Perianth spreading. Filaments united at the base. Stigmas 3. Fruit
a berry. Shrubs. Flowers polygamous, in spikes or racemes.--Species 1.
Canary Islands. =Bosia= L.

Perianth erect. Herbs or undershrubs. 7

7. Flowers unisexual or polygamous; no sterile ones. Filaments
free.--Species 20. Some of them have edible seeds or are used as
vegetables, in medicine or as ornamental plants. (Including _Albersia_
Kunth, _Amblogyna_ Rafin., and _Euxolus_ Rafin.) =Amarantus= L.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Partial inflorescences consisting of one fertile
and two sterile flowers. 8

8. Sterile flowers comb-shaped. Filaments free. Style short; stigma
2-lobed.--Species 1. Tropical and North Africa. Used as a vegetable.
=Digera= Forsk.

Sterile flowers wing-shaped. Filaments united at the base. Style
long; stigmas 2.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).
=Pleuropterantha= Franch.

9. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. 10

Flowers in clusters of two or more; usually some of them sterile. 20

10. Spurious staminodes (sterile processes) interposed between the
fertile stamens. 11

Spurious staminodes wanting. 18

11. Perianth densely covered with silky or woolly hairs. 12

Perianth glabrous or scantily hairy. 15

12. Perianth-segments firmly leathery, silky-hairy, 3-nerved. Shrubs.
Leaves alternate, fleshy.--Species 1. South Africa to Damaraland.
(Under _Sericocoma_ Fenzl). =Calicorema= Hook. fil.

Perianth-segments more or less membranous. 13

13. Branches jointed. Leaves very small, opposite, ovate, acuminate.
Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Hereroland).
=Arthraerua= Schinz

Branches continuous. 14

14. Perianth-segments silky, more or less thickened and hardened at the
base, 1-nerved. Flowers small. Ovary hairy. Stigma capitate.--Species
8. Southern and Central Africa. =Sericocoma= Fenzl

Perianth-segments woolly, not thickened. Flowers very small, in dense
spikes.--Species 10. Some are used as vegetables or as ornamental
plants. (_Ouret_ Adans.) =Aerva= Forsk.

15. Spurious staminodes minute, narrow, acute, unappendaged.
Perianth-segments brownish-red, stiff-leathery, large, oblong,
3-nerved. Inflorescence head-like, ovoid. Leaves usually alternate.
Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola and Congo).
=Mechowia= Schinz

Spurious staminodes more or less quadrate, fringed or appendaged.
Leaves opposite. 16

16. Spurious staminodes fringed below the top. Perianth-segments erect,
oblong, blunt, thickened below. Flowers erect, spicate. Leaves small,
sessile, linear-oblong. Herbs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. (Under
_Pandiaka_ Hook. fil.) =Argyrostachys= Lopr.

Spurious staminodes fringed at the top or prolonged into appendages.
Perianth-segments pointed. Flowers usually bent downwards. 17

17. Perianth-segments red or yellow, elliptical, hardened at the base,
faintly 1-5-nerved. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 7. Central Africa
to Transvaal. =Centema= Hook. fil.

Perianth-segments white, green or brown, lanceolate, stiff-leathery,
usually 3-ribbed.--Species 30. Some of them yield a substitute for soap
or are used in medicine. (Including _Achyropsis_ Moq. and _Pandiaka_
Moq.) (Plate 41.) =Achyranthes= L.

18. (10.) Stamens 1-2. Perianth-segments 3-5, membranous, woolly,
1-nerved. Herbs.--Species 1. Tropics. =Nothosaerua= Wight

Stamens 4-5. 19

19. Outer perianth-segments densely clothed with silky hairs, faintly
3-nerved. Style slender. Shrubs.--Species 2. Northern East Africa
(Somaliland). =Chionothrix= Hook. fil.

Outer perianth-segments glabrous or scantily hairy, with 3 strong
ribs. Flowers greenish.--Species 15. Central and South East Africa.
(Including _Psilostachys_ Hochst.) =Psilotrichum= Blume

[Illustration: AMARANTACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 41._

J. Fleischmann del.

Achyranthes angustifolia Benth.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Branch of the inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut
lengthwise.]

[Illustration: NYCTAGINACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 42._

J. Fleischmann del.

Pisonia aculeata L.

_A_ Branch with inflorescences. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Female flower. _D_
Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Fruit cut lengthwise. _G_
Group of fruits.]


20. (9.) Spurious staminodes interposed between the stamens. 21

Spurious staminodes none. 26

21. Spurious staminodes small, entire. Ovary hairy. Either perianth
clothed with long silky hairs or leaves alternate. 22

Spurious staminodes usually quadrate and fringed, more rarely narrow,
but then perianth not clothed with long silky hairs and leaves (as
nearly always) opposite. 23

22. Ovary with a horn-like appendage.--Species 6. South and Central
Africa. (Under _Sericocoma_ Fenzl). =Cyphocarpa= Lopr.

Ovary without a horn. (See 14.) =Sericocoma= Fenzl

23. Partial inflorescences consisting of 3 fertile flowers without
sterile ones. Perianth hairy. Erect shrubs.--Species 4. South and
Central Africa. (Under _Sericocoma_ Fenzl or _Cyphocarpa_ Lopr.)
=Sericocomopsis= Schinz

Partial inflorescences consisting of fertile and sterile flowers, or of
2 fertile ones only. 24

24. Stem woody, climbing. Leaves ovate. Sterile flowers reduced to long
tufts of hairs. Perianth glabrous. Spurious staminodes narrow, entire
or toothed.--Species 2. Equatorial regions (Uganda and Cameroons).
=Sericostachys= Gilg & Lopr.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, erect or ascending. Sterile
flowers usually reduced to spines. Spurious staminodes usually broad
and fringed. 25

25. Perianth-segments thickened and hardening at the base, yellow or
red. (See 17.) =Centema= Hook. fil.

Perianth-segments not hardening.--Species 15. Tropical and South
Africa. Some are used in medicine. (_Desmochaeta_ DC.) =Cyathula= Lour.

26. (20.) Partial inflorescences consisting of 2 fertile flowers
without sterile ones, and arranged in globose heads. Perianth white,
with silky hairs. Ovary hairy. Shrubs.--Species 1. German South-West
Africa. (Under _Marcellia_ Baill., _Sericocomopsis_ Schinz, or
_Sericocoma_ Fenzl). =Leucosphaera= Gilg

Partial inflorescences consisting of fertile and sterile flowers, the
latter sometimes reduced to bristles or spines. 27

27. Perianth-segments thickened and hardened at the base, yellow or
red. Ovary glabrous. (See 17.) =Centema= Hook. fil.

Perianth-segments not hardening. 28

28. Sterile flowers consisting of hooked spines.--Species 6. Tropical
and South Africa. =Pupalia= Juss.

Sterile flowers consisting of not hooked spines, bristles, or hairs. 29

29. Partial inflorescences consisting of 2 fertile and 2 sterile
flowers, the latter reduced to bristles or spines. Ovary hairy. Herbs
or undershrubs.--Species 10. Southern West Africa to Namaland. (Under
_Sericocoma_ Fenzl). =Marcellia= Baill.

Partial inflorescences consisting of 1-3 fertile and 4-6 sterile
flowers. Ovary glabrous. 30

30. Partial inflorescences consisting of 1-3 fertile and 4-6
sterile flowers, the latter reduced to branched spines. Collective
inflorescence interrupted below. Style very short. Herbs.--Species 2.
South Africa and German South-West Africa. (Under _Marcellia_ Baill. or
_Sericocoma_ Fenzl). =Sericorema= Lopr.

Partial inflorescences consisting of 3 fertile and 6 sterile
flowers, the latter reduced to long simple spines or bristles. Style
thread-shaped. 31

31. Sterile flowers elongating in the fruit into yellow spines.
Herbs.--Species 1. German East Africa. (Under _Marcellia_ Baill.)
=Kentrosphaera= Volk.

Sterile flowers elongating in the fruit into yellow or brown, rather
soft bristles. Shrubs.--Species 3. East Africa. (Under _Marcellia_
Baill.) =Dasysphaera= Volk.

32. (4.) Perianth-segments spreading. Style short, with 2-4 stigmas.
Fruit succulent, baccate. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves ovate.--Species
1. Tropics. =Deeringia= R. Br.

Perianth-segments erect. Fruit dry. 33

33. Fruit opening lengthwise. Style very short, with 2-3 stigmas.
Filaments united at the base only. Leaves narrow. Shrubs.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Henonia= Moq.

Fruit opening by a lid. Herbs or undershrubs. 34

34. Spurious staminodes longer than the stamens, 2-lobed. Style short.
Leaves narrow.--Species 10. South Africa and southern Central Africa.
=Hermbstaedtia= Reichb.

Spurious staminodes shorter than the stamens or wanting.--Species 30.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as vegetables or as textile,
ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plants. (Including Lestiboudesia
Thou.) =Celosia= L.


SUBORDER PHYTOLACCINEAE


FAMILY 69. NYCTAGINACEAE

Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers regular. Perianth simple,
but often surrounded by a calyx-like involucre, 3-6-lobed, valvate or
folded in the bud, persistent. Stamens with the filaments united below;
connective narrow; anthers opening laterally. Ovary superior, 1-celled.
Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style 1, lateral. Fruit a nut, enclosed by
the enlarged and hardened perianth. Seed albuminous.--Genera 5, species
30. (Plate 42.)

1. Seed with a straight embryo. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite.
Flowers in corymbs, inconspicuous. Involucre consisting of 2-3
small bracts. Perianth tubular or campanulate, 4-5-toothed. Stamens
5-15.--Species 6. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate 42.) [Tribe
PISONIEAE.] =Pisonia= Plum.

Seed with a curved embryo. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or
trees, but then leaves alternate or fascicled and flowers in fascicles.
Stamens 1-10. [Tribe MIRABILEAE.] 2

2. Stem woody, spinous. Leaves alternate or fascicled. Flowers
in fascicles. Stamens 5-10, unequal. Ovary oblong. [Subtribe
BOUGAINVILLEINAE.] 3

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, not spinous. Leaves
opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary ovoid or globose. [Subtribe
BOERHAVIINAE.] 4

3. Clusters of flowers surrounded by an involucre of 3 large, coloured
bracts. Fruit not winged. Leaves scattered.--Species 1. Naturalized in
the tropics. Ornamental plant. =Bougainvillea= Commers.

Clusters of flowers without an involucre. Fruit winged. Leaves
fascicled.--Species 2. South Africa, southern West Africa, and
Madagascar. (Including _Amphoranthus_ S. Moore). =Phaeoptilon= Radlk.

4. Flowers large, surrounded by a calyx-like, 4-5-cleft
involucre.--Species 1 (_M. Jalapa_ L., marvel of Peru). Naturalized in
various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant. =Mirabilis= L.

Flowers surrounded singly or in clusters by some early deciduous
bracts.--Species 20. Some of them are used as vegetables or in
medicine. =Boerhavia= L.


FAMILY 70. CYNOCRAMBACEAE


Herbs. Leaves undivided, stipulate, the lower opposite, the upper
alternate. Flowers monoecious, the male in groups of 2-4 opposite the
leaves, the female in axillary clusters of 3. Perianth of the male
flowers 2-3-parted, valvate in bud, of the female tubular, 2-4-toothed.
Stamens 10-30, free; anthers linear. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule
1, basal, curved, with the micropyle turned downwards. Style simple,
basal. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a curved embryo and cartilaginous
albumen. (_THELIGONACEAE_, under _CHENOPODIACEAE_ or _URTICACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 1. North Africa. (_Theligonum_ L.) =Cynocrambe= Gaertn.


FAMILY 71. PHYTOLACCACEAE


Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Flowers in racemes or
spikes, bracteolate. Perianth 4-5-parted, herbaceous or membranous,
coloured, imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens 3-33,
hypogynous. Filaments free or united at the base. Anthers affixed at
the back, opening by two longitudinal slits. Carpels superior. Ovules
solitary in each ovary-cell or in each distinct carpel, basal, curved;
micropyle turned downwards and outwards. Seed with an annular embryo
surrounding the albumen.--Genera 5, species 15.

1. Style 1, undivided. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 4. Anthers linear.
Perianth 4-parted. Flowers in racemes. Leaves elliptical. Undershrubs.
[Tribe RIVINEAE.] 2

Styles 2 or more, free or nearly so. Perianth neatly always 5-parted. 3

2. Flowers irregular. Fruit nearly dry. Species 1. Tropics. Used
medicinally. (_Mohlana_ Mart.) =Hilleria= Vell.

Flowers regular. Fruit succulent. Species 1. Naturalized in the
tropics. Used as an ornamental and a dye-plant. =Rivina= Plum.

3. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Stamens 3-5. Anthers ovate or globose.
Flowers in spikes. Leaves linear.--Species 4. South Africa and southern
West Africa. (Including _Lophiocarpus_ Turcz. and _Wallinia_ Moq.)
=Microtea= Swartz

Ovary solitary, 2-16-celled, or several separate ovaries. Stamens 6-33.
Leaves lanceolate, elliptical, or ovate. [Tribe PHYTOLACCEAE.] 4

4. Carpels 2. Stamens numerous. Fruit dry, capsular. Climbing
shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Barbeuia= Thouars

Carpels 5-16. Fruit succulent, baccate.--Species 8, five of them
spontaneous in tropical and South Africa, the others cultivated and
sometimes naturalized in various regions. They yield vegetables,
dyes (chiefly from _Ph. decandra_ L.), a substitute for soap, and
medicaments; some are poisonous. “Poke.” (Including _Pircunia_ Moq.)
=Phytolacca= L.


FAMILY 72. AIZOACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.
Flowers regular. Perianth usually simple. Stamens 3 or more. Ovary
usually several-celled. Ovules curved or inverted. Fruit dry. Seeds
with a curved embryo and a usually mealy albumen.--Genera 20, species
480. (_FICOIDEAE_ or _MESEMBRIACEAE_). (Plate 43.)

1. Perianth divided to the base or nearly so, free from the ovary.
[Subfamily =MOLLUGINOIDEAE=.] 2

Perianth with a distinct tube sometimes adnate to the ovary, simple.
[Subfamily =FICOIDEAE=.] 11

2. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Ovule 1, suspended from a basal funicle.
Style 1. Stamens 5. Perianth simple. Flowers in panicles. Leaves
whorled.--Species 7. South Africa. =Adenogramma= Reichb.

Ovary solitary but 2-or more-celled, or several separate ovaries. 3

3. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Inflorescence cymose. [Tribe LIMEAE.]
4

Ovary 3-7-celled, or 3-5 separate ovaries. 5

4. Perianth of 4 thin-membranous, fringed segments, surrounded by
bracts. Stamens 4, much exceeding the perianth. Fruit capsular. Flowers
in false spikes. Leaves stipulate.--Species 1. South Africa. =Polpoda=
Presl

Perianth of 5 herbaceous entire segments, to which 3-5 petals are
sometimes added. Stamens 5-10, not or scarcely exceeding the perianth.
Fruit separating in two nutlets. Leaves exstipulate.--Species 15. South
and Central Africa. (Including _Semonvillea_ Gay). =Limeum= L.

5. Carpels separate. Ovules solitary. Perianth simple. Flowers in
cymes. Leaves opposite.--Species 5. Some of them are used as vegetables
or in medicine. =Giesekia= L.

Carpels united in the ovarial portion. 6

6. Ovary-cells one-ovuled. Stamens 5. Perianth simple. Flowers
in panicles.--Species 5. South Africa and southern West Africa.
=Psammatropha= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Ovary-cells several-or many-ovuled. 7

7. Petals or petaloid staminodes numerous, united at the base. Stamens
numerous. Flowers conspicuous. Leaves exstipulate, fleshy.--Species 1
=Orygia= Forsk.

Petals none, but the stamens sometimes intermixed with staminodes.
Leaves stipulate. 8

8. Styles linear or slightly club-shaped. Stipules membranous, entire. 9

Styles obovate or wedge-shaped. Stipules fringed or sheath-like. 10

9. Ovules with a long funicle. Seeds crowned by an appendage of the
funicle. Pericarp firm.--Species 3. Used in medicine. =Glinus= L.

Ovules with a short funicle. Seeds without an appendage of the
funicle. Pericarp thin. Stamens 3-10. Glabrous herbs with narrow
leaves.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used
in medicine. =Mollugo= L.

10. Disc cup-shaped, lobed or divided. Stamens 3-5. Stipules
fringed.--Species 17. South Africa, Madagascar, St. Helena.
=Pharnaceum= L.

Disc none. Stipules sheath-like. Leaves thread-shaped.--Species 4.
South Africa. =Hyperstelis= E. Mey.

11. (1.) Ovary superior. Petals none. 12

Ovary inferior. [Tribe MESEMBRIANTHEMEAE.] 18

12. Fruit transversely dehiscent, circumscissile. Leaves opposite.
[Tribe SESUVIEAE.] 13

Fruit longitudinally dehiscent, loculicidal or septicidal. [Tribe
AIZOEAE.] 14

13. Ovary 1-2-celled. Ovules solitary or few, basal or subbasal.
Pericarp thick in the upper part. Seed-coat wrinkled.--Species 10. Some
of them are used as vegetables or in medicine. (Plate 43.) =Trianthema=
L.

Ovary 3-5-rarely 2-celled. Ovules numerous, axile. Pericarp thin.
Seed-coat smooth. Flowers red.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa.
Some of them have edible seeds, or serve as vegetables. (Including
_Diplochonium_ Fenzl and _Halimus_ Rumph.) =Sesuvium= L.

14. Stamens 4-5. Ovary-cells and styles 3. 15

Stamens 8 or more. 16

15. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Filaments long. Fruit roundish. Shrubs
with silky hairs. Leaves all cauline, opposite or alternate,
imbricate, triangular-ovate, without stipules. Flowers axillary,
yellowish.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Plinthus= Fenzl

Ovary-cells several-ovuled. Filaments short. Fruit linear-oblong.
Glabrous herbs. Radical leaves lanceolate to ovate, with fringed
stipules; cauline leaves whorled, filiform. Flowers in cymes,
whitish-green.--Species 2. South Africa. =Coelanthum= E. Mey.

16. Stamens numerous. Ovary 4-5-celled. Styles 4-5. Ovules 2 or more in
each cell. Flowers yellow.--Species 12. Some of them have edible seeds.
=Aizoon= L.

Stamens 8-10, rarely more, but then ovary 2-celled and styles 2. Ovules
1 or 2 in each cell. 17

17. Stamens 10 or more. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Ovules basal. Stem
glabrous.--Species 4. South Africa. =Acrosanthes= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Stamens 8, rarely 10, but then ovary 3-5-celled, styles 3-5, and stem
hairy or warty. Ovules pendulous, 1 in each cell.--Species 20. South
Africa to Angola. =Galenia= L.

18. (11.) Petals (or petaloid staminodes) numerous. Stamens numerous.
Ovary 4-20-celled, with many basal or parietal ovules. Fruit a
capsule.--Species 330. Some of them have edible fruits or seeds or
serve as vegetables, as ornamental or medicinal plants, or for making
soda. =Mesembrianthemum= L.

Petals (or petaloid staminodes) none. Ovary 2-8-celled with one
pendulous ovule in each cell, or ovary 1-celled. Fruit a nut or drupe.
Leaves alternate. 19

19. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 4, two of them shorter than the others
and without a stigma.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Namaland).
=Anisostigma= Schinz

Ovary 2-8-, very rarely 1-celled. Styles as many as
ovary-cells.--Species 35. Southern and Central Africa. One species (_T.
expansa_ Murr., New Zealand spinach) is cultivated as a vegetable in
various regions. =Tetragonia= L.


SUBORDER PORTULACINEAE


FAMILY 73. PORTULACACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Flowers regular or nearly so,
hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, free or united at the base, imbricate in the
bud. Petals 4-6, free or united at the base, falling off very early.
Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, or fewer, or more numerous.
Ovary usually superior and 1-celled. Ovules basal or affixed to a free
central placenta, curved, the micropyle lateral or inferior. Style
2-8-cleft or parted, rarely (_Portulaca_) undivided. Fruit a capsule or
a nut. Seeds albuminous; embryo more or less curved.--Genera 6, species
35. (Plate 44.)

1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by
a lid.--Species 12. Some are used as vegetables, fodder-, medicinal, or
ornamental plants. “Purslane.” [Tribe PORTULACEAE.] =Portulaca= L.

Ovary superior. Fruit dehiscing by valves or indehiscent. [Tribe
CALANDRINIEAE.] 2

2. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Style-branches 2. Stamens
numerous. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Talinella= Baill.

Ovary 1-celled with 1, 3, or many ovules. Style-branches 3. 3

[Illustration: AIZOACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 43._

J. Fleischmann del.

Trianthema pentandrum L.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_
Mericarp cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: PORTULACACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 44._

J. Fleischmann del.

Talinum cuneifolium Willd.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Seed.]

3. Ovule 1. Stamens 4-7. Petals reddish. Fruit indehiscent.
Shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. Used as ornamental or fodder-plants.
=Portulacaria= Jacq.

Ovules 3 or more. Stamens 3 or 8-30. Fruit 3-valved. Herbs or
undershrubs. 4

4. Ovules 3. Stamens 3. Corolla 5-cleft, slightly irregular, white.
Calyx persistent.--Species 1. North Africa and subantarctic islands.
Used as a vegetable. =Montia= L.

Ovules numerous. Stamens 8-30. Corolla of 5 free or almost free petals,
regular. Calyx deciduous. 5

5. Stipules present, but sometimes reduced to a tuft of hairs. Embryo
slightly curved.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. =Anacampseros= L.

Stipules absent. Embryo ring-shaped. Funicle of the seed with an
appendage.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as vegetables.
(Plate 44.) =Talinum= Adans.


FAMILY 74. BASELLACEAE

Glabrous, twining herbs. Leaves alternate, broad, entire. Flowers in
spikes, racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, adnate
to the corolla at the base. Corolla 5-cleft or 5-parted, imbricate in
the bud, persistent. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-lobes and affixed
to them at the base. Filaments straight or bent outwards in the bud.
Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1,
basal, curved; micropyle inferior. Style 3-partite. Fruit indehiscent.
Seed albuminous; embryo curved or spirally twisted.--Genera 2, species
4, Tropics. (Under _CHENOPODIACEAE_ or _PORTULACACEAE._)

Flowers sessile, in spikes or panicles. Filaments broadened below.
Stigmas entire. Pericarp membranous. Seed subglobose. Embryo
spiral.--Species 3, two spontaneous in East Africa and Madagascar,
the third cultivated in various tropical countries. They are used as
vegetables, in medicine, and as dye-plants. =Basella= L.

Flowers short-stalked, in racemes. Filaments thread-shaped. Stigmas
forked. Pericarp somewhat fleshy. Seed sublenticular. Embryo
semicircular.--Species 1. Cultivated in various regions and naturalized
in the Mascarene Islands. Used as a vegetable or an ornamental plant.
=Boussaingaultia= H. B. & K.


SUBORDER CARYOPHYLLINEAE


FAMILY 75. CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided. Perianth
usually separated into calyx and corolla. Stamens 1-10. Ovary 1-celled
or incompletely 2-5-celled, superior, rarely (_Sclerocephalus_)
half-inferior. Ovules on basal or central placentas, with a distinct
funicle, curved or inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually
curved.--Genera 45, species 280. (Including _PARONYCHIEAE_ or
_ILLECEBRACEAE_, _ALSINACEAE_, and _SILENACEAE_.) (Plate 45.)

1. Sepals free or united up to the insertion of the stamens. Petals not
distinctly clawed, sometimes wanting. Receptacle concave or small and
rather flat. [Subfamily =ALSINOIDEAE=.] 2

Sepals united beyond the insertion of the stamens. Petals present,
usually clawed. Receptacle stalk-like or small and flat. Styles free.
[Subfamily =SILENOIDEAE=.] 35

2. Fruit indehiscent or irregularly bursting at the base, rarely at
the top. Ovule 1, rarely ovules 2, and then sepals 5. Petals usually
scale-like or wanting. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate; in the
latter case styles 2. 3

Fruit opening from the top by teeth or valves. Ovules numerous,
rarely 2, and then sepals 4, very rarely ovule 1; in this case leaves
exstipulate and styles 3. Petals usually perfectly developed. 16

3. Flowers in clusters of 3, the middle one hermaphrodite, the side
flowers male or rudimentary. Stamens nearly hypogynous. Style 1.
Ovule one. Embryo almost straight. Leaves opposite, stipulate. [Tribe
PTERANTHEAE.] 4

Flowers all alike. Stamens perigynous. 6

4. Stamens 2-3. Staminodes and petals absent. Sepals 5. Stigmas 3.
Clusters of flowers on a rather thin stalk, with entire involucral
bracts. Shrubs.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Dicheranthus= Webb

Stamens 4-5. Clusters of flowers with pinnately divided involucral
bracts. Herbs. 5

5. Sepals 4. Petals and staminodes none. Stamens 4. Stigmas 2. Clusters
of flowers on a much broadened and hollow stalk.--Species 1. North
Africa. =Pteranthus= Forsk.

Sepals 5. Petals or staminodes 5. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Clusters of
flowers on a rather thin stalk.--Species 1. Northern East Africa to
Egypt. =Cometes= L.

6. Leaves exstipulate. Petals none. Styles 2. Ovule 1. Herbs. Leaves
opposite.--Species 3. North Africa, Abyssinia, and South Africa. [Tribe
SCLERANTHEAE.] =Scleranthus= L.

Leaves stipulate. [Tribe PARONYCHIEAE.] 7

7. Ovule 1. 8

Ovules 2. Undershrubs. 15

8. Style-branches, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 2, very rarely 1, and then
style very short. 9

Style-branches, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 3, very rarely 1, but then
style elongated. 13

9. Stem woody, shrubby, nodose. Bracts brown. Sepals mucronate. Petals
5, thread-shaped. Style elongated. Stigmas 2.--Species 1. Island of
Socotra. =Lochia= Balf. fil.

Stem herbaceous, rarely woody at the base; in the latter case sepals
obtuse. 10

10. Flowers in globose heads; involucre becoming prickly. Sepals
prickly beneath the tip. Petals wanting. Ovary adnate below to the
calyx-tube. Fruit bursting at the top.--Species 1. North Africa and
Cape Verde Islands. =Sclerocephalus= Boiss.

Flowers in fascicles; involucre not prickly. Petals thread-shaped or
wanting. Ovary free. 11

11. Sepals blunt, green. Style very short; stigmas 2. Embryo curved.
Stipules small.--Species 10. North and South Africa, Abyssinia, Cape
Verde Islands. Some are used in medicine. =Herniaria= L.

Sepals more or less hooded, with a dorsal point beneath the tip. 12

12. Seed with a straight embryo. Stigma 1, entire or 2-lobed, nearly
sessile. Stamens 5. Petals thread-shaped. Sepals white. Leaves in false
whorls; stipules very small.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used in
medicine. =Illecebrum= L.

Seed with a curved embryo. Stigma 1, two-lobed, or more frequently
stigmas 2. Stipules large or rather large.--Species 15. North Africa
and northern Central Africa. Some are used in medicine or yield a
substitute for tea. =Paronychia= Juss.

13. Sepals awned. Petals awl-shaped. Style long, with 3 stigmas. Low
shrubs with knotty branches. Leaves narrow.--Species 1. North Africa.
=Gymnocarpos= Forsk.

Sepals blunt. Petals scale-like. Style long with 1 stigma, or short
with 3 stigmas. Herbs. 14

14. Style long, with 1 stigma. Leaves whorled, obovate.--Species 1.
Island of Socotra. =Haya= Balf. fil.

Style short, with 3 stigmas. Leaves opposite or alternate,
narrow.--Species 3. North and South Africa and mountains of East Africa
and Madagascar. =Corrigiola= L.

15. (7.) Petals 5. Stamens 5. Embryo curved. Leaves linear,
fleshy.--Species 1. Nubia. =Sphaerocoma= Anders.

Petals none. Stamens 1-2. Embryo straight or almost so. Leaves
lanceolate, flat.--Species 2. South and Central Africa. =Pollichia=
Soland.

16. (2.) Styles united below. [Tribe POLYCARPEAE.] 17

Styles free from the base. 22

17. Sepals 4, concave, minutely toothed. Petals none. Stamens 3. Ovules
few. Style short; stigmas 2. Flowers solitary, axillary, with two
bracteoles. Leaves very small, densely crowded.--Species 1. Island of
Kerguelen. =Lyallia= Hook.

Sepals 5. Stamens 3-5. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 3 or 1. 18

18. Petals none. Sepals keeled, entire. Stamens 3. Leaves linear.
Stipules dark red at the base.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
=Ortegia= Loefl.

Petals 5. 19

19. Petals 2-parted.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa. =Drymaria=
Willd.

Petals entire, notched, or 2-toothed. 20

20. Sepals with a tooth on each side. Leaves awl-shaped. Stipules cut
up into bristles.--Species 1. North Africa. =Loeflingia= L.

Sepals entire. 21

21. Sepals keeled. Style short, 3-cleft.--Species 6. Some are used
medicinally. =Polycarpon= Loefl.

Sepals rounded on the back. Style long or rather long.--Species 25.
Some are used medicinally. (_Polycarpia_ Webb, _Polia_ Lour., including
_Robbairea_ Boiss.) (Plate 45.) =Polycarpaea= Lam.

22. (16.) Leaves with scarious stipules. Ovules numerous. [Tribe
SPERGULEAE.] 23

Leaves without stipules. [Tribe ALSINEAE.] 25

23. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. Ovules basal. Styles 3. Stamens 5.
Flowers white. Leaves oblong or ovate.--Species 5. North Africa and
Madagascar. =Telephium= L.

Ovary completely 1-celled. Ovules central. Flowers in raceme-like
cymes. Leaves linear or subulate. 24

24. Styles and fruit-valves 3.--Species 10. North and South Africa,
Abyssinia. Some are used medicinally. (_Lepigonum_ Fries, _Tissa_
Adans.) =Spergularia= Pers.

Styles and fruit-valves 5.--Species 4. North Africa; also naturalized
in Central and South Africa. Used as fodder. “Spurry.” =Spergula= L.

25. Ovule 1. Styles 3. Stamens 10. Petals none, but usually 5
thread-like scales opposite the sepals. Fruit 3-valved to the middle.
Leaves subulate. Flowers in clusters consisting of fertile and sterile
flowers.--Species 1. North Africa. =Queria= L.

Ovules 3 or more, rarely (_Buffonia_) 2. 26

26. Petals 2-parted, 2-cleft, or distinctly notched. Flowers solitary
or in panicle-like cymes. 27

Petals entire, minutely toothed, obscurely notched, or wanting. 28

27. Fruit globose. Styles 2-3, rarely 4-5, alternating with the
sepals.--Species 6. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the
tropics. Some are used medicinally. “Stitchwort.” =Stellaria= L.

Fruit cylindrical. Styles 5, rarely 3-4, opposite the sepals.--Species
20. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some are used
medicinally. =Cerastium= L.

28. Petals minutely toothed. Styles 3. Ovules numerous. Fruit
cylindrical. Seeds peltate, compressed dorsally. Flowers in umbel-like
cymes.--Species 1. North Africa. =Holosteum= L.

Petals entire, slightly notched, or wanting. 29

29. Styles as many as the sepals, 4-5. 30

Styles fewer than the sepals, 2-4, very rarely 5. 32

30. Styles opposite the sepals. Stamens 8. Fruit opening at the top by
8 recurved teeth. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under
_Cerastium_ L.) =Moenchia= Ehrh.

Styles alternating with the sepals. Stamens 4, 5, or 10. Fruit opening
to the base in 4-5 valves. 31

31. Stamens as many as and alternating with the sepals. Petals
none.--Species 2. Subantarctic islands. =Colobanthus= Bartl.

Stamens as many as and opposite the sepals, or twice as many. Leaves
subulate.--Species 7. North Africa, high mountains of Central Africa
and subantarctic islands. Some are used as ornamental plants.
“Pearlwort.” =Sagina= L.

32. Styles 2. Ovules 2-4. Stamens 2-4. Sepals 4. Fruit opening to the
base in 2 valves. Seeds 1-2. Leaves subulate.--Species 5. North-west
Africa. =Buffonia= L.

Styles 3-5, rarely 2, but then (as usually) ovules more than 4. Sepals
nearly always 5. 33

33. Valves of the fruit entire, as many as styles.--Species 8. North
Africa and northern East Africa. (Including _Minuartia_ L., under
_Arenaria_ L.) Alsine Wahlenb.

Valves of the fruit 2-toothed or 2-parted; in the latter case
apparently twice as many as styles. 34

34. Seeds with an appendage at the hilum. Flowers white.--Species 2.
North-west Africa. (Under _Arenaria_ L.) =Moehringia= L.

Seeds without an appendage. Stamens 10.--Species 10. North Africa and
northern Central Africa. “Sandwort.” =Arenaria= L.

35. (1.) Calyx with an odd number of ribs. Petals usually with
contorted aestivation. Styles or stigmas 2. [Tribe DIANTHEAE.] 36

Calyx with an even number of ribs. Petals usually with
quincuncially-imbricate aestivation. Styles or stigmas 3-5. [Tribe
LYCHNIDEAE.] 41

36. Calyx with scarious stripes between the lobes and with 5-35 ribs. 37

Calyx without scarious stripes, with 15-55 ribs. 38

37. Seeds peltate; embryo nearly straight. Leaves linear.--Species 2.
North Africa. (Including _Dianthella_ Clauson). =Tunica= Scop.

Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, elliptical,
or ovate.--Species 2. North-east Africa to the Island of Socotra. The
roots are used in medicine and as a substitute for soap. =Gypsophila= L.

38. Petals with scales at the base of the blade, which are sometimes
reduced to hairs. Calyx not surrounded by bracts. 39

Petals without scales at the base of the blade, but usually with a
winged claw. 40

39. Flowers small. Calyx tubular, 15-ribbed. Petals notched; scales
small or reduced to hairs. Stamens 5-10. Fruit linear. Seeds with an
anterior hilum and a straight embryo. Leaves linear.--Species 1. North
Africa. =Velezia= L.

Flowers rather large. Calyx 15-25-ribbed. Petals with wing-like
outgrowths on the claw and with scales at the base of the blade.
Stamens 10. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo. Leaves
lanceolate.--Species 4. North Africa. They are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants and yield also a substitute for soap. “Soapwort.”
=Saponaria= L.

40. Calyx ventricose, acutely angled, with 15-25 ribs, not surrounded
by bracts. Petals minutely toothed. Fruit ovoid. Seeds with a lateral
hilum and a curved embryo.--Species 1. North Africa. The roots are used
as a substitute for soap. (Under _Saponaria_ L.) =Vaccaria= Medik.

Calyx tubular, with 35-55 ribs, surrounded by two or more bracts at
the base. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo.--Species
25. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Many of
them are used as ornamental plants or for the preparation of perfumes.
“Pink.” =Dianthus= L.

41. (35.) Styles 5, alternating with the sepals. Ovary and fruit
completely 1-celled. Petals without scales at the base of the blade. 42

Styles 5, opposite the sepals, or 3-4. Stamens 10. 43

42. Petals with a two-winged claw. Stamens 10. Styles hairy. Ovules
numerous.--Species 1. North Africa, also introduced into South Africa.
The seeds are poisonous and used in medicine. “Corncockle.” (_Githago_
Desfont., under _Lychnis_ L.) =Agrostemma= L.

Petals with a wingless claw. Stamens 5. Styles glabrous. Ovules
few.--Species 3. Northern East Africa and Cameroons. =Uebelinia= Hochst.

43. Ovary and fruit completely 1-celled. Calyx more or less inflated,
10-20-ribbed. Petals with scales at the base of the blade. Fruit
opening by 6-10 teeth. Seeds tubercled.--Species 6. North-west and
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants, or as a substitute
for soap. (Under _Lychnis_ L.) =Melandryum= Roehl.

Ovary and fruit divided into cells at the base. 44

44. Fruit a berry. Calyx shortly and widely bell-shaped. Petals
greenish-white, with a recurved 2-cleft blade provided with two scales
at its base. Styles 3. Stem climbing. Leaves ovate or oblong.--Species
1. North-west Africa. =Cucubalus= L.

Fruit a capsule, opening by 6 or more teeth.--Species 75. North and
South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as a
substitute for soap, as vegetables, in medicine or as ornamental
plants. (Including _Eudianthe_ Rohrb.) =Silene= L.

[Illustration: CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 45._

J. Fleischmann del.

Polycarpaea linearifolia DC.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Seed.]

[Illustration: RANUNCULACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 46._

J. Fleischmann del.

Anemone vesicatoria (L. f.) Prantl

_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise.]




ORDER RANALES


SUBORDER NYMPHAEINEAE


FAMILY 76. NYMPHAEACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Leaves floating, undivided, usually peltate. Flowers
solitary. Sepals 3 or more. Petals 3 or more. Stamens numerous. Anthers
opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels 6 or more, distinct or
united below into a many-celled ovary. Stigmas free or partly united.
Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 3,
species 20.

1. Carpels separate, few-ovuled. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Flowers red,
axillary. Leaves ovate, without stipules.--Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). Used medicinally. (_Hydropeltis_ Michx.) [Subfamily
=CABOMBOIDEAE.=] =Brasenia= Schreb.

Carpels united, at least on the outside, many-ovuled. Sepals 4-5.
Petals numerous. [Subfamily =NYMPHAEOIDEAE.=] 2

2. Sepals 4. Ovary more or less free from the calyx, but adnate to the
corolla and the stamens. Seeds with an aril. Leaves with a stipule.
Leaf-and flower-stalks with 4-7 large air-canals.--Species 20. Used as
ornamental and fodder-plants; the root-stock and the seeds are edible
and yield a drink, medicaments, and a dye. “Water-lily.” (_Castalia_
Salisb.) [Tribe TETRASEPALEAE.] =Nymphaea= Smith

Sepals 5. Petals smaller. Flowers yellow. Ovary free. Seeds without an
aril. Leaves without stipules. Leaf-and flower-stalks with many small
air-canals.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental
plants, as fodder, and for the preparation of a drink. (_Nymphaea_
Salisb.) [Tribe NUPHAREAE.] =Nuphar= Smith


FAMILY 77. CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Branched submerged aquatic herbs. Leaves whorled, deeply divided into
forked, linear segments. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of
the leaves, without bracteoles, unisexual. Perianth simple; segments
9-12, subequal, united at the base, greenish or whitish. Stamens 12-16,
inserted upon a convex receptacle; anthers opening outwards. Ovary
superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, straight. Style simple; stigma
entire, grooved. Fruit a nut. Seed with a thin albumen; embryo with a
large, many-leaved plumule.

Genus 1, species 3. =Ceratophyllum= L.


SUBORDER RANUNCULINEAE


FAMILY 78. RANUNCULACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves usually divided. Perianth simple
or consisting of a calyx and a corolla of free petals, hypogynous or
nearly so. Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal
slits. Carpels superior, solitary or separate, rarely (_Nigella_)
united. Ovules inverted. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious
albumen.--Genera 11, species 140. (Plate 46.)

1. Carpels containing each a single perfect ovule and sometimes some
rudimentary ones, separate, indehiscent. [Tribe ANEMONEAE.] 2

Carpels containing several perfect ovules each, dehiscing at the
suture. 7

2. Petals with a pit or scale at the base or the middle. 3

Petals without a pit or scale, or wanting. Ovule pendulous. 4

3. Ovule pendulous. Carpels arranged in a spike. Sepals with
a short spur, yellowish. Petals narrow. Stamens few. Pericarp
without a hardened layer. Small herbs. Leaves radical, undivided,
linear.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Poisonous plants. “Mousetail.”
=Myosurus= L.

Ovule ascending. Pericarp with a hardened layer.--Species 50. Many of
them are poisonous, some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including _Ceratocephalus_ Pers. and _Ficaria_ Dill.) =Ranunculus= L.

4. Ovary and fruit with 1-3 longitudinal veins or without veins. Ovule
with a single coat. 5

Ovary and fruit with 4 or more longitudinal or transverse veins. Ovule
with 2 coats. Leaves alternate or all radical. 6

5. Leaves opposite. Herbs or more frequently climbing shrubs.
Perianth-segments 4-8, petal-like, usually valvate in the bud.--Species
40. Many of them are poisonous; some are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. =Clematis= L.

Leaves radical and alternate, or the uppermost whorled. Herbs, rarely
low shrubs. Perianth-segments 4-20, imbricate in the bud.--Species 15.
North, South, and East Africa. Several are poisonous; some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Knowltonia_ Salisb.) (Plate
46.) =Anemone= L.

6. Perianth simple, of 3-5 segments. Carpels inserted upon a flat
receptacle, marked with longitudinal veins. Flowers in racemes or
cymes.--Species 4. Poisonous plants, used for dyeing and in medicine.
=Thalictrum= L.

Perianth of 5 sepals and 5-16 petals. Carpels inserted upon a
cylindrical receptacle, marked with transverse veins. Flowers solitary,
terminal.--Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous, also used in medicine
and as ornamental plants. =Adonis= L.

7. (1.) Perianth consisting of 5 or more sepals and 5-8 red, not
glandular petals. Stamens united at the base, slightly perigynous.
Carpels several, separate, fleshy. Outer coat of the ovules longer than
the inner.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used as an
ornamental and medicinal plant. [Tribe PAEONIEAE.] =Paeonia= L.

Perianth consisting of 5 petal-like, usually blue sepals and 1-8
glandular petals (nectaries). Stamens free, hypogynous. Carpels not
fleshy. Outer coat of the ovules as long as or shorter than the inner.
[Tribe HELLEBOREAE.] 8

8. Perianth regular. Petals 5-8. 9

Perianth irregular. Petals 1-4, usually 2. 10

9. Petals 5, large, with a long spur. Carpels separate. Leaves
ternately dissected; segments broad. Tall, perennial herbs.--Species
1. North-west Africa. Used as an ornamental plant and in medicine.
“Columbine.” =Aquilegia= L.

Petals 8, small, not distinctly spurred. Carpels more or less united.
Leaves pinnately dissected; segments narrow. Low annual herbs.--Species
6. North Africa. Some (especially _N. sativa_ L.) yield condiments and
medicaments, others serve as ornamental plants. =Nigella= L.

10. Petals with a long claw, enclosed by the sepals. Upper sepal erect,
helmet-shaped. Flowers yellow.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco).
Poisonous and used in medicine. =Aconitum= L.

Petals sessile, projecting beyond the sepals. Upper sepal spreading,
spur-shaped.--Species 18. North and East Africa. Some are poisonous or
used in medicine or as ornamental plants. “Larkspur.” =Delphinium= L.


FAMILY 79. BERBERIDACEAE

Leaves alternate or all radical. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite.
Sepals 4-9, more or less petal-like and yellow, at least the inner
ones. Petals (nectaries) 4-8. Stamens 4-6, free. Anthers turned
inwards, opening by valves. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2 or more,
basal or inserted along the ventral suture. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule
or a berry. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.--Genera
3, species 6. North and East Africa.

1. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves undivided. Inflorescence terminal.
Flowers 6-merous. Fruit a berry.--Species 4. North and East Africa.
They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, fish-poison,
medicaments, and edible fruits which are also used for the preparation
of drinks and confectionery. “Barberry.” [Tribe BERBERIDEAE.]
=Berberis= L.

Stem herbaceous, low. Leaves dissected. Inflorescence lateral. Fruit a
capsule. [Tribe EPIMEDIEAE.] 2

2. Flowers 4-merous. Ovules many, inserted along the ventral suture.
Fruit opening by two valves. Seeds with an aril.--Species 1. North-west
Africa. =Epimedium= L.

Flowers 6-merous. Ovules few, basal. Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds
without an aril.--Species 1. North-west Africa. The tubers are used in
medicine and as a substitute for soap. =Leontice= L.


FAMILY 80. MENISPERMACEAE

Stem usually woody and twining. Leaves alternate, undivided, palmately
lobed or digitate, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers small, unisexual,
nearly always dioecious, mostly in racemes or panicles. Sepals usually
6. Petals usually 6, smaller than the sepals, sometimes absent.
Stamens generally as many as and opposite the petals. Anthers opening
by slits. Carpels 3-30, separate, more rarely solitary. Ovule 1,
pendulous or laterally affixed, half-inverted with superior micropyle,
sometimes accompanied at first by a second which is soon suppressed.
Fruits drupaceous.--Genera 27, species 100. (Plate 47.)

1. Sepals 4 in the male flowers, 1-2 in the female. Petals of the male
flowers 2-4, united below, of the female 1-3. Stamens united. Carpels
solitary. 2

Sepals 6-24, rarely (_Stephania_) in the female flowers only 3-4.
Petals free or wanting. Carpels 3-30, free, rarely (_Stephania_)
solitary. 3

2. Female flowers with 1 sepal and 1 petal, rarely with 2-3 petals,
in cymes. Leaves broad. Usually high-climbing plants.--Species 12.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Cissampelos= L.

Female flowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals, solitary or in pairs. Leaves
usually narrow. Low-growing plants.--Species 4. South Africa. (Under
_Cissampelos_ L.) =Antizoma= Miers

3. Sepals 6-8, usually 6, rarely in the female flowers 3-4. 4

Sepals 9-24. 22

4. Sepals 6-8 in the male flowers, 3-4 in the female, usually equal
in length. Petals 2-4. Carpels solitary.--Species 5. Central and
South Africa. (Including _Homocnemia_ Miers and _Perichasma_ Miers).
=Stephania= Lour.

Sepals 6-8 in both sexes. Petals usually 6. Carpels 3-6. 5

5. Sepals nearly equal in length. 6

Sepals very unequal in length, the outer usually much shorter than the
inner. 7

6. Petals none. Filaments entirely united. Anthers opening lengthwise.
Stigmas thick, entire.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Including
_Ropalandria_ Stapf). =Dioscoreophyllum= Engl.

Petals 6. Anthers opening transversely. Stigmas lobed. Leaves
lobed.--Species 2. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally.
“Calumba-root.” =Iatrorrhiza= Miers

7. Petals 3. Stamens 3. Filaments united beyond the middle. Anthers
opening by a transverse slit. Flowers in spreading panicles.
Leaves sinuated or dissected.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa.
=Syntriandrium= Engl.

Petals 5-8, usually 6, rarely (_Tiliacora_) 3, but then stamens 6-9 and
leaves undivided, very rarely (_Penianthus_) petals wanting. 8

8. Stamens 15-30. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards by a
transverse slit. Carpels 4-6. Inner sepals united nearly to the top.
Male flowers fascicled, female solitary.--Species 2. Central Africa to
Delagoa Bay. =Epinetrum= Hiern

Stamens 3-9, usually 6. 9

9. Filaments free or united at the base only. 10

Filaments, at least the inner ones, united to the middle or beyond. 17

10. Anthers opening by 1-2 transverse slits. 11

Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. 13

11. Anthers opening by two slits. Staminodes in the female flowers 6
or 0. Stigmas entire. Fruits ovoid, reniform, or globular; scar of
the style nearly basal. Endocarp ribbed. Seeds with a scanty uniform
albumen and thick-fleshy cotyledons. Flowers in fascicles sometimes
arranged in racemes.--Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay, Sahara and
Egypt. They yield dyes, drinks, and medicaments. (_Cebatha_ Forsk.)
(Plate 47.) =Cocculus= L.

Anthers opening by one slit. Fruits oblong or elliptical; scar of the
style nearly terminal. 12

12. Anthers opening by a slit across the apex. Staminodes in the female
flowers 6 or 0. Stigmas entire. Endocarp smooth. Seeds exalbuminous,
with fleshy cotyledons. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate to ovate,
penninerved. Flowers in glomerules or false umbels.--Species 2. West
Africa. (Including _Heptacyclum_ Engl.) =Penianthus= Miers

Anthers opening by a semicircular slit on the inside. Staminodes 3.
Stigmas 3-cleft. Endocarp spiny. Seeds with a ruminate albumen and thin
leaf-like cotyledons. Stem climbing. Leaves cordate-ovate, 5-nerved.
Male flowers in spreading panicles, female in racemes.--Species 4. West
Africa. =Kolobopetalum= Engl.

13. Anthers opening laterally, almost outwards. Carpels 3. Leaves
cordate-ovate, palmately 5-7-nerved. 14

Anthers opening inwards. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, peltate, or
penninerved. 15

14. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Styles short. Staminodes in the
female flowers 6.--Species 1. Northern Central Africa. =Tinospora= Miers

Leaves slightly cordate. Styles none. Filaments united at the
base.--Species 7. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Desmonema= Miers

15. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, oblong. Carpels 3. Seeds
straight.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Cocculus_ DC.) =Orthogynium=
Baill.

Leaves peltate or penninerved. Seeds curved. 16

16. Leaves peltate. Flowers in racemes. Filaments free, flattened.
Endocarp tubercled, hairy. Cotyledons thin, leaf-like.--Species 1. West
Africa (Cameroons). (Under _Tinospora_ Miers). =Platytinospora= Diels

Leaves lanceolate to ovate, not peltate. Carpels 6 or more. Staminodes
in the female flowers none. Fruits with a basal style-scar; endocarp
smooth or wrinkled. Cotyledons thick, fleshy.--Species 12, Central
Africa. (Including _Glossopholis_ Pierre, under _Limacia_ Lour.)
=Tiliacora= Colebr.

17. (9.) Outer stamens free, inner united to the middle. Carpels 9;
scar of the style basal. Seeds spirally twisted, without albumen.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Spirospermum= Thouars

Outer and inner stamens more or less united. 18

18. Outer stamens united at the base, inner up to the anthers.
Anthers opening lengthwise, the inner laterally, the outer inwards.
Carpels 3; endocarp spiny. Leaves cordate-ovate. Flowers fascicled
in racemes.--Species 1. West Africa. (_Miersiophyton_ Engl., under
_Chasmanthera_ Miers). =Rhigiocarya= Miers

Outer and inner stamens united to the middle or beyond. 19

19. Anthers opening by a semicircular slit. Carpels 3; stigmas 3-cleft.
Endocarp spiny. Flowers in panicles. (See 12.) =Kolobopetalum= Engl.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Endocarp smooth, wrinkled,
or tubercled. 20

20. Carpels 6-30. Scar of the style basal. Cotyledons fleshy. Anthers
opening inwards. (See 16.) =Tiliacora= Colebr.

Carpels 3. Scar of the style terminal. Flowers fascicled in racemes. 21

21. Petals unequal. Style none. Leaves undivided. (See 14.) =Desmonema=
Miers

Petals subequal. Stamens 6. Styles short. Stigmas cleft. Leaves broadly
cordate.--Species 2. Central Africa. One species has edible tubers.
=Chasmanthera= Hochst.

22. (3.) Inner sepals united nearly to the tip. 23

Inner sepals free or nearly so. 24

23. Stamens 6-9. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening
lengthwise. Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 1. West Africa.
=Synclisia= Benth.

Stamens 15-30. Filaments united throughout their whole length. Anthers
opening transversely. Male flowers fascicled, female solitary. (See 8.)
=Epinetrum= Hiern

24. Petals none. 25

Petals 3-9, usually 6. 27

25. Stamens 3. Filaments united. Anthers opening by two transverse
slits. Carpels 3-4. Scar of the style near the base of the fruit.
Leaves broad-cordate. Flowers in fascicled glomerules.--Species 2. West
Africa. =Syrrheonema= Miers

Stamens 3, with free filaments, or 5-6. Anthers opening by sometimes
confluent longitudinal slits. Scar of the style terminal or lateral. 26

26. Carpels 3. Styles absent. Stigmas peltate. Anthers opening
by confluent slits. Stem erect. Flowers in glomerules. (See 12.)
=Penianthus= Miers

Carpels 6 or more. Styles present. Stem climbing. Flowers in lax cymes
or in panicles.--Species 12. Tropics. (Including _Pycnostylis_ Pierre,
_Rameya_ Baill., and _Welwitschiina_ Engl.) =Triclisia= Benth.

27. Petals 9. Stamens 21. Carpels 12.--Species 1. West Africa.
=Sphenocentrum= Pierre

Petals 3-6. 28

28. Stamens 3. 29

Stamens 6-18. 31

[Illustration: MENISPERMACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 47._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cocculus Leaeba DC.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower
cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: ANONACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 48._

J. Fleischmann del.

Anona senegalensis Pers.

_A_ Branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stigma. _D_ Anther. _E_
Young fruit cut lengthwise.]


29. Filaments free. Sepals hairy. Stem climbing. (See 26.) =Triclisia=
Benth. Filaments united high up. 30

30. Sepals glabrous. Leaves distinctly 3-nerved. Stem
climbing.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Strychnopsis= Baill.

Sepals hairy. Leaves not distinctly 3-nerved. Stem erect.--Species
5. Madagascar. (Including _Gamopoda_ Bak. and _Tripodandra_ Baill.)
=Rhaptonema= Miers

31. Stamens 9-18. Filaments united throughout their whole length.
Anthers opening transversely. Male flowers with 6 petals, female
with 3 petals and 3 staminodes. Carpels 6. Flowers in false racemes
or corymbs. Leaves undivided.--Species 7. Tropics to Delagoa Bay.
=Anisocycla= Baill.

Stamens 9 with the filaments free or united at the base, or 6. Anthers
opening lengthwise, but sometimes obliquely. 32

32. Carpels 3-4. Flowers in racemes. 33

Carpels 6-30. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or the female in racemes.
Leaves undivided. 34

33. Petals ovate. Fruits ovoid; embryo nearly straight. Stem erect.
Leaves compound, with 3 leaflets.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Burasaia=
Thouars

Petals oblong, lobed. Fruits reniform; embryo much curved. Stem
climbing. Leaves simple, undivided.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo).
_Limaciopsis_ Engl.

34. Sepals densely hairy. Petals minute. Staminodes in the female
flowers present. Carpels hairy. (See 26.) _Triclisia_ Benth.

Sepals glabrous or scantily hairy. Staminodes in the female flowers
absent. (See 16.) =Tiliacora= Colebr.


SUBORDER MAGNOLIINEAE.


FAMILY 81. ANONACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers usually
hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 2, usually valvate in the bud. Petals
3-6, free or united at the base. Stamens hypogynous, 6 or more, usually
numerous, rarely (_Bocagea_) 3. Anthers nearly always turned outwards.
Carpels 3 or more, separate, more rarely united and forming a one-or
many-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with a
copious, ruminate albumen and a small embryo.--Genera 27, species 240.
(Plate 48.)

1. Carpels whorled and united, forming a 1-celled ovary with parietal
placentas. [Tribe MONODOREAE.] 2

Carpels spirally arranged, free, more rarely united, and then forming a
many-celled ovary. 3

2. Petals unequal, free or the outer united below, frequently with a
wavy margin.--Species 15. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. The seeds of some
species are used as condiments and in medicine. =Monodora= Dun.

Petals equal, more or less united below, not wavy at the
margin.--Species 15. Tropics. (Under _Monodora_ Dun.) =Isolona=
(Pierre) Engl.

3. Petals 6, the inner greatly exceeding the outer. Carpels 4-6, with
united stigmas; ovules 6-10 to each. Trees with long-haired branches.
Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. West Africa (Cameroons). [Tribe
MILIUSEAE.] =Piptostigma= Oliv.

Petals 6, about equal in length, or the inner shorter, or petals 3-4. 4

4. Petals thick, more or less distinctly jointed into an inferior
hollow portion and a superior flat or thickened one, erect or
connivent, rarely spreading, valvate in the bud, very rarely (_Anona_)
the inner imbricate at the apex. [Tribe XYLOPIEAE.] 5

Petals thin or rather thin, rarely thick, not jointed and usually
spreading, but sometimes hollow or with a short claw appressed to the
stamens. 10

5. Carpels united in fruit. Ovule 1. Styles oblong. Petals 3, alternate
with the sepals, or 6.--Species 10, six of them spontaneous in tropical
and South-east Africa, 4 cultivated in various regions. They yield
cork-wood, fibre, gum-lac, tans and dyes, poisons, medicaments, a
substitute for tea, and edible fruits (custard-apple, sour-sop, and
others) from which also drinks are prepared. (Plate 48.) [Subtribe
ANONINAE.] =Anona= L.

Carpels free till maturity. [Subtribe XYLOPIINAE.] 6

6. Ovules solitary. 7

Ovules 2 or more to each carpel. Petals 6. 8

7. Petals 3, opposite the sepals. Stigmas sessile. Trees with a yellow
bark and yellow hairs.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber,
dyes, and medicaments. (Under _Xylopia_ L.) =Enantia= Oliv.

Petals 6, the outer greatly exceeding the inner. Stigmas borne upon
linear styles.--Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. (Under _Oxymitra_
Blume) =Stenanthera= (Oliv.) Engl. & Diels

8. Carpels containing numerous ovules or seeds, coiled spirally when
ripe and contracted between the seeds. Trees.--Species 1. German East
Africa. =Polyceratocarpus= Engl. & Diels

Carpels containing 2-8 ovules or 1-8 seeds, straight or slightly curved
when ripe. 9

9. Petals spreading, subequal. Ovules 2. Stalks of the inflorescence
and the flowers usually thickened and hooked. Mostly climbing or
scrambling shrubs.--Species 18. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some have
edible fruits or are used in medicine. =Artabotrys= R. Br.

Petals suberect or connivent, the inner shorter and triangular above.
Sepals more or less united. Receptacle usually concave. Ovules
2-8, inserted along the ventral suture. Styles long.--Species 30.
Tropics. Some yield timber, spices (guinea-pepper), and medicaments.
(_Xylopicrum_ P. Br.) =Xylopia= L.

10. (4.) Petals transversely folded, at least in the bud, united at
the base, subequal. Carpels 3-12, hairy; ovules numerous; styles
2-cleft.--Species 6. Tropics. [Tribe HEXALOBEAE.] =Hexalobus= A. DC.

Petals not folded, usually free. [Tribe UVARIEAE.] 11

11. Petals valvate in the bud. Carpels free. [Subtribe UNONINAE.] 12

Petals, at least the inner ones, imbricate in the bud. [Subtribe
UVARIINAE.] 23

12. Petals 3-4. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2. Connective of the stamens not
or scarcely prolonged. Carpels and ovules numerous. Flowers unisexual.
13

Petals 6. Sepals 3. Connective usually prolonged beyond the
anther-cells. 15

13. Petals 3, thick. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood,
the female somewhat larger than the male. Trees.--Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Congo). =Thonnera= De Wild.

Petals 4. 14

14. Petals free. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the
female much larger than the male. Trees.--Species 2. Equatorial West
Africa. =Tetrastemma= Diels

Petals united below. Flowers solitary, axillary, the female about
as large as the male. Shrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Cameroons). =Uvariopsis= Engl.

15. Petals in 1 row, rather thick. Stamens 12, six of them sometimes
sterile. Anther-cells ovate. Carpels numerous, 1-seeded.--Species 2.
West Africa (Congo). =Monanthotaxis= Baill.

Petals in 2 rows. 16

16. Outer petals spreading, inner smaller and converging.--Species 30.
Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including _Clathrospermum_ Planch.)
=Popowia= Endl.

Outer and inner petals spreading or erect. 17

17. Stamens 3-6; connective ovate, prolonged above, but not dilated.
Carpels 3, one-seeded.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Bocagea= St. Hil.

Stamens numerous. 18

18. Stamens with an acuminate connective. Ovules several. Style
short. Fruit slightly constricted between the seeds. Trees. Flowers
in axillary clusters.--Species 1 (_C. odorata_ Hook. f. & Thoms.,
Ylang-Ylang). Cultivated in the tropics for its fragrant flowers, which
yield a perfume. =Cananga= Rumph.

Stamens with a truncate or rounded connective. 19

19. Style long. Ovules 2. Peduncles thick and hooked. Climbing shrubs.
(See 9.) =Artabotrys= R. Br.

Style short or wanting. 20

20. Ovules 1-2 to each carpel, rarely 3-8, and then fruits constricted
between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers glabrous or
clothed with simple hairs. Carpels usually numerous. 21

Ovules 10-30 to each carpel, rarely 8, but then fruits not constricted
between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers clothed with
stellate hairs. Carpels usually few. 22

21. Fruit-carpels with a single seed appressed to the pericarp, or with
2-8 seeds, and then constricted between them. Style present. Flowers
hermaphrodite.--Species 9. Tropics. =Unona= L. f.

Fruit-carpels with a single seed not appressed to the pericarp, or
with 2 seeds without a distinct constriction between them. Ovules
1-2.--Species 8. Tropics. Several species yield timber. =Polyalthia=
Blume

22. Sepals small. Plants covered with stellate hairs.--Species 2.
Central Africa. (Under _Unona_ L. f.) =Meiocarpidium= Engl. & Diels

Sepals large. Plants covered with simple hairs or glabrous.--Species 3.
Central Africa. =Uvariastrum= Engl.

23. (11.) Ovules 1-2 in each carpel. 24

Ovules numerous in each carpel. 26

24. Carpels united as to the ovary and sunk in the receptacle,
numerous, one-seeded. Flowers unisexual, with two large bracteoles
enclosing the bud. Sepals 3, small.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa.
(Under _Anona_ L.) =Anonidium= Engl. & Diels

Carpels free. Flowers hermaphrodite. 25

25. Sepals large, leathery, cohering in the bud. Outer petals ovate,
scarcely larger than the inner. Receptacle rather flat. Carpels 6-9,
one-ovuled; styles linear. Shrubs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa.
(Under _Unona_ L. f.) =Cleistochlamys= Oliv.

Sepals small, membranous. Outer petals oblong, larger than the
inner. Receptacle convex. Carpels usually 2-ovuled; stigmas usually
sessile.--Species 9. West Africa. (Under _Oxymitra_ Benth.)
=Cleistopholis= Pierre

26. Carpels united, at least in fruit, numerous. Petals much
overlapping in the bud. Flowers on dwarf shoots, with a thick stalk and
two large bracteoles enclosing the bud. Plants covered with stellate
hairs.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Pachypodanthium= Engl. &
Diels

Carpels free. 27

27. Stigmas lanceolate; margin not rolled inwards, or at the base
only. Carpels about 10. Sepals triangular. Petals lanceolate, united
at the base, greatly exceeding the calyx.--Species 1. East Africa.
(_Asteranthopsis_ O. Ktze., under _Uvaria_ L.) =Asteranthe= Engl. &
Diels

Stigmas truncate; margin rolled inwards all round. Petals usually
free.--Species 55. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield
edible fruits, dyes, or medicaments. =Uvaria= L.


FAMILY 82. MYRISTICACEAE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers
dioecious. Perianth simple, 2-5-, usually 3-lobed. Stamens 2-40;
filaments more or less, usually wholly, united; anthers 2-celled,
turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1, ascending,
inverted; stigma 1. Fruit fleshy, usually dehiscent. Seed with an aril;
albumen copious; embryo small.--Genera 9, species 25. Tropics. (Plate
49.)

1. Stamens 30-40; filaments united at the base. Style distinctly
developed. Aril very small. Inflorescence head-like.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Mauloutchia= Warb.

Stamens 2-24; filaments wholly united. Style very short or absent. Aril
distinctly developed. 2

2. Flowers with a bracteole at the base of the perianth, rather large,
in racemes or panicles, or the female solitary. Anthers 8-24. Fruit
ovoid, dehiscent. Aril slit. Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading
cotyledons.--Species 2. Cultivated in several tropical islands. The
seeds (nutmeg) and the arils (mace) are used as spices and medicaments
and for the preparation of perfumes; the pericarp is edible.
=Myristica= L.

Flowers, at least the male, without bracteoles. Anthers 2-10. 3

3. Flowers rather large, stalked, in cymosely arranged fascicles.
Perianth funnel-shaped. Anthers 4-10, somewhat shorter than the united
filaments. Fruit very large, subglobose, indehiscent. Aril entire.
Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons. Lateral nerves of
the leaves not forked, joined by distinct arches close to the margin;
transverse veins faint.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and
oil. (Including _Ochocoa_ Pierre). =Scyphocephalium= Warb.

Flowers very small, in fascicles or heads, which are sometimes arranged
in racemes or panicles. Fruit ovoid or elliptical, dehiscent. Embryo
with suberect cotyledons. 4

4. Flowers in simple, fascicle-or head-like inflorescences, subsessile.
Anthers 3-4. Aril almost entire. Albumen not ruminate. Leaves with
forked lateral nerves and distinct transverse veins.--Species 4. West
Africa. They yield timber. =Staudtia= Warb.

Flowers in heads or fascicles, which are arranged in racemes or
panicles. Aril slit. 5

5. Flowers stalked, in fascicles. Anthers 2-7. Albumen ruminate.
Lateral nerves of the leaves not distinctly confluent at the margin. 6

Flowers sessile, in heads. 7

6. Partial inflorescences supported by an involucral disc. Perianth
cup-shaped. Anthers 3-5. Albumen with a cavity in the centre.--Species
4. West Africa. They yield timber and oil. =Coelocaryon= Warb.

Partial inflorescences without an involucral disc. Perianth funnel-or
pitcher-shaped. Albumen solid in the centre.--Species 1. Cultivated in
the tropics. The seeds yield a fat. =Virola= Aubl.

7. Heads distinctly stalked. Perianth obovoid or club-shaped. Anthers
2-4, shorter than the filaments. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves of
the leaves joined by arches near the margin.--Species 5. West Africa
and Upper Nile. They yield timber and oil. (Under _Myristica_ L.)
(Plate 49.) =Pycnanthus= Warb.

Heads sessile or nearly so. Perianth cupular. Anthers 3-10. Albumen
uniform. 8

8. Heads large, distant on the branches of a panicle. Anthers 3-4, as
long as or somewhat shorter than the filaments. Leaves whitish below;
lateral nerves joined by arches distant from the margin; transverse
veins faint.--Species 1. German East Africa. (Under _Brochoneura_
Warb.) =Cephalosphaera= Warb.

Heads arranged in dense racemes or panicles. Anthers 4-10, usually
longer than the filaments. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and nearly
as strong transverse veins.--Species 4. Madagascar. The seeds are used
as a condiment and yield a fat. (Under _Myristica_ L.) =Brochoneura=
Warb.


FAMILY 83. MONIMIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers unisexual.
Perianth simple, 3-6-lobed. Stamens 10 or more. Carpels solitary
or several and then separate at the time of flowering, often sunk
in the receptacle. Ovule 1. Seeds with a small embryo and fleshy
albumen.--Genera 6, species 30. (Plate 50.)

1. Anthers opening by valves. Stamens numerous. Carpels 4 or more, sunk
in the receptacle. Ovules erect. Perianth irregular, strap-shaped.
Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in clusters.--Species 3. West
Africa. (Plate 50.) [Subfamily =ATHEROSPERMOIDEAE=, tribe SIPARUNEAE.]
=Glossocalyx= Benth.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovule pendulous. Perianth
regular or nearly so. [Subfamily =MONIMIOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Receptacle (floral axis) small. Perianth-segments of the female
flowers falling off singly. Stamens numerous. Carpel 1. [Tribe
TRIMENIEAE.] 3

Receptacle large, cup-or urn-shaped, at length bursting. Perianth
falling off entire and lid-like, or little developed and persistent.
Carpels several or many. 4

3. Perianth of the male flowers protruding beyond the stamens.
Flowers on long stalks, in lax racemes. Leaves alternate.--Species 2.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Chloropatane= Engl.

Perianth of the male flowers concealed by the stamens. Flowers on
short stalks, in dense racemes. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. Tropical
and South Africa. They yield timber. (Including _Paxiodendron_ Engl.)
=Xymalos= Baill.

4. Receptacle cup-shaped, subsequently spreading, not enclosing the
carpels. Perianth falling off as a whole, lid-like. Stamens 10-12.
Anther-halves confluent above. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in

[Illustration: MYRISTICACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 49._

J. Fleischmann del.

Pycnanthus Kombo (Baill.) Warb.

_A_ Part of a flowering branch. _B_ Male partial inflorescence. _C_
Male flower. _D_ Fruit, the pericarp cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: MONIMIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 50._

J. Fleischmann del.

Glossocalyx longicuspis Benth.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Female flower. _C_ Female flower cut
lengthwise. _D_ Carpel (the ovary cut lengthwise).]

clusters, monoecious.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Mollinedia_ Ruiz
& Pav.) [Tribe MOLLINEDIEAE.] =Ephippiandra= Decne.

Receptacle narrowly pitcher-shaped, subsequently increasing in size and
enclosing the carpels. Perianth little developed. Stamens numerous.
Anther-halves separate. [Tribe MONIMIEAE.] 5

5. Stamens with a gland on each side. Carpels few, not sunk
in the receptacle. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in cymes,
dioecious.--Species 4. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. They
yield timber and medicaments. =Monimia= Thouars

Stamens without glands. Carpels numerous, sunk in the
receptacle.--Species 20. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands.
Some species yield timber, dyes, or medicaments. (_Ambora Juss._)
=Tambourissa= Sonn.


FAMILY 84. LAURACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules, sometimes
scale-like. Flowers regular. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments. Fertile
stamens 4-14, perigynous. Anthers opening by 2-4 valves. Ovary
superior, very rarely (_Hypodaphnis_) inferior, 1-celled. Ovule
1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Seed exalbuminous; embryo
straight.--Genera 15, species 75. (Plate 51.)

1. Anthers 2-celled. [Subfamily =LAUROIDEAE=.] 2

Anthers 4-celled. [Subfamily =PERSEOIDEAE=.] 11

2. Anthers all turned inwards, 8-14, usually 12. Perianth 4-cleft.
Flowers in umbels, dioecious or polygamous. Leafy shrubs or
trees.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield timber, oil, perfumes,
spices, and medicaments, and are also used as ornamental plants.
“Laurel.” [Tribe LAUREAE.] =Laurus= L.

Anthers partly (the outer) turned inwards, partly outwards, 4-12,
usually 9. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually panicled. 3

3. Stem thread-shaped, twining, parasitic. Leaves reduced to minute
scales. Perianth 6-cleft, the outer segments much smaller than the
inner. Fertile stamens 9.--Species 4. Southern and tropical Africa.
Some are used medicinally. [Tribe CASSYTHEAE.] =Cassytha= L.

Stem shrub-or tree-like. Leaves perfectly developed. Perianth with 6,
rarely 4, subequal segments. 4

4. Receptacle accrescent, cupuliform, enclosing the fruit.
Perianth-segments 6. Fertile stamens 9, rarely 12. [Tribe
CRYPTOCARYEAE.] 5

Receptacle scarcely or not accrescent, not enclosing the fruit. [Tribe
APOLLONIADEAE.] 6

5. Fruit incompletely 6-celled. Pericarp adnate to the receptacle, but
free from the seed. Cotyledons 6-lobed. Leaves penninerved.--Species
8. Madagascar. They yield timber, oil, condiments, and medicaments.
(_Agathophyllum_ Juss.) =Ravensara= Sonn.

Fruit completely 1-celled. Pericarp easily separable from the
receptacle, but adnate to the seed.--Species 10. Madagascar, South and
East Africa. =Cryptocarya= R. Br.

6. Perianth 4-parted. Fertile stamens 4. Shrubs. Leaves
linear-lanceolate.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Potameia= Thouars

Perianth 6-parted or 6-cleft. Fertile stamens 6-9. 7

7. Fertile stamens 6, each with 2 glands. Flowers in racemes.--Species
1. Madagascar. =Berniera= Baill.

Fertile stamens 9, rarely 6, all or the outer ones without glands.
Flowers in panicles. 8

8. Staminodes within the fertile stamens none. Filaments oblong
or obovate, the inner ones each with 2 oblong, wholly adnate
glands.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). They yield
timber. =Tylostemon= Engl.

Staminodes within the fertile stamens present. Inner fertile stamens
with 2 roundish glands at their base. 9

9. Perianth persistent. Leaves herbaceous.--Species 1. Canary Islands
and Madeira. Yields timber. =Apollonias= Nees

Perianth deciduous. Leaves leathery.--Species 20. Tropics. Some species
yield timber or edible seeds. (_Afrodaphne_ Stapf, _Hufelandia_ Nees,
_Nesodaphne_ Hook., under _Tylostemon_ Engl.) =Beilschmiedia= Nees

10. (1.) Anthers 9-14 (usually 12), all turned inwards. Flowers
dioecious, in umbels.--Species 2. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and
Seychelles. They yield timber, a fat, and medicaments. (_Tetranthera_
Jaqu.) [Tribe LITSEEAE.] =Litsea= Lam.

Anthers 9, the outer turned inwards, the inner outwards. Flowers
hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually in panicles. [Tribe CINNAMOMEAE.]
11

11. Staminodes very small and awl-shaped or wanting. Receptacle
accrescent. Flowers usually polygamous. 12

Staminodes well developed, thickened at the apex. Receptacle scarcely
or not accrescent. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 13

12. Anther-valves side by side. Ovary inferior.--Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). (Under _Ocotea_ Aubl.) =Hypodaphnis= Stapf

Anther-valves in superposed pairs. Ovary superior.--Species 15.
Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores. They yield timber,
fat, condiments, and medicaments. (Including _Mespilodaphne_ and
_Oreodaphne_ Nees). (Plate 51.) =Ocotea= Aubl.

13. Leaves trinerved. Perianth-segments falling singly after the time
of flowering.--Species 2 (_C. zeylanicum_ Breyn, cinnamon, and _C.
camphora_ Nees & Eberm., camphor). Cultivated in the tropics. They
yield timber, spices, and drugs for industrial and medicinal uses.
=Cinnamomum= Blume

Leaves penninerved. Perianth persisting or falling off as a whole. 14

[Illustration: LAURACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 51._

J. Fleischmann del.

Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Benth.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamens. _D_
Staminode. _E_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _F_ Group of fruits. _G_
Young fruit cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: PAPAVERACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 52._

J. Fleischmann del.

Trigonocapnos curvipes Schlecht.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Petals (_a_ the upper, _b_ one of
the lateral, _c_ the lower). _D_ Bundle of stamens (the third anther
not visible). _E_ Pistil (the ovary cut lengthwise).]

14. Perianth yellow, with oblong segments, deciduous. Fruit large,
greenish.--Species 1 (_P. gratissima_ Gaertn., avocado-pear).
Cultivated in the tropics. It yields edible fruit, from which also a
fat and a dye are prepared, and is used in medicine. =Persea= Gaertn.

Perianth white, with ovate segments, persistent. Fruit small,
blackish.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Azores. Yields timber. (Under
_Persea_ Gaertn.) =Phoebe= Nees


FAMILY 85. HERNANDIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, palminerved, without stipules.
Flowers in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite polygamous or monoecious.
Perianth 4-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-5, alternating with the inner
perianth-segments. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards, opening by
valves. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style
and stigma simple. Seed exalbuminous. Embryo with folded or coiled
cotyledons.--Genera 3, species 7. Tropics. (Under _LAURACEAE_ or
_COMBRETACEAE_.)

1. Flowers without bracteoles, polygamous. Perianth very small. Stigma
capitate. Fruit with 2 terminal wings. Cotyledons spirally twisted.
Trees. Leaves undivided or lobed.--Species 1. East Africa, Angola,
Madagascar. Yields timber. [Subfamily =GYROCARPOIDEAE=.] =Gyrocarpus=
Jaqu.

Flowers with bracteoles, which sometimes form an involucre,
hermaphrodite or monoecious. Perianth rather small. Stigma discoid
and more or less lobed. Cotyledons more or less folded or crumpled.
[Subfamily =HERNANDIOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 10-parted. Fertile stamens 5, with
2 scales at the base. Fruit with 2-4 lateral wings. Climbing shrubs.
Leaves digitate.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Illigera=
Blume

Flowers monoecious, the female surrounded by a cupular, truncate or
lobed, ultimately inflated involucel. Perianth of the male flowers
6-8-parted, of the female 8-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-4. Trees.
Leaves undivided. Partial inflorescences surrounded by an involucre
of several bracts, and consisting of a female flower and two or more
male.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber and are used in medicine.
=Hernandia= L.


ORDER RHOEADALES


SUBORDER RHOEADINEAE


FAMILY 86. PAPAVERACEAE

Herbs. Leaves more or less lobed or divided. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Sepals 2, very rarely 3. Petals 4, very rarely 6, free, hypogynous.
Anthers opening by slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled or incompletely
2-or more-celled. Ovules parietal, curved or inverted. Fruit a
capsule or a nut. Seeds with a small embryo and a copious, oily
albumen.--Genera 11, species 50. (Including _FUMARIACEAE_.) (Plate 52.)

1. Petals, at least one of them, prolonged into a spur. Stamens 2,
tripartite (or 6 in two bundles); the middle segment of each stamen
bearing a two-celled anther, the lateral ones a one-celled. Juice not
milky. [Subfamily =FUMARIOIDEAE=.] 2

Petals not spurred. Stamens 4 or many, all with 2-celled anthers. 5

2. Ovary with 3 or more ovules. Fruits, at least some of them,
dehiscent, 3-or more-seeded.--Species 9. South and North Africa and
high mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including _Cysticapnos_ Adans.) =Corydalis= DC.

Ovary with 1-2 ovules. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds not
appendaged. 3

3. Ovary with 2 ovules. Fruit 2-seeded, compressed, with 3 nerves on
each side. Leaves fleshy.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
=Sarcocapnos= DC.

Ovary with 1 ovule. Fruit 1-seeded, compressed but 1-nerved on each
side, or triquetrous, or globular. 4

4. Fruit triquetrous, pendulous. Superior petal helmet-shaped, inferior
spoon-shaped, lateral ones clawed. Stem climbing.--Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). (Plate 52.) =Trigonocapnos= Schlecht.

Fruit globular or compressed, erect.--Species 15. North, South,
and East Africa; also naturalized in West Africa and the Mascarene
Islands. “Fumitory.” (Including _Discocapnos_ Cham. & Schlechtend. and
_Platycapnos_ Bernh.) =Fumaria= L.

5. Stamens 4. Petals 3-cleft. Placentas and styles 2. Juice not
milky.--Species 7. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
[Subfamily =HYPECOIDEAE=.] =Hypecoum= L.

Stamens numerous. [Subfamily =PAPAVEROIDEAE=.] 6

6. Juice not milky. Flowers solitary. Petals yellow. Placentas 2.
Stigma subsessile, with 4 spreading lobes. Fruit linear, 10-ribbed,
1-celled, 2-valved to the base. Seeds unappendaged.--Species
1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. Fodder-plant. [Tribe
ESCHSCHOLTZIEAE.] =Hunnemannia= Sweet

Juice milky. Placentas 4 or more, more rarely 2, but then stigmas or
stigma-lobes only 2, or at least partly erect. 7

7. Stigmas (or style-branches) 2, alternating with the 2 placentas and
borne upon a short, but distinct style. Ovary and fruit linear. Seeds
appendaged. Flowers in umbels, yellow. Juice reddish-yellow.--Species
1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Celandine.”
[Tribe CHELIDONIEAE.] =Chelidonium= L.

Stigmas (or style-branches) 3 or more, rarely 2, as many as and
opposite to the placentas or more numerous, sessile or nearly so.
[Tribe PAPAVEREAE.] 8

8. Fruit linear, dehiscing to the base. Placentas, stigmas, and
fruit-valves 2-4. Juice yellow. 9

Fruit oblong, ovoid, or globular, dehiscing near the top only or
indehiscent. Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves 4-16. 10

9. Petals yellow or reddish-yellow, twisted in the bud. Style ending in
2 erect and 2 spreading lobes. Fruit with a false partition.--Species
2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Used as ornamental or medicinal
plants; the seeds yield oil. =Glaucium= Juss.

Petals violet or red, crumpled in the bud. Style ending in 2-4
connivent lobes. Fruit 1-celled.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as
ornamental plants. =Roemeria= Medik.

10. Stigmas in the sinuses between the connivent style-lobes.
Petals yellow or whitish. Fruit oblong, usually bristly. Juice
yellow.--Species 1. Naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Used as
an ornamental and medicinal plant; the seeds yield oil. =Argemone= L.

Stigmas radiating upon a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Ovary
incompletely septate. Juice white. Buds nodding.--Species 12. North and
South Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde Islands; also cultivated in
various regions. Some species are poisonous or are used as ornamental,
medicinal, or dye-plants. _P. somniferum_ L. yields opium, oil, and
edible seeds. “Poppy.” =Papaver= L.


SUBORDER CAPPARIDINEAE.


FAMILY 87. CAPPARIDACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple or digitate. Flowers solitary or in racemes
or umbels, usually irregular. Petals wanting or free, usually 4,
rarely (_Cercopetalum_) united at the base. Disc ring-or scale-like,
rarely tubular. Ovary superior, usually stalked. Ovules 4 or more,
rarely (_Dipterygium_) 1-2, curved, usually parietal. Seeds reniform,
exalbuminous. Embryo curved, with folded or coiled cotyledons.--Genera
20, species 260. (Plate 53.)

1. Fruit succulent, baccate, indehiscent, rarely at length dehiscing
in two valves to which the placentas remain attached. Embryo coiled.
Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily =CAPPARIDOIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit dry, capsular and usually siliquiform, rarely nut-like. Embryo
curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees. 14

2. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Stamens very numerous. Ovary with a
long stalk. [Tribe MAERUEAE.] 3

Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting, rarely distinctly developed, but then
stamens 10 and ovary with a very short stalk. [Tribe CAPPARIDEAE.] 4

3. Calyx bursting transversely. Petals none. Stamens inserted upon a
convex receptacle. Placentas 6-10.--Species 10. East Africa, Madagascar
and Mauritius. =Thylachium= Lour.

Calyx bursting lengthwise. Stamens usually inserted upon an elongated,
stalk-like receptacle. Placentas 2-4.--Species 50. Some of them yield
timber, vegetables, or medicaments. (Including _Niebuhria_ DC. and
_Streblocarpus_ Arn.) =Maerua= Forsk.

4. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals none. Stamens about 10. Disc
and androphore wanting. Ovary with a very short stalk. Placentas 2.
Leaves digitate.--Species 2. South Africa. =Bachmannia= Pax

Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting. Petals present, more rarely wanting,
but then leaves undivided. 5

5. Receptacle produced behind into a tube-or strap-shaped appendage.
Stamens 4-8, inserted upon a stalk-like androphore. Leaves
undivided.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in
medicine. (Including _Schepperia_ Neck.) =Cadaba= Forsk.

Receptacle produced into scale-like appendages or unappendaged. Stamens
rarely upon a distinct stalk-like androphore, and then fertile and
sterile stamens together 10 or more. 6

6. Petals none. Stamens without a distinct androphore. Leaves
undivided. 7

Petals 4 or more. Ovules numerous. 9

7. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, supported
upon a long stalk. Stamens numerous. Disc cup-shaped, crenate. Sepals
3, rarely 2 or 4, united at the base.--Species 6. Central Africa.
=Courbonia= Brongn.

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 6 or more.
Sepals 4, rarely 5. 8

8. Disc cup-shaped, crenate, accrescent. Stamens numerous. Ovules
numerous. Stigma 4-lobed.--Species 3. West Africa. =Buchholzia= Engl.

Disc ring-shaped. Stamens 6-20. Ovules 6-12. Stigma entire.--Species
30. Central Africa, northern South Africa, and Sahara. The fruits and
roots of some are eaten or used medicinally. =Boscia= Lam.

9. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens
10-13, borne upon a short androphore. Ovary 5-celled, with axile
ovules. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. West Africa. =Cercopetalum= Gilg

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, very rarely dioecious, but then
stamens numerous. Flowers nearly always 4-merous. 10

10. Stamens inserted on an elongated stalk-like androphore, united
in two bundles, one of which contains 5-9 fertile, the other as
many sterile stamens. Petals 4. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately
compound.--Species 3. East Africa. =Cladostemon= A. Br. & Vatke

Stamens inserted on a very short androphore or without an androphore. 11

11. Petals very unequal, two much larger than the others, wing-like.
Stamens 5-7. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.--Species 1. West
Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (_Pteropetalum_ Pax). =Euadenia=
Oliv.

Petals not very unequal. Stamens 8 or more. 12

12. Petals open in aestivation, with a long claw; sepals imbricate or
open. Stamens upon a short androphore bearing scales within. Ovary upon
a

[Illustration: CRUCIFERAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 53._

J. Fleischmann del.

Heliophila amplexicaulis L. fil.

_A_ Plant with inflorescences. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Ovary cut
lengthwise. _D_ Fruiting branch. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: CAPPARIDACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 54._

J. Fleischmann del.

Polanisia hirta (Klotzsch) Sond.

_A_ Branch with flowers and fruits. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_
Anther. _D_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _E_ Seed.]

long gynophore, 1-or incompletely 2-celled, with 2 placentas. Leaves
ternately compound.--Species 6. Tropics. Some species yield timber,
edible fruit, or medicaments. =Crataeva= L.

Petals imbricate in aestivation; sepals usually valvate. Disc and
androphore little developed or wanting. 13

13. Leaves ternately compound, rarely simple and undivided, and
then petals numerous. Petals clawed. Ovary with a long stalk,
1-celled.--Species 25. Central Africa. =Ritchiea= R. Br.

Leaves simple, undivided. Petals 4, very rarely 5.--Species 50. Some
of them yield timber, salad, condiments (capers from _C. spinosa_ L.),
edible fruits, and medicaments; some are poisonous. =Capparis= L.

14. (1.) Fruit indehiscent, winged, 1-seeded. Petals 4. Stamens 6.
Ovary with a very short stalk, 1-celled. Ovules 1-2. Style short.
Undershrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. [Subfamily
=DIPTERYGIOIDEAE=.] =Dipterygium= Decne.

Fruit dehiscing by 2 or more valves. Ovules 4 or more. 15

15. Fruit 1-seeded, dehiscing by many valves. Sepals 2. Petals 5.
Stamens 40-60. Ovary sessile, 1-celled. Ovules 4-6. Style long.
Shrubs. Flowers fascicled.--Species 2. East Africa. [Subfamily
=CALYPTROTHECOIDEAE=.] =Calyptrotheca= Gilg

Fruit several-or many-seeded, dehiscing by 2 valves which separate
from the persistent placentas. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Ovules numerous.
[Subfamily =CLEOMOIDEAE=.] 16

16. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals violet. Stamens 10-12,
borne upon a short androphore. Ovary with a long stalk. Herbs. Leaves
ternately compound.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under _Cleome_ L.)
=Chilocalyx= Klotzsch

Calyx-tube none. 17

17. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like androphore, 6, all fertile.
Ovary stalked. Herbs. Leaves digitate.--Species 1. Tropical and South
Africa and Egypt. Yields vegetables, condiments, and medicaments,
and is also used as an ornamental plant. (_Pedicellaria_ Schrank).
=Gynandropsis= DC.

Stamens inserted upon the receptacle, which is not prolonged into a
distinct androphore. 18

18. Stamens numerous or intermixed with staminodes. Herbs. Leaves
digitate.--Species 20. Some of them are used as vegetables. (Including
_Dianthera_ Klotzsch and _Tetratelia_ Sond., under _Cleome_ L.) (Plate
53.) =Polanisia= Raf.

Stamens 4-6, all fertile. 19

19. Disc reduced to 4 small glands. Ovary sessile. Style long. Trees.
Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).
=Cleomodendron= Pax

Disc ring-or saucer-shaped, sometimes produced into scales. Herbs
or undershrubs.--Species 30. Some of them are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. =Cleome= L.


FAMILY 88. CRUCIFERAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely the lower
opposite, simple, but often divided, without stipules, but frequently
with auricles at the base. Flowers without bracteoles, usually in
racemes, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4. Petals 4,
rarely 0. Stamens 6, of which 4 are longer, rarely 2-4, hypogynous,
rarely subperigynous. Glands at the base of the stamens more or less
developed. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled or transversely septate, very
rarely 3-celled. Ovules parietal, curved. Style simple, with 1-2
stigmas. Fruit dry, usually 2-valved. Albumen scanty or wanting. Embryo
curved.--Genera 88, species 420. (Plate 54.)

1. Hairs, all or some of them, branched, at least at the base.
Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. [Tribe
HESPERIDEAE.] 2

Hairs simple or wanting. 37

2. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 3

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long. 19

3. Fruit-valves with a horn-like appendage. Radicle of the embryo
accumbent. 4

Fruit-valves without an appendage, but the style sometimes appendaged. 7

4. Fruit-valves with a basal appendage. Seeds margined. Style
appendaged at the base. Petals violet. Lateral sepals gibbous at the
base. Herbs covered with glandular tubercles.--Species 1. North Africa.
=Lonchophora= Dur.

Fruit-valves with an apical appendage. Seeds not margined. Petals
white, yellow, or red. Plants without glandular tubercles. 5

5. Fruit-valves with a forked appendage. Petals pink. Leaves linear,
entire. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Parolinia= Webb

Fruit-valves with an entire appendage. 6

6. Fruit-valves with a blunt appendage below the apex. Petals
red. Leaves oblong or ovate, sinuate or toothed. Undershrubs with
star-shaped hairs.--Species 5. East Africa. =Diceratella= Boiss.

Fruit-valves with a pointed appendage at the apex. Petals white or
yellow. Leaves linear. Herbs with 2-cleft hairs.--Species 1. North
Africa. =Notoceras= R. Br.

7. Lateral glands alone present, one on each side of the lateral
stamens. Stigmatic lobes usually long and erect, but sometimes united. 8

Lateral and median (anterior and posterior) glands present, sometimes
blended into a ring. Stigmatic lobes usually short and spreading or
indistinctly developed. 14

8. Plants covered with glandular tubercles. Style with a dorsal
gibbosity; stigma not sharply limited. Seeds flat; radicle
accumbent.--Species 15. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants or in medicine. “Stock.” =Matthiola= R. Br.

Plants without glandular tubercles. Stigma more or less sharply limited
at the base.

9. Longer filaments united to the top. Sepals connivent. Petals linear,
white or pink. Seeds minute, in two rows. Bracts leaf-like. Leaves
divided into narrow segments.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt).
=Leptaleum= DC.

Longer filaments free or slightly cohering. 10

10. Seeds thick; radicle incumbent. Fruit-valves more or less convex.
Petals white or pink.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Including _Maresia_ Pomel). =Malcolmia= R. Br.

Seeds flat; radicle accumbent. 11

11. Fruit-valves convex, with a faint middle-nerve, constricted
between the seeds. Sepals saccate at the base. Petals pink. Hairs
stellate.--Species 3. North Africa. (Under _Farsetia_ Desv. or
_Malcolmia_ R. Br.). =Eremobium= Boiss.

Fruit-valves flat, sometimes keeled. 12

12. Fruit-valves projecting inwards between the seeds, thick, obtusely
angled. Stigma acutely 2-lobed. Sepals erect. Petals pink.--Species 3.
North and East Africa. =Morettia= DC.

Fruit-valves not projecting between the seeds. 13

13. Petals purple, narrow. Sepals erect, not saccate. Stigma acutely
2-lobed. Seeds winged. Leaves narrow. Hairs 2-cleft.--Species 13. East
and North Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Farsetia= Desv.

Petals white, rarely yellowish, reddish, or bluish. Fruit-valves with
a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row.--Species 15. North, East,
and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-cress.”
=Arabis= L.

14. (7.) Median glands 4. Style 2-lobed; stigma dilated, not sharply
limited. Fruit-valves convex or keeled. 15

Median glands 2, usually confluent with the lateral ones into a ring.
Style short, truncate or somewhat depressed at the apex; stigma usually
sharply limited. 16

15. Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.--Species 4. North Africa. Used
as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Wallflower.” (Including
_Dichroanthus_ Webb). =Cheiranthus= L.

Seeds thick; radicle incumbent.--Species 5. North Africa to Abyssinia.
Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. =Erysimum= L.

16. Partition of the fruit with two bundles of fibres; valves
with a strong midrib. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves
pinnatipartite.--Species 4. North Africa to Abyssinia. (Under
_Sisymbrium_ L.). =Descurainia= Webb & Berth.

Partition of the fruit without bundles of fibres. Petals white, rarely
yellowish, reddish, or bluish. 17

17. Fruit-valves flat, with a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row;
radicle accumbent. (See 13.). =Arabis= L.

Fruit-valves more or less convex, with a strong middle-nerve. 18

18. Seeds with an accumbent radicle, in 2 rows.--Species 1. South
Africa. (Under _Arabis_ L.). =Turritis= L.

Seeds with an incumbent radicle, usually in 1 row.--Species 2. East,
South, and North Africa, and Cape Verde Islands. (Under _Arabis_ L. or
_Sisymbrium_ L.). =Stenophragma= Celak.

19. (2.) Fruit 1-seeded. 20

Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 22

20. Sepals petal-like. Petals reddish. Glands none. Ovary 3-celled.
Style very short. Fruit elliptical, much compressed. Shrubs.--Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Schlechteria= Bolus

Sepals not petal-like. Petals yellow or whitish. Glands present. Ovary
2-celled. Fruit orbicular. Herbs. 21

21. Filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Style none. Fruit flat,
without a partition. Radicle accumbent. Fruit-stalk bent back. Leaves
linear. Hairs star-shaped.--Species 2. North Africa. =Clypeola= L.

Filaments not appendaged. Style thread-shaped. Fruit thick, with
a rudimentary partition. Radicle incumbent. Fruit-stalk erect or
spreading. Cauline leaves sagittate. Hairs 2-3-cleft.--Species 1. North
Africa. Used medicinally. (_Vogelia_ Medik.) =Neslia= Desv.

22. Fruit 2-4-seeded. 23

Fruit many-seeded. 30

23. Petals yellow. 24

Petals white or reddish. 26

24. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Filaments
without an appendage. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit with laterally compressed,
boat-shaped valves and a linear partition. Seeds 2-3; radicle
incumbent. Shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species
1. Island of Socotra. =Lachnocapsa= Balf.

Sepals not saccate. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in spikes or racemes.
25

25. Median and lateral glands present. Filaments without an appendage.
Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit winged, 4-celled, indehiscent. Seeds 4; funicle
very short. Embryo spirally twisted; radicle incumbent. Plants covered
with glandular tubercles. Leaves toothed.--Species 1. North Africa.
Used medicinally. =Bunias= L.

Median glands absent. Filaments usually appendaged. Stigma obscurely
lobed. Fruit dehiscing in two valves. Embryo not spiral; radicle
accumbent. Plants without glandular tubercles.--Species 13. North
and South Africa. Some are used in medicine or as ornamental plants.
(Including _Meniocus_ Desv.) =Alyssum= L.

26. Fruit-valves with a large, wing-like appendage near the top,
projecting inwards between the seeds. Style long. Seeds 4. Leaves
toothed.--Species 1. North Africa. “Rose of Jericho.” =Anastatica= L.

Fruit-valves without an appendage. 27

27. Fruit-valves boat-shaped, laterally compressed; partition narrow.
Stigma sessile. Seeds 4.--Species 2. North Africa. (Including
_Hinterhubera_ Reichb. and _Hornungia_ Reichb.) =Hutchinsia= R. Br.

Fruit-valves flat or convex, dorsally or not compressed; partition
broad. 28

28. Fruit-valves strongly convex; partition thick, woody. Fruit
elliptical, tapering into the style. Seeds 2. Median glands wanting.
Flowers short-stalked.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
=Euclidium= R. Br.

Fruit-valves flat or slightly convex; partition thin, membranous. 29

29. Median glands wanting. Partition of the fruit without fibres. Fruit
orbicular. Spinous undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under
_Alyssum_ L.). =Ptilotrichum= C. A. Mey.

Median and lateral glands present. Partition of the fruit with
scattered fibres.--Species 6. North and South Africa, Cape Verde
Islands, and St. Helena. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (_Koniga_ Adans., under _Alyssum_ L.) =Lobularia= Desv.

30. Petals yellow. 31

Petals white or red. 34

31. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Shorter
filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Fruit elliptical, flat. Seeds
numerous, winged.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under
_Farsetia_ Desv.) =Fibigia= Medik.

Sepals not saccate. 32

32. Filaments, at least some of them, with an appendage, more rarely
without, but then, as usually, seeds 2-8. Fruit-valves marked with a
mid-rib at the base. (See 25.) =Alyssum= L.

Filaments without an appendage. Seeds 10 or more. Fruit-valves with the
mid-rib extending to the top. 33

33. Fruit ovate or elliptical, with rather flat valves and a faint
middle-nerve. Radicle accumbent.--Species 5. North-west Africa. Some
are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Erophila_ DC.)
=Draba= L.

Fruit obovate or pear-shaped, with very convex valves and a strong
middle-nerve. Radicle incumbent. Leaves sagittate.--Species 3. North
Africa. They yield oil and medicaments. =Camelina= Crantz

34. Petals red. Stigma 2-cleft. Seeds winged. Hairs 2-cleft. (See 13.).
=Farsetia= Turr.

Petals white. Stigma entire or notched. Seeds not winged. 35

35. Valves of the fruit flat or slightly convex, with a faint
middle-nerve; partition broad. Radicle accumbent. Leaves undivided.
(See 33.) =Draba= L.

Valves of the fruit boat-shaped; partition narrow. Radicle incumbent.
36

36. Fruit broadened or notched at the apex.--Species 1. North Africa
and northern East Africa, also naturalized in South Africa and the
islands of St. Helena and St. Thomas. Used medicinally. “Shepherds
purse.” =Capsella= DC.

Fruit rounded or pointed at the apex. (See 27.). =Hutchinsia= R. Br.

37. (1.) Stigma equally developed all round. Style-apex entire, rarely
notched at right angles to the placentas. Cotyledons usually folded or
twisted. [Tribe THELYPODIEAE.] 38

Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. Style-apex
entire or 2-lobed. [Tribe SINAPEAE.]. 45

38. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 39

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad. Cotyledons transversely
folded or spirally twisted. 42

39. Fruit without a partition, oblong, with convex, angled valves.
Seed-coat spongy. Cotyledons neither folded nor twisted; radicle
accumbent. Leaves roundish.--Species 1. Island of Kerguelen. Used as a
vegetable and in medicine. =Pringlea= Hook. fil.

Fruit with a partition. Cotyledons folded or twisted; radicle
incumbent. 40

40. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals white.
Fruit oblong. Seeds flat. Cotyledons twice inflected lengthwise. Leaves
reniform-cordate.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Chamira=
Thunb.

Sepals erect, not saccate. Cotyledons rolled inwards or folded
transversely. 41

41. Seeds turgid, separated by transverse partitions. Fruit linear.
Petals blue or red. Leaves linear.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). =Carponema= Sond.

Seeds flat, not separated by transverse partitions, but the fruit often
constricted between the seeds.--Species 60. South Africa. Some are used
as ornamental plants. (Plate 54.) =Heliophila= L.

42. Fruit 1-seeded. Seed winged. Leaves thread-shaped.--Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). =Palmstruckia= Sond.

Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 43

43. Fruit dehiscent, rather flat, with usually more than 2 seeds. (See
41.) =Heliophila= L.

Fruit indehiscent, 2-seeded. Leaves linear or lanceolate. 44

44. Fruit compressed dorsally; valves with elevated ridges radiating
from the centre. Style long. Seeds flat; cotyledons folded. Petals
red.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Cycloptychis= E. Mey.

Fruit compressed laterally; valves ventricose; dissepiment very narrow.
Style short. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons involute. Petals yellow or
red.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Brachycarpaea= DC.

45. (37.) Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad. 46

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long. 77

46. Fruit transversely divided into two or more fertile cells.
Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. [Subtribe BRASSICINAE.] 47

Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes produced into a seedless
beak. 59

47. Fruit with 2 transverse cells (joints). 48

Fruit with 3 or more transverse cells. 56

48. Upper joint of the fruit 3-4-seeded, flat. Seeds oblong. Petals
yellow. Undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco).
=Hemicrambe= Webb

Upper joint of the fruit 1-seeded. 49

49. Fruit-valves flat, usually 1-nerved. 50

Fruit-valves convex. 51

50. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate. Petals violet. Stigmatic
lobes long, erect, connate.--Species 7. North Africa. =Moricandia= DC.

Sepals spreading, not saccate. Stigmatic lobes short. Leaves
pinnatipartite.--Species 10. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and
Island of St. Thomas; one species also naturalized in South Africa. The
seeds of some species are used as a condiment. =Diplotaxis= DC.

51. Beak of the fruit flat, sharp-edged. Valves usually 3-nerved. 52

Beak of the fruit cylindrical or conical, terete or but slightly
flattened. 53

52. Petals red. Lateral sepals saccate. Seeds ovoid. Fruits erect.
Leaves dissected.--Species 2. North Africa. (Under _Erucaria_ Gaertn.)
=Reboudia= Coss. & Durieu

Petals yellow or whitish with violet veins. Seeds globose. Leaves
lyrate.--Species 5. North Africa, one species also cultivated in the
Mascarene Islands. The white mustard (_S. alba_ L.) yields salad, oil,
condiments, and medicaments. (Under _Brassica_ L.) =Sinapis= L.

53. Lower joint of the fruit indehiscent, narrower than the upper
one, 3-4-seeded. Petals yellow. Lateral sepals saccate.--Species 1.
North-west Africa. (Under _Rapistrum_ Desv.) =Cordylocarpus= Desf.

Lower joint of the fruit dehiscing in two valves, as broad as the upper
one, rarely narrower, but then petals violet. 54

54. Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Cotyledons 2-lobed.
Petals yellow or white, sometimes with violet veins.--Species 25, five
of them only cultivated or naturalized. Some species yield vegetables,
salad, oil, condiments, or medicaments, especially _B. oleracea_ L.,
cabbage, _B. campestris_ L., rapeseed, _B. Napus_ L., turnip, and
_B. nigra_ Koch, black mustard. (Including _Melanosinapis_ Schimp. &
Spenn.) =Brassica= L.

Seeds ovoid or oblong. Leaves pinnatipartite. 55

55. Fruit-valves net-veined with a strong midrib. Cotyledons truncate.
Sepals spreading. Petals white or yellow.--Species 6. North and
East Africa. (Including _Hirschfeldia_ Moench, under _Brassica_ L.)
=Erucastrum= Presl Fruit-valves with several longitudinal nerves.
Sepals connivent. Petals violet.--Species 4. North Africa. (Including
_Hussonia_ Coss.) =Erucaria= Gaertn.

56. Seeds pendulous. 57

Seeds partly (the upper ones) erect. 58

57. Fruit flat or 4-angled. Stem very short. Leaves radical. Flowers
solitary, axillary.--Species 3. North-west Africa. (_Raffenaldia_
Godr.) =Cossonia= Durieu

Fruit turgid. Stem branched. Leaves radical and cauline. Flowers
racemose.--Species 2, one spontaneous in North Africa and naturalized
in South Africa, the second (_R. sativus_ L.) cultivated and
naturalized in various regions. The latter yields salad, oil, and
medicaments. “Radish.” (_Raphanus_ L.) =Rhaphanus= L.

58. Lower joint of the fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, 1-4-seeded.
Hispid herbs. Leaves lyrate, the upper toothed. Flowers, at least
the lower, subtended by bracts.--Species 4. North Africa to Nubia.
=Enarthrocarpus= Labill.

Lower joint of the fruit 2-celled lengthwise, usually dehiscing in two
valves, 4-12-seeded. Almost glabrous herbs. Leaves dissected. Flowers
without bracts. (See 55). =Erucaria= Gaertn.

59. (46.) Fruit 1-seeded, flat, winged, 6-nerved, indehiscent. Stigma
sessile. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves undivided.--Species
5. North Africa. Woad (_I. tinctoria_ L.) yields a dye, other species
are used medicinally. =Isatis= L.

Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 60

60. Fruit-valves flat, but sometimes with a prominent midrib. 61

Fruit-valves convex or keeled. 67

61. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes connate. Median glands none.
Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals
violet or purple. Glabrous plants. 62

Stigmatic lobes short or not developed. Median, sometimes confluent,
glands besides the lateral ones present, rarely only the latter, but
then radicle accumbent. Radicle accumbent or incumbent; in the latter
case cotyledons flat, rarely folded, but then sepals not saccate. 63

62. Seeds broadly winged, in a single row. Fruit broadly linear.
Petals with a broad claw. Shrubs. Leaves linear-oblong, sessile,
entire.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including _Oudneya_
R. Br.) =Henophyton= Coss. & Durieu

Seeds narrowly or not winged. Fruit narrowly linear. Herbs or
undershrubs. Leaves undivided, the upper stem-clasping, or pinnately
divided. (See 50.). =Moricandia= DC.

63. Radicle of the embryo incumbent. Seeds usually in 2 rows. Leaves,
at least the lower, pinnately divided. 64

Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Seeds usually in a single row. 65

64. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons not folded. Sepals converging or erect,
the lateral saccate at the base. Petals purple or violet.--Species 2.
North Africa. =Ammosperma= Hook. fil.

Seeds ovoid or globose. Cotyledons folded. Fruit-valves 1-nerved.
Sepals erect or spreading, not saccate. (See 50.). =Diplotaxis= DC.

65. Fruit-valves without distinct veins, opening elastically. Fruit
linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds in a single row, oblong or
elliptical, not winged. Sepals not saccate. Leaves usually pinnately
divided.--Species 8. Some of them are used as salad or in medicine.
“Bittercress.” =Cardamine= L.

Fruit-valves with distinct veins, not elastic. Fruit linear. Leaves
usually undivided. 66

66. Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve. Seeds in a single row. (See
13.) =Arabis= L.

Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve. Seeds in two rows, ovoid.
Sepals spreading. Petals white. Leaves undivided. (See 18.) =Turritis=
L.

67. (60.) Median glands absent. Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve.
Cotyledons convex or folded; radicle incumbent. Sepals erect or
converging. Petals yellow or violet. Glabrous plants. 68

Median and lateral glands present, sometimes blended into a ring,
rarely (_Nasturtium_) median glands absent, but then fruit-valves with
a faint or scarcely visible midnerve. Sepals erect or spreading. Petals
white or yellow, sometimes with red or violet veins. 69

68. Petals violet. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes cohering.
Cotyledons folded. (See 50.) =Moricandia= DC.

Petals yellowish. Stigmatic lobes short or imperceptible. Seeds in a
single row, oblong. Cotyledons convex. Leaves undivided.--Species 1.
North Africa to Nubia. Used as a vegetable. =Conringia= Heist.

69. Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Sepals not saccate. 70

Radicle of the embryo incumbent; cotyledons usually folded. 71

70. Fruit-valves with a strong midnerve. Seeds in a single row. Petals
yellow.--Species 3. North, East, and South Africa, also naturalized
in the Mascarene Islands. Used as vegetables, salad, or fodder.
“Wintercress.” =Barbarea= R. Br.

Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve not reaching to the top. Seeds
usually in two rows.--Species 15. Some of them (especially _N.
officinale_ R. Br., watercress) yield salad, condiments, and
medicaments. (Including _Roripa_ Scop.) =Nasturtium= R. Br.

71. Cotyledons not folded. Fruit not beaked; valves with 1-3 strong
ribs. Glands confluent into a ring. 72

Cotyledons folded. Fruit usually beaked. 73

72. Style-apex truncate beneath the stigma. Seeds striate. Petals
white. Leaves broad-cordate, toothed.--Species 1. North-west Africa.
Used medicinally. (Under _Sisymbrium_ L.) =Alliaria= Adans.

Style-apex notched beneath the stigma. Petals usually yellow.--Species
25. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine. (Including _Kibera_ DC.
and _Nasturtiopsis_ Boiss.) =Sisymbrium= L.

73. Fruit with a flat, sharp-edged beak, dehiscing in two valves. Seeds
globular. Herbs with lyrate leaves. 74

Fruit with a cylindrical or conical, terete or slightly flattened beak,
or without a beak. 75

74. Fruit-valves with a single strong longitudinal nerve. Seeds
in 2 rows. Sepals converging. Fruits erect, pressed against the
stem.--Species 4. North Africa and northern East Africa. The seeds are
used as a condiment or in medicine. (Including _Rytidocarpus_ Coss.)
=Eruca= Lam.

Fruit valves with 3 longitudinal nerves. Seeds in 1 row. Sepals
spreading. (See 52.). =Sinapis= L.

75. Seeds oblong. Fruit-valves with a strong midrib. Lateral sepals
saccate. Petals yellow. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 6.
Madeira and Cape Verde Islands. (Under _Brassica_ L.) =Sinapidendron=
Lowe

Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Herbs. 76

76. Fruit indehiscent, spongy. Leaves lyrate. (See 57.) =Rhaphanus= L.

Fruit dehiscing in two valves. (See 54.) =Brassica= L.

77. (45.) Fruit indehiscent, transversely divided into 2-7 cells
(joints), the lowest cell sometimes seedless. 78

Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes prolonged into a seedless
beak. 82

78. Fruit 3-7-jointed, oblong, flat. Style rather long. Seeds solitary
in each cell, pendulous. Sepals erect or connivent, the lateral
saccate. Stem very short. Leaves radical, lyrate. Flowers solitary,
axillary. (See 57.) =Cossonia= Durieu

Fruit 2-jointed. Flowers racemose. 79

79. Fruit compressed, the lower joint with a pendulous, the upper
with an erect seed. Stigma sessile. Radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals
saccate. Petals pale-violet or rose-coloured.--Species 1. North Africa.
Used medicinally. =Cakile= Gaertn.

Fruit not essentially compressed. Radicle incumbent. Cotyledons folded.
Petals white or yellow. 80

80. Upper joint of the fruit with a partition and an erect seed;
lower joint 1-2-seeded or seedless. Sepals spreading. Leaves
pinnatipartite.--Species 7. North Africa; one species also naturalized
in South Africa. (Including _Ceratocnemon_ Coss. et Balansa, _Didesmus_
Desv., _Otocarpus_ Durieu, and _Rapistrella_ Pomel). =Rapistrum= Desv.

Upper joint of the fruit without a partition, one-seeded; lower joint
seedless. Sepals not saccate. Petals white. 81

81. Upper joint of the fruit tubercled, beaked. Seed erect or pendulous
from the top of the cell. Cotyledons not lobed. Sepals suberect.
Filaments not toothed. Leaves lobed.--Species 2. North-west Africa.
(Including _Kremeria_ Coss.). =Muricaria= Desv.

Upper joint of the fruit ribbed or smooth, not beaked. Seed pendulous
from the long, ascending funicle. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Sepals
spreading.--Species 7. North and East Africa. Some are used as
vegetables (sea-kale). =Crambe= L.

82. (77.) Fruit prolonged into a broad beak. Radicle incumbent. Petals
yellow, often marked with violet veins. 83

Fruit not distinctly beaked. 87

83. Fruit indehiscent, 1-or 3-celled, with a single perfect seed and
usually a rudimentary one below it. Seed oblong. Herbs. Leaves toothed,
lobed, or cleft. 84

Fruit dehiscing in 2 valves, completely or incompletely 2-celled, with
2 or more seeds, but the seed of one cell sometimes rudimentary (in
this case shrubs). Seeds globose or nearly so. Cotyledons folded. 85

84. Fruit 1-celled, with an oblique, sword-shaped beak.--Species 1.
North-east Africa (Egypt). =Schimpera= Hochst. & Steud.

Fruit 3-celled, with a broad, hollow, chambered beak.--Species 1.
North-west Africa (Algeria). =Myagrum= L.

85. Fruit with 2 seeds. Longer filaments united in pairs. Small shrubs.
Leaves entire.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Vella= L.

Fruit with 6 or more seeds. Filaments free. Herbs. Leaves divided, at
least some of them. 86

86. Fruit with 6-8 seeds and a leaf-like beak. Leaves twice pinnately
dissected.--Species 1. North Africa. =Carrichtera= Adans.

Fruit with many seeds and a sword-shaped beak. Leaves lyrate or
undivided. (See 74.) =Eruca= Lam.

87. (82.) Fruit 1-seeded. 88

Fruit 2-or more-seeded. 91

88. Fruit slightly or not compressed, ovoid, with a crusty rind. Seed
globular. Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. Petals white. Filaments
without an appendage. Glands confluent. Radical leaves pinnately
divided. Fruit-stalks spreading-erect.--Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). =Calepina= Adans.

Fruit much compressed. Leaves undivided. 89

89. Sepals petal-like. Petals rose-coloured. Filaments without an
appendage. Glands wanting. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit elliptical. Radicle
accumbent. Shrubs. Leaves entire. (See 20.) =Schlechteria= Bolus

Sepals not petal-like. Glands present. Ovary 2-celled. Herbs or
undershrubs. 90

90. Petals rose-coloured. Longer filaments with a tooth-like appendage.
Median glands wanting. Apex of the style truncate beneath the stigma.
Fruit discoid, winged.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as
ornamental plants. =Aethionema= R. Br.

Petals yellow. Filaments without an appendage. Median and lateral
glands confluent into a ring. Apex of the style more or less 2-lobed
beneath the stigma. Fruit with 6 longitudinal nerves. Fruit-stalks bent
downwards. (See 59.) =Isatis= L.

91. (87.) Fruit 2-seeded. 92

Fruit 4-or more-seeded. 99

92. Fruit much compressed from the back, oblong, with a soon vanishing
partition and flat, net-veined valves. Seeds horizontal, winged;
radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals pale-violet. Leaves
pinnatisect.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Ricotia= L.

Fruit compressed from the side, and then with a narrow partition, or
not compressed; partition well developed. 93

93. Fruit distinctly compressed laterally. 94

Fruit not distinctly compressed. 97

94. Fruit moderately compressed, with a lanceolate or elliptical
partition, opening by 2 valves. Seeds pendulous; radicle incumbent,
rarely obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the
embryo. Petals white, more rarely yellowish or wanting.--Species 20.
Some of them (especially _L. sativum_ L., garden-cress) yield salad,
oil, and medicaments. =Lepidium= L.

Fruit strongly compressed, with a linear partition. 95

95. Seeds horizontal, inserted in the middle of the cell. Radicle
short, accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo.
Petals yellow. Median and lateral glands present.--Species 6. North
Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Biscutella= L.

Seeds pendulous from the top of the cell. Petals, when present, white,
red or violet. 96

96. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend
of the embryo. Style very short. Fruit reniform, wrinkled,
indehiscent.--Species 7. Some of them are used medicinally.
(_Senebiera_ Poir.) =Coronopus= Gaertn.

Radicle accumbent; cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo. Style
distinctly developed. Fruit ovate. Outer petals larger than the inner.
Median glands wanting.--Species 4. North-west Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants or in medicine. “Candytuft.” =Iberis L.=

97. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, globular, prickly, with a pierced
partition. Style subulate, with short, blunt lobes. Seeds globose, with
a thread-shaped funicle. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded, inserted
at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect. Petals yellow. Herbs. Leaves
pinnatisect.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Succowia= Medik.

Fruit indehiscent, with a thick partition. Style conical. Seeds with a
very short funicle. 98

98. Fruit angular-subglobose, tubercled. Style very short, with short
lobes. Seeds oblong. Radicle obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted
behind the bend of the embryo. Sepals spreading. Petals yellow. Herbs.
Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt).
=Ochthodium= DC.

Fruit ovoid. Style rather long, with long lobes. Radicle incumbent;
cotyledons folded, inserted at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect.
Petals rose-coloured. Spinous shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 2.
North Africa to Nubia. =Zilla= Forsk.

99. (91.) Fruit compressed from the back or not compressed; hence
partition as broad as the fruit. 100

Fruit laterally compressed; partition narrower than the fruit. 104

100. Seeds 4, in a single row, flat, with a long free funicle; radicle
accumbent. Fruit with a soon vanishing partition; valves flat, without
a distinct median nerve; style very short. Lateral sepals saccate.
Petals violet. Only two lateral glands present. Leaves pinnately
dissected. Fruit-stalks bent downwards. (See 92.). =Ricotia= L.

Seeds more than 4, nearly always in two rows. Fruit with a persistent
partition. Sepals not saccate. 101

101. Seeds flat, winged. Funicle adnate to the partition at the
base. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Fruit with a stalk-like
appendage at the base; valves slightly convex. Petals rose or violet.
Leaves undivided or lobed.--Species 2. North Africa. Used medicinally.
=Savignya= DC.

Seeds turgid or flat but not winged. Funicle free. Radicle accumbent.
Petals white or yellow. 102

102. Fruit-valves with a very faint median nerve not reaching the top,
or without a distinct median nerve, convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex
lobed. Median and lateral glands developed. (See 70.) =Nasturtium= R.
Br.

Fruit-valves with a distinct median nerve reaching the top. Median
glands wanting. 103

103. Fruit-valves distinctly convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex truncate
beneath the stigma. Petals white. Filaments curved.--Species 1.
Naturalized in the Island of St. Helena. (Under _Cochlearia_ L.)
=Kernera= Medik.

Fruit-valves rather flat. Style-apex lobed or depressed beneath the
stigma. Glands 4. Leaves undivided. (See 33.) =Draba= L.

104. (99.) Median and lateral glands present. Sepals erect. Fruit
winged. Style long. Seeds numerous. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons
folded. Leaves undivided. 105

Median glands absent. Style short, rarely long, but then radicle
accumbent. Cotyledons not folded. 106

105. Petals white, with dark veins. Fruit obcordate. Style-apex shortly
and obtusely lobed. Hispid herbs.--Species 1. North-west Africa.
=Psychine= Desf.

Petals violet or red. Fruit ovoid. Style-apex distinctly and acutely
lobed. Glabrous herbs.--Species 1. North Africa and Abyssinia.
=Schouwia= DC.

106. Stamens more or less perigynous. Petals white. Seeds 4-6.
Cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. 107

Stamens hypogynous. Cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo. 108

107. Filaments with an appendage at their base. Fruit winged above.
Style short. Seeds 4. Radicle accumbent. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or
pinnatipartite.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as vegetables.
=Teesdalia= R. Br.

Filaments without an appendage. Fruit not winged. Style absent. Seeds
6. Radicle incumbent. Leaves linear.--Species 1. High mountains of East
Africa. =Subularia= L.

108. Filaments, at least the longer ones, with a tooth-like appendage.
Lateral sepals saccate at the base. Petals rose-coloured. Style short.
Radicle incumbent. Flowers in racemes. (See 90.). =Aethionema= R. Br.

Filaments without an appendage. Sepals not saccate. 109

109. Flowers solitary in the axils of the radical, undivided leaves.
Petals rose-coloured. Fruit-valves wingless, separating from the
laterally dilated placentas. Seeds 6. Radicle incumbent.--Species 2.
North-west Africa. Used as ornamental plants. =Ionopsidium= Reichb.

Flowers in racemes. Fruit-valves separating from the narrow or
thickened but not dilated placentas, or fruit indehiscent. 110

110. Fruit-valves not winged. Fruit oblong or ovate. Petals white.
Leaves pinnately divided. (See 27.) =Hutchinsia= R. Br.

Fruit-valves winged. 111

111. Radicle accumbent. Petals white or rose. Leaves
undivided.--Species 6. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used medicinally.
“Penny-cress.” =Thlaspi= L.

Radicle incumbent. 112

112. Fruit oblong or elliptical. Stigma sessile. Petals white or
yellow. Leaves undivided.--Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria).
(Including _Pastorea_ Tod.) =Bivonaea= DC.

Fruit obcordate. Stigma borne upon a short style. Funicle free. Petals
white. (See 36.). =Capsella= DC.


SUBORDER RESEDINEAE


FAMILY 89. RESEDACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes,
irregular. Sepals 4-8. Petals 2-8, free, rarely 0. Disc hypogynous,
one-sided, rarely wanting. Stamens 3-40, free or united at the base.
Carpels 2-6, superior and usually stalked, open at the top, distinct
or united and then forming a 1-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Stigmas
sessile. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous, with a curved embryo.--Genera 6,
species 45. (Plate 55.)

1. Carpels 5-6, distinct or cohering at the base only. Petals 5. Leaves
lanceolate, entire. 2

[Illustration: RESEDACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. APR._

_Pl. 55._

J. Fleischmann del.

Oligomeris glaucescens Cambess.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Petal. _D_ Stamens. _E_ Ovary cut
lengthwise and across. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Seed cut lengthwise. _H_ Part of
a branch with clusters of leaves.]

[Illustration: DROSERACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 56._

J. Fleischmann del.

Drosera Burkeana Planch.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Petal. _D_ Flower without the
corolla (the calyx cut lengthwise). _E_ Style. _F_ Older flower. _G_
Older flower cut lengthwise. _H_ Seed.]


Carpels 2-4, united at least to the middle, forming a 1-celled ovary
open at the top with parietal placentation; if carpels united to the
middle only, then petals 4. 3

2. Carpels with a single descending ovule attached in the middle of the
cell, stellately spreading when ripe. Shrubs.--Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). =Astrocarpus= Neck.

Carpels with 2-3 basal ovules. Herbs.--Species 3. North and Central
Africa. =Caylusea= St. Hil.

3. Petals none. Sepals 6. Stamens 10-30, hypogynous. Stigmas 3. Fruit
berry-like, closed at the top. Shrubs. Leaves linear.--Species 5. North
Africa and northern East Africa. =Ochradenus= Del.

Petals 2-8. Fruit capsular, open at the top. 4

4. Petals 2. Disc wanting. Stamens 3-10, hypogynous. Ovary sessile.
Stigmas 4. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 6. South Africa and North
Africa to Nubia. (Plate 55.) =Oligomeris= Cambess.

Petals 4-8. Disc present. 5

5. Petals perigynous, 6-8. Stamens perigynous, numerous. Disc double.
Stigmas 2-3. Shrubs.--Species 2. North Africa and northern East Africa.
=Randonia= Coss.

Petals hypogynous, 4-7. Stamens hypogynous. Ovary stalked. Herbs or
undershrubs.--Species 30. North Africa and northern East Africa; one
species also introduced in South Africa. Some species (especially _R.
luteola_ L.) yield a dye, oil, and medicaments, others (especially
_R. odorata_ L.) are used as ornamental plants and in perfumery.
“Mignonette.” (Including _Luteola_ Tourn.). =Reseda= L.


SUBORDER MORINGINEAE


FAMILY 90. MORINGACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Stipules gland-like or wanting.
Flowers in panicles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Petals 5, perigynous,
imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 5, perigynous, alternating with 5
staminodes. Anthers 1-celled, turned inwards. Ovary short-stalked,
1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, pendulous,
inverted. Style simple. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo
straight. (Under _CAPPARIDACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 6. Five species spontaneous in northern East
Africa, Madagascar, and Egypt; the sixth (_M. oleifera_ Lam.,
horse-radish-tree) cultivated and sometimes naturalized on the coasts
of the tropics. This species yields gum, fibre, tanners’ bark, fodder,
vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments. =Moringa= Juss.


ORDER SARRACENIALES


FAMILY 91. NEPENTHACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, terminating in a
pitcher. Flowers regular, dioecious. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 4
or more, with united filaments; anthers 2-celled, opening outwards.
Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Stigmas 4,
sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a straight,
axile embryo and fleshy albumen.

Genus 1, species 2. Madagascar and Seychelles. Used as ornamental
plants. “Pitcher plant.” =Nepenthes= L.


FAMILY 92. DROSERACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually covered with glandular hairs and
rolled up in the bud. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-8-lobed
or parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-8, usually 5, free, clawed,
imbricate or contorted in aestivation. Stamens 4-20, as many as or more
than the petals, hypogynous or nearly so, free. Anthers usually turned
outwards, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled.
Ovules numerous (10 or more), inverted. Styles or style-branches
2-5. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous, with a small
embryo.--Genera 3, species 15. (Plate 56.)

1. Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free, with capitate stigmas. Ovules basal
or nearly so. Undershrubs. Leaves linear, glandular-hairy, rolled up in
the bud. Flowers in corymbs.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco).
=Drosophyllum= Link

Stamens 4-8. Styles or style-branches 2-5, with not much thickened
stigmas. Ovules parietal. Herbs. 2

2. Blade of the leaves jointed to the stalk, folded lengthwise,
surrounded by bristles, without glands at the edges. Leaves whorled.
Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens 5. Styles 5, free, with branched
stigmas. Ovules few, affixed at the middle of the placentas. Floating
water-plants.--Species 1. Upper Nile. =Aldrovanda= L.

Blade of the leaves not jointed, flat, rolled up in the bud, bearing
long-stalked glands at the edges. Ovules numerous.--Species 13.
Southern and tropical Africa. Some species are used in the preparation
of liquors and in medicine. “Sundew.” (Plate 56.) =Drosera= L.


ORDER ROSALES


SUBORDER PODOSTEMONINEAE


FAMILY 93. PODOSTEMONACEAE

Aquatic herbs resembling mosses or algae. Flowers solitary or in cymes,
usually enclosed when young in a spathe, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 2-3
minute scales, rarely larger and 3-parted. Stamens 1-4, hypogynous.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled,
with a central placenta. Ovules numerous, sub-sessile, inverted. Fruit
capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 9, species 25. Tropical and South
Africa. (Plate 57.)

[Illustration: PODOSTEMONACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 57._

J. Fleischmann del.

Tristicha alternifolia Tul.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: HYDROSTACHYACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 58._

J. Fleischmann del.

Hydrostachys multifida A. Juss.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Male flower with its bract. _C_ Female flower,
and ovary cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.]

1. Flowers without a spathe, regular. Perianth 3-parted. Stamen 1.
Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Tropical and
South Africa. (Plate 57.) [Tribe TRISTICHEAE.] =Tristicha= Thouars

Flowers at first enclosed in a spathe, irregular. Perianth of 2, rarely
of 3 small scales. Stamens 2-4. Ovary 1-2-celled. Styles 1-2. Leaves
usually dissected. 2

2. Style 1, very short; stigma entire. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3-4;
filaments free or nearly so. Stem elongate. Spathe close to the
flower.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). [Tribe MARATHREAE.]
=Angolaea= Wedd.

Styles 2, free or united at the base. Stamens 2, rarely (_Winklerella_)
3, but then filaments united about halfway up. [Tribe PODOSTEMONEAE.] 3

3. Filaments free or nearly so. Ovary stalked. 4

Filaments obviously united. 5

4. Fruit with unequal valves, the persistent valve 5-nerved, the
deciduous one 3-nerved. Stem little branched. Leaves linear or the
lower with two teeth at the base.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).
=Ledermanniella= Engl.

Fruit with two equal, persistent, linear, 5-nerved valves. Stem much
branched. Leaves divided in 2-5 narrow segments.--Species 2. West
Africa. Used as salad. =Dicraeanthus= Engl.

5. Ovary and fruit 1-celled, the latter with somewhat unequal valves.
Flowers drooping.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as salad.
(Including _Isothylax_ Baill.) =Sphaerothylax= Bisch.

Ovary and fruit 2-celled. 6

6. Fruit with unequal valves, one of which falls off, and with
prominent ribs. Pollen-grains united in pairs.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Podostemon= Mich.

Fruit with equal valves. 7

7. Fruit smooth, without distinct ribs. Pollen-grains separate. Flowers
drooping.--Species 3. Southern Central Africa. (_Leiocarpodicraea_
Engl., under _Dicraea_ Thouars). =Leiothylax= Warm.

Fruit with prominent ribs. 8

8. Fruit 2-toothed at the top, with boat-shaped valves, one of them
or both falling off. Pollen-grains separate.--Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). =Winklerella= Engl.

Fruit with persistent valves. Pollen-grains united in pairs.--Species
9. Tropics. (Under _Podostemon_ Mich.) =Dicraea= Thouars


FAMILY 94. HYDROSTACHYACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Stem tuberous. Leaves with a sheath and a ligule.
Flowers in spikes, bracteate, without a perianth, dioecious. Stamen 1,
with separated anther-halves (or 2 with united filaments), hypogynous.
Anthers turned outwards. Pollen-grains united in groups of 4. Ovary
1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles
2. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under _PODOSTEMONACEAE_.)
(Plate 58.)

Genus 1, species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Hydrostachys=
Thouars


SUBORDER SAXIFRAGINEAE


FAMILY 95. CRASSULACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Stem and leaves usually succulent.
Leaves without stipules. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Petals 3-20,
free or united below, hypogynous or nearly so. Stamens as many or twice
as many as the petals. Filaments free. Anthers turned inwards. Carpels
as many as the petals, free or united at the base, usually with a
scale-like appendage. Ovules numerous, rarely (_Crassula_) 1-2 in each
carpel. Fruit-carpels follicular. Seeds with a very scanty albumen or
without albumen.--Genera 10, species 400. (Plate 59.)

1. Petals free or nearly so. 2

Petals united below into a distinct, usually long tube. 5

2. Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 3-9, usually 5. Sepals free
or nearly so. Petals white or reddish. Leaves opposite.--Species 180.
Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
_Bulliarda_ DC., _Dinacria_ Harv., _Helophytum_ Eckl. & Zeyh., and
_Tillaea_ L.) =Crassula= L.

Stamens twice as many as the sepals, rarely (_Sedum_) equalling the
sepals in number, but then leaves alternate. 3

3. Flowers 4-5-merous, very rarely 6-7-merous. Sepals free or nearly
so. Leaves usually scattered.--Species 25. North Africa and high
mountains of East Africa. Some species are used as vegetables or as
medicinal or ornamental plants. =Sedum= L.

Flowers 6-20-merous, very rarely 5-merous. Sepals more or less united.
Leaves usually rosulate. 4

4. Scale-like appendages of the carpels broad, petaloid. Petals
linear-lanceolate, inconspicuous, reddish or yellowish.--Species 10.
North-west Africa. (_Petrophyes_ Webb). =Monanthes= Haw.

Scale-like appendages of the carpels small or wanting. Petals
lanceolate, brightly coloured.--Species 70. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
“House-leek.” (Including _Aeonium_ Webb, _Aichryson_ Webb, and
_Greenovia_ Webb & Berth.) =Sempervivum= L.

5. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves opposite. 6

Flowers 5-6-merous. 8

[Illustration: CRASSULACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 59._

J. Fleischmann del.

Kalanchoë laciniata DC.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of
carpels. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.]

[Illustration: SAXIFRAGACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 60._

J. Fleischmann del.

Brexia madagascariensis Thouars

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of
ovary.]

6. Calyx cleft nearly to the middle, large, inflated. Corolla urn-or
almost bell-shaped. Stamens 8. Carpels not diverging. Stigmas capitate.
Undershrubs.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. (_Crassuvia_ Comm.) =Bryophyllum=
Salisb.

Calyx divided to the middle or beyond, usually small. 7

7. Calyx divided to the middle, small, bell-shaped. Corolla tube-or
bell-shaped; segments short and broad, triangular to orbicular. Stamens
8. Carpels diverging. Stigmas capitate.--Species 15. Madagascar. (Under
_Kalanchoe_ Adans.) =Kitchingia= Bak.

Calyx divided nearly to the base, rarely only to the middle, but
then corolla with oblong, elliptical, or ovate segments. Corolla
usually salver-shaped, with spreading segments. Stigmas obliquely
truncate.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield an
aromatic resin or are used in medicine. (Plate 59.) =Kalanchoë= Adans.

8. Stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 10, rarely
12.--Species 40. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (Including _Echeveria_ DC., _Mucizonia_ DC., _Pistorinia_ DC.,
and _Umbilicus_ DC.) =Cotyledon= L.

Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 5, rarely 6. Leaves opposite. 9

9. Calyx as long as the corolla-tube, bell-shaped, divided to about
the middle. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Small, stiff, glaucous
herbs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Grammanthes= DC.

Calyx shorter than the corolla-tube, divided nearly or quite
to the base. Corolla funnel-shaped. Thick, succulent herbs or
undershrubs.--Species 4. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.
=Rochea= DC.


FAMILY 96. SAXIFRAGACEAE

Petals 4-5, free or united below. Stamens as many or twice as many
as the petals, perigynous or epigynous. Anthers opening by two
longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-7-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Seeds
with copious albumen, rarely (Montinia) without albumen. Genera 11,
species 25. (Including _GROSSULARIACEAE_.) (Plate 60.)

1. Stem herbaceous. Styles 2-5, free. [Subfamily =SAXIFRAGOIDEAE=.]
2 Stem woody, rarely (_Berenice_) herbaceous above, but then style
simple. Leaves without stipules. Placentas parietal or septal. 3

2. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 1-celled,
with 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of the cell. Leaves
opposite, entire.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.
=Vahlia= Thunb.

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8-10. Ovary 2-5-celled,
with the placentas attached to the dissepiments.--Species 9. North
Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. =Saxifraga= L.

3. Stamens 8-10. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or
incompletely 2-5-celled. Styles 2-5, free or united at the base.
Corolla with valvate aestivation. Outer flowers of the inflorescence
often barren with enlarged sepals. Leaves opposite.--Species 1
(_H. Hortensia_ DC.) Naturalized in several islands (Madeira, St.
Helena, Réunion). An ornamental plant. [Subfamily =HYDRANGEOIDEAE=.]
=Hydrangea= L.

Stamens 4-5. Styles 1-2. 4

4. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Style simple with 2 stigmas, or styles
2. Fruit a berry. Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species
2. North-west Africa (Algeria). One of them (_R. Grossularia_ L.,
gooseberry) yields edible fruit, from which also a drink is prepared.
(Including _Grossularia_ A. Rich.) [Subfamily =RIBESOIDEAE=.] =Ribes= L.

Ovary 2-7-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then leaves opposite and flowers
unisexual. [Subfamily =ESCALLONIOIDEAE=.] 5

5. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 8-10. Style simple; stigma 2-lobed.
Flowers unisexual. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Grevea=
Baill.

Ovary 2-7-celled. Style simple with an entire or 5-7-lobed stigma, or
2-parted. 6

6. Ovary superior, 5-7-celled. Style simple with a 5-7-lobed stigma.
Fruit a berry or drupe. 7

Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 2-4-celled. Style simple with an
entire stigma or 2-parted. Fruit a capsule. Leaves alternate. 8

7. Sepals persistent. Petals united at the base, campanulately
connivent, rolled back at the tip. Stamens inserted between the lobes
of the disc. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary pyramidal. Fruit a berry.
Embryo shorter than the seed. Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers
solitary or in few-flowered clusters.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands.
=Roussea= Smith

Sepals deciduous. Petals free, blunt. Stamens inserted on the margin
of the disc. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary ovoid. Fruit
a drupe with a woody, 1-celled stone. Embryo as long as the seed.
Low trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbel-shaped cymes.--Species
2. East Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. The fruits are edible.
(_Venana_ Lam.) (Plate 60.) =Brexia= Thouars

8. Ovary 3-4-celled. Style 1, simple. Petals 5, united at the
base. Seeds linear-oblong. Undershrubs. Leaves serrate. Flowers in
panicles.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Berenice= Tul.

Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, free or united at the base (sometimes also at
the top, when young). Shrubs or trees. 9

9. Ovary inferior. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Petals imbricate in
bud. Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Leaves entire. Male flowers panicled,
female solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. =Montinia= L.f.

[Illustration: PITTOSPORACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 61._

J. Fleischmann del.

Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of
ovary. _D_ Fruiting branch. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: CUNONIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 62._

J. Fleischmann del.

Weinmannia Hildebrandtii Baill.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of
ovary. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.]

Ovary half-inferior. Flowers 5-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Seeds
albuminous. Leaves glandular-serrate. Flowers in panicles or in
umbel-shaped cymes. 10

10. Sepals subulate. Petals ovate. Filaments thin. Seeds oblong. Shrubs
with thin branches. Flowers small, polygamous.--Species 2. South Africa
and southern East Africa. =Choristylis= Harv.

Sepals lanceolate to ovate. Petals linear or oblong. Filaments thick.
Trees with thick branches. Flowers rather large.--Species 1. Island of
Réunion. =Forgesia= Comm.


FAMILY 97. PITTOSPORACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free or nearly so. Petals 5, free or
united below. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Disc none. Ovary superior, sessile
or short-stalked, 1-celled or incompletely 2-5-celled. Style simple;
stigma entire or lobed. Ovules numerous, ascending or horizontal,
inverted, with a single coat. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with
a hard albumen and a small embryo situated near the hilum. (Under
_SAXIFRAGACEAE_.) (Plate 61.)

Genus 1, species 35. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some
are used as ornamental plants. =Pittosporum= Banks


FAMILY 98. CUNONIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Flowers in
spike-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences, hermaphrodite. Sepals
4-5, free or united at the base. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10, inserted
beneath the disc. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled; ovules 2 or more to each
cell. Styles 2-3, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 3,
species 17. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Under
=SAXIFRAGACEAE=.) (Plate 62.)

1. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 3-cleft or 3-toothed, shorter than the
calyx. Disc perigynous, deeply 4-5-lobed. Connective acuminate. Ovary
2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Trees. Leaves of 3
leaflets. Stipules free. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony). =Platylophus= Don

Calyx imbricate in bud. Disc 8-10-lobed. Stipules united in pairs.
Flowers in clusters arranged in spikes or racemes. 2

2. Disc perigynous, adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 10. Ovary
2-celled, with numerous ovules. Seeds compressed, with a narrow wing.
Leaves compound, with 3 or more leaflets.--Species 1. South Africa.
Yields timber. =Cunonia= L.

Disc hypogynous, free from the ovary. Seeds hairy.--Species 15.
Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber,
tans, dyes, and medicaments. (Plate 62.) =Weinmannia= L.


FAMILY 99. MYROTHAMNACEAE

Balsamiferous shrubs. Leaves opposite, folded fan-like, undivided,
stipulate. Flowers in spikes, dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens
3-8; connective produced into a point; anthers attached at the base,
opening by lateral slits; pollen-grains cohering in groups of four.
Ovary lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 3-4, free,
short and thick, with broadened stigmas. Fruit capsular or separating
into 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with copious albumen. (Under _HAMAMELIDEAE_ or
_SAXIFRAGACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. The resin is used
as a fumigant and in medicine. (Including _Myosurandra_ Baill.)
=Myrothamnus= Welw.


FAMILY 100. BRUNIACEAE

Undershrubs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, small, undivided, without
stipules, rarely (_Staavia_) with gland-like stipules. Flowers in
heads, more rarely in spikes or racemes or solitary, hermaphrodite,
5-merous, very rarely 4-merous. Calyx with imbricate or open
aestivation. Petals free or united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens
as many as and alternate with the petals. Anthers opening inwards
by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely
(_Lonchostoma_) almost superior, 1-3-celled. Ovules 1-4 in each cell,
pendulous, inverted. Style 1-3. Fruit a capsule or nut. Seeds with a
copious albumen and a minute embryo next the hilum.--Genera 12, species
55. South Africa. (Plate 63.)

1. Anthers linear or oblong, with parallel, wholly adnate cells.
Petals clawed, the claw without distinct glands. Ovary and receptacle
(calyx-tube) glabrous. Style 1, with 2-3 punctiform stigmas. [Tribe
AUDOUINIEAE.] 2

Anthers sagittate or cordate, with partly free and divergent cells.
[Tribe BRUNIEAE.] 4

2. Ovary 3-celled. Ovules 6. Stigmas 3. Connective prolonged beyond
the anther-cells, strap-shaped. Receptacle obconical. Petals red.
Flowers in head-like spikes. Bracteoles 7-10.--Species 1. Cape Colony.
=Audouinia= Brongn.

Ovary 2-celled or later on 1-celled. Ovules 4 or 8. Stigmas 2.
Connective not prolonged. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Flowers solitary or in
racemes. 3

3. Ovary inferior. Receptacle obconical or cupular. Sepals hairy,
deciduous. Petals lanceolate. Flowers solitary.--Species 5. South
Africa. =Thamnea= Soland.

Ovary half-inferior. Ovules 4. Receptacle globular-urceolate. Sepals
glabrous, persisting in fruit. Petals obovate, white. Flowers in
racemes. Bracteoles 6.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Tittmannia= Brongn.

[Illustration: BRUNIACECAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 63._

J. Fleischmann del.

Raspalia microphylla (Thunb.) Brongn.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of
ovary.]

[Illustration: HAMAMELIDACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 64._

J. Fleischmann del.

Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl. and Zeyh.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (the petals cut off
excepting one). _C_ Cross-section of ovary.]


4. Anthers sagittate. Petals sessile or with a glandless claw. Ovary
2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit consisting of 2 dehiscing
parts. Flowers in spikes. 5

Anthers cordate. Petals clawed, the claw with 2 glands. 6

5. Petals with the claws united into a tube. Sepals, anthers, and ovary
hairy. Ovary almost superior. Bracteoles 2.--Species 3. Cape Colony.
=Lonchostoma= Wickstr.

Petals sessile, free. Flowers glabrous. Sepals very short. Ovary
almost inferior. Styles free. Bracteoles 4-8.--Species 3. Cape Colony.
=Linconia= L.

6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1. Style and stigma simple. Glands at the base
of the petals crest-like. Flowers hairy. Fruit indehiscent. 7

Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, or a single style with 2 stigmas. Glands at
the base of the petals tubercle-or pouch-like. 8

7. Sepals short and broad, triangular. Stamens curved inwards, shorter
than the petals; anthers shortly cleft. Flowers solitary, axillary,
spicately arranged. Bracteoles thread-shaped.--Species 1. Cape Colony.
(Under _Berzelia_ Brongn.) =Mniothamnea= Oliv.

Sepals awl-shaped. Stamens curved outwards, longer than the
petals; anthers deeply cleft. Flowers in heads. Bracteoles club-or
spoon-shaped.--Species 9. South Africa. =Berzelia= Brongn.

8. Fruit one-seeded, usually indehiscent. 9

Fruit consisting of two dehiscent, usually one-seeded parts. Flowers in
heads. 10

9. Receptacle obconical. Sepals united beyond the ovary. Petals
short, with a very short, 2-tubercled claw. Stamens shorter than the
petals, equal. Anthers adnate, shortly cleft. Style short and thick,
kneed.--Species 8. South Africa. (Under _Brunia_ L.) =Pseudobaeckea=
Nied.

Receptacle cylindrical. Sepals free above the ovary. Petals long, with
a long claw bearing a 2-lobed pouch. Stamens longer than the petals,
unequal, the anterior longer. Anthers versatile, deeply cleft. Style
long or rather long, almost straight. Ovules 2 in each cell. Flowers in
heads.--Species 4. South Africa. =Brunia= L.

10. Style 1, short and thick; stigmas 2, obliquely terminal, slightly
thickened. Anthers pointed at the apex. Receptacle rather long. Sepals
united beyond the ovary. Petals oblong, shortly clawed, 2-tubercled at
the base. Bracteoles thread-shaped.--Species 9. South Africa. =Staavia=
Thunb.

Styles 2, free or more or less cohering, but then long and
thread-shaped; stigmas simple, terminal. Anthers rounded at the apex. 11

11. Sepals united beyond the ovary, triangular. Petals oblong, with a
short claw bearing two tubercles at the base. Styles free, kneed above.
Bracts broad, shorter than the flowers. Bracteoles linear.--Species 8.
South Africa. (Under _Berardia_ Sond.) (Plate 63.) =Raspalia= Brongn.

Sepals free above the ovary, linear. Petals strap-shaped, with a
long claw bearing two tubercles in the upper part. Styles more or
less cohering, long, almost straight. Bracts narrow, longer than the
flowers. Bracteoles spatulate or sickle-shaped.--Species 5. South
Africa. (_Berardia_ Brongn.) =Diberara= Baill.


FAMILY 101. HAMAMELIDACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in heads or
head-like spikes, 4-5-merous. Petals narrow, sometimes wanting in the
female flowers. Fertile stamens as many as and alternating with the
petals, sometimes accompanied by staminodes. Filaments free. Anthers
opening by lateral slits or by valves. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 1 in each
cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a
straight embryo and thin albumen.--Genera 3, species 20. Tropical and
South Africa. (Plate 64.)

1. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, 5-merous. Staminodes none.
Anthers ovoid., opening by valves. Shrubs. Stipules short and narrow.
Flowers in many-flowered heads.--Species 3. South and East Africa.
(Plate 64.) =Trichocladus= Pers.

Flowers hermaphrodite, usually 4-merous. Sepals short. Ovary inferior
or almost so. 2

2. Staminodes none. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Trees.
Flowers in many-flowered heads, 4-merous.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Franchetia= Baill.

Staminodes as many as and alternate with the stamens. Anthers oblong.
Shrubs. Stipules long and broad. Flowers in 3-8-flowered head-like
spikes.--Species 15. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Some species yield
timber and medicaments. =Dicoryphe= Thouars


SUBORDER ROSINEAE


FAMILY 102. PLATANACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed; stipules connate. Flowers on
a thickened receptacle in spicately arranged globose heads, monoecious.
Sepals 3-8, free, hairy. Petals the same number, nearly hypogynous.
Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals; connective peltate;
anthers opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Carpels
the same number, free. Ovules solitary, pendulous, straight. Fruit
consisting of achenes densely crowded in a head. Seed with scanty
albumen; cotyledons linear.

Genus 1, species 2. Cultivated in North Africa as avenue-trees. They
also yield timber. “Plane.” =Platanus= L.


FAMILY 103. ROSACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate. Receptacle (floral axis) more or less
concave, saucer-, cup-, urn-, or tube-shaped, in the male flowers
sometimes very small. Stamens curved inwards in the bud, usually
numerous. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels
superior, solitary or free, or inferior and then more or less united.
Ovules inverted.--Genera 32, species 230. (Including _AMYGDALACEAE_ and
_POMACEAE_.) (Plate 65.)

1. Ovaries 1-10, inferior (adnate to the concave receptacle) and
usually connate. Petals 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 2

Ovaries (or ovary) superior, free from the receptacle, but sometimes
tightly enclosed by it. 10

2. Stem herbaceous. Leaves lobed or dissected. Petals yellow. Stamens
10. Carpels 1-10, one-ovuled. Fruiting receptacle dry. [Subfamily
=NEURADOIDEAE=.] 3

Stem woody. Petals white or red. Carpels 1-5. Fruiting receptacle
succulent. [Subfamily =POMOIDEAE=.] 4

3. Flowers small, with a persisting epicalyx. Carpels 10. Leaves
lobed.--Species 2. North Africa to Nubia, German South West Africa.
=Neurada= L.

Flowers large. Epicalyx none.--Species 6. South Africa. =Grielum= L.

4. Carpels 2-5, distinct from each other on their inside, 2-ovuled.
Fruit small. Endocarp bony. Leaves undivided.--Species 3. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally. =Cotoneaster= Medik.

Carpels 2-5, united as to the ovaries, or carpel 1. 5

5. Carpels 3-5, incompletely divided in two cells each; hence cells
twice as many as the style-branches and containing a single ovule each.
Fruit small. Endocarp membranous. Petals narrow. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as an
ornamental plant. =Amelanchier= Medik.

Carpels not divided, containing 2 or more ovules each. 6

6. Ovules and seeds more than 2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). Carpels
5. Fruit large. Endocarp cartilagineous. Seed-coat mucilagineous.
Leaves undivided.--Species 1 (_C. vulgaris_ Pers., quince). Cultivated
in North and South Africa and in some tropical islands. The fruit is
edible and used for the preparation of confectionery and in medicine.
(Under _Pyrus_ L.) =Cydonia= Tourn.

Ovules and seeds 1-2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). 7

7. Fruit with a bony endocarp and a mealy mesocarp. Ovules 2, one of
them sterile and covering the fertile one. 8

Fruit with a membranous, parchment-like, or cartilagineous endocarp.
Carpels 2-5. 9

8. Style furrowed. Carpel 1. Embryo with coiled cotyledons. Stamens
10-15. Flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided, persistent.--Species 1.
Madeira. =Chamaemeles= Lindl.

Style not furrowed. Embryo with flat cotyledons. Leaves usually lobed
or divided and deciduous.--Species 5. North-west Africa. They yield
timber, tanners’ bark, edible fruits (medlars) and medicaments and are
also used as ornamental plants (hawthorn). (Including _Crataegus_ L.)
=Mespilus= L.

9. Carpels projecting above the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit
reaching to the cavity at its top. Styles 5, free. Fruit with a
membranous endocarp. Seeds very large, with thick cotyledons. Leaves
undivided, persistent.--Species 1 (_E. japonica_ Lindl., loquat).
Cultivated in North Africa and some tropical islands for its edible
fruits. (Under _Photinia_ Lindl.) =Eriobotrya= Lindl.

Carpels completely enclosed in the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit
not reaching to its top. Leaves usually deciduous.--Species 8, of which
6 are growing wild in North Africa, the other two (_P. communis_ L.,
pear, and _P. Malus_ L., apple) cultivated in North and South Africa
and Madagascar. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, and edible fruits,
from which also drinks and medicaments are prepared. Several species
are used as ornamental plants. (_Pyrus_ L., including _Malus_ Tourn.
and _Sorbus_ L.). =Pirus= Tourn.

10. (1.) Carpels 2 or more, with 1-2 ovules each, rarely carpel 1, with
a single ovule. Flowers regular. [Subfamily =ROSOIDEAE=.] 11

Carpel 1, with 2 ovules, sometimes more or less completely 2-celled or
one ovule abortive; in this cases flowers distinctly irregular. Fruit a
drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. 25

11. Receptacle of the female flowers deeply concave, tube-or
urn-shaped, tightly enclosing the carpels, especially in fruit. 12

Receptacle flat, convex, or moderately concave (cup-or saucer-shaped),
not tightly enclosing the carpels. Carpels 5 or more. Stamens numerous.
21

12. Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Stamens numerous. Petals 4-6,
large, red, white or yellow, imbricate in bud. Sepals imbricate.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle becoming succulent in fruit.
Shrubs. Leaves pinnate.--Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia; also
naturalized in several tropical islands. Used as ornamental plants,
and in the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; some have edible
fruits. [Tribe ROSEAE.] =Rosa= Tourn.

Carpels 1-4. Petals small, yellow or white, or wanting. [Tribe
SANGUISORBEAE.] 13

13. Perianth consisting of an epicalyx, a calyx, and a corolla. Carpels
2-4. 14

Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, or of epicalyx and calyx, or
of the calyx only. 15

14. Flowers hermaphrodite. Epicalyx of 5-6 small segments. Petals
broad. Stamens 10-12. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatipartite. Flowers in
racemes.--Species 1. South Africa. =Leucosidea= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Epicalyx of 4-5 large segments.
Petals narrow. Stamens 20. Trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in
panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. Used medicinally. (_Brayera_ Kunth)
=Hagenia= Gmel.

15. Perianth consisting of a corolla and a calyx surrounded by several
rows of hooked bristles. Stamens 10 or more. Styles 2, subterminal.
Herbs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. North and South
Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials, and is also used in
medicine. =Agrimonia= L.

Perianth consisting of a calyx with an epicalyx, or only of a calyx. 16

16. Epicalyx of 4-5 segments alternating with the sepals. Stamens 1-5.
Ovules ascending. Styles basal. Stigmas capitate. Leaves lobed or
digitate.--Species 25. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials
and medicaments. “Lady’s mantle.” (Including _Aphanes_ L.) =Alchimilla=
L.

Epicalyx none. Stigmas more or less penicillate. 17

17. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious; in the latter case receptacle
of the male flowers resembling that of the female. Leaves pinnate.
Flowers in spikes or heads. 18

Flower dioecious. Stamens numerous. Receptacle of the male flowers very
small. Shrubs or trees. 20

18. Receptacle armed with hooked bristles, at least in fruit. Flowers
hermaphrodite. Stamens 2-5. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 3. South
Africa. Used medicinally. =Acaena= Vahl

Receptacle without bristles. 19

19. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruiting receptacle dry, not
coloured, wrinkled and pitted or winged. Herbs.--Species 10. North
Africa, one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species yield
tans, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as potherbs. (Under _Poterium_
L.) =Sanguisorba= L.

Flowers monoecious. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy, coloured,
smooth. Stamens numerous. Spinous shrubs.--Species 1. North Africa.
Used medicinally. (_Sarcopoterium_ Spach). =Poterium= L.

20. Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Flowers in spikes.
Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy.--Species 2. Canary Islands and
Madeira. =Bencomia= Webb

Leaves 1-3-foliolate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Fruiting receptacle
cartilaginous, rarely somewhat fleshy.--Species 40. South Africa and
southern Central Africa. =Cliffortia= L.

21 (11.) Filaments narrowed towards the base. Petals 5, white. Ovules
2. Styles terminal. Ripe carpels dry and indehiscent. Herbs. Leaves
pinnatisect. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Used as an ornamental plant. (_Ulmaria_ Tourn., under
_Spiraea_ L.) [Tribe FILIPENDULEAE]. =Filipendula= L.

Filaments broadened at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Carpels usually
inserted on an elevated receptacle. [Tribe POTENTILLEAE]. 22

22. Carpels with 2 ovules each, drupe-like when ripe. Style
subterminal. Epicalyx none.--Species 30. Many of them yield edible
fruits, from which also drinks are prepared; some are used as
ornamental plants, for tanning, and in medicine. “Bramble.” [Subtribe
RUBINAE.] =Rubus= L.

Carpels with 1 ovule each, nut-like when ripe. Epicalyx nearly always
present. 23

23. Ovule ascending. Style persistent, terminal. Herbs. Radical leaves
pinnatisect.--Species 4. North and South Africa; one species also
naturalized in St. Helena. They yield tanning and dyeing materials and
medicaments. “Avens.” [Subtribe DRYADINAE.] =Geum= L.

Ovule pendulous. Style deciduous. [Subtribe POTENTILLINAE.] 24

24. Ripe carpels on a greatly enlarged, coloured, and succulent
receptacle. Petals white. Herbs. Leaves usually trifoliolate.--Species
5. Cultivated in various regions; one species also growing wild
in the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands. They yield edible
fruits (strawberries), dyeing and tanning materials, and medicaments.
=Fragaria= L.

Ripe carpels on a slightly or not enlarged, not coloured, dry
(sometimes spongy, but not succulent) receptacle. Flowers
hermaphrodite.--Species 10. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing
materials, or serve for the preparation of ink and medicaments, or as
ornamental plants. =Potentilla= L.

25. (10.) Style terminal or nearly so. Ovules pendulous. Flowers
regular. [Subfamily =PRUNOIDEAE=.] 26

Style basal. Ovules erect. [Subfamily =CHRYSOBALANOIDEAE=.] 27

26. Petals sepaloid. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. Central and
South-east Africa. =Pygeum= Gaertn.

Petals petaloid.--Species 9; six of them spontaneous in North Africa,
the others, as well as the former, cultivated in various regions. They
yield timber, tanners’ bark, gum, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits
(plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, almonds), from which also drinks
and confectionery are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental
plants. (Including _Amygdalus_ L., _Armeniaca_ Juss., _Cerasus_ Juss.,
and _Persica_ Tourn.) =Prunus= L.

27. Flowers almost regular. Stamens 10 or more. Carpel inserted at
or near the base of the bell-or funnel-shaped receptacle. [Subtribe
CHRYSOBALANINAE.] 28

Flowers distinctly irregular. Fertile stamens 3-20, all on one side of
the flower. Carpel inserted at or near the upper margin of the more or
less tubular receptacle. [Subtribe HIRTELLINAE.] 29

28. Receptacle swelling on one side; carpel slightly excentrical.
Stamens 10-15. Fruit with a 3-angled stone. Flowers in
racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used medicinally.
=Grangeria= Comm.

[Illustration: ROSACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 65._

J. Fleischmann del.

Parinarium congoënse Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Flower from above.
_D_ Unripe fruit.]

[Illustration: CONNARACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 66._

J. Fleischmann del.

Connarus Smeathmannii DC.

_A_ End of branch with young fruits. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut
lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed with aril.]

Receptacle not swelling on one side; carpel central. Stamens numerous.
Fruit with an irregularly 5-angled stone. Flowers in panicles.--Species
3. Central Africa. They yield tanning and dyeing materials, oil,
medicaments, and edible fruits (cocoa-plums). =Chrysobalanus= L.

29. Filaments united in a long strap. Anthers 10-20. Ovary completely
1-celled.--Species 17. Central Africa. Some species yield timber
(_Griffonia_ Hook. fil.) =Acioa= Aubl.

Filaments free or united at the base only. 30

30. Receptacle prolonged above into a scale-like appendage. Stamens
6-7. Ovary completely 1-celled. Stipules large.--Species 3. West
Africa. =Magnistipula= Engl.

Receptacle without a scale-like appendage. Stipules small. 31

31. Ovary completely 1-celled. Fertile stamens 3-10. Fruit
1-seeded.--Species 3. East Africa and Madagascar. =Hirtella= L.

Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Fertile stamens 10-20. Fruit
usually 2-seeded.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them
yield timber, tanners’ bark, medicaments, and edible fruits, from which
also oil, glue, and an inebriating drink are prepared. (_Parinari_
Aubl.) (Plate 65). =Parinarium= Juss.


FAMILY 104. CONNARACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate, but sometimes with 3
leaflets only, exstipulate. Flowers in fascicles, racemes or panicles,
regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Petals
5, free, rarely slightly united, imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10,
free or united at the base. Carpels 1-5, free, superior. Ovules 2 to
each carpel, erect or ascending, straight. Ripe carpels dry, dehiscing
by a longitudinal slit, rarely indehiscent, usually solitary. Seeds
with an aril often adnate to the testa.--Genera 12, species 140.
Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 66.)

1. Sepals imbricate in the bud. Seeds exalbuminous. [Tribe CONNAREAE.].
2

Sepals valvate in the bud. Seeds albuminous. Stamens 10. Carpels 5.
[Tribe CNESTIDEAE.] 8

2. Ripe carpel indehiscent, nearly always 2-seeded. Seeds with a
large, adnate aril. Calyx hardened in fruit. Petals greatly exceeding
the sepals. Stamens 10, very unequal, surrounded by a disc. Carpel
1. Flowers in clusters, springing from the old wood.--Species 3.
Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). (_Anthagathis_ Harms). =Jollydora=
Pierre

Ripe carpel (or carpels) dehiscing lengthwise, usually 1-seeded. 3

3. Fruit-carpels narrowed at the base into a distinct stalk. Seeds
attached to the ventral suture, with a free aril. Calyx not enlarged in
fruit.--Species 18. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate
66.) =Connarus= L.

Fruit-carpels not stalked. Seeds attached at their base. Carpels (at
the time of flowering) 3-5. 4

4. Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in fruit, small, usually flaccid. 5

Calyx conspicuously enlarged and hardened in fruit, leathery to woody.
Stamens 10. Carpels 5. 6

5. Leaves trifoliolate.--Species 25. Tropics. Some are used
medicinally. =Agelaea= Sol.

Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Stamens 10. Carpels 5.
Styles 2-cleft at the apex. Calyx persistent.--Species 7. Tropics. Some
are poisonous. (Under _Rourea_ Aubl.) =Byrsocarpus= Schum. & Thonn.

6. Calyx tightly clasping the fruit, herbaceous at the time of
flowering. Styles short; stigmas capitate. Seeds with very convex
cotyledons.--Species 40. Tropics. Some are poisonous or used in
medicine. =Rourea= Aubl.

Calyx not clasping the fruit. Stamens very unequal. Styles long. 7

7. Stem twining. Inflorescence paniculate. Calyx leathery at the time
of flowering. Seeds with flat cotyledons.--Species 2. Equatorial West
Africa. =Paxia= Gilg

Stem erect. Inflorescence racemose-fasciculate. Anther-halves distant
from one another, the pollen-sacs placed crosswise.--Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. (_Jaundea_ Gilg). =Yaundea= Gilg

8. (1.) Ripe carpel indehiscent, not stalked, with a crusty pericarp.
Seeds enveloped by a thin aril. Carpel 1. Stamens 5-7, alternating with
as many glands. Calyx deeply divided, persistent, but not enlarged in
fruit. Low trees. Leaves unifoliolate. Flowers in clusters.--Species 2.
West Africa. =Hemandradenia= Stapf

Ripe carpel (or carpels) dehiscing lengthwise. 9

9. Receptacle prolonged into a stalk-like androphore. Sepals red, free.
Petals yellow, clawed, with 2 glands above the claw. Styles long. Erect
shrubs.--Species 1. Northern West Africa (Liberia). =Dinklagea= Gilg

Receptacle not prolonged. Petals without glands. Mostly climbing
shrubs. 10

10. Sepals united to the middle, ovate-triangular. Petals linear,
four times as long as the calyx, rolled inwards at the tip. Stamens
very unequal. Styles long; stigmas lobed.--Species 6. West Africa.
=Spiropetalum= Gilg

Sepals free or nearly so. Petals not more than twice as long as the
calyx. Styles short; stigmas capitate. 11

11. Fruit-carpels glabrous on the inside, short-haired on the outside,
prolonged into a stalk at the base. Seeds without a distinct aril, but
with a fleshy testa. Embryo long and narrow. Petals longer than the
calyx.--Species 10. West Africa. =Manotes= Sol.

Fruit-carpels covered with long stiff hairs on the inside and usually
also on the outside. Seeds with a very small adnate aril at the base.
Petals as long as or shorter or somewhat longer than the calyx. Stamens
subequal.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
medicinally. =Cnestis= Juss.


FAMILY 105. LEGUMINOSAE

Leaves usually compound and stipulate. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary
superior, 1-celled. Ovules inserted at the ventral suture. Style
simple, but sometimes with a tooth near the apex. Stigma entire. Fruit
1-, 2-, or transversely several-celled, opening in two valves or along
the ventral suture, or separating transversely in two or more joints,
or indehiscent.--Genera 261, species 3300 (_FABACEAE_, including
_PAPILIONACEAE_, _CAESALPINIACEAE_ and _MIMOSACEAE_.) (Plate 67.)

1. Petals valvate in bud. Flowers regular. Leaves twice pinnate, rarely
(_Acacia_) reduced to the broadened stalk. [Subfamily =MIMOSOIDEAE=.] 2

Petals imbricate in bud or wanting. Flowers more or less irregular
(sometimes nearly regular.) 28

2. Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Unarmed trees. [Tribe PARKIEAE]. 3

Calyx with valvate aestivation. 4

3. Flowers in long spikes, yellowish. Fertile stamens 5, sterile ones
10-15.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber, oil, and edible
seeds. (ovala-seeds) =Pentaclethra= Benth.

Flowers in globular or club-shaped heads. Fertile stamens 10.--Species
7. Tropics. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, vegetables, medicaments,
edible fruits, from which a drink is prepared, and oily seeds, which
are also used as a condiment, a substitute for coffee, a fish-poison,
and for improving bad water. =Parkia= R. Br.

4. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. 5

Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Trees or shrubs. 25

5. Anthers without glands. [Tribe MIMOSEAE.] 6

Anthers crowned, at least in the bud, by a sometimes caducous gland.
Stamens 10. 9

6. Fruit dehiscing by two valves which separate from the persistent
sutures. Petals united below. 7

Fruit dehiscing by two valves which do not separate from the sutures,
or indehiscent. 8

7. Fruit and seeds slightly 4-angled, the former prickly. Petals red.
Stamens 8-10. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in heads.--Species 1. West
Africa. =Schranckia= Willd.

Fruit and seeds flat.--Species 20. Tropics to Egypt, one species
naturalized. Some yield timber or medicaments or serve as ornamental
plants. =Mimosa= L.

8. Fruit broadly linear. Seeds placed transversely. Petals free,
white. Stamens 10. Ovary stalked. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Flowers in
heads.--Species 1 (_L. glauca_ Benth.). Naturalized in the Tropics.
It yields timber, fodder, edible fruits, ornamental seeds, and
medicaments. =Leucaena= Benth.

Fruit narrowly linear. Seeds placed obliquely or
longitudinally.--Species 7. One of them naturalized in the Tropics, the
others natives of Madagascar. Seeds used as ornament. (_Acuan_ Medik.)
=Desmanthus= Willd.

9. Seeds albuminous. [Tribe ADENANTHEREAE.] 10

Seeds exalbuminous. [Tribe PIPTADENIEAE.] 19

10. Flowers in heads. 11

Flowers in spikes or racemes. 12

11. Flowers partly (the upper) hermaphrodite, partly (the lower) male
or neuter. Ovary stalked. Ovules numerous. Fruit obliquely-oblong,
opening by two valves. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules membranous,
cordate.--Species 1. Tropics. Used as a vegetable. =Neptunia= Lour.

Flowers all hermaphrodite. Ovary sessile. Ovules 1-2. Fruit
sickle-shaped, indehiscent. Shrubs. Stipules spinous,
recurved.--Species 1. South Africa. =Xerocladia= Harv.

12. Flowers partly (the upper) hermaphrodite and yellow, partly
(the lower) neuter and white or red. Fruit not winged. Shrubs or
trees.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield
ebony-like wood and medicaments. (_Cailliea_ Guill. & Perr.)
=Dichrostachys= DC.

Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly male or female, or all
hermaphrodite; no neuter flowers. Trees. 13

13. Fruit winged or distinctly 4-angled, transversely septate,
indehiscent. 14

Fruit neither winged nor distinctly 4-angled. 16

14. Fruit 2-winged. Ovary stalked. Flowers sessile.--Species 1.
Madagascar and Mauritius. =Gagnebina= DC.

Fruit 4-winged or 4-angled. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Flowers
stalked. 15

15. Fruit 4-winged.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, a
substitute for soap, poison, and medicaments. =Tetrapleura= Benth.

Fruit 4-angled. Leaves with 4-5 pairs of pinnae.--Species 1. Central
Africa. =Amblygonocarpus= Harms

16. Fruit distinctly dehiscing in two valves. 17

Fruit indehiscent. 18

17. Seeds few, very flat, winged, with a long funicle.--Species 3.
Equatorial West Africa. =Newtonia= Baill.

Seeds numerous, thick, red. Leaflets numerous.--Species 1 (_A.
pavonina_ L.). Naturalized in the tropics. It yields timber, gum, dyes,
medicaments, and edible oily seeds, which are also used as ornaments.
=Adenanthera= L.

18. Calyx large, tube-or urn-shaped, with ovate, acute teeth. Stamens
inserted at the base of the petals. Leaves with one pair of pinnae
and several pairs of very large oblong leaflets. Spikes arranged in
panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). Yields timber
and medicaments. =Calpocalyx= Harms

Calyx small, bell-shaped, with short segments. Stamens free. Leaves
with 2-5 pairs of pinnae and small or rather small leaflets.--Species
3. North and Central Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits.
(Including _Anonychium_ Benth.) =Prosopis= L.

19. (9.) Flowers in heads. Ovary sessile, with many ovules. Fruit
transversely septate. Trees.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber and
a substitute for soap. (Under _Parkia_ R.Br.) =Xylia= Benth.

Flowers in spikes or racemes. Shrubs or trees. 20

20. Flowers sessile. 21

Flowers short-stalked. 23

21. Calyx saucer-shaped, cleft to the middle. Petals free. Disc
cupular, thick. Fruit large, elliptical, 1-celled. Seeds winged,
with a long funicle. Trees. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of pinnae. Spikes
panicled.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber.
=Fillaeopsis= Harms

Calyx bell-shaped, shortly toothed. Disc inconspicuous or wanting. 22

22. Petals obviously united below. Fruit 1-celled, opening in two
valves.--Species 13. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some species yield
ebony-like wood. =Piptadenia= Benth.

Petals free or nearly so. Fruit with thick, persistent sutures,
the valves splitting transversely into one-seeded joints. Endocarp
separating from the exocarp and persisting round the seeds.
Shrubs.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
(especially _E. scandens_ L. with fruits attaining a yard in length)
yield soap-bark, fibre, vegetables, fish-poison, and edible oily seeds
which are also used in medicine and as ornaments. (_Gigalobium_ P.Br.,
_Pusaetha_ L.) =Entada= Adans.

23. Disc cupular, thin. Ovary stalked. Seeds winged. Trees. Leaves
with one pair of pinnae. Flowers with a very short stalk.--Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber. (Including _Cyrtoxiphus_ Harms)
=Cylicodiscus= Harms

Disc inconspicuous or wanting. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Shrubs.
Leaves with 3-12 pairs of pinnae. 24

24. Calyx-teeth more or less unequal. Buds oblique. Fruit woody,
transversely septate, opening in two valves. Leaves with 3-6 pairs of
pinnae.--Species 1. German East Africa. =Pseudoprosopis= Harms

Calyx-teeth equal. Fruit leathery, with persistent sutures, the
endocarp separating from the exocarp. Leaves with 6-12 pairs of
pinnae.--Species 5. South Africa and southern Central Africa. They
yield fish-poison and are used in medicine. =Elephantorrhiza= Benth.

25. (4.) Filaments free or the inner united into a ring. Petals
white or yellow.--Species 80. They yield timber, fibre, soap-bark,
gum (especially from _A. Senegal_ Willd., Verek), tanning and dyeing
materials, perfumes, oil, and medicaments; some are used as ornamental
plants. (Including _Vachellia_ Arn.) [Tribe ACACIEAE.] =Acacia= Willd.

Filaments united into a tube, at least at the base. Petals white or
red. Flowers in heads. Unarmed plants. [Tribe INGEAE.] 26

26. Fruit strongly curved or coiled, thick, leathery, separating
into one-seeded joints or indehiscent. Petals united beyond the
middle. Trees.--Species 3. Tropics; one species naturalized. They
yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits, and
medicaments. =Pithecolobium= Mart.

Fruit straight or nearly so. 27

27. Fruit dehiscing elastically. Petals united to the middle.
Shrubs.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and medicaments,
and are used also as ornamental plants. =Calliandra= Benth.

Fruit dehiscing in two straight and thin, not elastic valves, or
indehiscent. Petals united to the middle or beyond.--Species 45.
Tropical and South-east Africa; several species also cultivated in
Egypt. Some species (especially _A. Lebbek_ Benth.) yield timber,
tanners’ bark, gum, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental
plants. (Including _Zygia_ Benth.) =Albizzia= Durazz.

28. (1.) Petals 1-6, the posterior one (the one next the placenta)
inside of all in the bud, not forming a papilionaceous corolla, or
wanting altogether. Embryo usually with a straight radicle. [Subfamily
=CAESALPINIOIDEAE=.] 29

Petals 5, the posterior outside in bud, usually constituting a
papilionaceous corolla. Sepals united below. Stamens 10, more
rarely 5-9. Embryo usually with an inflexed radicle. Leaves simple,
unifoliolate, digitate, or once pinnate. [Subfamily =PAPILIONATAE=.] 104

29. Calyx undivided or shortly lobed in the bud, usually more deeply
divided at the time of flowering. 30

Calyx, already in the bud, divided down to the receptacle or nearly so.
39

30. Stamens 1-10. Corolla of 5 petals, nearly regular. Trees or shrubs.
31

Stamens 16 or more. Corolla of 6 petals, or of a single petal, or
wanting. Calyx undivided in bud. Leaves imparipinnate or unifoliolate.
Trees. [Tribe SWARTZIEAE.] 37

31. Leaves undivided, 2-lobed, 2-parted, or of 2 leaflets. [Tribe
BAUHINIEAE.] 32

Leaves pinnate, with many leaflets. Stamens 10. 34

32. Ovary and fruit with a very long stalk, the fruit turgid. Ovules
few. Style short. Stamens 10. Petals red. Calyx 5-lobed, imbricate
in bud. Climbing shrubs. Leaves undivided, penninerved or faintly
trinerved.--Species 3. West Africa. (_Bandeiraea_ Welw.) =Griffonia=
Baill.

Ovary and fruit with a short or rather short stalk, the fruit not
turgid. 33

33. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very long. Petals yellowish. Stamens
10, partly sterile. Leaves undivided, ovate or elliptical. Racemes
many-flowered.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Bauhinia_ L.)
=Gigasiphon= Drake

Receptacle (calyx-tube) not very long.--Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa, and Egypt. Some species yield timber, fibre, tanning and dyeing
materials, edible roots, oily seeds, and medicaments, or serve as
ornamental plants. (Plate 67.) =Bauhinia= L.

34. Leaves once pinnate, with a terminal leaflet. Calyx campanulate,
subequally 5-lobed. Petals subequal, white or red. Ovules numerous.
Fruit opening by two valves. Shrubs. Flowers solitary or in
racemes.--Species 8. Madagascar and East Africa. =Cadia= Forsk.

Leaves twice pinnate. [Tribe DIMORPHANDREAE.] 35

35. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Ovules 2. Style very short. Fruit
with a thin, leathery rind, indehiscent. Seeds suborbicular. Flowers
in spikes.--Species 2. Central Africa to Transvaal. They yield gum.
=Burkea= Hook.

Ovary stalked. Ovules more than 2. Fruit with a thick, leathery rind.
Flowers in racemes. Trees. 36

36. Calyx-lobes unequal. Petals with a long claw. Stamens with a
glandular connective. Style long. Fruit long, wavy, indehiscent.
Leaflets small.--Species 1. Madagascar and Seychelles. =Brandzeia=
Baill.

Calyx-lobes subequal. Stamens with a glandless connective. Style
short. Fruit oblong, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds oblong. Leaflets
large.--Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing
materials, medicaments, and poisons especially used in ordeals. “Sassy
tree.” (_Fillaea_ Guill. & Perr.). =Erythrophloeum= Afz.

37. (30.) Corolla of 6 petals, almost regular. Stamens 16-18. Ovary
sessile. Ovules 2. Leaves unifoliolate.--Species 2. West Africa to the
Great Lakes. They yield timber. =Baphiopsis= Benth.

Corolla reduced to a single petal or wanting. Ovary stalked. Ovules
more than 2. Leaves pinnate. 38

38. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very short, almost wanting. Petal 1. Fruit
linear.--Species 2. Tropics. Yielding timber. (_Tounatea_ Aubl.).
=Swartzia= Schreb.

Receptacle bell-shaped. Petals none. Fruit ovate.--Species 1 (_C.
africana_ Lour.). Central Africa. Yields timber, gum, edible fruits,
and medicaments. =Cordyla= Lour.

39. (29.) Leaves, at least some of them, twice pinnate. [Tribe
CAESALPINIEAE.] 40

Leaves all once pinnate, rarely simple. 52

40. Common petiole very short, ending in a spine; rachis of the
pinnae very long, flattened, leaf-like; leaflets very small. Stipules
spinous. Trees or shrubs. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, subequal,
yellow. Stamens 10. Ovules numerous. Fruit linear, tardily dehiscing
or indehiscent. Seeds oblong, placed lengthwise, albuminous.--Species
2, one of them a native of South Africa, the other naturalized in the
tropics. They yield timber, bast for paper-making, a substitute for
coffee, and medicaments, and serve also as garden-or hedge-plants.
=Parkinsonia= L.

Common petiole distinctly developed; rachis of the pinnae not
leaf-like. 41

41. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Petals 5, subequal,
yellow. Stamens 10. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by two
valves, membranous or thin-leathery. Seeds transverse, ovoid,
exalbuminous.--Species 3. South Africa and southern Central Africa.
(_Melanosticta_ DC.) =Hoffmannseggia= Cav.

Stem woody throughout, shrub-or tree-like. 42

42. Flowers sessile, in elongate panicled spikes. Calyx 5-cleft, with
semiorbicular lobes. Petals 5, equal, oblong, much exceeding the calyx.
Stamens 10, unequal. Anthers basifixed. Ovules 2-3. Trees.--Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons). =Stachyothyrsus= Harms

Flowers more or less stalked, in racemes or panicles. 43

43. Flowers polygamous. Calyx slightly imbricate in bud. Petals
3-5, subequal, white or greenish. Stamens 6-10. Seeds transverse,
albuminous. Trees. Leaves without stipules.--Species 2, one a native
of Central Africa, the other naturalized in North Africa. Used as
hedge-plants and yielding timber. =Gleditschia= L.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 10. 44

44. Petal 1, greenish-yellow. Calyx valvate in bud. Ovules very
numerous. Styles long. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Aprevalia= Baill.

Petals 5. 45

45. Sepals united high up, excepting one, valvate in bud. Petals
unequal, red. Ovules numerous. Fruit straight, turgid, dehiscing by
two valves. Seeds transverse. Trees. Bracts coloured.--Species 1.
Madagascar. Used as an ornamental plant. =Colvillea= Boj.

Sepals free above the receptacle. 46

46. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals yellow or red. Ovules numerous.
Style thread-shaped. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Seeds transverse,
oblong, albuminous. Trees. Stipules indistinct. Flowers large.--Species
3. Tropics; also cultivated in various regions. Ornamental plants.
“Flame-tree.” =Poinciana= L.

Sepals imbricate in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. 47

47. Ovule 1, very rarely ovules 2. Seed 1, placed lengthwise. Fruit
winged at the top, indehiscent. Petals subequal, white or yellow.
Spinous climbing shrubs. Flowers small.--Species 1. Abyssinia.
(_Cantuffa_ Gmel.). =Pterolobium= R.Br.

Ovules 2 or more. Seeds placed transversely. 48

48. Fruit woody, not winged, 2-seeded, opening by two valves. Ovary
short-stalked, 2-ovuled. Stigma peltate. Stamens hairy at the base.
Petals unequal. Receptacle oblique.--Species 2. German East Africa.
(Under _Peltophorum_ Vog.). =Bussea= Harms

Fruit membranous or leathery. 49

49. Fruit winged at both sutures, indehiscent. Stigma broad-peltate.
Filaments hairy at the base. Petals subequal, yellow. Trees--Species 1.
Central Africa and northern South Africa. =Peltophorum= Vog.

Fruit winged at one suture only or not winged. Stigma small, sometimes
concave. 50

50. Fruit winged, indehiscent. Receptacle (calyx-tube) very oblique.
Petals subequal, yellow. Stamens bent downwards.--Species 5. West
Africa and Madagascar. =Mezoneurum= Desf.

Fruit not winged. Receptacle not very oblique. 51

51. Fruit membranous, lanceolate, dehiscing in the middle of the
valves. Seeds oblong. Sepals subequal. Petals oblong, subequal, yellow.
Stamens erect, hairy at the base. Ovary short-stalked. Ovules 2-3.
Trees.--Species 1 (_H. campecheanum_ L.). Cultivated in the tropics.
Yields timber (log-wood), dyes, gum, and medicaments, and serves also
as a garden-and hedge-plant. =Haematoxylon= L.

Fruit leathery, dehiscing at the sutures or indehiscent. Seeds ovoid
or globose. Petals yellow or red. Stamens bent downwards. Ovules
few.--Species 10, of which 7 are natives of tropical and South Africa,
3 naturalized there as well as in Egypt and Madeira. They yield timber,
tanning and dyeing materials, oily seeds, and medicaments, and are
also used as garden-and hedge-plants. (Including _Guilandina_ L.).
=Caesalpinia= L.

52. (39.) Anthers attached by the base or nearly so, rarely by the
back, and then opening by apical pores. Seeds usually albuminous.
[Tribe CASSIEAE.] 53

Anthers distinctly attached by the back, opening by longitudinal slits.
Seeds usually exalbuminous. Trees or shrubs. 58

53. Petals 1-2 or 0. Ovules 2-3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Trees.
Leaves unequally pinnate. 54

Petals 3-5. 55

54. Stamens 2-3.--Species 10. Tropics. They yield timber and edible
fruits from which an intoxicating drink is prepared. =Dialium= L.

Stamens 8-10. Petals none.--Species 1. East Africa. Yields timber.
=Andradia= Sim

55. Petals 3, narrow, yellow. Fertile stamens 2; anthers opening by
a terminal pore. Staminodes 3, petaloid. Ovules 4-5. Trees. Leaves
unequally pinnate.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber.
=Distemonanthus= Benth.

Petals 5. Stamens 4-10. 56

56. Sepals 4. Petals unequal, red. Stamens 4-5, some of them with
cohering anthers. Ovules 2. Fruit 4-winged. Leaves unequally
pinnate.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (_Oligostemon_ Benth.)
=Duparquetia= Baill.

Sepals 5. Leaves equally pinnate or simple. 57

57. Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 10. Filaments thickened above.
Anthers opening below the top. Ovules few. Fruit fleshy, with
transverse partitions. Trees.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Baudouinia=
Baill.

Leaves pinnate.--Species 40. They yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing
materials, fish-poison, medicaments (especially senna-leaves),

fodder, vegetables, edible fruits, and a substitute for coffee; several
species are used as ornamental plants. =Cassia= L.

58. (52.) Ovules 2, rarely 3 or 1, occasionally in some flowers 4.
Ovary or its stalk usually free at the base of the receptacle, more
rarely adnate to it. [Tribe CYNOMETREAE.]. 59

Ovules 4 or more, occasionally in some flowers only 3. Ovary or its
stalk usually adnate to the receptacle by the back. Leaves pinnate.
[Tribe AMHERSTIEAE.] 80

59. Petals none. 60

Petals 1-5. 64

60. Sepals 6, very small and unequal. Stamens 6. Ovary sessile. Shrubs.
Leaves pinnate. Bracteoles large.--Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Congo). =Dewindtia= De Wild.

Sepals 4-5. Stamens 8-10 or 4. Trees. Leaves abruptly pinnate.
Bracteoles small or wanting. 61

61. Sepals 5, distinctly imbricate in bud. Stamens 10. Ovary sessile.
Stigma acute. Bracteoles present.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons).
They yield timber. (Under _Copaiba_ Mill. or _Hardwickia_ Roxb.)
=Oxystigma= Harms

Sepals 4. 62

62. Stamens 4, inserted on the outside of a spathe-like disc cleft on
one side. Sepals imbricate in bud. Ovary nearly sessile. Bracteoles
present.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Stemonocoleus= Harms

Stamens 8-10. 63

63. Ovary sessile. Fruit sessile, drupe-like, indehiscent. Bracteoles
present.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, fragrant resin,
arrow-poison, and medicaments. The fruits of one species are edible, of
another poisonous. “Dattock.” =Detarium= Juss.

Ovary stalked. Fruit stalked, oblique, with a leathery rind, dehiscing
by two valves. Bracteoles none.--Species 9. Central Africa. They
yield timber, a resin (copal) used for making ornaments, lacs and
varnishes, dye stuffs, medicaments, and edible seeds. (_Copaiba_ Mill.)
=Copaifera= L.

64. Petals 1-2. Bracteoles large. Trees. Leaves pinnate. 65

Petals 5. 67

65. Stamens 3. Sepals 4, small, scale-like. Petals 1,
orbicular.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Cryptosepalum= Benth.

Stamens 10. 66

66. Sepals reduced to minute teeth or wanting. Leaves with a single
pair of leaflets.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Aphanocalyx=
Oliv.

Sepals 5, three of them very small, the other two larger and connate.
Petal 1, spatulate. Filaments united at the base, excepting one. Leaves
with many pairs of leaflets.--Species 2. West Africa. =Monopetalanthus=
Harms


67. Fertile stamens 3. Ovules 3. Bracteoles large. Tree--Species
20. Central Africa. Some species yield timber. (_Vouapa_ Aubl.)
=Macrolobium= Schreb.

Fertile stamens 10, rarely (_Cynometra_) more. 68

68. Petals very unequal. Leaves pinnate. 69

Petals equal or nearly equal. 71

69. Corolla of 1 large and 4 very small petals. Receptacle
shortly cup-shaped. Bracteoles minute. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of
leaflets.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Eurypetalum= Harms

Corolla of 3 large and 2 small petals. 70

70. Bracteoles petal-like. Receptacle cup-or top-shaped.--Species 4.
West Africa. (Under _Cynometra_ L.) =Hymenostegia= Harms

Bracteoles sepal-like, hairy outside, equalling the bracts.
Receptacle funnel-shaped. Sepals 4. Shrubs. Leaves with 3-4 pairs of
leaflets.--Species 1. West Africa. =Loesenera= Harms

71. Sepals 5, very unequal, the lowest very large. Receptacle very
short. Trees. Leaves pinnate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cymbosepalum=
Bak.

Sepals 4-5, equal or nearly equal. 72

72. Receptacle (calyx-tube) long and narrow. Sepals 4. Stalk of the
ovary obliquely adnate to the receptacle. 73

Receptacle short and usually broad. 75

73. Bracteoles large, petaloid, enclosing the bud. Receptacle
with a thick disc on one side. Shrubs. Leaves pinnate, with 2-4
leaflets.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons.) =Plagiosiphon= Harms

Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, or wanting. Leaves simple or
pinnate with many leaflets. 74

74. Leaves simple. Shrubs.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons).
=Zenkerella= Taub.

Leaves abruptly pinnate. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).
The bark is used as a condiment. =Scorodophloeus= Harms

75. Ovule 1. Stalk of the ovary obliquely adnate to the receptacle.
Sepals 4. Trees. Leaves simple.--Species 1. East Africa. =Podogynium=
Taub.

Ovules 2, rarely 3. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 76

76. Filaments united into a ring at the base, unequal, hairy. Sepals 5.
Ovary glandular. Trees. Leaves with 3-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers in
terminal, many-flowered racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. =Stuhlmannia=
Taub.

Filaments free. Bracteoles none. 77

77. Flowers in panicles. Sepals short. Petals white. Filaments
hairy at the base. Fruit flat, lanceolate, opening by two valves.
Trees.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Yields timber. =Umtiza=
Sim

Flowers in racemes or corymbs. Sepals usually long. 78

78. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered corymbs. Filaments hairy at the
base. Fruit flat, ovate, beaked, opening by two valves. Low, glandular
shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). The seeds are edible.
=Cordeauxia= Hemsl.

Flowers in racemes springing from the axils of the leaves or from the
old wood. 79

79. Fruit lanceolate, flat, bursting in the middle of the valves, but
remaining closed at the sutures. Sepals 5. Corolla yellow. Filaments
erect, hairy at the base. Stalk of the ovary free. Trees. (See 51.)
=Haematoxylon= L.

Fruit more or less ovate and turgid, opening in two valves. Filaments
usually glabrous.--Species 20. West Africa and Madagascar. Some species
yield timber and resin (copal). =Cynometra= L.

80. (58.) Petals reduced to minute scales or wanting. Trees. 81

Petals well developed. 87

81. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud, persisting during the time of
flowering. Calyx consisting of 1-5 scale-like sepals, or replaced by a
10-lobed disc, or wanting altogether. 82

Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, falling off early. Calyx of
4-5 well-developed sepals. 83

82. Disc fleshy. Petals 5, awl-shaped. Stamens 5-6. Stipules small,
connate.--Species 4. West Africa. =Didelotia= Baill.

Disc none. Stamens 10-20, more or less united at the base.
Ovules few. Fruit oblong or linear, opening in two valves. Seeds
exalbuminous.--Species 20. Central Africa. The seeds of some species
are eaten and the bark is used as a substitute for cloth. (Under
_Didelotia_ Baill.) =Brachystegia= Benth.

83. Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens 5. Disc expanded. Ovary in its centre,
subsessile. Ovules numerous. Style very short; stigma peltate. Fruit
linear, indehiscent. Seeds albuminous. Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers
polygamous-dioecious. Bracteoles very small, deciduous.--Species 1 (_C.
Siliqua_ L., carob-tree). North Africa. The fruits are edible, and used
as fodder and for preparing brandy and medicaments; the seeds serve as
a substitute for coffee. =Ceratonia= L.

Sepals 4. Stamens 8-10. Disc not expanded. 84

84. Petals 5, scale-like. Stamens 10. Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers
in panicles.--Species 12. Central and South Africa. They yield timber,
gum, and edible seeds from which meal is prepared. (_Theodora_ Medik.)
=Schotia= Jaqu.

Petals none. 85

85. Stamens 8, alternatingly unequal. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous.
Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in compound racemes. Bracteoles
linear.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Hylodendron=
Taub.

Stamens 10, rarely 8, but then equal in length. Ovary short-stalked.
Ovules few. 86

86. Stamens unequal, 10. Fruit oblong, winged, indehiscent. Seeds
pendulous. Leaves equally pinnate. Flowers in simple racemes.--Species
1. Madagascar. =Apaloxylon= Drake

Stamens equal in length. Fruit broad-oblong to orbicular, dehiscing in
two valves. Leaves unequally pinnate.--Species 5. Central Africa to
Delagoa Bay. (_Apalatoa_ Aubl.) =Crudia= Schreb.

87. (80.) Well developed petal 1; sometimes 2-4 rudimentary petals in
addition. Trees. 88

Well developed petals 3-6. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 93

88. Petal sessile. Sepals 4. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 89

Petal with a long claw. 90

89. Receptacle minute. Sepals scale-like. Petal orbicular. Stamens
3, short. Ovary with a short stalk. Ovules 4. Stigma truncate.
Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud, persistent at flowering. (See 65.)
=Cryptosepalum= Benth.

Receptacle rather large, narrowly top-shaped. Sepals large, coloured.
Petal oblong. Stamens 10, long. Ovary with a long stalk. Ovules
numerous. Stigma capitate. Bracteoles falling off early.--Species 3.
West Africa. They yield timber and an aromatic resin. =Daniella= Benn.

90. Fertile stamens 3. 91

Fertile stamens 5-10. 92

91. Bracteoles enclosing the bud, persisting at flowering. Petal
folded together in the bud. Flowers small or middle-sized. (See 67.)
=Macrolobium= Schreb.

Bracteoles shorter than the bud, falling off during the time of
flowering. Receptacle elongated. Sepals 4. Fruit oblong. Flowers
rather large.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. It
yields timber, edible seeds, and medicaments. (Under _Afzelia_ Smith).
=Intsia= Thouars

92. Fertile stamens 6-8. Sepals 4. Bracteoles shorter than the bud.
Seed with an aril.--Species 4. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. They
yield timber; the aril is edible, the seeds are poisonous and used
medicinally. (Under _Intsia_ Thouars) =Afzelia= Smith

Fertile stamens 5 or 10. Sepals usually 5. Petal folded in bud,
whitish. Bracteoles enclosing the bud.--Species 15. Central Africa. The
wood and the bark are used, the latter for making cloth. =Berlinia=
Soland.

93. (87.) Sepals 6-7. Petals 6, subequal. Fertile stamens 6-8, barren
ones 4-7. Trees.--Species 1. East Africa. =Englerodendron= Harms

Sepals 4-5. 94

94. Sepals 5. Trees. 95

Sepals 4. 96

95. Petals more or less unequal, white or yellowish. Stamens 5 or 10.
Fruit dehiscent. Bracteoles enclosing the bud. (See 92.) =Berlinia=
Soland.

Petals subequal, red. Stamens 10. Fruit winged, indehiscent. Seeds
pendulous.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Bathiaea= Drake

96. Fertile stamens 3. Petals unequal, 3 of them larger than the other
two. Trees. 97

Fertile stamens 10 or more. 98

97. Filaments united nearly half their length. Petals yellowish or
red-striped. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves with many pairs of leaflets.
Bracteoles narrow, falling off early.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield
timber, tanning and dyeing materials, edible fruits from which drinks
and medicaments are prepared, and oily seeds. =Tamarindus= L.

Filaments free. Fruit dehiscent. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud.
(See 67.) =Macrolobium= Schreb.

98. Stamens numerous, united at the base. Anthers linear. Petals
subequal. Bracteoles enclosing the bud. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa.
=Polystemonanthus= Harms

Stamens 10. 99

99. Bracteoles large, enclosing the bud. 100

Bracteoles small, not enclosing the bud, falling off early. 101

100. Petals very unequal, 3 large, 2 very small. Filaments united at
the base. Ovules numerous. Leaves with several pairs of leaflets.
Flowers in panicles.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and
resin. (Under _Daniella_ Benn.) =Cyanothyrsus= Harms

Petals subequal. Ovules few. Shrubs. Leaves with 1-2 pairs of leaflets.
Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles petaloid. (See 73.) =Plagiosiphon= Harms

101. Filaments, excepting one, united high up. Petals pink, narrow;
blade passing gradually into the claw. Sepals unequal, subvalvate in
bud. Receptacle very short. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Leaflets
7-9, alternate.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Tessmannia= Harms

Filaments free or united at the base. 102

102. Petals sessile or nearly so, subequal, red. Leaves with 2-16 pairs
of leaflets. Flower in panicles. (See 84.) =Schotia= Jacq.

Petals with a long or rather long claw. Trees. 103

103. Sepals slightly imbricate. Petals subequal. Filaments, excepting
one, united at the base. Leaves with 1-4 pairs of leaflets. Flowers
large, in racemes.--Species 7. West Africa to the Great Lakes.
=Baikiaea= Benth.

Sepals much imbricate. Petals white. Filaments free. Ovules few.
Leaves with one pair of leaflets. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2.
Tropics. They yield timber and resin (copal) which is used for turnery
and carving and for making lacs and varnishes. (Under _Hymenaea_ L.)
=Trachylobium= Hayne

104. (28.) Filaments free or nearly so. Shrubs or trees. 105

Filaments, all or all excepting one, united into a tube or sheath. 126

105. Stamens 4-5. Filaments very short. Anthers attached by the base,
opening at the top; 2-3 of them united. Ovary 4-winged. Ovules 2.
Stigma terminal. Calyx-lobes 4, unequal. Petals 5, shorter than the
calyx, unequal, red. Leaves pinnate. (See 56.) =Duparquetia= Baill.

Stamens 8-10. [Tribes SOPHOREAE and PODALYRIEAE.] 106

106. Leaves simple and undivided or unifoliolate. Corolla
papilionaceous. 107

Leaves pinnate or palmately trifoliolate. 112

107. Calyx shortly toothed, not slit. Corolla whitish; petals of the
keel slightly cohering. Ovules few. Shrubs with arched or climbing
branches. Stipules ovate or lanceolate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.
Bracteoles large, enclosing the flower, persistent.--Species 1. West
Africa. =Dalhousiea= Grah.

Calyx shortly toothed but slitting as the flower expands, on one or
both sides, or deeply cleft. Bracteoles not enclosing the flower,
rather large but deciduous, or small. 108

108. Calyx shortly toothed, but deeply slit in one or two places.
Corolla white or yellow; petals of the keel free or nearly so. Ovules
few. 109

Calyx subequally 4-5-cleft. Stipules awl-shaped or wanting. 110

109. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovary long-stalked. Calyx
slit on one side. Corolla white; petals of the keel free. Fruit
long-stalked, falcate-ovate, turgid. Seeds oblong, with a thick aril.
Flowers in panicles. Bracteoles small.--Species 1. West Africa.
=Leucomphalus= Benth.

Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovary nearly sessile. Fruit
compressed. Seeds ovate or orbicular.--Species 50. Tropical and
South-east Africa. Some of them yield timber (camwood), dye-stuffs, or
edible fruits. (Including _Bracteolaria_ Hochst.) =Baphia= Afz.

110. Petals of the keel free. Flowers in 5-10-flowered
racemes.--Species 1. West Africa. =Ormosia= Jacks.

Petals of the keel united. Flowers solitary or in 2-4-flowered
fascicles. 111

111. Corolla yellow; keel shortly beaked. Fruit compressed. Leaves
sessile, without stipules. Flowers solitary.--Species 10. South Africa.
The leaves are used as a substitute for tea or as a medicament.
=Cyclopia= Vent.

Corolla red or reddish-white; keel blunt. Ovary sessile. Fruit turgid.
Leaves short-stalked, with deciduous stipules. Hairy plants.--Species
20. South Africa. =Podalyria= Lam.

112. (106.) Leaves palmately trifoliolate. Corolla papilionaceous. 113

Leaves pinnate. 115

113. Petals subequal, yellow, those of the keel united. Ovary sessile
or nearly so. Fruit oblong, not septate. Erect shrubs. Leaves sessile,
leathery, exstipulate. Flowers solitary, axillary, with bracteoles.
(See 111.) =Cyclopia= Vent.

Petals of the keel free. Ovary stalked. Fruit linear. Leaves stalked,
stipulate. Flowers in racemes. 114

114. Standard shorter than the wings. Petals yellow. Fruit septate
between the seeds. Erect shrubs. Leaves herbaceous; stipules connate.
Flowers without bracteoles.--Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and
medicinal. =Anagyris= L.

Standard as long as or longer than the wings. Petals clawed,
yellowish-white. Climbing shrubs. Leaves leathery. Flowers with small,
deciduous bracteoles.--Species 3. West Africa. (_Giganthemum_ Welw.)
=Camoënsia= Welw.

115. Corolla nearly regular; petals subequal. 116

Corolla papilionaceous; petals conspicuously unequal, at least one of
them (the standard) very different from the others. 118

116. Petals entire. Anthers linear, Ovules more than 2. (See 34.)
=Cadia= Forsk.

Petals 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Anthers ovate. Ovules 1-2. 117

117. Petals shortly lobed. Ovary short-stalked. Leaflets 9-11.
Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).
=Dicraeopetalum= Harms

Petals deeply left. Ovary long-stalked. Leaflets 13-19. Flowers in
panicles.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Amphimas= Pierre

118. Petals of the keel united. 119

Petals of the keel free. 121

119. Petals long-clawed, red. Ovary sessile. Ovules few. Fruit
compressed, not winged, leathery, dehiscing in two valves. Trees.
Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles none.--Species 1. South Africa and St.
Helena. Yields timber and is used as an ornamental plant. =Virgilia=
Lam.

Petals short-or not clawed, white, yellow or violet. Ovary more or less
distinctly stalked. Fruit tardily or not dehiscing. 120

120. Fruit compressed, winged at the upper suture, membranous.
Calyx-lobes unequal. Petals yellow; those of the keel curved. Flowers
in racemes. Bracteoles none.--Species 9. South and Central Africa.
=Calpurnia= E. Mey.

Fruit terete or nearly so, constricted between the seeds, 4-winged
or wingless, leathery, woody or fleshy.--Species 6. Tropical and
South-east Africa. They yield timber, dye-stuffs, and medicaments, and
are also used as ornamental plants. =Sophora= L.

121. Standard broad-oblong or narrow-ovate, clawed and auricled. Calyx
very shortly toothed. Filaments slightly united at the base, excepting
one. Ovary long-stalked, hairy. Style very short, almost straight.
Ovules numerous. Trees. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar.
(Under _Cadia_ Forsk.) =Pseudocadia= Harms

Standard broad-ovate or orbicular. Ovary short-stalked or almost
sessile. 122

122. Calyx shortly toothed or entire. Stigma terminal. Fruit almost
terete, constricted between the seeds. 123

Calyx deeply cleft. Fruit flat. 124

123. Stalk of the ovary obliquely adnate to the curved receptacle
(calyx-tube). Standard suborbicular, slightly exceeding the other
petals. Filaments free. Flowers in racemes arising from the old
wood.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Angylocalyx= Taub.

Stalk of the ovary not adnate to the receptacle. Style curved at the
apex. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. (See 120.) =Sophora= L.

124. Ovule 1. Stigma terminal. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets
5-7.--Species 1. East Africa. =Platycelephium= Harms

Ovules 2 or more. Leaflets 7-13. 125

125. Stigma terminal. Corolla blue. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets curved
and pointed.--Species 1. South Africa. =Bolusanthus= Harms

Stigma lateral. Corolla red or green. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2.
West Africa. They yield timber. =Afrormosia= Harms

126. (104.) Filaments all, or the alternate ones, broadened at the
apex. [Especially tribe LOTEAE.] 127

Filaments not broadened at the apex. 147

127. Filaments monadelphous, i.e., all united into a tube or sheath, at
least when young. 128

Filaments diadelphous, i.e., united into a sheath, excepting one, which
is free from the others, at least at the base, but sometimes connate
with them in the middle or slightly cohering with them at the very
base. 131

128. Leaves equally pinnate or reduced to the broadened stalk, usually
ending in a tendril or bristle. Stipules large, leaf-like. Flowers
solitary or in racemes, without bracteoles. Petals short-clawed.
Anthers all alike. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Style-apex
bearded on the inner face. Fruit opening by two valves. Herbs.--Species
35. North Africa and the mountains of the tropics. Several species
yield edible tubers or seeds, vegetables, fodder, medicaments, or
perfumes; some are poisonous or used as ornamental plants. (Including
_Orobus_ L.) =Lathyrus= L.

Leaves unequally pinnate, digitate, or unifoliolate. Style glabrous. 129

129. Leaflets minutely toothed, 1 or 3, very rarely more. Stipules
adnate to the leaf-stalk. Flowers solitary or in racemes. Calyx-lobes
long, subequal. Petals short-clawed. Anthers usually of two kinds.
Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Fruit dehiscing by two
valves.--Species 60. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some are used as
vegetables or in medicine. =Ononis= L.

Leaflets entire. Stipules small or wanting. Flowers in heads or umbels,
sometimes almost solitary. Petals long-clawed. Anthers all alike. Fruit
not or tardily dehiscing. 130

130. Ovary sessile. Ovules 2. Fruit protruding beyond the calyx,
linear, shortly or not beaked, slightly 4-angled, spirally coiled.
Silky herbs. Flowers in umbels, very small, reddish-yellow, without
bracteoles.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Helminthocarpum= A. Rich.

Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Fruit enclosed by the calyx
or slightly protruding; in the latter case beaked. Flowers in heads
or nearly solitary.--Species 12. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some
species (especially _A. Vulneraria_ L.) are used as fodder-, dyeing-,
medicinal-, or ornamental plants. (Including _Cornicina_ Boiss.,
_Dorycnopsis_ Boiss., and _Physanthyllis_ Boiss.) =Anthyllis= L.

131. (127.) Keel beaked. 132

Keel blunt or somewhat pointed. 138

132. Ovary short-stalked. Ovules 2. Calyx deeply and equally divided.
Corolla yellow. Fruit spirally coiled, flat, margined, indehiscent.
Herbs. Lowermost leaves simple, with adnate stipules, upper pinnate,
without stipules. Flowers in few-flowered heads.--Species 1. North
Africa. (_Circinus_ Medik.) =Hymenocarpos= Savi

Ovary sessile. Ovules more than two. Calyx more or less unequally
divided. Flowers solitary or in umbels. 133

133. Leaves simple, undivided. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Upper
calyx-teeth united high up. Petals long-clawed, yellow. Fruit spirally
coiled, almost terete, ribbed. Herbs.--Species 5. North Africa and
Abyssinia. =Scorpiurus= L.

Leaves pinnate, sometimes apparently digitate. 134

134. Fruit jointed. 135

Fruit not jointed. Herbs or undershrubs. 136

135. Joints of the fruit and seeds curved. Fruit more or less
flattened, with the upper edge notched at each seed. Corolla yellow.
Leaves with 5 or more leaflets.--Species 9. North Africa. =Hippocrepis=
L.

Joints of the fruit and seeds straight, oblong. Fruit not or slightly
flattened. Leaves with 3 or more leaflets, stipulate.--Species 12.
North Africa. Some species are poisonous or used as ornamental or
medicinal plants. =Coronilla= L.

136. Leaves with many leaflets. Stipules small, membranous. Corolla
yellow. Fruit flat, slightly curved. Seeds quadrate. Glabrous
herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. (_Bonaveria_ Scop., _Securidaca_
Gaertn.). =Securigera= DC.

Leaves with 4-5 leaflets, of which the 1-2 lowest have usually the
appearance of stipules. Stipules very small or wanting. Keel gibbous on
each side. Seeds globular or lenticular. 137

137. Fruit longitudinally 4-winged or 4-angled.--Species 5. North
Africa. Used as fodder or as vegetables. (Under _Lotus_ L.)
=Tetragonolobus= Scop.

Fruit neither 4-winged nor 4-angled.--Species 50. Some of them are used
as vegetables, fodder, or ornamental plants. (Including _Heinekenia_
Webb, _Lotea_ Medik., and _Pedrosia_ Lowe). =Lotus= L.

138. (131.) Petals, at least the lower, adnate below to the
staminal tube. Standard oblong or ovate. Erect or prostrate herbs.
Leaves pinnate or palmate; leaflets 3-5, usually toothed. Stipules
adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers solitary or in umbels, heads, or
spikes.--Species 70. North and South Africa and mountains of Central
Africa. Many of them are used as fodder or in medicine. “Clover.”
=Trifolium= L.

Petals free from the staminal tube. Leaflets entire, rarely toothed,
but then more than 5. Stipules usually free or wanting. 139

139. Leaves unifoliolate, stipellate; stalk winged. Flowers in spikes.
Calyx-lobes unequal. Uppermost stamen free at the base, but united
with the others in the middle. Ovary sessile. Ovules 3-4.--Species 4.
Central Africa. (Under _Desmodium_ Desv.) =Droogmansia= De Wild.

Leaves pinnate, digitate, or reduced to the usually broadened stalk. 140

140. Leaves equally pinnate or reduced to the stalk. Leaflets entire.
Stipules leaf-like. Flowers solitary or in racemes. Ovary more or less
distinctly stalked. Style-apex broadened and bearded. Fruit 2-valved.
Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs. 141

Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate. Ovary sessile or nearly so. 142

141. Style-apex laterally compressed with reflexed edges, hence grooved
above. Corolla white or red; wings adhering to the keel. Herbs with
tendrils. Leaflets 2-6.--Species 3. North Africa, also cultivated in
the tropics. They yield fodder and edible seeds (peas), from which also
starch is prepared. =Pisum= L.

Style-apex compressed dorsally, with the edges bent downwards or
straight. (See 128.). =Lathyrus= L.

142. Stem woody throughout. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in
racemes or fascicles. Upper calyx-teeth united for the greatest part.
Corolla red or violet; wings slightly adhering to the keel; standard
with a callus at the base. Fruit linear, flat.--Species 15. Tropical
and South-east Africa. The seeds of some species are used as a
fish-poison. =Mundulea= DC.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 143

143. Flowers in racemes. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla blue; standard
suborbicular, with a callus and two auricles; keel somewhat longer
than the wings and the standard. Uppermost stamen cohering with
the others at the base. Style-apex bearded. Ovules 2. Twining
undershrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Kilimandjaro).
=Spathionema= Taub.

Flowers solitary or in umbels or heads. 144

144. Leaflets toothed. Stipules leaf-like. Flowers solitary. Corolla
white or blue. Fruit ovate to oblong, turgid, 2-valved.--Species 2.
North Africa and Abyssinia; one species also cultivated in Angola. They
yield edible seeds (chick-peas) and are used medicinally. =Cicer= L.

Leaflets entire. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely solitary, but then
corolla yellow. 145

145. Leaflets numerous. Leaf-stalk long. Flowers very small, in heads
or umbels. Keel nearly straight. Fruit jointed.--Species 6. North
Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as fodder.
“Birds-foot.” (Including _Arthrolobium_ Desv.) =Ornithopus= L.

Leaflets 3-5, the lower usually stipule-like. Leaf-stalk short or
wanting. 146

146. Corolla yellow; standard suborbicular, with a long claw. Fruit
jointed. Undershrubs with long silky hairs. Stipules small. Flowers
solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the leaves.--Species 1.
North-west Africa (Algeria). (_Ludovicia_ Coss.) =Hammatolobium= Fenzl

Corolla white or red; standard oblong or ovate, short-clawed; wings
coherent towards the apex, longitudinally folded or transversely
gibbous; keel gibbous on each side. Fruit continuous, terete, 2-valved.
Stipules very small or wanting.--Species 6. North Africa. (Including
_Bonjeania_ Reichb.) =Dorycnium= Vill.

147. (126.) Anthers of two kinds, five shorter and attached by the
back, the others longer and attached by the base, or the alternate ones
rudimentary. 148

Anthers all alike. 205

148. Leaves digitate, unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. [Tribe
GENISTEAE.] 149

Leaves pinnate, but sometimes with three leaflets. 195

149. Uppermost stamen free or nearly so. 150

Uppermost stamen united with the others into a tube or sheath. 158

150. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves stipulate. 151

Stem woody throughout. Leaves usually exstipulate. 154

151. Keel with a straight beak. Anthers bearded. Stigma lateral. Fruit
linear. Leaves simple, sessile. Flowers in axillary racemes.--Species
2. Southern West Africa. (Under _Indigofera_ L.) =Rhynchotropis= Harms

Keel with a spirally twisted beak or without a beak. Anthers not
bearded. Stigma terminal. Leaves unifoliolate or digitate. 152

152. Keel spirally beaked. Fruit oblong. Flowers opposite the leaves,
solitary or 2-3 together. Bracteoles 2.--Species 2. South Africa to
Amboland. =Bolusia= Benth.

Keel curved inwards, not beaked. Flowers in axillary or terminal
inflorescences. Bracteoles none. 153

153. Keel somewhat pointed. Ovules several. Fruit linear. Leaves
digitate. Corolla reddish.--Species 1. East Africa. =Parochetus= Hamilt.

Keel blunt. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate. Gland-dotted plants.--Species 60.
Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Psoralea= L.

154. Keel with a lateral gibbosity or spur. Anthers distinctly unequal.
Leaves simple. 155

Keel without a lateral appendage. Anthers nearly equal. 156

155. Keel beaked. Corolla yellowish-green, shorter than the calyx.
Ovule 1. Flowers in small terminal heads.--Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony). =Lathriogyne= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Keel blunt. Corolla red or white, longer than the calyx.--Species 10.
South Africa. =Amphithalea= Eckl. & Zeyh.

156. Corolla blue, red, or white. Ovule 1. Leaves unifoliolate or
digitate, stipulate. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Corolla yellow. Ovules 2 or more. Leaves simple, exstipulate. 157

157. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the lowest very large and petaloid.
Standard ovate or oblong; wings oblong. Inflorescence surrounded by
large bracts.--Species 4. South Africa. =Liparia= L.

Calyx-lobes about equal. Standard suborbicular; wings obovate. Bracts
not very large.--Species 15. South Africa. =Priestleya= DC.

158. (149.) Filaments united into a sheath which is slit above. 159

Filaments united into a tube which is closed all round. 180

159. Style bearded or ciliate on the inside towards the apex. 160

Style glabrous inside. 161

160. Fruit flat, oblong or ovate, stalked, downy, 2-seeded. Shrubs.
Leaves trifoliolate.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Priotropis= Wight
& Arn.

Fruit turgid.--Species 220. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some
yield fibres, dyes, vegetables, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental
plants. =Crotalaria= L.

161. Ovule 1. 162

Ovules 2 or more. 163

162. Leaves stipulate. Flowers ebracteolate, blue, pink or white. Keel
incurved. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum,
adhering to the pericarp. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Leaves exstipulate. Flowers bracteolate, red, yellow or white.
Keel almost straight, gibbous at each side. Fruit dehiscing by two
valves. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Silky-hairy shrubs.
Leaves simple, sessile. Flowers usually in pairs in the axils of the
leaves.--Species 8. South Africa. =Coelidium= Vog.

163. Leaves simple and undivided or unifoliolate, usually exstipulate.
164

Leaves digitate, with 3, rarely 5-7 leaflets, usually stipulate. 171

164. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal, the 1-3 lowest usually narrower
than the rest. 165

Calyx-lobes about equal. 169

165. Petals adnate at the base to the staminal tube, yellow; wings
auricled at the base; keel with a blunt spur at each side. Ovules
2. Shrubs clothed with long hairs. Leaves stalked, linear. Flowers
axillary. Bracteoles leaf-like.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).
=Walpersia= Harv.

Petals free from the staminal tube. 166

166. Petals red, long-clawed, glabrous. Fruit ovate, turgid. Prostrate
undershrubs clothed with long reddish-brown hairs. Leaves imbricate
sessile, lanceolate. Flowers in short racemes.--Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony). =Euchlora= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Petals yellow, rarely white or red, but then short-clawed and leaves
fascicled. 167

167. Leaves in tufts of 3 or more, usually thread-shaped.--Species 150.
South Africa. =Aspalathus= L.

Leaves scattered, flat. Petals yellow. Fruit linear or lanceolate, more
or less flattened. 168

168. Plant hairy. Leaves stalked.--Species 90. =Lotononis= DC.

Plant glabrous.--Species 30. South Africa. Some are used medicinally.
=Rafnia= Thunb.

169. Leaves more or less distinctly stalked, narrow, usually
thread-shaped. Flowers in racemes, yellow. Fruit linear. Funicle very
short.--Species 25. South Africa. =Lebeckia= Thunb.

Leaves sessile. 170

170. Leaves many-nerved, flat, stiff. Calyx 5-cleft, with pungent
segments. Corolla yellow; standard villous. Fruit linear or lanceolate,
slightly flattened.--Species 15. South Africa. =Borbonia= L.

Leaves one-or few-nerved, usually thread-shaped and in tufts.
Fruit obliquely-ovate or-lanceolate. Funicle filiform. (See 167.)
=Aspalathus= L.

171. (163.) Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-toothed or 2-parted, the
lower 3-toothed or 3-parted. Corolla yellow. Fruit linear. 172

Calyx not 2-lipped, all segments subequal or the 4 upper ones united in
pairs. 174

172. Keel longer than the standard and the wings. Calyx deeply
two-lipped. Fruit flat, somewhat constricted and with thin partitions
between the seeds, not glandular. Undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate.
Flowers solitary. Bracteoles small.--Species 4. South Africa.
=Dichilus= DC.

Keel shorter than the standard. Leaves stipulate. 173

173. Fruit glandular-hairy or viscid, flat, usually constricted
between the seeds. Calyx tubular, usually shortly two-lipped. Shrubs
or undershrubs. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Bracteoles mostly
leaf-like.--Species 12. South Africa. =Melolobium= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Fruit hairy, but not glandular. Calyx deeply two-lipped. Standard
suborbicular. Bracteoles usually small.--Species 60. (_Tephrothamnus_
Sweet, including _Macrolotus_ Harms) =Argyrolobium= Eckl. & Zeyh.

174. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal, the upper 4 united in pairs, the
lowest separate and narrow. 175

Calyx-lobes about equal. 177

175. Keel and style straight. Standard spatulate. Bracteoles
bristle-like.--Species 3. South Africa. (_Pleiospora_ Harv.)
=Phaenohoffmannia= O. Ktze.

Keel and style curved inwards. Bracteoles none. 176

176. Fruit flattened, repeatedly folded and twisted from side to side.
Corolla yellow; keel exceeding the standard. Stigma oblique. Herbs.
Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Listia= E.
Mey.

Fruit slightly flattened or turgid, straight or curved. (See 168.)
=Lotononis= L.

177. Fruit winged, flat, ovate or oblong, stalked, indehiscent. Petals
long-clawed, yellow; keel exceeding the standard. Ovary stalked. Ovules
few. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes.--Species 7. South Africa. (_Viborgia_
Thunb.) =Wiborgia= Thunb.

Fruit not winged. Ovules usually numerous. 178

178. Fruit ovate, 1-3-seeded. Corolla white, yellowish, or red;
standard with a long claw, clothed with long hairs. Shrubs. Flowers
in spikes or heads, without bracteoles.--Species 10. South Africa.
=Buchenroedera= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Fruit linear, lanceolate, or oblong. 179

179. Seeds with a very short funicle. Fruit linear. Corolla yellow.
Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes.
(See 169.) =Lebeckia= Thunb.

Seeds with a long funicle. Fruit flattened or slightly inflated. Leaves
usually stipulate. (See 168.) =Lotononis= L.

180. (158.) Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the
seed. Gland-dotted plants. Stipules stem-clasping. Corolla blue, rose,
or white. Bracteoles none. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Ovules 2 or more. 181

181. Calyx 2-lipped. 182

Calyx subequally 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Leaves 1-or 3-foliolate. 191

182. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. 183

Calyx slightly 2-lipped. Leaves 1-3-foliolate or wanting. 188

183. Leaves reduced to scales or spines. Spinous shrubs. Calyx and
corolla yellow. Fruit oblong or ovate, 1-4-seeded.--Species 6. North
Africa; one species (_U. europaeus_ L.) also naturalized in South
Africa, the Mascarenes, and St. Helena. This species is used as
a garden-or hedge-plant and furnishes a dye-stuff, fodder, and a
substitute for tea. “Furze.” =Ulex= L.

Leaves digitate, with 2-9 leaflets. 184

184. Leaflets 5-9. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Keel beaked; wings
cohering at the apex.--Species 10. North and Central Africa. They yield
manure, fodder, vegetables, medicaments, and edible seeds which serve
also as a substitute for coffee; several species are used as ornamental
plants. =Lupinus= L.

Leaflets 2-4. Stipules usually free. Wings free. 185

185. Leaflets 2 or 4, very rarely 3. Lateral calyx-lobes much shorter
than the others. Fruit jointed, bristly or spiny, indehiscent. Herbs
or undershrubs.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. Used as fodder.
=Zornia= Gmel.

Leaflets 3. Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. 186

186. Fruit covered with glandular tubercles or hairs. Seeds without
an outgrowth at the hilum. Corolla yellow; keel curved inwards.
Shrubs.--Species 7. North and Central Africa. =Adenocarpus= DC.

Fruit not glandular, but usually hairy. 187

187. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs.--Species 15. North
Africa. Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (Including _Sarothamnus_ Wimm., _Spartocytisus_ Webb, and
_Teline_ Medik.) =Cytisus= L.

Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely
shrubs. Corolla yellow. (See 173.) =Argyrolobium= Eckl. & Zeyh.

188. (182.) Calyx sheath-like, split on one side after flowering.
Corolla yellow; keel and wings adnate below to the staminal tube; keel
acuminate, curved inwards; wings obovate. Stigma oblique. Fruit linear.
Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs or trees. Leaves
unifoliolate, without stipules.--Species 1 (_S. junceum_ L., Spanish
broom). North Africa. Yields fibres and medicaments and is used as an
ornamental plant. =Spartium= L.

Calyx not sheath-like. Keel obtuse or free from the staminal tube. 189

189. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Fruit linear or oblong,
flat. Petals free from the staminal tube. Shrubs. (See 187.) =Cytisus=
L.

Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. 190

190. Keel distinctly curved inwards; wings and keel free from the
staminal tube; standard suborbicular. Fruit linear or oblong, flat,
covered with glandular tubercles or hairs. Shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate,
with small stipules. Flowers in racemes, yellow. (See 186.)
=Adenocarpus= DC.

Keel straight or nearly so, blunt, gibbous at each side; wings and keel
usually adnate to the staminal tube; the former oblong; standard ovate.
Fruit usually inflated. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 40. North
Africa. Some species yield fibres, dyes, and medicaments, or serve as
ornamental plants. (Including _Retama_ Boiss.) =Genista= L.

191. (181.) Calyx deeply divided. Ovary more or less distinctly
stalked. Leaflets minutely toothed. Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk.
(See 129.) =Ononis= L.

Calyx shortly toothed. Filaments not broadened above. Ovary sessile or
nearly so. Leaflets entire. 192

192. Calyx obscurely toothed, coloured. Corolla yellow, free from the
staminal tube. Fruit thickened or winged at the upper suture. Seeds
without an outgrowth at the hilum. Spinous shrubs. Leaves digitate,
without stipules. Flowers solitary or in fascicles.--Species 3. North
Africa. Used medicinally. =Calycotome= Link

Calyx distinctly toothed. Corolla red, blue, or white. 193

193. Petals with a long claw, blue or violet; wings and keel adnate at
the base to the staminal tube. Fruit oblong, glandular-hairy. Seeds
without an outgrowth at the hilum. Spinous shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate
on the young branches, unifoliolate on the older. Flowers solitary or
in fascicles. Bracteoles small, leaf-like.--Species 1. North Africa
(Algeria). Used medicinally. =Erinacea= Boiss.

Petals with a short claw or sessile, free from the staminal tube. Seeds
with an outgrowth at the hilum. Unarmed plants. Leaves trifoliolate.
Flowers in racemes or panicles. 194

194. Keel shorter than the standard. Corolla red or violet. Fruit
linear, many-seeded. Shrubs. Bracteoles bristle-like.--Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). =Hypocalyptus= Thunb.

Keel longer than the standard. Corolla red or white. Fruit
ovate-lanceolate, few-seeded. Undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony). =Loddigesia= Sims

195. (148.) Leaves equally pinnate. 196

Leaves unequally pinnate. 197

196. Leaflets 4. Flowers solitary or in spikes. Calyx with a long,
narrow tube and unequal lobes. Corolla yellow or whitish; keel
beaked. Filaments all united. Ovules 2-3. Fruit oblong, inflated,
continuous within, indehiscent, ripening beneath the soil. Stem
herbaceous.--Species 1 (_A. hypogaea_ L., ground-nut). Cultivated. The
seeds are edible and yield oil; the leaves are used as a vegetable or
as fodder. =Arachis= L.

Leaflets numerous. Flowers in racemes. Calyx with a wide tube, truncate
or with subequal lobes. Keel blunt or somewhat pointed. Filaments
united, excepting one. Ovules numerous. Fruit linear, with transverse
partitions.--Species 15. Tropics to Natal and Egypt. Some species
yield timber, fibre, fodder, or medicaments, or serve as garden-or
hedge-plants. =Sesbania= Pers.

197. Leaflets 3. 198

Leaflets numerous. 203

198. Leaflets with stipels. 199

Leaflets without stipels. 201

199. Filaments all united. Corolla red; standard unappendaged; keel
almost straight, blunt, shorter than the wings. Style short and thick.
Flowers very small. Twining herbs.--Species 3. Tropical and South-east
Africa. Used medicinally. =Teramnus= Swartz

Filaments united, excepting the uppermost, which is free at least at
the base. Standard auricled at the base; keel curved. Flowers large or
rather large. 200

200. Uppermost stamens free at the base, but united with the others at
the middle. Corolla red; keel somewhat shorter than the wings. Twining
shrubs.--Species 1. Tropics. =Dioclea= H. B. & K.

Uppermost stamens free throughout. Corolla red or yellowish-green; keel
as long as or longer than the wings.--Species 20. Tropics. Some of them
yield poisons, medicaments, vegetables, fodder, and dyes, or serve as
ornamental plants. (_Stizolobium_ P. Br.). =Mucuna= Adans.

201. Stipules free, stem-clasping. Corolla red, blue, or white; keel
blunt. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent. Gland-dotted plants. (See
153.) =Psoralea= L.

Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk. Corolla red or yellow; keel usually
beaked. Ovules 2 or more. 202

202. Leaflets toothed. Calyx with a short tube and subequal segments.
Fruit dehiscing by two valves, usually terete. (See 129.) =Ononis= L.

Leaflets entire. Calyx with a thread-shaped tube and unequal segments,
four of which are connate. Corolla yellow. Ovules 2-3. Base of the
style persistent. Fruit flat, separating in two joints or indehiscent.
Herbs. Flowers usually intermixed with feathery bristles.--Species 5.
Tropical and South Africa. =Stylosanthes= Swartz

203. (197.) Stem woody. Corolla white or red; wings free. Stamens
diadelphous at the base, at first monadelphous at the middle. Ovary
stalked. Style hairy at the apex. Fruit flat.--Species 1 (_R.
Pseudacacia_ L.). Naturalized in North Africa. Yields timber and
medicaments and is used as an ornamental plant. The bark and the leaves
are poisonous. =Robinia= L.

Stem herbaceous. Corolla blue, yellow, or whitish. Ovary sessile. 204

204. Filaments united, excepting one, or all united into a sheath
split above. Wings free. Fruit oblong or ovate, flat or constricted
between the seeds.--Species 2. North Africa. They yield medicaments
(liquorice), dyes, and material for papermaking. =Glycyrrhiza= L.

Filaments all united into a closed tube. Wings slightly adhering to the
keel. Style glabrous. Fruit linear, subterete.--Species 1. North Africa
(Algeria). Used as an ornamental, medicinal, or fodder-plant. “Goats
rue.” =Galega= L.

205. (147.) Leaves abruptly pinnate. [Especially tribe VICIEAE.] 206

Leaves imparipinnate, digitate, unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. 220

206. Calyx distinctly two-lipped, the upper lip entire or shortly
2-toothed, the lower one entire, 3-toothed, or 3-parted. Corolla
yellow; standard suborbicular. Fruit jointed. Flowers in racemes. 207

Calyx equally or subequally toothed or divided, or entire. 210

207. Bracts very large, imbricate, hiding the flowers and fruits.
Bracteoles none. Flowers very small. Filaments all united.
Ovules 2. Herbs. Stipules produced at the base into a spur-like
appendage.--Species 9. Central Africa. =Geissaspis= Wight & Arn.

Bracts not hiding the flowers, usually small and deciduous. Bracteoles
present. 208

208. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx. Filaments all united. Ovules
more than two.--Species 30. Tropical and South-east Africa. (_Damapana_
Adans., including _Kotschya_ Endl.) =Smithia= Ait.

Fruit much exceeding the calyx. 209

209. Ovary sessile. Uppermost stamen free. Keel obtuse. Fruit
ring-shaped or spirally twisted, flat, glabrous except at the shortly
spinous sutures, 2-valved. Herbs. Leaves with 2-4 pairs of leaflets.
Stipules spurred at the base. Bracts not spurred.--Species 1. West
Africa. =Cyclocarpa= Afz.

Ovary stalked. Fruit straight, curved, or spirally twisted; in the
latter case covered with glandular hairs.--Species 60. Tropical and
South Africa. Some species (especially the ambatch, _A. Elaphroxylon_
Taub.) yield cork-wood, fibre, and medicaments. (Including _Herminiera_
Guill. & Perr.) =Aeschynomene= L.

210. Style hairy, usually bearded lengthwise. Fruit more or less
flattened, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum.
Herbs. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting. 211

Style glabrous. 214

211. Staminal tube obliquely truncate at its mouth. 212

Staminal tube evenly truncate. 213

212. Style bearded on the inner face. Flowers small. Corolla
bluish-white; keel somewhat pointed. Uppermost stamen free. Ovary
almost sessile. Ovules 2. Seeds flat.--Species 3. North Africa; also
cultivated in northern Central Africa. The seeds of _L. esculenta_
Moench (lentils) are used as food, for the preparation of starch, and
in medicine. (Under _Ervum_ L.) =Lens= Gren. & Godr.

Style hairy all round or on the back only; in the latter case flowers
large or middle-sized. Seeds globose or slightly flattened.--Species
40. North and East Africa; some species also naturalized in South
Africa and the Mascarene Islands. They yield fodder, edible fruits and
seeds (especially beans from _V. Faba_ L.), and medicaments; some are
used as ornamental plants. “Vetch.” (Including _Ervum_ L. and _Faba_
Tourn.) =Vicia= L.

213. Style-apex compressed laterally, with the margins bent upwards,
hence grooved above. Ovary subsessile. Ovules more than 2. Corolla
white or red; keel blunt. Uppermost stamens free at the base. Leaves
with 1-3 pairs of leaflets. (See 141.) =Pisum= L.

Style-apex compressed dorsally, with the margins straight or bent
downwards. (See 128.) =Lathyrus= L.

214. Stamens 9. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla white or pink; standard
adhering to the staminal tube at its base; wings oblong, shorter than
the keel. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves ending in a bristle. Bracteoles
present.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Several species
(especially _A. praecatorius_ L.) yield fibres, poisonous ornamental
seeds (crab-eyes), and medicaments. =Abrus= L.

Stamens 10. 215

215. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point, a gland, or a
tuft of hairs. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely
chambered, opening by two valves. Herbs undershrubs or shrubs, clothed
with appressed hairs fixed at the middle. Bracteoles none.--Species
320. Tropical, South, and North-east Africa. Several species yield
a dye (indigo), or are used in medicine or as ornamental plants.
=Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. 216

216. Fruit indehiscent, not jointed. Calyx-teeth obscure or wanting.
Standard auricled at the base; petals of the keel free. Alternate
filaments with a scale at the base. Trees. Leaflets alternate.--Species
1. Madagascar. =Xanthocercis= Baill.

Fruit dehiscent or jointed. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 217

217. Fruit jointed, dehiscing on one side or indehiscent. Corolla
yellow; standard orbicular. Stamens usually all united. (See 209.)
=Aeschynomene= L.

Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. 218

218. Fruit transversely septate. Bracteoles bristle-like, deciduous.
Uppermost stamen free. (See 196.). =Sesbania= Pers.

Fruit longitudinally septate or 1-celled. Wings adhering to the keel.
219

219. Fruit 1-celled, compressed. Petals with a short claw. Herbs.
Leaves ending in a bristle or a tendril. Bracteoles none. (See 212.).
=Vicia= L.

Fruit 2-celled, rarely 1-celled but then turgid.--Species 70. North
and East Africa to Transvaal and the Cape Verde Islands. Several
species yield fodder, tragacanth-gum, manna-like exudations, or edible
seeds which are also used as a substitute for coffee. (Including
_Acanthyllis_ Pomel, _Erophaca_ Boiss., and _Phaca_ L.) =Astragalus= L.

220. (205.) Leaves unifoliolate, simple, or wanting. 221

Leaves digitate or pinnate, with 3 or more leaflets 251

221. Leaves exstipulate or wanting 222

Leaves stipulate. 224

222. Branches leaf-like. Leaves usually wanting. Trees. Corolla red.
Fruit turgid, indehiscent.--Species 5. Madagascar. They yield timber.
(Including _Neobaronia_ Bak.) =Phylloxylon= Baill.

Branches not leaf-like. Leaves present. Shrubs. Corolla yellow. Fruit
flat, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds with an outgrowth near the hilum.
223

223. Flowers in heads surrounded by large imbricate bracts. Lowest
calyx-lobe very large, petaloid. Standard ovate or oblong; wings
oblong. (See 157.) =Liparia= L.

Flowers solitary or in racemes, umbels, or heads with small or
medium-sized bracts. Lowest calyx-lobe equalling or slightly exceeding
the others. Standard suborbicular; wings obovate. Bracteoles
bristle-like. (See 157.) =Priestleya= DC.

224. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 225

Stem woody throughout. 241

225. Uppermost stamen united with the others at least in its lower
half. 226

Uppermost stamen free from the others throughout or at the base. 229

226. Ovule 1. Ovary sessile. Style slender. Calyx-teeth long and
pointed. Petals shortly clawed. Fruit enclosed by the calyx, ovate,
indehiscent. Flowers 1-3 in the axils of the leaves.--Species 6. South
Africa (Cape Colony). =Hallia= Thunb.

Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 227

227. Style bearded. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Seeds with
an aril. Leaves reduced to the broadened or tendril-bearing petiole.
(See 128.) =Lathyrus= L.

Style glabrous. Leaves unifoliolate. 228

228. Style short and broad. Ovary sessile. Petals red, long-clawed.
Fruit compressed. Leaflets entire. Stipules awl-shaped. Flowers very
small, in axillary racemes.--Species 5. Central Africa to Transvaal.
=Microcharis= Benth.

Style awl-shaped. Ovary more or less distinctly stalked. Calyx deeply
divided. Petals short-clawed. Leaflets toothed. Stipules adnate to the
leaf-stalk. Flowers 1-3 in the axils of the leaves. (See 129.) =Ononis=
L.

229. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least
when young, free at the base, later sometimes free throughout. 230

Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly from the base. 234

230. Fruit jointed. 231

Fruit not jointed. 232

231. Upper calyx-lobes separate. Wings small; standard subsessile.
Ovary stalked. Ovules 1-3. Leaflets without stipels. Flowers in
axillary, few-flowered racemes, with small bracteoles.--Species 5.
Nileland and Island of Socotra. =Taverniera= DC.

Upper calyx-lobes more or less united. Wings oblong, adhering to the
keel. Ovules 2 or more. Leaflets usually with stipels.--Species 40.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or
textile plants. (_Meibomia_ Moehr.) =Desmodium= Desv.

232. Flowers very small, in pairs in the axils of the leaves,
with minute bracteoles. Fruit oblong, with a membranous pericarp,
indehiscent. Leaflets without stipels.--Species 2. South Africa to
Angola. =Sylitra= E. Mey.

Flowers not very small, in usually terminal or leaf-opposed racemes.
Fruit with a more or less herbaceous pericarp, dehiscing by two valves.
233

233. Flowers with rather large bracteoles, violet. Ovary shortly
stalked. Stigma penicillate. Fruit 4-winged, septate. Stem twining.
Leaflets with stipels. Stipules spurred.--Species 4. Tropics. The roots
and the fruits are used as vegetables. (_Botor_ Adans.) =Psophocarpus=
Neck.

Flowers without bracteoles. Ovary sessile. Fruit flat. Leaflets without
stipels, usually with numerous parallel side-nerves.--Species 130. Some
of them yield dyes, poisons, and medicaments. (_Cracca_ L., including
_Pogonostigma_ Boiss. and _Requienia_ DC.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

234. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point, a gland, or a
tuft of hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved. Fruit with transverse
partitions. Plants clothed with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. 235

Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely affixed by the middle. 236

235. Keel beaked. Anthers bearded at base and apex. Style boat-shaped
below. Ovules 4-6. Fruit short-stalked, turgid. (See 151.)
=Rhynchotropis= Harms

Keel blunt or somewhat pointed, gibbous or spurred on each side. Style
thread-shaped. Fruit sessile or nearly so. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

236. Ovule 1. 237

Ovules 2 or more. 238

237. Leaflets with stipels. Flowers in racemes, with broad bracteoles.
Calyx-lobes narrow, subequal. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.--Species
2. Madagascar. =Leptodesmia= Benth.

Leaflets without stipels. Leaves gland-dotted. Fruit indehiscent;
pericarp adnate to the seed. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

238. Ovules 2. Corolla usually yellow. 239

Ovules 3 or more. Corolla usually red. 240

239. Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear,
the funicle affixed at its apex. Upper calyx-lobes separate or shortly
united. Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining
plants.--Species 55. Tropical and South Africa. The roots of one
species are used in making beer. =Eriosema= DC.

Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth
at the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle affixed at
or nearly in the middle. Upper calyx-lobes more or less united.
Standard orbicular or obovate. Twining or decumbent, more rarely
erect plants.--Species 100. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.
(_Dolicholus_ Medik.) =Rhynchosia= Lour.

240. Calyx-lobes long, stiff, very unequal, the two upper ones united
high up. Style thread-shaped, glabrous. Fruit jointed, indehiscent.
Leaves unifoliolate, usually stipellate. Stipules membranous. Flowers
small, in racemes, with bracteoles.--Species 9. Tropical and South
Africa. (_Fabricia_ Scop.). =Alysicarpus= Neck.

Calyx-lobes subequal. Style flattened, bearded towards the apex.
Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. Seeds with a small aril.
Leaves reduced to the broadened or tendril-bearing petiole. Stipules
leaf-like. Flowers without bracteoles. (See 128.) =Lathyrus= L.

241. (224.) Filaments all united into a tube split on one or on both
sides. Bracteoles present. 242

Filaments united into a tube, excepting one which is free, at least at
the base. 240

242. Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. Standard suborbicular. Fruit
jointed. Seeds oblong. Shrubs, usually erect. Flowers in few-flowered
racemes.--Species 10. Tropics. (_Diphaca_ Lour., including
_Arthrocarpum_ Balf. f.) =Ormocarpum= Beauv.

Ovary stalked. Ovules 2-3. Anthers basifixed. Fruit not jointed,
indehiscent. Seeds reniform. Trees or climbing shrubs. Flowers
in cymes arranged in many-flowered raceme-or panicle-like
inflorescences.--Species 65. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some
species yield timber (Senegal-ebony) and gum-resin. (_Amerimnon_ P.Br.,
including _Ecastaphyllum_ Rich.) =Dalbergia= L. f.

243. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least
when young. 244

Uppermost stamen free throughout. 245

244. Fruit jointed, indented at one or at both sutures. Leaflets
usually with stipels. (See 231.). =Desmodium= Desv.

Fruit not jointed, very thinly or not septate, opening by two valves.
Standard clawed, suborbicular. Ovary sessile. Stigma usually hairy.
Leaflets usually with numerous parallel side-nerves and without
stipels. Bracteoles none. (See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

245. Connective of the stamens ending in a gland, a point, or a tuft of
hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved. Fruit transversely septate.
Shrubs with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. =Bracteoles= none. 246

Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely fixed by the middle. 247

246. Fruit separating into joints. Petals red, clawed. Ovules numerous.
Leafstalk not jointed at the apex.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands.
=Bremontiera= DC.

Fruit not jointed, dehiscing by two valves. Standard sessile or
short-clawed; keel gibbous or spurred on each side. (See 215.)
=Indigofera= L.

247. Bracteoles present. Trees. Petals yellow, more rarely white marked
with violet; those of the keel free or slightly cohering. Ovules 2-4.
Fruit compressed, more or less winged, indehiscent.--Species 15.
Tropical and South Africa. Several species yield timber (rose-wood) and
a resin (kino) used for tanning and dyeing and for medicinal purposes,
also edible fruits and seeds. =Pterocarpus= L.

Bracteoles wanting. Shrubs. 248

248. Ovule 1. Petals blue, red, or white; standard short-clawed; keel
curved. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed.
Gland-dotted plants. Stipules stem-clasping. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Ovules 2 or more. 249

249. Ovules 3 or more. Petals red. Fruit subterete, constricted between
the seeds, indehiscent. Spinous shrubs. Racemes with the rachis ending
in a spine.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. The resinous exudations
(Persian manna) are used for food and in medicine. =Alhagi= Desv.

Ovules 2. Petals red or yellow; standard auricled at base. Fruit
dehiscing by two valves. 250

250. Fruit compressed. Seeds with a linear hilum. (See 239.) =Eriosema=
DC.

Fruit turgid. Seeds with a short hilum.--Species 5. Tropical and
South-east Africa. Used for dyeing and in medicine. (_Moghania_ St.
Hil.) =Flemingia= Roxb.

251. (220.) Leaflets 3. 252

Leaflets 4 or more. 330

252. Leaves digitate. 253

Leaves pinnate. 264

253. Uppermost stamen united with the others into a tube or sheath.
Ovules numerous. Bracteoles bristle-like. 254

Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 257

254. Filaments united into a closed tube. Seeds with an outgrowth at
the hilum. Herbs or hairy shrubs. 255

Filaments united into a sheath split above. Seeds without an outgrowth
at the hilum. Glabrous undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. 256

255. Calyx-lobes unequal, the upper approaching in pairs. Standard
spatulate; wings obliquely ovate. Anthers slightly unequal. Fruit
ovate-lanceolate, dehiscing by two valves. Tall shrubs with brownish
hairs. Flowers in head-like spikes. (See 175.) =Phaenohoffmannia= O.
Ktze.

Calyx-lobes subequal. Standard ovate or oblong; wings narrow; petals of
the keel scarcely cohering. Fruit linear or lanceolate, dehiscing at
the upper suture. Decumbent herbs. Flowers very small, solitary or in
short racemes.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Rothia= Pers.

256. Keel longer than the standard. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, few-seeded.
Undershrubs. (See 194.) =Loddigesia= Sims

Keel shorter than the standard. Fruit linear, many-seeded. Shrubs or
trees. (See 194.) =Hypocalyptus= Thunb.

257. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least
when young. 258

Uppermost stamen free. Bracteoles absent. 260

258. Petals, at least the four lower ones, adnate below to the staminal
tube. Fruit not jointed, scarcely dehiscent. Herbs. Leaflets usually
toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers solitary or in
spikes, heads, or umbels. Bracteoles absent. (See 138.) =Trifolium= L.

Petals free from the staminal tube. Ovary sessile. Fruit flat. Leaflets
entire. 259

259. Flowers very small, solitary or in pairs in the axils of the
leaves, with small bracteoles. Petals yellowish. Fruit oblong; pericarp
membranous. Undershrubs. (See 232.) =Sylitra= E. Mey.

Flowers not very small, in racemes, without bracteoles. Petals usually
red. Fruit dehiscing by two valves; pericarp more or less herbaceous.
(See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

260. Connective of the stamens ending in a gland, a tuft of hairs, or a
small point. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely
septate, dehiscing by two valves. Plants with appressed hairs fixed by
the middle. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. 261

261. Ovule 1. Keel curved. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering
to the seed. Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Ovules 2 or more. 262

262. Ovules 2. Petals free from the staminal tube; standard auricled at
base. Fruit turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved. Shrubs. (See 250.) =Flemingia=
Roxb.

Ovules 3 or more, rarely 2, but then lower petals adnate to the
staminal tube. Wings exceeding the keel. Herbs. Stipules adnate to the
leafstalk. 263

263. Petals, at least the four lower ones, adnate to the staminal
tube. Keel blunt. Ovules 2-8. Fruit scarcely dehiscent. (See 138.)
=Trifolium= L.

Petals free from the staminal tube, red. Keel somewhat pointed, curved.
Ovary sessile. Ovules numerous. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. Flowers
solitary. (See 153.) =Parochetus= Hamilt.

264. (252.) Leaflets with stipels. [Especially tribe PHASEOLEAE.] 265

Leaflets without stipels. 310

265. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 266

Stem woody throughout. 303

266. Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base. Flowers
small, red, in racemes, with the rachis not thickened.--Species 20.
Tropical and South-east Africa; one species (_G. hispida_ Maxim.,
soy-bean) only cultivated. The latter yields edible oily seeds.
=Glycine= L.

Uppermost stamen free or almost so, or united with the others in the
middle only. 267

267. Uppermost stamen, at least when young, free at the base, but
united with the others in the middle. 268

Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly so. 272

268. Flowers in racemes, the rachis of which is thickened at the
insertion of the pedicels. Bracteoles present. Wings usually free from
the keel. Fruit not jointed, opening in two valves. 269

Flowers in racemes with the rachis not thickened, or in fascicles, or
solitary. Wings adhering to the keel. Fruit compressed. 271

269. Fruit 4-angled or 4-winged. Seeds oblong. Stigma villous. Corolla
violet. Bracteoles rather large, falling off tardily. Stipules spurred.
(See 233.) =Psophocarpus= Neck.

Fruit 2-3-angled or 2-winged. Stigma small. Bracteoles small, falling
off early. Stipules small. 270

270. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the upper much larger than the lower.
Seeds ovate or orbicular.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. The
seeds of several species are eaten and used for dyeing and in medicine.
=Canavalia= Adans.

Calyx-lobes not very unequal, the upper united higher up, but not
considerably larger than the lower. Seeds oblong.--Species 1. East
Africa. =Pueraria= DC.

271. Fruit more or less distinctly jointed. Bracteoles usually present.
(See 231.) =Desmodium= Desv.

Fruit not jointed, opening by two valves. Stigma usually penicillate.
Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes. Bracteoles wanting. (See
233.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

272. Style hairy above. 273

Style glabrous or hairy at the base only, sometimes with a hairy
stigma. 287

273. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes with the rachis
not thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. Keel curved. Ovules
numerous. Fruit linear. 274

Flowers in racemes, the rachis of which is thickened at the insertion
of the pedicels. 277

274. Calyx tubular; upper lobes united high up. Corolla white, blue, or
violet; wings oblong, adhering to the much shorter and pointed keel.
Ovary stalked. Style broadened above, bearded lengthwise.--Species 5.
Tropics. Used as medicinal, dyeing, and ornamental plants. =Clitoria= L.

Calyx campanulate. Wings obovate. Ovary almost sessile. 275

275. Upper calyx-teeth united to the middle. Corolla red or violet;
standard equalling the wings, spurred or gibbous on the back; keel
not beaked. Style-apex broadened, hairy round the stigma. Fruit flat.
Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Climbing herbs.--Species 1.
Naturalized in West Africa. Used as a medicinal and ornamental plant.
(_Bradburya_ Rafin., under _Clitoria_ L.) =Centrosema= DC.

Upper calyx-teeth united wholly or for the greatest part. Standard not
spurred at the back, but auricled at the base. Style-apex slightly or
not thickened. Fruit more or less inflated. Seeds with an outgrowth
near the hilum. 276

276. Style with a crown of hairs beneath the large ovoid stigma.
Wings longer than the keel, but shorter than the standard. Stipules
long-spurred.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Congo). =Vignopsis= De
Wild.

Style bearded on the inner face towards the top, or penicillate round
the small terminal stigma. Wings adhering to the keel.--Species 60.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fodder and edible fruits
or seeds, or serve as ornamental plants. =Dolichos= L.

277. Keel spirally twisted. Ovary surrounded by a cupular disc. Stigma
lateral or oblique. 278

Keel more or less curved inwards, but not spiral. 279

278. Keel with a long spur; wings free. Ovary stalked. Ovules 2-3.
Style with a pointed dorsal appendage at the apex. Flowers violet or
whitish, without bracteoles.--Species 3. Central Africa. One species
(_Ph. venenosum_ Balf., Calabar bean) has poisonous seeds used in
ordeals and medicinally. =Physostigma= Balf.

Keel without a spur, but sometimes with two gibbosities; wings
adhering to the keel. Ovary almost sessile. Ovules numerous. Style
without a dorsal appendage at the apex.--Species 20. Tropical and
South-east Africa; one species (_Ph. vulgaris_ L.) cultivated also in
extra-tropical regions. The fruits and seeds of some species (beans)
are eaten and used for preparing starch and medicaments, those of
others are poisonous. Several species are used as ornamental or
fodder-plants. =Phaseolus= L.

279. Stigma lateral, situated beneath the apex of the style. 280

Stigma terminal, but sometimes oblique. 283

280. Style-apex bent down towards the stigma. Stigma globose, blunt or
notched. Wings oblong, equalling the blunt keel. Fruit flat. Leaflets
usually toothed.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield
fibre used for rope-making, and edible roots and seeds, from which also
starch and medicaments are prepared. (_Cacara_ Thouars). =Pachyrrhizus=
Rich.

Style-apex bent back. Fruit turgid. 281

281. Fruit subglobular, 1-2-seeded, ripening under ground. Ovules 2-3.
Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow; keel blunt. Creeping herbs. Racemes
1-3-flowered.--Species 1 (_V. subterranea_ Thouars). Cultivated in
Tropical and South Africa. Yields edible fruits and oily seeds.
=Voandzeia= Thouars

Fruit linear, several-or many-seeded, ripening above ground. Ovules
several or many. 282

282. Calyx deeply 4-cleft, with acuminate segments. Keel pointed; wings
auricled. Undershrubs with erect or ascending branches.--Species 1.
South Africa. (Under _Vigna_ Savi). =Otoptera= DC.

Calyx 4-5-toothed or 5-cleft. Keel blunt or beaked.--Species 65.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species yield fibre used for
rope-making, and edible fruits or seeds. (Including _Liebrechtsia_ De
Wild.) =Vigna= Savi

283. Stigma very oblique. Style-apex wedge-shaped, hairy. Calyx-teeth
very short and broad. Keel blunt. Fruit linear.--Species 5. Central and
South-east Africa. (Under _Vigna_ Savi). =Sphenostylis= E. Mey.

Stigma slightly oblique or straight. 284

284. Upper lip of the calyx entire. Style bearded lengthwise. Fruit
oblong, 2-4-seeded. 285

Upper lip of the calyx notched. 286

285. Keel almost straight, blunt. Standard oblong, straight, folded
over the other petals. Corolla yellow-green. Style flat at base, hairy
above.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Dolichos_ L.) =Chloryllis= E.
Mey.

Keel sharply bent upwards, pointed. Standard orbicular, bent back,
expanded. Corolla white or red. Style flat and bearded above.--Species
1 (_L. vulgaris_ Savi). Tropical and South-east Africa; also cultivated
in Egypt. It yields edible fruits and seeds, fodder, and medicaments,
and serves also as an ornamental plant. (Under _Dolichos_ L.) =Lablab=
Savi

286. Ovules 2. Style flattened and hairy above. Keel pointed. Upper
calyx-teeth united to about the middle. Glandular plants.--Species 10.
Central Africa. (Under _Dolichos_ L.) =Adenodolichos= Harms

Ovules 3 or more. Style thread-shaped. Keel shortly beaked. Glandless
plants. (See 276.) =Dolichos= L.

287. (272.) Ovules 1-2. 288

Ovules 3 or more. 295

288. Connective of the stamens produced into a gland, a tuft of
hairs, or a short point. Calyx-teeth subequal. Corolla usually red;
keel gibbous or spurred on each side. Fruit more or less turgid, with
transverse partitions. Plants clothed with appressed hairs fixed by the
middle. Bracteoles none. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. Fruit more or less compressed. 289

289. Ovule 1. Calyx-teeth about equal, bristle-like. Keel obtuse. Fruit
enclosed by the calyx. Bracts broad. (See 237.) =Leptodesmia= Benth.

Ovules 2, rarely ovule 1, but then calyx-teeth unequal (the upper ones
more or less united). 290

290. Bracteoles present. 291

Bracteoles absent. Corolla usually yellow; standard auricled at the
base. 293

291. Style hairy at the base, bent almost at a right angle above the
middle. Ovary surrounded at the base by a cupular disc. Calyx-teeth and
bracteoles ending in a club-shaped gland. Corolla spotted with violet.
Fruit 1-celled. Leaflets toothed.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Under
_Rhynchosia_ Lour.) =Eminia= Taub.

Style glabrous, slightly curved. Fruit transversely chambered. 292

292. Corolla yellowish; keel as long as the wings; standard not
auricled. Flowers two or several together in the axils of the leaves,
subsessile. Fruit ripening under ground.--Species 1. West Africa.
Cultivated for its edible seeds. =Kerstingiella= Harms

Corolla red; keel shorter than the wings; standard slightly auricled.
Flowers in axillary racemes or false-racemes. Fruit ripening above
ground. (See 266.) =Glycine= L.

293. Calyx-lobes very unequal. Standard oblong or ovate; wings shorter
than the keel, auricled at the base. Style downy below.--Species 4.
Tropics. =Cylista= Ait.

Calyx-lobes about equal, but the two upper ones sometimes more or less
united. 294

294. Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the
funicle affixed at its apex. Upper calyx-teeth free or shortly united.
Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining plants.
(See 239.) =Eriosema= DC.

Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct outgrowth
at the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle affixed in the
middle. Upper calyx-teeth more or less united. Standard orbicular or
obovate. Twining or decumbent, more rarely erect plants. (See 239.)
=Rhynchosia= Lour.

295. (287.) Calyx entire or obscurely toothed, gibbous at the base.
Corolla yellow or red. Ovary surrounded at the base by a tubular disc.
Style broadened in the middle. Fruit flattened, 2-valved. Twining
herbs. Bracteoles present.--Species 1. South and East Africa and
Madagascar. =Dumasia= DC.

Calyx distinctly toothed. 296

296. Upper sepals wholly united; hence calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft.
Twining herbs. 297

Upper sepals more or less separate; calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. 298

297. Calyx-lobes short. Corolla red; keel shorter than the wings.
Rachis of the inflorescence not thickened at the insertion of the
pedicels. Bracts striate.--Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa.
=Shuteria= Wight & Arn.

Calyx-lobes long. Corolla yellow; keel as long as or longer than the
wings. Rachis of the inflorescence thickened at the insertion of the
pedicels. Bracts bristle-like.--Species 2. East Africa to Natal and
Mascarene Islands. =Galactia= P. Browne

298. Wings free from the keel. Flowers small, red. Leaflets large. 299

Wings adhering to the keel. 300

299. Fruit septate between the seeds, oblong. Seeds globose. Ovules
3-5. Style thickened below. Standard auricled at the base.--Species 1.
German South-west Africa. =Neorautanenia= Schinz

Fruit not septate between the seeds, flat, with transversely veined
valves. Seeds reniform. Style awl-shaped. Upper calyx-lobes united
high up. Hairy plants.--Species 5. Central and South-east Africa
(_Anarthrosyne_ E. Mey.) =Pseudarthria= Wight & Arn.

300. Bracteoles wanting. Keel gibbous or spurred on each side.
Connective ending in a gland, a point, or a tuft of hairs. Plants with
appressed hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Bracteoles present. 301

301. Standard spurred or gibbous at the apex of the claw. Style
broadened above. Fruit flat. Seeds oblong. Stem twining. Flowers large.
Bracteoles larger than the bracts. (See 275.) =Centrosema= DC.

Standard neither spurred nor gibbous. Flowers small or medium-sized. 302

302. Fruit jointed, flat, usually indehiscent. (See 231.) =Desmodium=
Desv.

Fruit not jointed, but septate between the seeds, dehiscing by two
valves. Corolla red; standard auricled at the base; wings exceeding the
keel. Bracts bristle-like. (See 266.) =Glycine= L.

303. (265.) Uppermost stamen united with the others in the
middle. Calyx-lobes blunt and very short. Fruit not jointed,
indehiscent.--Species 30. Tropics. Some species yield timber, dyes,
fish-poison, and medicaments. =Lonchocarpus= H. B. & K.

Uppermost stamen free from the base or nearly so, rarely (_Desmodium_)
united with the others in the middle, but then calyx-lobes pointed.
Fruit jointed or dehiscent. 304

304. Connective of the stamens produced in a gland, a point, or a
tuft of hairs. Calyx-teeth subequal. Keel gibbous or spurred on each
side. Ovary sessile or nearly so. Fruit transversely septate. Shrubs
with appressed hairs fixed by the middle. Bracteoles none. (See 215.)
=Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. 305

305. Standard with two auricles at the base. 306

Standard without an appendage at the base. 308

306. Calyx-teeth blunt, nearly equal. Corolla usually red; keel
beaked. Bracteoles deciduous.--Species 6. Madagascar and Mascarenes.
=Strongylodon= Vog.

Calyx-teeth pointed, unequal, the upper united high up. Corolla yellow;
keel blunt. Bracteoles none. 307

307. Standard oblong or ovate; keel longer than the wings. Ovary and
base of the style hairy. Style thread-shaped. Ovules 2.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Baukea= Vatke

Standard orbicular; keel somewhat shorter than the wings. Ovary and
base of style glabrous or downy. Style thickened in the middle and
at the apex. Ovules numerous.--Species 1 (_C. indicus_ Spreng.,
pigeon-pea). Tropics, also cultivated. Yields edible, pea-like fruits
and seeds, medicaments, fodder, food for silkworms, and manure.
=Cajanus= DC.

308. Style bearded above. Upper calyx-teeth almost entirely united.
Wings adhering to the shorter and pointed keel. Fruit not jointed.
Bracteoles persistent. (See 274.) =Clitoria= L.

Style glabrous. 309

309. Fruit separating into joints, when ripe. Flowers usually small.
Wings adhering to the keel. (See 231.) =Desmodium= Desv.

Fruit not jointed. Flowers large. Wings much shorter than the standard,
sometimes wanting. Ovary stalked.--Species 20. Tropical and South
Africa. Several species yield wood, vegetables, and medicaments, or
serve as ornamental plants. =Erythrina= L.

310. (264.) Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base. 311

Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 314

311. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, not jointed, indehiscent. Gland-dotted
plants. Bracteoles absent. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Ovules 2 or more. Fruit linear or oblong, dehiscent or separating into
joints. 312

312. Staminal tube split. Ovary sessile. Fruit breaking up into several
joints. Shrubs. Bracteoles persistent. (See 242.) =Ormocarpum= Beauv.

Staminal tube closed. Fruit not jointed, opening by two valves. Herbs
or undershrubs. Bracteoles absent. 313

313. Connective of the stamens ending in a small point. Ovary sessile.
Corolla red; keel blunt. Fruit slightly 4-angled, transversely
septate. Stipules bristle-like. Flowers small, in racemes, without
bracteoles.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Cyamopsis= DC.

Connective without an appendage. Ovary stalked. Calyx deeply divided.
Standard suborbicular. Leaflets minutely toothed. Stipules adnate to
the leaf-stalk. (See 129.) =Ononis= L.

314. Bracteoles present. Calyx-teeth subequal. Wings short. Ovary
stalked. Ovules few. 315

Bracteoles absent. 316

315. Keel beaked. Standard clawed, auricled. Uppermost stamen free.
Fruit opening by two valves. Seeds subglobular. Twining shrubs. Rachis
of the raceme thickened at the insertion of the pedicels. (See 306.)
=Strongylodon= Vog.

Keel not beaked. Standard scarcely clawed. Uppermost stamen at first
united with the others in the middle. Fruit breaking up into several
joints. Seeds reniform. Erect undershrubs. (See 231.) =Taverniera= DC.

316. Petals, at least the lower ones, adnate to the staminal tube.
Herbs. Leaflets usually toothed. Flowers solitary or in spikes, heads,
or umbels. (See 138.) =Trifolium= L.

Petals free from the staminal tube. 317

317. Connective of the stamens produced into a gland, a point, or
a tuft of hairs. Keel straight or slightly curved inwards, gibbous
or spurred on each side. Fruit transversely septate. Plants with
appressed hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. 318

318. Ovule 1. Corolla red, blue, or white; standard clawed. Fruit
ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed. Gland-dotted plants.
Stipules stem-clasping, not adnate. Bracts membranous. (See 153.)
=Psoralea= L.

Ovules 2 or more, rarely ovule 1, but then fruit more or less curved or
coiled, corolla usually yellow, standard almost sessile, and stipules
adnate to the leafstalk. 319

319. Uppermost stamen, at least when young, united with the others in
the middle. Corolla red or white; standard suborbicular, clawed; wings
adhering to the keel. Stigma usually hairy. Fruit dehiscing by two
valves. Leaflets entire, usually with numerous parallel side-nerves.
Flowers in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes, more rarely in axillary
racemes or clusters. Bracts distinctly developed. (See 233.)
=Tephrosia= Pers.

Uppermost stamen free from the base, rarely united with the others
in the middle, but then standard oblong or ovate, sessile or nearly
so, corolla usually yellow, fruit not or tardily dehiscent, leaflets
usually toothed, stipules adnate to the leafstalk, inflorescence
axillary, and bracts minute or wanting. 320

320. Ovules 1-2. 321

Ovules more than 2. 325

321. Calyx-lobes very unequal, the upper two almost wholly united, the
side ones small, the lowest the longest, enlarged after flowering,
scarious. Corolla reddish-yellow; standard auricled at base. Fruit
falcate-ovate, enclosed by the calyx, 1-seeded, 2-valved. Twining
undershrubs. (See 293.) =Cylista= Ait.

Calyx-lobes about equal, but the upper ones sometimes more or less
united, not or scarcely enlarged after flowering. 322

322. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, more or less flattened, straight
or nearly so. Upper calyx-teeth usually more or less united. Standard
auricled at base. Leaflets usually entire. 323

Fruit not or very tardily dehiscing, turgid or curved to spiral,
exceeding the calyx. Upper calyx-teeth scarcely or not united. Leaflets
usually toothed. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. 324

323. Seeds orbicular or reniform, with a more or less distinct
outgrowth at the hilum; hilum orbicular or oblong, the funicle attached
in the middle or nearly so. Standard orbicular or obovate. Twining or
decumbent, rarely erect plants. (See 239.) =Rhynchosia= Lour.

Seeds oblong, without an outgrowth at the hilum; hilum linear, the
funicle attached at its apex. Upper calyx-teeth not or shortly united.
Standard oblong or obovate. Erect or decumbent, rarely twining plants.
(See 239.) =Eriosema= DC.

324. Fruit straight, globular or ovoid, thick, wrinkled. Flowers
in slender, more or less spike-like racemes, yellow, rarely white.
Herbs.--Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia; several species also
naturalized in South Africa. Used as fodder or in medicine. =Melilotus=
Juss.

Fruit more or less curved (sickle-or kidney-shaped) or spirally coiled,
usually flattened. Flowers in short racemes or in heads.--Species
35. North Africa to Abyssinia and South Africa; several species also
naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Some of them (especially _M.
sativa_ L., lucern) are used as fodder, or medicinal plants, and for
making paper and brush-wares, others are noxious as burs. =Medicago= L.

325. Upper calyx-lobes more or less, sometimes entirely united.
Corolla yellow. Standard suborbicular, auricled at base. Fruit linear
or oblong, constricted between the seeds, dehiscing by two valves.
Leaflets entire, gland-dotted. 326

Upper calyx-lobes not or scarcely united. Standard oblong or obovate.
Fruit dehiscing at the upper suture or indehiscent, rarely tardily
dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets usually toothed. Stipules adnate to
the leafstalk. 328

326. Upper calyx-lobes shortly united. Keel exceeding the wings. Fruit
oblong, curved, turgid, 1-celled. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.
Viscid, twining herbs or undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa and
Madagascar. =Fagelia= Neck.

Upper calyx-lobes united for the greater part or entirely. Fruit
compressed and transversely septate. 327

327. Fruit oblong, blunt or shortly pointed. Seeds with an outgrowth
at the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules persistent. Flowers in
fascicles or short racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes.
(Under _Atylosia_ Wight & Arn.) =Cantharospermum= Wight & Arn.

Fruit linear, ending in a long point. Seeds without an outgrowth at the
hilum. Style broadened in the middle and towards the apex. Erect shrubs
or undershrubs. Stipules deciduous, awl-shaped. Flowers in racemes.
(See 307.) =Cajanus= DC.

328. Flowers in long, more or less spike-like racemes. Ovules few.
Fruit oblong to globose, thick, straight, indehiscent, 1-3-seeded.
Herbs. (See 324.) =Melilotus= Juss.

Flowers solitary or in short racemes, heads, or umbels. 329

329. Fruit linear or oblong, straight or slightly curved.
Herbs.--Species 25. North Africa, Nile-land, and South Africa. _T.
foenumgraecum_ L. is cultivated for its seeds, which are used as food,
fodder, vermin-poison, in medicine, and in the manufacture of cloth; it
is also used as a vegetable. =Trigonella= L.

Fruit spirally twisted, more rarely sickle-or kidney-shaped. (See
324.) =Medicago= L.

330. (251.) Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. 331

Stem woody throughout. 347

331. Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base, at least
when young. 332

Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 336

332. Filaments united into a closed tube, at least when young. Corolla
red, blue, or white. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 333

Filaments united into a sheath split on one or both sides. Corolla
yellow, sometimes veined with red. Fruit breaking up into joints, more
rarely indehiscent. 335

333. Stem twining. Leaflets 5-7, stipellate. Bracteoles present.
Uppermost stamen finally separating from the others. (See 266.)
=Glycine= L.

Stem erect or decumbent. Leaflets not stipellate. Bracteoles absent.
Uppermost stamen remaining united with the others. 334

334. Leaflets 5-7. Stipules bristle-like. Corolla red; standard
sessile; wings free. Connective ending in a short point. Fruit septate.
(See 313.) =Cyamopsis= DC.

Leaflets numerous. Stipules semi-sagittate. Corolla blue or white;
standard short-clawed; wings adhering to the keel. Connective without
an appendage. Fruit 1-celled. (See 204.) =Galega= L.

335. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx, folded, with 2 or more flat
joints. Calyx 2-lipped. (See 208.) =Smithia= Ait.

Fruit much exceeding the calyx. Ovary stalked. (See 209.)
=Aeschynomene= L.

336. Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at least
when young. 337

Uppermost stamen free throughout. 339

337. Standard clawed. Wings adhering to the keel. Ovules several or
many, very rarely only 2. Stigma usually penicillate. Fruit linear,
rarely oblong or ovate, dehiscing by two valves. Leaflets usually
with many parallel side-nerves. Flowers white or red, in terminal or
leaf-opposed racemes, rarely in axillary fascicles or racemes; in this
case ovules numerous. Bracteoles absent. (See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

Standard nearly sessile. Wings short. Ovules 1-3. Fruit oblong to
orbicular, indehiscent, very rarely dehiscing by two valves. Flowers in
axillary spikes or racemes. 338

338. Calyx-lobes much longer than the tube, feathery. Corolla red; keel
adhering to the staminal tube. Fruit enclosed by the calyx, oblong
or ovate. Unarmed, hairy plants. Stipules connate.--Species 2. North
Africa. =Ebenus= L.

Calyx-lobes as long as or shorter than the tube. Fruit projecting
beyond the calyx, hemispherical or spirally twisted.--Species 10.
North Africa and Abyssinia. Sainfoin (_O. sativa_ Lam.) is cultivated
in various regions for fodder, sometimes also as a medicinal or
ornamental plant. =Onobrychis= Gaertn.

339. Style bearded lengthwise towards the top. Fruit 2-valved. 340

Style glabrous above or penicillate round the stigma. 343

340. Style thread-shaped, bearded on the outside or all round.
Calyx-teeth subequal. Petals red or white, clawed; standard exceeding
the wings and the keel. Seeds kidney-shaped, with a filiform funicle.
Flowers in racemes.--Species 40. South Africa to Angola. Some are used
medicinally. (_Coluteastrum_ Heist.) =Lessertia= DC.

Style flattened, bearded on the inner side. 341

341. Calyx-teeth unequal, the two upper ones united high up. Corolla
blue or white. Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Leaflets
usually stipellate. Bracteoles persistent. (See 274.) =Clitoria= L.

Calyx-teeth about equal. Seeds with a small aril covering the hilum.
Leaflets not stipellate. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting. 342

342. Staminal tube obliquely truncate. Keel somewhat pointed. Ovary
almost sessile. Ovules 2. Aril ovate or oblong. Flowers small,
bluish-white. (See 212.) =Lens= Gren. & Godr.

Staminal tube evenly truncate. Keel shorter than the wings, usually
blunt. Ovules 3 or more. Aril usually linear. (See 128.) =Lathyrus= L.

343. Connective of the stamens bearing a gland, a point, or a tuft of
hairs. Fruit transversely septate, 2-valved. Plants with appressed
hairs fixed by the middle. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. Hairs rarely fixed by the middle. 344

344. Leaflets stipellate, 5-7. Flowers in terminal racemes, without
bracteoles. Fruit jointed, enclosed by the calyx; joints ovate,
slightly flattened.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used as an ornamental
and medicinal plant. =Uraria= Desv.

Leaflets not stipellate. Fruit jointed, with orbicular or quadrate
flattened joints, or not jointed. 345

345. Fruit breaking up into joints, flat. Wings clawed, auricled,
shorter than the scarcely clawed standard. Flowers in axillary racemes,
with bristle-like bracteoles.--Species 12. North Africa. Some are used
as fodder-or ornamental plants. =Hedysarum= L.

Fruit not jointed, usually septate lengthwise. 316

346. Fruit sessile, linear, flat, longitudinally 2-celled, indehiscent,
the valves boat-shaped with a wavy and toothed keel. Hairy herbs.
Leaflets emarginate. Stipules adnate to the leafstalk. Flowers in
axillary spikes or fascicles, bluish or whitish.--Species 1. North
Africa and Abyssinia. =Biserrula= L.

Fruit not flat and with wavy and toothed valves, tardily dehiscent.
(See 219.) =Astragalus= L.

347. (330.) Uppermost stamen united with the others from the base
into a tube usually split in one or two places, rarely (_Dalbergia_)
wanting. 348

Uppermost stamen free from the others, at least at the base. 354

348. Fruit breaking up into two or more joints, very rarely reduced to
a single ovate, not winged joint. Calyx usually two-lipped. Corolla
yellow or white, sometimes with red stripes or veins. Standard
suborbicular. Erect shrubs. 349

Fruit not jointed, indehiscent, more or less distinctly winged, rarely
not winged but curved. Ovules few. Trees or climbing, very rarely erect
shrubs. 351

349. Fruit enclosed by the enlarged calyx, folded, jointed. Seeds 2 or
more, reniform or orbicular, flat. Calyx two-lipped. Racemes short.
Bracteoles persistent. (See 208.) =Smithia= Ait.

Fruit much exceeding the calyx. 350

350. Joints of the fruit 2 or more, oblong, usually striate. Ovary
sessile, with several or many ovules. Racemes few-flowered. Bracteoles
persistent. (See 242.) =Ormocarpum= Beauv.

Joints of the fruit quadrate to semiorbicular, not striate. Ovary
usually stalked. (See 209.) =Aeschynomene= L.

351. Staminal tube closed all round. Calyx subtruncate, very
shortly or obscurely toothed. Wings adhering to the keel. Leaflets
opposite--Species 15. Tropics. Some are poisonous. (_Deguelia_ Aubl.,
including _Leptoderris_ Dunn) =Derris= Lour.

Staminal tube split in one or two places. Leaflets usually alternate.
352

352. Anthers attached by the base, with erect cells opening by a short
apical slit, or with divergent cells opening lengthwise. Calyx-lobes
unequal. Ovary stalked. Seeds kidney-shaped. Flowers in copious
panicles composed of cymes. (See 242.) =Dalbergia= L. f.

Anthers attached by the back, opening by parallel longitudinal slits.
Fruit more or less oblique or curved. 353

353. Bracteoles persistent. Calyx bell-shaped, obtuse at base. Corolla
violet; standard silky outside. Ovary stalked. Ovules 1-2. Fruit
thick-leathery, crescent-shaped, not winged. Seed 1, kidney-shaped.
Small spiny trees.--Species 1. West Africa. =Drepanocarpus= G. F. Mey.

Bracteoles deciduous. Calyx more or less top-shaped at the base.
Corolla yellow, more rarely white marked with violet; standard
glabrous. Ovules 2-6. Fruit membranous or leathery, hardened in the
middle, more or less distinctly winged. (See 247.) =Pterocarpus= L.

354. (347.) Uppermost stamen united with the others in the middle, at
least when young. 355

Uppermost stamen free throughout. 361

355. Wings free from the keel. Ovules more than two. Fruit 2-valved.
Leaflets usually with stipels. 356

Wings adhering to the keel. Leaflets usually without stipels. 357

356. Flowers in axillary racemes, without bracteoles. Corolla white.
Ovary stalked, not surrounded by a disc. Style hairy at the apex.
Stipules spine-like. (See 203.) =Robinia= L.

Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, with bracteoles. Corolla red,
bluish, or white. Ovary usually surrounded at the base by a disc. Style
glabrous.--Species 60. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species
yield timber, dyes, and poison. =Millettia= Wight & Arn.

357. Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Fruit dehiscing by two valves.
Shrubs. Bracteoles absent. 358

Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or climbing
shrubs. Bracteoles present. 359

358. Petals acuminate, red; standard lanceolate; keel beaked. Style
glabrous.--Species 10. Madagascar. =Chadsia= Boj.

Petals obtuse or subacute, white or red; standard suborbicular; keel
not beaked. (See 233.) =Tephrosia= Pers.

359. Fruit winged. Seeds flat. Ovary sessile or short-stalked. (See
351.) =Derris= Lour.

Fruit not winged. 360

360. Fruit with a thick-leathery, almost woody pericarp,
oblique-oblong, not thickened at the sutures. Seed 1, kidney-shaped,
rather thick. Ovary subsessile, with 2 ovules. Climbing shrubs. Flowers
in racemes, reddish.--Species 1. Seychelles. The wood and the oily
seeds are used. (_Galedupa_ Lam.) =Pongamia= Vent.

Fruit with a membranous or leathery pericarp. Seeds flat. (See 303.)
=Lonchocarpus= H. B. & K.

361. (354.) Stem shrubby, erect or climbing. 362

Stem tree-like. 371

362. Style bearded lengthwise towards the apex. Ovules numerous. Fruit
indehiscent or dehiscing at the top only. Flowers in axillary racemes.
363

Style glabrous, or hairy at the base only, or bearing a penicillate
stigma. 365

363. Style bearded on the back or all round. Stigma terminal. Corolla
red or white; keel blunt, shorter than the standard. Fruit finally
dehiscing at the top. (See 340.) =Lessertia= DC.

Style bearded on the inner side only. Ovary stalked. Fruit inflated,
indehiscent. 364

364. Stigma terminal. Corolla red; keel pointed, exceeding the
standard. Bracteoles present.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an
ornamental plant. =Sutherlandia= R. Br.

Stigma placed beneath the hooked apex of the style. Corolla yellow;
keel blunt; standard with two callosities on the inner side.--Species
2. North Africa and Abyssinia. They (especially _C. arborescens_ L.
bladder senna) are used as ornamental plants and yield a dye and
medicaments. =Colutea= L.

365. Connective of the stamens bearing a gland, a short point, or a
tuft of hairs. Wings adhering to the keel. Fruit 2-valved. Hairs fixed
by the middle. Bracteoles absent. (See 215.) =Indigofera= L.

Connective without an appendage. Bracteoles usually present. 366

366. Ovule 1. Fruit ovate, indehiscent; pericarp adhering to the seed.
Gland-dotted plants. (See 153.) =Psoralea= L.

Ovules 2 or more. 367

367. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip hooded, notched, equalling the
standard, the lower lip divided into 3 narrow teeth. Corolla yellowish.
Ovary sessile. Ovules 5-7. Flowers in panicles, with large persistent
bracteoles.--Species 8. West Africa. =Platysepalum= Welw.

Calyx obscurely 2-lipped, with a not very large upper lip, or equally
4-5-toothed, or almost entire. 368

368. Wings adhering to the keel. 369

Wings free from the keel. 370

369. Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Fruit flat, narrowly winged,
transversely chambered or 1-celled, indehiscent. Usually climbing
plants. (See 351.) =Derris= Lour.

Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Fruit longitudinally 2-celled, more
rarely 1-celled, but turgid, finally dehiscing by two valves. (See
219.) =Astragalus= L.

370. Inflorescence axillary. Corolla yellowish. Ovary sessile. Ovules
free. Fruit leathery, suborbicular, not winged, indehiscent. Seed 1,
oblong or ovate. Climbing plants. Leaflets without stipels.--Species 3.
West Africa. =Ostryocarpus= Hook. fil.

Inflorescence terminal. Ovary usually surrounded by a disc. Fruit
linear or oblong, tardily dehiscing by two valves. Seeds orbicular or
reniform. (See 356.) =Millettia= Wight & Arn.

371. (361.) Calyx 2-lipped, with large entire lips. Corolla yellow;
wings free; petals of the keel free. Ovary subsessile, surrounded by a
lobed disc. Ovules 3-4. Bracteoles small, deciduous.--Species 1. West
Africa (Congo). =Dewevrea= Mich.

Calyx 2-lipped with divided lips, or more or less equally 4-5-toothed.
372

372. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip hooded, notched, equalling the
standard, the lower lip divided into 3 narrow teeth. Corolla yellow.
Ovary sessile. Ovules 5-7. Flowers in panicles. Bracteoles large,
persistent. (See 367.) =Platysepalum= Welw.

Calyx obscurely 2-lipped, with a not very large upper lip, or equally
4-5-toothed, or almost entire. 373

373. Fruit dehiscing by two valves. 374

Fruit indehiscent. Ovules 2-6. 375

374. Leaflets alternate, gland-dotted on the lower face. Petals
gland-dotted. Ovary long-stalked. Ovules 3-4. Fruit woody,
turgid.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Schefflerodendron= Harms

[Illustration: LEGUMINOSAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 67._

J. Fleischmann del.

Bauhinia macrantha Oliv.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther from
the side and the front. _D_ Staminodes. _E_ Stigma. _F_ Ovary. cut
lengthwise. _G_ Fruit.]

[Illustration: GERANIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 68._

J. Fleischmann del.

Monsonia biflora DC.

_A_ Whole plant. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Sepal. _D_
Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Unripe fruit. _F_ Ripe fruit. _G_
Mericarp.]


Leaflets opposite. Petals not gland-dotted. Fruit more or less leathery
and flattened. Inflorescence terminal. (See 356.) =Millettia= Wight &
Arn.

375. Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Corolla red or white; standard
distinctly clawed; petals of the keel free. Ovary stalked. Fruit
drupe-like with a woody endocarp and a more or less fleshy exocarp.
Seed 1. Inflorescence terminal.--Species 2. West Africa. They yield
timber and are used in medicine. (_Vouacapoua_ Aubl.) =Andira= Lam.

Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Corolla yellow or white, sometimes
marked with red or violet. Fruit more or less distinctly winged, with
a membranous or leathery pericarp. Leaflets alternate or subopposite.
(See 247.) =Pterocarpus= L.


ORDER PANDALES


FAMILY 106. PANDACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in fascicled racemes, or in false
racemes formed of fascicles, or in panicles, unisexual. Calyx small,
slightly toothed. Petals 5, large, oblong, red. Stamens 10. Ovary
superior, slightly lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous,
straight. Stigmas 3-4, sessile or nearly so, oblong. Fruit a drupe;
stone with many pits and cavities, 3-4-seeded. Seeds with a large axile
embryo and an oily albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil.
(_Porphyranthus_ Engl.) =Panda= Pierre


ORDER GERANIALES


SUBORDER GERANIINEAE


FAMILY 107. GERANIACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves stipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Sepals 5, imbricate, rarely 4, valvate in bud. Petals 2-8, more or
less distinctly perigynous, imbricate in bud. Stamens twice or thrice
as many as the petals, some frequently sterile, the outer opposite the
petals. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary lobed, 5-celled, with 2 ovules
in each cell, rarely 8-celled with 1-ovuled cells. Fruit beaked, the
carpels separating at maturity. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 6, species
350. (Plate 68.)

1. Sepals 4, valvate in bud. Petals 8, white. Stamens 8, opposite the
petals, free. Ovary 8-celled, with 1 ascending ovule in each cell.
Tails (awns) of the carpels not recurved at maturity. Shrubs. Flowers
solitary, with 4 bracteoles.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. [Tribe
DIRACHMEAE.] =Dirachma= Schweinf.

Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 2-5. Stamens 10 or 15, some
frequently sterile. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Tails
(awns) of the carpels curved or twisted backwards at maturity. [Tribe
GERANIEAE.] 2

2. Flowers irregular, with a spur-like appendage along the pedicel
and without glands at the base of the stamens. Fertile stamens 5-7,
rarely 2-4.--Species 250. Southern and tropical Africa; two species
also naturalized in North Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental
plants, some have edible roots or yield perfumes or medicaments.
=Pelargonium= L’Hér.

Flowers regular or almost so, without a spur-like appendage, with
glands at the base of the stamens. Fertile stamens 5, 10, or 15. 3

3. Stamens 10, all or 5 of them fertile. 4

Stamens 15, all fertile. 5

4. Tails of the carpels spirally twisted, hairy. Fertile stamens 5.
Petals entire. Flowers usually in umbels.--Species 40. North Africa to
Abyssinia and South Africa. Some are used medicinally; hygrometres are
made from the carpel-tails. “Storks-bill.” =Erodium= L’Hér.

Tails of the carpels arched, generally glabrous. Fertile stamens
usually 10. Petals mostly notched. Flowers usually solitary or in
pairs.--Species 30. North and South Africa and mountains of the
tropics. Some species are used as ornamental plants or yield tanning
and dyeing materials or medicaments. “Cranes-bill.” =Geranium= L.

5. Filaments united in 5 bundles. Stem herbaceous.--Species 25. Some
are used medicinally. (Plate 68.) =Monsonia= L.

Filaments free almost to the base. Stem fleshy, armed with spines
formed from the persistent leafstalks.--Species 7. South Africa,
southern Central Africa, and Madagascar. Some species yield an aromatic
resin. (Under _Monsonia_ L.) =Sarcocaulon= DC.


FAMILY 108. OXALIDACEAE

Leaves alternate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5. Petals 5,
free or united at the base, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10,
rarely 5 of them sterile. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening
inwards. Glands at the base of the stamens present. Ovary superior,
5-celled. Ovules axile. Styles 5, free. Fruit a capsule or a berry.
Seeds with a fleshy albumen and a straight embryo.--Genera 3, species
160. (Under _GERANIACEAE_.) (Plate 69.)

1. Fruit a berry. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate, sensitive. Flowers
in cymes.--Species 2. Cultivated in the Mascarene Islands. They yield
timber, medicaments, and edible fruits, which are also used for
preparing a scouring water. =Averrhoa= L.

Fruit a capsule. All stamens fertile. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely
shrubs. 2

[Illustration: OXALIDACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 69._

J. Fleischmann del.

Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_
Fruit-valve. _E_ Seed. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: LINACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 70._

J. Fleischmann del.

Hugonia acuminata Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of
ovary. _D_ Tendrils.]


2. Valves of the fruit finally spreading. Leaves pinnate,
sensitive.--Species 15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under
Oxalis L.) (Plate 69.) =Biophytum= DC.

Valves of the fruit persisting around the central column. Leaves
usually digitate.--Species 140. Some are used as salad or fodder or
for preparing chemical drugs and medicaments. (Including _Bolboxalis_
Small). =Oxalis= L.


FAMILY 109. TROPAEOLACEAE

Twining, succulent herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, peltate. Flowers
solitary, axillary, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, the hindmost
spurred. Petals 5, yellow or red, imbricate in bud. Stamens 8, free;
anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovule
1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style 1, with 3 stigmas. Fruit
separating in 2-3 nutlets. Seeds without albumen. (Under _GERANIACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 1 (_T. majus_ L., Indian cress). Naturalized in
the Island of St. Helena. Ornamental plant, also yielding salad,
condiments, and medicaments. =Tropaeolum= L.


FAMILY 110. LINACEAE

Leaves undivided. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate in
bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens
as many or twice as many as the petals. Filaments united at the
base. Ovary 2-10-celled. Ovules 1-2 in the inner angle of each cell,
pendulous, inverted. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. Seeds with fleshy
albumen.--Genera 7, species 60. (Plate 70.)

1. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, furnished with glands
at their base. Styles or style-branches 2-5. Petals deciduous. Fruit
capsular. Herbs or undershrubs, very rarely shrubs. [Tribe LINEAE.] 2

Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals, 10, rarely the same
number, 5, but then without glands at their base and style simple.
Shrubs or trees. [Tribe HUGONIEAE.] 4

2. Sepals 3-toothed at the tip. Petals very small, white. Flowers
4-merous. Stem repeatedly forked. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. North
Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. “Alseed.” =Radiola= Gmel.

Sepals entire. Flowers nearly always 5-merous. 3

3. Stipules bristle-like. Corolla yellow. Stamens partly (2-4 of them)
with, partly without glands. Styles 3. Stigmas kidney-shaped. Shrubs
or undershrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.
Ornamental plant. (Under _Linum_ L.) =Reinwardtia= Dumort.

Stipules gland-like or wanting. Stamens all furnished with
glands.--Species 25. North, East, and South Africa and Madagascar.
_L. usitatissimum_ L. is cultivated for fibre and oil and yields also
fodder and medicaments; other species are used as ornamental plants.
“Flax.” =Linum= L.

4. Styles 5, free or united at the base. Stamens 10. Petals deciduous.
Fruit a drupe.--Species 25. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Plate
70.) =Hugonia= L.

Style 1, undivided or 2-3-cleft at the top. 5

5. Style shortly 2-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell.
Stamens 10. Anthers linear or oblong. Petals elongated, with a
glandular pit at the claw.--Species 2. East Africa. =Nectaropetalum=
Engl.

Style 3-cleft or undivided. Ovary 3-5-celled. 6

6. Style shortly 3-cleft. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each
cell. Stamens 10. Anthers ovoid or globose. Petals short.
Inflorescence racemose, cone-shaped when young, with roundish vaulted
bracts.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Lepidobotrys= Engl.

Style undivided. Stamens usually 5. Corolla persistent. Fruit capsular.
Inflorescence racemose with small bracts, or paniculate.--Species 5.
Central Africa. (Under _Ochthocosmus_ Benth.) =Phyllocosmus= Klotzsch


FAMILY 111. HUMIRIACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in cymes or panicles,
regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, yellow
or greenish, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Stamens 10, at first united
below, with a prolonged connective and 1-celled anther-halves. Ovary
surrounded by a cupular disc, superior, 5-celled. Ovules solitary in
each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a nut or drupe.
Seeds with fleshy albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and edible fruits from
which a spirituous drink is prepared. (_Aubrya_ Baill., under _Humiria_
Aubl.) =Saccoglottis= Mart.


FAMILY 112. ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers
solitary or in clusters, regular, hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous.
Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, with a callosity or an
appendage on the inner face, imbricate or contorted in aestivation.
Stamens 10. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening by two
longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-, rarely 4-celled, usually a single cell
fertile. Ovules 1-2, pendulous, inverted. Styles or style-branches 3,
rarely 4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen, rarely without
albumen; embryo straight.--Genera 2, species 40. Tropical and South
Africa. (Under _LINACEAE_.) (Plate 71.)

Petals scarcely clawed, provided with a longitudinal callosity.
Filaments united into a ring. Ovary with 3-4 two-ovuled cells. Fruit
3-4-celled. Leaves opposite. Stipules 2.--Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa. =Aneulophus= Benth.

Petals distinctly clawed, with a usually 2-cleft scale. Filaments
united into a cup. Ovary with 1 fertile one-ovuled cell and 2 empty
ones.

[Illustration: ERYTHROXYLACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 71._

J. Fleischmann del.

Erythroxylon pictum E. Mey.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Petal from within.
_D_ Stamen from front and back. _E_ Cross-section of ovary. _F_ Fruit.
_G_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: ZYGOPHYLLACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 72._

J. Fleischmann del.

Balanites aegyptiaca Del.

_A_ Branch with flowers and young fruits. _B_ Part of branch with
spines. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Ovary and disc cut lengthwise.
_E_ Cross-section of ovary. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

Fruit 1-celled. Leaves alternate. Stipule 1.--Species 40. Tropical and
South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments. (Plate 71.)
=Erythroxylon= P. Browne


FAMILY 113. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely
(_Neoluederitzia_) dioecious. Petals 4-5, free, rarely wanting. Stamens
1-3 times as many as the petals. Filaments usually with an appendage at
the base. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary superior, 3-10-celled,
lobed, angled or winged. Style simple, rarely (_Seetzenia_) styles
5.--Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 72.)

1. Fruit drupaceous, one-seeded. Seeds without albumen. Ovary
3-5-celled with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Filaments without
an appendage. Corolla yellowish-green. Leaves alternate, simple
and undivided or of 2 leaflets. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamilies
=BALANITOIDEAE= and =NITRARIOIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit capsular or separating into several nutlets, several-or
many-seeded. Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, more rarely all
alternate, but then dissected or pinnate with many leaflets. 3

2. Fruit with a very thick endocarp. Ovary 5-celled, surrounded by a
cupular disc; ovules attached at the top of the cells. Style rather
long; stigma 1. Stamens 10. Petals oblong. Sepals hairy. Leaves with
two leaflets. Spiny plants.--Species 3. Central Africa, Sahara, Egypt.
They yield timber, fish-poison, vegetables, medicaments, oily seeds,
and edible fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap and for
preparing a spirituous drink. “Zachun-oil-tree.” (_Agialid_ Adans.)
(Plate 72.) =Balanites= Del.

Fruit with a thin endocarp, opening finally by 6 teeth at the top.
Ovary 3-celled; ovules attached near the middle of the cells. Style
very short; stigmas 3, converging. Stamens usually 15. Petals concave,
induplicate-valvate in bud. Sepals fleshy, imbricate in bud. Leaves
simple, undivided, fleshy.--Species 2. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. They yield soda and edible fruits which are said to be
inebriating. “Nitre bush.” =Nitraria= L.

3. Leaves pinnately dissected or irregularly many-cleft, alternate.
Filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-celled with several or
many ovules in each cell. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. [Subfamilies
=TETRADICLIDOIDEAE= and =PEGANOIDEAE=.] 4

Leaves undivided, unifoliolate, digitate, or pinnate, usually opposite.
Ovary 4-10-, usually 5-celled. [Subfamily =ZYGOPHYLLOIDEAE=.] 5

4. Leaves pinnately dissected. Flowers small. Calyx 3-4-toothed. Petals
3-4, obovate. Stamens 3-4. Ovary deeply lobed, the lobes incompletely
3-celled, 6-ovuled.--Species 1. North-east Africa. =Tetradiclis= Stev.

Leaves irregularly many-cleft. Flowers rather large. Sepals 4-5,
linear. Petals 4-5, oblong. Stamens 8-15. Ovary slightly lobed, with
undivided, many-ovuled cells.--Species 1. North Africa. The seeds are
used medicinally, as a condiment, and for dyeing. =Peganum= L.

5. Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate, rarely unifoliolate; in the
latter case disc indistinct and ovules ascending. Filaments without an
appendage. Ovary 5-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. 6

Leaves equally pinnate or undivided, rarely reduced to the stalk. Disc
distinctly developed. Ovules pendulous. 8

6. Leaves alternate, with 4-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers dioecious.
Ovary surrounded by strap-shaped scales. Spiny shrubs.--Species 1.
South-west Africa (Namaland). =Neoluederitzia= Schinz

Leaves opposite, with 1 or 3 leaflets. Flowers hermaphrodite. Herbs or
undershrubs. 7

7. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals none. Disc 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovule
1 in each ovary-cell, pendulous. Styles 5, with capitate stigmas.
Prostrate undershrubs. Leaflets 3.--Species 2. South and North-east
Africa. =Seetzenia= R. Br.

Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, rose, violet or yellowish. Disc
obscure. Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from
ascending funicles. Style 1; stigma simple.--Species 15. North
Africa, northern Central Africa, and South-west Africa. Some are used
medicinally. =Fagonia= Tourn.

8. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate, with 6-8 pairs of leaflets.
Flowers large. Sepals saccate at base. Corolla yellow. Disc lobed,
with 5 glands projecting into the sacks of the sepals. Stamens
10, unappendaged. Ovary 5-lobed, with 2 ovules in each cell.
Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Kelleronia= Schinz

Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones. 9

9. Ovary 10-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Calyx valvate in bud.
Petals narrow, 3-cleft. Disc cupular, 10-toothed. Stamens 10, with
awl-shaped appendages at the base. Fruit winged. Seeds exalbuminous.
Erect, succulent herbs. Leaves undivided, club-shaped.--Species 1.
South Africa. =Augea= Thunb.

Ovary 4-5-celled. Calyx imbricate in bud. 10

10. Ovary-cells with one ovule in each. Style long; stigma club-shaped.
Disc 5-lobed, with five 3-cleft scales opposite the sepals. Stamens 10,
appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs.--Species 1.
South Africa. =Sisyndite= E. Mey.

Ovary-cells with 2 or more ovules in each. 11

11. Ovary-cells later on transversely chambered, 3-5-ovuled. Style very
short, with a large stigma. Disc thin, lobed. Fruit separating into
nutlets, bristly or warty, usually with outgrowths. Seeds exalbuminous.
Herbs. Flowers cymose, 5-merous.--Species 12. Some of them have edible
seeds or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Tribulus= Tourn.

Ovary-cells undivided. Style awl-shaped, with a small stigma. Disc
fleshy. Filaments usually appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.
Flowers solitary or in pairs, whitish or yellowish.--Species 55. Some
of them yield soda, edible seeds, medicaments, or poison. =Zygophyllum=
L.


FAMILY 114. CNEORACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, gland-dotted, without
stipules. Flowers in cymes, 3-4-merous, hermaphrodite, with an
elongated receptacle. Petals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-4,
alternating with the petals; filaments without an appendage. Ovary
3-4-lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, one above the other,
pendulous, curved. Style simple; stigmas 3. Fruit separating in two
2-celled drupes. Seeds with a curved embryo and fleshy albumen. (Under
_SIMARUBACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 1. Canary Islands. Used medicinally. (Under _Cneorum_
L.) =Chamaelea= Tourn.


FAMILY 115. RUTACEAE

Leaves gland-dotted, at least at the margin, rarely (_Empleuridium_)
without dots. Petals free, rarely (_Empleurum_) wanting. Disc
usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards or laterally
by longitudinal slits. Embryo rather large, the radicle turned
upwards.--Genera 33, species 320. (Including _AURANTIACEAE_ and
_XANTHOXYLEAE_.) (Plate 73.)

1. Fruit dehiscent and more or less dry. Carpels, at least when
ripe, more or less separate, rarely only one present. [Subfamily
=RUTOIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit indehiscent and more or less fleshy. Carpels usually united, even
when ripe, rarely only one present. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound,
but sometimes with a single leaflet. 19

2. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Corolla yellow. Stamens 8-10. Ovules 2, or more frequently more than 2
in each carpel. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe RUTEAE.] 3

Stem woody. Corolla green, white, red, or violet, rarely (Empleurum)
wanting. Fertile stamens 3-5, rarely (_Pelea_) 8-10. Ovules 2 in each
carpel. 4

3. Carpels 2, with 5-6 ovules in each. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire.
Seeds spiny. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided or 3-parted.--Species
2. German South-west Africa (Hereroland) and Island of Socotra.
=Thamnosma= Torr.

Carpels 4-5. Seeds tubercled.--Species 8. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments. “Rue.”
(Including _Desmophyllum_ Webb and _Haplophyllum_ Juss.) =Ruta= L.

4. Seeds albuminous. Corolla greenish or whitish. Leaves usually
compound. [Tribe XANTHOXYLEAE.] 5

Seeds exalbuminous. Corolla white, red, violet, or wanting. Leaves
simple, undivided. [Tribe DIOSMEAE.] 7

5. Stamens 8-10. Carpels 4-5. Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided.
Flowers polygamous.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Melicope_ Forst.)
=Pelea= A. Gray

Stamens 3-5. 6

6. Leaves opposite. Flowers unisexual. Carpels 4-5. Styles united.
Seeds oblong. Unarmed plants.--Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. Some are used medicinally. =Evodia= Forst.

Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-5. Styles free or united above.--Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables,
condiments, and medicaments. (Including _Pterota_ P. Br., under
_Zanthoxylum_ L.) =Fagara= L.

7. Carpels 1-2. Fertile stamens 4. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
Shrubs. [Subtribe EMPLEURINAE.] 8

Carpels 4-5. Fertile stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 9

8. Flowers dioecious. Sepals united at the base. Petals 4. Disc
4-lobed. Anthers roundish, without terminal glands. Leaves needle-like,
three-edged, without glandular dots.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). =Empleuridium= Sond.

Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Sepals united beyond the middle.
Petals wanting. Disc none. Anthers oblong, with a gland at the
top. Ovary beaked. Stigma entire. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat,
glandular-serrate.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used
medicinally. =Empleurum= Soland.

9. Endocarp cartilaginous, adnate at the back and separating from the
tubercled exocarp at the margins only. Seeds with thick cotyledons.
Ovules one above the other. Ovary with a long and thin stalk.
Staminodes linear, glandulose. Trees.--Species 2. East and South
Africa. [Subtribe CALODENDRINAE.] =Calodendron= Thunb.

Endocarp separating from the exocarp. Seeds with flat cotyledons.
Ovules usually side by side. Shrubs. [Subtribe DIOSMINAE.] 10

10. Staminodes 5. 11

Staminodes none. 15

11. Style long. Stigma small. 12

Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate or discoid. Inflorescences
terminal. 13

12. Petals clawed. Stamens with glabrous filaments and gland-tipped
anthers. Staminodes petaloid, with hairy claws. Disc crenate or lobed.
Carpels 2-4. Flowers in terminal umbels or heads, rarely solitary and
axillary.--Species 100. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 73.) =Agathosma= Willd.

Petals subsessile, glabrous. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary or in cymes in
the axils of the leaves.--Species 20. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some
are used medicinally. =Barosma= Willd.

13. Petals with a very short, glabrous claw. Anthers ending in a
stalked gland. Staminodes exceeding the fertile stamens. Disc lobed.
Ovary covered with stalked glands. Flowers rather large.--Species 25.
South Africa (Cape Colony). Several species are used as ornamental or
medicinal plants, or as a substitute for tea. =Adenandra= Willd.

Petals with a long or rather long, usually channelled or bearded claw.
Anthers with a sessile gland or without a gland. 14

14. Petals channelled inside, glabrous. Anthers bearing a sessile
gland. Staminodes adnate below to the petals or enclosed by their
channelled claw. Ovary glabrous. Leaves alternate.--Species 6. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
=Coleonema= Bartl. & Wendl.

Petals not channelled, usually with a hairy claw. Stamens short.
Staminodes very small.--Species 15. South Africa (Cape Colony).
=Acmadenia= Bartl. & Wendl.

15. Style long. Stigma small. Petals with a hairy claw. 16

Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate. Filaments glabrous. 17

16. Disc 5-parted. Filaments and style hairy. Carpels 5. Flowers
solitary or in clusters, white.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).
=Phyllosma= Bolus

Disc entire, urn-shaped. Filaments glabrous. Carpels 3-5.--Species 10.
South Africa (Cape Colony). =Macrostylis= Bartl. & Wendl.

17. Petals sessile, obovate, glabrous.--Species 15. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Some are used medicinally. =Diosma= L.

Petals clawed, hairy within. 18

18. Petals oblong or lanceolate, slightly exceeding the calyx. Anthers
with a terminal gland. Flowers very small.--Species 6. South Africa
(Cape Colony). =Euchaetis= Bartl. & Wendl.

Petals obovate. (See 14.) =Acmadenia= Bartl. & Wendl.

19. (1.) Fruit a drupe. Flowers usually unisexual. Stigma sessile or
nearly so. [Subfamily =TODDALIOIDEAE=, tribe TODDALIEAE.] 20

Fruit a berry. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. [Subfamily
=AURANTIOIDEAE=, tribe AURANTIEAE.] 27

20. Fruit 1-celled. Seed 1, exalbuminous. Ovary 1-celled. Petals
imbricate in bud. Leaflets 1-3. [Subtribe AMYRIDINAE.] 21

Fruit 2-7-celled or consisting of 2-4 carpels cohering at the base
only, 1-3 of them sometimes abortive. Ovary 2-7-celled. 22

21. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fertile stamens 10. Disc cup-shaped. Style
long, with a minute stigma. Ovule 1.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Cameroons). =Eriander= H. Winkl.

Flowers dioecious. Fertile stamens 4-5. Disc ring-shaped. Style short,
with a broad stigma. Ovules 2.--Species 18. Tropical and South Africa.
(Under _Toddalia_ Juss.) =Teclea= Del.

22. Carpels almost free when ripe, some of them rudimentary. Seeds
exalbuminous. Ovary distinctly 2-4-lobed. Stamens 4. Petals valvate in
bud. Leaves digitate. [Subtribe ORICIINAE.] 23

Carpels united up to maturity, forming a 2-7-celled fruit. Ovary not or
obscurely lobed. Petals imbricate in bud. [Subtribe TODDALIINAE.] 24

23. Carpels 2, one of them rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with
equal cotyledons. Ovary almost glabrous. Petals oblong. Flowers in
racemes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Diphasia= Pierre

Carpels 4, of which 1-3 are rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with unequal
cotyledons. Ovary very hairy. Petals oval. Flowers in panicles,
unisexual.--Species 4. West Africa. =Oricia= Pierre

24. Fruit with 2-seeded cells. Seeds albuminous. Flowers 4-merous.
Trees. Leaves digitate, with 5 leaflets.--Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Gaboon). =Araliopsis= Engl.

Fruit with 1-seeded cells. Flowers unisexual. Leaves digitate with 3
leaflets, rarely pinnate with 7-9 leaflets. 25

25. Fertile stamens as many as the petals. Flowers 5-merous. Seeds
albuminous; embryo curved. Climbing shrubs. Leaves digitate.--Species
1. Tropics. Yields condiments and is used in medicine. (_Cranzia_
Schreb.) =Toddalia= Juss.

Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers 2-4-merous. Embryo
straight or almost so. 26

26. Filaments awl-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs.
Leaves digitate.--Species 1. East Africa. =Toddaliopsis= Engl.

Filaments flattened. Seeds albuminous.--Species 30. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. (Under _Toddalia_
Juss.) =Vepris= Comm.

27. (19.) Ovary 2-5-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Stamens twice
as many as the petals. [Subtribe LIMONIINAE.] 28

Ovary 5-or more-celled, with 4 or more ovules in each cell. Leaves with
1-3 leaflets. [Subtribe CITRINAE.] 32

28. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. 29

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. Unarmed plants. 30

29. Flowers solitary or in groups of three in the axils of the leaves,
3-, rarely 4-merous. Calyx toothed. Seeds usually with unequal and
lobed cotyledons. Spiny shrubs. Leaflets 3, unequal.--Species 1.
Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and edible
fruits. =Triphasia= Lour.

Flowers in racemes or panicles, 4-5-merous. Calyx lobed or more deeply
divided. Leafstalk winged.--Species 10. Tropics. They yield timber,
edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments. =Limonia= L.

30. Style very short, not jointed with the ovary. Leaves
unifoliolate.--Species 1. West Africa. =Glycosmis= Correa

Style long or rather short, jointed with the ovary. Leaves unequally
pinnate. 31

[Illustration: RUTACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 73._

J. Fleischmann del.

Agathosma ciliata Link

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Petal. _D_ Stamen. _E_ Staminode.
_F_ Flower cut lengthwise. _G_ Cross-section of ovary. _H_ Fruit.]

[Illustration: SIMARUBACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 74._

J. Fleischmann del.

Irvingia Barteri Hook. fil.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of
ovary.]


31. Filaments awl-shaped. Petals 5, linear lanceolate or oblong.
Flowers rather large.--Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in the
tropics. Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and medicaments. =Murraya= L.

Filaments broadened below. Petals 4-5, elliptical or roundish. Flowers
rather small.--Species 6. Central and South Africa. Some are used
medicinally. (Including _Myaris_ Presl). =Clausena= Burm.

32. Ovary with 4-8 ovules in each cell. Anthers oblong. Pericarp
leathery. Seed-coat white, leathery. Leaves leathery.--Species 4.
Cultivated; also naturalized in the tropics. They serve as ornamental
plants and afford wood, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits (especially
oranges and citrons) from which drinks, medicaments, and perfumes are
prepared. =Citrus= L.

Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Anthers linear. Pericarp hard.
Leaves with 3 leaflets. 33

33. Stamens 10. Seed-coat smooth. Leaves leathery.--Species 1. Region
of the great lakes. =Balsamocitrus= Stapf

Stamens numerous. Seed-coat woolly and sticky. Leaves
herbaceous.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and is used in
medicine. =Aegle= Correa


FAMILY 116. SIMARUBACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or pinnate, not gland-dotted. Flowers in
spikes racemes or panicles, regular. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-9, free. Disc
usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal
slits. Carpels free or united and then forming a several-celled ovary.
Ovules 1-2, pendulous or laterally attached. Seeds with a very thin
albumen or without albumen.--Genera 16, species 40. Tropical and South
Africa. (Under _RUTACEAE_.) (Plate 74.)

1. Carpels 5, free, 2-ovuled. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-10, without
an appendage. Corolla yellow. Fruit drupe-like. Embryo curved, with
a large radicle. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Tropics.
[Subfamily =SURIANOIDEAE=.] =Suriana= L.

Carpels united at least by the base or the apex of the style, 1-ovuled.
Disc distinctly developed. Embryo with a very short radicle. [Subfamily
=SIMARUBOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Filaments with a scale-like appendage at the base. [Tribe
SIMARUBEAE.] 3 Filaments without a scale at the base. 9

3. Stamens 6-14, twice as many as the petals. Anthers oblong or oval. 4

Stamens 15-18, thrice as many as the petals or more. Anthers linear.
Ovaries 5. Style 1. Corolla red. Trees. Leaves pinnate. [Subtribe
MANNIINAE.] 8

4. Ovaries and style-tips united. Fruit a drupe with 4-5 stones. Embryo
curved. Shrubs. Leaves compound.--Species 2. Central Africa. [Subtribe
HARRISONIINAE.] =Harrisonia= (R.Br.) Juss.

Ovaries free. Styles united. Fruit consisting of 1-5 nuts or drupes.
[Subtribe SIMARUBINAE.] 5

5. Leaves undivided. Flowers in umbels. Calyx 3-5-lobed, imbricate
in bud. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments with a minute
scale at the base. Style long; stigma small, entire. Fruits woody.
Trees.--Species 2. Madagascar. Used medicinally. =Samadera= Gaertn.

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 6

6. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted
aestivation. Filaments with a short scale. Style long; stigma slightly
5-lobed. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate.--Species 1. West Africa.
Yields arrow-poison and is used in medicine. =Quassia= L.

Calyx 2-4-lobed or-cleft. Petals with imbricate aestivation. Filaments
with a long scale. Style short. Flowers in panicles. 7

7. Calyx 4-, rarely 5-lobed. Petals 4, rarely 5. Fruits woody. Leaflets
oblong or obovate.--Species 3. Equatorial regions. The seeds yield a
fat. (Under _Quassia_ L.) =Odyendea= (Pierre) Engl.

Calyx at first closed, later on unequally 2-4-cleft. Petals 5, rarely
6-9. Stigma 5-parted. Fruits drupe-like.--Species 4. Central Africa.
They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. =Hannoa= Planch.

8. Calyx shortly lobed. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovaries
united below. Leaflets with a spoon-shaped appendage at the
tip.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Pierreodendron= Engl.

Calyx deeply divided. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovaries free.
Leaflets with an awl-shaped appendage at the tip.--Species 1. West
Africa. =Mannia= Hook. fil.

9. (2.) Stamens 4-6. Carpels free, either as to the ovaries or as to
the styles. Flowers usually polygamous. 10

Stamens 8-10. Fruit drupe-like. Trees. 12

10. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Carpels 2, united at the
base. Stigma subsessile, discoid. Fruit 2-celled, winged. Leaves
undivided.--Species 1. Seychelles. [Tribe SOULAMEEAE.] =Soulamea= Lam.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 4. Stigma small. Leaves pinnate. 11

11. Ovaries and styles free or united at the base only. Petals short.
Fruit consisting of 4 drupes. Rusty-hairy plants.--Species 5. Central
Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe PICRASMEAE.] =Brucea= J. S. Muell.

Ovaries united; styles free. Petals long. Fruit separating into 4
leathery mericarps suspended from a central column.--Species 5. Central
Africa. [Tribe KIRKIEAE.] =Kirkia= Oliv.

12. Carpels free for the greater part. Leaves pinnate.--Species 1.
Madagascar. Poisonous. =Perriera= Courchet

Carpels wholly united. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite. 13

13. Stigma 2-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped, lobed.
Anthers oblong. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the axils of the
leaves.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Nectaropetalum_ Engl.)
=Peglera= Bolus

Stigma entire. Disc cushion-shaped. Anthers ovate. Flowers in panicles.
[Tribe IRVINGIEAE.] 14

14. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit broader than long, angled, 4-5-celled, with
a thin fleshy layer.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Klainedoxa=
Pierre

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit oblong, 1-2-celled. 15

15. Fruit much compressed, broadly winged all round, 2-celled,
2-seeded, with a thin fleshy layer.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa.
(Under _Irvingia_ Hook. fil.) =Desbordesia= Pierre

Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with a thick
fleshy layer.--Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible
fruits, and oily seeds (dika). (Including _Irvingella_ van Tiegh.)
(Plate 74.) =Irvingia= Hook. fil.


FAMILY 117. BURSERACEAE

Trees, rarely shrubs. Bark resinous. Leaves usually pinnate. Flowers
panicled, regular, mostly polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx
and a corolla of 3-5 free petals. Stamens twice as many as the petals,
inserted on the margin or the outside of the disc, rarely within.
Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary
2-5-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or attached laterally.
Style simple or wanting; stigma lobed. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes
dehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with a superior radicle and
usually folded or twisted cotyledons.--Genera 7, species 160. Tropical
and South Africa. (Under _TEREBINTHACEAE_). (Plate 75.)

1. Receptacle concave; tube-, cup-, or urn-shaped; sepals, petals,
and stamens inserted at its upper rim. Sepals 4 and petals 4, valvate
in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit drupaceous, but dehiscent, with a
2-3-celled stone; one cell only fertile.--Species 110. Tropical
and South Africa. Several species yield timber and odorous resins
(especially myrrh) which are used for preparing varnish, incense, and
medicines. Some are also used as hedge plants. (_Balsamea_ Gled.,
_Balsamodendron_ Kunth. including _Hemprichia_ Ehrenb. and _Hitzeria_
Klotzsch). =Commiphora= Jacq.

Receptacle flat or convex, usually bearing a free disc, outside of
which the sepals and petals are inserted. Leaves pinnate. Trees. 2

2. Flowers 3-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit with a 2-3-celled
stone, indehiscent, sometimes only one cell fertile. 3

Flowers 4-5-merous. Fruit with 2-5 stones. 5

3. Fruit depressed, obliquely hemispherical, broader than long, with
a lateral style and 1-2 fertile cells; endocarp thin, mesocarp rather
thick. Embryo with a short radicle and thick, pinnately divided
cotyledons. Stamens inserted outside the thick disc. Ovary 3-celled;
one cell sterile.--Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. They yield
timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Pachylobus_ Don or
_Santiria_ Blume) =Santiriopsis= Engl.

Fruit oblong, ovate, or subglobose. 4

4. Fruit with 2 cells, one of which is sterile, and with a terminal
style or style-scar; endocarp thin crusty, mesocarp thick fleshy.
Embryo with a long radicle and thick, much divided cotyledons. Ovary
2-celled. Sepals united at the base.--Species 13. West Africa. They
yield timber, resin, and edible oily fruits (safu). (Under _Canarium_
L.) (Plate 75.) =Pachylobus= Don

Fruit with 3 cells, two of them sometimes sterile; endocarp usually
thick, woody or bony; mesocarp usually thin. Embryo with a short
radicle and slightly divided cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled. Sepals united
high up.--Species 13. Tropics. Some species yield timber, resin (elemi)
used in medicine and manufacture, and edible oily fruits and seeds.
=Canarium= L.

5. Disc situated outside the stamens. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary
5-celled. Fruit top-shaped, with 5 stones, dehiscent.--Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber and an aromatic resin. =Aucoumea=
Pierre

Disc situated inside the stamens. 6

6. Petals 4-5, valvate in bud. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit globular or
ovoid. Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber and
resin. (_Marignia_ Comm.) =Protium= Burm.

Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit with 2-3 stones,
dehiscent. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 15. Central Africa. The
resin of several species (frankincense) is used as an incense and in
medicine. =Boswellia= Roxb.


FAMILY 118. MELIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, usually pinnate. Flowers
regular, mostly panicled. Petals 3-6, usually free. Stamens as many or
more frequently twice as many as the petals. Filaments usually united.
Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits.
Ovary superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple
or wanting; stigma entire or lobed.--Genera 23, species 150. (Including
_AITONIEAE_, _CEDRELEAE_, and _PTAEROXYLEAE_.) (Plate 76.)

1. Filaments free. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds winged. Leaves
pinnate. [Subfamily =CEDRELOIDEAE=] 2

Filaments more or less united into a tube. 3

2. Ovary and fruit 2-celled. Petals 4. Stamens 4.--Species 2. South and
East Africa. They yield timber (sneezewood). =Ptaeroxylon= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Ovary and fruit 5-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cedrelopsis= Baill.

[Illustration: BURSERACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 75._

J. Fleischmann del.

Pachylobus edulis G. Don

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamen. _D_
Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Staminode. _F_ Cross-section of
ovary.]

[Illustration: MELIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 76._

J. Fleischmann del.

Trichilia retusa Oliv.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_
Anther.]


3. Seeds winged. Ovules 4 or more, rarely 2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens
8-10. [Subfamily =SWIETENIOIDEAE=.] 4

Seeds not winged. Ovules 1-2, rarely 3-8 in each ovary-cell or on each
placenta. [Subfamily =MELIOIDEAE=.] 9

4. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 5-celled. Stigma small. Disc
wanting. Anthers 10, seated between the teeth of the staminal tube.
Leaves whorled, undivided. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. West
Africa. =Pynaertia= De Wild.

Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. Leaves pinnate. 5

5. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell. Disc shortly stalk-shaped. Staminal
tube campanulate, the mouth crenate and with short teeth bearing the
anthers. Petals imbricate in bud.--Species 7. Central Africa. =Lovoa=
Harms

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. 6

6. Ovules 6 in each ovary-cell. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Staminal tube
entire at the mouth, or with short teeth bearing the anthers. Petals
with imbricate aestivation. Flowers 5-merous.--Species 2. Southern West
Africa. =Wulfhorstia= C. DC.

Ovules 12 or more in each ovary-cell. Petals with contorted
aestivation. 7

7. Disc shortly stalk-shaped, connected with the staminal tube by
longitudinal ridges. Seeds winged below. Leaflets entire.--Species 15.
Central Africa. They yield timber, gum, and a dye-stuff. (Including
_Leioptyx_ Pierre, under _Swietenia_ L.) =Entandophragma= C. DC.

Disc cup-or cushion-shaped, not connected with the staminal tube by
longitudinal ridges. 8

8. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit oblong. Seeds about 5 in each cell of the
fruit, winged below.--Species 1. Central Africa. Yields timber and gum.
(Under _Cedrela_ L.) =Pseudocedrela= Harms

Disc cushion-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit globose. Seeds numerous
in each cell, winged all round.--Species 7. Tropics. They yield timber
(African mahogany), tanning bark, gum, and medicaments. =Khaya= Juss.

9. (3.) Ovules more than 2 in each ovary-cell. Ovary 4-5-celled.
Anthers 8-10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube. Seeds
large, pyramidal; seed-coat woody or corky. 10

Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell or on each placenta. Seeds small
or medium-sized; testa crustaceous, leathery, parchment-like, or
membranous. 11

10. Flowers 4-merous. Staminal tube with 2-toothed lobes. Seed-coat
corky or spongy. Radicle of the embryo lateral. Leaves pinnate,
with 1-3 pairs of leaflets, or simple. Panicles rather small, lax,
few-flowered.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, tanning bark, and
oily seeds. (Under _Carapa_ Aubl.) =Xylocarpus= Koen.

Flowers 5-merous. Staminal tube with entire lobes. Ovules 6-8 to each
ovary-cell. Seed-coat woody. Radicle superior. Leaves pinnate, with
many pairs of leaflets. Panicles very large, many-flowered.--Species 4.
Tropics. They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. CARAPA Aubl.

11. Ovary 2-3-celled, rarely 1-celled with 2-3 placentas. Stamens 6-12.
12

Ovary 4-20-celled, rarely later on 1-celled with 4-5 placentas. 19

12. Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, entirely
or almost included. Disc stalk-like or wanting. Seeds exalbuminous.
Leaflets 6-25. 13

Anthers inserted at the upper edge of the staminal tube, or at the top
of its lobes, or in the notches between them. 14

13. Leaflets serrate. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers inserted at the
base of the lobes of the staminal tube. Disc none. Ovary septate.
Stigma 2-3-parted. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. Radicle of the embryo
exserted.--Species 1. East Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and
medicaments. (Under _Melia_ L.) =Azadirachta= Juss.

Leaflets entire. Stigma discoid. Fruit a 2-or more-seeded capsule
or berry. Radicle included.--Species 7. West Africa. Yield timber.
(Including _Bingeria_ A. Chev. and _Heckeldora_ Pierre). =Guarea= L.

14. Filaments united at the base only, 2-toothed at the top; anthers
inserted between the teeth. Petals 5, valvate in bud. Fruit a berry or
drupe. Seeds albuminous. Leaves 3-foliolate.--Species 2. Madagascar and
Comoro Islands. =Cipadessa= Blume

Filaments united high up, rarely (_Trichilia_) at the base only, but
then fruit a capsule and seeds exalbuminous. 15

15. Ovary 1-celled, adnate to the staminal tube. Stigma sessile.
Anthers inserted at the rim of the almost entire staminal tube.
Disc stalk-like. Flowers 4-merous. Leaflets usually 5.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Symphytosiphon= Harms

Ovary 2-3-celled. 16

16. Flowers solitary, axillary, rarely in spikes. Anthers 10, inserted
at the tips of the teeth of the staminal tube. Disc ring-shaped. Style
long. Fruit capsular, subglobose. Seeds with 3 narrow wings and with
fleshy albumen. Small shrubs. Leaves with a narrowly winged stalk and
3 woolly leaflets.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). Used
medicinally. (_Nelanaregam_ Adans.) =Naregamia= Wight & Arn.

Flowers in panicles, rarely in racemes. Leaves with 5 or more leaflets,
rarely with 3, but then seeds exalbuminous. 17

17. Leaflets 5-7, toothed, clothed with stellate hairs; leafstalk
winged. Anthers 10, inserted between the lobes of the staminal tube,
which are divided in filiform segments. Disc ring-shaped. Style
short.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). The bark is eaten and used
medicinally. =Pterorhachis= Harms

Leaflets entire, very rarely toothed, but then anthers 8, inserted at
the entire mouth of the staminal tube. Seeds exalbuminous. 18

18. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seed-coat crustaceous. Staminal tube
entire or shortly toothed.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa.
Some of them yield timber, tanners’ bark, and medicaments. (Including
_Charia_ C. DC.) =Ekebergia= Sparm.

Fruit a capsule with a leathery rind. Seed-coat thin-leathery. Staminal
tube usually more or less deeply divided.--Species 35. Tropical
and South Africa. Some of them yield timber, dyes, oily seeds, and
medicaments. (Plate 76.) =Trichilia= L.

19. (11.) Leaves simple, undivided. Flowers solitary or in cymes or
racemes. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous. 20

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or cymes. Stamens united
high up. 21

20. Stamens united at the base only, 8. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma
small. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. (_Aitonia_ Thunb.,
_Carruthia_ O. Ktze.) =Nymania= Lindb.

Stamens united high up, 8-10. Disc ring-shaped or absent. Stigma
usually thick.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
medicinally. (Including _Calodryum_ Desv., _Grevellina_ Baill., and
_Quivisia_ Comm.) =Tourraea= L.

21. Leaves twice pinnate, with usually serrate leaflets. Anthers
10-12, inserted between the teeth of the staminal tube. Fruit a drupe.
Seeds with scanty albumen.--Species 4, two natives of Central Africa,
the others (especially _M. Azederach_ L., beadtree or Persian lilac)
cultivated as ornamental plants and sometimes naturalized. They
yield timber, gum, oil, and medicaments, and are also used for the
preparation of liquors. The fruits are poisonous. =Melia= L.

Leaves once pinnate, with entire leaflets. Seeds exalbuminous. 22

22. Leaves equally pinnate. Anthers 5 or 8. 23

Leaves unequally pinnate. Anthers 8 or 10. 24

23. Leaflets 2-6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals with contorted aestivation.
Anthers 8, inserted below the notches between the lobes of the staminal
tube. (See 10.) =Xylocarpus= Koen.

Leaflets 10-16. Flowers 5-merous. Petals with valvate aestivation.
Anthers 5, inserted at the rim of the nearly entire staminal
tube.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Quivisianthe= Baill.

24. Anthers inserted at the upper margin of the staminal tube or at the
top of its teeth. Disc ring-or cup-shaped. Style short, with a lobed
stigma. Leaflets opposite. (See 18.) =Ekebergia= Sparm.

Anthers inserted below the mouth of the staminal tube, included.
Leaflets usually alternate. 25

25. Petals united high up and adnate to the staminal tube, valvate
in bud. Ovary at first 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, later
1-celled.--Species 4. West Africa. =Turraeanthus= Baill.

Petals free, or united at the base only. 2

26. Ovary 4-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. (See 13.) =Guarea= L.

Ovary 4-5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. (See 10.) =Carapa= Aubl.


SUBORDER MALPIGHIINEAE


FAMILY 119. MALPIGHIACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs, with branched hairs, usually climbing. Leaves
undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemose inflorescences,
bracteolate. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, mostly furnished
with glands on the outside. Petals 5, free, imbricate in bud, usually
clawed and toothed. Stamens usually 10, hypogynous. Filaments free
or united at the base. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal
slits. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 1 pendulous and inverted ovule in each
cell. Styles 1-3. Fruit usually separating into 3 mericarps. Seeds
exalbuminous.--Genera 16, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate
77.)

1. Fruiting receptacle flat. Mericarps not winged. Calyx without
glands. Petals clawed, almost entire. Stamens 10. Leaves stipulate.
Flowers in terminal racemes. 2

Fruiting receptacle pyramidal. Mericarps winged. 3

2. Fruit covered with short hairs, dehiscent. Petals equal. Anthers
glabrous. Ovary covered with short hairs. Styles free, long and thin,
with small stigmas. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe
GALPHIMIEAE.] =Galphimia= Cav.

Fruit covered with long, soft, hairy, spine-shaped processes. Petals
unequal. Anthers hairy. Ovary clothed with long hairs. Styles
converging, rather short and thick, with oval reflexed stigmas. Leaves
alternate or subopposite.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe TRICOMARIEAE.]
=Echinopteris= Juss.

3. Mericarps with a large dorsal wing, without a lateral wing. Petals
more or less distinctly clawed. [Tribe BANISTERIEAE.] 4

Mericarps with a large, sometimes divided, lateral wing and a small
dorsal wing, or without a dorsal wing. Stamens 10. [Tribe HIRAEEAE.] 10

4. Style 1. Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed. Stamens 5, two only fertile.
Sepals with two large glands each. Flowers solitary, terminal. Leaves
mucronate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cottsia= Dubard & Dop

Styles 2-3. Stamens 10-15. 5

5. Styles 2, long. Ovary with 2 perfect and 1 rudimentary cell. Stamens
10. Petals with a long claw. Leaves usually alternate. 6

Styles 3. Ovary with 3 perfect cells. Corolla regular. Leaves usually
opposite. 7

6. Corolla distinctly irregular. Mericarps with an almost
semi-circular, cockscomb-shaped, palmately nerved dorsal wing.
Bracteoles awl-shaped.--Species 1. West Africa. =Rhinopteryx= Nied.

[Illustration: MALPIGHIACEAE.

_FLOW PL. AFR._

_Pl. 77._

J. Fleischmann del.

Acridocarpus macrocalyx Engl.

_A_ Part of branch with fruits. _B_ Leaf. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise.
_D_ Mericarp. _E_ Mericarp cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: POLYGALACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 78._

J. Fleischmann del.

Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.

_A_ Branch with flower-buds. _B_ Flower (from which one of the lateral
sepals has been removed). _C_ Flower without the perianth, cut
lengthwise. _D_ Group of fruits. _E_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]


Corolla regular. Mericarps with a more or less parallel-nerved dorsal
wing.--Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species are
used as ornamental plants or in medicine. (Plate 77.) =Acridocarpus=
Guill. & Perr.

7. Styles very long, divaricate; stigmas small, capitate. Stamens 10.
Petals with a very short claw. Sepals with very scantily developed
glands.--Species 4. Central and South-east Africa. =Sphedamnocarpus=
Planch.

Styles short or rather short, erect or slightly divergent; stigmas
obliquely truncate, hooked, or broadened. 8

8. Stigmas broadened, semi-orbicular. Ovary with 3 tufts of hairs.
Stamens 11-15. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without
glands.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tricomariopsis= Dubard & Dop

Stigmas not broadened. Stamens 10. 9

9. Styles hooked at the apex, bearing the stigma at the bent. Petals
with a distinct claw. Sepals with glands.--Species 1. West Africa.
=Heteropteris= Juss.

Styles not hooked above, bearing the stigma at the obliquely truncate
tip. Petals with a very short claw. Sepals without glands.--Species 1.
Madagascar. (Under _Sphedamnocarpus_ Planch.) =Banisterioides= Dubard &
Dop

10. (3.) Styles shorter than the ovary. Stigma terminal. Petals with
a short claw. Calyx without glands. Mericarps with an undivided
side-wing. 11

Styles longer than the ovary. 12

11. Ovary 2-celled. Petals slightly toothed. Leaves alternate.--Species
1. East Africa. =Diaspis= Nied.

Ovary 3-celled. Mericarps with an air-cavity extending all round.
Leaves usually opposite and crowded upon dwarf-shoots.--Species 4. East
Africa. =Caucanthus= Forsk.

12. Petals sessile, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles 3, very long,
with the stigma on the inside of the thickened apex. Mericarps with
an undivided side-wing.--Species 1. West Africa to the upper Nile.
=Flabellaria= Cav.

Petals clawed. 13

13. Petals with a very short claw, entire. Calyx without glands. Styles
3, rather short, with a 2-lobed stigma. Flowers polygamous-dioecious,
in umbels. Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.--Species 5. Madagascar.
=Microsteira= Bak.

Petals with a long or rather long claw. Style long. Flowers usually
hermaphrodite. 14

14. Stigma at the inside of the thickened style-apex. Styles 3,
all perfectly developed. Calyx without glands. Petals more or less
toothed or fringed. Mericarps with a shield-shaped, usually notched
side-wing.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. =Triaspis= Burch.

Stigma small, at the slightly or not thickened style-apex. Usually a
single style perfectly developed. 15

15. Flowers distinctly irregular. Calyx with a large gland. Petals
fringed. Mericarps with a 3-parted side-wing.--Species 2, one a native
of West Africa, the other one naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.
Ornamental plants. (_Gaertnera_ Roxb.) =Hiptage= Gaertn.

Flowers more or less regular. Calyx with several small glands or
without glands. Petals entire. Mericarp with a stellate, many-parted
side-wing.--Species 17. Madagascar, East and South-east Africa.
=Tristellateia= Thouars


SUBORDER POLYGALINEAE


FAMILY 120. POLYGALACEAE

Leaves simple, entire. Inflorescence racemose, bracteolate. Flowers
irregular. Sepals 5, the two inner usually petal-like. Petals 3-5, more
or less adnate to the staminal tube, the lowest more or less concave
and boat-shaped. Stamens 5-8. Filaments more or less united. Anthers
attached by the base, at length one-celled, opening towards the apex.
Ovary superior, 1-3-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted.
Style simple or 2-cleft, usually curved and flattened.--Genera 6,
species 240. (Plate 78.)

1. Petals 5, all well-developed, unappendaged. Stamens 5. Ovary
2-3-celled. 2

Petals 3, 4, or 5, two of which are rudimentary. Stamens 6-8. Ovary
1-2-celled. 3

2. Petals unequal, clawed, the lowest boat-shaped. Stigma capitate.
Fruit a drupe. Seeds ellipsoid.--Species 3. West Africa. They yield
timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. =Carpolobia= Don

Petals subequal, sessile, the lowest not boat-shaped. Stigma
punctiform. Fruit a nut. Seeds globose.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under
_Carpolobia_ Don) =Atroxima= Stapf

3. Ovary 1-celled; a second rudimentary cell sometimes present. Stigma
entire or lobed. Sepals unequal. Concave petal with an appendage.
Stamens 8. Fruit a winged nut. Seeds without an aril, exalbuminous.
Shrubs or trees.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. They yield
bast-fibres, soap-bark, oily seeds, and medicinal drugs; the roots are
said to be poisonous. (_Lophostylis_ Hochst.) (Plate 78.) =Securidaca=
L.

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. 4

4. Sepals subequal. Concave petal with an appendage. Stamens 7,
rarely 8. Style almost straight. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with an aril,
albuminous.--Species 60. South Africa to Nyasaland. =Muraltia= Neck.

Sepals unequal, the two inner usually wing-like. 5

5. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous. Style almost straight. Stamens 7,
rarely 8. Filaments united quite or nearly to the top. Concave

[Illustration: DICHAPETALACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 79._

J. Fleischmann del.

Dichapetalum leucosepalum Ruhl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_
Cross-section of ovary.]

[Illustration: EUPHORBIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 80._

J. Fleischmann del.

Phyllanthus floribundus Müll. Arg.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Stamens and disc. _D_ Fruit.
_E_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _F_ Cross section of ovary.]

petal with an appendage. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). The fruits are edible. (_Mundtia_ Kunth). =Mundia= Kunth

Fruit a capsule. Stamens 8, rarely 6 or 7.--Species 170. Some of them
yield fibres or fat from the seeds, others serve as ornamental or
medicinal plants. “Milkwort.” =Polygala= L.


SUBORDER DICHAPETALINEAE


FAMILY 121. DICHAPETALACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Inflorescence
cymose. Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, usually 2-cleft. Disc
present, but sometimes reduced to separate glands. Stamens 5, sometimes
only 2-3 fertile. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary 2-3-celled, usually
superior. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted; raphe ventral.
Style 2-3-cleft or undivided with 2-3 stigmas. Fruit a nut or drupe.
Seeds 1-2, exalbuminous.--Genera 2, species 75. Tropical and South
Africa. (_CHAILLETIACEAE_.) (Plate 79.)

Petals unequal, united below into a long tube, 2-cleft, imbricate
in bud. Sepals united below, unequal. Fertile stamens 2-3. Disc
semi-annular.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Tapura= Aubl.

Petals equal, free or united at the base, rarely higher. Fertile
stamens 5.--Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous.
(_Chailletia_ DC.) (Plate 79.). =Dichapetalum= Thouars


SUBORDER TRICOCCAE


FAMILY 122. EUPHORBIACEAE

Flowers unisexual. Stamens hypogynous, rarely (_Bridelia_) perigynous.
Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior or naked, usually 3-celled. Ovules
solitary in each cell, or 2 side by side, pendulous, inverted; raphe
ventral; micropyle usually covered by an outgrowth of the placenta.
Fruit generally separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seeds usually
albuminous; embryo axile, radicle superior.--Genera 122, species 1200.
(Including _DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE_.) (Plate 80.)

1. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily =CROTONOIDEAE=.]. 2

Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Juice not milky. [Subfamily
=PHYLLANTHOIDEAE=.]. 76

2. Inflorescence consisting of partial inflorescences having the
appearance of a single flower and containing one female flower and
several or many male ones surrounded by a lobed involucre with
glandular appendages. Petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 3-4-celled. Juice
milky. [Tribe EUPHORBIEAE.]. 3

Inflorescence not consisting of partial inflorescences looking like a
single flower. 11

3. Male flowers with a cupular, entire or 3-6-lobed perianth. Female
flowers with a 3-4-toothed or-cleft perianth. Trees or shrubs. 4

Male flowers without a perianth. 5

4. Involucre of the partial inflorescences split at one side and
consisting of 4 or more bracts. Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-or 6-cleft.
Trees.--Species 3. Tropics. Poisonous and used medicinally.
=Anthostema= Juss.

Involucre closed all round and consisting of 4 bracts. Ovary 4-celled.
Style 4-parted.--Species 3. Equatorial West Africa. =Dichostemma= Pierre

5. Involucre of the partial inflorescences with unequal lobes and
with an appendage, in the axil of which the glands are inserted.
Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Pedilanthus= Neck.

Involucre with equal lobes, but sometimes surrounded by a one-sided
gland. 6

6. Involucre irregular, with a single gland sometimes embracing the
partial inflorescence and split at one side only. 7

Involucre regular, with several glands sometimes united into a ring or
cup. 9

7. Involucre with a narrow gland not enveloping the partial
inflorescence. Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the
involucres united high up. Spiny shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa.
=Stenadenium= Pax

Involucre with a broad gland enveloping the partial inflorescence.
Herbs. 8

8. Female flowers with a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres
united at the base.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under _Monadenium_ Pax).
=Lortia= Rendle

Female flowers without a perianth. Bracts subtending the involucres
united high up.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Monadenium= Pax

9. Glands of the involucre united into a ring or cup.--Species 10.
Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are poisonous. =Synadenium= Boiss.

Glands of the involucre separate. 10

10. Fruit a drupe.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Euphorbia_ L.)
=Elaeophorbia= Stapf

Fruit a capsule.--Species 320. Many of them are poisonous, some yield
timber, gum, rubber, oil, and medicaments, or serve as garden-or
hedge-plants. “Spurge.” =Euphorbia= L.

11. (2.) Filaments bent inwards in the bud. Calyx 4-6-partite,
imbricate or subvalvate in bud. Corolla present, at least in the
male flowers. Inflorescence spike-or raceme-like. Leaves and young
shoots clothed with scales or stellate hairs.--Species 100. Tropical
and South Africa. Several species are poisonous, some yield gum-lac,
incense-wood, oil, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.
[Tribe CROTONEAE.] =Croton= L.

Filaments straight in the bud. 12

12. Calyx of the male flowers with valvate or closed aestivation.
[Especially tribe ACALYPHEAE.] 13

Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation. 59

13. Corolla present in the male flowers. 14

Corolla absent in the male flowers. 24

14. Petals of the male flowers more or less united. Rudimentary pistil
cup-shaped or wanting. Style-branches 2. Flowers dioecious. Hairy
undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. 15

Petals of the male flowers free from each other, but sometimes
(_Caperonia_) adnate to the staminal tube; in this case rudimentary
pistil club-shaped and style with many branches. 17

15. Petals united high up. Calyx bursting irregularly. Disc of 5
glands alternating with the petals. Stamens 12-20. Rudimentary pistil
absent. Climbing shrubs with reddish-brown hairs. Leaves 3-7-nerved.
Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. West Africa. Fibre-yielding plants.
=Manniophyton= Muell. Arg.

Petals united at the base only. Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 4-5.
Undershrubs or trees. 16

16. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers turned inwards. Disc within the stamens.
Trees. Leaves 3-nerved. Young shoots with rusty-brown hairs. Flowers in
panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Schubea= Pax

Flowers 5-merous. Anthers turned outwards. Glands alternating with the
stamens; a cupular disc also present within them. Undershrubs. Young
shoots with white hairs. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1. East
Africa (Somaliland). =Gilgia= Pax

17. Style many-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers
club-shaped. Stamens 5-10, united below. Petals adnate to the staminal
tube. Disc indistinct. Flowers in racemes. Herbs or undershrubs,
usually hispid.--Species 9. Tropics. Several species yield fibre.
=Caperonia= St. Hil.

Style 2-4-cleft. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers 2-3-cleft or
wanting. 18

18. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, hairy or cottony.
Flowers in racemes, monoecious. Male flowers without a disc.--Species
7. Northern and tropical Africa. Some are poisonous or yield dyes and
medicaments. “Turnsole.” (_Tournesolia_ Scop.) =Chrozophora= Neck.

Stem woody. Male flowers usually with a disc reduced to separate
glands. 19

19. Young branches and leaves clothed with scales. Inflorescence
spicate or racemose. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 15-20.--Species 12.
West Africa. =Crotonogyne= Muell. Arg.

Young branches and leaves glabrous, downy, or clothed with star-like
hairs. Inflorescence spicate, racemose, or paniculate; in the two
former cases stamens 6-14. 20

20. Young branches and leaves clothed with 2-cleft or star-like hairs.
Trees. Leaves palmately nerved. Flowers in panicles, monoecious.
Stamens 8-20. Fruit a drupe.--Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in
the tropics. They yield timber, gum-lac, tanning bark, dye-stuffs, and
edible oily seeds (“candle-nuts”). =Aleurites= Forst.

Young branches and leaves clothed with simple hairs, or glabrous.
Shrubs. Inflorescence spicate or racemose, more rarely paniculate, but
then leaves pinnately nerved. Fruit a capsule. 21

21. Flowers in panicles, dioecious. Calyx 2-3-partite in the male
flowers, 4-partite in the female. Corolla in the female flowers
falling off very early, or wanting. Stamens numerous, free. Male
flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Branches downy, at least when
young.--Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). =Grossera= Pax

Flowers in spicate or racemose inflorescences. Stamens 6-13. 22

22. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 5-partite. Stamens 10, united at the
base. Anthers attached by the back. Male flowers without a rudimentary
pistil. Branches glabrous.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands.
=Tannodia= Baill.

Flowers dioecious. 23

23. Branches glabrous. Anther-halves suspended from the
connective.--Species 2. West Africa and Comoro Islands.
=Agrostistachys= Dalz.

Branches hairy. Styles 2-cleft. Leaves stalked.--Species 2. East
Africa. =Holstia= Pax

24. (13.) Styles united to about the middle or beyond. 25

Styles free or united at the base only. 32

25. Styles united nearly to the top into a usually hollow column. 26

Styles united about to the middle, undivided. Ovary 3-celled. 31

26. Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Anthers
3-4-celled. Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Trees or shrubs.--Species 50.
Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Mappa_ Juss.) =Macaranga= Thouars

Calyx of the female flowers 4-12-partite. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 3-4-,
rarely 5-celled. 27

27. Flowers dioecious. Calyx of the female flowers 4-partite. Ovary
4-celled, winged. Style rather long, columnar, with a 4-lobed stigma.
Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). =Tetracarpidium= Pax

Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers 5-12-, rarely
4-partite. Seeds usually without an outgrowth. 28

28. Calyx of the male flowers 3-partite, of the female 5-6-partite.
Stamens 3, with united filaments. Ovary 3-celled. Style united into
a globose body. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Sphaerostylis= Baill.

Calyx of the male flowers 4-6-partite. Stamens 4-30. 29

29. Stamens 4-6. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers columnar. Ovary
3-celled. Trees or shrubs, with stellate hairs. Leaves undivided,
palmately nerved. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro
Islands. (Including _Niedenzua_ Pax). =Adenochlaena= Baill.

Stamens 8-30, inserted upon an elevated receptacle. Rudimentary pistil
none. Shrubs or undershrubs, usually climbing. 30

30. Flowers in cymes surrounded by two large, brightly coloured bracts.
Anther-halves parallel. Style columnar.--Species 15. Tropical and South
Africa. Some are used for dyeing, in medicine, or as ornamental plants.
=Dalechampia= L.

Flowers in racemes, without conspicuous bracts. Anther-halves
spreading. Climbing plants. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Central and
South Africa. =Plukenetia= L.

31. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually climbing, often
with stinging hairs. Stamens 3, rarely more.--Species 45. Tropical and
South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Ctenomeria_ Harv.)
=Tragia= L.

Stem woody throughout. Stamens numerous, free.--Species 20. Tropics.
The fruits of some species are used for tanning. =Pycnocoma= Benth.

32. (24.) Filaments repeatedly branched. Anther-halves numerous,
separate, globose. Tall herbs or shrubs. Leaves palmately lobed.
Flowers monoecious.--Species 1 (_R. communis_ L., castor-oil-plant).
Spontaneous in the tropics, naturalized in other parts of Africa. An
ornamental plant yielding fibre, fodder, and poisonous oily seeds used
in medicine. =Ricinus= L.

Filaments not branched. 33

33. Anther-halves plainly separate, oblong or linear, often twisted.
Filaments 6-20, free. Styles free, usually divided. Trees or shrubs. 34

Anther-halves contiguous or nearly so, oblong to globular. 35

34. Bracts of the female flowers leaf-like. Sepals of the female
flowers 3-5, small. Stamens usually 8. Disc none. Male flowers spicate,
female spicate, paniculate, or solitary.--Species 80. Tropical and
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
=Acalypha= L.

Bracts of the female flowers small. Sepals of the female flowers 4-6,
broad. Disc absent in the male flowers, flat and lobed in the female.
Flowers spicate.--Species 4. West Africa. =Mareya= Baill.

35. Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening. 36

Anthers 3-4-celled, even after opening. Trees or shrubs. 57

36. Anther-halves oblong, attached lengthwise or above the middle. 37

Anther-halves ovoid or globose, attached by the base or the tip, rarely
in the middle. 50

37. Stamens 3-10. Trees or shrubs. 38

Stamens numerous. 43

38. Calyx valvate in bud. Stamens 5-10; filaments united throughout.
Rudimentary pistil exceeding the staminal tube. Styles very
short, 2-lobed. Trees. Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers in panicles,
monoecious.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield rubber
(para-rubber): (_Siphonia_ Schreb.) =Hevea= Aubl.

Calyx closed in bud. Stamens 3-10; filaments free or united at the base
only. Styles distinctly developed. Leaves simple, undivided. 39

39. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6-10. Filaments
free, bent twice. Styles divided into many branches. Flowers
monoecious. Shrubs with stellate hairs. 40

Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Filaments united at the
base. Styles undivided or with 2 branches. Flowers usually dioecious. 41

40. Sepals of the female flowers 6, entire, united halfway up. Styles
free.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (Under _Cephalocroton_ Hochst.)
=Cephalocrotonopsis= Pax

Sepals of the female flowers pinnately dissected. Styles united at the
base.--Species 8. East Africa to Transvaal, Madagascar, and German
South-west Africa. =Cephalocroton= Hochst.

41. Styles at first united, finally free. Seeds with an outgrowth
at the hilum. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base. Male
inflorescences catkin-like, springing from the old wood.--Species 5.
Tropics. Some yield dye-stuffs. =Lepidoturus= Baill.

Styles free or nearly so. Seeds without an outgrowth. Male
inflorescences spike-or panicle-like, axillary. 42

42. Styles united at the base, two-cleft. Trees. Leaves
penninerved.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Including _Orfilea_ Baill., under
_Alchornea_ Swartz) =Lautembergia= Baill.

Styles free, undivided.--Species 10. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some of
them yield dye-stuffs. =Alchornea= Swartz

43. (37.) Styles laciniate. Ovary nearly glabrous. Disc in the male
flowers consisting of glands situated outside the stamens, in the
female indistinct. Sepals 5. Trees. Leaves penninerved, without
stipules. Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters arising from the
old wood, the female in axillary racemes.--Species 1. East Africa.
=Crotonogynopsis= Pax

Styles two-cleft or undivided, but usually ciliate within. Ovary
usually hairy. Disc indistinct in the male flowers. Sepals 2-4, very
rarely 5. Flowers in spikes or panicles. 44

44. Styles two-cleft. 45

Styles undivided. 47

45. Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Calyx of the male flowers
2-partite. Disc indistinct. Plants clothed with stellate hairs. Leaves
palminerved.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Neoboutonia= Muell. Arg.

Flowers monoecious, all or the female in spikes. Calyx of the male
flowers 4-5-partite. Disc distinctly developed in the female flowers.
Trees. Leaves penninerved. 46

46. Disc of the female flowers expanded. Styles thick. Leafstalk
rather short. Stipules lanceolate, persistent.--Species 1. West
Africa. =Necepsia= Prain Disc of the female flowers cupular. Styles
awl-shaped. Leafstalk very short. Stipules awl-shaped, deciduous.
Spikes unisexual.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Alchornea_ Swartz)
=Palissya= Baill.

47. Calyx of the male flowers 2-partite. Stamens numerous. Styles
thickish, united at the base. Shrubs. Leaves narrow, penninerved.
Flowers in axillary spikes, monoecious.--Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa. =Neopycnocoma= Pax

Calyx of the male flowers 3-5-partite. 48

48. Flowers in leaf-opposed spikes, monoecious. Calyx 4-partite. Styles
4. Stem herbaceous. Leaves broad.--Species 2. Southern West Africa
(Amboland). =Pseudotragia= Pax

Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes or panicles. Stem woody. 49

49. Leaves narrow, penninerved. Flowers monoecious, in spikes. Calyx of
the male flowers 3-partite. Styles thin.--Species 1. Central Africa.
=Argomuellera= Pax

Leaves broad, palminerved. Flowers usually dioecious.--Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Echinus_ Lour.) =Mallotus= Lour.

50. (36.) Anther-halves attached at the middle. Stamens 6-12. Calyx
5-partite. Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3, united at the base, 2-cleft.
Herbs. Flowers in cymes.--Species 8. South Africa. (Including
_Paradenocline_ Muell. Arg.) =Adenocline= Turcz.

Anther-halves attached at the base or the top. Styles undivided or
many-cleft. 51

51. Anther-halves attached at the top, pendulous, spreading downwards.
Styles 2, rarely 3, undivided. Herbs or undershrubs. 52

Anther-halves attached at the base, erect, spreading upwards. 54

52. Stamens 8-20. Disc of the female flowers reduced to two scales.
Calyx 3-partite. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. North Africa; also
introduced in South Africa. Used as dye-plants, pot-herbs, and in
medicine. “Mercury.” =Mercurialis= L.

Stamens 2-7. Disc none. Flowers monoecious. Leaves alternate. 53

53. Calyx of the female flowers 3-partite. Stamens 2-3. Leaves narrow,
entire. Flowers in clusters.--Species 1. South Africa. =Seidelia= Baill.

Calyx of the female flowers reduced to a single scale or absent.
Stamens 4-7. Leaves broad, more or less toothed. Flowers in
racemes.--Species 2. South Africa. =Leidesia= Muell. Arg.

54. Stem herbaceous. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the female flowers
imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-10. Disc of the female flowers reduced to
3-4 linear scales. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles undivided.--Species 1.
Central Africa. =Micrococca= Benth.

Stem woody. Flowers dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then calyx of the
female flowers valvate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. 55

55. Styles undivided. Disc of the female flowers entire or lobed.
Stamens 5 or more, usually numerous.--Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa. Several species yield timber or are used in medicine.
=Claoxylon= Juss.

Styles many-cleft. Stamens 3-12. Flowers dioecious. Shrubs. Stipules
spiny. 56

56. Disc of the female flowers consisting of numerous, more or less
ciliate scales; also 3 staminodes present. Sepals of the female flowers
broad. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. Female flowers in
pendulous spikes.--Species 1. Southern West Africa. =Poggeophyton= Pax

Disc of the female flowers consisting of 2 narrow scales; no
staminodes. Fruit a drupe. Female flowers in clusters.--Species 8.
Central Africa. =Erythrococca= Benth.

57. (35.) Disc of the female flowers formed of 3 petal-like scales.
Styles recurved, appressed to the ovary, united at the base, 2-cleft.
Ovary 3-celled. Stamens 3. Anthers 4-celled. Flowers dioecious,
the male ones in spikes, the female solitary or 2-3 together.
Leaves pinnately nerved.--Species 3. West Africa. Yielding timber.
=Hasskarlia= Baill.

Disc absent. Styles erect or spreading. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or
panicles. 58

58. Calyx of the female flowers 3-5-partite. Stamens numerous. Anthers
4-celled. Ovary 2-3-celled. Styles long and thin, 2-parted. Seed-coat
leathery. Trees or shrubs. Inflorescence spicate or racemose.--Species
3. Central Africa. =Cleidion= Blume

Calyx of the female flowers entire or shortly toothed. Connective not
prolonged. Ovary 1-2-, rarely 3-celled. Styles undivided, usually short
and thick. Seed-coat crustaceous. Leaves usually palmately nerved. (See
26.). =Macaranga= Thouars

59. (12.) Corolla present in the male flowers. 60

Corolla absent in the male flowers. 66

60. Flowers in corymb-or panicle-like inflorescences composed of cymes,
nearly always monoecious. Stamens 5 or more, all or the outer opposite
the petals, all or the inner united below. [Tribe JATROPHEAE.] 61

Flowers solitary or in clusters or panicles, dioecious. Stamens free,
but often inserted on a stalk-like process of the receptacle. Shrubs or
trees. [Tribe CLUYTIEAE.] 62

61. Flowers dioecious. Petals free. Stamens 16-17, the five outer
nearly free, the inner irregularly united. Seeds without an outgrowth.
Leaves undivided.--Species 2. East Africa. =Neojatropha= Pax

Flowers monoecious. Stamens in 2-6 whorls, usually 8-10. Seeds with
an outgrowth at the hilum.--Species 50. Central and South Africa; two
species cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Several species
yield gum, oil, and medicaments; some are poisonous or used as
garden-or hedge-plants. =Jatropha= L.

62. Stamens 5. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Petals free.
Flowers solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Leaves
undivided. 63 Stamens 12 or more. Male flowers without a rudimentary
pistil. Flowers in panicles. 64

63. Stamens opposite the sepals, inserted upon a flat receptacle, free.
Fruit a drupe.--Species 1. West Africa. =Microdesmis= Planch.

Stamens opposite the petals, inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle.
Fruit a capsule.--Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some are used
as ornamental plants. =Cluytia= L.

64. Petals free. Stamens free. Fruit a capsule. Leaves undivided,
pinnately nerved. Shrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Congo).
=Mildbraedia= Pax

Petals united below. Fruit a drupe. Leaves lobed or dissected,
palmately nerved at the base. Trees. 65

65. Leaves lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Givotia= Griff.

Leaves dissected.--Species 3. West Africa. Yield timber and fat from
the seeds. =Ricinodendron= Muell. Arg.

66. (59.) Stamens 1-4, rarely more, and then ovary many-celled. Disc
little developed or wanting. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil.
Style-branches undivided. [Tribe HIPPOMANEAE.] 67

Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 2-4-celled. Style-branches two-cleft or lobed.
Sepals 4-8. Shrubs or trees. 74

67. Stamens 8 or more. Calyx cup-shaped, almost entire. Ovary
many-celled. Style columnar, many-branched at the top. Fruit a capsule.
Trees. Inflorescence spicate; bracts adnate to the rachis throughout
their whole length, at first enclosing the flower-buds. Flowers
monoecious.--Species 1 (_H. crepitans_ L., sandbox-tree). Naturalized
in the tropics. Ornamental tree, yielding oil and medicaments; the
fruits are used as sand-boxes; the juice is poisonous. =Hura= L.

Stamens 1-4. Ovary 2-4-celled. Bracts adnate to the rachis of the
inflorescence by their base only. 68

68. Stamens 1-3, the filaments entirely or almost entirely united.
Shrubs or trees. Flowers monoecious. 69

Stamens 2-4, the filaments free or united at the base only. Styles free
or united at the base. Ovary 2-3-celled. 71

69. Calyx 3-lobed. Stamens 1-3; filaments free at the top, connective
not broadened. Ovary 3-4-celled. Styles united high up. Fruit a
capsule. Seeds with a large outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers in
panicles.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Maprounea= Aubl.

Calyx 4-5-parted. Stamens 2-3; filaments united into a short column.
Anthers turned outwards. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit a capsule or a drupe.
Seeds without an outgrowth. 70

70. Calyx-segments broad. Connective broadened, peltate. Styles united
high up. Flowers in panicles.--Species 2. Tropics. =Omphalea= L.

Calyx-segments narrow. Connective not broadened. Styles free or
united at the base. Flowers in spikes.--Species 2. Central Africa.
=Excoecariopsis= Pax

71. Calyx of the male flowers 2-3-toothed or-lobed. Inflorescence
terminal. Bracts with two glands. Flowers monoecious. 72

Calyx of the male flowers 2-5-parted. Fruit a capsule with a persistent
central column. 73

72. Ripe carpels separating from a 3-parted central column. Seeds
without an outgrowth.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. They
yield timber; one species (_S. sebiferum_ Roxb.) is cultivated for its
oily seeds. (Including _Conosapium_ Muell. Arg.). =Sapium= P. Browne

Ripe carpels separating from the base of the pericarp, leaving no
central column. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum.--Species 5.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are poisonous. =Stillingia= L.

73. Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers monoecious.
Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Leaves
alternate.--Species 3. Central Africa. (_Cnemidostachys_ Mart.)
=Sebastiania= Spreng.

Seeds without an outgrowth at the hilum. Flowers usually dioecious.
Inflorescences usually lateral.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are poisonous or are used as ornamental plants. (Including
_Taenosapium_ Muell. Arg.) =Excoecaria= L.

74. (66.) Flowers in racemes, monoecious, with a disc. Sepals of the
male flowers evidently united below. Stamens 10, free. Leaves palmately
divided, sometimes alternating with undivided ones.--Species 3.
Cultivated in the tropics. _M. Glaziovii_ Muell. Arg. yields rubber,
_M. utilissima_ Pohl and _M. dulcis_ Pax (cassava or mandioc-plants)
furnish vegetables, medicaments, and edible roots, from which meal,
starch (tapioca), and a spirituous drink are prepared. =Manihot= Adans.

Flowers in glomerules, dioecious, rarely monoecious, but then without a
disc. Sepals of the male flowers free or nearly so. Leaves undivided.
[Tribe GELONIEAE.] 75

75. Sepals 5. Filaments free. Male flowers without a disc and
without a rudimentary pistil.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa.
(_Ceratophorus_ Sond., including _Suregada_ Roxb.) =Gelonium= Roxb.

Sepals of the female flowers 7-8, the inner petaloid. Filaments
united.--Species 1. West Africa. =Chaetocarpus= Thwait.

76. (1.) Calyx of the male flowers with valvate aestivation. Stamens
5-7. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Shrubs or trees. 77

Calyx of the male flowers with imbricate or open aestivation. 81

77. Petals absent. Disc none. Styles 2, undivided. Ovary-cells 2, each
with an incomplete partition.--Species 1. West Africa. =Martretia=
Beille

Petals small. Disc outside the stamens. Styles 2-parted. Ovary-cells
undivided. [Tribe BRIDELIEAE.] 78

78. Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Stamens borne upon a short androphore.
Leaf-veins of the third order almost parallel. 79

Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Disc of the female flowers cup-shaped. Fruit
a capsule. Leaf-veins of the third order netted. 80

79. Disc of the female flowers bottle-shaped, enclosing the ovary to
the top. Inflorescence paniculate.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under
_Bridelia_ Willd.) =Neogoetzea= Pax

Disc of the female flowers double, the outer cup-shaped, adhering
to the calyx, the inner consisting of 5 scales. Fruit usually a
drupe.--Species 25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield
dye-stuffs. (Including _Gentilia_ Beille) =Bridelia= Willd.

80. Receptacle of the male flowers elevated, forming a short
androphore.--Species 10. Tropics. =Cleistanthus= Hook.

Receptacle not prolonged into an androphore. Flowers clustered,
dioecious.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Stenonia= Baill.

81. (76.) Anthers 4-celled, even after opening, numerous. Filaments
united. Male flowers with 5 sepals and 3 valvate petals. Ovary
3-4-celled. Styles 3, undivided. Carpels enlarging and separating
after the time of flowering. Downy shrubs. Leaves without stipules.
Flowers in axillary glomerules.--Species 1. South-east Africa. [Tribe
JUNODIEAE.] =Junodia= Pax

Anthers 2-celled, at least after opening. 82

82. Seeds with a very small embryo. Fruit an oblong drupe. Ovary
2-celled. Styles 2, undivided. Male flowers with 9-18 free, central
stamens, without a disc and without a rudimentary pistil. Corolla none.
Flowers dioecious, in racemes. Trees.--Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe
DAPHNIPHYLLEAE] =Daphniphyllum= Blume

Seeds with a large embryo. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3; if 2, then
stamens 2-6 or surrounding a central disc. [Tribe PHYLLANTHEAE.] 83

83. Corolla present, at least in the flowers of one sex. 84

Corolla absent. 95

84. Stamens 8-10. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals, petals, and carpels
4-5. Flowers dioecious, in glomerules. Trees.--Species 1. South Africa.
Yields timber. =Heywoodia= Sim

Stamens 4-5. [Subtribe ANDRACHNINAE.] 85

85. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Petals exceeding the sepals in
the male flowers, absent in the female. Male flowers without a
rudimentary pistil. Stamens 6, each surrounded at the base by a gland;
anthers opening transversely. Ovary 4-5-celled. Shrubs. Flowers in
glomerules.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Bricchettia= Pax

Flowers 4-6-merous. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. 86

86. Ovary 5-celled. Styles 5, two-cleft. Disc cup-shaped, lobed in
the male flowers, entire in the female. Stamens inserted upon a short
androphore. Petals exceeding the sepals. Flowers fascicled, monoecious.
Shrubs.--Species 1. Seychelles. (Under _Savia_ Willd.) =Wielandia=
Baill.

Ovary 3-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 3. 87

87. Styles very short, undivided. 88

Styles well developed, two-cleft. 90

88. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or fascicles. Petals short.
Rudimentary pistil 3-lobed. Stigmas thick. Seeds solitary in each cell,
exalbuminous, with thick-fleshy cotyledons. Trees or shrubs.--Species
6. Tropics. =Amanoa= Aubl.

Flowers dioecious, in panicles. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Trees. 89

89. Panicles terminal. Petals small. Disc of the male flowers of
separate glands. Rudimentary pistil obconical, flattened at the top.
Seeds with a spongy coat, scanty albumen, and flat cotyledons.--Species
2. Equatorial regions. =Megabaria= Pierre

Panicles axillary. Petals large. Disc of the male flowers cupular.
Rudimentary pistil narrowed above. Seeds with copious albumen.--Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. =Centroplacus= Pierre

90. Stamens inserted upon a prolonged, stalk-like receptacle. Petals
shorter than the sepals. Disc and ovary densely woolly. Seeds with
scanty albumen and folded cotyledons. Shrubs. Flowers dioecious, the
male ones fascicled, the female solitary.--Species 1. South Africa.
=Lachnostylis= Turcz.

Stamens inserted upon a receptacle which is not stalk-like. 91

91. Stamens inserted upon the disc. Seeds exalbuminous, with folded
cotyledons. Trees or shrubs. Flowers in fascicles.--Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. (_Pentabrachium_ Muell. Arg.) =Actephila= Blume

Stamens inserted inside the disc round the rudimentary pistil. Seeds
with copious albumen. 92

92. Male flowers without a corolla, with 4 sepals and 6 stamens. Female
flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals. Flowers dioecious, the male in
glomerules, the female solitary. Shrubs or trees.--Species 1. West
Africa (Congo). =Neochevaliera= Beille

Male flowers with a corolla, rarely without, but then with 5 sepals and
5 stamens. Flowers dioecious, the male in spikes, racemes, or panicles,
or monoecious. 93

93. Lobes of the disc alternating with the petals. Flowers monoecious,
in glomerules or the female solitary. Shrubs.--Species 8. Madagascar
and neighbouring islands. (Under _Savia_ Willd.) =Petalodiscus= Baill.

Lobes of the disc opposite the petals. Male flowers in spikes, racemes,
or fascicles. 94

94. Flowers monoecious. Anther-halves adnate lengthwise. Rudimentary
pistil of the male flowers columnar or 3-partite. Styles short. Herbs,
undershrubs, or shrubs.--Species 6. =Andrachne= L.

Flowers dioecious. Anther-halves at first suspended from the thick
connective. Rudimentary pistil thick, usually obovate. Styles long.
Shrubs or trees.--Species 9. West Africa and Madagascar. =Thecacoris=
Juss.

95. (83.) Leaves digitate. Male flowers in glomerules, with a
5-8-partite calyx. Trees. [Subtribe BISCHOFIINAE.] 96

Leaves simple, undivided. 98

96. Leaflets 1-3. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 14-15.--Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola). =Aristogeitonia= Prain

Leaflets 5-7. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 4-10. 97

97. Leaves opposite. Leaflets stalked. Fruit a capsule.--Species 1.
West Africa. Yields timber (African teak). =Oldfieldia= Hook.

Leaves alternate. Leaflets sessile. Male flowers with a 6-8-cleft
calyx and 6-8 stamens. Female flowers solitary, with 3 bracteoles, a
disc consisting of 6-7 scales, a 2-celled ovary, and 2 short, thick,
undivided styles. Fruit a drupe.--Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Angola). =Paivaeusa= Welw.

98. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers dioecious, the male in
fascicles or panicles, the female solitary. Stamens numerous. Disc
none. Fruit a capsule. Trees. [Subtribe TOXICODENDRINAE.] 99

Leaves alternate. 100

99. Sepals 2-5. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like receptacle. Styles
united high up.--Species 1. Southern East Africa (Mosambic). Yields
timber. =Androstachys= Prain

Sepals 5-12. Stamens inserted upon a flat receptacle. Styles united at
the base only.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Fruit poisonous.
(_Hyaenanche_ Lamb.) =Toxicodendron= Thunb.

100. Male flowers in catkins, spikes, racemes, or panicles, more rarely
in heads or umbels with a calyx-like involucre. Flowers dioecious.
[Subtribe ANTIDESMINAE.] 101

Male flowers in axillary glomerules, fascicles, or short cymes, rarely
in umbels without an involucre. 112

101. Male flowers in umbels or heads with a calyx-like involucre,
female solitary. Male flowers without a disc, but with a rudimentary
pistil. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-4 celled. Styles branched. Fruit fleshy,
indehiscent. Trees.--Species 30. Tropics. Some yield timber or edible
fruits. =Uapaca= Baill.

Male flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles without an involucre. 102

102. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a drupe. Trees or shrubs. 103

Ovary 2-5-celled. 105

103. Styles 3, 2-lobed. Male flowers with a disc. Stamens 2-5.--Species
25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some yield timber and dye-stuffs.
=Antidesma= L.

Style 1, undivided. Male flowers without a disc. 104

104. Sepals in the male flowers 3-5. Stamens 3-5. Disc of the female
flowers ring-shaped.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Cometia= Thouars

Sepals in the male flowers 6-8. Stamens numerous. Disc none.--Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil. =Plagiostyles= Pierre

105. Ovary 2-celled. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Trees or
shrubs. 106

Ovary 3-, rarely 4-5-celled. 108

106. Ovary and fruit winged. Styles long, undivided. Disc none. Stamens
4-6.--Species 12. Central and South Africa. =Hymenocardia= Wall.

Ovary and fruit not winged. Styles short. 107

107. Disc in the male flowers consisting of 5 scales, in the female
cup-shaped, entire. Stamens 5. Fruit one-seeded.--Species 4. West
Africa and Upper Nile. =Maesobotrya= Benth.

Disc, especially in the female flowers, little developed or absent.
Styles shortly lobed. Fruit several-seeded.--Species 10. West Africa.
=Baccaurea= Lour.

108. Disc indistinct or wanting. Styles short, very shortly lobed. (See
107.) =Baccaurea= Lour.

Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5. 109

109. Disc entire or nearly so. Styles undivided, united high up.
Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Shrubs.--Species 1. Equatorial
regions. =Baccaureopsis= Pax

Disc lobed or divided. Styles more or less deeply two-cleft. 110

110. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Stipules hair-like.
Flowers very small. Rudimentary pistil salver-shaped. Styles free,
thick, 2-cleft.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Cyathogyne= Muell. Arg.

Stem woody. Rudimentary pistil not salver-shaped. 111

111. Stipules large, kidney-shaped. Inflorescence springing from
the old wood. Seeds with an aril.--Species 5. West Africa. (Under
_Maesobotrya_ Benth.) =Staphysora= Pierre

Stipules not kidney-shaped. Flowers 5-merous. Anther-halves at first
suspended from the thickened connective. Styles long. (See 94.)
=Thecacoris= Juss.

112. (100.) Styles or sessile stigmas much broadened, sometimes wholly
united. Flowers dioecious. Disc present. Fruit indehiscent. Trees or
shrubs. [Subtribe DRYPETINAE.] 113

Styles or style-branches rather thin or broadened at the apex only.
[Subtribe PHYLLANTHINAE.] 115

113. Stamens 3. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas peltate, nearly sessile. Disc
cup-shaped in the male flowers, ring-shaped in the female. Sepals
unequal.--Species 1. West Africa. =Sibangea= Oliv.

Stamens 4 or more. 114

114. Fruit 1-seeded. Ovary 1-2-celled. Stamens usually 4.--Species 4.
Central Africa. =Drypetes= Vahl

Fruit 2-4-seeded. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stamens usually numerous.--Species
20. Tropical and South Africa. =Cyclostemon= Blume

115. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil and a disc usually divided
into glands. 116

Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. 120

116. Receptacle of the male flowers prolonged into an androphore.
Stamens 5-6. Shrubs, undershrubs, or herbs. 117 Receptacle not
prolonged into an androphore. Disc of the male flowers divided into
glands alternating with the sepals, rarely entire. Seeds without an
outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs and trees. 118

117. Disc of the male flowers nearly entire, of the female
divided into 5 glands alternating with the sepals. Fruit a drupe.
Seeds with an outgrowth at the hilum. Shrubs. Male inflorescence
many-flowered.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Pseudolachnostylis= Pax

Disc of the male flowers 5-lobed or divided into 5 glands opposite
the sepals. Fruit a capsule. Seeds without an outgrowth at the
hilum. Flowers monoecious, fascicled.--Species 4. Central Africa.
=Cluytiandra= Muell. Arg.

118. Disc of the male flowers slightly lobed. Styles undivided. Flowers
monoecious, large. Stipules large.--Species 1. German East Africa.
=Zimmermannia= Pax

Disc of the male flowers deeply lobed or divided. Styles two-cleft.
Flowers usually dioecious. 119

119. Anthers opening outwards. Disc of the female flowers lobed. Seeds
grooved on the ventral face; testa thick; embryo curved.--Species 8.
Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (Under _Securinega_
Juss.) =Flueggea= Willd.

Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Disc of the female flowers
undivided. Seeds not grooved; testa thin; embryo straight.--Species 6.
Some of them yield timber. =Securinega= Juss.

120. Disc present. 121

Disc absent. Shrubs or trees. 124

121. Disc of the male flowers consisting of 5-6 scales adnate below
to the sepals which consequently appear much thickened. Stamens 3.
Filaments very short, united. Anthers opening outwards. Style-branches
2-cleft. Flowers monoecious. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 1.
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Agyneia= Vent.

Disc of the male flowers not adnate to the sepals; hence sepals not
much thickened. 122

122. Stamens 2-10. Styles usually two-cleft.--Species 80. Tropical and
South Africa; one species naturalized in Egypt. Some of them serve as
garden-or hedge-plants or yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials,
edible fruits, and medicaments. (Including _Cicca_ L. and _Pleiostemon_
Sond.) (Plate 80.) =Phyllanthus= L.

Stamens 12-18. Disc many-lobed or many-parted. Styles 3. Shrubs or
trees. 123

123. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5. Disc lobed. Styles entire or
notched, flattened.--Species 1. Madagascar and Comoro Islands.
=Humblotia= Baill.

Flowers monoecious with 6 sepals, or dioecious with 5. Disc deeply
divided. Styles two-cleft. Stipules gland-like.--Species 2. Equatorial
West Africa. =Lingelsheimia= Pax

124. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 6-lobed. Stamens 3; filaments united;
anthers opening outwards. Male flowers in glomerules.--Species 1.
Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. (_Melanthesopsis_ Muell. Arg.)
=Breynia= Forst.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens 5; filaments free; anthers
opening inwards. Male flowers in umbels.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Leptonemea= Juss.


FAMILY 123. CALLITRICHACEAE

Herbs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters
in the leaf-axils, minute, without a perianth, but sometimes with two
bracteoles, monoecious. Stamens 1. Anther 2-celled. Ovary 4-celled.
Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a single coat
and a ventral raphe. Styles 2, free, awl-shaped. Fruit separating
into 4 drupe-like mericarps. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile. (Under
_HALORRHAGIDACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 6. North and South Africa and high mountains of
Central Africa; one species also naturalized in Madagascar and the
Mascarene Islands. =Callitriche= L.


ORDER SAPINDALES


SUBORDER BUXINEAE


FAMILY 124. BUXACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite, simple, entire.
Flowers in lateral fascicles, heads or spikes, regular, monoecious.
Perianth simple, of 4 segments in the male flowers, of 4-6 in the
female. Disc absent. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, or 6. Filaments
free. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each
cell, pendulous or nearly so, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Styles
3, free, short and thick, undivided, persisting in fruit. Fruit a
loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo axile, straight.--Genera
3; species 8. (Under _EUPHORBIACEAE_.)

1. Stamens 4; filaments long. Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil.
Perianth of the female flowers of 4-6 segments.--Species 6. The box
(_B. sempervirens_ L.) is used as a garden-plant and yields wood and
medicaments; another species affords arrow-poison. [Tribe BUXEAE.]
=Buxus= L.

Stamens 6; filaments very short or absent. Male flowers without a
rudimentary pistil. Perianth of the female flowers of 4 segments.
[Tribe STYLOCEREAE.] 2

2. Flowers in fascicles, the male on long pedicels, very small. Leaves
narrowed into a long point.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Macropodandra=
Gilg

Flowers in groups of 3, nearly sessile, not very small. Leaves blunt or
slightly pointed.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Notobuxus= Oliv.


SUBORD ER EMPETRINEAE

FAMILY 125. EMPETRACEAE

Low shrubs. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost whorled, undivided,
grooved on the under surface, without stipules. Flowers solitary or
in heads, bracteolate, unisexual or polygamous. Sepals 3. Petals 3 or
none. Stamens 3, hypogynous, opposite to the sepals, free. Disc absent.
Ovary superior, 2-9-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, erect,
inverted, with ventral raphe. Style branched. Fruit a drupe. Seeds
without an outgrowth at the hilum, albuminous. Embryo axile; radicle
turned downwards.--Genera 2, species 2. North and South Africa.

Flowers, at least the male, crowded in terminal heads. Ovary
cells, style-branches, and fruit-stones 2-5. Style with linear
branches.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Azores. The fruits are used as
a condiment and in medicine. =Corema= Don

Flowers solitary, on lateral dwarf-shoots. Ovary-cells, style-branches,
and fruit-stones 6-9. Style with broadened branches.--Species 1. Island
of Tristan da Cunha. The fruits (crawberries) are eaten and used for
preparing drinks and medicaments. =Empetrum= L.


SUBORDER CORIARIINEAE


FAMILY 126. CORIARIACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, 3-nerved, without stipules.
Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 5, imbricate
in bud. Petals shorter, fleshy, enlarged after flowering. Stamens 10.
Anthers opening inwards. Carpels 5, distinct. Ovule 1 in each carpel,
pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit with a crustaceous rind,
indehiscent. Seeds with scanty albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used for tanning
and dyeing. =Coriaria= L.


SUBORDER ANACARDIINEAE


FAMILY 127. ANACARDIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Juice resinous. Leaves usually alternate, without
stipules. Flowers in panicles, usually polygamous. Corolla present,
rarely (_Pistacia_) absent. Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules solitary
in each cell, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Fruit usually a drupe.
Albumen of the seeds scanty or wanting.--Genera 29, species 250.
(_TEREBINTHACEAE_.) (Plate 81.)

1. Carpel 1. Style simple, lateral; stigma entire. Funicle basal.
Fertile stamen 1, rarely 5. Leaves simple, entire. Trees. [Tribe
MANGIFEREAE.] 2

Carpels 2-5, sometimes 1-4 of them rudimentary. Style simple with a
lobed stigma, or more or less deeply divided, or several free styles.
Fertile stamens 3 or more. Leaves usually compound. 5

2. Stamen 1. Filament broad. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4. Disc one-sided.
Leaves lanceolate.--Species 2. West Africa. The fruits are edible.
(Under _Mangifera_ L.) =Fegimanra= Pierre

Stamens 5-10, but usually 1 only fertile. Petals 5. 3

3. Fertile stamens 5. Calyx bursting irregularly.--Species 1.
Madagascar. The juice is used for preparing varnishes and medicaments.
=Gluta= L.

Fertile stamen 1, usually accompanied by 4 or 9 sterile ones, which
bear small anthers. Calyx 5-partite. 4

4. Stamens and staminodes together 5. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit
egg-shaped, with a fleshy pericarp and a slightly thickened stalk.
Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1 (_M. indica_ L., mango-tree). Cultivated
in the tropics. Yields timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials,
edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared, starch from
the seeds, and medicaments. =Mangifera= Burm.

Stamens and staminodes together 10. Disc indistinct. Fruit
kidney-shaped, with a resinous pericarp and a much thickened, fleshy
stalk. Leaves obovate.--Species 1 (_A. occidentale_ L., cashew-tree).
Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, gum, tanning and dyeing
materials, oil, vermin-poison, edible seeds and fruit-stalks from which
vinegar and brandy are prepared, and medicaments. =Anacardium= L.

5. (1.) Ovary with 1 fertile cell and sometimes 1-2 empty and usually
rudimentary ones, rarely (_Protorhus_) with 3 fertile cells; in this
case stamens 5 and leaves simple. [Tribe RHOIDEAE.] 6

Ovary with 3-5 fertile cells. Stamens 6-15 and leaves compound, rarely
stamens 5 and leaves simple, but then ovary-cells and styles 5. [Tribe
SPONDIEAE.] 20

6. Perianth simple, consisting of 1-2 segments in the male, of
2-5 in the female flowers. Stamens 3-5. Style 3-cleft. Leaves
compound.--Species 5, one of them only cultivated. North Africa
and northern East Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing
materials, resins (mastic and turpentine) which are used industrially,
in medicine, as fumigatories, masticatories, or condiments, and
for preparing spirituous drinks, also edible oily fruits and seeds
(pistachio-nuts) and various medicaments. =Pistacia= L.

Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. 7

7. Style 1, undivided, rarely (Micronychia) shortly cleft at the top,
or a slightly lobed sessile stigma. 8

Styles 3, free or united at the base, sometimes recurved and adnate to
the ovary, or 3 free sessile stigmas. 13

8. Leaves simple, undivided. 9

Leaves compound, pinnate. 11

9. Stamens 6-10, twice as many as the petals. Ovary with 1 fertile and
1 sterile cell. Style absent. Trees with small flowers.--Species 2.
Madagascar and Seychelles. =Campnosperma= Thwait.

Stamens 4-5, as many as the petals. Ovary 1-celled. Style present. 10

10. Corolla of the male flowers equalling the calyx. Disc broad,
fleshy. Filaments thread-shaped. Ovary and fruit much compressed.
Style short, undivided, with a 3-lobed stigma. Shrubs. Leaves serrate.
Flowers small. Female inflorescence finally with broadened branches and
hardened bracts.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (_Botryceras_
Willd.) =Laurophyllus= Thunb.

Corolla much exceeding the calyx. Disc cup-shaped. Filaments broad.
Ovary and fruit slightly compressed. Style long, shortly 3-cleft at
the top. Trees. Leaves entire. Flowers rather large.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Micronychia= Oliv.

11. Receptacle deeply cupular; hence petals and stamens distinctly
perigynous. Calyx valvate, corolla imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5-10.
Ovary sessile. Style thin. Fruit dry, indehiscent.--Species 1. West
Africa. =Thyrsodium= Benth.

Receptacle flattish or convex; hence petals and stamens hypogynous or
nearly so. Style thick or wanting. 12

12. Petals imbricate in the bud; sepals imbricate. Stamens 4-5, as
many as the petals. Ovary and fruit with a compressed stalk. Stigma
sessile. Fruit sickle-shaped, dry, indehiscent.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Faguetia= March.

Petals valvate in the bud. Stamens 5-20, usually more than petals.
Ovary and fruit sessile, the latter drupaceous.--Species 20. Tropics.
Some species yield timber, gum, and edible fruits. =Sorindeia= Thouars

13. (7.) Ovule basal or suspended from a basal funicle. 14

Ovule suspended from the top or the flank of the cavity. 16

14. Ovule subbasal, ascending. Styles lateral, thread-shaped. Ovary
compressed. Stamens 5, alternating with 2-cleft scales. Petals of the
male flowers longer, of the female shorter than the sepals. Sepals
lanceolate, enlarged in the fruit. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate;
stalk winged.--Species 1. South Africa. =Loxostylis= Spreng. fil.

Ovule suspended from the basal funicle. Styles terminal. Flowers
polygamous. 15

15. Endocarp crusty or bony, finally separating from the mesocarp.
Seedcoat thin. Leaves alternate, usually compound.--Species 100. Some
of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials (sumac), condiments,
medicaments, and edible fruits; others are used as ornamental plants.
=Rhus= L.

Endocarp leathery, not separating from the mesocarp. Seed-coat thick.
Leaves undivided, narrow, with numerous parallel side-nerves.--Species
18. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield timber. (_Anaphrenium_ E.
Mey.) =Heeria= Meissn.

16. Leaves simple, undivided. Stamens 5. 17

Leaves compound, trifoliolate or pinnate. 18

17. Filaments broadened. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule attached laterally.
Styles sickle-shaped, united at the base, with capitate stigmas.
Fruit transversely oblong; endocarp very thin. Embryo with thick
cotyledons.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally. =Baronia= Bak.

Filaments awl-shaped. Ovary usually 3-celled. Ovule attached at the
top of the cell. Stigmas sessile. Fruit oblong; endocarp woody. Leaves
opposite or nearly so, with numerous parallel side-nerves.--Species 10.
Madagascar and South-east Africa. Some species are poisonous or used
medicinally. =Protorhus= Engl.

18. Leaflets 3, toothed. Stamens 5. Ovary compressed. Styles lateral,
thread shaped. Fruit winged; endocarp very thin, mesocarp resinous.
Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Smodingium= E. Mey.

Leaflets 5 or more. Styles more or less terminal. 19

19. Stamens 4-5. Fruit with a crusty endocarp, a fibrous mesocarp, and
a fleshy exocarp. Embryo with a short radicle.--Species 30. Central
Africa. Some have edible fruits. (_Emiliomarcelia_ Hel. et Th. Dur.)
=Trichoscypha= Hook. fil.

Stamens 10. Fruit with a hard endocarp, an oily mesocarp, and a
parchment-like exocarp. Embryo with a long radicle. Shrubs.--Species 2.
Cultivated in North Africa, the Cape Verde Islands, and the Mascarenes.
They yield timber, resin used industrially and medicinally, tanning and
dyeing materials, vinegar, syrup, and medicaments. =Schinus= L.

20. (5.) Stamens 5, as many as the petals. Disc consisting of 5
scales. Styles 5. Leaves simple, undivided.--Species 2. West Africa.
=Spondianthus= Engl.

Stamens 6-15, twice as many as the petals or more. Leaves compound. 21

21. Petals valvate in bud. 22

Petals imbricate in bud. 23

22. Flowers dioecious, 4-merous. Petals lanceolate, with inflexed tips.
Male flowers with a sterile ovary and a simple style. Leaflets 3,
serrate.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa. =Spondiopsis= Engl.

Flowers polygamous, usually 5-merous. Petals oblong ovate or
elliptical, finally recurved. Styles in the female and hermaphrodite
flowers 4-5, free. Leaflets 5 or more, usually with a marginal
nerve.--Species 4, two of them growing wild in equatorial West Africa,
the others cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, gum, tanning
material, medicaments, and edible fruits from which a spirituous drink
is prepared. (Including _Antrocaryon_ Pierre). =Spondias= L.

23. Sepals free. Stone of the fruit with 3-4 lids at the top. 24

Sepals more or less united. 25

24. Flowers dioecious, 3-4-merous. Anthers subglobose, versatile. Seeds
oblong, terete.--Species 2. Central Africa. The fruits are edible.
(Under _Spondias_ L.). =Pseudospondias= Engl.

Flowers polygamous, 4-5-merous. Anthers oblong, continuous with the
filament. Ovary-cells and styles usually 3. Seeds club-shaped, somewhat

[Illustration: ANACARDIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 81._

J. Fleischmann del.

Lannea Schimperi (Hochst.) Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Male flower cut lengthwise.
_D_ Older female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit.]

[Illustration: CELASTRACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 82._

J. Fleischmann del.

Elaeodendron croceum (Thunb.) DC.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of
ovary. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

compressed.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. They yield timber,
gum, dyes, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits and seeds from which a
spirituous drink is prepared. =Sclerocarya= Hochst.

25. Flowers 3-merous, dioecious. Fruit 1-2-seeded. Leaflets
numerous.--Species 2. West Africa. They yield timber and edible fruits
(blood-plums). =Haematostaphis= Hook. fil.

Flowers 4-5-merous. 26

26. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit usually 1-seeded. 27

Flowers 5-merous. Fruit 2-5-seeded. Leaflets 5 or more. Sepals united
at the base only. 28

27. Sepals united high up. Petals oblong. Disc 4-partite. Style
simple, club-shaped. Flowers in panicled fascicles. Leaflets numerous,
alternate.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Nothospondias= Engl.

Sepals united at the base only. Petals obovate. Disc 8-crenate. Styles
3-4. Stone of the fruit with 1-2 fertile cells bearing a lid at the
top and with 2-3 sterile cells. Seeds 1 or 2; in the latter case
leaflets 3.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Several species
yield timber, bark used for making cloth, gum, edible fruits, and
medicaments. (_Calesiam_ Adans., _Odina_ Roxb., including _Lanneoma_
Del.) (Plate 81.) =Lannea= Rich.

28. Male flowers with a narrow disc and 3 styles. Stone of the
fruit with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.--Species 1. South Africa.
=Harpephyllum= Bernh.

Male flowers with a broad disc and 5 styles. Ovary 5-celled. Stone of
the fruit with 3-5 fertile cells. Panicles spike-like.--Species 5.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber, resin, and edible fruits.
(Under _Spondias_ L.) =Poupartia= Comm.


SUBORDER CELASTRINEAE


FAMILY 128. AQUIFOLIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed. Flowers
regular, dioecious. Calyx 4-7-cleft. Petals 4-7, united at the base,
imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals, hypogynous. Anthers
2-celled, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary
superior, 4-8-celled. Style short or absent; stigma lobed. Ovules
solitary in each cell or two side by side, pendulous, inverted,
covered by a cupular expansion of the funicle. Fruit a drupe with
4-8 one-seeded stones. Embryo minute, at the apex of the albumen
(_ILICINEAE._)

Genus 1, species 5. They yield timber, bird-lime, tea, and medicaments.
The holly (_I. Aquifolium_ L.), with poisonous fruits, is also planted
as a garden-or hedge-plant. =Ilex= L.


FAMILY 129. CELASTRACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-5,
imbricate or open in bud. Petals 4-5, free, imbricate in bud. Disc
present. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals. Filaments
free. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits sometimes confluent at
the top. Ovary superior, but sometimes sunk in the disc and adnate to
it, 2-5-celled, rarely (_Pleurostylia_) 1-celled. Ovules 1-8 in each
cell, inverted. Style 1 or 0. Seeds usually albuminous. Embryo axile,
with leaf-like cotyledons.--Genera 15, species 160. (Plate 82.)

1. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with an aril. [Subfamily
=CELASTROIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit a drupe or a nut. Seeds without an aril. 7

2. Leaves opposite, at least those of the flowering and fruiting
branches. Unarmed shrubs. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. 3

Leaves alternate. 4

3. Petals spreading. Disc thick. Anthers opening by 1 slit.
Ovary-cells and stigmas 4-5. Seeds enveloped by a red aril. Leaves
elliptical.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Yields timber
and medicaments and serves as an ornamental plant; the fruits are
poisonous. “Spindle-tree.” =Evonymus= L.

Petals erect. Disc thin. Anthers opening by 2 slits. Ovary-cells
and stigmas 3. Seeds with a white, wing-like aril. Leaves
lanceolate.--Species 1 (_C. edulis_ Forsk.). Central and South Africa.
The wood and the leaves are used, the latter for chewing and for
preparing a tea and medicaments. (_Methyscophyllum_ Eckl. & Zeyh.)
=Catha= Forsk.

4. Flowers in axillary racemes or umbels, or more frequently solitary
or in clusters and inserted upon the leaves, 5-merous. Ovary-cells and
stigmas 5, very rarely 3-4. Seeds with a laciniate aril. Unarmed shrubs
or trees.--Species 7. Madagascar. (Under _Celastrus_ L.). =Polycardia=
Juss.

Flowers in axillary fascicles or cymes. Ovary 2-3-celled, very rarely
4-5-celled. 5

5. Ovules 3-6 in each cell of the ovary. Disc thick, almost
hemispherical, ribbed, red. Seeds enveloped by the aril. Spiny
shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under _Celastrus_ L.) =Putterlickia=
Endl.

Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. Ovary 2-3-celled. Disc not
hemispherical. 6

6. Fruit with usually wing-like appendages. Seeds with a gaping aril.
Ovary usually ribbed. Stigmas 2-3. Disc 5-lobed or 5-parted. Flowers
5-merous. Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves entire.--Species 9. South
Africa. =Pterocelastrus= Meissn.

Fruit without appendages. Ovary not ribbed. Disc faintly lobed, not
ribbed.--Species 80. Some of them yield timber, rubber, or medicaments.
(Including Scytophyllum Eckl. & Zeyh., under _Celastrus_ L.)
=Gymnosporia= Wight & Arn.

7. (1.) Fruit broadly winged, with a leathery rind. Flowers 4-merous.
Stamens inserted within the disc. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary
2-celled, with 1 erect ovule in each cell. Stigma 1, small. Shrubs.
Leaves opposite, entire. Inflorescences terminal and axillary.--Species
1. Madagascar. [Subfamily =TRIPTERYGIOIDEAE=.] =Ptelidium= Thouars

Fruit not winged. Stamens inserted on the edge or outer face of the
disc. Anthers usually opening inwards. [Subfamily =CASSINIOIDEAE=.] 8

8. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2-8, erect. Style lateral. Stigma peltate.
Flowers 5-merous. Fruit with a thin endocarp and a thin-fleshy
mesocarp. Seeds with copious albumen. Leaves opposite.--Species 5. East
and South Africa and Malagasy Islands. (Including _Cathastrum_ Turcz.)
=Pleurostylia= Wight & Arn.

Ovary 2-4-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Style terminal, rarely
lateral in the fruit. 9

9. Ovules pendulous. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit a drupe. Glabrous shrubs.
Upper leaves opposite, broad.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).
Yields timber. (Under _Cassine_ L.) =Maurocenia= L.

Ovules erect. 10

10. Stigma entire. Anthers turned inwards. Petal-like staminodes
usually present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves opposite, unequal, the
lower lanceolate, the upper oval. Trees.--Species 1. Isle of Réunion.
=Herya= Cordem.

Stigma 2-4-lobed, very rarely entire, but then anthers turned outwards.
Petal-like staminodes none. 11

11. Flowers in short racemes, unisexual, 4-merous. Stamens inserted
at the margin of the thin disc; filaments strap-shaped. Fruit almost
dry. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under _Elaeodendron_ Jacq.) =Lauridia= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Flowers solitary or in fascicles or cymes; usually hermaphrodite. 12

12. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit almost dry.--Species 20.
Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Cassine_ L. or _Elaeodendron_ Jacq.)
=Mystroxylon= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Leaves opposite or the upper alternate. 13

13. Pericarp neither fleshy nor hardened. Seeds exalbuminous. Anthers
opening outwards. Glabrous shrubs. Leaves more or less distinctly
toothed.--Species 3. South Africa and Madagascar. (Under _Schrebera_
Thunb.) =Hartogia= Thunb.

Pericarp more or less fleshy or hardened. Seeds albuminous. Anthers
usually opening inwards. 14

14. Pericarp fleshy. Leaves opposite.--Species 10. South Africa.
=Cassine= L.

Pericarp dry.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Cassine_
L.) (Plate 82.) =Elaeodendron= Jacq.


FAMILY 130. HIPPOCRATEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple. Flowers regular. Calyx 5-partite,
imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, inserted below the disc. Stamens 3-5,
inserted upon or within the disc. Filaments free, strap-shaped. Ovary
3-celled, with 2-10 inverted ovules in each cell. Style 1 or 0. Fruit
drupaceous or capsular or separating into several mericarps. Seeds
exalbuminous.--Genera 3, species 110. Tropical and South Africa. (Under
_CELASTRINEAE_.) (Plate 83.)

1. Stamens 5. Anthers opening inwards by a transverse slit. Disc
indistinct. Ovules 6-8 to each ovary-cell. Leaves opposite,
serrate.--Species 4. West Africa. =Campylostemon= Welw.

Stamens 3. Anthers opening outwards. Disc distinct. 2

2. Fruit drupaceous. Petals imbricate in bud. Flowers usually in
fascicles or in fascicled cymes.--Species 60. Tropical and South
Africa. Several species yield rubber or edible fruits. (Plate 83.)
=Salacia= L.

Fruit capsular or separating into several mericarps. Anthers roundish.
Leaves opposite. Flowers usually in simple cymes.--Species 50. Tropics
to Delagoa Bay. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Helictonema_
Pierre). =Hippocratea= L.


FAMILY 131. SALVADORACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, with minute stipules.
Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes or panicles, regular. Calyx
2-4-cleft. Petals 4, very rarely 5, free or united at the base, with
imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternate
with the petals; sometimes 4-5 staminodes also present. Ovary superior,
1-2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, erect, inverted. Style simple,
short. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo with the
radicle turned downwards.--Genera 3, species 6.

1. Flowers dioecious. Petals 4, free, narrow. Filaments free from one
another and from the corolla. Glands between the stamens absent. Ovary
2-celled. Shrubs with 2-6 spines in the axils of the leaves.--Species
2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. (_Monetia_ L’Hér.)
=Azima= Lam.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Filaments united together or to
the corolla. Glands between the stamens nearly always present. Ovary
1-celled. Unarmed shrubs or trees. 2

2. Petals free, narrow. Filaments united at the base. Anthers
oblong.--Species 3. East Africa. Yielding timber. (Including
_Platymitium_ Warb.) =Dobera= Juss.

Petals united at the base, broad, 4. Filaments free. Anthers ovoid
or globose.--Species 1 (_S. persica_ Garcin). North-east and Central
Africa to Delagoa Bay. Yields edible fruits and medicaments; the twigs
are used as tooth-brushes. =Salvadora= Garcin

[Illustration: HIPPOCRATEACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 83._

J. Fleischmann del.

Salacia Dusenii Loesen.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower from above. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise.
_D_ Cross-section of ovary.]

[Illustration: ICACINACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 84._

J. Fleischmann del.

Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Fruit
cut lengthwise.]


SUBORDER ICACININEAE


FAMILY 132. ICACINACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules.
Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Stamens as many as the petals or
perianth-segments and alternate with them. Anthers opening by 2
longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2, pendulous,
inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style 1 or 0. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, with
a thin testa, without an aril.--Genera 19, species 90. Tropical and
South Africa. (Under _OLACINEAE_.) (Plate 84.)

1. Pericarp warty or spiny on the inner face. Embryo equalling
the albumen. Climbing or twining shrubs. Leafstalk terete. [Tribe
PHYTOCRENEAE.] 2

Pericarp smooth or wrinkled on the inside. Leaves entire. 7

2. Perianth simple, 3-5-parted. Stigma sessile. Leaves palminerved. 3

Perianth, at least in the female flowers, consisting of a sometimes
very small calyx and a corolla of united petals. Leaves penninerved. 5

3. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves,
hermaphrodite. Stem tuberous, with slightly twining branches. Leaves
undivided, wavy at the margin.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland).
=Trematosperma= Urban

Flowers in heads or spikes, dioecious. 4

4. Flowers in heads arranged in spikes or panicles. Perianth of the
male flowers 3-lobed.--Species 3. West Africa. =Polycephalium= Engl.

Flowers in spikes. Perianth usually 4-parted.--Species 15. Tropical and
South Africa. =Pyrenacantha= Hook.

5. Calyx minute. Corolla not enlarged in the fruit. Flowers in spikes
arising from the lower part of the stem. Leaves oval.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Endacanthus= Baill.

Calyx distinctly developed, at least in the female flowers. Corolla
enlarged in the fruit. 6

6. Calyx of the male flowers 5-toothed. Petals 5. Filaments rather
long. Anthers linear. Flowers in spikes at the nodes of the older
branches. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).
=Stachyanthus= Engl.

Calyx of the male flowers indistinct or wanting. Petals 4. Filaments
short. Anthers ovate. Flowers in spikes or heads. Species 7. West
Africa. =Chlamydocarya= Baill.

7. (1.) Flowers dioecious, with a corolla of united petals, with or
without a calyx. Stamens with flat filaments; anthers opening inwards.
Embryo nearly equalling the albumen. Climbing shrubs, usually with
tendrils. Leaves opposite. Flowers in panicles.--Species 6. Tropics.
[Tribe IODEAE.] =Iodes= Blume

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, rarely unisexual, but then with
a calyx and a corolla of free petals, or without a corolla, and
the anthers opening outwards. Embryo usually much shorter than the
albumen. Trees or erect, rarely climbing shrubs; in the latter case
leaves alternate or flowers in spikes. [Tribe ICACINEAE.] 8

8. Flowers unisexual, dioecious. Calyx 5-partite. Petals minute
and free, or wanting. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary with a
ring-shaped appendage at the top. Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in
panicles.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Grisollea=
Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx and
a corolla. 9

9. Petals free. Sepals usually united high up. 10

Petals more or less united. Sepals usually united at the base only. 14

10. Embryo nearly as long as the albumen. 11

Embryo much shorter than the albumen. 12

11. Petals bearded within. Disc present. Style long; stigma
small or shield-shaped. Fruit with a crusty endocarp. Embryo
with flat cotyledons. Shrubs with ascending or somewhat twining
branches.--Species 7. Tropics. Some have edible fruits or seeds.
=Icacina= Juss.

Petals not bearded within. Disc absent. Fruit with a woody endocarp
and a fleshy mesocarp. Embryo with folded cotyledons. Climbing
shrubs.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. The fruits and seeds are
eaten and used medicinally. =Lavigeria= Pierre

12. Stem climbing. Flowers in spikes. Petals hairy outside. Disc
present. Ovary without swellings. Style terminal; stigma slightly
lobed.--Species 6. Tropics. =Desmostachys= Planch. & Miers

Stem erect, tree-like. Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Ovary with 2
swellings. Style lateral. 13

13. Flowers in axillary fascicles. Filaments broadened below. Ovary
usually with two narrow swellings at the top.--Species 12. Central
Africa. (Under _Apodytes_ Mey.) =Rhaphiostyles= Planch.

Flowers in terminal panicles. Filaments awl-shaped. Ovary with two
broad swellings on the ventral face.--Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa. Several species yield timber or edible fruits. (Plate 84.)
=Apodytes= E. Mey.

14. Petals united at the base or nearly to the middle. 15

Petals united beyond the middle. 16

15. Petals imbricate in the bud. Style short. Leaves opposite. Flowers
in repeatedly forked cymes.--Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar.
=Cassinopsis= Sond.

Petals valvate in the bud. Style long. Leaves alternate. Flowers
in few-flowered fascicles or panicles.--Species 9. Central Africa.
(Including _Alsodeiidium_ Engl.) =Alsodeiopsis= Oliv.

16. Petals imbricate in the bud. Sepals and stamens unequal. Disc
indistinct. Stigma sessile. Leaves opposite, elliptical. Flowers in
panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tridianisia= Baill.

Petals valvate in the bud. 17

17. Petals bent backwards at the tip. Disc thick. Style short. Leaves
opposite, lanceolate. Flowers in few-flowered axillary cymes.--Species
1. West Africa (Congo). =Acrocoelium= Baill.

Petals bent inwards at the tip. Disc absent. Leaves alternate. 18

18. Sepals united at the base only. Filaments adnate to the
corolla-tube throughout their whole length, without appendages. Style
long, filiform. Ovary and fruit without a swelling.--Species 5.
Tropics. =Leptaulus= Benth.

Sepals united high up. Filaments free from the corolla, with two tufts
of hairs at the apex. Style short, conical. Ovary and fruit with a
lateral swelling. Flowers in head-like cymes.--Species 1. West Africa.
=Lasianthera= Beauv.


SUBORDER SAPINDINEAE


FAMILY 133. ACERACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, palmately lobed, without stipules.
Flowers in terminal corymbs, regular, polygamous. Sepals 5, free.
Petals 5, free. Stamens 8, very rarely 4 or 12, perigynous, inserted
on the inner edge of the thick disc. Filaments free. Ovary superior,
2-lobed and 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles 2 or a single
style with 2 branches or stigmas. Fruit winged, splitting into 2
mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under _SAPINDACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 4. North-west Africa. They yield timber, tanning bark,
and sugar, and serve as ornamental plants. “Maple.” =Acer= L.


FAMILY 134. SAPINDACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely (_Cardiospermum_) herbs or undershrubs. Leaves
alternate, usually compound. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely
solitary or in clusters, polygamous, rarely unisexual. Petals 4-5,
mostly with a scale on the inner face, or absent. Stamens 4-24, usually
8, inserted within the disc, rarely upon it; sometimes disc indistinct.
Anthers opening inwards by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-8-,
usually 3-celled, sometimes not quite completely septate or with a
single fertile cell, frequently lobed. Ovules 1-2, rarely (_Cossignia_)
3 in each ovary-cell, curved. Style 1, undivided, rarely cleft.
Seeds exalbuminous; embryo usually curved.--Genera 51, species 200.
(Including _DIDIEREACEAE_.) (Plate 85.)

1. Ovary with 1 fertile cell and sometimes 2 sterile ones. Ovule 1.
Style 3-4-cleft. Stamens 8-10, inserted on the edge of the ring-shaped
disc. Petals 4. Sepals 2. Flowers dioecious. Leaves undivided,
deciduous. Spiny trees.--Species 6. Madagascar. Some species yield
timber. (Including _Alluaudia_ Drake). [Tribe DIDIEREAE.] =Didierea=
Baill.

Ovary with 2-8 fertile cells. Stamens inserted within the disc, rarely
upon it (_Pistaciopsis_) or no distinct disc present (_Dodonaea_); in
both these cases petals wanting. 2

2. Ovule 1 in each cell of the ovary. 3

Ovules 2, very rarely 3, in each cell of the ovary. 45

3. Ovule pendulous. Ovary 2-celled. Style undivided, with 2 decurrent
stigmatic lines at the apex. Stamens 5. Disc regular. Petals 5, small.
Sepals 5, slightly imbricate in bud. Fruit succulent, indehiscent.
Seeds without an aril. Embryo with pinnately cut cotyledons. Branches
and leaves with a resinous coating. Leaves equally pinnate, with a
winged rachis.--Species 2. Equatorial East Africa and Madagascar.
=Filicium= Thwait.

Ovule erect or ascending. Stamens usually 8. 4

4. Flowers irregular, with a one-sided disc. Petals 4. 5

Flowers regular or nearly so, with a complete disc. Petals 5 or
0. Leaves exstipulate, equally pinnate, rarely unequally pinnate
(_Pistaciopsis_) or simple (_Pappea_). 14

5. Leaves stipulate, unequally pinnate with 5 leaflets or twice
ternate. Herbs or undershrubs or climbing tendril-bearing shrubs.
Petals with a crested, and hooded scale. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. 6

Leaves exstipulate, simple trifoliolate or equally pinnate. Trees or
shrubs without tendrils. Seeds without an aril. 8

6. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Fruit capsular, inflated,
with a membranous rind. Seeds without an aril.--Species 5. Tropical and
South Africa, one species (_C. Helicacabum_ L.) also naturalized in
North Africa. They yield fodder, vegetables, oil, and medicaments, and
serve also as decorative plants. “Heartseed.” =Cardiospermum= L.

Stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils. Fruit capsular, not inflated,
with a leathery or woody rind, or separating into mericarps. Seeds with
a more or less distinct aril. 7

7. Leaves twice ternate. Fruit 3-winged below, separating into 3
nutlets.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Serjania= Schum.

Leaves pinnate. Fruit wingless, capsular.--Species 1. Tropics.
Poisonous and yielding fibres and medicaments. =Paullinia= L.

8. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. Sepals 4, broadly imbricate in bud.
Petals with a crestless, notched or 2-parted scale. Stamens 8. Ovary
deeply lobed. Fruit of 1-3 drupes.--Species 50. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments.
(Under _Schmidelia_ L.) =Allophyllus= L.

Leaves abruptly pinnate. Sepals 5. 9

9. Sepals free, broadly imbricate in bud. Petals with a notched scale.
Stamens 8. Fruit separating into 3 mericarps. Seed-coat hard.--Species
3. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and Seychelles. The wood and the
fruits (soap-berries) are used; the latter afford a substitute for
soap, mucilage, oil, poison, and medicaments; the seeds serve as
ornaments and for making buttons and rosaries. (Including _Dittelasma_
Hook.) =Sapindus= L.

Sepals more or less united, narrowly imbricate or valvate in bud. Fruit
furrowed or lobed, indehiscent. 10

10. Calyx shortly bell-or top-shaped; sepals united at the base only.
Petals with a 2-crested scale. Stamens 6-8. Pericarp crustaceous or
leathery. 11

Calyx deeply urn-shaped or almost globular; sepals united high up.
Pericarp more or less fleshy. 12

11. Disc obliquely cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals imbricate in bud.
Petals with a very broad scale. Shrubs. Leaflets 10.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Plagioscyphus= Radlk.

Disc not cupular. Ovary 3-celled. Leaflets 4-8.--Species 7. West
Africa. (Under _Erioglossum_ Blume) =Pancovia= Willd.

12. Stamens 12-15. Petals sessile; scale adnate below by the
margin, bearing a short crest. Ovary 6-8-celled. Trees. Leaflets
10-12.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Glossolepis= Gilg

Stamens 6-8. Petals clawed. 13

13. Scales of the petals adnate below by the margins, bearing an
incurved crest; claws elongate. Calyx subglobose, shortly toothed.
Ovary 7-celled. Trees. Leaflets numerous.--Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). =Radlkofera= Gilg

Scales of the petals adnate by a ridge, more rarely free. Ovary
3-4-celled, rarely 7-8-celled, but then petals with a free and
crestless scale. Species 10. West Africa. Some have edible fruits.
=Chytranthus= Hook. fil.

14. (4.) Petals absent. 15

Petals present. 23

15. Sepals 4-6, united at the base only, valvate or almost valvate in
bud. 16

Sepals 5, united high up. 19

16. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Sepals 4. Leaves with 4-6
leaflets.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Crossonephelis= Baill.

Stamens 5-8. Ovary 3-celled. 17

17. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Sepals 4-5, hairy outside. Stamens
7-8. Seeds without an aril. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets.--Species 2.
Central Africa. =Melanodiscus= Radlk.

Flowers in clusters. Stamens 5, rarely 6-7, but then seeds with an
aril. 18

18. Stamens inserted inside the disc; filaments short, not exceeding
the calyx; anthers linear. Sepals 5-6, hairy above. Seed 1, with an
aril. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with 4-10 leaflets.--Species 2. East
Africa. =Haplocoelum= Radlk.

Stamens inserted at the edge of the disc, 5; filaments long, much
exceeding the calyx; anthers oblong or oval. Sepals 5. Leaves with a
narrowly winged rachis.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Pistaciopsis=
Engl.

19. Sepals imbricate in bud, finally slashed. Stamens 8-10, bent
twice in the bud. Ovary 3-celled. Seeds with an aril; embryo almost
straight. Trees. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.--Species 2.
Central Africa. Flowers fragrant, used for preparing an aromatic water.
=Lecaniodiscus= Planch.

Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 8. 20

20. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds with an aril. 21

Ovary 3-celled. 22

21. Fruit covered with wart-like protuberances. Aril free from the
seedcoat.--Species 1 (_L. chinensis_ Sonn.) Cultivated in the tropics
and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. It yields timber, edible
fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Nephelium_ L. or _Euphoria_ Commers.)
=Litchi= Sonn.

Fruit covered with soft spine-like processes or glabrous. Aril adnate
to the seed-coat.--Species 1 (_N. lappaceum_ L., Rambutan). Cultivated
in the tropics. It yields edible fruits and fat-containing seeds.
(Under _Euphoria_ Comm.) =Nephelium= L.

22. Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. Calyx cup-shaped. Flowers
in axillary panicles.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. Yields timber
(iron-wood), edible fruits, and oily seeds. (Under _Nephelium_ L.)
=Stadmannia= Lam.

Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Calyx top-shaped. Flowers
in racemes or panicles springing from the older parts of the
stem.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Placodiscus= Radlk.

23. (14.) Calyx 5-lobed; lobes open or slightly imbricate in bud.
Stamens 6-10. 24

Calyx 5-parted. 27

24. Calyx urn-shaped. Petals with a scale adnate by a ridge. Fruit
indehiscent, 3-lobed, with a leathery pericarp. Seeds without an aril.
Inflorescences arising from the older branches. Leaves pinnate. (See
13.) =Chytranthus= Hook. fil.

Calyx cup-or saucer-shaped, small. Petals with a scale adnate by the
margins, or with a free scale, or without a scale. Fruit dehiscent.
Seeds with an aril. 25

25. Petals hairy, without a scale or with the inflexed margins
prolonged into small scales. Ovary lobed. Pericarp leathery. Leaves
simple, undivided, oblong.--Species 4. East and South Africa. They
yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds. (Under _Sapindus_ L.)
=Pappea= Eckl. & Zeyh.

Petals with a free scale or with a scale adnate by the margins. Leaves
pinnate. 26

26. Petals with a scale adnate by the margins, hence funnel-shaped.
Disc clothing the base of the calyx. Filaments hairy. Fruit 3-angled,
almost glabrous. Inflorescences axillary.--Species 5. Central Africa.
Some yield timber. (Under _Blighia_ Koen.) =Phialodiscus= Radlk.

Petals with an almost free, notched scale. Disc free. Filaments
glabrous. Fruit almost globose; pericarp crustaceous or woody, hispid
on the outside, woolly within.--Species 3. West Africa. Yielding
timber. =Eriocoelum= Hook. fil.

27. (23.) Sepals narrowly imbricate in bud. 28

Sepals broadly imbricate in bud. 33

28. Stamens 5. Petals hooded, without scales. Disc 5-lobed. Ovary
2-celled. Fruit indehiscent, with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with an
aril. Leaves with numerous leaflets. Inflorescences arising from the
older parts of the stem.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pseudopteris= Baill.

Stamens 6-10. 29

29. Stamens 6-7. Petals hairy, with 1-2 scales adnate by their edges.
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit compressed, dehiscent, with a cartilagineous
endocarp. Seeds with an adnate aril. Leaves with 4-11 pairs of
leaflets. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 3. Central Africa.
=Aporrhiza= Radlk.

Stamens 8-10. 30

30. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 8. 31

Ovary 3-celled. Fruit tardily dehiscent. Stamens 8-10. Petals furnished
at the base with a scale adnate at each side. 32

31. Leaflets in 3-4 pairs, toothed, pellucidly dotted, beset with scaly
glands when young. Fruit 2-lobed, with a fleshy pericarp. Seeds without
an aril.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Sapindus_ L.)
=Smelophyllum= Radlk.

Leaflets in 5 pairs, entire, beset with stellate hairs. Fruit with a
crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with a free aril.--Species 1 (_E. Longana_
Lam.). Cultivated in the tropics and in Egypt and naturalized in the
Mascarene Islands. Yields timber and edible fruits. (Under _Nephelium_
L.) =Euphoria= Commers.

32. Petals saccate at the base. Stamens 8, rarely 10. Fruit
large, bluntly 3-angled. Seeds enveloped at the base by an adnate
aril.--Species 3. West Africa. The aril is poisonous when unripe
or over-ripe, but edible when ripe, and used for preparing oil and
medicaments; from the fragrant flowers an aromatic liquid is prepared.
“Akee-tree.” (Under _Cupania_ L.) =Blighia= Koen.

Petals funnel-shaped. Stamens 10. Seeds enclosed in the fleshy testa.
Leaflets in 4-6 pairs, toothed.--Species 3. West Africa. =Lychnodiseus=
Radlk.

33. (27.) Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit compressed, dehiscent, with
a spongey pericarp. Seeds with a free aril.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Tinopsis= Radlk.

Stamens 8-24. 34

34. Stamens 8. 35

Stamens 10-24. Seeds without an aril. 42

35. Leaves twice pinnate. Petals small. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent,
with a crustaceous pericarp. Seeds with a membranous aril and
a crustaceous testa.--Species 10. Madagascar and East Africa.
=Macphersonia= Blume

Leaves once pinnate. 36

36. Petals with 1 scale. Seeds without an aril; testa membranous,
leathery, or crustaceous. 37

Petals with 2 scales, usually formed by the inflexion of their edges,
rarely (_Molinaea_) without scales. Seeds with an aril, rarely
(_Sapindus_) without, but then with a bony testa. 38

37. Leaflets prickly toothed, in several pairs. Stem shrubby.
Inflorescences springing from the older parts of the stem. Petals with
a hooded scale. Disc cup-shaped, crenate.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Cotylodiscus= Radlk.

Leaflets entire. Stem tree-like. Fruit lobed. 38

38. Leaflets in 2 pairs. Fruit drupaceous, not separating into
mericarps. Seeds with a thin testa; embryo nearly straight.--Species 1
(_A. senegalensis_ Radlk.). Central Africa. It yields timber and edible
fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap; the seeds are
poisonous. (Under _Sapindus_ L.) =Aphania= Blume

Leaflets in 3 or more pairs. Fruit separating into 2-3 berry-like
mericarps. Seeds with a leathery testa.--Species 20. Tropical and South
Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Plate 85.) =Deinbollia= Schum. &
Thonn.

39. Petals with large scales. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit capsular.--Species
10. Madagascar. (Under _Cupania_ L., _Jagera_ Blume, or _Ratonia_ DC.).
=Tina= Roem. & Schult.

Petals with small scales or without scales. Ovary 3-celled. 40

40. Petals very small, with 2 linear scales at the base. Filaments
bent twice in the bud. Shrubs. Leaflets in 6-10 pairs.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Eriandrostachys= Baill.

Petals small or rather large, with the margins bent inwards at the base
or without any appendage. Usually trees. 41

41. Seeds with an aril and a crustaceous testa. Fruit winged,
capsular.--Species 8. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some species yield
timber and medicaments. (Under _Cupania_ L.). =Molinaea= Comm.

Seeds without an aril; testa bony. Fruit not winged, drupaceous or
separating into mericarps. (See 9.) =Sapindus= L.

42. (34.) Petals without a scale. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit
capsular, bristly. Climbing shrubs clothed with rust-coloured hairs.
Leaflets in 3-4 pairs, toothed.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under
_Cupania_ L.) =Laccodiscus= Radlk.

Petals with a scale. Trees or erect shrubs. 43

43. Ovary entire. Stamens 10-12. Leaves without glands.--Species 1.
East Africa. (Under _Deinbollia_ Schum. & Thonn.) =Camptolepis= Radlk.

[Illustration: SAPINDACEAE

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 85._

J. Fleischmann del.

Deinbollia pycnophylla Gilg

_A_ Inflorescence. _B_ Male flower. _C_ Male flower cut lengthwise (two
anthers have fallen off). _D_ Older female flower cut lengthwise. _E_
Leaf.]

[Illustration: MELIANTHACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 86._

J. Fleischmann del.

Bersama abyssinica Fresen.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Flower without the
perianth. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit.
_G_ Seed with aril. _H_ Seed cut lengthwise.]


Ovary lobed or divided. Stamens 12-24. Leaves with sunken glands. Fruit
separating into mericarps. 44

44. Fruit winged; pericarp leathery. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 20-24.
Sepals densely clothed with silky hairs. Leaflets 4, with conspicuous
veins.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. The seeds contain oil. =Hornea=
Bak.

Fruit not winged; pericarp fleshy. (See 38.) =Deinbollia= Schum. &
Thonn.

45. (2.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4. Disc one-sided. Ovary 3-celled.
Fruit capsular. 46

Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals 5 or 0. Disc complete or
indistinct. 48

46. Petals with a long claw and a crisped scale, red. Disc cup-shaped.
Stamens 8. Ovary stalked. Fruit inflated, bursting irregularly. Seeds
with a red, bony testa and a spiral embryo. Shrubs. Leaves unequally
pinnate with a winged rachis and 11-13 leaflets.--Species 2. South
Africa and Madagascar. =Erythrophysa= E. Mey.

Petals with a short claw and without a scale. Disc flat. Ovary sessile.
Fruit opening regularly. Seeds with a leathery or crusty testa. Leaves
with 3-10 leaflets clothed with stellate hairs. 47

47. Stamens 5-6. Fruit with septifragal dehiscence. Embryo spirally
twisted. Leaves unequally pinnate, with 3-7 leaflets.--Species 2.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber. =Cossignia= Comm.

Stamens 8. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. Embryo curved. Leaves
equally pinnate, with 6-10 leaflets.--Species 3. Tropics. (_Majidea_
Kirk) =Harpullia= Roxb.

48. Petals present. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves equally pinnate.
49

Petals absent. 51

49. Disc somewhat one-sided. Petals green or yellowish. Fruit capsular.
Leaves with 8-10 leaflets. (See 47.) =Harpullia= Roxb.

Disc equal-sided. Petals red or reddish. 50

50. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets. Petals with the margins bent back at the
base. Fruit capsular, 3-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Conchopetalum=
Radlk.

Leaves with 8-14 usually serrate leaflets along a winged rachis.
Petals minutely toothed. Fruit indehiscent, leathery, usually
1-celled.--Species 1. South Africa. =Hippobromus= Eckl. & Zeyh.

51. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-15, usually 8. Ovary 2-6-, usually
3-celled. Stigma lobed. Fruit capsular, 2-6-celled. Embryo spirally
twisted. Leaves usually simple.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa.
They yield timber, medicaments, and edible fruits; the beaten branches
are used as torches. =Dodonaea= L.

Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit
indehiscent, usually drupaceous and 1-celled. Embryo not spiral. Leaves
pinnate. 52

52. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves unequally pinnate. Tall trees.--Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola). =Zanha= Hiern

Flowers 5-merous. Leaves equally pinnate. 53

53. Calyx slightly lobed. Seeds with a thin testa and short radicle.
Leaflets elliptical, entire. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. West
Africa. =Talisiopsis= Radlk.

Calyx deeply divided. 54

54. Stamens alternating with the sepals. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds with
a thin testa and short radicle. Leaflets oval, crenate. Flowers in
few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. East Africa. The seeds are edible.
=Dialiopsis= Radlk.

Stamens opposite to the sepals. Stigma entire. Seeds with a leathery
testa and long radicle. Leaflets lanceolate oblong or elliptical,
entire. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. It yields
timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Hippobromus_ Eckl. &
Zeyh. or _Melicocca_ L.) =Doratoxylon= Thouars


SUBORDER MELIANTHINEAE


FAMILY 135. MELIANTHACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate or simple and
undivided. Flowers in racemes, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite.
Sepals 4-5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5,
imbricate in bud, sometimes cohering in the middle. Stamens 4-10,
inserted within the disc. Anthers opening lengthwise by lateral slits.
Ovary superior, 4-5-celled. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit
a capsule. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 3,
species 30. (Under _SAPINDACEAE_) (Plate 86.).

1. Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers almost regular.
Disc equal-sided, with 10 processes. Petals sessile. Stamens
10. Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Capsule
septicidal.--Species 3. South Africa. [Tribe GREYIEAE.] =Greyia= Hook.
& Harv.

Leaves pinnate, stipulate. Flowers more or less irregular. Disc
one-sided. Petals clawed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary usually 4-celled. Ovules
1-12 in each cell. Capsule loculicidal. [Tribe MELIANTHEAE.] 2

2. Sepals very unequal. Petals 4, rarely 5, cohering in the middle,
shorter than the sepals. Disc pouch-shaped. Stamens 4. Ovules 4-12 in
each ovary-cell. Seeds without an aril.--Species 5. South Africa; one
species also naturalized in the Canary Islands. The latter serves as an
ornamental plant and is said to render honey poisonous. =Melianthus= L.

Sepals nearly equal. Petals 5, free, longer than the sepals. Disc
semi-orbicular. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an
aril.--Species 20. Central and South-east Africa. (Including _Natalia_
Hochst.) (Plate 86.) =Bersama= Fres.

[Illustration: BALSAMINACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 87._

J. Fleischmann del.

Impatiens capensis Thunb.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Ovary cut
lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: RHAMNACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 88._

J. Fleischmann del.

Ventilago leiocarpa Benth.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Sepal. _D_ Petal
expanded. _E_ Younger and older stamen. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Lower part of
the fruit cut open.]


SUBORDER BALSAMININEAE


FAMILY 136. BALSAMINACEAE

Succulent herbs. Leaves herbaceous, undivided, penninerved, without
stipules. Flowers solitary or in clusters or racemes, without
bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 5, imbricate
in bud, the hindmost more or less distinctly spurred. Petals 3 or 5.
Stamens 5; filaments short and broad; anthers united, turned inwards,
opening towards the apex. Disc none. Ovary superior, 5-celled. Ovules
3 or more, in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted, with
dorsal raphe. Style 1; stigmas 1 or 5. Fruit succulent, dehiscing
elastically. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under _GERANIACEAE_.) (Plate 87.)

Genus 1, species 100. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants (balsams), others yield dyes, medicaments, or edible
oily seeds. (Including _Trimorphopetalum_ Bak.) =Impatiens= L.


ORDER RHAMNALES


FAMILY 137. RHAMNACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely (_Helinus_) undershrubs. Leaves undivided,
stipulate, more rarely (_Phylica_) exstipulate. Flowers regular,
hermaphrodite or polygamous. Receptacle more or less cup-shaped. Sepals
4-5, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5 or 0. Stamens as many as and alternate
with the sepals. Anthers opening by 1-2 slits. Disc within the stamens,
sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-4-celled, sometimes not quite completely
septate, rarely (_Maesopsis_) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell,
basal, inverted. Style undivided or cleft. Seeds with a large, straight
embryo.--Genera 18, species 140. (Plate 88.)

1. Ovary superior or almost so. 2


Ovary inferior or half-inferior. 9

2. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 5-lobed. Fruit one-seeded, indehiscent.
Leaves opposite or nearly so, penninerved.--Species 2. Equatorial
regions. The fruits are edible. (Including _Karlea_ Pierre) =Maesopsis=
Engl.

Ovary completely or almost completely 2-4-celled. Stigma 2-4-lobed, or
2-4 stigmas. 3

3. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals with a far projecting ledge on
the inside. Disc ring-shaped. Style undivided, with a 2-lobed stigma.
Leaves opposite or nearly so, crenate, with 2-4 lateral nerves on each
side. Flowers in axillary spikes or in terminal panicles.--Species 1.
Abyssinia. =Lamellisepalum= Engl.

Anthers dehiscing inwards or laterally. Flowers solitary or in cymes,
rarely in racemes or panicles, but then style 2-4-cleft or with 3
stigmas. 4

4. Leaves 3-, more rarely 5-nerved from the base. Style 2-4-cleft.
Fruit wingless, fleshy, indehiscent, with a 1-4-celled stone.--Species
10. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, gum-lac,
food for silk-worms, medicaments, and edible fruits (jujubes) from
which a sort of bread and a beverage are prepared; others have
poisonous fruits; some are used as hedge plants. =Zizyphus= Juss.

Leaves penninerved. 5

5. Flowers in terminal panicles, 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Fruit with 3
stones. Shrubs with spiny branches. Leaves opposite.--Species 1.
Northern East Africa. The fruits are edible. =Sageretia= Brongn.

Flowers in axillary inflorescences. 6

6. Receptacle united with the fruit for the greatest part. Fruit with
2-4 indehiscent stones. Seeds not grooved. Disc thick. Spines in the
axils of the leaves.--Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. (_Adolia_
Lam.) =Scutia= Brongn.

Receptacle free from the fruit for the greatest part. Disc thin, rarely
thick, but then spines, as usually, wanting. 7

7 Fruit with 1 two-celled stone. Disc thick. Style 2-cleft. Flowers
5-merous. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. East Africa. The fruits are
edible. =Berchemia= Neck.

Fruit with 2-4 stones. Disc thin. 8

8. Fruit with a red skin and a woody stone separating into 3
elastically dehiscing portions. Seed-coat crustaceous, shining. Flowers
5-merous. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Macrorhamnus=
Baill.

Fruit with 2-4 leathery or thin-woody, scarcely or not dehiscing
stones. Seed-coat thin.--Species 17. North, East, and South Africa.
They yield timber, dyes, a substitute for hop, fish-poison, and
medicaments. “Buckthorn.” =Rhamnus= L.

9. (1.) Ovary half-inferior. 10

Ovary inferior. 15

10. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Leaves penninerved, serrate or
crenate. 11

Style 2-4-cleft. 12

11. Ovary incompletely 2-3-celled, 1-2-ovuled. Fruit drupaceous,
1-celled, 1-2-seeded. Trees. Leaves opposite or nearly so. Flowers in
axillary, raceme-like cymes. (See 2.) =Maesopsis= Engl.

Ovary completely 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Fruit separating into 3 dehiscing
mericarps, 3-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary and
terminal cymes or panicles.--Species 1. South Africa and St. Helena.
=Noltia= Reichb.

12. Leaves 3-5-nerved from the base, alternate. Fruit a drupe. Stem
erect or decumbent. 13

Leaves penninerved. Fruit a nut, a schizocarp, or a capsule. 14

13. Fruit with a horizontal wing; epicarp leathery, endocarp woody.
Leaves 3-nerved, serrate; stipules transformed into spines. Flowers
in axillary and terminal, raceme-like cymes.--Species 1. Cultivated
and naturalized in Algeria. Used medicinally and as a hedge-plant.
=Paliurus= Juss.

Fruit not winged; epicarp fleshy, endocarp horny, woody or leathery.
(See 4.) =Zizyphus= Juss.

14. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit with a long wing-like
appendage, dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Climbing shrubs. Leaves
alternate.--Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West
Africa. They yield fibres, tanning and dyeing materials, and
medicaments. (Plate 88.) =Ventilago= Gaertn.

Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted. Fruit not winged, 3-seeded.
Erect or almost erect, hairy shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers
in lateral inflorescences.--Species 6. Tropics. =Lasiodiscus= Hook. fil.

15. (9.) Style simple, sometimes very short, with 1-3 stigmas. Fruit
separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seed-coat hard. Hairy plants.
Leaves alternate, entire, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers solitary
or in spikes, racemes, or heads.--Species 80. South Africa, southern
Central Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some are used
as ornamental plants. =Phylica= L.

Style 2-4-cleft. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in cymes sometimes arranged
in false spikes or racemes, very rarely flowers solitary. 16

16. Receptacle top-shaped, not prolonged beyond the ovary. Fruit
separating into 3 elastically dehiscent mericarps. Erect shrubs or low
trees. Leaves alternate, 3-nerved at the base, serrate. Flowers in
axillary cymes.--Species 1. East and South-east Africa, including the
islands. =Colubrina= Brongn.

Receptacle prolonged beyond the ovary. 17

17. Stem tree-like. Leaves opposite, entire, penninerved, hairy
beneath. Flowers in axillary cymes. Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal
slits which are confluent at the apex. Fruit separating into dehiscent
mericarps; epicarp somewhat fleshy.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena.
=Nesiota= Hook. fil.

Stem shrubby, half-shrubby, or climbing. Leaves alternate. Flowers in
axillary and terminal inflorescences. 18

18. Stem not climbing, without tendrils. Leaves few, lanceolate,
entire. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. South
Africa (Betchuanaland). =Marlothia= Engl.

Stem climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves oval. Flowers in usually
many-flowered cymes, false spikes, or panicles. Mericarps 3, separating
from a central column. 19

19. Flowers in cymes. Disc entire. Fruit wingless; mericarps dehiscing
elastically. Leaves entire, penninerved.--Species 3. Tropical and South
Africa. =Helinus= E. Mey.

Flowers in false spikes or racemes. Disc usually lobed. Fruit 3-winged;
mericarps dehiscing by a narrow slit or indehiscent--Species 12.
Tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Gouania= L.


FAMILY 138. VITACEAE.

Shrubs or trees, usually climbing, rarely (_Cissus_) herbs or
undershrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers regular, in cymose
inflorescences. Calyx small, entire or lobed. Petals 3-7, sometimes
cohering at the base or at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as
and opposite to the petals, inserted outside the hypogynous, sometimes
indistinct disc. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits.
Ovary 2-8-celled, seated upon the disc or more or less sunk in it.
Ovules solitary in each cell or two side by side, ascending, inverted,
with ventral raphe. Style simple, sometimes indistinct. Stigma entire
or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a berry, usually septate. Seeds with a bony or
crustaceous testa and a fleshy or cartilaginous, more or less ruminate
albumen enclosing a small straight embryo.--Genera 5, species 200.
(_AMPELIDEAE_.) (Plate 89.)

1. Filaments united with one another and with the petals. Ovary
3-8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Erect shrubs or trees, without
tendrils. Leaves 1-3 times pinnate.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield
vegetables, edible fruits, dyes, and medicaments, and serve as
ornamental plants. [Subfamily =LEEOIDEAE=.] =Leea= L.

Filaments free from each other and from the petals. Ovary 2-celled,
with 2 ovules in each cell. [Subfamily =VITOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Petals 5, cohering at the top and
falling off together. Disc 5-lobed. Style very short, conical. Seeds
pear-shaped, with two pits on the ventral face. Climbing shrubs. Leaves
more or less distinctly 3-5-lobed. Inflorescences paniculate, often
with tendrils.--Species 1 (_V. vinifera_ L., grape-vine). North Africa,
also cultivated in other regions. It yields edible fruits, also used
for preparing wine vinegar and brandy, oily seeds, and medicaments.
=Vitis= Tourn.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous-monoecious. Petals usually
spreading at the time of flowering, very rarely cohering at the top,
but then only 4. Seeds more or less egg-shaped. 3

3. Style short-conical or wanting. Petals usually 5. Disc ring-shaped.
Seeds egg-or boat-shaped. Climbing shrubs. Inflorescences with
tendrils.--Species 30. Tropics. Some have edible fruits. (Under
_Cissus_ L. or _Vitis_ Tourn.) =Ampelocissus= Planch.

Style filiform or columnar, usually rather long. Inflorescences mostly
without tendrils. 4

4. Petals 5 or 6, very rarely 4 or 7, thickened, fleshy, persistent.
Disc adnate to the ovary. Style usually short. Climbing shrubs.
Inflorescences compact.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Under
_Cissus_ L. or _Vitis_ Tourn.) =Rhoicissus= Planch.

5. Petals 4, not thickened. Disc usually saucer-shaped, 4-lobed and
adnate to the ovary at the base only. Style usually long.--Species 150.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some of them yield edible fruits
or tubers, mucilage, or medicaments. (Under _Vitis_ Tourn.) (Plate
89.) =Cissus= L.

[Illustration: VITACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 89._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cissus cirrhosa (Thunb.) Planch.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Fruiting branch. _C_ Male Flower, the corolla
cut lengthwise. _D_ Stamens. _E_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _F_ Ovary cut
across. _G_ Fruit. _H_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: CHLAENACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 90._

J. Fleischmann del.

Leptochlaena multiflora Thouars

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of
ovary.]


ORDER MALVALES


SUBORDER ELAEOCARPINEAE


FAMILY 139. ELAEOCARPACEAE

Trees. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in axillary racemes,
regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 4-6, valvate in bud.
Petals 4-6, hypogynous, free, flat at the base, toothed or fringed
at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, inserted upon a
cushion-shaped receptacle. Filaments free. Anthers linear, 2-celled,
opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or
more in the inner angle of each cell, inverted, pendulous, with ventral
raphe, or one of them ascending. Style simple. Fruit a drupe with a
septate stone. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under _TILIACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 15. Madagascar, Mauritius, and Socotra. =Elaeocarpus=
L.


SUBORDER CHLAENINEAE


FAMILY 140. CHLAENACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, entire,
stipulate. Flowers solitary or in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite,
each flower or pair of flowers usually surrounded by an involucre.
Sepals 3-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5-6, free, hypogynous, with
contorted aestivation. Disc ring-or cup-shaped, rarely 5-parted or
indistinct. Stamens 10 or more, inserted within the disc or at its
edge. Filaments free or united below with the disc, very rarely
in 5 bundles. Anthers roundish, opening by 2 sometimes confluent
longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with 2 or more ovules
in each cell. Style simple; stigmas 1 or 3. Fruit a capsule or a nut.
Seeds with a leathery testa and copious albumen.--Genera 7, species 25.
Madagascar. (Under _TERNSTROEMIACEAE_.) (Plate 90.)

1. Involucre large, calyx-like, 3-10-lobed or many-parted. Sepals 3.
Disc cupular. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell, pendulous. 2

Involucre not calyx-like, either 2-parted or shortly cup-shaped or
indistinct or wanting; in the two former cases ovules numerous in each
ovary-cell. Stamens 12 or more. 4

2. Involucre consisting of numerous densely crowded bracts,
fleshy. Stamens numerous. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a
capsule.--Species 5. Madagascar. Used medicinally. (_Sarcolaena_
Thouars). =Sarcochlaena= Thouars

Involucre cup-shaped, lobed, dry. 3

3. Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Involucre 6-toothed. Fruit
a one-seeded nut.--Species 7. Madagascar. (_Leptolaena_ Thouars).
(Plate 90.) =Leptochlaena= Thouars

Stamens numerous. Fruit a capsule.--Species 4. Madagascar.
=Xerochlamys= Bak.

4. Involucre cup-shaped, enlarged in fruit. Sepals 5, the two outer
somewhat smaller than the others. Disc consisting of 5 scales.
Filaments united in 5 bundles. Ovules many in each ovary-cell,
descending. Fruit a nut.--Species 1. Madagascar. (_Sclerolaena_ Bak.,
_Xylolaena_ Baill.) =Xylochlaena= Baill.

Involucre of two bracts or rudimentary or wanting. Sepals 5, the two
outer much smaller than the others, or 3. Disc ring-or cup-shaped.
Filaments not united in bundles. 5

5. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending. Involucre enclosing
two flowers, usually consisting of two laciniate bracts enlarged in
fruit. Sepals 3. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit a capsule splitting to the
base.--Species 5. Madagascar. (_Schizolaena_ Thouars). =Schizochlaena=
Thouars

Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Involucre rudimentary or wanting. 6

6. Ovules axile, descending. Outer stamens inserted on the inside
of the disc. Fruit a capsule dehiscing at the top only.--Species 4.
Madagascar. (_Rhodolaena_ Thouars). =Rhodochlaena= Thouars

Ovules basal, ascending. Sepals 5. Outer stamens inserted at the edge
of the ring-shaped disc. Stigma 3-lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar.
(_Eremolaena_ Baill.) =Eremochlaena= Baill.


SUBORDER MALVINEAE


FAMILY 141. TILIACEAE

Leaves toothed or lobed, more rarely entire or deeply divided. Stipules
present. Flowers regular. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals entire or
notched at the apex, rarely (_Grewia_) wanting. Stamens hypogynous, 10
or more, rarely 5-9, free or united in 4-10 bundles. Anthers 2-celled,
the cells sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, completely
or almost completely 2-or more-celled, rarely (_Christiania_) deeply
divided.--Genera 18, species 260. (Plate 91.)

1. Sepals combined into an entire, crenate, or 2-6-lobed calyx. Petals
with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous. Anthers roundish, opening
by usually confluent, longitudinal slits. Style 4-5-parted or wanting.
Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Trees or shrubs. Leaves cordate. Flowers
panicled. [Tribe BROWNLOWIEAE.] 2

Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening by separate slits or by
pores. Style simple. 4

2. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile,
petal-like, lobed. Calyx 2-3-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Fruit
4-winged.--Species 2. East Africa and Madagascar. =Carpodiptera= Gris.

Ovary 4-6-celled. Styles 4-6, free or united at the base. 3

3. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 3-4-lobed. Filaments united
at the base. Ovary 5-6-parted. Stigmas horizontal, laciniate. Fruit
with one-seeded cells.--Species 2. Tropics. =Christiania= DC.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-6-cleft. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.
Stigmas twisted, almost entire.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Speirostyla=
Bak.

4. Petals with a gland at the base, rarely (_Grewia_) petals wanting.
Receptacle nearly always prolonged into a more or less stalk-like
androphore. Anthers roundish. [Tribe GREWIEAE.] 5

Petals without a gland at the base. Receptacle not stalk-like, rarely
(_Corchorus_) somewhat prolonged. Anthers linear or oblong, rarely
(_Sparmannia_) oval. 11

5. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-5-celled,
with numerous ovules in each cell. Leaves elliptical. Inflorescence
raceme-like.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Pentadiplandra= Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens numerous, rarely (_Triumfetta_) 5-10,
but then ovary-cells with 2 ovules in each. 6

6. Fruit a spiny nut or schizocarp. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely
shrubs. Flowers in cymes, yellow. Stigma lobed. Ovules 2 in each
ovary-cell.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield
fibres, vegetables, or medicaments. =Triumfetta= L.

Fruit an unarmed nut or drupe. Shrubs or trees. 7

7. Fruit few-seeded, usually fleshy. Ovary 2-5-celled, with usually 2
ovules in each cell. Filaments free.--Species 140. Tropical and South
Africa and the Sahara. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits from
which drinks are prepared, and medicaments. (Plate 91.) =Grewia= L.

Fruit many-seeded, fibrous. Ovary 4-10-celled, with numerous ovules in
each cell. Petals 4-5, small. Trees. 8

8. Flowers 2-3 together surrounded by an involucre of 3-4 bracts.
Filaments free. Ovary 6-8-celled. 9

Flowers without a distinct involucre. Filaments united at the base.
Stipules cleft. 10

9. Involucral bracts 3, enclosing 3 flowers. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit with
8 furrows. Stipules awl-shaped.--Species 1. West Africa. The seeds are
used as a substitute for coffee. =Duboscia= Bocq.

Involucral bracts 4, enclosing 2 flowers. Petals 4. Ovary 6-7-celled.
Fruit with 6-7 ribs. Stipules large, oblique.--Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). =Diplanthemum= K. Schum.

10. Ovary and fruit 4-5-celled. Fruit oblong. Seeds winged.--Species 1.
West Africa. =Desplatzia= Bocq.

Ovary and fruit 8-10-celled. Fruit ovoid or globose.--Species 3.
Equatorial West Africa. Used medicinally. (_Grewiopsis_ De Wild. &
Dur.) =Grewiella= O. Ktze.

11. (4.) Anthers linear, surmounted by a two-tipped or scale-like
appendage. Stamens numerous. Ovary 6-10-celled, with 3 or more ovules
in each cell. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe APEIBEAE.] 12

Anthers without an appendage at the top, rarely surmounted by a short
point. Ovary 2-5-celled, rarely 6-celled. [Tribe TILIEAE.] 13

12. Petals 4, white, shorter than the calyx. Filaments united in 4
bundles. Anthers with a two-tipped appendage. Ovary 6-celled. Fruit
globular, spiny.--Species 2. West Africa. (Including _Acrosepalum_
Pierre). =Ancistrocarpus= Oliv.

Petals 4-5, yellow, equalling the calyx. Filaments almost free. Anthers
with a scale-like appendage. Ovary 8-10-celled. Fruit spindle-shaped,
many-celled.--Species 5. Tropics. Some are used for dyeing and in
medicine. =Glyphaea= Hook. fil.

13. Staminodes 5 or more. Shrubs or trees. 14

Staminodes none. 17

14. Staminodes 5, within the stamens. Anthers ending in a short point.
Petals 5, white. Ovary 5-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma
5-parted. Leaves undivided, oblong or oval.--Species 3. Central Africa.
=Cistanthera= K. Schum.

Staminodes numerous, outside the stamens. Ovary 4-6-celled, with 3 or
more ovules in each cell. 15

15. Fertile stamens 7-10. Anthers linear. Petals 4-5, violet. Fruit
oblong, prickly, not winged.--Species 3. West Africa to the Great
Lakes. They yield fibre. =Honckenya= Willd.

Fertile stamens numerous. Petals 4, white or yellow. 16

16. Petals white. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit globose, prickly.--Species 6.
South and East Africa and Madagascar. _S. africana_ L. is used as an
ornamental, medicinal, and textile plant. =Sparmannia= L. f.

Petals yellow. Ovary 5-6-celled. Fruit oblong, with bristly ciliate
wings.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields fibre. =Cephalonema=
K. Schum.

17. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves 6-7-parted. Sepals united at the
base, bearing a small horn at the top. Petals 5, notched at the top
or minutely toothed, shorter than the sepals. Stamens very numerous.
Ovary 5-6-celled with 2 ovules in each cell.--Species 1. East Africa.
=Ceratosepalum= Oliv.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves undivided. Sepals
free. Petals yellow. Ovary 2-5-celled, with more than 2 ovules in each
cell. Fruit more or less elongate, not prickly.--Species 30. Tropical
and South Africa and Egypt; one species also cultivated in other parts
of North Africa. Some of them yield fibre (jute), vegetables, and
medicaments. =Corchorus= L.


FAMILY 142. MALVACEAE

Leaves simple, stipulate. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 5, adhering
to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous;
filaments united into a tube; anthers 1-celled; pollen-grains large,
prickly. Ovary superior, sessile, 3-or more-celled, or many distinct
ovaries. Ovules inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.--Genera 21,
species 300. (Plate 92.)

[Illustration: TILIACEAE

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 91._

J. Fleischmann del.

Grewia occidentalis L.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Ovary cut
lengthwise. _D_ Fruiting branch. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Cross section of
fruit.]

[Illustration: MALVACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 92._

J. Fleischmann del.

Pavonia praemorsa Willd.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther. _D_ Fruit.
_E_ Mericarp cut lengthwise.]


1. Carpels in several rows placed one above the other, one-seeded,
indehiscent, falling singly. Staminal tube beset with anthers to the
top. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Herbs.--Species 3. North
Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. [Tribe MALOPEAE.]
=Malope= L.

Carpels placed side by side in one plane. 2

2. Style-branches 10, twice as many as the ovary-cells. Ovules solitary
in each cell. Staminal tube truncate or minutely toothed at the top.
Fruit splitting into mericarps. [Tribe URENEAE.] 3

Style-branches as many as the ovary-cells, or a simple style. 5

3. Flowers without an epicalyx, but inflorescence with an involucre.
Carpels opposite to the petals. Hispid herbs.--Species 2. Tropics.
Yielding fibre. =Malachra= L.

Flowers with an epicalyx of 5 or more bracteoles. 4

4. Mericarps covered with hooked bristles, indehiscent. Carpels
alternating with the petals. Epicalyx of 5 bracteoles. Leaves glandular
beneath.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa; one species only
cultivated. Used as medicinal and textile plants. =Urena= L.

Mericarps winged, tubercled, or with 1-3 awns, rarely smooth. Leaves
without glands on the under surface.--Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or textile
plants. (_Malache_ Vogel). (Plate 92.) =Pavonia= L.

5. Fruit splitting into mericarps. Carpels 5 or more. Style cleft.
Staminal tube loaded with anthers to the top. [Tribe MALVEAE.] 6

Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Staminal tube beset with anthers on the
outer face, truncate or minutely toothed at the top. [Tribe HIBISCEAE.]
14

6. Carpels with 1 ovule. 7

Carpels with 2 or more ovules, sometimes transversely septate.
[Subtribe ABUTILINAE.] 11

7. Ovule pendulous. Stigmas terminal. Epicalyx absent.--Species 20.
Some of them yield fibre, fodder, tea, and medicaments. [Subtribe
SIDINAE.] =Sida= L.

Ovule ascending. Epicalyx usually present. [Subtribe MALVINAE.] 8

8. Style-branches bearing the stigma at the thickened, capitate apex.
Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some of
them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Malvastrum= A. Gray

Style-branches pointed, bearing the stigma on the inner face. 9

9. Epicalyx consisting of 3 free bracteoles or wanting. Central column
of the fruit overtopping the mericarps.--Species 15. Some of them are
used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Mallow.” =Malva= L.

Epicalyx consisting of 3-9 bracteoles united below. 10

10. Central column of the fruit overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx
3-6-cleft.--Species 12. North Africa; one species also introduced
into South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including _Navaea_ Webb & Berth. and _Saviniona_ Webb & Berth.)
=Lavatera= L.

Central column of the fruit not overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx
6-9-cleft. Herbs.--Species 7. North and South Africa, Mascarene
Islands, and St. Helena. Several species yield fibres, dyes, mucilage,
and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Alcea_ L.)
=Althaea= L.

11. Carpels completely or nearly completely divided into two
compartments by a transverse partition. Style-branches capitate at the
top. Ovules 2-3 in each carpel. 12

Carpels without a partition. Style-branches filiform throughout or
club-shaped. 13

12. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Petals red. Carpels
numerous. Mericarps with 2 prickles at the back. Prostrate herbs.
Leaves lobed.--Species 1. South Africa; naturalized in the Island of
Madeira. =Modiola= Moench

Flowers without an epicalyx. Petals yellow. Carpels 5. Mericarps
beaked. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided.--Species 3. Tropics.
They yield fibres. =Wissadula= Med.

13. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Carpels numerous; ovules
2-3 in each.--Species 5. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.
(Including _Sphaeroma_ Harv.) =Sphaeralcea= St. Hil.

Flowers without an epicalyx. Ovules 3-9 in each carpel.--Species 30.
Some of them yield fibres, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee, or
serve as ornamental plants. =Abutilon= Gaertn.

14. (5.) Style split into long or rather long branches. Ovary 5-celled.
Seeds kidney-shaped. 15

Style split into very short, erect branches, or simple. 17

15. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Stigma capitate. Epicalyx of 7-10
bracteoles.--Species 9. Tropical and South Africa. =Kosteletzkya= Presl

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel. 16

16. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 large, cordate
bracteoles. Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Senra= Cav.

Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 or more
narrower bracteoles or wanting.--Species 130. Some of them yield
timber, fibres, dyes, perfumes, oil, vegetables, condiments, and
medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Abelmoschus_
Medik., _Lagunaea_ Cav., and _Paritium_ St. Hil.) =Hibiscus= L.

17. Epicalyx of partly united bracteoles. Calyx deeply divided. Ovary
5-celled. Leaves small, undivided. 18

Epicalyx of free bracteoles. Calyx not deeply divided. 19

18. Epicalyx 5-parted, large. Calyx 5-parted. Trees. Leaves
ovate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Macrocalyx= Cost. & Poisson Epicalyx
11-toothed. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla yellow. Shrubs. Leaves reniform or
orbicular.--Species 1. East Africa. =Symphyochlamys= Guerke

19. Epicalyx of 3 large, cordate bracteoles. Ovary 5-celled. Seeds
woolly. Species 5, three of them growing wild in Central and South
Africa, the others (cotton-plants) cultivated in various regions. They
yield cotton, oil, dyes, vegetables, and medicaments. =Gossypium= L.

Epicalyx of small or narrow bracteoles. 20

20. Calyx sprinkled with black dots. Ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit readily
dehiscing. Cotyledons not dotted. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 7.
Central and South Africa. (_Fugosia_ Juss.) =Cienfuegosia= Cav.

Calyx not dotted. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit not or hardly dehiscing. Seeds
woolly. Cotyledons usually marked with black dots. Trees or shrubs.
Leaves undivided.--Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield
timber, fibres, dyes, and medicaments. =Thespesia= Corr.


FAMILY 143. BOMBACACEAE

Trees. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Flowers solitary or fascicled,
hermaphrodite, without an epicalyx. Calyx with valvate, closed, or
open aestivation. Petals 5, adhering at the base to the staminal tube,
with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5 or more, united below. Anthers
1-celled. Pollen-grains smooth or almost so. Ovary superior or nearly
so, 5-10-celled, the cells opposite to the petals. Ovules numerous in
each cell, ascending or horizontal, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a
capsule or a nut. Seeds with a scanty albumen and a curved embryo with
folded or coiled cotyledons.--Genera 3, species 13. Tropics. (Under
_MALVACEAE_ or _STERCULIACEAE_.) (Plate 93.)

1. Stamens 5. Anthers twisted. Calyx lobed. Stigma capitate. Fruit
leathery, woolly within, dehiscent.--Species 1 (_C. pentandra_ Gaertn.,
silk-cotton-tree). Central Africa; naturalized in Madagascar and the
Mascarenes. Yields timber, bast, tanning materials, wool for stuffing,
oil, condiments, vegetables, and medicaments. (_Eriodendron_ DC.)
=Ceiba= Gaertn.

Stamens numerous. 2

2. Calyx truncate or irregularly 3-5-cleft, with open or closed
aestivation. Stigma 5-partite or capitate. Fruit hairy within,
dehiscent.--Species 6. Central Africa. They yield timber, wool for
stuffing, and medicaments (Including _Pachira_ Aubl.) (Plate 93.)
=Bombax= L.

Calyx 5-cleft, with valvate aestivation. Stigma 5-10-partite.
Fruit woody, filled with pulp, indehiscent. Flowers solitary,
pendulous.--Species 6. Tropics. They yield wood, fibres, tanning
materials, vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments. The pulp
of the fruits and the seeds are edible; from the former a drink is
prepared. “Baobab.” =Adansonia= L.


FAMILY 144. STERCULIACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate, rarely (_Hua_) exstipulate. Sepals
more or less united, valvate in bud, rarely (_Cotylonychia_) at
first imbricate. Petals 5, with contorted, rarely (_Hua_) valvate
aestivation, sometimes adnate to the staminal tube, or rudimentary, or
wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Filaments usually more
or less united. Anthers 2-celled, rarely (_Triplochiton_) 1-celled.
Ovary superior, 3-or more-celled, or several free ovaries, rarely ovary
1-2-celled. Ovules inverted, usually 2 or more to each carpel.--Genera
28, species 470. (Including _BUETTNERIACEAE_ and _TRIPLOCHITONACEAE_.)
(Plate 94.)

1. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, without a corolla. Filaments
united. Male flowers without staminodes. Styles free at the base or
throughout. Trees. [Tribe STERCULIEAE.] 2

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then, as nearly always,
provided with a corolla. 7

2. Carpels numerous, in several rows. Calyx-lobes 6-8, yellow or
brown. Anthers numerous, arranged in a ring.--Species 2. West Africa.
=Octolobus= Welw.

Carpels 3-12, in a single row. Calyx-lobes 4-5. 3

3. Anthers arranged irregularly, crowded in a head, numerous. Seeds
albuminous. 4

Anthers arranged in a ring. 5

4. Calyx tubular, red. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Fruit with a membranous
rind, one-seeded, dehiscing before the time of maturity. Leaves
undivided.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields fibre. (Under _Sterculia_
L.) =Firmiana= Marsigli

Calyx campanulate. Ovules more than 2 in each carpel. Fruit with a
woody or leathery rind, dehiscing at maturity.--Species 25. Tropical
and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, gum (African
tragacanth), vegetables, edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments.
(Including _Eribroma_ Pierre). =Sterculia= L.

5. Anthers 4-5, inserted below the apex of the staminal column. Ovules
2 in each carpel. Calyx shortly lobed. Ripe carpels woody, winged,
indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.--Species 3. Tropics. They yield
timber, bark for tanning, and medicaments. =Heritiera= Ait.

Anthers 8 or more, rarely 5, but then inserted at the apex of the
staminal column. Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Ripe carpels
dehiscent. 6

6. Seeds winged, albuminous. Leaves undivided.--Species 4. Central
Africa. (Under _Sterculia_ L.) =Pterygota= Endl.

Seeds wingless, exalbuminous.--Species 45. Central and South-east
Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, and edible seeds
(cola-nuts) which are also used medicinally. (_Edwardia_ Rafin.)
=Cola= Schott

[Illustration: BOMBACACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 93._

J. Fleischmann del.

Bombax lukayensis De Wild. and Dur.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower-bud cut lengthwise (the anthers cut
off excepting one). _C_ Anther.]

[Illustration: STERCULIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 94._

J. Fleischmann del.

Dombeya Bruceana A. Rich.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of
ovary.]


7. (1.) Petals minute or wanting. Stamens 5, free or almost free. Ovary
3-5-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Shrubs.--Species 1.
Madagascar. [Tribe LASIOPETALEAE.] =Keraudrenia= Gay

Petals distinctly developed. 8

8. Carpels distinct, surrounded by 5-10 petal-like staminodes twisted
in the bud. Stamens 10-30, inserted upon a raised receptacle, free.
Fruit winged. Trees. Flowers panicled. [Tribe MANSONIEAE.] 9

Carpels not surrounded by petal-like staminodes. Anthers 2-celled. 10

9. Calyx spathe-like. Petals oblong, with a gland at the base. Stamens
10, inserted upon a long androphore. Staminodes 10, oblong-linear,
glabrous. Leaves toothed. Panicles terminal, many-flowered.--Species 1.
West Africa. Yields timber. =Achantia= A. Chev.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals obovate, without glands. Stamens 30, upon a
short androphore. Staminodes 5, ovate, downy. Leaves lobed. Panicles
lateral, few-flowered.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber.
=Triplochiton= K. Schum.

10. Petals or their lower part hooded. 11

Petals or their lower part flat or slightly boat-shaped, sometimes one
of them hooded, the others flat. 18

11. Ovary 1-celled, with a single ovule. Stamens united in pairs.
Staminodes none. Petals clawed, with a spur-like appendage.
Trees.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. The bark and the seeds are
used as condiments. =Hua= Pierre

Ovary 2-or more-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. [Tribe
BUETTNERIEAE.] 12

12. Staminodes absent. Fertile stamens 10, united at the base. Sepals
at first imbricate. Petals with a saucer-shaped claw and a lanceolate
blade. Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Cotylonychia=
Stapf

Staminodes present. 13

13. Stamens united in pairs or bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Subtribe
THEOBROMINAE.] 14

Stamens united below in a ring or tube; anthers solitary between the
barren lobes. Petals with a blade. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell.
[Subtribe BUETTNERINAE.] 17

14. Petals with a blade above the hood. Ovules numerous in each
ovary-cell. 15

Petals without a blade. 16

15. Petals with a 2-parted blade. Staminodes short. Fruit with a woody,
prickly rind, dehiscent. Cotyledons coiled. Trees. Leaves serrate.
Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics, naturalized
in the Mascarene Islands. Yields timber, fibre, a mucilage used for
clarifying sugar, fodder, edible fruits, and medicaments. =Guazuma=
Plum.

Petals with an entire blade. Staminodes long. Fruit with a leathery
rind, indehiscent. Cotyledons wrinkled. Leaves entire or sinuate.
Flowers in cymes.--Species 3 (chiefly _Th. Cacao_ L.). Cultivated
in the tropics. The seeds are used for the preparation of cocoa,
chocolate, and cocoa-butter, the pericarp for making a beverage. They
yield also fibres and are used in medicine. =Theobroma= L.

16. Staminal tube bell-shaped. Anthers in short-stalked clusters of 3.
Staminodes solitary, leaf-like, bent outwards. Shrubs.--Species 10.
West Africa. =Scaphopetalum= Mast.

Staminal tube ring-shaped. Anthers singly upon long filaments.
Staminodes in bundles, thread-like.--Species 10. Central Africa.
=Leptonychia= Turcz.

17. Petals clawed, adhering to the cupular staminal tube. Anthers
sessile or nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous.--Species 13. Tropics.
=Buettnera= L.

Petals sessile, free from the annular staminal tube. Anthers stalked.
Seeds albuminous.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Ruelingia= R. Br.

18. (10.) Stamens and carpels inserted on a long gynophore. Petals
unequal, one of them hooded, red, deciduous. Stamens in bundles of
3 alternating with staminodes. Ovary 5-celled with 3-5 ovules in
each cell. Trees.--Species 1. Comoro Island. Yields timber. [Tribe
HELICTEREAE.] =Kleinhofia= L.

Stamens and carpels inserted on a very short gynophore or without a
gynophore. Petals equal or subequal, flat or slightly convex, not
hooded. 19

19. Fertile stamens 5; staminodes minute or wanting. Petals deciduous,
usually slightly oblique. [Tribe HERMANNIEAE.] 20

Fertile stamens 10 or more, rarely (_Melhania_) 5, but then alternating
with long staminodes. Filaments united at the base. Petals usually very
oblique and persistent. [Tribe DOMBEYEAE.] 22

20. Filaments free, broadened at the base or above the middle. Ovary
5-celled, the cells alternating with the petals. Ovules 3 or more
in each cell. Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Herbs, undershrubs, or
small shrubs.--Species 190. South and Central Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Including _Mahernia_ L.) [Subtribe HERMANNINAE.]
=Hermannia= L.

Filaments united below, not broadened above. Ovary 5-celled, the cells
opposite to the petals, or 1-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds
elliptical; embryo straight. [Subtribe MELOCHINAE.] 21

21. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1, simple; stigma penicillate.--Species
2. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Used medicinally.
=Waltheria= L.

Ovary 5-celled. Styles or style-branches 5.--Species 5. Tropics;
one species only naturalized. They yield fibres, vegetables, and
medicaments. (Including _Altheria_ Thouars) =Melochia= L.

22. Staminodes wanting. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees. 23

Staminodes 2-8, usually 5. 24

23. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Anthers 20. Fruit with loculicidal
dehiscence.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. =Astiria= Lindl.

Ovary-cells and styles 10. Anthers 20-30, associated in 5 bundles.
Fruit with loculicidal and septicidal dehiscence.--Species 1. Island of
Réunion. =Ruizia= Cav.

24. Fertile stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled. Bracteoles 3, persistent. Herbs,
undershrubs, or low shrubs.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa.
=Melhania= Forsk.

Fertile stamens 10 or more. Bracteoles deciduous or wanting. 25

25. Ovary almost completely 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Petals
slightly oblique, deciduous. Bracteoles remote from the flower.
Undershrubs.--Species 3. East Africa. =Harmsia= K. Schum.

Ovary 3-10-, usually 5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell.
Trees or shrubs. 26

26. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.--Species 120. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, fibres, and medicaments, or serve as
ornamental plants. (Including _Assonia_ Cav. and _Xeropetalum_ Del.)
(Plate 94.) =Dombeya= Cav.

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Style simple. 27

27. Bracteoles palmately cut. Petals falling off together with the
staminal tube. Leaves linear.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes.
=Cheirolaena= Benth.

Bracteoles entire or wanting. Petals persistent.--Species 8. Madagascar
and Mascarenes. =Trochetia= DC.


SUBORDER SCYTOPETALINEAE


FAMILY 145. SCYTOPETALACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in fascicles,
racemes, or panicles. Calyx entire or lobed. Petals 3-16, free or
almost free, valvate in bud, more rarely wholly united. Stamens
numerous, slightly perigynous. Anthers attached by the base. Ovary
superior, rarely half-inferior, completely or almost completely
3-8-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with
dorsal raphe. Style simple. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 5, species 40.
West Africa. (_RHAPTOPETALACEAE_, under _OLACINEAE_.) (Plate 95.)

1. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by longitudinal
slits. Corolla furrowed in the bud, subsequently separating into 5
or more petals. Fruit one-seeded. Seeds usually without a crown of
hairs. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. [Tribe
OUBANGUIEAE.] 2

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by apical
pores. Corolla not furrowed in the bud, sometimes subsequently
separating into 2-5 petals. Seeds usually with a crown of hairs.
Flowers in fascicles or cymes, usually on the old wood. [Tribe
RHAPTOPETALEAE.] 3

2. Flowers in racemes. Stigma usually lobed. Fruit a drupe. Albumen
ruminate.--Species 9. West Africa. =Scytopetalum= Pierre

Flowers in panicles. Stigma entire. Fruit a capsule. Albumen
uniform.--Species 10. West Africa. (Including _Egassea_ Pierre)
=Oubanguia= Baill.

3. Ovary almost superior to half-superior. Fruit a one-seeded drupe.
Albumen ruminate.--Species 5. West Africa. (Plate 95.) =Rhaptopetalum=
Oliv.

Ovary superior. Fruit a several-seeded capsule. Albumen uniform. 4

4. Fruit long, with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.--Species 2.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Pierrina= Engl.

Fruit short, with 4-6 fertile cells.--Species 15. West Africa.
(Including _Erythropyxis_ Pierre) =Brazzeia= Baill.


ORDER PARIETALES


SUBORDER THEINEAE


FAMILY 146. DILLENIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Sepals imbricate in bud, persistent
in fruit. Petals imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous, hypogynous.
Anthers adnate. Carpels 2 or more, free or united at the base of the
ovarial portion. Ovules erect, ascending or horizontal, inverted, with
a ventral raphe. Fruit dry. Seeds with an aril; albumen abundant;
embryo minute, straight.--Genera 3, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 96.)

1. Filaments much broadened at the top. Anther-halves short, diverging
below, opening lengthwise. Aril laciniate. Leaves hispid, penninerved
with parallel side-nerves, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles.--Species
20. Tropics. The stem of several species (especially _T. alnifolia_ L.,
water-tree) secretes much watery juice when cut across. (Plate 96.)
[Tribe TETRACERAE.] =Tetracera= L.

Filaments not conspicuously broadened. Anther-halves long, parallel. 2

2. Stamens crowded at one side of the flower. Anthers opening by
longitudinal slits. Carpels 2, free. Ovules 1-3. Leaves opposite,
oblong, one-nerved or faintly net-veined. Flowers in racemes.--Species
2. Madagascar. =Hibbertia= Andrz.

Stamens equally distributed all round. Anthers opening by apical
pores sometimes prolonged downwards into slits. Carpels 5 or more,
united at the base. Ovules numerous. Leaves penninerved, with parallel
side-nerves, usually stipulate.--Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. They yield timber. (_Wormia_ Blume) =Dillenia= L.

[Illustration: SCYTOPETALACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 95._

J. Fleischmann del.

Rhaptopetalum sessilifolium Engl.

_A_ Part of flowering branch. _B_ End of branch. _C_ Flower cut
lengthwise. _D_ Stamen. _E_ Cross-section of ovary.]

[Illustration: DILLENIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 96._

J. Fleischmann del.

Tetracera alnifolia Willd.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens
cut off). _C_ Anther.]


FAMILY 147. OCHNACEAE

Leaves alternate, undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemes or
panicles, rarely solitary, hermaphrodite. Sepals free or nearly so,
imbricate in bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation.
Stamens hypogynous or nearly so. Anthers adnate, 2-celled, usually
opening by apical pores. Receptacle usually prolonged into a gynophore.
Carpels almost free, but with a common style, or united. Style
undivided or cleft. Ovules with a ventral raphe. Embryo of the seeds
rather large.--Genera 7, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate
97.)

1. Fertile stamens 5. Petals usually white or red. Seeds albuminous.
Herbs or undershrubs. 2

Fertile stamens 10 or more; no staminodes. Petals usually yellow. Seeds
exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. 4

2. Anthers opening by apical pores. Staminodes absent. Ovary 3-celled
with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Leaves glandular. Flowers in
racemes.--Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Roridula= L.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes present. Ovary
1-celled or 3-celled at the base, with numerous parietal ovules. [Tribe
LUXEMBOURGIEAE.] 3

3. Staminodes in one row, 5, petal-like, adnate below to the fertile
stamens. Flowers in cymes.--Species 2. West Africa. =Vausagesia= Baill.

Staminodes in two rows, the 5 inner petal-like, free, but twisted
into a tube, the outer numerous, thread-shaped. Flowers usually
solitary.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally.
=Sauvagesia= L.

4. Ovary 1, one-celled or two-celled at the base, with numerous basal
ovules. Style 2-cleft. Stamens numerous, in 3-5 indistinct rows. Sepals
enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Fruit a woody capsule.--Species 1
(_L. alata_ Banks). Central Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and
medicaments. (Tribe LOPHIREAE.) =Lophira= Banks

Ovaries 3-15, free, with one ovule in each and with a common style.
Stamens in 2-3 rows. Sepals not wing-like. Fruit a drupe or consisting
of several drupes. [Tribe OURATEEAE.] 5

5. Stamens numerous, in 3 rows. Filaments as long as or longer than the
anthers.--Species 80. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield
timber or dye-stuffs. (Plate 97.) =Ochna= L.

Stamens 10, in 2 rows. Filaments shorter than the anthers or wanting. 6

6. Anthers borne upon distinct filaments, oblong, smooth, opening by
longitudinal slits or by apical pores which later on are prolonged
into slits. Ovules, seeds, and embryo curved. Flowers in few-flowered
clusters.--Species 3. East Africa. =Brackenridgea= A. Gray

Anthers subsessile, linear, wrinkled or warty, opening by apical pores.
Flowers in many-flowered panicles or racemes.--Species 60. Tropics.
(_Gomphia_ Schreb.) =Ouratea= Aubl.


FAMILY 148. THEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Sepals
5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free or
united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 10
or more, rarely (_Thomassetia_) 5. Ovary superior or almost so,
2-5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Fruit a capsule or a
nut. Albumen scanty or wanting.--Genera 6, species 12. Tropics and
Canary Islands. (_TERNSTROEMIACEAE._) (Plate 98.)

1. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe ASTEROPEIEAE.]
2

Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves. 4

2. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with staminodes which are united
in 5 bundles. Ovary 5-celled. Flowers in long-stalked, axillary
clusters.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Thomassetia= L.

Fertile stamens 10 or more. Flowers in panicles. 3

3. Stamens 10-15, united at the base. Anthers versatile, turned
inwards. Ovary 3-celled. Sepals enlarged and wing-like in fruit.
Low trees or climbing shrubs.--Species 6. Madagascar. (Including
_Rhodoclada_ Bak.) =Asteropeia= Thouars

Stamens numerous. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit with 5 wing-like ribs.
Tall trees. Inflorescence terminal, scantily branched.--Species 1.
Madagascar. Yields timber. =Nesogordonia= Baill.

4. Anthers versatile, turned outwards. Stamens numerous, the outer ones
united at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds wingless, exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Species 2. Cultivated
and occasionally naturalized in the tropics. One of them (_Th.
sinensis_ L.) is the tea-plant, the other (_Th. japonica_ L., camellia)
is an ornamental plant and yields wood and oily seeds. (Including
_Camellia_ L.) [Tribe THEEAE.] =Thea= L.

Anthers adnate. Fruit a nut. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe
TERNSTROEMIEAE.] 5

5. Ovules 2-3 in each cell, axile, descending. Styles 3. Fruit,
half-inferior.--Species 1. Canary Islands. It has edible fruits and is
used in medicine and as an ornamental plant. (Plate 98.) =Visnea= L. f.

Ovules many in each cell, attached to a pendulous placenta. Style 1,
simple.--Species 1. West Africa. =Adinandra= Jacks.


FAMILY 149. GUTTIFERAE

Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Flowers regular. Petals
with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous.
Ovary superior. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 16, species 180. (Including
_CLUSIACEAE_ and _HYPERICINEAE_.) (Plate 99.)

1. Ovary-cells and styles numerous (17-24). Ovules 2 in each cell, one
ascending, the other pendulous. Filaments free. Shrubs.--Species 1.
Seychelles. =Medusagyne= Bak.

Ovary-cells 1-12. Styles 1-5. 2

[Illustration: OCHNACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 97._

J. Fleischmann del.

Ochna Hoepfneri Engl. & Gilg

_A_ Inflorescence. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens cut
off). _C_ Fruiting branch. _D_ Mericarp.]

[Illustration: THEACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 98._

J. Fleischmann del.

Visnea Mocanera L. f.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ End of
a fruiting branch. _E_ Young fruit. _F_ Young fruit cut lengthwise.]


2. Styles 3-5, free or united below. Sepals 5. Embryo with distinct,
not very thick cotyledons. [Subfamily =HYPERICOIDEAE=.] 3

Style 1, undivided or cleft at the top, or 1 sessile stigma. Shrubs or
trees. 7

3. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Carpels 5. Seeds not winged; cotyledons
longer than the radicle. Petals usually woolly within. Stamens in 5
bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe VISMIEAE.] 4

Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry, but then carpels 3. Petals glabrous
within. 6

4. Fruit a drupe. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Stamens in bundles
of 3-5.--Species 1 (_H. paniculata_ Lodd.). Tropics. Yields timber,
dyes, edible fruit from which a drink is prepared, and medicaments.
(_Harungana_ Lam.) =Haronga= Thouars

Fruit a berry. Stamens in bundles of 4-20. 5

5. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Embryo with usually twisted
cotyledons. Flowers in terminal, umbel-like cymes.--Species 35.
Tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Psorospermum= Spach

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Embryo with semiterete cotyledons.
Flowers in panicles.--Species 6. Central Africa. (_Caopia_ Adans.)
=Vismia= Vell.

6. Fruit dehiscing septicidally and loculicidally. Seeds with a long
wing. Embryo with a very short radicle and longer cotyledons. Ovary
3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens in 3 bundles. Petals with
a basal appendage. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. [Tribe CRATOXYLEAE.]
=Eliaea= Camb.

Fruit dehiscing septicidally, rarely indehiscent. Seeds without a
distinct wing, but sometimes keeled. Embryo with the cotyledons usually
shorter than the radicle.--Species 35. Some of them yield wood and
medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Androsaemum_
All. and _Triadenia_ Spach). [Tribe HYPERICEAE.] =Hypericum= L.

7. (2.) Style very short or wanting. Fruit a berry. Seeds usually with
an aril. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily =CLUSIOIDEAE=, tribe GARCINIEAE.]
8

Style distinctly developed. Seeds usually without an aril. 11

8. Ovary incompletely 5-celled with numerous parietal ovules in each
cell. Flowers unisexual. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens in 5 bundles.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with an aril.--Species
4. Central Africa. The seeds yield a fat. (Including _Stearodendron_
Engl.) (Plate 99.) =Allanblackia= Oliv.

Ovary completely 2-12-celled with 1-2 axile ovules in each cell.
Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. 9

9. Ovary with 2-3 two-ovuled cells, sometimes each cell subsequently
divided into two incomplete, one-ovuled compartments. Sepals 2. Petals
4. Filaments united at the base. Seeds without an aril. Flowers in
clusters, rarely solitary.--Species 12. Madagascar and West Africa.
They yield timber, dyes, and edible fruits. (_Calysaccion_ Wight)
=Ochrocarpus= Thouars

Ovary with one-ovuled cells. Seeds with an aril. 10

10. Sepals 2. Petals 4-7. Filaments free.--Species 4. Madagascar.
(Including _Tsimatimia_ Jum. et Perrier) =Rheedia= L.

Sepals 4-5, rarely 2, but then filaments united in several bundles.
Petals 4-5.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield
timber, gum-resin (gambodge), dyes, edible fruits, fat-containing
seeds, and various medicaments, among which are the false cola-nuts.
(Including _Xanthochymus_ Roxb.) =Garcinia= L.

11. Ovary 5-celled, with several or many ovules in each cell. Style
5-cleft. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens united in 5 bundles or in a tube.
Fruit a berry. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily =MORONOBOIDEAE=.] 12

Ovary 1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell, surmounted by a simple
style with an entire or 2-4-parted stigma, rarely (_Hypericum_) ovary
5-celled and style or stigma 5-cleft, but then fruit a capsule and
embryo with distinct cotyledons. 13

12. Stamens in 5 bundles consisting of numerous stamens each. Sepals
nearly equalling the petals.--Species 3. West Africa. The fruits of the
tallow-tree (P. _butyracea_ Sabine) yield a fat. =Pentadesma= Sabine

Stamens united in a tube, the lobes of which bear 3-4 anthers each.
Sepals much smaller than the petals. Disc cupular.--Species 15.
Madagascar and West Africa. _S. globulifera_ L. f. yields timber and a
resin used industrially and medicinally; other species afford edible
fruits, oily seeds, food for silkworms, and medicaments. (Including
_Chrysopia_ Thouars) =Symphonia= L. f.

13. Sepals 2-4. Stamens free or shortly united at the base. Ovary
1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Embryo
with a very short radicle and thick-fleshy cotyledons. [Subfamily
=CALOPHYLLOIDEAE=.] 14

Sepals 5. 15

14. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule. Fleshy mesocarp thin.
Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 6. Madagascar and East
Africa. They yield timber, resin, oil, fish-poison, and medicaments.
=Calophyllum= L.

Ovary 2-4-celled, with altogether 4 ovules. Flowers solitary or in
clusters.--Species 2, one growing wild in West Africa, the other (_M.
americana_ L.) cultivated in the tropics and naturalized on the Cape
Verde Islands. The latter species yields timber, resin, medicaments,
and edible fruits (mammee-apples), which are also used for preparing
drinks. =Mammea= L.

15. Ovary 1-celled, with a single pendulous ovule. Filaments united
at the base in 5 bundles, further upwards in a tube. Fruit a drupe.
Embryo with a very short radicle and thick cotyledons.--Species 1. West
Africa. [Subfamily =ENDODESMIOIDEAE=.] =Endodesmia= Benth.

Ovary 2-5-celled. 16

[Illustration: GUTTIFERAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 99._

J. Fleischmann del.

Allanblackia floribunda Oliv.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower
cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of fruit.]

[Illustration: ELATINACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 100._

J. Fleischmann del.

Bergia suffruticosa (Del.) Fenzl

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther from
behind. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed.]


16. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit
a berry.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Leioclusia= Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. (See 6.)
=Hypericum= L.


FAMILY 150. DIPTEROCARPACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipulate. Flowers
in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in
bud, enlarged in fruit. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens
numerous, hypogynous or nearly so, with a prolonged connective. Ovary
superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted. Style
simple. Fruit a one-seeded nut. Seeds without albumen or with a very
thin albumen.--Genera 2, species 15. Tropics.

Receptacle flat. Filaments short. Anthers linear, adnate. Ovary
glabrous. Embryo with thick, fleshy cotyledons. Tall trees.--Species
1. Seychelles. Yields timber, resin, and fatty seeds. [Subfamily
=DIPTEROCARPOIDEAE=.] =Vateria= L.

Receptacle raised. Filaments long. Anthers oval, versatile. Embryo
with thin, leaf-like, twisted cotyledons.--Species 15. Central Africa.
(Under _Vatica_ L.) [Subfamily =MONOTOIDEAE=.]. =Monotes= A. DC.


SUBORDER TAMARICINEAE


FAMILY 151. ELATINACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate.
Flowers solitary or in cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3-5, free
or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 3-5, free, hypogynous,
imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens hypogynous, as many or
twice as many as the petals. Anthers attached by the back, opening
inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous,
axile, inverted, with a short funicle. Styles 3-5, free. Fruit a
septicidal capsule. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 2, species 15. (Plate
100.)

Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals united below, with a faint midrib and
without membranous margins. Ovary depressed at the top. Flowers
solitary.--Species 3. North Africa. =Elatine= L.

Flowers 5-merous. Sepals free or almost free, with a very projecting
midrib and with membranous margins. Ovary narrowed at the top. Leaves
serrate.--Species 12. Central and South Africa and Egypt. (Plate 100.)
=Bergia= L.


FAMILY 152. FRANKENIACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely low shrubs. Stem jointed. Leaves opposite,
undivided, stipulate. Flowers in cymes, bracteolate, regular,
hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-lobed or-cleft, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5,
hypogynous, free or united in the middle, clawed, usually with a
scale-like appendage, persistent. Stamens 4-6, hypogynous. Filaments
united at the base, broadened in the middle. Anthers versatile, opening
outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal
placentas bearing the ovules at their base. Style simple with 2-3
stigmas, or 2-3-cleft at the top. Ovules with a long ascending funicle,
inverted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a copious, mealy
albumen and a straight, axile embryo.--Genera 2, species 10.

Stamens 5, equal. Carpels 2. Petals without a ligule. Small
shrubs.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena. Used as a substitute for tea.
(Under _Frankenia_ L.) =Beatsonia= Roxb.

Stamens 4 or 6, the outer ones shorter. Carpels usually 3. Petals
usually with a ligule.--Species 10. North Africa, northern Central
Africa, and South Africa. =Frankenia= L.


FAMILY 153. TAMARICACEAE

Shrubs, undershrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided,
exstipulate. Flowers terminal, solitary or in racemes, regular, 4-5-,
rarely 6-7-merous. Petals hypogynous, free. Disc present. Anthers
versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled,
with basal or parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, ascending, inverted,
with a very short funicle. Styles or sessile stigmas several,
free or united at the base. Fruit a capsule. Seeds hairy; embryo
straight.--Genera 3, species 25. (Plate 101.)

1. Flowers solitary. Petals 5, with an appendage on the inner face.
Stamens numerous. Styles distinctly separated from the ovary,
thread-shaped; stigmas small, simple. Placentas extending throughout
the ovary, but bearing ovules at the base only, later on separating
from the wall of the ovary. Seeds with a boss at the top, hairy all
round, albuminous.--Species 3. North Africa. Used for making salt.
[Tribe REAUMURIEAE.]. =Reaumuria= L.

Flowers in racemes. Petals unappendaged. Stamens as many or twice as
many as the petals. Ovary beaked. Styles short and thick or wanting;
stigmas broadened. Placentas basal-subparietal, cushion-shaped. Seeds
without a boss, but with a tuft of hairs at the top, exalbuminous.
[Tribe TAMARICEAE.] 2

2. Anthers turned inwards. Stigmas sessile, cushion-shaped. Seeds with
a stalked tuft of hairs.--Species 1. North West Africa (Algeria).
=Myricaria= Desv.

Anthers turned outwards. Filaments free or almost free. Stigmas borne
upon a short style, more or less spatulate. Seeds with a sessile tuft
of hairs.--Species 20. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing
materials, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate
101.) “Tamarisk.” =Tamarix= L.

[Illustration: TAMARICACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 101._

J. Fleischmann del.

Tamarix senegalensis DC.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamen. _D_ Fruit.
_E_ Seed.]

[Illustration: CISTACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 102._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cistus heterophyllus Desf.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (most of the stamens
cut off). _C_ Transverse section of ovary. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed in
longitudinal section.]


SUBORDER CISTINEAE


FAMILY 154. CISTACEAE

Leaves simple, entire. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3 or
5, with contorted aestivation. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation,
deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, 7 or more, usually numerous, unequal.
Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary 1-celled with 3-10 parietal
placentas, or more or less completely 3-10-celled. Style simple or
wanting, stigma large. Ovules numerous, usually straight. Fruit a
loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.--Genera 5,
species 75. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. (Plate 102.)

1. Stamens partly (the outer ones) sterile. Carpels 3. Ovules 6-12,
inverted. Style long. Undershrubs.--Species 5. North Africa. (Under
_Helianthemum_ L.) =Fumana= Spach

Stamens all fertile. Ovules straight. 2

2. Carpels 5 or 10. Funicle thread-shaped. Petals white or red. Shrubs
or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.--Species 15. North
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants; the resin of others
(ladanum) is employed in medicine and perfumery and as a fumigant.
(Plate 102.) =Cistus= L.

Carpels 3. 3 3

3. Style long, usually kneed or sigmoid at the base. Funicle obconical.
Embryo folded. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 40. North Africa and
Cape Verde Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-rose.”
=Helianthemum= Adans.

Style short and straight or wanting. Funicle thread-shaped or thickened
in the middle. Embryo coiled or hooked. 4

4. Funicle thread-shaped. Embryo coiled. Leaves, at least the upper
ones, alternate, without stipules.--Species 3. North Africa. (Under
_Helianthemum_ Tourn.) =Halimium= Willk.

Funicle thickened in the middle. Embryo hooked. Herbs.--Species 10.
North Africa. (Under _Helianthemum_ Tourn.) =Tuberaria= Spach


FAMILY 155. BIXACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed, palminerved, stipulate.
Flowers in terminal racemes, clothed with scales, regular,
hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free, glandular at the base, imbricate in bud.
Petals 5, free, rose-coloured, with imbricate or contorted aestivation.
Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or slightly united at the base.
Anthers curved, opening at the top by two short, transverse slits.
Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placetas. Ovules numerous,
inverted. Style simple; stigma small, 2-lobed. Fruit 2-valved, usually
prickly. Seed-coat red and fleshy outside, hard within. Albumen copious.

Genus 1, species 1 (_B. orellana_ L.). Cultivated and naturalized in
the tropics. Yields fibres, dyes (arnatto), and medicaments. =Bixa= L.


SUBORDER COCHLOSPERMINEAE


FAMILY 156. COCHLOSPERMACEAE

Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or palmately lobed or
divided, stipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles, glabrous or clothed
with simple hairs, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free, imbricate
in bud. Petals 4-5, free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation.
Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or united at the base. Anthers
straight, opening by two sometimes confluent slits or pores. Ovary
superior, 1-celled with 3-5 more or less projecting parietal placentas,
or 2-3-celled. Ovules several or many, inverted. Style simple. Fruit
a capsule. Seeds with a curved embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 2,
species 7. Tropics. (Under _BIXINEAE_.)

Petals large, yellow. Anthers long, attached by the base, opening at
the top. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 3-5-celled. Ovules
numerous, parietal. Seeds covered with long hairs. Leaves palmately
lobed or divided. Flowers in few-flowered racemes or panicles.--Species
5. Central Africa. They yield fibre, gum, dyes, and medicaments.
(_Maximilianea_ Mart. & Schrank.) =Cochlospermum= Kunth

Petals small. Anthers short, attached by the back, opening lengthwise.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules few, subbasal. Leaves undivided, penninerved.
Flowers in compound cymes.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Sphaerosepalum= Bak.


SUBORDER FLACOURTIINEAE


FAMILY 157. WINTERANACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, penninerved, gland-dotted,
without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes, axillary,
hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-10, free or
united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens 7-18, hypogynous. Filaments
wholly united. Anthers opening outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary
superior, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style
simple, short. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a minute embryo and copious
albumen.--Genera 2, species 4. Tropics. (_CANELLACEAE_.)

Petals 4-6, united beyond the middle. Anthers 7-9, two-celled, or
14-18, 1-celled. Placentas 3-4. Stigma 1. Flowers solitary.--Species 2.
Madagascar. Used medicinally. [Tribe CINNAMOSMEAE.] =Cinnamosma= Baill.

Petals 10, free. Anthers 10. Placentas 5. Stigmas 5. Flowers
cymose.--Species 2. East Africa. Yielding an aromatic oil. [Tribe
CINNAMODENDREAE.] =Warburgia= Engl.


FAMILY 158. VIOLACEAE

Leaves simple. Flowers bracteolate, more or less irregular. Sepals
5, free or united at the base, with open or imbricate aestivation.
Petals 5, free, hypogynous or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5,
alternating with

[Illustration: VIOLACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 103._

J. Fleischmann del.

Rinorea gracilipes Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamen from front
and back. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit.]

[Illustration: FLACOURTIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 104._

J. Fleischmann del.

Flacourtia Ramontchi L’Hér.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female
flower. _D_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_ Cross-section of ovary.]
the petals, hypogynous or nearly so. Filaments short. Anthers turned
inwards; connective usually prolonged. Ovary superior, sessile,
1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple.
Fruit a loculicidal capsule with an elastically seceding exocarp. Seeds
albuminous.--Genera 4, species 100. (Plate 103.)

1. Flowers distinctly irregular. Lowest petal larger than the rest and
furnished with a spur or boss at the base. Anterior filaments bearing
a spur, a boss, or a gland. Style thickened and usually curved above.
Ovules numerous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Tribe VIOLEAE.] 2

Flowers nearly regular. Petals subequal, without spur or boss. Style
straight, with a terminal stigma. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe RINOREEAE.] 3

2. Sepals produced at the base into two auricles. Filaments very
short. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in
pairs.--Species 20. Some of them yield perfumes and medicaments and
serve as ornamental plants (violets and pansies). =Viola= L.

Sepals not auricled. Lowest petal saccate or gibbous.--Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Calceolaria_
Loefl., _Ionidium_ Vent.) =Hybanthus= Jacq.

3. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood. Petals connivent.
Ovules 3. Seeds with an aril and with scanty albumen.--Species 1. West
Africa (Cameroons). =Allexis= Pierre

Flowers solitary or in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Seeds
without an aril, with copious albumen.--Species 70. Tropical and
South-east Africa. Some yield timber. (_Alsodeia_ Thouars). (Plate
103.) =Rinorea= Aubl.


FAMILY 159. FLACOURTIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers regular.
Petals free, with imbricate or valvate, rarely (_Dioncophyllum_) with
contorted aestivation, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or
more. Anthers 2-celled, very rarely 4-celled, opening by longitudinal
slits, rarely (_Kiggelaria_) by apical pores. Ovary superior and
sessile or nearly so, or half-inferior, rarely (_Bembicia_) inferior,
one-celled or incompletely, rarely completely 2-or more-celled, with
2-8 parietal, rarely axile placentas bearing the ovules sometimes
at the top only, rarely with a single placenta. Ovules 3 or more,
rarely 2, inverted. Seeds nearly always albuminous and with a straight
embryo.--Genera 46, species 250. Tropical and South Africa. (Including
_SAMYDACEAE_, under _BIXINEAE_.) (Plate 104.)

1. Perianth-leaves spirally arranged; sepals gradually passing into the
petals. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Flowers in spikes or racemes. [Tribe
ERYTHROSPERMEAE.] 2

Perianth-leaves whorled; sepals separated from the petals, or petals
absent. 7

2. Inner perianth-leaves with small, scale-like appendages at the base.
3

Inner perianth-leaves without appendages. 5

3. Outer perianth-leaves much smaller than the inner, free, leathery.
Style very short.--Species 4. East and South-east Africa. =Rawsonia=
Harv. & Send.

Outer perianth-leaves about as large as the inner. 4

4. Stamens 5.--Species 5. West Africa. (Under _Dasylepis_ Oliv.)
=Scottelia= Oliv.

Stamens numerous.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Dasylepis= Oliv.

5. Stamens 5-15, hypogynous. Anthers broad-sagittate. Style simple,
with a 2-4-lobed stigma. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in racemes,
hermaphrodite.--Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands and
East Africa. =Erythrospermum= Lam.

Stamens 20 or more, perigynous. Anthers oblong or linear. Style
3-4-cleft or-parted. 6

6. Flowers hermaphrodite. Style 3, free. Fruit a few-seeded,
loculicidal capsule. Low trees. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in
spikes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Pyramidocarpus= Oliv.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Style 1, with 4 branches.
Fruit a many-seeded, septicidal capsule. Tall trees. Flowers in
racemes.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (_Cerolepis_ Pierre).
=Camptostylus= Gilg

7. (1.) Petals present. Ovary 1-celled. 8

Petals absent. Sepals 3-6, very rarely 7-8. 35

8. Petals more than sepals, unappendaged. Stamens numerous. Ovary
superior. 9

Petals as many as sepals. 17

9. Stamens collected in bundles opposite to the petals and alternating
with 8 glands inserted at the margin of the receptacle. Calyx
4-partite. Petals 8. Ovules few, suspended from the upper part of the
placentas. Styles 3-4. Flowers in axillary spikes.--Species 1. West
Africa. =Dissomeria= Benth.

Stamens not in bundles. Receptacle without glands. Ovules numerous,
parietal. Style 1, simple cleft or 2-parted. [Tribe ONCOBEAE.] 10

10. Sepals wholly or partly united, when young, with valvate
aestivation. Style simple. 11

Sepals free or nearly so, with imbricate aestivation. 12

11. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in few-flowered racemes. Calyx
hood-shaped. Petals 5. Filaments free, thread-shaped. Placentas 2-3.
Fruit a capsule.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Prockiopsis= Baill.

Flowers dioecious, in fascicles or abbreviated spikes or racemes. Calyx
of 3 sepals. Petals 6-7. Stamens in 2 rows, the outer longer and with
broadened, incompletely united filaments. Placentas 3-5.--Species 5.
Central Africa. =Buchnerodendron= Guerke

12. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3. Petals 9-12. Anthers attached by
the back. Ovary and fruit winged. Style long, 2-cleft at the top, with
small stigmas. Shrubs. Leaves serrate, stipulate. Flowers in the axils
of undeveloped leaves, towards the ends of the branches.--Species 3.
West Africa. =Poggea= Guerke

Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Petals 4-12. 13

13. Style very short, with 2-4 recurved stigmas. Anthers attached by
the back near the base. Sepals 3. Petals 5-7. Fruit winged. Shrubs.
Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. East Africa.
=Grandidiera= Jaub.

Style thread-shaped, simple or 3-7-cleft. Anthers attached by the base.
Fruit not winged. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes. 14

14. Flowers rather small, in racemes. Stigma inconspicuous or slightly
branched. Placentas 3. Seeds few. Leafstalk jointed. Branches
without spines.--Species 6. Central Africa. (Under _Oncoba_ Forsk.)
=Lindackeria= Presl

Flowers large. Placentas 4 or more. 15

15. Stigma (or style-apex) not thickened, slightly notched or divided
into several branches. Fruit dehiscing incompletely; seeds numerous,
minute. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.--Species 15.
Central Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or
medicinal plants. (Under _Oncoba_ Forsk.) =Caloncoba= Gilg

Stigma thickened or divided into many branches. Leafstalk not jointed.
Flowers solitary or 2-3 together. 16

16. Branches without spines. Fruit ovoid, beaked, dehiscing by 4-6
valves; seeds few, large.--Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa.
Some species have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (Under _Oncoba_ Forsk.) =Xylotheca= Hochst.

Branches spinous. Fruit globose, indehiscent, with many placentas and
numerous seeds.--Species 2. Central Africa. Used medicinally; the
fruits are edible and used for making ornaments. =Oncoba= Forsk.

17. (8.) Petals 5, each with a scale-like appendage at the base.
Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 10-12. Anthers opening at the top.
Ovary superior. Styles 2-5. Flowers dioecious, in axillary cymes.
Shrubs.--Species 6. South and East Africa. [Tribe PANGIEAE.]
=Kiggelaria= L.

Petals without scales at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise. 18

18. Receptacle (flower-tube) bearing a cupular or filamentous corona
at its margin. Petals 5. Ovary superior. Seeds with an aril. [Tribe
PAROPSIEAE.] 19

Receptacle without a corona, but sometimes with glands. 25

19. Anthers peltate, 4-celled. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Corona
short-tubular, entire. Ovules 6, apical. Styles 3, long. Stigmas not
thickened. Low trees. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in elongated
axillary spikes or racemes.--Species 3. West Africa. =Soyauxia= Oliv.

Anthers cordate, 2-celled. Ovules parietal. Stigmas thickened. Flowers
solitary or in fascicles or terminal panicles. 20

20. Ovules 2 on each placenta. Styles 3. Stamens 5. Filaments broadened
and united below. Corona many-parted. Flowers in terminal panicles.
Bracts with two large glands at the base.--Species 1. West Africa
(Liberia). (Under _Paropsia_ Nor.) =Androsiphonia= Stapf

Ovules 3 or more on each placenta. 21

21. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous. Corona double. Flowers sessile,
in the axils of the leaves or by the side of them, enveloped by
imbricate bracts. Fruit indehiscent. Branches with swellings inhabited
by ants. Leaves stipulate.--Species 4. West Africa and region of the
Great Lakes. =Barteria= Hook.

Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Flowers stalked. 22

22. Corona double, the outer slit into narrow segments, the inner
ring-shaped. Stamens 8-10. Leaves toothed. Flowers solitary,
axillary.--Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. =Paropsiopsis= Engl.

Corona simple. Stamens 5 or many. 23

23. Flowers in panicles. Corona divided into thread-like segments.
Stamens 5. Filaments flat. Styles 5.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Hounea=
Baill.

Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the leaves. Filaments
thin, thread-like. Fruit dehiscent. Leaves toothed. 24

24. Stamens 5. Flowers rather small. Leaves with glandular patches at
the base of the blade.--Species 10. Tropics. Some have edible fruits.
=Paropsia= Nor.

Stamens numerous. Flowers large. Leaves with glands at the base of the
stalk.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under _Paropsia_ Nor.) =Smeathmannia=
Soland.

25. (18.) Inflorescences springing from the midrib of the leaves,
cymose. Ovary superior, many-ovuled. [Tribe PHYLLOBOTRYEAE.] 26

Inflorescences axillary or terminal. 28

26. Stamens 5. Anthers linear. Petals 5. Leaves toothed.--Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. =Moquerysia= Hua

Stamens numerous. Anthers oval or triangular. Petals 3-5. 27

27. Style 1, shortly 2-cleft. Anthers oval or elliptical. Flowers
solitary or in pairs. Leaves large, serrate.--Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa. =Phylloclinium= Baill.

Styles 3, free or united below. Petals 3-4. Flowers in glomerules.
Leaves very large.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Phyllobotryum=
Muell. Arg.

28. Stamens singly or in bundles opposite to the petals. Ovary
half-inferior, more rarely superior. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe
HOMALIEAE.] 29

Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary superior. Fruit a
berry. [Tribe SCOLOPIEAE.] 33

29. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9-15. Ovary superior. Placentas 3, with
1-2 ovules each. Styles 3. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in spikes or
spike-like panicles.--Species 4. East and South Africa. =Trimeria= Harv.

Flowers hermaphrodite. 30

30. Style 1, simple, with a capitate stigma. Ovules 4. Stamens 5.
Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Gerrardina=
Oliv.

Styles 2-6, or style single and 2-6-cleft. 31

31. Ovary superior. Ovules numerous. Styles 3-6, free. Stamens
5-8, nearly hypogynous. Seeds woolly. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in
panicles.--Species 5. Madagascar and East Africa. (Including _Bivinia_
Tul.) =Calantica= Tul.

Ovary half-inferior. Seeds not woolly. 32

32. Style 1, thick, 4-6-cleft at the apex. Ovules numerous. Stamens
12-18. Petals scarcely larger than the sepals. Flowers in spike-like
panicles. Leaves exstipulate.--Species 2. West Africa. =Byrsanthus=
Guill.

Styles 2-6, thread-shaped, free or united at the base, rarely beyond;
in the latter case stamens 4-8 or petals considerably larger than the
sepals. Petals persistent.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species yield timber. (Including _Blackwellia_ Comm.) =Homalium= Jacq.

33. Sepals united below. Petals with contorted aestivation. Anthers
attached by the base. Placentas 5-7. Ovules numerous. Styles 5-7,
united at the base. Leaves ending in two tendrils. Flowers in cymose
panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dioncophyllum= Baill.

Sepals free. Anthers attached by the back. Placentas 2-4. Style 1,
simple. Leaves stipulate, without tendrils. 34

34. Ovary stalked, incompletely 3-celled at the base, 6-ovuled.
Connective not prolonged. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals larger
than the sepals. Flowers in compound racemes or panicles. Leaves
penninerved.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Marquesia= Gilg

Ovary sessile or nearly so, completely 1-celled. Connective usually
prolonged. Sepals valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Petals similar
to the sepals. Flowers solitary or in racemes, rarely in panicles.
Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species yield timber or serve as ornamental plants. (_Phoberos_
Lour.) =Scolopia= Schreb.

35. (7.) Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas.
Styles 2-3. Stamens numerous. Sepals 7-8, petaloid. Inflorescences
head-like.--Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe BEMBICIEAE.] =Bembicia= Oliv.

Ovary superior. 36

36. Receptacle with thread-or strap-shaped, sometimes partly united
appendages. Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal
placentas. 37

Receptacle with separate glands or with a ring-shaped disc, but without
thread-or strap-shaped appendages, or without any appendages. 39

37. Stamens 15-20. Styles 4. Sepals 4, unequal. Flowers unisexual,
solitary, axillary.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).
=Trichostephanus= Gilg

Stamens 5-12. Style 1, simple or cleft at the top. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds hairy or arillate. Leaves stipulate, usually gland-dotted. [Tribe
CASEARIEAE.] 38

38. Flowers in terminal panicles, polygamous. Stamens 5-6. Seeds
with a minute aril.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).
=Ophiobotrys= Gilg

Flowers solitary and axillary or in axillary fascicles or heads,
hermaphrodite. Stamens 6-12.--Species 20. Tropics to Delagoa Bay.
Some species yield timber or are used in medicine. (_Guidonia_ Plum.)
=Casearia= Jacq.

39. Stamens collected in 5-8 bundles alternating with the sepals.
Sepals glandular, valvate in bud. Placentas 3-6, parietal, with
numerous ovules. Styles 3-6. Fruit a capsule. Seeds woolly. Leaves
entire or crenate, stipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. (See
31.) =Calantica= Tul.

Stamens not in bundles. 40

40. Anthers 10-15, linear, large, subsessile. Calyx very small,
imbricate in bud. Placentas 2, parietal, bearing 2 ovules each. Styles
2. Fruit a nut. Seeds very large, arillate, exalbuminous. Embryo with
a minute radicle and very unequal cotyledons. Shrubs. Leaves without
stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, dioecious.--Species 2.
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally. =Physena= Thouars

Anthers short and broad, more or less oval. Seeds albuminous. 41

41. Ovary 2-or more-celled, with 2-4 subbasal ovules in each cell.
Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous, surrounding a thick disc. Fruit
a prickly nut. Seeds ruminate within. Stipules connate. Flowers in
cymes, hermaphrodite.--Species 5. Madagascar. (_Ropalocarpus_ Boj.)
=Rhopalocarpus= Boj.

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely, very rarely completely 2-or
more-celled, with parietal or axile ovules; if ovary 2-or more-celled,
then styles 2-8, free or united at the base, and fruit a berry or a
drupe. Seeds not ruminate. [Tribe FLACOURTIEAE.] 42

42. Ovary incompletely, very rarely completely 2-or more-celled. Styles
2-8, free or united at the base. Receptacle bearing a disc or free
glands. 43

Ovary completely 1-celled. Style usually 1. Stamens numerous. 44

43. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 10-25, alternating with glands.
Placentas with 1-6 ovules each. Fruit a berry. Stipules minute,
deciduous.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible
fruits. (_Dovyalis_ Arn. & Mey., including _Aberia_ Hochst.) =Doryalis=
Arn. & Mey.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens numerous, surrounded by a
ring-shaped disc. Placentas with several or many ovules each. Fruit
a drupe with several stones. Stipules wanting.--Species 7. Tropics
to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber, edible fruits (Indian plums), and
medicaments, and serve also as hedge-plants. (Plate 104.) =Flacourtia=
Juss.

44. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in cymes. Receptacle expanded into
a disc. Stamens with short filaments and introrse anthers. Style very
short, simple or 2-6-cleft. Ovary with a single placenta and 2 ovules.
Fruit a drupe. Stipules minute.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. Yields
timber and condiments. =Guya= Frapp.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle unappendaged, rarely with a disc but
then style distinctly developed. 45

45. Receptacle expanded into a glandular-toothed disc. Sepals 5-6,
oblong, imbricate in bud. Placentas 2-4. Style filiform, 2-4-cleft at
the apex. Stipules none.--Species 2. East Africa (Sansibar), Madagascar
and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and are used in medicine.
=Ludia= Lam.

Receptacle without a disc and without glands. Sepals 4-5, roundish, or
3. Styles 3 or 0. 46

46. Sepals 3, valvate in bud. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas
3. Styles 3, free, filiform; stigmas not thickened. Stipules linear.
Flowers in racemose inflorescences.--Species 6. Madagascar. =Tisonia=
Baill.

Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Anthers attached by the back near the
base. Placenta 1. Style none; stigma peltate. Fruit a berry. Flowers
solitary or in clusters.--Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands, East and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible fruits,
a substitute for tea, and medicaments. (_Aphloia_ Benn.) =Neumannia=
Rich.


FAMILY 160. TURNERACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5,
furnished with a gland or a callosity, imbricate in bud, deciduous.
Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the
petals. Filaments free. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal
slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules
inverted. Styles 3, often divided. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds
arillate, pitted, with a large embryo and copious albumen.--Genera 7,
species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 105.)

1. Sepals free or nearly so. 2

Sepals united below into a distinct tube. 3

2. Stigmas nearly entire. Sepals with ovate glands. Petals white. Fruit
dehiscing throughout its whole length. Aril formed of long hairs. Trees
with simple hairs. Leaves stipulate, with two glands on the stalk.
Flowers pendulous, solitary or in clusters of 3, bracteolate.--Species
1. Mascarene Islands. =Mathurina= Balf. fil.

Stigmas many-cleft. Fruit dehiscing from the top to the middle. Aril
one-sided, crenate. Leaves without glands at the base, but sometimes
with small glands at the margin. Flowers erect, solitary or in cymes.
Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Including _Erblichia_ Seem.,
under _Turnera_ L.) =Piriqueta= Aubl.

3. Calyx-tube with very numerous and very thin nerves. Stamens inserted
at the base of the tube. Stigmas entire or obscurely notched. Areas of
the seed-coat without holes. Glandular shrubs. Stipules minute. Flowers
solitary, erect, bracteolate.--Species 2. East Africa. =Loewia= Urban

Calyx-tube with 10-15 nerves. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or
trees, but then stigmas divided. 4

4. Calyx-tube 10-nerved, with hemispherical callosities or without any
appendage on the inside. Areas of the seed-coat with one hole in each
or without a hole. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads. 5

Calyx-tube 15-nerved, furnished with linear ledges within. Areas of the
seed-coat with two holes in each. Flowers in one-sided racemes. Hairy
herbs. Leaves without stipules. 6

5. Sepals thin-membranous, colourless. Petals inserted at the base of
the calyx-tube. Stigmas many-cleft. Ovules 9. Fruit pendulous. Aril
entire. Herbs. Leaves without glands. Flowers solitary.--Species 2.
Madagascar. (Under _Turnera_ L.) =Hyalocalyx= Rolfe

Sepals herbaceous, green. Petals inserted at the mouth of the
calyx-tube. Fruit erect. Aril crenate or lobed.--Species 2, one a
native of Madagascar, the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.
=Turnera= L.

6. Petals inserted below the mouth of the calyx-tube, provided with a
scale at their base. Stamens arising from the base of the tube. Fruit
linear. Seeds in one row.--Species 8. Tropical and South-east Africa.
(Plate 105.) =Wormskioldia= Schum. & Thonn.

Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, unappendaged. Stamens
adnate to the tube at their base. Fruit oblong or oval. Seeds in
several rows.--Species 3. East Africa. (Under _Wormskioldia_ Schum. &
Thonn.) =Streptopetalum= Hochst.


FAMILY 161. PASSIFLORACEAE

Usually tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers regular.
Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. Petals as many, free, imbricate in
bud, more rarely wanting. Receptacle produced into a corona which is
sometimes divided into separate scales, rarely without any appendage.
Stamens 4-10, as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as
many. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior,
1-celled, with 3, rarely 4-5 parietal placentas and numerous inverted
ovules. Seeds arillate, with a pitted or furrowed testa and a fleshy
albumen.--Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 106.)

[Illustration: TURNERACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 105._

J. Fleischmann del.

Wormskioldia lobata Urb.

_A_ Whole plant. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of ovary.
_D_ Seed with aril. _E_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: PASSIFLORACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 106._

J. Fleischmann del.

Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Tendril. _C_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _D_
Cluster of fruits.]


1. Leaves compound: 2-3-foliolate or pinnate. Shrubs. Flowers
hermaphrodite. Stamens 5-10, free from the short gynophore. Anthers
attached by the back. 2

Leaves simple: entire, toothed, lobed, or cleft. 3

2. Corona formed of numerous threads springing from the base of the
calyx. Petals 4-5, resembling the sepals. Stamens united at base. Style
3-5-cleft. Ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule. Stem climbing. Leaflets in
1-2 pairs. Flowers in cymes.--Species 6. West Africa and Madagascar.
=Deidamia= Thouars

Corona none, but a disc within the stamens present. Petals 5, much
exceeding the sepals. Fertile stamens 5, free, alternating with 5
staminodes. Style simple. Ovules 10-12. Leaflets in 4-5 pairs. Flowers
in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. =Donaldsonia= Bak.

3. Fertile stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 6-8. Corona
formed of one row of threads. Ovary almost sessile, with 4 placentas
and 4 subsessile stigmas. Shrubs.--Species 1. South-east Africa.
=Schlechterina= Harms

Fertile stamens as many as the sepals or petals. 4

4. Fertile stamens alternating with as many staminodes. Flowers
hermaphrodite. Petals 5. Style simple. 5

Fertile stamens not alternating with staminodes. 6

5. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Sepals ovate. Petals ovate, larger
than the sepals. Corona formed of one row of threads. Staminodes
tooth-shaped. Ovary seated in the centre of the disc. Stigma entire.
Climbing, tendril-bearing shrubs. Leaves oblong.--Species 1. Northern
West Africa. =Crossostemma= Planch.

Calyx-tube bell-or funnel-shaped. Sepals oblong. Petals linear-oblong,
much smaller than the sepals. Corona none. Staminodes awl-shaped.
Anthers affixed by the back, near the base, and surmounted by a
prolonged, awl-shaped connective. Stamens free from the short
gynophore. Stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a berry. Erect herbs without tendrils.
Leaves linear-lanceolate.--Species 1. Southern West Africa. =Machadoa=
Welw.

6. Stamens adnate to the gynophore. Anthers affixed by the back, at
first turned inwards, later on outwards. Styles 3 or style single and
3-cleft. Corona present. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit a berry.--Species
8. One of them a native of Madagascar, the others cultivated and
sometimes naturalized in the tropics and the Canary Islands. They yield
edible fruits, drinks, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants.
“Passion-flower.” =Passiflora= L.

Stamens free from the gynophore, or no gynophore present. Anthers
affixed by the base or between its lobes, opening inwards or laterally.
Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry. 7

7. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube saucer-shaped. Corona triple.
Style 3-cleft. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in 2-3-flowered
cymes.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Including _Basananthe_
Peyr.) =Tryphostemma= Harv.

Flowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite or polygamous, but then without
a corona. Petals 4-6. Corona simple, double, or wanting. Leaves with
1-3 glands at the base.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some
are poisonous, others have edible fruits or are used in medicine.
(_Modecca_ Lam., including _Echinothamnus_ Engl., _Jaeggia_ Schinz,
_Keramanthus_ Hook. fil., _Ophiocaulon_ Hook. fil., and _Paschanthus_
Burch.) (Plate 106.) =Adenia= Forsk.


FAMILY 162. ACHARIACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed, without
stipules. Flowers regular, 3-5-merous, monoecious, solitary or
fascicled, axillary, the male sometimes in racemes. Sepals free, at
least in the female flowers, imbricate or open in bud. Petals united
below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the
corolla-lobes, affixed to the corolla. Anthers adnate, opening inwards.
Receptacle produced into a corona formed of 3-5 scales which are
inserted at the base of the corolla and alternate with the stamens.
Ovary superior, sessile or short-stalked, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal
placentas bearing 2 or more inverted ovules each. Style 3-10-cleft.
Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a sometimes adnate aril, a pitted or
wrinkled testa, a copious albumen, and a straight embryo.--Genera 3,
species 3. South Africa. (Under _PASSIFLORACEAE_.)

1. Stem twining. Leaves 5-7-lobed. Flowers 4-5-merous, the male in
racemes, the female solitary. Sepals of the male flowers linear.
Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. Anthers cohering. Corona
formed of linear or oblong scales. Ovary short-stalked, oblong.
Style-branches twice as many as placentas. Fruit linear. Aril adnate to
the wrinkled testa.--Species 1. South Africa. =Ceratiosicyos= Nees

Stem erect or underground. Leaves 3-lobed or undivided. Flowers
solitary or fascicled. Stamens inserted in the tube or at the throat of
the corolla. Aril free from the pitted testa. 2

2. Aboveground stem erect or ascending, woody at the base. Leaves
3-lobed. Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals oblong or ovate, free. Anthers with
a broad connective. Ovary sessile, subglobose. Ovules few, usually 6-8.
Style-branches twice as many as placentas.--Species 1. Cape Colony.
=Acharia= Thunb.

Aboveground stem wanting. Leaves undivided. Flowers solitary, 5-merous.
Sepals linear, adnate to the corolla. Stamens inserted at the throat
of the corolla. Anthers with a narrow connective. Ovary short-stalked,
oblong. Ovules numerous. Style-branches as many as placentas. Fruit
elliptical.--Species 1. Cape Colony. =Guthriea= Bolus


SUBORDER PAPAYINEAE


FAMILY 163. CARICACEAE

Trees with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, usually crowded at the top
of the stem, palmately lobed or divided, without stipules. Flowers,
at least the male ones, panicled, 5-merous, unisexual or polygamous.
Petals united below, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, inserted
in the tube of the corolla. Anthers turned inwards, with a prolonged
connective. Ovary superior, 1-or 5-celled. Ovules numerous, parietal,
inverted. Style simple with 5 stigmas, or 5-to many-cleft. Fruit
a berry. Seeds albuminous, with a double coat, succulent outside,
woody within.--Genera 2, species 3. Tropics. (_PAPAYACEAE_, under
_PASSIFLORACEAE_.)

Filaments free. Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas branched. Stem unarmed,
simple or scantily branched.--Species 1 (_C. Papaya_ L., papaw-tree).
Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. It yields edible
fruits, medicaments, and substitutes for soap and tobacco. The juice of
the stem is poisonous, that of the leaves is used for rendering meat
tender. (_Papaya_ Tourn.) =Carica= L.

Filaments united below. Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas undivided. Stem
branched, prickly. Species 2. Central Africa. (Under _Jacaratia_
Marcgr.) =Cylicomorpha= Urban


SUBORDER LOASINEAE


FAMILY 164. LOASACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed, without stipules. Flowers
in cymes, regular, 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Sepals open in bud,
becoming wing-like after flowering. Petals shorter, free, concave,
with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, collected
in 5 bundles opposite to the petals, alternating with glandular scales
bearing each two staminodes on their inner surface. Ovary inferior,
unequally 2-celled, the larger cell with two ovules, the smaller with
one. Ovules descending, inverted. Style simple or 3-cleft. Fruit dry,
indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight.

Genus 1, species 1. South Africa. =Kissenia= R. Br.


SUBORDER BEGONIINEAE


FAMILY 165. BEGONIACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple or palmately compound, usually oblique,
stipulate. Flowers in cymes, monoecious. Perianth simple, of 2-5,
very rarely 6-9 free segments. Stamens numerous. Anthers basifixed.
Ovary inferior, completely or almost completely 2-6-celled, usually
winged. Placentas attached to the inner angle of the cells or to the
partitions. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 2-6, free or united at
the base, usually cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry. Seeds very
numerous, minute, with a striate or netted testa, exalbuminous. (Plate
107.)

Genus 1, species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are
used as ornamental or medicinal plants or as vegetables. (Including
_Mezierea_ Gaud.) =Begonia= L.


SUBORDER ANCISTROCLADINEAE


FAMILY 166. ANCISTROCLADACEAE

Climbing, tendril-bearing shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided,
with small, deciduous stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles,
regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals unequal, imbricate in bud. Petals 5,
united at the base, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, rarely
9. Filaments united at the base, short. Anthers basifixed, opening
inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1,
basal, half-inverted. Style simple with 3 stigmas or 3-cleft. Fruit a
nut surmounted by the enlarged, wing-like sepals. Seeds with a thin
testa, a repeatedly folded albumen, and a straight embryo. (Under
_DIPTEROCARPACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 2. West Africa. =Ancistrocladus= Wall.


ORDER OPUNTIALES


FAMILY 167. CACTACEAE

Succulent plants with a thickened, usually jointed and spiny stem.
Leaves mostly scale-like, often deciduous. Flowers solitary or in
clusters, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 8 or more segments not distinctly
differentiated into sepals and petals. Stamens numerous. Anthers
opening inwards or laterally. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with several
parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple, with several
stigmas. Fruit a berry. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.--Genera 5,
species 13.

1. Leaves well-developed. Stem not jointed. Spines not barbed.
Perianth wheel-shaped. Ovules few, not enveloped by the short funicle.
Cotyledons intertwisted.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. A decorative and medicinal plant. [Subfamily =PEIRESKIOIDEAE=,
tribe PEIRESKIEAE.] =Peireskia= Plum.

Leaves scale-like or absent. Stem more or less copiously jointed.
Cotyledons not intertwisted. 2

2. Plants destitute of barbed spines. Joints of the stem elongated.
Ovules not enveloped by the funicle. [Subfamily =CEREOIDEAE=.] 3

Plants bearing barbed spines, at least upon the fruit. Joints of
the stem short, more or less ovoid. Perianth regular, more or
less wheel-shaped. Ovules enveloped by the funicle. [Subfamily
=OPUNTIOIDEAE=, tribe OPUNTIEAE.] 4

3. Perianth funnel-or salver-shaped, with obviously united segments.
Ovules numerous, on long funicles. Terrestrial plants.--Species 1.
Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. A decorative
plant with edible fruits. [Tribe ECHINOCACTEAE.] =Cereus= Haw.

[Illustration: BEGONIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 107._

J. Fleischmann del.

Begonia Favargeri Rechinger

_A_ Aboveground part of the plant. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise.
_C_ Anther from front and back. _D_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _E_
Cross-section of ovary. _F_ Seed.]

[Illustration: =PENAEACEAE.=

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 108._

J. Fleischmann del.

Sarcocolla squamosa (L.) Kunth

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower in longitudinal section and bracteole.
_C_ Anther. _D_ Transverse section of ovary.]

Perianth wheel-shaped, of free or nearly free segments. Ovules few,
on short funicles. Epiphytes.--Species 7. Tropical and South Africa.
(Under _Hariota_ Adans.) [Tribe RHIPSALIDEAE.] =Rhipsalis= Gaertn.

4. Stamens much exceeding the perianth. Seed-coat leathery. Stem
without spines. Flowers red.--Species 1 (_N. coccinellifera_ S. Dyck).
Cultivated and sometimes naturalized, especially in the Canary Islands.
It is used for rearing the cochineal insect and as a vegetable. (Under
_Opuntia_ Haw.) =Nopalea= S. Dyck

Stamens shorter than the perianth. Seed-coat hard.--Species 3.
Cultivated, especially in North Africa. They yield edible fruits
(prickly pear) from which also dyes, drinks, medicaments, and sugar
are prepared; one species is used for rearing the cochineal insect.
=Opuntia= Haw.


ORDER MYRTIFLORAE


SUBORDER THYMELAEINEAE


FAMILY 168. GEISSOLOMATACEAE

Shrubs of heath-like appearance. Leaves opposite, undivided, stipulate.
Flowers solitary, axillary, regular, 4-merous, hermaphrodite,
surrounded by 6-8 unequal bracteoles. Calyx-tube short. Sepals
petal-like, imbricate in bud. Petals none. Stamens 8, perigynous,
unequal. Anthers versatile, short, with a narrow connective, opening
inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules 2
in each cell, pendulous, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style 1.
Stigmas 4. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a small outgrowth
at the hilum, a smooth testa, a fleshy albumen, and a large straight
embryo. (Under _PENAEACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 2. South Africa. =Geissoloma= Lindl. & Kunth


FAMILY 169. PENAEACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs of heath-like appearance. Leaves opposite,
entire, with sometimes gland-like stipules. Flowers solitary or in
pairs in the axils of the leaves or in terminal spikes or heads, with
2 or 4 bracteoles, regular, 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube long.
Sepals petal-like, red or yellow, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens
4, perigynous, alternating with the sepals. Anthers adnate, with a
thickened connective, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary
superior, sessile, 4-celled. Ovules 2 or 4 in each cell, all or the
lower ones ascending, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style simple
with a 4-lobed or 4-parted stigma, or 4-cleft. Fruit a loculicidal
capsule. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with very small cotyledons.--Genera
5, species 35. South Africa. (Plate 108.)

1. Ovules 4 in each ovary-cell, two of them ascending, two descending.
Ovary and style cylindrical. Style simple. [Tribe ENDONEMEAE.] 2

Ovules 2, very rarely 4 in each ovary-cell, all ascending. Flowers in
the axils of crowded leaves or bracts. Bracteoles 2. [Tribe PENAEEAE.]
3

2. Flowers in the axils of coloured bracts, crowded in terminal
spikes or heads. Bracteoles 2. Filaments much shorter than the
anthers. Anthers turned inwards in the bud; cells equalling the
connective.--Species 1. Cape Colony. (Under _Endonema_ Juss.)
=Glischrocolla= A. DC.

Flowers in the axils of foliage-leaves, not crowded. Bracteoles 4.
Filaments nearly as long as or longer than the anthers. Anthers turned
outwards in the bud; cells much shorter than the connective. Seeds with
an outgrowth at the top.--Species 2. Cape Colony. =Endonema= A. Juss.

3. Ovary and style 4-angled or 4-winged. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stamens
very short.--Species 20. Cape Colony. (Including _Stylapterus_ Juss.)
=Penaea= L.

Ovary and style cylindrical. Style simple. 4

4. Calyx-tube short, oblong-oval, somewhat longer than the sepals.
Stamens slightly exceeding the calyx-tube; filaments short. Ovules 2
in each cell.--Species 6. Cape Colony. (Under _Sarcocolla_ Kunth).
=Brachysiphon= A. Juss.

Calyx-tube long, cylindrical, much longer than the sepals. Stamens
much exceeding the calyx-tube; filaments long. Anthers-cells almost
equalling the connective.--Species 5. Cape Colony. Used as ornamental
plants. (Plate 108.) =Sarcocolla= Kunth


FAMILY 170. OLINIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, entire, without stipules. Flowers in
terminal cymose inflorescences, regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx petaloid,
white or red. Petals much smaller than the sepals, white, valvate in
bud. Fertile stamens 4-5, opposite to the petals, usually alternating
with scale-like staminodes. Anthers nearly sessile, with a large
connective. Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled. Ovules 2-3 in the inner angle
of each ovary-cell, inverted, the raphe turned outwards. Style simple;
stigma entire. Fruit a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo with folded
cotyledons. (Under _LYTRHACEAE_, _MELASTOMATACEAE_, or _RHAMNACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 7. South and Central Africa. Some species yield
timber. =Olinia= Thunb.


FAMILY 171. THYMELAEACEAE

Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals petaloid.
Petals usually present. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals,
4, or twice as many, 8 or 10. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.
Ovary superior, 1-5-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted,
with a ventral raphe. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a drupe or a
nut. Embryo large, straight.--Genera 17, species 250. (Plate 109.)

1. Receptacle flat. Sepals free. Petals none, but 4-10 scales placed
singly or in pairs opposite to the sepals. Stamens 8-10, hypogynous.
Ovary 4-5-celled. Low trees. Leaves alternate, dotted beneath. Flowers
solitary or fascicled, axillary, white.--Species 7. West Africa.
(Including _Makokoa_ Baill.) [Subfamily =OCTOLEPIDIOIDEAE=, tribe
OCTOLEPIDEAE.] =Octolepis= Oliv.

Receptacle concave. Sepals united. Stamens perigynous. Ovary
1-2-celled. 2

2. Ovary 2-celled, surrounded by a disc. Petals none. Stamens
8-10. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbels,
yellowish-green.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. [Subfamily
=PHALERIOIDEAE=, tribe PEDDIEAE.] =Peddiea= Harv.

Ovary 1-celled. [Subfamily =THYMELAEOIDEAE=.] 3

3. Petals present, usually smaller than the sepals and 2-parted,
sometimes united into a ring. 4

Petals none, but sometimes 8 or more scales present, inserted below the
stamens, and usually alternating with them. Stamens 8-10. 9

4. Calyx-tube constricted and jointed above the ovary, the upper part
falling off after flowering. Fruit with a membranous exocarp. [Tribe
GNIDIEAE.] 5

Calyx-tube not jointed, persisting in fruit or falling off as a
whole. Fruit with a hard or fleshy exocarp. Stamens 8-10. [Tribe
DICRANOLEPIDEAE.] 6

5. Stamens 4, inserted in the upper part of the calyx-tube, nearly
sessile, with a broadened connective. Petals thick-fleshy, surrounded
by hairs. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves small, leathery. Flowers
solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves.--Species 25. South and
Central Africa. =Struthiola= L.

Stamens 8 or 10, in two whorls very distant from each other and
inserted in the upper part of the calyx-tube and at the throat.
Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Flowers in heads, more rarely arranged
spike-like in the axils of the upper leaves.--Species 125. Southern and
tropical Africa. Some species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or
textile plants. (Including _Arthrosolen_ Mey. and _Lasiosiphon_ Frees)
=Gnidia= L.

6. Petals united into a ring. Stamens 10. Shrubs. 7

Petals free, 2-partite. Leaves herbaceous. 8

7. Petals united into a nearly entire ring. Ovary short-stalked,
surrounded at the base by a cup-shaped or slashed disc. Flowers in
few-flowered axillary clusters or in short terminal racemes.--Species
6. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Synaptolepis= Oliv.

Petals united into a slashed ring. Ovary sessile. Disc none. Flowers
in long-stalked spikes or heads.--Species 2. Madagascar and Comoro
Islands. =Stephanodaphne= Baill.

8. Flowers 4-merous. Petals thickish, almost erect. Staminal whorls
remote from each other. Anthers nearly sessile, slightly exserted. Disc
none. Ovary sessile, hairy. Style included. Shrubs. Leaves opposite.
Flowers in terminal umbels.--Species 1. East and South-east Africa.
=Englerodaphne= Gilg

Flowers 5-merous. Petals thin, spreading. Staminal whorls approximate.
Anthers more or less exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary short-stalked.
Style long. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in
pairs, axillary.--Species 25. Central Africa. =Dicranolepis= Planch.

9. (3.) Stamens 10, inserted at or below the middle of the long,
narrowly funnel-shaped, not jointed calyx-tube at the same level.
Filaments short, unequal in length. Anthers included. Corona none. Disc
ring-or saucer-shaped. Ovary sessile. Style short. Twining shrubs.
Leaves opposite or nearly so, leathery. Flowers in axillary clusters,
greenish-yellow.--Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe CRATEROSIPHONEAE.]
=Craterosiphon= Engl. & Gilg

Stamens inserted at the throat or the upper part of the calyx-tube; in
the latter case calyx-tube wide or jointed. [Tribe DAPHNEAE.] 10

10. Calyx-tube bearing in its upper part a corona of 8 or more scales,
jointed above the ovary, the lower part persistent in fruit. Flowers
4-merous. Filaments thread-like. Anthers exserted. Ovary sessile. Fruit
dry. Shrubs. Leaves small, leathery, sometimes needle-shaped. 11

Calyx-tube without a corona, but sometimes the ovary surrounded at the
base by a disc or by several glands. 12

11. Flowers solitary, white or reddish. Sepals equal in length. Corona
inserted in the middle of the calyx-tube.--Species 5. South Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. =Cryptadenia= Meissn.

Flowers in fascicles or heads. Corona inserted next to the throat
of the calyx, and formed of 8 scales which alternate with the
stamens.--Species 20. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
(Plate 109.) =Lachnaea= L.

12. Calyx-tube constricted and jointed above the ovary, the upper part,
rarely the whole calyx, falling off after flowering. 13

Calyx-tube not jointed, persistent in fruit or falling off as a whole,
the segments sometimes falling off singly. Filaments and style short.
Flowers 4-merous. 16

13. Filaments very short. Staminal whorls widely separated. Disc minute
or wanting. (See 5.) =Gnidia= L.

Filaments long. Staminal whorls approximate, rarely somewhat distant,
but then disc distinctly developed. Shrubs. 14

14. Flowers 5-merous. Segments of the calyx much shorter than the
tube. Disc saucer-shaped, lobed. Ovary hairy. Fruit dry. Seeds without
albumen. Flowers in terminal heads.--Species 6. South Africa and
Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Dais= L.

Flowers 4-merous. Segments of the calyx nearly as long as the tube.
Disc none. Ovary glabrous. Seeds with a copious albumen. Leaves
opposite. Flowers solitary and axillary, or in terminal spikes. 15

15. Fruit fleshy. Calyx-tube short, urn-shaped.--Species 1. South
Africa. =Chymococca= Meissn.

[Illustration: THYMELAEACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 109._

J. Fleischmann del.

Lachnaea filamentosa (L. fil.) Gilg

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (the hairs are
omitted).]

[Illustration: LYTHRACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 110._

J. Fleischmann del.

Nesaea floribunda Sond.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower without the petals, cut lengthwise.
_C_ Petal. _D_ Cross-section of ovary.]


Fruit dry.--Species 7. South Africa. Some species yield dyes or serve
as ornamental plants. =Passerina= L.

16. Disc hypogynous, consisting of 1-4, usually 4, free or partly
united, narrow, almost thread-shaped scales. Calyx-tube long; segments
deciduous. Ovary hairy. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal racemes
or spikes, hermaphrodite.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. Ornamental plant. =Wikstroemia= Endl.

Disc minute and ring-shaped, or wanting. 17

17. Fruit a drupe. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube long.
Stigma large. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in heads, racemes, or
panicles.--Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous plants yielding
bast-fibres, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments; they also
serve as ornamental plants. =Daphne= L.

Fruit a nut. Disc none. Ovary short-stalked. Herbs, undershrubs,
or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or fascicled,
axillary.--Species 10. North Africa. Some species are used as medicinal
or fibre-plants. =Thymelaea= Endl.


FAMILY 172. ELAEAGNACEAE

Shrubs or trees, covered with scaly hairs. Leaves alternate, entire,
without stipules. Flowers in axillary fascicles or racemes, 4-merous,
very rarely 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Calyx white or
yellow within, valvate in bud. Petals none. Stamens perigynous, as
many as and alternate with the sepals. Filaments very short. Anthers
attached at the back, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior,
but tightly enclosed by the concave receptacle, 1-celled, with a single
erect and inverted ovule. Style simple, long; stigma entire, capitate.
Fruit a nut enclosed by the succulent calyx-tube. Seed with a hard coat
and scanty albumen or without albumen; embryo straight, with a minute
radicle and thick, fleshy cotyledons.

Genus 1, species 2. Naturalized in North Africa and the Island
of Mauritius. Ornamental plants yielding timber and medicaments.
“Oleaster.” =Elaeagnus= L.


SUBORDER MYRTINEAE


FAMILY 173. LYTHRACEAE

Leaves entire, usually stipulate. Flowers 3-8-merous, hermaphrodite.
Sepals valvate in the bud. Petals inserted at the throat of the calyx,
usually crumpled in the bud, sometimes absent. Stamens nearly always
inserted below the petals. Anthers fixed by the back. Ovary superior,
completely or incompletely 2-6-celled. Ovules numerous in each cell,
attached at the inner angle, ascending, inverted, with ventral raphe.
Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry. Seeds
exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 110.)

1. Partitions of the ovary incomplete above; placentas not continuing
into the style. [Tribe LYTHREAE.] 2

Partitions of the ovary complete; placentas continuing into the style.
Flowers regular. [Tribe NESAEEAE.] 9

2. Flowers distinctly irregular. Sepals 6. Petals 6-7, unequal. Stamens
10-14, usually 11. Disc present. Placenta finally protruding from the
bursting ovary and calyx-tube. Leaves opposite or whorled.--Species 1.
Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plant. =Cuphea= P.
Browne

Flowers regular or almost so. 3

3. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves not dotted. Seeds
not winged. 4

Stem woody. Leaves opposite, marked with black dots, rarely without
dots, but then seeds with a thick wing. Style long. 7

4. Fruit indehiscent, membranous, not striate. Seeds very numerous.
Flowers 6-merous. Calyx-tube hemispherical or broad-campanulate, with
appendages at the apex. Sepals herbaceous. Stamens as many as the
sepals. Ovary 2-celled. Style very short. Flowers solitary, axillary,
with whitish bracteoles.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as a vegetable.
=Peplis= L.

Fruit dehiscing by 2-4 valves or bursting transversely or irregularly;
in the latter cases flowers 4-merous and cymose. 5

5. Fruit bursting transversely or irregularly, membranous, not striate.
Seeds very numerous. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals herbaceous. Stamens as
many or twice as many as the sepals. Flowers in axillary cymes, with
whitish bracteoles.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.
Some are used medicinally. =Ammania= L.

Fruit dehiscing longitudinally in 2-4 valves. 6

6. Fruit marked with dense, sometimes very faint, transverse veins.
Sepals usually membranous. Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer.
Glabrous plants. Flowers solitary or umbellate and axillary, or in
terminal spikes or racemes, bracteolate.--Species 20. Tropical and
South Africa. (Including _Quartinia_ Endl., _Rhyacophila_ Hochst., and
_Suffrenia_ Bellardi). =Rotala= L.

Fruit without transverse veins. Calyx-tube tubular, rarely
campanulate, with appendages at the top. Flowers solitary or paired
in the leaf-axils, rarely in spikes or racemes of cymes (false
whorls).--Species 8. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. =Lythrum= L.

7. Stamens 6. Calyx-tube top-shaped. Sepals membranous. Ovary nearly
completely 2-celled. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. South-east
Africa. =Galpinia= N. E. Brown

Stamens 12-18. Flowers solitary or in racemes. 8

8. Calyx-tube tubular. Petals small. Stamens 12. Ovary nearly
completely 2-celled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed.
Seeds not winged. Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. East Africa and
Madagascar. They yield tanning and dyeing material and serve as
ornamental plants. =Woodfordia= Salisb.

Calyx-tube campanulate or cupular. Ovary very incompletely 3-4-celled.
Fruit opening transversely. Seeds with a thick wing. Flowers solitary
or in pairs in the leaf-axils.--Species 2. Madagascar and East Africa.
They serve as vegetables. =Pemphis= Forst.

9. (1.) Stamens 5-6, opposite to the petals and adnate to their base.
Calyx-tube expanded. Sepals lanceolate. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in a
single row. Low trees. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. South-east
Africa (Natal). =Rhynchocalyx= Oliv.

Stamens 4-23, inserted below the petals, or petals wanting. Ovules in
two or more rows. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 10

10. Calyx-tube top-or saucer-shaped, without appendages. Sepals 4.
Stamens inserted near the petals, singly or in clusters of 2-3 opposite
the sepals. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed. Seed-coat
with a spongy thickening at the top. Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers
in panicles.--Species 1 (_L. inermis_ L.). Tropical and North Africa.
Yields a dye (henna) and is used in perfumery and medicine. (Including
_Rotantha_ Bak.) =Lawsonia= L.

Calyx-tube bell-, urn-, or cup-shaped. Sepals 4-8. Stamens remote from
the petals, or petals wanting. Fruit opening by 4 valves or by a lid.
Seed-coat not specially thickened. Flowers in cymes or umbels. 11

11. Calyx-tube winged. Sepals 4. Petals none. Stamens 4, alternating
with the sepals. Anthers finally kidney-shaped. Fruit opening by 4
valves. Style persisting upon the placentas. Shrubs. Leaves opposite.
Flowers in axillary, 2-4-flowered umbels.--Species 1. Island of
Mauritius. =Tetrataxis= Hook. fil.

Calyx-tube not winged. Fruit at first opening by a small lid, later on
splitting towards the base. Style persisting upon a valve or falling
off. Herbs, undershrubs, or low shrubs. Flowers in sometimes head-like
cymes.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 110.) =Nesaea=
Comm.


FAMILY 174. SONNERATIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, not dotted, without stipules.
Flowers solitary, without bracteoles, regular. Sepals 6-7, fleshy,
valvate in bud. Petals 6-7, linear, occasionally wanting. Stamens
numerous, perigynous. Filaments bent inwards in the bud. Anthers
fixed by the back, kidney-shaped, opening inwards by longitudinal
slits. Ovary almost superior, with 10-20 somewhat incomplete cells not
reaching the top. Ovules very numerous, attached to the partitions,
inverted. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit succulent, indehiscent or
bursting irregularly. Seeds curved, exalbuminous, with a hard coat and
a straight embryo. (_BLATTIACEAE_, under _LYTHRACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 1. East Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands.
Yields edible fruits, condiments, and medicaments. (_Blatti_ Adans.)
=Sonneratia= L. f.


FAMILY 175. PUNICACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers
solitary or in clusters of 2-5 at the ends of the branches, regular,
hermaphrodite. Sepals 5-8, red, fleshy, valvate in bud. Petals as many,
red or yellow, imbricate and crumpled in the bud. Stamens numerous,
curved inwards in the bud. Anthers fixed by the back, opening inwards
by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, with several
cells, which are usually arranged in 2-3 whorls placed one above the
other. Ovules numerous, at first basal, afterwards parietal, inverted.
Style simple; stigma 1. Fruit a berry. Seeds exalbuminous, with an
outer fleshy and an inner horny coat; embryo straight, with twisted
cotyledons. (_GRANATEAE_, under _LYTHRACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 2. One of them growing wild in the Island of
Socotra, the other one (_P. Granatum_ L., pomegranate) cultivated and
naturalized in northern and tropical Africa. The latter serves as
an ornamental plant and yields wood, tanning and dyeing materials,
medicaments, and edible fruits, from which also a drink is prepared.
=Punica= L.


FAMILY 176. LECYTHIDACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules.
Flowers solitary or racemose, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2-5. Petals 4-6,
adnate to the staminal tube, imbricate in bud, or wanting. Stamens
numerous, united at the base, curved in the bud. Anthers versatile,
usually basifixed, opening by longitudinal slits. Disc within the
stamens, ring-shaped. Ovary inferior, 2-20-celled, with 2 or more
inverted ovules in each cell. Style simple. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds
exalbuminous.--Genera 4, species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa.
(Under _MYRTACEAE_.) (Plate 111.)

1. Petals and staminodes absent. Sepals 3-5, usually 4. Stamens almost
free. Disc obscure. Ovules numerous in each cell, inserted in a
vertical ring round a shield-shaped placenta, horizontal, the micropyle
turned outwards. Stigmas 4. Fruit a drupe. Leaves clustered. Flowers
solitary, axillary.--Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding
timber. [Subfamily =FOETIDIOIDEAE=.] =Foetidia= Comm.

Petals or staminodes present. Stamens obviously united at the
base. Disc distinct. Ovules inserted in rows on slightly thickened
placentas, horizontal with the micropyle turned inwards, or ascending,
or pendulous. Flowers racemose, rarely solitary, but then leaves
scattered. 2

2. Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens and staminodes united to different
heights, in 4 concentric rows, the inner row partly fertile, the rest
barren. Anthers 1-celled. Disc thick. Ovary 5-20-celled. Style short;
stigmas 5. Seeds 5 or more. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, axillary.
Leaves scattered.--Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber and
edible fruits. [Subfamily =NAPOLEONOIDEAE=.] =Napoleona= Beauv.

Sepals 2-4. Petals 4-6. Stamens all fertile or the innermost barren,
all united to the same height. Anthers 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped.

[Illustration: LECYTHIDACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 111._

J. Fleischmann del.

Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Blume

_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise (the stamens cut
off near the middle). _D_ Anther. _E_ Cross-section of ovary. (_A_ from
Curtis Botanical Magazine, pl. 3831.)]

[Illustration: RHIZOPHORACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 112._

J. Fleischmann del.

Weihea africana Benth.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (some anthers cut off).
_C_ Cross-section of ovary.]

Ovary 2-4-celled. Style long; stigma 1, entire or 2-4-lobed. Seeds 1-4.
Flowers in racemes. Leaves clustered. [Subfamily =PLANCHONIOIDEAE=.] 3

3. Ovary long, winged. Ovules inserted along the inner angle of
the cells or in the middle of the partitions. Fruit a nut. Embryo
with distinct cotyledons. Bracteoles in the middle of the long
pedicels.--Species 2. West Africa. =Petersia= Welw.

Ovary short, ovate. Ovules suspended from the apex of the inner angle
of the cells. Fruit a one-seeded drupe. Embryo undivided. Bracteoles
at the base of the pedicels.--Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. East and South-east Africa. They yield timber, tanning bark,
vegetables, oil, fish-poison, and medicaments, and serve also as
ornamental plants. (Plate 111.) =Barringtonia= Forst.


FAMILY 177. RHIZOPHORACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or
polygamous. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals free, induplicate-valvate in
bud, usually lobed or fringed. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, twice
as many as the petals or more, rarely (_Anisophyllea_) some of them
barren. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary completely
or incompletely 2-6-celled. Ovules 1-2 in the inner angle of each cell,
pendulous, inverted. Seeds usually germinating in the still attached
fruit.--Genera 10, species 45. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 112.)

1. Styles 3-4. Ovary inferior, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stamens 6-8,
several of them sometimes barren. Flowers 3-4-merous, polygamous. Fruit
a drupe. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. [Subfamily
=ANISOPHYLLOIDEAE=.] 2

Style 1. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a berry or a capsule.
Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. [Subfamily
=RHIZOPHOROIDEAE=.] 3

2. Flowers in few-flowered spikes or racemes. Fruit 1-seeded.--Species
7. Tropics. They yield timber and edible fruits. =Anisophyllea= R. Br.

Flowers in spikes arranged in racemes. Style ovate. Fruit
2-4-seeded.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). Yields edible,
oily seeds. =Poga= Pierre

3. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Placentas usually passing into
the style. Ovules without appendages. Petals yellow, brown, red, or
greenish. Stamens twice as many as the petals. [Tribe GYNOTROCHEAE.] 4

Ovary superior or nearly so. Placentas not reaching to the base of the
style. Ovules with appendages. Petals 4-6, toothed or split, usually
white. [Tribe MACARISIEAE.] 7

4. Ovary inferior. Receptacle (flower-tube) deeply concave, bell-or
funnel-shaped, distinctly prolonged above the ovary. Petals 5-14. Calyx
crowning the fruit. 5

Ovary half-inferior. Receptacle slightly concave, saucer-shaped,
scarcely prolonged above the ovary. Petals 4-6. Calyx at the base of
the fruit. Seeds germinating in the still attached fruit. Plants with
aerial roots. Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, arranged in
cymes. 6

5. Receptacle funnel-shaped, prolonged above the ovary into a long
tube. Flowers 8-14-merous. Petals red or brown, 2-lobed, with
thread-like appendages. Antesepalous stamens curved sideways at the
base, becoming opposite to the antepetalous. Disc obscurely lobed.
Ovary 2-4-celled. Seeds germinating in the still attached fruit.
Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Yields
timber and bark used for tanning and dyeing. =Bruguiera= Lam.

Receptacle bell-shaped, prolonged above the ovary into a short tube.
Flowers 5-8-merous. Petals yellowish, irregularly lobed. Antesepalous
stamens not opposite to the antepetalous. Disc usually double. Fruit
1-or 3-6-celled. Seeds germinating after the fruit has fallen. Flowers
with an involucre of two bracteoles, arranged in cymes.--Species 2.
Madagascar. =Carallia= Roxb.

6. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire, yellowish or green. Anthers with
numerous cells (pollen-sacks). Disc obscurely lobed. Ovary 2-celled.
Stigma 2-lobed.--Species 2. Tropical and South-east Africa. They yield
timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. “Mangrove.”
=Rhizophora= L.

Flowers 5-6-merous. Petals 2-lobed, brownish. Anthers with 4 cells.
Disc deeply lobed. Ovary 3-celled above, 1-celled below. Stigma
entire.--Species 1. Tropics. Yields timber and tanning bark. =Ceriops=
Arn.

7. Ovary 2-4-celled, adnate to the receptacle by the broad base. Leaves
opposite. 8

Ovary 5-celled, sessile or short-stalked. Stamens 10. Flowers 5-merous,
in few-flowered inflorescences. Seeds winged. 9

8. Disc distinctly 8-15-lobed. Stamens 10-15. Stigma entire. Placentas
reaching the middle of the ovary only. Flowers in many-flowered
inflorescences, frequently in glomerules.--Species 10. Tropical and
South-east Africa. (Under _Cassipourea_ Aubl.) =Dactylopetalum= Benth.

Disc not distinctly lobed. Stamens 10-30. Stigma 2-4-lobed.
Placentas reaching the base of the style. Fruit fleshy. Seeds with
an aril. Flowers with an involucre of two bracteoles, solitary or in
few-flowered inflorescences.--Species 18. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (Plate 112.) =Weihea= Spreng.

9. Ovary sessile. Tall trees. Leaves whorled.--Species 2. West Africa.
=Anopyxis= Pierre

Ovary short-stalked. Low trees. Leaves opposite.--Species 3.
Madagascar. =Macarisia= Thouars


FAMILY 178. ALANGIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules.
Flowers in axillary cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 6-10-toothed.
Petals 6-10, free or slightly cohering at the base, narrow, valvate
in bud. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or
more. Filaments short, free or nearly so, hairy. Anthers long,
adnate, opening inwards or laterally by two longitudinal slits. Disc
cushion-shaped. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in
each cell, pendulous, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Style simple;
stigma lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a large central embryo and
fleshy albumen. (Under _CORNACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 2. Tropics. Used medicinally. (Including _Marlea_
Roxb. and _Stylidium_ Lour.) =Alangium= Lam.


FAMILY 179. COMBRETACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire, without
stipules. Flowers in spikes heads or panicles, regular or nearly so,
4-6-merous. Petals free or wanting. Stamens usually twice as many as
the sepals. Anthers versatile. Ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior,
1-celled. Ovules 2-3, rarely 4-6, pendulous from the apex of the
cavity, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a one-seeded drupe or nut,
rarely incompletely dehiscent, usually angled or winged. Seeds
exalbuminous.--Genera 12, species 330. Tropical and South Africa.
(Plate 113.)

1. Ovary half-inferior. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Ovules 2, with a short
funicle. Fruit dorsally compressed, dry, indehiscent. Embryo with
very thick, almost hemispherical cotyledons.--Species 2. West Africa.
[Subfamily =STREPHONEMATOIDEAE=.] =Strephonema= Hook. fil.

Ovary inferior. Ovules usually with a long funicle. Fruit winged,
angled, laterally compressed, or terete. Embryo with flat, folded, or
twisted cotyledons. [Subfamily =COMBRETOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Flowers with bracteoles adnate to the ovary, arranged in spikes
or racemes. Sepals persistent. Petals 5. Cotyledons twisted. [Tribe
LAGUNCULARIEAE.] 3

Flowers without bracteoles. Sepals deciduous, rarely persistent, but
then flowers in heads. 4

3. Leaves opposite. Flowers sessile. Stamens 10. Ovules 2; funicle
short.--Species 1. Coasts of West Africa. Yields timber, tanning and
dyeing materials, and medicaments. =Laguncularia= Gaertn.

Leaves alternate. Flowers stalked. Ovules 4-6; funicle long.--Species
1. Coast of East Africa and Madagascar. =Lumnitzera= Willd.

4. Petals 4-5, rarely none; in this case, as usually, leaves opposite.
Flowers mostly hermaphrodite. Funicle usually tubercled. Cotyledons
flat or folded, more rarely twisted. [Tribe COMBRETEAE.] 5

Petals none. Leaves alternate, rarely almost opposite. Flowers mostly
polygamous. Sepals deciduous. Funicle usually smooth. Cotyledons
twisted. Trees or erect shrubs. [Tribe TERMINALIEAE.] 10

5. Petals absent. Sepals 5. 6

Petals present, sometimes minute, rarely absent, but then sepals 4. 7

6. Calyx campanulate, divided down to the ovary, wing-like in
fruit. Cotyledons twisted. Climbing shrubs. Flowers in panicled
spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Calycopteris= Lam.

Calyx tubular-campanulate, lobed or cleft, net-veined, corolla-like,
deciduous. Fruit woody. Cotyledons flat. Flowers in heads or short
spikes.--Species 9. Madagascar. (Under _Combretum_ L.) =Calopyxis= Tul.

7. Flowers ebracteate, arranged in heads which are subtended by 4
involucral bracts. Sepals persistent. Petals 5, strap-shaped. Stamens
10. Ovules 4-6. Fruit elongate, spindle-shaped, obscurely 5-angled,
clothed with long hairs. Erect shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite,
dotted.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. =Guiera= Adans.

Flowers bracteate, arranged in spikes or racemes. Sepals deciduous.
Fruit winged or angled. 8

8. Flowers polygamous (hermaphrodite and male). Fruit 2-, rarely
3-4-winged, indehiscent. Trees or erect shrubs.--Species 5. Central
Africa to Delagoa Bay. (Under _Combretum_ L.) =Pteleopsis= Engl.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Fruit 4-5-winged or 4-5-angled. 9

9. Calyx-tube above the ovary very long and thin, filiform; style
adnate to it. Ovules 3-4. Flowers 5-merous. Fruit dehiscing at the
top along the 5 angles. Climbing shrubs. Lower leaves alternate,
upper opposite.--Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. =Quisqualis= L.

Calyx-tube not elongate-filiform. Ovules 2-3; funicles equal in length.
Fruit indehiscent. Leaves opposite or whorled, sometimes intermixed
with alternate ones.--Species 230. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species yield timber, gum, tanning and dyeing materials, arrow-poison,
medicaments, and fatty seeds; several serve as ornamental plants.
(Including _Cacoucia_ Aubl., _Campylochiton_ Welw., _Campylogyne_
Welw., and _Poivrea_ Comm.) (Plate 113.) =Combretum= L.

10. (4.) Flowers and fruits in globose heads. Receptacle (calyx-tube)
prolonged above the ovary into a stalk. Calyx-lobes 5, reflexed.
Ovules 2. Fruits erect or spreading, flat, 2-winged, produced into a
long beak; pericarp corky. Shrubs.--Species 1. Central Africa. Yields
timber, dyes, a substitute for soap, and medicaments. =Anogeissus= Wall.

Flowers and fruits in sometimes ovate, usually panicled spikes.
Receptacle not much prolonged. Fruit not long-beaked but sometimes
acuminate; pericarp leathery or drupaceous. 11

11. Fruits crowded in a cone, bent downwards, flat, 2-winged,
acuminate; pericarp leathery. Flowers in short panicled spikes,
5-merous. Calyx-lobes erect. Ovules 2.--Species 2. Central Africa. They
yield timber, tanning materials, and medicaments. =Conocarpus= Gaertn.

[Illustration: COMBRETACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 113._

J. Fleischmann del.

Combretum racemosum Beauv.

_A_ Part of a flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit.
_D_ Cross-section of fruit.]

[Illustration: MYRTACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 114._

J. Fleischmann del.

Eugenia natalitia Sond.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Hermaphrodite flower cut lengthwise (most of
the anthers having fallen off). _C_ Cross-section of ovary. _D_ Male
flower cut lengthwise (most of the anthers having fallen off). _E_
Fruit. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.]


Fruits not crowded in a cone; pericarp fleshy or leathery outside, bony
within. Flowers in usually long, often panicled spikes. Funicle smooth.
Leaves usually crowded at the ends of the branches.--Species 80.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, resin used for
fumigating, tanning and dyeing materials, food for silk-worms, edible
oily seeds, and medicaments; others are used as ornamental plants.
=Terminalia= L.


FAMILY 180. MYRTACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules.
Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx with imbricate, open, or closed
aestivation. Petals free and imbricate in bud, or united into a hood.
Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary
usually inferior or half-inferior, 2-5-celled, the cells sometimes
incomplete at the top. Ovules inverted. Style simple; stigma entire,
rarely (_Psiloxylon_) 3-4-parted. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 10,
species 85. (Plate 114.)

1. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Embryo straight, with large cotyledons.
Trees. [Subfamily =LEPTOSPERMOIDEAE=, tribe LEPTOSPERMEAE.] 2

Fruit a berry. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Stamens numerous.
Leaves opposite. [Subfamily =MYRTOIDEAE=, tribe MYRTEAE.] 5

2. Calyx entire or nearly so. Petals united into a hood falling off as
a whole. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior. Leaves of older trees mostly
alternate.--Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in various regions.
They yield timber, bark for tanning, an astringent resin (kino), and an
ethereal oil used in perfumery and medicine. [Subtribe EEUCALYPTINAE.]
=Eucalyptus= L’Hér.

Calyx with 5 lobes. Petals 5, free. 3

3. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Leaves
opposite.--Species 1. South Africa. [Tribe METROSIDERINAE.]
=Metrosideros= Banks

Stamens 5-10. Ovary superior. Leaves alternate. 4

4. Stamens 5-8. Stigma 1, entire. Flowers in terminal
panicles.--Species 2. South Africa. =Heteropyxis= Harv.

Stamens 10. Stigmas 3-4. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1.
Mascarene Islands. Yields timber. (_Fropiera_ Hook. fil.) =Psiloxylon=
Thouars

5. Embryo with a short radicle and large, fleshy cotyledons. Flowers
usually 4-merous. Sepals separate or indistinct. Ovary 2-, rarely
3-celled. [Subtribe EUGENIINAE.] 6

Embryo with a long, curved radicle and shorter or somewhat longer
cotyledons. Flowers usually 5-merous. Petals free. [Subtribe MYRTINAE.]
8

6. Ovary in the centre of the receptacle. Calyx-tube contrasting
distinctly with the pedicel, not or slightly prolonged above the ovary.
Petals free.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
yield timber, bark used for tanning, edible fruits, and medicaments.
(Including _Chloromyrtus_ Pierre). (Plate 114.) =Eugenia= L.

Ovary in the upper part of the receptacle. Calyx-tube gradually
narrowed into the pedicel, usually much prolonged above the ovary. 7

7. Petals free, falling singly. Stamens inserted upon a distinct disc.
Sepals comparatively large.--Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in
Madagascar and the Mascarenes, the other two cultivated and sometimes
naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, bark used for tanning,
spices (cloves from _J. caryophyllus_ Nied.), medicaments, and edible
fruits; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Caryophyllus_
L., under _Eugenia_ L.) =Jambosa= DC.

Petals more or less cohering, usually falling off together.
Staminiferous disc none. Sepals usually small.--Species 25. Tropical
and South Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials,
spices, medicaments, and edible fruits. (Including _Acmena_ DC., under
_Eugenia_ L.) =Syzygium= Gaertn.

8. Placentas in the upper part of the ovary-cells, bearing 1-6
ovules each. Ovary 2-celled. Calyx divided already in the bud. Seeds
1-2, with a membranous coat; embryo spirally twisted, with minute
cotyledons.--Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. They yield timber, an aromatic oil, spices (allspice), and
medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. =Pimenta= Lindl.

Placentas in the middle of the ovary-cells, bearing numerous ovules
each. Ovary completely or incompletely 3-5-, rarely 2-celled. Seeds
numerous, with a horny coat; embryo curved, not spiral. 9

9. Calyx already divided into segments in the bud. Ovary and fruit
completely or incompletely 2-3-celled. Embryo with rather large
cotyledons.--Species 1 (_M. communis_ L., myrtle). North Africa and
Abyssinia, also naturalized in St. Helena. It is used as an ornamental
plant and yields tanning bark and an oil employed in perfumery and
medicine. =Myrtus= L.

Calyx closed in the bud, bursting subsequently. Ovary and fruit usually
4-5-celled. Embryo with minute cotyledons.--Species 2. Cultivated in
the tropics. They yield timber, bast used for paper-making, tanning and
dyeing materials, vegetables, edible fruits (guavas), and medicaments.
=Psidium= L.


FAMILY 181. MELASTOMATACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, usually with 3-11 longitudinal
nerves, not dotted, without stipules. Flowers regular or nearly
so. Petals perigynous or epigynous, free, usually with contorted
aestivation. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, twice as many, rarely as
many as the petals. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Anthers 2-celled,
turned inwards, usually with an enlarged connective and opening at
the top by 1-2 pores or short slits. Ovary generally inferior or
half-inferior. Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigma entire. Seeds
exalbuminous.--Genera 33, species 280. Tropical and South Africa.
(Plate 115.)

1. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 6-20, inserted upon a free central
placenta. Fruit a berry. Seed 1, large. Calyx entire or 4-lobed. Petals
white or blue. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Anthers short, with
a posterior appendage, opening in front by two longitudinal slits.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves penninerved or obscurely trinerved. [Subfamily
=MEMECYLOIDEAE=, tribe MEMECYLEAE.] 2

Ovary completely 2-or more-celled. Ovules numerous, inserted upon axile
placentas. Seeds numerous, small. [Subfamily =MELASTOMATOIDEAE=.] 3

2. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base. Petals reddish.
Flowers in terminal fascicles. Stem and inflorescence bristly.--Species
1. East Africa. =Warneckea= Gilg

Connective of the stamens not lengthened at the base, but spurred at
the back. Petals white or blue. Flowers in axillary inflorescences,
more rarely in terminal, many-flowered cymes. Stem and inflorescence
glabrous.--Species 60. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species
yield timber, dyes, medicaments, and edible fruits. =Memecylon= L.

3. Seeds strongly curved or spirally coiled. Fruit usually a
membranous, 4-5-valved capsule with a convex, usually bristly summit.
Connective of the stamens unappendaged behind, but furnished with two
spurs or gibbosities in front, rarely quite unappendaged. Calyx-lobes
usually large and alternating with bristles or small teeth. [Tribe
OSBECKIEAE.] 4

Seeds straight or slightly curved, rarely strongly curved, but then
fruit bursting irregularly or indehiscent and connective gibbous before
and behind. Connective usually appendaged behind, or before and behind.
17

4. Stamens of two kinds, the larger with the connective distinctly
lengthened at the base and furnished with two spurs or bosses, the
smaller ones with a not or slightly lengthened connective. Shrubs or
trees. 5

Stamens equal in shape, but sometimes unequal in length. 8

5. Connective of the smaller stamens unappendaged, of the larger
with two bosses. Calyx-tube glabrous; teeth very short. Fruit with a
membranous skin, bursting irregularly. Low shrubs. Flowers in terminal
panicles.--Species 2. West Africa. =Dinophora= Benth.

Connective of all stamens provided with 2 spurs or bosses. Calyx-tube
usually hairy. Fruit with a membranous skin, but dehiscing in 4-5
valves, or with a leathery or fleshy skin. 6

6. Calyx without accessory teeth. Connective of all stamens lengthened
at the base and provided with 2 awns. Fruit 4-5-valved. Rough-hairy
shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 20. Madagascar.
=Dichaetanthera= Endl.

Calyx with accessory teeth outside the sepals. Connective of the
smaller stamens not or scarcely lengthened. 7

7. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin leathery or
fleshy. Flowers 5-7-merous. Shrubs with rough branches and bristly
leaves.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Melastoma= Burm.

Fruit opening by 4-5 valves; skin membranous or leathery. Ovary adnate
to the calyx-tube by 4-5 longitudinal partitions. Flowers 4-5-merous.
Hairy, usually bristly herbs, undershrubs or shrubs.--Species 50.
Central and South Africa; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. An intoxicating drink is prepared from the roots of some
species. (Including _Argyrella_ Naud.) (Plate 115.) =Dissotis= Benth.

8. Connective with two spur-like appendages. Ovary half-inferior.
Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 9

Connective with two bosses or without any appendage. 12

9. Stamens unequal in length. Connective much lengthened at the base.
Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes broadly rounded. Ovary with 4 bristles at
the top. Shrubs.--- Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Barbeyastrum=
Cogn.

Stamens equal in length. Connective not or slightly lengthened at the
base. 10

10. Connective lengthened at the base. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube
pitcher-shaped, glabrous. Calyx-lobes 4, very short. Petals yellow.
Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Amphorocalyx= Bak.

Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base. Calyx-tube
bell-shaped. Calyx-lobes rather large. Shrubs with pink petals, or
herbs. 11

11. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx without accessory teeth. Shrubs. Leaves
5-11-nerved.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Dionychia= Naud.

Flowers 5-merous. Calyx with 5 bristle-like accessory teeth alternating
with the sepals. Herbs. Leaves 3-nerved.--Species 4. Madagascar.
=Rhodosepala= Bak.

12. Calyx with accessory teeth or bristles alternating with the sepals.
Stamens equal in length. Ovary with bristles at the top. 13

Calyx without accessory teeth or bristles. Petals red or white. Ovary
more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. 15

13. Ovary free. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous or scantily
hairy. Petals yellow. Connective not lengthened at the base, obscurely
tubercled. Erect herbs. Flowers terminal, solitary or ternate.--Species
1. West Africa. =Nerophila= Naud.

Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube usually hairy.
Petals usually red. 14

14. Anthers smooth, oval-oblong. Connective more or less lengthened and
provided with two bosses at the base. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.--Species
2. Tropics. (Under _Osbeckia_ L.) =Antherotoma= Hook. fil.

Anthers with a wavy surface, linear, rarely broader, but then
connective not distinctly lengthened at the base.--Species 20. Tropical
and South-east Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. =Osbeckia= L.

15. Anthers linear. Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base,
provided with two bosses in front. Stamens usually unequal in length.
Calyx-tube bristly. Shrubs.--Species 15. Tropics. Some species yield
edible fruits and medicaments. =Tristemma= Juss.

Anthers ovoid. Connective lengthened at the base, unappendaged. Stamens
equal in length. Ovary glabrous at the top. Herbs. Flowers solitary. 16

16. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube hairy. Ovary inferior. Flowers
terminal.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Guyonia_ Naud.) =Afzeliella=
Gilg

Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous. Ovary half-inferior.--Species 2.
West Africa. =Guyonia= Naud.

17. (3.) Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin fleshy or
leathery, rarely membranous. Connective furnished with appendages in
front and behind, rarely only in front. [Tribe DISSOCHAETEAE.] 18

Fruit opening by 3-6 valves; skin membranous, rarely leathery.
Connective usually furnished with appendages only behind. 25

18. Connective with two spurs in front, unappendaged behind. Stamens
equal or nearly so. 19

Connective with two spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind.
Calyx-lobes tooth-shaped, bristle-shaped, or wanting. Flowers in cymes,
umbels, or panicles. 20

19. Calyx distinctly 5-lobed. Connective very shortly prolonged at the
base. Fruit a berry. Herbs. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). =Tetraphyllaster= Gilg

Calyx obscurely lobed. Connective much prolonged at the base. Fruit
a capsule with a membranous skin. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in
panicles.--Species 5. West Africa. =Sakersia= Hook. fil.

20. Stamens distinctly unequal, the connective of the longer ones
lengthened at the base and furnished with 1 spur behind and 2 in
front, that of the shorter ones also with one spur behind but none in
front. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube top-or urn-shaped; lobes short,
alternating with accessory teeth. Petals red. Ovary adnate up to the
middle. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.--Species 3.
West Africa. =Dicellandra= Hook. fil.

Stamens equal or nearly so, rarely very unequal, but then the
connective of all with 2 appendages in front and usually not lengthened
at the base. 21

21. Stamens distinctly unequal. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube
constricted above the ovary, saucer-shaped at the top, entire or nearly
so. Climbing shrubs. Lower leaves alternate, upper whorled. Flowers at
the base of the stem in many-flowered globose inflorescences, composed
of cymes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon). =Myrianthemum=
Gilg

Stamens equal or subequal, rarely (_Medinilla_) distinctly unequal,
but then calyx-tube not much constricted and inflorescence not
many-flowered and springing from the base of the stem. 22

22. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base and furnished
with a spur in front and a boss behind. Flowers 5-merous. Ovary wholly
adnate. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.--Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Preussiella= Gilg

Connective with 2 spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind. 23

23. Stem woody, shrubby. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Ovary adhering
to the calyx-tube entirely or by several dissepiments.--Species 25.
Tropics. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Medinilla=
Gaud.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves opposite; side-nerves
nearly perpendicular to the main nerves. Flowers 5-merous, in terminal
umbels or panicles. Connective with 2 bosses in front and one behind. 24

24. Flowers in panicles. Petals subacute. Ovary in its lower half
adhering to the calyx-tube by dissepiments. Style without scales at the
base. Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds curved.--Species 1. Central
Africa. =Phaeoneuron= Gilg

Flowers in umbels. Petals acuminate. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube
to above the middle. Style surrounded at the base by 5 scales.--Species
1. East Africa. =Orthogoneuron= Gilg

25. (17.) Fruit and ovary cylindrical or angled, convex at the top.
Stamens equal; connective appendaged behind only, more rarely without
any appendage. [Tribe OXYSPOREAE.] 26

Fruit and usually also the ovary angled or winged, broad and flat
or concave at the top, rarely (_Calvoa_) slightly convex, but then
the connective appendaged in front or in front and behind. [Tribe
SONERILEAE.] 29

26. Stem herbaceous or half-shrubby, erect. Leaves large. Flowers in
umbels, large, red, 5-merous. Calyx-tube angled; lobes long. Petals
produced into a thread-like point. Connective with a thick spur and
two glands. Ovary crowned by 5 scales.--Species 1. East Africa.
=Petalonema= Gilg

Stem shrubby, more rarely half-shrubby, but then decumbent and bearing
small leaves. Flowers in cymes or panicles. 27

27. Stem half-shrubby, decumbent. Connective shortly prolonged at the
base, tubercled or obscurely spurred behind.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Phornothamnus= Bak.

Stem shrubby. Connective not prolonged. 28

28. Calyx-limb divided into 4 large lobes without accessory teeth.
Connective unappendaged. Ovary adhering below to the calyx-tube by
several

[Illustration: MELASTOMATACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 115._

J. Fleischmann del.

Dissotis capitata (Vahl) Hook. fil.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of
ovary. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed.]

[Illustration: OENOTHERACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 116._

J. Fleischmann del.

Jussieua linifolia Vahl

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flowering branch of a taller specimen. _C_
Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit. _F_
Seed.]

dissepiments and crowned by 4 bristle-like scales.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Rousseauxia= DC.

Calyx-limb entire or sinuate, provided with 5 accessory teeth. Ovary
adhering to the calyx-tube all round.--Species 20. Madagascar.
=Veprecella= Naud.

29. Connective of the stamens appendaged behind only, not or shortly
prolonged at the base. 30

Connective of the stamens appendaged in front or also behind, or
unappendaged. Flowers 5-merous. 32

30. Stamens unequal in length. Herbs with a thickened root-stock.
Leaves cordate, 9-nerved.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Cincinnobotrys=
Gilg

Stamens equal in length. Flowers 5-merous. 31

31. Calyx almost entire. Ovary crowned by 5 scales. Erect herbs with
glandular hairs. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in umbels.--Species 1. East
Africa. =Urotheca= Gilg

Calyx 5-toothed. Herbs with a very short stem and cymose flowers, or
climbing shrubs.--Species 15. Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental
plants. =Gravesia= Naud.

32. Stamens distinctly unequal; connective of the longer ones
lengthened at the base, furnished with 1-2 bosses or spurs in front,
spurred or unappendaged behind.--Species 8. West Africa. Some are used
as ornamental plants. =Amphiblemma= Naud.

Stamens equal or nearly so; connective not or shortly lengthened at the
base, usually provided with a scale in front, rarely also with a boss
behind.--Species 9. Central Africa. =Calvoa= Hook. fil.


FAMILY 182. OENOTHERACEAE

Leaves undivided or pinnately cleft. Flowers solitary or in spikes,
heads, racemes, or panicles, 2-6-, rarely 4-merous. Sepals valvate
in bud. Petals free, rarely (_Ludwigia_) absent. Stamens as many or
twice as many as the sepals. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal
slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or almost completely
2-6-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple. Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera
10, species 40. (_ONAGRACEAE_, including _HYDROCARYACEAE_.) (Plate 116.)

1. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each
cell. Flowers 4-merous. Fruit top-shaped, woody, indehiscent.
Floating herbs, with filiform branched side-roots and broad radical
leaves.--Species 2. The seeds are edible and are used for preparing
meal and medicaments. “Water Chestnut.” [Tribe TRAPEAE.] =Trapa= L.

Ovary inferior, 2-celled with one ascending ovule in each cell, or more
frequently 3-6-celled with numerous ovules. 2

2. Flowers 2-merous. Receptacle prolonged above the ovary in the shape
of a stalk. Petals white or reddish. Stamens 2. Ovules and seeds 2.
Fruit an ovoid nut with a leathery rind, covered with hooked bristles.
Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in racemes.--Species 1. North Africa.
[Tribe CIRCAEEAE.] =Circaea= L.

Flowers 3-6-merous. Stamens 3-12. Ovules and seeds numerous. Fruit a
capsule or a berry. 3

3. Flowers with bracteoles, regular. Receptacle (calyx-tube) not
prolonged beyond the ovary. Calyx persistent. Petals yellow or white,
rarely absent. Fruit loculicidal and septicidal. Herbs or undershrubs.
Stipules present, but usually minute and caducous. [Tribe JUSSIEUEAE.] 4

Flowers without bracteoles, 4-merous. Receptacle more or less
prolonged above the ovary; if obscurely prolonged, then flowers
somewhat irregular with red petals. Calyx deciduous. Stamens 8. Fruit
loculicidal or indehiscent. 5

4. Stamens 3-6.--Species 5. (Including _Isnardia_ L.) =Ludwigia= L.

Stamens 8-12. Petals 4-6. Epigynous disc pyramidal or
cushion-shaped.--Species 10. Some of them are used medicinally and for
dyeing. (Plate 116.) =Jussieua= L.

5. Stem woody. Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular. Calyx coloured,
with a long tube. Petals red or violet. Stamens unequal. Fruit
a berry.--Species 1. Naturalized in some tropical countries. An
ornamental plant. [Tribe FUCHSIEAE.] =Fuchsia= L.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves exstipulate. Fruit a
capsule. 6

6. Calyx-tube short, bell-shaped. Petals usually red. Stamens unequal
in length. Fruit linear with a membranous rind. Seeds with a tuft of
hairs. [Tribe EPILOBIEAE.] 7

Calyx-tube long, funnel-shaped or cylindrical. Calyx-lobes reflexed.
Flowers regular. Petals usually yellow. Stamens subequal. Stigma
4-partite. Seeds without a tuft of hairs. [Tribe OENOTHEREAE.] 8

7. Flowers somewhat irregular, large. Calyx-tube scarcely prolonged
beyond the ovary. Petals red, spreading. Stamens in one row, bent down,
broadened at the base. Style bent down, hairy at the base. Stigma
4-partite.--Species 1. Canary Islands. Yields tea and medicaments, and
serves as a vegetable and as an ornamental plant. (Under _Epilobium_
L.) =Chamaenerium= Spach

Flowers regular, usually small. Calyx-tube shortly bell-shaped above
the ovary. Stamens in two rows, erect. Style erect, glabrous.--Species
15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
“Willow-herb.” =Epilobium= L.

8. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, rather short (as long as or shorter than
the lobes). Petals red or white. Fruit club-shaped, stalked, keeled at
the angles, with a more or less woody rind. Seeds with an elongated
funicle. Leaves pinnatifid.--Species 2. Naturalized in North and South
Africa. Ornamental plants. (Under _Oenothera_ L.) =Xylopleurum= Spach
Calyx-tube cylindrical, long. Petals yellow. Fruit obscurely angled,
with a more or less membranous or leathery rind. 9

9. Seeds horizontal, sharply angled, with a thick coat. Leaves
dentate.--Species 2. Naturalized in North and South Africa. Ornamental
plants; one species (_O. biennis_ Scop.) has edible roots. (Under
_Oenothera_ L.) =Onagra= Tourn.

Seeds ascending, rounded, egg-shaped, with an appendage at the top.
Leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid.--Species 2. Naturalized in North
and South Africa and some tropical islands. Ornamental plants. “Evening
primrose.” =Oenothera= Spach


SUBORDER HALORRHAGINEAE


FAMILY 183. HALORRHAGACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, lobed, or pinnately divided,
without stipules. Flowers solitary or in fascicles spikes or panicles,
small, regular, 2-4-merous. Petals free or in the female flowers
wanting. Stamens 1-8. Anthers attached by the base, opening laterally
by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with a single ovule
or with 4 ovules, or 4-celled with one-ovuled cells. Ovules pendulous,
inverted. Styles or sessile stigmas 2 or 4. Fruit a nut, drupe, or
schizocarp. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 3, species 15.
(Plate 117.)

1. Ovary 1-celled with a single ovule. Styles or sessile stigmas
2. Sepals 2. Petals 1-2, or more frequently wanting. Stamens 1-2.
Fruit a drupe. Seed with a very short embryo. Terrestrial plants.
Leaves radical, kidney-shaped, crenate. Flowers in spikes or
panicles.--Species 1. East and South Africa and Madagascar. Used
medicinally. [Subfamily =GUNNEROIDEAE=.] =Gunnera= L.

Ovary 1-celled with 4 ovules, or 4-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 4.
Sepals 4, sometimes scarcely perceptible in the female flowers. Petals
4 or in the female flowers absent. Stamens 2-8. Seeds with a long
embryo. [Subfamily =HALORRHAGOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 4-celled. Stamens 4. Fruit
one-seeded, dry and indehiscent. Terrestrial plants. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 9. (_Serpicula_ L.) (Plate 117.)
[Tribe HALORRHAGEAE.] =Laurembergia= Berg

Ovary 4-celled. Fruit 2-4-seeded, usually separating into mericarps.
Aquatic plants. Leaves usually pinnately divided. Flowers solitary and
axillary or in terminal spikes.--Species 5. North, South, and East
Africa and Madagascar. [Tribe MYRIOPHYLLEAE.] =Myriophyllum= L.


SUBORDER CYNOMORIINEAE


FAMILY 184. CYNOMORIACEAE

Reddish-brown, fleshy herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves scale-like.
Flowers in terminal spadices, polygamous. Perianth of 1-5 narrow
segments. Stamen 1. Anther versatile, turned inwards, 2-celled. Ovary
inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, almost straight. Style simple;
stigma entire. Fruit a nut. Seed albuminous; embryo small, without
cotyledons.

Genus 1, species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Cynomorium= Mich.


ORDER UMBELLIFLORAE


FAMILY 185. ARALIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually stipulate. Inflorescence composed of
umbels, racemes, heads, or spikes. Flowers 4-16-merous. Calyx entire
or shortly toothed, imbricate or open in bud. Petals free, valvate
in bud, or united into a cap. Stamens as many as petals or more.
Anthers versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior
or half-inferior, crowned by a disc (stylopod), 2-or more-celled,
rarely (_Polyscias_) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell,
pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds
albuminous.--Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 118.)

1. Stem climbing by means of small aerial roots. Leaves entire or
lobed, without stipules. Flowers in umbels, 5-merous; pedicels not
jointed. Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled; style simple. Fruit a berry;
endocarp membranous. Seeds with ruminate albumen.--Species 1 (_H.
Helix_ L., ivy). North Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants;
the fruits are poisonous. =Hedera= L.

Stem without adhesive roots. Leaves pinnate or digitate, rarely
undivided or lobed, but then ovary 2-4-celled and style 2-4-parted.
Fruit a drupe or a nut; endocarp leathery, crustaceous, cartilaginous,
or bony. 2

2. Leaves undivided, lobed, or digitate. Stipules usually distinctly
developed. Pedicels not jointed. 3

Leaves pinnate. Stipules indistinctly developed or wanting. Seeds with
uniform albumen. 5

3. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-4-celled. Styles short, free or united below.
Stylopod convex or conical. Petals 5, free. Stamens 5. Endocarp
crustaceous. Albumen usually ruminate. Flowers in spikes or racemes,
rarely in umbels.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Including
_Seemannaralia_ Viguier). (Plate 118.) =Cussonia= Thunb.

Ovary 5-15-celled. Petals 5-15, usually united in the shape of a cap.
Albumen uniform. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in racemes. Leaves
digitate. 4

4. Stamens as many as the petals.--Species 13. Tropics. (Including
_Astropanax_ Seem., _Heptapleurum_ Gaertn., and _Sciadophyllum_ P.
Browne) =Schefflera= Forst.

[Illustration: HALORRHAGACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 117._

J. Fleischmann del.

Laurembergia repens Berg

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower
cut lengthwise. _D_ Young fruit. _E_ Young fruit cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: ARALIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 118._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cussonia spicata Thunb.

_A_ Leaf. _B_ Flower-bud. _C_ Flower-bud cut lengthwise. _D_
Inflorescence.]


Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals 5, cohering in the shape of
a cap. Ovary 8-10-celled. Flowers in spicately arranged heads.--Species
1. Seychelles. =Geopanax= Hemsl.

5. Flowers in umbels or racemes with jointed pedicels, very rarely in
spikes or heads. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 1-10. Stamens
as many as the petals. 6

Flowers in umbels; pedicels not jointed. Ovary-cells and styles or
style-branches 10-15. Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets. 7

6. Styles present, usually free and filiform. Seeds smooth or folded
on the surface.--Species 30. Tropics. (Including _Cuphocarpus_ Decne.
et Planch. and _Tieghemopanax_ Viguier, under _Panax_ L.) =Polyscias=
Forst.

Styles absent; stigmas 2, seated upon the conical stylopod. Ovary
2-celled. Pericarp with 8 oil-channels. Seeds 4-lobed. Trees.
Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets. Flowers in panicled
umbels.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Panax_ L.) =Sciadopanax= Seem.

7. Petals free or cohering at the tip. Stamens as many as the petals,
10-15; filaments flattened. Styles awl-shaped. Trees.--Species 4.
Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. =Gastonia= Comm.

Petals united throughout their whole length. Stamens numerous;
filaments awl-shaped. Style none; stigma 2-cleft. Shrubs.--Species 1.
Seychelles. =Indokingia= Hemsl.


FAMILY 186. UMBELLIFERAE

Mostly herbs with a jointed stem. Leaves alternate, rarely (_Drusa_)
opposite, usually dissected and with a sheathing stalk. Flowers in
umbels or heads, rarely in spikes or in racemed false-whorls, regular
or the outermost flowers, of the inflorescence somewhat irregular,
usually hermaphrodite. Calyx-limb usually faintly developed or
wanting. Petals 5, free, usually bent inwards at the tip and therefore
apparently notched or 2-lobed, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud.
Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-celled,
rarely one cell only fertile, very rarely ovary 3-celled. Ovules
solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe.
Styles 2, free, arising from a more or less distinctly 2-lobed disc
(stylopod), rarely (_Lagoecia_) style simple. Fruit dry, usually
separating into 2 mericarps attached to the 2-parted, more rarely
2-cleft, simple, or obsolete carpophore. Pericarp ribbed and usually
traversed by oil-channels commonly situated in the furrows between
the primary ribs which as a rule enclose vascular bundles. Seeds
with an adnate testa, a horny albumen, and a small embryo with flat
cotyledons.--Genera 92, species 410. (_APIACEAE._) (Plate 119.)

1. Fruit with a woody rind, without a free carpophore. Oil-channels
wanting, more rarely small and situated beneath the primary ribs.
Seeds rather flat on the inner face. Petals straight, rarely bent
inwards at the point and thread-shaped. Flowers in solitary or
fascicled simple umbels or in racemed false-whorls, rarely (_Hermas_)
in compound umbels. Leaves undivided, lobed, or 3-parted. [Subfamily
=HYDROCOTYLOIDEAE=.] 2 Fruit with a membranous or leathery rind, rarely
(tribe _Coriandreae_) with a woody one, but then oil-channels situated
on the inner surface of the mericarps and seeds deeply grooved on this
side. Flowers usually in compound umbels. 6

2. Fruit much compressed laterally, with a very narrow commissure and
a much projecting dorsal angle. Oil-channels very narrow or wanting.
Calyx-limb indistinct or shortly toothed. Petals with a straight point.
[Tribe HYDROCOTYLEAE.] 3

Fruit compressed from front to back, with a broad commissure. [Tribe
MULINEAE.] 4

3. Mericarps with 5 ribs, the marginal ones contiguous.
Flowers hermaphrodite. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves roundish,
stipulate.--Species 15. Some are used medicinally. =Hydrocotyle= L.

Mericarps with 7-9 ribs connected by a network of veins, the marginal
ribs divergent. Flowers polygamous. Petals imbricate in bud. Leaves
exstipulate.--Species 20. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used
medicinally. (Under _Hydrocotyle_ L.) =Centella= L.

4. Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, with faint ribs. Oil-channels
more or less obvious. Calyx-teeth narrow. Petals elliptical or
lanceolate, with a straight point. Herbs forming cushion-shaped tufts.
Leaves 3-cleft or 3-parted, alternate. Flowers in terminal simple
umbels.--Species 1. Island of Kerguelen. =Azorella= Lam.

Fruit much compressed, winged. Oil-channels obscure or absent.
Calyx-teeth large or wanting. Leaves undivided or lobed. 5

5. Wings of the fruit arising from the marginal ribs and covered with
barbed prickles. Seeds not furrowed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-lobes
wanting. Petals elliptical, with a straight point. Flowers in simple
umbels arising at the forks of the stem. Leaves usually opposite,
clothed with barbed bristles.--Species 1. Canary Islands. (Under
_Bowlesia_ Ruiz et Pav.) =Drusa= DC.

Wings of the fruit arising from the intermedial ribs. Fruit netted
or wrinkled on the back. Seeds angular-furrowed. Flowers polygamous.
Calyx-lobes broad-lanceolate, petal-like in the male flowers. Petals
awl-shaped, with the point bent inwards. Flowers in compound umbels.
Leaves alternate, tomentose beneath.--Species 5. South Africa (Cape
Colony). =Hermas= L.

6. (1.) Styles 2, surrounded by a ring-shaped disc, filiform and rather
long, rarely a single style. Fruit covered with scales, prickles,
or tubercles. Carpophore adnate or wanting. Oil-channels under the
primary ribs, scattered, or wanting (none in the furrows). Calyx-lobes
large. Petals with the point bent inwards. Flowers in umbels heads or
spikes, which are simple or arranged in heads or cymes. [Subfamily
=SANICULOIDEAE=.] 7

Styles 2, arising from the top of a more or less elevated disc
(stylopod). Carpophore usually free. Oil-channels in general only in
the furrows of the fruit. Flowers nearly always in compound umbels.
[Subfamily =APIOIDEAE=.] 11

7. Ovary with 1 perfect and 1 imperfect cell, the latter empty or
containing a rudimentary ovule; in the latter case flowers dioecious
and fruit with faint secondary ribs and without oil-channels.
Oil-channels indistinct or wanting; in the former case style single.
[Tribe LAGOECIEAE.] 8

Ovary with 2 perfect cells and ovules. Styles 2. Flowers hermaphrodite
or monoecious-polygamous. [Tribe SANICULEAE.] 9

8. Style 1. Oil-channels present. Flowers hermaphrodite, in
simple umbels with pinnately divided involucral bracts. Leaves
pinnatipartite.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Cyrenaica). =Lagoecia= L.

Styles 2. Oil-channels absent. Flowers dioecious, in compound umbels
or in umbels arranged in heads, with undivided involucral bracts.
Leaves lobed.--Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally.
=Arctopus= L.

9. Flowers polygamous, in umbels arranged in cymes. Ovary and fruit
clothed with hooked prickles. Fruit more or less globose, without
distinct ribs, but with many large and small oil-channels.--Species 2.
North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Used medicinally.
=Sanicula= L.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in heads or spikes. Ovary and fruit clothed with
scales or tubercles. Fruit ovoid, with several large and many small
oil-channels or without distinct oil-channels. 10

10. Flowers in few-flowered heads with a 2-ranked involucre of usually
10 bracts, without bracteoles beneath the single flowers. Calyx-limb
membranous. Fruit with thick and warty primary ribs. Oil-channels
indistinct. Leaves undivided.--Species 8. South and Central Africa.
=Alepidea= Laroch.

Flowers in many-flowered heads or spikes with an involucre of several
or many, usually prickly bracts, and with a bracteole under each
flower. Calyx-teeth stiff. Fruit without distinct ribs, scaly.--Species
15. North and Central Africa. Some are used as vegetables or in
medicine. =Eryngium= L.

11. (6.) Secondary ribs between the primary ribs of the fruit
distinctly developed, similar to, or larger than the primary ribs, more
or less distinctly winged or beset with rows of prickles. 12

Secondary ribs slightly prominent or wanting. 23

12. Secondary ribs, at least some of them, winged and unarmed. [Tribe
LASERPITIEAE.] 13

Secondary ribs not distinctly winged, but beset with prickles, more
rarely with bristles or tubercles. 17

13. Fruit much compressed from front to back. Seeds flat or nearly so
on the inner face. [Subtribe THAPSIINAE.] 14

Fruit scarcely or not at all compressed, broadly winged, glabrous.
Oil-channels also under the primary ribs. Seeds deeply grooved on the
inner face. [Subtribe ELAEOSELINAE.] 16

14. Secondary ribs with a narrow or indistinct wing. Oil-channels
only under the secondary ribs, narrow. Petals white, slightly
notched.--Species 3. Cape Verde Islands. Used medicinally. =Tornabenea=
Parl.

Secondary ribs with a broad wing. Petals entire. 15

15. Primary ribs very prominent. Oil-channels also under the primary
ribs. Petals white or reddish.--Species 2. Island of Madeira. The
roots are edible. (Including _Monizia_ Lowe, under _Thapsia_ L.)
=Melanoselinum= Hoffm.

Primary ribs slightly prominent. Oil-channels only under the secondary
ribs. Petals yellow.--Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally.
=Thapsia= L.

16. Fruit with 4 wings, contracted at the commissure. Oil-channels
distant. Petals narrow, yellow.--Species 5. North Africa. Used
medicinally. =Elaeoselinum= Koch

Fruit with 8 wings and a broad commissure. Oil-channels nearly
contiguous. Petals broad, white,.--Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). (Under _Elaeoselinum_ Koch) =Margotia= Boiss.

17. (12.) Albumen deeply grooved on the inner face of the seeds. [Tribe
SCANDICINEAE, subtribe CAUCALINAE.] 18

Albumen slightly grooved or flat on the inner face of the seeds. 21

18. Albumen rolled in at the edge. Commissure narrowed. Primary ribs
prickly. Secondary ribs with 1-3 rows of prickles. Oil-channels
obvious. Umbels of 2-6 rays.--Species 5. North Africa and mountains of
the tropics. Used medicinally. (Including _Turgenia_ Hoffm.) =Caucalis=
L.

Albumen flat at the edge. 19

19. Fruit with a broad commissure (plane of junction of the mericarps).
Primary ribs covered with short bristles. Secondary ribs with 2-3 rows
of prickles. Oil-channels large. Umbels of 5-8 rays.--Species 1. North
Africa. (Under _Daucus_ L.) =Orlaya= Hoffm.

Fruit with a narrow commissure. 20

20. Secondary ribs prominent, rounded, warty. Oil-channels obscure.
Umbels of many rays.--Species 2. North-west Africa. =Ammiopsis= Boiss.

Secondary ribs scarcely prominent, prickly. Primary ribs ciliate.
Oil-channels large. Umbels of 6-12 rays.--Species 9. North and South
Africa and mountains of Central Africa. (Under _Caucalis_ L.) =Torilis=
Adans.

21. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally and narrowed at the commissure.
Secondary ribs clothed with bristles. Seeds slightly grooved on the
inner face. Calyx-teeth long, awl-shaped, unequal. Petals oblong,
white or pink. Umbels of 3-5 rays.--Species 1 (_C. Cyminum_ L.). North
Africa, also cultivated in East Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment
and a medicament. =Cuminum= L.

Fruit flattened from front to back. Calyx-teeth short. [Tribe
DAUCEAE.] 22

22. Secondary ribs clothed with white bristles. Primary ribs nearly
glabrous. Petals white. Umbels opposite to the leaves, with 2-4
rays.--Species 1. North Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment. (Under
_Daucus_ L.) =Ammodaucus= Coss. & Dur.

Secondary ribs beset with one row of long prickles. Primary ribs
clothed with short bristles.--Species 20. North Africa to Abyssinia;
one species naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Some species
(especially _D. Carota_ L., carrot) yield vegetables, gum-resin, and
medicaments. =Daucus= L.

23. (11.) Seeds very concave or marked with a deep furrow on the inner
face. 24

Seeds flat, slightly concave, or somewhat convex on the inner face. 44

24. Flowers polygamous, the sessile hermaphrodite ones surrounded each
by several stalked males. Petals white. Style long. Fruit nearly always
one-seeded. Ribs indistinct. Albumen rolled in at the edge. [Tribe
ECHINOPHOREAE.] 25

Flowers of the primary umbels polygamous, but irregularly arranged, or
hermaphrodite. Fruit nearly always 2-seeded. 26

25. Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower adnate to the pedicels of
the male, which subsequently form a woody cup around the fruit.
Oil-channels solitary in each furrow.--Species 1. North Africa. The
root is edible. =Echinophora= L.

Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower not adnate to the pedicels
of the male; no cup around the fruit. Oil-channels 2-3 in each
furrow.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Pycnocycla= Lindl.

26. Leaves undivided, entire. Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow or
yellowish-green. Fruit laterally compressed.--Species 25. North and
South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Bupleurum= Tourn.

Leaves, at least the lower ones, dissected. 27

27. Fruit linear or oblong. [Tribe SCANDICINEAE, subtribe SCANDICINAE.]
28

Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose. 35

28. Fruit beaked. Oil-channels very narrow, situated in the furrows and
under the primary ribs. 29

Fruit not beaked. Oil-channels usually broad. Petals bent inwards and
notched at the tip. 31

29. Fruit with a long beak. Ribs obtuse. Calyx not toothed. Petals
entire and not or shortly bent inwards at the tip. Umbels of few
rays.--Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Scandix= L.

Fruit with a short beak. 30

30. Fruit cylindrical, broadened at the base, without ribs in the lower
part. Calyx not toothed. Petals narrow, entire and not or shortly bent
inwards at the tip.--Species 3. North and East Africa. One of them, the
chervil (_A. Cerefolium_ Hoffm.) is grown as a pot-herb and also used
medicinally. =Anthriscus= Hoffm.

Fruit oblong, hispid, with broad and obtuse ribs. Calyx toothed.
Petals broad, bent inwards and notched at the tip. Involucral bracts
numerous.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (Under _Athamantha_ L.)
=Tinguarra= Parl.

31. Fruit without distinct ribs, oblong, somewhat flattened from
front to back, clothed with long hairs. Oil-channels solitary in the
furrows, narrow; besides two larger ones at the commissure. Calyx-teeth
awl-shaped. Petals minute, white.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under
_Caucalis_ L.) =Chaetosciadium= Boiss.

Fruit with distinct ribs. Calyx-teeth wanting. 32

32. Fruit with thread-or keel-shaped ribs. Oil-channels thin or rather
thin. Root tuberous. 33

Fruit with broad and rounded, roll-shaped ribs. Oil-channels large,
solitary in the furrows. Root not tuberous. 34

33. Leaf-segments linear. Umbels of 10-20 rays. Involucre reduced to
a single bract or wanting. Involucels of many bractlets. Oil-channels
numerous.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (_Geocaryum_ Coss. et Dur.,
under _Chaerophyllum_ L.) =Conopodium= Koch

Leaf-segments lanceolate or ovate. Umbels of 5-10 rays. Involucre and
involucels of 1-4 bracts.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Including
_Balansaea_ Boiss. et Reut., under _Chaerophyllum_ L. or _Bunium_
Koch). =Biasolettia= Koch

34. Fruit conical, clothed with bristles or short prickles. Umbels
few-flowered.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under _Chaerophyllum_ L.)
=Physocaulis= Tausch.

Fruit cylindrical, glabrous.--Species 3. North Africa. One species is
poisonous. =Chaerophyllum= L.

35. (27.) Pericarp woody. Ribs slightly prominent or obscure.
Oil-channels only at the commissure. [Tribe CORIANDREAE.] 36

Pericarp not woody. Oil-channels also on the back of the fruit, or all
indistinct. [Tribe SMYRNIEAE.] 37

36. Fruit biglobose, much broader than long, wrinkled, without distinct
ribs. Commissure small, perforated. Mericarps separating when ripe.
Calyx not toothed.--Species 2. North Africa. The fruits serve as a
condiment. =Bifora= Hoffm.

Fruit ovoid or globose, not broader than long, with wavy ribs.
Commissure large, not perforated. Mericarps not separating. Calyx
toothed.--Species 1 (_C. sativum_ L.). North Africa, also cultivated
and naturalized in Central Africa. The fruits are used as a condiment
and for preparing an aromatic oil. =Coriandrum= L.

37. Pericarp much thickened; corky, spongy, or blistery. Ribs broad,
more or less roll-shaped, sometimes confluent. 38

Pericarp not much thickened. Ribs narrow, thread-shaped, sometimes
obscure. Fruit laterally compressed, with a narrow commissure, more or
less biglobose. 41

38. Ribs of the fruit confluent; furrows hardly perceptible.
Fruit ovoid, glabrous or hairy. Oil-channels numerous. Albumen
rolled inwards. Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments
linear.--Species 3. North-west Africa. =Cachrys= L.

Ribs of the fruit separated; furrows distinctly visible. Calyx toothed.
39

39. Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded, roll-shaped; furrows very
narrow, each with several oil-channels. Fruit slightly or not
compressed, hairy. Albumen curved. Petals white. Leaf-segments
broad.--Species 2. North-west Africa. =Magydaris= Koch

Ribs of the fruit slender, more or less thread-shaped; furrows not very
narrow. Albumen rolled inwards. Leaf-segments narrow. 40

40. Fruit covered with blisters, broad-cordate, laterally much
compressed. Oil-channels 1-3 to each furrow. Seeds loosely enclosed
by the pericarp. Petals white. Leaf-segments oblong.--Species 1. East
Africa. =Trachydium= Link

Fruit smooth or covered with tubercles or hairs. Oil-channels numerous.
Petals yellow. Leaf-segments linear.--Species 3. North-west Africa.
Used medicinally. =Hippomarathrum= Lindl.

41. Oil-channels replaced by a continuous oil-layer. Fruit ovoid.
Pericarp thick. Ribs thick, wavy or crenate. Albumen curved. Calyx not
toothed. Petals white, shortly inflexed.--Species 2. North Africa,
Abyssinia, and South Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Hemlock.”
=Conium= L.

Oil-channels separated. Fruit cordate. Pericarp thin. Ribs thin. Petals
long inflexed. 42

42. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Albumen curved. Calyx
toothed. Petals white.--Species 1. North Africa. =Physospermum= Cuss.

Oil-channels 2 or more in each furrow. Root tuberous. 43

43. Oil-channels 2-3 in each furrow. Albumen curved. Calyx not toothed.
Petals white. Involucre wanting.--Species 1. North-east Africa
(Cyrenaica). (Under _Conopodium_ Koch). =Scaligeria= DC.

Oil-channels numerous. Albumen rolled inwards. Petals yellow.--Species
2. North Africa. They yield vegetables and medicaments. =Smyrnium= L.

44. (23.) Marginal ribs of the mericarps much more prominent than the
dorsal and more or less distinctly winged. Mericarps and seeds much
compressed from front to back. [Tribe PEUCEDANEAE.] 45

Marginal ribs of the mericarps similar to the dorsal. Mericarps and
seeds slightly or not compressed. [Tribe AMMINEAE.] 57

45. Nerves (vascular bundles) of the marginal ribs next to the edge of
the mericarps, distant from the seed. 46

Nerves of the marginal ribs situated at their base near the seed. 52

46. Marginal wings of the mericarps much thickened at the edge. 47

Marginal wings of the mericarps slightly or not thickened at the edge
or not distinctly developed. 50

47. Mericarps without dorsal ribs. Oil-channels only in the marginal
ribs. Petals white.--Species 1. South Africa. (_Pappea_ Sond. & Harv.)
=Choritaenia= Benth. & Hook.

Mericarps with filiform dorsal ribs. Oil-channels also on the back of
the mericarps. 48

48. Thickened margin of the mericarps gibbous. Oil-channels very thin.
Calyx toothed. Petals white, 2-cleft.--Species 2. North Africa. They
yield vegetables and medicaments. =Tordylium= L.

Thickened margin of the mericarps slightly uneven. Oil-channels
distinctly developed. 49

49. Marginal wings of the mericarps traversed lengthwise by a
broad oil-channel. Petals yellow, turned or rolled inwards at the
top.--Species 7. East and North Africa. =Malabaila= Hoffm.

Marginal wings of the mericarps not traversed by an oil-channel. Petals
white, hairy.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under _Heracleum_
L.) =Zozimia= Hoffm.

50. Oil-channels not extending to the base of the mericarps, usually
ending at the middle in a club-shaped swelling, solitary in the
furrows. Dorsal ribs slightly prominent. Marginal wings membranous.
Calyx toothed. Petals deeply emarginate, usually white. Involucels of
many bractlets.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. They yield
edible roots, fodder, and medicaments. =Heracleum= L.

Oil-channels, at least some of them, extending to the base of the
fruit. Calyx rarely toothed. Petals slightly or not emarginate, yellow
greenish or reddish. 51

51. Leaves once pinnatisect. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those
of the uppermost lateral umbels male. Petals broad, much rolled in.
Marginal wings of the mericarps membranous. Oil-channels solitary in
the furrows, rarely in pairs.--Species 2. One growing wild in South
Africa, the other cultivated in North Africa. Root edible. “Parsnip.”
(Under _Peucedanum_ L.) =Pastinaca= L.

Leaves repeatedly pinnatisect. Flowers polygamous, those of the lateral
umbels male. Petals narrow, shortly bent inwards. Disc broad. Marginal
wings of the mericarps thickish or indistinct.--Species 10. North and
East Africa. Several species yield a gum-resin (African ammoniacum)
used industrially and medicinally, others serve as vegetables or as
ornamental plants. =Ferula= L.

52. (45.) Dorsal ribs of the mericarps very prominent. Marginal ribs
more or less thickened. Oil-channels solitary in each rib and solitary
or wanting in the furrows. Umbels opposite to the leaves, of few
rays. Petals white.--Species 4. North and South Africa. Some have
edible roots. (_Krubera_ Hoffm., including _Sclerosciadium_ Koch).
=Capnophyllum= Gaertn.

Dorsal ribs of the mericarps slightly prominent, more or less
filiform. 53

53. Marginal ribs of the mericarps thickened, corky. Oil-channels
solitary in the furrows. Calyx toothed. 54

Marginal ribs of the mericarps not thickened, closely contiguous. 55

54. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments broad.--Species 1. Canary Islands.
=Astydamia= DC.

Petals white. Leaf-segments narrow.--Species 1. Egypt. =Ducrosia= Boiss.

55. Oil-channels numerous. Marginal wings thick. Disc broad. Petals
yellow, not or shortly bent inwards. Flowers polygamous, in the lateral
umbels male.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under _Ferula_ L.) =Ferulago=
Koch

Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Petals much bent or rolled inwards.
Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those of the uppermost lateral
umbels sometimes male. 56

56. Fruit moderately compressed, with a narrow marginal wing.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Petals
broad and rolled inwards at the tip, yellow. Umbels without an
involucre.--Species 1. (_A. graveolens_ L., dill). North Africa, also
cultivated and naturalized in Central and South Africa. Used as a
pot-herb. (Under _Peucedanum_ L.) =Anethum= Tourn.

Fruit much compressed, with a membranous, usually broad marginal wing.
Petals narrowed and much bent inwards at the tip.--Species 50. Some of
them have edible roots or are used in medicine. (Including _Bubon_ L.,
_Imperatoria_ Tourn., and _Lefeburia_ A. Rich.) =Peucedanum= L.

57. (44.) Fruit compressed from front to back or not compressed;
commissure (plane of junction of the mericarps) broad. Ribs usually
prominent: wing-like, keeled, or broad, more rarely filiform. [Subtribe
SESELINAE.] 58

Fruit compressed laterally; commissure more or less narrowed. Ribs
usually slender, filiform, rarely keel-or wing-like. [Subtribe
CARINAE.] 73

58. Ribs of the fruit very prominent, keel-or wing-like. 59

Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent, filiform or broad. 69

59. Ribs wing-like. 60

Ribs keel-or ridge-like. 62

60. Oil-channels numerous. Leaves 2-5 times pinnately
dissected.--Species 1. North Africa. “Lovage.” (Under _Meum_ Jacq.)
=Ligusticum= L.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. 61

61. Marginal wings of the fruit thin. Dorsal wings either corky or
partly wing-like, partly filiform. Mericarps usually unequal. Calyx
toothed.--Species 10. South Africa. Some of them have edible roots.
(Including _Stenosemis_ E. Mey.) (Plate 119.) =Annesorrhiza= Cham. &
Schlechtd.

Marginal wings of the fruit thick. All wings equal, membranous or
spongy. Mericarps equal. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.--Species
2. South Africa. (Under _Selinum_ L.) =Cnidium= Cuss.

62. Oil-channels numerous, crowded around the seed. Pericarp thickened,
spongy. Fruit egg-shaped. Calyx toothed. Petals narrowed and rolled in
at the tip, white. Undershrubs. Leaves fleshy, with narrow segments.
Involucre and involucels of many bracts.--Species 1. North Africa. Used
as a pot-herb. “Samphire.” =Crithmum= Tourn.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, rarely (_Seseli_) accompanied by
a second channel in each furrow or one under each rib. 63

63. Calyx toothed. Petals white or reddish. Involucel present. 64

Calyx not toothed. 67

64. Stem woody, shrubby. Petals elliptical, entire, with an inflexed
point. Fruit oblong, not compressed, glabrous. Disc depressed. Leaves
once or twice dissected.--Species 2. South Africa. =Polemannia= Eckl. &
Zeyh.

Stem herbaceous. 65

65. Petals lanceolate or elliptical. Disc biglobose. Fruit narrowly
bottle-shaped, compressed from front to back, hairy. Involucre present.
Leaves thrice dissected.--Species 2. Canary Islands. =Todaroa= Parl.

Petals broad-cordate. Disc conical or flattened. Fruit oblong or oval.
66

66. Seeds concave on the inner face. Fruit cylindrical, with warty
or bristly ribs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc conical.
Styles long, with broad stigmas. Flowers hispid. Involucre present.
Leaves twice pinnatisect, with broad leathery segments.--Species 3.
Central Africa. =Physotrichia= Hiern

Seeds flat on the inner face. Leaves, as a rule, repeatedly pinnatisect
and with narrow segments.--Species 7. North and South Africa. Some are
used in medicine. (Including _Libanotis_ Crantz). =Seseli= L.

67. Involucels and involucre wanting. Petals yellow. Disc
conical. Pericarp not essentially thickened. Leaves with linear
segments.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia, one species also
naturalized in other regions. They yield vegetables, condiments,
perfumes, and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants.
“Fennel”. =Foeniculum= L.

Involucels of a few bracts. Petals white or greenish-white. Pericarp
thickened. Leaves with oblong, lanceolate, or elliptical segments. 68

68. Involucre of a few bracts. Petals oblong, greenish-white. Disc
conical. Fruit oblong; furrows narrow.--Species 1. Madagascar. Used
medicinally. =Phellolophium= Bak.

Involucre absent. Petals obovate, white. Disc flattened. Fruit ovoid;
furrows broad.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used
medicinally. “Fools parsley.” =Aethusa= L.

69. (58.) Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded. Carpophore none.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx-teeth large. Petals
obovate, white. Involucels of many bracts.--Species 10. North and South
Africa. Some are poisonous or used in medicine. =Oenanthe= L.

Ribs of the fruit slender, filiform. Carpophore present. 70

70. Oil-channels numerous, scattered. Fruit linear-oblong. Pericarp
not considerably thickened. Seeds somewhat grooved on the inner
face. Calyx-teeth short. Petals yellow. Involucre and involucels of
many bracts. Leaves with broad segments.--Species 1. North Africa.
(_Brignolia_ Bertol.) =Kundmannia= Scop.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, more rarely accompanied by a
second in each furrow or one under each rib. Petals white or reddish. 71

71. Seeds flat on the inner face. Calyx toothed. Petals broad-cordate.
Disc depressed. (See 66.) =Seseli= L.

Seeds grooved on the inner face. Fruit oblong, hairy. Disc conical.
Involucre present. Leaves thrice dissected. 72

72. Oil-channels in the furrows and under the ribs of the fruit. Seeds
with a keel in the middle of the groove on the inner face. Calyx
toothed.--Species 4. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Athamanta= L.

Oil-channels only in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Rays of the umbels
thickened.--Species 2. East Africa. =Diplolophium= Turcz.

73. (57.) Leaves undivided, entire, rarely (_Heteromorpha_) toothed to
dissected, and then some ribs of the fruit wing-like. 74

Leaves, at least some of them, toothed to dissected. Ribs of the fruit
filiform, rarely keeled but not wing-like. 77

74. Flowers in heads. Calyx toothed. Petals greenish-white. Carpophore
none; mericarps closely cohering. Ribs thickened, corky. Oil-channels
solitary in each furrow, faint or obscure.--Species 2. North-west
Africa. =Hohenackeria= Fisch. & Mey.

Flowers in compound umbels. Petals yellow or yellowish-green.
Carpophore free. 75

75. Calyx toothed. Mericarps unequal, one 2-winged, the other 3-winged.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Shrubs or trees.--Species 3.
Central and South Africa. (_Franchetella_ O. Ktze.). =Heteromorpha=
Cham. et Schlechtd.

Calyx not toothed. Mericarps and ribs equal. 76

76. Petals much inflexed and 2-lobed at the tip. Disc conical, crenate.
Fruit oblong, with thick and very prominent ribs. Oil-channels solitary
in each furrow. Undershrubs. Leaves stalked, cordate-orbicular,
leathery. Umbels of few rays, involucrate.--Species 1. Island of
Socotra. =Nirarathamnus= Balf.

Petals rolled in and entire or slightly notched at the tip. Disc flat,
entire. Leaves usually sessile. (See 26.) =Bupleurum= Tourn.

77. Oil-channels solitary under each rib, none in the furrows. Calyx
toothed. Petals white, with a long inflexed point. Involucre and
involucels of many bracts.--Species 7. South Africa. =Lichtensteinia=
Cham. & Schlechtd.

Oil-channels in the furrows, sometimes also under the ribs. 78

78. Fruit linear or oblong, at least twice as long as broad. Ribs
slender. Petals white or reddish. 79

Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose. 83

79. Fruit linear or linear-oblong. Oil-channels solitary in the
furrows. Disc broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Calyx-teeth
distinctly developed. Petals white, 3-5-nerved, notched. Involucre
and involucels present.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally.
=Falcaria= Host.

Fruit oblong. Calyx-teeth minute or wanting. 80

80. Mericarps with 5 ribs at the back and near the margin and 2 smaller
ones on the inner face. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows and
under the ribs, very narrow. Disc reduced to a swelling of the base
of the styles. Umbels panicled. Involucre wanting. Involucels of few
bracts.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (_Lereschia_ Boiss., under
_Anthriscus_ L.) =Cryptotaenia= DC.

Mericarps with 5 ribs only. Oil-channels only in the furrows. Disc
broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Umbels terminal and lateral.
81

81. Involucre of many large dissected bracts. Petals unequally 2-lobed.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows.--Species 5. North and Central
Africa. Used medicinally; one species has edible roots. =Ammi= L.

Involucre of usually few entire bracts or wanting. Petals equally
notched. 82

82. Root-stock tuberous. Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Embryo with
a single cotyledon.--Species 6. North Africa. The tubers are edible.
(Including _Diaphycarpus_ Calestani, partly under _Carum_ L.) =Bunium=
L.

Root-stock not tuberous. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Embryo
with 2 cotyledons.--Species 7. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar,
and South Africa; one species (_C. Carvi_ L., caraway) also cultivated
elsewhere. The fruits of this species are used as a condiment and
for preparing an aromatic oil; eaten in large quantities they are
poisonous. Other species yield edible roots or medicaments. (Including
_Selinopsis_ Coss. et Dur., partly under _Bunium_ L.) =Carum= L.

83. Oil-channels numerous, narrow. Ribs filiform. Herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves dissected or the lower lobed. 84

Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, rarely (_Rhyticarpus_) 3, large,
but then shrubs and upper leaves undivided. 85

84. Calyx toothed. Petals white. Involucre and involucels large,
persistent.--Species 7. Central and South Africa and Egypt. Some are
used as vegetables. (Including _Berula_ Koch) =Sium= L.

Calyx not toothed. Involucre and involucels usually wanting.--Species
25. The fruits of _P. anisum_ L., anise, serve as a condiment; other
species are used in medicine. (Including _Reutera_ Boiss.) =Pimpinella=
L.

85. Pericarp densely bristly or warty. Ribs filiform. 86

Pericarp smooth or wrinkled, not hairy. 87

86. Calyx toothed. Petals deeply notched, white. Fruit tubercled upon
the ribs, not hairy. Herbs. Leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissected
with very narrow segments.--Species 7. South and North Africa and
Island of Socotra; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. Some species yield condiments. (_Tragiopsis_ Pomel, under
_Carum_ L. or _Ptychotis_ L.) =Trachypermum= Link

Calyx entire. Petals not notched, white or greenish. Undershrubs.
Radical leaves once or twice pinnately dissected, cauline reduced to
the sheath. Umbels of few rays.--Species 10. North and South Africa.
(_Deverra_ DC.) =Pituranthos= Viv.

87. Carpophore entire or shortly cleft at the top. Ribs very
prominent. Oil-channels large. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals
greenish-white, straight or shortly inflexed at the tip. Involucre of
1-3 bracts or wanting.--Species 7. One of them (_A. graveolens_ L.,
celery) is used as a pot-herb, as a salad, or in medicine. (Including
_Helosciadium_ Koch). =Apium= L.

Carpophore split down to the middle or beyond. 88

88. Oil-channels extending down to the middle of the fruit and
ending there in a club-shaped swelling. Calyx entire. Petals white,
broadly inflexed and deeply notched at the tip. Leaves with broad
segments.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Sison= L.

Oil-channels extending down to the base of the fruit. Calyx toothed,
more rarely entire, but then petals yellow and not notched. 89

89. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals yellow, yellowish-green, or
somewhat reddish, much inflexed at the tip. 90

Calyx distinctly toothed. 91

90. Ribs of the fruit prominent, filiform. Oil-channels broad.
Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.--Species 2. North Africa; also
naturalized in tropical and South Africa. One species (_P. sativum_
Hoffm., parsley) is used as a pot-herb. (Under _Apium_ L. or _Carum_
L.). =Petroselinum= Hoffm.

Ribs of the fruit scarcely prominent or indistinct. Oil-channels
narrow. Leaves 4-times pinnately dissected.--Species 1. North Africa
and Abyssinia. (Under _Carum_ L.) =Ridolfia= Moris.

91. Ribs of the fruit very prominent. Oil-channels narrow.
Petals shortly inflexed at the tip, white or greenish. Umbels
involucrate.--Species 3. South Africa, St. Helena, and Canary Islands.
One species is used for preparing an intoxicating drink. (_Glia_ Sond.,
under _Lichtensteinia_ Cham. & Schlechtd.) =Ruthea= Bolle

Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent. Petals much inflexed at the tip,
rarely shortly inflexed, but then red. 92

92. Mericarp with 9 faint ribs. Petals dark-red, oblong, shortly
inflexed at the tip.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Anisopoda= Bak.

Mericarps with 5 filiform ribs. Petals white or yellow, much inflexed
at the tip. 93

93. Petals white, notched, the terminal point proceeding from
a transverse fold beneath the notch. Herbs. Umbels without an
involucre.--Species 4. North and South Africa. (Under _Carum_ L.,
_Petroselinum_ Hoffm., or _Seseli_ L.) =Ptychotis= Koch

Petals yellow, entire. Undershrubs or shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa
(Cape Colony). =Rhyticarpus= Sond.


FAMILY 187. CORNACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers regular.
Calyx entire or toothed. Petals 4-5, free or cohering at the base.
Stamens as many as the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-4-celled, with 1
pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; embryo
long.--Genera 4, species 6. Tropical and South Africa.

1. Ovary 4-celled. Micropyle turned outwards. Style simple; stigma
4-parted. Anthers oval. Petals broad. Flowers 4-merous, hermaphrodite,
in cymose panicles. Leaves opposite, toothed.--Species 1. South Africa.
Yields timber. [Subfamily =CURTISIOIDEAE=.] =Curtisia= Ait.

Ovary 2-3-celled. Micropyle turned inwards. Style and stigma simple, or
styles 2-3. Flowers 4-merous, but unisexual, or 5-merous. [Subfamily
=CORNOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Petals imbricate in bud. Filaments short, thread-shaped.
Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous, in racemes sometimes arranged in
panicles.--Species 3. Madagascar. [Tribe GRISELINIEAE.] =Melanophylla=
Bak.

Petals valvate in bud. Flowers unisexual, 4-merous. [Tribe CORNEAE.] 3

3. Style simple. Filaments thread-shaped. Anthers ovate. Petals ovate.
Fruit with a 2-celled stone. Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Leaves
opposite.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa (Kilimandjaro). =Cornus= L.

Styles or sessile stigmas 2. Filaments very short, rather thick.
Anthers oblong. Petals oblong. Fruit with two 1-celled stones. Flowers
in panicles. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Kaliphora=
Hook. fil.


SUBCLASS METACHLAMYDEAE

(SYMPETALAE)


ORDER ERICALES


FAMILY 188. CLETHRACEAE

Low trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in terminal racemes or
panicles, without bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-parted,
imbricate in bud, persistent. Petals 5, free, hypogynous, deciduous.
Stamens 10, hypogynous. Anthers turned inwards, shortly beaked at the
base, opening by

[Illustration: UMBELLIFERAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 119._

J. Fleischmann del.

Annesorrhiza capensis Cham. & Schlechtd.

_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Petal. _E_
Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Cross-section of a mericarp.]

[Illustration: ERICACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 120._

J. Fleischmann del.

Philippia Chamissonis Klotzsch

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther. _D_
Fruit. _E_ Fruit cut across. _F_ Seed.] two short slits at the
top; pollen-grains separate. Disc none. Ovary superior, 3-celled.
Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Style 3-cleft at the top. Fruit a
loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a lax testa, a fleshy albumen, and a
short embryo. (Under _ERICACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 1. Island of Madeira. Yields wood especially used for
making walking-sticks, and serves as an ornamental plant. =Clethra= L.


FAMILY 189. ERICACEAE

Undershrubs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves undivided, usually narrow.
Flowers solitary or in umbels, racemes or panicles, regular or nearly
so, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-cleft or-parted, persistent. Petals united
below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 3-15, usually
twice as many as the petals, free from the corolla or almost so, rarely
(_Ficalhoa_) distinctly inserted on the corolla-tube. Anthers turned
inwards, usually opening towards the top; pollen-grains united in
groups of four. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary usually
superior, 1-5-celled. Ovules axile or solitary, inverted or almost so.
Style simple. Seeds with copious albumen.--Genera 17, species 720.
(Including _VACCINIACEAE_.) (Plate 120.)

1. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx-tube. Corolla deciduous.
Stamens 8-10. Fruit a many-seeded berry.--Species 8. Azores, Madeira,
East Africa to Transvaal, and Madagascar. Some have edible fruits.
[Subfamily =VACCINIOIDEAE=, tribe VACCINIEAE.] =Vaccinium= L.

Ovary superior, free from the calyx, but sometimes (Salaxis) adnate to
the corolla-tube at the base. 2

2. Flowers 5-merous, rarely 6-merous. Corolla deciduous. Stamens
10-15 inserted at the base of the corolla. Ovules numerous in each
ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule without a persistent central column, or a
berry. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves alternate or subopposite, oblong or
lanceolate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. [Subfamily =ARBUTOIDEAE=.] 3

Flowers 4-merous, rarely 2-3-merous, very rarely (_Erica_) 5-merous,
but then low shrubs with fascicled flowers. Corolla usually persistent.
Stamens 3-8, rarely 10-12. Fruit a capsule, usually with a persistent
central column, or an achene. Undershrubs or mostly low shrubs, very
rarely trees. 5

3. Anthers attached below the apex, provided with two spur-like
appendages. Filaments broadened at the base. Disc distinctly developed.
Ovules axile. Fruit a mealy berry with a warty skin.--Species 2. North
Africa. They yield tanning materials, medicaments, and edible fruits,
and serve as ornamental plants. “Strawberry-tree.” [Tribe ARBUTEAE.]
=Arbutus= L.

Anthers attached above the base, without appendages. Disc indistinct.
Ovules subbasal. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. [Tribe ANDROMEDEAE.] 4

4. Corolla shortly urn-shaped, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 15, in groups of
three, inserted in the corolla-tube. Filaments glabrous. Stigma finally
5-parted. Seeds ovoid. Trees. Leaves serrate.--Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). =Ficalhoa= Hiern

Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, 5-6-toothed. Stamens 10-12, inserted
singly at the base of the corolla-tube. Filaments hairy. Stigma entire.
Seeds oblong. Leaves entire.--Species 7. Tropics. Some of them are
poisonous or yield wood and medicaments. =Agauria= DC.

5. Fruit dehiscing septicidally, many-seeded. Corolla shortly toothed,
deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers longer than the filaments, without
appendages, opening by terminal pores. Ovary-cells many-ovuled.
Small shrubs. Leaves alternate, elliptical. Flowers in terminal
racemes.--Species 1. Azores. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subfamily
=RHODODENDROIDEAE=, tribe PHYLLODOCEAE.] =Daboecia= Don

Fruit dehiscing loculicidally or indehiscent, rarely septicidal, but
then few-seeded and enveloped by the persistent corolla. Corolla
usually persistent after the time of flowering. Leaves usually whorled
and linear. [Subfamily =ERICOIDEAE=.] 6

6. Ovary with a single ovule in each cell, rarely with several ovules,
but then 1-2-celled. [Tribe SALAXIDEAE.] 7

Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each of its 3-8 cells. [Tribe ERICEAE.]
12

7. Stigma large, cupular or discoid. Bracteoles rudimentary or wanting.
Corolla-lobes 4. 8

Stigma small, capitate or truncate. Bracts and bracteoles usually 3. 10

8. Style short, included in the corolla-tube. Stamens 6-8. Calyx
unequally 4-cleft or 4-parted.--Species 15. South Africa. (Including
_Coccosperma_ Klotzsch, _Lagenocarpus_ Klotzsch, and _Lepterica_ N. E.
Brown). =Salaxis= Salisb.

Style long, exserted. Stamens 3-5. Calyx 3-4-toothed or-cleft. 9

9. Anthers much exserted. Calyx 4-toothed. Bract 1.--Species 1. South
Africa. (Under _Syndesmanthus_ Klotzsch). =Codonostigma= Klotzsch

Anthers included or slightly exserted. Bracts none.--Species 20. South
Africa. (Including _Coilostigma_ Klotzsch). =Scyphogyne= Brongn.

10. Corolla 2-lobed. Calyx 2-lobed or 4-toothed. Stamens 4.--Species 9.
South Africa. (Including _Aniserica_ N. E. Brown) =Sympieza= Lichtenst.

Corolla 4-lobed. Calyx 4-toothed to 4-parted. 11

11. Calyx shortly toothed, usually thickened. Stamens 3-4. Ovary
1-2-celled.--Species 50. South Africa. (Including _Anomalanthus_
Klotzsch and _Syndesmanthus_ Klotzsch). =Simochilus= Hook. & Benth.

Calyx divided to the middle or beyond. Stamens 4-8.--Species 40. South
Africa. (Including _Acrostemon_ Klotzsch, _Eremiopsis_ N. E. Brown,
_Grisebachia_ Klotzsch, _Hexastemon_ Klotzsch, _Platycalyx_ N. E.
Brown, _Thamnus_ Klotzsch, and _Thoracosperma_ Klotzsch). =Eremia= Don

12. (6.) Stamens 4. Fruit few-seeded, loculicidal. 13

Stamens 8, very rarely 6, 7, 10, or 12. 14

13. Calyx-lobes unequal, one of them somewhat larger than the others.
Disc distinctly developed. Bracts and bracteoles none.--Species 6.
Tropical and South Africa. =Ericinella= Klotzsch

Calyx-lobes equal. Disc rudimentary. Bracts and bracteoles 3.--Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. =Blaeria= L.

14. Flowers with 4 bracts and bracteoles. Calyx corolla-like, 4-parted
nearly to the base, slightly exceeding the deeply 4-cleft corolla.
Anthers spurred, opening by longitudinal slits. Fruit dehiscing
septicidally, few-seeded.--Species 1 (_C. vulgaris_ Salisb., ling).
North-west Africa (Morocco and Azores). Yields tanning and dyeing
materials, medicaments, and food for bees. =Calluna= Salisb.

Flowers with 1-3 bracts and bracteoles or without any. Fruit dehiscing
loculicidally, usually many-seeded. 15

15. Calyx-lobes unequal, the lowest larger than the others. Bracts
and bracteoles none. Disc rudimentary. Stigma broad. Flowers
terminal.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
medicinally. (Plate 120.) =Philippia= Klotzsch

Calyx-lobes equal. Bracts and bracteoles nearly always present. Disc
usually distinctly developed. 16

16. Calyx much longer than the corolla, two of the segments including
the other two. Anthers opening by loculicidal slits.--Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). (Under _Erica_ L.) =Macnabia= Benth.

Calyx not much longer, usually shorter than the corolla.--Species
480. South Africa, East Africa to Comoro Islands, and North Africa.
Many species are used as ornamental plants, some yield wood or dyes.
(Including _Pentapera_ Klotzsch). “Heath.” =Erica= L.


ORDER PRIMULALES


FAMILY 190. MYRSINACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely (_Afrardisia_) herbs. Leaves alternate,
undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in racemes,
panicles, umbels or heads, regular, 4-5-, very rarely 6-7-merous.
Petals white or red, rarely yellow or green, usually united below.
Stamens as many as the petals, opposite to them, inserted on the
corolla. Anthers opening inwards, more rarely near the apex. Ovary
superior, rarely (_Maesa_) half-inferior, 1-celled, with a free
central, usually globular placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted or
half-inverted. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit
a berry, a drupe, or a nut. Seeds with copious albumen. Embryo with a
long radicle and small cotyledons.--Genera 10, species 130. (Plate 121.)

1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Ovules seated upon the surface
of the placenta. Fruit several-seeded. Petals united below, white.
Stigma broadened. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 121.)
[Subfamily =MAESOIDEAE=.] =Maesa= Forsk.

Ovary superior. Ovules sunk into the placenta. Fruit one-seeded.
[Subfamily =MYRSINOIDEAE=.] 2

2. Ovules in several rows. Petals free, pink. Flowers hermaphrodite,
5-merous, in short racemes. Stigma punctiform. Filaments long.--Species
1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (Under _Ardisia_ Swartz or _Myrsine_ L.)
[Tribe ARDISIEAE.] =Heberdenia= Banks

Ovules in a single row. Petals united below, more rarely free, but then
flowers dioecious and stigma peltate. [Tribe MYRSINEAE.] 3

3. Ovules numerous, about ten. Anthers opening by a single pore
at the apex. Sepals unequal-sided. Petals united below. Filaments
short. Stigma punctiform. Trees. Flowers in panicles, dioecious,
5-merous.--Species 6. Madagascar. (Under _Ardisia_ Swartz). =Monoporus=
A. DC.

Ovules few. Anthers opening by two slits or pores. 4.

4. Stigma punctiform. Style thin. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-7-merous.
Petals united below. Filaments short, free or nearly so. 5

Stigma more or less dilated. Style thick. 6

5. Sepals and petals with imbricate, not contorted aestivation;
petals white, equal-sided. Trees or tall shrubs. Leaves entire.
Flowers sessile or nearly so, in heads or umbels arising from lateral
dwarf-shoots.--Species 1. Madeira and Canary Islands. (Under _Myrsine_
L.) =Pleiomeris= A. DC.

Sepals and petals with contorted aestivation; petals red,
unequal-sided. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Flowers in axillary
umbels or racemes, 5-merous.--Species 10. West Africa. (Under _Ardisia_
Swartz). =Afrardisia= Mez

6. Petals free or nearly so. Filaments usually free. Flowers
unisexual.--Species 25. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used
medicinally. (_Samara_ L., _Pattara_ Adans.) =Embelia= Burm.

Petals obviously united below. 7

7. Filaments wanting. 8

Filaments distinctly developed, more or less united. Style present. 9

8. Style wanting. Flowers in umbels upon sometimes imperceptible
dwarf-shoots.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Myrsine_
L.) =Rapanea= Aubl.

Style present. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles.--Species 10.
Mascarene Islands and Madagascar. (Under _Ardisia_ Swartz or _Icacorea_
Aubl.) =Badula= Juss.

9. Flowers dioecious, in umbels arising from dwarf-shoots. Petals
imbricate in bud. Anthers free.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa
and Azores. They yield timber and are used as ornamental, medicinal, or
fodder plants. =Myrsine= L.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in axillary umbels, racemes or
panicles.--Species 55. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.
=Oncostemon= A. Juss.

[Illustration: MYRSINACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 121._

J. Fleischmann del.

Maesa lanceolata Forsk.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruiting branch.
_D_ Fruit. _E_ Seed. _F_ Seed cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: PRIMULACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 122._

J. Fleischmann del.

Ardisiandra Sibthorpioides Hook.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Seed. _D_ Seed cut
lengthwise.]


FAMILY 191. PRIMULACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or lobed, without stipules.
Flowers solitary or in umbels racemes or panicles, without bracteoles,
3-7-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals usually united below, with imbricate
or contorted aestivation. Fertile stamens as many as the petals and
opposite to them. Ovary usually superior, 1-celled, with a free central
placenta. Ovules several or many, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma
entire. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with ventral hilum; albumen fleshy;
embryo small, axile.--Genera 11, species 45. (Plate 122.)

1. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Corolla white, 5-cleft, regular,
imbricate in bud, with 5 scales at the throat. Ovules numerous. Flowers
in terminal racemes or panicles. Leaves alternate.--Species 2. Used as
vegetables. [Tribe SAMOLEAE.] =Samolus= L.

Ovary superior. 2

2. Corolla irregular, red. Calyx prickly. Ovules 5. Flowers in terminal
racemes. Leaves alternate, linear, prickly toothed.--Species 1. North
Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe CORIDEAE.] =Coris= L.

Corolla regular. Calyx not prickly. 3

3. Corolla-lobes bent back, with contorted aestivation, red or white.
Ovules numerous. Stem tuberous. Leaves radical, stalked, broad. Flowers
solitary, radical.--Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental or
medicinal plants; the tubers are poisonous. [Tribe CYCLAMINEAE.]
=Cyclamen= L.

Corolla-lobes erect or spreading. Stem not tuberous. 4

4. Corolla with contorted aestivation. [Tribe LYSIMACHIEAE.] 5

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. [Tribe ANDROSACEAE.]
9

5. Corolla smaller than the calyx. Flowers solitary in the axils of the
leaves. 6

Corolla larger than the calyx; petals united below. 8

6. Petals 3, free. Fruit 2-seeded, opening in 3 valves. Leaves
opposite.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. (Under
Asterolinum Link & Hoffmsg.) =Pelletiera= St. Hil.

Petals 4-5, united below. Fruit many-seeded. 7

7. Corolla-tube short. Fruit opening by a lid. Leaves alternate, at
least the upper ones.--Species 1. North and East Africa. =Centuneulus=
L.

Corolla-tube long. Fruit opening by 4-5 valves. Leaves
opposite.--Species 2. North and East Africa. =Asterolinum= Link &
Hoffmsg.

8. Fruit opening by a lid. Corolla red or blue. Flowers solitary,
axillary.--Species 20. Some of them yield a fish-poison or medicaments,
or serve as ornamental plants. “Pimpernel.” =Anagallis= L.

Fruit opening by valves. Corolla usually yellow or white.--Species
12. North, South, and East Africa and Madagascar. Some are used
as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Lubinia_ Vent.)
=Lysimachia= L.

9. Stamens with an acuminate connective, inserted at the base of the
corolla. Corolla white, about as long as the calyx, bell-shaped,
deeply cleft, ciliate. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils
of the leaves. Leaves alternate, stalked, cordate, lobed. Stem
creeping.--Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate 122.)
=Ardisiandra= Hook.

Stamens with an obtuse connective, inserted in the tube of the corolla.
Flowers terminal, solitary or in umbels or whorls. Leaves radical. Stem
erect, sometimes very short. 10

10. Corolla smaller than the calyx, bell-shaped, with a short
tube, whitish or reddish. Flowers in umbels. Leaves elliptical,
subsessile.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Androsace= L.

Corolla larger than the calyx, salver-shaped, with a long tube. Leaves
spatulate.--Species 2. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used as ornamental
or medicinal plants. “Primrose.” =Primula= L.


FAMILY 192. PLUMBAGINACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves undivided. Flowers in
spike-head or panicle-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so,
5-merous, hermaphrodite, bracteolate. Calyx with valvate or open
aestivation, usually folded. Petals more or less clearly united, with
contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite
to them. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1,
suspended from the basal funicle, inverted, with superior micropyle.
Style or style-branches 5. Seeds with a straight embryo and mealy
albumen.--Genera 7, species 90. (Plate 123.)

1. Styles united high up. Stamens generally free from the corolla.
Inflorescence usually simple; each flower with 2 bracteoles, which
usually bear no flowers in their axils. [Tribe PLUMBAGINEAE.] 2

Styles free or united at the base only. Stamens attached to the
corolla. Inflorescence composed of cymes; each flower with 1-2
bracteoles, one of which bears a flower in its axil. [Tribe STATICEAE.]
4

2. Sepals glandular, evidently united below. Corolla salver-shaped.
Stamens free from the corolla. Undershrubs.--Species 9. Some of them
yield arrow-poison, tanning materials, or medicaments, or serve as
ornamental plants. =Plumbago= L.

Sepals without glands, free or nearly so. Shrubs. 3

3. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Corolla
salver-shaped, pink or violet. Inflorescence capitate.--Species 2.
Abyssinia. =Ceratostigma= Bunge

Stamens free from the corolla. Corolla funnel-shaped. Inflorescence
spicate-paniculate.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. (_Vogelia_
Lam.) (Plate 123.) =Dyerophyton= O. Ktze.

4. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Styles
united nearly halfway up. Corolla blue, with a long tube.
Undershrubs.--Species 3. North Africa. (_Bubania_ Gir.) =Limoniastrum=
Moench

Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla. 5

[Illustration: PLUMBAGINACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 123._

J. Fleischmann del.

Dyerophyton africanum (Lam.) O. Ktze.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Ovary cut
lengthwise.]

[Illustration: SAPOTACEAE.

_FLOW. Pl. AFR_

_Pl. 124._

J. Fleischmann del.

Mimusops Kummel Bruce

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Petal, stamen,
and staminodes. _D_ Petal from outside. _E_ Anther from outside. _F_
Cross-section of ovary.]


5. Stigmas capitate. Styles tubercled. Fruit opening by a lid.
Inflorescence paniculate. Herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Yields
tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments, and serves as an
ornamental plant. =Goniolimon= Boiss.

Stigmas cylindrical or filiform. 6

6. Styles hairy. Petals almost free. Fruit bursting all round at the
base. Inflorescence capitate. Leaves usually linear.--Species 10. North
Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Thrift.”
=Armeria= Willd.

Styles glabrous. Fruit opening with a lid, or bursting irregularly, or
remaining closed. Inflorescence paniculate.--Species 60. North Africa,
northern Central Africa, and South Africa. Some species are used
for tanning or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Limonium Boiss.)
=Statice= L.


ORDER EBENALES


SUBORDER SAPOTINEAE


FAMILY 193. SAPOTACEAE

Trees, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary or in clusters in
the leaf-axils or on the trunk. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals united
below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite to
them, or more. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, completely
or almost completely 2-or more-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell,
more or less curved, the micropyle turned downwards. Style simple.
Fruit a berry.--Genera 19, species 150. (Plate 124.)

1. Petals with two sometimes laciniate or minute dorsal appendages,
rarely with one only. [Tribe MIMUSOPEAE.] 2

Petals without dorsal appendages. [Tribe PALAQUIEAE.] 4

2. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6; staminodes none.
Appendages of the petals small, toothed. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Seeds exalbuminous, affixed by a broad, lateral hilum.--Species 1.
Seychelles. =Northea= Hook. fil.

Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 6-8, but alternating with as
many staminodes, or more. 3

3. Fertile stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Fruit
1-seeded.--Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber.
=Labourdonnesia= Boj.

Fertile stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the petals.--Species
60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, tanning-bark,
a resin (balata) similar to guttapercha, edible fruits, fat-containing
seeds, fish-poison, and medicaments. (Including _Baillonella_ Pierre,
_Dumoria_ A. Chev., _Imbricaria_ Commers., _Labramia_ A. DC., and
_Tieghemella_ Pierre). (Plate 124.) =Mimusops= L.

4. Fertile stamens as many as petals. [Subtribe SIDEROXYLINAE.] 5

Fertile stamens more than petals. 17

5. Staminodes none, rarely 1-4, small. 6

Staminodes 5 or more. 11

6. Filaments with a leaf-like appendage. Leaves crowded at the top of
the branches; stipules linear. Flowers in clusters springing from older
branches.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Cryptogyne= Hook. fil.

Filaments without a leaf-like appendage. 7

7. Anthers converging around the style, oblong. Filaments adnate to the
long corolla-tube at their base. Sepals free. Endocarp separating and
enveloping the 5 seeds. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs with long, reddish
brown, undivided hairs. Leaves lanceolate, with 2 pouch-shaped auricles
at the base of the blade; side-nerves numerous, somewhat distant,
connected by numerous transverse veins.--Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Gaboon). =Delpydora= Pierre

Anthers not converging. Leaves not auricled. Hairs usually 2-parted. 8

8. Seeds albuminous. Primary side-nerves of the leaves usually
approximate.--Species 20. Central and South Africa. Some species yield
timber or edible fruits. =Chrysophyllum= L.

Seeds exalbuminous, solitary. Stigma 5-lobed. Primary side-nerves of
the leaves somewhat distant. Trees. 9

9. Sepals free or nearly so. Tube of the corolla longer than the
segments. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Leaves oblong or ovate;
primary side-nerves straight and connected by numerous transverse
veins.--Species 6. Central Africa. They yield timber. =Malacantha=
Pierre

Sepals obviously united at the base. Tube of the corolla as long as or
shorter than the segments. Anthers opening outwards. Leaves lanceolate
or elliptical; primary side-nerves arched, connected by a network of
veins. 10

10. Corolla-tube as long as the segments. Ovules attached below the
middle.--Species 6. Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Under
_Sideroxylon_ L.) =Sersalisia= R. Br.

Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Ovules attached by the middle
or above it. Leaves lanceolate; stipules linear.--Species 4. Central
Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds. =Pachystela=
Pierre

11. (5.) Ovary 2-6-celled. 12

Ovary 8-12-celled. 16

12. Filaments much longer than the anthers. Staminodes linear. Style
long. Ovules attached above the middle. Corolla with a short tube and
narrow segments. Seed 1, with a very scanty albumen. Trees. Leaves
lanceolate, stipulate.--Species 4. West Africa. (Under _Sideroxylon_
L.) =Bakerisideroxylon= Engl.

Filaments about as long as or slightly longer than the anthers. Ovules
attached by the middle or below it. 13

13. Sepals united to above the middle. Anthers opening inwards.
Staminodes lanceolate or ovate. Styles very long, with a very small
stigma. Seeds exalbuminous. Trees. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 3.
Central Africa. (Including _Stironcurum_ Radlk.) =Synsepalum= A. DC.

Sepals free or united at the base. Anthers opening outwards. 14

14. Staminodes awl-shaped. Ovary 2-4-celled. Seeds 2-4, connate,
albuminous. Spiny trees. Leaves lanceolate. Species 1. Morocco. Yields
timber (iron-wood) and oil. =Argania= Roem. & Schult.

Staminodes more or less petal-like, or short and broad. Ovary usually
5-celled. Seeds separate or solitary. 15

15. Staminodes more or less petal-like. Seeds albuminous, with
leaf-like cotyledons.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Canary
Islands, and Madeira. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or
medicaments. (Including _Calvaria_ Commers. and _Sapota_ A. DC.)
=Sideroxylon= L.

Staminodes small, broad. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons.
(See 10.) =Sersalisia= R. Br.

16. Calyx 5-6-parted. Corolla 5-6-lobed. Ovary 10-12-celled. Ovules
attached by the base. Fruit 4-12-seeded. Seeds ovoid, compressed,
with a narrow hilum, albuminous. Flowers solitary.--Species 1 (_A.
Sapota_ L., sapodilla-plum). Cultivated in the tropics. Yields a
guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under _Sapota_
Plum.) =Achras= L.

Calyx 8-10-parted. Corolla 8-10-cleft or-parted. Ovary 8-10-celled.
Ovules attached by the middle. Fruit 1-4-seeded. Seeds globular,
with a broad hilum, exalbuminous. Flowers in clusters, clothed with
rusty-brown hairs.--Species 1 (_B. Parkii_ Kotschy). Central Africa.
Yields timber, a guttapercha-like resin, edible fruits, and a fat
(shea-butter) from the seeds. (_Bassia_ L.) =Butyrospermum= Kotschy

17. (4.) Sepals 5, unequal, spirally arranged. Fertile stamens 15,
20, or more; Staminodes 5 or more. Ovary 9-30-celled. Style cone-or
club-shaped. [Subtribe OMPHALOCARPINAE.] 18

Sepals 4 or 6, nearly equal, whorled. Stamens 12 or 16, all fertile.
Anthers opening outwards. Style awl-shaped. [Subtribe ILLIPINAE.] 19

18. Stamens 15, united in 5 bundles. Anthers opening outwards. Ovary
10-celled. Style club-shaped. Petals 5, white. Sepals red. Flowers
solitary or few together in the axils of the lower, sometimes
fallen leaves.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).
=Tridesmostemon= Engl.

Stamens 20 or more, free. Anthers opening inwards. Style cone-shaped,
Flowers springing from the old wood.--Species 13. West Africa. They
yield timber and a sort of guttapercha. =Omphalocarpum= Beauv.

19. Sepals 4. Petals 8. Stamens 16. Ovary 10-12-celled. Seeds
albuminous.--Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. Yields guttapercha.
=Payena= A. DC.

Sepals 6. Petals 6. Stamens 12. Ovary 6-celled. Seeds
exalbuminous.--Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. Yielding
guttapercha. =Palaquium= Blanco


SUBORDER DIOSPYRINEAE


FAMILY 194. HOPLESTIGMATACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in
terminal panicles. Calyx closed in the bud, subsequently cleft into 2-4
lobes. Corolla with a short tube and 11-14 imbricate segments. Stamens
23-34, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anthers opening lengthwise.
Ovary 1-celled with 2 much projecting placentas. Ovules 4, pendulous
inverted. Styles 2, united at the base, with roundish stigmas. Fruit
a drupe with 2 empty cavities. Seeds with a large embryo and scanty
albumen. (Under _FLACOURTIACEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Hoplestigma= Pierre


FAMILY 195. EBENACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers solitary
or in cymes in the leaf-axils, regular. Petals united below, with
contorted, rarely valvate aestivation. Stamens as many as the
petals and opposite to them, or more numerous, inserted at the base
of the corolla-tube. Filaments free or united in bundles. Anthers
basifixed, 2-celled. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-16-celled. Ovules
1-2 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2-8, free or united at
the base. Seeds with a copious, cartilaginous albumen and an axile
embryo.--Genera 6, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 125.)

1. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Stamens about 30. Flowers
4-merous, dioecious, the male in cymes, the female solitary.--Species
1. Madagascar. =Tetraclis= Hiern

Corolla with contorted aestivation. 2

2. Stamens 2-3, with hairy filaments and linear anthers. Corolla
3-4-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Fruit oblong or ovoid. Leaves oblique at
the base.--Species 1. West Africa. =Rhaphidanthe= Hiern

Stamens 4 or more, very rarely 3, but then filaments glabrous and
anthers oblong or lanceolate. 3

3. Stamens in a single row, 4-14, usually 10. Flowers usually
hermaphrodite, 5-, rarely 4-, 6-, or 7-merous. Ovary 4-10-celled with 1
ovule in each cell. Pericarp leathery.--Species 20. South and Central
Africa. Some species yield timber. =Royena= L.

Stamens in 2 or more rows, very rarely in a single row, but then only
3. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous. Pericarp usually fleshy. 4

4. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules, or 6-celled with 1 ovule in each
cell; in the latter case female flowers with staminodes. Flowers
3-merous, more rarely 4-6-merous. Stamens usually 9, glabrous. Leaves
alternate.--Species 20. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species
yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Plate 125.) =Maba= Forst.

Ovary 4-or 8-16-celled, rarely 2-or 6-celled; in the latter case
female flowers without staminodes. Flowers 4-7-, very rarely 3-merous.
Stamens usually 12-20. 5

[Illustration: EBENACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 125._

J. Fleischmann del.

Maba buxifolia (Rottb.) Pers.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Female flower
cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed.]

[Illustration: OLEACEAE

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 126._

J. Fleischmann del.

Schrebera alata Welw.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Group of fruits.
_D_ Fruit cut lengthwise. _E_ Fruit cut across.]


5. Staminodes usually absent in the female flowers. Ovary 2-celled with
2 ovules, or 4-6-celled with one ovule in each cell. Calyx not enlarged
after flowering. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 10-30.--Species 35. Central and
South Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits. =Euclea= L.

Staminodes usually present in the female flowers. Ovary 4-16-,
usually 8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Calyx most frequently
enlarged after flowering. Stamens usually 16.--Species 75. Tropical
and South-east Africa. They yield timber (ebony), tanning and dyeing
materials, mucilage, edible fruits (date-plums), fish-poison, and
medicaments. (Including _Thespesocarpus_ Pierre). =Diospyros= Dalech.


FAMILY 196. STYRACACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers
solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, clothed with stellate hairs,
hermaphrodite. Calyx closed in the bud, splitting subsequently into
2 or 3 segments. Petals 5, free, fleshy, whitish-yellow. Stamens 10,
free. Anthers basifixed, pointed, opening by 2 longitudinal slits.
Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 6, basal, inverted. Style simple.
Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed 1, with a crusty-woody testa and a
copious, horny albumen. Embryo axile, large, straight, with a short
radicle and thin cotyledons.

Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Afrostyrax=
Perkins & Gilg


ORDER CONTORTAE


SUBORDER OLEINEAE


FAMILY 197. OLEACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves exstipulate, usually
opposite. Flowers regular. Stamens 2, alternating with the carpels,
rarely 3-4, inserted on the corolla, if the latter is present. Disc
none. Ovary superior, rarely (_Fraxinus_) naked, 2-celled, rarely
3-4-celled. Ovules 1-4, usually 2, in each cell, inverted. Style
simple; stigmas 1-2. Seeds with a straight embryo.--Genera 11, species
120. (Including _JASMINEAE_.) (Plate 126.)

1. Seeds erect or ascending, the radicle turned downwards. Fruit
2-parted, but sometimes one half only developed. Corolla conspicuous,
white or yellow, with 5-6, more rarely 7-12 or 4 imbricate segments;
in the latter case anthers opening inside. Shrubs or undershrubs.
[Subfamily =JASMINOIDEAE=, tribe JASMINEAE.] 2

Seeds pendulous or descending, the radicle turned upwards. Fruit not
2-parted. Petals 4 or 0, rarely 5-8; in this case petals valvate in bud
or stem tree-like. Anthers opening laterally, very rarely inside, but
then petals valvate in bud. [Subfamily =OLEOIDEAE=.] 3

2. Fruit a capsule. Sepals linear. Corolla bell-or wheel-shaped, with
a short tube and 5-6 segments. Anthers opening laterally. Ovules
2-4 in each ovary-cell. Undershrubs. Leaves simple, undivided or
pinnatifid.--Species 3. South Africa. =Menodora= Humb. & Bonpl.

Fruit a berry. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers opening inside. Shrubs.
Leaves compound, with 1-7 leaflets.--Species 60. Some of them are
used in perfumery and medicine or as ornamental plants (jessamine).
=Jasminum= L.

3. Fruit a linear or lanceolate winged nut. Seeds with fleshy albumen.
Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla absent. Flowers unisexual or
polygamous. Leaves pinnate. Trees.--Species 4. North-west Africa. They
yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. “Ash.”
[Tribe FRAXINEAE.] =Fraxinus= L.

Fruit a capsule, a berry, or a drupe. Corolla present. 4

4. Fruit a capsule. Albumen very scanty or absent. Ovules 4 in each
ovary-cell. Corolla with a long tube and 4-8 imbricate lobes. Flowers
in panicles. Trees.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. (_Nathusia_
Hochst.) (Plate 126.) [Tribe SYRINGEAE.] =Schrebera= Roxb.

Fruit a berry or a drupe. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Corolla with
a short tube or without a tube, and with valvate, rarely imbricate
segments; in the latter case shrubs with spicate or racemose flowers.
Leaves undivided. [Tribe OLEINEAE.] 5

5. Petals free or united in pairs, with valvate aestivation. 6

Petals all united at the base. 7

6. Flowers in axillary and terminal simple racemes. Embryo with a
long radicle.--Species 1. Canary Islands and Madeira. Yields timber.
(_Picconia_ DC.) =Notelaea= Vent.

Flowers in axillary or terminal compound racemes. Embryo with a short
radicle.--Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species
yield timber. (_Mayepea_ Aubl.) =Linociera= Swartz

7. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Flowers in axillary simple
spikes or racemes. Shrubs.--Species 4. North Africa. They yield timber
and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. =Phillyrea= L.

Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation. 8

8. Corolla globular. Seeds exalbuminous, with thick cotyledons. Flowers
in axillary and terminal simple racemes, more rarely solitary or in
clusters. Trees. Species 6. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Some have edible
fruits. =Noronhia= Stadtmann

Corolla not globular. Seeds with a fleshy albumen and flat cotyledons.
Flowers in compound racemes or in clusters. 9

9. Corolla-tube very short; segments narrow, bent inwards at the
margins. Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening outwards. Flowers in
clusters. Low trees.--Species 1. Southern Central Africa. =Dekindtia=
Gilg

Corolla-tube not very short. Sepals united high up. Anthers opening
inwards or laterally. Flowers in compound racemes. 10

10. Fruit a berry with a membranous or crustaceous endocarp, 2 cells,
and 2-4 seeds. Inflorescences terminal. Shrubs. Species 1. Naturalized
in North Africa. Serves as an ornamental or hedge plant; also the wood
is used; the berries are poisonous. “Privet.” =Ligustrum= L.

Fruit a drupe with a bony, woody, or crustaceous endocarp and 1, rarely
2 seeds. Inflorescences usually axillary.--Species 15. Some of them,
especially the olive (_O. europaea_ L.), yield timber, edible fruits,
oil, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Olea= L.


SUBORDER GENTIANINEAE


FAMILY 198. LOGANIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire,
rarely toothed or lobed; stipules well developed or reduced to a
transverse ridge or line connecting the leaf-stalks. Calyx-lobes 4-5.
Petals 4-16, united below. Stamens as many as or fewer than the petals,
inserted on the corolla. Ovary superior, completely or incompletely 2-,
rarely 4-celled, with 2 or more inverted ovules in each cell. Style
simple or 4-cleft. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 14, species 240. Tropical
and South Africa. (Plate 127.)

1. Glandular hairs present. Corolla-lobes 4, imbricate in bud. Stamens
4. Style simple. [Subfamily =BUDDLEIOIDEAE=.] 2

Glandular hairs absent. [Subfamily =LOGANIOIDEAE=.] 8

2. Anther-halves cohering above, divergent below. Anthers projecting
beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted at the throat of the
corolla. Style long; stigma small. Ovary incompletely 2-celled. Fruit a
capsule. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced to a transverse
line. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs consisting of several
cells.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield
timber. (Plate 127.) =Nuxia= Lam.

Anther-halves separate. Style short with a thick stigma, rarely rather
long, but then flowers in racemes. Capitate tips of the glandular hairs
consisting of 2 cells. 3

3. Anthers distinctly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments
inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a
capsule. Flowers in many-flowered, terminal panicles. Stipules reduced
to a transverse line. Trees.--Species 4. South Africa and Madagascar.
=Chilianthus= Burch.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube or scarcely projecting. 4

4. Style long. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Flowers in terminal
simple racemes. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Shrubs.--Species
2. South Africa and southern Central Africa. =Gomphostigma= Turcz.

Style short. Flowers in capitate, racemose, or panicled inflorescences
composed of cymes. 5

5. Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Corolla salver-shaped.
Fruit a globular drupe. Flowers in terminal panicles. Stipules reduced
to a transverse line.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Under _Buddleia_ L.)
=Adenoplea= Radlk.

Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. 6

6. Fruit a globular drupe. Seeds with a small embryo. Ovary completely
2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences lateral, racemiform.
Leaves toothed, with foliaceous stipules.--Species 2. Madagascar.
=Adenoplusia= Radlk.

Fruit an oblong berry or an oblong or ovate capsule. 7

7. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a comparatively large embryo. Ovary
incompletely 2-celled. Corolla salver-shaped. Inflorescences capitate.
Shrubs.--Species 7. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands.
=Nicodemia= Ten.

Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a small embryo.--Species 18. Tropical and
South Africa. Some species yield timber, dye-stuffs, a substitute for
soap, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Buddleia= L.

8. (1.) Style 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell.
Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-5. Fruit
a capsule. Leaves entire. Stipules triangular or united into a sheath.
[Tribe GELSEMIEAE.] 9

Style simple. Ovules with several or many ovules in each cell, rarely
with 2, but then corolla valvate in bud. 10

9. Flowers in few-flowered cymes enclosed by two large involucral
bracts united at the base. Stamens unequal in length.--Species 6.
Central Africa. (Under _Mostuea_ Didr.) =Coinochlamys= Anders.

Flowers without an involucre.--Species 25. Tropics. =Mostuea= Didr.

10. Corolla with imbricate or contorted aestivation; segments 5-16.
Stamens the same in number. 11

Corolla with valvate aestivation; segments 4-5. Stamens the same in
number or fewer. Stipules reduced to a transverse line. Inflorescences
terminal and lateral. 12

11. Calyx with 4, corolla with 10-16 segments. Anthers long and
narrow. Disc present. Ovary 4-celled below, 2-celled above. Fruit
a berry. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 20. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species have edible fruits or are used in medicine. [Tribe
FRAGRAEEAE.]. =Anthocleista= Afz.

Calyx and corolla with 5 segments each. Anthers short. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit a capsule. Inflorescences lateral.--Species 10 Madagascar and
Mascarenes. Some species yield timber. [Tribe LOGANIEAE.] =Geniostoma=
Forst.

12. Calyx-segments very unequal, one of them much larger than the
others and petal-like. Corolla salver-shaped, 4-lobed. Stamen 1. Ovary
2-celled with numerous ovules. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Climbing
shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa. [Tribe ANTONIEAE.] =Usteria= Willd.

Calyx-segments nearly equal. Stamens 4-5. 13

13. Corolla tubular, red. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a
capsule. Leaves whorled, linear. Flowers few, terminal or arising in
the upper leaf-axils. Shrubs. Species 1. South Africa. =Retzia= Thunb.

[Illustration: LOGANIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 127._

J. Fleischmann del.

Nuxia Autunesii Gilg

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower (from which the anthers have
fallen off excepting one). _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Ovary cut
lengthwise.]

[Illustration: GENTIANACEAE.

_FLOW PL. AFR._

_Pl. 128._

J. Fleischmann. del.

Chironia transvaalensis Gilg

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamen. _D_
Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit. _F_ Seed.]


Corolla salver-, bell-, or wheel-shaped, usually white. Ovules
several or many in each ovary-cell. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite,
3-5-nerved--Species 110. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield
timber, poisons, and medicaments; some have poisonous, others edible
fruits and seeds, which are also used for preparing alcohol. (Including
_Brehmia_ Harv. and _Ignatia_ L. f.) [Tribe STRYCHNEAE.] =Strychnos= L.


FAMILY 199. GENTIANACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided, sometimes
reduced to scales; stipules absent or replaced by a transverse ridge or
line connecting the leaf-stalks. Flowers regular, rarely (_Canscora_)
somewhat irregular. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the petals,
and alternating with them, 3-8, sometimes one only fertile. Ovary
superior, 1-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentas, or 2-celled with
axile placentas. Ovules numerous. Style simple with 1-2 stigmas rarely
(_Erythraea_) 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut or (_Chironia_) a
berry. Seeds minute, albuminous.--Genera 23, species 250. (Plate 128.)

1. Corolla with induplicate-valvate aestivation, 5-partite, white or
yellow. Pollen-grains compressed from one side. Ovary 1-celled, with
little intruding placentas. Stigma 2-partite. Leaves alternate or all
radical, broad-cordate. [Subfamily =MENYANTHOIDEAE=.] 2

Corolla with contorted or imbricate aestivation. Pollen-grains not
compressed from one side. Leaves opposite or whorled or nearly so.
[Subfamily =GENTIANOIDEAE=.] 3

2. Stem erect. Leaves slightly cordate at the base, ovate, radical.
Flowers panicled. Fruit opening by 4 valves at the top.--Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally. =Villarsia= Vent.

Stem floating or creeping. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Flowers
fascicled. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed.--Species
9. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible roots or serve as
ornamental or medicinal plants. =Limnanthemum= Gmel.

3. Stem and leaves reddish. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers solitary,
terminal. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, yellow or blue. Anthers
included. Pollen-grains with a single pore. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma
entire. Ovules straight. Seeds with a very scanty albumen.--Species 2.
West Africa. (Under _Voyria_ Aubl.) [Tribe LEIPHAIMEAE.] =Leiphaimos=
Cham. & Schlechtd.

Stem and leaves green. Leaves well developed, rarely very small, but
then flowers in cymes. Pollen-grains with 3 pores. Ovules inverted.
Seeds with copious albumen. 4

4. Pollen-grains connected in groups of four, tubercled on the surface.
Calyx 4-toothed, with a winged tube. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-lobed.
Filaments inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube, winged at the
base. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 2-partite.--Species 1. West Africa. Used
medicinally. [Tribe HELIEAE.] =Schultesia= Mart.

Pollen-grains separate. [Tribe GENTIANEAE.] 5

5. Ovary completely 2-celled. Pollen-grains very small. 6

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Pollen-grains rather
large. 9

6. Anthers opening by terminal pores which are sometimes produced into
slits, without glands, exserted. Filaments inserted at the throat of
the corolla or somewhat lower. Corolla violet, pink, or white, with
a short and wide tube. Calyx winged.--Species 12. Tropics. Used as
ornamental plants. =Exacum= L.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits, nearly always with 1-4 small
glands at the base or the apex. Corolla yellow, with a more or less
elongated tube. 7

7. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in
the sinuses between the corolla-lobes.--Species 80. South Africa and
tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Sebaea= R. Br.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Filaments inserted in the
corolla-tube. Flowers 5-merous. 8

8. Filaments inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Calyx not
winged. Small plants with small flowers.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under _Sebaea_ R. Br.) =Lagenias= E. Mey.

Filaments inserted in the middle or the upper part of the corolla-tube,
Calyx winged. Flowers rather large. Species 30. Tropical and South
Africa. (_Parasia_ Rafin., including _Exochaenium_ Griseb., under
_Sebaea_ R. Br.) =Belmontia= E. Mey.

9. Ovary divided into incomplete cells by the intrusion of the
placentas. Stigma more or less distinctly 2-lobed. Stamens 5. 10

Ovary completely one-celled with little intruding placentas. 12

10. Anthers more or less twisted after flowering. Pollen-grains
smooth.--Species 6. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Used as
medicinal or ornamental plants. =Erythraea= L. C. Rich.

Anthers erect or bent back after flowering. Pollen-grains tubercled or
netted. Calyx with small scales on the inside. 11

11. Corolla yellow; tube short, glabrous within. Anthers exserted.
Pollen-grains tubercled. Leaves stem-clasping. Flowers in many-flowered
panicles with large bracts.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Ixanthus=
Griseb.

Corolla white or red; tube long, with 5 small scales on the inside.
Anthers included. Pollen-grains netted. Flowers solitary or in
few-flowered cymes.--Species 9. Madagascar. Some are poisonous or are
used in medicine. =Tachiadenus= Griseb.

12 Corolla with 1-2 glandular nectaries at the base of each segment;
tube very short. Stamens 4-5. Pollen-grains tubercled.--Species 35.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Sweertia= L.

Corolla without nectaries, but sometimes with scales at the insertion
of the stamens. Pollen-grains smooth or dotted. 13

13. Corolla with distinctly unequal segments and imbricate, more rarely
contorted aestivation, white or red. Stamens 4, inserted at different
heights on the corolla-tube, usually one only perfect. Pollen-grains
smooth. Stigma 2-lobed.--Species 3. Tropics. Used medicinally.
=Canscora= Lam.

Corolla with equal or subequal segments and contorted aestivation. 14

14. Fertile stamen 1, staminodes 3; all inserted in the sinuses between
the corolla-lobes. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla yellow, with a short
tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Stem 4-angled or winged. Leaves very small,
decurrent along the stem. Flowers in dense cymes.--Species 1. Southern
West Africa (Angola). (Under _Canscora_ Lam.) =Schinziella= Gilg

Fertile stamens 3-8, rarely more. 15

15. Flowers 6-8-merous, rarely polymerous. Corolla yellow, with a
short tube. Pollen-grains smooth. Stigma 2-parted with deeply notched
branches. Flowers in lax cymes.--Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. =Chlora= L.

Flowers 3-5-merous. Stigma entire or 2-parted with entire branches. 16

16. Flowers 3-merous. Sepals very unequal. Corolla with a long tube,
usually blue. Stamens inserted at the throat; filaments with a swelling
at the base. Stigma 2-parted. Flowers crowded in heads.--Species 3.
Southern Central Africa. =Pycnosphaera= Gilg

Flowers 4-5-merous. Sepals not very unequal. 17

17. Flowers 4-merous. Anthers ovate, rarely oblong. Pollen-grains
smooth. Herbs. 18

Flowers 5-merous. Anthers oblong or linear. 21

18. Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx
8-12-ribbed. Corolla with a narrow tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Dwarf herbs.
Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, sometimes forming racemes
or corymbs.--Species 8. Central Africa. =Neurotheca= Salisb.

Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers ovate. Flowers
small. 19

19. Flowers in dense fascicles. Calyx divided to the middle or below
the middle. Corolla with 4 scales at the throat.--Species 10. Central
and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Faroa= Welw.

Flowers in lax cymes. Corolla without scales at the throat. Dwarf
herbs. 20

20. Stem much branched. Calyx deeply divided. Corolla with a long
tube and broad lobes. Stigma 2-parted.--Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). =Cicendia= Adans.

Stem not or scantily branched. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla
with a rather long tube and narrow segments. Stigma entire or
notched.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Microcala= Link & Hoffmsg.

21. Filaments with a double scale at the base, inserted at the middle
of the corolla-tube. Anthers included, not twisted. Pollen-grains
smooth. Corolla-tube long. Stigma entire. Flowers small, in axillary
fascicles. Herbs.--Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used
medicinally. (_Hippion_ Spreng.) =Enicostemma= Blume

Filaments without a scale at the base. Anthers usually exserted and
twisted after flowering. Flowers in usually lax cymes or solitary. 22

22. Stigma 2-lobed or 2-parted. Pollen-grains medium-sized, smooth.
Herbs. (See 10.) =Erythraea= L. C. Rich.

Stigma entire. Pollen-grains very large, dotted. Corolla-tube rather
short. 23

23. Calyx with blunt, not keeled segments. Glands between calyx and
corolla present. Corolla red. Stamens inserted at the throat of the
corolla. Hairy shrubs. Flowers large, in terminal cymes.--Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as an ornamental plant. =Orphium= E.
Mey.

Calyx with pointed, usually keeled segments. Glands between calyx and
corolla absent.--Species 40. South Africa, southern Central Africa, and
Malagasy Islands. Some species serve as ornamental plants. (Including
_Plocandra_ E. Mey.) (Plate 128.) =Chironia= L.


FAMILY 200. APOCYNACEAE

Usually woody plants. Juice milky. Leaves entire, usually penninerved
with closely arranged, parallel primary side-nerves, generally
opposite. Flowers with bracteoles, usually panicled, regular or
nearly so, 5-, very rarely 4-merous, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate
in bud, usually deeply divided. Petals united below, with contorted
aestivation. Stamens as many as the petals, inserted in the tube or
at the throat of the corolla. Filaments free, short. Anthers opening
inwards by two longitudinal slits, sometimes adhering to the stigma.
Pollen granular. Ovary superior, more rarely half-inferior, 1-2-celled,
or 2, rarely (_Pleiocarpa_) 3-5 separate ovaries. Ovules 2 or more
in each cell, rarely solitary, pendulous, inverted. Style simple or
divided at the base, thickened at the apex, bearing the stigmas on the
under-surface of the thickened part (stigmatic or stylar head), and
sometimes two-lobed above it. Seeds usually albuminous and provided
with a wing or a tuft of hairs.--Genera 61, species 450. (Plate 129.)

1. Stamens closely connected with the stigmatic head. Anthers prolonged
at the base into empty tails. Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to
the right. Fruit dry, dehiscent. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs.
[Subfamily =ECHITIDOIDEAE=.] 2

Stamens free or loosely cohering with the stigmatic head. Anthers
without tails, full of pollen to the base, more rarely prolonged
into tails, but then fruit fleshy and most frequently indehiscent.
Corolla-lobes usually overlapping to the left. Seeds usually without a
tuft of hairs. [Subfamily =PLUMIEROIDEAE=.] 22

2. Anthers projecting beyond the mouth of the corolla-tube. [Tribe
PARSONSIEAE.] 3

Anthers, entirely or for the greatest part, concealed within the
corolla-tube. [Tribe ECHITIDEAE.] 7

3. Calyx without glands; segments blunt. Corolla with a very short
tube without scales; segments overlapping to the right. Filaments
twisted around the style. Disc cupular, irregularly crenate. Twining
shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dewevrella= De Wild.

Calyx with glands on the inside. Disc 5-lobed or wanting. 4

4. Disc 5-lobed. Calyx with 5-10 glands. Corolla white, with 5-10
confluent scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the right.
Seeds glabrous. Trees or erect shrubs, glabrous.--Species 1. Northern
West Africa. =Malouetia= A. DC.

Disc absent. Seeds hairy. 5

5. Calyx with pointed segments and 10--20 glands. Corolla glabrous
at the throat; segments unequal-sided, overlapping to the right.
Seeds with a terminal and a smaller basal tuft of hairs. Twining
shrubs.--Species 3. West Africa. =Isonema= R. Br.

Calyx with blunt segments and 5-10 glands. Corolla nearly always with
scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left. Erect shrubs or
trees. 6

6. Flowers small. Seeds covered all over with long hairs densest at the
base.--Species 5. West Africa. (Under _Wrightia_ R. Br.) =Pleioceras=
Baill.

Flowers rather large. Seeds provided at the base with a deciduous tuft
of hairs.--Species 3. South-east Africa and Madagascar. =Wrightia= R.
Br.

7. Leaves alternate. Stem succulent. Flowers subsessile. Calyx
without glands, with subulate or lanceolate segments. Corolla usually
funnel-shaped; segments overlapping to the right. Ovary superior. 8

Leaves opposite or whorled. Stem woody. 9

8. Leaves with 2 or more spines at their base or in their axils. Disc
5-lobed or replaced by 2-5 glands. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the
apex.--Species 15. Madagascar, South Africa, and Angola. =Pachypodium=
Lindl.

Leaves and stem without spines. Corolla red. Disc none. Seeds with
a tuft of hairs at either end. Flowers large, in few-flowered
cymes.--Species 13. Central and South Africa. Some species yield an
arrow-poison. (_Idaneum_ O. Ktze.) =Adenium= Roem. & Schult.

9. Corolla with separate or confluent scales at the throat. 10

Corolla naked at the throat, but sometimes with scales or swellings
lower down in the tube. 13

10. Scales at the throat of the corolla united into a tubular,
15-crenate corona. Corolla salver-shaped, the segments overlapping to
the left. Calyx without glands. Ovary superior. Seeds with a basal
tuft of hairs. Erect shrubs. Flowers small.--Species 1. East Africa.
=Stephanostema= K. Schum.

Scales at the throat of the corolla free or slightly united at the
base. Corolla-segments nearly always overlapping to the right. Ovary
almost superior or half-inferior. 11

11. Corolla salver-shaped with 5 entire scales at the throat. Calyx
without glands, rarely with 5 small glands within. Filaments inserted
on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Disc cup-shaped, 5-lobed or
5-parted. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, without axillary glands.
Flowers small.--Species 12. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Oncinotis=
Benth.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with 5 divided scales at the throat. Calyx with
usually numerous glands within. Disc none. 12

12. Corolla with laciniate scales at the throat, and with broad, not
tailed segments, white or red. Anthers with a tailed connective.
Mericarps at first cohering, subsequently divergent. Seeds with an
apical tuft of hairs. Erect shrubs or low trees. Leaves whorled,
narrow, densely veined. Flowers large.--Species 1 (_N. Oleander_ L.).
North Africa. A poisonous plant yielding wood and medicaments and used
as an ornamental plant. =Nerium= L.

Corolla with bipartite scales at the throat, and with usually tailed
segments. Mericarps divaricate, ultimately spreading horizontally.
Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs and a long apical awn. Leaves usually
opposite, with axillary glands.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species yield vegetable silk, poisons, and medicaments, or serve
as ornamental plants. (Including _Roupellia_ Baill. and _Zygonerion_
Baill.) =Strophanthus= P. DC.

13. Corolla bell-, pitcher-, or funnel-shaped, usually small and with
scales in the tube. Calyx-segments with 3-5 glands or without glands at
the base. Twining shrubs. 14

Corolla salver-shaped and more or less constricted at the mouth,
usually large and without scales in the tube. 18

14. Calyx and corolla very large; corolla white, with a glabrous tube,
the segments short and overlapping to the right. Filaments thickened
above. Anthers acuminate. Disc cupular, lobed. Stigmatic head conical.
Leaves with distant nerves and axillary glands. Flowers in terminal
cymes.--Species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar. =Beaumontia= Wall.

Calyx and corolla small or medium-sized; in the latter case
corolla-segments long. Leaves with distant nerves but without glands,
or with closely set nerves and with axillary glands. 15

15. Corolla-segments overlapping to the left; tube very short, with
10 longitudinal ridges. Anthers very shortly tailed. Disc none.
Ovules 4 in each carpel. Leaves closely nerved, with small, axillary
glands.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Pycnobotrya= Benth.

Corolla-segments overlapping to the right. Disc cupular. Ovules
numerous in each carpel. Leaves remotely nerved, without axillary
glands. 16

16. Anthers with blunt, reflexed tails at the base and a small,
feathery mucro at the apex. Corolla white or yellow; tube with 5
longitudinal ridges inside, without scales or swellings. Stigmatic
head spindle-shaped, with 2 narrow lobes. Seeds with an apical tuft of
hairs.--Species 5. West Africa and equatorial Lake-region. One species
yields rubber. =Motandra= A. DC.

Anthers with pointed, almost straight tails at the base and without an
apical mucro. Corolla-tube usually with scales or swellings above the
insertion of the stamens. 17

17. Flowers in dense axillary cymes, inconspicuous. Corolla-lobes
as long as or shorter than the tube, broad. Stigmatic head conical,
crowned by a 2-cleft point.--Species 5. Central Africa. =Zygodia= Benth.

Flowers in terminal and axillary panicles or corymbs, more rarely in
few-flowered cymes. Corolla-lobes as long as or longer than the tube,
usually narrow. Stigmatic head campanulate. Seeds with an apical tuft
of hairs.--Species 20. West Africa and Madagascar. One species yields
rubber. (Including _Codonura_ K. Schum., _Guerkea_ K. Schum., and
_Perinerion_ Baill.) =Baissea= A. DC.

18. Calyx with 5 glands inside the base. Disc none. Twining shrubs.
Stipules usually present. 19

Calyx with numerous glands inside the base. Erect shrubs or trees.
Stipules absent. 20

19. Ovary 1, entire, more or less completely 2-celled--Species 1. West
Africa. (Under _Alafia_ Thouars). =Holalafia= Stapf

Ovaries 2, free.--Species 15. Tropics. (Including _Ectinocladus_
Benth.) =Alafia= Thouars

20. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Calyx with unequal segments.
Disc absent. Ovary 1, two-celled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Ochronerium=
Baill.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Disc present. Ovaries 2, free.
21

21. Flowers in many-flowered, axillary cymes. Corolla fleshy, white
or yellowish; segments not folded in the bud. Stigmatic head ovoid.
Mericarps oblong or spindle-shaped. Seeds with a feathery, basal
awn.--Species 3. Central Africa. One of them (_F. elastica_ Stapf,
Ireh-tree) yields rubber (Lagos-rubber). (Under _Kickxia_ Blume)
=Funtumia= Stapf

Flowers solitary or in few-flowered fascicles. Corolla not fleshy,
usually red; segments folded lengthwise in the bud. Stigmatic head
oblong. Mericarps linear. Seeds with an apical tuft of hairs.--Species
30. Madagascar and East Africa. Some of the species yield timber and
rubber. =Mascarenhasia= A. DC.

22. (1.) Carpels united throughout their whole length. [Tribe
ARDUINEAE.] 23

Carpels only partly united; ovaries wholly free or in their upper part
only, styles usually free at the base. [Tribe PLUMIEREAE.] 33

23. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. [Subtribe
LANDOLPHIINAE.] 24

Ovary completely 2-celled. [Subtribe MELODININAE.] 29

24. Corolla funnel-shaped, large, yellow; tube cylindric below,
much widened above. Disc ring-shaped. Calyx without glands. Stamens
inserted somewhat below the mouth of the corolla-tube. Fruit a woody,
spinous, 2-valved capsule. Seeds winged, with fleshy albumen. Erect
shrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics. An ornamental and
medicinal plant. =Allamanda= L.

Corolla salver-shaped; tube more or less cylindric. Disc none. Fruit a
berry. 25

25. Anthers tailed at the base. Stamens inserted in the middle of
the corolla-tube. Calyx small, with 5 small glands within. Ovary
incompletely 2-celled. Style short. Seeds with fleshy, ruminate
albumen. Erect shrubs or trees.--Species 5. West Africa. Used
medicinally. (_Iboga_ Schum.) =Tabernanthe= Baill.

Anthers not tailed. Calyx small and without glands inside, or large and
with numerous glands within. Seeds with horny albumen. Twining shrubs,
more rarely erect shrubs or undershrubs. 26

26. Stamens inserted near the mouth of the corolla-tube. Style long,
usually hairy. Calyx without glands.--Species 35. Central Africa. Some
species yield rubber and edible fruits. (Including _Sclerodictyon_
Pierre) =Carpodinus= R. Br.

Stamens inserted near the base or the middle of the corolla-tube. Style
short or rather short, usually glabrous. 27

27. Calyx large, with numerous filiform glands within, spreading or
bent back in the fruit. Corolla fleshy. Placentas much projecting.
Pericarp woody. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 1. West Africa
(Congo). (Under _Landolphia_ Beauv.) =Vahadenia= Stapf

Calyx small, without glands on the inside. 28

28. Flowers in axillary, or axillary and terminal cymes. Ovules 12-16;
placentas much projecting. Glabrous plants.--Species 25. Central
Africa. Several species yield rubber. (Including _Aphanostylis_ Pierre
and _Cylindropsis_ Pierre). (Plate 129.) =Clitandra= Benth.

Flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs sometimes overtopped by barren
shoots and then apparently lateral.--Species 45. Tropical and South
Africa. Several species yield rubber, dyes, and edible fruits, from
which drinks are prepared. (Pacourea Aubl., including _Ancylobothrys_
Pierre and _Vahea_ Lam.) =Landolphia= Beauv.

29. (23.) Carpels cohering along the ventral suture only. Ovules
numerous, in several rows. Stigmatic head glabrous. Stamens inserted
in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Fruit usually of 2 spreading
berries. Trees. Leaves opposite, with numerous axillary glands.
Flowers in terminal false umbels.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under
_Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Picralima= Pierre

Carpels wholly connate. Fruit entire. 30

30. Ovules numerous in each cell, in several rows. Disc none. Stamens
inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Calyx without glands.
Fruit a capsule. Seeds ciliate. Erect shrubs. Leaves whorled.--Species
1. Madagascar. =Craspidosperma= Boj.

Ovules 1-10 in each cell, in one or two rows. 31

31. Stamens inserted in the lower half of the corolla-tube. Anthers
linear. Calyx-tube with many glands inside. Disc ring-shaped. Stigmatic
head cylindrical. Unarmed, climbing shrubs.--Species 1. West Africa
(Congo). =Cyclocotyla= Stapf

Stamens inserted in the upper half of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head
crowned by a hairy point. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite, with a few
axillary glands or without glands. 32

32. Stem unarmed, erect, woody. Bark bitter, poisonous. Inflorescences
axillary. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell.--Species 4. Tropical and South
Africa. They yield arrow-poison and are used as ornamental plants.
(_Toxicophloea_ Harv.) =Acocanthera= Don

Stem spinous. Bark not bitter nor poisonous. Inflorescences terminal or
pseudo-axillary.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments, or serve as hedge plants.
(_Arduina_ Mill., _Carandas_ Adans.) =Carissa= L.

33. (22.) Ovules 2-6 in each carpel. 34

Ovules 8 or more in each carpel. 42

34. Placentas much projecting. Fruit drupaceous. Trees or shrubs.
[Subtribe CERBERINAE.] 35

Placentas little projecting. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left.
Leaves opposite or whorled. [Subtribe RAUWOLFIINAE.] 38

35. Corolla without scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the
right. Calyx-segments blunt, imbricate in bud. Anthers pointed. Leaves
opposite or whorled.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.
Yields timber, dyes, and medicaments. =Ochrosia= Juss.

Corolla with scales at the throat; segments overlapping to the left.
Calyx-segments pointed. Leaves alternate. 36

36. Calyx with many glands. Corolla yellow. Disc present. Ovules 2 in a
carpel.--Species 1 (_Th. neriifolia_ Juss.). Cultivated in the tropics.
The seeds yield oil. =Thevetia= L.

Calyx without glands. Corolla white or reddish. Disc absent. Ovules 4
in a carpel. 37

37. Calyx-segments broadened at the base, imbricate in bud, persistent.
Corolla-tube slightly widened at the throat. Anthers blunt. Pericarp
not fibrous.--Species 1. Madagascar. Yields timber and poison.
=Tanghinia= Thouars Calyx-segments narrowed at the base, open in bud,
deciduous. Corolla-tube constricted at the throat. Anthers pointed.
Pericarp fibrous.--Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.
Yields oil, poison, and medicaments. =Cerbera= L.

38. Ovules 4-6 in a carpel, in two rows. Disc and glands of the
calyx obscure or wanting. Seeds with ruminate albumen. Leaves
remotely-nerved, usually whorled.--Species 4. Madagascar. (_Gynopogon_
Forst.) =Alyxia= R. Br.

Ovules 2-4 in a carpel, in one row. Seeds with uniform albumen or
without albumen. Leaves usually closely-nerved. 39

39. Disc distinctly developed, cup-shaped. Calyx without glands at the
base. Stigmatic head short-cylindrical with a membranous margin at
the base. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. Leaves with
numerous axillary glands, usually whorled.--Species 25. Tropical and
South Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. =Rauwolfia= L.

Disc obscure or wanting. Anthers pointed. Leaves with hardly
perceptible axillary glands or without glands. 40

40. Calyx with glands at the base. Stigmatic head elliptical, ending in
a 2-cleft point. Fruit berry-or nut-like. Seeds with a cartilaginous
albumen. Trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species
2. Central Africa. =Hunteria= Roxb.

Calyx without basal glands. 41

41. Stigmatic head depressed-capitate, ending in a 2-cleft point.
Carpels 2. Mericarps leathery or woody, dehiscent. Seeds winged,
exalbuminous; embryo with kidney-shaped cotyledons and a short radicle.
Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal panicles.--Species 5. Central
Africa. One species yields a kind of rubber or resin used as a varnish.
=Diplorrhynchus= Welw.

Stigmatic head oblong-ellipsoid, without a distinct point. Carpels
2-5. Mericarps berry-like. Seeds not winged, with cartilaginous
albumen; embryo with oblong cotyledons and a long radicle. Flowers in
axillary, rarely pseudo-terminal fascicles or panicles.--Species 13.
Central Africa. One species yields a kind of rubber, another a poison.
=Pleiocarpa= Benth.

42. (33.) Calyx with glands at the base. Fruit succulent, usually
indehiscent. [Subtribe TABERNAEMONTANINAE.] 43

Calyx without basal glands, rarely (_Holarrhena_) the inner sepals with
glands, the outer without. Fruit dry, usually dehiscent. [Subtribe
ALSTONIINAE.] 52

43. Stigmatic head with a usually ring-shaped appendage at the base.
Anthers more or less sagittate. 44

Stigmatic head without a basal appendage. Anthers shortly 2-lobed at
the base. Sepals free or nearly so. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the
left. 48

44. Sepals united high up, obtuse, usually deciduous. Stamens inserted
above the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers deeply sagittate. Disc
usually distinctly developed. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 15.
Tropical and South-east Africa. (_Orchipeda_ Blume, _Piptolaena_ Harv.,
under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Voacanga= Thouars

Sepals free or nearly so. 45

45. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Stamens inserted in the
middle of the corolla-tube. Anther-halves pointed at the base. Disc
adnate to the ovary for the greatest part. Ovules about 9 in a cell,
in two rows. Mericarps striped, dehiscent. Shrubs. Leaves exstipulate.
Flowers small.--Species 1. East Africa. Used medicinally. =Schizozygia=
Baill.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. Disc free or wanting. Leaves
stipulate. 46

46. Corolla-tube slightly widened above the insertion of the stamens.
Anthers obtusely 2-lobed at the base. Disc ring-shaped. Shrubs. Flowers
large, white.--Species 6. West Africa. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.)
=Callichilia= Stapf

Corolla-tube gradually narrowed above the insertion of the stamens.
Anthers distinctly sagittate. Disc wanting. 47

47. Corolla-tube slender or widened at the base; stamens inserted near
its base. Climbing shrubs. Leaves without axillary glands.--Species 8.
West Africa to the Great Lakes. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Gabunia=
K. Schum.

Corolla-tube widened and bearing the stamens at the middle. Trees or
erect shrubs. Leaves usually with numerous axillary glands.--Species
35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibres,
rubber, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants;
some are poisonous. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.) =Conopharyngia= Don

48. Corolla bell-or funnel-shaped; tips of the lobes not bent inwards
in the bud. Disc ring-shaped, adnate to the ovary. 49

Corolla salver-shaped; tips of the lobes bent inwards in the bud. Disc
none. 50

49. Narrow part of the corolla-tube short. Bracts small, not forming
an involucre. Undershrubs with a creeping root-stock.--Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Calocrater= K. Schum.

Narrow part of the corolla-tube long. Bracts large, forming an
involucre. Erect or twining shrubs.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa
(Gaboon). =Crioceras= Pierre

50. Stigmatic head globose, entire, without an apical point. Mericarps
3-winged, not or tardily dehiscent. Erect shrubs. Axillary glands
and stipules present. Flowers small, in terminal few-flowered
cymes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under _Tabernaemontana_ L.)
=Pterotaberna= Stapf

Stigmatic head oblong, crowned by a 2-cleft point. 51

51. Anthers linear, on short but distinct filaments. Axillary glands
and stipules present.--Species 2, one a native of Madagascar, the other
naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental plants. (Under _Tabernaemontana_
L.) =Ervatamia= Stapf

Anthers oblong or ovate, sessile. Axillary glands and stipules
absent.--Species 2. West Africa. (Under _Carpodinus_ R. Br. or
_Picralima_ Pierre) =Polyadoa= Stapf

52. (42.) Disc reduced to two glands alternating with the carpels.
Ovules in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. 53

Disc ring-shaped or wanting. Shrubs or trees. 54

53. Stamens inserted at the middle of the corolla-tube; filament
inflexed; connective broadened, hairy. Stigmatic head with 5 tufts of
hairs. Corolla blue.--Species 2, one a native of North-west Africa, the
other naturalized there and in the Islands of St. Helena and Ascension.
Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. “Periwinkle.” =Vinca= L.

Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube; filament very
short, oblong; connective glabrous, not broadened. Stigmatic head
glabrous. Corolla white or pink.--Species 3; two natives of Madagascar,
the other one naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. They are used
as ornamental and medicinal plants. (Under _Vinca_ L.) =Lochnera=
Reichb.

54. Disc distinct, wavy, adnate to the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Stamens inserted below the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers with
long, curved tails. Erect shrubs. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. East
Africa. =Carvalhoa= K. Schum.

Disc obscure or absent. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers with short tails
or without tails. 55

55. Ovary half-inferior. Style very short. Calyx-lobes broad. Stamens
inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds winged. Leaves
alternate, exstipulate, without axillary glands. Erect shrubs or
trees.--Species 3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics.
They yield timber, perfumes, medicaments, and edible fruits, and serve
also as ornamental plants. (_Plumeria_ Willd.) =Plumeria= L.

Ovary superior. Leaves opposite or whorled. 56

56. Corolla with a short ventricose tube and with 5 scales at the
throat. Ovules in two rows. Mericarps keeled or winged, long cohering.
Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite.--Species 5. Madagascar. Some are
poisonous or yield rubber and medicaments. =Plectaneia= Thouars

Corolla with a long, cylindric tube slightly widened at the insertion
of the stamens, without scales, but sometimes with hairs or with a
continuous ring at the throat. Ovules usually in three or more rows. 57

57. Corolla with a tubercled ring at the throat. Stamens inserted in
the upper part of the corolla-tube. Stigmatic head conical, with a
membranous

[Illustration: APOCYNACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 129._

J. Fleischmann del.

Clitandra Arnoldiana De Wild.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_
Cross-section of ovary.]

[Illustration: ASCLEPIADACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 130._

J. Fleischmann del.

Tacazzea venosa (Hochst.) Decne.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (_a_ corona-lobe, _b_
pollen-carrier). _C_ Corolla-segment and corona-lobes. _D_ Fruit. _E_
Seed.]

margin at the base. Small trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in terminal,
many-flowered panicles.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Stephanostegia= Baill.

Corolla without a ring, but sometimes with a crown of hairs at the
throat. 58

58. Corolla-lobes overlapping to the right. Calyx-segments narrow.
Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Seeds with
an apical tuft of hairs. Trees or erect shrubs. Leaves opposite,
herbaceous, exstipulate.--Species 6. Tropics. Some of them yield timber
or medicaments. =Holarrhena= R.Br.

Corolla-lobes overlapping to the left. 59

59. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube. Anthers with
short, pointed tails at the base. Twining shrubs. Leaves opposite,
stipulate, without axillary glands. (See 46.) =Gabunia= K. Schum,.

Stamens inserted at the middle or in the upper part of the
corolla-tube. Anthers not tailed. 60

60. Stamens inserted about the middle of the corolla-tube. Anthers
acuminate. Stigmatic head elliptical. Seeds winged. Twining shrubs.
Leaves opposite. Flowers in lateral, few-flowered cymes.--Species 2.
Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Ellertonia= Wight

Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Erect shrubs.
Leaves whorled. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 61

61. Ovules in two rows. Corolla yellow, glabrous at the throat;
lobes auricled at the base. Seeds winged. Leaves with few or obscure
side-nerves. Flowers in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. South Africa.
Yields timber and an aromatic oil. =Gonioma= E. Mey.

Ovules in 3 or more rows. Seeds hairy. Leaves with numerous
side-nerves. Flowers in many-flowered, whorled panicles.--Species 1.
Central Africa. Poisonous and yielding cork-wood, a guttapercha-like
resin, and medicaments. =Alstonia= R. Br.


FAMILY 201. ASCLEPIADACEAE

Stem usually twining and woody at the base. Juice mostly milky. Leaves
simple, without stipules, usually opposite, sometimes reduced to
scales. Flowers with bracts and bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite,
5-merous. Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Petals united
below, with contorted or valvate aestivation. Stamens 5, usually adnate
to the style. Filaments short or wanting. Pollen-grains united in waxy
masses or in granules of 3-5 grains. Corona formed of appendages of
the petals or stamens, rarely wanting. Disc none. Ovaries 2, free,
superior, rarely half-inferior, with many pendulous inverted ovules on
a ventral placenta, very rarely (_Emicocarpus_) with 1-2 ovules. Styles
2, united above into a thickened, sometimes 2-parted head bearing
on its under surface 5 stigmatic dots and on its flanks between the
anthers 5 small, usually horny bodies (“pollen-carriers”) to which the
pollen is attached. Fruit of one or two follicles. Seeds usually with
a tuft of hairs and scanty albumen. Embryo with flat cotyledons and a
short radicle.--Genera 118, species 1100. (Including _PERIPLOCACEAE_).
(Plate 130.)

1. Pollen in loosely cohering granules formed of 3-5 grains each.
Pollen-carriers spoon-or trumpet-shaped, consisting of the concave
blade holding the pollen, the stalk, and the adhesive gland at its
base. Filaments usually free. [Subfamily =PERIPLOCOIDEAE=, tribe
PERIPLOCEAE.] 2

Pollen of each anther-half closely united into 1-2 waxy masses.
Pollen-carriers not spoon-or trumpet-shaped, consisting of a central
body and two lateral, rarely obsolete arms (“caudicles”) to which the
pollen-masses are attached. Filaments nearly always united or wanting.
[Subfamily =CYNANCHOIDEAE=.] 29

2. Corona inserted on the stamens or at their base. 3

Corona inserted on the corolla remote from the stamens, but sometimes
decurrent nearly to the insertion of the stamens. 16

3. Corona consisting of free scales or threads. 4

Corona consisting of scales or threads united at their base. 9

4. Corona indistinct, consisting of minute scales. 5

Corona distinctly developed. 6

5. Corona adnate to the filaments. Corolla-lobes oval. Anthers
ovate-oblong. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in dense, long-stalked cymes
or panicles.--Species 2. East Africa. (Including _Macropelma_ Schum.
and _Sacleuxia_ Baill.) =Gymnolaema= Benth.

Corona free from the filaments. Corolla-lobes linear-oblong. Anthers
linear-oblong. Leaves orbicular. Flowers in lax cymes.--Species 1.
Equatorial East Africa. =Baseonema= Schlecht. & Rendle

6. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation, divided nearly
to the base. Calyx without glands. Corona-lobes broad, contiguous,
usually with a linear, 2-cleft dorsal appendage. Stem twining. Leaves
cordate, connected by a toothed stipular sheath. Inflorescences
axillary.--Species 2. Central and South-east Africa. Used medicinally.
=Chlorocodon= Hook. fil.

Corolla with distinctly contorted aestivation. Sepals alternating with
glands, very rarely without, but then stem erect. 7

7. Anthers hairy. Corona-lobes thread-like, sometimes broadened at the
base or cleft at the top.--Species 5. Some of them yield fibre, rubber,
poison, or medicaments. (Including _Parquetina_ Baill. and _Socotora_
Balf. fil.) =Periploca= L.

Anthers glabrous. 8

8. Stem woody, twining. Leaves linear. Inflorescences axillary or
on axillary dwarf-shoots. Corolla white, rotate, divided nearly to
the base. Corona-lobes thread-like, 3-cleft.--Species 1. Equatorial
East Africa. (_Pleurostelma_ Schlecht., under _Tacazzea_ Decne.)
=Schlechterella= K. Schum.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only, usually erect; underground
part tuberous. Corolla with a distinct tube, rarely divided nearly
to the base, but then inflorescences terminal.--Species 30. Central
and South Africa. Several species yield rubber. (_Raphionacme_ Harv.,
including _Gonocrypta_ Baill., _Kompitsia_ Cost. et Gall., and
_Mafekingia_ Baill.) =Raphiacme= Harv.

9. (3.) Corona indistinct, consisting of minute scales. Corolla dark
purple. Seeds hairy all round. Leaves oblong-cordate, connected by a
large toothed stipular sheath. Flowers in axillary panicles.--Species
1. Equatorial West Africa. (Including _Perithrix_ Pierre).
=Batesanthus= N. E. Brown

Corona distinctly developed. 10

10. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate aestivation. 11

Corolla with distinctly contorted aestivation. 13

11. Corona-lobes united high up, usually 10. Anthers with a leaf-like
appendage at the top. Pollen-carriers at first hooded, subsequently
spreading reniform. Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 7. Madagascar
and Mascarenes. Used medicinally. (Including _Baroniella_ Cost. et
Gall.) =Camptocarpus= Decne.

Corona-lobes united at the base only, lanceolate, 5. Anthers with
a small appendage or without any. Pollen-carriers spatulate or
spoon-shaped. Leaves lanceolate. 12

12. Corona-lobes rather blunt. Anthers ending in a membranous,
trigonous appendage. Stigmatic head 5-angled. Flowers in few-flowered
axillary cymes.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Tanulepis= Balf. fil.

Corona-lobes tailed. Anthers without an appendage. Stigmatic head
conical. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Symphytonema= Schlecht.

13. Anthers hairy. (See 7.) =Periploca= L.

Anthers glabrous. Corona-lobes 5, filiform or linear. 14

14. Stigmatic head flat, 5-lobed. Corona-lobes shortly and unequally
two-cleft at the top. Corolla yellow. Flowers small, in axillary
panicles. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Harpanema= Decne.

Stigmatic head short-conical. Corona-lobes entire or divided into 2-3
filiform branches. 15

15. Corona-lobes provided with 2 lateral teeth at the base; no
lobules within them. Pollen-carriers with an oval, entire blade.
Corolla greenish. Flowers large, in terminal cymes. Leaves
oblong-obovate.--Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under _Raphionacme_
Harv,.) =Chlorocyathus= Oliv.

Corona-lobes without basal teeth; 5 small lobules within them.
Pollen-carriers with a notched blade. Flowers small, in axillary cymes
or panicles.--Species 15. Central and South-east Africa. Some species
are used medicinally, one of them produces a kind of rubber. (Including
_Leptopaetia_ Harv.) (Plate 130.) =Tacazzea= Decne.

16. (2.) Corolla-tube as long as or longer than the segments.
Corona-lobes awl-shaped. 17

Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. 18

17. Sepals linear, without basal glands. Corolla salver-shaped,
with scales at the throat. Anthers hairy, with a tailed connective.
Ovary superior. Mericarps cylindrical, smooth. Leaves linear or
lanceolate.--Species 2. South Africa. =Ectadium= E. Mey.

Sepals oval, with numerous basal glands. Corolla funnel-shaped, red or
violet, with scales in the tube. Anthers with an acute appendage. Ovary
half-inferior. Mericarps ribbed lengthwise or winged. Leaves oblong
to ovate.--Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes; also cultivated in
Central Africa. They yield rubber, poison, and medicaments, and serve
as ornamental plants. =Cryptostegia= R. Br.

18. Corona double, the outer of 5 triangular, the inner of 5
obcordate scales. Filaments rather long. Anthers with a bristle-like
point.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Omphalogonus= Baill.

Corona simple. 19

19. Corona-lobes 2-cleft, short and thick. Corolla bell-shaped. Sepals
acuminate, with toothed glands at the base. Anthers ending in a long,
awl-shaped appendage. Leaves broad-ovate. Flowers in many-flowered
panicles.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (_Socotranthus_ O. Ktze.)
=Cochlanthus= Balf. fil.

Corona-lobes entire or 3-cleft. 20

20. Corona-lobes three-cleft or broadened at the base. 21

Corona-lobes entire, not broadened at the base. 23

21. Filaments united below. Stigmatic head flat. Corona-lobes
thread-shaped. Erect shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves whorled or
alternate, linear. Flowers in axillary cymes.--Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). (Under _Tacazzea_ Decne.) =Aechmolepis= Decne.

Filaments free. Stigmatic head short-conical. 22

22. Sepals blunt, with basal glands. Corolla bell-shaped, with narrow
segments. Corona-lobes thread-or spindle-shaped. Erect shrubs. Leaves
in clusters, linear. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Island of Socotra.
=Mitolepis= Balf. fil.

Sepals pointed. Corona-lobes usually 3-cleft. Herbs or undershrubs;
underground part of the stem tuberous. Flowers in cymes. (See 8.)
=Raphiacme= Harv.

23. Corona-lobes short and broad, arising from the very short
corolla-tube opposite the segments. Stem twining.--Species 1.
Madagascar. (Under _Pentopetia_ Decne.) =Pentopetiopsis= Cost. & Gall.

Corona-lobes long and narrow. 24

24. Corona-lobes thread-shaped. Sepals pointed. Flowers in cymes. 25

Corona-lobes club-shaped. Corolla bell-or wheel-shaped. 26

25. Corolla wheel-shaped. Anthers with a short mucro. Erect tuberous
shrubs. Leaves whorled.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Ischnolepis= Jum. &
Perr.

Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers with a long ciliate process. Twining
shrubs.--Species 10. Madagascar. Used medicinally; one species yields
rubber. (Under _Tacazzea_ Decne.) =Pentopetia= Decne.

26. Corona-lobes arising from the sinuses between the corolla-segments.
Corolla bell-shaped, with oblong segments. Leaves opposite. Flowers
in terminal and axillary cymes.--Species 1. South-east Africa to Lake
Ngami. (Under _Cryptolepis_ R. Br.) =Stomatostemma= N. E. Brown

Corona-lobes arising from the corolla-tube below the sinuses. 27

27. Sepals pointed, lanceolate. Corolla bell-shaped with long and
narrow segments. Filaments united at the base. Pollen-carriers with an
orbicular blade. Erect shrubs. Leaves in clusters. Flowers solitary or
in pairs.--Species 1. South-west Africa to Angola. (Under _Cryptolepis_
R. Br.) =Curroria= Planch.

Sepals blunt. Corolla wheel-shaped. Pollen-carriers with a linear or
oblong blade. Leaves scattered. Flowers in sometimes few-flowered cymes
or panicles. 28

28. Corolla with long and narrow segments, beaked in bud. Filaments
united at the base. Anthers almost erect. Pollen-carriers linear. Stem
twining. Inflorescences lax.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa.
One species yields a dye. (Including _Acustelma_ Baill.). =Cryptolepis=
R. Br.

Corolla with oblong, rather short segments, hence not beaked in bud.
Filaments free. Anthers inflexed. Pollen-carriers with an oblong blade.
Stem usually erect. Inflorescences dense.--Species 10. Central and
South Africa. (Under _Cryptolepis_ R. Br.) =Ectadiopsis= Benth.

29. (1.) Pollen-masses contained in the lower part of the anthers,
pendulous from the arms of the pollen-carriers. [Tribe ASCLEPIADEAE.] 30

Pollen-masses contained in the upper part of the anthers and attached
to the pollen-carriers in an erect, ascending, or horizontal, rarely
(_Tylophora_) an almost pendulous position. 75

30. Corona obscure or wanting. [Subtribe ASTEPHANINAE.] 31

Corona distinctly developed. 34

31. Corolla shortly lobed, urceolate, hairy within. Calyx without
glands. Corona arising from the corolla-tube or wanting. Filaments
short. Stigmatic head conical, notched. Mericarps thin or rather thin.
Twining shrubs. Leaves narrow. Flowers of medium size, in usually
many-flowered cymes or umbels.--Species 10. South Africa. =Microloma=
R. Br.

Corolla deeply divided. Corona arising from the staminal tube or
wanting; in the latter case filaments none and flowers small. 32

32. Anthers sessile or nearly so. Corona-lobes alternating with the
anthers or wanting. Corolla campanulate or urceolate, glabrous or
tubercled within. Stigmatic head more or less conical. Mericarps
thick or rather thick. Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers small, in
usually few-flowered cymes.--Species 10. Southern and tropical
Africa. (Including _Haemax_ E. Mey. and _Microstephanus_ N. E. Brown).
=Astephanus= R. Br.

Anthers stalked. Corona-lobes opposite to the anthers. Leaves oval. 33

33. Stigmatic head beaked. Calyx glandular. Corolla campanulate. Small
shrubs. Flowers in few-flowered, sessile cymes or fascicles.--Species
1. Northern East Africa. =Podostelma= K. Schum.

Stigmatic head truncate or slightly convex. Corolla campanulate or
rotate. Twining herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in racemosely arranged,
umbel-like cymes.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under _Tylophora_ R. Br.)
=Tylophoropsis= N. E. Brown

34. (30.) Corona inserted on the corolla, free from the staminal tube,
but sometimes approximate to it. [Subtribe GLOSSONEMATINAE.] 35

Corona, at least the inner, inserted on the staminal tube. 43

35. Corona double, the outer ring-shaped, the inner of 5 lanceolate
scales. Anthers sessile. Calyx glandular within. Corolla rotate
or widely campanulate, glabrous within, with valvate aestivation.
Twining herbs or undershrubs. Flowers conspicuous, in umbels or
racemes.--Species 2. Central Africa and Egypt. Used as vegetables, as
ornamental plants, and in medicine. =Oxystelma= R. Br.

Corona simple. Corolla with contorted aestivation. 36

36. Corona-lobes united about to the middle. 37

Corona-lobes free or united at the base only. Staminal tube short or
wanting. 38

37. Sepals blunt. Corolla rotate, yellowish; segments velvety within,
with distinctly contorted aestivation. Corona of 10 lobes, the
alternating 2-cleft. Anthers without an apical appendage. Stigmatic
head with 5 small points at the angles. Twining shrubs. Leaves wanting.
Flowers small, in few-flowered umbels.--Species 2. Madagascar.
=Vohemaria= Buchen.

Sepals pointed, with numerous glands within. Corolla almost
campanulate; segments glabrous within, with subvalvate aestivation.
Corona of 5 lobes. Staminal column long. Stigmatic head flat or
slightly concave, 5-lobed. Mericarps short and thick. Erect shrubs.
Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in many-flowered cymes.--Species 1.
Nile-lands and Sahara. Used medicinally,. (Under _Cynanchum_ L.)
=Solenostemma= Hayne

38. Corona inserted at the base of the corolla. Flowers in few-flowered
cymes. 39

Corona inserted below the sinuses of the corolla. Calyx with 5 glands
at the base. Flowers in umbel-like inflorescences. Erect herbs. 41

39. Corolla-tube longer than the segments. Calyx without glands inside.
Corona-lobes strap-shaped, gibbous outside. Twining shrubs.--Species 1.
Naturalized in the island of Madeira. =Araujia= Brot.

Corolla-tube shorter than the segments. Herbs or undershrubs. 40

40. Calyx without glands inside. Corona-lobes petal-like. Twining
undershrubs.--Species 2. West Africa. =Prosopostelma= Baill.

Calyx with 5 glands inside. Corona-lobes not petal-like. Mericarps
thick, prickly. Erect or procumbent, downy or cottony plants.--Species
7. Central Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. =Glossonema= Decne.

41. Corona-lobes bristle-like, curved. Corolla with linear
divisions. Stigmatic head elongate-conical. Leaves linear. Flowers
solitary.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. (Under _Glossonema_ Decne.)
=Conomitra= Fenzl

Corona-lobes broad. Corolla with lanceolate or ovate divisions. Leaves
lanceolate or oblong. 42

42. Stigmatic head elongate-conical, 2-cleft, projecting beyond the
anther-appendages.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Parapodium_ E.
Mey.) =Rhombonema= Schlecht.

Stigmatic head obtuse-subconical, not projecting beyond the
anther-appendages.--Species 2. South Africa. =Parapodium= E. Mey.

43. (34.) Corona-lobes united more or less, usually high up.
Corolla with contorted, rarely with valvate aestivation. [Subtribe
CYNANCHINAE.] 44

Corona-lobes free or nearly so. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate
aestivation. Erect or procumbent herbs or undershrubs, rarely twining
or shrubby. [Subtribe ASCLEPIADINAE]. 60

44. Corona double. 45

Corona simple, but sometimes with small accessory teeth between or
within the lobes. 51

45. Leaves reduced to scales or absent. Flowers in umbels or fascicles.
Twining or procumbent shrubs. 46

Leaves well developed. 49

46. Corolla shortly lobed or cleft to the middle, with valvate
aestivation. Outer corona cupular, entire or lobed. 47

Corolla divided beyond the middle, with contorted aestivation, small,
white or yellow. 48

47. Corolla shortly lobed, large, red. Outer corona entire or obscurely
lobed. Stigmatic head 2-lobed.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Platykeleba= N.
E. Brown

Corolla cleft to the middle. Outer corona distinctly lobed. Stigmatic
head entire.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Decanemopsis= Cost. & Gall.

48. Outer corona of 5 long lobes united below, awl-shaped above.
Corolla yellow. Mericarps very long.--Species 2. Madagascar and
Mauritius. Used medicinally. =Decanema= Decne.

Outer corona short, ring-or cup-shaped, entire or shortly
lobed.--Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. The stem and the milky
juice of some species are edible or used medicinally; they also yield
resin. (Including _Sarcocyphula_ Harv.) =Sarcostemma= R. Br.

49. Outer corona lobed; lobes of the inner spurred. Sepals lanceolate,
with glands at the base. Corolla white or greenish, woolly.
Twining shrubs. Leaves broad-cordate. Flowers in many-flowered
panicles.--Species 5. Used as medicinal and fibre-plants. (_Pergularia_
L.) =Daemia= R. Br.

Outer corona nearly entire. Leaves linear, oblong, or ovate. Flowers in
few-flowered umbels or fascicles. 50

50. Sepals lanceolate, without glands. Stigmatic head with a boss at
the top and surrounded by a short 5-lobed cup. Erect shrubs. Leaves
linear.--Species 1. East Africa. =Diplostigma= K. Schum.

Sepals elliptical, with minute glands at the base. Stigmatic head
without a distinct boss. Twining herbs or undershrubs.--Species 4.
Tropics. Used medicinally. =Pentatropis= Wight & Arn.

51. (44.) Corona much lower than the stamens. 52

Corona equalling or exceeding the stamens. 54

52. Corona fleshy, crenate. Stigmatic head capitate, papillose.
Mericarps linear. Erect herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Flowers in
terminal panicles.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Nanostelma= Baill.

Corona membranous, lobed. Stigmatic head with a boss or beak. Twining
or procumbent undershrubs or shrubs. 53

53. Corolla campanulate. Corona-lobes alternating with the anthers.
Stigmatic head with a long, 2-lobed beak. Twining undershrubs. Leaves
small. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered cymes.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Pleurostelma= Baill.

Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head with a boss or a short beak. Twining
or procumbent shrubs. Leaves none. Flowers in umbels. (See 48.)
=Sarcostemma= R. Br.

54. Corona very large, campanulate, corolla-like. Stigmatic head
conical. Corolla campanulate; lobes rolled back at the edge. Twining
shrubs. Flowers in axillary umbels.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Under
_Cynanchum_ L.) =Perianthostelma= Baill.

Corona not corolla-like. 55

55. Corona with concave or laterally compressed lobes. Herbs or
undershrubs. 56

Corona with flat, but sometimes appendaged lobes, or entire. 58

56. Corona-lobes obviously united below, concave, 10. Stigmatic head
pyramidal. Sepals blunt, without glands. Flowers solitary or in pairs.
Leaves linear.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under _Cynanchum_ L.)
=Flanagania= Schlecht.

Corona-lobes nearly free. Stigmatic head rounded or produced into a
boss at the top. Sepals pointed, with small glands at the base. Flowers
in umbels or racemes. Stem twining. 57

57. Corolla with broad divisions. Corona-lobes with an inflexed apical
appendage. Leaves broad. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 5.
South and Central Africa. Some have edible fruits. =Pentarrhinum= E.
Mey.

Corolla with narrow divisions. Corona-lobes laterally compressed.
Flowers in few-flowered umbels. (See 50.) =Pentatropis= Wight & Arn.

58. Staminal column long. Corona-lobes 10-15. Sepals lanceolate-oblong,
with basal glands. Corolla rotate. Erect shrubs. Leaves cordate-ovate.
Flowers in racemes.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under _Cynanchum_ L. or
_Vincetoxicum_ Moench). =Schizostephanus= Hochst.

Staminal column short or wanting. 59

59. Sepals subulate, with solitary glands at the base. Corolla
campanulate or urceolate; lobes pointed, fleshy at the sinuses.
Corona entire or 5-lobed. Stigmatic head lengthened, mushroom-shaped.
Erect herbs. Leaves linear. Flowers small, in umbel-like
inflorescences.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Pycnoneurum= Decne.

Sepals lanceolate or ovate. Flowers in umbel-or raceme-like
inflorescences.--Species 40. Some of them yield fibre, poison, or
medicaments. (Including _Cynoctonum_ E. Mey., _Endotropis_ Endl., and
_Vincetoxicum_ Moench) =Cynanchum= L.

60. (43.) Corona-lobes distinctly concave, more or less hood-shaped.
Erect plants. 61

Corona-lobes flat or rather flat, sometimes keeled. 66

61. Pollen-carriers with very large, broad and concave arms. Stigmatic
head more or less ruminate. Sepals pointed, with numerous basal glands.
Corolla rotate. Corona-lobes not spurred. Herbs. Leaves narrow.
Inflorescences umbel-like.--Species 10. Central and South Africa.
(Under _Asclepias_ L.) =Stathmostelma= K. Schum.

Pollen-carriers with narrow and flat arms. Stigmatic head not ruminate.
62

62. Corona-lobes with a recurved spur at the base and two teeth at the
apex. Anthers stalked. Stigmatic head depressed. Sepals pointed, with
many glands at the base. Corolla green outside, red within. Mericarps
inflated. Leaves broad. Flowers large, in panicles.--Species 2. Central
and North Africa. They yield a kind of rubber, bast-fibre, vegetable
silk, poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants.
=Calotropis= R. Br.

Corona-lobes not spurred. 63

63. Corona lobes with a more or less horn-like appendage arising from
the cavity. Sepals pointed, with solitary or paired glands at the base.
Corolla rotate. Mericarps thick. Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescences
umbel-like.--Species 40. Central and South Africa; besides one species
naturalized in the tropics. Some species yield rubber, fibre from the
bark, vegetable silk from the hairy seeds, or medicaments; several
serve as ornamental plants. =Asclepias= L.

Corona-lobes without an appendage in the cavity, but sometimes with
scale-or tooth-like appendages at the base. 64

64. Corona-lobes without appendages or alternating with small
teeth. Sepals pointed, with basal glands. Stigmatic head usually
flat.--Species 110. Some of them yield vegetable silk or medicaments,
or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Krebsia_ Harv. and
_Pachycarpus_ E. Mey., under _Asclepias_ L.) =Gomphocarpus= L.

Corona-lobes with rather large scale-like appendages at the base.
Sepals without basal glands. Herbs. Flowers small, in umbel-like
inflorescences. 65

65. Corona-lobes curved inwards, attached to the stamens only by
their basal appendages. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top. Leaves
ovate.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. =Woodia= Schlecht.

Corona-lobes erect-connivent, inserted on the stamens. Stigmatic head
elevate-conical, 2-lobed. Sepals blunt. Corolla campanulate; segments
with recurved tips. Leaves linear.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under
Schizoglossum E. Mey.) =Stenostelma= Schlecht.

66. (60.) Corona of 3 rows of 5 lobes each; those of the middle row
3-lobed or 3-parted. Corolla rotate; segments narrowly overlapping in
the bud. Sepals with basal glands. Flowers in few-flowered umbels or
corymbs. Erect or more frequently procumbent herbs or undershrubs. 67

Corona simple. 68

67. Ovules 1-2 in each carpel. Mericarps triangular, ending in
three spines. Seeds glabrous. Branches long. Leaves palmately
5-7-lobed.--Species 1. South-east Africa (Delagoa Bay).
(_Lobostephanus_ N. E. Brown). =Emicocarpus= K. Schum. & Schlecht.

Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Branches short. Leaves linear-filiform
or linear-hastate.--Species 5. South Africa. =Eustegia= R. Br.

68. Corona-lobes petal-like, coloured, larger than the corolla-lobes,
spatulate. Divisions of the corolla usually rolled back. Sepals
with many glands at the base. Stigmatic head flat or short-conical.
Erect herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves narrow. Flowers in
umbels.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Margaretta= Oliv.

Corona-lobes not petal-like. 69

69. Corona-lobes very thick and fleshy, more rarely moderately fleshy,
and then without an appendage and without a keel or with a single
keel on the inner face, but sometimes alternating with small teeth.
Stigmatic head low. Erect plants. 70

Corona-lobes thin, rarely somewhat fleshy, but then with 2 keels or 1-2
appendages on the inner face. Herbs or undershrubs. 71

70. Stem woody. Leaves narrow, with minute bristles in their axils.
Flowers in sometimes very short racemes. Sepals with basal glands.
Corolla campanulate, cleft to the middle or beyond; segments woolly
within.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally. =Kanahia= R. Br.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, tuberous under ground. Flowers in
umbels. Corolla divided nearly to the base.--Species 45. Central and
South Africa. Some species have edible tubers or are used in medicine.
(Including _Glossostelma_ Schlecht.) =Xysmalobium= R. Br.

71. Corolla shortly lobed or cleft half-way down. Sepals with glands
at the base. Corona-lobes gibbous within. Stigmatic head truncate or
umbonate. Stem twining. Flowers large, in axillary umbels or racemes.
(See 34.) =Oxystelma= R. Br.

Corolla deeply divided. 72

72. Stigmatic head produced much beyond the anthers into a long beak
2-lobed at the apex. Corona-lobes linear. Corolla-segments narrow.
Sepals awl-shaped, without glands. Flowers in lateral cymes or racemes.
Leaves linear. Twining herbs or undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa.
(_Oncinema_ Arn.) =Glossostephanus= E. Mey.

Stigmatic head not or slightly projecting beyond the anthers. Sepals
with glands at the base. Flowers in umbels. Stem erect, rarely
procumbent. 73

73. Stigmatic head club-shaped. Corona-lobes somewhat fleshy, with
a transverse ridge or a short scale on the inner face. Sepals
lanceolate, with solitary glands. Inflorescences many-flowered. Leaves
linear.--Species 5. South Africa and Southern East Africa. (Including
_Periglossum_ Decne.) =Cordylogyne= E. Mey.

Stigmatic head truncate or depressed and usually umbonate. 74

74. Inflorescences terminal. Sepals with many glands at the base.
Corolla white, with long hairs on the edges of the segments. Connective
fringed. Corona-lobes purple, with two linear appendages at the base,
but without keels. Leaves narrow.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an
ornamental plant. =Fanninia= Harv.

Inflorescences lateral or terminal and lateral. Corona-lobes usually
with 2 keels on the inner face.--Species 120. South and Central
Africa (Including _Aspidoglossum_ E. Mey., _Lagarinthus_ E. Mey., and
_Mackenia_ Harv.) =Schizoglossum= E. Mey.

75. (29.) Pollen-masses 2 in each anther-half (4 on each
pollen-carrier), very small. Pollen-carriers very small, broad, pale,
rather soft. Anthers with a more or less fringed appendage at the top.
Corona, at least the inner, arising from the stamens. Flowers small, in
axillary cymes or terminal panicles. [Tribe SECAMONEAE.] 76

Pollen-masses solitary in each anther-half (2 on each pollen-carrier).
Pollen-carriers hard, horny, usually of a dark colour. [Tribe
TYLOPHOREAE.] 78

76. Pollen-carriers with well developed, narrow arms. Corolla yellow,
urceolate, with short triangular lobes. Sepals oval.--Species 1.
Madagascar. Yields rubber. =Secamonopsis= Jum.

Pollen-carriers with short and broad or indistinct arms. Corolla
rotate. 77

77. Stem erect, shrubby. Flowers in few-flowered cymes. Corolla adnate
to the ovary at the base; segments very long, spatulate. Corona-lobes
5, filiform. Pollen-carriers without distinct arms.--Species 1.
Madagascar. Poisonous. =Menabea= Baill.

Stem twining or procumbent, shrubby or half-shrubby.--Species 45.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including
_Toxocarpus_ Wight et Arn.) =Secamone= R. Br.

78. Anthers with a distinct, membranous, flat or inflated appendage
at the apex. Corolla usually with contorted aestivation. [Subtribe
MARSDENIINAE.] 79

Anthers with a very short appendage or a small point, or without any
appendage at the apex. Corolla nearly always with valvate aestivation.
[Subtribe CEROPEGIINAE.] 93

79. Corona absent. Sepals blunt, with solitary glands. Shrubs. 80

Corona present. 81

80. Inflorescence 1-3-flowered. Corolla campanulate, woolly within;
segments overlapping to the right. Stigmatic head obtuse-conical.
Mericarps short, thick, covered with longitudinal ridges. Branches
erect or procumbent, downy. Leaves fleshy, linear.--Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony.) =Rhyssolobium= E. Mey.

Inflorescence many-flowered. Sepals unequal. Corolla-segments
overlapping to the left. Apical appendages of the anthers
ciliate-laciniate. Stigmatic head hemispheric or conical. Mericarps
long, smooth. Branches twining, glabrous.--Species 1. Madagascar and
Mascarenes. =Trichosandra= Decne.

81. Corona arising from the corolla below its sinuses and consisting
of 5 scales. Sepals blunt. Corolla campanulate. Twining, hairy shrubs.
Leaves ovate. Flowers small, in umbels.--Species 1. Tropical and South
Africa. Yields fibre. =Gymnema= R. Br.

Corona, at least the inner, arising from the stamens. 82

82. Corona double. Twining shrubs. Leaves herbaceous. 83

Corona simple; lobes in one row, but sometimes furnished with
appendages on the inner face. 85

83. Outer and inner corona arising from the staminal column and
consisting of 5 scales each. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Flowers in
few-flowered umbel-like cymes.--Species 1. Southern East Africa.
=Swynnertonia= S. Moore

Outer corona arising from the corolla, the inner from the stamens. 84

84. Sepals lanceolate. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Inner corona
ring-shaped, slightly lobed. Pollen-masses horizontal. Flowers in
panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Oncostemma= K. Schum.

Sepals ovate or subulate. Corolla with valvate or almost valvate
aestivation. Inner corona of oblong lobes. Pollen-masses erect. Flowers
in globose, axillary, partly stalked, partly sessile umbels.--Species
2. West Africa. =Anisopus= N. E. Brown

85. Corona-lobes united high up, usually numerous. Anthers with a large
inflated appendage. Pollen-masses flat and thin. Pollen-carriers very
small, without distinct arms. Sepals lanceolate, with small solitary
glands. Corolla rotate. Herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves
narrow. Flowers solitary or in fascicle-or corymb-like cymes.--Species
10. Southern and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers. =Fockea= Endl.

Corona-lobes free or united at the base, 5, but sometimes appendaged.
86

86. Corona-lobes with a narrow appendage on the inner face. Sepals
lanceolate, with solitary glands. Corolla salver-shaped. Mericarps
thick. Twining shrubs. Flowers in dense umbels or racemes.--Species
3. Tropical and South Africa. (_Prageluria_ N. E. Brown, under
_Pergularia_ L.) =Telosma= Coville

Corona-lobes without an appendage on the inner face, but sometimes with
a small, usually tubercle-like appendage at the base of the back. 87

87. Corona-lobes united at the base, linear, erect. Sepals lanceolate,
without glands. Corolla with linear segments recurved from the base.
Stigmatic head truncate. Mericarps slender. Erect herbs with a tuberous
rootstock. Leaves linear. Flowers in fascicles.--Species 1. Southeast
Africa to Rhodesia. The tubers are edible. =Macropetalum= Burch.

Corona-lobes free or nearly so. Twining plants, rarely erect shrubs or
herbs without a tuberous rootstock. 88

88. Corona-lobes spreading, linear. Sepals lanceolate, without glands.
Corolla rotate. Stigmatic head flat or umbonate. Mericarps thick,
villous. Twining, tomentose shrubs. Leaves elliptical. Flowers in
cymes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pervillaea= Decne.

Corona-lobes spreading and tubercle-shaped, or erect, or converging. 89

89. Pollen-masses very small, disc-shaped. Corona-lobes short, usually
tubercle-like. Sepals pointed, with solitary glands. Corolla rotate.
Stigmatic head more or less flattened and usually provided with a
central boss at the top. Mericarps slender.--Species 25. Tropical and
South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Tylophora= R. Br.

Pollen-masses large or rather large, usually pear-shaped. Mericarps
usually thick. 90

90. Filaments united at the base, free above. Stigmatic head produced
into a long beak. Ovary glabrous. Sepals oblong or ovate, with solitary
glands. Corolla campanulate. Twining shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves
leathery. Flowers in racemes or panicles.--Species 3. West Africa.
(Under _Secamone_ R. Br. or _Toxocarpus_ Wight et Arn.) =Rhynchostigma=
Benth.

Filaments united up to the anthers. 91

91. Anther-appendages cohering into a long tube. Stigmatic head
beaked. Ovary hairy. Sepals elliptical, with solitary glands. Corolla
campanulate, with linear segments. Twining shrubs. Leaves elliptical,
herbaceous. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under
_Marsdenia_ R. Br.) =Traunia= K. Schum.

Anther-appendages not cohering into a tube. 92

92. Sepals large, without glands. Corolla funnel-or salver-shaped;
tube widened below. Stigmatic head conical. Twining shrubs. Leaves
leathery. Flowers large, in umbels.--Species 5. Madagascar. They are
used as ornamental plants, and the hairs of the seeds as vegetable
silk. =Stephanotis= Thouars Sepals small, usually with glands. Leaves
herbaceous. Flowers small or of moderate size.--Species 17. Tropical
and South Africa. Some species yield rubber or serve as vegetables.
(Including _Dregea_ E. Mey. and _Pterygocarpus_ Hochst.) =Marsdenia= R.
Br.

93. (78.) Stem cactus-like, thick and fleshy, with 4 or more angles
or rows of tubercles, usually low. Leaves more or less rudimentary or
wanting. Flowers solitary or in fascicles, fleshy. Sepals pointed, with
solitary glands. Corolla-segments very rarely coherent at the tip.
Stigmatic head flat or ending in a small boss. 94

Stem herbaceous or woody, rarely (_Ceropegia_) fleshy, but then leafy
or obscurely 3-angled and corolla-segments cohering at the tip, at
least when young. 106

94. Branches divided by longitudinal and transverse furrows into
several-ranked areas, not spiny nor bristly. Corolla rotate or
campanulate, cleft to the middle. Corona-lobes 5 or 10, united at the
base.--Species 7. East Africa. =Echidnopsis= Hook. fil.

Branches angled or tubercled, but not divided into areas, usually spiny
or bristly. 95

95. Branches with more than 6 angles or rows of tubercles, rarely with
6; in this case with 3-parted spines. 96

Branches with 4, more rarely with 5 or 6 angles or rows of tubercles.
Spines or other appendages of the tubercles simple. 98

96. Spines 3-parted. Flowers solitary or in pairs, large. Corolla
tube-or funnel-shaped, shortly lobed. Corona double, the outer divided
into 10 filiform segments terminating in knobs.--Species 2. South
Africa and southern West Africa. (_Tavaresia_ Welw.) =Decabelone= Decne.

Spines simple or absent. Corolla saucer-or cup-shaped. Outer corona of
5 two-lobed or two-parted pointed lobes or indistinct. 97

97. Tubercles of the stem united into continuous angles, spiny. Flowers
large. Corolla slightly lobed.--Species 10. South and Central Africa.
=Hoodia= Sweet

Tubercles of the stem not confluent. Flowers rather small. Corolla
lobed to about halfway.--Species 12. South Africa and southern Central
Africa. =Trichocaulon= N. E. Brown

98. Corolla-segments cohering at the tip. Corona double.--Species 5.
South Africa. Used as vegetables. =Pectinaria= Haw.

Corolla-segments free at the tip. 99

99. Corona simple, of 5 lobes. 100

Corona double or triple. 101

100. Sepals large. Corolla campanulate, divided half-way down, hairy,
inside red mottled with yellow. Corona-lobes thick, without a dorsal
crest:--Species 1. South Africa to Damaraland. (_Huerniopsis_ N. E.
Brown). =Huerniopsis= N. E. Brown

Sepals small. Corolla rotate or campanulate, divided to beyond
the middle. Corona-lobes with a dorsal transverse crest at the
base.--Species 10. South Africa. =Piaranthus= R. Br.

101. Third (outermost) corona corolla-like, arising from the base of
the corolla-tube. Corolla campanulate, hairy.--Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony). =Diplocyathus= N. E. Brown

Third (outermost) corona not corolla-like, arising from the throat of
the corolla, or wanting. 102

102. Second (intermediate) corona disc-shaped, entire; third
(outermost) ring-shaped. Corolla rotate.--Species 20. South Africa to
Lake Ngami. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Duvalia= Haw.

Second (intermediate or outer) corona ring-or cup-shaped and more or
less deeply divided. 103

103. Corolla with accessory teeth between the lobes, campanulate, more
or less distinctly lobed or cleft.--Species 30. South and Central
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (_Huernia_ R. Br.)
=Huernia= R. Br.

Corolla without accessory teeth between the lobes. 104

104. Corolla campanulate with broad lobes or rotate; in the latter case
(as usually) outer corona divided to the base. Stem with soft spines
or teeth, or without any. Flowers usually large, solitary or in pairs,
more rarely in clusters.--Species 100. South and Central Africa. Some
are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Podanthes_
Decne.) =Stapelia= L.

Corolla campanulate with narrow lobes or rotate; in the latter case
outer corona nearly entire or more or less deeply divided, but not to
the base. 105

105. Inner corona-lobes bent inwards and broadened at the tip, beset
with short spines on the back; outer short, united at the base. Corolla
purple-brown, rotate, cleft half-way down, bearing club-shaped hairs.
Flowers very large, solitary or in pairs. Stem with hard, usually brown
spines.--Species 2. Northern East Africa. =Edithcolea= N. E. Brown

Inner corona-lobes not broadened at the tip. Flowers of moderate size.
Stem with soft, green spines or teeth.--Species 30. Some of them are
used as ornamental plants, or as vegetables, others are poisonous.
(Including _Apteranthes_ Mik. and _Boucerosia_ Wight et Arn.)
=Caralluma= R. Br.

106. (93.) Corolla tubular, rarely funnel-or salver-shaped; tube long
and narrow, usually widened at the base; lobes usually cohering at
the tip, at least when young. Flowers large or of moderate size, very
rarely small. Herbs or undershrubs. 107

Corolla rotate or campanulate; tube short or rather long but wide;
lobes rarely cohering at the tip. 109

107. Calyx without glands at the base. Corona of 5 lobes. Anthers with
a small appendage at the apex. Flowers in few-flowered umbel-like
cymes. Species 3. South Africa and southern Central Africa. (_Barrowia_
Decne.) =Orthanthera= Wight

Calyx with glands at the base. Corolla more or less tubular; lobes
cohering at the tip, at least in bud. Corona double, rarely simple,
but then anthers without an apical appendage. 108

108. Corona double, the inner with short lobes. Anthers with a small
appendage at the apex. Mericarps constricted between the seeds.
Twining plants with a tuberous rootstock. Leaves heart-shaped. Flowers
long-stalked, in fascicles arranged in racemes or panicles.--Species 8.
South and East Africa. =Riocreuxia= Decne.

Corona double, the inner with long lobes, or simple. Anthers without
an apical appendage. Mericarps not constricted. Flowers solitary or in
fascicles, umbels, or racemes; if in fascicles arranged in racemes or
panicles, then short-stalked.--Species 90. Tropical and South Africa
and Canary Islands. Some species have edible tubers or stems, or serve
as ornamental plants. =Ceropegia= L.

109. Corona of 5 lobes inserted on the corolla beneath the sinuses,
sometimes with an inconspicuous fleshy ring at the base of the staminal
column. Anthers sometimes with a short apical appendage. Corolla hairy.
Sepals ovate, without glands. Shrubs, sometimes leafless. Flowers
small.--Species 6. Tropics, Sahara, and Egypt. Some species yield
fibre. =Leptadenia= R. Br.

Corona inserted on the stamens. 110

110. Corona simple. 111

Corona double or triple. 114

111. Corona of 10 lobes united below. Sepals with glands at the base.
Corolla almost rotate, deeply divided. Stigmatic head depressed. Erect
herbs. Leaves broad. Flowers very small.--Species 1. South-east Africa
(Natal). (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br.) =Aulostephanus= Schlecht.

Corona of 5 free lobes. 112

112. Corolla rotate. Sepals with glands at the base. Pollen-masses
minute, orbicular. Stigmatic head with a boss at the top. Twining
plants. (See 89.) =Tylophora= R. Br.

Corolla campanulate or almost urceolate. Erect herbs or undershrubs. 113

113. Sepals lanceolate, with glands at the base. Corolla with contorted
aestivation. Stigmatic head flat. Leaves oblong or elliptic.--Species
4. Central and South Africa. =Sphaerocodon= Benth.

Sepals without glands. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Leaves
linear.--Species 10. South Africa. =Sisyranthus= E. Mey.

114. Corona 3-ranked, the outermost lobes reflexed, the others erect,
the innermost the largest. Corolla campanulate, deeply divided. Twining
plants. Flowers in racemes, on long pedicels.--Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons). =Neoschumannia= Schlecht.

Corona 2-ranked. Erect or procumbent herbs or undershrubs, rarely
twining, but then flowers in fascicles. 115

115. Inner corona-lobes broad, shorter than the outer. 116

Inner corona-lobes narrow, longer than the outer. 118

116. Outer corona cupular, entire; inner of 5 small lobes. Corolla
campanulate, blackish-red, hairy within, with valvate aestivation.
Flowers solitary, small. Leaves linear.--Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Amboland). =Craterostemma= K. Schum.

Outer corona divided into 10 lobes. Flowers usually fascicled. 117

117. Corolla rotate, with valvate aestivation. Stem branched.
Flowers small.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under _Anisotome_ Fenzl or
_Brachystelma_ R. Br.) =Decaceras= Harv.

Corolla rotate-campanulate, with contorted aestivation. Stem
simple.--Species 5. South and East Africa. (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br.
or _Tenaris_ E. Mey.) =Lasiostelma= Benth.

118. Outer corona-lobes 5, entire or 2-cleft. 119

Outer corona-lobes 10, free from each other or nearly so. Pollen-masses
disciform. Flowers solitary, fascicled, or umbellate. 123

119. Corolla campanulate. Roots spindle-shaped. Stem erect. Flowers
solitary or fascicled.--Species 6. South Africa. (Under _Brachystelma_
R. Br., _Dichaelia_ Harv., or _Lasiostelma_ Benth.) =Brachystelmaria=
Schlecht.

Corolla rotate. Roots fibrous, somewhat fleshy. 120

120. Stem erect, arising from a tuber. Leaves linear. Flowers usually
in racemes or panicles, rather large. Corolla-segments linear. Anthers
usually with a short appendage at the apex.--Species 5. Central and
South Africa. =Tenaris= E. Mey.

Stem prostrate or twining. Leaves oblong or ovate. Flowers solitary or
in fascicles or pseudo-umbels. Anthers without an appendage. 121

121. Leaves ovate. Flowers solitary or in pairs, small. Corolla yellow,
with ovate segments. Stem prostrate, springing from a tuber.--Species
1. South Africa. (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br.) =Tapeinostelma= Schlecht.

Leaves cordate. Flowers in fascicles or pseudo-umbels. 122

122. Stem prostrate. Flowers small. Corolla-segments oblong-linear.
Inner corona-lobes subulate.--Species 2. South Africa. (_Lophostephus_
Harv.) =Anisotome= Fenzl

Stem twining. Inner corona-lobes oblong or linear-oblong.--Species 2.
South Africa. =Emplectanthus= N. E. Brown

123. Outer corona-lobes erect. Corolla-segments cohering at the
tip.--Species 15. South Africa. (Under _Brachystelma_ R. Br.)
=Dichaelia= Harv.

Outer corona-lobes spreading. Corolla-segments free at the
tip.--Species 35. South and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers.
(Including _Micraster_ Harv.) =Brachystelma= R. Br.


ORDER TUBIFLORAE


SUBORDER CONVOLVULINEAE


FAMILY 202. CONVOLVULACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple, sometimes dissected or reduced to scales,
exstipulate, rarely (_Ipomoea_) stipulate. Flowers regular, rarely
slightly irregular, usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, rarely 4,
persistent. Petals united into a 5-angled, 5-lobed, or 5-cleft, rarely
a 4-lobed corolla, usually with plicate-valvate aestivation. Stamens
as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the
corolla. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal
slits. Disc within the stamens, sometimes indistinct. Ovary superior,
1-4-celled, sometimes deeply divided. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, rarely
(_Humbertia_) more, erect, inverted. Styles 1-2, sometimes 2-cleft.
Seeds albuminous; embryo with folded cotyledons.--Genera 34, species
450. (Plate 131.)

1. Plants without green colour, parasitic. Stem herbaceous, twining.
Leaves reduced to scales or wanting. Flowers small, in fascicles.
Corolla imbricate in bud, usually with scales at the throat. Ovary
completely or incompletely 2-celled with 4 ovules. Embryo twisted,
without cotyledons.--Species 25. Some of them are noxious weeds,
several are used medicinally. “Dodder.” [Tribe CUSCUTEAE.] =Cuscuta= L.

Plants of green colour. Corolla plicate or valvate in bud, rarely
(_Cressa_) imbricate, but then stem shrubby. Embryo straight or
slightly curved, with 2 cotyledons. 2

2. Calyx minute. Ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules. Styles 2. Fruit
1-seeded, ripening underground. Creeping herbs. Leaves kidney-shaped.
Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Abyssinia. (_Nephrophyllum_ A. Rich.)
=Hygrocharis= Hochst.

Calyx distinctly developed. 3

3. Ovary lobed or divided. Ovules 4. Styles 2, inserted between the
lobes of the ovary. Sepals more or less united below. Flowers solitary.
Creeping or prostrate herbs. [Tribe DICHONDREAE.] 4

Ovary entire. Sepals free, rarely (_Rapona_) united below, but then
ovules 2, style 2-cleft, flowers in panicles, and stem twining. 5

4. Ovary and fruit 2-lobed. Corolla deeply cleft, yellow. Sepals nearly
free. Leaves kidney-shaped.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa, also
naturalized in the Island of Madeira. =Dichondra= Forst.

Ovary and fruit 4-parted. Corolla slightly lobed. Sepals evidently
united below.--Species 4. South Africa and Abyssinia. =Falkia= L. f.

5. Styles 2, free or united below. 6

Style 1, undivided; stigmas 2, continuous at the base, or a single
stigma. 16

6. Flowers in axillary or terminal and axillary racemes or panicles.
Twining shrubs. [Tribe PORANEAE.] 7

Flowers solitary, in axillary cymes, or in terminal spikes or heads.
Ovules 4. [Tribe DICRANOSTYLEAE.] 10

7. Sepals united below, not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla entire, with
plicate aestivation. Filaments broadened and hairy at the base. Disc
large, cup-shaped. Ovary incompletely 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each
cell. Style 2-cleft at the top, with capitate stigmas.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Rapona= Baill.

Sepals free. Corolla more or less lobed. Disc small. Ovary 1-2-celled,
with 2 ovules in each cell. Style deeply 2-cleft or divided to the
base. 8

8. Sepals unequal, the two outer ones much enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla deeply lobed. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2. Style
2-cleft; stigmas linear or oblong.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Cameroons). =Dipteropeltis= Hallier

Sepals about equal. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct. Ovary completely
or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 4. Style divided to the base; stigmas
capitate or peltate. 9

9. Inflorescence composed of racemes. Bracts surrounding the fruit
much enlarged. Corolla deeply lobed, induplicate-valvate in bud.
Ovary incompletely septate. Stigmas peltate.--Species 2. West Africa.
=Neuropeltis= Wall.

Inflorescence composed of fascicles. Bracts not much enlarged in the
fruit. Stigmas capitate.--Species 2. East Africa. =Porana= Burm.

10. Flowers dioecious. Sepals enlarged in the fruit. Corolla deeply
cleft. Stigmas horse-shoe-shaped. Shrubs with small leaves. 11

Flowers hermaphrodite. 12

11. Sepals of the female flowers distinctly unequal, the outer much
larger than the inner. Flowers usually 4-merous.--Species 4. Northern
East Africa. =Hildebrandtia= Vatke

Sepals nearly equal. Flowers 5-merous. Styles united at the base. Seeds
2. Branches stiff.--Species 2. Northern East Africa. =Cladostigma=
Radlk.

12. Stigmas filiform, 2-parted. Erect herbs or undershrubs. Leaves
small.--Species 4. Tropical and South Africa. =Evolvulus= L.

Stigmas globose or peltate, usually entire. Shrubs. 13

13. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Sepals
subequal. Corolla small, cleft to the middle, imbricate in bud. Fruit
1-seeded. Prostrate or ascending small shrubs. Leaves small. Flowers
in terminal spikes.--Species 1. Tropical and North Africa. Used
medicinally. =Cressa= L.

Anthers and stigmas concealed within the corolla-tube. Corolla folded
in bud. 14

14. Corolla small, funnel-shaped. Sepals subequal. Filaments glabrous,
broadened at the base and usually toothed on each side. Stigmas more or
less peltate. Fruit 4-seeded. Erect or procumbent, small shrubs. Leaves
small.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Breweria_ R.
Br.) =Seddera= Hochst.

Corolla large or medium-sized. Filaments not toothed, but usually hairy
at the base. Stigmas more or less globose. Twining shrubs. Leaves large
or of moderate size. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes or terminal
panicles. 15

15. Sepals herbaceous or leathery, subequal, or the inner somewhat
smaller, not enlarged after flowering. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit
4-seeded.--Species 10. Tropics. (Under _Breweria_ R. Br.) =Bonamia=
Thouars Sepals membranous or scarious, the inner much smaller than the
outer, enlarged after flowering. Corolla bell-or pitcher-shaped. Fruit
1-seeded.--Species 12. Tropics. (Under _Breweria_ R. Br.) =Prevostea=
Choisy

16. (5.) Flowers in axillary racemes. Outer sepals much larger than
the inner, together with the 3 bracteoles much enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla small, deeply lobed. Anthers exserted. Disc cushion-shaped.
Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2. Stigma 1. Twining herbs. Leaves
cordate.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Cardiochlamys= Oliv.

Flowers solitary or in axillary, sometimes raceme-like cymes, rarely in
terminal spikes or panicles. Ovules 4 or more. 17

17. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2. Filaments curved; anthers much
exserted. Corolla entire. Flowers solitary. Trees.--Species 1.
Madagascar. Yields timber. =Humbertia= Lam.

Ovules 4-6. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 18

18. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla usually gradually widened from below
upwards and without well defined midpetaline areas. Anthers included.
Ovules 4. [Tribe CONVOLVULEAE.] 19

Pollen-grains spinous. Corolla irregularly widened, with 5 longitudinal
midpetaline areas limited by prominent nerves. 26

19. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with an incomplete partition. 20

Ovary 2-celled, rarely (_Merremia_) 4-celled. 22

20. Stigmas globose. Sepals lanceolate, unequal, not enlarged after
flowering. Corolla bell-shaped, shortly lobed. Stamens unequal. Fruit
one-seeded, indehiscent. Prostrate herbs. Leaves lobed.--Species 1.
East Africa (Somaliland). =Hyalocystis= Hallier

Stigmas ovate or oblong, flattened. Fruit 4-seeded, 4-valved. 21

21. Sepals unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, entire. Twining herbs. Leaves
ovate-cordate. Bracts small.--Species 1. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (_Shutereia_ Choisy). =Hewittia= Wight & Arn.

Sepals about equal. Corolla slightly lobed. Twining or prostrate herbs.
Leaves sagittate or hastate. Bracts large, leaf-like.--Species 5.
North, South, and East Africa. Some of them have edible root-stocks
or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under _Convolvulus_ L.)
=Calystegia= R. Br.

22. Stigmas filiform. Disc present. Corolla funnel-shaped without
well-defined midpetaline areas.--Species 70. Some of them yield an
essential oil used in perfumery or serve as ornamental or medicinal
plants. “Bind-weed.” (Including _Rhodorrhiza_ Webb et Berth.)
=Convolvulus= L.

Stigmas elliptic, disciform, or globose. 23

23. Stigmas elliptic or disciform. Disc indistinct or wanting. Corolla
with well-defined midpetaline areas, blue, more rarely white or
reddish. Sepals not decurrent on the pedicel, usually subequal. Herbs
or under-shrubs.--Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
as vegetables. (Plate 131.) =Jacquemontia= Choisy

Stigmas more or less globose. Corolla white or yellow. 24

24. Sepals very unequal, the outer much larger than the inner and
decurrent on the pedicel, herbaceous. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped,
entire, hairy outside, with well-defined midpetaline areas. Disc
obscure. Twining herbs. Leaves oblong.--Species 1. Tropical and
South-east Africa. (Under _Ipomoea_ L.) =Aniseia= Choisy

Sepals nearly equal, usually leathery or parchment-like. 25

25. Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers large. Sepals much enlarged in the
fruit. Corolla without sharply limited midpetaline areas and without
dark lines. Twining herbs. Stem usually winged. Leaves broad.--Species
6. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under _Merremia_ Dennst. or
_Ipomoea_ L.) =Operculina= Manso

Fruit opening by 4 valves. Corolla bell-shaped; midpetaline areas
usually marked with 5 dark-violet lines. Stem rarely winged.--Species
25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fodder and a
substitute for coffee. (Under _Convolvulus_ L. or _Ipomoea_ L.)
=Merremia= Dennst.

26. (18.) Fruit fleshy, mealy, or dry, and then with a woody or crusty
rind, indehiscent. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stigmas globose or elliptical.
Disc cupular. Shrubs. [Tribe ARGYREIEAE.] 27

Fruit dry, with a membranous leathery or parchment-like rind, dehiscing
by 4-6 valves, rarely (_Ipomoea_) indehiscent. [Tribe IPOMOEEAE.] 29

27. Fruit fleshy or mealy. Corolla more or less bell-shaped. Stigmas
1-2, globose. Stem twining. Leaves cordate.--Species 2. Naturalized in
the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plants. =Argyreia= Lour.

Fruit dry. Corolla funnel-or salver-shaped. Stigmas 2, globose or
elliptical. 28

28. Fruit with a woody rind, 1-celled, usually 1-seeded. Seeds
glabrous.--Species 10. Central and South Africa and Canary Islands.
(Including _Legendrea_ Webb, under _Ipomoea_ L.) =Rivea= Choisy

Fruit with a crustaceous rind, 4-celled, 4-seeded, enveloped by
the adnate sepals. Seeds large, brown-velvety. Ovary 4-celled.
Corolla funnel-shaped. Stem twining. Leaves cordate.--Species 4.
Tropics. (Under _Argyreia_ Lour., _Rivea_ Choisy, or _Ipomoea_ L.)
=Stictocardia= Hallier

29. Filaments with a large scale at the base within. Corolla shortly
lobed. Disc cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 4. Stigma capitate,
2-lobed. Twining herbs. Leaves usually lobed. Flowers in axillary
cymes. 30

Filaments without a scale at the base. 31

30. Sepals distinctly unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Fruit 2-valved.
Seed-coat granular. Flowers medium-sized.--Species 1. East Africa.
=Lepistemonopsis= Dammer

Sepals nearly equal. Corolla pitcher-shaped. Fruit 4-valved. Seed-coat
smooth. Flowers small.--Species 2. Central Africa. Noxious to cattle.
=Lepistemon= Blume

31. Stigmas 2, oblong or linear. Corolla funnel-shaped, white red
or violet. Seeds hairy. Plants with star-shaped hairs.--Species 20.
Central and South-east Africa. =Astrochlaena= Hallier

Stigmas 1-3, more or less capitate. Plants without star-shaped hairs. 32

32. Pedicels club-shaped, becoming large and fleshy in the fruit.
Sepals cartilaginous, pointed or awned. Corolla very large, regular,
salver-shaped, white or violet. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma biglobose.
Seeds glabrous. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate or lobed.--Species 2.
Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental and medicinal plants; the young
seeds are edible. (Under _Ipomoea_ L.) =Calonyction= Choisy

Pedicels not much thickened in the fruit. 33

33. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Ovary
4-celled. Corolla scarlet, medium-sized, salver-shaped, usually
somewhat irregular. Sepals herbaceous, ending in a short point. Seeds
glabrous or downy. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate, lobed, or pinnately
dissected. Flowers in cymes.--Species 2. Naturalized in the tropics and
in South Africa. Ornamental plants. (Under _Ipomoea_ L.) =Quamoclit=
Tourn.

Anthers and stigmas usually concealed within the corolla-tube.
Ovary 1-3-celled, rarely 4-celled, but then corolla not scarlet and
salver-shaped. Corolla regular.--Species 220. Some of them (especially
the sweet potato, _I. Batatas_ Lam.) yield edible tubers from which
also starch and brandy are prepared, besides vegetables, fodder,
and medicaments, others are used in preparing rubber, for fixing
sand-dunes, or as ornamental plants. (Including _Batatas_ Choisy and
_Pharbitis_ Choisy). =Ipomoea= L.


SUBORDER BORRAGININEAE


FAMILY 203. HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Erect herbs or undershrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate,
herbaceous, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes
or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united at the base, narrow,
imbricate in bud. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, 5-12-cleft,
imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the
corolla-lobes, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, equal or
subequal in length. Anthers attached at the back, opening inwards by
two longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary superior, completely or almost
completely 2-celled, with numerous descending, inverted ovules in each
cell. Styles 2, free or partly united. Fruit a capsule opening by 2-4
valves or irregularly. Seeds with a small, straight embryo and copious
albumen.--Genera 2, species 8. Tropical and South Africa.

Flowers 5-merous. Corolla blue. Styles free. Placentas free from
the pericarp. Seed-coat wrinkled. Glandular-hairy or glabrous
plants.--Species 6. Tropics. [Tribe HYDROLEEAE.] =Hydrolea= L.

Flowers 8-12-merous. Corolla white or yellow. Styles united below.
Placentas attached to the valves of the fruit. Seed-coat bladdery.
Spinous plants.--Species 2. South Africa to Damaraland. [Tribe
PHACELIEAE.] =Codon= L.

[Illustration: CONVOLVULACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 131._

J. Fleischmann del.

Jacquemontia capitata Don

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit (without the
calyx). _D_ Seed.]

[Illustration: BORRAGINACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 132._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cordia senegalensis Juss.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Anther. _D_
Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_ Fruit cut lengthwise.]


FAMILY 204. BORRAGINACEAE

Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate, undivided, without
stipules, usually hairy. Inflorescences usually raceme-or spike-like,
cymose, one-sided, and rolled back when young. Flowers 4-7-merous,
mostly 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below, with imbricate
or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternating with the
corolla-lobes, inserted on the tube or the throat of the corolla.
Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc more or less
distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, usually lobed, 4-celled,
rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell; micropyle superior. Style 1,
undivided or 2-4-cleft, rarely (_Coldenia_) 2 free styles. Fruit a
drupe or a schizocarp formed of 2-4 dry and indehiscent nutlets,
rarely (_Wellstedia_) a capsule. Seeds erect or horizontal; testa
membranous; albumen scanty or wanting.--Genera 37, species 370.
(_ASPERIFOLIACEAE_.) (Plate 132.)

1. Style inserted at the apex of the ovary. Fruit usually succulent
drupe-like and entire. 2

Style inserted between the lobes of the deeply 2-4-lobed or 2-4-parted
ovary. Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Flowers 5-merous. Herbs or
undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Subfamily =BORRAGINOIDEAE=.] 9

2. Style twice 2-cleft; stigmas 4. Ovary entire. Fruit a drupe with
a 1-4-celled stone. Trees or shrubs.--Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits, and
medicaments. (Plate 132.) [Subfamily =CORDIOIDEAE=.] =Cordia= L.

Style undivided or 2-cleft, rarely 2 free styles; stigmas 1-2. Fruit a
drupe with 2-4 stones or a schizocarp separating into several nutlets,
rarely a capsule. 3

3. Style with a stigmatose ring below the entire or 2-cleft apex.
[Subfamily =HELIOTROPIOIDEAE=.] 4

Style without a stigmatose ring below the apex. Ovary entire. 5

4. Fruit more or less fleshy, drupe-like, with 2-4 stones. Seeds with a
more or less copious albumen. Shrubs or trees.--Species 7. Tropical and
South Africa. Used medicinally. =Tournefortia= L.

Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with a scanty albumen. Herbs or
undershrubs, rarely shrubs.--Species 60. Some of them are used
as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
_Messerschmiedia_ DC.) =Heliotropium= L.

5. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule. Flowers 4-merous.
Shrubs.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Wellstedia= Balf. fil.

Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Fruit a drupe. [Subfamily
=EHRETIOIDEAE=.] 6

6. Style simple with an entire or lobed stigma. Shrubs. 7

Style 2-cleft or 2 free or almost free styles. 8

7. Anthers globose. Leaves orbicular. Inflorescence dense, spike
like.--Species 1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Poskea= Vatke

Anthers oblong. Leaves oblong. Inflorescence loose,
corymb-like.--Species 1. West Africa. =Rhabdia= Mart.

8. Style 1, two-cleft. Shrubs or trees.--Species 30. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments.
=Ehretia= L.

Styles 2, free or nearly so. Anthers included. Prostrate herbs. Flowers
solitary, axillary.--Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally.
=Coldenia= L.

9. (1.) Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Nutlets 2, adnate to the columnar
receptacle by the ventral face.--Species 1. North-west Africa. [Tribe
HARPAGONELLEAE.] =Rochelia= Reichb.

Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled. 10

10. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla funnel-shaped, with an
oblique limb and more or less unequal lobes. Stamens usually unequal in
length. [Tribe ECHIEAE.] 11

Flowers regular. 14

11. Calyx-segments 5, distinctly unequal, or 4. Stamens concealed in
the tube of the corolla. Low shrubs or undershrubs. 12

Calyx-segments 5, equal or subequal. Stamens protruding beyond the
corolla. Nutlets seated upon a flat receptacle. 13

12. Calyx-segments 5, one of which is very small, or 4. Corolla
2-lipped. Nutlets laterally attached to the conical receptacle. Stems
and leaves clothed with white bristles.--Species 1. North Africa to
Nubia. =Echiochilon= Desf.

Calyx-segments 5, one or two of them smaller than the others. Corolla
almost regular. Nutlets seated upon the flat receptacle.--Species 3.
Central Africa. (Under _Lobostemon_ Lehm.) =Leurocline= S. Moore

13. Style entire with an entire or shortly lobed stigma.
Filaments usually with a hairy scale at the base. Corolla almost
regular.--Species 50. South Africa. =Lobostemon= Lehm.

Style 2-cleft at the apex. Filaments without a scale at the
base.--Species 45. North Africa and northern Central Africa, one
species also naturalized in South Africa. Some of them are used as
ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bugloss.” =Echium= L.

14. (10.) Nutlets inserted on a flat or very slightly convex receptacle
(gynobase). 15

Nutlets inserted on an elevated, more or less conical or columnar
receptacle (gynobase). 26

15. Surface of attachment of the nutlets flat or slightly convex,
rarely somewhat concave and then small. [Tribe LITHOSPERMEAE.] 16

Surface of attachment of the nutlets concave and large, usually with a
prominent ring-like margin. [Tribe ANCHUSEAE.] 22

16. Ovary 2-lobed. Nutlets 2, two-celled. Glabrous or papillose plants.
Corolla yellow. Anthers acuminate.--Species 3. North-west Africa. Used
as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Cerinthe= L.

Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, one-celled. 17

17. Corolla with contorted aestivation, blue red or white.
Inflorescence with bracts at the base or without bracts.--Species
15. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. “Forget-me-not.” =Myosotis= L.

Corolla with quincuncially imbricate aestivation. 18

18. Anthers ending in a long point. Stigma entire. 19

Anthers blunt or shortly pointed. 20

19. Anthers oblong, with a very long point. Filaments with a
pouch-shaped appendage at the back. Corolla-lobes long.--Species 1.
Island of Socotra. =Cystistemon= Balf. fil.

Anthers linear-sagittate. Filaments without an appendage at the back.
Corolla-lobes very short. Corolla yellow, white, or red.--Species 4.
North Africa. Used as ornamental, medicinal, and dye-plants. (Including
_Podonosma_ Guerke) =Onosma= L.

20. Corolla-tube with a glandular ring at the base. Corolla yellow or
violet. Style 2-4-cleft.--Species 5. North Africa and northern Central
Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or dye-plants. =Arnebia=
Forsk.

Corolla-tube without a glandular ring. 21

21. Corolla with long and dense hairs, but without scales at the
throat. Filaments as long as the anthers. Stigma 1, almost entire.
Low shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland).
=Sericostoma= Stocks

Corolla with hollow scales, folds, or thin hairs at the throat. Stigmas
2, more or less distinct.--Species 15. South, North, and East Africa.
Used for dyeing and in medicine. “Gromwell.” =Lithospermum= L.

22. (15.) Calyx shortly lobed or cleft half-way down, enlarged in the
fruit. Corolla-tube cylindrical, with scales on the inside. Style
simple with a 2-parted stigma, or 2-cleft.--Species 5. North Africa.
=Nonnea= Medik.

Calyx deeply divided. Stigma usually entire. 23

23. Corolla rotate; tube short, bearing hollow scales on the inner
face. Filaments appendaged on the back.--Species 2. North Africa. They
are used as pot-herbs or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Borage.”
=Borrago= L.

Corolla more or less tubular. Filaments unappendaged on the back. 24

24. Corolla without hollow scales at the throat, but sometimes with
small scales in the lower part of the tube.--Species 2. North Africa.
They yield a dye and medicaments. =Alkanna= Tausch.

Corolla with hollow scales at the throat. 25

25. Corolla with long narrow scales at the throat; lobes very
short.--Species 2. Naturalized in North Africa. They serve as
vegetables or as medicinal or dye-plants. “Comfrey.” =Symphytum= L.

Corolla with short scales at the throat.--Species 15. North Africa to
Abyssinia and South Africa. Some species serve as vegetables or as
ornamental or medicinal plants. “Alkanet.” (Including _Stomotechium_
Lehm.) =Anchusa= L.

26. (14.) Tips of the nutlets considerably projecting above their
surface of attachment. [Tribe ERITRICHIEAE.] 27

Tips of the nutlets scarcely or not projecting above their surface of
attachment. [Tribe CYNOGLOSSEAE.] 31

27. Surface of attachment of the nutlets at least half as large as
their ventral surface. 28

Surface of attachment of the nutlets occupying less than half their
ventral surface. Prostrate herbs. 29

28. Nutlets beset with hooked bristles, usually margined.--Species 7.
North and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Echinospermum_
Swartz) =Lappula= Moench

Nutlets without hooked bristles, not margined.--Species 1. North-west
Africa. (_Megastoma_ Coss. et Durieu) =Eritrichium= Schrad.

29. Surface of attachment of the nutlets not margined; nutlets keeled
on the back. Calyx much enlarged in fruit.--Species 1. North-west
Africa. Used for dyeing and in medicine. =Asperugo= L.

Surface of attachment of the nutlets surrounded by a prominent margin.
Calyx slightly enlarged in fruit. 30

30. Surface of attachment of the nutlets shallow-concave, with a
slightly projecting margin.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. =Bothriospermum= Bunge

Surface of attachment of the nutlets deep-concave, with a toothed
margin.--Species 1. Egypt. =Gastrocotyle= Bunge

31. (26.) Nutlets attached to the receptacle towards their apex,
saccate at the base. Calyx slightly enlarged in the fruit. 32

Nutlets attached to the receptacle by almost their whole inner surface.
34

32. Corolla-segments erect, blue or red. Anthers projecting beyond the
corolla-tube. Stigma capitate. Inflorescence compact.--Species 2. North
Africa. =Solenanthus= Ledeb.

Corolla-segments spreading; tube short. Anthers concealed within the
corolla-tube. 33

33. Nutlets distinctly concave on the back, with an inflexed margin.
Corolla white or blue, with a very short tube.--Species 1. Naturalized
in North Africa. An ornamental plant, also used in medicine.
=Omphalodes= Moench

Nutlets nearly flat on the back. Stigma broadened.--Species 20. Some of
them are poisonous or used medicinally. “Houndstongue.” =Cynoglossum= L.

34. Calyx much enlarged after flowering, enclosing the fruit. Corolla
without distinct scales within. Anthers prolonged at the apex into a
long, usually twisted appendage. Inflorescence bracteate. Lower leaves
opposite.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt.
Some are used medicinally. (_Borraginoides_ Boerh., _Pollichia_
Medik.) =Trichodesma= R. Br.

Calyx not or slightly enlarged after flowering. Corolla with scales
inside. Anthers unappendaged. Leaves alternate. 35

35. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 scales or swellings at the base of
the tube, white or yellowish. Anthers short, blunt, projecting beyond
the corolla-tube. Nutlets 1-3.--Species 1. South Africa. =Tysonia= Bolus

Corolla funnel-shaped, without scales or swellings at the base of the
tube. 36

36. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, oblong or linear.
Style long. Corolla yellowish-red. Nutlets smooth, with an entire
margin.--Species 1. North-west Africa. (Mattia Schult.). =Rindera= Pall.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Style short. Corolla blue or
violet.--Species 3. Egypt. =Paracaryum= Boiss.


SUBORDER VERBENINEAE


FAMILY 205. VERBENACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, simple or compound
with 1-7 leaflets, without stipules. Flowers nearly always more or less
irregular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals more or less united
below. Petals 4-8, usually 5, united below, imbricate in bud, the
foremost inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length,
alternating with the corolla-lobes, rarely 2 or (_Tectona_) 5-6.
Filaments free. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc
more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, entire
or slightly lobed, completely or incompletely 2-or 4-celled, rarely
(_Duranta_) 8-celled, sometimes only 1 cell fertile. Ovules solitary
in each complete or incomplete cell; micropyle turned downwards.
Style terminal or nearly so, simple or 2-4-cleft. Seeds with straight
embryo.--Genera 27, species 340. (Plate 133.)

1. Flowers in racemose (centripetal) spikes racemes or heads. Ovules
basal, inverted. 2

Flowers in cymose inflorescences or solitary. Ovules attached laterally
or at the apex, straight or half-inverted. 15

2. Seeds albuminous. Fruit dry. Ovary 2-celled; one cell sometimes
rudimentary. Stamens 4. Leaves whorled, densely crowded, linear. Low
shrubs. [Subfamily =STILBOIDEAE=.]. 3

Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually opposite. [Subfamily
=VERBENOIDEAE=.] 7

3. Corolla two-lipped, 5-lobed. 4

Corolla regular or nearly so. 5

4. Calyx slightly two-lipped. Upper lip of the corolla flat.
Anther-halves parallel, free. Leaves in whorls of three.--Species 1.
South Africa. =Xeroplana= Briq.

Calyx regular. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anther-halves
divergent below, confluent at the apex. Leaves in whorls of
four.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). =Eurylobium= Hochst.

5. Calyx two-lipped. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the
apex. Stigma entire. Corolla 5-lobed.--Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). =Euthystachys= A. DC.

Calyx regular or nearly so. Anther-halves parallel. 6

6. Corolla 4-lobed, with a wide tube. Calyx 5-parted. Stigma 2-lobed.
Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves.--Species 1. South Africa. =Campylostachys=
Kunth

Corolla 5-lobed, with a narrow tube. Fruit indehiscent.--Species 5.
South Africa. =Stilbe= Berg

7. Flowers in racemes. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Fruit
fleshy. Shrubs. [Tribe CITHAREXYLEAE.] 8

Flowers in spikes or heads. Stamens 4 with more or less parallel
anther-halves, or 2. Ovary 2-or 4-celled. 9

8. Racemes few-flowered. Anther-halves divergent. Ovary 4-celled.
Style-apex 2-cleft. Fruit with 2 stones.--Species 2. Islands of
Madagascar and Socotra. =Coelocarpus= Balf. fil.

Racemes many-flowered. Anther-halves parallel. Ovary 8-celled.
Style-apex 4-cleft. Fruit with 4 stones.--Species 1. Naturalized in
various regions. An ornamental and hedge-plant with edible fruits.
=Duranta= L.

9. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 2. Fruit two-celled or separating into 2
one-celled mericarps. Seeds 2, very rarely 1. [Tribe LANTANEAE.] 10

Ovary 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled,
or into 4 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 4, very rarely 2. Calyx
5-toothed. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Herbs or undershrubs.
14

10. Perfect stamens 2. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Calyx
5-ribbed and 5-toothed. 11

Perfect stamens 4. Anther-halves parallel. 12

11. Ovary and fruit with an anticous and a posticous cell or stone.
Corolla 2-lipped. Shrubs.--Species 1. Cape Verde Islands. =Ubochea=
Baill.

Ovary and fruit with two lateral cells or stones.--Species 6, one of
them only naturalized. Tropics. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(_Valerianodes_ Medik.) =Stachytarpheta= Vahl

12. Calyx long, tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Fruit
dry. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 20. South and Central Africa.
=Bouchea= Cham.

Calyx short, 2-4-ribbed or without ribs. Corolla unequally 4-5-lobed. 13

13. Calyx 2-4-lobed, two-ribbed. Corolla 4-lobed. Fruit dry.--Species
17. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants; one of them
(_L. citriodora_ Kunth) yields also an aromatic oil and serves as a
substitute for tea. (Including _Zapania_ Scop.) =Lippia= L.

Calyx entire or toothed. Fruit fleshy.--Species 10, 7 natives of
Central and South Africa, 3 naturalized there and on the Canary
Islands. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
=Lantana= L.

14. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled mericarps, enveloped
by the enlarged and more or less inflated calyx.--Species 1. East and
South Africa. [Tribe PRIVEAE.] =Priva= Adans.

Fruit separating into 4 one-celled mericarps, surrounded by the not or
scarcely enlarged calyx.--Species 4, two of them natives of North and
East Africa and naturalized in other regions, the others naturalized
in various countries. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants
and for preparing an aromatic oil. “Vervain.” [Tribe EUVERBENEAE.]
=Verbena= L.

5. (1.) Ovules pendulous from the top of a free, central, 4-winged
placenta, straight. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla white or yellow, nearly
equally 4-cleft. Stamens 4. Anthers exserted. Fruit dehiscing by 2
valves, one-seeded. Shrubs or trees.--Species 2. Shores of tropical and
South-east Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, tanning material, and
medicaments. [Subfamily =AVICENNIOIDEAE=.] =Avicennia= L.

Ovules parietal or axile, laterally attached, half-inverted. Fruit
dehiscing by 4 valves or indehiscent, usually separating into
mericarps. 16

16. Fruit a 4-valved capsule. Ovary incompletely 4-celled. Style
divided into 2 awl-shaped branches. Stamens 4. Anther-halves spreading
horizontally. Shrubs or trees. Leaves with 7 leaflets.--Species 1.
Madagascar. [Subfamily =CARYOPTERIDOIDEAE=.] =Varangevillea= Baill.

Fruit a drupe, a nut, or a schizocarp, indehiscent or separating into
mericarps. 17

17. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2. Stamens
4. Anther-halves parallel, with an appendage at the base. Calyx
10-ribbed, 5-toothed. Fruit 1-2-celled, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds
albuminous. Herbs. Flowers solitary or in false spikes. [Subfamily
=CHLOANTHOIDEAE=, tribe ACHARITEAE.] 18

Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit 2-4-celled
or separating into 2-4 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees.
[Subfamily =VITICOIDEAE=.] 19

18. Calyx distinctly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 4-lobed; tube
included. Anthers included. Stigma entire. Fruit with a thin rind,
1-celled or unequally 2-celled. Flowers in false spikes, 1-3 in each
bract.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Acharitea= Benth.

Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 5-lobed; tube
exserted. Anthers slightly exserted. Fruit with a somewhat fleshy rind,
incompletely 2-celled. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 in the
axils of the leaves.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Nesogenes= A. DC.

19. Flowers regular. Stamens 4-6, equal. Fruit a drupe. Leaves
undivided. 20

Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal
length. 21

20. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed, unchanged in fruit.
Stamens inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with 3-4
stones. Shrubs. Leaves toothed. Cymes axillary.--Species 1. Island of
Réunion. [Tribe CALLICARPEAE.] =Callicarpa= L.

Flowers 5-6-merous. Calyx cleft halfway down, inflated in fruit.
Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with a
4-celled stone. Tall trees. Leaves entire. Cymes arranged in a terminal
panicle.--Species 1 (_T. grandis_ L., teak). Cultivated in the tropics.
Yields valuable timber, tanning bark, oil, and medicaments. [Tribe
TECTONEAE.] =Tectona= L.f.

21. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves undivided. 22

Flowers in cymes or inflorescences composed of cymes. Style-apex or
stigma 2-cleft. 23

22. Calyx 2-parted. Anthers included. Stigma entire.--Species 2. East
Africa. (Under _Holmskioldia_ Retz) =Cyclocheilon= Oliv.

Calyx 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Stigma 2-parted. Pedicels partly
transformed into spines.--Species 1. Central and South Africa. (Under
_Clerodendron_ L.) =Kalaharia= Baill.

23. Fruit with 2 two-celled or 4 one-celled stones. Anthers exserted.
Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves undivided or lobed. [Tribe CLERODENDREAE.] 24

Fruit with a single, 2-4-celled stone. [Tribe VITICEAE.] 25

24. Calyx rotate; tube very short, enclosing the fruit; limb spreading,
entire or obscurely lobed, coloured, much enlarged in fruit. Corolla
with a curved tube and an oblique limb.--Species 4. East Africa and
Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants. (Under _Clerodendron_ L. or
_Cyclonema_ Hochst.) =Holmskioldia= Retz

Calyx campanulate or tubular, not much enlarged in fruit.--Species
130. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Cyclonema_ Hochst. and
_Siphonantha_ L.) (Plate 133.) =Clerodendron= L.

25. Corolla 4-lobed, small, white blue or greenish. Leaves
undivided.--Species 20. Tropics. Some of them yield timber, condiments,
or medicaments. =Premna= L.

Corolla 5-lobed. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. 26

26. Seeds with a membranous border. Fruit incompletely septate. Leaves
undivided.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Adelosa= Baill.

Seeds without a membranous border. Fruit completely septate. Leaves
usually compound with 3-7 leaflets.--Species 100. Some of them yield
timber, vegetables, edible fruits, or medicaments. =Vitex= L.


FAMILY 206. LABIATAE

Stem usually 4-angled. Branches and leaves opposite or whorled,
very rarely alternate. Leaves simple, without stipules. Flowers in
cymose false-whorls, usually more or less irregular. Calyx with open
aestivation. Corolla more or less distinctly two-lipped and 2-6-lobed,
more rarely regularly 4-cleft, imbricate in bud, the foremost lobe
inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, or 2,
inserted on the corolla. Filaments usually free. Anthers opening
inwards by slits. Disc present. Ovary superior, 4-lobed or 4-parted,
4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted, rarely lateral
and half-inverted

[Illustration: VERBENACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 133._

J. Fleischmann del.

Clerodendron formicarum Guerke

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Cross-section of
ovary. _D_ Leaves with swellings inhabited by ants.]

[Illustration: LABIATAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 134._

J. Fleischmann del.

Plectranthus madagascariensis Benth.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Fruit.
_E_ Seed.]

or curved; micropyle turned downwards. Style inserted between the lobes
of the ovary, simple or 2-cleft, rarely (_Cleonia_) 4-cleft. Fruit
separating into 4 nutlets, rarely (_Prasium_) drupe-like. Seeds without
albumen or with a very scanty albumen.--Genera 70, species 1200. (Plate
134.)

1. Nutlets with a large, lateral surface of attachment. Ovary slightly
lobed, rarely to the middle; style more or less terminal. Stamens
ascending. Corolla 2-lipped, with a 3-lobed lower lip, or 1-lipped.
[Subfamily =AJUGOIDEAE=.] 2

Nutlets with a small, basal or subbasal surface of attachment. Ovary
deeply lobed or divided; style springing from between the lobes. 5

2. Nutlets smooth. Ovary deeply lobed; style springing from between
the lobes. Disc equal-sided. Stamens 2. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx
2-lipped, 11-nerved. Corolla blue or white, 2-lipped; tube glabrous
within; lower lip with a strongly concave middle lobe. Shrubs. Leaves
linear.--Species 1. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Yields
an aromatic oil which is also used medicinally, and serves as an
ornamental plant. “Rosemary.” [Tribe ROSMARINEAE.] =Rosmarinus= L.

Nutlets wrinkled. Ovary slightly lobed; style terminal. Stamens 4.
Anthers 2-celled; cells divergent or divaricate, sometimes confluent at
the top. [Tribe AJUGEAE.] 3

3. Calyx 2-lipped, with entire lips, inflated in fruit. Corolla red
or violet, 2-lipped, with a short erect upper lip. Nutlets oblong,
furnished with a large shield-shaped wing on the back. Leaves
entire.--Species 20. Central Africa to Transvaal. Some are used
medicinally. =Tinnea= Peyr. & Kotschy

Calyx equally or somewhat unequally 5-toothed. Nutlets rounded on the
back, wingless. 4

4. Corolla 1-lipped, all its lobes being placed below the
stamens.--Species 35. North, East, and South Africa. Some species are
used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Germander.” =Teucrium= L.

Corolla 2-lipped, with a short upper lip.--Species 9. North Africa,
northern Central Africa, Madagascar, and South Africa. Some species are
used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Bugle.” =Ajuga= L.

5. Nutlets drupe-like, with a fleshy mesocarp and a crustaceous
endocarp. Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla white or pink, 2-lipped;
upper lip entire, lower 3-cleft; tube included, hairy within.
Stamens 4, ascending. Style-branches subequal. Shrubs. False whorls
two-flowered.--Species 1. North Africa. [Subfamily =PRASIOIDEAE=.]
=Prasium= L.

Nutlets dry, but the fruiting calyx sometimes succulent, berry-like. 6

6. Seeds more or less horizontal; radicle curved. Nutlets more or less
depressed-globose. Calyx 2-lipped; lips entire, one of them bearing
on its back a scale-like appendage and falling after flowering.
Corolla 2-lipped; lower lip usually entire; tube exserted. Stamens
4, usually ascending, the anticous with 1-celled, the posticous
with 2-celled anthers. Disc prolonged into a stalk-like gynobase.
Style-branches unequal.--Species 10. Tropical and North Africa. Some
are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Skull-cap.” [Subfamily
=SCUTELLARIOIDEAE=.] =Scutellaria= L.

Seeds erect; radicle straight. Calyx persistent in the fruit. Disc not
prolonged into a stalk. 7

7. Disc divided into lobes placed opposite to the ovary-lobes.
Calyx 13-15-nerved. Corolla blue or violet; upper lip 2-cleft,
lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, included, more or less bent downwards.
Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stigmas flattened. Nutlets with
a dorsal-subbasal point of attachment.--Species 15. North Africa and
northern Central Africa. Some of them yield an essential oil used in
the preparation of perfumes, varnishes, and medicaments, or serve as
ornamental or medicinal plants, or for keeping off insects. “Lavender.”
[Subfamily =LAVANDULOIDEAE=.] =Lavandula= L.

Disc entire or divided into lobes alternating with the ovary-lobes.
Nutlets with a basal or a ventral-subbasal point of attachment. 8

8. Stamens descending upon the lower lip or the lower part of the
corolla, or lying upon it. Anther-halves spreading, confluent at the
apex. Corolla distinctly, rarely obscurely 2-lipped; lower lip nearly
always entire. [Subfamily =OCIMOIDEAE=, tribe OCIMEAE.] 9

Stamens ascending or projecting straight forwards. Corolla 2-lipped
with a 3-lobed lower lip, or subequally 4-cleft. [Subfamily
=STACHYOIDEAE=] 34

9. Lower lip of the corolla entire, flat or slightly concave, somewhat
exceeding the upper one; upper lip 3-4-lobed or-cleft. Stamens 4.
[Subtribe MOSCHOSMINAE.] 10

Lower lip of the corolla or its middle lobe strongly concave: saucer-,
pouch-, or boat-shaped. 20

10. Corolla included in the calyx, globose, with short, connivent
lobes. Anthers sessile. Style included, entire. Calyx 2-lipped, the
upper lip with decurrent margins, much enlarged in the fruit. Shrubs.
False whorls 6-flowered, spicately arranged.--Species 2. East Africa
(Somaliland). =Hyperaspis= Briq.

Corolla not included and globose. Anthers on distinctly developed
filaments. 11

11. Corolla obscurely two-lipped, 4-lobed, very small. Anthers
concealed within the corolla-tube.--Species 1. Central and South-east
Africa. (Under _Ocimum_ L.) =Endostemon= N. E. Brown

Corolla distinctly two-lipped, rarely obscurely two-lipped but 5-lobed.
Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 12

12. Calyx two-lipped; margins of the upper lip decurrent along the
tube. Inflorescence spike-or raceme-like. 13

Calyx two-lipped, but the margins of the upper lip not decurrent, or
subequally 5-toothed. 16

13. Style-apex entire or obscurely notched. Filaments free,
unappendaged. Corolla-tube projecting beyond the calyx. 14

Style-apex two-cleft or distinctly notched. 15

14. Upper lip of the calyx much enlarged and wrapped round the other
teeth in the fruit. Corolla-tube slightly projecting. Disc almost
equal-sided. Shrubs.--Species 3. East Africa. =Erythrochlamys= Guerke

Upper lip of the calyx not more enlarged in the fruit than the rest.
Disc one-sided.--Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
as ornamental plants. =Orthosiphon= Benth.

15. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united halfway up, all
unappendaged.--Species 9. Central and South Africa. (Under _Ocimum_ L.
or _Orthosiphon_ Benth.) =Hemizygia= Briq.

Filaments free or the lower ones shortly united at the base; the upper
ones usually kneed, toothed, or crested near the base.--Species 75.
Tropical and South Africa. Several species (especially _O. Basilicum_
L., sweet basil) are used as pot-herbs, as medicinal or ornamental
plants, as a substitute for tea, and for preparing an essential oil.
(Including _Becium_ Lindl.) =Ocimum= L.

16. Style-apex entire or nearly so. Filaments of the lower pair of
stamens united nearly to the top. Corolla-tube exserted. Fruiting
calyx subequally 5-toothed. Shrubs. False whorls 2-6-flowered,
spicately arranged. Flowers medium-sized.--Species 7. South Africa.
=Syncolostemon= E. Mey.

Style-apex two-cleft. Filaments free. Herbs or undershrubs. False
whorls 6-many-flowered and spicately arranged, or collected in heads.
Flowers small. 17

17. False whorls arranged in dense heads. Calyx ovate-campanulate at
the time of flowering; fruiting calyx tubular, two-lipped, without
transverse ribs at the base.--Species 50. Tropical and South-east
Africa. =Acrocephalus= Benth.

False whorls arranged in spikes. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate, more
rarely tubular, but then with transverse ribs at the base. 18

18. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate with a shortly 3-toothed upper
lip and an entire lower lip. False whorls 6-10-flowered.--Species 2.
Central Africa. =Platostoma= Beauv.

Fruiting calyx with a 2-4-toothed lower lip or subequally 5-toothed. 19

19. Fruiting calyx tubular, usually transversely ribbed at the base.
False whorls many-flowered.--Species 15. Tropical and South-east
Africa. =Geniosporum= Wall.

Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate.--Species 12. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (_Basilicum_ Moench, including _Iboza_ N. E. Brown).
=Moschosma= Reichb.

20. (9.) Lower lip of the corolla abruptly bent downwards, short,
saccate, narrowed at the base. Stamens 4. Herbs.--Species 6, two
of them only naturalized. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used
medicinally; the seeds of one species yield oil. (_Maesosphaerum_ P.
Br.) [Subtribe HYPTIDINAE.] =Hyptis= Jacq.

Lower lip of the corolla not abruptly bent downwards, entire,
exceeding the upper lip. Upper lip 3-4-lobed or entire. [Subtribe
PLECTRANTHINAE.] 21

21. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla whitish or violet. Fruiting calyx
berry-like. Shrubs. False whorls 2-4-flowered.--Species 1. Tropical and
South-east Africa. The fruits are edible. =Hoslundia= Vahl

Fertile stamens 4. Fruiting calyx dry. 22

22. Filaments free. 23

Filaments united at the base into a closed tube or a sheath split
behind. 27

23. Fruiting calyx bursting by a circular slit near the base.--Species
50. Central and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental
plants. (Including _Icomum_ Hua). =Aeolanthus= Mart.

Fruiting calyx not bursting by a circular slit near the base. 24

24. Fruiting calyx tubular-elongate and curved or coiled, expanded
at the base, constricted at the middle, subequally 5-toothed. Disc
one-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 3. Madagascar and South
Africa. (Under _Plectranthus_ L’Hér.) =Burnatastrum= Briq.

Fruiting calyx not tubular-elongate and curved. 25

25. Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated, membranous, net-veined. Corolla
pink; upper lip almost entire. Disc equal-sided. False whorls
many-flowered, arranged in racemes. Shrubs.--Species 1. Central Africa.
=Alvesia= Welw.

Fruiting calyx not inflated. 26

26. Fruiting calyx with 5 subequal, subulate, rigid, almost spinous
teeth. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla blue or violet. False whorls
arranged in spikes. Herbs.--Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa.
=Pycnostachys= Hook.

Fruiting calyx with subequal but not rigid-subulate teeth, or
two-lipped. Disc one-sided.--Species 160. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal
plants or for keeping off insects. (Including _Germanea_ Lam. and
_Symphostemon_ Welw.) (Plate 134.) =Plectranthus= L’Hér.

27. Staminal tube slit open behind. Herbs or undershrubs. 28

Staminal tube closed. 31

28. Calyx-lobes orbicular, much enlarged in the fruit, membranous,
net-veined. Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards; upper lip entire.
Disc almost equal-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. Stem ascending.
Leaves fleshy. False whorls 6-flowered, aggregated in panicled
racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. =Capitanya= Schweinf.

Calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, slightly enlarged in the fruit. Upper lip
of the corolla 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Stem erect. False whorls in lax
racemes. 29

29. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped. Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards.
Disc one-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. False whorls of 6 or more
flowers.--Species 5. Central Africa. (Under _Plectranthus_ L’Hér.)
=Solenostemon= Schum. & Thonn.

Calyx subequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved. 30

30. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous at the base. Disc nearly equal-sided.
Style-apex notched. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost opposite or
whorled. False whorls in terminal racemes. (See 26.) =Plectranthus=
L’Hér.

Corolla-tube straight, not gibbous at the base. Disc one-sided.
Style-apex two-cleft. Leaves opposite. False whorls 1-2-flowered, in
axillary racemes.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Englerastrum= Briq.

31. Calyx with an ovate, not much prolonged upper lip and narrower,
acuminate lower teeth, little changed in fruit.--Species 110. Tropical
and South Africa. Some have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or
medicinal plants. =Coleus= Lour.

Calyx with a much prolonged upper lip. Herbs or undershrubs. 32

32. Filaments shortly united at the base. Fruiting calyx not bursting;
lower teeth suborbicular. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescence
dense, paniculate.--Species 1. West Africa. =Anisochilus= Wall.

Filaments united halfway up. Lower calyx-teeth acute. Leaves cordate at
the base. 33

33. Inflorescence lax, panicle-or corymb-like. Leaves ovate. Fruiting
calyx much enlarged, ventricose, bursting at the base.--Species 3. West
Africa. =Neomuellera= Briq.

Inflorescence dense, raceme-like. Leaves oblong-lyrate. Calyx-teeth
narrow.--Species 1. West Africa. =Leocus= A. Chev.

34. (8.) Anther-halves linear, usually separated by an enlarged
connective. Stamens usually 2. 35

Anther-halves oblong, ovate, or globose. Stamens usually 4. 37

35. Fertile stamens 4, the lower pair longer. Anthers with a very small
connective and separate halves divergent below. Corolla obscurely
2-lipped; tube slightly exserted, hairy at the base within. Calyx
13-15-nerved, with 5 subequal acuminate teeth. Shrubs. False whorls
few-flowered.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion.
(_Mahya_ Cordem.) [Tribe HORMINEAE.] =Sphacele= Benth.

Fertile stamens 2, with a lengthened connective. Calyx 2-lipped. 36

36. Anthers with both halves fertile, parallel, and attached to a short
connective. Disc equal-sided. Corolla almost regular, 4-lobed. Shrubs.
False whorls many-flowered.--Species 1. Abyssinia. Yields condiments
and medicaments. [Tribe MERIANDREAE.] =Meriandra= Benth.

Anthers with one half only fertile and attached to one branch of the
long connective, the other half abortive or wanting. Disc more or
less one-sided. Corolla 2-lipped.--Species 80. Some of them yield
condiments, medicaments, and a substitute for tea, or serve as
ornamental plants. “Sage.” [Tribe SALVIEAE.] =Salvia= L.

37. Anther-halves globose or ovate, spreading horizontally and usually
confluent at the apex, flat after opening. Stamens 4. Calyx subequally
5-toothed. [Tribe POGOSTEMONEAE.] 38

Anther-halves oblong or ovate, not flat after opening. 40

38. Filaments unequal, the lower pair longer, glabrous. Anther-halves
tardily confluent. Disc one-sided. Corolla slightly 2-lipped, the
upper lip somewhat concave and notched, the lower 3-lobed. Herbs or
undershrubs. False whorls many-flowered.--Species 3. East Africa.
=Elsholtzia= Willd.

Filaments equal. Anther-halves confluent at an early stage. Disc almost
equal-sided. Corolla subequally 4-5-lobed. 39

39. Filaments bearded. Disc columnar, truncate. Calyx-teeth equal.
Corolla-lobes 4. Herbs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Pogostemon=
Desf.

Filaments glabrous. Disc with 4 glands. Calyx-teeth unequal.
Corolla-lobes 5. Shrubs or trees. False whorls 6-10-flowered, in
paniculately arranged spikes.--Species 3. Madagascar. =Tetradenia=
Benth.

40. Stamens 4, the upper (posticous) pair longer than the lower, all
parallel and ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. Calyx
13-15~nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Herbs. [Tribe NEPETEAE.] 41

Stamens 4, the lower longer than the upper, or all equal, or only 2
present. 42

41. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so. Disc almost equal-sided.
Corolla white, with a much projecting tube. Leaves 3-partite.--Species
1. Madeira and Canary Islands; naturalized in South Africa. Used as an
ornamental plant. =Cedronella= Moench

Anther-halves spreading.--Species 15. North and Central Africa. Some
are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Nepeta= L.

42. Stamens and styles enclosed in the corolla-tube. Stamens 4, in
two unequal pairs, the lower sometimes with rudimentary anthers.
Anther-halves spreading. Style-apex entire or shortly and obtusely
lobed. Calyx 5-10-nerved, subequally 5-10-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped;
tube not or slightly projecting beyond the calyx. [Tribe MARRUBIEAE.] 43

Stamens and styles of the hermaphrodite flowers projecting beyond the
corolla-tube, very rarely enclosed in it, but then anther-halves more
or less parallel or calyx distinctly two-lipped. Corolla-tube usually
projecting beyond the calyx. 45

43. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Calyx 10-11-nerved. Upper lip
of the corolla slightly convex. Anthers all fertile, those of the
lower stamens larger; halves confluent. Disc equal-sided. Herbs or
undershrubs.--Species 6. South Africa and southern Central Africa.
=Acrotome= Benth.

Nutlets rounded at the apex. 44

44. Anthers all fertile, the halves early confluent at the apex. False
whorls of flowers axillary. Herbs.--Species 9. North Africa and Cape
Verde Islands. Some are used medicinally. “Hore-hound.” =Marrubium= L.

Anthers of the upper stamens 2-celled, those of the lower nearly always
abortive or rudimentary. Disc equal-sided. Calyx 5-toothed. Upper
lip of the corolla nearly flat. Leaves undivided.--Species 20. North
Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Leucophae_ Webb et
Berth.) =Sideritis= L.

45. Corolla distinctly two-lipped with a convex, more or less
helmet-shaped upper lip. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length,
ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. [Tribe STACHYEAE.] 46

Corolla two-lipped with a rather flat upper lip, or more or less
regular. Leaves undivided. [Tribe SATUREIEAE.] 59

46. Calyx compressed from front to back, 10-nerved, distinctly
2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft, bent towards the upper
and closing the mouth of the calyx after flowering. Corolla blue,
violet, red, or white; tube exserted, widened above; upper lip entire,
lower 3-lobed. Filaments with an appendage at the apex. Anther-halves
separate, divergent. Herbs. False whorls 6-flowered, in dense racemes,
with imbricate bracts. [Subtribe BRUNELLINAE.] 47

Calyx more or less equally 5-10-toothed, rarely two-lipped, but the
lower lip not closing the mouth of the calyx. [Subtribe LAMIINAE.] 48

47. Corolla-tube narrow below, widened at the throat, glabrous
within; limb blue or violet; midlobe of the lower lip two-cleft. Disc
one-sided. Style-apex 4-cleft. Nutlets very slimy when wet. Bracts
narrow, awned.--Species 1. North-west Africa. =Cleonia= L.

Corolla-tube wide, narrow at the throat, with a ring of hairs or
scales within; midlobe of the lower lip concave, toothed. Disc
equal-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. Nutlets not or slightly slimy when
wet. Bracts broad.--Species 2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; one
species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally.
(_Prunella_ L.) =Brunella= L.

48. Style-branches very unequal, the posterior much shorter than
the anterior. Anther-halves spreading, finally confluent at the
apex. Corolla white, yellow, or red; upper lip very hairy. Herbs or
undershrubs. 49

Style-branches equal or nearly equal, rarely distinctly unequal, but
then the upper lip of the corolla almost glabrous. 51

49. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower one. Calyx
with 8-10 unequal, usually stiff teeth. Disc equal-sided. Leaves
toothed.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. =Leonotis= Pers.

Upper lip of the corolla as long as or shorter than the lower one. 50

50. Upper lip of the corolla laterally compressed; tube with a ring of
hairs inside. Corolla red or yellow. Calyx 5-toothed. Disc equal-sided.
False whorls 6-or more-flowered, axillary.--Species 4. North Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Phlomis= L.

Upper lip of the corolla not laterally compressed; tube included.
Corolla white or red.--Species 90. Tropical and South Africa and
Egypt. Several species are used medicinally; others are noxious weeds.
(Including _Lasiocorys_ Benth.) =Leucas= R. Br.

51. Nutlets 3-angled, with a truncate apex. Leaves toothed or divided.
52

Nutlets more or less egg-shaped, with a rounded apex. 55

52. Style-branches very unequal. Calyx two-lipped with entire lips.
Corolla red, with a much exserted tube. Small shrubs.--Species 1. East
Africa (Somaliland). (Under _Tinnaea_ Peyr. et Kotschy). =Renschia=
Vatke

Style-branches almost equal. Calyx 2-lipped with spiny-toothed lips, or
subequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla hairy. Herbs. 53

53. Calyx-limb broadened, two-lipped, with 5-10 spiny teeth. Corolla
white; tube included, furnished with a ring of hairs inside, slightly
widened above. Anther-halves spreading. Disc equal-sided.--Species 1.
North Africa (Tunisia). =Moluccella= L.

Calyx-limb not broadened, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla white or red. 54

54. Calyx-teeth spinous. Corolla-tube slightly widened above. Disc
equal-sided.--Species 2. One a native of North Africa, the other
naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. =Leonurus= L.

Calyx-teeth unarmed. Corolla-tube ventricose above. Anther-halves
finally spreading.--Species 8. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species
are used medicinally. “Deadnettle.” =Lamium= L.

55. Nutlets densely clothed with scales at the apex. Corolla-tube
glabrous within; upper lip short, slightly concave, notched or
two-lobed, glabrous or downy. Anther-halves usually confluent at an
early stage. Disc equal-sided. Herbs. Leaves toothed.--Species 15.
Tropics. =Achyrospermum= Wall.

Nutlets not scaly. Anther-halves not or tardily confluent. 56

56. Anthers of the posterior stamens with one half, of the anterior
with both halves developed; halves placed transversely. Disc
equal-sided. Corolla-tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip
short, slightly concave, entire, glabrous or very scantily hairy.
Calyx equally 5-toothed. Herbs.--Species 2. Mascarene Islands. Used
medicinally. =Anisomeles= R. Br.

Anthers all with both halves developed. Upper lip of the corolla more
or less hairy. 57

57. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or
3-toothed, lower much larger, entire or 4-toothed. Corolla-tube with
a ring of hairs inside; upper entire, densely hairy. Anther-halves
finally spreading. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered.
Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 8. Central Africa and Egypt.
=Otostegia= Benth.

Calyx equally or subequally toothed, very rarely two-lipped with a
3-toothed upper and a 2-cleft lower lip. 58

58. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, subequally toothed. Corolla white
or red; tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip notched, densely
hairy. Anther-halves finally spreading. Leaves toothed.--Species 7.
North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally.
=Ballota= L.

Calyx tube-or bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved.--Species 80. Some of them
are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, others are poisonous for
cattle. (Including _Betonica_ L.) =Stachys= L.

59. (45.) Stamens ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, more
or less arched. Corolla two-lipped. Herbs or undershrubs. [Subtribe
MELISSINAE.] 60

Stamens projecting straight forwards, divergent. 63

60. Stamens 2. Anthers with 2 confluent halves, or with a fertile and
a rudimentary half, or one half only developed. Style-apex unequally
two-cleft. Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Corolla-tube shortly exserted,
glabrous within. False whorls few-flowered.--Species 3. North Africa.
=Ziziphora= L.

Stamens 4. 61

61. Corolla-tube ascending-reflexed at the middle, glabrous within.
Corolla white or yellowish. Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Style-apex
cleft into two subequal, awl-shaped branches. Leaves toothed. False
whorls few-flowered.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental
and medicinal plant. “Balm.” =Melissa= L.

Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved. 62

62. Calyx inflated in the fruit, 15-20-nerved, subequally 5-toothed.
Corolla red; tube included, glabrous within. Style-apex cleft into
two equal, awl-shaped branches. Undershrubs. Leaves entire. False
whorls 4-6-flowered.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under
_Satureia_ L.) =Saccocalyx= Coss.

Calyx not inflated, 10-15-nerved. Corolla-tube exserted.--Species 45.
Some of them are used as pot-herbs (savory), as a substitute for tea,
or as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including _Calamintha_ Moench,
_Clinopodium_ L., and _Micromeria_ Benth.) =Satureia= L.

63. Calyx 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla blue, rarely reddish
or white, 2-lipped, with an included tube. Stamens 4, in two pairs
of unequal length, ascending at the base, divergent and projecting
straight forwards towards the apex. Shrubs. Leaves entire, narrow.
False whorls 6-or more-flowered.--Species 1. North-west Africa
(Morocco). Used as an ornamental plant and for preparing perfumes and
medicaments. [Subtribe HYSSOPINAE.] =Hyssopus= L.

Calyx 10-13-nerved. Stamens divergent and projecting straight forwards
from the base. 64

64. Corolla two-lipped; upper lip notched or 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft.
Stamens 4, in two pairs of more or less unequal length. [Subtribe
THYMINAE.] 65

Corolla equally or subequally 4-cleft; tube included. Stamens 4, about
equal in length, with parallel halves, rarely only 2. Herbs. [Subtribe
MENTHINAE.] 69

65. Calyx more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves entire. 66

Calyx equally 5-toothed. 68

66. Upper lip of the calyx entire or obscurely 3-toothed; lower lip
slightly 2-toothed, almost entire, or rudimentary. Anther-halves
spreading. Herbs. Bracts suborbicular.--Species 1 (_M. hortensis_
Moench). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in North Africa. Used
as a pot-herb, for the preparation of an essential oil and a kind of
snuff, and in medicine. “Marjoram.” (Under _Origanum_ L.) =Majorana=
Moench

Upper lip of the calyx 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft. 67

67. Calyx-tube much compressed from above, 13-nerved. Corolla pink;
tube exserted; upper lip 2-cleft. Anthers with a small connective and
spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Shrubs. False whorls
6-flowered, in heads.--Species 1. North Africa. (Under _Thymus_ L.)
=Coridothymus= Reichb. fil.

Calyx-tube more or less cylindric, not or slightly compressed.
Anthers with a thick connective. Style-apex equally or subequally
2-cleft.--Species 20. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species yield
condiments, medicaments, and an essential oil, or serve as ornamental
plants. “Thyme.” =Thymus= L.

68. Corolla-tube more or less projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers
exserted, with spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft.
Herbs.--Species 5. North Africa. They yield condiments, medicaments,
and an essential oil. =Origanum= L.

Corolla-tube not projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers with parallel
halves. Shrubs.--Species 9. Madeira and Canary Islands. =Bystropogon=
L’Hér.

69. Stamens 2. Anther-halves finally spreading. Calyx equally
5-toothed, glabrous within. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Leaves
toothed. False whorls many-flowered, axillary. Bracteoles
small.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Lycopus= L.

Stamens 4. Nutlets round at the apex. 70

70. Calyx equally 4-toothed, hairy within; teeth with an awn-like
process on the back. Stem decumbent. Leaves linear. False whorls
axillary, many-flowered. Bracteoles large, as long as the
flowers.--Species 1. North-West Africa. Used medicinally. =Preslia= Opiz

Calyx equally or subequally 5-toothed; teeth without an awn-like
process on the back. Bracteoles small.--Species 9. North Africa,
northern Central Africa, and South Africa, also naturalized in
Madagascar, its neighbouring islands, and St. Helena. Some species
(especially _M. piperita_ L., peppermint) yield condiments,
medicaments, insectifuges, and an essential oil used as an aromatic or
for medicinal purposes; several serve as ornamental plants. “Mint.”
=Mentha= L.


SUBORDER SOLANINEAE


FAMILY 207. SOLANACEAE

Leaves alternate, sometimes in pairs, simple, but sometimes (_Solanum_)
dissected. Flowers solitary or in cymose inflorescences, 5-merous, very
rarely 4-or pleio-merous. Corolla of united petals, usually regular
or nearly so, mostly folded lengthwise in the bud. Stamens as many as
the divisions of the corolla and alternating with them, rarely some
of them rudimentary. Anthers turned inwards. Disc usually distinct.
Ovary superior, 2-4-, rarely 5-or more-celled, usually 2-celled with
the partition oblique to the median plane of the flower, rarely
(_Capsicum_) incompletely septate. Ovules axile, usually numerous,
inverted. Style simple; stigma usually 2-lobed. Fruit a berry or
a capsule. Seeds albuminous.--Genera 16, species 220. (Including
_ATROPACEAE_.) (Plate 135.)

1. Fertile stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes, 2, rarely 4. Corolla
violet or yellow, tube-or funnel-shaped; lobes 5, club-shaped,
alternating with entire or 2-lobed appendages. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a
capsule. Seeds with straight embryo. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Flowers
panicled.--Species 2. Central Africa. They yield fish-poison. [Tribe
SALPIGLOSSIDEAE.] =Schwenkia= L.

Fertile stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 5, rarely 4. 2

2. Ovary 3-5-celled. Embryo much curved. Leaves entire, toothed, or
lobed. Flowers solitary, large. 3

Ovary 2-celled, rarely incompletely 2-celled or many-celled by
cultivation. 4

3. Ovary-cells and placentas unequal. Calyx 5-partite with obcordate
segments, enlarged after flowering and enveloping the fruit. Corolla
blue, regular, bell-shaped. Fruit a berry. Herbs.--Species 1.
Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant.
(_Pentagonia_ Heist.) [Tribe NICANDREAE.] =Nicandra= Adams

Ovary-cells and placentas equal, 4. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, deciduous
excepting the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube.--Species
5, one of them only naturalized. They yield poisons, dyes, intoxicants,
and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Thorn-apple.”
(Including _Brugmansia_ Pers.) [Tribe DATUREAE.] =Datura= L.

4. Seeds with a straight or slightly curved embryo, usually thick.
Corolla with a long tube and a comparatively narrow limb. Flowers in
cymes or cymose panicles. Leaves undivided. [Tribe CESTREAE.] 5

Seeds with a strongly curved embryo, flat. [Tribe SOLANEAE.] 6

5. Fruit a berry with one or few large seeds. Ovules few in
each ovary-cell. Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the
corolla-tube. Flowers in cymes. Trees or shrubs.--Species 2.
Naturalized in several islands. Ornamental and medicinal plants.
[Subtribe CESTRINAE.] =Cestrum= L.

Fruit a capsule with many small seeds. Ovules many in each
ovary-cell. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube.
Flowers in cymose, raceme-or panicle-like inflorescences. Herbs or
undershrubs.--Species 5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in
various regions. They yield tobacco (especially from _N. tabacum_ L.
and _rustica_ L.), lamp-oil, vermin-poison, and medicaments, and serve
as ornamental plants. [Subtribe NICOTIANINAE.] =Nicotiana= L.

6. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid. Calyx enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla widely funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, imbricate in bud, white or
yellow with red or violet veins. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided
or lobed. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 8. North and Central
Africa. They are poisonous and yield oil and medicaments. “Henbane.”
[Subtribe HYOSCYAMINAE.] =Hyoscyamus= L.

Fruit a berry, indehiscent or at length bursting irregularly. Corolla
tubular, campanulate, or rotate. 7

7. Anthers attached at the middle of the back. Corolla campanulate,
5-cleft. Root thick. Stem very short. Leaves radical, undivided.
Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and
used in medicine and magic. “Mandrake.” [Subtribe MANDRAGORINAE.]
=Mandragora= Juss.

Anthers attached at the base or the lower part of the back. Stem well
developed. Leaves alternate. 8

8. Corolla tubular or campanulate; limb narrow in proportion to the
tube. Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers solitary or
in clusters. Leaves undivided. [Subtribe LYCIINAE.] 9

Corolla rotate or campanulate; limb broad. [Subtribe SOLANINAE.] 12

9. Corolla irregular, with an oblique limb, violet, folded in the bud.
Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments short, as
long as or shorter than the anthers. Fruit almost dry. Herbs. Leaves
lobed. Flowers in pairs in the leaf-axils.--Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally. =Triguera= Cav.

Corolla regular. Fruit succulent. 10

10. Corolla-tube narrow; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at
or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs or trees.--Species 25.
Some of them are poisonous; several species are used as hedge-plants or
in medicine. =Lycium= L.

Corolla-tube wide. Fruit globose. 11

11. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla brownish-green, urceolate, valvate in bud.
Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs. Flowers
in clusters.--Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate 135.)
=Discopodium= Hochst.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla brownish-violet or dull-red, campanulate,
imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube;
filaments long. Herbs. Flowers solitary.--Species 1 (_A. Belladonna_
L., dwale). North-west Africa (Algeria). Poisonous and yielding oil and
medicaments. =Atropa= L.

[Illustration: SOLANACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 135._

J. Fleischmann del.

Discopodium penninervium Hochst.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_
Cross-section of ovary.]

[Illustration: SCROPHULARIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 136._

J. Fleischmann del.

Chaenostoma Burkeanum (Benth.) Wettst.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Stamens. _D_ Ovary
cut lengthwise. _E_ Ovary cut across.]


12. Anthers cohering or opening by apical pores. Corolla rotate
or widely campanulate. Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the
fruit. Flowers usually in cymose, umbel-, raceme-, or panicle-like
inflorescences.--Species 150; three of them (_S. tuberosum_ L.,
potato, _S. Melongena_ L., egg-plant, and _S. Lycopericum_ L., tomato)
only cultivated. Several species yield edible fruits or tubers, from
which starch, sugar and alcohol are prepared, also tanning and dyeing
materials, a substitute for soap, a means to coagulate milk, and
various medicaments; others serve as vegetables or as ornamental or
hedge-plants; some are poisonous. (Including _Lycopersicum_ Mill. and
_Normania_ Lowe). =Solanum= L.

Anthers free, opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire, toothed, or
lobed. 13

13. Corolla narrowly campanulate, white. Calyx much enlarged and
inflated in the fruit. Flowers in clusters. Leaves undivided.
Shrubs.--Species 6. Poisonous and used medicinally; the sap coagulates
milk. (_Physaloides_ Moench). =Withania= Pauq.

Corolla rotate or very widely campanulate. Flowers solitary. 14

14. Calyx entire or with 5 small teeth, usually but slightly enlarged
in the fruit. Corolla white. Filaments longer than the anthers. Fruit
slightly fleshy. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 6. Cultivated and
sometimes naturalized in various regions. The fruits (chillies) serve
as condiments or medicaments. “Cayenne pepper.” =Capsicum= L.

Calyx 5-lobed, much enlarged in the fruit. 15

15. Calyx spreading under the fruit. Corolla white. Shrubs. Leaves
undivided, covered with dense hairs.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena.
=Melissea= Hook.

Calyx inflated and enclosing the fruit. Corolla white, yellow, or
violet. Herbs.--Species 6; three of them natives of Central and South
Africa, the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various
regions. They yield edible fruits and medicaments. “Winter-cherry.”
=Physalis= L.


FAMILY 208. SCROPHULARIACEAE

Leaves without stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite, usually irregular.
Petals 4-5, united below, imbricate, not folded in the bud. Stamens
2-5, usually 4. Disc present. Ovary superior, 2-celled, the partition
placed transversely to the median plane of the flower, rarely 1-celled
or (_Bowkeria_) 3-celled. Ovules inverted or half-inverted. Style
simple or 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous with a straight or slightly curved
embryo, rarely (_Dintera_) exalbuminous.--Genera 107, species 1150.
(Including _SELAGINEAE_.) (Plate 136.)

1. Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapped in the bud by
one or both of the lateral lobes. [Subfamily =RHINANTHOIDEAE=.] 2

Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapping the lateral
lobes in the bud. 45

2. Corolla 2-lipped with a helmet-shaped upper lip and a 3-lobed lower
lip. Stamens 4. Anther-halves separate. Fruit capsular, loculicidal.
Herbs. Leaves well developed. Flowers in leafy spikes or racemes.
[Tribe RHINANTHEAE.] 3

Corolla 2-lipped with a flat upper lip, or 1-lipped with only 3
distinct lobes, or subequally 4-5-lobed. 8

3. Upper lip of the corolla with reflexed margins. Calyx 4-lobed. Seeds
numerous, ribbed. Leaves undivided.--Species 1. Azores. “Eyebright.”
=Euphrasia= L.

Upper lip of the corolla with straight margins. 4

4. Calyx 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla yellow. Capsule oblique,
narrow. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). “Lousewort.” =Pedicularis= L.

Calyx 4-lobed. Capsule straight. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. 5

5. Ovules few, pendulous. Corolla yellow or red. Capsule broad. Seeds
ribbed.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Under
_Bartsia_ L.) =Odontites= Pers.

Ovules many, horizontal. 6

6. Placentas thin. Seeds few, large, with wing-like ribs. Capsule
broad. Corolla blue or red.--Species 8. Central and North-west Africa.
(_Bartsia_ L.) =Bartschia= L.

Placentas thick. Seeds numerous, small. Corolla yellow or red. 7

7. Seeds ribbed. Capsule broad.--Species 2. North and South Africa,
Abyssinia, and Island of Réunion. (_Trixago_ Stev., under _Bartsia_ L.)
=Bellardia= All.

Seeds smooth. Capsule narrow.--Species 3. North Africa. (_Eufragia_
Griseb., under _Bartsia_ L.) =Parentucellia= Viv.

8. (2.) Anther-halves separate, sometimes one of them rudimentary
or one only developed. Stamens 4, more or less unequal, rarely
(_Strigina_) 2 only fertile. Corolla with a distinct, usually long
tube. Calyx-teeth about as long as or shorter than the tube. [Tribe
GERARDIEAE.] 9

Anther-halves confluent at the apex, more rarely separate, but then
corolla-tube very short and stamens nearly equal or reduced to two, or
calyx-teeth much longer than the tube. [Tribe DIGITALEAE.] 36

9. Anthers 1-celled (with one half only developed) in all stamens. 10

Anthers 2-celled (with both halves developed), at least in two of the
stamens, but one cell (or half) sometimes smaller than the other and
barren. 17

10. Corolla almost 1-lipped, with only 3 distinct lobes; tube curved;
limb narrow, convex. Calyx 5-cleft. Red-coloured, fleshy, parasitic
herbs. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes.--Species
5. South Africa. =Hyobanche= Thunb.

Corolla regular or 2-lipped, distinctly 4-5-lobed. Green herbs with
well-developed leaves. 11

11. Corolla subequally 5-lobed, blue, red or white; tube straight or
slightly curved. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed. Capsule straight, oblong
or ovate. Leaves undivided. 12

Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped; lobes unequal. 14

12. Calyx 2-lipped, 4-lobed, 5-nerved. Stamens inserted in the
lower part of the corolla-tube. Lower leaves opposite, upper
alternate.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Eylesia= S. Moore

Calyx subequally 4-5-toothed, 7-10-nerved. 13

13. Calyx 7-9-nerved, 4-toothed. Stamens inserted in the upper part of
the corolla-tube. Leaves all opposite.--Species 3. West Africa. (Under
_Buchnera_ L.) =Stellularia= Benth.

Calyx 10-nerved, usually 5-toothed.--Species 60. Tropical and South
Africa. (_Buchnera_ L.) =Buechnera= L.

14. Corolla-tube abruptly curved at or above the middle. Calyx tubular.
Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided. 15

Corolla-tube straight or gradually curved. 16

15. Placentas thin. Ovules few, large. Stem prostrate.--Species 3. East
Africa. =Cycniopsis= Engl.

Placentas thick. Ovules numerous, small. Stem erect.--Species 30.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are noxious weeds. =Striga=
Lour.

16. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Capsule ellipsoid, straight, not
beaked.--Species 12. Central and South Africa. =Cycnium= E. Mey.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Capsule usually oblique and beaked, rarely
globose and not beaked.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.
=Rhamphicarpa= Benth.

17. (9.) Anther-halves (anther-cells) very unequal, one of them
fertile, the other barren (without pollen) or almost so. 18

Anther-halves equal or subequal, both of them fertile. 27

18. Leaves scale-like, yellow or reddish. 19

Leaves well developed, green. 20

19. Corolla with a narrow limb, red. Barren anther-cell very
small.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Tetraspidium= Bak.

Corolla with a broad limb. Barren anther-cell usually long.--Species
30. Southern and tropical Africa. (_Aulaya_ Harv.) =Harveya= Hook.

20. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at the throat of the corolla; barren
ones filiform. Corolla with a long curved tube and a 2-lipped limb.
Leaves undivided.--Species 1. East Africa. =Strigina= Engl.

Fertile stamens 4. 21

21. Anthers partly with, partly (two of them) without a barren cell.
Corolla-tube long, inflated. Stem erect. Leaves undivided. 22

Anthers all with a barren cell, which in two is sometimes very small;
in this case stem climbing. Herbs or undershrubs. 23

22. Anthers of the lower (anterior) stamens 1-celled, those of the
upper stamens with a fertile cell opening by a longitudinal slit and a
spur-like sterile cell. Corolla nearly regular. Mostly shrubs.--Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland). =Ghikaea= Schweinf. & Volk.

Anthers of the lower stamens with a cleft connective bearing at
one end a fertile cell, which opens by an apical pore, and at the
other a disc-like appendage; those of the upper stamens 1-celled.
Corolla 2-lipped. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 7. East Africa.
=Pseudosopubia= Engl.

23. Anthers with a minute, nearly imperceptible barren cell. Corolla
violet; tube slightly exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged in the fruit.
Stem erect, with spreading branches. Leaves undivided.--Species 1.
Southern West Africa. =Hiernia= S. Moore

Anthers, at least those of the shorter stamens, with a distinctly
developed barren cell. 24

24. Barren anther-cells of the longer stamens minute, nearly
imperceptible, of the shorter awn-or worm-shaped. Corolla pink or
violet; tube exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged and inflated in the
fruit. Climbing undershrubs.--Species 2. Central and South-east Africa.
=Buttonia= Mac Ken

Barren anther-cells distinctly developed in all stamens, but sometimes
unequal in length. Calyx scarcely changed in fruit. Herbs. 25

25. Anthers cohering all together or in pairs. Corolla funnel-shaped,
with a broad limb. Stem erect.--Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.
=Sopubia= Hamilt.

Anthers free. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, with a rather narrow
limb. 26

26. Corolla-tube exceeding the calyx. Stem climbing. Leaves undivided,
broad, coarsely toothed.--Species 1. West Africa. =Thunbergianthus=
Engl.

Corolla-tube equalling the calyx. Stem erect. Leaves pinnately
divided.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Baumia= Engl. &
Gilg

27. (17.) Corolla-tube short, about equalling the calyx. 28

Corolla-tube long, distinctly exceeding the calyx. 30

28. Calyx becoming woody in the fruit. Anthers exserted, with unequal
halves. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Xylocalyx= Balf.

Calyx not woody in the fruit. Herbs. 29

29. Calyx scarcely changed in the fruit. Capsule 4-valved.
Non-parasitic plants. Stem thin. Leaves linear. Inflorescence
lax.--Species 3. Tropics. (Including _Gerardianella_ Klotzsch).
=Micrargeria= Benth.

Calyx more or less enlarged and inflated in the fruit; if but slightly
changed, then parasitic plants with thick stems and usually broad or
scale-like leaves.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (Including
_Alectra_ Thunb. and _Velvitsia_ Hiern). =Melasma= Berg

30. Anther-halves unequal, one of them somewhat shorter or narrower. 31

Anther-halves equal. 33

31. Anther-halves nearly equal, one of them somewhat shorter than
the other. Filaments very unequal. Ovules numerous. Stem herbaceous.
Flowers without bracteoles.--Species 1. Southern Central Africa and
Transvaal. =Gerardiina= Engl.

Anther-halves distinctly unequal, one of them narrower. Stem woody, at
least at the base. 32

32. Corolla with a very long tube and a very narrow limb, white. Ovules
2-4 in a cell. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Leucosalpa= Scott Elliot

Corolla with a rather broad limb. Ovules numerous.--Species 3. South
Africa and island of Socotra. (_Bopusia_ Presl). =Graderia= Benth.

33. Stamens nearly equal in length. Corolla-tube rather short. Stem
herbaceous. 34

Stamens distinctly unequal. Stem woody. 35

34. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla
blue. Capsule 4-valved.--Species 1. South Africa. =Charadrophila=
Marloth

Flowers in spikes or racemes. Corolla yellow. Capsule
2-valved.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Seymeria= Pursh

35. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla bell-shaped. Glabrous
shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. (_Raphispermum_ Benth.) =Rhaphispermum=
Benth.

Calyx-teeth distinctly developed, pointed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Hairy
shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. =Radamaea=
Benth.

36. (8.) Stamens 2. 37

Stamens 4-8. 38

37. Corolla-tube long, thin, curved. Corolla white. Stamens included;
anther-halves confluent. Capsule loculicidal and septicidal,
many-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, linear.--Species 3. Canary and
Cape Verde Islands and Socotra. =Campylanthus= Roth

Corolla-tube short or rather short. Stamens long.--Species 30. Some of
them yield salad, a substitute for tea, and medicaments, or serve as
ornamental plants. “Speedwell.” =Veronica= L.

38. Corolla-tube very short. Stamens 4-8, nearly equal in length. 39

Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, unequal. 41

39. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Corolla 5-parted,
white. Calyx 5-parted. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. Erect
undershrubs. Leaves alternate, narrow.--Species 1. Naturalized in West
Africa and in the Seychelles. Used medicinally and as a substitute for
tea. =Capraria= L.

Anther-halves separate. 40

40. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white, with 4 segments. Stamens 4. Capsule
septicidal; seeds numerous. Erect undershrubs. Leaves opposite or
whorled, subsessile, narrow.--Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics.
Used medicinally. =Scoparia= L.

Calyx 4-8-cleft. Corolla yellow or red, with 4-8, usually 5, segments.
Capsule loculicidal; seeds not numerous. Creeping herbs. Leaves
alternate, stalked, broad.--Species 3. Azores and Canary Islands,
Mauritius, and high mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental
plants. =Sibthorpia= L.

41. Anther-halves separate. Corolla with a long cylindrical tube
and a two-lipped limb. Leaves opposite. Flowers in spikes or
racemes.--Species 1. Sahara. =Lafuentea= Lag.

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Leaves alternate. 42

42. Corolla with a cylindrical tube and a broad, slightly 2-lipped
limb, blue or violet. Capsule 4-valved. Low herbs. Flowers in terminal
racemes.--Species 1. Algeria. Used as an ornamental plant. =Erinus= L.

Corolla with a funnel-or bell-shaped tube more or less widened above.
Tall herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. 43

43. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow or red, 2-lipped. Flowers in
terminal racemes.--Species 6. North Africa; one of them also
naturalized in the island of Réunion. Poisonous plants used medicinally
and as ornamental plants. “Foxglove.” (Including _Callianassa_ Webb et
Berth.) =Digitalis= L.

Stigma entire. Flowers in terminal heads or in axillary fascicles.
Leaves broad. Undershrubs. 44

44. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped.
Calyx-segments glume-like, fringed or ciliate. Flowers in terminal
heads.--Species 1. South Africa. =Glumicalyx= Hiern

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers in axillary
fascicles.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Camptoloma= Benth.

45. (1.) Leaves all alternate. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves
confluent at the apex. Ovules many in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a
septicidal, many-seeded capsule. [Subfamily =PSEUDOSOLANEAE=.] 46

Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or whorled; more rarely
all radical or alternate; in the latter case corolla distinctly
irregular or ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. [Subfamily
=ANTIRRHINOIDEAE=.] 50

46. Corolla with a long tube, funnel-shaped, blue or red. Stamens 2 or
4. Flowers solitary, axillary, sometimes forming leafy racemes. Leaves
undivided. [Tribe APTOSIMEAE.] 47

Corolla with a short or very short tube, bell-or wheel-shaped. Stamens
4 or 5. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. [Tribe VERBASCEAE.] 49

47. Stamens 2. Fruit pointed. Low herbs with glandular hairs.--Species
10. Central and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. Some are used
medicinally. (Including _Doratanthera_ Benth. and _Gerardiopsis_ Engl.)
=Anticharis= Endl.

Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile. 48

48. Fruit pointed. Stamens all fertile. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species
5. South and Central Africa. =Peliostomum= E. Mey.

Fruit blunt. Shrubs.--Species 25. Central and South Africa. =Aptosimum=
Burch.

49. Stamens 4.--Species 18. Central and North Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. =Celsia= L.

Stamens 5.--Species 17. North Africa and northern East Africa; two
of the species also naturalized in South Africa and in the Mascarene
Islands. They yield fish-poison and medicaments, and serve as
ornamental plants. “Mullein.” =Verbascum= L.

50. (45.) Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell of the ovary and
fruit. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent.
Flowers in spikes, more rarely in heads or panicles or solitary. Leaves
entire, toothed, or lobed. [Tribe SELAGINEAE.] 51

Ovules and seeds two or more in each cell, usually numerous. 56

51. Corolla 4-lobed, deeply slit in front. Calyx entire or 2-parted.
Stamens 4. Flowers in spikes. 52

Corolla 5-lobed, not slit at one side. Calyx with 3 or 5, rarely with 2
segments. 53

52. Calyx slit open in front, entire or notched behind.--Species 30.
South and Central Africa. =Hebenstreitia= L.

Calyx divided into two narrow entire segments.--Species 10. South
Africa. =Dischisma= Choisy

53. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-lobes subequal. Calyx 5-lobed. Fruit
1-seeded. Shrubs. Flowers in spikes. 54

Fertile stamens 4. Corolla-lobes more or less unequal. 55

54. Sterile stamens present.--Species 1. South Africa. =Gosela= Choisy

Sterile stamens absent.--Species 3. South Africa. =Agathelpis= Choisy

55. Calyx subequally 5-toothed, adnate at the base to the bract. Fruit
1-seeded.--Species 5. South Africa. =Microdon= Choisy

Calyx with 5 segments, free from the bract, or with 2-3 segments. Fruit
2-seeded.--Species 160. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Including _Walafrida_ E. Mey.) =Selago= L.

56. (50.) Corolla two-lipped with concave, bladdery-inflated lips and
a very short tube. Stamens 2.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary
Islands. An ornamental plant. [Tribe CALCEOLARIEAE.] =Calceolaria= L.

Corolla two-lipped with flat or convex lips, or nearly regular. 57

57. Corolla spurred or saccate, two-lipped. Calyx 5-parted. Fruit a
capsule. 58

Corolla neither spurred nor saccate, rarely slightly gibbous, but then
calyx 5-lobed or 3-parted. 71

58. Corolla without a distinct tube. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 valves.
Herbs. [Tribe HEMIMERIDEAE.] 59

Corolla with a distinctly developed tube. Stamens 4. [Tribe
ANTIRRHINEAE.] 62

59. Corolla yellow, 4-cleft, usually with two pouches and two
teeth at the base of the lower lip. Stamens 2. Flowers solitary,
axillary.--Species 4. South Africa. =Hemimeris= Thunb.

Corolla red or blue, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes
sterile. 60

60. Flowers turned upside down by the twisting of the pedicel. Corolla
scarlet, with two shallow pits at the base. Stamens subequal, all
fertile, glabrous. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Flowers
solitary, axillary.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental
plant. =Alonsoa= Ruiz & Pav.

Flowers very rarely turned upside down; if so, then anthers hairy.
Corolla with 1-2 pits, pouches, or spurs at the base. Stamens unequal.
61

61. Lower lip of the corolla ventricose and gibbous at the base.
Stamens all fertile. Anther-halves separate, spreading.--Species 2.
Naturalized in Madagascar. =Angelonia= Humb. & Bonpl.

Lower lip of the corolla with 2 pits, pouches, or spurs, very rarely
with one only. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.--Species 45. South
Africa. =Diascia= Link & Otto.

62. Throat of the corolla closed by a projecting palate. Herbs or
undershrubs. 63

Throat of the corolla open. 67

63. Corolla spurred at the base. Anther-halves separate. 64

Corolla ventricose, but not spurred at the base. 66

64. Corolla with a long spur. Cells of the capsule opening by 2-5 teeth
or valves. Leaves pinnately nerved. Flowers in terminal spikes or
racemes.--Species 40. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized
in South Africa. Some yield vermin-poison or medicaments, or serve as
ornamental plants. “Toadflax.” =Linaria= Juss.

Corolla with a short spur. Flowers solitary, axillary. 65

65. Corolla violet. Cells of the capsule opening by 3 teeth or valves.
Seeds oblong. Creeping herbs. Leaves palmately nerved.--Species 1.
North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. (Under
_Linaria_ Juss.) =Cymbalaria= Baumg.

Corolla white, yellow, or two-coloured. Cells of the capsule opening by
lids. Seeds ovoid. Leaves pinnately nerved.--Species 17. North Africa
and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized in
South Africa. (Under _Linaria_ L.) =Elatinoides= Wettst.

66. Anther-halves separate. Capsule opening by 2 or 3 toothed
pores.--Species 6. North Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the
species also naturalized in South Africa and Mauritius. Some are used
as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Snap-dragon.” =Antirrhinum= L.

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. A fifth, sterile stamen present.
Capsule with unequal cells, opening irregularly. Seeds ribbed. Flowers
small, axillary.--Species 3. Northern East Africa and Comoro Islands.
=Schweinfurthia= A. Braun

67. Corolla-tube with 2 pits or pouches at the base; lobes subequal.
Anther-halves confluent. Capsule 4-valved. Shrubs. Leaves alternate,
broad. Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow.--Species 1. South Africa.
=Colpias= E. Mey.

Corolla-tube with 1 pit, pouch, or spur. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves
opposite. 68

68. Anther-halves separate. Corolla-tube long. Capsule with unequal
cells. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 4. North Africa. (Under
_Linaria_ Juss.) =Chaenorrhinum= (DC.) Lange

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. 69

69. Corolla-tube long. Capsule opening by two apical pores. Flowers
in racemes. Radical leaves rosulate.--Species 5. North Africa and
Abyssinia. (_Simbuleta_ Forsk.) =Anarrhinum= Desf.

Corolla-tube short. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 longitudinal valves. 70

70. Corolla with a 2-lobed upper and a 3-lobed lower lip. Capsule
globose, 4-valved. Seeds with a tight testa.--Species 7. Tropical and
South Africa. =Diclis= Benth.

Corolla with a 4-lobed upper and an entire lower lip. Capsule
compressed, 2-valved. Seeds with a loose testa, girt with a membranous
wing.--Species 50. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are
used as ornamental plants. =Nemesia= Vent.

71. (57.) Flowers in cymes or in cymose panicles or fascicles;
occasionally solitary with two bracteoles on the pedicel; in this case
shrubs or trees. Anther-halves usually confluent. Fruit a septicidal
capsule or a berry. [Tribe CHELONEAE.] 72

Flowers solitary or in heads, spikes, racemes, or racemose panicles.
Stamens 2 or 4. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs. 81

72. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Corolla with a
ventricose tube and a narrow limb. Fertile stamens 4; a fifth, sterile
stamen distinctly developed, usually scale-like. Anther-halves
confluent. Fruit a capsule.--Species 20. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Scrophularia= L.

Stem woody throughout. The fifth stamen minute or wanting, rarely
fertile. 73

73. Corolla-tube short and wide. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves
confluent at the apex. Fruit a capsule. 74

Corolla-tube long and narrow. Stamens 4 or 5. 76

74. Calyx 3-parted, the posterior segment 3-toothed. Corolla yellow or
white. Fertile stamens 2. Anther-halves divergent. Capsule 4-valved,
many-seeded. Leaves whorled. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the
leaf-axils.--Species 1. South Africa. =Ixianthes= Benth.

Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, with nearly equal segments. Fertile stamens
4. 75

75. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Corolla yellow, with a 2-parted
upper lip. Capsule 4-valved, few-seeded. Leaves opposite, tomentose
beneath. Flowers in axillary and terminal, many-flowered
cymes.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber. =Anastrabe= E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Corolla with a 2-toothed upper lip.
Anther-halves nearly parallel. Capsule 2-3-valved, many-seeded. Leaves
nearly always whorled.--Species 6. South Africa. =Bowkeria= Harv.

76. Fertile stamens 5. Corolla-lobes equal. Fruit a berry. Epiphytic
shrubs. Flowers in axillary clusters.--Species 1. South-east Africa.
=Dermatobotrys= Bolus

Fertile stamens 4. 77

77. Anther-halves divergent. Corolla red. Leaves glabrous. 78

Anther-halves parallel or nearly so, separate. 79

78. Leaves scale-like. Fruit a capsule.--Species 1. Naturalized in the
Seychelles. Ornamental plant. =Russelia= Jacq.

Leaves well developed. Fruit a berry.--Species 5. Tropical and South
Africa. The fruits are edible. =Halleria= L.

79. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla red. Fruit
a two-valved capsule.--Species 2. South Africa. Used as ornamental
plants. =Phygelius= E. Mey.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Fruit a 4-valved capsule or
a berry. 80

80. Corolla red, slightly exceeding the calyx. Fruit a berry.--Species
2. South Africa. =Teedia= Rudolphi

Corolla yellow or violet. Fruit a capsule.--Species 2. South Africa.
=Freylinia= Pangelli

81. (71.) Anther-halves completely confluent; hence anthers apparently
1-celled. Calyx 5-parted or 2-lipped. [Tribe MANULEAE.] 82

Anther-halves separate or confluent at the apex only, rarely completely
confluent, but then calyx subequally 5-lobed. [Tribe GRATIOLEAE.] 91

82. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. 83

Calyx subequally 5-parted. Stamens 4. 84

83. Anthers 4, unequal, or 2.--Species 30. South Africa. =Zaluzianskia=
Schmidt

Anthers 4, equal.--Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland. =Polycarena=
Benth.

84. Corolla-tube very short. 85

Corolla-tube distinctly developed, usually long. 86

85. Corolla 2-lipped. Capsule 2-cleft. Flowers solitary. Leaves all
radical. (See 61.) =Diascia= Link & Otto

Corolla nearly regular. Capsule 4-cleft. Flowers in racemes. Leaves
opposite.--Species 2. South Africa. (Under _Sutera_ Roth) =Sphenandra=
Benth.

86. Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Capsule opening by pores
or transverse slits. 87

Corolla nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped. Capsule opening
lengthwise, septicidal. 88

87. Flowers solitary. Stem climbing.--Species 1. Naturalized in the
island of St. Helena. An ornamental plant. (_Lophospermum_ Don)
=Maurandia= Ort.

Flowers in racemes. Stem erect. (See 69.) =Anarrhinum= Desf.

88. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla-tube curved. Leaves cleft or
dissected.--Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. (_Jamesbrittenia_ O. Ktze.)
=Sutera= Roth.

Stigma entire. Leaves entire or toothed. 89

89. Bracts adnate to the pedicels.--Species 20. South Africa.
=Phyllopodium= Benth.

Bracts free from the pedicels. 90

90. Calyx open or nearly open in the bud, surrounded by narrow bracts
or without bracts. Corolla-tube nearly always straight. Flowers in
compound, rarely in simple racemes.--Species 35. South Africa to
Angola. (_Nemia_ Berg). =Manulea= L.

Calyx imbricate in the bud or surrounded by broad bracts. Flowers
solitary or in usually simple spikes, racemes, or heads.--Species
120. South and Central Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used as
ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including _Lyperia_ Benth.,
under _Sutera_ Roth). (Plate 136.) =Chaenostoma= Benth.

91. (81.) Fertile stamens 2. 92

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 3. 97

92. Staminodes none. Flowers minute, solitary. 93

Staminodes 2. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. 95

93. Ovary 1-celled. Style very short. Stamens inserted in the upper
part of the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Calyx 5-parted.
Leaves ovate. Aquatic herbs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Damaraland) =Dintera= Stapf

Ovary 2-celled. Style distinctly developed, curved. Corolla 4-lobed or
sub-equally 5-lobed. 94

94. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 4-lobed. Stamens inserted in the lower part
of the corolla-tube. Leaves linear or oblong.--Species 1. Mascarene
Islands. =Bryodes= Benth.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves ovate.--Species 1. Egypt.
=Peplidium= Del.

95. Staminodes inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves
spreading.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Bonnaya_
Link et Otto) =Ilysanthes= Rafin.

Staminodes inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel
or nearly so. 96

96. Leaves lobed or dissected. Flowers in racemes. Lower lip of
the corolla with a 2-cleft middle-lobe. Aquatic herbs.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Hydrotriche= Zucc.

Leaves entire.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Dopatrium= Hamilt.

97. (91.) Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves
parallel. Corolla white, unequally 3-5-lobed. Creeping herbs. Leaves
broad, palmately nerved, gland-dotted. Flowers solitary.--Species 1.
West Africa. =Hydranthelium= H. B. & Kunth

Stamens, all or two of them, inserted in the tube of the corolla. 98

98. Stamens inserted in the tube and at the throat of the corolla. 99

Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. 102

99. Sepals free, broad. Corolla slightly irregular, white. The fifth,
sterile stamen filiform. Prostrate herbs. Leaves very small. Flowers
solitary.--Species 1. Island of Réunion. =Allocalyx= Cordem.

Sepals united below. Corolla 2-lipped. Lower stamens with a tooth-or
bristle-like appendage at the base. 100

100. Calyx without wings or prominent angles, but sometimes striped;
segments subequal.--Species 17. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.
(_Vandellia_ L.) =Lindernia= All.

Calyx winged or with very prominent angles. 101

101. Calyx subequally toothed. Anterior stamens sharply bent at the
base. Stem usually leafless.--Species 15. Central and South Africa.
=Craterostigma= Hochst.

Calyx 2-lipped. Anterior stamens not sharply bent at the base. Stem
leafy.--Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. =Torenia= L.

102. Anther-halves separate, not contiguous. Corolla 2-lipped. 103

Anther-halves contiguous or confluent. 105

103. Sepals united high up. Fruit 2-valved. Stem procumbent or
ascending.--Species 8. Northern East Africa and Egypt. =Lindenbergia=
Lehm.

Sepals united at the base only. Fruit 4-valved. 104

104. Placentas winged and connate in the fruit. Glabrous water-or
marsh-plants.--Species 6. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(_Ambulia_ Lam., _Stemodiacra_ P. Browne) =Limnophila= R. Br.

Placentas not winged, usually separate. Corolla blue.
Glandular-pubescent land-plants.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Stemodia=
L.

105. Sepals united high up. 106

Sepals united at the base only. 107

106. Corolla 2-lipped. Anther-halves separate or confluent at the top.
Ovary completely septate. Leaves opposite.--Species 3. Two of them
indigenous in tropical and South Africa, the third naturalized in the
Azores. Used as ornamental plants. =Mimulus= L.

Corolla nearly regular. Anther-halves completely confluent.
Ovary septate at the base only. Leaves all radical. Flowers
axillary.--Species 5. Southern and tropical Africa and Egypt.
=Limosella= L.

107. Sepals very unequal. Anther-halves separate.--Species 10. Tropics,
South Africa, and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (_Moniera_ P. Browne, including _Herpestis_ Gaertn. and
_Bramia_ Lam.) =Bacopa= Aubl.

Sepals nearly equal. Anther-halves confluent at the top. Corolla
2-lipped. 108

108. Sepals broad. Corolla red or violet. Stamens, at least the
anterior exserted; filaments with an appendage at the base. Flowers in
racemes, rather large.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Artanema= Don

Sepals narrow. Stamens included; filaments without an appendage.
Flowers solitary, very small.--Species 4. East Africa. =Stemodiopsis=
Engl.


FAMILY 209. BIGNONIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite and compound, without
stipules. Flowers usually large and panicled, more or less irregular,
hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate
in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla, 4, in two
pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, rarely all 5 fertile.
Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (_Colea_) by one.
Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovules numerous, in two
or more rows, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule
with the valves usually separating from the partition, or a nut or
berry. Seeds usually placed transversely and margined or winged,
exalbuminous.--Genera 21, species 90. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate
137.)

1. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Ovary completely 2-celled. [Tribe
TECOMEAE.] 2

Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds not winged, but often margined. Ovary
cylindric, 1-celled or incompletely, rarely (_Colea_) completely
2-celled. Fertile stamens 4. Stem erect. [Tribe CRESCENTIEAE.] 14

2. Fertile stamens 5. Anthers exserted, with parallel halves. Calyx
5-toothed. Ovules few, in two rows. Erect, spiny shrubs. Leaves
fascicled. Flowers solitary or in clusters. 3

Fertile stamens 4. Leaves pinnate, very rarely (_Stenolobium_)
unifoliolate. 4

3. Calyx tubular, slit on one side, with linear teeth. Corolla white,
with a long tube. Capsule slightly compressed, with prickly warts.
Leaves undivided.--Species 1. South Africa and southern Central Africa.
=Catophraetes= G. Don

Calyx bell-shaped. Capsule much compressed, smooth.--Species 9.
Tropical and South Africa. =Rhigozum= Burch.

4. Stamens projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Anther-halves divergent
or divaricate. Flowers in racemes or panicles. 5

Stamens concealed within the corolla-tube. 6

5. Calyx spathe-like, slit on one side. Seeds with a broad wing. Trees.
Leaflets entire.--Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible
seeds, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “African
tulip-tree.” =Spathodea= Beauv.

Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed. Seeds with a narrow wing. Twining
shrubs. Leaflets serrate.--Species 3. Central and South Africa. Used
as ornamental plants. (Under _Tecoma_ Juss.) =Tecomaria= Fenzl

6. Anther-halves parallel. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side.
Trees. Flowers panicled. 7

Anther-halves divergent or divaricate. 8

7. Basal (cylindric) part of the corolla-tube short. Ovules of each
cell in 2 rows. Fruit 2-celled; valves boat-shaped.--Species 1. West
Africa. Yields timber and medicaments. =Newbouldia= Seem.

Basal part of the corolla-tube long. Ovules of each cell in more than
two rows. Fruit 4-celled; valves flat. Leaflets entire.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Dolichandrone= Fenzl

8. Inflorescences lateral, usually springing from the old wood.
Anther-halves usually divergent. 9

Inflorescences terminal. Anther-halves usually divaricate. 11

9. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla
distinctly 2-lipped; tube curved. Disc conical. Ovules of each cell in
two rows. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Perichlaena= Baill.

Flowers in panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, unequally 3-5-cleft. Corolla
not distinctly 2-lipped. Ovules of each cell in several rows. Trees. 10

10. Calyx-tube narrow, leathery. Corolla campanulate-funnel-shaped.
Disc saucer-shaped. Fruit with leathery, keeled valves. Leaves
glabrous, crowded at the end of the branches.--Species 2. Madagascar.
=Kigelianthe= Baill.

Calyx-tube wide. Corolla ventricose-campanulate, curved. Disc
cushion-shaped. Fruit cylindric, twisted. Leaves tomentose
beneath.--Species 2. Central Africa. (_Ferdinandia_ Seem., under
_Heterophragma_ DC.) =Fernandia= Baill.

11. Flowers in racemes or umbels. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped,
5-toothed. Connective of the stamens broadened, leaf-like. Ovules of
each cell in two rows. Erect shrubs. Leaflets serrate.--Species 1.
Naturalized in Central Africa. An ornamental plant. (Under _Tecoma_
Juss.) =Stenolobium= D. Don

Flowers in panicles. Connective not leaf-like. 12

12. Ovules arranged in 2 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped or
tubular, truncate or unequally 2-5-lobed. Fruit with a spongy
partition. Trees.--Species 6. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and
medicaments. =Stereospermum= Cham.

Ovules arranged in 4-8 rows in each cell. 13

13. Ovules in 4 rows in each cell. Calyx spathe-like, split down one
side. Fruit with a winged partition. Trees.--Species 10. Central
Africa. Some species yield timber. (Under _Dolichandrone_ Fenzl)
=Markhamia= Seem.

Ovules in 8 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, equally
5-toothed. Climbing shrubs.--Species 2. Central and South-east Africa
(Under _Pandorea_ Endl. or _Tecoma_ Juss.) =Podranea= Sprague

[Illustration: BIGNONIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 137._

J. Fleischmann del.

Kigelia aethiopica Decne.

_A_ Leaf. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Ovary cut
lengthwise. _E_ Ovary cut across. _F_ Fruit.]

[Illustration: PEDALIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 138._

J. Fleischmann del.

Sesamum angolense Welw.

_A_ Flowering plant. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Lower part of the
flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Stigma. _E_ Cross-section of ovary.]


14. (1.) Ovary completely 1-celled. Calyx bell-shaped, bursting
irregularly. Corolla red or orange, ventricose-campanulate, irregular.
Anther-halves parallel or divergent. Fruit with a thick rind. Trees.
Leaves pinnate.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
yield timber or medicaments. (_Kigelkeia_ Rafin.) (Plate 137.)
=Kigelia= DC.

Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. 15

15. Leaves simple, undivided. Ovary 2-celled nearly to the apex. 16

Leaves pinnately compound or reduced to the winged leaf-stalk. Flowers
panicled. 18

16. Leaves with a pair of spines at their base. Flowers solitary or in
clusters, axillary or springing from the old wood. Calyx pouch-shaped,
unequally 2-5-lobed. Corolla regular, long funnel-shaped. Anther-halves
divaricate.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Paracolea= Baill.

Leaves without spines at the base, but the leaf-stalk sometimes
becoming spine-like. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx
bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla more or less irregular, bell-or
bell-funnel-shaped. 17

17. Leaves herbaceous; leaf-stalk hardening into a spine. Flowers in
panicles. Corolla irregular. Anther-halves divaricate.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Phylloctenium= Baill.

Leaves leathery, resinous; leaf-stalk not hardening into a spine.
Flowers in racemes. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves divergent,
pendulous.--Species 1. Madagascar. (Under _Tabebuia_ Gomez). =Zaa=
Baill.

18. Leaves reduced to the jointed and winged leaf-stalk bearing
sometimes 1-3 terminal leaflets. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla slightly
irregular. Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped. Ovary septate
at the base. Fruit succulent.--Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. Some species yield timber and edible fruits or serve as
ornamental plants. (_Arthrophyllum_ Boj.) =Phyllarthron= DC.

Leaves pinnate, opposite or whorled. 19

19. Calyx long tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, nearly
regular. Anther-halves divergent. Disc ring-shaped. Ovary 2-celled
nearly to the apex. Inflorescences terminal.--Species 3. Madagascar.
=Siphocolea= Baill.

Calyx bell-shaped. 20

20. Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla regular, almost barrel-shaped,
red. Anther-halves divaricate. Disc saucer-shaped, crenate. Trees.
Inflorescences terminal.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Rhodocolea= Baill.

Calyx 5-toothed or unequally cleft. Corolla more or less irregular,
bell-funnel-shaped. Fruit dry.--Species 25. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. Some species have edible fruits. =Colea= Boj.


FAMILY 210. PEDALIACEAE

Plants with glandular hairs. Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones,
simple. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5,
united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part
of the corolla-tube, the 4 fertile in pairs of unequal length, the
fifth sterile, small, awl-shaped. Ovary superior, 2-8-celled with 2
or more axile ovules in each cell, rarely (_Linariopsis_) 1-celled
with 2 basal ovules. Style 1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigmatic lobes.
Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin
albumen.--Genera 14, species 65. (Plate 138.)

1. Flowers in terminal, raceme-or umbel-like cymes. Shrubs or small
trees. Ovary 2-4-celled with numerous ovules in each cell. Fruit a
capsule. 2

Flowers solitary or in fascicles in the axils of the leaves, with
glands at the base of the pedicels. Herbs, rarely (_Pretreothamnus_)
shrubs, but then ovules 3 in each ovary-cell. 4

2. Inflorescences umbel-or fascicle-like. Glands at the base of the
pedicels none. Corolla-tube moderately long, funnel-shaped, neither
spurred nor curved. Anthers included; halves divergent, pendulous. Disc
slightly one-sided. Ovary-cells not or very incompletely chambered.
Fruit beset with hooked bristles. Seeds narrowly winged. Leaves large,
broad, long-stalked, lobed. Spines none.--Species 6. Madagascar. (Under
_Harpagophytum_ DC.) =Uncarina= (Baill.) Stapf

Inflorescences raceme-like. Glands at the base of the pedicels
presente. Corolla-tube very long, cylindrical, spurred or curved.
Ovary-cell, nearly completely chambered. Leaves small, partly replaced
by spines. 3

3. Corolla spurred. Anthers scarcely exserted, with parallel halves.
Disc one-sided. Stem much thickened at the base.--Species 6. Central
Africa. =Sesamothamnus= Welw.

Corolla not spurred, with an S-shaped tube, yellow. Anthers exserted,
with divergent halves. Disc equal-sided. Stem not much thickened.
Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). =Sigmatosiphon= Engl.

4. Ovary and fruit 1-celled. Ovules 2, erect. Seed 1. Calyx-lobes very
unequal. Corolla violet; tube widened from the base, almost straight.
Anther-halves parallel. Disc equal-sided. Stem prostrate, hairy. Leaves
undivided. Flowers solitary.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).
Used medicinally. =Linariopsis= Welw.

Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. 5

5. Ovary and fruit 2-celled, with undivided cells. Ovules descending or
horizontal. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Flowers solitary. 6

Ovary and fruit 2-4-celled, each cell completely or incompletely
divided into two chambers. 10

6. Ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary. 7

Ovules 8 or more in each cell of the ovary. Anthers opening by long
slits. Disc one-sided. Succulent, prostrate herbs. 9

7. Fruit 4-winged, without spines. Anther-halves divergent, opening by
short slits. Disc one-sided. Corolla yellow or red. Stem tuberous at
the base.--Species 15. Central and South Africa. =Pterodiscus= Hook.

Fruit wingless, bearing spines or tubercles. Corolla yellow. Succulent
herbs. 8

8. Fruit with a large spine at the base of each angle.--Species 1.
East Africa and Madagascar. Yields vegetables and is used in medicine.
=Pedalium= Royen

Fruit without large spines at the base, but with small spines or
tubercles on the flanks. Seeds winged.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under
_Pedalium_ Royen). =Pedaliophytum= Engl.

9. Ovules 8 in each cell of the ovary. Corolla yellow; tube deeply
saccate at the base.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Holubia= Oliv.

Ovules numerous in each cell of the ovary. Corolla red; tube not or
slightly saccate at the base. Fruit with several rows of recurved
spines.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. Noxious weeds. “Grapple
plant.” (_Uncaria_ Burch.) =Harpagophytum= DC.

10. Ovules 2-3 in each chamber of the ovary, ascending, or one
ascending, the other descending. Fruit a nut. 11

Ovules numerous in each chamber, at least in the larger ones,
descending or horizontal. Fruit a capsule. 12

11. Ovules 2 in each of the 4 chambers of the ovary. Fruit with
2 spines in the middle. Corolla red. Trailing herbs. Leaves
lobed.--Species 1. Tropical and South Africa. =Pretrea= J. Gay

Ovules 3 in each chamber. Shrubs.--Species 1. Northern East Africa
(Somaliland). =Pretreothamnus= Engl.

12. Cells of the ovary and fruit unequal in size and containing an
unequal number of ovules or seeds. Corolla violet or white. Fruit
with 2-8 spines or tubercles at the base; only the larger cell
dehiscent. Erect herbs. Leaves toothed or lobed. Flowers usually in
cymes.--Species 3. Central Africa to Namaland. =Rogeria= J. Gay

Cells of the ovary and fruit equal. Flowers solitary. 13

13. Fruit with two horns or spines at the apex. Corolla red, violet,
or yellow.--Species 5. Central and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. =Ceratotheca= Endl.

Fruit without horns nor spines. Corolla red or white.--Species 20.
Central and South Africa; one species (_S. indicum_ L.) also cultivated
in Egypt and Madagascar. The seeds of this and a second species are
used as food or as a condiment and for preparing meal and oil; some
species yield dyes or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants.
(Plate 138.) =Sesamum= L.


FAMILY 211. MARTYNIACEAE

Erect, hairy herbs. Leaves broad, undivided. Flowers in racemes, with
large bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx unequally 5-lobed,
slit in front. Corolla obliquely campanulate, two-lipped, 5-lobed, red.
Fertile stamens 2, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube,
included; staminodes 3. Disc regular. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2
two-cleft parietal placentas. Ovules 4-16, descending, inverted. Style
1, long, with 2 stigmas or stigma-lobes. Fruit ending in two horns,
8-ribbed, 4-chambered and 4-seeded, opening loculicidally at the apex;
exocarp leathery, endocarp hard. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin
albumen. (Under _PEDALINEAE_.)

Genus 1, species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar and Mauritius. An
ornamental and medicinal plant. =Martynia= L.


FAMILY 212. OROBANCHACEAE

Parasitic herbs destitute of green colour. Leaves reduced to scales.
Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx
2-5-toothed or consisting of two entire or 2-toothed segments or
sepals. Corolla 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the
tube of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length. Anthers opening
lengthwise. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 4 parietal placentas.
Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.
Seeds with a pitted testa, a copious albumen, and an undivided
embryo.--Genera 2, species 30. North and Central Africa. (Plate 139.)

Calyx 5-lobed, with blunt or rounded, nearly equal lobes. Corolla
almost equally 5-lobed. Bracteoles adnate to the calyx.--Species 6.
North and Central Africa. (Under _Phelipaea_ E. Mey.) (Plate 139.)
=Cistanche= Hoffm. & Link

Calyx 2-5-toothed with pointed teeth, or consisting of two entire or
2-toothed segments or sepals.--Species 25. North and East Africa; two
species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as vegetables
or as medicinal or ornamental plants, others are noxious weeds.
“Broomrape.” (Including _Phelipaea_ E. Mey.) =Orobanche= (Tournef.) G.
Beck


FAMILY 213. GESNERACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers
irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below,
imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 2. Disc present. Ovary superior,
1-celled, with parietal placentas, sometimes incompletely 2-4-celled.
Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule. Seeds
exalbuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 6, species 65. Tropical and
South Africa. (_CRYTANDREAE._) (Plate 140.)

[Illustration: OROBANCHACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 139._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cistanche lutea Link & Hoffmsg.

_A_ Stem. _B_ Inflorescence. _C_ Flower laid open. _D_ Anther. _E_
Stigma. _F_ Ovary cut lengthwise. _G_ Ovary cut across.]

[Illustration: GESNERACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 140._

J. Fleischmann del.

Streptocarpus Cooperi Clarke

_A_ Whole plant. _B_ Flower laid open. _C_ Anther (from front and
back). _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Fruit.]

1. Fruit linear, loculicidal or follicular. Disc equal-sided, sometimes
indistinct. 2

Fruit oblong, ovate, or globose. Disc one-sided, rarely (_Saintpaulia_)
equal-sided. 3

2. Fruit twisted.--Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some are
used as ornamental plants. (Plate 140.) (Tribe STREPTOCARPEAE.)
=Streptocarpus= Lindl.

Fruit not twisted.--Species 5. West Africa and Madagascar. (_Roettlera_
Vahl, including _Trachystigma_ C. B. Clarke). [Tribe DIDYMOCARPEAE.]
=Didymocarpus= Wall.

3. Fruit globose, opening transversely. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla
blue or white. Posterior stamens fertile. Inflorescence capitate.
Leaves few.--Species 2. West Africa. [Tribe BESLERIEAE.] =Epithema=
Blume

Fruit ovate or oblong, opening lengthwise. 4

4. Fruit loculicidal or follicular. Leaf single.--Species 2. West
Africa. (Including _Carolofritschia_ Engl.) [Tribe KLUGIEAE.]
=Acanthonema= Hook. fil.

Fruit septicidal. Leaves several. [Tribe RAMONDIEAE.] 5

5. Corolla white, lobed. Disc one-sided. Anthers oblong. Ovary
completely 1-celled, glandular-hairy. Stigma entire. Stem creeping.
Leaves alternate.--Species 1. East Africa. =Linnaeopsis= Engl.

Corolla blue or violet, cleft. Disc equal-sided. Anthers ovoid or
subglobose. Ovary incompletely 2-4-celled, hairy. Stigma 2-lobed. Stem
erect or ascending. Leaves opposite or all radical.--Species 4. East
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Saintpaulia= Wendl.


FAMILY 214. LENTIBULARIACEAE

Rootless herbs with pitcher-leaves. Flowers solitary or in spikes or
racemes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 2-or 5-parted. Corolla of
united petals, 2-lipped, spurred or saccate. Stamens 2, attached to
the base of the corolla. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled,
with a free central placenta. Ovules several or many, inverted. Stigma
sessile, entire or unequally 2-lobed. Fruit a 3-many-seeded capsule.
Seeds exalbuminous.--Genera 2, species 65. (Plate 141.)

Calyx subequally 5-partite. Land-or marsh-plants. Pitcher-leaves
tubular with two spirally twisted arms. Flowers in few-flowered
racemes, with 2 bracteoles each.--Species 3. South Africa and southern
Central Africa. =Genlisea= St. Hil.

Calyx 2-partite or of 2 free sepals. Pitcher-leaves bladder-like,
ovoid or globose.--Species 60. Some of them are used as ornamental,
medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bladderwort.” (Plate 141.) =Utricularia= L.


FAMILY 215. GLOBULARIACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Flowers in
heads or spikes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla
2-lipped, 5-lobed, usually blue. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal
length, attached to the corolla. Staminodes none. Anthers turned
inwards, 2-celled, opening by a transverse slit. Disc present, usually
gland-like. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted.
Style simple; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Seed
albuminous; embryo straight, the radicle turned upwards.--Genera 3,
species 6. North Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and Socotra. (Under
_SELAGINEAE_.)

1. Flowers in spikes. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; lobes of
the upper lip similar to those of the lower.--Species 1. Island of
Socotra. =Cockburnia= Balf.

Flowers in heads. Corolla distinctly exceeding the calyx; lobes of the
upper lip much shorter than those of the lower. 2

2. Heads axillary. Corolla-tube slit open between the lobes of the
upper lip.--Species 2. Madeira, Canaries, and Cape Verde Islands.
(Under _Globularia_ L.) =Lytanthus= Wettst.

Heads terminal. Corolla-tube not slit.--Species 3. North Africa. Used
medicinally. =Globularia= L.


SUBORDER ACANTHINEAE


FAMILY 216. ACANTHACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, simple, without stipules, usually
dotted with cystoliths. Flowers more or less irregular, 4-5-merous,
hermaphrodite. Petals united below. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Disc
usually present. Style simple. Stigma entire or 2-lobed, rarely
4-lobed. Ovary superior, 2-celled, rarely (_Afromendoncia_) 1-celled.
Fruit a loculicidal capsule, the valves bearing the split dissepiments,
more rarely a drupe. Seeds 2 or more, mostly exalbuminous; funicle
usually with a hook-like outgrowth.--Genera 106, species 1100. (Plate
142.)

1. Fruit a 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded drupe. Funicles small, without an
outgrowth. Ovary 1-2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens 4,
with 2-celled anthers. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Calyx
minute, enveloped by two large bracteoles. Flowers solitary or in
clusters in the leaf-axils, rarely in terminal racemes. Leaves not
dotted with cystoliths. Climbing shrubs. [Subfamily =MENDONCIOIDEAE=.] 2

Fruit a 2-celled, 2-or more-seeded capsule. Funicles with a tubercle-or
hook-shaped outgrowth, or thickened throughout their length. Ovary
2-celled. 4

2. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit oblong or ovate. Flowers in axillary
clusters.--Species 6. Tropics. (Including _Liraya_ Pierre, under
_Mendoncia_ Vell.) =Afromendoncia= Gilg

Ovary 2-celled, at least when young. 3

[Illustration: LENTIBULARIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 141._

J. Fleischmann del.

Utricularia livida E. Mey.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower. _C_ Pistil and calyx cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: ACANTHACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 142._

J. Fleischmann del.

Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Lindau

_A_ Plant in flower (most of the corollas having fallen off). _B_
Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Stamen. _E_ Fruit cut lengthwise
(without the seeds).]


3. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves ovate. Corolla-tube curved,
gibbous below. Fruit globose.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo).
=Gilletiella= De Wild. & Dur.

Flowers in axillary clusters or in terminal racemes. Leaves
oblong.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Monachochlamys= Bak.

4. Funicles short and thick, without a distinct outgrowth. Seeds and
ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds globular, with a lateral hilum. Fruit
beaked at the apex. Stamens 4; anthers 2-celled. Corolla nearly
regular, with contorted aestivation. Calyx enclosed by two large
bracteoles. Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Shrubs or climbing
herbs. [Subfamily =THUNBERGIOIDEAE=.] 5

Funicles with a large hook-shaped or a small tubercle-shaped outgrowth;
in the latter case seeds and ovules 6 or more in each cell. 6

5. Anthers opening by pores. Stigma two-lobed. Calyx truncate. Corolla
slightly two-lipped. Flowers in racemes. Climbing shrubs.--Species
2. Madagascar and southern East Africa. (Under Thunbergia L. f.)
=Pseudocalyx= Radlk.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits.--Species 100. Tropical and South
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Hexacentris_
Nees). =Thunbergia= L. f.

6. Funicles small, with a minute wart-like outgrowth. Seeds and
ovules 6 or more in each cell. Seeds globose, with a lateral hilum,
albuminous. Fruit beaked, rarely only pointed at the apex. Calyx
unequally 4-5-parted. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, with imbricate,
not contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Disc indistinct. Herbs.
Leaves not dotted with cystoliths. Flowers in spikes. [Subfamily
=NELSONIOIDEAE=.] 7

Funicles with a distinct hook-shaped outgrowth, rarely (_Synnema_)
thickened with an obscure outgrowth, but then corolla with contorted
aestivation and leaves dotted with cystoliths. Seeds with a basal or
subbasal hilum, exalbuminous, usually flat. Fruit usually prolonged
into a stalk at the base, rarely beaked at the top. [Subfamily
=ACANTHOIDEAE=.] 9

7. Sepals 5, unequal, almost free. Stamens 4. Ovules in each cell
numerous, in 3-4 rows. Fruit not distinctly beaked.--Species 1. Central
Africa. (_Ebermaiera_ Nees, _Zenkerina_ Engl.) =Staurogyne= Wall.

Sepals 5, two of them united nearly to the top. Stamens 2. Ovules in
each cell 6-10, in two rows. Fruit beaked. 8

8. Flowers with bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence covered with
imbricate bracts. Leaves radical or alternate. Stem erect, usually very
short.--Species 1. Central Africa. (_Tubiflora_ Gmel.) =Elytraria= Vahl

Flowers without bracteoles. Stalk of the inflorescence without bracts
or wanting. Leaves opposite. Stem procumbent or ascending.--Species 1.
Tropics. =Nelsonia= R. Br.

9. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds usually
hairy. 10

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Seeds usually
glabrous. 40

10. Corolla distinctly 1-or 2-lipped. 11

Corolla nearly regular. 17

11. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and thin. Fruit contracted
into a stalk. Seeds 2 in each cell. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1.
Equatorial East Africa (Uganda). =Eranthemum= L.

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then, as usually, seeds more than 2
in each cell of the fruit. Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. [Tribe
HYGROPHILEAE.] 12

12. Corolla 1-lipped, 5-lobed; tube cylindrical. Calyx equally
5-toothed. Stamens 4. Anthers not spurred. Ovules 4-8 in each cell
of the ovary. Shrubs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 5. Central
Africa. Some of them yield fish-poison or serve as ornamental plants.
(Including _Eremomastax_ Lindau) =Paulowilhelmia= Hochst.

Corolla 2-lipped. 13

13. Fertile stamens 2; the anterior stamens sterile. Calyx 5-partite.
Corolla red or violet; tube short, with a transverse fold. Ovules
numerous. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in panicles, racemes, or
spikes.--Species 20. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants.
=Brillantaisia= Beauv.

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 2, but then the posterior stamens sterile or
wanting. 14

14. Funicles of the seeds with an indistinct, cushion-shaped outgrowth.
Ovules numerous. Stamens 2-4. Calyx 5-partite. Flowers solitary or in
axillary cymes. Herbs.--Species 6. Central Africa. (_Cardanthera_ Ham.)
=Synnema= Benth.

Funicles of the seeds with a distinct, hook-shaped outgrowth. Stamens
4, approximate in pairs, each decurrent upon a common fold. 15

15. Stem woody. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx equally 5-partite.
Anthers spurred, rarely only pointed at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each
cell of the ovary.--Species 4. East Africa. =Mellera= S. Moore

Stem herbaceous. Anthers not spurred. 16

16. Flowers in axillary clusters, intermixed with spines. Calyx
4-partite. Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell.--Species 2. Central Africa.
Used for making salt. (Under _Hygrophila_ R. Br.) =Asteracantha= Nees

Flowers solitary or in spineless clusters or panicles.--Species 20.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including
Nomaphila Blume) =Hygrophila= R. Br.

17. (10) Fruit distinctly compressed from front to back, contracted
into a short stalk, 2-4-seeded. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Stamens
4, united in pairs and decurrent at the base. [Tribe PETALIDIEAE.]
18 Fruit more or less terete or 4-angled. [Tribes RUELLIEAE and
STROBILANTHEAE.] 22

18. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled. Stigmas 2. Calyx 5-cleft or 4-parted. Flowers
in axillary clusters. Bracts oblong, about as long as the calyx;
bracteoles smaller.--Species 8. Central Africa. =Disperma= C. B. Clarke

Ovary-cells 2-ovuled. Bracts or bracteoles large. 19

19. Calyx-segments 4 owing to the complete or nearly complete union
of the two anticous segments. Flowers solitary or in short lateral
inflorescences.--Species 18. Tropics. (Under _Petalidium_ Nees).
=Pseudobarleria= T. Anders.

Calyx-segments 5, almost free. 20

20. Calyx-segments very unequal, the posticous much larger, bract-like.
Inflorescences spike-like, composed of cymes.--Species 15. Tropical
and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Aetheilema_ R. Br.,
_Micranthus_ Wendl., _Phaylopsis_ Willd.) =Phaulopsis= Willd.

Calyx-segments nearly equal. 21

21. Stigma entire, capitate. Anther-halves blunt. Flowers in terminal
false umbels.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Zygoruellia= Baill.

Stigma unequally 2-lobed, filiform. Anther-halves pointed or tailed
below. Flowers solitary or in cymes.--Species 5. West and South Africa.
=Petalidium= Nees

22. (17.) Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit contracted into a stalk,
2-4-seeded. 23

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. 30

23. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-tube long and narrow throughout its
length. 24

Fertile stamens 4. 25

24. Calyx divided nearly to the base. Corolla orange. Stigma capitate
or oblong, more or less 2-lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, contracted into a
short stalk, usually 2-seeded. Flowers in heads, spikes, or panicles.
Bracteoles nearly as long as the calyx.--Species 5. Central Africa.
Used as ornamental plants. =Lankesteria= Lindl.

Calyx divided to the middle or somewhat beyond. Corolla white. Stigma
entire, oblong-linear. Fruit linear, contracted into a long stalk,
usually 4-seeded. Flowers solitary or few together in the leaf-axils.
Bracteoles much shorter than the calyx.--Species 4. South and East
Africa. (Under _Calophanes_ Don). =Chaetacanthus= Nees

25. Filaments free from the base. 26

Filaments united in pairs at the base and decurrent in the form of two
ridges. 27

26. Calyx shortly toothed. Corolla blue, with a long tube. Disc
very small. Flowers solitary, axillary. Bracteoles very small and
narrow.--Species 2. Northern East Africa. =Satanocrater= Schweinf.

Calyx deeply divided. Flowers in racemes or panicles. Bracteoles large,
membranous.--Species 15. Central Africa. (Including _Stylarthropus_
Baill.) =Whitfieldia= Hook.

27. Staminal ridges confluent, hence all stamens inserted upon a common
fold. Anther-halves blunt. Fruit oblong ovoid or globose, 3-4-seeded.
Flowers solitary or in spikes.--Species 4. Madagascar. =Strobilanthes=
Blume

Staminal ridges separate. Flowers solitary or in cymes. 28

28. Calyx 5-cleft. Anther-halves usually tailed. Fruit linear,
4-seeded.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (_Calophanes_ Don,
including _Phillipsia_ Rolfe). =Dyschoriste= Nees

Calyx 5-parted. Anthers blunt. Fruit oblong or elliptical. 29

29. Fruit 2-seeded. Pollen-grains ovoid, with longitudinal ribs.
Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern East Africa. =Strobilanthopsis= S.
Moore

Fruit 4-seeded. Pollen-grains globular, prickly.--Species 8. Tropics.
(Under _Dischistocalyx_ T. Anders.) =Acanthopale= C. B. Clarke

30. (22.) Fertile stamens 2. 31

Fertile stamens 4. 32

31. Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Staminodes present. Corolla nearly
2-lipped; tube short, wide, funnel-shaped. Flowers several together in
the leaf-axils. Shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Under _Ruttya_ Harv.)
=Forsythiopsis= Bak.

Ovules 10 in each ovary-cell. Flowers solitary. Herbs.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Ruelliola= Baill.

32. Filaments free from the base. Anthers with a fertile and a
rudimentary half. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla white. Ovules 3-4 in each
ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes or heads.--Species 3. West Africa.
(_Physacanthus_ Benth.) =Haselhoffia= Lindau

Filaments united in pairs at the base, decurrent in the form of two
ridges. Anthers with both halves fertile. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. 33

33. Staminal ridges confluent. Anthers not tailed. 34

Staminal ridges separate. 35

34. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Flowers in loose panicles.--Species 1.
Island of St. Thomas. (Under _Paulowilhelmia_ Hochst.) =Heteradelphia=
Lindau

Corolla tubular. Flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences.--Species
5. Central Africa. =Hemigraphis= Nees

35. Anther-halves of the anterior stamens, at least one of them,
tailed at the base. Calyx-segments subequal. Corolla funnel-shaped,
with a short and wide tube. Flowers in panicles.--Species 15. Tropics.
(Including _Epiclastopelma_ Lindau) =Mimulopsis= Schweinf.

Anther-halves without an appendage at the base, rarely (_Ruelliopsis_)
all tailed, and then calyx-segments unequal and flowers solitary. 36

36. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 3-4 in each ovary-cell. Disc cup-shaped,
toothed. Anthers exserted. Corolla red. Flowers solitary. Leaves
crowded at the end of the branches. Glabrous shrubs.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Camarotea= Elliot

Stigma entire or provided with a small tooth. 37

37. Flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences. Calyx-segments
usually very unequal. Bracteoles very small.--Species 9. Central
Africa. (_Dischistocalyx_ T. Anders.) =Distichocalyx= T. Anders.

Flowers solitary or in neither spike-nor head-like cymes or panicles. 38

38. Leaves one-sided (with unequal halves) and usually very unequal in
size, entire. Flowers solitary. Bracteoles very small. Calyx-segments
subequal, very long. Corolla red or blue, with a long cylindrical tube.
Anthers included.--Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. =Endosiphon= T.
Anders.

Leaves equal-sided or nearly so, about equal in size. 39

39. Pollen-grains with many longitudinal ribs. Anthers usually tailed.
Calyx-segments unequal. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers solitary.
Bracteoles small. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.--Species 3. East and
South Africa. =Ruelliopsis= C. B. Clarke

Pollen-grains netted or pitted. Anthers not tailed.--Species 30.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (Including _Dipteracanthus_ Nees). =Ruellia= L.

40. (9.) Corolla with imbricate, not ascending aestivation, 2-lipped or
nearly regular. Filaments free. Anthers, at least those of the anterior
stamens, 2-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each cell, rarely (_Crabbea_) 3-4.
Fruit not distinctly contracted into a stalk. [Tribe BARLERIEAE.] 41

Corolla with imbricate, ascending aestivation. 48

41. Calyx 4-parted, one of the segments sometimes shortly toothed.
Stamens 2, more rarely 4, exserted. Disc cup-shaped. Stigma-lobes
2, subequal, sometimes nearly confluent. Flowers in cymes, spikes,
racemes, or heads.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.
Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Somalia_
Oliv.) =Barleria= L.

Calyx 2-or 5-parted. Stamens 4, included. Disc ring-shaped or
indistinct. 42

42. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted. Corolla folded in the bud, nearly
regular, with short triangular lobes. Anthers of the posterior stamens
1-celled. Disc indistinct. Stigma entire. Inflorescence spike-or
head-like.--Species 12. Tropics. (Including _Leucobarleria_ Lindau).
=Neuracanthus= Nees

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla not folded. Anthers 2-celled, rarely those
of the posterior stamens 1-celled, but then corolla 2-lipped. Disc
ring-shaped. 43

43. Flowers surrounded by 4 united bracts, solitary, with narrow
bracteoles. Corolla-lobes spreading, pink. Anthers 2-celled.--Species
1. Madagascar. (_Periblema_ DC.) =Boutonia= DC.

Flowers not surrounded by united bracts, solitary but without
bracteoles, or in spike-or head-like inflorescences. Corolla
two-lipped. 44

44. Bracteoles surrounding the flowers 4, large, exceeding the
calyx. Flowers in head-like cymes, very small, stalked, intermixed
with bracts. Corolla white. Anthers with equal halves. Ovary hairy
above. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigma unequally 2-lobed.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Warpuria= Stapf

Bracteoles minute or absent. 45

45. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anthers
all 2-celled. Stigma with two almost equal lobes.--Species 2. South
Africa. =Glossochilus= Nees

Flowers in spike-or head-like inflorescences. Stigma entire or very
unequally 2-lobed, rarely almost equally 2-lobed, but then anthers
partly 1-celled. 46

46. Stamens approximate in pairs. Anther-halves unappendaged,
inserted nearly at the same level. Calyx-teeth pointed. Ovary and
style glabrous. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Fruit narrow-oblong,
4-8-seeded. Inflorescence capitate.--Species 10. South and Central
Africa. =Crabbea= Harv.

Stamens not approximate in pairs. Anthers all with one half inserted
lower than the other, or the posterior with one half only developed.
Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit 2-4-seeded. 47

47. Anterior calyx-segments united halfway up. Corolla violet. Anthers
of the anterior stamens with unappendaged halves inserted at the same
level; those of the posterior stamens with one half only developed.
Stigma with 2 minute, subequal lobes. Flowers in few-flowered
spikes.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland). =Lindauea= Rendle

Anterior calyx-segments nearly free. Anthers of all or only the
anterior stamens with one half inserted lower than the other. Stigma
entire.--Species 30. Central Africa. (Including _Volkensiophyton_
Lindau). =Lepidagathis= Willd.

48. (40.) Corolla 1-lipped, 3-5-lobed; in place of the upper lip a
slit. Stamens 4. Anthers 1-celled. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell.
Flowers in spikes. [Tribe ACANTHEAE.] 49

Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular. 55

49. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white or blue, rarely yellow; tube short.
Leaves usually prickly. 50

Calyx 5-parted. Leaves undivided. 53

50. Corolla-tube of moderate length. Sepals free. Filaments very short.
Bracts small; bracteoles much larger. Leaves undivided.--Species 1.
Equatorial East Africa (Uganda). =Crossandrella= C. B. Clarke

Corolla-tube very short. Bracts large, imbricate, usually prickly;
bracteoles small and narrow or wanting. 51

51. Anterior filaments with a process near the top. Ovary with two
glandular pits at the apex. Stigma-lobes 2, equal. Corolla-tube
nearly globular. Fruit more or less contracted at the base. Seeds
hairy.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used
as vegetables or in medicine; others are noxious weeds. =Blepharis=
Juss.

Anterior filaments without an apical process. Ovary without glandular
pits at the top. Corolla-tube short-cylindrical. Fruit not or scarcely
contracted at the base. 52

52. Stigma with 2 almost equal lobes. Disc oblique. Seeds 3-4,
glabrous. Spikes stalked.--Species 15. Some of them are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. =Acanthus= L.

Stigma with very unequal lobes or entire. Disc indistinct.
Seeds bristly, usually 2. Spikes sessile. Bracts ending in 3-5
spines.--Species 7. South Africa. =Acanthopsis= Harv.

53. Calyx-segments unequal, the posterior much broader than the
anterior, 2-nerved, often toothed. Corolla red or yellow; tube very
long. Anthers included. Seeds hairy. Bracteoles usually as long as
the calyx.--Species 17. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. =Crossandra= Salisb.

Calyx-segments subequal, the posterior as broad as or a little broader
than the anterior, one-nerved, rarely many-nerved and then sometimes
toothed. Anthers more or less exserted. Seeds not hairy. Bracteoles
shorter than the calyx. 54

54. Corolla-tube long. Anthers blunt. Disc thick. Fruit not contracted
at the base.--Species 8. Tropics. (Including _Butayea_ De Wild, and
_Pleuroblepharis_ Baill., under _Sclerochiton_ Harv.) =Pseudoblepharis=
Baill.

Corolla-tube short. Anthers pointed. Disc small. Fruit slightly
contracted at the base.--Species 4. Central and South Africa.
=Sclerochiton= Harv.

55. (48.) Corolla nearly regular, often obscurely two-lipped. Ovules 2
in each ovary-cell. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 56

Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. 64

56. Fertile stamens 2. Staminodes usually present. Calyx 5-parted.
[Tribe PSEUDERANTHEMEAE.] 57

Fertile stamens 4. 59

57. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx-segments subulate. Corolla-tube
cylindrical, not widened above. Seeds 1-2, nearly smooth. Shrubs.
Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).
=Ruspolia= Lindau

Anthers 2-celled. Seeds 4, rarely fewer. 58

58. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped, much widened above. Seeds nearly
smooth. Flowers in racemes, white. Shrubs.--Species 1. Natal. Used as
an ornamental plant. (Under _Asystasia_ Blume). =Mackaya= Harv.

Corolla-tube cylindrical, scarcely widened above. Seeds
wrinkled.--Species 12. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants.
(Under _Eranthemum_ L.) =Pseuderanthemum= Radlk.

59. Anthers 1-celled, cohering. Fruit not contracted into a stalk.
Flowers in spikes.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Stenandriopsis= S. Moore

Anthers 2-celled. Fruit contracted at the base into a long stalk.
[Tribe ASYSTASIEAE.] 60

60. Calyx 5-lobed, with broad segments. Sterile stamen present.
Stigma-lobes unequal. Shrubs. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles
none.--Species 4. West Africa. (_Scytanthus_ T. Anders.) =Thomandersia=
Baill.

Calyx 5-parted, with narrow segments. Sterile stamen absent.
Stigma-lobes subequal. Seeds 4. Bracteoles present. 61

61. Anther-halves of the longer stamens elliptical, one inserted much
lower than the other; those of the shorter stamens suborbicular and
divergent. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.
=Filetia= Miq.

Anther-halves oblong, nearly parallel and inserted at about the same
level. 62

62. Disc laterally 2-lobed. Bracts long. Flowers in spikes.--Species 2.
East Africa. (Under _Asystasia_ Blume) =Parasystasia= Baill.

Disc not 2-lobed. Bracts short. 63

63. Pollen-grains prickly, not striped. Anther-halves shortly
spurred at the base. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. East Africa.
=Asystasiella= Lindau

Pollen-grain striped, not prickly.--Species 20. Tropical and South
Africa. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or
medicinal plants. =Asystasia= Blume

64. (55.) Ovules 3-6 in each ovary-cell. Fertile stamens 2, staminodes
none. Anthers 2-celled. Herbs. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1.
Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. [Tribe
ANDROGRAPHIDEAE.] =Andrographis= Nees

Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. [Tribes GRAPTOPHYLLEAE, ODONTONEMEAE,
ISOGLOSSEAE, and JUSTICIEAE.] 65

65. Fertile stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled. 66

Fertile stamens 2. 70

66. Corolla-tube long, cylindrical. Anther-halves pointed at the base.
Leaves ovate or elliptical. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. 67

Corolla-tube rather short and wide. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. 68

67. Stigma entire. Stamens inserted a little below the throat of the
corolla. Bracteoles small.--Species 1. Central Africa. (_Styasasia_ S.
Moore, under _Asystasia_ Blume) =Isochoriste= Miq.

Stigma 2-lobed. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube.
Bracteoles large.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Forcipella= Baill.

68. Anther-halves blunt at the base. Stamens inserted at the throat
of the corolla. Posterior stigma-lobe tubercle-shaped. Calyx-segments
unequal. Seeds oblong. Flowers crowded in the axils of the leaves.
Bracts and bracteoles narrow, clothed with red hairs.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Synchoriste= Baill.

Anther-halves pointed at the base. Bracts and bracteoles broad. 69

69. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, borne on a long stalk. Bracts
incised.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Podorungia= Baill.

Inflorescences terminal, racemose, the lower flowers solitary in
the leaf-axils. Pedicels 4-winged. Seeds 2, roundish.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Chlamydacanthus= Lindau

70. (65.) Staminodes 2. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Bracts and
bracteoles small. 71

Staminodes none, rarely (_Duvernoya_) solitary. 73

71. Anthers projecting far beyond the corolla-tube; halves at equal
heights, pointed at the base. Calyx short. Corolla red; tube long,
funnel-shaped. Shrubs. Flowers panicled.--Species 1. Naturalized in
West Africa. An ornamental and medicinal plant. =Graptophyllum= Nees

Anthers slightly projecting, with one half only developed. 72

72. Anthers pointed. Corolla red; tube short and wide. Flowers in cymes
or panicles.--Species 5. East and South Africa and Madagascar. =Ruttya=
Harv.

Anthers blunt. Corolla yellow; tube long, ventricose. Flowers solitary
or in cymes. Shrubs.--Species 4. Island of Socotra. =Ballochia= Balf.
fil.

73. Anthers 1-celled, blunt. 74

Anthers 2-celled. 80

74. Stigma entire. 75

Stigma 2-lobed. 76

75. Flowers in cymes surrounded by united bracts and collected in heads
or fascicles. Bracteoles exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Woolly
shrubs.--Species 2. Madagascar. =Lasiocladus= Boj.

Flowers in spikes or panicles, with free bracts. Corolla-tube very long
and narrow.--Species 9. Tropics. =Brachystephanus= Nees

76. Corolla-tube very short, bell-shaped. Stamens inserted in the
lower part of it. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Flowers in
panicles.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Oreacanthus=
Benth.

Corolla-tube not very short, cylindrical or funnel-shaped. Stamens
inserted in its upper part or at the throat. 77

77. Flowers in spikes. Bracteoles equalling the calyx. Corolla
funnel-shaped. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.--Species 2. Central
Africa. =Monothecium= Hochst.

Flowers in cymes, heads, or panicles. Bracts usually united. Bracteoles
exceeding the calyx. Calyx scarious. Fruit contracted into a short
stalk or not contracted. 78

78. Calyx deeply two-lipped, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Fruit without a stalk. Flowers panicled.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Amphiestes= S. Moore

Calyx regular or nearly so, 4-5-lobed or-parted. 79

79. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers in umbellately arranged cymes.--Species 2.
Madagascar and Comoro Islands. =Periestes= Baill.

Calyx 5-lobed to 5-parted.--Species 70. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are used in medicine. =Hypoëstes= R. Br.

80. (73.) Anther-halves inserted at unequal heights. 81

Anther-halves inserted at the same level, unappendaged at the base. 101

81. Anther-halves, both or the lower one, prolonged at the base into a
spur-or tail-like appendage. 82

Anther-halves blunt or pointed, sometimes bearing a short mucro, but
neither spurred nor tailed. 92

82. Corolla-tube barrel-shaped, widened from the base; lips short.
Calyx-segments very long and narrow. Stamens inserted in the middle of
the corolla-tube. Upper anther-half without a spur. Disc cup-shaped.
Fruit contracted into a long stalk. Shrubs. Flowers panicled,
red. Bracts and bracteoles small.--Species 2. Island of Socotra.
=Trichocalyx= Balf. fil.

Corolla-tube cylindrical or narrowly funnel-shaped. 83

83. Corolla-tube very long, much longer than the limb. Herbs or
undershrubs. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of the
leaves. Bracts narrow. 84

Corolla-tube short or rather short. 85

84. Corolla very large, red. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the
corolla-tube. Leaves lanceolate.--Species 1. South-east Africa. (Under
_Siphonoglossa_ Oerst.) =Aulojusticia= Lindau

Corolla medium-sized. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the
corolla-tube. Leaves elliptical to orbicular.--Species 3. South and
East Africa. (Under _Justicia_ L.) =Siphonoglossa= Oerst.

85. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Pollen-grains with several longitudinal rows of tubercles sometimes
replaced by patches. Partition of the fruit not separating from the
valves at maturity.--Species 160. Tropical and South Africa and Canary
Islands. Some of the species are used as ornamental, medicinal, or
dye-plants. (Including _Adhatoda_ Nees, _Dianthera_ L., _Gendarussa_
Nees, _Monechma_ Hochst., and _Rhytiglossa_ Nees). (Plate 142.)
=Justicia= L.

Disc ring-shaped. Pollen-grains usually without tubercles. 86

86. Calyx-segments 4. 87

Calyx-segments 5. 88

87. Flowers in spikes arranged in false umbels at the ends of the
branches. Fruit contracted into a short stalk. Shrubs.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Corymbostachys= Lindau

Flowers in axillary spikes. Fruit contracted into a rather long stalk.
Herbs.--Species 5. Madagascar and West Africa. (Under _Justicia_ L.)
=Anisostachya= Nees

88. Flowers in panicles. 89

Flowers in spikes. 90

89. Stem woody, shrubby. Inflorescences scantily branched. Bracts very
narrow. Corolla blue. Anther-halves both spurred. Fruit contracted into
a short stalk.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). (Under
_Justicia_ L.) =Salviacanthus= Lindau Stem herbaceous. Inflorescences
abundantly branched. Bracts broad. Lower anther-half spurred, the upper
not. Fruit contracted into a long stalk.--Species 6. Tropical and South
Africa. (Under _Justicia_ L.) =Rhaphidospora= Nees

90. Stem woody, shrubby. Calyx 5-cleft, scarious. Corolla large,
red.--Species 4. East Africa and Madagascar. (Under _Macrorungia_ C. B.
Clarke) =Symplectochilus= Lindau

Stem herbaceous. 91

91. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Calyx membranous.
Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at maturity. Flowers
small. Bracts broad, in 4 ranks, whereof two enclose no flowers.
Bracteoles large.--Species 9. Tropics. =Rungia= Nees

Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Partition of
the fruit not separating from the valves.--Species 10. Central Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Justicia L.) =Nicoteba=
Lindau

92. (81.) Corolla-tube bell-or funnel-shaped, wide throughout or much
widened above. 93

Corolla-tube cylindrical, narrow and not or slightly widened above. 95

93. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Corolla-tube
somewhat shorter than the limb. Pollen-grains ovoid, with several rows
of patches. Disc lobed. Fruit oblong or club-shaped. Flowers in spikes
or panicles.--Species 18. Tropical and South Africa. (Under _Adhatoda_
Nees or _Justicia_ L.) =Duvernoya= E. Mey.

Anther-halves inserted at very unequal heights, more rarely at slightly
unequal ones, but then corolla-tube as long as or longer than the
limb. Pollen-grains more or less globose, nearly smooth. Herbs or
undershrubs. 94

94. Flowers in cymes. Corolla-tube long. Stamens inserted at its
middle. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights. Stigma
2-lobed. Fruit oblong, without a distinct stalk. Seeds 2 fertile
and 2 sterile. Leaves sessile, lanceolate.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Melittacanthus= S. Moore

Flowers in racemes or panicles. Fruit contracted into a stalk.--Species
40. Tropical and South Africa. =Isoglossa= Oerst.

95. Corolla-tube short, much shorter than the lips. Anther-halves
inserted at slightly unequal heights. Shrubs. 96

Corolla-tube long or rather long; upper lip entire or shortly toothed.
Disc cup-shaped. 98

96. Upper lip of the corolla deeply cleft. Anther-halves pointed. Disc
cup-shaped. Leaves broad, unequal-sided. Flowers in panicles.--Species
1. Madagascar. =Populina= Baill.

Upper lip of the corolla entire or shortly toothed. Disc ring-shaped.
Flowers in spikes or fascicles. 97

97. Bracts very small, shorter than the calyx. Calyx-segments nearly
free, 3-nerved. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Partition of the fruit not separating from the valves. Species 5.
Central Africa. =Anisotes= Nees

Bracts large, as long as or longer than the calyx. Stamens inserted in
the corolla-tube. Partition of the fruit separating from the valves at
maturity.--Species 5. Tropical Africa to Transvaal. (_Macrorungia_ C.
B. Clarke). =Himantochilus= T. Anders.

98. Bracts small. Anther-halves inserted at slightly unequal heights.
Fruit oblong, narrowed into a long stalk. Shrubs, usually climbing.
Flowers in panicles.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some are
used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Rhinacanthus= Nees

Bracts large. Fruit narrowed into a short stalk. Herbs. 99

99. Bracts not opposite in pairs. Corolla small. Anther-halves inserted
at slightly unequal heights. Pollen-grains globose, with 6 pores and
several longitudinal rows of raised dots. Species 3. Equatorial West
Africa. =Chlamydocardia= Lindau

Bracts opposite in pairs and usually united at the base, enclosing 1-2
flowers. Pollen-grains ovoid, smooth, with 3 pores and 3 bands. 100

100. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Fruit oblong;
partition not separating from the valves.--Species 10. Tropical
and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
=Peristrophe= Nees

Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit ovate; partition separating
from the valves at maturity.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa.
(_Diapedium_ Koenig). =Dicliptera= Juss.

101. (80.) Corolla-tube much widened above, long, curved; lower lip
rolled in. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Shrubs.
Flowers in long terminal spikes or racemes, reddish-yellow. Bracts and
bracteoles very small.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. (_Ancalanthus_
Balf. fil.) =Angkalanthus= Balf. fil.

Corolla-tube not or slightly widened above. Stamens inserted in the
corolla-tube. Bracts not very small. 102

102. Corolla-tube rather short, about equalling the limb. Seeds usually
2. Inflorescence spike-like. Bracts large. Bracteoles small or wanting.
103

Corolla-tube long. Fruit contracted into a long stalk. 104

103. Flowers solitary in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles linear.
Fruit subglobose, contracted into a short stalk.--Species 5. Central
Africa. (Under _Ecbolium_ Kurz) =Schwabea= Endl.

Flowers 2-3 in the axil of each bract. Bracteoles bristle-like or
wanting. Shrubs.--Species 3. Central Africa. (Under _Dicliptera_ Juss.)
=Megalochlamys= Lindau

104. Bracts broad. Bracteoles long. Fruit flat. Seeds 2. Shrubs.
Flowers in spikes.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa. Some are
used medicinally. =Ecbolium= Kurz

Bracts narrow. Seeds 4. 105

105. Flowers in one-sided spikes. Bracts small. Shrubs.--Species 1.
Naturalized in the Canary Islands. =Anisacanthus= Nees

Flowers in panicles. Bracts long. Herbs.--Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa. =Schaueria= Nees


SUBORDER MYOPORINEAE


FAMILY 217. MYOPORACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones, undivided, without
stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils, without
bracteoles, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united at
the base, imbricate or open in the bud. Petals 5, united below, white,
imbricate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla tube, in two
pairs of slightly unequal length. Anthers 2-celled, the cells confluent
at the top, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior,
2-4-celled. Ovules 1-6 in each cell, pendulous from the apex of the
partition, inverted, with a thick funicle. Style simple; stigma entire
or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seeds albuminous; radicle of the embryo
superior.--Genera 3, species 4. Southern and tropical Africa.

1. Corolla salver-shaped. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules in each cell 4-6, in
pairs placed one above the other. Stigma oblong, oblique. Fruit with a
1-2-celled stone.--Species 2. South Africa. =Oftia= Adans.

Corolla bell-shaped. Ovules in each ovary-cell solitary or two side by
side. 2

2. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla slightly irregular. Ovary 2-celled.
Stigma capitate. Fruit with 4 stones.--Species 1. West Africa.
=Zombiana= Baill.

Calyx-segments lanceolate. Corolla regular. Fruit with a 2-4-celled
stone.--Species 1. Mascarene Islands. =Myoporum= Banks & Sol.


ORDER PLANTAGINALES


FAMILY 218. PLANTAGINACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs; in the latter case leaves opposite.
Leaves sessile, entire toothed lobed or pinnately cleft, without
stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes or heads, with broad bracts,
without bracteoles, small, regular, 4-merous. Calyx of united sepals.
Corolla scarious, of united petals, with imbricate aestivation,
sometimes 2-toothed. Stamens 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla
and alternating with its lobes. Filaments long, bent inwards in the
bud. Anthers large, versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits.
Ovary superior, 2-4-celled, sometimes one cell only fertile. Ovules
axile, half-inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, filiform. Fruit dry,
opening by a lid or remaining closed. Seeds with a fleshy albumen;
embryo straight or nearly so.--Genera 2, species 40. (Plate 143.)

Flowers monoecious, the male solitary, the female at their base,
solitary or several together; the latter with a bag-shaped, 2-4-toothed
corolla. Ovule 1. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded.--Species 1. Azores.
=Litorella= L.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in 2-or more-flowered spikes or
heads, all with a 4-lobed corolla. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit dehiscent,
2-or more-seeded.--Species 40. Some of them yield food for cattle and
birds, vegetables, medicaments, soda, and a mucilage. “Plantain.”
(Plate 143.) =Plantago= L.


ORDER RUBIALES


FAMILY 219. RUBIACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, entire, provided with sometimes leaf-like
stipules. Flowers regular or nearly so, but sometimes with a
curved corolla-tube. Petals united below. Stamens as many as the
corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla, free. Anthers opening by two
longitudinal slits, rarely (_Argostema_) by 1-2 apical pores. Ovary
inferior, rarely (_Gaertnera_) superior, usually 2-or more-celled.
Ovules inverted. Style 1, or several styles united at the base.--Genera
150, species 1900. (Plate 144.)

1. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily =COFFEOIDEAE=.] 2

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. [Subfamily =CINCHONOIDEAE=.] 81

2. Ovules pendulous or descending; micropyle superior. Radicle of the
embryo superior. 3

Ovules ascending; micropyle inferior. Radicle of the embryo inferior. 30

3. Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation. Shrubs or
trees. 4

Corolla with valvate aestivation. 18

4. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds with
copious albumen. Flowers in fascicles or panicles, rarely solitary.
[Tribe ALBERTEAE.] 5

Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. 16

5. Corolla curved, tubular, hairy within. Calyx 5-partite; 1-4 of the
segments much enlarged after flowering. Anthers hairy. Style much
exserted. Flowers in terminal panicles. 6

Corolla straight. Calyx-segments not enlarged, rarely all enlarged
after flowering. 7

6. Calyx with 1 enlarged segment. Corolla hairy at the base and at the
throat. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anthers bearded
at the base. Style-apex 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Nematostylis=
Hook. fil.

Calyx with 2-4 enlarged segments. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.
Style-apex entire.--Species 5. Madagascar and Natal. (_Ernestimeyera_
O. Ktze.) =Alberta= E. Mey.

[Illustration: PLANTAGINACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 143._

J. Fleischmann del.

Plantago palmata Hook. fil.

_A_ Plant in flower. _B_ Flower with a bracteole (without the anthers).
_C_ Flower cut lengthwise. _D_ Cross-section of ovary.]

[Illustration: RUBIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 144._

J. Fleischmann del.

Pavetta lasiorrhachis K. Schum.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise (two corolla-lobes cut
off). _C_ Anther. _D_ Cross-section of ovary. _E_ Group of fruits. _F_
Fruit.]


7. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx-segments enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Style long, glabrous,
two-cleft at the apex.--Species 6. Central Africa. =Psilanthus= Hook.
fil.

Flowers in fascicles or panicles. Calyx-segments not enlarged in the
fruit. 8

8. Flowers in terminal panicles. Corolla hairy at the throat. Anthers
exserted. Style downy above. Shrubs. 9

Flowers in axillary fascicles or panicles. 10

9. Calyx shortly lobed. Corolla white, funnel-shaped, 6-7-cleft.
Style-apex 2-cleft.--Species 1. East Africa. =Lamprothamnus= Hiern

Calyx deeply divided. Corolla yellow, salver-shaped, 4-cleft.
Style-apex entire.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).
=Exechostylus= K. Schum.

10. Style hairy. 11

Style glabrous. 12

11. Calyx 4-toothed or truncate. Style-apex 2-cleft. Albumen of the
seeds ruminated. Bracteoles 4, one pair united into a cup.--Species 10.
Tropics. =Polysphaeria= Hook. fil.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Style-apex entire.
Albumen of the seeds uniform. Bracteoles free.--Species 13. Tropics.
=Cremaspora= Benth.

12. Style short, with 2 long stigmas. Sepals free above the ovary.
Corolla salver-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Anthers included. Trees.
Flowers subtended by 2-3 pairs of bracteoles.--Species 1. Island of St.
Thomas. =Belonophora= Hook. fil.

Style long, with 2 short stigmas or with a single stigma. 13

13. Style-apex 2-lobed. Corolla glabrous at the throat, but sometimes
hairy below. 14

Style-apex entire, spindle-shaped, 10-ribbed. Flowers 5-merous. Anthers
more or less exserted. 15

14. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals free above the ovary. Corolla
salver-shaped. Anthers included. Flowers surrounded by 4 pairs of
bracteoles.--Species 1. West Africa (Togoland). =Kerstingia= K. Schum.

Flowers 5-merous. Sepals united above the ovary. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Anthers exserted.--Species 4. West Africa. =Aulacocalyx= Hook. fil.

15. Corolla bell-funnel-shaped, glabrous at the throat. Stipules very
narrow. Species 2. East Africa. =Heinsenia= K. Schum.

Corolla bell-wheel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Stipules
broad.--Species 3. East and South-east Africa. =Rhabdostigma= Hook. fil.

16. (4.) Flowers in heads. Calyx 4-toothed. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit
separating into two leathery nutlets. Seeds with a thick aril and
copious albumen.--Species 3. West Africa, Madagascar, Natal.
=Cephalanthus= L.

Flowers in forked cymes. Ovules with a thickened funicle. Fruit
a drupe. Seeds with scanty albumen or without albumen. [Tribe
GUETTARDEAE.] 17

17. Calyx deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary
4-9-celled. Fruit globose; cells of the stone curved.--Species 1. East
Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an ornamental
plant and in medicine. =Guettarda= Blume

Calyx persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped. Anthers somewhat exserted.
Ovary 2-8-celled. Fruit oblong.--Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring
islands. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under Guettarda Blume).
=Antirrhoea= Comm.

18. (3.) Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral heads. Ovary
1-2-celled. Fruit dry, of 1-2 nutlets. Herbs. Stipules united. [Tribe
KNOXIEAE.] 19

Flowers in lateral cymes, fascicles, or panicles. Ovary 2-many-celled.
Fruit fleshy, drupe-like. Shrubs or trees, rarely (_Pachystigma_)
herbs, but then ovary 3-5-celled. 22

19. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 1-2. Corolla bluish, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed.
Anthers included. Leaves whorled. Flowers connate in pairs, without
bracteoles. Stipules undivided.--Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Angola). =Calanda= K. Schum.

Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite. Stipules lacerated or bristle-like. 20

20. Calyx with awl-shaped, not enlarged segments. Corolla violet,
salver-shaped, with 4 lobes bearded at the apex. Anthers exserted. Disc
tubular. Stigma 2-lobed. Mericarps dehiscing lengthwise.--Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). =Paragophyton= K. Schum.

Calyx with some of the segments enlarged and leaf-like. Corolla
with long hairs at the throat. Mericarps dehiscing transversely or
indehiscent. 21

21. Mericarps separating from a central column, dehiscing transversely.
Calyx-segments 4, one of them enlarged. Corolla-lobes 4. Anthers
included. Stigma 2-lobed. Heads in panicles.--Species 1. West Africa
(Togo). =Baumannia= K. Schum.

Mericarp without a central column, indehiscent.--Species 15. Tropical
and South Africa. (Including _Holocarpa_ Bak.) =Pentanisia= Harv.

22. Ovary-cells and fruit-stones 20-30. Flowers polygamous-dioecious,
4-merous. Corolla white or yellowish, glabrous within. Anthers included
or nearly so. Seeds with scanty albumen. Shrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar
and Seychelles. =Timonius= Rumph.

Ovary-cells 2-10. Fruit-stones 1-10. Seeds with copious albumen. [Tribe
VANGUERIEAE.] 23

23. Stem herbaceous. Leaves whorled. Ovary 3-5-celled. Stigma
lobed.--Species 20. Central and South-east Africa. (_Fadogia_
Schweinf.) =Pachystigma= Hochst.

Stem woody. Leaves opposite. 24

24. Inflorescences fascicle-like or reduced to a single flower,
surrounded by an involucre of two bracts united at the base. Calyx
truncate or shortly toothed. Corolla hairy at the throat. 25

Inflorescences without an involucre. 26

25. Style deeply 4-5-cleft. Flowers in 6-12-flowered fascicles or
heads. Trees.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. =Scyphochlamys= Balf.
fil.

Style simple, with a capitate stigma.--Species 10. Mascarene Islands
and Madagascar. They yield timber. =Pyrostria= Comm.

26. Corolla curved, tubular. Calyx-segments 5, narrow. Anthers sessile.
Ovary 5-celled. Stigma 5-lobed.--Species 6. Central Africa to Delagoa
Bay. =Ancylanthus= Desf.

Corolla straight. Stigma entire or 2-lobed. 27

27. Ovary 2-celled. Flowers small. Calyx truncate or shortly toothed. 28

Ovary 3-6-celled. 29

28. Stigma peltate, 2-toothed or 2-cleft. Corolla white, hairy at the
throat. Shrubs. Leaves stiff-leathery. Stipules united at the base.
Flowers in clusters.--Species 10. Central Africa and Seychelles. Some
species yield dye-stuffs. =Craterispermum= Benth.

Stigma capitate, entire.--Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some
of them have edible fruits and are used in medicine. (_Canthium_ Lam.)
=Plectronia= L.

29. Flowers large, in many-flowered panicles, polygamous. Calyx deeply
divided, exceeding the corolla. Anthers exserted. Ovules with a
broadened funicle. Stigma hemispherical or mushroom-shaped.--Species
10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. =Cuviera= DC.

Flowers small. Stigma capitate, cylindrical, or truncate.--Species
70. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or are used in
medicine. =Vangueria= Juss.

30. (2.) Ovules inserted on the partitions of the ovary, but sometimes
near their base. 31

Ovules inserted at the base of the ovary-cells. Corolla with valvate
aestivation. Stipules unlike the leaves. 54

31. Corolla with contorted aestivation. Fruit succulent. Shrubs or
trees. Stipules small. Flowers solitary or in cymes. [Tribe IXOREAE.] 32

Corolla with valvate aestivation. 38

32. Ovules attached to placentas arising near the base of the partition
of the ovary. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma spindle-shaped. Corolla glabrous
at the throat. Flowers 5-merous, in head-like cymes. Seeds with
ruminated albumen. Climbing shrubs.--Species 20. Tropics. =Rutidea= DC.

Ovules attached to placentas arising near the middle of the partition.
33

33. Corolla with a curved tube, 5-7-lobed. Calyx-teeth indistinct.
Anthers included. Ovary 2-celled. Style with two unequal stigmas.
Flowers terminal, solitary or in groups of 3, surrounded by an
involucre. Trees.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Pleurocoffea= Baill.

Corolla with a straight tube. 34

34. Flowers with an epicalyx. Style 2-6-cleft. 35

Flowers without an epicalyx, hermaphrodite. Style 2-cleft or simple.
Ovary 2-celled. 36

35. Flowers in terminal corymbs, 4-merous polygamous. Epicalyx
2-partite. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Fruit globose.--Species
5. Mascarene Islands. They yield timber, and are used in medicine.
=Myonima= Comm.

Flowers in axillary fascicles, 5-8-merous, hermaphrodite. Ovary
2-celled.--Species 50. Tropics; one species also cultivated in Madeira.
Several species (especially _C. arabica_ L. and _C. liberica_ L.) yield
coffee, oil, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and timber; some are
used as ornamental plants. (Including _Solenixora_ Baill.) =Coffea= L.

36. Calyx entire. Corolla-tube short, glabrous at the mouth. Stamens 5.
Style-branches 2, linear, ending in a cone. Shrubs. Stipules united.
Flowers in axillary, few-flowered cymes.--Species 1. Madagascar.
(_Buseria_ Dur.) =Leiochilus= Hook. fil.

Calyx toothed. Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, rarely 5. Flowers in
usually terminal and many-flowered cymose corymbs. 37

37. Bracts at the base of the lowest branches of the inflorescence
connate into a sheath. Style-apex entire or shortly 2-toothed.--Species
120. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as
ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 144.) =Pavetta= L.

Bracts at the base of the branches of the inflorescence not connate
into a sheath. Style-apex 2-cleft. Leaves leathery. Stipules not
united.--Species 60. Tropics. Some are used as ornamental plants or in
medicine. =Ixora= L.

38. (31.) Stem woody. Stipules small, undivided, combined into a
sheath. Flowers in heads, connate by their ovaries. Calyx truncate or
with small teeth. Ovary 4-celled. Ovules inserted in the inner angle
near the base. Style 2-cleft. Fruit formed of connate drupes.--Species
6. Tropics. They yield timber, dyes, mucilage, condiments, and
medicaments. [Tribe MORINDEAE.] =Morinda= L.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base, rarely (Gaillonia) throughout,
but then flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes. Stipules more or less
lacerated or leaf-like. Ovary 2-3-celled. 39

39. Stipules similar to the leaves; hence leaves apparently whorled.
Style 2-cleft or 2-parted, with head-or club-shaped stigmas. Fruit
indehiscent; seed adnate to the pericarp. [Tribe GALIEAE.] 40

Stipules unlike the leaves, toothed, slashed or crowned by bristles,
united at the base. Ovules inserted near the middle of the partitions
of the ovary. [Tribe SPERMACOCEAE.] 46

40. Corolla funnel-shaped. 41

Corolla wheel-or bell-shaped. Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting. 43

41. Calyx-limb distinctly developed, 4-6-cleft. Corolla pink or lilac.
Stamens 4. Flowers in heads. Stem prostrate.--Species 1. North Africa.
Yields a dye-stuff. =Sherardia= Dill.

Calyx-limb indistinct or wanting, rarely of 4 free minute teeth. 42

42. Flowers in spikes. Corolla-lobes with an inflexed appendage.
Stamens 4-5. Ovules attached at the base of the partition of the
ovary.--Species 7. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Crucianella= L.

Flowers in sometimes head-like cymes. Stamens 4. Ovules attached near
the middle of the partition.--Species 5. North-west Africa. They
(especially _A. odorata_ L., woodruff) yield dyes, vermin-poison,
condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Asperula=
L.

43. Flowers subtended by a large involucral bract, in few-flowered,
axillary cymes. Stamens 3-4. Ovary with a fertile and a sterile
cell.--Species 2. North Africa. =Callipeltis= Stev.

Flowers without an involucral bract. 44

44. Pedicels connate in threes, thick, spinous, enclosing the fruit.
Flowers axillary, polygamous-monoecious. Corolla 3-lobed in the
male flowers, 4-lobed in the female and hermaphrodite. Fruit dry,
one-seeded.--Species 2. North Africa and northern East Africa.
=Vaillantia= L.

Pedicels not connate and either not spinous or not enclosing the fruit.
45

45. Fruit fleshy. Stamens 5, rarely 4.--Species 10. Some of them yield
dyes and medicaments. “Madder.” =Rubia= L.

Fruit dry. Stamens 4, rarely 3.--Species 60. Some of them yield dyes,
condiments, or medicaments. (Including _Aspera_ Moench) =Galium= Tourn.

46. (39.) Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft. Fruit separating into 3
nutlets. Calyx-limb 5-6-partite. Corolla-lobes 4-5. Flowers in terminal
heads.--Species 1. Naturalized in East and South Africa. Used in
medicine. (_Richardia_ Bartl.) =Richardsonia= L.

Ovary 2-celled. 47

47. Fruit indehiscent, not separating into mericarps. Flowers solitary
or three together in the axils of the leaves. 48

Fruit dehiscent or separating into mericarps. 49

48. Pericarp corky. Flowers rather large. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla
broadly funnel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy at the throat.--Species 2. South
Africa and Madagascar. They yield dye-stuffs. =Hydrophylax= L. f.

Pericarp bony. Flowers small. Calyx-lobes 7-8. Corolla salver-shaped,
5-lobed. Style 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Gomphocalyx= Bak.

49. Fruit separating into indehiscent mericarps. 50

Fruit dehiscent. Inflorescences head-like. 51

50. Pericarp very thin, adnate to the seed. Low shrubs. Leaves linear
or subulate, stiff. Flowers solitary or in cymes or spikes.--Species 6.
North Africa and northern Central Africa. =Gaillonia= A. Rich.

Pericarp thick or rather thick, not adnate to the seed. Herbs or
undershrubs.--Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. =Diodia= Gronov.

51. Fruit opening by a lid. Calyx-lobes 4.--Species 2. Central and
South Africa. Used medicinally. =Mitracarpus= Zucc.

Fruit opening lengthwise. 52

52. Fruit splitting upwards from the base, remaining entire at the
apex. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted on
the limb of the corolla. Style-apex capitate, shortly 2-lobed.--Species
2. East Africa. (Under _Spermacoce_ Dill.) =Hypodematium= A. Rich.

Fruit splitting downwards from the apex, remaining entire at the base.
53

53. Fruit with only one valve opening, the other remaining attached to
the partition. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Stamens
inserted at the base of the corolla-tube.--Species 1. Comoro Islands.
(_Spermacoceoides_ O. Ktze.) =Spermacoce= Dill.

Fruit with both valves opening and splitting at the apex.--Species 45.
Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used medicinally. (_Tardavel_
Adans., including _Octodon_ Thonn., under _Spermacoce_ Dill.)
=Borreria= G. W. Mey.

54. (30.) Stamens inserted at the base or on the lower part of the
corolla-tube; filaments long; anthers versatile. Flowers usually
unisexual. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Leaves having a bad smell when
rubbed. [Tribe ANTHOSPERMEAE.] 55

Stamens inserted at the mouth or on the upper part of the corolla-tube.
Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 61

55. Style and stigma entire. Flowers solitary, axillary, 5-merous,
polygamous. Fruit a nut or separating into two nutlets.--Species 3.
South Africa. =Carpacoce= Sond.

Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. 56

56. Style shortly 2-cleft. Flowers axillary, hermaphrodite.
Corolla-lobes 3-lobed. Anthers included. Fruit a drupe.
Shrubs.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. A medicinal
and ornamental plant. =Serissa= Comm.

Style deeply 2-parted. Anthers exserted. 57

57. Ovary and fruit with empty cavities between the two fertile cells;
hence apparently 3-5-celled. Fruit separating into nutlets. Flowers
axillary, dioecious.--Species 6. South Africa. (_Ambraria_ Cruse).
=Nenax= Gaertn.

Ovary and fruit 2-celled without conspicuous empty cavities. 58

58. Stem herbaceous, prostrate. Flowers axillary. Corolla-lobes
erect. Fruit a drupe.--Species 2. Island of Tristan da Cunha. Used as
ornamental plants. =Nertera= Banks & Sol.

Stem woody, at least at the base. Fruit capsular or separating into
mericarps. 59

59. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters, rarely in terminal
panicles; in this case undershrubs with entire stipules and dioecious,
4-merous flowers.--Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa.
=Anthospermum= L.

Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral cymes or panicles.
Undershrubs with 3-6-parted stipules, or shrubs with undivided stipules
and monoecious flowers. 60

60. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit warty. Stipules 3-6-parted.
Undershrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Galopina= Thunb.

Calyx 5-toothed in the male flowers, 2-toothed in the female. Flowers
polygamous-monoecious. Fruit smooth. Stipules entire. Shrubs.--Species
1. Madeira and Canary Islands. =Phyllis= L.

61. (54.) Style deeply 2-parted. Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp.
Leaves fetid when rubbed. 62

Style cleft, toothed, or entire. Fruit a drupe, rarely a berry or a
schizocarp. 64

62. Stem climbing, woody. Stipules entire. Flowers in terminal and
lateral cymes. Anthers included. Style-branches twisted. Fruit with
a fragile rind.--Species 10. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.
(Including _Lecontea_ A. Rich. and _Siphomeris_ Boj.) [Tribe
PAEDERIEAE.] =Paederia= L.

Stem erect or prostrate. Stipules toothed or slit, connate. Flowers
in terminal fascicles or spikes, rarely axillary, 5-merous. Anthers
exserted. Fruit separating into two nutlets. 63

63. Flowers polygamous. Calyx-lobes nearly equal. Corolla-lobes
recurved. Ovary and style hairy. Shrubs. Stipules toothed. Flowers
in terminal, head-like fascicles.--Species 1. South Africa. (Under
_Anthospermum_ L.) =Crocyllis= E. Mey.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-teeth very unequal, some of them
leaf-like. Corolla-lobes spreading. Ovary and style glabrous. Stipules
slit. Flowers axillary or in terminal spikes or heads.--Species 9.
Tropical and South Africa. =Otiophora= Zucc.

64. Fruit dry, separating into two mericarps. 65

Fruit succulent, berry-or drupe-like. 66

65. Filaments rather long. Mericarps without a carpophore. Flowers
solitary.--Species 1. Seychelles. =Neoschimpera= Hemsl.

Filaments none. Mericarps suspended from a cleft carpophore. Flowers in
cymes.--Species 1. Comoro Islands. =Cremocarpus= Boiv.

66. Seeds with fleshy albumen. Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla
funnel-shaped. Ovary 2-3-celled. Style 2-3-toothed. Shrubs, having a
bad smell when rubbed. Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral
cymes. 67

Seeds with horny albumen. Plants without a strong smell, rarely
exhaling a bad smell when rubbed; in this case inflorescences axillary
and style 4-12-cleft. [Tribe PSYCHOTRIEAE.] 68

67. Flowers in terminal fascicles, 4-merous. Corolla with a long
tube and spreading lobes, glabrous at the throat. Anthers distinctly
exserted. Style-apex thread-shaped, 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe.--Species 3.
North-west Africa. Used medicinally. =Putoria= Pers.

Flowers in terminal and lateral cymes, 5-7-merous. Corolla with a
rather short tube and erect lobes, hairy at the throat. Anthers
scarcely exserted. Style-apex thickened, 2-3-lobed. Fruit a berry.
Leaves linear.--Species 1. Canary Islands. =Plocama= Ait.

68. Ovary superior. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Stamens 5, inserted
on the corolla-tube. Anthers included. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in
terminal panicles or heads.--Species 25. Tropics. Some yield timber or
are used in medicine. =Gaertnera= Lam.

Ovary inferior. 69

69. Flowers axillary, solitary or in usually few-flowered cymes or
heads. Shrubs or small trees. 70

Flowers in terminal or terminal and lateral, many-flowered
inflorescences, hermaphrodite. 74

70. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 2. 71

Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigmas 4-12. 73

71. Anthers exserted. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla hairy within above the
base, glabrous at the throat. Seeds with ruminated albumen. Flowers in
heads surrounded by an involucre.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Gaboon) =Peripeplus= Pierre

Anthers included. Calyx 4-partite or nearly entire. Flowers solitary or
in glomerules. 72

72. Calyx with 4 segments alternating with small teeth. Corolla
funnel-shaped. Anthers with a short appendage at the apex. Flowers
solitary,--Species 2. Madagascar. =Hymenocnemis= Hook. fil.

Calyx nearly entire. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers unappendaged. Fruit
with a single stone. Flowers in clusters.--Species 3. Madagascar.
=Saldinia= A. Rich.

73. Leaves at first decussate, subsequently spreading in one plane,
with many thin transverse veins. Stamens inserted at the throat or on
the limb of the corolla.--Species 15. Tropics. =Lasianthus= Jack.

Leaves always decussate, without conspicuous transverse veins. Stamens
inserted in the tube of the corolla. Flowers hermaphrodite.--Species 7.
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally. =Psathura= Comm.

74. Inflorescences capitate, surrounded by an involucre. Ovary-cells
and style-branches 2-4. 75

Inflorescences without an involucre. 77

75. Corolla with a curved tube, 6-lobed, white. Calyx irregularly
lobed. Ovary-cells and style-branches 3. Shrubs.--Species 1. East
Africa. =Megalopus= K. Schum.

Corolla with a straight tube. 76

76. Seeds grooved on the ventral face.--Species 18. Central Africa.
(Under _Uragoga_ L.) =Cephaëlis= Swartz

Seeds flat on the ventral face. Creeping herbs. Leaves long-stalked,
heart-or kidney-shaped.--Species 13. Tropics. =Geophila= Don.

77. Corolla-tube curved. Anthers included. Ovary-cells and
style-branches 2. Seeds convex-concave. Shrubs or trees.--Species 20.
Tropics. (Under _Psychotria_ L.) =Chasalia= Blume

Corolla-tube straight. 78

78. Fruit with a 5-7-celled stone. Ovary-cells and style-branches 5-7.
Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers half-exserted.
Shrubs or trees. Stipules 3-pointed. Flowers in corymbs.--Species 2.
East Africa and Madagascar. =Triainolepis= Hook. fil.

Fruit with 2-5 stones. Ovary-cells and style-branches or stigma-lobes
2, rarely 3-5. 79

79. Seeds flat on the ventral face. Calyx elongate. Corolla
funnel-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers included. Herbs.
Inflorescences capitate.--Species 12. Central Africa. =Trichostachys=
Benth. & Hook.

Seeds grooved on the ventral face. 80

80 Seeds with a ruminate albumen. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the
throat. Anthers half-exserted. Shrubs.--Species 50. Tropical and South
Africa. (Under _Psychotria_ L.). =Grumilea= Gaertn.

Seeds with a uniform albumen.--Species 200. Tropical and South Africa.
(_Myrstiphyllum_ P. Br., including _Uragoga_ L. partly). =Psychotria= L.

81. (1.) Corolla with imbricate, sometimes contorted aestivation.
Shrubs or trees. 82

Corolla with valvate aestivation. 124

82. Corolla with imbricate, not contorted aestivation. Ovary 2-celled.
Style simple. Inflorescences head-like. [Tribe NAUCLEEAE.] 83

Corolla with contorted aestivation. 88

83. Ovaries of each head connate. Fruits fleshy, connate. 84

Ovaries separate. Fruits dry, separate, opening by two valves or
breaking up into two mericarps. 85

84. Inflorescences surrounded by two at first united involucral
bracts.--Species 10. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands. =Breonia= A.
Rich.

Inflorescences without involucral bracts.--Species 3. Tropics. They
yield timber, edible fruits (negro-peaches), arrow-poison, and
medicaments. =Sarcocephalus= Afzel.

85. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 4-toothed. Fruit separating
into two nutlets. (See 16.) =Cephalanthus= L.

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted. 86

86. Ovules 6-8 in each ovary-cell. Flowers bracteolate, in glomerules
collected in heads. Stem erect.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Paracephaëlis=
Baill.

Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Flowers ebracteolate, in heads. 87

87. Fruit separating into two 2-valved mericarps.--Species 2.
Madagascar. They yield timber, dye-stuffs, edible fruits, and
medicaments. =Nauclea= L.

Fruit opening by two valves. Stem climbing by hooks.--Species 2.
Tropics. (_Ourouparia_ Aubl.) =Uncaria= Schreb.

88. (82.) Fruit opening by 4 valves, leathery. Corolla salver-shaped;
tube glabrous within. Style much exserted, 2-lobed at the top. Flowers
in panicles.--Species 2. Central Africa. They yield timber and are used
in medicine. =Crossopteryx= Fenzl

Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed, usually berry-like.
[Tribe GARDENIEAE.] 89

89. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-or more-celled. Anthers
included or slightly exserted. 90

Ovary completely 2-5-celled. 93

90. Ovary 1-celled throughout its whole length, but the placentas
sometimes much projecting and approximate in the centre. Style simple
and entire or two-toothed at the apex. Flowers 5-11-merous. 91

Ovary 2-celled in its lower or upper half. Style 2-cleft. Flowers
4-5-merous, axillary. 92

91. Stipules glume-like, imbricate. Stem climbing. Flowers in
terminal cymes. Calyx 5-parted, with awl-shaped segments. Corolla
salver-shaped, glabrous within. Style very long. Stigma 2-lobed.
Fruit globose.--Species 3. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants.
=Macrosphyra= Hook. fil.

Stipules not glume-like.--Species 45. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species yield timber, dyes, edible fruits, or medicaments, or serve as
ornamental plants. (Including _Genipa_ L. partly.) =Gardenia= Ellis

92. Calyx 4-parted, with an epicalyx. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens
inserted in the corolla-tube. Seed-coat leathery. Flowers solitary or
in pairs.--Species 4. Mascarene Islands. =Fernelia= Comm.

Calyx 5-toothed, without an epicalyx. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens
inserted at the throat of the corolla. Seed-coat fibrous. Flowers in
panicles.--Species 5. West Africa. =Pouchetia= A. Rich.

93. (89.) Ovary 2-3-celled. 94

Ovary 4-5-celled. 122

94. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. 95

Ovules 4 or more in each ovary-cell. 102

95. Ovules attached to thick, fleshy placentas, and more or less sunk
in them. 96

Ovules attached to thin placentas, not sunk in them. 99

96. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex, far exserted.
Flowers in terminal corymbs.--Species 40. Tropical and South Africa.
(_Chomelia_ L., _Webera_ Schreb., including _Coptosperma_ Hook, fil.)
=Tarenna= Gaertn.

Style more or less deeply cleft. Anthers exserted. 97

97. Flowers in terminal and lateral panicles. Corolla salver-shaped.
Placentas ascending from the base of the ovary-cells.--Species 1.
Madagascar. Yields an essential oil used in perfumery and medicine.
=Santalina= Baill.

Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered. Corolla funnel-shaped. 98

98. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together, without an epicalyx. Calyx deeply
lobed.--Species 3. East and South Africa. =Empogona= Hook. fil.

Flowers fascicled, with an epicalyx of 2-6 bracteoles united at the
base.--Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Bunburya_
Meissn., _Diplocrater_ Benth. & Hook., _Diplospora_ DC., and _Kraussia_
Harv.) =Tricalysia= A. Rich.

99. Style entire or shortly toothed at the apex. Corolla funnel-shaped.
100

Style cleft at the apex or further. Anthers exserted. Inflorescences
lateral. 101

100. Flowers in terminal corymbs. Anthers included. Seeds
solitary.--Species 1. East Africa. =Enterospermum= Hiern

Flowers in axillary fascicles. Anthers exserted.--Species 1. East
Africa. =Zygoon= Hiern

101. Flowers solitary or fascicled on dwarf shoots, appearing before
the leaves. Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Corolla funnel-shaped. Seeds
without an aril; albumen uniform.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Feretia=
Del.

Flowers in cymes, appearing with the leaves. Calyx-teeth minute.
Corolla wheel-shaped. Seeds with an aril; albumen ruminate.--Species 1.
East Africa. =Galiniera= Del.

102. (94.) Style entire or shortly lobed or toothed at the apex. 103

Style more or less deeply cleft. 113

103. Calyx-segments large and broad, with imbricate, sometimes
contorted aestivation. Corolla hairy within. Anthers included. Flowers
hermaphrodite. 104

Calyx-segments small or narrow, with open aestivation. 105

104. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the leaf-axils. Corolla
bell-shaped, hairy within the base, glabrous at the throat.--Species 5.
Central Africa. (_Sherbournia_ Don) =Amaralia= Welw.

Flowers in terminal cymes. Corolla salver-shaped.--Species 25. Central
and South-east Africa. =Leptactinia= Hook. fil.

105. Flowers unisexual. 106

Flowers hermaphrodite. 108

106. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx entire or minutely toothed.
Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Trees.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Byrsophyllum= Hook. fil.

Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf-axils, or in axillary panicles.
Calyx lobed or divided. Shrubs. 107

107. Flowers in panicles. Calyx shortly lobed. Stamens inserted at the
base of the corolla-tube; connective with a leaf-like appendage. Stem
climbing.--Species 2. West Africa. =Atractogyne= Pierre

Flowers solitary or in pairs. Calyx deeply divided. Stamens inserted at
the throat of the corolla, without an appendage. Stem erect; branches
thickened and hollow at the nodes.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Cameroons). =Epitaberna= K. Schum.

108. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. 109

Inflorescences lateral. 111

109. Style much projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose
corymbs. (See 96.) =Tarenna= Gaertn.

Style not or slightly projecting beyond the corolla-tube. 110

110. Corolla-tube as long as or slightly longer than the limb.
Calyx-segments awl-shaped. Anthers included. Style hairy. Flowers in
clusters, yellowish-red.--Species 1. South Africa. Yields timber.
=Burchellia= R. Br.

Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb.--Species 85. Tropical
and South Africa. Some species yield timber, poison, a substitute for
soap, dyes, or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
_Genipa_ L. partly, _Mitriostigma_ Hochst., and _Stylocoryne_ Cav.)
=Randia= Houst.

111. Seed-coat membranous or leathery. (See 110.) =Randia= Houst.

Seed-coat fibrous. 112

112. Corolla-tube slightly longer than the limb. Stamens inserted
in the tube, included. Fruit with a leathery rind. Flowers in
fascicles.--Species 2. Madagascar. (Including _Tamatavia_ Hook. fil.)
=Chapeliera= A. Rich

Corolla-tube considerably longer than the limb. Stamens inserted at
the throat, exserted. Fruit a berry. Flowers in corymbs.--Species
35. Central and South Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as
ornamental plants. =Oxyanthus= DC.

113. (102.) Inflorescences lateral. Ovules 4-8 in each ovary-cell. 114

Inflorescences terminal or terminal and lateral. Ovules numerous in
each ovary-cell. 119

114. Placentas thick. 115

Placentas thin. 117

115. Flowers without an epicalyx. Calyx with awl-shaped segments.
Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Flagenium= Baill.

Flowers with an epicalyx. 116

116. Inflorescences borne upon a broadened, leaf-like stalk. Calyx
5-toothed. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Anthers included.--Species
3. Madagascar. =Canephora= Juss.

Inflorescences sessile or borne upon a not broadened stalk. Anthers
exserted. (See 98.) =Tricalysia= A. Rich.

117. Flowers large, with an epicalyx of partly leaf-like
bracts. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy at the throat. Anthers far
exserted.--Species 1. West Africa. =Probletostemon= K. Schum.

Flowers small, without an epicalyx. 118

118. Style-branches hairy. Seeds 1-2. Shrubs. Stipules long.--Species
4. Madagascar. =Hypobathrum= Blume

Style-branches glabrous. Seeds 3 or more. Trees. Stipules
short.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Paragenipa= Baill.

119. (113.) Calyx shortly toothed. Anthers included or nearly so.
Seed-coat pitted. Stipules united at the base.--Species 25. Tropics.
=Bertiera= Aubl.

Calyx deeply divided, with leaf-like segments. 120

120. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, with several-chambered
halves. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth.--Species
2. West Africa. =Dictyandra= Welw.

Anthers included within the corolla-tube or nearly so, with 2-chambered
halves. Corolla salver-shaped. 121

121. Fruit fleshy. Seed-coat smooth. (See 104.) =Leptactinia= Hook. fil.

Fruit dry or nearly so. Seed-coat pitted.--Species 7. Central Africa.
=Heinsia= DC.

122. (93.) Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla
funnel-shaped. Anthers exserted. Style simple. Flowers in axillary
clusters.--Species 1. Central Africa. Yields fish-poison. (Under
_Randia_ Houst.) =Morelia= A. Rich.

Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. 123

123. Flowers in lateral inflorescences. Disc cushion-shaped. Fruit
clothed with long hairs. Seeds with a fleshy aril.--Species 1. Southern
West Africa (Angola). =Chalazocarpus= Hiern

Flowers in terminal clusters. Disc rather flat. Calyx irregularly
toothed. Corolla yellow, 8-lobed. Style 4-cleft at the top. Leaves very
large.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). (_Tetrastigma_
K. Schum.) =Schumanniophyton= Harms

124. (81.) Fruit a berry or a nut with a leathery skin. Seeds numerous,
small; testa netted or dotted. [Tribe MUSSAENDEAE.] 125

Fruit a capsule or a schizocarp, rarely (_Oldenlandia_) an achene or
nut with a membranous or crustaceous skin. Ovary 2-celled, rarely
(_Pentacarpaea_) 5-celled. Flowers small. 133

125. Corolla-tube short. Style entire or toothed at the apex. Shrubs or
trees. Inflorescences without an involucre. 126

Corolla-tube long. Style more or less deeply cleft. 128

126. Flowers in terminal clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Ovary 2-celled.
Twining shrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). =Justenia=
Hiern

Flowers in axillary inflorescences. Calyx 4-7-toothed. 127

127. Corolla urn-shaped. Anthers slightly exserted. Ovary 2-celled.
Flowers solitary or in pairs.--Species 2. West Africa. =Pauridiantha=
Hook. fil.

Corolla wheel-or funnel-shaped. Anthers included. Ovary 4-7-celled.
Flowers in panicles or heads.--Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield
dyes. =Urophyllum= Wall.

128. Flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed; one
of the segments in several flowers of each inflorescence leaf-like,
enlarged and brightly coloured. Stamens inserted at the throat of the
corolla. Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs or undershrubs.--Species 30. Tropics.
Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including
_Spallanzania_ DC.) =Mussaenda= L.

Flowers in axillary inflorescences. 129

129. Inflorescences head-like and surrounded by a large, more or
less bell-shaped involucre of united bracts. Stamens inserted in the
corolla-tube. 130

Inflorescences with an involucre of free bracts or without an
involucre. 131

130. Calyx deeply divided; segments at first awl-shaped, subsequently
some or all broadened and leaf-like. Ovary-cells and style-branches
5. Fruit globose. Erect herbs.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.
=Temnopteryx= Hook. fil.

Calyx cleft about halfway down; segments ovate. Fruit ovate or oblong.
Shrubs.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Stipularia= Beauv.

131. Stamens inserted in the middle of the corolla-tube. Calyx deeply
divided; segments enlarged, leaf-like. Ovary 5-celled. Decumbent
herbs.--Species 1. West Africa. =Pentaloncha= Hook. fil.

Stamens inserted at the mouth of the corolla-tube or somewhat below it.
Shrubs. 132

132. Corolla funnel-shaped. Calyx deeply divided. Disc cup-shaped.
Ovary-cells and style-branches 2. Flowers in clusters springing from
the base of the stem. Erect, glabrous plants.--Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons). =Ecpoma= K. Schum.

Corolla tube-or salver-shaped. Hairy, usually twining plants.--Species
35. Tropics. =Sabicea= Aubl.

133. (124.) Seeds winged, numerous. Fruit a capsule. Trees or shrubs.
Stipules entire or toothed. 134

Seeds wingless. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. [Tribe OLDENLANDIEAE.]
143

134. Flowers in heads, 5-merous. 135

Flowers in panicles. [Tribe CINCHONEAE.] 137

135. Calyx 5-cleft with leaf-like segments imbricate in the bud.
Corolla tubular. Stamens concealed in the corolla-tube. Placentas
ascending. Style 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Payera= Baill.

Calyx with small and narrow segments, open in the bud, or entire.
Corolla long funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of the
corolla. Placentas pendulous or adnate to the partition of the ovary.
Style simple, far exserted. Fruit a septicidal capsule. 136

136. Calyx entire or shortly toothed. Stigma hood-shaped.--Species 4.
Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (_Mamboga_
Blanco, _Stephegyne_ Korth., under _Nauclea_ L.) =Mitragyne= Korth.

Calyx cleft about to the middle. Stigma head-or club-shaped.--Species
4. Central and South Africa. Yielding timber. =Adina= Salisb.

137. Placentas shortly adnate to the partition of the ovary and more or
less distinctly stalked. 138 Placentas adnate to the partition of the
ovary throughout their whole length or almost so. 141

138. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, 5-merous. Corolla-lobes
unappendaged. Fruit globose. Shrubs.--Species 20. Madagascar and
neighbouring islands. Some species yield dyes or medicaments; several
are poisonous. =Danais= Comm.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Corolla-lobes usually with a thread-or
club-shaped appendage on the back. Fruit oblong or linear. Trees. 139

139. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers 4-merous.
Corolla urn-shaped. Fruit loculicidal. Leaves opposite.--Species 1.
West Africa. Used medicinally. =Pseudocinchona= A. Chev.

Anthers projecting at least partly beyond the corolla-tube.
Corolla-lobes appendaged. Flowers usually 5-merous. 140

140. Fruit loculicidal. Corolla usually funnel-shaped.--Species 3. West
Africa. =Corynanthe= Welw.

Fruit septicidal. Corolla urn-or bell-shaped. Leaves whorled.--Species
3. West Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. (Under _Corynanthe_
Welw.) =Pausinystalia= Pierre

141. Fruit loculicidal. Calyx-segments subulate, deciduous.
Corolla-lobes erect. Style shortly lobed. Trees. Leaves herbaceous.
Stipules glandular-toothed. Bracts partly petal-like.--Species 8.
Tropics. =Hymenodictyon= Wall.

Fruit septicidal. 142

142. Fruit splitting downwards from the apex. Calyx-segments
lanceolate, leaf-like, deciduous. Corolla violet.--Species 4.
Madagascar. =Schismatoclada= Bak.

Fruit splitting upwards from the base. Calyx-segments persistent.
Corolla pink or yellowish. Stamens of the long-styled flowers inserted
in the middle of the corolla-tube, those of the short-styled at its
mouth. Placentas thick.--Species 3. Cultivated in the tropics. They
yield medicaments (especially quinine). =Cinchona= L.

143. (133.) Ovary 5-celled. Stigmas 5. Stamens 5, inserted a little
above the base of the corolla-tube. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long
tube. Calyx-segments unequal. Flowers in panicles. Herbs.--Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola). =Pentacarpaea= Hiern

Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 1-2. 144

144. Placentas club-shaped, ascending from the base of the ovary-cells,
few-ovuled. Shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers in terminal cymes, 4-merous.
145

Placentas attached to the partition of the ovary. 147

145. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, one or several of them
considerably enlarged. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped. Stamens
inserted in the corolla-tube. Fruit bursting irregularly. Stipules
lacerated.--Species 15. Tropics. (Under _Carphalea_ Juss.)
=Dirichletia= Klotzsch

Calyx-segments equal. 146

146. Calyx inversely umbrella-shaped, membranous at the base of the
segments. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens inserted at the throat of
the corolla. Fruit opening loculicidally. Leaves linear.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Carphalea= Juss.

Calyx not inversely umbrella-shaped, with 4 lobes alternating with
small teeth. Corolla tubular. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube.
Leaves ovate.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Placopoda= Balf.

147. Calyx-segments distinctly unequal, usually one of them much
enlarged. 148

Calyx-segments equal or nearly so. 151

148. Corolla glabrous at the throat. Style 2-lobed. Fruit loculicidal,
with a persistent and a deciduous valve. Herbs. Flowers in
cymes.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Virecta= Afzel.

Corolla hairy at the throat. Style 2-cleft. 149

149. Flowers in spikes. Fruit with septicidal and loculicidal
dehiscence. Undershrubs.--Species 12. Tropics. =Otomeria= Benth.

Flowers in fascicles, cymes, or panicles. Fruit with loculicidal
dehiscence. 150

150. Corolla red or violet. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the
corolla-tube. Herbs or undershrubs. Stipules divided into awl-shaped or
bristle-like segments.--Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some are
used as ornamental plants. (_Neurocarpaea_ R. Br.) =Pentas= Benth.

Corolla yellow or white. Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla.
Shrubs or trees. (See 128.) =Mussaenda= L.

151. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Anthers
converging above or cohering into a tube, opening at the top. Corolla
rotate. Style simple, with a capitate stigma. Fruit opening with a
lid or irregularly. Herbs. Stipules undivided. Flowers in spike-or
umbel-like cymes.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Argostema= Wall.

Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube or at its mouth.
Anthers neither converging nor cohering, opening lengthwise. 152

152. Flowers in racemes, 5-merous. Calyx-segments linear. Corolla
white, funnel-shaped; tube rather short. Anthers included. Placentas
spindle-shaped. Style 2-cleft. Creeping herbs.--Species 1. East Africa.
=Dolichometra= K. Schum.

Flowers solitary or in sometimes capitate or scorpioid cymes, often
collected in false racemes or panicles. 153

153. Flowers in one-sided cymose inflorescences, 5-merous. Stamens
inserted in the corolla-tube, included. Placentas filiform.
Style-branches spatulate. Fruit narrow, compressed, few-seeded, with
septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence. Climbing herbs. Stipules
lanceolate.--Species 1. Central Africa. =Hekistocarpa= Hook. fil.

Flowers in head-like or lax, not one-sided cymes, or solitary. 154

[Illustration: CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 145._

J. Fleischmann del.

Viburnum rugosum Pers.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Lower part of the flower cut
lengthwise. _D_ Fruit. _E_ Cross-section of fruit.]

[Illustration: VALERIANACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 146._

J. Fleischmann del.

Valeriana capensis Vahl

_A_ Aboveground part of the plant. _B_ Flower. _C_ Anther. _D_ Flower
cut lengthwise (without the anthers). _E_ Stigma. _F_ Fruit. _G_ Seed
cut lengthwise.]

154. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Anthers included.
Style 2-cleft. Fruit opening loculicidally at the apex. Herbs. Stipules
entire or toothed. Flowers in lax cymes.--Species 1. Tropical and
South-east Africa. (Under _Oldenlandia_ Plum.) =Pentodon= Hochst.

Flowers 4-merous, very rarely 5-merous, but then solitary or in pairs
or style simple. 155

155. Fruit opening by a lid, few-seeded. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla
rotate. Placentas globose, with 3-4 ovules. Undershrubs. Flowers in
terminal fascicles.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).
=Mitratheca= K. Schum.

Fruit opening lengthwise or remaining closed.--Species 120. Some of
them yield vegetables, dyes, or medicaments. (Including _Hedyotis_ L.
and _Pentanopsis_ Rendle). =Oldenlandia= Plum.


FAMILY 220. CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Leaves opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, united below. Petals
5, united below. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary inferior.
Ovules axile, pendulous. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Seeds with a
straight embryo and fleshy albumen.--Genera 4, species 15. North and
East Africa. (Plate 145.)

1. Ovary 1-celled when fully developed. Ovule 1. Style very short,
3-parted. Anthers turned inwards. Flowers in corymbs, regular, at least
the inner ones. Fruit a drupe with a 1-seeded stone. Shrubs or trees.
Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.--Species 4. North Africa. They yield
timber and medicaments or serve as ornamental plants, so especially the
guelder-rose (_V. Opulus_ L.) and the laurustinus (_V. tinus_ L.); the
latter has poisonous fruits. (Plate 145.) [Tribe VIBURNEAE.] =Viburnum=
L.

Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or more. Fruit a drupe with 3-5 stones or a
several-seeded berry. 2

2. Ovary with 1 ovule in each cell. Style very short, 3-5-parted.
Anthers turned outwards. Corolla rotate. Flowers regular, in panicles
or corymbs. Fruit a drupe. Leaves pinnately dissected.--Species 4.
North and East Africa; one species (_S. nigra_ L.) only naturalized.
The latter yields wood, pith, oil, edible fruits, and medicaments;
another species is poisonous. “Elder.” [Tribe SAMBUCEAE.] =Sambucus= L.

Ovary with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Style long. Anthers turned
inwards. Flowers more or less irregular. Fruit a berry. Leaves entire,
toothed, or lobed. Shrubs. [Tribe LONICEREAE.] 3

3. Ovary 2-3-celled.--Species 6. North-west Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. “Honeysuckle.” =Lonicera= L.

Ovary 5-celled. Fruit many-seeded.--Species 1. Naturalized in the
Azores. An ornamental plant. =Leycesteria= Wall.


FAMILY 221. VALERIANACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or all radical, without stipules.
Inflorescence cymose. Calyx not distinctly developed at the time
of flowering. Petals 5, united below. Stamens 1-3, attached to the
corolla-tube. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, with 3 cells,
two of which are empty and sometimes rudimentary. Ovule 1, pendulous,
inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or 3-parted. Seed exalbuminous;
embryo straight.--Genera 4, species 35. (Plate 146.)

1. Stamen 1. Corolla spurred. Calyx-limb developing into a feathery
pappus crowning the fruit. Fruit 1-celled.--Species 5. North Africa.
Used as ornamental plants. =Centranthus= DC.

Stamens 2-3. Corolla not spurred, but sometimes gibbous. 2

2. Stamens 2, more rarely 3, two of which are united. Corolla 2-lipped;
tube long, with a minute gibbosity near the base. Calyx-limb toothed.
Branches of the inflorescence thickened.--Species 4. North-west Africa.
=Fedia= Moench

Stamens 3, free. Corolla not 2-lipped. 3

3. Calyx-limb rolled inwards at the time of flowering, developing
afterwards into a pappus of feathery bristles. Fruit 1-celled.
Corolla-tube usually gibbous. Perennial herbs or undershrubs. Leaves
divided.--Species 5. North-west, East, and South Africa. Used as
medicinal or ornamental plants. (Plate 146.) =Valeriana= L.

Calyx-limb entire or toothed. Corolla-tube without a distinct
gibbosity. Annual herbs.--Species 20. North and South Africa and
northern East Africa. Some species, especially _V. olitoria_ Poll., are
used as salad. “Cornsalad.” =Valerianella= Haller


FAMILY 222. DIPSACACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers in
heads; each flower with an epicalyx embracing the ovary. Petals 4-5,
united below. Stamens 2-4. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior,
1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire
or 2-parted. Fruit enclosed by the epicalyx, dry, indehiscent. Seed
albuminous; embryo straight.--Genera 7, species 50. (Plate 147.)

1. Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, usually stiff and smaller
than the scales of the receptacle. Calyx-teeth numerous. Corolla-lobes
4. Stigma entire.--Species 15. (Plate 147.) =Cephalaria= Schrad.

Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows. 2

2. Involucral bracts united. Epicalyx with 8 pits near the apex.
Calyx-teeth 5. Stigma entire.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (Under
_Scabiosa_ L.) =Pycnocomon= Hoffmsg. & Link

Involucral bracts free. 3

[Illustration: DIPSACACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 147._

J. Fleischmann del.

Cephalaria rigida (Spreng.) Schrad.

_A_ Flowering blanch. _B_ Flower with epicalyx and bract. _C_ Lower
part of the flower cut lengthwise.]

[Illustration: CUCURBITACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 148._

J. Fleischmann del.

Momordica Charantia L.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Male flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Sepal.
_D_ Anther. _E_ Female flower cut lengthwise. _F_ Staminode. _G_
Cross-section of ovary. _H_ Fruit. _I_ Seed. (_H_ from Curtis’
Botanical Magazine, plate 2455.)]


3. Scales of the receptacle stiff and pointed. Calyx-teeth usually 4.
Stem prickly or bristly.--Species 5. North and East Africa. Several
species are used in the manufacture of cloth and in medicine. “Teasel.”
=Dipsacus= L.

Scales of the receptacle herbaceous or replaced by hairs. Stem glabrous
or hairy, rarely bristly. 4

4. Scales of the receptacle nearly as large as the flowers. Epicalyx
with 8 longitudinal furrows. Calyx-teeth 5. Stigma entire.--Species
2. North-west Africa and Cameroons. They yield dyes and medicaments.
(Under _Scabiosa_ L.) =Succisa= Coult.

Scales of the receptacle much smaller than the flowers or replaced by
hairs. 5

5. Calyx-teeth 4-6. Stigma 2-parted. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal
furrows or ribs and a saucer-shaped limb. Receptacle scaly.--Species
18. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Scabiosa=
L.

Calyx-teeth 8-24. 6

6. Calyx-teeth 8. Epicalyx without distinct furrows or ribs, and with a
narrow, toothed limb. Receptacle hairy.--Species 2. North-west Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under _Scabiosa_ L.) =Knautia=
Coult.

Calyx-teeth 12-24. Epicalyx with 8 longitudinal furrows and a
saucer-shaped limb.--Species 6. North Africa and Abyssinia. (Under
_Scabiosa_ L.) =Pterocephalus= Vaill.


ORDER CAMPANULATAE


SUBORDER CUCURBITINEAE


FAMILY 223. CUCURBITACEAE

Nearly always prostrate or climbing and tendril-bearing plants. Leaves
broad, usually with pedate nervation. Flowers unisexual or polygamous,
regular or nearly so, 5-merous. Calyx of united sepals. Stamens 4-5,
four of them united in pairs, rarely all united or all free. Anthers
usually opening outwards. Ovary inferior. Ovules inverted. Style
undivided or cleft. Fruit berry-like, but sometimes dehiscent, more
rarely dry and indehiscent. Seeds with a leathery or woody testa and a
straight embryo, without albumen.--Genera 42, species 270. (Plate 148.)

1. Filaments all united into a column. [Tribe SICYOIDEAE.] 2

Filaments free or united at the base or in pairs. 5

2. Anthers 2-3, horizontal, straight or slightly curved. Staminal
column very short. Male flowers in panicles, yellowish. Tendrils
2-cleft.--Species 1. East Africa. (Under _Gerrardanthus_ Harv.)
=Cyclantheropsis= Harms

Anthers 3-5, erect and much curved or twisted. 3

3. Flowers usually dioecious, the female with staminodes. Ovules
numerous, horizontal. Herbs. Tendrils simple or 2-cleft. Female
flowers solitary.--Species 30. Central and South Africa. Some species
have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(_Cephalandra_ Schrad.) =Coccinia= Wight & Arn.

Flowers monoecious, the female without staminodes. Ovule 1, pendulous.
Tendrils 3-5-cleft. Male flowers in racemes or panicles. 4

4. Female flowers solitary or in pairs. Anthers free. Fruit large,
fleshy. Shrubs. Flowers whitish.--Species 1 (_S. edule_ Swartz).
Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in North Africa, the island of
St. Thomas, and the Mascarenes. The stem yields fibres, the roots and
fruits are edible and contain starch. =Sechium= P. Browne

Female flowers crowded in heads. Fruit small, with a leathery rind.
Herbs. Flowers greenish.--Species 1. Central Africa; also cultivated in
the Mascarene Islands. Yields starch and medicaments. =Sicyos= L.

5. Stamens 5, one of them sterile; filaments free; anthers more
or less cohering, 2-celled. Petals unequal, undivided. Ovary
incompletely 3-celled; ovules few in each cell, pendulous. Styles 3;
stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit 3-valved at the apex. Seeds winged. Shrubs.
Tendrils 2-cleft. Flowers dioecious, the male in racemes, the female
solitary.--Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used medicinally.
(Including _Atheranthera_ Mast.) [Tribe FEVILLEAE.] =Gerrardanthus=
Harv.

Stamens 4-5, united in pairs, hence apparently only 2-3, rarely stamens
5, free and all fertile. 6

6. Anther-cells straight or slightly curved, rarely shortly inflexed at
the base or apex. [Tribe MELOTHRIEAE.] 7

Anther-cells much curved or twisted, U-or S-shaped. [Tribe
CUCURBITEAE.] 19

7. Anther-cells (pollen-sacs) 4. Flowers large, rose-coloured, the male
without a rudimentary pistil. Calyx-segments toothed. Petals ciliate.
Ovary oblong, 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous. Style 1. Fruit very large.
Leaves compound. Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 2. Tropics. They yield
edible oily seeds and medicaments. (Including _Ampelosicyos_ Thouars).
[Subtribe TELFAIRIINAE.] =Telfairia= Hook.

Anther-cells 2, rarely (_Melothria_) 4, but then flowers small, white
or yellow, the male with a rudimentary pistil, fruit small, and leaves
simple. 8

8. Disc at the base of the style distinctly developed. [Subtribe
MELOTHRIINAE.] 9

Disc at the base of the style indistinct or wanting. [Subtribe
ANGURIINAE.] 10

9. Calyx with a cylindrical tube and long, awl-shaped segments. Anthers
sessile, attached by the back. Male flowers solitary or 2-3 together,
female solitary.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Oreosyce= Hook. fil.

Calyx with a campanulate tube and short segments. Anthers attached
by the base.--Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. They yield
vegetables and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
_Mukia_ Arn., _Pilogyne_ Schrad., and _Zehneria_ Endl.) =Melothria= L.

10. Stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx. 11

Stamens inserted in the calyx-tube. Climbing or prostrate herbs. 12

11. Stem erect, woody, tree-like. Leaves more or less deeply divided.
Flowers monoecious, the male in panicles, without a pistil. Stigma 1,
3-lobed.--Species 1. Island of Socotra. =Dendrosicyos= Balf. fil.

Stem prostrate or climbing, herbaceous. Stigmas 3.--Species 30. Central
and South Africa, one species also cultivated in North Africa and the
Mascarene Islands. Some species yield edible fruits and medicaments, or
serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 148.) =Momordica= L.

12. Anther-cells inflexed at the apex. Connective broad. Flowers
small, yellow, monoecious, the male with a rudimentary pistil. Stigmas
3.--Species 2. West Africa. They yield edible fruits, oily seeds, and
medicaments. (Including _Cladosicyos_ Hook., under _Zehneria_ Endl.)
=Cucumeropsis= Naud.

Anther-cells straight, slightly curved, or inflexed at the base. 13

13. Calyx-tube long, cylindrical. Flowers dioecious, the male
in panicles, the female in racemes. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2,
2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Trochomeriopsis= Cogn.

Calyx-tube short, campanulate. Flowers nearly always monoecious. 14

14. Male flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads. Stamens with a
lengthened or broadened connective. 15

Male flowers in racemes. 16

15. Stigma 1, lobed. Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Staminodes of the
female flowers minute or wanting. Flowers small, yellowish-green.
Fruit opening by a lid.--Species 20. Tropical and South Africa.
=Corallocarpus= Welw.

Stigmas 3-5. Ovules numerous. Staminodes hair-like or
strap-shaped.--Species 30. Some of them (especially the cucumber, _C.
sativus_ L., and the melon, _C. Melo_ L.) yield edible fruits, oily
seeds, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. =Cucumis= L.

16. Leaf-stalk with a small, fringed, stipule-like leaf at the base.
Calyx-segments awl-shaped. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil,
female without staminodes. Connective not prolonged. Ovules 2-3 in each
cell.--Species 2. Central and South-west Africa. (_Ctenolepis_ Hook.)
=Blastania= Kotschy & Peyr.

Leaf-stalk without a stipule-like leaf at its base. 17

17. Stem short. Flowers appearing before the leaves, the male with a
rudimentary pistil, the female with linear staminodes. Calyx-segments
narrow. Connective narrow, not prolonged. Stigmas 3. Ovules numerous.
Leaves lobed.--Species 1. South Africa. =Pisosperma= Sond. & Harv.

Stem long. Flowers appearing with the leaves. 18

18. Staminodes in the female flowers thread-like, curved. Connective
not prolonged at the apex. Male flowers without a rudimentary
pistil. Stigmas 1-2. Ovules numerous. Calyx-segments broad. Fruit
bottle-shaped. Seeds globose. Leaves toothed or lobed.--Species 3.
South Africa to Ngamiland. =Toxanthera= Hook.

Staminodes in the female flowers small or wanting. Connective prolonged
at the apex, very rarely not prolonged, but then fruit oblong, without
a beak, and leaves deeply divided. Ovules usually few.--Species 15.
Central and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (Including _Coniandra_ Schrad. and _Rhynchocarpa_ Schrad.)
=Kedrostis= Medik.

19. (6.) Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell, erect. Style surrounded at
the base by a disc. Staminodes present in the female flowers. Anthers
cohering. Petals undivided.--Species 1. West Africa and Canary Islands.
(Including _Trianosperma_ Mart.) [Subtribe ABOBRINAE.] =Cayaponia=
Manso.

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cell or upon each placenta, horizontal,
rarely ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules, one erect, the other pendulous. 20

20. Petals slit at the edge, free or nearly so. Calyx-tube long. Stem
climbing. Leaves cleft or compound. Tendrils 2-3-cleft. Male flowers in
racemes. [Subtribe TRICHOSANTHINAE.] 21

Petals not slit. 22

21. Stamens combined into 3, projecting beyond the calyx-tube.
Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Fruit snake-shaped. Leaves
3-7-lobed. Tendrils 3-cleft. Flowers white.--Species 1. Cultivated
and naturalized in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Used as
a vegetable or as an ornamental or medicinal plant. “Snake-gourd.”
=Trichosanthes= L.

Stamens 5, free, seated in the calyx-tube. Male flowers without a
rudimentary pistil. Fruit pear-shaped. Leaves ternately compound.
Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Delognaea= Cogn.

22. Corolla distinctly campanulate, lobed or cleft. Ovules numerous.
Flowers large or medium-sized, the male without a rudimentary pistil.
Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. [Subtribe CUCURBITINAE.] 23

Corolla more or less rotate. [Subtribe CUCUMERINAE.] 26

23. Calyx-segments pinnately dissected. Female flowers without
staminodes. Style long, inserted on the disc. Stigmas 3, 3-5-lobed.
Fruit dry. Tendrils simple.--Species 4. Tropics. (_Raphidiocystis_
Hook.) =Rhaphidiocystis= Hook.

Calyx-segments undivided. Female flowers provided with staminodes. 24

24. Flowers monoecious. Style short and thick. Stigmas 3-5, 2-lobed.
Tendrils 2-or more-cleft.--Species 4. Cultivated and sometimes
naturalized. They yield edible fruits, oil, and medicaments, and serve
as ornamental plants. “Pumpkin.” =Cucurbita= L.

Flowers dioecious. Style long. Stigma 1, 3-lobed or 3-partite. Tendrils
simple or 2-cleft. 25

25. Anthers cohering. Staminodes of the female flowers from subulate to
oblong. Fruit small. (See 3.) =Coccinia= Wight & Arn.

Anthers free. Staminodes of the female flowers conical or globose.
Fruit rather large.--Species 6. Central Africa. (Including
_Staphylosyce_ Hook.) =Physedra= Hook.

26. (22.) Calyx-tube of the male flowers long, cylinder-or
funnel-shaped. 27

Calyx-tube of the male flowers short, top-or bell-shaped. 32

27. Anthers connate. Female flowers without Staminodes. Flowers large,
white or yellow. 28

Anthers free or loosely cohering. Female flowers provided with
staminodes. 29

28. Flowers monoecious. Anthers folded lengthwise. Ovary oblong.
Leaf-stalk without glands at the apex.--Species 20. Tropical and South
Africa. (_Peponia_ Naud.) =Peponium= Naud.

Flowers dioecious. Anthers twisted transversely. Ovary
globose.--Species 9. Tropics. Used medicinally. =Adenopus= Benth.

29. Flowers small or medium-sized, yellow or red. Anthers cohering.
Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers conical. Stigma 1, 3-lobed.
Seeds flattened. Root tuberous.--Species 15. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species have edible roots also used in medicine. (Including
_Heterosicyos_ Welw.) =Trochomeria= Hook.

Flowers large. Rudimentary pistil of the male flowers gland-like or
wanting. Stigmas 3. Climbing herbs. 30

30. Flowers monoecious, white, solitary. Style very short. Stigmas
2-lobed. Fruit with a woody rind. Seeds flattened. Leaves undivided;
stalk with 2 glands at the apex. Tendrils 2-cleft.--Species 1 (_L.
vulgaris_ Ser., bottle-gourd). Tropics; also cultivated and naturalized
in extratropical countries. It yields edible fruits, also used for
making bottles and other utensils, and serves as an ornamental and
medicinal plant. =Lagenaria= Ser.

Flowers dioecious. Tendrils simple. 31

31. Male flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided.--Species 5. West Africa.
=Cogniauxia= Baill.

Male flowers solitary or in clusters. Corolla yellow. Stamens with a
broad connective. Staminodes bearded at the base. Stigmas heart-shaped.
Fruit fleshy. Seeds nearly globose. Leaves lobed; stalk without
glands.--Species 4. Central Africa. (_Euryandra_ Hook.) =Eureiandra=
Hook.

32. (26.) Anthers connate. Flowers dioecious, the male in clusters and
without a rudimentary pistil, the female without staminodes. Leaves
undivided. 33

Anthers free or loosely cohering; in the latter case flowers
monoecious. 34

33. Stem herbaceous, without tendrils. Leaves linear. Anthers with a
scale at the base.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Eulenburgia= Pax

Stem woody, climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves broad.--Species 3. West
Africa. They yield oily seeds. =Dimorphochlamys= Hook.

34. Anthers cohering; cells horse-shoe-shaped. Flowers monoecious, the
male in umbels and with a rudimentary pistil, the female solitary and
without staminodes. Stigma subcapitate. Herbs. Leaves lobed, with a
stipule-like leaf at the base. Tendrils simple. Flowers white. Fruit
small.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Bryonia_ L.) =Dactyliandra=
Hook. fil.

Anthers free, at least when fully developed. 35

35. Stamens inserted at the throat of the calyx. 36

Stamens inserted in the tube of the calyx. 39

36. Calyx without scales at the base. Flowers dioecious, yellow or
green, the male solitary or in clusters, the female solitary, with
5 staminodes. Ovary globose. Placentas and stigmas 5. Fruits large.
Leafless, nearly erect, spiny shrubs.--Species 1. German South-west
Africa and Angola. Yields edible fruits and seeds and medicaments.
=Acanthosicyos= Welw.

Calyx with 2-3 scales at the base. Ovary bottle-shaped. Placentas and
stigmas 1-3. Climbing or prostrate herbs. 37

37. Ovules 2. Stigma 1, capitate. Flowers large, yellow,
monoecious, the male 2-3 together at the base of the leaf-blade,
without a rudimentary pistil, the female solitary or in pairs,
without staminodes. Fruits small. Leaves slightly lobed. Tendrils
simple.--Species 3. Central Africa. (_Raphanocarpus_ Hook.)
=Rhaphanocarpus= Hook.

Ovules 3 or more. Stigmas 3. 38

38. Ovules few. Fruit constricted between the seeds.--Species 1. East
Africa. (_Raphanistrocarpus_ Baill.) =Rhaphanistrocarpus= Baill.

Ovules numerous. (See 11.) =Momordica= L.

39. Male flowers in racemes. 40

Male flowers solitary or in clusters, yellow. 43

40. Female flowers in racemes or clusters, small. Ovules few. Male
flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Fruit more or less globular.
Tendrils simple.--Species 4. North Africa. Poisonous and used
medicinally. =Bryonia= L.

Female flowers solitary. Ovules numerous. 41

41. Flowers dioecious large, white, the male without a rudimentary
pistil. Stigma 1, 3-lobed. Fruit large, globose. Leafstalk with two
glands at the apex. Tendrils 2-cleft, rarely simple.--Species 1.
Tropical and South Africa. =Sphaerosicyos= Hook.

Flowers monoecious. Stigmas 3, 2-lobed. Leaf-stalk without glands. 42

42. Tendrils cleft. Leaves lobed. Fruit dry, opening by a lid.--Species
7. Tropical and South Africa; one species also cultivated in North
Africa. They are used as vegetables and medicinal plants; some have
edible, others poisonous fruits; the fibres of the fruit are employed
for making sponges, hats, and various utensils; the seeds are oily.
=Luffa= L.

Tendrils absent. Leaves undivided. Flowers yellow, the male without
a rudimentary pistil. Fruit fleshy, ejecting the seeds when
ripe.--Species 1. North Africa. A poisonous and medicinal plant.
“Squirting cucumber.” =Ecballium= A. Rich.

43. Male flowers without a rudimentary pistil. Ovules few.
Stem climbing. Tendrils two-cleft. Flowers in clusters, small,
yellowish-green, monoecious. Fruit small, globular.--Species 1.
Tropics. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. =Bryonopsis= Arn.

Male flowers with a rudimentary pistil. Ovules numerous. 44

44. Connective of the stamens with a 2-cleft appendage at the apex.
Tendrils simple, rarely wanting. (See 15.) =Cucumis= L.

Connective of the stamens not prolonged at the apex. Tendrils
2-3-cleft. Stem prostrate. Leaves lobed or divided. Flowers large,
monoecious. 45

45. Calyx-segments leaf-like, serrate, recurved. Flowers
solitary.--Species 1 (_B. hispida_ Cogn.). Cultivated in various
regions. The fruits are eaten and used in medicine. =Benincasa= Savi.

Calyx-segments awl-shaped, entire.--Species 4. They yield edible fruits
(chiefly from _C. vulgaris_ Neck., water-melon), edible oily seeds, and
medicaments; some are poisonous. (_Colocynthis_ L.) =Citrullus= Neck.


SUBORDER CAMPANULINEAE


FAMILY 224. CAMPANULACEAE

Leaves entire toothed or lobed, without stipules. Petals usually
united below. Stamens as many as the petals. Anthers turned inwards.
Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely (_Lightfootia_) superior,
2-10-celled, rarely (_Merciera_) 1-celled. Ovules inverted, numerous
and axile, rarely few and apical or basal. Style simple. Fruit a
capsule, rarely a nut or (_Canarina_) a berry. Seeds with fleshy
albumen; embryo straight.--Genera 26, species 400. (Including
_LOBELIACEAE_ and _SPHENOCLEACEAE_.) (Plate 149.)

1. Anthers connate. Flowers more or less irregular, solitary or in
racemes or panicles. [Subfamily =LOBELIOIDEAE=.] 2

Anthers free, rarely (_Jasione_) cohering at the base, but then flowers
regular and in heads. 7

2. Petals free. Flowers nearly regular, small, greenish-yellow, in
many-flowered terminal and lateral racemes.--Species 2. Madagascar.
=Dialypetalum= Benth.

Petals united below. 3

3. Corolla-tube slit down to the base or nearly so, at least on one
side. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. 4

Corolla-tube not or but shortly slit. 6

4. Fruit linear. All anthers hairy at the apex.--Species 1. South
Africa. (Under _Lobelia_ L.) =Grammatotheca= Presl

Fruit roundish. 5

5. Anthers and stigmas ripe at the same time. All anthers hairy at the
apex. Odd sepal in front.--Species 12. South and East Africa and Comoro
Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Dobrowskya_
Presl and _Parastranthus_ Don, under _Lobelia_ L.) =Monopsis= Salisb.

Anthers ripe before the stigmas. Odd sepal usually behind.--Species
120. Southern and tropical Africa, Madeira, and Azores. Some are
poisonous or are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
_Isolobus_ A. DC. and _Metzleria_ Presl) =Lobelia= L.

6. Filaments adnate to the corolla on one side to beyond the middle.
Corolla white.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion. A
poisonous and medicinal plant. =Isotoma= Lindl.

Filaments free from the corolla or shortly adnate to it. Corolla
blue or white.--Species 10. South and North-west Africa. (Including
_Enchysia_ Presl) =Laurentia= Neck.

7. (1.) Flowers distinctly irregular. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit opening
loculicidally and septicidally.--Species 30. South and Central Africa.
Several species have edible tubers. [Subfamily =CYPHIOIDEAE=.] =Cyphia=
Berg

Flowers regular or nearly so. [Subfamily =CAMPANULOIDEAE=.] 8

8. Corolla imbricate in the bud. Style very short, without collecting
hairs. Ovary 2-celled; placentas thick, suspended from the top of the
partition. Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers in spikes, small, greenish
or yellowish.--Species 1. Tropics and Egypt. [Tribe SPHENOCLEEAE.]
=Sphenoclea= Gaertn.

Corolla valvate in the bud. Style with hairs or viscid glands for
collecting the pollen. [Tribe CAMPANULEAE.] 9

9. Carpels 5, as many as the sepals or stamens, and alternating with
them. 10

Carpels as many as the sepals or stamens, but opposite to them, or
fewer. 11

10. Corolla rotate or broadly campanulate, deeply cleft, yellow or
red. Filaments broadened at the base. Fruit opening laterally by many
transverse slits. Large herbs or undershrubs. Leaves elliptical.
Flowers large, in panicles.--Species 2. Madeira. Used as ornamental
plants. =Musschia= Dumort.

Corolla tubular or narrowly campanulate. Filaments not broadened. Fruit
opening loculicidally by 5 apical valves. Seeds few. Small herbs.
Leaves linear. Flowers small, solitary or in clusters.--Species 4.
South Africa. =Microcodon= A. DC.

11. Filaments adnate to the corolla halfway or higher up. Fruit opening
by an apical lid. 12

Filaments free from the corolla or nearly so. 13

12. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from the top of the cell.
Flowers blue, in raceme-or panicle-like cymose inflorescences. Leaves
linear. Herbs or undershrubs. =Siphocodon= Turcz.

Ovules many in each cell, attached to the inner angle. Flowers red, in
heads. Leaves ovate. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Rhigiophyllum=
Hochst.

13. Anthers cohering at the base. Petals free or nearly so. Ovary
2-celled. Fruit opening loculicidally at the top. Flowers in heads
surrounded by an involucre.--Species 4. North Africa. =Jasione= L.

Anthers free. 14

14. Ovules 4, basal. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled.
Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-, rarely
2-4-seeded. Undershrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary.--Species 4. South
Africa. =Merciera= A. DC.

Ovules axile, usually numerous. Ovary 2-10-celled. 15

15. Fruit a roundish berry. Flowers solitary, terminal, large, nearly
always 6-merous. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow or red. Filaments
broadened at the base. Leaves opposite, the lower whorled.--Species 3.
East Africa and Canary Islands. They yield edible roots and fruits and
serve as ornamental plants. =Canarina= L.

Fruit a capsule, rarely a nut. Flowers usually 5-merous. 16

16. Fruit narrow, opening by an apical lid and sometimes also by
lateral slits, more rarely remaining closed. Ovary 2-celled. 17

Fruit opening by apical valves or by lateral valves, slits, or pores. 18

17. Flowers in terminal heads. Corolla tubular. Ovary ovoid.--Species
1. South Africa. (_Leptocodon_ Sond.) =Treichelia= Vatke

Flowers terminal and solitary, or in lateral glomerules. Ovary
oblong.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
=Roëlla= L.

18. Fruit opening by lateral, but sometimes nearly apical valves,
slits, or pores. 19

Fruit opening loculicidally at the apex, usually broad. 22

19. Fruit narrow, opening by pores or slits. 20

Fruit broad, opening by valves. 21

20. Fruit opening by long slits. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped
or narrowly bell-shaped.--Species 20. South Africa. =Prismatocarpus=
L’Hér.

Fruit opening by short slits or pores. Ovary 3-celled. Corolla
wheel-shaped or broadly bell-shaped.--Species 4. North Africa.
They serve as ornamental plants; the root is edible. “Venus’s
looking-glass.” =Specularia= Heist.

21. Corolla tubular. Ovary 2-3-celled. Style projecting far beyond the
corolla. Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used as an
ornamental plant; the root is edible. =Trachelium= L.

Corolla bell-or funnel-shaped. Ovary 3-5-celled. Style not or slightly
projecting beyond the corolla.--Species 25. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables or as medicinal
or ornamental plants. =Campanula= L.

22. Stigma-lobes 2-10, narrow. 23

Stigma-lobes 2-3, broad, sometimes very small. 24

23. Petals free or nearly so, narrow.--Species 50. Southern and
tropical Africa. (Plate 149.) =Lightfootia= L’Hér.

Petals obviously united below, or broad.--Species 80. Some of them
serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Cervicina_ Del.) =Wahlenbergia=
Schrad.

24. Petals free or nearly so, narrow, blue. Herbs.--Species 6. Central
and South-west Africa. =Cephalostigma= A. DC.

Petals obviously united below. 25

25. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply cleft, yellow. Style equalling the
corolla. Fruit opening at the top and laterally. Seeds numerous. Stem
woody. Species 1. Mascarene Islands. (Under _Wahlenbergia_ Schrad.)
=Heterochaenia= A. DC.

Corolla narrowly funnel-shaped, shortly lobed. Style much exceeding
the corolla. Fruit opening at the top only. Seeds about ten. Stem
herbaceous.--Species 1. Morocco. (Under _Trachelium_ L.) =Feeria= Buser


FAMILY 225. GOODENIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate, undivided, without
stipules. Flowers in axillary cymes, irregular, hermaphrodite. Calyx
truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, slit open behind, with folded
aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the corolla-lobes, free from
the corolla. Anthers free, turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 2-celled.
Ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Style simple. Stigma capitate,
surrounded by a fringed cup. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen;
embryo straight.

Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. They yield wood for
carpenters’ work, pith used in the manufacture of paper, vegetables,
and medicaments. =Scaevola= L.


FAMILY 226. COMPOSITAE

Leaves simple and exstipulate, but sometimes dissected or provided
with stipule-like auricles. Flowers seated upon a dilated or elevated
receptacle and arranged in sometimes spike-like or one-flowered
heads which are surrounded by an involucre. Heads either containing
only hermaphrodite flowers, several of which are sometimes sterile
(male), or consisting of hermaphrodite or male central (disc-) flowers
and female or neuter marginal (ray-) flowers, more rarely heads
unisexual or reduced to a single flower. Calyx-limb (pappus) formed
of sometimes connate scales or hairs, fully developed only in fruit,
or wanting. Corolla of united petals, in the hermaphrodite and male
flowers 3-5-lobed with valvate aestivation, regular (tube-, funnel-,
or bell-shaped) or 2-lipped or 1-lipped (strap-shaped), in the female
flowers sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and
alternate with them, inserted in the corolla-tube. Anthers connate,
rarely free, opening inwards by

[Illustration: CAMPANULACEAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 149._

J. Fleischmann del.

Lightfootia subulata L’Hér.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower cut lengthwise. _C_ Fruit. _D_ Seed.]

[Illustration: COMPOSITAE.

_FLOW. PL. AFR._

_Pl. 150._

J. Fleischmann del.

Vernonia Baumii O. Hoffm.

_A_ Flowering branch. _B_ Flower. _C_ Flower cut lengthwise and
pappus-bristle. _D_ Anther from front and back.] two longitudinal
slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style of
the fertile hermaphrodite flowers cleft into two branches, which bear
stigmatic papillae on the inner face or the margins, and hairs on
the outer face, on both sides, or at the top; style of the sterile
flowers usually entire. Fruit indehiscent, mostly dry. Seed solitary,
with a thin coat usually adnate to the pericarp, exalbuminous.
Embryo straight; radicle short, inferior.--Genera 327, species 4200.
(Including _AMBROSIACEAE_.) (Plate 150.)

1. Corolla of all flowers strap-shaped (ligulate). Juice milky. [Tribe
CICHORIEAE.] 2

Corolla of the hermaphrodite and male flowers not strap-shaped. Juice
not milky. 31

2. Scales on the receptacle enclosing the fruits. Thistle-like
herbs.--Species 3. North Africa and northern East Africa. Used as
vegetables and in medicine. [Subtribe SCOLYMINAE.] =Scolymus= L.

Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits or wanting. Not
thistle-like plants. 3

3. Pappus of all or of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles
which are sometimes broadened at the base or surrounded by simple
bristles or by a small crown. [Subtribe LEONTODONTINAE.] 4

Pappus consisting of simple, smooth or rough, in some cases shortly
ciliate bristles, or of such bristles and scales, or only of scales
sometimes ending in a not feathery, in some cases shortly ciliate awn,
or of scales united into a small crown, or wanting altogether. 10

4. Pappus-bristles, at least on the inner fruits, with interwoven
pinnae. Receptacle without scales. 5

Pappus-bristles with not interwoven pinnae, in 1 or 2 rows. Flowers
yellow. 7

5. Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in one row. Flower-heads
terminal, solitary, large or rather large. Leaves linear.--Species 3.
North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in St. Helena. Used
as vegetables or in medicine. “Salsify.” (Including _Geropogon_ L.)
=Tragopogon= L.

Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in several rows. 6

6. Fruits obliquely truncate at the top; hence pappus lateral.
Flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. Leaves
radical.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria) =Tourneuxia= Coss.

Fruits straight at the top.--Species 7. North and Central Africa; one
species only cultivated. They yield edible roots, food for silkworms,
and medicaments. (Including _Podospermum_ DC.) =Scorzonera= L.

7. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Involucral bracts
in several rows.--Species 6. North Africa; two of the species also
naturalized in South Africa, St. Helena, and the Mascarenes. Used in
medicine. (Including _Seriola_ L.) =Hypochoeris= L.

Receptacle without scales. 8

8. Involucral bracts in one row. Fruits with a hollow beak.
Pappus-bristles in two rows. Flower-heads solitary.--Species 2.
North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; naturalized in South Africa.
=Urospermum= Scop.

Involucral bracts in several rows. 9

9. Leaves all radical. Stem simple or scantily branched. Pappus
persistent.--Species 20. North Africa. (Including _Asterothrix_ Coss.,
_Fidelia_ Schultz, _Kalbfussia_ Schultz, _Microderis_ DC., _Millina_
Cass., and _Thrincia_ Roth). =Leontodon= L.

Leaves cauline or cauline and radical. Stem branched, hairy.--Species
20. North and Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables.
(Including _Deckera_ Schultz, _Helminthia_ Juss., _Spitzelia_ Schultz,
_Viraea_ Vahl, and _Vigineixia_ Pomel). =Picris= L.

10. (3.) Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, consisting of bristles.
[Subtribe CREPIDINAE.] 11

Pappus consisting of scales and bristles, or of scales sometimes
prolonged into an awn or united in a small crown, or wanting. [Subtribe
CICHORINAE.] 24

11. Receptacle beset with bristles. Fruits not beaked. 12

Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. 13

12. Receptacle bristly throughout. Fruits linear.--Species 1.
North-east Africa (Egypt). (_Lagoseris_ M. Bieb.) =Pterotheca= Cass.

Receptacle pitted; only the edges of the pits beset with bristles.
Fruits oblong.--Species 10. North Africa. =Andryala= L.

13. Fruits ending in a beak. 14

Fruits without a beak, but sometimes narrowed at the apex. 18

14. Fruits tubercled at the base of the beak. 15

Fruits not tubercled at the base of the beak. 17

15. Outer fruits not beaked, with a rudimentary pappus or without a
pappus. Flower-heads subequal, in corymbs.--Species 1. North-east
Africa (Egypt). =Heteroderis= Boiss.

Outer fruits similar to the inner. 16

16. Heads rather small, 7-15-flowered. Leaves radical and
cauline.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as a salad and in medicine.
=Chondrilla= L.

Heads rather large, many-flowered. Leaves all radical.--Species 8. Some
of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Dandelion.” =Taraxacum= Hall.

17. Fruits compressed.--Species 40, one of them (_L. sativa_ L.) only
cultivated. They are used as salad and fodder and in medicine; some are
poisonous. “Lettuce.” (Including _Cicerbita_ Wallr.) =Lactuca= L.

Fruits, at least the inner, terete or angular, many-ribbed.--Species
35. (Including _Anisorhamphus_ DC. and _Barkhousia_ Moench). =Crepis= L.

18. Fruits much narrowed at the top. 19

Fruits, at least the inner, not or slightly narrowed and truncate at
the top. 20

19. Stem reduced to a rootstock sometimes prolonged into a short scape.
Flowers yellow.--Species 2. East Africa. =Dianthoseris= Schultz

Stem well developed, not scape-like. (See 17.) =Crepis= L.

20. Fruits of two kinds, the inner differing from the outer. Involucral
bracts in many rows, with scarious margins. 21

Fruits all alike. 22

21. Outer fruits transversely wrinkled or hairy, inner smooth and
glabrous.--Species 20. Some of them are used medicinally. (Including
_Heterachaena_ Fres., _Microrhynchus_ Less., _Rhabdotheca_ Cass., and
_Zollikoferia_ DC.) =Launaea= Cass.

Outer and inner fruits 3-5-furrowed, with crenate ribs, the inner less
deeply furrowed. Pappus-bristles falling away together.--Species 5.
North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables. (_Picridium_ Desf.)
=Reichardia= Roth

22. Fruits obscurely ribbed, not or slightly compressed, angular.
Flowers red, violet, or white. Heads in racemes or panicles.--Species
2. Canary Islands and Socotra. =Prenanthes= L.

Fruits distinctly ribbed. Flowers usually yellow. 23

23. Fruits compressed.--Species 40. Some of them are used as vegetables
or in medicine. “Sowthistle.” =Sonchus= L.

Fruits terete or angular.--Species 7. North and South Africa and
Madagascar. Some are used in medicine. “Hawkweed.” =Hieracium= L.

24. (10.) Pappus present. 25

Pappus absent. Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. Flowers yellow.
29

25. Receptacle entirely beset with long bristles. Pappus consisting
of toothed or awned scales. Involucral bracts with a scarious
appendage.--Species 5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental
plants. =Catananche= L.

Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate, sometimes with some long
bristles in the centre. 26

26. Involucral bracts hardened at the time of maturity. Flower-heads
terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. 27

Involucral bracts not hardened at maturity. 28

27. Fruits compressed, some of them winged.--Species 3. North Africa.
=Hyoseris= L.

Fruits terete, not winged.--Species 2. North Africa. (Under _Leontodon_
L.) =Hedypnois= Schreb.

28. Flowers yellow. Involucral bracts subequal in length. Fruits
6-8-ribbed. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and
bristles.--Species 12. North and Central Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. =Tolpis= Bivona

Flowers blue, red, or white. Involucral bracts unequal in length.
Fruits 5-angled. Pappus consisting of short scales.--Species 6. North
and Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized elsewhere, two
of them only cultivated. The latter yield vegetables, salad, fodder
for cattle, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee. “Chicory.”
=Cichorium= L.

29. Involucral bracts hardened later on and enclosing the outer fruits.
Fruits linear, the outer spreading.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as
salad. =Rhagadiolus= Juss.

Involucral bracts neither hardened nor enclosing the fruits. 30

30. Fruits linear, incurved at the top, spreading, the ribs beset with
short prickles.--Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). =Koelpinia=
Pall.

Fruits oblong-ovate, rounded at the top, compressed, many-streaked,
glabrous.--Species 1. North Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. Yields salad and is used in medicine. (_Lampsana_ Juss.)
=Lapsana= L.

31. (1.) Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers, at or somewhat below
the point of division, thickened or provided with a ring of rather
long hairs. Involucral bracts in several rows. [Tribes CYNAREAE and
ARCTOTIDEAE.] 32

Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers neither thickened nor provided with
a ring of long hairs at or below the point of division. 67

32. Outer (ray-) flowers strap-shaped. Anthers not tailed. 33

Outer flowers not strap-shaped. Anthers usually more or less distinctly
tailed. 41

33. Involucral bracts free, the inner scarious at the apex.
Flower-heads solitary. 34

Involucral bracts united below. [Subtribe GORTERINAE.] 35

34. Pappus formed of feathery bristles. Outer involucral bracts
leaf-like and usually prickly. Leaves prickly.--Species 12. North
Africa. One of the species yields gum and is used in medicine.
=Atractylis= L.

Pappus formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown, or
wanting.--Species 85. South and Central Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Including _Arctotheca_ Wendl., _Cryptostemma_
R. Br., _Damatris_ Cass., _Haplocarpha_ Less., _Landtia_ Less.,
_Microstephium_ Less., and _Venidium_ Less.) =Arctotis= L.

35. Involucral bracts united at the base only. Receptacle with deep
pits enclosing the fruits. 36

Involucral bracts united to the middle or beyond. Receptacle with more
or less shallow pits not enclosing the fruits. 38

36. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer leaf-like and longer than
the inner. Pappus of feathery-fringed scales. Flower-heads solitary.
Leaves entire or prickly-toothed, often ciliate.--Species 5. South
Africa. =Didelta= L’Hér.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. 37

37. Pappus formed of scales.--Species 80. South and Central Africa.
Some are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds. (_Crocodiloides_
Adans., including _Stephanocoma_ Less. and _Stobaea_ Thunb.)
=Berkheya= Ehrh.

Pappus wanting. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves undivided.--Species 15.
South Africa. =Cullumia= R. Br.

38. Involucral bracts united at the base or up to halfway. Fruits
clothed with long hairs. 39

Involucral bracts united high up. Receptacle with shallow pits. Herbs.
40

39. Receptacle with deep pits. Pappus of two unequally long rows of
scales. Herbs.--Species 7. South and Central Africa. =Berkheyopsis= O.
Hoffm.

Receptacle with shallow pits. Pappus a small crown of bristles or
wanting. Shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. =Hirpicium= Cass.

40. Involucral bracts hardened and prickly at the time of maturity.
Pappus formed of one-ranked scales or wanting. Fruits nearly
glabrous.--Species 4. South Africa. =Gorteria= L.

Involucral bracts unchanged at maturity. Pappus formed of usually
two-ranked scales. Fruits clothed with long hairs.--Species 35. South
Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
(_Meridiana_ Hill). =Gazania= Gaertn.

41. (32.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flower-heads
collected in clusters. Flowers red or violet. Corolla-tube short.
Leaves pinnately divided. [Subtribe GUNDELINAE.] 42

Receptacle rarely with scales between the flowers, and then
flower-heads not in clusters. 43

42. Involucral bracts united below. Pappus crown-shaped. Leaves
cauline, prickly.--Species 1. North Africa. =Gundelia= L.

Involucral bracts free. Pappus of unequal scales. Leaves
radical.--Species 3. South and Central Africa. =Platycarpha= Less.

43. Heads 1-flowered, collected in globose secondary heads. Partial
involucres of many bracts and bristles. Flowers blue or white. Anthers
tailed. Pappus present. Leaves toothed or divided.--Species 20. Central
and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Globe-thistle.”
(_Sphaerocephalus_ L.) =Echinops= L.

Heads several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered but not arranged in heads. 44

44. Fruits with a lateral or at least distinctly oblique point of
attachment. [Subtribe CENTAUREINAE.] 45

Fruits with a basal, straight or nearly straight point of attachment. 51

45. Heads surrounded outside the calyx-like involucre by an involucre
of leaves. Leaves prickly. 46

Heads without an outer involucre of leaves, rarely (_Centaurea_)
surrounded by some unarmed leaves. 48

46. Pappus double, of two unequally long rows of bristles. Fruits
ribbed. Heads containing hermaphrodite and male flowers. Flowers
yellow.--Species 1. North Africa, also naturalized in South Africa.
Used medicinally. (_Carbenia_ Adans.) =Cnicus= Gaertn.

Pappus simple or wanting. 47

47. Pappus of feathery bristles. Flowers blue, all
hermaphrodite.--Species 13. North Africa and northern East Africa.
=Carduncellus= Juss.

Pappus of not feathery bristles or scales, or wanting.--Species
15. North Africa and northern East Africa; two of the species also
naturalized in South Africa. Some species (chiefly the safflower,
_C. tinctorius_ L.) yield dyes, oil, and medicaments. (Including
_Kentrophyllum_ Neck.) =Carthamus= L.

48. Fruits with a threefold border towards the top. Pappus of scales
and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers.
Flowers white or yellow. Involucral bracts appendaged. Leaves
undivided.--Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). =Zoegea= L.

Fruits with a simple border at the top. 49

49. Fruits with a crenate ring within the pappus, hairy; pappus of
scales and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers.
Flowers red. Involucral bracts unappendaged. Leaves pinnately divided
into narrow segments.--Species 1. North Africa. =Crupina= Cass.

Fruits without a crenate ring within the pappus, or without any pappus.
50

50. Involucral bracts with a scarious or prickly appendage, rarely
without an appendage, and then pappus consisting of unequally long
scales or double.--Species 90. North and Central Africa; two of the
species naturalized in South Africa. Several species yield edible roots
or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. (Including _Aegialophila_
Boiss. & Heldr., _Amberboa_ DC., _Leuzea_ DC., _Melanoloma_ Cass.,
_Microlonchus_ Cass., _Phaeopappus_ Boiss., _Rhaponticum_ Lam., and
_Volutarella_ Cass.) =Centaurea= L.

Involucral bracts without a scarious or prickly appendage,
but sometimes with a small point. Pappus of unequally long
bristles.--Species 4. North Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments.
“Sawwort.” =Serratula= L.

51. (44.) Fruits, at least the central ones, clothed with silky hairs,
not margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARLININAE.] 52

Fruits glabrous, usually margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARDUINAE.] 56

52. Pappus formed of feathery scales or bristles. Outer bracts of the
involucre leaf-like, usually prickly, inner scarious at the apex.
Leaves prickly. 53

Pappus formed of not feathery scales. 54

53. Inner involucral bracts spreading horizontally, petal-like.
Flower-heads large.--Species 7. North Africa. Some are used
medicinally. =Carlina= L.

Inner involucral bracts not spreading horizontally. Herbs. (See 34.)
=Atractylis= L.

54. Heads solitary, containing fertile hermaphrodite disc-flowers with
a regular corolla and sterile female ray-flowers with a two-lipped
corolla. Inner involucral bracts long, usually petal-like. Leaves
entire, not prickly.--Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental
plants. =Xeranthemum= L.

Heads containing only fertile hermaphrodite flowers. Involucral bracts
prickly. Leaves toothed or divided, prickly. 55

55. Receptacle deeply pitted. Anthers not tailed. (See 37.) =Berkheya=
Ehrh.

Receptacle not pitted. Anthers tailed. Heads arranged in
cymes.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (_Broteroa_ Willd.)
=Cardopatium= Juss.

56. (51.) Filaments united. Flowers red. Leaves white-stained, prickly.
57

Filaments free. 58

57. Heads panicled; the central flowers hermaphrodite, the outer
neuter. Pappus-bristles feathery.--Species 3. North Africa. (_Lupsia_
Neck.) =Galactites= Neck.

Heads solitary; all flowers hermaphrodite. Pappus-bristles not
feathery.--Species 2. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized
in South Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine. =Silybum= Gaertn.

58. Filaments warty or hairy. Leaves usually prickly. 59

Filaments glabrous. 62

59. Receptacle deeply pitted, without bristles.--Species 9. North
Africa. =Onopordon= L.

Receptacle slightly or not pitted, bristly. 60

60. Receptacle fleshy. Flower-heads large, solitary. Leaves
divided.--Species 6. North Africa; one species (_C. Scolymus_ L.,
artichoke) only cultivated. They are used as vegetables and in
medicine. (Including _Cynaropsis_ O. Ktze.) =Cynara= L.

Receptacle not fleshy. 61

61. Pappus-bristles feathery.--Species 17. North and Central Africa.
Some are used as vegetables and in medicine. (_Cnicus_ L., including
_Chamaepeuce_ DC., _Notobasis_ Cass., and _Picnomon_ DC.) =Cirsium=
Scop.

Pappus-bristles not feathery.--Species 20. North and East Africa.
=Carduus= L.

62. Receptacle deeply pitted, ciliate only at the edges of the pits.
Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Flowers yellow.
Anthers not tailed. 63

Receptacle not or slightly pitted, bristly. Pappus of bristles. 64

63. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer the longer. (See 36.)
=Didelta= L’Hér.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. (See 37.)
=Berkheya= Ehrh.

64. Involucral bracts ending in hooked awns. Heads in racemes. Leaves
undivided, unarmed. Herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Yields oil and
medicaments. “Burdock.” (_Lappa_ Juss.) _Arctium_ L.

Involucral bracts without hooked awns. 65

65. Pappus-bristles in one row, not feathery, united below.
Flowers red. Heads narrow, in corymbs. Leaves undivided, unarmed.
Undershrubs.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used medicinally.
=Staehelina= L.

Pappus-bristles in several rows, rough or feathery. 66

66. Pappus-bristles rough. Leaves unarmed. Flowers red.--Species 1.
North Africa. =Jurinea= Cass.

Pappus-bristles feathery. Leaves prickly. (See 61.) =Cirsium= Scop.

67. (31.) Anthers tailed, i.e., produced at the base into two
acuminate, awned, or ciliate appendages. 68

Anthers not tailed: entire, auricled, or sagittate, rarely shortly
mucronate at the base. 200

68. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers irregular, more or less
2-lipped. 69

Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers, at least of the inner ones,
regular. 71

69. Style-branches hairy at the top only. Pappus of scales and
bristles. Heads containing only hermaphrodite flowers. Herbs.--Species
3. Central and South Africa. =Pegolettia= Cass.

Style-branches hairy far down or throughout their whole length.
Pappus of bristles. Flower-heads solitary. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribe
MUTISINAE.] 70

70. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. Trees.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Cloiselia= S. Moore

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and the outer female.
Herbs.--Species 30. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (Including _Perdicium_ L.) =Gerbera= Gronov.

71. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply divided. [Tribe
MUTISIEAE, subtribe GOCHNATINAE.] 72

Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers toothed or cleft, more rarely
flowers unisexual. [Tribes INULEAE and CALENDULEAE.] 78

72. Style hairy in the upper part, unappendaged. Fruits clothed
with long silky hairs. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Heads
solitary, large; all flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs. Leaves pinnately
cleft.--Species 1. North Africa. =Warionia= Benth. & Coss.

Style appendaged above the hairy part or without hairs. 73

73. Pappus none. Fruits with 5 ribs thickened above, hairy. Receptacle
with scales between the flowers. Heads with hermaphrodite and male
flowers. Anthers with an appendage at the apex. Herbs.--Species 2. East
Africa. =Achyrothalamus= O. Hoffm.

Pappus consisting of bristles or scales. 74

74. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flowers all
hermaphrodite, but the corollas sometimes of two kinds. Fruits
glabrous. Pappus of 4-5 deciduous scales. Herbs. Flower-heads
solitary.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Erythrocephalum= Benth.

Receptacle without scales. 75

75. Receptacle pitted, with toothed edges to the pits. Corolla of the
marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows
of scales. Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.--Species 2. Central Africa.
(_Phyllactinia_ Benth.) =Pasaccardoa= O. Ktze.

Receptacle without pits toothed at the edges. 76

76. Involucral bracts blunt. Flowers all hermaphrodite. Pappus of
several rows of bristles.--Species 13. Central Africa. =Pleiotaxis=
Steetz

Involucral bracts pointed. 77

77. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, but the marginal flowers
with a 2-lipped corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus of feathery bristles.
Shrubs with thick branches. Leaves leathery. Heads very large,
red-flowered.--Species 3. South Africa. =Oldenburgia= Less.

Heads either with all the flowers hermaphrodite and equal-shaped, or
with neuter marginal flowers. Leaves herbaceous.--Species 35. Tropical
and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. (Including
_Brachyachaenium_ Bak. and _Hochstetteria_ DC.) =Dicoma= Cass.

78. (71.) Receptacle bearing chaffy scales between the flowers, at
least towards the margin. 79

Receptacle without scales between the flowers, glabrous or hairy. 114

79. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 80

Heads with the central flowers hermaphrodite or male, the marginal
female or neuter. 85

80. Pappus of 3-4 minute teeth or ring-shaped or wanting. 81

Pappus of bristles or lacerated scales. 82

81. Fruits slightly flattened. Involucral bracts scarious. Flower-heads
collected in compound heads.--Species 3. East Africa. =Polycline= Oliv.

Fruits 4-angled. Involucral bracts united below, hardening after the
time of flowering. Flower-heads solitary, terminal.--Species 3. North
Africa. =Anvillea= DC.

82. Pappus of 5 lacerated scales. Heads in corymbs. Leaves mostly
3-lobed.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). =Eenia= Hiern &
Moore

Pappus of bristles. 83

83. Pappus-bristles in two rows, not feathery. Fruits hairy. Involucral
bracts pungent. Heath-like shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa.
=Lachnospermum= Willd.

Pappus-bristles in one row. Involucral bracts scarious. Not heath-like
plants. 84

84. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base.--Species 15. South Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. =Helipterum= DC.

Pappus-bristles feathery only at the tip or not feathery.--Species
300. Some of them are used as medicinal or ornamental plants
(“everlastings”). (_Elichrysum_ Gaertn., including _Aphelexis_ Don).
=Helichrysum= Gaertn.

85. (79.) Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. 86

Corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped. 102

86. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt or rounded,
with the marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the tip.
Disc-flowers hermaphrodite, fertile, yellow; ray-flowers yellow or
white. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe BUPHTHALMINAE.] 87 Style-branches of
the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal rows of stigmatic
papillae not confluent at the tip. 97

87. Pappus absent. 88

Pappus present, at least upon the inner fruits. 89

88. Involucral bracts united at the base. Scales on the receptacle
broad. (See 81.) =Anvillea= DC.

Involucral bracts free. Scales of the receptacle very narrow.--Species
2. Central Africa. =Astephania= Oliv.

89. Pappus cup-shaped, minutely toothed.--Species 12. =Sphacophyllum=
Boj.

Pappus of scales or bristles. 90

90. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a
pappus. Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only.--Species 3. North
Africa. =Rhanterium= Desf.

Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of scales or of scales and
bristles. 91

91. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of outer scales and
inner bristles. Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only.
Fruits 10-ribbed. Shrubs.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Kalahari).
=Philyrophyllum= O. Hoffm.

Pappus of all fruits consisting of scales, rarely (_Anisopappus_) of
scales intermingled with some bristles. 92

92. Involucral bracts with a large scarious appendage. Heads
solitary.--Species 1. German South-west Africa. =Ondetia= Benth.

Involucral bracts without a scarious appendage. 93

93. Involucral bracts leathery. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers
deeply 5-cleft. Heads in cymes.--Species 20. South and Central Africa.
=Geigeria= Griesselich

Involucral bracts herbaceous or membranous. Corolla of the
hermaphrodite flowers 5-toothed. 94

94. Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers thickened, broader than
the limb, corky. Marginal fruits winged. Flower-heads solitary, with
an outer involucre of mucronate leaves.--Species 1. North Africa.
=Pallenis= Cass.

Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers not thickened, narrower than
the limb. 95

95. Outer and inner fruits alike, many-ribbed. Pappus-scales
unequal. Heads in leafy corymbs. Herbs.--Species 6. Central Africa.
=Anisopappus= Hook. & Arn.

Outer and inner fruits dissimilar. Heads solitary, terminal. 96

96. Inner fruits conspicuously compressed. Pappus of a few very unequal
scales. Herbs.--Species 5. South Africa. =Callilepis= DC.

Inner fruits scarcely compressed. Pappus of many subequal
scales.--Species 13. North and Central Africa. _O. pygmaeum_ O.
Hoffm. is one of the hygroscopic plants called “rose of Jericho.”
(_Asteriscus_ Moench) =Odontospermum= Neck.

97. (86.) Pappus wanting. Shrubs. 98

Pappus present. 99

98. Scales between the flowers bristle-like. Leaves small, pungent,
nearly glabrous.--Species 1. South Africa. =Arrowsmithia= DC.

Scales between the flowers not bristle-like. Leaves
glandular-hairy.--Species 2. South Africa. Used medicinally.
=Osmitopsis= Cass.

99. Pappus of the inner fruits formed of scales sometimes united into a
small crown. 100

Pappus of the inner fruits formed of bristles or of scales and
bristles. 101

100. Involucral bracts in few rows. Style-branches truncate.
Undershrubs.--Species 8. South Africa. Some are used medicinally.
=Osmites= L.

Involucral bracts in many rows.--Species 20. South Africa. =Relhania=
L’Hér.

101. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of many scales and two awns.
Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Rosenia= Thunb.

Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles sometimes
intermingled with scales. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 7. South,
North, and East Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Leyssera= L.

102. (85.) Heads collected in glomerules, heads, or spikes. Female
marginal flowers usually numerous. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe
FILAGININAE.] 103

Heads solitary or in cymes, corymbs, or panicles. Female marginal
flowers few. Involucral bracts scarious or ending in a coloured
appendage. Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles. 110

103. Marginal or all fruits without a pappus. Herbs. 104

Marginal fruits, at least the inner ones, or all fruits provided with a
pappus. 106

104. Scales on the receptacle tightly enclosing the marginal fruits.
Corolla of the female flowers inserted laterally upon the ovary.
Herbs.--Species 2. North Africa. =Micropus= L.

Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits. 105

105. Central fruits without a pappus. Heads in compound heads.
Herbs.--Species 7. North Africa. (Including _Evacidium_ Pomel) =Evax=
Gaertn.

Central fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules
or in spikes. Leaves linear.--Species 10. South and North Africa.
(Including _Trichogyne_ Less.) =Ifloga= Cass.

106. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of scales, that of the
marginal ones of scales and bristles. Heads in glomerules. Glabrous
herbs.--Species 1. North Africa. =Gymnarrhena= Desf.

Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles. 107

107. Stem herbaceous, woolly or cottony. 108

Stem woody, at least at the base. 109

108. Stem winged. Pappus of all fruits formed of one or two rows of
bristles.--Species 1. Madagascar and Mauritius. (_Monenteles_ Labill.)
=Pterocaulon= Ell.

Stem not winged.--Species 13. North Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde
Islands. (Including _Logfia_ Boiss. and _Xerotium_ Bluff & Fing.)
=Filago= L.

109. Leaves hairy. Heads in glomerules. Female flowers in several rows.
Shrubs.--Species 1. Island of Mauritius. =Cylindrocline= Cass.

Leaves glabrous. Heads in compound heads or in spikes. Female flowers
few.--Species 7. Central Africa. =Blepharispermum= Wight

110. (102.) Heads containing 3-6 female and 1-2 fertile hermaphrodite
flowers and collected in dense cymes arranged in panicles.
Undershrubs.--Species 9. Tropical and South-east Africa. =Achyrocline=
Less.

Heads containing fewer female than hermaphrodite flowers. 111

111. Hermaphrodite flowers sterile, the inner not subtended by scales.
Shrubs. 112

Hermaphrodite flowers fertile. 113

112. Female flowers in the axils of the outer involucral bracts
and separated from the hermaphrodite flowers by two rows of inner
involucral bracts.--Species 1. South Africa. =Petalactella= N. E. Brown

Female flowers in the axils of the inner involucral bracts.
Pappus-bristles thickened or penicillate at the apex.--Species 1. South
Africa. =Petalacte= Don

113. Scales between the flowers long, deciduous. Shrubs.--Species 3.
Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including _Rhynea_ DC.) =Cassinia= R.
Br.

Scales between the flowers short, persistent. (See 84.) =Helichrysum=
Gaertn.

114. (78.) Flowers dioecious. Trees or shrubs. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe
TARCHONANTHINAE.] 115

Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or monoecious, rarely (_Anaphalis_)
subdioecious, but then herbs. 117

115. Involucral bracts of the male heads in one row, united below, of
the female in two rows. Pappus none.--Species 3. South and Central
Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. =Tarchonanthus= L.

Involucral bracts in several rows. Pappus of bristles. 116

116. Pappus-bristles in one row. Heads in fascicles.--Species 3.
Madagascar. =Synchodendron= Boj.

Pappus-bristles in two rows. Heads in racemes or panicles.--Species 10.
Southern and Tropical Africa. Some species yield timber. =Brachylaena=
R. Br.

117. Inner flowers hermaphrodite but sterile (male). 118

Inner flowers hermaphrodite and fertile. 134

118. Corolla of the outer flowers strap-shaped. 119

Corolla of the outer flowers thread-shaped. 125

119. Pappus consisting of bristles. Shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa.
=Macowania= Oliv.

Pappus wanting. 120

120. Receptacle beset with many long bristles. Outer fruits compressed.
Shrubs. Leaves pungent. (See 98.) =Arrowsmithia= DC.

Receptacle glabrous, rarely bearing some bristles; in this case fruits
turgid. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.] 121

121. Marginal fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered.
Herbs or undershrubs. 122

Marginal fruits all alike. 123

122. Fruits curved. Heads medium-sized.--Species 15. North and South
Africa and Cape Verde Islands, some also naturalized in St. Helena, and
one species naturalized in the extratropical regions. Some are used as
ornamental plants (marigold) or yield medicaments and a substitute for
saffron. =Calendula= L.

Fruits straight. Heads small.--Species 3. South Africa. (Including
_Xenisma_ DC.) =Oligocarpus= Less.

123. Fruits with 3 wings and a cupular apical appendage. Involucral
bracts in one row.--Species 35. South and Central Africa. =Tripteris=
Less.

Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages. 124

124. Involucral bracts in one row or nearly so. Fruits 3-angled,
usually tubercled. Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species
20. South Africa to Angola. Some are used as ornamental plants.
=Dimorphotheca= Moench

Involucral bracts in 2 or more rows. Marginal flowers yellow. Fruits
thick and hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed.--Species 60. South and
Central Africa. (Including _Gibbaria_ Cass.) =Osteospermum= L.

125. (118.) Heads of two kinds; one kind with nearly all the flowers
male, the other with nearly all female. Pappus of free bristles. Woolly
or cottony herbs. Heads in corymbs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Anaphalis=
DC.

Heads all alike. 126

126. Female flowers in one row. Involucral bracts scarious, all or the
inner petal-like. Pappus of bristles. Cottony shrubs or undershrubs. 127

Female flowers in several rows. 128

127. Heads large, solitary.--Species 1. South Africa. Used as an
ornamental plant. =Phaenocoma= Don

Heads small, in dense cymes.--Species 7. South Africa. =Anaxeton= Cass.

128. Pappus consisting of bristles. 129

Pappus wanting, at least in the marginal fruits. 131

129. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 3.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. =Monarrhenus= Cass.

Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs. 130

130. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. Species 15. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield camphor and medicaments. (_Placus_ Lour.)
=Blumea= DC.

Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs.--Species
15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Including _Tecmarsis_ DC.)
=Pluchea= Cass.

131. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a
pappus. 132

Inner and outer fruits without a pappus. 133

132. Heads in glomerules. Involucral bracts scarious. Corolla-limb of
the female flowers shortly toothed. Pappus-bristles 2-6.--Species 6.
Tropical and South Africa. (Including _Demidium_ DC.) =Amphidoxa= DC.

Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts scarious only at the edges,
subequal. Corolla-limb of the female flowers two-cleft. Pappus-bristles
1-2.--Species 2. South and Central Africa. =Denekia= Thunb.

133. Heads arranged in cymes.--Species 3. Central and South Africa.
(Including _Litogyne_ Harv.) =Epaltes= Cass.

Heads collected in compound heads.--Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa and Egypt. Some species are used medicinally. =Sphaeranthus= L.

134. (117.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose
within, hairy outside from the tips downwards to below the point of
division. 135

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the edges,
hairy only in their upper part. 149

135. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 136

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite or male, the outer female.
138

136. Pappus wanting; fruits with an indistinctly cupular margin at the
apex. Heads small, 1-4-flowered, arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species
2. Madagascar. =Apodocephala= Bak.

Pappus present. Heads medium-sized. 137

137. Fruits hairy. Pappus of scales. Receptacle bristly. Heads sessile.
Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under
_Geigeria_ Griesselich). =Thysanurus= O. Hoffm.

Fruits glabrous. Pappus of bristles. Receptacle glabrous. Heads
stalked. Shrubs.--Species 5. Madagascar. =Centauropsis= Boj.

138. Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers strap-shaped.
Receptacle pitted. Outer involucral bracts mucronate. Fruits
hairy. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Shrubs. Heads solitary,
yellow-flowered.--Species 1. South-west Africa (Namaland).
=Eremothamnus= O. Hoffm.

Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers thread-shaped. [Tribe INULEAE,
subtribe PLUCHEINAE.] 139

139. Pappus wanting. 140

Pappus present, at least in the hermaphrodite (central) flowers. 141

140. Heads arranged in cymes. (See 133.) =Epaltes= Cass.

Heads collected in compound heads. (See 133.) =Sphaeranthus= L.

141. Inner fruits with a pappus of 1-5 bristles, outer without a
pappus. 142

Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus. 143

142. Pappus of 1-2 bristles feathery at the tip. Corolla-limb of the
female flowers 2-cleft. Heads in corymbs. (See 132.) =Denekia= Thunb.

Pappus of 3-5 simple bristles. Corolla-limb of the female flowers
4-5-cleft. Heads solitary.--Species 1. East Africa. =Delamerea= S.
Moore

143. Pappus of scales united into a small crown. Heads in compound
heads collected in heads of the third order.--Species 1. East Africa.
=Triplocephalum= O. Hoffm.

Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles. 144

144. Pappus of scales and bristles. Fruits hairy. Heads in leafy
panicles, red-flowered.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Porphyrostemma=
Grant

Pappus of bristles. 145

145. Female flowers in one row. Inner involucral bracts membranous.
Heads in leafy panicles. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Damaraland). (Under _Pluchea_ Cass.) =Pechuel-Loeschea= O. Hoffm.

Female flowers in several rows. 146

146. Fruits compressed. Pappus of 3 bristles. Heads solitary or few
together. Undershrubs.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Nicolasia= S. Moore

Fruits terete or angular. 147

147. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs. (See 129.)
=Monarrhenus= Cass.

Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs. 148

148. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. (See 130.) =Blumea= DC.

Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs. (See
130.) =Pluchea= Cass.

149. (134.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt, or
rounded; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the apex.
Female (marginal) flowers with a strap-shaped corolla, rarely with a
tubular one or wanting. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe INULINAE.] 150

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal
rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex. 166

150. Pappus ring-shaped. Heads solitary. Herbs.--Species 3. West
Africa. =Mollera= O. Hoffm.

Pappus of scales or bristles or of both. 151

151. Pappus of scales. 152

Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles. 153

152. Pappus-scales 3-5. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite,
arranged in panicles. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa.
=Anisochaeta= DC.

Pappus-scales 10. Heads in leafy panicles. Herbs.--Species 4. Central
and South-west Africa. =Calostephane= Benth.

153. Pappus of sometimes feathery bristles. 154

Pappus of scales and bristles. 161

154. Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. Pappus-bristles in several rows.
Shrubs.--Species 7. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Printzia=
Cass.

Ray-flowers yellow or wanting. 155

155. Ray-flowers sterile. Receptacle pitted. Pappus-bristles in several
rows. Undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Cypselodontia= DC.

Ray-flowers fertile. 156

156. Pappus of two or more rows of bristles, the outer of which are
shorter. 157

Pappus of subequal bristles sometimes intermingled with a few shorter
ones. 159

157. Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Heads without
ray-flowers.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.
=Iphiona= Cass.

Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. 158

158. Pappus of 5 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads without
ray-flowers. Shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Anisothrix= O. Hoffm.

Pappus of 10 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads with ray-flowers.
Undershrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Minurothamnus= DC.

159. Heads few-flowered, without ray-flowers, arranged in panicles or
corymbs. Involucre of few bracts.--Species 2. Egypt. (Under _Iphiona_
Cass.) =Varthemia= DC.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre of many bracts. 160

160. Involucral bracts leathery, the outer sticky at the tip. Heads
with ray-flowers, solitary. Pappus-bristles in one row. Glandular-hairy
shrubs.--Species 1. South Africa. =Homochaete= Benth.

Involucral bracts herbaceous or the inner scarious.--Species 30.
Some of them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including
_Bojeria_ DC., _Pentatrichia_ Klatt, _Schizogyne_ Cass., and _Vicoa_
Cass.) =Inula= L.

161. Pappus-scales united below. 162

Pappus-scales free. 163

162. Pappus-bristles about 5. Female marginal flowers wanting. Heads in
corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 2. Canary Islands. =Allagopappus= Cass.

Pappus-bristles 7 or more. Female marginal flowers present. Heads
solitary at the ends of the branches. Herbs.--Species 30. Some of them
yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including _Francoeuria_
Cass.) =Pulicaria= Gaertn.

163. Pappus-scales rather broad, fringed. Fruits 10-ribbed. Heads
without ray-flowers. Herbs. (See 69.) =Pegolettia= Cass.

Pappus-scales very narrow. 164

164. Fruits constricted into a short neck, 10-ribbed. Heads without
ray-flowers. Shrubs. Leaves pinnately divided.--Species 3. North
Africa. (Under _Grantia_ Boiss.) =Perralderia= Coss.

Fruits not constricted above. Heads with ray-flowers. 165

165. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles 5-10. Shrubs.--Species 1.
Canary Islands. =Viraea= Webb

Fruits many-ribbed. Pappus-bristles numerous. Undershrubs.--Species 1.
North-west Africa. =Jasonia= Cass.

166. (149.) Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped
corolla. 167

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla or
wanting. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribes GNAPHALINAE and RELHANINAE.] 176

167. Leaves grooved or rolled inwards on the upper side, small.
Heath-like plants. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe RELHANINAE.] 168

Leaves flat or rolled back from the margins. Not heath-like plants. 172

168. Heads one-flowered, some hermaphrodite, the others female, or
2-flowered with a hermaphrodite and a female or neuter flower. Pappus
of feathery bristles united at the base. Shrubs.--Species 8. South
Africa. =Disparago= Gaertn.

Heads many-flowered. 169

169. Pappus wanting. Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Anaglypha= DC.

Pappus present. 170

170. Pappus of numerous scales sometimes united below.--Species 13.
South Africa. =Nestlera= Spreng.

Pappus of bristles. 171

171. Pappus-bristles feathery. Shrubs.--Species 5. South Africa.
=Amphiglossa= DC.

Pappus-bristles simple. Herbs. Flowers red.--Species 1. South Africa.
=Bryomorphe= Harv.

172. Pappus wanting. Inner fruits compressed. Heads solitary. Herbs or
undershrubs. (See 124.) =Dimorphotheca= Moench

Pappus present. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe ATHRIXINAE.] 173

173. Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of scales, of the inner
of bristles or of scales and bristles. Fruits glabrous. Herbs or
undershrubs. (See 101.) =Leyssera= L.

Pappus consisting of bristles. 174

174. Involucral bracts narrow, acuminate. Herbs or
undershrubs.--Species 15. Southern and tropical Africa. =Athrixia= Ker

Involucral bracts blunt, scarious at the apex. Pappus-bristles in two
rows. Shrubs. 175

175. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles thick and stiff. Involucre
hemispherical.--Species 3. South Africa. =Heterolepis= Cass.

Fruits glabrous, but with a hairy swelling at the base. Pappus-bristles
thin. Involucre narrow-campanulate.--Species 3. Central and South
Africa. =Antithrixia= DC.

176. (166.) Hermaphrodite flowers fewer than the female. 177

Hermaphrodite flowers as many as or more than the female, or all
flowers hermaphrodite. 184

177. Fruits without a pappus. Heads small, in dense cymes. Tall
herbs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Chiliocephalum= Benth.

Fruits, at least the inner, crowned by a pappus. 178

178. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a
pappus. Heads small, in glomerules. Low herbs. (See 132.) =Amphidoxa=
DC.

Inner and outer fruits crowned by a pappus. 179

179. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles and united scales, that of
the outer only of scales united below. Heads solitary. Herbs.--Species
1. East Africa. =Artemisiopsis= S. Moore

Pappus of all fruits formed of bristles. 180

180. Pappus-bristles feathery. Heads in glomerules. Herbs.--Species 2.
South and North Africa. =Lasiopogon= Cass.

Pappus-bristles not feathery. 181

181. Fruits with a long beak. Herbs. Leaves radical or opposite. Heads
solitary.--Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha. =Chevreulia= Cass.

Fruits without a beak. 182

182. Heads 4-8-flowered, cylindrical, in dense cymes arranged in
panicles. Undershrubs. (See 110.) =Achyrocline= Less.

Heads many-flowered, hemispherical ovoid or campanulate. 183

183. Anthers very shortly tailed. Shrubs or undershrubs. Heads solitary
or in long-stalked glomerules.--Species 15. North and Central Africa.
=Phagnalon= Cass.

Anthers distinctly tailed. Herbs.--Species 50. “Cudweed.” =Gnaphalium=
L.

184. (176.) Heads 1-flowered. 185

Heads 2-or more-flowered. 188

185. Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly female. Pappus of feathery
bristles. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs. (See 168.) =Disparago= Gaertn.

Flowers all hermaphrodite. 186

186. Pappus wanting. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs.--Species 2. South
Africa. =Perotriche= Cass.

Pappus formed of bristles. 187

187. Pappus-bristles feathery. Inner involucral bracts scarious.
Heath-like shrubs.--Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa. =Stoebe=
L.

Pappus-bristles feathery only at the apex or not feathery. Involucral
bracts scarious, coloured. Heads in panicled cymes. Herbs.--Species 12.
Madagascar, Mauritius, and South Africa to Damaraland. Some are used
medicinally. =Stenocline= DC.

188. Pappus wanting. Heads 2-3-flowered, in leafy corymbs. 189

Pappus formed of bristles. 190

189. Leaves small. Undershrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Syncephalum=
DC.

Leaves rather large. Shrubs. Involucre woolly at the base.--Species 1.
Madagascar. =Astephanocarpa= Bak.

190. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base. 191

Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip only or not feathery. 192

191. Heads 2-10-flowered. Heath-like shrubs.--Species 3. South Africa.
=Pterothrix= DC.

Heads many-flowered. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Not
heath-like plants. (See 84.) =Helipterum= DC.

192. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. 193

Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows. 197

193. Pappus-bristles with bladdery inflated cells at the tip. Heads
small, in glomerules. Prostrate herbs.--Species 1. South Africa.
=Eriosphaera= Less.

Pappus-bristles without bladdery inflated cells. 194

194. Habit heath-like. Shrubs. Leaves small, grooved or rolled inwards
on the upper face. Flowers all hermaphrodite. 195

Habit not heath-like. 196

195. Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip, united at the base and
surrounded by a ring-or cup-shaped rim. Heads few-flowered.--Species 7.
South Africa. Some are used medicinally. =Elytropappus= Cass.

Pappus-bristles simple or thickened at the tip. Inner involucral bracts
coloured above.--Species 25. South Africa. =Metalasia= R. Br.

196. Fruits large, with 8-10 prominent ribs, glabrous or short-haired.
Heads 2-6-flowered, in panicled cymes. Herbs. (See 187.) =Stenocline=
DC.

Fruits small, not prominently 8-10-ribbed. (See 84.) =Helichrysum=
Gaertn.

197. Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. Heath-like shrubs. 198

Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Not heath-like herbs or undershrubs.
199

198. Heads few-flowered. Involucre oblong, of oblong bracts. Receptacle
glabrous. Fruits ribbed. Leaves oblong.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Cullumiopsis= Drake

Heads many-flowered. Involucre top-shaped, of linear bracts. Receptacle
bristly at the margin. Fruits angular, hairy. Leaves linear. (See 83.)
=Lachnospermum= Willd.

199. Fruits beaked, hairy. Heads few-flowered. Inner involucral bracts
yellow.--Species 1. South Africa. =Pachyrhynchus= DC.

Fruits not beaked, glabrous. Heads in cymes.--Species 8. South Africa.
=Leontonyx= Cass.

200. (67.) Hermaphrodite disc-flowers sterile, their style without a
stigma and usually entire or shortly toothed. 201

Hermaphrodite flowers, at least some of them, fertile. 238

201. Anthers arrow-shaped, with acuminate halves. Corolla of the
marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits glabrous, usually large. Pappus
wanting, rarely cup-shaped. Receptacle glabrous, rarely bristly. [Tribe
CALENDULEAE.] 202

Anthers entire or shortly auricled at the base, rarely (_Adelostigma_)
distinctly arrow-shaped, but then corolla of the marginal flowers
thread-shaped, fruits hairy, and pappus bristly. 207

202. Outer fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered.
Herbs or undershrubs. 203

Outer fruits all alike. 204

203. Fruits curved. Heads middle-sized. (See 122.) =Calendula= L.

Fruits straight. Heads small. (See 122.) =Oligocarpus= Less.

204. Fruits with 3 wings and a cup-shaped apical appendage. Involucral
bracts in one row. (See 123.) =Tripteris= Less.

Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages. 205

205. Fruits very hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed. Involucral bracts
in two or more rows. Ray-flowers yellow. (See 124.) =Osteospermum= L.

Fruits not very hard, 3-angled, usually tubercled. Herbs or
undershrubs. Heads solitary. 206

206. Involucral bracts in one row or in two indistinct rows. (See 124.)
=Dimorphotheca= Moench

Involucral bracts in several rows. Ray-flowers blue or white. Leaves
pinnately divided.--Species 6. South Africa. Some are used medicinally.
=Garuleum= Cass.

207. (201.) Receptacle covered with chaffy scales. 208

Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. 213

208. Heads with the inner flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the
outer female and provided with a more or less strap-shaped, rarely a
thread-shaped corolla. 209

Heads unisexual, some with all the flowers male (apparently
hermaphrodite), the others with all the flowers female and provided
with a tubular corolla or without a corolla. 211

209. Involucral bracts in one row, united below when young. Outer
fruits hairy, without a pappus, the inner with a pappus of numerous
one-ranked bearded bristles. Heads solitary. Shrubs.--Species 1. South
Africa. (Under _Eriocephalus_ L.) =Lasiocoma= Bolus

Involucral bracts in two or more rows. Pappus of 2-3 bristles or
wanting. 210

210. Involucral bracts all alike. Corolla of the female flowers
2-toothed. Pappus of the outer fruits of 2-3 bristles. Heads in
panicles.--Species 1. Naturalized in tropical and South Africa. Used
medicinally. =Parthenium= L.

Involucral bracts of two kinds, the inner united below. Corolla of the
female flowers entire or 3-toothed. Pappus none. Heads in racemes or
umbels, or solitary.--Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland. Some are
used medicinally. =Eriocephalus= L.

211. Heads dioecious, many-flowered. Involucral bracts in 3 rows.
Corolla 4-toothed, yellow. Anthers cohering, auricled at the base.
Style cleft. Fruits hairy. Pappus of 2-3 bristles. Trees. Leaves
opposite. Heads in leafy panicles.--Species 2. Island of St. Helena.
=Petrobium= R. Br.

Heads monoecious, the male many-flowered with a 5-toothed corolla,
the female 1-2-flowered with an involucre of partly united bracts,
and without a corolla. Anthers free or slightly cohering, entire at
the base. Style of the male flowers undivided. Pappus none. Herbs or
undershrubs. [Tribe HELIANTHEAE, subtribe AMBROSINAE.] 212

212. Involucral bracts of the male heads free. Filaments united. Female
heads 2-flowered. Heads solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the
leaves.--Species 4. North and Central Africa and Mascarene Islands;
naturalized in South Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments and are
noxious to pasturing cattle. =Xanthium= L.

Involucral bracts of the male heads united below. Filaments free
or nearly so. Female heads 1-flowered. Male heads in spikes or
racemes.--Species 2. Northern and tropical Africa; naturalized in South
Africa. Used medicinally. =Ambrosia= L.

213. (207.) Pappus of the outer fruits ring-, crown-, or ear-shaped,
sometimes produced into two small points, or wanting. 214

Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of bristles. 223

214. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles, of the outer of 1-2
small points or wanting. Involucral bracts in few rows. Receptacle
pitted. Corolla of the female flowers strap-shaped. Style cleft, with
lanceolate appendages. Fruits flattened. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves
entire.--Species 8. South Africa. (_Heteractis_ DC.) =Gymnostephium=
Less.

Pappus of all fruits alike or wanting. 215

215. Outer flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 216

Outer flowers with a tubular corolla or without a corolla. 220

216. Corolla of the outer flowers very shortly strap-shaped, of the
inner 4-toothed, yellow in all flowers. Involucral bracts in two
rows.--Species 40. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants. (Including _Brocchia_ Vis. and _Cenia_ Juss.) =Cotula= L.

Corolla of the outer flowers distinctly strap-shaped. Involucral bracts
rarely in two rows, and then corolla of the inner flowers 5-toothed. 217

217. Involucral bracts in one row and united at the base. Corolla-limb
of the hermaphrodite (male) central flowers bell-shaped, 5-cleft.
Style-branches of the same ending in a blunt appendage. Fruits
flattened, without ribs. Branching herbs. Leaves pinnately divided.
Heads solitary.--Species 4. South Africa. =Steirodiscus= Less.

Involucral bracts in two or more rows. 218

218. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers
red, of the central yellow, the latter 5-toothed. Style-branches of
the hermaphrodite (male) flowers pointed. Fruits beaked, without ribs.
Herbs. Leaves undivided, radical. Heads solitary.--Species 1. Island of
Tristan da Cunha. =Lagenophora= Cass.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers
white, yellow, or blue, more rarely red, but then style-branches of the
hermaphrodite (male) flowers truncate and fruits ribbed. 219

219. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with pointed branches or
undivided. Corolla of the marginal flowers blue, rarely white. Fruits
wrinkled or smooth. Branching herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnately
divided. (See 206.) =Garuleum= Cass.

Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with truncate branches.
Corolla of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or red. Fruits
5-10-ribbed.--Species 50. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar,
and South Africa. Some species yield condiments, medicaments,
or insect-poison, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including
_Argyranthemum_ Webb, _Ismelia_ Cass., _Leucanthemum_ DC., _Monoptera_
Schultz, _Myconia_ Neck., _Pinardia_ Cass., _Plagius_ L’Hér.,
_Preauxia_ Schultz, _Prolongoa_ Boiss., _Pyrethrum_ Gaertn., and
_Tanacetum_ L.) =Chrysanthemum= L.

220. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 2-4-toothed, of the
female 2-3-toothed, entire, or wanting. Involucral bracts in two rows.
Herbs. Flowers yellow. 221

Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 5-toothed, of the female
2-4-toothed. 222

221. Heads sessile between the leaves. Female flowers in several rows,
without a corolla. Outer fruits winged, with a persistent style. Leaves
divided.--Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Madeira. =Soliva=
Ruiz & Pav.

Heads stalked, at the ends of the branches. (See 216.) =Cotula= L.

222. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits with
marginal ribs or wings. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 4. South Africa.
Used medicinally. =Hippia= L.

Heads not in corymbs. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits without
strong ribs.--Species 20. Some of them (especially _A. Absinthium_ L.,
wormwood) are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, as pot-herbs, or
for preparing liquors and vinegar. =Artemisia= L.

223. (213.) Pappus of 1 or 2 rows of bristles. 224

Pappus, at least that of the outer fruits, of 3 or more rows of
bristles. 233

224. Pappus-bristles feathery. 225

Pappus-bristles not feathery. 226

225. Corolla of all flowers yellow. Small shrubs.--Species 1. South
Africa. =Homochroma= DC.

Corolla of the marginal flowers white or red, of the central ones
yellow. Herbs or undershrubs.--Species 13. South Africa. Used as
ornamental plants. =Mairia= Nees

226. Involucral bracts in one row, sometimes surrounded by some much
shorter ones. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs or panicles. 227

Involucral bracts in two rows and all nearly of the same size, or in 3
or more rows. 228

227. Involucral bracts united at the base. Style of the hermaphrodite
(male) flowers undivided. Inner fruits without a pappus.--Species 3.
South Africa. =Gymnodiscus= Less.

Involucral bracts free. Style cleft.--Species 45. Southern and tropical
Africa. =Cineraria= L.

228. Corolla of the female marginal flowers thread-shaped. Herbs. Heads
solitary on the ends of the branches. Style of the central flowers
entire or shortly toothed. 229

Corolla of the female marginal flowers, at least of the outer ones,
strap-shaped, rarely (_Psiadia_) thread-shaped, but then shrubs, heads
in corymbs, and style of the central flowers 2-cleft. 230

229. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male)
flowers 4-toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Fruits compressed,
glabrous. (See 216.) =Cotula= L.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite
(male) flowers 5-toothed. Anthers arrow-shaped. Fruits nearly terete,
hairy.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Adelostigma= Steetz

230. Corolla of the female marginal flowers yellow, thread-or shortly
strap-shaped. Fruits scarcely compressed, 3-6-ribbed. Shrubs. Heads in
corymbs.--Species 40. Tropics. Some are used as pot-herbs. =Psiadia=
Jacq.

Corolla of the female marginal flowers white, red or blue,
strap-shaped. Fruits compressed. 231

231. Stem woody, at least at the base. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows.
Pappus-bristles usually in one row.--Species 65. South and Central
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Asterosperma_
Less., _Detris_ Adans., and _Diplopappus_ DC., under _Aster_ L.)
=Felicia= Cass.

Stem herbaceous. 232

232. Involucral bracts in 2 rows, membranous. Marginal flowers
usually in several rows, with a linear corolla. Style-branches with
a mostly short triangular appendage. Pappus-bristles usually in one
row.--Species 13, one of them only naturalized. Several species are
used medicinally. =Erigeron= L.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with
a usually oblong corolla. Style-branches with a lanceolate appendage.
Pappus-bristles in two rows.--Species 10. South and North Africa. Some
are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including _Linosyris_
Cass.) =Aster= L.

233. (223.) Involucral bracts in several rows. (See 232.) =Aster= L.

Involucral bracts in one row, but sometimes surrounded by some much
smaller ones. 234

234. Heads of two kinds, some with most of the flowers hermaphrodite
(male), the others with most of them female. Corolla red or white; limb
shortly strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical,
broad. Heads in racemes or corymbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used as
an ornamental plant. =Petasites= Gaertn.

Heads all alike. 235

235. Female marginal flowers in several rows. Corolla yellow; limb long
strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad. Heads
solitary.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. “Coltsfoot.”
=Tussilago= L.

Female marginal flowers in one row. 236

236. Inner fruits without a pappus, outer with a pappus of interwoven
hairs. Style 2-cleft. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads
solitary.--Species 3. South Africa. =Ruckeria= DC.

Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of bristles. 237

237. Style of the central flowers 2-cleft. Involucral bracts finally
free. Undershrubs.--Species 7. South and North Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. (_Othonnopsis_ Jaub. et Spach) =Hertia= Less.

Style of the central flowers undivided. Involucral bracts more or less
united.--Species 110. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some
are used as ornamental plants. (Including _Doria_ Less.) =Othonna= L.

238. (200.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long,
semi-cylindrical, covered with stigmatic papillae on the inner surface,
with hairs on the outer; hairs also clothing the upper part of the
style below the point of division. Anthers more or less arrow-shaped.
239

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers with marginal rows of
stigmatic papillae, hairy only in their upper part, more rarely down to
the point of division; no hairs on the upper part of the style below
that point. 262

239. Heads with inner hermaphrodite and outer female flowers. 240

Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, rarely (_Vernonia_)
subdioecious by incomplete development of one sex. 242

240. Female marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla.
Style-branches blunt. Pappus of bristles. Herbs.--Species 17. Tropical
and South Africa and Egypt. =Laggera= Schultz.

Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Flowers yellow.
Receptacle pitted. 241

241. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves
prickly. (See 37.) =Berkheya= Ehrh.

Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free. Shrubs. Heads solitary.
(See 138.). =Eremothamnus= O. Hoffm.

242. Flowers yellow. 243

Flowers white, red, or blue. 244

243. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves
prickly. (See 37.) =Berkheya= Ehrh.

Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free.--Species 7. Central Africa.
(Including _Autunesia_ O. Hoffm. and _Newtonia_ O. Hoffm., under
_Vernonia_ Schreb.) =Gongrothamnus= Steetz

244. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Leaves linear or
lanceolate. 245

Receptacle glabrous, rarely ciliate, bristly, or with toothed borders
to the pits, without scales between the flowers. Style-branches rather
long and pointed. [Tribe VERNONIEAE.] 247

245. Heads solitary. Scales between the flowers membranous.
Style-branches rather long and pointed. Pappus of unequally broad
scales.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Dewildemania= O. Hoffm.

Heads in corymbs. Scales between the flowers with a coloured appendage.
Style-branches short, blunt or somewhat pointed. Pappus of scales
united into a toothed cup. 246

246. Outer involucral bracts longer than the inner. Corolla slightly
irregular. Leaves linear, sessile, glabrous.--Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). =Omphalopappus= O. Hoffm.

Outer involucral bracts shorter than the inner. Corolla regular. Leaves
lanceolate, short-stalked, short-haired.--Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). =Gossweilera= S. Moore

247. Heads in dense glomerules or heads, few-flowered. Involucral
bracts in several rows of two bracts each. Corolla 5-cleft. Fruits
10-ribbed. Pappus of 1-2 rows of bristles or narrow scales.
Herbs.--Species 5. Tropics. Used medicinally. =Elephantopus= L.

Heads not in dense glomerules or heads. [Subtribe VERNONINAE.] 248

248. Pappus wanting. 249

Pappus present. 251

249. Heads 1-4-flowered, in corymbs. Involucre oblong. Fruits with
an indistinctly cup-shaped border at the top. Shrubs. (See 136.)
=Apodocephala= Bak.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical. Herbs. 250

250. Fruits truncate at the top, 4-5-ribbed.--Species 5. Tropical and
South Africa and Egypt. =Ethulia= L.

Fruits rounded at the top.--Species 10. Central Africa. =Gutenbergia=
Schultz

251. Pappus ear-or cup-shaped, entire or nearly so. Herbs. 252

Pappus formed of scales or bristles. 253

252. Pappus auricle-like. Heads in cymes. Leaves linear.--Species 1.
East Africa. =Hoehnelia= Schweinf.

Pappus cup-shaped. Heads solitary or in fascicles.--Species 1. Tropics.
=Sparganophorus= Vaill.

253. Pappus of one row of scales and sometimes some bristles within
them. 254

Pappus only of bristles or of several rows of bristles with some small
scales outside them. 257

254. Pappus-scales 5, long and narrow. Fruits 5-ribbed. Corolla white.
Involucral bracts in two rows. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.--Species 1.
West Africa (Congo). =Msuata= O. Hoffm.

Pappus-scales short. Herbs. 255

255. Pappus-scales 5. Fruits 4-ribbed, glabrous. Corolla violet.
Receptacle pitted; pits with toothed borders. Heads many-flowered, in
glomerules.--Species 3. Central Africa. =Ageratina= O. Hoffm.

Pappus-scales more than 5. Receptacle not pitted. 256

256. Heads one-flowered, in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows.
Fruits cylindrical, hairy. Pappus-scales united below. Leaves linear,
with parallel veins.--Species 10. South Africa. =Corymbium= L.

Heads several-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits
3-5-angled, glandular. Pappus-scales free or nearly so.--Species 4.
Central Africa. =Herderia= Cass.

257. Pappus of caducous, usually one-ranked bristles. 258

Pappus of persistent, several-ranked bristles or of bristles and
scales. 260

258. Pappus surrounded by a wavy ring. Fruits 5-ribbed. Heads
4-5-flowered, in corymbs. Shrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Volkensia=
O. Hoffm.

Pappus not surrounded by a wavy ring. Herbs or undershrubs. 259

259. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like, much larger than the
inner. Fruits blunt, 8-10-ribbed.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo).
=Centratherum= Cass.

Outer involucral bracts, like the inner, scale-like. Fruits
4-5-angled.--Species 30. Central and South Africa. (Including
_Bothriocline_ Oliv. and _Stephanolepis_ S. Moore) =Erlangea= Schultz

260. Leaves unarmed.--Species 330. Tropical and South Africa. Some
of the species yield wood or medicaments. (Including _Bechium_ DC.,
_Cyanopis_ Blume, and _Decaneurum_ DC.) (Plate 150.) =Vernonia= Schreb.

Leaves prickly. 261

261. Heads axillary. Stem branched, woody at the base. Fruits
hairy.--Species 2. South Africa. =Hoplophyllum= DC.

Heads terminal. Stem not branched, herbaceous throughout. Fruits
many-ribbed.--Species 2. West Africa. =Aedesia= O. Hoffm.

262. (238.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long,
semi-cylindrical, usually blunt; the lower part bearing scarcely
projecting and not recurved marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, the
upper part subequally clothed with hairs on both sides. Flowers all
hermaphrodite, red, blue or whitish. [Tribe EUPATORIEAE.] 263

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather flat, bearing
conspicuous marginal rows of stigmatic papillae sometimes confluent in
the middle, and above them either a crown of rather long hairs, with
or without shorter ones, or an appendage clothed with dense hairs on
the outer face, scantily haired or not hairy on the inner; more rarely
style-branches almost uniformly clothed with hairs, but then rows of
stigmatic papillae curved outwards or confluent in the middle, or
flowers yellow or partly female. 266

263. Anthers without an apical appendage. Fruits angular, glandular,
without prominent ribs. Pappus of 3-5 bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite.
Heads in panicles.--Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used
medicinally. =Adenostemma= Forst.

Anthers with an apical appendage. Pappus of numerous bristles or of
scales. [Subtribe AGERATINAE.] 264

264. Pappus of 5-10 scales. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads in
panicles.--Species 1. Used as an ornamental or medicinal plant.
=Ageratum= L.

Pappus of numerous bristles. 265

265. Involucral bracts 4-5. Heads few-flowered, in panicles. Leaves
opposite.--Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used
medicinally. (_Willugbaeya_ Neck.) =Mikania= Willd.

Involucral bracts 6 or more.--Species 6. Four species indigenous to
North and Central Africa, the other two naturalized in Madagascar
and the Mascarenes. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
=Eupatorium= L.

266. (262.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers bearing in the
lower part marginal, finally reflexed rows of stigmatic papillae, in
the upper part on the outer, more rarely also the inner surface, short
subequal hairs. [Tribe ASTEREAE.] 267

Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the margins
or on the inner surface, bearing in the upper part or at the top only a
crown of rather long hairs sometimes joined above or below or in both
directions by shorter ones. 301

267. Female or neuter marginal flowers with a bell-, tube-, thread-, or
very shortly strap-shaped corolla not overtopping the involucre. 268

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped
corolla overtopping the involucre, or wanting. 276

268. Pappus of scales or few short bristles, or wanting. Corolla of
the marginal flowers bell-, tube-, or thread-shaped. Herbs. [Subtribe
GRANGEINAE.] 269

Pappus of long bristles. Corolla of the marginal flowers thread-or
strap-shaped. [Subtribe CONYZINAE.] 272

269. Pappus wanting, rarely some minute bristles on the central fruits.
Fruits compressed.--Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some species
yield condiments and medicaments. =Dichrocephala= DC.

Pappus present. 270

270. Pappus formed of bristles. Fruits subterete.--Species 1. Central
Africa. =Microtrichia= DC.

Pappus cup-shaped or consisting of scales. 271

271. Receptacle with scales between the flowers.--Species 1. Central
Africa and Egypt. =Ceruana= Forsk.

Receptacle without scales between the flowers.--Species 3. Tropics to
Egypt. Used medicinally. =Grangea= Adans.

272. Fruits turgid. Involucral bracts in many rows, membranous. Heads
in panicles. Shrubs.--Species 13. Tropical and South Africa. Some
species are used as vegetables or salad. =Microglossa= DC.

Fruits compressed. 273

273. Female flowers in one row. Pappus-bristles deciduous. Shrubs
or undershrubs. Leaves linear. Heads solitary at the ends of the
branches.--Species 6. South and North Africa. (_Leptothamnus_ DC.)
=Nolletia= Cass.

Female flowers in two or more rows. 274

274. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, but shorter than the
style, or thread-shaped, yellowish or whitish.--Species 80. Some of
them yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison. (_Marsea_ Adans.,
including _Webbia_ Schultz). =Conyza= Less.

Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, longer than the style.
Involucral bracts in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. 275

275. Ray-flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs.--Species 35. Southern and
tropical Africa. =Nidorella= Cass.

Ray-flowers red or white. (See 232.) =Erigeron= L.

276. (267.) Ray-flowers yellow, sometimes reddish when old, or wanting.
Pappus of bristles. [Subtribe SOLIDAGININAE.] 277

Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. 289

277. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite; the inner flowers
sometimes sterile. 278

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and surrounded by one row of
female or neuter marginal flowers. 286

278. Involucral bracts in one row or in two very unequal rows (the
outer of much smaller bracts). Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Herbs. 279

Involucral bracts in two subequal rows or in 3 or more rows. 280

279. Hairy appendages of the style-branches short. Pappus of bristles.
Leaves radical.--Species 1. West Africa. =Psednotrichia= Hiern

Hairy appendages of the style-branches long. Pappus of hairs. Leaves
alternate.--Species 20. Tropical and South-west Africa. (Including
_Crassocephalum_ Moench, under _Senecio_ L.) =Gynura= Cass.

280. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. Shrubs. Leaves linear. Heads in leafy
corymbs. 281

Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows. 282

281. Fruits turgid, 5-ribbed.--Species 1. South Africa (Orange River
Colony). =Pentheriella= O. Hoffm. & Muschler

Fruits compressed.--Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. =Chrysocoma= L.

282. Pappus-bristles in 2 very unequal rows, the outer of very short,
sometimes scale-like bristles. Fruits compressed. 283

Pappus-bristles in 2 subequal rows or in 3 or more rows. 284

283. Outer pappus-bristles scale-like. Hairy appendages of the
style-branches linear, obtuse. Herbs. Leaves opposite.--Species 2.
Southern West Africa. (_Adenogonum_ Welw.) =Engleria= O. Hoffm.

Outer pappus-bristles hair-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches
lanceolate. Shrubs.--Species 5. South Africa. =Fresenia= DC.

284. Stem woody, shrubby.--Species 55. South Africa to Damaraland.
=Pteronia= L.

Stem herbaceous. Fruits compressed. Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. 285

285. Leaves decurrent. Flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs. Species 2.
South Africa. (Under _Chrysocoma_ L.) =Heteromma= Benth.

Leaves not decurrent. (See 232.) =Aster= L.

286. (277.) Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the
rounded apex of the style-branches. Flower-heads large. Involucre
broad, of many rows of bracts. Pappus-bristles in 2-3 rows.
Herbs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Alciope= DC.

Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex of the
style-branches. Heads small or middle-sized. Involucre oblong or
campanulate. 287

287. Involucral bracts subequal, in 2 rows. Pappus-bristles numerous,
unequal. Heads in panicles. Shrubs. Leaves marked with pellucid
dots.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Glycideras= Cass.

Involucral bracts unequal, in 3 or more rows. 288

288. Involucre broad-campanulate. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles
in one row, intermixed with some shorter ones. Shrubs.--Species 3.
Madagascar. =Rochonia= DC.

Involucre narrow-campanulate or oblong. Fruits 8-12-ribbed. Herbs.
Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
“Goldenrod.” =Solidago= L.

289. (276.) Pappus indistinct or wanting. Herbs. 290

Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles or of scales and
bristles. [Subtribe ASTERINAE.] 292

290. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Appendages of the
style-branches linear, hairy all round. Involucral bracts membranous.
Leaves dissected.--Species 1. Tropics. =Chrysanthellum= Rich.

Receptacle glabrous. Appendages of the style-branches triangular or
lanceolate, hairy on the outer face only. [Subtribe BELLIDINAE.] 291

291. Involucral bracts scarious at the margin.--Species 2. Central
Africa. =Brachycome= Cass.

Involucral bracts herbaceous throughout. Leaves undivided.--Species 5.
North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Daisy.”
=Bellis= L.

292. Inner fruits with a pappus of one-ranked feathery bristles, outer
without a pappus. Ray-flowers blue. Herbs.--Species 1. South Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant. =Charieis= Cass.

Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus. 293

293. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles, that
of the outer of scales only. Receptacle usually scaly. Heads solitary,
terminating the branches. Herbs.--Species 12. South Africa. =Amellus= L.

Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles or of scales and bristles.
294

294. Pappus of 3-5 bristles intermixed with as many minute scales.
Ray-flowers white. Heads solitary on leafless scapes. Herbs.--Species
1. North Africa. =Bellium= L.

Pappus of many bristles sometimes surrounded by some minute scales. 295

295. Pappus-bristles feathery. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 225.)
=Mairia= Nees

Pappus-bristles not feathery. 296

296. Fruits compressed. 297

Fruits not compressed. Heads in corymbs. 300

297. Fruits with 3-4 nerves on each side. Gummiferous shrubs or
trees.--Species 4. Island of St. Helena. =Commidendron= DC.

Fruits with 1-2 nerves on each side or without nerves. Herbs,
undershrubs, or non-gummiferous shrubs. 298

298. Stem woody, at least at the base, rarely herbaceous throughout
and then much branched at the base. Involucral bracts scarious at
the edge, usually in several rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows,
with a strap-shaped corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches
lanceolate. Pappus-bristles in one row, rarely surrounded by a second
of much shorter bristles. (See 231.) =Felicia= Cass.

Stem herbaceous, not much branched at the base. 299

299. Involucral bracts membranous, in 2 rows. Marginal flowers usually
in several rows, the outer with a narrow-linear corolla, the inner
sometimes with a tubular one. Hairy appendages of the style-branches
usually short, triangular. Pappus-bristles in 1 row, rarely in 2 rows.
(See 232.) =Erigeron= L.

Involucral bracts herbaceous or scarious at the edges, in 3 or more
rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a more or less strap-shaped,
usually oblong corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches
lanceolate. Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. (See 232.) =Aster= L.

300. Involucral bracts in 2 rows. Receptacle convex. Marginal
flowers in 1 row, with a white, 3-toothed corolla. Fruits hairy.
Pappus-bristles in one row. Downy undershrubs.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Henricia= Cass.

Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Receptacle flat. Marginal flowers
in 2 rows, with an entire corolla. Fruits glabrous. Pappus-bristles in
2 rows. Trees with blackish hairs.--Species 1. Island of St. Helena.
=Melanodendron= DC.

301. (266.) Pappus consisting of thin, hair-like, simple or toothed,
but not feathery bristles, rarely outer fruits without a pappus.
Receptacle without scales between the flowers. [Tribe SENECIONEAE.] 302

Pappus consisting of strong, awn-like or feathery bristles, or of
scales sometimes united into a crown, or wanting. 316

302. Involucral bracts united below, one-ranked. [Subtribe OTHONNINAE.]
303

Involucral bracts free, at least at and after the time of flowering.
[Subtribe SENECIONINAE.] 306

303. Involucral bracts slightly united at the base. Inner disc-flowers
sterile. Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits hairy.
Inner disc-fruits without a pappus, the other fruits with a pappus
of numerous interwoven hairs. Perennial, nearly stem-less herbs.
Leaves pinnately dissected. Heads solitary on a long scape. (See 236.)
=Ruckeria= DC.

Involucral bracts obviously united below. Disc-flowers all fertile.
Pappus on all fruits. Heads on a short scape or a branched stem. 304

304. Stem woody, at least at the base. Heads stalked. Marginal flowers
with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits 10-ribbed. Pappus of several rows
of caducous bristles.--Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some
species yield a resin. =Euryops= Cass.

Stem herbaceous throughout. 305

305. Stem annual, branched. Heads small. Corolla-lobes with a strong
midnerve. Fruit 5-ribbed. Pappus of few caducous bristles.--Species 3.
Central and South Africa. =Oligothrix= DC.

Stem perennial, short and scape-like or branched; in the latter case
pappus-bristles persistent. Heads medium-sized, solitary. Corolla-lobes
without a strong midnerve.--Species 2. East Africa. =Werneria= H. B. &
Kunth

306. Female marginal flowers with a tubular or filiform corolla. 307

Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting. 311

307. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, imbricate, with scarious
borders. Female marginal flowers in several rows. Fruits without
ribs. Heads solitary or in glomerules, yellow-flowered. (See 183.)
=Phagnalon= Cass.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. 308

308. Female marginal flowers in 2 or more rows. Fruits 5-angled or
10-ribbed. Herbs. Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs, narrow.--Species
1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. =Erechthites= Raf.

Female marginal flowers in 1 row. 309

309. Stem herbaceous. Leaves nearly all radical, orbicular-cordate.
Outer fruits without a pappus.--Species 1. South Africa. =Stilpnogyne=
DC.

Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves mostly cauline. 310

310. Leaves densely crowded, small. Heads solitary, terminating the
branches. Involucral bracts leaf-like.--Species 1. Island of Réunion.
=Eriothrix= Cass.

Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs.--Species 4. Madagascar and
Mascarenes. =Faujasia= Cass.

311. Receptacle hemispherical. Involucral bracts in 2-3 rows, subequal.
Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits 10-ribbed. Herbs. Heads solitary or several
together, on long stalks.--Species 7. North Africa. =Doronicum= L.

Receptacle flat or slightly convex. 312

312. Involucral bracts with a leaf-like appendage along the median
nerve, 1-nerved. Receptacle pitted. Ray-flowers none. Style-branches
with a crown of longer hairs in the middle of the hairy part. Fruits
many-nerved. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.--Species 8. South
Africa. =Lopholaena= DC.

Involucral bracts without an appendage. 313

313. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Ray-flowers present.
Style-branches rounded, almost uniformly clothed with hairs. Herbs.
(See 286.) =Alciope= DC.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, rarely (_Senecio_) indistinctly arranged
in 3 or more rows, but then style-branches with a crown of longer
hairs. 314

314. Style-branches with an awl-shaped hairy appendage, without a
distinct crown of longer hairs. Ray-flowers wanting. Herbs. (See 279.)
=Gynura= Cass.

Style-branches truncate with a terminal tuft of hairs or with a hairy
appendage overtopping a crown of longer hairs. 315

315. Fruits, at least the outer, distinctly compressed. Style-branches
truncate, ending in a tuft of hairs. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in
corymbs. (See 227.) =Cineraria= L.

Fruits not distinctly compressed, 5-10-ribbed.--Species 500. Some of
them are used as vegetables, as food for birds, or as ornamental or
medicinal plants. (Including _Brachyrhynchos_ Less., _Cacalia_ L.
partly, _Emilia_ Cass., _Kleinia_ DC., _Lachanodes_ DC., _Mesogramma_
DC., _Notonia_ DC., and _Pladaroxylon_ Hook. fil.) =Senecio= L.

316. (301.) Involucral bracts, at least the inner, scarious at the tip
and the edges. Pappus of minute scales, crown-or ear-shaped or wanting.
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, with a terminal
crown of hairs. 317

Involucral bracts rarely scarious at the edges, and then pappus of
rather large scales or bristles, or style-branches of the hermaphrodite
flowers ending in a hairy appendage. 356

317. Anthers arrow-shaped; halves pointed at the base. Involucral
bracts in 1-2 rows. Receptacle glabrous. Female marginal flowers in
one row, with a strap-shaped corolla. Inner fruits flattened, outer
3-edged. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads long-stalked. (See
124.) =Dimorphotheca= Moench

Anthers not arrow-shaped; halves blunt or rounded at the base. [Tribe
ANTHEMIDEAE.] 318

318. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. [Subtribe
ANTHEMIDINAE.] 319

Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers.
[Subtribe CHRYSANTHEMINAE.] 331

319. Receptacle-scales hairy in the middle, glabrous at the base and
apex. Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits cylindrical, without a pappus. Herbs.
Leaves pinnately divided. Heads seated between 2-6 (usually 5) branches
of the much-branched cyme.--Species 1. North-west Africa. Used as an
ornamental plant. =Cladanthus= Cass.

Receptacle-scales hairy throughout their whole length or at the top
only, or glabrous. Heads solitary or in glomerules, corymbs, or
panicles. 320

320. Corolla-tube with a basal appendage adnate to the ovary. Corolla
persistent. Ray-flowers none. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves entire.
Heads in corymbs.--Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. =Diotis=
Desf.

Corolla-tube with appendages which are free from the ovary, or without
any appendages. 321

321. Fruits clothed with long wool, 8-10-ribbed. Ray-flowers white or
violet. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary, terminating
the branches.--Species 3. South Africa. =Lasiospermum= Lag.

Fruits not woolly. 322

322. Fruits much compressed. Herbs or undershrubs. 323

Fruits not or scarcely compressed. 325

323. Fruits, at least the outer, broadly winged. Leaves alternate,
pinnately divided.--Species 10. North Africa. Some are used
medicinally. =Anacyclus= L.

Fruits not or indistinctly winged, without a pappus. 324

324. Leaves alternate, toothed or pinnately divided.--Species 7. North
Africa; one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as
ornamental or medicinal plants. =Achillea= L.

Leaves opposite, at least the lower, entire. Ray-flowers neuter,
white.--Species 2. North-west Africa. (_Fradinia_ Pomel, under
_Cladanthus_ Cass.) =Mecomischus= Benth. & Hook.

325. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Shrubs. Ray-flowers present.
326

Leaves alternate. 327

326. Heads collected in compound heads. Pappus of the inner fruits
consisting of scales sometimes united into a small crown.--Species 4.
South Africa. =Oedera= L.

Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Pappus wanting.--Species 4.
South Africa. =Eumorphia= DC.

327. Stem herbaceous. Leaves toothed or pinnately divided. 328

Stem woody, at least at the base. 329

328. Heads without ray-flowers. Corolla-tube regular. Pappus
crown-shaped. Leaves toothed. Heads in dense corymbs.--Species 1. North
Africa. =Lonas= Adans.

Heads with ray-flowers, more rarely without, but then pappus
auricle-shaped or wanting. Corolla-tube compressed, often with
appendages. Heads stalked, terminating the branches.--Species 30.
North and Central Africa; one species naturalized in South Africa.
Some are used as medicinal plants (camomile). (Including _Chamaemelum_
Cass., _Ormenis_ Cass., _Perideraea_ Webb, and _Rhetinolepis_ Cass.)
=Anthemis= L.

329. Ribs of the fruits produced into unequal scales or strong
awns. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatifid. Heads in corymbs.--Species 4.
Canary Islands. (Including _Hymenolepis_ Schultz and _Lugoa_ DC.)
=Gonospermum= Less.

Ribs of the fruits not produced into scales or awns. Heads without
ray-flowers. 330

330. Corolla-tube with a more or less distinct appendage at the base,
usually compressed. Pappus wanting. Heads long-stalked. Under-shrubs.
Leaves pinnatipartite.--Species 6. Central and North-west Africa. Some
of the species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. =Santolina=
L.

Corolla-tube without an appendage, not compressed. Fruits 5-angled.
Heads in usually dense corymbs.--Species 55. Southern and tropical
Africa. (Including _Bembycodium_ Kunze and _Oligodora_ DC.) =Athanasia=
L.

331. (318.) Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 332

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter.
343

332. Flowers 4-merous. 333

Flowers 5-merous. 336

333. Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer shorter. Fruits
4-angled, glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves dissected. Heads
rather small.--Species 6. South and East Africa. (Under _Tanacetum_ L.)
=Schistostephium= Less.

Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal. 334

334. Pappus ring-or crown-shaped. Herbs. Leaves pinnately
divided.--Species 20. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants (camomile). (Including _Chamaemelum_ Vis., _Chlamydophora_
Ehrenb., _Courrantia_ Schultz, and _Otospermum_ Willk.) =Matricaria= L.

Pappus wanting. 335

335. Stem herbaceous. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. (See
216.) =Cotula= L.

Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves entire. Heads in corymbs. Fruits
compressed, glabrous.--Species 1. South Africa. =Peyrousea= DC.

336. Heads in leafy racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated
(not corymb-like) panicles. Pappus wanting. (See 222.) =Artemisia= L.

Heads solitary or in corymbs. 337

337. Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal. Herbs. Leaves
pinnately divided. (See 334.) =Matricaria= L.

Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer ones shorter. 338

338. Stem herbaceous. Leaves alternate. (See 219.) =Chrysanthemum= L.

Stem woody, shrubby. 339

339. Leaves opposite. Pappus wanting. 340

Leaves alternate. 341

340. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in few rows. Fruits with 12-15
ribs. Leaves usually forked.--Species 2. South Africa. =Gymnopentzia=
Benth.

Heads solitary, seated between lateral tufts of leaves. Involucral
bracts in many rows. Fruits 3-4-ribbed. Leaves entire, connate in pairs
at the base.--Species 1. South Africa. =Asaemia= Harv.

341. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Fruits 5-ribbed.--Species 20.
South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used medicinally.
=Pentzia= Thunb.

Leaves entire. 342

342. Heads in corymbs. Central flowers sterile. Pappus none.--Species
3. South Africa. =Stilpnophytum= Less.

Heads few together at the ends of the branches. Flowers all
fertile.--Species 3. South Africa. (Including _Adenosolen_ DC. and
_Brachymeris_ DC.) =Marasmodes= DC.

343. (331.) Female or neutral marginal flowers with a thread-shaped
corolla or without a corolla. 344

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 350

344. Hermaphrodite flowers 4-merous. Herbs or undershrubs. 345

Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Marginal flowers with a corolla. 349

345. Involucral bracts of two kinds, the outer four broad and
membranous, the inner numerous, longer and narrower, scarious. Marginal
flowers in one row, without a corolla. Corolla of the central flowers
with a large appendage enclosing the fruit. Pappus none. Leaves
opposite. Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches.--Species
2. South Africa. =Otochlamys= DC.

Involucral bracts equal or nearly so. 346

346. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows, the outer shorter. Marginal
flowers with a corolla. Outer fruits compressed and hairy, the inner
4-angled, glabrous. Leaves fan-shaped or pinnately divided. (See 333.)
=Schistostephium= Less.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, about equal. 347

347. Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches. (See 216.)
=Cotula= L.

Heads sessile or arranged in racemes or corymbs. Marginal flowers with
a corolla. Leaves undivided. 348

348. Female flowers in one row.--Species 1. Island of Rodrigues.
=Abrotanella= Cass.

Female flowers in several rows. Pappus wanting.--Species 1. Tropics.
(_Myriogyne_ Less.) =Centipeda= Lour.

349. Heads in racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated (not
corymb-like) panicles. Involucral bracts in few rows. Marginal flowers
in one row. Fruits without ribs and without a pappus. (See 222.)
=Artemisia= L.

Heads solitary or in corymbs. (See 219.) =Chrysanthemum= L.

350. (343.) Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, the outer much
shorter. 351

Involucral bracts in few rows, about equal in length. 352

351. Leaves decurrent, undivided. Herbs. Heads in corymbs.
Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Fruits glandular-hairy. Pappus of
scales.--Species 1. South Africa. =Lepidostephium= Oliv.

Leaves not decurrent. (See 219.) =Chrysanthemum= L.

352. Involucral bracts broad. Herbs. Leaves dissected. 353

Involucral bracts narrow. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire,
toothed, lobed, or cleft. Corolla-limb of the ray-flowers elongate,
entire. 354

353. Corolla of the ray-flowers yellow, very shortly strap-shaped.
Fruits compressed, 1-2-ribbed, without a pappus. Heads solitary on long
stalks thickened above. (See 216.). =Cotula= L.

Corolla of the ray-flowers white, usually long strap-shaped. Fruits
usually several-ribbed and provided with a pappus. (See 334.)
=Matricaria= L.

354. Ray-flowers fertile. Disc-flowers 5-merous. Fruits 8-10-ribbed,
glandular-warted. Leaves linear or divided into 3 linear
segments.--Species 7. South Africa. (Including _Adenachaena_ DC. and
_Iocaste_ E. Mey.) =Phymaspermum= Less.

Ray-flowers sterile. Disc-flowers 4-merous. 355

355. Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers acuminate. Involucre
campanulate. Heads short-stalked. Leaves linear, entire.
Shrubs.--Species 2. South Africa. =Thaminophyllum= Harv.

Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers not acuminate. Involucre
hemispherical. Heads long-stalked. Leaves lobed or cleft.
Undershrubs.--Species 3. South Africa. =Lidbeckia= Berg

356. (316.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. 357

Receptacle glabrous, rarely hairy, without scales between the flowers.
383

357. Pappus of 5-6 large scales sometimes intermixed with bristles.
Fruits 10-ribbed, not compressed. Involucral bracts in several rows,
scarious at the edges. Ray-flowers in one row, neuter, with a yellow,
strap-shaped corolla. Style-branches truncate, with a terminal crown
of hairs. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, usually toothed or
pinnately divided. Heads solitary or in lax panicles.--Species 65.
South Africa and Abyssinia. (Including _Sphenogyne_ R. Br.) =Ursinia=
Gaertn.

Pappus wanting or crown-shaped or consisting of bristles or minute
scales, rarely of 1-2 or 8-16 larger scales. Involucral bracts rarely
scarious at the edges. Leaves usually opposite. [Tribe HELIANTHEAE.] 358

358. Pappus of feathery bristles. Fruits hairy, angular. Involucral
bracts subequal, in 2-3 rows. Ray-flowers yellow, with a strap-shaped
corolla. Prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, broad, toothed. Heads on
long stalks.--Species 1. Naturalized in South Africa, Madagascar, and
the neighbouring islands. =Tridax= L.

Pappus of simple (not feathery) bristles or of scales sometimes united
into a crown, or wanting. 359

359. Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, formed of 8-16 rather large,
fringed scales. Fruits angular. Receptacle conical. Marginal flowers in
one row, white, fertile, rarely wanting. Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows,
embracing the outer fruits. Heads small, hemispherical.--Species 1.
Naturalized in East Africa. =Galinsoga= Ruiz & Pav.

Pappus formed of minute scales or of 1-2 larger scales or of bristles,
or crown-shaped, or wanting. 360

360. Female or neuter marginal flowers persisting in the fruit, with a
strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle conical. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads
on long stalks.--Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. Ornamental
plants. =Zinnia= L.

Female or neuter marginal flowers falling off before maturity or
wanting. 361

361. Inner fruits compressed from front to back. Scales on the
receptacle between the flowers flat or convex, not keeled. Female
or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting.
[Subtribe COREOPSIDINAE.] 362

Inner fruits not or laterally compressed. [Subtribe VERBESININAE.] 368

362. Pappus formed of 2-6 barbed bristles (which are armed with minute
reflexed prickles). Herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed or divided. 363

Pappus formed of bristles which are not barbed, at least on the inner
fruits, or ring-shaped, or wanting. 364

363. Fruits beaked. Ray-flowers red.--Species 1. Naturalized in
Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. =Cosmos= Cav.

Fruits not beaked. Ray-flowers, if present, yellow or white.--Species
20. Some of them are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds.
(Including _Kerneria_ Moench) =Bidens= L.

364. Involucral bracts 3-6. Marginal flowers female. Corolla glabrous
at the base. Pappus of the inner fruits of 2-3 awns. Herbs. Leaves
opposite. 365

Involucral bracts numerous, in two rows. 366

365. Involucral bracts partly herbaceous, partly membranous. Outer
fruits winged. Heads several together in the leaf-axils.--Species 1.
Naturalized in Central Africa. =Synedrella= Gaertn.

Involucral bracts herbaceous. Fruits all similar, not winged. Heads
solitary.--Species 1. West Africa (Congo). =Calyptrocarpus= Less.

366. Involucral bracts free, the outer herbaceous, the inner
membranous. Ray-flowers female. Corolla hairy at the base. Pappus none.
Herbs. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. Heads solitary or in
cymes, stalked.--Species 8. Central Africa. One of the species yields
oil from the seeds (ramtil-oil). =Guizotia= Cass.

Involucral bracts more or less united. Corolla glabrous at the base. 367

367. Ray-flowers female. Fruits oblong, many-ribbed, hairy. Pappus
a minutely toothed crown. Herbs. Leaves opposite, divided. Heads in
panicles.--Species 1. Abyssinia. =Microlecane= Schultz

Ray-flowers neuter or wanting. Pappus of two teeth or awns, or
ring-shaped, or wanting.--Species 50. Central Africa. Some are used as
ornamental plants. =Coreopsis= L.

368. (361.) Inner fruits much compressed laterally. Pappus of two awns
or wanting. Receptacle convex, conical, or cylindrical. Herbs. 369

Inner fruits slightly or not compressed. 370

369. Fruits winged. Receptacle convex. Involucre as long as the
disc. Heads in lax corymbs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper
ones.--Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics and in Egypt. Used
medicinally. (_Ximenesia_ Cass.) =Verbesina= L.

Fruits not winged. Receptacle elongated. Involucre much shorter than
the disc. Heads solitary. Leaves opposite.--Species 1. Tropical and
South-east Africa. Yields condiments and medicaments. =Spilanthes= L.

370. Inner involucral bracts embracing the outer fruits. Pappus
wanting. Herbs. Leaves opposite. 371

Inner involucral bracts not embracing the outer fruits. 372

371. Female marginal flowers in one row. Heads in panicles.--Species
5. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used
medicinally. =Siegesbeckia= L.

Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a strap-shaped corolla.
Heads solitary, sessile. Marsh plants.--Species 1. Central Africa.
=Enydra= Lour.

372. Receptacle-scales wholly enclosing the fruits. Pappus ring-shaped
or wanting. Flowers all hermaphrodite with a tubular corolla or the
marginal neuter with a strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle convex or
conical. Herbs.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Sclerocarpus= Jacq.

Receptacle-scales partly or not enclosing the fruits. 373

373. Receptacle-scales very narrow, nearly bristle-like. Pappus
wanting. Marginal flowers in two rows, with a strap-shaped corolla.
Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads solitary or in pairs.--Species 2. They
yield dye-stuffs, salad, and medicaments. =Eclipta= L.

Receptacle-scales broad or rather broad, convex or keeled. 374

374. Pappus wanting. Heads containing hermaphrodite and female flowers.
Herbs. Leaves opposite. 375

Pappus present. 376

375. Inner flowers 4-merous, outer with a very shortly strap-shaped
corolla-limb. Fruits 4-angled. Leaves oblong. Heads in groups of
three.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Micractis= DC.

Inner flowers 5-merous, outer with a rather long strap-shaped
corolla-limb. Fruits 2-3-angled. Leaves ovate.--Species 15. Tropical
and South Africa. =Wedelia= Jacq.

376. Pappus ring-shaped. Fruits 4-angled. Receptacle flat.
Receptacle-scales slit. Heads in corymbs; all flowers hermaphrodite.
Shrubs. Leaves alternate.--Species 1. Madagascar. =Temnolepis= Bak.

Pappus cup-shaped or formed of scales and bristles. Herbs or
undershrubs 377

377. Pappus of free, caducous bristles or scales. 378

Pappus of bristles united at the base, or cup-shaped with or without
free bristles. 379

378. Pappus-bristles 1-4, more or less broadened below. Heads large.
Ray-flowers neuter.--Species 3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized.
Used as ornamental plants (sunflower) and yielding edible tubers,
dye-stuffs, and oily seeds from which bread may be prepared.
=Helianthus= L.

Pappus-bristles thin, usually numerous. Heads middle-sized. Receptacle
convex. Receptacle-scales acuminate. Leaves opposite.--Species 17.
Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including _Lipotriche_ R. Br.)
=Melanthera= Rohr

379. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, arranged in corymbs.
Receptacle convex. Receptacle-scales with a coloured appendage. Anthers
arrow-shaped. Fruits 5-ribbed. Pappus a toothed cup. Leaves alternate,
linear. (See 246.) =Omphalopappus= O. Hoffm.

Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter.
380

380. Marginal flowers neuter, with a strap-shaped corolla. Leaves
opposite.--Species 40. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. =Aspilia=
Thouars

Marginal flowers female. 381

381. Marginal flowers with a tubular or shortly strap-shaped corolla.
Pappus of 2-5 unequal bristles united at the base. Leaves, at least the
lower, opposite.--Species 4. Central Africa. =Blainvillea= Cass.

Marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped corolla. Pappus
cup-shaped, with or without awns. Heads stalked. 382

382. Leaves alternate. Fruits 4-5-angled, many-ribbed.--Species 6.
Madagascar. =Epallage= DC.

Leaves opposite. Fruits 2-3-angled, with indistinct angles. (See 375.)
=Wedelia= Jacq.

383. (356.) Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a yellow,
thread-shaped, 2-3-toothed corolla. Involucral bracts in several rows,
imbricate, with scarious edges. Fruits without ribs. Pappus of one
row of bristles. Leaves alternate, undivided. Heads solitary or in
glomerules. (See 183.) =Phagnalon= Cass.

Female or neuter marginal flowers in one row, with a strap-shaped,
rarely a tubular but 4-toothed corolla, or wanting. [Tribe HELENIEAE.]
384

384. Female marginal flowers with a tubular, 4-toothed corolla.
Involucral bracts in 4-5 rows. Receptacle pitted. Pappus of scales.
Herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads in panicles.--Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). =Welwitschiella= O. Hoffm.

Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or
wanting. Heads solitary or in glomerules. 385

385. Receptacle bristly. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows. Anthers
arrow-shaped, the halves pointed at the base. Pappus of scales. Herbs.
Leaves alternate or radical. Heads solitary.--Species 1. Naturalized in
Central Africa. An ornamental plant. =Gaillardia= Foug.

Receptacle glabrous, rarely (_Tagetes_) ciliate at the edges of the
pits. 386

386. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves
opposite, entire. Heads solitary.--Species 9. Central Africa.
(Including _Hypericophyllum_ Steetz). =Jaumea= Pers.

Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. 387

387. Involucral bracts free. 388

Involucral bracts united below. Heads solitary. Anthers entire at the
base or with blunt halves. 390

388. Involucral bracts numerous. Heads many-flowered. Female marginal
flowers numerous. Anthers arrow-shaped, the halves pointed at the base.
Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or all radical.
Heads solitary. (See 124.) =Dimorphotheca= Moench

Involucral bracts 2-6. Heads few-flowered. Female marginal flowers
solitary or wanting. Anthers entire at the base or with blunt halves.
Heads in glomerules. 389

389. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves opposite.--Species 2. Naturalized in
Egypt and Eritrea. They yield dyes and medicaments. =Flaveria= Juss.

Pappus of slit scales. Small shrubs. Leaves alternate.--Species 1.
South Africa. =Phaeocephalus= S. Moore

390. Pappus wanting. Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Leaves alternate.--Species 15.
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. =Gamolepis= Less.

Pappus of scales or bristles. Herbs. 391

391. Pappus of 3-6 scales. Fruits scarcely ribbed. Leaves opposite,
pinnately divided.--Species 3. Naturalized. Ornamental plants, also
yielding dyes and medicaments. =Tagetes= L.

Pappus of numerous bristles or slit scales. Fruit 10-12-ribbed. Leaves
alternate, undivided.--Species 1. South Africa. =Cadiseus= E. Mey.




STATISTICAL TABLE

showing the number of Genera and Species and the Geographical
Distribution of each Family.

====================++=============++=============++=============++=============++=============++=============++=============
                    ||    Whole    ||   Africa    ||   Africa    ||   North     ||   Central   ||   Malagasy  ||    South
                    ||    Earth    ||  (in all)   ||(indigenous) ||   Africa    ||   Africa    ||   Islands   ||    Africa
====================++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======
Cycadaceae          ||    9 |   85 ||    3 |   25 ||    3 |   25 ||      |      ||    1 |    8 ||    1 |    1 ||    2 |   15
Ginkgoaceae         ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Taxaceae            ||   11 |  100 ||    2 |    9 ||    2 |    9 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    5 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    3
Pinaceae            ||   26 |  260 ||    6 |   25 ||    5 |   25 ||    5 |   15 ||    2 |    4 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    3
Gnetaceae           ||    3 |   45 ||    3 |    8 ||    3 |    8 ||    1 |    5 ||    3 |    5 ||      |      ||      |
--------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------
Gymnospermae        ||   50 |  500 ||   14 |   65 ||   13 |   65 ||    7 |   20 ||    7 |   20 ||    3 |    3 ||    4 |   20
--------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------
Typhaceae           ||    1 |    9 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    3 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2
Pandanaceae         ||    3 |  240 ||    1 |   65 ||    1 |   65 ||      |      ||    1 |   15 ||    1 |   50 ||      |
Sparganiaceae       ||    1 |   15 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Potamogetonaceae    ||    9 |  100 ||    8 |   35 ||    8 |   35 ||    8 |   20 ||    4 |   20 ||    6 |   20 ||    4 |    5
Naiadaceae          ||    1 |   30 ||    1 |   10 ||    1 |   10 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    7 ||    1 |    5 ||    1 |    1
Aponogetonaceae     ||    1 |   20 ||    1 |   20 ||    1 |   20 ||      |      ||    1 |    8 ||    1 |    6 ||    1 |    9
Scheuchzeriaceae    ||    5 |   15 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||    1 |    3
Alismataceae        ||   12 |   75 ||    9 |   15 ||    9 |   15 ||    4 |    5 ||    8 |   10 ||    4 |    4 ||      |
Butomaceae          ||    4 |    7 ||    2 |    2 ||    2 |    2 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |
Hydrocharitaceae    ||   15 |   65 ||   10 |   40 ||   10 |   40 ||    4 |    4 ||    9 |   35 ||    8 |   10 ||    1 |    1
Triuridaceae        ||    2 |   25 ||    1 |    3 ||    1 |    3 ||      |      ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    1 ||      |
Gramineae           ||  373 | 3700 ||  205 | 1600 ||  199 | 1600 ||  108 |  380 ||  130 |  850 ||   66 |  200 ||   80 |  460
Cyperaceae          ||   77 | 3000 ||   40 |  880 ||   40 |  880 ||    9 |   90 ||   25 |  490 ||   26 |  270 ||   28 |  350
Palmae              ||  169 | 1200 ||   36 |  100 ||   33 |  100 ||    3 |    4 ||   13 |   40 ||   24 |   60 ||    2 |    2
Cyclanthaceae       ||    6 |   45 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Araceae             ||  115 | 1100 ||   33 |  150 ||   28 |  140 ||    6 |   10 ||   21 |  120 ||    6 |    6 ||    3 |   10
Lemnaceae           ||    3 |   25 ||    3 |   12 ||    3 |   12 ||    3 |    7 ||    3 |   10 ||    2 |    4 ||    3 |    5
Flagellariaceae     ||    3 |    7 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1
Restionaceae        ||   23 |  250 ||   12 |  230 ||   12 |  230 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||   12 |  230
Centrolepidaceae    ||    7 |   40 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Mayacaceae          ||    1 |    7 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||    1 |     1||      |      ||      |
Xyridaceae          ||    2 |   55 ||    1 |   40 ||    1 |   40 ||      |      ||    1 |   30 ||    1 |    6 ||    1 |    8
Eriocaulaceae       ||    9 |  570 ||    4 |   80 ||    4 |   80 ||      |      ||    4 |   60 ||    3 |   15 ||    2 |   10
Thurniaceae         ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Rapateaceae         ||    7 |   25 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |
Bromeliaceae        ||   57 |  920 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Commelinaceae       ||   29 |  320 ||   12 |  160 ||   12 |  160 ||    1 |    5 ||   12 |  140 ||    6 |   25 ||    5 |   20
Pontederiaceae      ||    6 |   20 ||    3 |    5 ||    3 |    5 ||      |      ||    3 |    5 ||    1 |    1 ||      |
Cyanastraceae       ||    1 |    5 ||    1 |    5 ||    1 |    5 ||      |      ||    1 |    5 ||      |      ||      |
Philydraceae        ||    3 |    4 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Juncaceae           ||    8 |  280 ||    3 |   55 ||    3 |   55 ||    2 |   30 ||    2 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    3 |   30
Stemonaceae         ||    3 |    8 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Liliaceae           ||  228 | 2600 ||   79 | 1450 ||   75 | 1450 ||   27 |  130 ||   37 |  600 ||   22 |   65 ||   52 |  880
Haemodoraceae       ||    9 |   30 ||    4 |    6 ||    4 |    6 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||    4 |    6
Amaryllidaceae      ||   83 |  950 ||   33 |  310 ||   29 |  300 ||    6 |   20 ||   16 |  110 ||    5 |   15 ||   19 |  190
Velloziaceae        ||    2 |   70 ||    1 |   25 ||    1 |   25 ||      |      ||    1 |   15 ||    1 |    5 ||    1 |    9
Taccaceae           ||    2 |   10 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    2 ||      |
Dioscoreaceae       ||   10 |  240 ||    2 |   45 ||    2 |   45 ||    1 |    3 ||    1 |   20 ||    1 |    3 ||    1 |   15
Iridaceae           ||   60 | 1100 ||   39 |  600 ||   37 |  600 ||    5 |   30 ||   13 |  120 ||    6 |   10 ||   32 |  500
Musaceae            ||    6 |   85 ||    4 |   25 ||    3 |   20 ||      |      ||    1 |   15 ||    2 |    2 ||    1 |    4
Zingiberaceae       ||   41 |  900 ||   11 |  120 ||    7 |  110 ||      |      ||    4 |  110 ||    4 |    6 ||    1 |    3
Cannaceae           ||    1 |   40 ||    1 |    5 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Marantaceae         ||   27 |  290 ||   12 |   60 ||   11 |   55 ||      |      ||   11 |   55 ||    2 |    2 ||      |
Burmanniaceae       ||   18 |   60 ||    4 |   15 ||    4 |   15 ||      |      ||    4 |   10 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    1
Orchidaceae         ||  500 | 7400 ||   97 | 1600 ||   97 | 1600 ||   14 |   50 ||   55 |  900 ||   56 |  370 ||   37 |  430
--------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------
Monocotyledonae     || 1944 |26000 ||  681 | 7800 ||  650 | 7750 ||  206 |  800 ||  381 | 3850 ||  261 | 1200 ||  298 | 3200
--------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------
Casuarinaceae       ||    1 |   30 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |      ||    1 |    2 ||      |
Saururaceae         ||    3 |    5 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Piperaceae          ||    9 | 1100 ||    3 |   80 ||    3 |   80 ||      |      ||    3 |   40 ||    2 |   40 ||    2 |    7
Chloranthaceae      ||    4 |   35 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Lacistemaceae       ||    1 |   15 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Salicaceae          ||    2 |  200 ||    2 |   20 ||    2 |   20 ||    2 |   12 ||    2 |    6 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    3
Garryaceae          ||    1 |   15 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Myricaceae          ||    1 |   55 ||    1 |   25 ||    1 |   25 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    6 ||    1 |    6 ||    1 |   13
Balanopsidaceae     ||    2 |    9 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Leitneriaceae       ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Juglandaceae        ||    6 |   40 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Batidaceae          ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Julianiaceae        ||    2 |    5 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Betulaceae          ||    6 |   90 ||    2 |    2 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Fagaceae            ||    5 |  370 ||    2 |    9 ||    2 |    9 ||    2 |    9 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Ulmaceae            ||   15 |  120 ||    5 |   35 ||    5 |   35 ||    2 |    2 ||    4 |   20 ||    3 |   10 ||    3 |    7
Moraceae            ||   70 | 1000 ||   26 |  260 ||   19 |  250 ||    1 |    5 ||   15 |  200 ||    9 |   65 ||    1 |   12
Urticaceae          ||   43 |  580 ||   20 |  150 ||   19 |  150 ||    4 |   13 ||   17 |   75 ||   11 |   55 ||    9 |   20
Proteaceae          ||   55 | 1000 ||   13 |  400 ||   13 |  400 ||      |      ||    3 |   50 ||    2 |    2 ||   12 |  360
Myzodendraceae      ||    1 |   10 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Santalaceae         ||   26 |  250 ||    6 |  140 ||    6 |  140 ||    2 |    5 ||    3 |   55 ||    2 |    3 ||    5 |   90
Opiliaceae          ||    7 |   25 ||    2 |   15 ||    2 |   15 ||      |      ||    2 |   15 ||      |      ||    1 |    1
Grubbiaceae         ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    4 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||    1 |    4
Olacaceae           ||   27 |  160 ||   11 |   70 ||   11 |   70 ||      |      ||    9 |   55 ||    4 |   13 ||    1 |    1
Octoknemataceae     ||    1 |    3 ||    1 |    3 ||    1 |    3 ||      |      ||    1 |    3 ||      |      ||      |
Loranthaceae        ||   26 |  900 ||    4 |  300 ||    4 |  300 ||    2 |    2 ||    2 |  240 ||    3 |   45 ||    2 |   40
Balanophoraceae     ||   14 |   50 ||    4 |    6 ||    4 |    6 ||      |      ||    2 |    3 ||    2 |    2 ||    2 |    3
Aristolochiaceae    ||    6 |  200 ||    1 |   30 ||    1 |   30 ||    1 |    6 ||    1 |   20 ||    1 |    6 ||    1 |    1
Rafflesiaceae       ||    7 |   25 ||    2 |    4 ||    2 |    4 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1
Hydnoraceae         ||    2 |   10 ||    1 |    8 ||    1 |    8 ||      |      ||    1 |    6 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    2
Polygonaceae        ||   34 |  800 ||    9 |  120 ||    8 |  120 ||    5 |   50 ||    5 |   45 ||    2 |   20 ||    4 |   45
Chenopodiaceae      ||   76 |  450 ||   26 |  120 ||   25 |  120 ||   24 |   75 ||   12 |   40 ||    3 |    6 ||    9 |   40
Amarantaceae        ||   56 |  500 ||   32 |  200 ||   32 |  200 ||    8 |   17 ||   28 |  140 ||   12 |   35 ||   18 |   50
Nyctaginaceae       ||   20 |  170 ||    5 |   30 ||    3 |   30 ||    1 |    6 ||    3 |   12 ||    3 |   15 ||    3 |    6
Cynocrambaceae      ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Phytolaccaceae      ||   22 |  120 ||    5 |   15 ||    4 |   10 ||    1 |    2 ||    4 |    8 ||    3 |    4 ||    2 |    8
Aizoaceae           ||   24 |  600 ||   20 |  480 ||   20 |  480 ||    6 |   10 ||   14 |   45 ||    6 |   12 ||   20 |  440
Portulacaceae       ||   18 |  210 ||    6 |   35 ||    6 |   35 ||    1 |    2 ||    2 |   13 ||    2 |    5 ||    5 |   20
Basellaceae         ||    5 |   15 ||    2 |    4 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |
Caryophyllaceae     ||   79 | 1500 ||   45 |  280 ||   45 |  280 ||   37 |  200 ||   22 |   60 ||    7 |    8 ||   15 |   40
Nymphaeaceae        ||    8 |   60 ||    3 |   20 ||    3 |   20 ||    2 |    4 ||    2 |   20 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    1
Ceratophyllaceae    ||    1 |    3 ||    1 |    3 ||    1 |    3 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1
Trochodendraceae    ||    2 |    5 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Cercidiphyllaceae   ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Ranunculaceae       ||   32 | 1200 ||   11 |  140 ||   11 |  140 ||   11 |   70 ||    5 |   30 ||    2 |   13 ||    4 |   23
Lardizabalaceae     ||    7 |   20 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Berberidaceae       ||    9 |  150 ||    3 |    6 ||    3 |    6 ||    3 |    4 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |
Menispermaceae      ||   63 |  360 ||   27 |  100 ||   27 |  100 ||    1 |    1 ||   20 |   75 ||   10 |   25 ||    6 |   15
Magnoliaceae        ||   13 |  110 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Calycanthaceae      ||    1 |    5 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Lactoridaceae       ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Anonaceae           ||   76 |  900 ||   27 |  240 ||   26 |  230 ||      |      ||   25 |  200 ||   11 |   30 ||    5 |    8
Myristicaceae       ||   16 |  250 ||    9 |   25 ||    7 |   20 ||      |      ||    5 |   15 ||    2 |    5 ||      |
Gomortegaceae       ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Monimiaceae         ||   30 |  250 ||    6 |   30 ||    6 |   30 ||      |      ||    3 |    6 ||    4 |   25 ||    1 |    1
Lauraceae           ||   48 | 1100 ||   15 |   75 ||   12 |   70 ||    4 |    5 ||    6 |   30 ||    7 |   35 ||    3 |   10
Hernandiaceae       ||    4 |   25 ||    3 |    7 ||    3 |    7 ||      |      ||    3 |    4 ||    2 |    4 ||      |
Papaveraceae        ||   31 |  400 ||   11 |   50 ||    9 |   50 ||    7 |   40 ||    4 |    7 ||      |      ||    4 |   10
Capparidaceae       ||   43 |  450 ||   20 |  260 ||   20 |  260 ||    7 |   15 ||   19 |  200 ||    7 |   35 ||    8 |   40
Cruciferae          ||  232 | 1900 ||   88 |  420 ||   87 |  410 ||   75 |  270 ||   28 |   85 ||    4 |    8 ||   21 |  110
Tovariaceae         ||    1 |    4 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Resedaceae          ||    6 |   55 ||    6 |   45 ||    6 |   45 ||    6 |   30 ||    5 |   10 ||      |      ||    1 |    5
Moringaceae         ||    1 |    6 ||    1 |    6 ||    1 |    5 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    5 ||    1 |    1 ||      |
Sarraceniaceae      ||    3 |    9 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Nepenthaceae        ||    1 |   60 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |      ||    1 |    2 ||      |
Droseraceae         ||    4 |   85 ||    3 |   15 ||    3 |   15 ||    1 |    1 ||    2 |    6 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |   10
Podostemonaceae     ||   30 |  130 ||    9 |   25 ||    9 |   25 ||      |      ||    8 |   20 ||    3 |    6 ||    2 |    2
Hydrostachyaceae    ||    1 |   15 ||    1 |   15 ||    1 |   15 ||      |      ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |   12 ||    1 |    1
Crassulaceae        ||   18 |  550 ||   10 |  400 ||   10 |  400 ||    5 |  110 ||    6 |   60 ||    5 |   50 ||    6 |  200
Cephalotaceae       ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Saxifragaceae       ||   78 |  650 ||   11 |   25 ||   10 |   25 ||    3 |   10 ||    4 |    7 ||    6 |    7 ||    3 |    4
Pittosporaceae      ||    9 |  110 ||    1 |   35 ||    1 |   35 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |   15 ||    1 |   15 ||    1 |    2
Brunelliaceae       ||    1 |   10 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Cunoniaceae         ||   21 |  130 ||    3 |   17 ||    3 |   17 ||      |      ||      |      ||    1 |   15 ||    2 |    2
Myrothamnaceae      ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1
Bruniaceae          ||   12 |   55 ||   12 |   55 ||   12 |   55 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||   12 |   55
Hamamelidaceae      ||   20 |   50 ||    3 |   20 ||    3 |   20 ||      |      ||    1 |    2 ||    2 |   15 ||    1 |    2
Eucommiaceae        ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Platanaceae         ||    1 |    6 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Crossosomataceae    ||    1 |    3 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Rosaceae            ||  102 | 1700 ||   32 |  230 ||   30 |  220 ||   18 |   65 ||   13 |   85 ||    5 |   20 ||   12 |   65
Connaraceae         ||   20 |  180 ||   12 |  140 ||   12 |  140 ||      |      ||   12 |  130 ||    3 |    8 ||    1 |    1
Leguminosae         ||  522 |11500 ||  261 | 3300 ||  253 | 3300 ||   54 |  550 ||  182 | 1650 ||   82 |  440 ||   88 | 1000
Pandaceae           ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |
Geraniaceae         ||   11 |  500 ||    6 |  350 ||    6 |  350 ||    3 |   50 ||    6 |   25 ||    2 |    2 ||    5 |  280
Oxalidaceae         ||    7 |  300 ||    3 |  160 ||    2 |  160 ||    1 |    4 ||    2 |   15 ||    2 |   25 ||    1 |  120
Tropaeolaceae       ||    1 |   50 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Linaceae            ||   13 |  130 ||    7 |   60 ||    6 |   60 ||    2 |   20 ||    6 |   30 ||    2 |    8 ||    1 |    5
Humiriaceae         ||    3 |   20 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |
Erythroxylaceae     ||    2 |  200 ||    2 |   40 ||    2 |   40 ||      |      ||    2 |    5 ||    1 |   35 ||    1 |    4
Zygophyllaceae      ||   28 |  170 ||   12 |   90 ||   12 |   90 ||    9 |   35 ||    6 |   18 ||    2 |    3 ||    7 |   50
Cneoraceae          ||    1 |   10 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Rutaceae            ||  125 |  950 ||   33 |  320 ||   30 |  310 ||    1 |    8 ||   17 |   80 ||    7 |   35 ||   17 |  210
Simarubaceae        ||   32 |  150 ||   16 |   40 ||   16 |   40 ||      |      ||   13 |   35 ||    4 |    5 ||    1 |    1
Burseraceae         ||   18 |  350 ||    7 |  160 ||    7 |  160 ||      |      ||    6 |  120 ||    3 |   20 ||    1 |   20
Meliaceae           ||   49 |  800 ||   23 |  150 ||   23 |  150 ||      |      ||   18 |  100 ||    8 |   45 ||    5 |   15
Malpighiaceae       ||   65 |  700 ||   16 |   80 ||   16 |   80 ||      |      ||   10 |   45 ||   10 |   30 ||    4 |   13
Trigoniceae         ||    3 |   30 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Vochysiaceae        ||    5 |  100 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Tremandraceae       ||    3 |   25 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Polygalaceae        ||   11 |  700 ||    6 |  240 ||    6 |  240 ||    1 |   10 ||    5 |   90 ||    1 |   20 ||    4 |  140
Dichapetalaceae     ||    3 |  100 ||    2 |   75 ||    2 |   75 ||      |      ||    2 |   65 ||    1 |   12 ||    1 |    1
Euphorbiaceae       ||  278 | 4500 ||  122 | 1200 ||  117 | 1150 ||    5 |   70 ||   95 |  600 ||   47 |  360 ||   31 |  220
Callitrichaceae     ||    1 |   25 ||    1 |    6 ||    1 |    6 ||    1 |    5 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||    1 |    1
Buxaceae            ||    7 |   30 ||    3 |    8 ||    3 |    8 ||    1 |    1 ||    2 |    4 ||    1 |    1 ||    2 |    2
Empetraceae         ||    3 |    4 ||    2 |    2 ||    2 |    2 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||    1 |    1
Coriariaceae        ||    1 |    8 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Limnanthaceae       ||    2 |    5 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Anacardiaceae       ||   69 |  480 ||   29 |  250 ||   26 |  240 ||    2 |    6 ||   16 |  130 ||   12 |   30 ||    9 |   95
Cyrillaceae         ||    3 |    6 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Pentaphylacaceae    ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Corynocarpaceae     ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Aquifoliaceae       ||    4 |  280 ||    1 |    5 ||    1 |    5 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1
Celastraceae        ||   51 |  500 ||   15 |  160 ||   15 |  160 ||    2 |    4 ||    5 |   50 ||    9 |   35 ||   11 |   90
Hippocrateaceae     ||    3 |  200 ||    3 |  110 ||    3 |  110 ||      |      ||    3 |  100 ||    2 |   12 ||    2 |    5
Salvadoraceae       ||    3 |    9 ||    3 |    6 ||    3 |    6 ||    1 |    1 ||    3 |    6 ||    1 |    1 ||    2 |    2
Stackhousiaceae     ||    2 |   15 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Staphyleaceae       ||    6 |   20 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Icacinaceae         ||   48 |  200 ||   19 |   90 ||   19 |   90 ||      |      ||   15 |   65 ||   10 |   20 ||    3 |    5
Aceraceae           ||    2 |  110 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    4 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Hippocastanaceae    ||    3 |   15 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Sapindaceae         ||  128 | 1100 ||   51 |  200 ||   47 |  200 ||      |      ||   29 |  120 ||   23 |   60 ||    8 |   15
Sabiaceae           ||    3 |   70 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Melianthaceae       ||    3 |   30 ||    3 |   30 ||   30 |      ||      |    1 ||   18 |      ||      |    3 ||   10 |
Balsaminaceae       ||    2 |  350 ||    1 |  100 ||    1 |  100 ||      |      ||    1 |   85 ||    1 |   25 ||    1 |    2
Rhamnaceae          ||   52 |  500 ||   18 |  140 ||   18 |  140 ||    3 |   15 ||   14 |   25 ||    9 |   20 ||    8 |   90
Vitaceae            ||   12 |  500 ||    5 |  200 ||    5 |  200 ||    2 |    2 ||    4 |  160 ||    3 |   30 ||    2 |   18
Elaeocarpaceae      ||    8 |  130 ||    1 |   15 ||    1 |   15 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |   15 ||      |
Chlaenaceae         ||    7 |   25 ||    7 |   25 ||    7 |   25 ||      |      ||      |      ||    7 |   25 ||      |
Gonystilaceae       ||    1 |    7 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Tiliaceae           ||   45 |  350 ||   18 |  260 ||   18 |  260 ||    2 |    4 ||   17 |  180 ||    8 |   70 ||    4 |   20
Malvaceae           ||   50 |  900 ||   21 |  300 ||   21 |  300 ||    7 |   40 ||   16 |  140 ||   13 |   85 ||   13 |   85
Bombacaceae         ||   22 |  140 ||    3 |   13 ||    3 |   13 ||      |      ||    3 |    9 ||    1 |    4 ||      |
Sterculiaceae       ||   57 |  820 ||   28 |  470 ||   26 |  470 ||    1 |    1 ||   19 |  190 ||   14 |  120 ||    6 |  190
Scytopetalaceae     ||    5 |   40 ||    5 |   40 ||    5 |   40 ||      |      ||    5 |   40 ||      |      ||      |
Dilleniaceae        ||   14 |  320 ||    3 |   25 ||    3 |   25 ||      |      ||    1 |   18 ||    3 |    8 ||      |
Eucryphiaceae       ||    1 |    4 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Ochnaceae           ||   22 |  250 ||    7 |  150 ||    7 |  150 ||      |      ||    6 |  120 ||    3 |   35 ||    3 |    8
Caryocaraceae       ||    2 |   15 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Marcgraviaceae      ||    5 |   50 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Quiinaceae          ||    2 |   20 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Theaceae            ||   20 |  200 ||    6 |   12 ||    5 |   10 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    3 |    8 ||      |
Guttiferae          ||   50 |  850 ||   16 |  180 ||   16 |  180 ||    1 |   25 ||   12 |   85 ||   11 |   80 ||    2 |    6
Dipterocarpaceae    ||   19 |  340 ||    2 |   15 ||    2 |   15 ||      |      ||    1 |   15 ||    1 |    1 ||      |
Elatinaceae         ||    2 |   35 ||    2 |   15 ||    2 |   15 ||    2 |    6 ||    1 |    8 ||      |      ||    1 |    5
Frankeniaceae       ||    5 |   60 ||    2 |   10 ||    2 |   10 ||    1 |    9 ||    2 |    3 ||      |      ||    1 |    3
Tamaricaceae        ||    4 |   90 ||    3 |   25 ||    3 |   25 ||    3 |   20 ||    1 |    3 ||      |      ||    1 |    2
Fouquieriaceae      ||    1 |    4 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Cistaceae           ||    7 |  140 ||    5 |   75 ||    5 |   75 ||    5 |   75 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |
Bixaceae            ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Cochlospermaceae    ||    3 |   20 ||    2 |    7 ||    2 |    7 ||      |      ||    1 |    5 ||    1 |    2 ||      |
Koeberliniaceae     ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Winteranaceae       ||    4 |    8 ||    2 |    4 ||    2 |    4 ||      |      ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||      |
Violaceae           ||   17 |  450 ||    4 |  100 ||    4 |  100 ||    1 |   15 ||    4 |   55 ||    3 |   30 ||    3 |    8
Flacourtiaceae      ||   84 |  650 ||   46 |  250 ||   46 |  250 ||      |      ||   39 |  150 ||   18 |   95 ||   11 |   25
Stachyuraceae       ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Turneraceae         ||    7 |  100 ||    7 |   20 ||    7 |   20 ||      |      ||    3 |   12 ||    5 |    6 ||    2 |    2
Malesherbiaceae     ||    1 |   25 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Passifloraceae      ||   13 |  380 ||    8 |   75 ||    8 |   70 ||      |      ||    6 |   45 ||    3 |   15 ||    3 |   12
Achariaceae         ||    3 |    3 ||    3 |    3 ||    3 |    3 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||    3 |    3
Caricaceae          ||    3 |   30 ||    2 |    3 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |
Loasaceae           ||   13 |  230 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||    1 |    1
Datiscaceae         ||    3 |    5 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Begoniaceae         ||    5 |  450 ||    1 |  110 ||    1 |  110 ||      |      ||    1 |   90 ||    1 |   20 ||    1 |    7
Ancistrocladaceae   ||    1 |   10 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |
Cactaceae           ||   23 | 1500 ||    5 |   13 ||    1 |    7 ||      |      ||    1 |    3 ||    1 |    4 ||    1 |    1
Geissolomataceae    ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||    1 |    2
Penaeaceae          ||    5 |   35 ||    5 |   35 ||    5 |   35 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||    5 |   35
Oliniaceae          ||    1 |    7 ||    1 |    7 ||    1 |    7 ||      |      ||    1 |    3 ||      |      ||    1 |    4
Thymelaeaceae       ||   41 |  450 ||   17 |  250 ||   16 |  250 ||    2 |   15 ||    8 |   95 ||    4 |   17 ||   10 |  130
Elaeagnaceae        ||    3 |   30 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Lythraceae          ||   25 |  500 ||   12 |   90 ||   11 |   90 ||    4 |   15 ||    7 |   65 ||    7 |   17 ||    6 |   25
Sonneratiaceae      ||    4 |   15 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |
Punicaceae          ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |
Lecythidaceae       ||   19 |  250 ||    4 |   15 ||    4 |   15 ||      |      ||    3 |    8 ||    2 |    9 ||    1 |    1
Rhizophoraceae      ||   18 |   60 ||   10 |   45 ||   10 |   45 ||      |      ||    8 |   30 ||    8 |   20 ||    4 |    5
Nyssaceae           ||    3 |    8 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Alangiaceae         ||    1 |   20 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |
Combretaceae        ||   17 |  450 ||   12 |  330 ||   12 |  330 ||      |      ||   10 |  280 ||    6 |   40 ||    4 |   25
Myrtaceae           ||   76 | 2900 ||   10 |   85 ||    7 |   75 ||    1 |    1 ||    3 |   35 ||    4 |   35 ||    4 |   10
Melastomataceae     ||  169 | 2800 ||   33 |  280 ||   33 |  280 ||      |      ||   24 |  160 ||   14 |  110 ||    3 |    9
Oenotheraceae       ||   39 |  500 ||   10 |   40 ||    6 |   35 ||    6 |   12 ||    4 |   20 ||    3 |   12 ||    4 |   12
Halorrhagaceae      ||    7 |  150 ||    3 |   15 ||    3 |   15 ||    2 |    4 ||    3 |    5 ||    3 |    7 ||    3 |    3
Hippuridaceae       ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Cynomoriaceae       ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Araliaceae          ||   55 |  660 ||    8 |   75 ||    8 |   75 ||    1 |    1 ||    3 |   25 ||    7 |   45 ||    1 |   10
Umbelliferae        ||  270 | 2500 ||   92 |  410 ||   92 |  410 ||   71 |  210 ||   29 |   80 ||    8 |   20 ||   30 |  120
Cornaceae           ||   10 |  100 ||    4 |    6 ||    4 |    6 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||    2 |    4 ||    1 |    1
--------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------
Archichlamydeae     || 4512 |67500 || 1703 |16700 || 1632 |16600 ||  454 | 2300 || 1054 | 7800 ||  577 | 2950 ||  573 | 5000
--------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------
Clethraceae         ||    1 |   30 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Pirolaceae          ||   10 |   30 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Lennoaceae          ||    3 |    5 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Ericaceae           ||   77 | 1550 ||   17 |  720 ||   17 |  720 ||    5 |   12 ||    7 |   40 ||    6 |   45 ||   12 |  630
Epacridaceae        ||   23 |  340 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Diapensiaceae       ||    6 |    9 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Theophrastaceae     ||    4 |   70 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Myrsinaceae         ||   32 | 1000 ||   10 |  130 ||   10 |  130 ||    3 |    3 ||    5 |   35 ||    7 |   95 ||    4 |    8
Primulaceae         ||   22 |  560 ||   11 |   45 ||   10 |   45 ||    9 |   20 ||    7 |   20 ||    2 |    6 ||    3 |    8
Plumbaginaceae      ||   10 |  280 ||    7 |   90 ||    7 |   90 ||    5 |   60 ||    4 |   18 ||    1 |    3 ||    3 |   15
Sapotaceae          ||   51 |  650 ||   19 |  150 ||   16 |  140 ||    2 |    2 ||   12 |  110 ||    5 |   30 ||    3 |   15
Hoplestigmataceae   ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||    1 |    2 ||      |      ||      |
Ebenaceae           ||    7 |  350 ||    6 |  150 ||    6 |  150 ||      |      ||    5 |   80 ||    3 |   35 ||    4 |   35
Symplocaceae        ||    1 |  300 ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |      ||      |
Styracaceae         ||    7 |  110 ||    1 |    1 ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||    1 |    1 ||      |      ||      |




GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS


ABORTIVE (_abortivus_). Imperfectly developed.

ACCRESCENT (_accrescens_). Increasing in size with age.

ACCUMBENT (_accumbens_). Placed along the edge, especially of the
cotyledons.

ACHENE (_achaenium_). A dry and indehiscent fruit, especially one with
a thin pericarp.

ACUMINATE (_acuminatus_). Narrowed at the top and drawn out into a
point.

ACUTE (_acutus_). Sharply pointed, but not drawn out.

ADELPHOUS (_adelphus_). United in bundles, e.g., diadelphous = united
in two bundles.

ADHERENT (_adhaerens_). Slightly united to an organ of another kind,
usually to a part of another whorl.

ADNATE (_adnatus_). Closely united with an organ of another kind,
usually with a part of another whorl. Adnate anthers have their halves
attached through their whole length to the filament.

AËRIAL (_aëreus_). Growing above the surface of the earth or water.

AESTIVATION (_aestivatio_). Praefloration, i.e., the arrangement of the
perianth-leaves in the bud.

ALBUMEN (_albumen_). The nutritive tissue (endosperm or perisperm) in
which the embryo is more or less immersed.

ALTERNATE (_alternus_). Placed between two parts; or inserted one on
each node.

ANDROGYNOUS (_androgynus_). Containing both male and female flowers.

ANDROPHORE (_androphorum_). An elongation of the receptacle below the
stamens.

ANNUAL (_annuus_). Terminating its whole cycle of life within one year.

ANNULAR (_annularis_). Ring-shaped.

ANTERIOR (_anticus_). Placed in front; or turned away from the axis
upon which the organ is inserted.

ANTHER (_anthera_). The thickened upper part of the stamen, which
encloses the pollen. It usually consists of two halves (cells)
containing two pollen-sacs each and opening by a common slit or pore.

APPRESSED (_appressus_). Pressed close.

AREOLE (_areola_). A space marked out on a surface.

ARIL (_arillus_). An expansion of the funicle or the adjoining part of
the testa, more or less enveloping the seed.

ASCENDING (_ascendens_). Directed upwards. An ascending stem is more or
less prostrate at the base, then erect; an ascending ovule is attached
somewhat above the base.

ASYMMETRICAL (_asymmetricus_). Which cannot be divided into two or more
similar parts.

AURICLE (_auriculus_). An earlet, i.e., a small roundish lateral
appendage of a leaf or leaf-like organ.

AWN (_arista_). A strong bristle-like appendage.

AXIL (_axilla_). The upper angle between a leaf and the stem from which
it springs.

AXILE (_axilis_). Placed in the axis.

AXILLARY (_axillaris_). Placed in the axil of a leaf.

AXIS (_axis_). The line round which an organ is developed; or the part
of the plant on which other parts are attached, especially the stem.


BACCATE (_baccatus_). Berry-like.

BARBED (_glochidiatus_). Beset with hairs or spines directed backwards.

BASIFIXED (_basifixus_). Attached by the bottom.

BERRY (_bacca_). A succulent indehiscent fruit with a thin and soft
(membranous, parchment-like, or cartilaginous) endocarp.

BIENNIAL (_biennis_). Fruiting the second year and then perishing.

BLADE (_lamina_). The upper expanded part of a leaf or leaf-like organ.

BRACT (_bractea_). A modified leaf, usually reduced in size,
intermediate between the foliage leaves and the flowers, especially
those in the axil of which a flower or branch of inflorescence arises.

BRACTEOLE (_bracteola_). A bract arising immediately below a flower or
on the pedicel.

BULB (_bulbus_). A usually underground part of the stem of certain
plants, which is surrounded by numerous fleshy scales.


CADUCOUS (_caducus_). Falling off very early.

CALYX (_calyx_). The outer floral envelope, usually smaller and firmer
than the inner and of green colour.

CAMPANULATE (_campanulatus_). Bell-shaped.

CAPITATE (_capitatus_). Head-like.

CAPSULE (_capsula_). A dry dehiscent fruit, especially if formed of
several carpels.

CARPEL (_carpellum_). A modified leaf bearing the female reproductive
organs (ovules).

CARUNCLE (_caruncula_). An outgrowth near the hilum of certain seeds.

CATKIN (_amentum_). A deciduous spike with a thin rachis and
inconspicuous unisexual flowers.

CAULINE (_caulinus_). Arising along the stem.

CELL (_cellula_). One of the sack-like bodies of which the tissue of
the plants is composed.

CELL (_loculus_). One of the cavities into which the ovary, the fruit,
and the anthers are usually divided. The number of anther-cells refers
to the time after their dehiscence, 2-celled anthers being 4-celled
when young.

CENTRIFUGAL (_centrifugus_). Developing from the centre outwards or
from the apex towards the base.

CENTRIPETAL (_centripetus_). Developing from without towards the centre
or from the base towards the apex.

CIRCINNATE (_circinnatus_). Coiled from the apex downwards.

CIRCUMSCISS (_circumscissus_). Split circularly around.

CLAW (_unguis_). The narrow base of perianth-leaves, especially petals.

CLEFT (_fissus,-fidus_). Divided half-way down.

COHERENT (_cohaerens_). Slightly united to an organ of the same kind.

COLLATERAL (_collateralis_). Placed side by side.

COMPOUND LEAF (_folium compositum_). A leaf formed of leaflets jointed
with the rachis and usually falling off separately.

CONDUPLICATE (_conduplicatus_). Doubled along the midrib.

CONE (_conus_). A spike-like inflorescence flower or fruit with large
bracts or scales usually becoming woody at maturity.

CONFLUENT (_confluens_). Blended into one.

CONNATE (_connatus_). United with an organ of the same kind by
confluence of the margins or by elongation of the common base.

CONNECTIVE (_connectivum_). The part of the stamen which connects the
anther-halves.

CONNIVENT (_connivens_). Converging.

CONTORTED (_contortus_). Imbricate in bud, all segments overlapping on
the same side (to the right or the left from the spectator).

CONVOLUTE (_convolutus_). Rolled up from one margin.

CORDATE (_cordatus_). Heart-shaped, i.e., with two rounded basal lobes.

CORM (_cormus_). The thickened base of certain stems, enveloped by some
large scales and usually underground.

COROLLA (_corolla_). The inner floral envelope, usually larger than the
outer, of soft texture, and bright coloured.

CORONA (_corona_). A crown formed by scale-or thread-like appendages of
the perianth or the stamens.

CORYMB (_corymbus_). A more or less flat-topped, raceme-like or
compound inflorescence.

COTTONY (_tomentosus_). Covered with short matted hairs.

COTYLEDON (_cotyledo_). Seed-leaf, i.e., one of the first leaves of the
embryo, which differ from the following.

CRENATE (_crenatus_). With rounded teeth at the margin.

CRUSTACEOUS (_crustaceus_). Crusty, i.e., thin and brittle.

CYME (_cyma_). An inflorescence of the centrifugal (cymose) type,
especially when loose and equally-branched.

CYMOSE (_cymosus_). Consisting of a main axis, which ends in a flower,
and several stronger lateral axes.

CYSTOLITH (_cystolithus_). Cell-stone, i.e., a hard outgrowth of the
cell-wall, appearing as a point or short line on the surface of the
leaves of certain plants.


DECIDUOUS (_deciduus_). Falling off after flowering or at the end of
the season.

DECUMBENT (_decumbens_). Reclining.

DECURRENT (_decurrens_). Prolonged below the insertion.

DEHISCENT (_dehiscens_). Opening spontaneously when ripe to discharge
the contents (seeds or pollen).

DENTATE (_dentatus_). Toothed, i.e., provided with small incisions and
projections on the margin.

DESCENDING (_descendens_). Tending downwards; or attached somewhat
below the apex.

DICHOTOMOUS (_dichotomus_). Repeatedly divided in pairs, each branch
dividing into two subequal branches.

DIDYMOUS (_didymus_). Bi-globose, i.e., divided into two roundish lobes.

DIDYNAMOUS (_didynamus_). In two pairs of unequal length.

DIGITATE (_digitatus_). Palmately compound.

DIOECIOUS (_dioicus_). Unisexual and the male and female flowers on
different plants.

DISC (_discus_). A usually ring-, cushion-, or cup-shaped expansion of
the receptacle.

DISSECTED (_dissectus_). Divided to the base, but not jointed with the
rachis.

DISSEPIMENT (_septum_). A partition of the interior of the ovary,
usually formed by the margins of the carpels. A partition not having
that origin is called a false or spurious dissepiment.

DIVARICATE (_divaricatus_). Diverging at an angle approaching 180°.

DORSAL (_dorsalis_). Situated on the back, especially on the midrib of
a folded leaf or leaf-like organ; or turned away from the axis to which
the organ in question is attached.

DORSIFIXED (_dorsifixus_). Attached by the back.

DRUPE (_drupa_). Stone-fruit, i.e., a fruit with a hard (bony, woody,
or crusty) endocarp called the stone, a succulent, more or less fleshy
mesocarp, and a thin (membranous or leathery) epicarp.


ELLIPTICAL (_ellipticus_). About twice as long as broad and narrowed
towards both ends.

EMARGINATE (_emarginatus_). With a small, usually apical notch.

EMBRYO (_embryo_). The rudimentary plant formed in the seed.

ENDOCARP (_endocarpium_). The innermost layer of the pericarp.

ENTIRE (_integerrimus_). Without toothing or division.

EPICALYX (_epicalyx_). A whorl of bracts closely surrounding a flower
and resembling an outer calyx.

EPICARP (_epicarpium_). The outermost layer of the pericarp.

EPIGYNOUS (_epigynus_). Inserted at the upper edge of a concave
receptacle which is united with the ovary.

EPIPHYTE (_epiphyticus_). Growing upon other plants without deriving
nourishment from them.

EX-(_ex-_). Without. Exalbuminous = without albumen. Exstipulate =
without stipules.

EXOCARP (_exocarpium_). The outermost layer of the pericarp.

EXSERTED (_exsertus_). Projecting beyond the tube of the perianth or
corolla.

EXTRORSE (_extrorsus_). Turned outwards.

FALCATE (_falcatus_). Sickle-shaped.

FASCICLE (_fasciculus_). A cluster, especially a short and dense cymose
inflorescence of distinctly stalked or conspicuous flowers.

FEMALE FLOWER (_flos foemineus_). A flower containing fertile
(ovule-bearing) carpels, but no fertile (pollen-producing) stamens.

FERTILE (_fertilis_). Capable of producing progeny, especially bearing
pollen or ovules which develop into seeds.

FILAMENT (_filamentum_). The lower narrow part (the stalk) of the
stamen.

FILIFORM (_filiformis_). Thread-shaped, i.e., cylindrical and very
slender.

FLEXUOUS (_flexuosus_). Bent alternately in opposite directions.

FOLIACEOUS (_foliaceus_). Leaf-like, i.e., having the shape and texture
of a foliage-leaf.

FOLIOLE (_foliolum_). Leaflet, i.e., one of the leaf-like parts of a
compound leaf, which are jointed to the rachis.

FOLLICLE (_folliculus_). A one-celled fruit opening lengthwise (at the
ventral suture).

FORKED (_furcatus_). Divided into two subequal branches.

FREE (_liber_). Not united, not even at the base.

FUNICLE (_funiculus_). The stalk of the ovule.


GAMO-(_gamo-_). With the parts more or less united, e.g., gamopetalous
= with the petals united below into a ring, cup, or tube.

GLABROUS (_glaber_). Without hairs.

GLAND (_glans_). A thick, usually roundish outgrowth, generally
secreting a liquid.

GLANDULAR (_glandulosus_). Bearing a gland or glands.

GLOMERULE (_glomerulis_). A short and dense cymose inflorescence of
subsessile inconspicuous flowers.

GLUME (_gluma_). A chaffy bract, especially in the inflorescence of
grasses.

GYNOPHORE (_gynophorum_). An elongation of the receptacle below the
carpels.


HASTATE (_hastatus_). Halbard-shaped, i.e., with two acute basal lobes
turned outwards.

HEAD (_capitulum_). A centripetal inflorescence with a short and
usually thick axis and sessile or nearly sessile flowers.

HERMAPHRODITE (_hermaphroditus_). Bisexual, i.e., containing both kinds
of sexual organs (stamens and carpels) in complete development.

HILUM (_hilus_). The point where the ovule or the seed is attached to
the funicle or the placenta.

HIRSUTE (_hirsutus_). Densely covered with erect, rather short and
stiff hairs.

HISPID (_hispidus_). Beset with long stiff hairs.

HYALINE (_hyalinus_). Membranous and translucid.

HYPOGYNOUS (_hypogynus_). Inserted at the base of the ovary or below
it, upon a small and flat or an elevated receptacle.


IMBRICATE (_imbricatus_). Overlapping at the edges, as the tiles of a
roof, especially in the bud.

IMPARIPINNATE (_imparipinnatus_). Unequally pinnate, i.e., pinnate with
a terminal leaflet.

INCLUDED (_inclusus_). Concealed within the tube of the perianth or
corolla.

INCUMBENT (_incumbens_). Placed upon the back, especially of the
cotyledons.

INDEHISCENT (_indehiscens_). Remaining closed at maturity.

INDUPLICATE (_induplicatus_). Doubled along the midrib, with the
margins turned inwards.

INFERIOR OVARY (_ovarium inferum_). An ovary adnate to a concave
receptacle or to the tube of the perianth or calyx.

INFLORESCENCE (_inflorescentia_). The flowering part of a branch
and the arrangement of the flowers upon it. The flower-clusters
constituting together a compound inflorescence are termed partial
inflorescences.

INTRORSE (_introrsus_). Turned inwards.

INVERTED OVULE (_ovulum anatropum_). An ovule with the micropyle next
to the hilum.

INVOLUCEL (_involucellum_). The involucre of a partial inflorescence.

INVOLUCRE (_involucrum_). A group of bracts surrounding an
inflorescence.

INVOLUTE (_involutus_). Rolled inward from the margins towards the
midrib.

IRREGULAR FLOWER (_flos irregularis_). A flower with unequally shaped
or disposed perianth-leaves.


JOINTED (_articulatus_). Divided into portions which subsequently
separate; or separating at the point of attachment.


LACINIATE (_laciniatus_). Lacerated, i.e., slit into narrow and
irregular segments.

LANCEOLATE (_lanceolatus_). About 3-6 times as long as broad and ending
in an angle or point.

LEGUME (_legumen_). A one-celled fruit opening by two valves.

LIGULATE (_ligulatus_). Strap-shaped, i.e., produced on one side into a
long and narrow limb.

LIGULE (_ligula_). A strap-shaped body, especially the scale-like
appendage on the inner side of certain leaves, usually between the
sheath and the blade.

LIMB (_limbus_). The upper, more or less expanded part of a perianth.

LINEAR (_linearis_). Very narrow (many times as long as broad) with
almost parallel edges.

LIP (_labium_). A part of a perianth formed of several united segments
or of one large segment which is separated from the rest.

LOBE (_lobus_). Division of a leaf or a perianth, especially when short.

LOBED (_lobatus_). Shortly divided, the incisions not reaching to the
middle.

LOCULICIDAL (_loculicidus_). Opening along the median line of the
outer wall of the ovary-or fruit-cells (along the dorsal suture of the
carpels).

LYRATE (_lyratus_). Lyre-shaped, i.e., pinnately divided with a large
and rounded terminal lobe and small lateral ones.


MALE FLOWER (_flos masculus_). A flower containing fertile
(pollen-producing) stamens, but no fertile carpels.

MEDIAN (_medianus_). Placed in the middle-line of a bilateral organ.

MERICARP (_mericarpium_). Partial fruit, i.e., one of the parts into
which a schizocarp separates.

MEROUS (_merus_). With the parts of the flower consisting of a certain
number of divisions or leaves, e.g., dimerous = with the parts in twos.

MESOCARP (_mesocarpium_). The intermediate layer of the pericarp.

MICROPYLE (_micropyle_). The aperture in the coats of the ovule.

MONOECIOUS (_monoicus_). Unisexual and the flowers of both sexes on the
same plant.

MUCRONATE (_mucronatus_). Ending in a short bristle-like point (mucro).

MUTICOUS (_muticus_). Without awns or spines.


NAKED (_nudus_). Not enveloped by a perianth or by carpels.

NERVE (_nervus_). A vascular bundle in a leaf or leaf-like organ,
usually appearing as a dark or translucent line or a ridge projecting
on the under surface.

NET-VEINED (_reticulatim venosus_). With the lateral nerves irregularly
connected by a network of small veins.

NEUTER (_neuter_). Without perfect sexual organs.

NODE (_nodus_). The usually knot-like part of the stem, where a leaf or
a whorl of leaves are inserted.

NUT (_nux_). A dry and indehiscent fruit, especially one with a thick
and hard rind.


OB-(_ob-_). Reversedly. Thus obcordate or obovate = cordate or ovate,
the upper part the broader.

OBLONG (_oblongus_). About 3-6 times as long as broad and rounded at
the top.

OBTUSE (_obtusus_). Blunt, i.e., narrowed, but not pointed at the apex.

OPEN AESTIVATION (_aestivatio aperta_). A form of aestivation in which
the margins of the perianth-leaves do not touch one another.

OPPOSITE (_oppositus_). Set against in pairs at the same level; or
placed one before another.

OVAL (_ovalis_). About twice as long as broad and rounded at the top.

OVARY (_ovarium_). The lower part of the pistil, which encloses the
ovules.

OVATE (_ovatus_). Shaped like the longitudinal section of an egg, i.e.,
oval and narrowed towards the top.

OVOID (_ovoideus_). Egg-shaped.

OVULE (_ovulum_). The grain-like body which contains the female
reproductive cells and developes into the seed after fertilization.


PALMATE (_palmatus_). With the divisions or branches springing from one
point.

PANICLE (_panicula_). A repeatedly branched inflorescence of more or
less pyramidal or ovoid form.

PAPILLA (_papilla_). A soft superficial protuberance.

PARALLELNERVED (_parallelinervius_). With the principal nerves nearly
parallel and connected almost at right angles by equally subparallel
side-nerves.

PARASITE (_planta parasitica_). A plant growing upon an other plant and
feeding from it.

PARIETAL (_parietalis_). Attached to the wall of the ovary, usually at
the sutures of the carpels.

PARIPINNATE (_paripinnatus_). Equally or abruptly pinnate, i.e.,
pinnate without a terminal leaflet.

PARTED (_partitus_). Divided nearly to the base.

PEDATE (_pedatus_). With the larger branches or divisions springing
from the lowest lateral ones.

PEDICEL (_pedicellus_). The stalk of a flower.

PEDUNCLE (_pedunculus_). The stalk of an inflorescence.

PELTATE (_peltalus_). Shield-shaped, i.e., roundish and attached by the
middle of the under surface.

PENICILLATE (_penicillatus_). Shaped like a tuft of hairs or a
painter’s brush.

PENNINERVED (_penninervius_). With pinnate nervation.

PERENNIAL (_perennis_). Not perishing after maturity, the underground
part of the stem at least remaining alive.

PERIANTH (_perianthium_). Floral envelope, i.e., the aggregate of the
modified leaves surrounding the stamens and carpels and forming part of
the flower.

PERICARP (_pericarpium_). The wall of the fruit enclosing the seeds.

PERIGYNOUS (_perigynus_). Inserted upon the margin of a more or less
concave receptacle which is free from the ovary, at some distance from
and usually higher than the ovary.

PERSISTENT (_persistens_). Remaining on the plant at the time of
maturity.

PETAL (_petalum_). One of the inner perianth-leaves, usually differing
from the outer in the larger size, the softer texture, and the bright
colour.

PETALOID (_petaloideus_). Petal-or corolla-like.

PETIOLE (_petiolus_). The foot-stalk of a leaf.

PHYLLODE (_phyllodium_). A broadened, leaf-like branch.

PINNA (_pinna_). One of the lateral branches or divisions of a pinnate
organ.

PINNATE (_pinnatus_). With the divisions, leaflets, or branches
arranged along each side of the midrib or rachis. Unequally pinnate
leaves have a terminal leaflet, equally (abruptly) pinnate ones have
none.

PISTIL (_pistillum_). The aggregate of the carpels of a flower.

PLACENTA (_placenta_). The part of the ovary or fruit which bears the
ovules or seeds.

PLICATE (_plicatus_). Folded along the ribs.

PLUMULE (_plumula_). The upper part of the embryo (above the
cotyledons).

POLLEN (_pollen_). The fertilizing cells produced in the anthers.

POLYGAMOUS (_polygamus_). Partly hermaphrodite and partly unisexual.

POSTERIOR (_posticus_). Directed towards the axis upon which the organ
in question is inserted.

PRAEFLORATION (_praeflovatio_). The arrangement of the perianth-leaves
in the bud.

PRAEFOLIATION (_praefoliatio_). The mode in which a foliage-leaf is
disposed before its expansion.

PROCUMBENT (_procumbens_). Spreading along the ground.


QUINCUNCIAL (_quincuncialis_). Imbricate in bud, so that one
perianth-leaf is overlapped on one side only, the others on either or
neither side.


RACEME (_racemus_). A centripetal (racemose) inflorescence with an
elongated axis and distinctly stalked flowers.

RACEMOSE (_racemosus_, _botryosus_). Consisting of a main axis not
ending in a number of weaker lateral axes.

RACHIS (_rhachis_). The main axis of an inflorescence or of a compound
leaf.

RADIATING (_radians_). Spreading all round; or bearing larger flowers
or larger perianth-leaves at the circumference than in the centre.

RADICAL (_radicalis_). Arising from the base of the stem, apparently
from the root.

RADICLE (_radicula_). The lower part of the embryo (below the
cotyledons).

RAPHE (_raphe_). A cord of tissue forming a prolongation of the funicle
along the coats of the ovule.

RECEPTACLE (_receptaculum_). The extremity of the flower-stalk bearing
the floral envelopes and the sexual organs; or the enlarged end of a
branch upon which the flowers are seated.

REDUPLICATE (_reduplicatus_). Doubled along the midrib with the margins
turned outwards.

REFLEXED (_reflexus_). Bent back.

REGULAR (_regularis_). With all parts of the same kind, especially all
perianth leaves, equal in shape and arrangement.

RENIFORM (_reniformis_). Kidney-shaped.

REVOLUTE (_revolutus_). Rolled backwards from the margins.

RIB (_costa_). A strong, more or less projecting nerve.

ROOT-STOCK (_rhizoma_). The root-like, underground or prostrate lowest
part of the stem of certain plants.

ROTATE (_rotatus_). Wheel-shaped, i.e., with a very short tube and a
spreading limb.

RUDIMENTARY (_rudimentarius_). Very imperfectly developed.

RUMINATE (_ruminatus_). Marked with irregular fissures.

RUNCINATE (_runcinatus_). Pinnately cleft with pointed recurved lobes.


SACCATE (_saccatus_). Provided with a pouch-shaped appendage.

SAGITTATE (_sagittatus_). Arrow-shaped, i.e., with two acute basal
lobes directed downwards.

SALVER-SHAPED (_hypocraterimorphus_). With a long and narrow tube and a
spreading limb.

SAPROPHYTE (_saprophytum_). A plant living upon decaying organic matter.

SCALE (_squama_). A reduced leaf usually destitute of green colour, or
a similar outgrowth of the skin of a plant.

SCAPE (_scapus_). A leafless stalk of an inflorescence rising from the
ground.

SCARIOUS (_scariosus_). Dry and membranous.

SCHIZOCARP (_schizocarpium_, _fructus in coccos secedens_). A fruit
separating into several usually nut-like mericarps.

SCORPIOID (_scorpioideus_). One-sided and coiled at the top.

SEGMENT (_segmentum_). A division of a deeply divided leaf, or a
division of the perianth, especially when the latter is deeply divided.

SEPAL (_sepalum_). An outer perianth-leaf, usually small, green, and of
a firm texture.

SEPALOID (_sepaloideus_). Sepal-or calyx-like.

SEPTATE (_septatus_). Chambered, i.e., divided into cells by
dissepiments.

SEPTICIDAL (_septicidus_). Opening at the dissepiments or placentas.

SEPTIFRAGAL (_septifragus_). Opening so that the valves of the fruit
break away from the dissepiments.

SERRATE (_serratus_). Cut at the margin into sharp teeth direct towards
the apex.

SESSILE (_sessilis_). Without a stalk.

SHEATH (_vagina_). The dilated base of certain leaves.

SIMPLE (_simplex_). Without branches; or without segments jointed to
the rachis.

SMOOTH (_laevis_). With an even surface (without protuberances).

SPADIX (_spadix_). A spike with a thick axis and inconspicuous flowers,
usually enveloped by a spathe.

SPATHE (_spatha_). A large bract more or less enveloping a flower or
inflorescence.

SPATULATE (_spathulatus_). More or less rounded above and tapering
towards the base.

SPIKE (_spica_). A centripetal (racemose) inflorescence with an
elongated axis and sessile or nearly sessile flowers.

SPIKELET (_spicula_). A spike-like partial inflorescence.

STAMEN (_stamen_). A modified leaf bearing the male reproductive cells
(the pollen).

STAMINODE (_staminodium_). A barren stamen (without anthers or with
incompletely developed anthers).

STERILE (_sterilis_). Barren, i.e., without well developed ovules or
pollen.

STIGMA (_stigma_). The uppermost, papillose part of the pistil, which
receives the pollen.

STIPEL (_stipella_). A stipule at the base of a leaflet of a compound
leaf.

STIPULE (_stipula_). A leaf-or scale-like appendage of the leaf-base.

STRIATE (_striatus_). Marked with longitudinal lines.

STROPHIOLE (_strophiolus_). Caruncle, i.e., an outgrowth near the hilum
of certain seeds.

STYLE (_stylus_). The narrowed part of the pistil, intermediate between
the ovary and the stigma.

SUB-(_sub-_). Under; or almost, somewhat; e.g., subsessile = almost
sessile.

SUBTEND (_subtendere_). Extend under; especially: bear in its axil.

SUBULATE (_subulatus_). Awl-shaped, i.e., very narrow and pointed.

SUFFRUTICOSE (_suffruticosus_). Woody at the base, herbaceous above.

SUPERIOR OVARY (_ovarium superum_). An ovary free from the receptacle
and the perianth.

SUTURE (_sutura_). Line of union, especially of the margins of carpels.

SYMMETRICAL (_symmetricus_). Divisible by one or several planes into
two or more similar parts.

SYMPETALOUS (_sympetalus_, _gamopetalus_). With the petals more or less
united.


TERETE (_teres_). Cylindrical and circular in transverse section.

TERNATE (_ternatus_). In threes; especially with 3 leaflets or
divisions.

TESTA (_testa_). The outer coat of the seed.

THROAT (_faux_). The mouth of the perianth-tube.

TOMENTOSE (_tomentosus_). Cottony, i.e., covered with short, soft,
matted hairs.

TOOTHED (_dentatus_). Provided with short marginal incisions,
especially when they are sharp and turned outwards.

TRIQUETROUS (_triqueter_). Three-edged (with 3 salient angles).

TRUNCATE (_truncatus_). Terminating abruptly as though cut off at the
end.

TUBE (_tubus_). A hollow, more or less elongated body, especially the
lower undivided and more or less narrowed part of the perianth, or a
concave receptacle bearing the perianth at the margin.

TUBER (_tuber_). A short and thick, more or less fleshy underground
part of a stem, not surrounded by scales, or a similar root.

TUBERCLE (_tuberculum_). A wart-like swelling on the surface of an
organ.


UMBEL (_umbella_). A centripetal (racemose) inflorescence with a very
short axis and stalked flowers arising apparently all from the same
point.

UMBONATE (_umbonatus_). Bearing a boss in the centre of the surface.

UNARMED (_inermis_). Without spines or bristles.

UNDERSHRUB (_suffrutex_). A plant woody in the lower part of the
above-ground stem, herbaceous towards the top.

UNIFOLIOLATE (_unfoliolatus_). With a single leaflet, which is jointed
to the leaf-stalk.

UNISEXUAL (_unisexualis_). Having only the organs of one sex completely
developed; or containing the flowers of one sex only.

URCEOLATE (_urceolatus_). Urn-or pitcher-shaped, i.e., with an inflated
tube contracted at the mouth.

UTRICLE (_utriculus_). A bladder-shaped indehiscent or irregularly
bursting fruit.

VALVATE (_valvatus_). With the margins meeting in the bud without
overlapping.

VASCULAR BUNDLES (_fasciae vasculares_). Fibre-like bundles of vessels
(confluent cells).

VEIN (_vena_). A faint nerve.

VENTRAL (_ventralis_). Placed at or directed towards the inner side of
the carpel.

VENTRICOSE (_ventricosus_). Swelling on one side.

VERNATION (_vernatio_). Praefoliation, i.e., the disposition of a leaf
in the bud.

VERSATILE (_versatilis_). Attached by a point and turning freely on its
support.


WINGED (_alatus_). With a much projecting, thin and flat appendage.

WHORL (_verticillus_). A group of similar organs arranged in a circle
round an axis.

WHORLED (_verticillatus_). Arranged in whorls of 3 or more parts.




ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES


Adans. Adanson Afz. Afzelius Ait. Aiton All. Allioni Anders. Anderson
Andrz. Andrzeiowski Ant. Antoine Arn. Arnott Aubl. Aublet

Baill. Baillon Bak. Baker Balf. Balfour Barckh. Barckhausen Bartl.
Bartling Battand. Battandier Baumg. Baumgarten Beauv. Palisot de
Beauvois Becc. Beccari Benn. Bennett Benth. Bentham Berg. Berger Bernh.
Bernhardi Berth. Berthelot Bertol. Bertoloni Bisch. Bischoff Bocq.
Bocquillon Boeck. Boeckeler Boiss. Boissier Boiv. Boivin Boj. Bojer
Bonpl. Bonpland Br. Brown, Browne Briq. Briquet Brongn. Brongniart
Brot. Brotero Bur. Bureau Burch. Burchell Burm. Burmann

Cambess. Cambessèdes Cass. Cassini Cav. Cavanilles Celak. Celakovsky
Cerv. Cervantes Cham. Chamisso Chev. Chevalier Chiov. Chiovenda Cogn.
Cogniaux Colebr. Colebrook Comm. Commerson Cord. Cordemoy Coss. Cosson
Cost. Costantin Coult. Coulter Cuss. Cusson Cyr. Cyrillo

Dalech. Dalechamps Dalz. Dalzell Decne. Decaisne DC. De Candolle Del.
Delile Dennst. Dennstedt De Not. De Notaris Desf. Desfontaines Desv.
Desvaux De Wild. De Wildeman Didr. Didrichsen Dill. Dillen Dumort.
Dumortier Dun. Dunal Dur. Durand Durazz. Durazzini Duv. Duval

Eckl. Ecklon Ehrenb. Ehrenberg Ehrh. Ehrhart Endl. Endlicher Engelm.
Engelmann Engl. Engler

f. (or fil.) filius (son) Fisch. Fischer Forsk. Forskal Forst. Forster
Foug. Fougeraux Franch. Franchet Frapp. Frappier Fres. Fresenius

Gaertn. Gaertner Gall. Gallaud Gaud. Gaudin Gaudich. Gaudichaud Gled.
Gleditsch Gmel. Gmelin Godr. Godron Grah. Graham Gren. Grenier Griff.
Griffith Griseb. Grisebach Gronov. Gronovius Guill. Guillemin

Hack. Hackel Hamilt. Hamilton Harv. Harvey Haw. Haworth H. B. & K.
Humboldt, Bonpland, & Kunth Heist. Heister Heldr. Heldreich Hemsl.
Hemsley Herb. Herbert Hildebr. Hildebrand Hochst. Hochstetter Hoffm.
Hoffmann Hoffmsg. Hoffmannsegg Hook. Hooker Horan. Horaninow Houst.
Houstoun Humb. Humboldt

Jacks. Jackson Jacq. Jacquin Jaub. Jaubert Jum. Jumelle Juss. Jussieu

Kam. Kamienski Kit. Kitaibel Koel. Koeler Koen. Koenig Koern. Koernicke
Korth. Korthals Kraenzl. Kraenzlin Ktze. Kuntze

Labill. Labillardière Lag. Lagasca Lam. Lamarck Ledeb. Ledebour Lehm.
Lehmann Leschen. Leschenault Less. Lessing L’Hér. L’Héritier Licht.
Lichtenstein Lindb. Lindberg Lindl. Lindley L. Linné Loefl. Loefling
Lopr. Lopriore Loud. Loudon Lour. Loureiro

Marcgr. Marcgraf M. Bieb. Marschall von Bieberstein Marsh. Marshal
Mart. Martius Mast. Masters Med. Medikus Meissn. Meissner Mey. Meyer
Mich. Micheli Michx. Michaux Mill. Miller Miq. Miquel Moehr. Moehring
Moq. Moquin-Tandon Moris. Morison Muell. Mueller Muell. Arg. Mueller
Argovensis

Naud. Naudin Neck. Necker Nied. Niedenzu Nor. Noronha Nutt. Nuttall

Oerst. Oersted Oliv. Oliver Op. Opiz

P. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois Pall. Pallas Parl. Parlatore Pauq. Pauquy
Pav. Pavon Perr. Perrotet Pers. Persoon Peyr. Peyritsch Pfitz. Pfitzer
Pilg. Pilger Planch. Planchon Plum. Plumier Poepp. Poeppig Pourr.
Pourret

Radlk. Radlkofer Raf. Rafinesque Ram. Ramond Reichb. Reichenbach Rich.
Richard Ridl. Ridley Roehl. Roehling Roem. Roemer Rohrb. Rohrbach
Rottb. Rottboell Roxb. Roxburgh Ruhl. Ruhland Rumph. Rumphius Rupr.
Ruprecht

Salisb. Salisbury Schimp. Schimper Schlecht. Schlechter Schlechtd.
Schlechtendal Schleid. Schleiden Schrad. Schrader Schreb. Schreber
Schult. Schultes Schum. Schumann Schweinf. Schweinfurt Scop. Scopoli
Seem. Seemann Soland. Solander Sond. Sonder Sonn. Sonnerat Sparm.
Sparmann Spenn. Spenner Spreng. Sprengel Steinh. Steinheil Steud.
Steudel Stev. Steven St. Hil. St. Hilaire

Taub. Taubert Targ. Tozz. Targioni-Tozzetti Tausch. Tauscher Ten.
Tenore Thonn. Thonning Thou. Du Petit-Thouars Thunb. Thunberg Thwait.
Thwaites Torr. Torrey Tourn. Tournefort Trin. Trinius Tul. Tulasne
Turcz. Turczaninow

Urb. Urban

Vaill. Vaillant Vand. Vandelli Van Tiegh. Van Tieghem Vell. Velley
Vent. Ventenat Vill. Villars Vis. Visiani Vog. Vogel Volk. Volkens

Wahlenb. Wahlenberg Waldst. Waldstein Wall. Wallich Walt. Walter Warb.
Warburg Warm. Warming Wedd. Weddell Welw. Welwitsch Wendl. Wendland
Wettst. Wettstein Wikst. Wikstroem Willd. Willdenow Willk. Willkomm
Winckl. Winckler Wuert. Wuertemberg

Zeyh. Zeyher Zucc. Zuccarini




LIST OF POPULAR NAMES

OF AFRICAN PLANTS AND THEIR PRODUCTS


African ammoniacum--Ferula. African mahogany--Khaya. African
sandal-wood--Osyris. African teak--Oldfieldia. African
tulip-tree--Spathodea. Akee--Blighia. Alder--Alnus. Alkanet--Anchusa.
Allseed--Radiola. Allspice--Pimenta. Almond--Prunus.
Ambatch--Aeschynomene. Anise--Pimpinella. Apple--Pirus.
Apricot--Prunus. Arnatto--Bixa. Arrow-root--Maranta, Tacca.
Artichoke--Cynara. Ash--Fraxinus. Avens--Geum. Avocado-pear--Persea.

Balata--Mimusops. Balm--Melissa. Balsam--Impatiens. Bamboo--Bambusa
(and allies), Raphia. Banana--Musa. Baobab--Adansonia.
Barley--Hordeum. Basil--Ocimum. Bead-tree--Melia. Bean--Phaseolus,
Vicia. Beef-wood--Casuarina, Mimusops. Bent-grass--Agrostis.
Betel-palm--Areca. Bindweed--Convolvulus. Bird’s-foot--Ornithopus.
Bitter cress--Cardamine. Black mustard--Brassica.
Bladderwort--Utricularia. Blood-plum--Haematostaphis. Borage--Borrago.
Bottle-gourd--Lagenaria. Box--Buxus. Bowstring-hemp--Sansevieria.
Bramble--Rubus. Breadfruit--Artocarpus. Broomrape--Orobanche.
Buckthorn--Rhamnus. Buckwheat--Fagopyrum. Bugle--Ajuga.
Bugloss--Echium. Burdock--Arctium. Bur-reed--Sparganium.

Cabbage--Brassica. Calabar-bean--Physostigma. Calla--Zantedeschia.
Calumba-root--Iatrorrhiza. Camellia--Thea. Camomile--Anthemis,
Matricaria. Camphor--Blumea, Cinnamomum. Cam-wood--Baphia.
Canary-seed--Phalaris. Candlenut--Aleurites. Candytuft--Iberis.
Cane--Calamus (and allies). Caper--Capparis. Caraway--Carum.
Cardamom--Elettaria. Carob--Ceratonia. Carrot--Daucus.
Cashew--Anacardium. Cassava--Manihot. Castor-oil--Ricinus.
Cayenne-pepper--Capsicum. Ceara-rubber--Manihot. Cedar--Cedrus.
Celandine--Chelidonium. Celery--Apium. Cherry--Prunus.
Chervil--Anthriscus. Chestnut--Castanea. Chick-pea--Cicer.
Chicory--Cichorium. Chillies--Capsicum. Chinese
grasscloth-plant--Boehmeria Clover--Trifolium. Cloves--Jambosa.
Cock’s foot--Dactylis. Cocoa-plum--Chrysobalanus. Coconut--Cocos.
Colt’s foot--Tussilago. Columbine--Aquilegia. Comfrey--Symphytum.
Copal--Copaifera, Cynometra, Trachylobium. Coracan--Eleusine.
Cork--Quercus. Corn-cockle--Agrostemma. Corn-salad--Valerianella.
Cotton--Gossypium. Cotton-grass--Eriophorum. Coutch-grass--Agropyrum.
Crab’s eye--Abrus. Cranes’s bill--Geranium. Crawberry--Empetrum.
Cucumber--Cucumis. Cudweed--Gnaphalium. Custard-apple--Anona.
Cypress--Cupressus.

Daisy--Bellis. Dandelion--Taraxacum. Darnel--Lolium.
Date-palm--Phoenix. Date-plum--Diospyros. Dattock--Detarium.
Day-lily--Hemerocallis Dead-nettle--Lamium. Dika--Irvingia.
Dill--Anethum. Dinde--Colocasia. Dock--Rumex. Dodder--Cuscuta. Dog’s
tail--Cynosurus. Dog’s tooth--Cynodon. Double coconut--Lodoicea.
Dragons blood--Dracaena. Duchn--Pennisetum. Duckweed--Lemna.
Dum-palm--Hyphaene. Dwale--Atropa. Dwarf-palm--Chamaerops.

Ebony--Dalbergia, Diospyros, Euclea. Egg-plant--Solanum.
Elder--Sambucus. Elemi--Canarium. Elm--Ulmus.
Esparto-grass--Ampelodesmos, Lygeum, Stipa.
Evening-primrose--Oenothera. Everlasting--Helichrysum.
Eyebright--Euphrasia.

False bamboo--Raphia. Feathergrass--Stipa. Fennel--Foeniculum.
Fescue--Festuca. Fig--Ficus. Fir--Abies. Flame-tree--Poinciana.
Flax--Linum. Flowering rush--Butomus. Fool’s parsley--Aethusa.
Forget-me-not--Myosotis, Omphalodes. Foxglove--Digitalis.
Foxtail--Alopecurus. Frankincense--Boswellia. Frogbit--Hydrocharis.
Fumitory--Fumaria. Fundi--Paspalum. Furze--Ulex.

Gambodge--Garcinia. Garden-cress--Lepidium. Garlic--Allium.
Germander--Teucrium. Ginger--Zingiber. Globe-thistle--Echinops.
Goldenrod--Solidago. Gooseberry--Ribes. Goosefoot--Chenopodium. Grains
of Paradise--Aframomum. Grape-vine--Vitis. Grasscloth-plant--Boehmeria.
Grasses--Gramineae. Grasswrack--Zostera. Gromwell--Lithospermum.
Groundnut--Arachis. Guava--Psidium. Guelder-rose--Viburnum.
Guinea-corn--Andropogon. Guinea-pepper--Xylopia. Gum-lac--Aleurites,
Anona, Croton, Ficus, Zizyphus. Guttapercha--Palaquium, Payena.

Hare’s tail--Lagurus. Hawkweed--Hieracium. Hawthorn--Mespilus.
Hazel--Corylus. Heartseed--Cardiospermum. Heath--Erica.
Hemlock--Conium. Hemp--Cannabis. Henbane--Hyoscyamus. Henna--Lawsonia.
Holly--Ilex. Holygrass--Hierochloe. Honeysuckle--Lonicera.
Hop--Humulus. Horehound--Marrubium. Horseradish-tree--Moringa. Hound’s
tongue--Cynoglossum. Houseleek--Sempervivum.

Indian corn--Zea. Indian cress--Tropaeolum. Indian plum--Flacourtia.
Indian shot--Canna. Indigo--Indigofera. Ireh--Funtumia.
Iron-wood--Acacia, Argania, Casuarina, Sideroxylon, Stadmannia.
Ivy--Hedera.

Jerusalem-artichoke--Helianthus. Jessamine--Jasminum. Job’s
tears--Coix. Jujube--Zizyphus. Jute--Corchorus.

Kino--Eucalyptus, Pterocarpus.

Ladanum--Cistus. Lady’s mantle--Alchimilla. Lagos-rubber--Funtumia.
Larkspur--Delphinium. Lattice-leaf--Aponogeton. Laurustinus--Viburnum.
Lavender--Lavandula. Leek--Allium. Lemongrass--Andropogon.
Lentil--Lens. Lettuce--Lactuca. Ling--Calluna. Liquorice--Glycyrrhiza.
Logwood--Haematoxylon. Longan--Euphoria. Loquat--Eriobotrya.
Lousewort--Pedicularis. Lucern--Medicago. Lymegrass--Elymus.

Mace--Myristica. Madder--Rubia. Mahogany--Khaya. Maize--Zea.
Mallow--Malva. Mandioc--Manihot. Mandrake--Mandragora.
Mango--Mangifera. Mangrove--Rhizophora. Manila-hemp--Musa.
Manna--Alhagi, Astragalus, Cassia. Maple--Acer. Maram--Ammophila.
Marigold--Calendula. Marjoram--Majorana. Mastic--Pistacia.
Matgrass--Nardus. Medlar--Mespilus. Melon--Cucumis. Mignonette--Reseda.
Milkwort--Polygala. Millet--Panicum. Mint--Mentha. Mistletoe--Viscum.
Mousetail--Myosurus. Mulberry--Morus. Mullein--Verbascum.
Mustard--Brassica, Sinapis. Myrrh--Commiphora.

Nettle--Urtica. Nettle-tree--Celtis. New Zealand flax--Phormium. New
Zealand spinach--Tetragonia. Nitgrass--Gastridium. Nitrebush--Nitraria.
Nutmeg--Myristica.

Oak--Quercus. Oat--Avena. Oil-palm--Elaeis. Oleander--Nerium.
Oleaster--Elaeagnus. Olive--Olea. Onion--Allium. Opium--Papaver.
Orange--Citrus. Orris-root--Iris. Ovala--Pentaclethra.

Palmiet--Prionium. Palmyra-palm--Borassus. Panama-rubber--Castilloa.
Pansy--Viola. Papaw-tree--Carica. Paper-mulberry--Broussonetia.
Para-rubber--Hevea. Parsley--Petroselinum. Parsnip--Pastinaca.
Passion-flower--Passiflora. Pea--Pisum. Peach--Prunus. Pear--Pirus.
Pearlwort--Sagina. Pellitory--Parietaria. Pennycress--Thlaspi.
Pepper--Capsicum, Piper. Periwinkle--Vinca. Persian lilac--Melia.
Persian manna--Alhagi. Piassava--Borassus, Dictyosperma, Raphia.
Pigeon-pea--Cajanus. Pimpernel--Anagallis. Pine-apple--Ananas.
Pink--Dianthus. Pistachio-nut--Pistacia. Pitcher-plant--Nepenthes.
Plane--Platanus. Plantain--Musa, Plantago. Plum--Prunus.
Poke--Phytolacca. Pomegranate--Punica. Pondweed--Potamogeton.
Poplar--Populus. Poppy--Papaver. Potato--Ipomoea, Solanum.
Prickly pear--Opuntia. Primrose--Primula. Privet--Ligustrum.
Pumpkin--Cucurbita. Purslane--Portulaca.

Quaking-grass--Briza. Quince--Cydonia. Quinine--Cinchona.
Quitch-grass--Agropyrum.

Radish--Rhaphanus. Rambutan--Nephelium. Ramie--Boehmeria.
Ramtil-oil--Guizotia. Rapeseed--Brassica. Rattan-palm--Calamus.
Ray-grass--Lolium. Reed--Arundo, Phragmites. Reedmace--Typha.
Rice--Oryza. Rock-cress--Arabis. Rock-rose--Cistus, Helianthemum.
Rose of Jericho--Anastatica, Odontospermum. Rose-wood--Calophyllum,
Pterocarpus, Thespesia. Rosemary--Rosmarinus. Rubber--Various
Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae, Ficus, Manihot. Rue--Ruta.
Rush--Juncus. Rye--Secale.

Safflower--Carthamus. Saffron--Crocus. Safu--Pachylobus.
Sage--Salvia. Sago--Cycas. Sainfoin--Onobrychis. Salep--Orchis
(and allies). Salsify--Tragopogon. Saltwort--Salsola.
Samphire--Crithmum. Sandal-wood--Pterocarpus, Osyris.
Sandarac--Callitris. Sandbox-tree--Hura. Sandwort--Arenaria.
Sapodilla-plum--Achras. Sassy-tree--Erythrophloeum. Savory--Satureia.
Sawwort--Serratula. Screw-pine--Pandanus. Scull-cap--Scutellaria.
Sedges--Cyperaceae. Senegal-ebony--Dalbergia. Senna-leaves--Cassia.
Shea-butter--Butyrospermum. Shellac--Anona, Croton, Ficus,
Zizyphus. Shepherd’s purse--Capsella. Silver-fir--Abies.
Silver-tree--Leucadendron. Snake-gourd--Trichosanthes.
Snapdragon--Antirrhinum. Sneeze-wood--Pteroxylon.
Soapberry--Sapindus. Soapwort--Saponaria. Sorghum--Andropogon.
Soursop--Anona. Sow-thistle--Sonchus. Soy-bean--Glycine. Spanish
broom--Spartium. Speedwell--Veronica. Spinach--Spinacia, Tetragonia.
Spindle-tree--Evonymus. Spurge--Euphorbia. Spurry--Spergula.
Squill--Scilla. Squirting cucumber--Ecballium. Stitchwort--Stellaria.
Stock--Matthiola. Stork’s bill--Erodium. Strawberry--Fragaria.
Strawberry-tree--Arbutus. Sugar-cane--Saccharum. Sumac--Rhus.
Sundew--Drosera. Sunflower--Helianthus. Sweet basil--Ocimum. Sweet
flag--Acorus. Sweet potato--Ipomoea.

Tallow-tree--Pentadesma. Tapioca--Manihot. Taro--Colocasia. Tea--Thea.
Teak--Oldfieldia, Tectona. Teasel--Dipsacus. Tef--Eragrostis.
Teosinte--Euchlaena. Thorn-apple--Datura. Thrift--Armeria.
Thimothy-grass--Phleum. Toad-flax--Linaria. Tobacco--Nicotiana.
Tomato--Solanum. Tragacanth--Astragalus. Traveller’s tree--Ravenala.
Tulip-tree--Spathodea. Turmeric--Curcuma. Turnip--Brassica.
Turnsole--Chrozophora. Turpentine--Abies, Pinus, Pistacia.

Vegetable silk--Various Asclepiadaceae, Strophantus. Venus’
looking-glass--Specularia. Verek--Acacia. Vernal grass--Anthoxanthum.
Vervain--Verbena. Vetch--Vicia. Vetiver-root--Andropogon. Violet--Viola.

Wallflower--Cheiranthus. Walnut--Juglans. Water-chestnut--Trapa.
Water-cress--Nasturtium. Water-lily--Nymphaea. Water-melon--Citrullus.
Water-plantain--Alisma. Water-tree--Tetracera. Wheat--Triticum.
White mustard--Sinapis. Willow--Salix. Willow-herb--Epilobium.
Winter-cherry--Physalis. Winter-cress--Barbarea. Woad--Isatis.
Woodruff--Asperula. Woodrush--Luzula. Wormwood--Artemisia.

Yams--Dioscorea. Yew--Taxus. Ylang-Ylang--Cananga.

Zachun-oil--Balanites.




ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

(especially from the years 1911 and 1912).


Page VII., after line 21, insert: R. MUSCHLER, A manual flora of Egypt
(Berlin, 1912).

“ VIII., after line 13, insert: E. DE WILDEMAN, Etudes sur la flore des
districts des Bangala et de l’Ubangi (Bruxelles, 1910).

“ 10, No. 110, for “83. =Monimiaceae=,” read: Leaves opposite,
_Xymalos_, 83. =Monimiaceae=. Leaves alternate, _Plagiostyles_, 122.
=Euphorbiaceae=.

“ 19, No. 202, for “=Prrteaceae=,” read: =Proteaceae=.

“ 20, No. 213, omit lines 1 and 2.

“ 35, No. 388, omit lines 1 and 2.

“ 79, line 3, read: Genus 1, species 4. West Africa, Madagascar, and
Seychelles.

“ 82, No. 21, line 3, add: (Including _Heteranthoecia_ Stapf).

“ 84, No. 41, after line 4, insert: Outer glumes convex, without
spines. Flowering glume awned. Stigmas feathery.--Species 2. East
Africa. =Dignathia= Stapf

“ 85, No. 46, line 2, add: _Rytilix_ Raf.

“ 89, No. 84, line 2, add: (Including _Lepturella_ Stapf).

“ 92, No. 111, after line 3, insert: Spikes 2-3 together. Spikelets
many-flowered. Fruit elliptical. Leaves narrow.--Species 1. Madagascar.
=Sclerodactylon= Stapf

“ 100, No. 176, line 2, add: _Weingaertneria_ Bernh.

“ 102, No. 195, line 5, add: _Trichoneura_ Anders.

“ 104, No. 212, after line 3, insert: Spikelets in head-like panicles.
Flowering glumes 5-nerved.--Species 1. East Africa. =Drake-Brockmania=
Stapf

“ 105, No. 222, line 1, add: Axis of the spikelet jointed between and
below the flowering glumes.

“ 105, No. 222, after line 1, insert: Flowering glumes 2-cleft, awned,
7-9-nerved, much exceeding the outer glumes. Axis of the spikelet
jointed below the flowering glumes only. Spikelets in 1-3 spike-like
racemes.--Species 1. East Africa. (Including _Negria_ Chiov.)
=Lintonia= Stapf

“ 117, No. 25, line 3, read: (_Hydrosme_ Schott). (Plate 12).
=Amorphophallus= Blume

“ 118, No. 32, line 4, add: Rudimentary flowers club-shaped. Appendage
of the spadix long.

“ 118, No. 32, after line 3, insert: Ovules 2. Leaves several,
dissected. Rudimentary flowers awl-shaped. Appendage of the spadix
short.--Species 1. Egypt. =Helicophyllum= Schott

“ 123, No. 6, last line, insert: (Including _Baoutia_ A. Chev.)

“ 128, No. 32, after line 3, insert: Capsule opening loculicidally.
Flowers in spikes, with bracts. Ovary deeply lobed.--Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony). =Neodregea= C. H. Wright

“ 129, No. 35, lines 2 and 3, omit: “(Including _Neodregea_ Wright).”

“ 136, No. 13, line 4, for “Perianth-tube long,” read: Perianth-tube
short or moderately long, not longer than the segments.

“ 136, No. 13, line 7, omit “(Including _Choananthus_ Rendle).”

“ 136, No. 13, after line 7, add: Filaments longer than the anthers.
Perianth-tube much longer than the segments. Leaves ovate.--Species 2.
Equatorial Africa (Ruwenzori). =Choananthus= Rendle

“ 146, No. 4, line 3, insert: (Including _Siphonochilus_ Wood & Franks).

“ 151, No. 11, line 4, after “_Penthea_ Lindl.” add: and _Orthopenthea_
Rolfe.

“ 151, No. 15, line 3, for “Tropics,” read: Tropical and South-east
Africa.

“ 155, No. 52, line 3, for “Tropics,” read: Tropical and South-east
Africa.

“ 158, No. 78, line 4, after “including” insert: _Lemurorchis_ Kraenzl.

“ 159, No. 89, omit lines 3 and 4.

“ 171. No. 8, line 2, after “Including” insert: _Diastella_ Knight.

“ 176, No. 3, line 6, after “Islands” insert: (_Balaniella_ Van
Tiegh.).

Page 177, No. 1, line 4, for “Species 1; Southern West Africa,” read:
Species 2; Southern Central Africa.

“ 179, No. 5, line 5, add: Wings of the fruiting perianth equal.

“ 179, No. 5, at end add: Branches continuous. Disc lobed. Wings of the
fruiting perianth unequal.--Species 1. Egypt. =Seidlitzia= Bunge

“ 181, No. 18, at end add: Bracteoles united more than half-way up.
Stigmas 2. Stem and leaves clothed with stellate hairs.--Species 1.
Egypt. =Eurotia= Adans.

“ 184, No. 17, line 3, add: (Including _Centemopsis_ Schinz and
_Nelsia_ Schinz).

“ 184, No. 18, line 3, add: Stigma entire.

“ 184, No. 18, after line 3, add: Stamens 4-5. Stigma 2-cleft. Perianth
woolly at base. Undershrubs.--Species 1. East Africa. =Lopriorea= Schinz

“ 185, No. 20, line 2, add: Leaves opposite.

“ 185, No. 20, after line 2, add: Spurious staminodes none. Leaves
alternate. Partial inflorescences consisting of 2-3 fertile and 2-4
spinous sterile flowers. Ovary glabrous.--Species 2. East Africa.
=Neocentema= Schinz

“ 188, No. 4, line 7, for “Species 15,” read: Species 25.

“ 189, No. 15, line 4, for “Species 1,” read: Species 3.--In the same
line omit “Cape Colony.”

“ 191, No. 3, Portulacaria may be divided into two genera:
=Portulacaria= Jacq. (Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary turgid. Fruit with
3 wings, dry. Species 1.) and =Ceraria= Pearson & Stephens (Flowers
polygamous. Ovary compressed. Fruit with 1 wing, finally berry-like.
Species 3).

“ 193, No. 9, line 4, for “sepals obtuse” read: style very short.

“ 201, No. 11, line 6, add: including _Bricchettia_ Pax.

“ 203, No. 31, line 4, add: (Including _Junodia_ Pax).

“ 208, No. 3, omit _Chloropatane_ Engl., which belongs to
_Erythrococca_ Benth. (Euphorbiaceae).

“ 233, No. 7, line 4, add: including _Geaya_ Cost. & Poisson.

“ 236, No. 3, line 6, for “Species 1,” read: Species 3.

“ 238, No. 11, line 5, add: _Nebelia_ Neck.

“ 244, No. 6, line 3, add: (Including _Santaloides_ Schellenb.).

“ 244, No. 7, line 2, for “Species 2,” read: Species 4.

“ 244, No. 7, line 3, add: (Under _Byrsocarpus_ Schum. & Thonn.)

“ 244, No. 7, after line 3, insert: Stem twining. Inflorescence
fasciculate. Calyx herbaceous. Anther-halves approximate. Seeds with
thick cotyledons.--Species 2. West Africa. =Roureopsis= Planch.

“ 244, No. 9, line 3, add: (Under _Manotes_ Soland.).

“ 246, No. 18, line 4, read: Species 4. West Africa.

“ 249, No. 38, after line 3, insert: Receptacle saucer-shaped, thick.
Calyx-lobes 2-3. Petals none. Stamens 16.--Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa. =Mildbraediodendron= Harms

“ 249, No. 38, line 4, add: Calyx-lobes 4-5. Stamens very numerous.

“ 251, No. 54, line 1, for “Species 10,” read: Species 25.

“ 251, No. 54, line 3, add: (Under _Dialium_ L.)

“ 252, No. 61, line 2, read: Species 4. Central Africa.

“ 252, No. 61, line 3, add: including _Eriander_ Winkl.

“ 253, No. 74, line 1, add: (Under _Cynometra_ L.)

“ 253, No. 75, line 2, add: (Under _Cynometra_ L.)

“ 255, No. 89, last line, read: Species 1. Central Africa. Yields
timber and aromatic resin. (Under _Daniella_ Benn.) =Paradaniellia=
Rolfe

“ 256, No. 95, line 4, after “pendulous,” insert: oblong. Flowers in
few-flowered racemes.

“ 256, No. 95, after line 4, add: Petals subequal. Seeds roundish.
Flowers subsessile, paniculate.--Species 3. West Africa. (Under
_Berlinia_ Soland.) =Isoberlinia= Craib & Stapf

“ 256, No. 100, line 3, read: Species 8. Central Africa.

“ 256, No. 100. line 4, read: (Including _Cyanothyrsus_ Harms)
=Daniellia= Benn.

“ 256, No. 101, line 4, read: Species 6. Central Africa.

Page 258, No. 117, line 5, for “Species 2,” read: Species 4.

“ 259, No. 125, line 3, for “Species 2,” read: Species 5.

“ 263, No. 160, line 5, add: some are poisonous for cattle.

“ 265, No. 175, line 1, add: Ovules few. Leaves distinctly stalked,
stipulate.

“ 265, No. 175, after line 3, insert: Keel and style straight.
Bracteoles present. Ovules many. Fruit elongate. Leaves sessile or
nearly so, exstipulate.--Species 10. South Africa. (Under _Lotononis_
L.) =Pearsonia= Duemmer

“ 272, No. 239, line 5, add: other species yield dyes.

“ 273, No. 242, line 4, after “Balf. f.” add: and _Saldania_ Sim.

“ 278, No. 283, line 3, insert: One species has edible fruits and
tubers.

“ 287, No. 359, line 1, add: Standard broad.

“ 287, No. 359, after line 2, add: Fruit winged. Standard narrow,
boat-shaped. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped. Branches of the panicle
nodose.--Species 17. Central Africa. (Under _Derris_ Lour.)
=Leptoderris= Dunn

“ 288, No. 368, line 1, add: Leaflets without stipels.

“ 288, No. 368, after line 1, insert: Wings adhering to the keel.
Leaflets with stipples. Fruit flat, indehiscent.--Species 4. Central
Africa. =Ostryoderris= Dunn

“ 288, No. 374, after line 3, insert: Leaves alternate, not dotted.
Fruit compressed.--Species 15. Central Africa. =Craibia= Harms & Dunn

“ 297, No. 21, omit lines 1-3, as _Eriander_ Winkl. belongs to
_Oxystigma_ Harms (Leguminosae).

“ 299, No. 32, add: Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Anthers
oblong. Pericarp hard. Leaves with a single leaflet.--Species 1. West
Africa. =Aeglopsis= Swingle

“ 300, No. 6, line 3, add: Filaments thread-like. Ovules laterally
affixed. Leaflets few.

“ 300, No. 6, after line 4, insert: Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, with
imbricate aestivation. Filaments broadened below, with a short scale.
Style long. Ovules pendulous. Leaflets many, oblong.--Species 1. West
Africa. =Simarubopsis= Engl.

“ 300, No. 8, line 3, add: (Under _Mannia_ Hook. fil.).

“ 301, No. 15, Irvingia may be divided into two genera: =Irvingia=
Hook. fil. (inflorescence axillary, seeds exalbuminous) and
=Irvingella= Van Tiegh. (inflorescence terminal, seeds albuminous).

“ 302, No. 4, line 3, add: Stamens inserted outside the cushion-shaped
disc.

“ 302, No. 4, line 9, add: Stamens inserted on the edge of the disc.

“ 302, No. 2, line 4, add: (Including _Katafa_ Cost. & Poisson).

“ 303, No. 4, omit lines 1-4, as _Pynaertia_ De Wild. belongs to
_Anopyxis_ Pierre (Rhizophoraceae).

“ 304, No. 13, last line, omit “_Bingeria_ A. Chev.”

“ 305, No. 20, for “=Tourraea=” read: =Turraea=.

“ 305, No. 25, line 3, add: (Including _Bingeria_ A. Chev.)

“ 309, family 121, lines 7 and 13, for “species 75,” read: species
120.--Line 7, add: one species has edible fruits.

“ 309, family 122, line 6, omit “(Including _Daphniphyllaceae_).”

“ 310, No. 8, line 5, for “Species 10,” read: Species 20.

“ 311 and 312, for No. 14-23 substitute the following:

14. Calyx splitting into 5 equal segments. Disc indistinct or wanting.
Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. 15

Calyx splitting into 2-4 more or less unequal segments. Shrubs or
trees. 16

15. Styles two-cleft. Rudimentary pistil absent in the male flowers.
Plants with stellate hairs.--Species 7. Northern and tropical Africa.
Some are poisonous or yield dyes and medicaments. “Turnsole.”
(_Tournesolia_ Scop.) =Chrozophora= Neck.

Styles many-cleft. Rudimentary pistil present in the male flowers.
Herbaceous plants with simple hairs.--Species 10. Tropics. Several
species yield fibre. =Caperonia= St. Hil.

16. Petals of the male flowers united below. 17

Petals of the male flowers free. 18

17. Styles two-cleft. Leaves palminerved. Climbing shrubs.--Species 1.
West Africa. Yields fibre. =Manniophyton= Muell. Arg.

Styles 3-8-cleft. Leaves penninerved.--Species 12. West Africa. (Under
_Crotonogyne_ Muell. Arg.) =Neomanniophyton= Pax & Hoffm.

18. Young branches, leaves, and inflorescence clothed with scales. 19

Young branches, leaves, and inflorescence clothed with hairs or
glabrous. 20

19. Stamens 7-15. Receptacle of the male flowers with 5 glands,
glabrous within them. Male inflorescence spicate.--Species 2.
Equatorial West Africa. =Crotonogyne= Muell. Arg.

Stamens 20-30. Receptacle of the male flowers with 10 glands, also
glandular within them. Male inflorescence paniculate.--Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. =Cyrtogonone= Prain

20. Fruit a drupe. Disc of the female flowers obscure or reduced to
small glands. Stamens 8-20. Anthers attached by the base. Trees with
stellate, rarely with simple hairs. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in
terminal cymes or panicles.--Species 2. Cultivated and naturalized in
the tropics. They yield timber, gum-lac, tanning bark, dye-stuffs, and
edible oily seeds (candle-nuts). =Aleurites= Forst.

Fruit a capsule. Disc of the female flowers ring-or cup-shaped. Anthers
attached by the tip or the back, sometimes near the base. Flowers in
racemes, rarely in panicles, but then leaves penninerved. Glabrous or
simple-haired shrubs or trees. 21

21. Receptacle of the male flowers glandular on the whole surface,
but without separate glands. Stamens 20-30. Anther-halves pendulous
from the connective. Flowers in axillary racemes.--Species 1. Islands
of Fernando-Po and St. Thomas. (Under _Agrostistachys_ Dalz.)
=Pseudagrostistachys= Pax & Hoffm.

Receptacle of the male flowers with separate glands. Anther-halves
attached by the back. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 22

22. Stamens 20-30.--Species 3. West Africa. (Including _Fournaea_
Pierre) =Grossera= Pax

Stamens 8-12. Flowers in racemes. 23

23. Petals of the female flowers shorter than the calyx. Sepals of the
female flowers free. Flowers dioecious.--Species 2. East Africa. (Under
_Tannodia_ Baill.) =Holstia= Pax

Petals of the female flowers exceeding the calyx. Sepals of the female
flowers united at the base.--Species 2. East Africa. =Tannodia= Baill.

Page 313, No. 30, line 7, add: (Including _Pseudotragia_ Pax).

“ 313, No. 31, line 5, for “Species 20,” read: Species 12.

“ 315, No. 48, omit lines 1-3, as _Pseudotragia_ Pax belongs to
_Plukenetia_ L.

“ 316, No. 55, line 3, after “medicine” add: (Including
_Discoclaoxylon_ Pax & Hoffm.)

“ 316, No. 56, line 7, add: (Including _Chloropatane_ Engl.).

“ 316, No. 57, after line 6, insert: Disc of the female flowers formed
of 6-8 scales. Styles recurved, undivided. Stamens 7. Calyx 5-partite.
Flowers in panicles.--Species 1. West Africa. =Discoglypremna= Prain

“ 316, No. 61, line 3, add: Bracts not forming an involucre. Petals
membranous. Plants clothed with stellate hairs. (Under _Mildbraedia_
Pax).

“ 316, No. 61, after line 3, insert: Flowers dioecious. Bracts
forming an involucre. Petals leathery. Plants clothed with simple
hairs.--Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). =Chlamydojatropha= Pax &
Hoffm.

“ 317, No. 66, at end, add: Stamens numerous. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma
1, entire. Flowers in racemes, dioecious.--Species 1. West Africa. The
seeds yield oil. (Under _Daphniphyllum_ Blume) =Plagiostyles= Pierre

Stamens numerous. Ovary 3-celled. Stigmas 3, entire. Flowers in
racemes, dioecious.--Species 1. West Africa. (Under _Plukenetia_ L.)
=Hamilcoa= Prain

“ 317, No. 70, line 5, read: (_Excoecariopsis_ Pax, under _Excoecaria_
L.) =Spirostachys= Sond.

“ 318, No. 72, line 7, add: (Under _Sapium_ P. Browne or _Sebastiania_
Spreng.)

“ 318, No. 74, line 3, for “Species 3,” read: Species 6.

Page 318, No. 74, line 4, for “yields rubber,” read: and three other
species yield rubber.

“ 318, No. 74, after line 7, insert: Flowers in panicles, which
on the male plants are composed of fascicles, dioecious. Sepals
4-5, united half-way up in the male flowers. Disc present. Leaves
undivided.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Klaineanthus= Pierre

“ 318, No. 75, line 5, add: (Including _Neochevaliera_ Beille).

“ 318, No. 76, line 3, add: (Tribe PHYLLANTHEAE).

“ 319, omit No. 81, as _Junodia_ Pax belongs to _Anisocycla_ Baill.
(Menispermaceae).

“ 319, omit No. 82, as the African _Daphniphyllum_ belongs to
_Plagiostyles_ Pierre.

“ 319, omit No. 85, as _Bricchettia_ Pax belongs to _Cocculus_ L.
(Menispermaceae).

“ 319, No. 87, line 1, add: or nearly so.

“ 320, No. 89, line 4, for “_Megabaria_ Pierre,” read: (Including
_Megabaria_ Pierre) =Spondianthus= Engl.

“ 320, omit No. 92, as _Neochevaliera_ Beille belongs to _Chaetocarpus_
Thwait.

“ 321, No. 99, line 2, omit “Mosambic.”

“ 321, No. 104, omit lines 3-5.

“ 322, No. 107, line 2, for “Species 4.” read: Species 12.

“ 322, No. 107, line 3, add: (Including _Staphysora_ Pierre).

“ 322, No. 109, line 2, add: (Under _Thecacoris_ Juss.)

“ 322, No. 109, after line 3, insert: Disc divided into 5 glands.
Styles 4, short, entire. Flowers monoecious. Trees. Stipules
lanceolate.--Species 1. West Africa. =Apodiscus= Hutchinson

“ 322, for No. 111, substitute the following:--

111. Bracts of the male flowers in 3 series, the intermediate
in the shape of a cup. Disc of the female flowers adnate to the
perianth.--Species 2. West Africa. (Under _Megabaria_ Pierre).
=Protomegabaria= Hutchinson

Bracts of the male flowers solitary. Disc of the female flowers free
from the perianth. 111, b.

111, b. Fruit entire, 1-celled. (See 107). =Maesobotrya= Benth.

Fruit lobed, 3-celled. (See 94). =Thecacoris= Juss.

“ 322, No. 113, line 3, add: (Under _Drypetes_ Vahl).

“ 322, No. 114, line 4, add: (Under _Drypetes_ Vahl).

“ 323, No. 123, line 5, for “Species 2.” read: Species 5.

“ 324, No. 2, line 2, add: (Under _Notobuxus_ Oliv.).

“ 326, No. 5, omit line 5.

“ 327, No. 12, line 6, for “Species 20,” read: Species 30.

“ 328, omit No. 20, as _Spondianthus_ belongs to Euphorbiaceae.

“ 329, No. 27, line 7, for “Species 30,” read: Species 50.

“ 341, No. 51, line 2, after “capsular,” add: septicidal.

“ 341, No. 51, after line 5, insert: Disc annular, with 10 teeth on the
inside. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Embryo
spirally twisted. Leaves pinnate.--Species 1. West Africa =Anoumabia=
A. Chevs

“ 344, No. 6, line 4, add: including _Tzellemtinia_ Chiov.

“ 346, line 9, for “200,” read: 250.

“ 346, No. 3, line 2, after “Inflorescences,” add: nearly always.

“ 346, No. 3, line 5, omit “mostly.”

“ 346, No. 4, line 6, for “150,” read: 200.

“ 349, No. 3, line 1, omit “Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.”

“ 349, No. 3, line 2, add: (Under _Christiania_ DC.).

“ 349, No. 9, line 6, add: (Under _Duboscia_ Bocq.).

“ 349, No. 10, line 4, add: under _Desplatzia_ Bocq.

“ 355, No. 11, line 4, add: (Tribe HUAEAE).

“ 384, No. 5, for “=Ammania=” read: =Ammannia=.

“ 386, at top, for “LECTYHIDACEAE” read: LECYTHIDACEAE.

“ 388, No. 9, line 1, add: (Including _Pynaertia_ De Wild.).

“ 399, No. 9, last line, add: (_Raimannia_ Rose).

“ 403, No. 12, after line 4, insert: Secondary ribs thick, rounded,
unarmed. Seeds slightly grooved on the inner face, somewhat compressed
from front to back.--Species 1. Northern East Africa (Eritrea)
=Stephanorossia= Chiov.

Page 406, No. 37, after line 5, insert: Pericarp not much thickened.
Ribs thread-shaped. Fruit with a broad commissure. Oil-channels 4-5 in
each furrow.--Species 2. Central Africa. =Afrosison= Wolff

“ 409, No. 53, line 2, after “furrows,” insert: and sometimes under the
ribs.

“ 409, No. 53, after line 2, insert: Marginal ribs of the mericarps
thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary under each dorsal rib, 3
under each marginal rib. Calyx indistinctly toothed. Petals straight
or nearly so.--Species 1. Abyssinia. (Under _Peucedanum_ L.)
=Erythroselinum= Chiov.

“ 413, No. 92, after line 2, insert: Mericarps with 5 broad and thick
ribs. Oil-channels solitary under each rib, none at the commissure.
Calyx-teeth mucronate. Undershrubs.--Species 1. South-west Africa
(Nama-land) =Marlothiella= Wolff

“ 413, No. 92, line 4, add: Oil-channels in the furrows and at the
commissure.

“ 414, No. 93, at end, add: Petals yellow or brown, notched.
Herbs.--Species 1. Equatorial East Africa. =Volkensiella= Wolff

“ 418, No. 5, line 8, for “Species 10,” read: Species 20.

“ 421, No. 3, after line 3, insert: Fertile stamens as many as the
petals, 8. Calyx falling off very early, excepting the persistent base
of the tube.--Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber. =Dumoria= A. Chev.

“ 421, No. 3, line 4, add: Calyx persisting or falling off as a whole.

“ 421, No. 3, line 7, omit “_Dumoria_ A. Chev.”

“ 434, No. 15, after line 4, insert: Corolla-segments overlapping
to the right. Disc wanting. Ovules numerous. Leaves with axillary
glands.--Species 1. West Africa. =Farquharia= Stapf

“ 444, No. 22, line 6, insert: rarely shrubs.

“ 449, No. 59, last line, add: including _Folotsia_ Cost. & Bois and
_Voharanga_ Cost. & Bois.

“ 454, No. 99, after line 1, insert: Corona simple, of 10 lobes.
Calyx without glands. Corolla deeply divided, with spatulate
segments.--Species 1. Northern East Africa. =Spathulopetalum= Chiov.

“ 463, No. 5, line 2, after “Shrubs,” read: Species 2. Socotra and
German South-west Africa. (Subfamily =WELLSTEDIOIDEAE=.)

“ 472, No. 8, line 6, for “4-cleft,” read: 4-5-cleft.

“ 472, No. 9, after line 3, insert: Lower lip of the corolla deeply
3-cleft, the median lobe slightly concave, the lateral ones narrow.
Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip entire, the lower 4-toothed.--Species 1.
South-east Africa. =Thorncroftia= N. E. Brown

“ 473, No. 15, line 2, insert: Including _Bouetia_ A. Chev.

“ 473, No. 19, line 4, read: Species 2. Tropics.

“ 473, No. 19, line 5, omit “including _Iboza_ N. E. Brown.”

“ 480, No. 64, after line 5, insert: Corolla subequally 5-cleft;
tube exserted. Stamens 4, about equal in length. Flowers very small,
indistinctly dioecious.--Species 12. Central and South-east Africa.
(Under _Moschosma_ Reichb.) =Iboza= N. E. Brown

“ 482, No. 10, line 2, for “Species 25” read: Species 40.

“ 510, No. 66, after line 2, insert: Corolla-tube funnel-shaped.
Flowers in lateral spikes. Bracts narrow; bracteoles broad. Leaves
elliptical.--Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. =Leiophaca= Lindau

“ 554, No. 93, line 2, for “Species 20,” read: Species 30.

“ 556, No. 108, line 4, after “winged” add: Inner involucral bracts
short, scale-like.

“ 556, No. 108, at end, add: Stem not winged. Inner involucral bracts
long, bristle-like. Receptacle at first flat.--Species 1. North-west
Africa. =Lifago= Schweinf. & Muschl.

“ 562, No. 186, after line 2, insert: Pappus wanting. Heads in
corymbs.--Species 1. South-east Africa. =Humea= Sm.

“ 570, No. 258, line 2, for “Species 1,” read: Species 4.

Plate 12, for _Hydrosme grata_ Schott, read: Amorphophallus _gratus_
(Schott) N. E. Brown.

“ 138, last line, for “plant” read: branch.

[Illustration: FLOW. PL. AFR.

MAP OF AFRICA.]




INDEX

OF LATIN NAMES OF FAMILIES AND GENERA


Synonyms are printed in _Italics_.

_Abelmoschus_, 352.

_Aberia_, 372.

Abies, 70.

_Abildgaardia_, 109.

Abrotanella, 579.

Abrus, 270.

Abutilon, 352.

Acacia, 247.

Acaena, 241.

Acalypha, 313.

Acampe, 158.

ACANTHACEAE, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 502, Pl. 142.

Acanthonema, 501.

Acanthopale, 506.

Acanthophoenix, 113.

Acanthopsis, 509.

Acanthosicyos, 540.

Acanthotreculia, 167.

Acanthus, 509.

_Acanthyllis_, 270.

Acer, 335.

ACERACEAE, 31, 34, 335.

Aceras, 152.

_Aceras_, 152.

_Achantia_, 355.

Acharia, 376.

ACHARIACEAE 54, 376.

Acharitea, 469.

Achillea, 577.

Achneria, 105.

Achras, 423.

Achyranthes, 184, pl. 41.

Achyrocline, 556, 562.

_Achyropsis_, 184.

Achyrospermum, 478.

Achyrothalamus, 552.

Acidanthera, 142.

Acioa, 243.

Acmadenia, 297.

_Acmena_, 392.

Acocanthera, 437.

Aconitum, 199.

Acorus, 115.

_Acrachne_, 93.

Acridocarpus, 307, pl. 77.

Acritochaete, 82.

Acriulus, 106.

Acrocephalus, 473.

Acrocoelium, 335.

Acrolophia, 156.

Acrosanthes, 190.

_Acrosepalum_, 350.

Acrospira, 131.

_Acrostemon_, 416.

Acrostylia, 151.

Acrotome, 476.

Actephila, 320.

Actinoschoenus, 108.

_Acuan_, 245.

_Acustelma_, 445.

Adansonia, 353.

_Adelodypsis_, 113.

Adelosa, 470.

Adelostigma, 567.

_Adenachaena_, 580.

Adenandra, 297.

Adenanthera, 246.

Adenia, 376, pl. 106.

Adenium, 433.

Adenocarpus, 266.

Adenochlaena, 313.

Adenocline, 315.

Adenodolichos, 278.

_Adenogonum_, 572.

Adenogramma, 188.

Adenoplea, 427.

Adenoplusia, 428.

Adenopus, 539.

_Adenosolen_, 579.

Adenostemma, 570.

_Adhatoda_, 512, 513.

_Adicea_, 169.

Adina, 530.

Adinandra, 360.

_Adolia_, 344.

Adonis, 198.

Aechmolepis, 444.

Aedesia, 570.

_Aegialophila_, 550.

_Aegilops_, 90.

Aegle, 299.

Aeglopsis, 609.

Aeluropus, 104.

Aeolanthus, 474.

_Aeonia_, 159.

_Aeonium_, 232.

Aerangis, 158.

Aeranthus, 158.

Aerua, 184.

Aeschynomene, 269, 270, 284, 286.

_Aetheilema_, 505.

Aethionema, 225, 228.

Aethusa, 410.

Aframomum, 147, pl. 24.

Afrardisia, 418.

Afrocalathea, 149.

_Afrodaphne_, 210.

Afromendoncia, 502.

Afrorhaphidophora, 115.

Afrormosia, 259.

Afrosison, 611.

Afrostyrax, 425.

Afrothismia, 150.

_Afzelia_, 255.

Afzelia, 255.

Afzeliella, 394.

Agapanthus, 130.

Agathelpis, 489.

Agathophora, 180.

_Agathophyllum_, 209.

Agathosma, 296. pl. 73.

Agauria, 416.

Agave, 138.

Agelaea, 244.

Ageratina, 569.

Ageratum, 570.

_Agialid_, 293.

Agrimonia, 241.

Agropyrum, 90.

Agrostemma, 196.

Agrostis, 97.

_Agrostis_, 97.

_Agrostistachys_, 312, 610.

Agrostophyllum, 156.

Agyneia, 323.

_Aichryson_, 232.

Aira, 98.

_Aira_, 98, 100.

Airopsis, 98.

_Aitonia_, 305.

_AITONIEAE_, 302.

AIZOACEAE, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 27, 48, 49, 63, 68, 188, pl.
43.

Aizoon, 190.

Ajuga, 471.

Alafia, 435.

ALANGIACEAE, 43, 65, 67, 389.

Alangium, 389.

_Albersia_, 183.

Alberta, 516.

Albizzia, 248.

Albuca, 126.

_Alcea_, 352.

Alchimilla, 241.

_Alchornea_, 314.

Alchornea, 314, 315.

Alciope, 573, 575.

Aldrovanda, 230.

_Alectra_, 486.

Alepidea, 403.

Aleurites, 312, 610.

Alhagi, 274.

Alisma, 76.

_Alisma_, 76.

ALISMATACEAE, 5, 75, pl. 6.

_ALISMATACEAE_, 77.

Alkanna, 465.

Allagopappus, 560.

Allamanda, 436.

Allanblackia, 361, pl. 99.

Allexis, 367.

Alliaria, 223.

Allium, 125.

Allocalyx, 494.

Allophyllus, 336.

_Alluaudia_, 335.

Alnus, 163.

Alocasia, 116.

Alocasiophyllum, 117.

Aloë 133.

Alonsoa, 490.

Alopecurus, 84, 86.

Alpinia, 147.

_ALSINACEAE_, 192.

Alsine, 195.

_Alsodeia_, 367.

_Alsodeiidium_, 334.

Alsodeiopsis, 334.

Alstonia, 441.

Alternanthera, 183.

Althaea, 352.

Althenia, 74.

_Altheria_, 356.

Alvesia, 474.

Alysicarpus, 273.

Alyssum, 218, 219.

_Alyssum_, 219.

Alyxia, 438.

Amanoa, 320.

Amaralia, 527.

AMARANTACEAE, 9, 11, 50, 182, pl. 41.

Amarantus, 183.

AMARYLLIDACEAE, 4, 6, 135, pl. 19.

_AMARYLLIDACEAE_, 139.

Amaryllis, 137.

_Amberboa_, 550.

_Amblogyna_, 183.

Amblygonocarpus, 246.

_Ambora_, 209.

_Ambraria_, 522.

Ambrosia, 565.

_AMBROSIACEAE_, 545.

Ambrosinia, 118.

_Ambulia_, 494.

Amelanchier, 239.

Amellus, 573.

_Amerimnon_, 273.

Ammannia, 384, 611.

Ammi, 412.

Ammiopsis, 404.

Ammocharis, 138.

_Ammochloa_, 101.

Ammochloa, 101.

Ammodaucus, 405.

Ammophila, 96.

Ammosperma, 223.

_Amomum_, 147.

Amorphophallus, 117, 607, pl. 12.

Ampalis, 166.

_AMPELIDEAE_, 346.

Ampelocissus, 346.

Ampelodesma, 100.

_Ampelosicyos_, 536.

Amphiblemma, 397.

Amphidoxa, 558, 561.

Amphiestes, 511.

Amphiglossa, 561.

Amphimas, 258.

Amphithalea, 263.

_Amphoranthus_, 187.

_Amphorchis_, 152.

Amphorocalyx, 394.

_AMYGDALACEAE_, 239.

_Amygdalus_, 242.

Anabasis, 180.

Anacampseros, 191.

Anacamptis, 152.

ANACARDIACEAE, 8, 19, 20, 27, 28, 325, pl. 81.

Anacardium, 326.

Anacolosa, 174.

Anacyclus, 577.

Anagallis, 419.

Anaglypha, 561.

Anagyris, 258.

Ananas, 122.

_Ananassa_, 122.

Anaphalis, 557.

_Anaphrenium_, 327.

Anarrhinum, 491, 493.

_Anarthrosyne_, 280.

Anastatica, 218.

Anastrabe, 492.

_Anatherum_, 87.

Anaxeton, 557.

_Ancalanthus_, 514.

Anchomanes, 118.

Anchusa, 466.

Ancistrocarpus, 350.

Ancistrochilus, 157.

ANCISTROCLADACEAE, 65, 378.

Ancistrocladus, 378.

Ancistrophyllum, 112.

_Ancistrophyllum_, 112.

_Ancistrorhynchus_, 158.

Ancylanthus, 519.

_Ancylobothrys_, 436.

Andira, 289.

Andrachne, 320.

Andradia, 251.

Androcymbium, 129.

Andrographis, 510.

Andropogon, 87.

Androsace, 420.

_Androsaemum_, 361.

Androsiphonia, 370.

Androstachys, 321.

Andryala, 546.

Aneilema, 123, pl. 16.

Anemone, 198, pl. 46.

Anethum, 409.

Aneulophus, 292.

Angelonia, 490.

Angkalanthus, 514.

Angolaea, 231.

Angrecopsis, 159.

_Angrecum_, 158.

Angrecum, 158, 159.

Angylocalyx, 259.

Anisacanthus, 515.

_Anisanthus_, 141.

Aniseia, 461.

_Aniserica_, 416.

Anisochaeta, 559.

Anisochilus, 475.

Anisocycla, 203.

Anisomeles, 478.

Anisopappus, 554.

Anisophyllea, 387.

Anisopoda, 413.

Anisopus, 452.

_Anisorhamphus_, 546.

Anisostachya, 512.

Anisostigma, 190.

Anisotes, 514.

Anisothrix, 560.

Anisotome, 457.

_Anisotome_, 457.

Annesorhiza, 409, pl. 119.

Anogeissus, 390.

Anoiganthus, 137.

_Anomalanthus_, 416.

Anona, 204, pl. 48.

_Anona_, 206.

ANONACEAE, 24, 26, 40, 41, 42, 54, 64, 203, pl. 48.

Anonidium, 206.

_Anonychium_, 246.

Anopyxis, 388.

Anoumabia, 611.

Ansellia, 156.

Anthaenantia, 81.

_Anthagathis_, 243.

Anthemis, 577.

Anthephora, 84.

Anthericopsis, 122.

Anthericum, 132.

Antherotoma, 394.

_Anthistiria_, 87.

Anthocleista, 428.

Antholyza, 141.

_Anthospermum_, 522.

Anthospermum, 523.

Anthostema, 310.

Anthoxanthum, 94.

_Anthoxanthum_, 94.

Anthriscus, 405.

_Anthriscus_, 412.

Anthyllis, 260.

Antiaris, 167.

Anticharis, 488.

Antidesma, 321.

Antinoria, 98.

Antirrhinum, 490.

Antirrhoea, 518.

Antithrixia, 561.

Antizoma, 200.

_Antoschmidtia_, 100.

_Antrocaryon_, 328.

Anubias, 116.

Anvillea, 553, 554.

_Apalatoa_, 255.

Apaloxylon, 255.

Apera, 97.

_Aphanes_, 241.

Aphania, 340.

Aphanocalyx, 252.

_Aphanostylis_, 436.

_Aphelexis_, 553.

_Aphloia_, 373.

Aphyllanthes, 130.

_APIACEAE_, 401.

Apicra, 133.

Apium, 413.

_Apium_, 413.

Apluda, 85.

APOCYNACEAE, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 64, 66, 67, 432, pl. 129.

_Apodanthes_, 177.

Apodiscus, 611.

Apodocephala, 558, 569.

Apodolirion, 137.

Apodytes, 334, pl. 84.

_Apodytes_, 334.

Apollonias, 210.

Aponogeton, 75, pl. 5.

APONOGETONACEAE, 5, 75, pl. 5.

Aporrhiza, 339.

_Apostellis_, 155.

Aprevalia, 250.

Aptandra, 174.

_Apteranthes_, 455.

Aptosimum, 489.

AQUIFOLIACEAE, 59, 61, 329.

Aquilegia, 199.

Arabis, 217, 223.

_Arabis_, 218.

ARACEAE, 3, 114, pl. 12.

Arachis, 267.

ARALIACEAE, 43, 46, 67, 400, pl. 118.

Araliopsis, 298.

Araujia, 446.

Arbutus, 415.

Arceuthobium, 175.

_Arceuthos_, 71.

Arctium, 551.

Arctopus, 403.

_Arctotheca_, 548.

Arctotis, 548.

_Ardisia_, 418.

Ardisiandra, 420, pl. 122.

_Arduina_, 437.

Areca, 114.

Arenaria, 195.

_Arenaria_, 195.

Argania, 423.

Argemone, 213.

Argomuellera, 315.

Argostema, 532.

_Argyranthemum_, 565.

Argyreia, 461.

_Argyreia_, 461.

_Argyrella_, 394.

Argyrolobium, 264, 266.

Argyrostachys, 184.

Arisaema, 118.

Arisarum, 118.

Aristea, 143.

_Aristea_, 143.

Aristida, 95.

Aristogeitonia, 321.

Aristolochia, 176, pl. 38.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 17, 176, pl. 38.

_Armeniaca_, 242.

Armeria, 421.

Arnebia, 465.

Arnottia, 153.

_AROIDEAE_, 114.

_Aroides_, 117.

Arrhenatherum, 99.

Arrowsmithia, 555, 556.

Artabotrys, 204, 205.

Artanema, 495.

Artemisia, 566, 578, 597.

Artemisiopsis, 561.

Arthraerua, 184.

_Arthratherum_, 95.

Arthraxon, 86, 87.

_Arthrocarpum_, 273.

_Arthrochortus_, 90.

Arthrocnemum, 181.

_Arthrolobium_, 262.

_Arthrophyllum_, 497.

_Arthrosolen_, 381.

_Arthrostylis_, 108.

Artocarpus, 167.

Arum, 118.

Arundinaria, 88.

Arundinella, 98.

Arundo, 101.

Asaemia, 578.

ASCLEPIADACEAE, 64, 66, 441, pl. 130.

Asclepias, 449.

_Asclepias_, 449.

Ascolepis, 108.

Askidiosperma, 120.

Aspalathus, 264.

Asparagus, 129.

_Aspera_, 521.

_ASPERIFOLIACEAE_, 463.

Asperugo, 466.

Asperula, 521.

Asphodeline, 132.

Asphodelus, 132.

_Aspidoglossum_, 451.

Aspilia, 583.

_Assonia_, 357.

Astelia, 134.

Astephania, 554.

Astephanocarpa, 562.

Astephanus, 446.

Aster, 567, 572, 574.

_Aster_, 567.

Asteracantha, 504.

Asteranthe, 206.

_Asteranthopsis_, 206.

_Asteriscus_, 554.

Asterochaete, 107.

Asterolinum, 419.

_Asterolinum_, 419.

Asteropeia, 360.

_Asterosperma_, 567.

_Asterothrix_, 546.

Astiria, 357.

Astragalus, 270, 285, 288.

Astrocarpus, 229.

Astrochlaena, 462.

_Astropanax_, 400.

Astydamia, 409.

Asystasia, 510.

_Asystasia_, 509, 510.

Asystasiella, 510.

Ataenidia, 149.

_Ataxia_, 94.

Athamanta, 411.

_Athamantha_, 406.

Athanasia, 578.

_Atheranthera_, 536.

Athrixia, 561.

Atractocarpa, 88.

Atractogyne, 527.

Atractylis, 550.

Atraphaxis, 178.

Atriplex, 181.

Atropa, 482.

_ATROPACEAE_, 481.

Atropis, 105.

Atroxima, 308.

_Atylosia_, 283.

_Aubyra_, 292.

Aucoumea, 302.

Audouinia, 236.

Augea, 294.

Aulacocalyx, 517.

Aulax, 170.

_Aulaya_, 485.

Aulojusticia, 512.

Aulostephanus, 456.

Aulotandra, 147.

_AURANTIACEAE_, 295.

_Aurelia_, 136.

Australina, 168.

_Autunesia_, 568.

Auxopus, 154.

Avellinia, 103.

Avena, 97, 99, 105.

_Avenastrum_, 97.

Averrhoa, 290.

Avicennia, 469.

_Aviceps_, 151.

_Axonopus_, 82.

Azadirachta, 304.

Azima, 332.

Azorella, 402.


Babiana, 142.

Baccaurea, 322.

Baccaureopsis, 322.

Bachmannia, 214.

Bacopa, 494.

Badula, 418.

Baeometra, 129.

Baikiaea, 256.

_Baillonella_, 421.

Baissea, 435.

Bakerisideroxylon, 422.

_Balaniella_, 607.

Balanites, 293, pl. 72.

Balanophora, 176.

BALANOPHORACEAE, 7, 16, 176.

_Balansaea_, 406.

Ballochia, 511.

Ballota, 479.

_Balsamea_, 301.

BALSAMINACEAE, 35, 343, pl. 87.

Balsamocitrus, 299.

_Balsamodendron_, 301.

Bambusa, 89.

_Bandeiraea_, 248.

Banisterioides, 307.

_Baoutia_, 607.

Baphia, 257.

Baphiopsis, 249.

Barbacenia, 139, pl. 20.

Barbarea, 223.

Barberetta, 135.

Barbeuia, 188.

Barbeya, 163.

Barbeyastrum, 394.

_Barkhousia_, 546.

Barlaea, 152.

Barleria, 507.

_Barlia_, 152.

Baronia, 328.

_Baroniella_, 443.

Barosma, 296.

Barringtonia, 387, pl. 111.

_Barrowia_, 455.

Barteria, 370.

Bartholina, 153.

Bartschia, 484.

_Bartsia_, 484.

_Basananthe_, 376.

Basella, 191.

BASELLACEAE, 50, 191.

Baseonema, 442.

_Basilicum_, 473.

Bassia, 182.

_Bassia_, 423.

_Batatas_, 462.

Batesanthus, 443.

Bathiaea, 256.

Baudouinia, 251.

Bauhinia, 248, pl. 67.

_Bauhinia_, 248.

Baukea, 280.

Baumannia, 518.

Baumia, 486.

Beatsonia, 364.

Beaumontia, 434.

_Bechium_, 570.

_Becium_, 473.

Beckera, 82.

Begonia, 378, pl. 107.

BEGONIACEAE, 17, 49, 377, pl. 107.

Behnia, 130.

Beilschmiedia, 210.

Belamcanda, 144.

Bellardia, 484.

_Bellevalia_, 128.

Bellis, 573.

Bellium, 573.

Belmontia, 430.

Belonophora, 517.

Bembicia, 371.

_Bembycodium_, 578.

Bencomia, 241.

Benincasa, 541.

_Berardia_, 237, 238.

BERBERIDACEAE, 21, 22, 23, 199.

Berberis, 199.

Berchemia, 344.

Berenice, 234.

Bergia, 363, pl. 100.

Berkheya, 548, 551, 568.

Berkheyopsis, 549.

_Berlinia_, 255, 256.

Berlinia, 608.

Bernieria, 210.

Bersama, 342, pl. 86.

Bertiera, 529.

_Berula_, 412.

Berzelia, 237.

_Berzelia_, 237.

Beta, 181.

_Betonica_, 479.

BETULACEAE, 7, 17, 162.

Biarum, 118.

Biasolettia, 406.

Bicornella, 153.

Bidens, 581.

_Bifaria_, 175.

Bifora, 406.

BIGNONIACEAE, 53, 57, 58, 59, 495, pl. 137.

_Bingeria_, 304, 609.

Biophytum, 291, pl. 69.

Biscutella, 226.

Biserrula, 285.

_Bismarkia_, 111.

_Bivinia_, 371.

Bivonaea, 228.

Bixa, 365.

BIXACEAE, 25, 365.

_BIXACEAE_, 366, 367.

_Blackwellia_, 371.

Blaeria, 417.

Blainvillea, 537.

Blastania, 537.

_Blatti_, 385.

_BLATTIACEAE_, 385.

Bleekrodia, 164.

Blepharis, 508.

Blepharispermum, 556.

Blighia, 339.

_Blighia_, 338.

_Blitum_, 182.

Blumea, 557, 559.

Blyxa, 78.

Bobartia, 144.

Bocagea, 205.

Boeckeleria, 108.

Boehmeria, 170.

Boerhavia, 187.

Boissiera, 100.

_Bojeria_, 560.

Bolbophyllum, 160.

_Bolbophyllum_, 160.

_Bolboxalis_, 291.

Bolusanthus, 259.

Bolusia, 262.

BOMBACACEAE, 35, 38, 39, 63, 353, pl. 93.

Bombax, 353, pl. 93.

Bonamia, 459.

_Bonatea_, 152.

_Bonaveria_, 260.

_Bonjeania_, 262.

_Bonnaya_, 493.

Bonniera, 158.

Boottia, 78.

_Bopusia_, 487.

_BORAGINEAE_, 463.

Borassus, 111.

Borbonia, 264.

BORRAGINACEAE, 54, 55, 60, 64, 463, pl. 132.

_Borraginoides_, 466.

Borrago, 465.

Borreria, 522.

Boscia, 214.

Bosia, 183.

Bosqueia, 167.

Bosqueiopsis, 167.

Boswellia, 302.

_Bothriocline_, 570.

Bothriospermum, 466.

_Botor_, 272.

_Botryceras_, 327.

_Boucerosia_, 455.

Bouchea, 468.

_Bouetia_, 612.

Bougainvillea, 187.

Boussingaultia, 191.

Boutonia, 507.

Bowiea, 126.

Bowkeria, 492.

_Bowlesia_, 402.

Brabeium, 170.

_Brachyachaenium_, 553.

Brachycarpaea, 220.

Brachycome, 573.

Brachycorythis, 153.

_Brachycorythis_, 153.

_Brachyelytrum_, 96.

Brachylaena, 556.

_Brachymeris_, 579.

Brachypodium, 105.

_Brachyrhynchos_, 576.

Brachysiphon, 380.

Brachystegia, 254.

Brachystelma, 457.

_Brachystelma_, 456, 457.

Brachystelmaria, 457.

Brachystephanus, 511.

Brackenridgea, 359.

_Bracteolaria_, 257.

_Bradburya_, 276.

_Bramia_, 494.

Brandzeia, 249.

Brasenia, 197.

Brassica, 221, 224.

_Brassica_, 221, 224.

_Brayera_, 241.

Brazzeia, 358.

_Brehmia_, 429.

Bremontiera, 273.

Breonia, 525.

_Breweria_, 459, 460.

Brexia, 234, pl. 60.

Breynia, 324.

_Bricchettia_, 319, 608, 611.

Bridelia, 319.

_Bridelia_, 319.

_Brignolia_, 411.

Brillantaisia, 504.

Briza, 104.

_Brizopyrum_, 104.

_Brocchia_, 565.

Brochoneura, 208.

_Brochoneura_, 208.

BROMELIACEAE, 6, 122.

Bromus, 99, 104.

_Broteroa_, 551.

Broussonetia, 165.

Brownleea, 151.

Brucea, 300.

_Brugmansia_, 481.

Bruguiera, 388.

Brunella, 477.

Brunia, 237.

_Brunia_, 237.

BRUNIACEAE, 43, 44, 46, 47, 56, 65, 66, 67, 236, pl. 63.

Brunnichia, 178.

Brunsvigia, 137.

Bryodes, 493.

Bryomorphe, 561.

Bryonia, 540.

_Bryonia_, 540.

Bryonopsis, 541.

Bryophyllum, 233.

_Bubania_, 420.

_Bubon_, 409.

_Bucculina_, 153.

Buchenroedera, 265.

Buchholzia, 214.

_Buchnera_, 485.

Buchnerodendron, 368.

Buddleia, 428.

_Buddleia_, 427.

Buechnera, 485.

Buettnera, 356.

_BUETTNERIACEAE_, 354.

Buffonia, 195.

Buforrestia, 123.

Bulbine, 132.

Bulbinella, 132.

_Bulbophyllum_, 160.

_Bulbostylis_, 109.

_Bulliarda_, 232.

_Bunburya_, 527.

Bunias, 218.

Bunium, 412.

_Bunium_, 406, 412.

Buphane, 136.

Bupleurum, 405, 411.

Burasaia, 203.

Burchellia, 528.

Burkea, 249.

Burmannia, 149.

BURMANNIACEAE, 5, 149.

Burnatastrum, 474.

Burnatia, 76.

BURSERACEAE, 32, 301, pl. 75.

_Buseria_, 520.

Bussea, 250.

_Butayea_, 509.

BUTOMACEAE, 5, 77.

_Butomopsis_, 77.

Butomus, 77.

Buttonia, 486.

Butyrospermum, 423.

BUXACEAE, 13, 324.

Buxus, 324.

Byrsanthus, 371.

Byrsocarpus, 244.

_Byrsocarpus_, 608.

Byrsophyllum, 527.

Bystropogon, 480.


_Cacalia_, 576.

_Cacara_, 277.

Cachrys, 407.

_Cacoucia_, 390.

CACTACEAE, 45, 66, 378.

Cadaba, 214.

_Cadalvena_, 146.

Cadia, 249, 258.

_Cadia_, 258.

Cadiscus, 584.

Caesalpinia, 251.

_CAESALPINIACEAE_, 245.

Caesia, 131.

_Cailliea_, 246.

Cajanus, 280, 283.

Cakile, 224.

Caladium, 116.

_Caladium_, 116.

Calamagrostis, 96.

_Calamintha_, 479.

Calamus, 111.

_Calamus_, 112.

Calanda, 518.

Calanthe, 157.

Calantica, 371, 372.

_Calathea_, 149.

Calceolaria, 489.

_Calceolaria_, 367.

Caldesia, 76.

Calendula, 557, 563.

Calepina, 225.

_Calesiam_, 329.

Calicorema, 184.

_Callianassa_, 488.

Calliandra, 248.

Callicarpa, 469.

Callichilia, 439.

Calligonum, 178.

Callilepis, 554.

Callipeltis, 521.

CALLITRICHACEAE, 8, 324.

Callitriche, 324.

Callitris, 71, pl. 2.

Callopsis, 117.

Calluna, 417.

Calocrater, 439.

Calodendron, 296.

_Calodryum_, 305.

Caloncoba, 369.

Calonyction, 462.

_Calophanes_, 505, 506.

Calophyllum, 362.

Calopyxis, 390.

Calostephane, 559.

Calotropis, 449.

Calpocalyx, 246.

Calpurnia, 258.

_Calvaria_, 423.

Calvoa, 397.

Calycopteris, 390.

Calycotome, 267.

Calyptrocarpus, 581.

Calyptrochilus, 158.

Calyptrotheca, 215.

_Calysaccion_, 362.

Calystegia, 460.

Camarotea, 506.

Camelina, 219.

_Camellia_, 360.

_Camilleugenia_, 152.

Camoensia, 258.

Campanula, 543.

CAMPANULACEAE, 48, 59, 65, 67, 68, 541, pl. 149.

Camphorosma, 182.

Campnosperma, 326.

Camptocarpus, 443.

Camptolepis, 340.

Camptoloma, 488.

Camptostylus, 368.

_Campulosus_, 91.

Campylanthus, 487.

_Campylochiton_, 390.

_Campylogyne_, 390.

Campylostachys, 468.

Campylostemon, 332.

Cananga, 205.

Canarina, 543.

Canarium, 302.

_Canarium_, 302.

Canavalia, 276.

_CANELLACEAE_, 366.

Canephora, 528.

Canna, 147.

Cannabis, 166.

CANNACEAE, 5, 147.

Cannomois, 120.

Canscora, 431.

_Canscora_, 431.

Cantharospermum, 283.

_Canthium_, 519.

_Cantuffa_, 250.

_Caopia_, 361.

Caperonia, 311, 609.

Capitanya, 474.

Capnophyllum, 408.

CAPPARIDACEAE, 11, 13, 14, 21, 23, 24, 36, 37, 38, 39, 63, 213, pl. 54.

_CAPPARIDACEAE_, 229.

Capparis, 215.

Capraria, 487.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 65, 66, 67, 533, pl. 145.

Capsella, 220, 228.

Capsicum, 483.

Carallia, 388.

Caralluma, 455.

_Carandas_, 437.

Carapa, 304, 306.

_Carapa_, 303.

_Carbenia_, 549.

Cardamine, 223.

_Cardanthera_, 504.

Cardiochlamys, 460.

Cardiogyne, 165.

Cardiospermum, 336.

Cardopatium, 551.

Carduncellus, 550.

Carduus, 551.

Carex, 107.

Carica, 377.

CARICACEAE, 54, 63, 377.

Carissa, 437.

Carlina, 550.

_Carolofritschia_, 501.

_Caroxylon_, 179.

Carpacoce, 522.

_Carpha_, 107, 109.

Carphalea, 532.

_Carphalea_, 531.

Carpodinus, 436.

_Carpodinus_, 440.

Carpodiptera, 348.

Carpolobia, 308.

_Carpolobia_, 308.

_Carpolyza_, 136.

Carponema, 220.

_Carregnoa_, 135.

Carrichtera, 225.

_Carruthia_, 305.

Carthamus, 550.

Carum, 412.

_Carum_, 412, 413, 414.

Carvalhoa, 440.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 9, 11, 15, 18, 20, 22, 50, 52, 191, pl. 45.

_Caryophyllus_, 392.

Casearia, 372.

Cassia, 252.

Cassine, 331.

_Cassine_, 331.

Cassinia, 556.

Cassinopsis, 334.

_Cassipourea_, 388.

Cassytha, 209.

Castalia, 197.

Castanea, 163.

Castilloa, 167.

Casuarina, 161.

CASUARINACEAE, 7, 160.

Catabrosa, 102.

Catananche, 547.

Catapodium, 105.

Catha, 330.

_Cathastrum_, 331.

Catophractes, 495.

Caucalis, 404.

_Caucalis_, 404, 406.

Caucanthus, 307.

_Caulinia_, 75.

Cayaponia, 538.

Caylusea, 229.

_Cebatha_, 201.

_Cedrela_, 303.

_CEDRELEAE_, 302.

Cedrelopsis, 302.

Cedronella, 476.

Cedrus, 71.

Ceiba, 353.

CELASTRACEAE, 21, 22, 27, 30, 31, 36, 44, 45, 47, 48, 329, pl. 82.

_CELASTRACEAE_, 332.

_Celastrus_, 330.

Celosia, 186.

Celsia, 489.

Celtis, 164.

Cenchrus, 81.

_Cenia_, 565.

Centaurea, 550.

Centauropsis, 558.

Centella, 402.

Centema, 184, 185.

_Centemopsis_, 608.

Centipeda, 579.

Centotheca, 104.

Centranthus, 534.

Centratherum, 570.

Centroplacus, 320.

Centrosema, 276, 280.

Centunculus, 419.

Cephaëlis, 524.

_Cephalandra_, 536.

Cephalanthera, 154.

Cephalanthus, 517, 525.

Cephalaria, 534, pl. 147.

Cephalocroton, 314.

Cephalocrotonopsis, 314.

Cephalonema, 350.

Cephalosphaera, 208.

Cephalostachyum, 88.

Cephalostigma, 544.

Ceraria, 608.

Cerastium, 194.

_Cerastium_, 195.

_Cerasus_, 242.

Ceratandra, 150.

Ceratiosicyos, 376.

_Ceratocaryum_, 120.

_Ceratocephalus_, 198.

_Ceratocnemon_, 224.

Ceratonia, 254.

_Ceratophorus_, 318.

CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 10, 197.

Ceratophyllum, 197.

Ceratosepalum, 350.

Ceratostigma, 420.

Ceratotheca, 499.

Cerbera, 438.

Cercestis, 117.

_Cercestis_, 117.

Cercopetalum, 214.

Cereus, 378.

Cerinthe, 464.

Ceriops, 388.

_Cerolepis_, 368.

Ceropegia, 456.

Ceruana, 571.

_Cervicina_, 544.

_Cestichis_, 156.

Cestrum, 481.

Chadsia, 287.

Chaenorrhinum, 491.

Chaenostoma, 493, pl. 136.

_Chaerophyllum_, 406.

Chaerophyllum, 406.

Chaetacanthus, 505.

Chaetacme, 164.

Chaetobromus, 99.

Chaetocarpus, 318.

Chaetosciadium, 406.

_Chailletia_, 309.

_CHAILLETIACEAE_, 309.

Chalazocarpus, 529.

Chamaealoe, 133.

Chamaelea, 295.

Chamaemeles, 239.

_Chamaemelum_, 577, 578.

Chamaenerium, 398.

_Chamaepeuce_, 551.

Chamaerops, 110.

Chamira, 220.

Chapeliera, 528.

Charadrophila, 487.

_Charia_, 305.

Charieis, 573.

Chasalia, 525.

Chasmanthera, 202.

_Chasmanthera_, 202.

Cheiranthus, 217.

Cheirolaena, 357.

Cheirostylis, 155.

Chelidonium, 212.

Chenolea, 182.

_Chenolea_, 182.

CHENOPODIACEAE, 7, 9, 15, 179, pl. 40.

_CHENOPODIACEAE_, 187, 191.

_Chenopodina_, 179.

Chenopodium, 182.

Chevreulia, 562.

Chilianthus, 427.

Chiliocephalum, 561.

Chilocalyx, 215.

Chionothrix, 184.

Chironia, 432, pl. 128.

CHLAENACEAE, 32, 33, 38, 39, 347, pl. 90.

Chlamydacanthus, 511.

Chlamydocardia, 514.

Chlamydocarya, 333.

Chlamydojatropha, 610.

_Chlamydophora_, 578.

Chlora, 431.

Chloridion, 81.

Chloris, 92, pl. 8.

Chlorocodon, 442.

Chlorocyathus, 443.

_Chloromyrtus_, 392.

_Chloropatane_, 208, 608, 610.

Chlorophora, 165.

Chlorophytum, 132.

_Chlorophytum_, 131.

Chloryllis, 278.

Choananthus, 607.

_Chomelia_, 526.

Chondrilla, 546.

Choristylis, 235.

Choritaenia, 408.

Chortolirion, 133.

Christiania, 348.

_Christiania_, 611.

Chrozophora, 311, 609.

_Chrysalidocarpus_, 114.

Chrysanthellum, 573.

Chrysanthemum, 566, 578, 579.

Chrysithrix, 107.

Chrysobalanus, 243.

Chrysocoma, 572.

_Chrysocoma_, 572.

Chrysophyllum, 422.

_Chrysopia_, 362.

_Chrysopogon_, 87.

_Chrysurus_, 95.

Chymococca, 382.

Chytranthus, 337, 338.

_Cicca_, 323.

Cicendia, 431.

Cicer, 261.

_Cicerbita_, 546.

Cichorium, 548.

Cienfuegosia, 353.

Cinchona, 531.

Cincinnobotrys, 397.

Cineraria, 566, 576.

Cinnamomum, 210.

Cinnamosma, 366.

Cipadessa, 304.

Circaea, 398.

_Circinus_, 260.

Cirrhopetalum, 160.

Cirsium, 551, 552.

_Cissampelos_, 200.

Cissampelos, 200.

Cissus, 346, pl. 89.

_Cissus_, 346.

CISTACEAE, 25, 33, 35, 37, 38, 365, pl. 102.

Cistanche, 500, pl. 139.

Cistanthera, 350.

Cistus, 365, pl. 102.

Citrullus, 541.

Citrus, 299.

Cladanthus, 576.

_Cladanthus_, 577.

Cladium, 108.

_Cladosicyos_, 537.

Cladostemon, 214.

Cladostigma, 459.

Claoxylon, 316.

_Clathrospermum_, 205.

Clausena, 299.

Cleanthe, 143.

Cleidion, 316.

Cleistachne, 86.

Cleistanthus, 319.

Cleistochlamys, 206.

Cleistopholis, 206.

Clematis, 198.

Cleome, 215.

_Cleome_, 215.

Cleomodendron, 215.

Cleonia, 477.

Clerodendron, 470, pl. 133.

_Clerodendron_, 470.

Clethra, 415.

CLETHRACEAE, 40, 414.

Cliffortia, 241.

Clinogyne, 149, pl. 25.

_Clinogyne_, 149.

_Clinopodium_, 479.

Clitandra, 436, pl. 129.

Clitoria, 276, 281, 285.

_Clitoria_, 276.

Clivia, 136.

Cloiselia, 552.

_CLUSIACEAE_, 360.

Cluytia, 317.

Cluytiandra, 323.

Clypeola, 218.

_Cnemidostachys_, 318.

CNEORACEAE, 30, 295.

_Cneorum_, 295.

Cnestis, 244.

Cnicus, 549.

_Cnicus_, 551.

Cnidium, 409.

Coccinia, 536, 539.

_Coccobryon_, 161.

_Coccosperma_, 416.

Cocculus, 201, pl. 47.

_Cocculus_, 201.

Cochlanthus, 444.

_Cochlearia_, 227.

COCHLOSPERMACEAE, 25, 38, 366.

Cochlospermum, 366.

Cockburnia, 502.

Cocos, 112.

Codon, 462.

Codonostigma, 416.

_Codonura_, 435.

Coelachne, 101.

Coelachyrum, 92.

Coelanthum, 189.

Coelidium, 263.

Coelocarpus, 468.

Coelocaryon, 207.

Coffea, 520.

Cogniauxia, 539.

Cohnia, 134.

_Coilostigma_, 416.

Coinochlamys, 428.

Coix, 83.

Cola, 354.

_COLCHICACEAE_, 125.

Colchicum, 125.

Coldenia, 464.

Colea, 497.

Coleonema, 297.

Coleotrype, 123.

Coleus, 475.

_Colobachne_, 84.

Colobanthus, 195.

Colocasia, 116.

_Colocynthis_, 541.

Colpias, 491.

_Colpodium_, 97.

Colpoon, 172.

Colubrina, 345.

Colutea, 287.

_Coluteastrum_, 285.

Colvillea, 250.

COMBRETACEAE, 16, 44, 389, pl. 113.

_COMBRETACEAE_, 211.

Combretum, 390, pl. 113.

_Combretum_, 390.

Cometes, 192.

Cometia, 321.

Commelina, 122.

COMMELINACEAE, 4, 122, pl. 16.

Commidendron, 574.

Commiphora, 301.

COMPOSITAE, 7, 9, 15, 64, 544, pl. 150.

Conchopetalum, 341.

_Coniandra_, 538.

_CONIFERAE_, 70.

Conium, 407.

CONNARACEAE, 20, 42, 52, 64, 243, pl. 66.

Connarus, 243, pl. 66.

Conocarpus, 390.

Conomitra, 447.

Conopharyngia, 439.

Conopodium, 406.

_Conopodium_, 407.

_Conosapium_, 318.

Conringia, 223.

CONVOLVULACEAE, 51, 52, 56, 59, 60, 61, 64, 457, pl. 131.

Convolvulus, 460.

_Convolvulus_, 460, 461.

Conyza, 572.

_Copaiba_, 252.

Copaifera, 252.

_Coptosperma_, 526.

Corallocarpus, 537.

_Corbularia_, 136.

Corchorus, 350.

Cordeauxia, 254.

Cordia, 463, pl. 132.

Cordyla, 249.

_Cordyline_, 134.

Cordylocarpus, 221.

Cordylogyne, 451.

Corema, 325.

Coreopsis, 581.

Coriandrum, 406.

Coriaria, 325.

CORIARIACEAE, 41, 325.

Coridothymus, 480.

Coris, 419.

CORNACEAE, 46, 47, 414.

_CORNACEAE_, 389.

_Cornicina_, 260.

Cornulaca, 180.

Cornus, 414.

Coronilla, 260.

Coronopus, 226.

Corrigiola, 193.

Corycium, 150.

Corydalis, 212.

Corylus, 162.

_Corymbis_, 155.

Corymbium, 569.

Corymborchis, 155.

Corymbostachys, 512.

Corynanthe, 531.

_Corynanthe_, 531.

Corynephorus, 100.

Cosmos, 581.

Cossignia, 341.

Cossonia, 222, 224.

Costularia, 108.

Costus, 146.

Cotoneaster, 239.

Cottsia, 306.

Cotula, 565, 566, 567, 578, 579, 580.

Cotyledon, 233.

Cotylodiscus, 340.

Cotylonychia, 355.

Coula, 174.

Courbonia, 214.

_Courrantia_, 578.

Courtoisia, 109.

Crabbea, 508.

_Cracca_, 272.

Craibia, 609.

Crambe, 225.

_Cranzia_, 298.

Craspedorhachis, 91.

Craspidosperma, 437.

_Crassocephalum_, 572.

Crassula, 232.

CRASSULACEAE, 41, 42, 64, 232, pl. 59.

_Crassuvia_, 233.

_Crataegus_, 240.

Crataeva, 215.

Craterispermum, 519.

Craterosiphon, 382.

Craterostemma, 457.

Craterostigma, 494.

Cremaspora, 517.

Cremocarpus, 523.

Crepis, 546, 547.

Cressa, 459.

Crinum, 138, pl. 19.

Crioceras, 439.

Crithmum, 410.

_Crocodiloides_, 548.

_Crocosmia_, 142.

Crocus, 140.

Crocyllis, 523.

Crossandra, 509.

Crossandrella, 508.

Crossonephelis, 337.

Crossopteryx, 526.

Crossostemma, 375.

Crossotropis, 102.

Crotalaria, 263.

Croton, 310.

Crotonogyne, 311, 610.

_Crotonogyne_, 610.

Crotonogynopsis, 314.

Crucianella, 521.

CRUCIFERAE, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36, 216,
pl. 53.

Crudia, 255.

Crupina, 550.

Crypsis, 83.

Cryptadenia, 382.

Cryptocarya, 210.

Cryptogyne, 422.

Cryptolepis, 445.

_Cryptolepis_, 445.

Cryptopus, 159.

Cryptosepalum, 252, 255.

Cryptostegia, 444.

_Cryptostemma_, 548.

Cryptostephanus, 135.

Cryptotaenia, 412.

Ctenium, 91.

_Ctenolepis_, 537.

_Ctenomeria_, 313.

Ctenophrynium, 148.

_Ctenopsis_, 93.

Ctenorchis, 159.

_Cubeba_, 161.

Cucubalus, 196.

Cucumeropsis, 537.

Cucumis, 537, 541.

Cucurbita, 538.

CUCURBITACEAE, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 65, 66, 67, 535, pl. 148.

Culcasia, 117.

Cullumia, 549.

Cullumiopsis, 563.

Cuminum, 404.

Cunonia, 235.

CUNONIACEAE, 33, 39, 235, pl. 62.

_Cupania_, 339, 340.

Cuphea, 384.

_Cuphocarpus_, 401.

Cupressus, 71.

_CUPULIFERAE_, 162, 163.

Curculigo, 139.

Curcuma, 146.

Curroria, 445.

Curtisia, 414.

Cuscuta, 458.

Cussonia, 400, pl. 118.

Cutandia, 102.

Cuviera, 519.

Cyamopsis, 281, 284.

CYANASTRACEAE, 6, 124.

Cyanastrum, 124.

Cyanella, 139.

_Cyanopis_, 570.

_Cyanothyrsus_, 256, 608.

Cyanotis, 123.

_Cyatanthus_, 167.

Cyathogyne, 322.

Cyathula, 185.

CYCADACEAE, 1, 69, pl. 1.

Cycas, 69.

Cyclamen, 419.

Cyclantheropsis, 535.

Cyclocampe, 108.

Cyclocarpa, 269.

Cyclocheilon, 470.

Cyclocotyla, 437.

_Cyclonema_, 470.

Cyclopia, 257.

Cycloptychis, 220.

Cyclostemon, 322.

Cycniopsis, 485.

Cycnium, 485.

Cydonia, 239.

Cylicodiscus, 247.

Cylicomorpha, 377.

Cylindrocline, 556.

Cylindrolepis, 109.

_Cylindropsis_, 436.

Cylista, 279, 282.

Cymbalaria, 490.

Cymbidium, 159.

_Cymbopogon_, 87.

Cymbosepalum, 253.

Cymodocea, 74.

_Cymodocea_, 74.

Cynanchum, 449.

_Cynanchum_, 446, 448, 449.

Cynara, 551.

_Cynaropsis_, 551.

CYNOCRAMBACEAE, 15, 187.

Cynocrambe, 187.

_Cynoctonum_, 449.

Cynodon, 91.

Cynoglossum, 466.

Cynometra, 254.

_Cynometra_, 253, 608.

CYNOMORIACEAE, 15, 400.

Cynomorium, 400.

Cynorchis, 152.

_Cynosorchis_, 152.

Cynosurus, 102.

CYPERACEAE, 2, 106, pl. 9.

Cyperus, 109.

_Cyperus_, 109.

Cyphia, 542.

Cyphocarpa, 185.

_Cyphocarpa_, 185.

Cyphochlaena, 85.

_Cypholepis_, 92.

Cypselodontia, 559.

_CYRTANDREAE_, 500.

Cyrtanthus, 138.

Cyrtogonone, 610.

_Cyrtopera_, 157.

Cyrtopodium, 157.

Cyrtosperma, 115.

_Cyrtoxiphus_, 247.

_Cysticapnos_, 212.

Cystistemon, 465.

_CYTINACEAE_, 177.

Cytinus, 177.

Cytisus, 266.


Daboecia, 416.

Dactyliandra, 540.

Dactylis, 104.

Dactyloctenium, 93.

Dactylopetalum, 388.

Daemia, 448.

Daïs, 382.

Dalbergia, 273, 286.

Dalechampia, 313.

Dalhousiea, 257.

_Damapana_, 269.

Damasonium, 76.

_Damatris_, 548.

Danais, 531.

Daniellia, 255, 608.

_Daniellia_, 256, 608.

Danthonia, 99, 105.

_Danthonia_, 99.

Daphne, 383.

_Daphniphyllum_, 319, 610.

Dasylepis, 368.

_Dasylepis_, 368.

Dasysphaera, 186.

Dasystachys, 131.

Datura, 481.

Daubenya, 126.

Daucus, 405.

_Daucus_, 404, 405.

_Debesia_, 131.

Debregeasia, 170.

Decabelone, 454.

Decaceras, 457.

_Decalepis_, 108.

Decanema, 447.

Decanemopsis, 447.

_Decaneurum_, 570.

Deckenia, 113.

_Deckera_, 546.

Deeringia, 186.

_Deguelia_, 286.

Deidamia, 375.

Deinbollia, 340, 341, pl. 85.

_Deinbollia_, 340.

Dekindtia, 426.

Delamerea, 558.

Delognaea, 538.

Delphinium, 199.

Delpydora, 422.

Demeusea, 136.

_Demidium_, 558.

Dendrocalamus, 88.

Dendrosicyos, 537.

Denekia, 558.

Dermatobotrys, 492.

_Deroemeria_, 153.

Derris, 286, 287, 288.

_Derris_, 609.

Desbordesia, 301.

Deschampsia, 100.

Descurainia, 217.

Desmanthus, 245.

Desmazeria, 104.

_Desmochaeta_, 185.

Desmodium, 271, 273, 276, 280, 281.

_Desmodium_, 261.

Desmonema, 201, 202.

_Desmophyllum_, 295.

Desmostachya, 93.

Desmostachys, 334.

Desplatzia, 349.

_Desplatzia_, 611.

Detarium, 252.

_Detris_, 567.

_Deverra_, 413.

Dewevrea, 288.

Dewevrella, 433.

Dewildemania, 568.

Dewindtia, 252.

_Deyeuxia_, 96.

Dialiopsis, 342.

Dialium, 251.

_Dialium_, 608.

Dialypetalum, 541.

Dianella, 131.

_Dianthella_, 195.

_Dianthera_, 215, 512.

Dianthoseris, 547.

Dianthus, 196.

Diapedium, 514.

_Diaphycarpus_, 412.

Diascia, 490, 492.

Diaspis, 307.

_Diastella_, 607.

Diberara, 238.

Dicellandra, 395.

Diceratella, 216.

Dichaelia, 457.

_Dichaelia_, 457.

Dichaetanthera, 394.

DICHAPETALACEAE, 31, 33, 47, 55, 56, 61, 67, 309, pl. 79.

Dichapetalum, 309, pl. 79.

Dicheranthus, 192.

Dichilus, 264.

Dichondra, 458.

Dichostemma, 310.

_Dichroanthus_, 217.

Dichrocephala, 571.

Dichrostachys, 246.

Dicliptera, 514.

_Dicliptera_, 514.

Diclis, 491.

Dicoma, 553.

Dicoryphe, 238.

Dicraea, 231.

_Dicraea_, 231.

Dicraeanthus, 231.

Dicraeopetalum, 258.

Dicranolepis, 382.

_Dicranotaenia_, 158.

Dictyandra, 529.

Dictyochloa, 101.

Dictyosperma, 114.

Didelotia, 254.

_Didelotia_, 254.

Didelta, 548, 551.

_Didesmus_, 224.

Didierea, 335.

_DIDIEREACEAE_, 335.

Didymocarpus, 501.

_Didymodoxa_, 168.

Dierama, 142.

_Dietes_, 144.

Digera, 183.

Digitalis, 488.

_Digitaria_, 82.

Dignathia, 607.

Dilatris, 135.

Dillenia, 358.

DILLENIACEAE, 41, 42, 358, pl. 96.

Dilobeia, 170.

Dimorphochlamys, 540.

Dimorphotheca, 557, 561, 564, 576, 584.

_Dinacria_, 232.

_Dineba_, 93.

Dinebra, 93.

Dinklagea, 244.

Dinophora, 393.

Dintera, 493.

Dioclea, 268.

Diodia, 522.

Dioncophyllum, 371.

Dionychia, 394.

Dioscorea, 140, pl. 21.

DIOSCOREACEAE, 6, 140, pl. 21.

Dioscoreophyllum, 200.

Diosma, 297.

Diospyros, 425.

Diotis, 576.

Dipcadi, 127.

_Diphaca_, 273.

Diphasia, 298.

Dipidax, 129.

Diplachne, 103.

_Diplachne_, 93, 102.

_Diplacrum_, 106.

Diplanthemum, 349.

Diplanthera, 74.

_Diplochonium_, 189.

_Diplocrater_, 527.

Diplocyathus, 455.

Diplolophium, 411.

_Diplopappus_, 567.

Diplorrhynchus, 438.

_Diplospora_, 527.

Diplostigma, 448.

Diplotaxis, 221, 223.

DIPSACACEAE, 65, 534, pl. 147.

Dipsacus, 535.

_Dipteracanthus_, 507.

DIPTEROCARPACEAE, 33, 363.

_DIPTEROCARPACEAE_, 378.

Dipteropeltis, 459.

Dipterygium, 215.

Dirachma, 289.

Dirichletia, 531.

Disa, 151.

_Disa_, 151.

Dischisma, 489.

_Dischistocalyx_, 506, 507.

_Discocapnos_, 212.

_Discoclaoxylon_, 610.

Discoglypremna, 610.

Discopodium, 482, pl. 135.

Disparago, 561, 562.

Disperis, 150.

Disperma, 505.

Dissomeria, 368.

Dissotis, 394, pl. 115.

Distemonanthus, 251.

Distichocalyx, 507.

_Dittelasma_, 337.

Dobera, 332.

_Dobrowskya_, 542.

Dodonaea, 341.

Dolichandrone, 496.

_Dolichandrone_, 496.

_Dolicholus_, 272.

Dolichometra, 532.

Dolichos, 277, 278.

_Dolichos_, 278.

Dombeya, 357, pl. 94.

Donaldsonia, 375.

_Donax_, 101, 149.

Dopatrium, 493.

_Doratanthera_, 488.

Doratoxylon, 342.

_Doria_, 568.

Doronicum, 575.

Dorstenia, 165, pl. 31.

Doryalis, 372.

Doryanthes, 138.

Dorycnium, 262.

_Dorycnopsis_, 260.

Dovea, 120.

_Dovyalis_, 372.

Draba, 219, 227.

Dracaena, 134, pl. 18.

Dracunculus, 118.

Drake-Brockmania, 607.

_Dregea_, 454.

Drepanocarpus, 286.

Drimia, 128.

Drimiopsis, 126.

Droguetia, 168.

Droogmansia, 261.

Drosera, 230, pl. 56.

DROSERACEAE, 22, 25, 230, pl. 56.

Drosophyllum, 230.

Drusa, 402.

Drymaria, 194.

Drypetes, 322.

_Drypetes_, 611.

Duboscia, 349.

_Duboscia_, 611.

Ducrosia, 409.

Dumasia, 279.

Dumoria, 421, 612.

Duparquetia, 251, 257.

Duranta, 468.

Duvalia, 455.

Duvernoia, 513.

Dyerophyton, 420, pl. 123.

_Dypsidium_, 114.

Dypsis, 113.

Dyschoriste, 506.


EBENACEAE, 57, 61, 62, 424, pl. 125.

Ebenus, 284.

_Ebermaiera_, 503.

_Ecastaphyllum_, 273.

Ecballium, 541.

Ecbolium, 515.

_Ecbolium_, 514.

_Echeveria_, 233.

Echidnopsis, 454.

Echinaria, 100.

Echinodorus, 76.

_Echinolaena_, 82.

Echinophora, 405.

Echinops, 549.

_Echinopsilon_, 182.

Echinopteris, 306.

_Echinospermum_, 466.

_Echinothamnus_, 376.

_Echinus_, 315.

Echiochilon, 464.

Echium, 464.

_Ecklonia_, 108.

Eclipta, 582.

Ecpoma, 530.

Ectadiopsis, 445.

Ectadium, 444.

_Ectinocladus_, 435.

Edithcolea, 455.

_Edwardia_, 354.

Eenia, 553.

_Egassea_, 358.

Ehretia, 464.

Ehrharta, 94.

Eichhornia, 124.

Ekebergia, 305.

ELAEAGNACEAE, 10, 383.

Elaeagnus, 383.

Elaeis, 112.

ELAEOCARPACEAE, 33, 37, 347.

Elaeocarpus, 347.

Elaeodendron, 331, pl. 82.

_Elaeodendron_, 331.

Elaeophorbia, 310.

Elaeoselinum, 404.

_Elaeoselinum_, 404.

ELATINACEAE, 63, 393, pl. 100.

Elatine, 363.

Elatinoides, 490.

Elatostema, 169.

Elegia, 120.

_Eleocharis_, 109.

Elephantopus, 569.

Elephantorrhiza, 247.

Elettaria, 147.

_Eleusine_, 93.

Eleusine, 93.

Eliaea, 361.

_Elichrysum_, 553.

Elionurus, 87.

Ellertonia, 441.

Elsholtzia, 476.

Elymus, 91.

_Elynanthus_, 107.

Elytraria, 503.

Elytropappus, 563.

Elytrophorus, 101.

Embelia, 418.

Emex, 178.

Emicocarpus, 450.

_Emilia_, 576.

_Emiliomarcelia_, 328.

Eminia, 278.

EMPETRACEAE, 12, 26, 325.

Empetrum, 325.

Emplectanthus, 457.

Empleuridium, 296.

Empleurum, 296.

Empogona, 526.

Enalus, 78.

Enantia, 204.

Enarthrocarpus, 222.

Encephalartos, 69, pl. 1.

_Enchysia_, 542.

Endacanthus, 333.

Endodesmia, 362.

Endonema, 380.

_Endonema_, 380.

Endosiphon, 507.

Endostemon, 472.

_Endotropis_, 449.

_Endymion_, 127.

Englerastrum, 475.

Engleria, 572.

Englerodaphne, 382.

Englerodendron, 255.

Enicostemma, 432.

_Enneapogon_, 96.

Entada, 247.

Entandrophragma, 303.

Enteropogon, 92.

Enterospermum, 527.

Entoplocamia, 93.

Enydra, 582.

Epallage, 583.

Epaltes, 558.

Ephedra, 72.

Ephippiandra, 209.

_Epiclastopelma_, 506.

Epilobium, 398.

_Epilobium_, 398.

Epimedium, 199.

Epinetrum, 200, 202.

Epipactis, 154.

_Epiphora_, 156.

_Epipogon_, 155.

_Epischoenus_, 107.

Epitaberna, 527.

Epithema, 501.

Eragrostis, 103.

_Eragrostis_, 92, 93.

Eranthemum, 504.

_Eranthemum_, 509.

_Erblichia_, 374.

Erechthites, 575.

Eremia, 416.

_Eremiopsis_, 416.

Eremobium, 217.

Eremochlaena, 348.

_Eremolaena_, 348.

_Eremomastax_, 504.

_Eremopyrum_, 90.

Eremospatha, 112.

Eremothamnus, 558, 568.

_Eriander_, 297, 608, 609.

Eriandrostachys, 340.

Erianthus, 86.

_Eribroma_, 354.

Erica, 417.

_Erica_, 417.

ERICACEAE, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 68, 415, pl. 120.

_ERICACEAE_, 415.

Ericinella, 417.

Erigeron, 567, 572, 574.

Erinacea, 267.

Erinus, 488.

Eriobotrya, 240.

ERIOCAULACEAE, 3, 121 pl. 15.

Eriocaulon, 121.

Eriocephalus, 564.

_Eriocephalus_, 564.

Eriochloa, 81.

Eriocoelum, 339.

_Eriodendron_, 353.

_Erioglossum_, 337.

Eriophorum, 109.

Eriosema, 272, 274, 279, 282.

Eriospermum, 131.

Eriosphaera, 562.

_Eriospora_, 106.

Eriospora, 106.

Eriothrix, 575.

Eritrichium, 466.

Erlangea, 570.

_Ernestimeyera_, 516.

Erodium, 290.

_Erophaca_, 270.

_Erophila_, 219.

Eruca, 224, 225.

Erucaria, 222.

_Erucaria_, 221.

Erucastrum, 221.

Ervatamia, 440.

_Ervum_, 269.

Eryngium, 403.

Erysimum, 217.

Erythraea, 430, 432.

Erythrina, 281.

Erythrocephalum, 552.

Erythrochlamys, 473.

Erythrococca, 316.

Erythrophloeum, 249.

Erythrophysa, 341.

_Erythropyxis_, 358.

Erythroselinum, 612.

Erythrospermum, 368.

_Erythrostictus_, 129.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE, 19, 21, 29, 34, 292, pl. 71.

Erythroxylon, 293, pl. 71.

_Ethanium_, 147.

Ethulia, 569.

Euadenia, 214.

Eucalyptus, 391.

Euchaetis, 297.

Euchlaena, 83.

Euchlora, 264.

_Euclaste_, 87.

Euclea, 425.

Euclidium, 219.

Eucomis, 126.

_Eudianthe_, 196.

_Eufragia_, 484.

Eugenia, 392, pl. 114.

_Eugenia_, 392.

_Eulalia_, 86.

Eulenburgia, 540.

Eulophia, 157.

_Eulophia_, 156, 159, 160.

Eulophidium, 160.

Eulophiella, 157.

Eulophiopsis, 159.

Eumorphia, 577.

Eupatorium, 571.

_Euphorbia_, 310.

Euphorbia, 310.

EUPHORBIACEAE, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 27, 34, 55, 61, 309, pl. 80.

_EUPHORBIACEAE_, 324.

Euphoria, 339.

_Euphoria_, 338.

Euphrasia, 484.

Eureiandra, 539.

Eurotia, 608.

_Euryandra_, 539.

Eurylobium, 467.

Euryops, 575.

Eurypetalum, 253.

Eustegia, 450.

Euthystachys, 468.

_Euxolus_, 183.

_Evacidium_, 555.

Evax, 555.

Evodia, 296.

Evolvulus, 459.

Evonymus, 330.

Exacum, 430.

Excoecaria, 318.

_Excoecaria_, 611.

_Excoecariopsis_, 317, 610.

Exechostylus, 517.

Exocarpus, 172.

_Exochaenium_, 430.

Exomis, 181.

Eylesia, 485.


_Faba_, 269.

_FABACEAE_, 245.

_Fabricia_, 273.

_Fadogia_, 518.

FAGACEAE, 17, 163.

Fagara, 296.

Fagelia, 283.

Fagonia, 294.

Fagopyrum, 178.

Faguetia, 327.

Falcaria, 412.

Falkia, 458.

Fanninia, 451.

Faroa, 431.

Farquharia, 612.

Farsetia, 217, 219.

_Farsetia_, 217, 219.

Faujasia, 575.

Faurea, 171.

Fedia, 534.

Feeria, 544.

Fegimanra, 326.

Felicia, 567, 574.

_Ferdinandia_, 496.

Feretia, 527.

Fernandia, 496.

Fernelia, 526.

Ferraria, 144.

Ferula, 408.

_Ferula_, 409.

Ferulago, 409.

Festuca, 93, 96, 105.

_Festuca_, 105.

Fibigia, 219.

Ficalhoa, 416.

_Ficaria_, 198.

Ficinia, 109.

_Ficinia_, 109.

_FICOIDEAE_, 188.

Ficus, 167.

_Fidelia_, 546.

Filago, 556.

Filetia, 510.

Filicium, 336.

Filipendula, 241.

Fillaea, 249.

Fillaeopsis, 247.

Fimbristylis, 109.

Fingerhuthia, 94, 101.

Fintelmannia, 106.

Firmiana, 354.

Flabellaria, 307.

Flacourtia, 373, pl. 104.

FLACOURTIACEAE, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21, 23, 25, 45, 367, pl. 104.

_FLACOURTIACEAE_, 424.

Flagellaria, 119.

FLAGELLARIACEAE, 4, 119.

Flagenium, 528.

Flanagania, 448.

Flaveria, 584.

Flemingia, 274, 275.

Fleurya, 169, pl. 32.

Floscopa, 123.

Flueggea, 323.

Fockea, 452.

Foeniculum, 410.

Foetidia, 386.

_Folotsia_, 612.

Forcipella, 510.

Forficaria, 151.

Forgesia, 235.

Forrestia, 123.

Forskohlea, 168.

Forsythiopsis, 506.

Fourcroya, 138.

_Fournaea_, 610.

_Fradinia_, 577.

Fragaria, 242.

_Franchetella_, 411.

Franchetia, 238.

_Francoeuria_, 560.

Frankenia, 364.

_Frankenia_, 364.

FRANKENIACEAE, 25, 363.

Fraxinus, 426.

Freesia, 141.

Fresenia, 572.

Freylinia, 492.

Fritillaria, 129.

_Fropiera_, 391.

Fuchsia, 398.

_Fugosia_, 353.

Fuirena, 110.

_Fuirena_, 109.

Fumana, 365.

Fumaria, 212.

_FUMARIACEAE_, 212.

Funtumia, 435.

_Furcraea_, 138.


Gabunia, 439, 441.

Gaertnera, 524.

_Gaertnera_ 308.

Gagea, 125, 129.

Gagnebina, 246.

Gaillardia, 583.

Gaillonia, 521.

Galactia, 279.

Galactites, 551.

Galaxia, 140.

_Galedupa_, 287.

Galega, 268, 284.

Galenia, 190.

Galeola, 154.

Galera, 155.

_Galilea_, 109.

Galiniera, 527.

Galinsoga, 580.

Galium, 521.

Galopina, 523.

Galphimia, 306.

Galpinia, 384.

Galtonia, 128.

Gamolepis, 584.

_Gamopoda_, 203.

Garcinia, 362.

Gardenia, 526.

Garuleum, 564, 565.

Gasteria, 133.

Gastonia, 401.

Gastridium, 96.

_Gastridium_, 97.

Gastrocotyle, 466.

Gastrodia, 154.

Gaudinia, 90, 99.

Gazania, 549.

_Geaya_, 608.

Geigeria, 554.

_Geigeria_, 558.

Geissaspis, 269.

Geissoloma, 379.

GEISSOLOMATACEAE, 14, 379.

Geissorhiza, 142.

Gelonium, 318.

_Gendarussa_, 512.

Geniosporum, 473.

Geniostoma, 428.

_Genipa_, 526, 528.

Genista, 266.

Genlisea, 501.

_Gennaria_, 153.

GENTIANACEAE, 53, 54, 58, 59, 429, pl. 128.

_Gentilia_, 319.

Genyorchis, 160.

_Geocaryum_, 406.

Geopanax, 401.

Geophila, 524.

Geosiris, 143.

GERANIACEAE, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 289, pl. 68.

_GERANIACEAE_, 290, 291, 343.

Geranium, 290.

_Gerardianella_, 486.

Gerardiina, 487.

_Gerardiopsis_, 488.

Gerbera, 552.

_Germanea_, 474.

_Geropogon_, 545.

Gerrardanthus, 536.

_Gerrardanthus_, 535.

Gerrardina, 371.

GESNERACEAE, 53, 500, pl. 140.

Gesnouinia, 168.

Gethyllis, 137.

Geum, 242.

Ghikaea, 486.

_Gibbaria_, 557.

Giesekia, 188.

_Gigalobium_, 247.

_Giganthemum_, 258.

Gigasiphon, 248.

Gilgia, 311.

Gilletiella, 503.

Girardinia, 169.

_Githago_, 196.

Givotia, 317.

Gladiolus, 141.

Glaucium, 213.

Gleditschia, 250.

_Glia_, 413.

Glinus, 189.

Glischrocolla, 380.

Globularia, 502.

_Globularia_, 502.

GLOBULARIACEAE, 50, 502.

Gloriosa, 130.

Glossocalyx, 208, pl. 50.

Glossochilus, 508.

Glossolepis, 337.

Glossonema, 447.

_Glossonema_, 447.

_Glossopholis_, 201.

_Glossostelma_, 450.

Glossostephanus, 451.

Glumicalyx, 488.

Gluta, 326.

Glyceria, 105.

_Glyceria_, 105.

Glycideras, 573.

Glycine, 275, 279, 280, 284.

Glycosmis, 298.

Glycyrrhiza, 268.

Glyphaea, 350.

Gnaphalium, 562.

GNETACEAE, 1, 71.

Gnetum, 72.

Gnidia, 381, 382.

_Gomphia_, 359.

Gomphocalyx, 521.

Gomphocarpus, 449.

Gomphostigma, 427.

Gomphrena, 183.

Gonatopus, 115.

Gongrothamnus, 568.

Goniolimon, 421.

Gonioma, 441.

_Gonocrypta_, 443.

Gonospermum, 577.

GOODENIACEAE, 66, 544.

Goodyera, 155.

Gorteria, 549.

Gosela, 489.

Gossweilera, 569.

Gossypium, 353.

Gouania, 345.

Graderia, 487.

GRAMINEAE, 2, 79, pl. 8.

Grammangis, 160.

Grammanthes, 233.

Grammatophyllum, 159.

Grammatotheca, 542.

_GRANATEAE_, 386.

Grandidiera, 369.

Grangea, 571.

Grangeria, 242.

_Grantia_, 560.

Graptophyllum, 511.

Gravesia, 397.

_Greenovia_, 232.

Grevea, 234.

_Grevellina_, 305.

Grewia, 349, pl. 91.

Grewiella, 349.

_Grewiopsis_, 349.

Greyia, 342.

Grielum, 239.

Griffonia, 248.

_Griffonia_, 243.

_Grisebachia_, 416.

Grisollea, 334.

Grossera, 312, 610.

_Grossularia_, 234.

_GROSSULARIACEAE_, 233.

_Groutia_, 173.

Grubbia, 173.

GRUBBIACEAE, 16, 173.

Grumilea, 525.

Guaduella, 89.

_Guaduella_, 89.

Guarea, 304, 306.

Guazuma, 355.

_Guerkea_, 435.

Guettarda, 518.

_Guettarda_, 518.

_Guidonia_, 372.

Guiera, 390.

_Guilandina_, 251.

Guizotia, 581.

Gundelia, 549.

Gunnera, 399.

_Gussonia_, 159.

Gutenbergia, 569.

Guthriea, 376.

GUTTIFERAE, 9, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 33, 35, 38, 40, 360, pl. 99.

Guya, 373.

Guyonia, 394.

_Guyonia_, 394.

Gymnadenia, 153.

Gymnarrhena, 555.

Gymnema, 452.

Gymnocarpos, 193.

Gymnochilus, 155.

Gymnodiscus, 566.

Gymnolaema, 442.

Gymnopentzia, 578.

Gymnopogon, 92.

Gymnosiphon, 149.

Gymnosporia, 330.

Gymnostephium, 565.

_Gymnothrix_, 81.

Gynandropsis, 215.

_Gynopogon_, 438.

Gynura, 572, 576.

Gypsophila, 195.

Gyrocarpus, 211.


Habenaria, 152.

_Habenaria_, 151, 152, 153.

_Hackelochloa_, 85.

Haemanthus, 136.

Haematostaphis, 329.

Haematoxylon, 251, 254.

_Haemax_, 446.

HAEMODORACEAE, 4, 5, 134.

_HAEMODORACEAE_, 124.

Hagenia, 241.

Halimium, 365.

_Halimus_, 189.

_Hallackia_, 153.

Halleria, 492.

Hallia, 271.

Halocnemum, 181.

_Halodule_, 74.

Halogeton, 180.

_Halogeton_, 180.

Halopegia, 149.

Halopeplis, 180.

Halophila, 77.

Halopyrum, 103.

HALORRHAGACEAE, 16, 17, 43, 46, 399, pl. 117.

_HALORRHAGIDACEAE_, 324.

Haloxylon, 179.

HAMAMELIDACEAE, 12, 27, 46, 238, pl. 64.

_HAMAMELIDACEAE_, 173, 236.

Hamilcoa, 610.

Hammatolobium, 262.

Hannoa, 300.

_Haplocarpha_, 548.

Haplocoelum, 337.

Haplodypsis, 114.

Haplophloga, 114.

_Haplophyllum_, 295.

_Hardwickia_, 252.

_Hariota_, 379.

Harmsia, 357.

Haronga, 361.

Harpachne, 102.

Harpagophytum, 499.

_Harpagophytum_, 498.

Harpanema, 443.

Harpechloa, 92.

Harpephyllum, 329.

Harpullia, 341.

Harrisonia, 299.

Hartogia, 331.

_Harungana_, 361.

Harveya, 485.

Haselhoffia, 506.

Hasskarlia, 316.

_Haworthia_, 133.

Haworthia, 133.

Haya, 193.

Haynaldia, 90.

Hebenstreitia, 489.

Heberdenia, 418.

_Heckeldora_, 304.

Heckeria, 161.

Hedera, 400.

Hedychium, 140.

_Hedyotis_, 533.

Hedypnois, 547.

Hedysarum, 285.

Heeria, 327.

_Heinekenia_, 260.

Heinsenia, 517.

Heinsia, 529.

Heisteria, 174.

Hekistocarpa, 532.

Heleocharis, 109.

Heleochloa, 95.

Helianthemum, 365.

_Helianthemum_, 365.

Helianthus, 583.

Helichrysum, 553, 556, 563.

Heliconia, 145.

Helicophyllum, 607.

_Helictonema_, 332.

Helinus, 345.

Heliophila, 220, pl. 53.

Heliotropium, 463.

Helipterum, 553, 562.

_Helleborine_, 154.

_Helminthia_, 546.

Helminthocarpum, 260.

_Helophytum_, 232.

_Helosciadium_, 413.

Hemandradenia, 244.

_Hemarthria_, 85.

Hemerocallis, 134.

_Hemicarex_, 107.

Hemicarpha, 108.

Hemichlaena, 109.

Hemicrambe, 221.

Hemigraphis, 506.

Hemimeris, 490.

_Hemiperis_, 152.

Hemizygia, 473.

_Hemprichia_, 301.

Henonia, 186.

Henophyton, 222.

Henricia, 574.

_Heptacyclum_, 201.

_Heptapleurum_, 400.

Heracleum, 408.

_Heracleum_, 408.

Herderia, 569.

Heritiera, 354.

Hermannia, 356.

Hermas, 402.

Hermbstaedtia, 186.

Herminiera, 269.

Herminium, 153.

Hermodactylus, 144.

Hernandia, 211.

HERNANDIACEAE, 15, 43, 211.

Herniaria, 193.

_Herpestis_, 494.

Herschelia, 151.

Hertia, 568.

Herya, 331.

Hesperantha, 143.

Hessea, 136.

Hetaeria, 155.

_Heterachaena_, 547.

_Heteractis_, 565.

Heteradelphia, 506.

Heteranthera, 123.

_Heteranthoecia_, 607.

Heterochaenia, 544.

_Heterochloa_, 87.

Heteroderis, 546.

Heterolepis, 561.

Heteromma, 572.

Heteromorpha, 411.

_Heterophragma_, 496.

_Heteropogon_, 87.

Heteropteris, 307.

Heteropyxis, 391.

_Heterosicyos_, 539.

Heurnia, 455.

Heurniopsis, 454.

Hevea, 314.

Hewittia, 460.

Hexaglottis, 144.

Hexalobus, 205.

_Hexastemon_, 416.

Heywoodia, 319.

Hibbertia, 358.

Hibiscus, 352.

Hieracium, 547.

Hiernia, 486.

Hierochloë 94, 99.

Hildebrandtia, 459.

Hilleria, 187.

Himantochilus, 514.

Himantoglossum, 152.

_Hinterhubera_, 219.

Hippeastrum, 136, 138.

Hippia, 566.

_Hippion_, 432.

_Hippobromus_, 341.

Hippobromus, 342.

Hippocratea, 332.

HIPPOCRATEACEAE, 30, 36, 332, pl. 83.

Hippocrepis, 260.

Hippomarathrum, 407.

Hiptage, 308.

Hirpicium, 549.

_Hirschfeldia_, 221.

Hirtella, 243.

_Hitzeria_, 301.

_Hochstetteria_, 553.

Hoehnelia, 569.

Hoffmannseggia, 250.

Hohenackeria, 411.

Holalafia, 435.

Holarrhena, 441.

Holcus, 99.

Holmskioldia, 470.

_Holmskioldia_, 470.

_Holocarpa_, 518.

Holosteum, 194.

Holothrix, 153.

Holstia, 312, 610.

Holubia, 499.

Homalium, 371.

_Homalocenchrus_, 80.

Homeria, 144.

Homochaete, 560.

Homochroma, 566.

_Homocnemia_, 200.

_Homopogon_, 87.

Honckenya, 350.

Hoodia, 454.

Hoplestigma, 424.

HOPLESTIGMATACEAE, 54, 424.

Hoplophyllum, 570.

Hordeum, 91.

Hornea, 341.

_Hornungia_, 219.

Hoslundia, 474.

Hounea, 370.

Hua, 355.

_Huernia_, 455.

_Huerniopsis_, 454.

_Hufelandia_, 210.

Hugonia, 292, pl. 70.

Humbertia, 460.

Humblotia, 323.

Humea, 612.

_Humiria_, 292.

HUMIRIACEAE, 29, 292.

Humulus, 166.

Hunnemannia, 212.

Hunteria, 438.

Hura, 317.

_Hussonia_, 222.

Hutchinsia, 219, 220, 228.

Huttonaea, 153.

Hyacinthus, 128.

_Hyaenanche_, 321.

Hyalocalyx, 374.

Hyalocystis, 460.

Hybanthus, 367.

Hybophrynium, 148.

Hydnora, 177.

HYDNORACEAE, 16, 177.

Hydrangea, 234.

Hydranthelium, 494.

Hydrilla, 77.

_HYDROCARYACEAE_, 397.

Hydrocharis, 78.

HYDROCHARITACEAE, 5, 6, 77, pl. 7.

Hydrocotyle, 402.

_Hydrocotyle_, 402.

Hydrolea, 462.

_Hydropeltis_, 197.

Hydrophylax, 521.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 59, 462.

_Hydrosme_, 117, 607.

HYDROSTACHYACEAE, 7, 231, pl. 58.

Hydrostachys, 232, pl. 58.

Hydrotriche, 493.

Hygrocharis, 458.

Hygrophila, 504.

_Hygrophila_, 504.

Hylodendron, 254.

_Hymenaea_, 256.

Hymenocallis, 136.

Hymenocardia, 322.

Hymenocarpos, 260.

Hymenocnemis, 524.

Hymenodictyon, 531.

_Hymenolepis_, 577.

Hymenostegia, 253.

Hyobanche, 484.

Hyophorbe, 113.

Hyoscyamus, 482.

Hyoseris, 547.

_Hypaelyptum_, 108.

Hypecoum, 212.

Hyperaspis, 472.

_HYPERICINEAE_, 360.

_Hypericophyllum_, 584.

Hypericum, 361, 363.

Hyperstelis, 189.

Hyphaene, 111.

Hypobathrum, 528.

Hypocalyptus, 267, 274.

Hypochoeris, 545.

Hypodaphnis, 210.

Hypodematium, 522.

Hypodiscus, 120.

Hypoestes, 511.

Hypolaena, 120.

Hypolytrum, 108.

_HYPOXIDEAE_, 135.

Hypoxis, 139.

Hyptis, 474.

Hyssopus, 479.


_Ianthe_, 139.

Iatrorrhiza, 200.

Iberis, 226.

_Iboga_, 436.

Iboza, 612.

Icacina, 334.

ICACINACEAE, 11, 21, 51, 333, pl. 84.

_Icacorea_, 418.

_Icomum_, 474.

_Idaneum_, 433.

Ifloga, 555.

_Ignatia_, 429.

Ilex, 329.

_ILICINEAE_, 329.

_ILLECEBRACEAE_, 192.

Illecebrum, 193.

Illigera, 211.

Ilysanthes, 493.

_Imbricaria_, 421.

_Imhofia_, 137.

Impatiens, 343, pl. 87.

Imperata, 86.

_Imperatoria_, 409.

Indigofera, 270, 272, 273, 275, 278, 280, 282, 285, 288.

_Indigofera_, 262.

Indokingia, 401.

Intsia, 255.

_Intsia_, 255.

Inula, 560.

_Iocaste_, 580.

Iodes, 333.

_Ionidium_, 367.

Ionopsidium, 228.

Iphigenia, 128.

Iphiona, 560.

_Iphiona_, 560.

Ipomoea, 462.

_Ipomoea_, 461, 462.

Iresine, 183.

IRIDACEAE, 5, 140, pl. 22.

Iris, 145.

Irvingella, 609.

Irvingia, 301, pl. 74.

_Irvingia_, 301.

Isachne, 82, 98.

Isatis, 222, 226.

Ischaemum, 86.

Ischnolepis, 444.

Ischnurus, 89.

Iseilema, 87.

_Ismelia_, 565.

_Isnardia_, 398.

Isoberlinia, 608.

Isochoriste, 510.

Isoglossa, 513.

_Isolepis_, 110.

_Isolobus_, 542.

Isolona, 204.

Isonema, 433.

_Isothylax_, 231.

Isotoma, 542.

Ixanthus, 430.

Ixia, 142.

Ixianthes, 491.

Ixora, 520.


_Jacaratia_, 377.

Jacquemontia, 461, pl. 131.

_Jaeggia_, 376.

_Jagera_, 340.

Jambosa, 392.

_Jamesbrittenia_, 493.

_Jardinea_, 85.

Jasione, 543.

_JASMINEAE_, 425.

Jasminum, 426.

Jasonia, 560.

Jatropha, 316.

_Jatrorrhiza_, 200.

Jaumea, 584.

_Jaundea_, 244.

Jollydora, 243.

JUGLANDACEAE, 15, 43, 162.

Juglans, 162.

JUNCACEAE, 3, 124, pl. 17.

_JUNCAGINACEAE_, 75.

_Juncago_, 75.

_Juncellus_, 109.

Juncus, 124.

Juniperus, 71.

_Junodia_, 319, 608, 611.

Jurinea, 552.

Jussieua, 398, pl. 116.

Justenia, 529.

Justicia, 512, pl. 142.

_Justicia_, 512, 513.


Kaempfera, 146.

Kalaharia, 470.

Kalanchoë 233, pl. 59.

_Kalanchoe_, 233.

_Kalbfussia_, 546.

Kalidium, 180.

Kaliphora, 414.

Kanahia, 450.

_Karlea_, 343.

Katafa, 609.

Kedrostis, 538.

Keitia, 144.

Kelleronia, 294.

_Kentrophyllum_, 550.

Kentrosphaera, 186.

_Keramanthus_, 376.

Keraudrenia, 355.

Kernera, 227.

_Kerneria_, 581.

Kerstingia, 517.

Kerstingiella, 279.

Khaya, 303.

_Kibera_, 224.

_Kickxia_, 435.

Kigelia, 497, pl. 137.

Kigelianthe, 496.

_Kigelkeia_, 497.

Kiggelaria, 369.

Kirkia, 300.

Kissenia, 377.

Kitchingia, 233.

Klaineanthus, 611.

Klainedoxa, 301.

Klattia, 143.

Kleinhofia, 356.

_Kleinia_, 576.

Knautia, 535.

Kniphofia, 133.

_Knowltonia_, 198.

Kochia, 182.

_Kochia_, 182.

Koeleria, 97, 103, 104.

Koelpinia, 548.

Kolobopetalum, 201, 202.

_Kompitsia_, 443.

_Koniga_, 219.

Korthalsella, 175.

Kosteletzkya, 352.

_Kotschya_, 269.

Kralikia, 90.

_Kralikiella_, 90.

_Kraussia_, 527.

_Krebsia, 449._

_Kremeria_, 224.

_Krubera_, 408.

Kundmannia, 411.

Kyllinga, 109, pl. 9.


LABIATAE, 60, 63, 470, pl. 134.

Lablab, 278.

Labourdonnesia, 421.

_Labramia_, 421.

Laccodiscus, 340.

Laccosperma, 112.

_Lachanodes_, 576.

Lachenalia, 127.

Lachnaea, 382, pl. 109.

Lachnocapsa, 218.

Lachnospermum, 553, 563.

Lachnostylis, 320.

Lactuca, 546.

Lafuentea, 488.

_Lagarinthus_, 451.

Lagarosiphon, 78.

Lagenaria, 539.

Lagenias, 430.

_Lagenocarpus_, 416.

Lagenophora, 565.

Laggera, 568.

Lagoecia, 403.

_Lagoseris_, 546.

_Lagunaea_, 352.

Laguncularia, 389.

Lagurus, 96.

Lamarckia, 95.

Lamellisepalum, 343.

Lamium, 478.

_Lamprocaulos_, 120.

Lamprothamnus, 517.

_Lampsana_, 548.

Lanaria, 139.

Landolphia, 436.

_Landolphia_, 436.

_Landtia_, 548.

Lankesteria, 505.

Lannea, 329, pl. 81.

_Lanneoma_, 329.

Lantana, 468.

Lapeyrousia, 141, pl. 22.

Lapiedra, 137.

Laportea, 169.

_Lappa_, 551.

Lappula, 466.

Lapsana, 548.

Lasianthera, 335.

Lasianthus, 524.

Lasiochloa, 104.

_Lasiochloa_, 103.

Lasiocladus, 511.

Lasiocoma, 564.

_Lasiocorys_, 478.

Lasiodiscus, 345.

Lasiopogon, 562.

_Lasiosiphon_, 381.

Lasiospermum, 577.

Lasiostelma, 457.

_Lasiostelma_, 457.

Latania, 111.

Lathriogyne, 263.

Lathyrus, 259, 261, 269, 271, 273, 285.

Latipes, 84.

Launaea, 547.

LAURACEAE, 10, 15, 209, pl. 51.

_LAURACEAE_, 211.

Laurembergia, 399, pl. 117.

Laurentia, 542.

Lauridia, 331.

Laurophyllus, 327.

Laurus, 209.

Lautembergia, 314.

_Lavalleopsis_, 174.

Lavandula, 472.

Lavatera, 352.

Lavigeria, 334.

Lawsonia, 385.

Lebeckia, 264, 265.

Lecaniodiscus, 338.

Lecanthus, 169.

_Lecontea_, 523.

LECYTHIDACEAE, 18, 48, 49, 68, 386, pl. 111.

Ledermanniella, 231.

Leea, 346.

Leersia, 80.

_Lefeburia_, 409.

_Legendrea_, 461.

LEGUMINOSAE, 11, 18, 19 20, 21, 23, 52, 245, pl. 67.

Leidesia, 315.

_Leiocarpodicraea_, 231.

Leiochilus, 520.

Leioclusia, 363.

Leiophaca, 612.

_Leioptyx_, 303.

Leiothylax, 231.

Leiphaimos, 429.

Lemna, 119.

_Lemna_, 119.

LEMNACEAE, 2, 119.

_Lemurorchis_, 159, 607.

Lens, 269, 285.

LENTIBULARIACEAE, 52, 501, pl. 141.

Leocus, 475.

Leonotis, 477.

Leontice, 199.

Leontodon, 546.

_Leontodon_, 547.

Leontonyx, 563.

Leonurus, 478.

_Lepervenchea_, 158.

Lepidagathis, 508.

Lepidium, 226.

Lepidobotrys, 292.

_Lepidopironia_, 92.

Lepidostephium, 579.

Lepidoturus, 314.

_Lepigonum_, 194.

Lepironia, 107.

Lepistemon, 461.

Lepistemonopsis, 461.

Leptactinia, 527, 529.

Leptadenia, 456.

Leptaleum, 217.

Leptaspis, 80.

Leptaulus, 335.

_Lepterica_, 416.

Leptocarpus, 120.

Leptocarydium, 93.

Leptochlaena, 347, pl. 90.

Leptochloa, 92, 93.

_Leptochloa_, 93.

_Leptocodon_, 543.

Leptoderris, 286, 609.

Leptodesmia, 272, 278.

_Leptolaena_, 347.

Leptonemea, 324.

Leptonychia, 356.

_Leptopaetia_, 443.

_Leptothamnus_, 571.

_Lepturella_, 607.

Lepturus, 90.

_Lerchia_, 179.

_Lereschia_, 412.

Lessertia, 285, 287.

_Lestibudesia_, 186.

Leucadendron, 171.

_Leucadendron_, 171.

Leucaena, 245.

_Leucanthemum_, 566.

Leucas, 478.

_Leucobarleria_, 507.

Leucoium, 137.

Leucomphalus, 257.

_Leucophae_, 477.

Leucophrys, 82.

Leucosalpa, 487.

Leucosidea, 240.

Leucospermum, 171, pl. 33.

Leucosphaera, 185.

Leurocline, 464.

_Leuzea_, 550.

Leycesteria, 533.

Leyssera, 555, 561.

_Libanotis_, 410.

Lichtensteinia, 411.

_Lichtensteinia_, 413.

Lidbeckia, 580.

_Liebrechtsia_, 278.

Lifago, 612.

Lightfootia, 544, pl. 149.

Ligusticum, 409.

Ligustrum, 426.

LILIACEAE, 4, 125, pl. 18.

Lilium, 129.

_Limacia_, 201.

Limaciopsis, 203.

Limeum, 188.

Limnanthemum, 429.

Limnophila, 494.

Limnophyton, 76, pl. 6.

Limodorum, 154.

Limonia, 298.

Limoniastrum, 420.

_Limonium_, 421.

Limosella, 494.

LINACEAE, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 291, pl. 70.

_LINACEAE_, 292.

Linaria, 490.

_Linaria_, 490, 491.

Linariopsis, 498.

Linconia, 237.

Lindackeria, 369.

Lindauea, 508.

Lindenbergia, 494.

Lindernia, 494.

Lingelsheimia, 323.

Linnaeopsis, 501.

Linociera, 426.

_Linosyris_, 567.

Lintonia, 607.

Linum, 291.

_Linum_, 291.

Liparia, 263, 271.

Liparis, 156.

_Liparis_, 156.

Lipocarpha, 108.

_Lipotriche_, 583.

Lippia, 468.

_Liraya_, 502.

Lissochilus, 157.

Listia, 265.

Listrostachys, 159, pl. 26.

Litanthus, 127.

Litchi, 338.

Lithospermum, 465.

_Litogyne_, 558.

Litorella, 516.

Litsea, 210.

Littonia, 130.

Lloydia, 129.

LOASACEAE, 46, 48, 377.

Lobelia, 542.

_Lobelia_, 542.

_LOBELIACEAE_, 541.

Lobostemon, 464.

_Lobostemon_, 464.

_Lobostephanus_, 450.

Lobularia, 219.

Lochia, 193.

Lochnera, 440.

Loddigesia, 267, 274.

Lodoicea, 111.

Loeflingia, 194.

Loesenera, 253.

Loewia, 374.

LOGANIACEAE, 53, 56, 57, 58, 62, 427, pl. 127.

_Logfia_, 556.

Lolium, 90.

Lomatophyllum, 133.

Lonas, 577.

Lonchocarpus, 280, 287.

Lonchophora, 216.

Lonchostoma, 237.

Lonicera, 533.

Lophacme, 102.

_Lophiocarpus_, 76, 188.

Lophira, 359.

Lopholaena, 575.

_Lophospermum_, 493.

_Lophostephus_, 457.

_Lophostylis_, 308.

Lophotocarpus, 76.

Lopriorea, 608.

LORANTHACEAE, 15, 16, 43, 64, 175, pl. 34.

Loranthus, 175, pl. 34.

Lortia, 310.

_Lotea_, 260.

Lotononis, 264, 265.

_Lotononis_, 609.

Lotus, 260.

_Lotus_, 260.

Lovoa, 303.

Loxostylis, 327.

_Lubinia_, 419.

_Ludia_, 373.

_Ludovicia_, 262.

Ludwigia, 398.

Luffa, 541.

_Lugoa_, 577.

Lumnitzera, 389.

Lupinus, 266.

_Lupsia_, 551.

_Luteola_, 229.

Luzula, 124.

Lyallia, 193.

_Lychnis_, 196.

Lychnodiscus, 339.

Lycium, 482.

_Lycopersicum_, 483.

Lycopus, 480.

Lygeum, 79, 98.

_Lyperia_ 493.

Lysimachia 419.

Lytanthus 502.

LYTHRACEAE 11, 14, 22, 36, 37, 39, 383, pl. 110.

_LYTHRACEAE_ 380, 385, 386.

Lythrum 384.


Maba 424, pl. 125.

Macaranga 312, 316.

Macarisia 388.

Machadoa 375.

Mackaya 509.

_Mackenia_ 451.

Maclura 165.

Macnabia 417.

Macowania 556.

Macphersonia 340.

Macrocalyx 352.

_Macrochaetium_ 107.

_Macrochloa_ 95.

Macrolobium 253, 255, 256.

_Macrolotus_ 264.

_Macropelma_ 442.

Macropetalum 453.

Macroplectrum 158.

_Macroplectrum_ 159.

Macropodandra 324.

Macrorhamnus 344.

_Macrorungia_ 513, 514.

Macrosphyra 526.

Macrostylis 297.

Maerua 214.

Maesa 418, pl. 121.

Maesobotrya 322, 611.

_Maesobotrya_ 322.

Maesopsis 343, 344.

_Maesosphaerum_ 474.

_Mafekingia_ 443.

Magnistipula 243.

Magydaris 407.

_Mahernia_ 356.

_Mahya_ 475.

Maillardia 165.

Mairia 566, 573.

_Majidea_ 341.

Majorana 480.

_Makokoa_ 381.

Malabaila 408.

Malacantha 422.

_Malache_ 351.

Malachra 351.

Malcolmia 217.

_Malcolmia_ 217.

Mallotus 315.

Malope 351.

Malouetia 433.

MALPIGHIACEAE 27, 28, 29, 306, pl. 77.

Maltebrunia 80.

_Malus_ 240.

Malva 351.

MALVACEAE 26, 29, 33, 34, 38, 40, 60, 62, 63, 350, pl. 92.

_MALVACEAE_ 353.

Malvastrum 351.

_Mamboga_ 530.

Mammea 362.

Mandragora 482.

Mangifera 326.

_Mangifera_ 326.

Manihot 318.

Manisuris 85.

Mannia 300.

_Mannia_ 609.

Manniella 155.

Manniophyton 311, 609.

Manotes 244.

_Manotes_ 608.

Manulea 493.

Mapania 107.

_Mappa_ 312.

Maprounea 317.

Maranta 148.

MARANTACEAE 5, 148, pl. 25.

_Marantochloa_ 149.

Marasmodes 579.

Marcellia 185.

_Marcellia_ 185, 186.

_Maresia_ 217.

Mareya 313.

Margaretta 450.

Margotia 404.

Marica 144.

_Marignia_ 302.

_Mariscus_ 109.

Markhamia 496.

_Marlea_ 389.

Marlothia 345.

Marlothiella 612.

Marquesia 371.

Marrubium 477.

Marsdenia 454.

_Marsdenia_ 453.

_Marsea_ 572.

Martretia 318.

Martynia 500.

MARTYNIACEAE 53, 500.

Mascarenhasia 435.

Maschalocephalus 121.

Massonia 126.

Mathurina 373.

Matricaria 578, 580.

Matthiola 216.

_Mattia_ 467.

Mauloutchia 207.

Maurandia 493.

Maurocenia 331.

_Maximilianea_ 366.

Mayaca 120.

MAYACACEAE 4, 120.

_Mayepea_ 426.

Mechowia 184.

Mecomischus 577.

Medemia 111.

Medicago 283.

Medinilla 396.

Medusagyne 360.

_Megabaria_ 320.

Megalochlamys 514.

Megalopus 524.

_Megastoma_ 466.

_Meibomia_ 271.

Meiocarpidium 206.

Melandryum 196.

Melanocenchris 92.

Melanodendron 574.

Melanodiscus 337.

_Melanoloma_ 550.

Melanophylla 414.

Melanoselinum 404.

_Melanosinapis_ 221.

_Melanosticta_ 250.

Melanthera 583.

_Melanthesiopsis_ 324.

Melasma 486.

Melasphaerula 142.

Melastoma 394.

MELASTOMATACEAE 37, 44, 48, 392, pl. 115.

_MELASTOMATACEAE_ 380.

Melhania 357.

Melia 305.

_Melia_ 304.

MELIACEAE 24, 26, 29, 31, 32, 36, 54, 61, 302, pl. 76.

MELIANTHACEAE 26, 35, 37, 342, pl. 86.

Melianthus 342.

Melica 97, 103.

_Melicocca_ 342.

_Melicope_ 296.

Melilotus 283.

Melinis 82.

Melissa, 479.

Melissea, 483.

Melittacanthus, 513.

Mellera, 504.

Melocanna, 88.

Melochia, 356.

Melolobium, 264.

Melothria, 537.

Memecylon, 393.

Menabea, 451.

_Mendoncia_, 502.

_Meniocus_, 218.

MENISPERMACEAE, 14, 19, 41, 50, 199, pl. 47.

Menodora, 425.

Mentha, 480.

Merciera, 543.

Mercurialis, 315.

Merendera, 125.

Meriandra, 475.

_Meridiana_, 549.

_Meringurus_, 90.

Merremia, 461.

_Merremia_, 461.

Mesanthemum, 121, pl. 15.

_MESEMBRIACEAE_, 188.

Mesembrianthemum., 190.

_Mesogramma_, 576.

Mesogyne, 165.

_Mespilodaphne_, 210.

Mespilus, 240.

_Messerchmiedia_, 463.

Metalasia, 563.

_Methyscophyllum_, 330.

Metrosideros, 391.

Metroxylon, 111.

_Metzleria_, 542.

_Meum_, 409.

_Mezierea_, 378.

Mezoneurum, 251.

Mibora, 94.

Micractis, 582.

Micranthus, 141.

_Micranthus_, 505.

Micrargeria, 486.

_Micraster_, 457.

Microbambus, 89.

Microcala, 431.

Microcalamus, 88.

Microcharis, 271.

Microchloa, 91.

Micrococca, 315.

Microcodon, 542.

_Microderis_, 546.

Microdesmis, 317.

Microdon, 489.

Microdracoides, 106.

Microglossa, 571.

Microlecane, 581.

Microloma, 445.

_Microlonchus_, 550.

_Micromeria_, 479.

Micronychia, 327.

Micropus, 555.

_Microrhynchus_, 547.

Microsteira, 307.

_Microstephanus_, 446.

_Microstephium_, 548.

Microstylis, 156.

Microtea, 188.

Microtrichia, 571.

_Miersiophyton_, 202.

Mikania, 571.

Mildbraedia, 317.

_Mildbraedia_, 610.

Mildbraediodendron, 608.

Milium, 95.

_Milla_, 125.

Millettia, 287, 288, 289.

_Millina_, 546.

Mimetes, 171.

Mimosa, 245.

_MIMOSACEAE_, 245.

Mimulopsis, 506.

Mimulus, 494.

Mimusops, 421, pl. 124.

_Minuartia_, 195.

Minurothamnus, 560.

Mirabilis, 187.

Mitolepis, 444.

Mitracarpus, 522.

Mitragyne, 530.

Mitratheca, 533.

_Mitriostigma_, 528.

Mniothamnea, 237.

Mocquerysia, 370.

Modecca, 376.

Modiola, 352.

Moehringia, 195.

Moenchia, 195.

_Moghania_, 274.

_Mohlana_, 187.

Molinaea, 340.

Molinera, 98.

Molinia, 103.

Mollera, 559.

_Mollinedia_, 209.

Mollugo, 189.

Moluccella, 478.

Momordica, 537, 540, pl. 148.

Monachochlamys, 503.

_Monachyron_, 82.

Monadenia, 151.

Monadenium, 310.

_Monadenium_, 310.

Monanthes, 232.

Monanthotaxis, 205.

Monarrhenus, 557, 559.

_Monechma_, 512.

Monelytrum, 84.

_Monenteles_, 555.

Monerma, 89.

_Monetia_, 332.

_Moniera_, 494.

Monimia, 209.

MONIMIACEAE, 10, 14, 208, pl. 50.

_Monixus_, 158.

_Monizia_, 404.

_Monochilus_, 155.

Monochoria, 124.

Monodora, 203.

_Monodora_, 204.

Monopetalanthus, 252.

Monoporus, 418.

Monopsis, 542.

_Monoptera_, 566.

Monotes, 363.

Monothecium, 511.

_Monotris_, 153.

Monsonia, 290, pl. 68.

_Monsonia_, 290.

_Montbretia_, 142.

Montia, 191.

Montinia, 234.

MORACEAE, 7, 8, 10, 15, 164, pl. 31.

Moraea, 144.

Morelia, 529.

Morettia, 217.

Moricandia, 221, 222, 223.

Morinda, 520.

Moringa, 229.

MORINGACAE, 23, 229.

_Morphixia_, 142.

Morus, 166.

Moschosma, 473.

_Moschosma_, 612.

Mostuea, 428.

_Mostuea_, 428.

Motandra, 435.

Msuata, 569.

Mucizonia, 233.

Mucuna, 268.

_Mukia_, 537.

Mundia, 309.

_Mundtia_, 309.

Mundulea 261.

Muraltia, 308.

Muricaria, 224.

Murraya, 299.

Musa, 145.

MUSACEAE, 6, 145, pl. 23.

Musanga, 166.

Muscari, 127.

Mussaenda, 530, 532.

Musschia, 542.

Myagrum, 225.

_Myaris_, 299.

_Myconia_, 566.

Myonima, 520.

MYOPORACEAE, 56, 57, 60, 515.

Myoporum, 515.

Myosotis, 465.

_Myosurandra_, 236.

Myosurus, 198.

Myrianthemum, 396.

Myrianthus, 166.

Myrica, 162, pl. 29.

MYRICACEAE, 7, 8, 162, pl. 29.

Myricaria, 364.

_Myriogyne_, 579.

Myriophyllum, 399.

Myristica, 207.

_Myristica_, 208.

MYRISTICACEAE, 10, 206, pl. 49.

_Myrosma_, 148.

MYROTHAMNACEAE, 8, 236.

Myrothamnus, 236.

MYRSINACEAE, 22, 52, 65, 417, pl. 121.

Myrsine, 418.

_Myrsine_, 418.

_Myrsiphyllum_, 129.

_Myrstiphyllum_, 525.

MYRTACEAE, 36, 37, 46, 48, 49, 68, 391, pl. 114.

_MYRTACEAE_, 386.

Myrtus, 392.

Mystacidium, 159.

_Mystacidium_, 159.

Mystropetalon, 176.

Mystroxylon, 331.


_Nageia_, 70.

NAIADACEAE, 2, 3, 75.

_NAIADACEAE_, 73, 75.

Naias, 75.

Nanolirion, 131.

Nanostelma, 448.

Napoleona, 386.

Narcissus, 136.

_Nardurus_, 93.

Nardus, 89.

Naregamia, 304.

_Nasturtiopsis_, 224.

Nasturtium, 223, 227.

Nastus, 89.

_Natalia_, 342.

_Nathusia_, 426.

Nauclea, 525.

_Nauclea_, 530.

_Navaea_, 352.

_Nazia_, 84.

_Nebelia_, 608.

Necepsia, 314.

Nectaropetalum, 292.

_Nectaropetalum_, 300.

_Negria_, 607.

_Nelanaregam_, 304.

_Nelsia_, 608.

Nelsonia, 503.

Nematostylis, 516.

Nemesia, 491.

_Nemia_, 493.

Nenax, 522.

_Neobaronia_, 270.

Neobenthamia, 156.

Neobolusia, 153.

Neoboutonia, 314.

Neocentema, 608.

_Neochevaliera_, 320, 611.

Neodregea, 607.

Neodypsis, 114.

Neogoetzea, 319.

Neojatropha, 316.

Neoluederitzia, 294.

Neomanmophyton, 610.

Neomuellera, 475.

Neophloga, 114.

Neopycnocoma, 315.

Neorautanenia, 279.

Neoschimpera, 523.

Neoschumannia, 456.

Neotinea, 152.

NEPENTHACEAE, 13, 229.

Nepenthes, 230.

Nepeta, 476.

Nephelium, 338.

_Nephelium_, 338, 339.

_Nephrophyllum_, 458.

Nephrosperma, 113.

Nephthytis, 117.

Neptunia, 246.

Nerine, 137.

Nerium, 434.

Nerophila, 394.

Nertera, 522.

Nervilia, 155.

Nesaea, 385, pl. 110.

Nesiota, 345.

Neslia, 218.

_Nesodaphne_, 210.

Nesogenes, 469.

Nesogordonia, 360.

Nestlera, 561.

Neumannia, 373.

Neuracanthus, 507.

Neurada, 239.

_Neurocarpaea_, 532.

Neuropeltis, 459.

Neurotheca, 431.

Newbouldia, 496.

Newtonia, 246.

_Newtonia_, 568.

_Neyraudia_, 101.

Nicandra, 481.

Nicodemia, 428.

_Nicolaia_, 147.

Nicolasia, 559.

Nicoteba, 513.

Nicotiana, 482.

Nidorella, 572.

_Niebuhria_, 214.

_Niedenzua_, 313.

Nigella, 199.

Nirarathamnus, 411.

Nitraria, 293.

Nivenia, 143.

_Nivenia_, 171.

Noaea, 180.

Nolletia, 571.

Noltia, 344.

_Nomaphila_, 504.

Nonnea, 465.

Nopalea, 379.

_Normania_, 483.

Noronhia, 426.

Northea, 421.

Notelaea, 426.

Nothosaerua, 184.

Nothoscordum, 125.

Nothospondias, 329.

_Notobasis_, 551.

Notobuxus, 324.

_Notobuxus_, 611.

Notoceras, 216.

_Notonia_, 576.

Notosceptrum, 132.

Nucularia, 180.

Nuphar, 197.

Nuxia, 427, pl. 127.

NYCTAGINACEAE, 9, 10, 50, 186, pl. 42.

Nymania, 305.

Nymphaea, 197.

_Nymphaea_, 197.

NYMPHAEACEAE, 14, 38, 39, 40, 49, 197.


Oberonia, 156.

Obetia, 169.

_Obione_, 181.

Ochna, 359, pl. 97.

OCHNACEAE, 22, 24, 28, 40, 359, pl. 97.

_Ochocoa_, 207.

Ochradenus, 229.

Ochrocarpus, 362.

Ochronerium, 435.

Ochrosia, 437.

_Ochthocosmus_, 292.

Ochthodium, 226.

Ocimum, 473.

_Ocimum_, 472, 473.

Ocotea, 210, pl. 51.

_Ocotea_, 210.

_Octodon_, 522.

Octoknema, 175.

OCTOKNEMATACEAE, 16, 175.

Octolepis, 381.

Octolobus, 354.

_Odina_, 329.

Odontelytrum, 81.

Odontites, 484.

Odontospermum, 554.

Odyendea, 300.

Oedera, 577.

Oenanthe, 410.

Oenothera, 399.

_Oenothera_, 398, 399.

OENOTHERACEAE, 18, 45, 46, 48, 397, pl. 116.

Oeonia, 159.

Oftia, 515.

OLACACEAE, 11, 21, 22, 29, 44, 47, 52, 66, 173, pl. 37.

_OLACACEAE_, 173, 175, 333, 357.

Olax, 174, pl. 37.

Oldenburgia, 553.

Oldenlandia, 533.

_Oldenlandia_, 533.

Oldfieldia, 321.

Olea, 427.

OLEACEAE, 8, 13, 30, 55, 56, 58, 425, pl. 126.

Oligocarpus, 557, 563.

_Oligodora_, 578.

_Oligogynium_, 117.

Oligomeris, 229, pl. 55.

_Oligostemon_, 251.

Oligothrix, 575.

Olinia, 380.

OLINIACEAE, 47, 380.

Olyra, 80.

_Ommatodium_, 150.

Omphalea, 317.

Omphalocarpum, 423.

Omphalodes, 466.

Omphalogonus, 444.

Omphalopappus, 569, 583.

Onagra, 399.

_ONAGRACEAE_, 397.

_Oncinema_, 451.

Oncinotis, 434.

Oncoba, 369.

_Oncoba_, 369.

Oncocalamus, 112.

Oncostemma, 452.

Oncostemon, 418.

Ondetia, 554.

Ongokea, 174.

Onobrychis, 285.

Ononis, 259, 266, 268, 271, 281.

Onopordon, 551.

Onosma, 465.

Operculina, 461.

Ophiobotrys, 372.

_Ophiocaulon_, 376.

Ophiurus, 85.

Ophrys, 152.

Opilia, 173, pl. 36.

OPILIACEAE, 20, 173, pl. 36.

Oplismenus, 82.

Opuntia, 379.

_Opuntia_, 379.

ORCHIDACEAE, 5, 150, pl. 26.

_Orchipeda_, 439.

Orchis, 152.

_Orchis_, 152.

Oreacanthus, 511.

Oreobambus, 89.

Oreobliton, 182.

_Oreodaphne_, 210.

Oreograstis, 109.

Oreosyce, 536.

Orestia, 156.

_Orfilea_, 314.

Oricia, 298.

Origanum, 480.

_Origanum_, 480.

Orlaya, 404.

_Ormenis_, 577.

Ormocarpum, 273, 281, 286.

Ormosia, 257.

Ornithogalum, 127.

Ornithoglossum, 128.

Ornithopus, 262.

OROBANCHACEAE, 53, 500, pl. 139.

Orobanche, 500.

_Orobus_, 259.

Oropetium, 89.

_Orothamnus_, 171.

Orphium, 432.

Ortegia, 194.

Orthanthera, 455.

_Orthochilus_, 157.

Orthogoneuron, 396.

Orthogynium, 201.

_Orthopenthea_, 607.

Orthosiphon, 473.

_Orthosiphon_, 473.

Orygia, 189.

Oryza, 80.

Oryzopsis, 95.

Osbeckia, 395.

_Osbeckia_, 394.

Osmites, 555.

Osmitopsis, 555.

Osteospermum, 557, 563.

_Osterdamia_, 84.

Ostryocarpus, 288.

Ostryoderris, 609.

Osyridicarpus, 172.

Osyris, 172, pl. 35.

Othonna, 568.

_Othonnopsis_, 568.

Otiophora, 523.

_Otocarpus_, 224.

Otochlamys, 579.

Otomeria, 532.

Otoptera, 277.

_Otospermum_, 578.

Otostegia, 479.

Ottelia, 78, pl. 7.

Oubangia, 358.

_Oudneya_, 222.

Ouratea, 359.

_Ouret_, 184.

_Ourouparia_, 525.

_Ouvirandra_, 75.

OXALIDACEAE, 29, 34, 39, 60, 62, 63, 290, pl. 69.

Oxalis, 291.

_Oxalis_, 291.

Oxyanthus, 528.

Oxygonum, 178, pl. 39.

Oxygyne, 150.

_Oxymitra_, 204, 206.

Oxystelma, 446, 451.

Oxystigma, 252.

Oxytenanthera, 88.


Pachira, 353.

Pachites, 151.

_Pachycarpus_, 449.

Pachylobus, 302, pl. 75.

_Pachylobus_, 302.

Pachypodanthium, 206.

Pachypodium, 433.

Pachyrhynchus, 563.

Pachyrrhizus, 277.

Pachystela, 422.

Pachystigma, 518.

_Pachystoma_, 157.

Pachytrophe, 166.

_Pacourea_, 436.

Paederia, 523.

Paeonia, 198.

Paepalanthus, 121.

_Paepalanthus_, 121.

Paivaeusa, 321.

Palaquium, 423.

Palisota, 122.

Palissya, 315.

Paliurus, 344.

Pallenis, 554.

PALMAE, 3, 4, 110, pl. 10, 11.

Palmstruckia, 220.

_Panax_, 401.

Pancovia, 337.

Pancratium, 136.

Panda, 289.

PANDACEAE, 27, 289.

PANDANACEAE, 2, 73, pl. 3.

Pandanus, 73, pl. 3.

_Pandiaka_, 184.

_Pandorea_, 496.

Panicum, 82.

_Panicum_, 82.

Papaver, 213.

PAPAVERACEAE, 19, 21, 24, 211, pl. 52.

_Papaya_, 377.

_PAPAYACEAE_, 377.

_PAPILIONACEAE_, 245.

Pappea, 338.

_Pappea_, 408.

Pappophorum, 96, 100.

Paracaryum, 467.

Paracephaëlis, 525.

Paracolea, 497.

Paradaniella, 608.

_Paradenocline_, 315.

Paragenipa, 528.

Paragophyton, 518.

Paranomus, 171.

Parapodium, 447.

_Parapodium_, 447.

_Parasia_, 430.

_Parastranthus_, 542.

Parasystasia, 510.

Parentucellia, 484.

Parietaria, 168.

_Parinari_, 243.

Parinarium, 243, pl. 65.

_Paritium_, 352.

Parkia, 245.

_Parkia_, 247.

Parkinsonia, 249.

Parochetus, 262, 275.

Parolinia, 216.

Paronychia, 193.

_PARONYCHIEAE_, 192.

Paropsia, 370.

_Paropsia_, 370.

Paropsiopsis, 370.

_Parquetina_, 442.

Parthenium, 564.

Pasaccardoa, 552.

_Paschanthus_, 376.

Paspalum, 82.

Passerina, 383.

Passiflora, 375.

PASSIFLORACEAE, 12, 23, 26, 374, pl. 106.

_PASSIFLORACEAE_, 376, 377.

Pastinaca, 408.

_Pastorea_, 228.

_Pattara_, 418.

Paullinia, 336.

Paulowilhelmia, 504.

_Paulowilhelmia_, 506.

Pauridia, 135.

Pauridiantha, 529.

Pausynistalia, 531.

Pavetta, 520, pl. 144.

Pavonia, 351, pl. 92.

Paxia, 244.

_Paxiodendron_, 208.

Payena, 423.

Payera, 530.

Pearsonia, 609.

Pechuel-Loeschea, 559.

Pectinaria, 454.

_Pectinaria_, 159.

PEDALIACEAE, 51, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 498, pl. 138.

_PEDALIACEAE_, 500.

Pedaliophytum, 499.

Pedalium, 499.

_Pedalium_, 499.

Peddiea, 381.

Pedicellaria, 215.

Pedicularis, 484.

Pedilanthus, 310.

_Pedrosia_, 260.

Peganum, 294.

Peglera, 300.

Pegolettia, 552, 560.

Peireskia, 378.

Pelargonium, 290.

Pelea, 296.

Peliostomum, 489.

Pelletiera, 419.

Peltophorum, 250.

_Peltophorum_, 250.

Pemphis, 385.

Penaea, 380.

PENAEACEAE, 14, 379, pl. 108.

_PENAEACEAE_, 379.

Penianthus, 201, 202.

_Penicillaria_, 81.

Pennisetum, 81.

_Pentabrachium_, 320.

Pentacarpaea, 531.

Pentaclethra, 245.

Pentadesma, 362.

Pentadiplandra, 349.

_Pentagonia_, 481.

Pentaloncha, 530.

Pentameris, 99.

Pentanisia, 518.

_Pentanopsis_, 533.

_Pentapera_, 417.

Pentarrhinum, 448.

Pentas, 532.

Pentaschistis, 99.

Pentasticha, 109.

_Pentatrichia_, 560.

Pentatropis, 448.

_Penthea_, 151.

Pentheriella, 572.

Pentodon, 533.

Pentopetia, 445.

_Pentopetia_, 444.

Pentopetiopsis, 444.

Pentzia, 578.

Peperomia, 161.

Peplidium, 493.

Peplis, 384.

_Peponia_, 539.

Peponium, 539.

_Perdicium_, 552.

_Pergularia_, 448, 453.

Perianthostelma, 448.

_Periblema_, 507.

_Perichasma_, 200.

Perichlaena, 496.

_Perideraea_, 577.

Periestes, 511.

_Periglossum_, 451.

_Perinerion_, 435.

Peripeplus, 524.

Periploca, 442, 443.

_PERIPLOCACEAE_, 442.

Peristrophe, 514.

Peristylus, 151.

_Perithrix_, 443.

Perotis, 84.

Perotriche, 562.

Perralderia, 560.

Perriera, 300.

Persea, 211.

_Persea_, 211.

_Persica_, 242.

Pervillaea, 453.

Petalacte, 556.

Petalactella, 556.

_Petalidium_, 505.

Petalidium, 505.

Petalodiscus, 320.

Petalonema, 396.

Petasites, 567.

Petersia, 387.

Petrobium, 564.

_Petrophyes_, 232.

Petroselinum, 413.

_Petroselinum_, 414.

Peucedanum, 409.

_Peucedanum_, 408, 409, 612.

Peyrousea, 578.

_Phaca_, 270.

Phaenocoma, 557.

Phaenohoffmannia, 265, 274.

Phaeocephalus, 584.

Phaeomeria, 147.

Phaeoneuron, 396.

_Phaeopappus_, 550.

Phaeoptilon, 187.

Phagnalon, 562, 575, 583.

Phaius, 157.

_Phalangium_, 132.

Phalaris, 94.

_Pharbitis_, 462.

Pharnaceum, 189.

Phaseolus, 277.

Phaulopsis, 505.

_Phaylopsis_, 505.

_Phelipaea_, 500.

Phellolophium, 410.

Phenax, 169

Phialodiscus, 338.

Philippia, 417, pl. 120.

_Phillipsia_, 506.

Phillyrea, 426.

_Philoxerus_, 183.

Philyrophyllum, 554.

Phleum, 95.

Phloga, 114.

Phlogella, 114.

Phlomis, 478.

_Phoberos_, 371.

Phoebe, 211.

Phoenicophorium, 113.

Phoenix, 110.

Phormium, 134.

Phornothamnus, 396.

_Photinia_, 240.

Phragmites, 101.

Phrynium, 149.

_Phrynium_, 148.

_Phycagrostis_, 74.

Phygelius, 492.

Phylica, 345.

_Phyllactinia_, 552.

Phyllanthus, 323, pl. 80.

Phyllarthron, 497.

Phyllis, 523.

Phyllobotryum, 370.

Phylloclinium, 370.

Phyllocomos, 120.

Phyllocosmus, 292.

Phylloctenium, 497.

_Phyllodes_, 148.

Phyllopodium, 493.

Phyllorhachis, 80.

Phyllosma, 297.

Phylloxylon, 270.

Phymaspermum, 580.

_Physacanthus_, 506.

Physalis, 483.

_Physaloides_, 483.

_Physanthyllis_, 260.

Physedra, 539.

Physena, 372.

Physocaulis, 406.

Physospermum, 407.

Physostigma, 277.

Physotrichia, 410.

Phytolacca, 188.

PHYTOLACCACEAE, 9, 12, 14, 187.

Piaranthus, 454.

_Picconia_, 426.

_Picnomon_, 551.

Picralima, 437.

_Picralima_, 440.

_Picridium_, 547.

Picris, 546.

Pierreodendron, 300.

Pierrina, 358.

Pilea, 169.

_Pilogyne_, 537.

Pilostyles, 177.

Pimenta, 392.

Pimpinella, 412.

PINACEAE, 1, 10, pl. 2.

_Pinardia_, 566.

Pinus, 71.

Piper, 161, pl. 27.

_Piper_, 161.

PIPERACEAE, 7, 161, pl. 27

Piptadenia, 247.

_Piptatherum_, 95.

_Piptolaena_, 439.

Piptostigma, 204.

Pipturus, 170.

_Pircunia_, 188.

Piriqueta, 374.

Pirus, 240.

Pisonia, 186, pl. 42.

Pisosperma, 537.

Pistacia, 326.

Pistaciopsis, 337.

Pistia, 115.

_Pistorinia_, 233.

Pisum, 261, 269.

Pithecolobium, 248.

PITTOSPORACEAE, 24, 53, 235, pl. 61.

Pittosporum, 235, pl. 61.

Pituranthos, 413.

Placodiscus, 338.

Placopoda, 532.

_Placus_, 557.

_Pladaroxylon_, 576.

Plagioscyphus, 337.

Plagiosiphon, 253, 256.

Plagiostyles, 321, 610.

_Plagius_, 566.

PLANTAGINACEAE, 50, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 515, pl. 143.

Plantago, 516, pl. 143.

PLATANACEAE, 41, 64, 238.

Platanthera, 153.

_Platanthera_, 151, 153.

Platanus, 238.

Platostoma, 473.

_Platycalyx_, 416.

_Platycapnos_, 212.

Platycarpha, 549.

Platycelephium, 259.

_Platycoryne_, 152.

Platykeleba, 447.

Platylepis, 155.

Platylophus, 235.

_Platymitium_, 332.

Platysepalum, 288.

Platytinospora, 201.

_Plecospermum_, 165.

Plectaneia, 440.

Plectranthus, 474, 475, pl. 134.

_Plectranthus_, 474, 475.

Plectronia, 519.

Pleiocarpa, 438.

Pleioceras, 433.

Pleiomeris, 418.

_Pleiospora_, 265.

_Pleiostemon_, 323.

Pleiotaxis, 553.

_Pleuroblepharis_, 509.

Pleurocoffea, 520.

Pleuropterantha, 183.

Pleurostelma, 448.

_Pleurostelma_, 442.

Pleurostylia, 331.

Plinthus, 189.

Plocama, 524.

_Plocandra_, 432.

Pluchea, 557, 559.

_Pluchea_, 559.

Plukenetia, 313.

_Plukenetia_, 610.

PLUMBAGINACEAE, 50, 420, pl. 123.

Plumbago, 420.

_Plumeria_, 440.

Plumiera, 440.

Poa, 105.

_Poa_, 105.

Poagrostis, 97.

Podalyria, 257.

_Podandria_, 152.

_Podanthes_, 455.

Podocarpus, 70.

Podococcus, 113.

Podogynium, 253.

_Podonosma_, 465.

Podorungia, 510.

_Podospermum_, 545.

Podostelma, 446.

Podostemon, 231.

_Podostemon_, 231.

PODOSTEMONACEAE, 10, 13, 230, pl. 57.

_PODOSTEMONACEAE_, 232.

Podranea, 496.

Poecilostachys, 94, 104.

Poga, 387.

Poggea, 369.

Poggeophyton, 316.

Pogonarthria, 93.

_Pogonia_, 155.

_Pogonostigma_, 272.

Pogostemon, 476.

Poinciana, 250.

_Poivrea_, 390.

Polanisia, 215, pl. 54.

Polemannia, 410.

_Polia_, 194.

Pollia, 122.

Pollichia, 193.

_Pollichia_, 466.

Pollinia, 86.

Polpoda, 188.

Polyadoa, 440.

Polyalthia, 206.

Polycardia, 330.

Polycarena, 492.

Polycarpaea, 194, pl. 45.

_Polycarpia_, 194.

Polycarpon, 194.

Polycephalium, 333.

Polyceratocarpus, 204.

Polycline, 553.

Polycnemum, 182.

Polygala, 309.

POLYGALACEAE, 19, 28, 51, 55, 59, 308, pl. 78.

POLYGONACEAE, 8, 177, pl. 39.

Polygonum, 179.

_Polygonum_, 178.

Polypogon, 87.

Polyscias, 401.

Polyspatha, 122.

Polysphaeria, 517.

Polystachya, 156.

_Polystachya_, 160.

Polystemonanthus, 256.

Polyxena, 127.

_POMACEAE_, 239.

Pongamia, 287.

PONTEDERIACEAE, 4, 123.

_PONTEDERIACEAE_, 124.

Popowia, 205.

Populina, 513.

Populus, 161.

Porana, 459.

_Porphyranthus_, 289.

Porphyrostemma, 559.

Portulaca, 190.

PORTULACACEAE, 18, 22, 35, 44, 52, 65, 190, pl. 44.

_PORTULACACEAE_, 191.

Portulacaria, 191.

Posidonia, 74.

Poskea, 463.

Potameia, 210.

Potamogeton, 74, pl. 4.

POTAMOGETONACEAE, 2, 73, pl. 4.

_Potamophila_, 80.

Potentilla, 242.

Poterium, 241.

_Poterium_, 241.

Pothos, 115.

Pouchetia, 526.

Poupartia, 329.

Pouzolzia, 170.

_Prageluria_, 453.

Prasium, 471.

_Preauxia_, 566.

Premna, 470.

Prenanthes, 547.

Preslia, 480.

Pretrea, 499.

Pretreothamnus, 499.

Preussiella, 396.

Prevostea, 460.

Priestleya, 263, 271.

Primula, 420.

PRIMULACEAE, 22, 52, 65, 419, pl. 122.

Pringlea, 220.

Printzia, 559.

Prionachne, 92, 98.

_Prionanthium_, 92.

Prionium, 124, pl. 17.

Priotropis, 263.

Prismatocarpus, 543.

Priva, 469.

Probletostemon, 528.

Prockiopsis, 368.

Procris, 169.

_Prolongea_, 566.

Prosopis, 246.

Prosopostelma, 447.

Protarum, 116.

Protea, 171.

PROTEACEAE, 9, 10, 19, 50, 51, 170, pl. 33.

Protium, 302.

Protomegabaria, 611.

Protorhus, 328.

_Prunella_, 477.

Prunus, 242.

_Psamma_, 96.

Psammotropha, 189.

Psathura, 524.

Psednotrichia, 572.

Pseudagrostistachys, 610.

Pseudarthria, 280.

Pseuderanthemum, 509.

Pseudobaeckea, 237.

Pseudobarleria, 505.

Pseudoblepharis, 509.

Pseudobromus, 96.

Pseudocadia, 258.

Pseudocalyx, 503.

Pseudocedrela, 303.

Pseudocinchona, 531.

Pseudogaltonia, 128.

Pseudohydrosme, 118.

Pseudolachnostylis, 323.

Pseudoprosopis, 247.

Pseudopteris, 339.

Pseudosopubia, 486.

Pseudospondias, 328.

_Pseudotragia_, 315, 610.

Psiadia, 567.

Psidium, 392.

Psilanthus, 517.

_Psilostachys_, 184.

Psilotrichum, 184.

Psiloxylon, 391.

Psilurus, 90.

Psophocarpus, 272, 276.

Psoralea, 262, 263, 265, 268, 272, 274, 275, 281, 282, 288.

Psorospermum, 361.

Psychine, 227.

Psychotria, 525.

_Psychotria_, 525.

_PTAEROXYLEAE_, 302.

Ptaeroxylon, 302.

Pteleopsis, 390.

Ptelidium, 331.

Pteranthus, 192.

Pterocarpus, 273, 286, 289.

Pterocaulon, 555.

Pterocelastrus, 330.

Pterocephalus, 535.

Pterodiscus, 499.

Pteroglossaspis, 157.

Pterolobium, 250.

Pteronia, 572.

_Pteropetalum_, 214.

Pterorhachis, 304.

_Pterota_, 296.

Pterotaberna, 439.

Pterotheca, 546.

Pterothrix, 562.

_Pterygocarpus_, 454.

Pterygodium, 150.

Pterygota, 354.

Ptilotrichum, 219.

Ptychopetalum, 174.

Ptychotis, 414.

_Ptychotis_, 413.

Puelia, 88.

Pueraria, 276.

Pulicaria, 560.

Punica, 386.

PUNICACEAE, 49, 386.

Pupalia, 185.

_Pusactha_, 247.

Putoria, 523.

Putterlickia, 330.

Pycnanthus, 208, pl. 49.

Pycnobotrya, 434.

Pycnocoma, 313.

Pycnocomon, 534.

Pycnocycla, 405.

Pycnoneurum, 449.

Pycnosphaera, 431.

Pycnostachys, 474.

_Pycnostylis_, 202.

_Pycreus_, 109.

Pygeum, 242.

_Pynaertia_, 303, 609, 611.

Pyramidocarpus, 368.

Pyrenacantha, 333.

_Pyrethrum_, 566.

Pyrostria, 519.

_Pyrus_, 239, 240.


Quamoclit, 462.

_Quartinia_, 384.

Quassia, 300.

_Quassia_, 300.

Quercus, 163.

Queria, 194.

Quisqualis, 390.

_Quivisia_, 305.

Quivisianthe, 305.


Radamaea, 487.

_Radinocion_, 158.

Radiola, 291.

Radlkofera, 337.

_Raffenaldia_, 222.

RAFFLESIACEAE, 16, 17, 44, 177.

Rafnia, 264.

_Raimannia_, 611.

_Rameya_, 202.

Randia, 528.

_Randia_, 529.

Randonia, 229.

RANUNCULACEAEA, 14, 23, 40, 41, 42, 197, pl. 46.

Ranunculus, 198.

Rapanea, 418.

RAPATEACEAE, 4, 121.

_Raphanistrocarpus_, 540.

_Raphanocarpus_, 540.

_Raphanopsis_, 178.

_Raphanus_, 222.

Raphia, 111, pl. 10, 11.

Raphiacme, 443, 444.

_Raphidiocystis_, 538.

_Raphidophora_, 115.

_Raphionacme_, 443.

_Raphispermum_, 487.

_Rapistrella_, 224.

Rapistrum, 224.

_Rapistrum_, 221.

Rapona, 458.

Raspalia, 237, pl. 63.

_Ratonia_, 340.

Rautanenia, 76.

Rauwolfia, 438.

Ravenala, 145.

Ravenea, 114.

Ravensara, 209.

Rawsonia, 368.

Reaumuria, 364.

Reboudia, 221.

Reichardia, 547.

Reinwardtia, 291.

Relhania, 555.

Remirea, 108.

Remusatia, 116.

Renealmia, 147.

Renschia, 478.

_Requienia_, 272.

Reseda, 229.

RESEDACEAE, 11, 25, 41, 42, 228, pl. 55.

Restio, 120, pl. 13.

RESTIONACEAE, 3, 119, pl. 13.

_Retama_, 266.

Retzia, 428.

_Reutera_, 412.

Rhabdia, 463.

Rhabdostigma, 517.

_Rhabdotheca_, 547.

Rhadamanthus, 128.

Rhagadiolus, 548.

RHAMNACEAE, 12, 17, 18, 27, 45, 343, pl. 88.

_RHAMNACEAE_, 380.

Rhamnus, 344.

Rhamphicarpa, 485.

Rhanterium, 554.

Rhaphanistrocarpus, 540.

Rhaphanocarpus, 540.

Rhaphanus, 222, 224.

Rhaphidanthe, 424.

Rhaphidiocystis, 538.

_Rhaphidorhynchus_, 158.

Rhaphidospora, 513.

Rhaphiostyles, 334.

Rhaphispermum, 487.

_Rhaponticum_, 550.

Rhaptonema, 203.

Rhaptopetalum, 358, pl. 95.

_RHAPTOPETALACEAE_, 357.

Rheedia, 362.

Rhektophyllum, 117.

_Rhetinolepis_, 577.

Rhigiocarya, 202.

Rhigiophyllum, 543.

Rhigozum, 495.

Rhinacanthus, 514.

Rhinopteryx, 306.

Rhipsalis, 379.

Rhizophora, 388.

RHIZOPHORACEAE, 32, 33 44, 45, 47, 387, pl. 112.

Rhodochlaena, 348.

_Rhodoclada_, 360.

Rhodocodon, 127.

Rhodocolea, 497.

_Rhodolaena_, 348.

_Rhodorrhiza_, 460.

Rhodosepala, 394.

Rhoeo, 123.

Rhoicissus, 346.

_Rhoiocarpus_, 172.

Rhombonema, 447.

Rhopalocarpus, 372.

Rhopalopilia, 173.

Rhus, 327.

_Rhyacophila_, 384.

_Rhynchelytrum_, 82.

Rhynchocalyx, 385.

_Rhynchocarpa_, 538.

Rhynchosia, 272, 279, 282.

_Rhynchosia_, 278.

Rhynchospora, 108.

Rhynchostigma, 453.

Rhynchotropis, 262, 272.

_Rhynea_, 556.

Rhyssolobium, 452.

Rhytachne, 85.

Rhyticarpus, 414.

_Rhytidachne_, 85.

_Rhytiglossa_, 512.

Ribes, 234.

_Richardia_, 117, 521.

Richardsonia, 521.

Ricinodendron, 317.

Ricinus, 313.

Ricotia, 226, 227.

Ridolfia, 413.

Rindera, 467.

Rinorea, 367, pl. 103.

Riocreuxia, 456.

Ritchiea, 215.

Rivea, 461.

_Rivea_, 461.

Rivina, 187.

_Robbairea_, 194.

Robinia, 268, 287.

Rochea, 233.

Rochelia, 464.

Rochonia, 573.

Roëlla, 543.

Roemeria, 213.

Roeperocharis, 151.

_Roettlera_, 501.

Rogeria, 499.

Romulea, 141.

_Ropalandria_, 200.

_Ropalocarpus_, 372.

Roridula, 359.

_Roripa_, 223.

Rosa, 240.

ROSACEAE, 9, 10, 14, 18, 20, 21, 27, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 239,
pl. 65.

Roscheria, 113.

Rosenia, 555.

Rosmarinus, 471.

Rotala, 384.

_Rotantha_, 385.

Rothia, 274.

Rottboellia, 85.

_Rottboellia_, 85.

_Roubieva_, 182.

_Roupellia_, 434.

Rourea, 244.

_Rourea_, 244.

Roureopsis, 608.

Roussea, 234.

Rousseauxia, 397.

Royena, 424.

Rubia, 521.

RUBIACEAE, 17, 54, 65, 66, 67, 516, pl. 144.

Rubus, 242.

Ruckeria, 567, 574.

Ruelingia, 356.

Ruellia, 507.

Ruelliola, 506.

Ruelliopsis, 507.

Ruizia, 357.

Rumex, 178.

Rungia, 513.

Ruppia, 74.

Ruscus, 130.

Ruspolia, 509.

Russelia, 492.

Ruta, 295.

RUTACEAE, 11, 21, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40, 42, 295. pl. 73.

_RUTACEAE_, 299.

Ruthea, 413.

Rutidea, 519.

Ruttya, 511.

_Ruttya_, 500.

_Rynchospora_, 108.

_Rytidocarpus_, 224.

_Rytilix_, 607.


Sabicea, 530.

_Sabina_, 71.

Saccharum, 86.

_Saccidium_, 153.

_Sacciolepis_, 82.

Saccocalyx, 479.

Saccoglottis, 292.

Saccolabium, 158.

_Saccolabium_, 158.

_Sacleuxia_, 442.

Sageretia, 344.

Sagina, 195.

_Sagittaria_, 76.

_Sagus_, 111.

Saintpaulia, 501.

Sakersia, 395.

Salacia, 332, pl. 83.

Salaxis, 416.

_Saldania_, 609.

Saldinia, 524.

SALICACEAE, 7, 161, pl. 28.

Salicornia, 181.

Salix, 161, pl. 28.

Salsola, 179.

_SALSOLACEAE_, 179.

Salvadora, 332.

SALVADORACEAE, 18, 30, 50, 332.

Salvia, 476.

Salviacanthus, 512.

Samadera, 300.

_Samara_, 418.

Sambucus, 533.

Samolus, 419.

_SAMYDACEAE_, 367.

Sandersonia, 130.

Sanguisorba, 241.

Sanicula, 403.

_Sanseverinia_, 134.

Sansevieria, 134.

SANTALACEAE, 8, 16, 172, Pl. 35.

_SANTALACEAE_, 173.

Santalina, 526.

_Santaloides_, 608.

_Santiria_, 302.

Santiriopsis, 302.

Santulina, 578.

SAPINDACEAE, 9, 12, 13, 18, 26, 28, 31, 32, 40, 335, pl. 85.

_SAPINDACEAE_, 335, 342.

Sapindus, 337, 340.

_Sapindus_, 338, 339, 340.

Sapium, 318.

_Sapium_, 610.

Saponaria, 196.

_Saponaria_, 196.

_Sapota_, 423.

SAPOTACEAE, 54, 60, 421, pl. 124.

Sarcocapnos, 212.

Sarcocaulon, 290.

Sarcocephalus, 525.

Sarcochlaena, 347.

Sarcocolla, 380, pl. 108.

_Sarcocolla_, 380.

_Sarcocyphula_, 447.

_Sarcolaena_, 347.

Sarcophrynium, 148.

Sarcophyte, 176.

_Sarcopoterium_, 241.

Sarcostemma, 447, 448.

_Sarothamnus_, 266.

Satanocrater, 505.

Satureia, 479.

_Satureia_, 479.

_Satyridium_, 151.

Satyrium, 151.

Sauromatum, 118.

Sauvagesia, 359.

_Savia_, 319, 320.

Savignya, 227.

_Saviniona_, 352.

Saxifraga, 233.

SAXIFRAGACEAE, 16, 36, 39, 44, 45, 49, 62, 68, 233, pl. 60.

_SAXIFRAGACEAE_, 235, 236.

Scabiosa, 535.

_Scabiosa_, 534, 535.

Scaevola, 544.

Scaligeria, 407.

Scandix, 405.

Scaphopetalum, 356.

_Schanginia_, 179.

Schaueria, 515.

Schefflera, 400.

Schefflerodendron, 288.

_Schepperia_, 214.

SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, 3, 75.

Schimpera, 225.

Schinus, 328.

Schinziella, 431.

Schismatoclada, 531.

Schismus, 104.

Schistostephium, 578, 579.

Schizobasis, 126.

_Schizochilus_, 153.

Schizochlaena, 348.

Schizodium, 151.

Schizoglossum, 451.

_Schizoglossum_, 450.

_Schizogyne_, 560.

_Schizolaena_, 348.

Schizostachyum, 88.

Schizostephanus, 449.

Schizostylis, 143.

Schizozygia, 439.

Schlechterella, 442.

Schlechteria, 218, 225.

Schlechterina, 375.

_Schmidelia_, 336.

Schmidtia, 100.

_Schoberia_, 179.

Schoenefeldia, 91.

_Schoenlandia_, 124.

Schoenodendron, 106.

_Schoenoplectus_, 110.

Schoenoxiphium, 107.

Schoenus, 107.

_Schoenus_, 108.

Schotia, 254, 256.

Schouwia, 227.

Schranckia, 245.

Schrebera, 426, pl. 126.

_Schrebera_, 331.

Schubea, 311.

Schultesia, 430.

Schumanniophyton, 529.

Schwabea, 514.

_Schwarzkopffia_, 153.

Schweinfurthia, 490.

Schwenkia, 481.

Sciadopanax, 401.

_Sciadophyllum_, 400.

Sciaphila, 79.

Scilla, 127.

Scirpus, 110.

_Scirpus_, 108.

_SCITAMINEAE_, 145, 146, 147, 148.

Scleranthus, 192.

Scleria, 106.

_Scleria_, 106.

Sclerocarpus, 582.

Sclerocarya, 329.

Sclerocephalus, 193.

Sclerochiton, 509.

_Sclerochiton_, 509.

Sclerochloa, 105.

Sclerodactylon, 607.

_Sclerodictyon_, 436.

_Sclerolaena_, 348.

Scleropoa, 105.

_Sclerosciadium_, 408.

Sclerosperma, 113.

Scolopia, 371.

Scolymus, 545.

Scoparia, 488.

_Scopularia_, 153.

Scorodophloeus, 253.

Scorpiurus, 260.

Scorzonera, 545.

Scottellia, 368.

Scrophularia, 491.

SCROPHULARIACEAE, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 483, pl. 136.

Scutellaria, 472.

Scutia, 344.

Scyphocephalium, 207.

Scyphochlamys, 519.

Scyphogyne, 416.

Scyphosyce, 167.

_Scytanthus_, 510.

SCYTOPETALACEAE, 33, 38, 62, 63, 68, 357, pl. 95.

Scytopetalum, 358.

_Scytophyllum_, 330.

Sebaea, 430.

_Sebaea_, 430.

Sebastiania, 318.

_Sebastiania_, 610.

Secale, 91.

Secamone, 451.

_Secamone_, 453.

Secamonopsis, 451.

Sechium, 536.

Securidaca, 308, pl. 78.

_Securidaca_, 260.

Securigera, 260.

Securinega, 323.

_Securinega_, 323.

Seddera, 459.

Sedum, 232.

_Seemannaralia_, 400.

Seetzenia, 294.

Seidelia, 315.

Seidlitzia, 608.

_SELAGINEAE_, 483, 502.

Selago, 489.

_Selinopsis_, 412.

_Selinum_, 409.

Semele, 130.

_Semonvillea_, 188.

Sempervivum, 232.

_Senebiera_, 226.

Senecio, 576.

_Senecio_, 572.

Senra, 352.

Serapias, 152.

Sericocoma, 184, 185.

_Sericocoma_, 184, 185, 186.

Sericocomopsis, 185.

_Sericocomopsis_, 185.

Sericorema, 186.

Sericostachys, 185.

Sericostoma, 465.

_Seriola_, 545.

Serissa, 522.

Serjania, 336.

_Serpicula_, 399.

Serratula, 550.

Serruria, 171.

Sersalisia, 422, 423.

Sesamothamnus, 498.

Sesamum, 499, pl. 138.

Sesbania, 267, 270.

Seseli, 410, 411.

_Seseli_, 414.

Sesuvium, 189.

Setaria, 81.

_Sevada_, 179.

_Seychellaria_, 79.

Seymeria, 487.

Sherardia, 521.

_Sherbournia_, 527.

_Shutereia_, 460.

Shuteria, 279.

Sibangea, 322.

Sibthorpia, 488.

Sicyos, 536.

Sida, 351.

Sideritis, 477.

Sideroxylon, 423.

_Sideroxylon_, 422.

Siegesbeckia, 582.

Sigmatosiphon, 498.

_SILENACEAE_, 192.

Silene, 196.

Silybum, 551.

SIMARUBACEAE, 28, 29, 40, 41, 42, 299, pl. 74.

_SIMARUBACEAE_, 295.

Simarubopsis, 609.

_Simbuleta_, 491.

Simethis, 132.

Simochilus, 416.

Sinapidendron, 224.

Sinapis, 221, 224.

Siphocodon, 542.

Siphocolea, 497.

_Siphomeris_, 523.

_Siphonantha_, 470.

_Siphonia_, 314.

_Siphonochilus_, 607.

Siphonoglossa, 512.

_Siphonoglossa_, 512.

Sison, 413.

Sisymbrium, 224.

_Sisymbrium_, 217, 218, 223.

Sisyndite, 294.

Sisyranthus, 456.

Sisyrinchium, 144.

Sium, 412.

Sloetiopsis, 164.

Smeathmannia, 370.

Smelophyllum, 339.

_SMILACEAE_, 125.

Smilax, 131.

Smithia, 269, 284, 286.

Smodingium, 328.

Smyrnium, 407.

_Socotora_, 442.

_Socotranthus_, 444.

SOLANACEAE, 57, 58, 59, 62, 481, pl. 135.

Solanum, 483.

Solenanthus, 466.

_Solenixora_, 520.

Solenostemma, 446.

Solenostemon, 475.

Solidago, 573.

Soliva, 566.

_Somalia_, 507.

Sonchus, 547.

Sonneratia, 385.

SONNERATIACEAE, 39, 385.

Sophora, 258, 259.

Sopubia, 486.

_Sorbus_, 240.

_Sorghum_, 87.

Sorindeia, 327.

Sorocephalus, 171.

Soulamea, 300.

Soyauxia, 369.

_Spallanzania_, 530.

Sparaxis, 142.

SPARGANIACEAE, 2, 73.

Sparganium, 73.

Sparganophorus, 569.

Sparmannia, 350.

Spartina, 81.

Spartium, 266.

_Spartocytisus_, 266.

Spatalla, 171.

Spatallopsis, 171.

Spathionema, 261.

Spathodea, 495.

Spathulopetalum, 612.

Specularia, 543.

Speirostyla, 349.

Spergula, 194.

Spergularia, 194.

Spermacoce, 522.

_Spermacoce_, 522.

_Spermacoceoides_, 522.

Sphacele, 475.

Sphacophyllum, 554.

Sphaeralcea, 352.

Sphaeranthus, 558.

_Sphaerocephalus_, 549.

Sphaerocodon, 456.

Sphaerocoma, 193.

_Sphaeroma_, 352.

Sphaerosepalum, 366.

Sphaerosicyos, 540.

Sphaerostylis, 312.

Sphaerothylax, 231.

Sphedamnocarpus, 307.

_Sphedamnocarpus_, 307.

Sphenandra, 492.

Sphenocentrum, 202.

Sphenoclea, 542.

_SPHENOCLEACEAE_, 541.

_Sphenogyne_, 580.

Sphenopus, 102.

Sphenostylis, 278.

Spilanthes, 582.

Spinacia, 181.

_Spiraeea_, 241.

Spiranthes, 155.

Spirodela, 119.

Spiropetalum, 244.

Spirospermum, 201.

Spirostachys, 610.

_Spitzelia_, 546.

Spondianthus, 328, 611.

Spondias, 328.

_Spondias_, 328, 329.

Spondiopsis, 328.

_Sponia_, 164.

Sporobolus, 95.

Staavia, 237.

Staberoha, 120.

Stachyanthus, 333.

Stachyothyrus, 250.

Stachys, 479.

Stachytarpheta, 468.

Stadmannia, 338.

Staehelina, 551.

Stangeria, 69.

Stapelia, 455.

_Stapfiola_, 93.

_Staphylosyce_, 539.

_Staphysora_, 322, 611.

Stathmostelma, 449.

Statice, 421.

Staudtia, 207.

Staurogyne, 503.

_Stearodendron_, 361.

Steirodiscus, 565.

Stellaria, 194.

Stellularia, 485.

Stemodia, 494.

_Stemodiacra_, 494.

Stemodiopsis, 495.

Stemonocoleus, 252.

Stenadenium, 310.

Stenandriopsis, 509.

Stenanthera, 204.

Stenocline, 562, 563.

Stenoglottis, 153.

_Stenolirion_, 138.

Stenolobium, 496.

Stenonia, 319.

Stenophragma, 218.

_Stenosemis_, 409.

Stenostelma, 450.

Stenotaphrum, 80.

Stephania, 200.

_Stephanocoma_, 548.

Stephanodaphne, 381.

_Stephanolepis_, 570.

Stephanorossia, 611.

Stephanostegia, 441.

Stephanostema, 433.

Stephanotis, 453.

_Stephegyne_, 530.

Sterculia, 354.

_Sterculia_, 354.

STERCULIACEAE, 13, 14, 19, 20, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40,
42, 51, 61, 62, 63, 354, pl. 94.

_STERCULIACEAE_, 353.

_Stereochlaena_, 81.

Stereospermum, 496.

Sternbergia, 137.

_Stevensonia_, 113.

Stiburus, 103.

Stichorchis, 156.

Stictocardia, 461.

Stilbe, 468.

Stillingia, 318.

Stilpnogyne, 575.

Stilpnophytum, 579.

Stipa, 95.

Stipularia, 530.

_Stironeurum_, 423.

_Stizolobium_, 268.

_Stobaea_, 548.

Stoebe, 562.

Stolidia, 174.

Stomatostemma, 445.

_Stomotechium_, 466.

_Streblocarpus_, 214.

Strelitzia, 145, pl. 23.

Strephonema, 389.

Streptanthera, 142.

Streptocarpus, 501, pl. 140.

Streptogyne, 92, 101.

Streptopetalum, 374.

Striga, 485.

Strigina, 485.

Strobilanthes, 506.

Strobilanthopsis, 506.

_Strombosia_, 174.

Strombosiopsis, 174.

Strongylodon, 280, 281.

Strophanthus, 434.

Strumaria, 136.

Struthiola, 381.

Strychnopsis, 203.

Strychnos, 429.

Stuhlmannia, 253.

_Stupa_, 95.

_Styasasia_, 510.

_Stylapterus_, 380.

_Stylarthropus_, 505.

_Stylidium_, 389.

Stylochiton, 115.

_Stylocoryne_, 528.

Stylosanthes, 268.

STYRACACEAE, 22, 425.

Suaeda, 179.

Subularia, 228.

Succisa, 535.

Succowia, 226.

_Suffrenia_, 384.

_Suregada_, 318.

Suriana, 299.

Sutera, 493.

_Sutera_, 492, 493.

Sutherlandia, 287.

Swartzia, 249.

Sweertia, 430.

_Swietenia_, 393.

Swynnertonia, 452.

Sylitra, 271, 275.

Symmeria, 178.

Symphonia, 362.

_Symphostemon_, 474.

Symphyochlamys, 353.

Symphytonema, 443.

Symphytosiphon, 304.

Symphytum, 465.

Sympieza, 416.

Symplectochilus, 513.

Synadenium, 310.

Synaptolepis, 381.

Syncephalum, 562.

Synchodendron, 556.

Synchoriste, 510.

Synclisia, 202.

Syncolostemon, 473.

_Syndesmanthus_ 416.

Synedrella, 581.

Syngonanthus, 121.

Synnema, 504.

Synnotia, 142.

Synsepalum, 423.

_Syntherisma_, 82.

Syntriandrium, 200.

Syringodea, 140.

Syrrheonema, 202.

Syzygium, 392.


_Tabebuia_, 497.

_Tabernaemontana_, 437, 439, 440.

Tabernanthe, 436.

Tacazzea, 443, pl. 130.

_Tacazzea_, 442, 444, 445.

Tacca, 139.

TACCACEAE, 6, 139.

Tachiadenus, 430.

_Taenosapium_, 318.

Tagetes, 584.

Talinella, 190.

Talinum, 191, pl. 44.

Talisiopsis, 342.

TAMARICACEAE, 22, 25, 364, pl. 101.

Tamarindus, 256.

Tamarix, 364, pl. 101.

_Tamatavia_, 528.

Tambourissa, 209.

_Tamnus_, 140.

Tamus, 140.

_Tanacetum_, 566, 578.

Tanghinia, 437.

Tannodia, 312, 610.

_Tannodia_, 610.

Tanulepis, 443.

Tapeinanthus, 135.

Tapeinostelma, 457.

Tapura, 309.

Taraxacum, 546.

Tarchonanthus, 556.

_Tardavel_, 522.

Tarenna, 526, 528.

_Tavaresia_, 454.

Taverniera, 271, 281.

TAXACEAE, 1, 70.

Taxus, 70.

Teclea, 297.

_Tecmarsis_, 557.

_Tecoma_, 495, 496.

Tecomaria, 495.

Tectona, 470.

Teedia, 492.

Teesdalia, 228.

_Telanthera_, 183.

Telephium, 194.

Telfairia, 536.

_Teline_, 266.

Telosma, 453.

Temnolepis, 582.

Temnopteryx, 530.

Tenagocharis, 77.

Tenaris, 457.

_Tenaris_, 457.

Tephrosia, 272, 273, 275, 276, 282, 284, 287.

_Tephrothamnus_, 264.

Teramnus, 267.

_TEREBINTHACEAE_, 301, 325.

Terminalia, 391.

_TERNSTROEMIACEAE_, 347, 360.

Tessmannia, 256.

_Testudinaria_, 140.

Tetracarpidium, 312.

Tetracera, 358, pl. 96.

Tetrachaete, 84.

Tetrachne, 93.

_Tetrachne_, 93.

_Tetraclinis_, 71.

Tetraclis, 424.

Tetradenia, 476.

Tetradiclis, 293.

Tetragonia, 190.

Tetragonolobus, 260.

_Tetranthera_, 210.

Tetraphyllaster, 395.

Tetrapleura, 246.

Tetrapogon, 92.

_Tetraria_, 107.

Tetraria, 108.

Tetraspidium, 485.

Tetrastemma, 205.

_Tetrastigma_, 529.

Tetrataxis, 385.

_Tetratelia_, 215.

Teucrium, 471.

Thalassia, 78.

Thalia, 148.

Thalictrum, 198.

Thaminophyllum, 580.

Thamnea, 236.

Thamnochortus, 120.

_Thamnochortus_, 120.

Thamnosma, 295.

_Thamnus_, 416.

Thapsia, 404.

_Thapsia_, 404.

Thaumatococcus, 148.

Thea, 360.

THEACEAE, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 63, 360, pl. 98.

Thecacoris, 320, 322, 611.

_Thecacoris_, 611.

Thelepogon, 86.

_THELIGONACEAE_, 187.

_Theligonum_, 187.

Themeda, 87.

Theobroma, 356.

_Theodora_, 254.

Thesidium, 172.

Thesium, 172.

Thespesia, 353.

_Thespesocarpus_, 425.

Thevetia, 437.

_Thiegemella_, 421.

_Thiegemopanax_, 401.

_Thismia_, 150.

Thlaspi, 228.

Thomandersia, 510.

Thomassetia, 360.

Thonnera, 205.

Thonningia, 176.

_Thoracosperma_, 416.

_Thoracostachyum_, 107.

Thorncroftia, 612.

_Thrincia_, 546.

Thuarea, 80.

Thunbergia, 503.

_Thunbergia_, 503.

Thunbergianthus, 486.

Thylachium, 213.

Thymelaea, 383.

THYMELAEACEAE, 10, 12, 19, 29, 51, 380, pl. 109.

Thymus, 480.

_Thymus_, 480.

Thyrsodium, 327.

Thysanolaena, 83.

Thysanurus, 558.

_Tieghemella_, 421.

TILIACEAE, 13, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 348, pl. 91.

_TILIACEAE_, 347.

Tiliacora, 201, 202, 203.

_Tillaea_, 232.

Timonius, 518.

Tina, 340.

_Tinea_, 152.

Tinguarra, 406.

_Tinnaea_, 478.

Tinnea, 471.

Tinopsis, 339.

Tinospora, 201.

_Tinospora_, 201.

Tisonia, 373.

_Tissa_, 194.

Tittmannia, 236.

Todaroa, 410.

Toddalia, 298.

_Toddalia_, 297, 298.

Toddaliopsis, 298.

Tolpis, 547.

Tordylium, 408.

Torenia, 494.

Torilis, 404.

Tornabenea, 404.

_Torulinium_, 109.

_Tounatea_, 249.

Tournefortia, 463.

_Tournesolia_, 311, 609.

Tourneuxia, 545.

Toxanthera, 538.

Toxicodendron, 321.

_Toxicophloea_, 437.

_Toxocarpus_, 451, 453.

Trachelium, 543.

_Trachelium_, 544.

Trachydium, 407.

Trachylobium, 256.

Trachyphrynium, 149.

_Trachyphrynium_, 148.

Trachypogon, 87.

Trachyspermum, 413.

_Trachystigma_, 501.

Traganum, 179, pl. 40.

Tragia, 313.

_Tragiopsis_, 413.

Tragopogon, 545.

Tragus, 84.

Trapa, 397.

Traunia, 453.

Treculia, 168.

Treichelia, 543.

Trema, 164, pl. 30.

Trematosperma, 333.

_Triachyrium_, 95.

_Triadenia_, 361.

Triainolepis, 525.

Trianoptiles, 108.

_Trianosperma_, 538.

Trianthema, 189, pl. 43.

Triaspis, 307.

Tribulus, 294.

Tricalysia, 527, 528.

Trichilia, 305, pl. 76.

Trichocalyx, 512.

Trichocaulon, 454.

Trichocladus, 238, pl. 64.

Trichodesma, 466.

Trichodypsis, 113.

_Trichogyne_, 555.

Tricholaena, 82.

_Trichonema_, 141.

_Trichoneura_, 607.

_Trichoon_, 101.

Trichopteryx, 98.

Trichosandra, 452.

Trichosanthes, 538.

Trichoscypha, 328.

Trichostachys, 525.

Trichostephanus, 372.

Triclisia, 202, 203.

Tricomariopsis, 307.

Tridax, 580.

Tridesmostemon, 423.

Tridianisia, 334.

Trifolium, 261, 275, 281.

Triglochin, 75.

Trigonella, 283.

Trigonocapnos, 212, pl. 52.

Triguera, 482.

Trimeria, 371.

_Trimorphopetalum_, 343.

Triodia, 102.

Triphasia, 298.

_Triphlebia_, 103.

Triplachne, 97.

Triplocephalum, 559.

Triplochiton, 355.

_TRIPLOCHITONACEAE_, 354.

_Tripodandra_, 203.

Tripogon, 92.

Tripteris 557, 563.

Triraphis, 100.

Trisetaria, 96.

Trisetum, 100.

Tristachya, 98.

Tristellateia, 308.

Tristemma, 395.

Tristicha, 231, pl. 57.

Triticum, 90.

Tritonia, 142.

_Tritonixia_, 142.

Triumfetta, 349.

TRIURIDACEAE, 4, 78.

_Trixago_, 484.

Trochetia, 357.

Trochomeria, 539.

Trochomeriopsis, 537.

TROPAEOLACEAE, 28, 291.

Tropaeolum, 291.

Trymatococcus, 165.

_Tryphia_, 153.

Tryphostemma, 376.

_Tsimatimia_, 362.

Tuberaria, 365.

_Tubiflora_, 503.

Tulbaghia, 130.

Tulipa, 129.

_Tumboa_, 72.

Tunica, 195.

_Turgenia_, 404.

Turnera, 374.

_Turnera_, 374.

TURNERACEAE, 25, 373, pl. 105.

Turraea, 305, 609.

Turraeanthus, 305.

Turritis, 218, 223.

Tussilago, 567.

Tylophora, 453, 456.

_Tylophora_, 446.

Tylophoropsis, 446.

Tylostemon, 210.

_Tylostemon_, 210.

Typha, 72.

TYPHACEAE, 3, 72.

_TYPHACEAE_, 73.

Typhonodorum, 116.

Tysonia, 467.

_Tzellemtinia_, 611.


Uapaca, 321.

Ubochea, 468.

Uebelinia, 196.

Ulex, 265.

ULMACEAE, 10, 163, pl. 30.

_ULMACEAE_, 164.

_Ulmaria_, 241.

Ulmus, 163.

UMBELLIFERAE, 17, 43, 46, 401, pl. 119.

_Umbilicus_, 233.

Umtiza, 253.

Uncaria, 525.

_Uncaria_, 499.

Uncarina, 498.

Uncinia, 107.

Unona, 206.

_Unona_, 206.

_Uragoga_, 524, 525.

Uraria, 285.

Urelytrum, 85.

Urena, 351.

Urera, 169.

Urginea, 126.

Urobotrya, 173.

Urochlaena, 101.

Urophyllum, 529.

Urospermum, 546.

Urotheca, 397.

Ursinia, 580.

Urtica, 168.

URTICACEAE, 7, 8, 15, 168, pl. 32.

_URTICACEAE_, 163, 164, 187.

_Urticastrum_, 169.

Usteria, 428.

Utricularia, 501, pl. 141.

Uvaria, 206.

_Uvaria_, 206.

Uvariastrum, 206.

Uvariopsis, 205.


Vaccaria, 196.

_VACCINIACEAE_, 415.

Vaccinium, 415.

_Vachellia_, 247.

Vahadenia, 436.

_Vahea_, 436.

Vahlia, 233.

Vaillantia, 521.

Valeriana, 534, pl. 146.

VALERIANACEAE, 65, 66, 534, pl. 146.

Valerianella, 534.

_Valerianodes_, 468.

Vallisneria, 78.

Vallota, 138.

_Vandellia_, 494.

Vangueria, 519.

Vanilla, 154.

Varangevillea, 469.

Varthemia, 560.

Vateria, 363.

_Vatica_, 363.

Vausagesia, 359.

Velezia, 196.

Vella, 225.

_Vellozia_, 139.

VELLOZIACEAE, 6, 139, pl. 20.

Veltheimia, 127.

_Velvitsia_, 486.

_Venana_, 234.

_Venindium_, 548.

Ventenata, 99.

Ventilago, 345, pl. 88.

Veprecella, 397.

Vepris, 298.

Verbascum, 489.

Verbena, 469.

VERBENACEAE, 50, 52, 54, 55, 60, 467, pl. 133.

Verbesina, 582.

Verdickia, 131.

Vernonia, 570, pl. 150.

_Vernonia_, 568.

Veronica, 487.

Verschaffeltia, 113.

_Viborgia_, 265.

Vibernum, 533, pl. 145.

Vicia, 269, 270.

_Vicoa_, 560.

_Vieusseuxia_, 144.

_Vigineixia_, 546.

Vigna, 278.

_Vigna_, 278.

Vignopsis, 277.

_Vilfa_, 95.

Villarsia, 429.

Vinca, 440.

_Vinca_, 440.

_Vincetoxicum_, 449.

Viola, 367.

VIOLACEAE, 24, 366, pl. 103.

Viraea, 560.

_Viraea_, 546.

Virecta, 532.

Virgilia, 258.

Virola, 207.

Viscum, 175.

Vismia, 361.

Visnea, 360, pl. 98.

VITACEAE, 30, 60, 345, pl. 89.

Vitex, 470.

Vitis, 346.

_Vitis_, 346.

Voacanga, 439.

Voandzeia, 277.

_Vogelia_, 218, 420.

_Voharanga_, 612.

Vohemaria, 446.

Volkensia, 570.

Volkensiella, 612.

_Volkensiophyton_, 508.

_Volutarella_, 550.

_Vonitra_, 114.

Vossia, 85.

_Vouacapoua_, 289.

_Vouapa_, 253.

_Voyria_, 429.

_Vulpia_, 93.


Wachendorfia, 135.

Wahlenbergia, 544.

_Wahlenbergia_, 544.

_Walafrida_, 489.

Walleria, 139.

_Wallinia_, 188.

Walpersia, 263.

Waltheria, 356.

Wangenheima, 93.

Warburgia, 366.

Warionia, 552.

Warneckea, 393.

Warpuria, 508.

Watsonia, 141.

_Webbia_, 572.

_Webera_, 526.

Wedelia, 582, 583.

Weihea, 388, pl. 112.

_Weingaertneria_, 607.

Weinmannia, 235, pl. 62.

Wellstedia, 463.

Welwitschia, 72.

Welwitschiella, 583.

_Welwitschiina_, 202.

Werneria, 575.

Whiteheadia, 127.

Whitefieldia 505.

Wiborgia, 265.

_Widdringtonia_, 71.

Wielandia, 319.

Wiesnera, 76.

Wikstroemia, 383.

Willdenowia, 120.

Willkommia, 91.

_Willugbaeya_, 571.

Winklerella, 231.

WINTERANCEAE, 23, 54, 366.

_Wisneria_, 76.

Wissadula, 352.

Withania, 483.

Witsenia, 143.

Wolffia, 119.

_Wolffiella_, 119.

Woodfordia, 385.

Woodia, 450.

_Wormia_, 358.

Wormskioldia, 374, pl. 105.

_Wormskioldia_, 374.

Wrightia, 433.

_Wrightia_, 433.

Wulfhorstia, 303.

Wurmbea, 128.


Xanthium, 564.

Xanthocercis, 270.

_Xanthochymus_, 362.

Xanthosoma, 116.

_XANTHOXYLEAE_, 295.

_Xanthoxylum_, 296.

_Xenisma_, 557.

Xeranthemum, 550.

Xerochlamys, 347.

Xerocladia, 246.

_Xeropetalum_, 357.

_Xerophyta_, 139.

Xeroplana, 467.

_Xerotium_, 556.

_Ximenesia_, 582.

Ximenia, 174.

Xylia, 247.

Xylocalyx, 486.

Xylocarpus, 303, 305.

Xylochlaena, 348.

_Xyloolaena_, 348.

Xylopia, 204.

_Xylopia_, 204.

_Xylopicrum_, 204.

Xylopleurum, 398.

Xylotheca, 369.

Xymalos, 208.

XYRIDACEAE, 4, 121, pl. 14.

Xyris, 121, pl. 14.

Xysmalobium, 450.


Yaundea, 244.

Yucca, 134.


Zaa, 497.

Zaluzianskia, 492.

Zamioculcas, 115.

Zanha, 342.

Zannichellia, 74.

Zantedeschia, 117.

_ZANTHOXYLEAE_, 295.

_Zanthoxylum_, 296.

_Zapania_, 468.

Zea, 83.

_Zehneria_, 537.

Zenkerella, 253.

_Zenkerina_, 503.

Zeuxine, 155.

Zilla, 227.

Zimmermannia, 323.

Zingiber, 147.

ZINGIBERACEAE, 5, 146, pl. 24.

Zinnia, 581.

Ziziphora, 479.

Zizyphus, 344.

Zoegea, 550.

_Zollikoferia_, 547.

Zombiana, 515.

Zornia, 266.

Zostera, 73.

_ZOSTERACEAE_, 73.

Zoysia, 84.

Zozimia, 408.

_Zyganthera_, 118.

_Zygia_, 248.

Zygodia, 435.

_Zygonerion_, 434.

Zygoon, 527.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 12, 27, 29, 30, 32, 36, 37, 293, pl. 72.

Zygophyllum, 295.

Zygoruellia, 505.


BRISTOL: BURLEIGH LTD., AT THE BURLEIGH PRESS.


Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

Petals tranversely folded=> Petals transversely folded {pg 205}

(_Plumeria_ Willd.) =Plumeria==> (_Plumeria_ Willd.) =Plumiera= {pg 440}

(_Huerniopsis_ N. E. Brown). =Huerniopsis==> (_Huerniopsis_ N. E.
Brown). =Heurniopsis= {pg 454}

tranverse crest at the base=> transverse crest at the base {pg 454}

(_Huernia_ R. Br.) =Huernia==> (_Huernia_ R. Br.) =Heurnia= {pg 455}

FAMILY 215. GOBULARIACEAE=> FAMILY 215. GLOBULARIACEAE {pg 502}

Madeira amd Canary Islands.=> Madeira and Canary Islands. {pg 523}

conspicuous tranverse veins=> conspicuous transverse veins {pg 524}

latter has posionous=> latter has poisonous {pg 533}

Outer fruits tranversely=> Outer fruits transversely {pg 547}

solitary or in facsicles=> solitary or in fascicles {pg 569}

expecially one with=> especially one with {pg 591}

Lettuce--Lattuca=> Lettuce--Lactuca {pg 604}

Rosmary--Rosmarinus=> Rosemary--Rosmarinus {pg 605}

Diparago, 561, 562.=> Disparago, 561, 562. {pg 623}

Ochiosia, 437.=> Ochrosia, 437. {pg 635}

Orhthodium, 226.=> Ochthodium, 226. {pg 635}

Trypyhostemma, 376.=> Tryphostemma, 376. {pg}